I bio #3tl\ /fiZZ Icn Jt 1ZJ. J Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/yearbookoffactsiOOtimb A CATALOGUE OF POPULAR WORKS PUBLISHED, OR SOLD, BY LOCKWOOD & CO. 7 STATIONERS’-HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C. The Boy’s Own Book : A Complete Encyclopaedia of all the Diversions, Athletic, Scientific, and Recreative, of Boyhood and Youth. With many Hundred Woodcuts, and Ten Vignette Titles, beautifully printed in Gold. New Edition, greatly enlarged and im- proved, price 8s. 6d. handsomely bound in cloth. N.B — This is the original and genuine 4 Boy’s Own Book,’ formerly published by Mr. Bogue, and more recently by Messrs. Kent and Co. Care should be taken, in ordering the above, to give the name of either the former or present publishers, other- wise some inferior book, with a nearly similar title, may be supplied. The Little Boy’s Own Book of Sports and Pastimes. With numerous Engravings. Abridged from the above. 16mo. price 3s. 6d. cloth, ‘ Many Happy Returns of the Bay ! ’ A Birthday Book. By Charles and Mary Cowdeh Clarke, Authors of ‘ The Concordance to Shakespeare/ &c. Beautifully illustrated by the Brothers Dalziel. Small post 8vo. price 6s. cloth elegant, gilt edges. 4 Since the renowned volumes of 44 Peter Parley,” we know of no book more likely to become popular among the young.’ — Critic. 4 It will be as acceptable to the young as 44 Sandford and Merton” was wont to be half a century since. The authors will henceforth share the affections of the young with Hans Andersen, Peter Parley, and the Brothers Grimm.’— Plymouth Journal. 4 Sure to be a favourite with the boys.’ — L eader. 4 The best book that can be found for a birthday present.’ — Court Journal. ‘An unobjectionable child’s book is the rarest of all books. “Many Happy Returns of the Day ” is not only this, but may rely, without shrinking, upon its ; positive excellencies for a long and deserved popularity.’ — Westminster Review, j Victorian Enigmas ; being a Series of Enigmatical 1 Acrostics on Historical, Biographical, Geographical, and Miscella- j neous Subjects ; combining Amusement with Exercise in the Attainment of Knowledge. Promoted and encouraged by Royal Example. By Charlotte Eliza Capel. Royal 16mo. cloth, elegantly printed, price 2s. 6d. 3^=' The idea for this entirely original style of Enigmas is taken from one said to have been written by Her Majesty for the Royal children, which, with its Solution, is given. 4 A capital game, and one of the very best of those commendable mental exercises which test knowledge and stimulate study. To the Queen’s loyal subjects it comes, moreover, additionally recommended by the hint in the title-page and the statement in the preface, that it is a game practised b 3 r Her Majesty and the Royal children, if, indeed, it were not invented by the Queen herself.’ — Critic. 4 A good book for family circles in the long and dreary winter evenings, inasmuch as it will enable the young to pass them away both pleasantly and profitably.’ City Press. 2 Lockwood and Co.'s JOHH TIMES’S POPULAR, WORKS. ‘ Any one who reads and remembers Mr. Timbs’s encyclopaedic varieties should ever after be a good table talker, an excellent companion for children, a “ well- read person,” and a proficient lecturer ; for Mr. Timbs has stored up in this little volume [“ Things Not Generally Known”] more knowledge than is to be found in a hundred books that might be named.’ — Athenaeum. Things Hot Generally Known Familiarly Explained. A Book for Old and Young. By John Times, F.S.A. First Series. Twenty-sixth Thousand. Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. 4 A remarkably pleasant and instructive little book ; a book as full of information as a pomegranate is full of seed.’ — P unch. 4 A very amusing miscellany ’—Gentleman’s Magazine. 4 And as instructive as it is amusing.’ — N otes and Queries. Things Hot Generally Known Familiarly Explained. By John Timbs, F.S.A. Second Series.' Tenth Thousand. Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. Contents .—Old English Manners, Ceremonies, and Customs ; Meals and Housewifery ; Herbs and Fruit ; Punch and Judy, Old Plays, Pageants, and Music ; Laws, Legal Customs, Pri- vileges, and Dignities; Money, Weights, and Measures ; Home Pro- verbs, Sayings, and Phrases ; Phenomena of Life and Death; Funeral Ceremonies; A Chapterof Weather- Wisdom, Pictures, and the Care of them ; Domestic Science, &c. 4 The Second Series is quite as good as the first.’ — C ritic. Curiosities of Science, Past and Present. By John Timbs, F.S.A. First Series. Second Edition (‘Things Not Generally Known’ in Science.) Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. Curiosities of Science, Past and Present. By John Times, F.S.A. Second Series. (‘Things Not Generally Known’ in Science.) Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. 4 Marked by the tact, care, and usefulness which characterise all Mr. Timbs’s books.’— N otes and Queries. 4 “ Curiosities of Science ” contains as much information in 250 pages as could otherwise be gleaned from reading elaborate treatises on physical phenomena, acoustics, optics, astronomy, geology, and palaeontology, meteorology, nautical geography, magnetism, the electric telegraph, &c.’ — Mining Journal. Curiosities of History. A Book for Old and Young. (‘Things Not Generally Known’ in History.) By John Timbs, F.S.A. Tenth Thousand. Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. This book is an extension of the design of its predecessor to 4 Things Not Gene- rally Known in History; ’ or, where known, but imperfectly understood: as, in the salient points of history ; such historic incidents and classical quotations as are often employed by public writers; and the Popular Errors of History, in the section of 4 Historic Doubts.’ By these means the work presents, in picturesque forms, many hundred Events and Incidents, Sayings and Origins, and noteworthy instances of Human Action. 4 We can conceive no more amusing book for the drawing-room, or one more useful for the school-room.’ — A rt Journal. Popular Errors Explained and Illustrated. By John Timbs, F.S.A. Sixth Thousand. Fcap. 2s. 6d. cloth. 4 We know of few better books for young persons; it is instructive, entertaining, and reliable. This book cannot but enhance the author’s repute for curious research, and entertaining as well as instructive writing.’ — Builder. 4 A work which ninety-nine persons out of every hundred would take up when.-’ ever it came in their way, and would always learn something from.’ English Churchman. Catalogue of Popular Works 3 JOHN TIMBS’S POPULAR WORKS -continued. School-days of Eminent Men. Containing Sketches of the Progress of Education in England, from the reign of King Alfred to that of Queen Victoria; and School and College Lives of the most Celebrated British Authors, Poets, and Philosophers; Inventors and Discoverers; Divines, Heroes, Statesmen, and Legis- lators. By John Timbs, E.S.A. Second Edition, entirely Revised and partly Re-written. With a Frontispiece by John Gilbert, 13 Views of Public Schools, and 20 Portraits by Harvey. Fcap. 5s. handsomely bound in cloth. This book is extensively used, and specially adapted for a Prize-Book at Schools. ‘ This is altogether a most amusing volume, and will be a most acceptable present to any school-boy ambitious of figuring in a future edition as one of England’s “ Eminent Men.” ’ — Gentleman’s Magazine. 4 The idea is a happy one, and its execution equally so. It is a book to interest all boys, but more especially those of Westminster, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Winchester; for of these, as of many other schools of high repute, the accounts are full and interesting.’— Notes and Quekies. Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and Useful Arts. By John Timbs, F.S.A. With numerous Illustra- tions. Fcap. 5s. cloth. ‘Another interesting and well-collected book, ranging from Archimedes and Roger Bacon to the Stephensons.’ — Athenaeum. 4 This last book is, we think, Mr. Timbs’s best book.’ — National Magazine. ‘ These stories by Mr. Timbs are as marvellous as the Arabian Nights' Entertain- ments, and are wrought into a volume of great interest and worth.’ — Atlas. Painting Popularly Explained, with Historical Sketches of the Progress of the Art. By Thomas John Gublick, Painter, and John Timbs, F.S.A. With a Frontispiece and Vignette, in small 8vo. pp. 336, price 6s. cloth. (ggsT This work has been 'adopted as a text-book in the Schools of Art at South Kensington, in connection with the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education. 4 This volume is one that we can heartily recommend to all who are desirous of understanding what they admire in a good painting.’ — D aily News. 4 This popular Manual of the Art of Painting deserves very wide diffusion. Many young men and women will find in it valuable aid to their efforts at self- education. Every school library ought to contain it.’ — Examinee. ‘This is a book which all lovers of art will rejoice in, as containing, in small compass, the very information which Exhibitions and Art Unions must have made ; so many thousands sensible of their want of.’ — National Magazine. The Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art. Ex- hibiting the most important Improvements and Discoveries of the Past Year in Mechanics and the Useful Arts, Natural Philosophy, Electricity, Chemistry, Zoology and Botany, Geology and Miner- alogy, Meteorology and Astronomy. By John Timbs, F.S.A. With fine Engraved Frontispiece and Vignette, fcap. 5s. cloth. This work, published annually, records the proceedings of the principal ' Scientific Societies, and is indispensable for such a3 wish to possess a faithful picture of the latest novelties of Science and the Arts. 4 Ably and honestly compiled.’ — A thenaeum. Just published, with a Coloured Title, post 8vo. 5s. cloth, pp. 320, Something for Everybody ; and a G-arland for the Year. By John Timbs, F.S.A., Author of * Things Not Generally Known,’ ‘ Curiosities of London,’ &c. 4 Lockwood and Co's A SERIES OF ELEGANT GIFT-BOOKS. Truths Illustrated by Great Authors ; A Dictionary of nearly Four Thousand Aids to Reflection, Quotations of Maxims, Metaphors, Counsels, Cautions, Proverbs, Aphorisms, &c. &c. In Prose and Yerse. Compiled from the Great Writers of all Ages and Countries. Eleventh Edition, feap. 8vo. cloth, gilt edges, 568 pp. 6s. 1 The quotations are perfect gems ; their selection evinces sound judgment and an excellent taste.’ — Dispatch. ‘ We accept the treasure with profound gratitude — it should find its way to every home.’ — E ra. * We know of no better book of its kind.’ — E xaminee. The Philosophy of William Shakespeare ; delineating, in Seven Hundred and Fifty Passages selected from his Plays, the Multiform Phases of the Human Mind. With Index and References. Collated, Elucidated, and Alphabetically arranged, by the Editors of ‘Truths Illustrated by Great Authors.’ Second Edition, fcap. 8vo. cloth, gilt edges, nearly 700 pages, with beautiful Vignette Title, price 6s. A glance at this volume will at once show its superiority to Dodd's ‘ Beauties,’ or any other volume of Shakespearian selections. Songs of the Soul during its Pilgrimage Heaven- ward: being a New Collection of Poetry, illustrative of the Power of the Christian Faith ; selected from the "Works of the most emi- nent British, Foreign, and American Writers, Ancient and Modern, Original and Translated. By the Editors of ‘Truths Illustrated by Great Authors,’ &c. Second Edition, fcap. 8vo. cloth, gilt edges, 638 pages, with beautiful Frontispiece and Title, price 6s. (j§g“ This elegant volume will be appreciated by the admirers of 4 The Christian Year.’ The Beauty of Holiness ; or, The Practical Christian’s Daily Companion : being a Collection of upwards of Two Thousand Reflective and Spiritual Passages, remarkable for their Sublimity, Beauty, and Practicability ; selected from the Sacred Writings, and arranged in Eighty-two Sections, each com prising a different theme for meditation. By the Editors of ‘ Truths Illustrated by Great Authors.’ Third Edition, fcap. 8vo. cloth, gilt edges, 536 pp., 6s. | 1 Every part of the Sacred Writings deserves our deepest attention and research, j but all, perhaps, may not be equally adapted to the purposes of meditation and ! reflection. Those, therefore, who are in the constant habit of consulting the Bible i will not object to a selection of some of its most sublime and impressive passages, j arranged and classed ready at once to meet the eye.’ — Extract from Preface. | Events to be Remembered in the History of England. Forming a Series of interesting Narratives, extracted from the Pages of Contemporary Chronicles or Modern Historians, of the most Re- markable Occurrences in each Reign ; with Reviews of the Manners, Domestic Habits , Amusements, Costumes, &c. &c., of the People, Chronological Table, &c. By Charles Selby. Twenty-fifth Edition, 12mo. fine paper, with Nine Beautiful Illustrations by Anelay, price 3s. 6d. cloth, elegant, gilt edges. N.B. — A School Edition, without the Illustrations, 2s. 6d. cloth. Great care has been taken to render this book unobjectionable to the most fastidious, by excluding everything that could not be read aloud in schools and families, and by abstinence from all party spirit, alike in politics as in religion. Catalogue of Popular Works 5 WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF 4 A TRAP TO CATCH A SUNBEAM.’ ‘In telling a simple story, and in the management of dialogue, the Author is excelled by tew writers of the present day.’ — Literary Gazette. A Trap to Catch, a Sunbeam. Thirty-fifth Edition, price Is. ‘ The whimsical wish, expressed by a friend on a dark and wintry day, that it were possible to set a trap to catch a sunbeam, originated the idea for this story.’ Author’s Preface. ‘ Aide, toi, et le del t' aider a, is the moral of this pleasant and interesting story, to which we assign in this Gazette a place immediately after Charles Dickens, as its due, for many passages not unworthy of him, and for a general scheme quite in unison with his best feelings towards the lowly and depressed.’— Literary Gazette. Also, by the same Author, ‘ COMING HOME ; ’ a New Tale for all Readers, price Is. OLD JOLLIFEE; not a Goblin Story. Is. The SEQUEL to OLD JOLLIEFE. Is. The HOUSE on the ROCK. Is. ‘ ONLY ; ’ a Tale for Young and Old. Is. The CLOUD with the SILVER LINING. Is. The STAR in the DESERT. Is. AMY’S KITCHEN, a Village Romance ; a New Story. Is. The DREAM CHINTZ. "With Illustrations by James Godwin. 2s. 6d. with a beautiful fancy cover. ‘A MERRY CHRISTMAS.’ 6d. SIBERT’S "WOLD. Second Edition, 3s. 6d. cloth. Sunbeam Stories. A Selection of the Tales by the Author of ‘ A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam, &c. &c. In one volume, price 5s. cloth elegant, or 5s. 6d. gilt edges. Illustrated by John Absolon and Henry Anelay. CONTENTS : A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam. Old Jolliffe. The Sequel to Old Jolliffe. The Star in the Desert. ‘ Only.’ ‘A Merry Christmas.’ Minnie’s Love : a Novel. By the Author of 1 A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam.’ In 1 vol. post 8vo. 10s. 6d. cloth. ‘ An extremely pleasant sunshiny volume.’— C ritic. 4 “ Minnie’s Love ” adds to the reputation of the author of “ A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam.” ’ — Atlas. 4 We were first surprised, then pleased, next delighted, and finally enthralled by the story.’ — M orning Herald. Little Sunshine : a Tale to be Read to very Young Children. By the Author of ‘A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam.’ In square 16mo. coloured borders, engraved Frontispiece and Vig- nette, fancy boards, price 2s. 4 Young people will read it with avidity.’ — Christian Witness. 4 Just the thing to rivet the attention of children.” — Stamford Mercury. 4 Printed in the sumptuous manner that children like best.’ — Bradford Observer. 4 As pleasing a child’s book as we recollect seeing.’ — Plymouth Herald. 6 Lockwood and Co.'s BOOKS FOR NURSERY OR MATERNAL TUITION. La Bagatelle : Intended to introduce Children of Five or Six Years old to some knowledge of the French Language. Revised by Madame N. L. New and Cheaper Edition, much im- proved, and embellished with entirely new cuts. 18mo. bound and lettered, price 2s. 6d. ‘ A well-known little book, revised, improved, and adorned with some very pretty new pictures. It is, indeed, French made very easy for very little children.’ The School and the Teach ke. ‘ A very nice book to be placed in the hands of children ; likely to command their attention by its beautiful embellishments.’ — P apers fop. the Schoolmaster. Chickseed without Chiekweed : being very Easy and Entertaining Lessons for Little Children. A book for every Mother. New Edition, with Frontispiece by Anelay, 12mo. cloth, Is. Peter Parley’s Book of Poetry. With numerous En- gravings. New Edition, 16mo. cloth. Is. 6d. Cobwebs to Catch Elies : or, Dialogues and Short Sentences adapted for Children from Three to Eight Years of Age. With Woodcuts. New Edition, 12mo. cloth, 2s.; or in Two Parts, Is. each. Paet I. For Children from Three to Five Years of Age. Past II. For Children from Five to Eight Years of Age. CHEAP AND ENTERTAINING BOOKS FOR CHILDREN. The Story of the Three Bears. 17th Edition. With Illustrations, oblong, 6d. sewed. The Great Bear’s Story ; or, The Vizier and the Woodman. With Illustrations, oblong, 6d. sewed. An Hour at Bearwood ; or, The Wolf and the Seven Kids. With Illustrations, oblong, 6d. sewed. The Three Bears and their Stories ; being the above Stories in 1 vol. With numerous Illustrations, oblong, 2s. cloth, lettered. The Ugly Duck. By Hans Andersen. Versified ; and dedicated to the Readers of ‘ The Three Bears.’ Four Illustra- tions by Weigall, oblong, 6d. sewed. Little Sunshine : a Tale to be read to very Young Children. By the Author of ‘ A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam.’ In square 16mo. coloured borders, engraved Frontispiece and Vignette, fancy boards, price 2s. ‘ Young people will read it with avidity.’ — Christian Witness. ‘ Just the thing to rivet the attention of children.’— S tamford Mercury. ‘ Printed in the sumptuous manner that children like best.’ — Bradford Observer. * As pleasing a child’s book as we reeolleet seeing.’ — Plymouth Herald. Catalogue of Popular Works 7 The Lessons of My Farm: A Book for Amateur Agriculturists; being an Introduction to Farm Practice in the Culture of Crops, the Feeding of Cattle, Management of the Dairy, Poultry, Pigs, and in the Keeping of Farm -work Records. By Robert Scott Bern, one of the Authors of ‘Book of^Farm Buildings.’ With numerous Illustrations, fcap. 6s. cloth. The Fables of Babrius. Translated into English Verse from the Text of Sir G. Cornewall Lewis. By the Rev. James Davies, some time ‘Scholar of Lincoln Coll. Oxford. Fcap. cloth, antique, elegantly printed, price 6s. 4 “ Who was Babrius ? ” The reply may not improbably startle the reader. Babrius was the real, original AHsop. Nothing is so fabulous about the fables of our childhood as their reputed authorship. . . Mr. Davies has succeeded, to a very remarkable degree, in retaining the simplicity and terseness which are requisite to enforce the point of an apologue.’— D aily News. 1 The iEsop of our boyhood is dethroned, and his sceptre taken from him, by no less a disenehanter than Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Home Department. . . Here stands the fact that JEsop was not the author of the world-famed fables, but that the real fabricator was one Babrius. . . So Babrius has been finally set up to rule over the realm of early fables, and iEsop passes into the category of myths or plagiarists, according to the evidence.’ — I llustrated London News. 4 A fable-book which is admirably adapted to take the place of the imperfect collections of HSsopian wisdom which have hitherto held the first place in our juvenile libraries.’ — H ereford Times. 4 Mr. Davies’ version is close and faithful.’ — E dinburgh Review. The Shadow in the House: a Novel. By John Saunders, late Editor of the 4 People’s Journal,’ Author of 4 Love’s Martyrdom,’ &c. One vol. post 8vo. 400 pages, price 10s. 6d. cloth. 4 Refinement of taste, purity of moral tone, and poetical and dramatic talent in the conception and working out of character, are conspicuous throughout.’— G lobe. 4 Where properly appreciated, must achieve a success.’ — M orning Chronicle. ‘Cook is a character as well worth studying as Mrs. Poyser.’ — D ial. ‘This story will remain as one of the gems of English fiction.’ — C ity Press. 4 Mr. Saunders is destined ere long to assume a high position among the novelists of the day.’ — L eader. *** By the same Author, will be published immediately, Abel Brake’s Wife : a Tale. 1 vol. post 8vo. 10s. 6d. | Mysteries of Life, Death, and Futurity ; Illustrated from the best and latest Authorities. By Horace "Webby. With an Emblematic Frontispiece, fcap. 5s. cloth. Contents : — Life and Time; Nature of the Soul; Spiritual Life ; Mental Operations; Belief and Scepticism; Premature Interment ; Phenomena of Death; Sin and Punishment ; The Crucifixion of Our Lord ; The End of the World; Man after Death; The Intermediate State; The Great Resurrection; Recognition of the Blessed; The Day of Judgment; The Future States, &c. The Historical Finger-Post : a Handy Book of Terms, Phrases, Epithets, Cognomens, Allusions, &c., in connection with Universal History. By Edward Shelton, Assistant Editor of 4 The Dictionary of Daily Wants,’ &c. &c. 1 vol. crown 8vo. pp. 384, 3s. 6d. cloth. 4 A handy little volume, which will supply the place of 44 Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates ” to many persons who cannot aiford that work. Moreover, it contains some things that Haydn’s book does not.’ — B ookseller. 4 It is to the historical student and antiquarian what 44 Enquire Within ” is to the practical housewife— V olunteer Service Gazette. Lockwood and Co.'s WORKS BY THE REV. WM. HARRISON, RECTOR OF BIRCH. The Tongue of Time ; or, The Language of a Church Clock. By William Haeeison, A.M. of Brazenose College, Ox- ford ; Domestic Chaplain to H. It. H. the Duke of Cambridge ; Rector of Birch, Essex. Sixth Edition, with beautiful Frontispiece, fcp. 3s. cloth, gilt edges. The Shepherd and his Sheep ; An Exposition of the Twenty-third Psalm. Second Edition, enlarged, fcp. 2s. 6d. cloth. Consecrated Thoughts ; or, A Few Notes from a Christian Harp. Second Edition, corrected, fcp. 2s. 6d. cloth. Sermons on the Commandments; Preached in the Chapel of the Magdalen Hospital. Second Edition, fcp. 4s. clotli. Hours of Sadness ; or, Instruction and Comfort for the Mourner : Consisting of a Selection of Devotional Meditations, Instructive and Consolatory Reflections, Letters, Prayers, Poetry, &c., from various Authors, suitable for the bereaved Christian. Second Edition, fcp. 4s. 6d. cloth. Sidney Grey ; a Tale of School Life. By the Author of ‘ Mia and Charlie.’ Second Edition, with Six beautiful Illustra- tions. Pcap. 4s. 6d. cloth. Bo you Give it Up ? A Collection of the most Amusing Conundrums, Riddles, &c., of the day. Pcap. price Is. cloth limp. The Instant Reckoner. Showing the Value of any Quantity of Goods, including Fractional Parts of a Pound Weight, at any price from One Farthing to Twenty Shillings; with an Introduction, embracing Copious Notes of Coins, Weights, Mea- sures, and other Commercial and Useful Information ; and an Ap- pendix, containing Tables of Interest, Salaries, Commission, &c. 24mo. Is. 6d. cloth, or 2s. strongly bound in leather. gig- Indispensable to every housekeeper. CHEAP AND PORTABLE LITERATURE. The Pocket English Classics. 32mo. neatly printed, in Illuminated Wrappers, price Sixpence each. The following are now ready : — The Vicae oe Wakefield. Goldsmith’s Poetical Woeks. Falconee’s Shipweeck. Rasselas. Steene’s Sentimental Joueney. Locke on the Undeestanding. Thomson’s Seasons, Inchbald’s Natuee and Aet. Bloomfield’s Faemee’s Boy. Scott’s Lady of the Lake. Scott’s Lay. Coleeidge’s Ancient Maeinee. Walton’s Complete Anglee, Paet I. Walton’s Complete Angles, Paet II. Elizabeth: oe, The Exiles. Cowpee’s Task. Pope’s E ss ay and Blais’s Geaye . Geay and Collins. Gay’s Fables. Paul and Vikginia. Catalogue of Educational Works 9 EDUCATIONAL WORKS. DR. CORNWELL’S POPULAR SERIES OE SCHOOL-BOOKS. ‘ A very useful series of Educational Works, of which Dr. Cornwell is author or editor. It (the “ Geography for Beginners ”) is an admirable introduction. There is vast difficulty in writing a good elementary book, and Dr. Cornwell has shown himself possessed of that rare combination of faculties which is required for the task.’— John Bull. Allen and Cornwell’s School Grammar. 31st Edi- tion, 2s. red ; Is. 9d. cloth. Grammar for Beginners. 36th Edit. Is. cloth; 9d. swd. Select English Poetry. Edited by the late Dr. Allen. 11th Edition, 4s. The Young Composer ; or, Progressive Exercises in English Composition. By J. Cornwell, Ph.D. 23rd Edition, Is. 6d, Key to the Young Composer. 3s. Dr. Allen’s Eutropius. With a complete Dictionary, an Index of Proper Names, and Chronological Tables, 3s. Science of Arithmetic. By J. Cornwell, Ph.D., and J. G. Fitch, M.A. 7th Edition, 4s. 6d. Arithmetic for Beginners. A First Book of Prac- tical Arithmetic, with an Inductive Explanation of each Rule, and numerous Questions for Mental Calculation. By the Authors of the above. 4th Edition, Is. 6d. GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS BY JAMES CORNWELL, Ph.D. School Geography. 29th Edition, 3s. 6d. ; or with Thirty Maps on Steel, 5s. 6d. Geography for Beginners. 7th Edition, Is. School Atlas. Consisting of Thirty Maps on Steel. 2s. 6d. plain, or 4s. coloured. Map Book for Beginners. Consisting of Twelve Plates of Maps, being a Companion Atlas to the ‘ Geography for Beginners.’ On Steel, is. 6d. plain ; 2s. 6d. coloured. Book of Blank Maps. The above Maps, complete in everything except the names, which are to be filled in by the learner. Is. Book of Map Projections. Twelve Plates, consisting of the Lines of Latitude and Longitude only to the above Maps. Is. io LocJcwood and Co.'s THE EEENCH LANGUAGE. M. de Fivas ' Works for the Use of Colleges , Schools , and Private Students, The attention of Schoolmasters and Heads of Colleges is respectfully requested to the following eminently useful series of French class books, which have enjoyed an unprecedented popularity. A detailed prospectus will be sent on application. Be Fivas’ Hew Grammar of French Grammars ; comprising the substance of all the most approved French Gram- mars extant, but more especially of the standard work ‘ La Gram- maire des Grammaires,’ sanctioned by the French Academy and the University of Paris. With numerous Exercises and Examples illustrative of every Rule. By Dr. V. de Fivas, M.A., F.E.I.S., Member of the Grammatical- Society of Paris, &c. &c. 20th Edition, price 3s. 6d. handsomely bound. ‘ At once the simplest and most complete Grammar of the French language. To the pupil the effect is almost as if he looked into a map, so well-defined is the course of study as explained by M. de Fivas.’ — Literary Gazette. *** A Key to the above, price 3s. 6d. Be Fivas’ Hew Guide to Modern French Conver- sation : or, the Student and Tourist’s French Vade-Mecum : con- taining a Comprehensive Vocabulary, and Phrases and Dialogues on every useful or interesting topic ; together with Models of Letters, Notes, and Cards; and Comparative Tables of the British and French Coins, Weights, and Measures : the whole exhibiting, in a distinct manner, the true Pronunciation of the French Language. * Voulez-vous un guide aussi sUr qu’infallible pour apprendre la langue Framjaise, prenez le Guide de M. de Fivas : e’est l’indispensable manuel de tout Stranger.” L’Lupartial. Be Fivas, Beautes des Ecrivains Frangais, Anciens et Modernes. Ouvrage Classique, & l’usage des Colleges et des Institutions. Dixi6me Edition, augments de Notes Historiques, G6ographiques, Philosophiques, Litt6raires, Grammaticales, et Bio- graphiques. ‘ An elegant volume, containing a selection of pieces both in prose and verse, which, while it furnishes a convenient reading book for the student of the French language, at the same time affords a pleasing and interesting view of French litera- ture.’ — Observer. Be Fivas, Introduction a la Langue Francaise ; ou, Fables et Contes Choisis ; Anecdotes Instructives, Faits M6mo- rables, &c. Avec un Dictionnaire de tous les Mots traduits en Anglais. A l’usage de la jeunesse, et de ceux qui commencent a apprendre la langue Francaise. ‘ By far the best first French reading-book, whether for schools or adult pupils.’ Tait’s Magazine. Be Fivas, Le Tresor Hational; or, Guide to the Translation of English into French at sight. Le ‘ Trdsor National ’ consists of idiomatical and conversational phrases, anec- dotes told and untold, and scraps from various English writers, and is especially intended to produce by practice, in those who learn French, a facility of expressing themselves in that language. *** A Key to the above. 12mo. 2s. cloth. Catalogue of Educational Works i THE FRENCH LANGUAGE— continued. La Bagatelle : Intended to Introduce Children of Fiv e or Six Years old to some Knowledge of tlie French Language. Revised by Madame N. L. New and cheaper Edition, much im- proved, and embellished with entirely new cuts, 18mo. price 2s. 6d. bound and lettered. This little work is recommended to parents and others engaged in the education of young children, as well adapted for familiarising their pupils with the construc- tion and sounds of the French language, conveying at the same time excellent moral lessons. ‘ An easy and familiar French book for children of tender years — so attractive as to create in their young minds a liking for the language — prepares them by slow and easy advances for the higher work of the grammar — and gives them an inductive faculty for discerning French idioms and peculiarities of construction.’ Educational Gazette. * A very nice book to be placed in the hands of children ; likely to command their attention by its beautiful embellishments.’ — Paters for the Schoolmaster. * A well-known little book, revised, improved, and adorned with some very pretty new pictures. It is, indeed, French made very easy for very little children.’ • The School and the Teacher. Le Brethon’s French. Grammar : A Guide to the French Language. By J. J. P. Le Brethon. Revised and Cor- rected by L. Sandier, Professor of Languages. Twelfth Edition, 8vo. 432 pages, 7s. 6d. cloth. YOCABULAIRE SYMBOLIQUE AN GLO-ERAN C AIS. Pour les El&ves de tout Age et de tout Degr6 ; dans lequel les Mots les plus utiles sont enseignes par des Illustrations. Par L. C. Ragonot, Professeur de la Langue Frangaise. A Symbolic French and English Vocabulary. For Students of every Age, in all Classes ; in which the most Useful and Common Words are taught by Illustrations. By L. C. Ragonot, Professor of the French Language. The Illustrations comprise, embodied in the text, accurate representations of upwards of 850 different objects, besides nine whole-page copper-plates, beautifully executed, each conveying, through the eye, a large amount of in- struction in the French Language. Eighth Edition, considerably improved, with new plates substituted, 4to. 5s. cloth. This work in the Anglo-French form having been extensively adopted, not only in Great Britain and on the Continent, but also in America, the publishers have determined to adapt it to other languages, and, by producing it in a more portable form, to render it equally suitable to the Tourist and the General Scholar. A German and English Edition is now ready, price 6s. cloth. THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. Tucliixiaim— A Practical Grammar of the German Language, for School and Self-Tuition ; with an Appendix, contain- ing Commercial Letters, &c. By L. M. Tttchmann, formerly Teacher at the City Commercial and Scientific School, &c. &c. 12mo. 3s. 6d. cloth. Symbolisches Engliscb-Deutscbes Worterbucb: tlie Symbolic Anglo-German Vocabulary; adapted from Ragonot’s ‘ Vocabulaire Symbolique Anglo-Franpais.’ Edited and Revised by Falck Lebahn, Ph. Dr., Author of ‘German in One Volume/ ‘The German Self- Instructor/ &c. With 850 woodcuts, and eight full- page lithographic plates. 8vo. 6s. red cloth, lettered. 1 2 Lockwood and Co.'s THE GERMAN LANGUAGE — continued. Dr. Falck Lebahn's Popular Series of German School-Books. ‘ As an educational writer in the German tongue. Dr. Lebahn stands alone; none other has made even a distant approach to him. The magnitude and value of his services have been acknowledged by the Public Press to an extent and with a unanimity of which there is no example . — British Standard. Lebahn’s First German Course. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. cloth. ‘ It is hardly possible to have a simpler or better book for beginners in German.’ Athenaeum. ‘ It is really what it professes to be — a simple, clear, and concise introduction to the German language; one, too, which will be equally useful to the self-instructing student and the member of a German class.’ — Critic. Lebahn’s German Language in One Volume. Sixth Edition, containing — I. A Practical Grammar, with Exercises to every Rule. II. Undine ; a Tale : by De la Motte Fouque, with Explanatory Notes of all difficult words and phrases. III. A Vocabulary of 4500 Words, synonymous in English and German. Crown 8vo. 8s. cloth. With Key, 10s. 6d. Key separate, 2s. 6d. ‘ This is the best German grammar that has yet been published.’ Morning Post. ‘ Had we to re commence the study of German, of all the German grammars whifhwehave examined— and they are not a few— we should unhesitatingly say, Falck Lebahn’s is the book for us.’ — Educational Times. Lebahn’s Edition of Schmid’s Henry Von Eichen- fels. With Vocabulary and Familiar Dialogues. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. cloth. ‘ Equally with Mr. Lebahn’s previous publications, excellently adapted to assist self-exercise in the German language.’ — Spectator. ‘ Mr. Lebahn has done his work in his usual clever, painstaking, and (to the student) profitable style.’ — C hurch and State Gazette. Lebahn’s First German Header. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. cloth. ‘ An excellent elementary work.’— S unday Times. ‘Like all Lebahn’s works, most thoroughly practical.’— Britannia. ‘ An admirable book for beginners, which indeed may be used without a master.’ Leader. Lebahn’s German Classics ; with Notes and Complete Vocabularies. Crown 8vo. price 3s. 6d. each, cloth : — PETER SCHLEMIHL, the Shadowless Man. By Chamisso. EGMONT. A Tragedy, in Five Acts, by Goethe. WILHELM TELL. A Drama, in Five Acts, by Schiller. GOETZ VON BERLICHINGEN. A Drama. By Goethe. PAGENSTREICHE, a Page’s Frolics. A Comedy, by Kotzebue. EMILIA GALOTTI. A Tragedy, in Five Acts, by Lessing. UNDINE. A Tale, byFouQUlL SELECTIONS from the GERMAN POETS. ‘ These editions are prepared for the use of learners who read without a master ; and they will be found convenient for that purpose. In each, the text is followed by a glossary, wherein not only the sense of every particular phrase, but also the dictionary meaning of most of the several words, is given in good English. With such aids, a student will find no difficulty in these masterpieces.’ — Athen-eum. Lebahn’s German Copy-Book : being a Series of Exer- cises in German Penmanship, beautifully engraved on Steel. 4to. 2s. 6d. sewed. Catalogue of Educational Works. l 3 THE GERMAN LANGUAGE — continued. Lebahn’s Exercises in German. Crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. cloth. 1 A volume of “ Exercises in German,” including in itself all the vocabularies they require. The book is well planned; the selections for translation from German into English, or from English into German, being sometimes curiously well suited to the purpose for which they are taken.’ — Examiner. Lebahn’s Self-Instructor in German. Crown 8vo. 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By Daniel O’Gorman. 22nd Edition, re- vised. 30th thousand, crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. cloth. 0’ Gorman’s Original and Comprehensive System of Self-instructing Book-keeping by Single and Double Entry. New Edition, Svo. price 5s. cloth. G’Gorman’s Prince of Wales’s New Table-Book, compiled from the ‘Intuitive Calculations; 5 embracing all the Tables in Money, Weights, and Measures, necessary for the Arithme- tician; with Tables of Decimal Coins. New Edition, 8d. stitched. Marcus’ Latin Grammar. — A Latin Grammar. By the Rev. Lewis Marcus, M.A., Queen’s College, Cambridge, In- cumbent of St. Paul’s, Einsbury, and formerly Head Master of the Grammar School, Holbeach. 12mo. 2s. 6d. cloth. Chronological Tables of Contemporary Sovereigns, Dates, Battles, Treaties, &c. Eorming an easy Artificial Memory for the Study of Universal History, from the Christian Era to the Present Time. By S. M. Rueein. 2d Edition, 4to. 3s. 6d. cloth limp. Events to be Remembered in the History of Eng- land. By Charles Selby. Twenty-fifth (School) Edition. 12mo. 2s. Gd. cloth. N.B. — A fine paper Edition, with nine beautiful Illustrations by Anelay (suitable for Prize or Gift Book). 12mo. 3s. 6d. cloth elegant, gilt edges. WORKS IN ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE, &c. T HE YEAR-BOOK of FACTS in SCIENCE and ART. Exhibiting the most important Improvements and Discoveries of the past year in Mechanics and the Useful Arts, Natural Philosophy, Electricity, Chemistry, Zoology and Botany, Geology and Mineralogy, Meteorology and Astronomy. By John Timbs, F.S.A. (Published Annually.) This work records the proceedings of the principal scientific societies, and is indispensable for such as wish to possess a faithful picture of the latest novelties of science and the arts. A IDE-MEMOIRE to the MILITARY SCIENCES ; framed JT\_ from Contributions of Officers of the different Services, and edited by a Com- mittee of the Corps of Royal Engineers. 3 vols. royal 8vo. upwards of 500 Engravings and Woodcuts, in extra cloth boards, and lettered, £i. 10s. : or maybe had in six separate parts, paper boards. T HE HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM-ENGINE. By Dr. Ernst Alban, Practical Machine Maker, Plau, Mecklenburg. Translated from the German, by William Pole, C.E., F.R.A.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo. with 28 fine Plates, 16s. 6d. cloth. A PRACTICAL and THEORETICAL ESSAY on OBLIQUE BRIDGFS. With 13 large Folding Plates. By George W. Buck, M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, corrected by W. H. Barlow, M. Inst. C.E. Imperial 8vo. 12s. cloth. T HE PRACTICAL RAILWAY ENGINEER. By G. Drys- dale Dempsey, Civil Engineer. Fourth Edition, revised and greatly extended. With 71 double quarto Plates, 72 Woodcuts, and Portrait of G. Stephenson. One large vol. 4to. £2. 12s. 6d. cloth. O N IRON SHIP-BUILDING; with Practical Examples and Details, in Twenty-four Plates, together with Text containing Descriptions, Explanations, and General Remarks. By John Grantham, C.E., Consulting Engi- neer, and Naval Architect. Second Edition, Atlas of Plates, with separate Text, £1. 5s. A TREATISE on the PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE of Xll LEVELLING. By Frederick W. Simms, M. Inst. C.E. Fourth Edition, with the Addition of Mr. Law’s Practical Examples for setting out Railway Curves, and Mr. Trautwine’s Field Practice of Laying out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo. 8s. 6d. cloth. Trautwine on Laying out Circular Curves is also sold separately, price 5s. sewed. PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. By Frederick W. Simms, L M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, with Additions by W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. Imperial 8vo., numerous Woodcuts and 16 Folding Plates, £1. Is. cloth. T ABLES for the PURCHASING of ESTATES, Annuities, Advowsons, &c., and for the Renewing of Leases ; also for Valuing Reversionary Estates, Deferred Annuities, next Presentations, &c. By William Inwood, Architect. Seventeenth Edition, with considerable additions. 12mo. cloth, 7s. rp HE STUDENT’S GUIDE to the PRACTICE of ± DESIGNING, MEASURING, and VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK; with 43 Plates and Woodcuts. Edited by Edward Dobson, Architect and Surveyor. Second Edition, with Additions on Design, by E. Lacy Garbett, Architect. One Vol. 8vo. extra cloth, 9s. A GENERAL TEXT-BOOK, for the Constant Use and Reference of Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Solicitors, Auctioneers, Land Agents, and Stewards. By Edward Ryde, Civil Engineer and Land Surveyor; to which are added several Chapters on Agriculture and Landed Property. By Professor Donaldson. One large thick vol. 8vo. with numerous Engravings, £1 . 8s. cloth. T HE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES of CARPENTRY. By Thomas Tredgold, Civil Engineer. Illustrated by Fifty-three Engravings, a Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. Fourth Edition. Edited by Peter Barlow, F.R.S. One large Volume, 4to. £2. 2s. in extra cloth. H INTS to YOUNG ARCHITECTS. By George Wight- wick, Architect, Author of “ The Palace of Architecture,” &c. Second Edition, with numerous Woodcuts, 8vo. extra cloth, 7s. Catalogue of Scientific Works *5 WORKS IN ENGINEERING, &c- continued. T HE OPERATIVE MECHANIC’S WORKSHOP com- panion : comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results. By W. Templeton , Author of ‘ The Engineer’s Common-Place Book,’ &c. Seventh Edition, with 1 1 Plates. 12mo. price 5s. bound and lettered. T heory of compound interest and annuities, with TABLES of LOGARITHMS for the more difficult computations of In- terest, Discount, Annuities, &c.,in all their Applications and Uses for Mercantile and State Purposes. By F. Thoman, of the Society Credit Mobilier, Paris. l2mo. cloth, price 5s. /THE ENGINEER’S, ARCHITECT’S, and CONTRAC- X TOR’S PCCKET BOOK (Lockwood and Ce.’s, formerly We ale’s), published Annually. With Diary of Events and Data connected with Engineering, Architec- tecture, and the kindred Sciences. The present year’s Volume is much improved by tbe addition of various useful articles. With 8 Copperplates, and numerous Wood- cuts, in roan tuck, gilt edges, 6s. THE BUILDERS and CONTRACTOR’S PRICE BOOK X (Lockwood and Co.’s, formerly Weale’s), published Annually. Containing the latest prices for work in all branches of the Building Trade, with items numbered for easy reference. 12mo. cloth boards, lettered, 4s. T HE TIMBER MERCHANT'S and BUILDER’S COM- PANION. Containing new and copious TABLES, &c. By William Dowsing, Timber Merchant, Hull. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 3s. cloth. A SYNOPSIS of PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY. Alpha- betically Arranged. Designed as a Manual for Travellers, Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Students, Naval Officers, and other Scientific Men. By the Rev. John Carr, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambiidge. Second Edition, 18mo. cloth, 5s. THE CARPENTER’S NEW GUIDE; or, Book of Lines X for Carpenters, founded on the late Peter Nicholson’s standard work. A New Edition, revised by Arthcr Ashpitel, Arch. F.S. A. ; together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by George Pyne, Artist. With 74 Plates, 4to. price £1. Is. cloth. T reatise on the strength of timber, cast IRON, MALLEABLE IRON, and other Materials. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. V.S.,Hon. Mem. Inst. C.E., &c., A New Edition, by J. F. Heather, M A., of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, with Additions by Prof Willis, of Catmbridge. With Nine Illustrations, 8vo. 16s. cloth. T HE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and Farmer’s and Cattle Breeder’s Assistant. A Compendium of Husbandry. By William Yodatt, Esq., V.S., Member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England ; Author of ‘ The Horse,’ ‘Cattle,’ &c. Tenth Edition, much enlarged, with numerous Engravings, 8vo. price 12s. cloth lettered. THE LAND VALUER’S BEST ASSISTANT, being X Tables, on a very much improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. By R. Hudson, Civil Engineer. New Edition, with Additions and Corrections, 4s. bound. A MANUAL of ELECTRICITY. Including Galvanism, Magnetism, Dia- Magnetism, Electro-Dynamics, Magno-Electricity, and the Electric Telegraph. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.I .S., Lecturer on Chemistry at St. George’s Hospital. Fourth Edition, entirely re-written, illustrated by 500 Wood- cuts, 8vo. £1. 4s. cloth. Sold also in Two Parts ; Part I. Electricity and Galvanism, 8vo. 16s. cloth. Part II. Magnetism and the Electric Telegraph, 8vo. 10s. 6d. cloth. D esigns and examples of cottages, villas, and COUNTRY HOUSES. Being the Studies of Eminent Architects and Builders, consisting of Plans, Elevations, and Perspective Views ; with approximate Estimates of the cost of each. 4to. 67 Plates, £1 . Is. cloth. T HE APPRAISER, AUCTIONEER, and HOUSE- AGENT’S POCKET ASSISTANT. By John Wheeler, Valuer. 24mo. cloth boards, 2s. 6d. P RACTICAL RULES on DRAWING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By George Pyne, Author of ‘ A Rudimentary Treatise on Perspective for Beginners.’ With 14 Plates, 4to. 7s. 6d. boards. 1 6 Loclcwood and Co's Catalogue New Book by one of the Contributors to 1 The Reason Why ' Series , and Assistant Editor of 1 The Dic- tionary of Daily Wants' Now ready, 1 vol. crown 8vo. pp. 384, 3s. 6d. cloth. The Historical Finger-Post : A Handy Book of Terms, Phrases, Epithets, Cognomens, Allusions, &c., in connection with Universal History. By Edward Shelton, Assistant Editor of ‘The Dictionary of Daily Wants,’ &c. &c. This book will be found to contain nearly three thousand explanatory articles, some idea of the varied nature of which may be gathered from the follow- ing list of its sections: — SectionI. Wars, Battles, Naval and Military Expeditions, &c. 2. Conspiracies, Plots, Revolts, Tumults, Riots, Insurrections, &c. 3. Factions, Political Parties, Secret Societies, Cliques, Coteries, &c. 4. Dynasties, Royal Houses, Noble and 1 Illustrious Families, &c. 5. Empires, Territories, Divisions, Forms of Government, &c. 6. Dignities, Titles, Officers of State and Honour, &c. 7. Treaties, Conven- tions, Leagues, Convocations, Councils, Deliberative Assemblies, &c. 8. Religious Sects and Denominations, Ecclesiastical Orders, Divisions, &c. 9. Philosophies, Systems, Doctrines, & c. 10. Laws, Enactments, Codes, Constitutions, &c. 11. Places, Provinces, Districts, Territories, &c. 12. Races, Peoples, Classes, Tribes, &c. 13. Military Organisations. 14. Superstitions, Fables, Traditions, &c. 15. Romance, Legend, Imaginary and Mysterious Personages. 16. Personal Epithets, Surnames, Distinguishing Titles, &c. 17. National Epithets; Political, Classical, and Social Allusions. 18. Memorable Sayings, Mottoes, Party Crieq National Songs, Hymns, &c. 19. Books of Faith, Records, Remarkable Publications, &c. 20. Literature, Art, Science, Discoveries, Inventions, &c. 21. Insignia, Emblems, Orders of Knighthood, &c. 22. National Institutions, Customs. &c. 23. Objects of Curiosity, Interest, and Wonder. 24. Epochs, Anniversaries, Sports, &e. 2.5. Prisons, Punishments, Penalties, Taxes, &c. 26. Parliamentary Terms, Legal and Commercial Phrases, &e. {The, whole rendered available for instant reference by the addition of a copious Index.) Opinions of the Press. ‘ A handy little volume, which will supply the place of “ Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates” to many persons who cannot afford that work. Moreover, it contains some things that Haydn’s book does not.’ — Bookseller. ‘It is to the historical student and antiquarian what “ Enquire Within ” is to the practical housewife— not dispensing with stores of hard-acquired and well-digested knowledge, but giving that little aid which, in moments of hurry and business, is the j true economiser of time.’ — Volunteer Service Gazette. ‘ The idlest reader would find it convenient to have it within reach.’ Publisher^ Circular. ‘ Really a very useful work ; and, at the present day, when everybody is expected to be up in everything, as good a handy-book for cramming on the current subjects of conversation as any that we know. About 3000 subjects have all their place in this extraordinary collection, and although tersely given, the account of each is sufficient for ordinary purposes.’— Era. ‘ A very desirable companion, as containing a variety of information, much of which could only be got by diligent inquiry and research. . . . Deserves a place as I a book of reference on the shelves of the study or library.’ Naval and Military Gazette. j ‘ This is a most useful book, but its title does not do it justice. A finger-post only points to what you want to arrive at, but in these pages are contained the very I objects themselves. It is a very excellent collection, and we strongly recommend j it to our readers as a cheap mine of useful information.’ Journal of Horticulture. j « The scope of the work is comprehensive ; its compilation must have required j immense care ; and to persons who in miscellaneous reading stumble on references j to historical events, the details of which they would be glad to understand, it will prove a book always ready for use, and so arranged as to be turned to account without the slightest difficulty.’ — Sunday Times. ‘ Mr. Shelton deserves well of those who really wish to understand what they read.’ — Spectator. ‘ Mr. Shelton’s idea is good, and exceedingly well carried out. . . . The “ His- torical Finger-Post ” must be seen to be appreciated.’ — Art Journal. 4 This most useful and admirably arranged handy-book will in most cases greatly lighten the labour of investigation, and obviate a long and tedious search through voluminous publications.’ — Weekly Times. PRINTED BT SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, LONDON I"* *L ^ f' I ; ' BimmuM IrTT 1 i ss - . JE we - H5i I j i i » . i ;J tf£SS f Si > jjrf ■ IISFTE RJSTAT I QTT A'L EXHIBITION 186 2 . VIEW OF THE NAVE FROM THE WESTERN DOME f SHOWING THE ROYAL BERLIN PORCELA/N IN THE FOREGROUND.) EXTRA VOLUME. THE YEAR-BOOK OF FACTS IN International (Sxfnbttton of 1862 : ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS ; CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS OF THE BUILDING ; THE MOST REMARKABLE ARTICLES AND OBJECTS EXHIBITED, ETC. By JOHN TIMBS, F.S.A. AUTHOB OE “ THINGS NOT GENEBALLY KNOWN,” “ CUBIOSITIES OP SCIENCE,” ETC. TBIZE MEDAL OP THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON: LOCKWOOD & CO., STATIONERS’ HALL COURT. 1862. lONDON ; SAYII.Ii AND 1DWABDS, PEINTEES, CHANDOS-SIBEEE COYENI-aAEDEN. PREFACE. The object of this work is to record, in a compact manner, divested of dry, official detail, the rise, progress, and completion of the Great International Exhibition, held at South Kensington in the present year. When the vastness of this display, and the multiplicity of its details, are duly considered, it appears desirable to place upon record, in a comprehensive yet tangible form, the leading facts, features, characteristics, and results, of this great industrial, scientific, and artistic collection. Notwithstanding the multitude of histories, catalogues, sy- nopses, and handbooks, in which this stirring event of our times has been chronicled, it has been deemed advisable so to condense its details as to bring within the grasp of a single volume all the most interesting and important incidents of the Exhibition. The narrative opens with a brief account of our Industrial Ex- hibitions, more especially that of the year 1851, and its imme- diate results. To this succeeds a detailed account of the origin of the recent International Exhibition ; the organization of the plan ; the construction and decoration of the Building at South Kensing- ton ; and the opening ceremonial. The greater portion of the volume is appropriated to the de- scription of the principal contents of the Collection, in as compre- hensive a form as possible, disencumbered of details of ephemeral interest, with the special aim of reviewing the merit and value of the inventions, discoveries, and new facts, which are the first fruits of the Exhibition itself. In the arrangement of these details, the order of the Official Catalogues has been generally followed. Thus, the first portion relates principally to the British contributions ; but, in some cases, for the sake of more immediate comparison, the Foreign contribu- IV PREFACE. tions have been placed in juxtaposition with those of our own country. These groups of Objects and Articles occupy more than half of the entire volume. In the succeeding Section, the contributions from the British Colonies are described ; and next are those from Foreign Countries. Next is the Fine Art Division, wherein the principal treasures of the British and Foreign Picture Galleries, Sculpture and Print collections are glanced at.* The Declaration of Awards to the Exhibitors is next recorded ; and the volume concludes with the Report of the closing ceremony. As a retrospect of the true glories and peaceful triumphs of the year, this volume addresses itself to a very large number of intelli- gent readers among the hundreds of thousands who have visited the Exhibition, as well as the still larger proportion who have not enjoyed that advantage. To either class it is hoped the work will be welcome ; since no labour has been spared to render it, without infringing upon its permanent and useful character, attractive and entertaining as a volume of recreative reading. To enhance its value as a permanent and graphic record of the glories of this greatest of the Exhibitions, a beautiful and compre- hensive photographic view of the interior, by the London Stereo- scopic Company (from negatives specially retained for the pur- pose), is given as a frontispiece. * The accompanying Table of Contents will best show the order and suc- cession of the groups of subjects ; and the Index at the close of the volume facilitate reference to the special examples. EKRATA, Page 72, 3rd line from top ,for “ Man” read “ Maw.” Page 133, 4th line from top, for “ Hounslow” read “ Henslow.” Page 134, 4th line from top, for “it is not now shown” read “it was not shown.” Page 209, 25th line from top ,for “ constructions” read “ contrivances.” CONTENTS. PAG! OUR INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS 1 THE GREAT EXHIBITION BUILDING, 1851 7 The Exhibition Opened 10 Results of the Exhibition 19 ©f )£ International dMnfcttton of 1862 15 Laying out the Building Works 25 Progress of the Building 26 THE EXHIBITION BUILDING DESCRIBED 33 The Interior 37 Decoration of the Building 41 The Exhibition Organized 51 The Prize Medal 57 THE EXHIBITION OPENED 58 PROGRESS OF ART-MANUFACTURES EXEMPLIFIED IN THIJ EXHIBITION 67 Objects anU Articles 'dExfjtbttctr : — Raw Materials : Mining, Quarrying, and Metallurgy 75 Graphite from Siberia 82 Mineral Wealth of France 83 Minerals of the Zollyerein 84 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRO- CESSES 85 Coal-tar and Lichen Dyes 90 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD 91 INDIAN PRODUCTS 93 _ptacf)tncrp Railway Plant: Locomotive Engines and Carriages 97 Wheel Carriages 98 Traction Engines 99 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS, AND MA- CHINERY IN GENERAL 100 Steam-hammers 101 Gwynne and Co’s Centrifugal Pumping Machinery . 102 The Universal Joiner. — Fire-engines 103 Siebe’s Ice-making Machine 104 Life-preserving Apparatus 104 Sugar Machinery 106 Paper-making Machinery 107 Besley’s Type-casting Machine . . , 109 Young’s Type-composing Machine 109 Bank-note Printing 110 Folding, Pressing, and Stitching Machine . . . . 112 Surface Decoration by Block-printing ... ... 113 vi CONTENTS. PAGE AGRICULTURAL MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS . . 113 CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES:— Engineering Models 117 Cement, and Artificial Stone 120 Architectural Productions 121 Clay and Metal Pipe-making 122 NAVAL AND MILITARY MODELS, WEAPONS, AND AP- PLIANCES : — Naval and Military Models 123 The Armstrong and Whitworth Guns 124 New Cartridge ...127 Marine Engines 128 Pumping-engines for Waterworks : . 130 GAS ENGINEERING 131 PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS : . . 132 PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS . 136 CLOCKS AND WATCHES 137 ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS 141 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES .... 144 Sanitary Appliances . . . : : 147 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 149 The Piping Bullfinch * s ; i 151 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY:— Cotton-spinning Machinery 152 Carpet-looms 153 Washing Machines 154 FOREIGN MACHINERY 154 AMERICAN MACHINERY 156 Sewing Machines 160 J&anufactu«s : — COTTON FABRICS 162 FLAX AND HEMP 167 SILK AND VELVET 168 WOOLLENS AND WORSTED, AND MIXED FABRICS . . 169 CARPET MANUFACTURE 169 Foreign Carpets 173 TAPESTRIES OF GOBELINS AND BEAUVAIS .... 175 Floor-cloths 176 PRINTED AND DYED FABRICS 177 LACE-MAKING 180 FURS, FEATHERS, AND HAIR 181 INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURES 182 Perreaux’s Patent Pump-V alves 184 LEATHER, INCLUDING SADDLERY AND HARNESS . . 185 ARTICLES OF CLOTHING 186 PAPER-MAKING AND STATIONERY 188 PRINTING 191 CONTENTS. Vli PAGE BOOKBINDING 195 EDUCATIONAL WORKS AND APPLIANCES 196 FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY . 200 MEDIAEVAL ART 205 IRON MANUFACTURES 205 Galvanized Metals 212 Malleable Cast-Iron. — Iron Paints 213 Birmingham Wares. — Wire-working 214 The Hereford Screen 215 The Norwich Gates. — Mediaeval Metal-work . . . 216 Wolverhampton Goods. — Bedsteads . : 217 Cooking Apparatus, Ranges, and Stoves 217 Chandeliers, Gaseliers, and Lamps 218 The Brass Toy Trade 219 Locks and Safes 219 STEEL MANUFACTURES 222 Krupp’s Cast- Steel 224 Bessemer’s Steel 225 WORKS IN THE PRECIOUS METALS 226 Aluminium Articles 231 JEWELLERY 233 GLASS, FOR DECORATIVE AND HOUSEHOLD PUR- POSES : — Stained Glass 237 Household and Fancy Glass . ... 238 POTTERY 241 THE PROCESS COURT 243 Salviati’s Mosaics 246 SUBSTANCES USED IN MANUFACTURES 248 FIRE-ENGINES 251 COAL IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ... 252 THE BRITISH COLONIES Jamaica 257 Trinidad 258 Natal 258 The Bahamas .260 Ceylon 260 Hong-Kong 260 Malta, and the Ionian Islands 260 INDIA 262 THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES Canada 266 New Brunswick 267 Vancouver Island 268 Prince Edward’s Island 268 Nova Scotia 268 THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES:— New South Wales „ 269 Queensland 271 South Australia 273 Western Australia 274 viii CONTENTS. THE AUSTRALIAN CO L ONIE S-— continued page Victoria 275 Tasmania 278 New Zealand 279 The Sandwich Islands 280 FRANCE, AND HER COLONIES 280 Ceramic Ware 281 Silk Manufactures, etc 283 Glass Manufacture 285 Onyx Marble. — Bronzes 286 Plate and Jewellery 287 Furniture, Carriages, etc 288 Wine and Food 289 Machinery 290 Algeria 291 Other French Colonies 293 BELGIUM 295 AUSTRIA 296 THE ZOLLVEREIN 300 HUNGARY 303 RUSSIA 304 ITALY 306 SWITZERLAND 308 HOLLAND 309 DENMARK 310 SWEDEN AND NORWAY 311 SPAIN 312 PORTUGAL 313 TURKEY 313 GREECE 315 PERU, COSTA-RICA, AND URUGUAY 316 BRAZIL 317 THE UNITED STATES 317 JAPAN 318 CHINA 320 AFRICA, CENTRAL AND WESTERN 320 MADAGASCAR 321 HAYTI 321 THE EGYPTIAN COURT 321 Jptne ^rt department 324 Paintings in Oil : English School 324 English Water-colours 327 Architecture. — Designs and Models 327 Art-Designs for Manufactures 328 Sculpture 330 Etchings and Engravings 331 FOREIGN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE 333 DECLARATION OF THE AWARDS BY THE JURORS . . 338 CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION ... 341 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION of 1862. OUR INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS. The origin and history of Exhibitions, National and International, present one of the most remarkable features of the industrial records of Europe, during the last century. In England, these great periodical displays date from about the year when George the Third became King ; and, it is worthy of remark, that the parent of these Exhibitions was the Society of Arts, which in- stitution, after a century of varied fortunes, has culminated in the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, with a view to the establishment of “ Decennial Exhibitions of the Works of Industry and Art.” This success has been mainly reached by a royal road, which lies in certain directions, though not in that of Geometry. The Society has had Presidents noble and royal: a liberal-minded English Prince, the Duke of Sussex, many years filled the presidential chair, and distributed the Society’s annual rewards, and encouraged its exhi- bitions; but it was reserved for the Duke’s successor, the enlightened Prince Consort, to give the international form and colour to the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, more especially the latter, which must be regarded as an extension of his Royal Highness’ portion of the earlier design. Much credit is unquestionably due to the members of the Society of Arts for their unanimous, warm, and steady co- operation in the consummation of these great works : there is, we know, much fickleness and fashion shown in the patronage of public institutions, and the career of the Society of Arts has not been in- variably paths of pleasantness or peace : it has languished through times of public indifference, but happily to emerge into the brilliant success which we have already commemorated. “The National Repository,” formed at the King’s Mews, Charing Cross, in 1828, under the patronage of King George the Fourth, and with a Board of titled persons, and the chairmanship of the eminently practical Dr. Birkbeck, — failed after three exhibitions, and ended its brief existence in a room in Leicester- square. With better success, Practical Science and Polytechnic Exhibitions sprung up ; and though their popularity was of forced growth, it un- doubtedly prepared the public mind for more systematic dis- plays, with higher recommendation than that of private enterprise. B 2 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Meanwhile the Society of Arts held on its more useful course. In 1829, the Secretary read papers on several of the leading industries of the country ; and from this date specimens of raw materials, manufactures, and new inventions were frequently collected in the old rooms of the Society’s House, in the Adelphi, for the informa- tion of the members and the public. There had been for several years Exhibitions Held by the Cornwall Polytechnic Society ; and these were followed by Trade Exhibitions at Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Liverpool, Devonport, Derby, and other manufacturing towns. In 1845, the Exhibition of Manufactures at the Eree-Trade Bazaar, held in Covent Garden Theatre, proved a great success : not only as a commercial demonstration in favour of a great poli- tical principle and a splendid picture of manufacturing England, but also as a profitable speculation, for the League, in six weeks, cleared by the Exhibition 25,000Z., partly by admission-money. In 1849 was opened at Birmingham a great Exposition of In- dustry, the most complete of any which had been held in this country. “ It filled the entire area of Bingley Hall ; and repre- sented very fairly the great variety of mauufactures carried on in the neighbourhood of Birmingham. All the most eminent manu- facturers contributed something representative of their several in- dustries. A complete set of specimens illustrative of the English plastic arts, was not the least remarkable part of the collection ; elaborate samples of electro-plating indicated the future importance of this beautiful process ; and the Stafford potteries contributed some splendid wares. The completeness and high character of this Exhibition may be attributed, in the first place, to the stimulus which the adoption of Schools of Design had imparted to the manufacturing arts ; and in the second place, to the influence of the splendid French Exhibition of 1844,* as well as the enthusiasm with which the great Free Trade Bazaar, held in Covent Garden Theatre, in 1845, had been received.” Within two years of the acceptance of the Presidency of the Society of Arts by the Prince Consort, the minutes record several exertions for the establishment of a National Exhibition in Eng- * The French Exhibitions, or National Expositions, date from the year 1797, when the first was held in the palace of St. Cloud, near Paris, with the object of reviving the industrial resources of France, which had suffered much during the Eevolution. In the same year Napoleon I. commanded to be erected an Exhibition-house in the Champ de Mars ; Chaptal, the eminent chemist, and Breguet, the mechanician, taking active parts in the management. This success led the Minister of the Interior to establish similar Exhibitions at various periods, the eleventh of which was held in 1849, and specially reported to the President and Council of the Society of Arts by Mr. M. Digby Wyatt, architect. These several Expositions are characterized in the Extra Volume of the Year-book of Facts, which reports the Great Exhibition of 1851 : such notices extending to seven closely printed pages. Mr. Blanchard Jerrold also wrote in the Illustrated London News an able precis of the Industrial Exhibitions of the Continent and the United King- dom; and Mr. Jerrold is now (1862) publishing an extended History of these several Exhibitions, introductory to a detailed account of the International Exhibition of 1862. EXHIBITION OF 1851 PROPOSED. 3 Sand. In November, 1844, Mr. Francis Whishaw, then Secretary of the Society, “endeavoured to elicit some demonstration of public opinion in favour of a plan he had contemplated.”* The same minutes record Mr. Theophilus Bichards’s efforts as early as 1836, “to get up (at Birmingham) an Exhibition of Industry, in- cluding Foreign Manufactures and in the same note Mr. George Wallis is referred to as “ an early promoter of the plan of National Expositions similar to those on the Continent.” The great success of the French Exposition of 1844 would, how- ever, appear to have more directly stimulated the Society of Arts to the means of realizing a National Exhibition for their own country. A Committee was appointed, and funds were subscribed by them for this purpose, but the attempt failed. In the words of Mr. Scott Bussell, then Secretary to the Society of Arts, “the English people were then very imperfectly acquainted with the value of such Exhibitions — their influence on the character as well as the commerce of the nation.” They required to be educated for that object ; and education had to be provided ; Mr. Bussell him- self generously placing 50 1 . at the disposal of the Council, as prizes for Models and Designs of useful objects, calculated to im- prove general taste. Other sums were offered, but the progress was slow, and in 1846 scarcely any competitors appeared. To further this idea, the Council of the Society of Arts at once established a Special Prize Fund, and offered premiums and medals for colours to be used in porcelain, and capable of resisting the action of acids, but not then used in England, and for excel- lence in combined form and colour. The Society awai-ded its special prize to Messrs. Minton, for a tea-service in one colour. These and the other prize articles formed the basis of the first ex- hibition of “ Select Specimens of British Manufactures and Decorative Art,” which was opened at the Society’s House in March, 1847. Mr. Henry Cole (Felix Summerly), had already commenced the publication of his “ Art Manufactures,” in which, with the aid of some of our best artists, including Cope, Creswick, Herbert, * Francis Whishaw, who obtained some distinction as a Civil Engineer and the inventor of various improvements in Telegraphy, was some time Secretary to the Society of Arts, and contributed money as well as labour in originating the Great Exhibition. He was the inventor of the Hydraulic Telegraph, which preceded the Electro Telegraph, and is described in the Arcana of ■Science for 1838. Mr. Whishaw, while resident in Gray’s Inn, published a laborious quarto volume of the Statistics of Railways, one of the earliest works upon the subject. He contributed to the Great Exhibition the Telekerephona, or Speaking Telegraph; the Gutta Percha Telephone ; Rail- way Trains Communicator; the Gutta Percha Tube and Lathe-band, as first made at the Society of Arts in 1845 ; Subaqueous Insulated Electric Tele- graph Conductors ; and a Battery Protector. He also wrote for the Illus- trated London News the most valuable portion of its papers upon the Exhi- bition of 1851. He considered himself but inadequately remunerated for the assistance he had rendered in the outset of the Exhibition, by the award of one hundred pounds. Mr. Whishaw died in 1856. Although he may have been, by his over-anxious temperament, not well fitted to bear the mesal- liance so frequent in public societies, Mr. Whishaw was a man of unim- peachable integrity and generous nature. B 2 4 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Horsley, Maclise, Mulready, and Redgrave, as painters ; and Bell and Joseph as sculptors ; was revived the good old practice of connecting the best art with familiar objects in daily use ; to be manufactured in glass, porcelain, papier-mache, carved wood, iron, silver, &c. The invention of a new material named Parian, was a fortunate circumstance ; and the Beer-jug, designed by Townsend, and the statuette of Dorothea, from the Marquis of Lansdowne’s marble group, by Bell, at Bowood, will be remembered as popular examples. The Bread- platter, also by Bell, carved in wood, was multiplied by many thousands, and thus was created a large and regular demand for this revived article of domestic use. These Art Manufactures were early patronized by the Queen, and from being seen in the apartments of Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace were soon adopted by the nobility and gentry, and reached the middle classes ; they extended to an improved pattern of a Britan- nia-metal tea-pot. These proceedings had been duly reported to the Prince President ; and towards the close of 1846, a deputation of the Society repre- sented to His Royal Highness the benefit of the extension of the Fine Arts to the various manufactures of the country ; in this opinion the Prince coincided, and after speaking of the excellence and solidity of British manufactures generally, added, “towed mechanical skill to high art is a task worthy of the Society of A rts, and directly in the path of its duty.” In 1847, the Council commenced a series of Exhibitions of Ma- nufactures, a portion of the fii-st collection being appropriated to arch geological illustrations of the progress of British pottery and porcelain manufactures from the reign of Elizabeth to the times of Anne, and George I. to that of Wedgwood. Next year the ex- periment was repeated with such success that the Council deter- mined to hold annual Exhibitions as a means of establishing a quinquennial Exhibition of British Industry, to be held in 3 851 . Having proceeded thus far, the Council then connected the Schools of Design located in the centres of manufacturing industry, with the proposed Exhibition, for which the Council obtained the pro- mise of the quadrangle of Somerset House, or some other Go- vernment ground, as a site for their building. In 1849, three events proved tributary to the success of the pro- posed gigantic scheme : the Paris Exposition was the most com- prehensive of the series ; the Society of Arts Exhibition was of greater excellence than either of its predecessors, the collection consisting chiefly of works in the precious metals and the Prince President offered two prizes. The third auspicious event was the Birmingham Exhibition already referred to : it was held in the first building erected in England for such a purpose, and was honoured by Prince Albert with a special visit. * A handsome pictorial record of this Exhibition of Ancient and Mediaeval Art was published in 1851. It is entitled Choice Examples of Art Workman- ship , Drawn and Engraved under the Superintendence of Philip de la Motte.. The work is now very scarce. EXHIBITION OF 1851 PROPOSED. 5 His Royal Highness now consented to take the proposed Great Exhibition under his own personal superintendence. “Now is the time,” said this truly liberal-minded Prince, “to prepare for a Great Exhibition, an Exhibition worthy of the greatness of this country ; not merely national in its scope and benefits, but com- prehensive of - the whole world ; and I offer myself to the public as their leader, if they are willing to assist in the undertaking.” His Royal Highness then proposed that the Exhibition should consist of Raw Materials ; Machinery and Mechanical Inventions; Manufactures; Sculpture, and plastic art generally; and the Prince at the same time pointed out the vacant ground in Hyde Park upon which the Great Exhibition building was subsequently erected. At the meeting whereat these details were arranged, Prince Albert gave to the proposed Exhibition that grand feature of universality which ever after formed the chief characteristic of the plan, thus entered in the minute-book : — “ It was a question whether this Exhibition should be exclu- sively limited to British industry. It was considered that, whilst it appears an error to fix any limitations to the productions of machinery, science, and taste, which are of no country, but belong as a whole to the civilized world, particular advantage to British industry might be derived from placing it in fair competition with that of other nations.” At this meeting, also, a Royal Commission, with his Royal Highness at the head, and the subscription of a fund, were de- cided on ; and here may be remarked the pre-eminently practical character of the mind of Prince Albert, who, at this single meet- ing is proved to have proposed the objects of which the Exhibition should consist : the site of the Building ; its comprehensive in- ternational plan ; the mode and means of carrying out the great design. Well was it hereafter said, “But for Prince Albert, say what people may of others’ part in the affair, we should never have had the Great Exhibition.” Money prizes and medals were then proposed. Her Majesty the Queen headed the subscription with the munificent gift of 1000Z., and the Prince contributed 500Z. The Government ..promised their aid, but did little more ; for, a great part of the success of the Exhibition was, with truth, attributed to its inde- pendence of the Ministry ; “and it may be the boast of our countrymen, that the Exhibition was originated, conducted, and completed independently of any Government aid whatever, except its sanction ;” and when such assistance was attended with expense the cost of it was defrayed from the funds of the Exhibition. {Mr. H. Cole ; Introduction to the Official Catalogue.) We shall not be expected to detail the carrying out of this great plan : suffice it to state, that a contract was entered into by the Society of Arts with Messrs. Munday, to advance funds, and provide the Building, with a proviso that the agreement might be cancelled within a certain time, compensation being made to the contractors. Public meetings were then held in the manufacturing 6 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. districts, where nearly 5000 persons registered themselves as pro- moters of the Exhibition ; while, in London, Mr. Henry Cole, ex- pressly deputed by Prince Albert to explain his views, addressed the citizens with excellent effect. This example was followed in Westminster, where the Bishop of Oxford eloquently advocated the measure in an address subsequently printed under the title of “ The Dignity of Labour,” and circulated through the length and breadth of the country. The Royal Commission was then formed; the agreement with Messrs. Munday was cancelled, and the Com- missioners undertook the responsibilities ; a guarantee fund was formed, the Prince Consort •writing down his name for 10,000Z.; and upon the guarantee deed for 230,000/!. was borrowed of the Bank of England the sum of 32,500Z., which was repaid, with interest, out of the receipts at the doors, after the Exhibition had been open three weeks. To concentrate the high feeling for the national honour, felt to be bound up with the fortunes of the Exhibition, the Lord Mayor of London (Farncomb) invited the municipal authorities of the United Kingdom at the Mansion House, to meet Prince Albert, as Presi- dent of the Royal Commission.* At this noble festival, Prince Albert, in responding to the toast of “ Success to the Great Exhi- tion of 1851,” declared his views in “ a most truthful, most able, most feeling, most religious, and most eloquent statement.” In the autumn of the same year, the Lord Mayor of York gave a return banquet to the Lord Mayor of London, for which poor Alexis Soy er prepared his “hundred guinea Dish,” to set before the civic kings. At this festival at York, Prince Albert was also' present, and in addressing the company, having glanced at the essentially practical nature of the English character, his Royal Highness concluded by saying : — “Taking this view' of the character of our country, I was pleased when I saw the plan of the Exhibition of 1851 undergo its ordeal of doubt, discussion, and even opposition ; and I hope that I may now gather from the earnestness with which its execu- tion is pursued, that the nation is convinced that it accords with its interests, and the position which England has taken in the world.” The eloquent appeals made at the banquets at London and York, were re-echoed throughout the country : a vast system of corre- spondence was undertaken by the Executive Committee ; and the local organization begun by the Society of Arts with 65 district committees, was increased by the Royal Commissioners to 297, and about 450 local commissioners were nominated. Two special travelling Commissioners — Dr. Lyon Playfair and Lieut. -Colonel Lloyd — were appointed to communicate with these local com- mittees ; and Commissioners w r ere appointed, or committees formed, in eleven British colonies and 30 foreign countries. * For this measure of patriotic feeling, the Lord Mayor (Farncomb) must ever be gratefully remembered a3 one of the prime contributors to the eclat of the Exhibition, although the commemorative dignity was conferred upon his successor in the civic chair. CRYSTAL PALACE IN HYDE PARK. 7 THE GREAT EXHIBITION BUILDING, 1851. The site originally suggested by the Prince Consort having been selected by the Commissioners, with the permission of the Crown, out of the 20 acres of land thus chosen, the Building Com- mittee proposed to cover 16 acres with buildings, — between Rotten- row and the Queen’s Drive, in Hyde Park. The plan and ar- rangement of the buildings were to be determined by public com- petition, and 233 designs were sent in. The Building Committee selected neither ; but under their superintendence, a design was proposed — to consist of a huge structure, mostly of brickwork and avenues of iron columns, and in general unsightliness, resem- bling a railway- station ; to which, upon the suggestion of Mr. Brunei, the engineer, was added a vast central dome, more than 150 feet high, and 200 feet in diameter ; the roof and dome to be of iron, and 15 millions of bricks to be used in the construction of the walls. This vastness raised a proportionate degree of opposi- tion : indeed, the public loudly objected to any building in Hyde Park which was not of a light and temporary character. The existence of this feeling led Mr., now Sir Joseph Paxton, to devise a plan for a structure, which was, indeed, a vast expansion of a conservatory design, built by him at Chatsworth, for the flowering of the Victoria lily. Well do we remember the magic effect of our first sight of the out- line of Mr. Paxton’s design : it was merely a light outline upon a large surface of bank-post paper, and the instant Mr. Paxton spread out the sheet, we exclaimed — “ It is like a fairy palace !” The vast Building in Hyde Park fully realized this idea, though somewhat enthusiastically expressed ; and it has ever been a source of gratification to reflect that he who was thus instantly impressed with the graceful character of Mr. Paxton’s design was the first to express such an opinion of its novelty and appropriateness in one of the public journals of the next day. How emphatic, too, and, in some degree, prophetic, were the opinions of Professor Cowper. ‘ ‘ I look upon the original idea of Mr. Paxton as one of the most successful efforts of imagination and contrivance, and I con- sider the way in which Fox and Henderson have made the bold conception practicable , one of the most successful and astonishing examples of contrivance, tact, science, industry, perseverance, and engineering skill, the world ever saw ; and whatever wondei*s may hereafter be placed in this Building, the structure itself will be the greatest ivonder of all and so it proved. The Building was to be chiefly of iron and glass, the contractors, Messrs. Fox, Henderson, and Co., undertaking to construct the whole for 79, 800£.* It was nearly the length of Portland-place. * Sir William Cubitt, F.K.S.,the eminent Civil Engineer, undertook, at the pressing instance of his coadjutors in the Royal Commission, the superin- tendence of the construction of the G-reat Exhibition Building ; and his ser- vices were recognised by the Queen bestowing upon him Knighthood. Sir William Cubitt’s great Kailway works will long attest his professional success, which wa3, in a great degree, to be ascribed to the soundness of his early me 8 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. “ I walked out one evening,” says Sir Charles Eox, “and there setting out the 1848 feet upon the pavement, found it the same length within a few yards : and then considered that the Great Exhibition Building would be three times the width of the street, and the nave as high as the houses on either side.” Of the origin and construction of this Building a minute descrip- tion, extending to seventy pages, will be found in the Extra Volume of the Year-book of Facts, 1851. We see its plan in the main, in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, which was mostly built of the Exhibition structure on its removal from Hyde Park. The “ Crystal Palace” has, indeed, been adopted as the name of so many similar structures, not only in England and Ireland, but in almost every quarter of the globe, that we shall only briefly describe the outline of the original Building in Hyde Park, and this chiefly for the sake of comparison to be made hereafter. The Crystal Palace, as the building in Hyde Park was appro- priately named, from its roof and sides being of glass, was origi- nally devised by Mr. Paxton, as he sat in a carriage upon a railway journey, and was first sketched by him upon a sheet of blotting- paper. It was cruciform in plan, with a transept, nave, and side aisles ; and consisted of a framework of wrought and cast iron, firmly braced together, and based upon a foundation of concrete. The general plan was a parallelogram, 1848 feet long, and 408 feet wide ; the greatest length running from east to west. There was also a projection on the north side, 48 feet wide, and 936 feet long ; the area, from east to west, was divided into 12 avenues, the chief passage was 72 feet wide, and 63 feet high, and occupied the centre. It was flanked on both sides by passages, alternately 24 feet and 48 feet wide, and of 63, 43, and 23 feet high. About the middle of the building, lengthwise, these avenues were crossed at right-angles, by a transept, 72 feet wide, the semicircular roof of which rose 108 feet, so as to preserve three fine old elms ; and two other groups of trees on the ground gave rise to open courts, which were inclosed within the building. The total area roofed over was equal to 18£ acres, and nearly 294,000 panes of glass were used, the majority of them being 49 by 10 inches. The avenues were formed by rows of hollow cast- iron columns, which acted as supports for the building, as well as rain-water drains. They were placed in lines 24 feet from each other, and rose in one, two, and three tiers to support the roof at the different levels. Between the columns were inserted short pieces, of such a shape as to support the girders in horizontal tiers, at three several levels. 3300 columns were fitted up altogether, and reckoning the different articles of cast and wrought iron which helped to form the building, there were 537,082 separate pieces, representing above 4486 tons. Nearly 2000 yards of gas-pipes chanical experience. He died in 1861. From sameness of name, Sir Wil- liam has sometimes been confounded with Alderman William Cubitt, Lord Mayor of London in 1860-1, 1861-2, who was at the head of the great luilding firm in Gray’s Inn Road, and raised himself from humble life to the above position. CRYSTAL PALACE IN HYDE PARK. 9 were laid down ; the wrought timber used amounted to 265,000 pieces, or more than a million and a third of lineal feet, and the rough timber to nearly 413,000 cubic feet. The iron girders produced unbroken horizontal lines through- out the building, and formed a lattice-work combining great strength and lightness of appearance. The girders formed the support of the floor of the galleries, which extended the whole length of the palace in four parallel lines, cross-galleries connecting the long lines. The gallery floors consisted of cross-beams, under- trussed, so as to distribute the whole weight brought upon the floor pretty equally upon the eight points at which the ends of the beams rested upon the cast-iron girders. Upon this foundation were fixed the ordinary floor-joists and floor, and the galleries were reached by two double staircases. The roof was the most novel and interesting part of the Build- ing : it was supported by the upper tier of girders and trusses ; in its general formation it was flat, but in detail it consisted of a series of ridges and furrows, of moderate rise and fall. As the roof, girders, and trusses were 24 feet apart lengthwise, they were made to carry the main gutters on their upper edge in the transverse direction of the Building. The space between these was spanned by light wood beams, or rafters, sloping upwards at an inclina- tion of two and a half to one, and contrived so as to support the glass roof, and to carry into the main gutters the rain-water, and the condensed vapour formed under it, at the same time. The total length of the gutters was nearly 24 miles. The advan- tage of this form of roofing for large areas was its great lightness and economy. The glass of the roof was fixed into the sash-bars, which were grooved to receive it. About 200 miles of sash-bars, and 896,000 square feet of glass were required ; and the whole weight of glass used was 400 tons. The Building was admirably ventilated by metal louvres, the ventilating surface thus obtained being nearly 41,000 square feet, or very nearly one acre. Each story was crowned outside with a cornice, or cresting, and over the columns were fixed flag- staffs. " The half- circular roof of the transept, the most ornamental architectural portion of the Building, is stated to have been de- signed by Mr. Henderson. It is also claimed for Sir Charles Barry, who proposed similar roofing for the entire Building ; but this was abandoned from its great cost, and the transept only was covered with a half-circular roof. This was supported by arched timber ribs, one on the top of every column ; between these prin- cipal ribs were horizontal timbers supporting minor ribs, and upon these was laid a curved ridge and furrow roof. Along the ridge of the arched roof was a narrow gallery, that workmen might go up to do the necessary repairs ; and on both sides of the roof was a wide lead flat, which gave some additional strength to * Abridged from A Concise History of the International Exhibition of 1862. By John Hollingshead. Printed for Her Majesty’s Commissioners. 10 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. resist any tendency in the arched ribs to spread outwards at the springing. The decoration of the interior, devised by Owen Jones, consisted of the scientific application of the primitive colours, red, blue, and yellow, upon narrow surfaces ; it was rapidly executed by 500 painters ; its effect was at first much questioned, by persons who understood little about the matter ; but it proved charmingly artistic. The many important additions made to the Building, as originally undertaken by Messrs. Fox and Henderson for 79,800Z., raised the cost to 107,780Z. 7s. Qd. ; and still the contractors were heavy losers by the contract. This was explained by the great speed at which the work had been done, the cost of extra machinery for this purpose leaving no time for economical arrangements. How- ever, as they had punctually completed the Building, the Commis- sioners paid them the further sum of 35,000Z., subject to the proceeds from the sale of the Building, estimated to produce about 33,000Z., to which the contractors were entitled ; but, as the Building was purchased by the Crystal Palace Company, of Sydenham, for 70,000^., the contractors were thus relieved from all loss. The ground was broken July 30, 1850 ; the first column was placed Sept. 26 ; and the Building was opened May 1, 1851. While the work was in full activity, more than 2000 men were employed on the ground, with four powerful steam-engines. The vast palace, though covering a million of square feet, gave only half-a-million for the display of goods, besides the vertical space. The whole available space was divided in two : one half was given to England and her colonies, and the other half to foreign countries. The Exhibition, according to the plan laid down by the Prince Consort, had its four great departments : Paw Materials, 4 classes ; Machinery, 6 classes ; Manufactures, 1 9 classes; and Fine Arts a class by themselves. The British articles occupied the western half of the Building, geographically arranged ; and the foreign articles occupied the eastern half. The foreign and colonial divisions were arranged according to their latitudes, the countries lying nearest to the Equator being placed nearest to the transept. The Exhibition was opened by Her Majesty on Thursday, May 1, 1851, in the presence of 25,000 spectators. It was a bright morning, and the mass of glass flashed in the sunshine as the semi-state procession passed through the Parks, amidst the acclamations of admiring thousands, to the fairy-like palace of crystal — “ But yesterday a naked sod. The dandies sneered from Rotten-row, And sauntered o’er it to and fro. And see, ’tis done ! As though ’twere by a wizard’s rod, A blazing arch of lucid glass, Leaps like a fountain from the grass, To meet the sun. THE EXHIBITION OP 1851 OPENED. 11 “ A quiet green, but few days since, With cattle browsing in the shade, And lo ! long lines of bright arcade In order raised ; A palace as for fairy prince, A rare pavilion, such as man Saw never since mankind began. And built and glazed.” May-Day Ode, by W. M. Thackeray ; Times, May, 1851. The only special preparation in the Building for the ceremony was a carpeted platform and a chair of state for the Queen, placed beneath a canopy, midway in the transept. The Prince Consort, at the head of the Royal Commissioners, read to Her Majesty the Report of the Exhibition proceedings, to which the Queen graciously replied. The Archbishop of Canterbury then implored God’s blessing upon the undertaking, and the choir sang the Hallelujah Chorus. A Royal procession was then formed, and on Her Majesty’s return to the platform, the Queen declared “the Exhibition opened,” which was announced by a flourish of trumpets and the firing of a Royal salute on the north bank of the Serpentine. The Exhibition remained open 141 days : its foreign exhibitors were 6556, and the exhibitors of the United Kingdom and de- pendencies, 7382 (exclusive of India), forming a gi*and total of 13,938. The estimated value of the articles exhibited (excluding the Koh-i-noor diamond) was : — United Kingdom . . . £1,031,607 4 9 Dependencies of ditto . . 79,901 15 0 Foreign Countries . . . 670,420 11 7 Total . . £1,781,929 11 4 The number of Prize Medals was 2918, and of Council Medals 170, awarded by Juries. The whole daily admissions by payment amounted to 5,265, 429?. ; by season tickets, 773,766?. ; together, 6,039,195?. Average visitors on each day, 42,831 ; greatest number present on October 7 — 109,915 ; greatest number at onetime in the building, October 7 — 93,224. Commissioners’ receipts from all sources, to Feb. 29, 1852, including subscriptions, 506,100?. 6s. lit?. Expenditure, 292,794?. 11s. 3c?. Balance, 213,305?. 15s. 8c?. The reader who wishes to become familiar with the display of the contents of the Exhibition Building may do so by referring to the section of the Year-book of Facts, 1851, entitled, “The Great Exhibition, Geographically Described,” pp. 99 — 120 ; and the re- mainder of the volume, entitled “Articles and Objects Exhibited,” pp. 124—287. OTHER EXHIBITIONS. The success of the Great Exhibition of 1851 naturally led to similar displays all over the world. The Building was removed from Hyde Park to Sydenham, and there forms part of the Crystal Palace, which, however, is larger than its predecessor by 1628 12 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. feet, and by nearly one half in cubic contents. Here sculpture is picturesquely grouped with luxuriant exotic vegetation. Groups illustrate the ethnology, zoology, and botany of the Old and New Worlds ; and at each end is a vast fountain. In the great transept are the works of French and Italian, German and English, Greek and Roman sculptors ; and models of celebrated ancient and modern edifices. Throughout the Building are galleries for the exhibition of objects of industry and fine art ; and courts represent- ing the architecture and sculpture of each nation — Eg}^ptian, Greek, Roman Pompeian, Alhambra, Assyrian, Byzantine, and Romanesque ; German, English, French, and Italian mediaeval ; Renaissance, Elizabethan, Italian, &c. The Crystal Palace, loftier than the London Monument, is placed at the head of the Land- scape Garden and Park, planned by Sir Joseph Paxton ; and here are gigantic fountains, planned and executed by the same master- artist. The several departments of the edifice, to which Picture Galleries have been added, are detailed in a series of ad- mirable guide-books. The Palace was opened by Her Majesty, June 10, 1854. It has cost considerably more than a million of money. To its attractions have been added musical performances upon a scale of grandeur never before attempted : the Commemo- rations of Handel are entitled to the highest praise. The more immediate result of the Hyde Park Exhibition was, however, the Cork Exhibition in 1852 ; and the next year, were Universal Exhibitions in Dublin and New York, both in Buildings of iron and glass. In 1854, followed the Munich Exhibition of the Industry of the whole of Germany. In 1855, the twelfth Ex- hibition in Paris followed, being the first great French International Exhibition, imitating closely the plan of 1851. In 1857, took place the Manchester Fine Art Exhibition — a collection of ancient and modern pictures, sculpture, and other works of art, never before equalled : the Building was of the Crystal Palace character. In 1861, we had the Dublin Art Exhibition and the Edinburgh Art Treasures’ Exhibition, and the Italian National Exhibition at Florence. Besides these, in several of our colonies, small “ Crystal Palaces ” were erected for exhibitions of industrial art, thus extending the principle to the remotest countries of the civilized world. In the Practical Mechanic s’ Journal it is judiciously remarked : “We have seen in the preceding brief sketch that the recognition and first development of National Expositions was due to the pre- scient mind of Napoleon in his early prime ; of that great man, who, amidst national hatreds the most bitter, could mark his reverence for Davy, the English chemist, whose chosen companions were such men as Volta, Cuvier, Chaptal, and La Place. The remembrance of this must have recurred to the President of the Republic with justifiable pride, when inaugurating the Exposition of 1849. “The next great advance, however, was to come from another mind congenial in vigour, and in the thoughtful conception of the RESULTS OF THE EXHIBITION OF 1851. 13 true paths that lead to industrial greatness, but in all other respects the happy opposite in attributes to that of Napoleon. To our own lamented Prince Consort belongs the origination of the idea of International Exhibitions. Prance had shown to herself and to Europe what she herself could accomplish, but she had shrunk from permitting other nations to show their achievements, in con- trast with and beside her own. “ Perhaps much of the favour with which Prince Albert’s proposal was received at length by the people of England arose from the simple courage of the thought ; but undoubtedly the immense success which the attempt to carry it out at once attained, as well as the abiding advantages which, as a nation, we have already derived from its results, are due to the idea of international rivalry, as contra-distinguished from merely national display. It ministered not to our insular pride, but proved to us our own comparative shortcomings.” RESULTS OF THE EXHIBITION OF 1851. It is now time to glance at the financial results of the Exhibi- tion, inasmuch as the disposal of the Surplus or Profit promised to be the nucleus of future important operations. To enable them to apply this money, and keep faith with the subscribers to the original fund, the Royal Commissioners applied to Her Majesty for a Supplemental Charter, which, being granted, empowered them to dispose of the Surplus as they might think fit, and to raise contributions in aid of such Surplus — “to purchase and hold lands in any part of Her Majesty’s dominions,” and to dispose of them in all respects as they should think fit. They first proposed to provide a home for “the Trade Museum,” a collection of articles, valued at 9000/., presented to them by Exhibitors in 1851.* For this purpose they purchased “ the Gore House Estate, ’’which Mr. Wilberforce possessed from 1808 to 1821 : in 1836, it passed to the Countess of Blessington, whoresided here until 1849 : in the Great Exhibition year, 1851, the house and grounds were fitted up by Monsieur Soyer as the “Symposium for all Nations they were subsequently purchased by the Commissioners for 60,000Z., paid out of the Surplus fund of about 186,000Z. The whole estate comprised about 21 acres, added to which were Gray’s Nursery Grounds, Park House, and Grove House, and various market-gardens ; the grounds of Cromwell House, and other lands belonging to the Earl of Harrington and the Baron de Villars. Additional funds for these purchases were provided by the Govern- ment, who entered into a sort of partnership with the Com- missioners, and purchased, in all, 86 acres, for 280,000/., at an average of 3250/. • an acre. Acts of Parliament were passed, legalizing the plans of the Commissioners, and in accoi dance various old foot-paths, &c., were stopped, and houses removed. * A portion of these articles was, for some time, stored in the conservatory- adjoining Kensington Palace. It is curious to reflect of what extensive ope- rations they became the nucleus. 14 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. They also formed nearly two miles of new roadway, the chief lines of which surrounded the best part of their Estate : namely, the Cromwell-road, the Exhibition- road, and the Prince Albex-t-road, forming, with the main Kensington-road, four sides of a square. The object of these purchases of land was to secure a large space to which some of the national exhibitions might be removed, and on which a great art-educational institution might be erected. “ A Museum of Manufactures” is proposed in the Commissioners’ Second Report : * 1 these localities being recommended for the dry- ness of the soil, and as the only safe ground for future years amidst the growth of the metropolis.” In 1856, it was proposed to remove the National Gallery of Pictures from Charing Cross to this site, which has been named “ South Kensington:” the Go- vernment, however, lost the Bill in Parliament. Gore House was taken down in 1857. Early in 1858, the Commissioners dissolved partnership with the State ; the sums advanced by Government were repaid by the Commissioners, subject to a deduction for the ground and buildings of the South Kensington Museum, now become a Government institution, as a branch of the Department of Science and Art. The Commissioners now became trustees for buying and selling the land, about 12 acres of which they have disposed of very profitably in building leases : lines of lofty and handsome houses have sprung up in a style ornate even to sumptuousness : nevertheless, it was not the object of the Com- missioners to become a land company, or to be instrumental in blocking up one of the pleasantest localities in the suburbs with lofty dwelling-houses, shutting out fresh air and a fine prospect. The Commissioners are stated to have nearly doubled their original capital by the above speculation : they next let the upper part of the great centre square, about 22 acres, to the Horticul- tural Society. “ The Commissioners have expended about 50,000?. in building arcades in the new Gardens ; and the Society have expended an equal amount in terraces, fountains, conservatories, and in laying out the grounds.” (Hotting shead? s Concise History , p. 34.) This arrangement may be, prospectively, an eligible investment for the Royal Commissioners ; but the effect of the Horticultural Society shouldering the Exhibition Building, is at present by no means good : that it should be bounded by lines of stately houses is objectionable in proportion to their stateliness — almost effacing the recollection of this being once the finest nursery-grounds round London. Had the entire space been reserved for Exhibi- tion purposes, it would have been more pimmising for the public than the present realization, which may almost be described as a garden without flowers. The conservatory, of iron and glass, disadvantageously reminds one of the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS. 15 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1862. The importance of the development of the International character of Industrial Exhibitions appears to have been more strongly- impressed upon the Society of Arts by the several intermediate displays which have just been enumerated ; each of which rendered more obvious the desirability of rendering the Home Exhibition periodical. The period now projected was decennial : accordingly, in 1858, the Society first proposed to repeat the Great Exhibition of 1851, the year chosen being 1861. The Commissioners, how- ever, hesitated : they had no funds to meet the expenses of the proposed Exhibition, and they were not satisfied that the scheme would be well supported by manufacturers and the public. The Society of Arts then promised the required information, and their exertions to obtain subscriptions to a proposed guarantee fund of 250,000£. Subsequently, owing to the war in Italy, and the dis- turbed state of the Continent, the proposed Exhibition was deferred until 1862. By the guarantee agreement, in the event of a loss attending the Exhibition, each subscriber was to contribute in rateable proportion' to his subscription to liquidate such loss. Earl Granville, the Marquis of Chandos, Mr. Thomas Baring, Mr. Dilke, and Mr. Thomas Fairbairn, consented to be the five Trustees of the Exhibition. Earl Granville, K.G., “ enjoys all the popularity which a very good-natured public man not spoiled by office is sure to acquire.” {Quarterly Review, No. 223.) His Lordship is Lord President of the Council, and Chairman of the Royal Commission. The Marquis of Chandos has since succeeded his father as Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. The Marquis some time was Secre- tary and Manager of the London and North-Western Railway Company. Mr. Thomas Baring, the capitalist, brother of Sir Francis Baring, sits in Parliament for Huntingdon. Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke was a Commissioner and member of the Executive Committee of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and at its close is stated to have declined knighthood in recognition of his services. He received his patent of Baronetcy from Her Majesty, at the close of 1861. Mr. Dilke made a collection of all the books and publications respecting the Exhibition of 1851 that he could obtain ; and a Catalogue of the collection fills more than a hundred large octavo pages. The books and pamphlets are in the English, Welsh, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Indian, Spa- nish, Greek, and Arabic languages. {Companion to the Almanac , 1862.) This Catalogue has been printed for private circulation. Mr. Thomas Fairbairn is the well-known engineer, of Manchester, and brother of Mr. William Fairbairn, F.R.S. Application was to be made to the Commissioners for a site on the South Kensington estate, and the Trustees were to erect the buildings, temporary or permanent, for the Exhibition, on the 16 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. express condition that one-third of the sum so expended by them should be employed in erections of a permanent character, suitable for decennial or other exhibitions, and vested in the Society of Arts. The surplus was to be applied to the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce ; and in the event of there being a loss which the Society of Arts declined to liquidate, the permanent buildings were to be sold, towards such liquidation. In a more attractive manner, the arrangement has been thus sketched in the Quarterly Review, "Vol. 112, No. 223 : “The steady-going Society of Arts was now called in, and a very odd triangular arrangement consummated. The Commissioners of 1851 leased to the Society of Arts the desired plot of ground for ninety- nine years, in order that a third body, viz., the Commissioners of 1862, might cover the ground with an additional building. Of this building one part was to be considered temporary, and either to be reckoned the property of the contractors, after a vast royalty had been paid for its use, or else bought out-and-out for a further sum ; and the other part was to be held permanent, and to pass for the term of the lease of the Society of Arts, supposing the speculation to be solvent. If the returns were insufficient, this portion was to be pulled down at the close of the Exhibition. The motive power of the whole scheme was a solid phalanx of English- men, some of them men of capital, and some men of enterprise, who had from various motives subscribed a deed of guarantee, to the amount of several hundred thousand pounds,* and on the strength of this deed the Bank of England found the money for the immediate undertaking. So there were the Bank that ad- vanced, the subscribers who guaranteed, the New Commission that managed, the Society of Arts that advised and that waited for its windfall, and the Old Commission that sat in its counting-house counting of its money.” The Society of Arts did not fail to back up their advocacy of this second Exhibition. They showed that nearly four millions had been added to the population of Great Britain since the former Exhibition in 1851 ; that London would contain half a million more persons than it did then. Sir Cusack Roney, an accredited practical authority in railway statistics, showed that the length of railways in England alone would be nearly eleven thousand miles in 1862, compared with six thousand seven hundred and fifty-five in 1851, and that the general system of railway manage- ment would be much improved. The Continental managers have now learned to appreciate through-booking, return -tickets, and excursion traffic at reduced rates, which they would not look at a few years back. Many Continental lines have been opened since the year of the Great Exhibition, all more or less converging * The List of Guarantors was headed by His Koyal Highness the Prince Consort, with a subscription of 10,000Z. The next sum, in amount, was the subscription of his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, 5000Z., — the excellent nobleman whom, through legislatorial blundering, it lately became the busi- ness of interested parties to misrepresent a3 adverse to popular rights. 1851 AND 1882 COMPARED. 17 towards this country, and several others of great importance in shortening existing routes, and putting us in communication with new districts, have been completed during 1859 and 1 860. The steam passages between America and Europe have been more than quadrupled, and the fares lowered at least thirty per cent. The chain of railways now joining New York, Boston, Portland, and Quebec, has been tripled since 1851 ; the distance between London and India has been decreased twenty-five per cent., and between England and Australia fifty per cent. ; the time taken for passages to and from our West Indian colonies has been dimi- nished one-third, and we have a well-organized steam communica- tion with South America and Africa, which did not exist in 1851. Mr. William Hawes next communicated to the Society of Arts these interesting facts, to show in comparison the advantages in 1862 over those in 1851, which, though they do not belong ex- clusively to the Exhibition, may be incidentally quoted here : “ That the Exhibition fully realized the most sanguine anticipa- tions in showing the state of development of the manufactures of all nations to 1851, and that it gave to the world a more thorough knowledge of the power, and better appreciation of the capabilities, of each nation, is universally admitted. It now remains for the Exhibition of 1862 to show what has been the world’s progress from the starting-point so clearly indicated in 1851, not only in the production of works of art, or in the increased beauty of certain manufactures, but in the practical applications of science, inven- tion, and mechanical skill to improve and to cheapen the neces- saries of every-day life, and so to raise the social position, by adding to the comforts and enjoyments, of the great bulk of the people.” Mr. Hawes then refers to the jealousy felt in 1851, respecting foreign manufactures, the injury to our home trade, &c., and especially to the alarm and distrust felt at the large number of foreigners which would be brought into England to see the Exhi- bition.* The following are Mr. Hawes’s results : “ The people are better employed, and their social and intellectual condition is improved. Crime, which for years previously to 1851 increased in a ratio beyond that of the population, is now happily decreasing. Eailways have been extended from above 6000, to above 10,000 miles. The Electric Telegraph has become universal, and in every direction facilities for communication have been increased. We have repealed the Duties on Soap and Paper, the only manu- factures the prosperity of which was then thwarted by excise restrictions. W e have abolished all Taxes on the dissemination of Knowledge, and have given increased facilities for the circulation of knowledge by post. We * An instance of this alarm occurred within the Editor’s knowledge. A shopkeeper in street, a man of good discernment in his business, as a dealer in Works of Art, was haunted with this apprehension : he was confident that hundreds and thousands of Londoners would be butchered in cold-blood by foreigners, who, unable to obtain lodgings, would prowl about the streets all night, and at a preconcerted signal would overpower the police, and begin the work of slaughter of the Londoners in their beds ! . . . The Exhibition came, and a few months after, our alarmist acknowledged himself to have been more deceived in the peaceful result than in all the experience of his lifetime. C 18 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. have repealed the Import Duties, or very nearly so, on Raw Materials, the produce of foreign countries. We have admitted, free of duty, confident in our strength, the manufactures of foreign countries to compete with our own. Old industries have been stimulated and improved. New industries have arisen. In Fine Art, Painting, and Sculpture, it is hardly possible, except in very extraordinary periods, that a marked change can be observed in a single ten years, but this country certainly holds its own as compared with the pro- ductions of other countries. “ Photography, hardly known in 1851, has developed itself, and has become an important branch of art and industry, used alike by the artist, the engineer, the architect, the manufacturer, the merchant, and the magistrate. By it fleeting effects of nature are caught, and preserved for the use of the artist ; the progress of works is daily recorded, for the information of the engineer ; the finest tracery of ancient architecture preserved, in its exact proportions, for the architect ; the manufacturer and merchant can transmit to, and receive from their most distant correspondents, exact representations of what they require to be imitated or produced; the soldier, sailor, and civilian on foreign service finds in photographic likenesses, and the facility with which they are renewed, the means of retaining the fondest associations of home and country ; and the criminal flying from justice is followed with means of instant identifi- cation. This is indeed an international application of art and industry. “ In the preparation of Colours for Printing and Dyeing, most important discoveries have been made by our chemists, to whose researches the manu- facturing industry of the country is greatly indebted. The recently-discovered and most beautiful and brilliant colours, called the * Aniline’ series, are pro- duced from coal and its products, and the facility of their application is so great that a complete revolution is taking place in the processes of Dyeing and Printing. “ In the Manufacture of Glass great economy has been introduced ; and the S rocess, just perfected, of transferring photographs to glass, and permanently xing them by the action of fire, will add a new and beautiful style of orna- mentation to our houses. The manufacture of Agricultural Implements, and especially the application of steam-power to them, has been so improved and extended, that it is now a highly- important branch of trade : and the exhibition of the improvements which have been made in our spinning, weaving, and winding machinery will afford interesting evidence of our mechanical progress in these branches of industry. Marine Telegraphy, only just accomplished in 1851 — the public communication with Dublin having been opened in June, and that with Paris in November, 1852 — has now become almost universal, linking together distant countries, and destined ere long to overcome the diffi- culties of separation by the ocean, be the distance ever so great. In the Manu- facture of Iron, improvements have also been made — new bands of ore have been discovered ; and day by day we are economizing its production, and a metal between iron and steel is now produced, at one process, which hereto- fore required two or more processes, alike expensive and difficult. In Artifi- cial Light our sphere of production is enlarged, and light is cheaper, whereby hours are now available for industrial pursuits, and for the acquisition of knowledge by large numbers, which were formerly either unemployed or wasted. In Steam-power, especially that applied to Railroads and to Ocean Steam-navigation, economical appliances have advanced rapidly. The use of Coal for locomotives, in place of coke, and super-heating steam and surface- condensing in ocean steamers, tends to increase the power and economize the cost of these powerful engines of civilization. In Shipbuilding, the past ten years have produced great changes. Our navy and mercantile marine have alike advanced in scientific construction and in mechanical arrangements. In the Great Eastern we see the practical application, for the first time, of screw and paddle to the same ship ; we have enormous strength in her cellular con- struction ; and we have greater speed, with power smaller in proportion to her sizethanwasever before attained. In the construction of our Warrior and Black Brince and other iron-plated ships, we have a combination of wood and iron by which our ships of war may almost bid defiance to whatever may be brought against them, being, both in size and power, far beyond anything which was contemplated in 1851 ; and machinery is now being constructed, having its origin in the block-machinery at Portsmouth, by which the woodwork required for large boats will be so accurately prepared, that they will be put together COLONIAL IMPROVEMENT. 19 in a few hours. In Printing great advances have been made. By the perfec- tion of chromatic printing, views of distant countries, copies of celebrated pic- tures, most beautifully coloured, have been brought within the reach of almost every class, displacing pictures which neither improved the taste nor ga useful information ; and by the application of most expensive and most beau- tiful machinery to the printing of our daily journals, we have been enabled profitably to meet the increased demand caused by the cheapness of our news- papers. Invention and Mechanical contrivance have thus kept pace with the requirements of intellect and the daily-increasing love of knowledge ; and, to crown all, the G-old Discoveries in Australia, but just known in 1851, and fol- lowing those in California in 1849, have supplied a medium of exchange when it appeared almost indispensable to the full realization of the advantages springing out of the great impetus given to industry during the past ten years. “ But there are two branches of industry not to be overlooked, which did not exist in 1851. The manufacture of Arms of precision, and the voluntary organization of skilled labour to use them, both of which may at first sight appear antagonistic to the progress of art, manufactures, and commerce, but are, in fact, their great protectors. War, a remnant of barbarism, must for- tunately be infinitely more difficult, hazardous, and expensive, not only in the preparations for it, but in its results, when arms are constructed of such power that hardly any fortification or ship can resist them. Fortifications and naval architecture now wear a different complexion to what they did before 1851 . The manufacture of the Whitworth Rifle and the Armstrong Gun are new in- dustries since 1851. The small gun, directed by high intelligence, throwing a large and destructive missile to a distance beyond any previous belief, becomes a more formidable instrument of warfare than the large forces of olden time, directed only by low intelligence and relying upon brute force for success ; and in the perfection of these implements of war, costly though they be, we are as a nation deeply interested ; for in so far as we are in advance of all the world in their manufacture and in our knowledge of how to use them, so are we safe from foreign interference. The better armed will rarely be attacked, and still more rarely successfully so, by the worse armed.” It will be seen hereafter that Mr. Hawes’s anticipations as regards our Colonies have been realized in a remarkable degree : — ** The effect of the progress we have made since 1851 is also shown by the rapid increase of our colonial and foreign trades, and the much greater interest which foreigners now take in England and English manufactures. Then, after a period of great agricultural and commercial distress, we exported but 65,000, OOOZ. per annum, now we export 136,000, 000£. Then India, governed by a separate authority, did not afford facilities for emigration, or to settle- ments being made by English capitalists. How that vast dependency, entirely under the government of our Queen, intersected by railways and new roads, and with steamboats traversing her rivers, will become, year by year, more intimately acquainted with, and larger consumers of, our manufactures . “Then Canada had recently emerged from a period of discontent and diffi- culty ; now, it is one of the most — if not the most — flourishing and rapidly in- creasing in wealth and population of our colonies, with a system of railways and water communication unsurpassed anywhere ; the bridge over the St„. Lawrence being one of the greatest triumphs of engnieering in the world. “ Our Australian Colonies have not been left behind. The discovery of gold, although for a time it threatened seriously to affect the cultivation of the country, has so stimulated the tide of emigration thereto, that the supply of wool, almost as valuable to us as gold, has been maintained, and industry of all kinds has advanced most rapidly. “ If we look to foreign countries, we find France just entering upon a career of free trade, from which it is all but impossible she can recede, while her people, as a whole, appear more friendly to us than at any former periods Our nearest neighbour and principal foreign competitor in 1851, then pro- hibited or levied such high duties upon the importation of Eaglish manufac- tures, as all but to exclude them from the country. How, we have passports, abolished, free intercourse encouraged, a low uniform rate of postage estab- C 2 20 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, lished, and a treaty of commerce under which our manufactures are admitted, which must tend, year by year, to increase the commercial transactions be- tween, us. Holland, also following our example, has recently opened several of the ports of her East Indian possessions to foreign trade with all countries. Russia, under the guidance of a wise and great sovereign, besides constructing railways and telegraphs, and promoting intercourse between the most distant parts of her vast territories, is emancipating her serfs from bondage, and making a large population at once free and industrious, and therefore larger consumers of the products of the forge and the loom. China is still further open to our industry, and bids fair to be one of our largest and best customers ; and it is hardly too much to say that the effect produced in the late war on thp minds of the rulers of that nation, by the wonderful power we exhibited with our rifles and Armstrong Guns, had much to do with its early and successful termination ; and if so, the entire expense we have incurred in their manufac- ture will be amply repaid by the great results achieved through their instru- mentality in this one short campaign. In Japan, Siam, Madagascar, the Philippine Islands, hitherto almost unknown countries, we find vast popula- tions seeking for our manufactures. Enough has been said to showthat u the Exhibition of 1851 was, in the words of our Royal President, ‘ to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their future exertions,’ that of 1862 must still more efficiently perform that function, inasmuch as the basis upon which it rests is broader, the nations interested in the progress of civilization and commercial freedom more numerous, and the population to be stimulated to exertion enormously larger.”* After the reading of the paper, Earl Granville said: — “With regard to the great undertaking, the feeling concerning the Exhi- bition which was being manifested in the great centres of trade was most satisfactory. The support which had been accorded in the metropolis was most gratifying. The Colonies were also coming forward with their contributions. He had had a commu- nication with Lord Canning touching the efforts which India was making. Though the funds at the disposal of the authorities were not so large as could be desired, yet he believed India would be worthily represented in the Exhibition. From other countries he had received assurances which, though they differed in degree, were satisfactory. He had lately been in Paris, and he found that a Commission, over which Prince Napoleon presided, had been originated ; and he had been informed that the Emperor desired that no expense should be spared in promoting the success of the French portion of the Exhibition. Notwithstanding some feelings of protectionism which might operate on the mass, his (Lord Granville’s) opinion was, there was some danger, owing to the great exertions the French were making, that if we did not try to put our right leg foremost, we might not be able to maintain the position which we occupied in the last Exhibition.” The Report of this Meeting has a most melancholy interest ; for it was then that the Prince Consort so emphatically and en- * Mr. Hawes’s inferences from these and other details were, that an Inter- national Exhibition would amply pay itself in 1861. Lieutenant-Colonel Owen, however, went much further : he prepared some curious railway statistics to show that, with equal attractiveness, 7,000,000 country visitors would be as likely to come to London in 1861 as 3,000,000 in 1851, owing simply to the known increase in railway travelling. Granted, according to the improved means of transit ; but an important element is left out of the calculation — namely, an increase of money, pari passu, to enable the visitors to avail them- selves of the railway increase. SITE AT SOUTH KENSINGTON. 21 couragingly expressed his confidence in the prosperity of the Ex- hibition, which, unhappily, he did not live to witness. After some remarks from Mr. Dillon and Sir Thomas Phillips, Prince Albert, among other observations, said: — ‘ £ Gentlemen, you will succeed. You are in earnest, and being in earnest , you will succeed. I can congratulate you on the steps you have taken. You have an able body of managers, with all of whom I am well acquainted, and from my acquaintance I can say that they are thoroughly conversant with all the work you have imposed on them. You have also an able architect — a young officer of engineers— who, as alluded to by Lord Granville, has to-day shown, by the work which has been opened in the Horticultural Gardens, that he is capable of vast designs, novel contrivances, and is possessed of great taste. Gentlemen, Lord Granville and Sir Thomas Phillips have referred to foreign nations. I happen to know that foreign nations look with favour upon this Exhibi- tion, and are prepared to come to measure their strength with yours. I need not repeat the warning and encouragement that Lord Granville has thrown out to the trades of this country, — that they should endeavour to maintain the position they so gloriously took on the last occasion.” The activity of the Society of Arts, doubtless, contributed to the success of the Guarantee Fund, which, on the 8th of June, 1860, was subscribed by 455 persons, to the sum of 308,353£. The Commissioners, in their Fourth Eeport, informed the Society of Arts that the}' would grant, rent free, until the 31st of De- cember, 1862, for the purposes of the Exhibition of 1862, the use of the whole of the land on the main square of their Estate lying on the south side of the Horticultural Society’s Gardens, estimated at 16 acres ; on the understanding that all the buildings to be erected for the Exhibition, whether permanent or temporary in their character, should be subject to their approval, and that all the temporary buildings should be removed within six months after the close of the Exhibition, if required ; the Trustees of the Exhibition being at liberty, on the other hand, to remove the buildings termed permanent if the Exhibition should be attended with pecuniary loss. They further expressed their readiness to grant to the Society, in recognition of their long-continued ser- vices in advancing the interests of the arts and manufactures, and especially in preparing the way for the Great Exhibition of 1851, a lease for ninety-nine years at a moderate ground-rent of those permanent buildings if retained, on condition of not less than the sum of fifty thousand pounds being expended on them by the Trustees, and of their not covering more than one acre of ground ; and also on condition of their being used solely for holding exhi- bitions and for purposes connected with the promotion of arts and manufactures. “With respect to the Society’s application (say the Commissioners), that we should appropriate a portion of our estate for the purpose of future exhibitions analogous to the 'pro- posed Exhibition of 1862, we informed them that with the view of. 22 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. meeting their wishes as far as was consistent with our public duty, and at the same time bearing in mind our obligations to our mortgagees, we would undertake, in the event of the payment to us of the sum of ten thousand pounds out of the profits (if any) of the Exhibition of 1862, to reserve for the purposes of another International Exhibition in 1872, to be conducted by such body as might be approved by us, the remainder of the land now pro- posed to be lent by us for the Exhibition of 1862 that was not covered by the permanent buildings already referred to, such reservation not interfering in anj r way with the free use by us of that land in the intervening period.” The Society of Arts accepted these terms, and next induced the five gentlemen named in the draft guarantee deed as the proposed Trustees of the Exhibition to accept the trust. Upon their sug- gestion, the management was then offered to the Commissioners of 1851, within the conditions expressed in the guarantee agreement. This the Commissioners were unwilling to undertake with the restrictions imposed, even had there not been many legal diffi- culties in the way of their doing so ; but they expressed their general approval of the object which the Society of Arts had in view in organizing the proposed Exhibition, and their readiness when the trust was accepted by the five gentlemen named, to afford assistance in advising the Trustees on certain important principles and financial points, and to elect as Commissioners those two of the five Trustees — Lord Chandos and Mr. Fairbairn — who were not already members of their body. Meanwhile, the Trustees to the Commissioners, additional space being requisite, obtained the loan of an unoccupied portion of land lying between the western arcades of the Horticultural Gardens and Prince Albert’s-road, as well as the south arcades of the Horticultural Gardens, to be fitted up as refreshment-rooms. A subsequent request for more space on the opposite side of the grounds to form another annexe was also complied with. It may relieve the dryness of these details to quote from the Quarterly Review this more picturesque account of the new tenancy : — “ The Horticultural Society, which had since its foundation rus- ticated at Chiswick, came into prominence as the chief claimant for the Commissioners’ favours. No one had a word to urge against its pretensions : it asked to come to town, and town was glad to receive the petitioner. In the creation of a metropolitan garden, there was a guarantee for a new lung of London. It was comparatively unimportant that the prospects of the horticulturists were somewhat problematic. They had not given up the useful old nursery at Chiswick, while it was well understood that the object of the new garden was to set up a ‘ moral Cremorne.’ So the brave old trees which skirted the paddock of Gore House were felled, little ramps were raised, and little slopes sliced off, with a fiddling nicety of touch which would have delighted the imperial ■grandeur of the Summer Palace ; and the tiny declivities thus THE BUILDING PROPOSED. 23' manufactured were tortured into curvilinear patterns, where sea sand, chopped coal, and pounded bricks atoned for the absence of flower or shrub. The area had to be inclosed, for it was care- fully stipulated that the lengthened frontages on the boundary roads should form no portion of the lease to the Horticultural Society. The result was Mr. Smirke’s Renaissance arcades in brick at the upper portion, and the terra-cotta imitation of the Lateran cloister, produced by the Department round the southern half, neither of them, it may be, great works, but both of them graceful, and even refreshing architectural experiments by the side cf their gigantic neighbour. To the south of this garden lay another plot of 1851 ground, predestined for the New Exhibition.” Thus, the site was determined on. In February, the Queen granted a charter to the Trustees. The Bank of England agreed to advance the necessary funds on the faith of the guarantors, and all was ready for deciding about the building, when the first step taken by the Commissioners was generally considered an unwise one. Without any appeal for suggestions to the country in general, or to the architectural profession in particular — without a hint to the guarantors to provide against loss, or even a single note of preparation, it was suddenly announced to the public that the design was agreed on, the plans were laid, the specifications written, and that tenders for the erection of the Building were sought for. Sir Joseph Paxton, as a guarantor, very justifiably objected to the looseness of the conditions, and to spending so large a sum of money as this Building should require, and this without allowing time for a fair estimate of the cost to be made ; it being added, that the person who tenders for the erection of the Building, “must do so at great risk, unless he has been so fortunate as to have had access to the plans before they were given to the public.” However, these objections were overruled ; and the design by Captain Fowke, of the Royal Engineers, was declared to be ac- cepted. The circumstances under which the Commissioners arrived at this decision are thus described in a letter of Mr. F. R. Sand- ford, their Secretary, dated Feb. 20, 1861 : — “The most pressing point was the Building required for the Exhibition. In 1850, notwithstanding the possession of consi- derable funds, and the assistance of the most eminent architects and engineers, seven months elapsed before a design was adopted. The Commissioners therefore felt that if they postponed the con- sideration of this subject until they were a legally constituted body, the cost of the Building would be greatly increased, and a serious risk incurred of its non-completion by the appointed time. “ The arrangements made by the Society of Arts, when nego- tiating for a site on the estate of the Commissioners of 1851, and their arrangement that the Exhibition was to include Pictures, a branch of art not exhibited on the former occasion, rendered it necessary to contemplate the erection of a Building in some parts of a more substantial character than that of 1851. “A plan was submitted to the Commissioners by Captain 24 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Fowke, B.E., who had been employed by Her Majesty’s Govern- ment in the British Department of the Paris Exhibition of 1855. This design was adapted to the proposed site, and was intended to meet the practical defects which experience had shown to exist both in the Buildings in Hyde Park and in the Champs Elysdes. It appeared well adapted for the required purposes, and its prin- cipal features were of a striking character, and likely to form an attractive part of the Exhibition. The Commissioners submitted the design to the competition of ten eminent contractors, four of whom took out the quantities. Three tenders (one a joint one from two of the contractors invited) were sent in on the day named in the invitation, but all were greatly in excess of the amount which the Commissioners could prudently spend, with a due regard to the interests of the guarantors. “The Commissioners have, therefore, had under their considera- tion modifications of the plan, which, without destroying its merits, would materially reduce its cost.” Its principal feature at first consisted in a great central hall, with arched roof and rounded ends, 500 feet long, 250 feet wide, and 210 feet high — “a veritable Hall of Eblis (says the Practical Mechanics' Journal ), the designs of which we have seen, and which would certainly have been not only stupendous in size, but grand in point of style and duration ; although we might ask here, Cui bono 1 However, this was a single central hall, a veritable central- point to the whole, however Brobdignaggian in height. The estimates for the original structure amounted, including this hall, to 590,000?. The Commissioners required such modifications, to be made, as should reduce this amount within the manageable limits of their guarantee fund ; and Captain Eowke appeals to the fact that he has had to preserve the main features of his design (exclusive of the great hall, ) and yet so modify, or leave incomplete its details, as to bring the cost down to little more than half his original estimate, in explanation and justification of many incon- gruities and sins against form and taste, charged against him now by the public, but in reality chargeable to the conditions of the case as placed in his hands.” The writer of this sound view of the matter in the Practical Mechanic s’ Journal had the advantage of access to the whole of the working drawings, general designs, and photographs of progress of the Great Building, placed in his hands by Captain Fowke : by which the journalist was enabled to describe for the first time to professional readers and the public its structural details from authentic sources ; and access was given, as often as occasion required, to every portion of the structure required, for personal examination of its details. The journalist’s defence of Captain Fowke’s Building is far more serviceable to him than all the fine flourishes of his non- pro- fessional friends. * * This young and clever officer of Engineers attached to the Department of Science and Art, had previously engineered at the South Kensington Mu- seum, the “ Brompton Boilers,” and the permanent Galleries for the Sheep- LAYING OUT THE WORKS. 25 The writer in the Quarterly Review, a journal long accustomed, as Byron sings, to “treat a dissenting author very martyrly,” — we consider, in this view, to be very fair to the engineer. ‘ ‘ The authorities (he says,) had proclaimed so confidently that there was one building, and Fowke was its architect, that they left them- selves no retreat. We do not blame Captain Fowke : he had been wafted into a false position, and it would be to set up a more than Homan standard to assert that he was in any way bound to refuse an offer so abnormally advantageous as that of becoming per saltum architect of the world’s biggest building. How far those who placed him there were alive to the exceptional importance of their own act is a very different question, on which society has long formed its own verdict. The presence or absence of the central dome was, after all, an immaterial consideration in the value of the Building. If it had been carried out, it would have been a monument of purposeless cost and ineffective bulk. Its absence only creates a vast solecism, as purposeless, as ineffective, and as needlessly costly in proportion to its cubic contents.” Of the three tenders sent in, that furnished by Mr. Kelk and the Brothers Lucas being the lowest, was accepted : and these eminent firms became partners in the work. For the rent of the Building a sum of 200,000?. was absolutely guai’anteed ; if the receipts exceeded 400,000?., the Contractors were to be paid 100,000?. more for rent ; and they were bound, if required, to sell the whole for a further sum of 130, 000?., thus making the whole cost 430,000?. The Building was to be completed by the 12th of February, 1862. Captain Philpotts informs us that the Commissioners for 1851 are to be the legal proprietors of the site ; but to secure the greater portion of it for the intended 1872 Exhibition, they have agreed to reserve about 16 acres of it for that purpose on receiving 10,000? as a sort of ground-rent. It is already agreed that the Society of Arts, Adelphi, will be granted the lease of the central portion of the picture-gallery, one acre in extent, along the Cromwell -road, for 99 years, on payment of a ground-rent, and that it be given up unreservedly for the use of the 1872 Exhibi- tion. LAYING OUT OF THE WORKS. The laying 'out of the works was commenced on 9th March, shanks pictures. We have seen the former attributed to the late Sir William Cubitt. The galleries are a far superior work. Francis Fowke, Captain Loyal Engineers, is distantly connected with the Leicestershire family of Lowesby H all, in that county. Captain Fowke was born in the year 1824 ; and, having gone through the usual preliminary training at the Eoyal Aca- demy at Woolwich, obtained a commission as Lieutenant in the Eoyal Engi- neers in 1842. In 1854 he attained to the rank of Captain; was selected for civil employment by the Government, and it was probably owing to his con- nexion with the Museum at South Kensington that be was appointed to design and carry into execution the above plan for the edifice intended for the Exhi- bition of 1862. Captain Fowke has received for his design the sum of 5000 1. 26 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 1861, by three independent agencies — Mr. Marshall on the part of the contractors, while Mr. Wakeford and Sergeant Harkin, Royal Engineers, acted for the Commissioners. Great care was taken with the measurements, for the slightest error would have thrown out the work considerably, and have occasioned great difficulty in fitting the girders. In the three separate measurements made, the mean variation was only three- eighths of an inch, a difference quite imperceptible in a piece of ground 1200 feet by 600 feet. A glance through any of the aisles will show how accurately the work has been conducted ; and whether they be examined on the square or diagonally, the columns will be found to range in line as perfectly as they would show in a plan. About two weeks were occupied in making the measurements, so that the Building may be said to have been actually commenced in the beginning of April, 1861, from which its progress became uninterrupted and rapid. It may be said to have been practically finished about the beginning of April, 1862, having been just about a year in progress. The following statistics are given by Captain Philpotts as to the quantities of the chief materials used in its construction : — “There were 7,000,000 bricks used; these were all supplied by Messrs. Smeed, of Sittingbourne. Nearly all the cast-iron work was supplied from the Stavely Iron- works, in Derbyshire : there are upwards of 4000 tons of this metal in the building ; and to show what care had been taken with the castings, only four girders proved defective, by breaking in the proof. “ There are upwards of 820 columns, of 25 feet, equal in length to 4 miles ; and if the 1266 girders used were placed end to end, they would reach a distance of 6 miles. The wrought-iron was chiefly supplied by the Thames Iron Company, Blackwall, London. This firm undertook the supply of all the iron for the domes, the groined ribs, the 50 -feet roofs, and the iron trellis girders which support them ; the total quantity of wrought-iron in connexion with these parts amounts to 12,000 tons. “The timber- work was executed partly at the works of Messrs. Lucas, at Lowestoft, and partly at Mr. Kelk’s works at Pimlico ; the former prepared all the window sashes, &c., &c., by machinery ; and the latter constructed the heavy ribs of the nave and transepts. Upwards of 1,000,000 super feet of floor has been laid. “To cover the roofs 486,386 square feet of felt were used, equal to 11 acres ; and to complete the whole of the glazing required 353,000 super feet of glass, which weigh 247 tons, and would cover 12| acres. ‘ ‘ The whole of the working drawings were prepared by Mr. Meesom, who had charge of the details of construction from the time that the building was put into the hands of the contractors.” PROGRESS OE THE BUILDING. It may be interesting as well as instructive to reproduce a few PROGRESS OP THE BUILDING. 27 of the many graphic accounts of the progress of the works, de- tailing the operations at various stages. While the ground at South Kensington was only “marking out, ” the lines of tapering scaffold poles at its edges made it re- semble on the outskirts a young plantation for colossal hops. Bed sticks marked where the double columns of the nave were to be erected, and apertures were cutting in the ground for the great iron pillar from which the dome is to spring. In about a month the brick walls were more than thirty feet high ; the floor of the picture-gallery was being laid, and the skeleton of the eastern end of the great structure was fast mapping out in piles of brown massive columns, with their interlacings of trellis and face girders, the number and extent of which visibly grew with every hour’s labour. The rows of columns that lay about the ground diminished in their number every minute ; and so admirable were the appliances for working, that they were whisked up into the air, placed on end, and bolted together, almost in as little time as it has taken us to tell it. The immensely increased rapidity with which iron struc- tures of the most enduring kind can be run up as compared with those of brick or stone is shown by the way in which the metal portions of the building progressed over the picture-gallery. The latter part of the structure, though begun long before the rest, was only about thirty feet high, while in some parts the iron work was upwards of fifty. The works connected with the picture- gallery were, however, of no ordinary magnitude and substance, for all connected with this portion of the Building is most massive, and calculated for permanence. The story immediately beneath the picture-gallery is lighted on one side by a series of lofty windows fifteen feet high by fifteen wide, at intervals of fifteen feet apart. As above these the wall rises unbroken nearly fifteen feet higher, the arches over each are unusually strong, while in the wall itself, over the centre of every window, is what is called a pocket — a hollow flue made in the thickness of the brickwork to lighten as much as possible the superincumbent weight on the windows. The roof of this carriage department forms the floor of the picture- gallery. It is formed of thick flooring beams laid transversely over girders fourteen inches deep by ten inches wide. The ends of these girders rest on blocks of stone built into the walls, but as they have a span of fifty feet, each is further supported by thin iron columns down into the carriage department beneath. This flooring was tested by being weighted with bricks laid equally over it on all parts five deep. This represented a weight of 140 lb. on the superficial foot, which, when we remember that three feet of the gallery on each side in front of the pictures is railed off, and portions of the centre floor occupied by seats, is a greater weight than by any possibility can ever come on it. As a matter of course the flooring stood this test with ease, and after a day or two more the weight was increased to 200 lb. the foot, in order that it may be seen if the floor is not only a strong one, but a, “ stiff” one. When this point had been satisfactorily established, 28 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. the work of running up the remaining portion of the gallery walls was continued. This noble gallery is not one unbroken line of fiat wall surface from end to end ; there are two compart- ments of 325 feet long each, one of 150, two of 75, and four of 50. This subdivision, however, is only made by a lofty arch of brick- work, similar to the slight framings of the same description which had such a charming effect in breaking the long monotony of wall at Manchester. Of course, these partition walls are continued beneath the floor with cross- walls, which tie them in all together as one piece. Beneath the middle of the picture-gallery is one of the main entrances to the building, of enormous solidity : at this part there are four piers in the walls which are no less than seven- teen feet wide by ten feet deep and sixty feet high, all of solid brickwork ! Than the iron columns and girders, probably, cleaner and finer castings, or castings of a better description of iron, have never been seen. At both sides of nave and transepts, the columns are double — one square and one round, and each 12 inches dia- meter. The other columns for the side courts for exhibitors are 8 inches wide. Each column, in addition to what it has to sup- port, is equal to about ten times the pressure that can ever pos- sibly come upon it. In the Exhibition of 1851, the sub-divisions or bays, as they are called, were all 24 feet square or 48. In this structure they are all 25 or 50. The trellis-girders which support the floor of the galleries might, it is computed, under certain com- binations of circumstances, which are scarcely possible, have to sustain a weight of from 28 to 30 tons. A number of them were accordingly tested and broken to ascertain that they were fully up to the strain. None broke under 72 tons, and some went as high as 76. With the jealous overcaution in all that relates to perfect strength which distinguishes both the Commissioners and con- tractors, it was, nevertheless, determined to increase the thickness of the girders, so as to make 80 tons the minimum breaking strain, thus rendering them equal to thrice the weight that can ever come upon them. Engineers and contractors who visited the works were unani- mous in the opinion that they were better “laid out” for facili- tating the rapid progress of labour than any they had ever seen. Upwards of two miles of little tramways intersected the grounds in all directions, and along these a couple of men could move a truck with 4 or 5 tons of girders at a far greater speed than six or eight horses could move them in a waggon. With the same view, a small powerful steam-engine was placed in the centre of the works, and connected by a network of ropes passing through pul- leys over all parts of the ground. By means of these, loads were drawn about the tramways, or columns and girders hoisted and bolted in their places, with amazing rapidity and ease. But the most astonishing and the most extensive of these labour-saving contrivances was a gigantic travelling scaffold, built on twelve wheels, to run on rails up and down the whole length of the centre nave. This huge structure was 60 feet square and 100 feet high, VASTNESS OP TIIE WORKS. 29 and weighed nearly 300 tons. Yet so equally was it balanced, and so smoothly did the wheels work, that four men with levers could move it very quicky to any part of the works. It was more than double the size, strength, and weight of any travelling scaffold ever yet erected. It was used in hoisting the upper columns, the huge circular wooden ribs of the roof, for painting, or, indeed, for any purpose connected with building where many men had to be em- ployed at a great height. The annexe, or ingeniously planned shed for the exhibition of machinery in motion, progressed with marvel- lous rapidity. Of all the ingenious things that have been designed by Captain Fowke, he has done nothing in its way better than the plan for the framework for this strong, light, simple, and beautiful shed. It is the tie plus ultra of woodwork for covering in large spaces in the cheapest manner. Captain Fowke first sketched out the rough design to suit the South Kensington Volunteers, who wanted a drill-shed, but could not afford to spend much money on it. His plan combined such strength of frame with economy of material, that the Volunteers were actually able to build a shed 90 feet long by 50 broad for 82 1. He again improved upon this design in the entrance to the Horticultural Gardens, and brought it to the perfection in which it now stands in the annexe to the Exhibition. The roof of it looks as if it would scarcely bear the weight of a man on it, yet the slight wooden arches of 50 feet span have actually been tested with a strain of three tons. The vastness of the constructional labour is thus sketched, in a masterly manner, in the Saturday Review : — “ So complete are our mechanical contrivances for the utmost economy of expensive human strength, so admirable are the ar- rangements for concentrating as well as dividing labour, that we may pronounce the work, as work, a complete triumph of engi- neering. The travelling scaffold and the steam machinery by which girders and beams are hoisted into mid-air — the way in which mere labour seems to be lost in the absolute supremacy of force — the sense of power, apart from the multiplication of efforts of personal sti'ength — is the striking thing in great modern works. "When Thebes or the Coliseum was built we can quite understand what the aggregate of a thousand or two thousand pairs of arms pulling together at a single mass of stone could do. But here it is the fewness of the labourers and the might of screw, and lever, and steam which is remarkable. “ Indeed, we might go further, and say that this Building — and it is in various degrees true of all modern buildings — shows less of intellect than of the mechanical and abstract powers. All that is to be seen at Brompton is a vast and ingenious system of joinery. Scarcely anything is made on the spot. There is absolutely not one solitary fragment of work — wood, iron, or glass, which is not executed by machinery. It would be perhaps difficult to point out one single square inch of work which is due to skilled manual labour. The iron is all cast, the bricks are all machine-made, the wood is all machine- planed ; the very capitals of the vast columns. 30 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. the one and only feature in which ornament has been attempted, are all run in plaster moulds. The glass is all cast. All that man has to do is to screw and nail and tie and mortice and cement ready-made materials together. It is the tendency of modern work to destroy skilled labour which requires anything more than mechanical precision. It absorbs the man in the machine. The more the workman is brought down to the level of a piece of unerring and irresponsible machinery, incapable of praise or blame, the better he is fitted for our present great building works. No doubt this is the cause why this vast structure is probably the least satisfactory which has emanated from human skill. And its failure in one respect is exactly commensurate with its success in another. It is the very largest, the most complete and satisfying for one purpose ; and because it fulfils this, we are disappointed, and even shocked, that it does not answer to other requirements. The ordinary critics repeat the stock phrases ‘ stupendous, ’ ‘gigantic,’ ‘imposing,’ ‘vast,’ ‘impressive,’ till they almost per- suade themselves that the sublime consists in mere size. As to the magnitude of the buildings, they might have been ten or twenty or two hundred times as big without increasing their value as works of art. To the capacities of using up iron, bricks, roof, and flooring, there are absolutely no limits while iron and space exist ; and it would have been just as easy to palisade all London with innumerable columns, and to cover it with a roof, and to circle it with a brick wall, as to erect this one building. It is merely the multiplication of the very rudest building which was ever constructed. There is a pleasure- dome and it may be stately; but when Kublai Khan enclosed with walls and towers twice five miles of fertile ground, he did only a work whose sole merit was its bigness, and Captain Fowke has, if the praise is worth any- thing, erected a very big work. This is the beginning and end of his achievement.” Among what may be termed curiosities of construction we find the following well-drawn picture in the Builder , Jan. 11, 1862 : — ‘ ‘ The first effect on entering the building falls more upon the ear than upon the eye. There is a clanging vibratory roar as of a vast iron shipbuilding yard, a railway terminus, and a midland county manufactory, all in full career under one roof : then various distinct noises can be clearly made out, — the driving of nails into wood, with the preliminary tapping, followed by the full hammering that sends them home ; the silvery ring of innumerable trowels ; the chipping of bricks ; the dull splash of plaster, with the gondolier-like chanting of the men who have elose and comfort- able quarters, such as generally fall to the plasterer’s lot ; the shrill screams and hissing steam from stationary engines ; the clanking of iron ; the rumbling of carts. Then the eye begins to take in impressions. These are, at first, almost droll. Pieces of iron of every size and shape are lying about in heaps, all lettered and numbered, ready to be fitted into their places. In the vastness of the building these appear of diminutive proportions ; but on CURIOSITIES OF CONSTRUCTION. 31 trying to lift some of them their colossal length and weight are evident. Many of these pieces of iron are of the oddest shapes, such as we might suppose young Vulcan had for playthings. Bolts, round-headed and wormed, like the staves of special con- stables ; pieces into which the bolts go like great stair-rod eyes ; others flanged and hooked, as though intended to draw teeth ; rings of iron of all sizes, breadths, and thicknesses, some like the collars of ship-masts, others like great quoits, some plain, others bored with holes. Then there is an immense monkey, of gorilla proportions, for pile- driving, lying useless on the floor, its occu- pation gone ; and iron nuts strung on wire rods like beads upon a string ; piles of nut-plates ; grind-stones ; casks of oil ; casks of tar ; casks of putty ; iron bracket pieces ; ladders ninety rounds high ; lengths of iron split at one end, tuning-fork fashion ; others rounded, flanged and rebated, rebated and flanged, and double flanged ; iron rods shaped like pincers at one end, with a nut and screw at the other ; iron rods flanged and shaped like toddy ladles with long handles ; great pieces of iron, arrow-headed and flanged, like so many battering-rams ; boxes of glass, and piles of sash- bars are among the oddments lying about on all sides. An enormous travelling scaffold, on twelve wheels, occupying three sets of rails, each of 18 feet gauge, fills in the width and 80 feet of the height of the great central nave, and is moved back- wards or forwards on the rails as it is wanted, so that all parts of the sides and roof of the nave can be easily reached. This is in form like the mediaeval war-engine, called the cat, which was placed over moats to get at the parapets of castle walls, and was provided with flying bridges, or scaffold stages, capable of being adjusted to any height ; and it also calls to mind the lofty per- manent wooden scaffold on drum- wheels in St. Peter’s, Rome, that is kept and used for the purpose of cleaning the ceilings. A little farther on, a monstrous Catherine-wheel- like framework, some 50 feet in diameter, calls the attention, and proves to be the complete framework of a gable end. More striking still are the great diagonal girders, forming, in heraldic phrase, a cross saltire, on which are being framed the double staircases to get at the galleries, and whose straddling form serves the two-fold purpose of a brace to the structure, as well as of a ground-work for the staircases. And so by degrees the eye takes in the specialities of the building. “As we pass, the co-operative nature of the work is noticeable. The girders of roofs and floors and iron columns, when fixed, serve as scaffolds whence to fix more, and for slinging cages in which to move men up and down ; and the floors of galleries and basements do double duty as drawing-boards. The grasp with which our modern appliances are brought to bear is also note- worthy — gas and water are laid on, railways and tramways laid down, and turn-tables, and every other mechanical contrivance for the saving of hard labour, thought of and used. ‘ ‘ The feeding of the building is going on all day. Large wag- THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 32 gons, with the names of Kelk and Lucas painted upon them, drawn by handsome dray-horses, are bringing in supplies that appear in- exhaustible. Foundries, factories, and workshops, in different parts of London, furnish various materials, and these are also continually flowing in. The supply of material, indeed, is one of the wonders of the work, and gives rise to the conclusion that, should there be any delay in the finishing of the Building, it cannot possibly be imputed to any failure in this department. As the respective trades are following up each other as closely as possible, —the carpenter coming quickly upon the bricklayer and smith, — the glazier keeping closeup to him, and the painterpressingonwards close upon the heels of all, — the labour department on the spot would appear to be quite as removed from the liability of blame, should the ultimate want of punctuality incur any. “To see 4000 men at work on one building is a sight worthy of contemplation. Among the skilled men in their allotted places at their a allotted tasks, with no shirking anywhere and no driving task- masters to be seen, there is an appearance of personal interest in the progress of the work that makes the spectacle even more telling. Shipwrights, sailors, ship- carpenters, bricklayers, plas- terers, house-carpenters, joiners, coppersmiths, ironsmiths, steel- workers, painters, glaziers, labourers of all nations, are employed in honest labour for honest pay at a season of the year that is often characterized by compulsory idleness of many weeks’ dura- tion. By division of labour, and sub-division of contracts, each small set of men in the various trades and departments bring about a great result — all are for progress ; and there is no coercion.” Probably there never has been raised a building where economy has been brought to bear so rigidly upon construction. There does not appear to be a superfluous ounce in the lofty iron pillars, nor in the great spanning girders, or the light-tied roofs ; and the principals are placed at the greatest possible distance apart that is compatible with a likelihood that they will be able to perform the offices required of them. Yet, for the most part, all is considered to be satisfactorily solid. Some idea of the magnitude of the undertaking so successfully completed by Messrs. Kelk and Lucas might be gathered from the immense mass of materials known as “builders’ plant,” used in the erection of the Building, including 12,000 scaffold poles, 18,000 cords, 10,000 boards, 6000 putlogs ; 1000 loads of timber, used principally for the construction of the great domes ; 5 steam- engines, 20 tons rope falls, blocks, chains, smith’s tools, &c. &c. The whole of this plant was sold by auction shortly after the completion of the Building, and realized about ten thousand pounds. The strength of the Building had now to be scientifically tested. The following is the Report addressed to the Commissioners of the Exhibition by Mr. W. Fairbairn and Mr. W. Baker, civil engineers, detailing the results of the proofs to which they them- selves experimentally submitted the strength of the galleries and staircases. The strength of the domes, it will be seen, is but lightly touched upon : — THE EXHIBITION BUILDING. 38 “ To the Commissioners of the International Exhibition. “ My Lords and Gentlemen, — Feeling that it would be a source of satisfaction to the Commissioners, as well as to ourselves, as members of .the Building Committee, and also a due precaution for the public safety, that the gallery and other floors of the Inter- national Exhibition Building at South Kensington should be thoroughly proved, we undertook a series of experiments on Mon- day last. a We have to report that, in carrying out these experiments, the various floors and stairs were put to a more severe test than they would be subjected to with the largest number of people that could possibly be assembled upon them at any other time during the Exhibition. The results of these experiments fully bear out our calculations on the strength of the different parts of the structure, and we feel perfectly satisfied as to the stability of the Building for the purpose for which it was intended. “The two large domes, in the strength of which we have taken great interest, were eased from their temporary support last week, and no observable settlement took place. “ The following are the particulars of the tests : — We first caused a large body of men, about 400 in number, to be closely packed upon a space 25 feet by 25 feet on one lay of flooring ; we then moved them in step, and afterwards made them run over the different galleries, and down each staircase ; at the same time we caused the deflections of the girders carrying these floors to be carefully noted at several places, and had the satisfaction of finding that, in each case the deflections were very nearly the same, thus exhibiting a remarkable uniformity in the construction. The cast- iron girders, with 25 feet bearings, deflected only one- eighth of an inch at the centre, and the timber-trussed beams of the same bearing placed between these girders deflected half an inch at the centre. In every instance the girders and trusses recovered their original position immediately on the removal of the load. “We are, my Lords and Gentlemen, yours faithfully, “Wm. Fairbairn, ) “ William Baker, / ’ ' “ London, Feb. 13.” THE EXHIBITION BUILDING DESCRIBED. The main Building occupies about sixteen acres of ground : it is nearly rectangular in shape, and measures about 1200 feet from east to west, by 560 feet from north to south. It lies south of the Horticultural Society’s Gardens and the Kensington-road. The Cromwell- road forms the southern boundary ; on the east it is shut in by the Exhibition-road ; and on the west by Prince Albert’s -road. The whole of this ground is covered by permanent buildings ; and two long strips of ground, east and west of the gardens, were roofed in by the temporary sheds, or annexes , in which were shown machinery, D 34 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. and large and heavy objects. This additional area extends to seven acres. The interior space is entirely covered in by roofs of various heights, and is divided into nave, transepts, aisles, and open courts : the latter are roofed with glass, as in 1851, but the other parts have opaque roofs, and are lighted by clerestory windows. We shall now describe the respective fronts of the Building. The South Front , in Crom well-road, 1150 feet long and 55 feet high in the brickwork, has tw r o projecting towers at each end, rising 16 feet above the general outline, and a larger tower in the centre, in which latter is the main entrance to the Picture Galleries ; being about as long as the Gallery of the Louvre, in Paris. The exterior is chiefly brickwork, relieved with 'semi-circular-headed panels, separated by pilasters, and between the arches are circular niches ; in the lower portion of each panel being a window, to admit light and air to the ground-floor, and to ventilate the Picture Gallery above. The panels are plastered in cement, and it is pro- posed to ornament them with English mosaics, dependent on the funds. This great frontage has almost unanimously been condemned as ugly and featureless ; but Captain Fowke designs to incrust it with terra-cotta panels enriching the great pilasters and other parts of the face, the present blank window spaces being filled in from end to end with a grand series of designs in solid mosaics, rich in colour, emblematic of art and science, and other works.* The Editor of the Practical Mechanic s’ Journal objects that the lower or glazed portion of the windows of this front, as now framed with timber lintels visible en face, and cast-iron perforated ven- tilators in them, can never be made to look well or to harmonize with any finished remainder. The windows must be solid carved stone or terra- cotta jambs and mullions, with arch or other headings of like material, and showing deep reveals, and perhaps projecting balconies, if ever this (at best awkward) appropriation of the whole arched height between the pilasters is to satisfy the eye of taste. Again, were all this done, it may be said, the site makes it use- less ; the opposite houses preclude our seeing the front of the Building except in small bits at a time. Quite true ; but the architect did not make the site, it was dictated to him, and as we ourselves strongly surmise, with this in view, that should the Building become a national gallery, the houses at the south side of Cromwell-road should be purchased out, and a sufficient open space in front be thus ultimately obtained. The East and West Fronts , though differing from the South, are not less imposing. They are, in all respects, similar to each other in their general aspect. Here the huge domes, rising to a height of 260 feet, show to most advantage, and the transept- roof, with its lofty clerestory windows, is in full view. To the observer below the form of each dome appears nearly that of a semicircle : this effect is obtained by making its height 11 feet Two of these mosaics are already executed. THE DOMES. 35 more than its semi-diameter, which fully allows for the loss by perspective diminution. From the crown of each dome rises the pinnacle to the height of 55 feet. Each dome is in the middle of each fa?ade ; its centre is the point formed by the intersection of the centre lines of the nave and transept, and the front of the Building is advanced from it 108 feet. Under each noble arched recess is the main entrance to the Industrial Courts, the effect of which forms one of the most pleasing exterior parts of the Building Each of the porches contains a deep semicircular arched recess, 68 feet span and 80 feet high, in the tympan of which is the great rose-window, visible from end to end within. The window is one closing the vista as the spectator looks from a standing point beneath the other. At the extreme north and south are two auxiliary picture-gal- leries, each 247 feet long. The main and auxiliary picture-galleries afford available wall- space covered by pictures, equal to 7600 square yards, or about one and a half acres. The only portions of the Building which resemble the Crystal Palace of 1851 are the six courts north and south of the nave : they have glass roofs on the ridge-and-valley plan, supported by square iron columns and wrought-iron trellis-girders. As these courts are open from floor to the roof, the}' - admit floods of light into the Building, with admirable effect. The construction of the East and West Domes was a hardly con- tested labour : in fact, there was “a battle of the domes,” and the victory was won by the eastern one. The construction of the two Domes, and the whole of the roofing of the courts, was intrusted to the Thames Ironwork and Ship-building Company ; the making and erection being placed under the superintendence of Mr. T. E. Hussey, an engineer of experience. He selected Mr, J. Mauldin (one of the sub-contractors for the erection of the transept and two towers of the Crystal Palace, under the inspection of Mr. Cochrane), to whom the erection of the two domes and the roofing of the courts were sublet. Mauldin hoisted the first column of the eastern dome on Monday, October the 21st, 1861 ; the first column of the western dome, Wednesday, November 13th, 1861; making three weeks and two days between the start of the two domes. Messrs. Kelk and Lucas then offered their assistance in erecting the western dome, which was accepted. Erom this time commenced the battle of the domes. The western staff showed great spirit in putting up large wooden ribs, of which the eastern staff could not see the utility. This staff still kept their steady and safe course, while the western tried all they could to overtake them by employing nearly one-third more men, and working till a late hour in the j night, with the assistance of gas, the eastern men leaving work at the end of J the day. The number of derricks rigged for hoisting and fixing the ground ribs for the eastern dome were nineteen. The whole of the main ribs of the eastern dome were hoisted and fixed by thirteen pairs of shear legs and thir- teen derricks. The number of derricks rigged for hoisting the ground ribs in 3 the western dome was twenty-eight. The number of shear-legs for hoisting j the main-ribs was thirteen pairs, and twenty-six derricks : although this extra , tackle and number of men were employed, yet they could not gain on the j eastern dome. When the western found they could not gain the advantage they left off their nightly labour, and followed the eastern at a greater distance than when they started. The cost of labour for erecting the western dome i was over 1000Z. sterling more than the cost of the eastern. There still was an ; extra cost for tackling. The scaffold resembled forests of timber : they occu- i pied nearly the whole interior space of the domes, and were cross-legged D 2 36 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. and cross-bolted, to enable them to bear the weight of the iron, 120 tons in each. The building of the scaffold occupied eight weeks, and every beam was hoisted by the steam-winch : very little of the timber was spoiled by cutting, and each scaffold contained 40,672 cubic feet of wood. The plan of the groined roof- ribs of the domes, it must be allowed, is ingenious and novel. Each dome is at the intersection of the nave and transepts. The dome-scaffolds were stated to have been upon a greater scale than anything of the kind ever executed. To this the Editor of the Practical Mechanics’ Journal demurs as follows “ To go no further, we imagine that the centering with which the tremendous concave of the central brick dome of the Baths of Caracalla at Rome must have been turned, probably involved more timber than the two dome scaffolds made into one. However, these scaffolds were most admirable examples of skilful combination, with great eco- nomy as to the injury done to the timber, nearly all of which was in whole or half bulk.” The two duodecagonal domes, 160 feet in diameter, and 250 feet high, are officially described as the largest of ancient and modern times.* The dome of the Pantheon is 142 feet in diameter and 70 feet high ; the dome in the Baths of Caracalla was 111 feet ; Bru- nelleschi’s, at Florence, is 139 feet in diameter and 133 feet high ; the dome of St. Peter’s is 158 feet in diameter, and 263 feet high from the external plinth ; the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral is 112 feet in diameter, and 215 feet high. The domes are of glass, with an outer and inner gallery ; and it has been proposed to erect one of Messrs. Chance’s dioptric lights at the top of one of them, and to illuminate it at night. The effect of the domes is thus described in the official Concise History. “ The Exhibition Charter provides that fifty thousand pounds shall be spent in the architectural completion of the central portion of the Building out of the contingent profits. The two great domes being each 300 feet from the south front, can never in any way enter into its effect. If the middle hall, with its great central dome, should ever be built, then the Cromwell-road front will not be without this ornament. Each dome keeps its place, as the centre of its own front, and its effect is utterly independent of its fellow, which is 1000 feet from it. The upper terrace of the Horticultural Gardens is the only point from which the two present domes appear simultaneously ; and when thus viewed, so com- pletely does the Building carry on the symmetrical lines of arcades and terraces, that the duality of the domes is at once accepted as the natural complement of the system which has governed the laying-out of the entire quadrangle.” * This is denied in the Practical Mechanics’ Journal. The dome of the old Halle au Ble, at Paris, of timber, was 200 feet diameter; and after its destruc- tion by fire was replaced by the wrought-iron and zinc dome, still in existence, of the same dimensions. There has been also this misconception as regards these domes. They have been compared with those of St Peter’s and St. Paul’s, which they exceed in size ; but they do not rise to so great a height as either of the cathedral domes. The Exhibition domes rise 264 feet from the ground; St. Peter’s, 434 feet; and St. Paul’s, 340 feet. INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING. 37 In the best view to be obtained of the domes, they are striking, from mere magnitude. The Editor of the Practical Mechanic s’ Journal says : — “ Seen from any point except one, directly in a line passing through the centre of one side of the polygon, or exactly through one of theangles, the outline appears gibbous and lop-sided. This is common to all polygonal domes ; and although domes thus fashioned have the weighty authority of architectural names, such as those of Bramante and Brunelleschi, we venture heretically to say they are a radical mistake, and that every dome, whatever be its curve, should be a solid of revolution ; and if fully discussed, we suspect the weight of past architectural authority would coincide with our view. But besides this, when pretty near, these glass domes are seen through and through, the glass, except at a few points where it reflects the light, seems to vanish almostfrom the eye, and we see the naked ribs and framing standing up as it were, and support- ing nothing except the finials, the outlines, and indeed every part of which, appear to us graceful, and the lower portions extremely good. The only place whence these domes are really striking and grand objects is from a mile or two miles away. Seen in the clear light of morning from the high grounds of Wandsworth or Clap- ham, they look exceedingly beautiful, and still quite preserve their impressiveness as to size and altitude.” THE INTERIOR. Entering east or west, the ascent is by two steps until the level of the dais under each dome is reached. Erom either point the interior of the whole building may be 1 seen in one view, at 6 feet above the rest of the floor. Thence three flights of steps, 80 feet wide, lead intd the nave and transept on either side. The supports on either side of the nave (800 feet long and 100 feet high) consist of Square and round cast-iron columns, coupled together ; the former carry the gallery floor, and the latter, ad- vancing into the nave, receive the principals of the roof. From the capitals of the columns spring the roof frames, which consist of three thicknesses of plank, from 18 inches to 2 feet 6 inches deep, firmly nailed and bolted together, and so- arranged that their ends break joint. The centre plank is 4 inches thick, and each of the outer ones is 3 inches ; the lower edges are tangents to an imaginary semicircle, round which they form half of a nearly regular polygon. Erom the springing rise the posts of the clerestory windows, 25 feet high. The principal rafters of the roof-frames rise from the top of these posts, and are carried up, after passing a tangent, to the back of the arch, to meet at the ridge in a point 25 feet above the top of the clerestory. The angles over the haunches and crown of the arch are firmly braced together, so as to reduce the thrust as much as possible. The rib is repeated thirty times in the length of the nave, and from its graceful curve and lightness it produces a fine effect. Be- tween every i*oof-principal is a clerestory light 25 feet high, con- sisting of three arches springing from intermediate mullions. The 38 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. roof is covered with felt and zinc on 1^-inch planks. The transepts run from each end of the nave, at right-angles to it, and extend north and south 650 feet ; they are the same width and height as the nave, and the ribs of its roof are of the same construction. To these details, abridged from the Official Description , may be added the mode of fixing the principals in the nave- roof. This- was done by the huge moveable scaffold already mentioned, which contained 4745 cubic feet of timber, and weighed 140 tons ; not- withstanding, it was moved by four men, working crowbars under the wheels. One-half of a rib was first hoisted to its place ; when in position, the other half was raised ; and as soon as both were fixed true, they were joined together by completing the arch and bracing over its crown. As soon as one rib was up, the travelling scaffold was moved to the adjoining bay, and the next rib com- pleted. The purlins and boarding were then fixed, after which the scaffold was again moved forward, and another bay covered in the same manner. When Mr. Crace’s workmen came in to paint the roof, this scaffold was enlarged for their use until its weight reached 200 tons. ‘ ‘ The hoisting was all done by a most ingenious winch, or hoist, which has two grooved cast-iron barrels, made to revolve by means of a system of toothed wheels connected with a portable steam- engine. A rope is passed round the grooves. On the fall being manned and the barrels set in motion, the coils of the rope are gathered up, and a great hoisting power obtained. By means of snatch-blocks and pulleys ropes were led from this simple machine to all parts of the building, and the heaviest materials, such as girders, columns, scaffold-beams, &c\, were hoisted to their posi- tion with the greatest ease and rapidity. As an instance, we need only mention that the heavy fioor girders, weighing about one ton and a quarter, were raised in two minutes, each of the columns in about the same time, and the ponderous ribs of the nave, weighing six tons and a half, required only from ten to twenty minutes to raise them their full height.” This Steam Hoist is the clever invention of Mr. Ashton, the engineer. The ribs of the transept were differently fixed over a standing- scaffold all through, which scaffold alone consumed 30,336 cubic feet of timber. The construction of the galleries is very interesting. They form, an abutment to the nave and transept roof, by a particular form of bracing, the ingenious suggestion of Mr. Ordish. As the roof thrusting outwards tends to throw the columns out of the perpen- dicular, this is counteracted by strong iron braces anchored to the foundation of the inner column, and cai-ried up to the top of the opposite outer column. “Another bracing, anchored to the foot- ing of the outer column, is carried up to the top of the inner column, to secure it from being acted on by the force of the wind. This vertical cross-bracing is repeated at every hundred feet, or every fourth bay, and by introducing horizontal diagonal bracing- under the roof flats, they are turned as it were into a deep hori- INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING. 39 zontal girder, supported at two ends by the columns vertically braced as just described. This horizontal girder therefore takes the thrust of the three intervening ribs. The way in which the bracing is introduced is very clever, and is an admirable example of the perfect control which the simplest mechanical means, pro- perly applied, give us in dealing with enormous masses. The bracing is all adjusted by connecting screw-links on a plan very similar to the method of joining railway carriages ; by this means it can be tightened at pleasure, and the position of the columns corrected to the minutest fraction of an inch .” — From the Official Description. The intersection of the lines of columns in the nave and tran- sept aisles forms two octagons, which, though not mathematically regular, are regular in this one respect — their opposite sides are parallel and equal, the length of the sides being alternately 85 feet and 35 feet 5 inches. The columns at the angles of these octagons are the chief supports of the domes. Though the chief points of support, however, are at the eight angles of the octagon, the dome is a dodecagon, the other four points being thus obtained : — The last bay of the nave and tran- sept, instead of having a roof resting on wooden principals going straight across, has two iron diagonal ribs crossing it, forming as it were a groined arch, whose apex is a point in the centre of the bay and in a line with the roof ridge. By joining the apices of these groins and the points in the octagon already determined, we get a nearly regular dodecagon, having its opposite sides parallel and equal, and with eight sides in pairs, each equal to 43 feet 9 inches, and the four remaining sides coming between these pairs, each equal to 35 feet 5 inches. This dodecagon forms the base of the dome, w’hich will thus have eight sides over the nave and transepts, and four sides over the corners of the aisles, equal respectively to the dimensions just given, and a diameter of 160 feet. Each groined rib transmits the weight on it to two columns outside the octagon, so that the dome may be said to rest on six- teen points, its pressure on the angles of the octagon being nearly five times (4-^-) as much as it is on the adjacent columns of the nave and transepts. Thus, no additional columns of support but those actually coming in the sides of the nave and transepts are used, and thus an uninterrupted vista is obtained through both these channels. The mode of lighting the interior is threefold : the nave, by means of clerestory window's on either side. The picture-galleries are lighted from the top with skylights and an inner roof of ground- glass, to modify the light, and make the interior more secure against the intrusion of wet ; the courts and the annexe are also lighted from the top. The carriage -department and the refresh- ment-department are lighted from the sides. Security from fire was, of course, a prime object in a Building to contain such treasures as the Exhibition consisted of. To have 40 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. ample means at hand for the prompt extinction of fire, water under pressure was laid on to every part of the Building, and there were no less than eighty hydrants evenly distributed through- out. The water was supplied by the West Middlesex Water Com- pany, and had a head varying from 100 to 200 feet. A 9-inch main traversed the Building from west to east, and from it 4- inch branch-pipes were led in all directions to supply the hydrants. This was sufficient to throw any amount of water on to the i-oof- flats, on the top of which there were portable fire-engines, to pump water on to the nave roof. As in 1851, there was a trained body of men always on the spot for working the hydrants, hoses, and engines. A new division of police, called the X Division, consisting of about four hundred men, four inspectors, forty sergeants, and one general superintendent, was specially appointed by Sir Bichard Mayne to do duty in and about the Exhibition. The Contractors insured the building, in February last, for four hundred and fifty thou- sand pounds, in the Norwich Union Fire Office, at a premium, with the tax, of three thousand and thirty- eight pounds. We may here recapitulate the main features of the Building : — The great nave, 800 feet in length — equal to the whole length of the Chester Bailway Station — and 85 feet wide, and rising 100 feet in height to the ridge of the roof, which runs east and west parallel with the south front building ; at either end of it are the great octagonal spaces between the two glass domes, each 135 feet dia- meter across the faces of the octagon, the domes themselves above being duodecagonal, and 160 feet across the angles. Passing through these and transverse to the nave, and therefore running north and south, are the two cross naves or transepts — as by a small abuse of language they are called — also 85 feet wide, and spreading each nearly 250 feet in length north and south of the domes, or nearly 600 feet in length right through. These rise to the same height as the nave, and the construction of nave and transepts is identical. The ensemble of these main portions form in Plan a letter H with short vertical legs. The space between the cross dash (nave) and the Horticultural Garden or refreshment rooms, and that at the opposite side of the cross dash (or nave) and main front building (picture galleries), are wholly roofed over with glass, and occupied by galleries ranging all round these spaces, and also crossing the last-named at two points to the right and left of the front central entrance. These galleries, floored with timber closely laid, are at 25 feet above the ground, and approached by several staircases of timber steps laid on cast-iron bearers. Bunning quite round the spaces that we have described, it will be seen that along with the transverse galleries they leave a central space north of the nave, divided into three open areas or courts ; i.e., open to the whole height of the glass roof from the ground level ; and another central space south of the nave, likewise divided into three courts. Such is a general idea of the distribution of space within the area. Along the east and west wings, at the extreme extensions, DECORATION OF THE BUILDING. 41 are numerous offices and adjuncts, lavatories, water-closets, &c. ; and auxiliary or smaller picture-galleries along the wings.* The whole structure may be separated into three classes of work — that which is meant to be permanent, viz., the front fagade and the narrow strips of brick buildings at both wings running north and south; that which is quasi permanent, viz., the naves, tran- septs, domes, and covered courts and galleries ; and that which is absolutely ephemeral in the annexes, and the refreshment-rooms over the arcades at the south end of the Horticultural Garden. •Standing at the centre of the front in Cromwell- road, we have the front building of 1150 feet 9 inches extreme length stretching right and left, with a general width of 50 feet, and two stories in height. At the centre are the grand entrance- hall, vestibule, and within these, to the right and left, the grand staircases leading to the higher floor ; returning southwards we enter a hall of 150 feet in length, for sculpture chiefly, and as a vestibule to the great ranges of picture-galleries to the east and west, and extending on into the wing tower buildings to a total length of about 500 feet each way. The appropriation of the several portions of the Building is briefly thus : — the nave, transepts, galleries, and courts for the dis- play of general industrial productions ; the brick building on the north, inclosing the narrower courts, for refreshments ; the grand picture-gallery extends along the south, and has auxiliary wings in front of the east and west transepts extending their whole length ; these picture-galleries requiring to be lighted from the top, are placed above the entrances, which on the south side stretch to either hand for the display of carriages, &c. DECORATION OF THE BUILDING. This cannot be better described than by Mr. Crace, + who, in April, 1862, read before the Society of Arts a paper in which he * Abridged from the excellent Scientific Record in Practical Mechanics' Journal. t Mr. John Gregory Crace, under whose direction the decoration of the Building has been carried out, was born in 1809. His father and grandfather both practised the same art as himself— the latter having been extensively engaged for the Prince Regent at Carlton House ; the former at Windsor Castle, the Pavilion at Brighton, &c. Amongst the most important decorative works in which Mr. Crace has him- self been engaged are those for the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, Lis- more, Chiswick, and Devonshire House ; and for the Marquis of Breadalbane at Taymouth. He was specially selected by Sir Charles Barry to carry out the decorations of the Houses of Parliament ; and to him was committed the deco- ration of the Art-Treasures Exhibition Building at Manchester. Mr. Crace was engaged at the time of the lamented death of the Prince Consort in carrying out, under his Royal Highness’ immediate direction, the decoration of the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle ; probably the last work of art in which his Royal Highness took a personal interest. Mr. Crace has not confined himself solely to the practice, but has devoted much attention to the history and principles of his art, and has written several papers, read before architectural and other societies, — on colour, on art as ap- plied to manufactures, on the Soulages collection, on fresco decorations, the history of furniture and of paper-hangings ; he also wrote the Report of the jury of class 27 in the Exhibition of 1851. 42 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. informs us that it was the 23rd January last when he received his authority to proceed with the decoration, and it was to be all com- pleted by March ; that is to say — some twenty acres decoratively painted in about eight weeks. He proceeds : — “ After careful consideration I decided that the general tone of the roof must be light, and that the best colour would be a warm pale grey ; that the arched principals must be made to stand out clear from the roof ; that they must look well in a perspective of 800 feet ; and that they must not look heavy or confused as they approached each other in the distance. No single colour would do, and after a pretty stiff bit of reflection of twenty- four hours, I confirmed myself in my opinion of what would be the most likely way of treating the principals. “ I have remarked that the form of these is polygonal, and in three thicknesses, the centres of the outer planks covering the ioints of the inner ones. “ The form precluded the use of a continuous repeat ornament. I therefore decided on following the form of the construction, and adopted panellings of blue and red alternately, relieved by coloured lines, intersected at the joints by circles of black on which are gold stars, and from these spring ornaments in vellum colour with green in the filling, as shown in the coloured drawing. “Following out this arrangement I had a pattern painted on paper of the full size of one of the principals, and it was fixed in its place within a week from the time of my appointment ; part of that identical pattern is now in this room ; it has never been altered, and thus exactly it has been carried out throughout the roofs of the nave and transepts. “Until the principals were coloured, it seemed to me that the thicknesses were lost ; I wished to make the construction evident, and I therefore coloured the two outer edges in chequers of black and vellum colour, and the centre edge full red. As to the bracings above the polygonal arches I coloured them the warm- wood colour, with red or blue coloured lines on the face, and the under thick- nesses red. “ I have said that I decided on warm grey for the roof of nave. I did so because it gave space and lightness ; and on its surface I introduced an upright scroll ornament in red, with gold, star-like rosettes, sparingly introduced. My object in this ornament was to raise the apparent pitch of the roof, and to relieve and warm the effect of the grey. The horizontal purlins, on the contrary, I kept purposely light, so as not to depress the rise of the roof, or interfere with or confuse the effect of the principals. The ridge piece of the roof, in itself comparatively small, I marked as strongly as pos- rible, as the apex, in black and vellum white, en clievronne ; on each side I coloured a margin of maroon red, and a little below that a bordering of very warm green, shaped to accord with the top scrolls of the red vertical ornament, the green being relieved with rosettes of gold colour. At the base of the slope of roof this green is again introduced in much the same way, and the band of maroon also. Below this are the clerestory windows. DECORATION OF THE BUILDING. 43 “ The next important features in the nave are the iron columns, supporting the principals as well as the galleries. These I have painted pale bronze colour, relieved with gold colour vertical lines. The capitals are gilt ; the grounds of the ornaments being picked in rich red or blue alternately ; the centre blocks of the columns are also coloured red, with bands of blue, or, vice versd, the mould- ings being gilt, and the same style of colour is continued to the bases. The top plate above the columns is painted bronze colour, relieved with light gold colour ornament on the upper part, and a Vitruvian scroll in gold colour, with a maroon red base on the lower part. “ The gallery railings are light bronze colour, the rose, sham- rock, and thistle ornaments being partly gilt, and the whole backed with deep red cloth. The plate under the gallery is painted oak colour, relieved with deep brown interlaced ornaments. “ I have kept the part below the line of arches purposely quiet in colour, in order that the brilliancy and richness of the various articles exhibited may not be interfered with. The roof, on the contrary, is rather vivid in colour, to carry up, as it were, in some degree, the gaiety of the scene below ; and this will be still further sustained by a series of banners of the various countries whose products are assembled in this International Exhibition. ‘ ‘ Much variety of opinion has been expressed at my introduction of the vivid colours in the arched principals of the nave ; but I think that many who fancied it would look too powerful, will confess their surprise at its comparatively quiet effect now that it is completed. The colours being properly balanced, have neutralized each other. Most of you probably know that blue, red, and yellow, in the proportion of three, two, and one, when mixed with white, produce a grey, exactly the same as the grey produced by mixing black and white. I will show you. I take ultramarine blue three parts, vermilion two parts, and chrome yellow one part. I mix them together, add some white — you observe it is grey. I take some black and white, mix them, and identically the same grey is produced. If you paint on a disc radiated stripes of blue, red, and yellow, in proper proportions, and make the disc revolve rapidly, you find grey produced, the same as if they were stripes of black and white. The effect of the roof of the nave exemplifies this theory. “ I have heard it said by some that it would have been better to have employed panellings of one colour instead of two to each principal, and made the principals alternately blue and red ; in my opinion they would have been utterly disappointed ; the striped contrast would have by no means given the softness, richness, and glow of the present colouring. To convince myself, I, at one stage of the colouring, tried, by fixing blue paper over the red panel- lings in one principal, and red paper over the blue panellings of another, but the effect was not nearly as good, and I was con- firmed that the principle I had adopted was the right one. “ This pi'inciple of counterchanging colours is adopted in most of the decorations of the early masters, which abound in Italy. 44 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Those decorations, so beautiful, so interesting, rich, glowing in colour, full of fancy and taste in the ornament, the masses well arranged, show the most perfect harmony everywhere, and are dignified by often acting as the framework of the highest gems of art. ‘‘In the roof of the Upper Church of Assisi, in the Chapel of St. Corporate, of Orvieto, in the choir of Santa Croce at Florence, and in the Palazzo Spinola, examples are to be found of counter- changing of colouring, and in the roof of the Cathedral of Lucca, of the chevroneze of black and gold. “My principal difficulty in carrying out the decoration of the domes was, that I could see nothing of them. The scaffold formed a series of solid stages or floors, through which it was impossible to view anything ; and I confess I never could mount the ladders above 100 feet ; but even there the scaffolding was so thick that I could see nothing of the top, and very little of the cornice, facia, and walls. “At last, Mr. Ashton, the engineer, contrived to get for me an open square box, into which I got, and I was drawn up by means of his beautiful little engine very pleasantly to the top ; yet when I got there the ceiling almost touched my head, so that I had no opportunity of judging beforehand of the effect of distance and light upon my colouring, and I knew well that they were very formidable elements for consideration. The knowledge that the scaffold would be taken down before I could possibly judge of the effect, and that when once down I could never hope to touch my decoration again, caused me many an anxious thought. “My drawing will best explain to you the colouring I adopted forthetopof the domes. The main ribs are painted bright red, with spaced black and white at the edges, and a fine gold line up the centre spreads at intervals of about 4 feet into lozenges and circles containing gilt stars on a blue ground ; where the main rings reach the ring plate I carry round the red, marking the points of intersection with black and white ; thence the eight main ribs are painted deep blue, relieved with red, gold, and black, until they meet in the centre pipe or pendant, which is gilt bordered with red. The shaped covering, or umbrella, as I am accustomed to call it, is painted light blue ; gold colour and gilt rays diverging from the centre and streaming a considerable way down the blue, the shaped outline of which is bordered with red and gold ornament. “In decorating the walls of the domes, the solid parts between the arches, and the springing of the roof, it was necessary to con- sider the probable effect of the great mass of light above. On the one hand it was desirable to sustain it with sufficient strength of colour, on the other it would be dangerous to make it too heavy. “ The moulding of the cornice and facia are painted vellum colour, very slightly relieved by gilding ; the trusses are gold colour ; the facia between them is red, with a vellum patera ; the soffit is green. The broad facia below is painted blue, and on it DECORATION OF THE BUILDING. 45 is inscribed in gold letters, three feet high, the exordium of David in the 29th chapter of the first Book of Chronicles, * Thine, O Lord, is the greatness, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty : for all that is in the heaven and the earth is thine and, ‘ O Lord, both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all ; and in thine hand is power and might, and in thine hand it is to make great.’ “The large iron columns, which rise nearly 100 feet high, are painted dark maroon colour, their capitals being richly gilt. The panelling between the arches and the frieze is painted in shades of red, relieved by coloured lines ; in the four broad compartments are inscribed, on dark green panels, Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ; below, on a circle, are the initials of those so beloved by us all, Victoria and Albert. On the eight spandrils to the four main arches, are medallions, eight feet diameter, by Mr. Burchett, of the Kensington School of Art, emblematic of Manufactures, Commerce, and the various arts and sciences which lend their aid. These were executed in an exceedingly short time, and, like all the rest of the work, with no opportunity of judging how they would look in their elevated situation. I should add, that round the red panelling is a broad margin of sage green, on which are stencilled pateras. The moulding of the arches is painted vellum colour, the top fillet being gilt ; and the face of them ornamented with Vitruvian scroll in dark colour. “ The walls at the gable end of the nave and transept are treated so as to recal the arched form of the principals. Under these a semicircular panel is formed of warm brown colour, bor- dered by a broad blue margin, on which are gold stars. Inside the panels are written the following sentences : — “On the east end of nave — “ ‘ The wise and their works are in the hands of God.’ — Ecclesiastes ix. 1. “ On the east end of transept — “ ‘ Alternately the Nations learn and teach.’ — Coivper. 1 ‘ On the south-east end of transept — “ * Each climate needs what other climes produce.’ — Coivper. “ On the west end of the building the sentences are in Latin, being the part occupied by foreign exhibitors. At the end of nave is written : — “ ‘ Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax.’ “At the north-west end of the transept — “ ‘ Domini est terra, et plenitudo ejus.’ “ At the south-west end of transept — “ * Deus in terram respexit, et implevit illam bonus suis.’ ‘ ‘ Inside these semicircular panels are a series of radiating panels, painted maroon, and bearing the names of the various sciences 46 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. and arts which, have affinity with the objects exhibited. The coloured drawing will more directly explain what I have thus endeavoured to describe.” Altogether, the decorations beneath the domes are generally considered extremely grand, harmonious, and rich. As to the fitness of the Building, opinions of the merits, engineering or architectural as the case may be, have been very various. Towards the close of the year, upon the reading of Captain Philpott’s description of the Building to the Society of Arts, a critical discussion arose upon its architectural defects, especially upon the poising of the dome, almost upon the ridge of the roofs, and placing them so far back as to be invisible from the main fagade. We have no inclination to enter further into the results of this discussion : it heaped coals of fire on the head of those who had “ignored the architectural profession,” and un- doubtedly tended rather to raise than allay the storm. Yet the Building and its engineer have had their apologists. At a meeting of the Society of Arts, on the 29th of May, the chairman, Lord Granville, said : — “ He had had the great honour of being intimately connected with the two great Exhibitions which had taken place in this country, and he might say that some of the happiest recollections of his life were associated with the Ex- hibition of 1851 ; and having now, under different circumstances, been connected with the management of that in 1862, he had felt the greatest interest, not wholly unmixed with annoyance and trouble, in the conduct of this Exhibition, though he did not look forward to having much connexion with another Exhibition, even if he were asked to do so. He (the chairman) had not forgotten the experience of 1851. He remembered that eminent men were called upon to give plans, the result of which was that none were considered satisfactory. He never should forget the feeling of pleasure with which he first saw the beautiful design of his excel- lent friend, Sir Joseph Paxton, which seemed to come so oppor- tunely to relieve the difficulties of the moment; and whilst speaking on this matter, he might remark, that there was sometimes great advantage arising from vicissitudes. There was a strong feeling in the public mind that the two noble elm- trees in the park should not be cut down — the British public would not hear of such a thing ; and hence that which was at first regarded as an obstacle, had, as Sir Charles Fox had stated, originated the idea of a tran- sept which should enclose the trees. In comparing the present building with that of 1851, he believed nine people out of ten associated the latter with the beautiful erection now standing at Sydenham, but that was a very different structure, in a great many respects, to the Building of 1851. As it was, however, the Commissioners found a plan ready prepared. He might say that the late Prince Consort thought most decidedly that the present building was infinitely better adapted for exhibition purposes than that of 1851, and he (Lord Granville) thought it would have been folly on the part of the Commissioners to have rejected that plan. CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE BUILDING. 47 He might add that the design was shown to Sir Joseph Paxton before it was finally settled upon, and he expressed his opinion that it was extremely handsome, and well adapted for the purpose. There had been some changes in the design, which had been adopted from motives of economy. That might be a misfortune, but it was a circumstance to which every one was more or less liable from a want of cash.” At the banquet given by the Lord Mayor, Earl Granville also said, “The Building would have presented a much more imposing appearance had the whole design been carried out.” — “It was our poverty, and not our will, that made us build, like the ancient Homans, in brick.” Upon this a Correspondent of the Builder observes: — “It is not the brick, however, but the purpose to which good bricks have been put, that is the grievance. Very fine buildings have been, and will again be, built of brick, or even with brick cased in cement ; but if this structure had been built with Carrara marble, it would have been just as ugly as it is now. Does Lord Granville think that it is the material, and not the art that gives the value to the production ? Did it not occur to him, before he made use of that argument, that there are small statues in mere baked clay that are priceless, and big ones in Carrara marble that are worthless ?” An apologist in the Athenceum maintains that Captain Fowke’s “architectural work” has been unfairly found fault with: it having been blamed for not being everything that it ought not to have been, and that Her Majesty’s Commissioners and the public never wanted it to be.” The great merit of “ the great shell,” the Athenceum considers to be “ the splendid possibility of exterior decoration which it admits of.” The great point of persistency in the arguments of the apologists for the Building is that it/ is admirably adapted for its purpose ; but, on the other hand, it is asked, could not this advantage have been obtained with beauty of form, as well as with the unsightli- ness which the Building now presents ? The plea of the Hoyal Commissioners is, that their prime object was the suitableness of the Building for its purposes, and not architectural beauty. Now, Captain Fowke’s Building is a vast engineering work, and nothing more : externally it resembles a huge railway station, relieved with pavilions, towers, and roofs, of the style to which Louis XV. lent his name, and Mansard his genius. They remind one, among other novelties, of the roof of the newly-erected Wellington College. The uselessness of the domes is not atoned for by their beanty ; as in the case of the graceful glass dome of the royal stables of the Pavilion at Brighton — a costly freak of George the Fourth when Regent. The critics who have been loudest in their condemnation of Captain Fowke’s design, maintain that there was no reason why the Building should not partake of that excellence which was to ■characterize its contents, so as to show the advancement of Archi- tecture pari passu with that of other arts : “ An Exhibition 48 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Building superior to that of 1851, would have just as much a note of progress as a superior building full of goods could be. Both one and the other would be alike symbolical of, and advantageous to, the art-industry movement. Clever minds had been naturally set thinking on the problem of architectural combinations of iron and glass.” ( Quarterly Review, p. 184).* It might also have been expected that the patronage of the Society of Arts, and the De- partment of Science and Art, would have guaranteed that the pro- fession of architectural art would not have been overlooked. Few persons will, we suspect, altogether assent to the following estimate of Captain Fowke’s design : — “As to the Building, it lacks the endless perspective of the glass shed in Hyde Park, and has not its unity of design. But for extent, for convenience, for elevation, for beauty of forms and lines, and for charm of colour, the present Building is fai', far superior, to that in Hyde Park. Had any constant visitor of that Building, on the very day after its reluctant and regretful closing, while all were casting a longing, lingering look behind, stepped into the present Exhibition, he would have found all his admira- tion swallowed up in the new scene before him. He would have felt the Crystal Palace of the day before as much absorbed in the more beautiful fabric and collection before him as a bud is in the rose, or the fair girl in the woman. Besides being considerably higher and much wider, the new Building is something more than an arrangement of pillars and girders ; it is a simple and beautiful design. The graceful curve of the trusses that support the roof, and the nice choice of colours and tints, make a whole that will stand comparison with the finest edifices in the world. The domes are magnificent in form, in size, and in decoration. Springing as they do from four piers, after the Italian plan, they are vastly superior in point of construction to the dome, if dome it may be called, of St. Paul’s, which springs from eight piers, like the ‘lantern’ at Ely Cathedral, a mere makeshift of construction. The only fault to be found with the domes is that which has already been found, and which might have been foreseen. Unless they are to be retained for gigantic tropical plants, in connexion with the adjoining gardens, they must be filled in with some- thing else than glass. A tenth part of the light will answer every purpose.” (This has been modified by velaria.) It should, however, be recollected that in the journal wherein this opinion appears, the Hungerford Suspension Bridge was condemned as the ugliest of our metropolitan bridges ; and the * In addition to the various exhibition buildings at Dublin, New York, Munich, Sydenham (so far as it differed from Hyde Park), Manchester, Mr. E. M. Barry’s Conservatory in Covent Garden, and Mr. Owen Jones’s sketch for “ the Palace of the People,” on Muswell-hill, — a Crystal Palace is in course of erection at Amsterdam ; and the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1862 con- tained the designs of a large iron and glass market for Preston, by Mr. Gil- bert Scott ; and of an exhibition building at St. Petersburg, by Mr. E. M. Barry ; — both of them indicative of considerable study, and both as superior to Captain Fowke’s structure as one thing can be to another. DECORATION OF THE BUILDING. 49 Travellers’ Club-house, in Pall Mall, rested equally low ; whereas, the Bridge was a most graceful engineering work ; and the Club- house is held to be one of Sir Charles Barry’s masterpieces. Probably, upon no point has there been greater difference of opinion than as to the merits of Mr. Crace’s decoration. The writer of the following goes so far as to tax the artist with spoiling Captain Fowke’s work by his capricious colouring :■ — - “ The columns, with their pale bronze and stripes of quasi-gold, are well in themselves, but. their caps of blue and red seem too violent for harmonious colouring ; and while the roof itself is deli- cately bright with pearly-grey and tastefully decorated, there is much unreposing character in the doubly counter- changed mark- ings of its ribs. Thus coloured, the markings of the ribs, instead of aiding the long vista of the roof, fritter its effect into a spark - ling glitter, where there should be rest for the eye, and pro- longed bars leading it to the end. So strongly are these short- comings felt, that every one acknowledges the unpainted machinery annexe to be the most beautiful and satisfactory part of the edifice, excepting of course the picture-galleries, which have been decorated on a wiser principle. The judiciously deep marone tint shown on the great iron shafts that support the domes manifests a feeling for decorative propriety which should have appeared throughout. As parts of the domes, the oblique ribs bearing the thrust outwards from where the gilt brackets are placed over the transepts and nave, should have had the characteristic ornamentation of the domes, and not that of the roofs. It is not fair, in estimating this building as a building and apart from the decorations, to compare it with the Crystal Palace. The mere fact of being open to the sunny day, and having the gorgeous sky-canopy for a roof, with all its islanded white clouds and sweeping masses of shadow to boot, gave charms which Captain Fowke cannot be blamed for not equalling. We believe, indeed, that the interior of his building is, for its purpose, admirable, but that the decoration has marred much that was worthy of high applause.” — Athenaeum, May 3, 1862. The following we consider to be a fair estimate of the merits of the Decoration : — “Mr. Crace’s transmuting performances are, undoubtedly, open to criticism, and, in particular, we think certain appositions of blue and red close to the clerestory windows might have been reconsidered. But, as a whole, when the railway speed at which he had to work, and when the impossibility under which he laboured of obtaining a fair sight of his own work, are considered, we must say that Mr. Crace has very honourably and very ably acquitted himself of a work which, in less willing hands, would have been both thankless and impossible. He deseiwes particular credit for having proposed all through to subordinate his own coloration to the advantage of the things exhibited.” (' Quarterly Review.) The latter is a paramount advantage. The Annexes (a term borrowed from the French) are allowed to be engineering works of great merit. The western Annexe is 975 feet long, and 200 feet and 150 feet E 50 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. wide. The east side is enclosed by the back wall of the west arcade of the Gardens, and the west side, which adjoins the road, has a plain lath-and-plaster front. It is covered by a ridge-and- valley roof, supported on light wooden ribs, similar in construction to those of the nave ; that is, they are formed of planks nailed together. The circular portion springs at ten feet above the ground line. Its elevation is nearly half of a regular polygon, described about a semicircle whose diameter is 50 feet ; it consists of three planks nailed together. The principal rafters, which are composed of two three-quarter inch planks, rise from a point 28 feet above the ground, and meet above the curved ribs, so as to make the ridge five feet above the crown of the arch. The upright, which has its foot mortised into a sleeper resting on piles, is formed of one and a quarter inch centre-plank, with a three- quarter inch plank on each side, having a strengthening piece four inches by three inches spiked to it on either side to prevent its bending. The principal rafter and upright are connected with the curved rib by radial pieces of one and a quarter inch plank, which are brought rather below the inner line of the curve, and finished off, for the sake of ornament, by a spear-head. The roof-frames are therefore merely planks nailed together, and so disposed that the weight comes on their edge. One half of the roof is covered with boards and felt ; and the other half has a glazed skylight, with louvres for ventilation throughout the whole length. The western Annexe, as before mentioned, is devoted to the exhibition of machinery in motion, for which purpose steam-pipes, water-pipes, and shafting are led through it. Its superficial extent is about four and a half acres. The entrance is through the north end of the west transept, from which point the ribs of the roof are seen from end to end in fine perspective. Mr. Hollingshead awards the highest praise to this work, characterizing it as “ of itself a perfect exhibition of its kind, and containing the most ingenious mechanical contrivances of the age.” He instances its ingenuity, economy, and simplicity : “it required no bolting or framing, and any person of ordinary intelligence, able to drive a nail, could have constructed the ribs, which have nothing in them but nails and sawn planks. Each rib was made in a horizontal position, over a full-sized drawing, marked on a platform, and, when complete, it was hoisted vertically by means of a derrick. To prevent it from wabbling, which, from its ex- treme thinness, it was very liable to do, it was stiffened while being raised by having scaffold-poles tied across the angles, which themselves formed the scaffolding for finishing the roof. The frames are braced together at the top of the uprights, and the ribs are strutted from the wall-plate to prevent buckling.” The eastern Annexe is exactly similar to the western in its con- struction ; but it is 200 feet shorter. The plea of cheapness in comparison with Sir Joseph Pax- ton’s Building was confidently put forward by Captain Philpotts, stating, that no building in the world covering 24 4 acres has been THE EXHIBITION ORGANIZED. 51 erected at so low a rate, or at one enabling it to be bought in at 430,000?. Sir Charles Fox, however, has reminded the public that the cost of the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, plus that of Sydenham, was only 396,540?. “The comparison of cost naturally suggests some comparison as to structural stability. Omitting early or other structures of mere carpentry, and having no pretensions to permanence, we have had before us three principal Buildings, comprising as many distinct classes, as to the general idea of structure involved in each. We had the Building of 1851 purely of iron, timber, and glass, columnar only in support. The Building of 1855 (the Palais) of iron, timber (floors only), and glass, and an envelope of stone, columnar and mural in support. Lastly, the Building of 1862 of iron, timber, largely used (constructionally as well as in flooring), glass, slate, and a cancellated surrounding structure of timber, iron, and brick, columnar and mural in support ; the brickwork not an envelope merely, but variously combined as an exterior with, and forming parts of a combined interior, to which it imparts support and stability laterally .” — Practical Mechanics’ Journal. We have abridged the above details with the conviction that Capt. Fowke’s very simple and economical mode of construction, in this instance, will be extensively followed in future sheds for exhibitions, or structures for temporary or brief purposes. We may here observe that Mr. Hollingshead has written the Concise History with much care ; but as his Book deals with facts, there is but rare opportunity for the embellishment of this ready and piquant writer : the pleasantries are, accordingly, but few and far between. His account of the Building is from Capt. Phil- potts’ paper, with many additions, corrections, and illustrations. THE EXHIBITION ORGANIZED. Upon the National and Local Committees devolved the labour of allotting the space and selecting the articles to be sent for exhibi- tion. For the space, 9862 persons applied, the aggregate of whose demands was equal to more than seven times the whole available exhibiting area in the Building. Among the applicants were the strange fantasies of amateur in- ventors, who may be described, generally, as a class of persons who betake themselves to eccentric employment of their brain as a change or relief to their own proper pursuits. In this they may be said to find recreation, just as a workshopful of men, at their dinner-hour, rush off to the very games of boyhood, as a relief to their daily toil. The oddities of these applications were droll enough. Of course, there were perpetual motion seekers ; and one ingenious gentleman proposed to exhibit a flying-machine in motion under one of th© great domes : had his application been granted, and his success equalled his wishes, he might have shot upward through th© costly glass cupola. When his offer was politely declined, he as politely thanked the Commissioners, feeling that their object in re- E 2 52 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. fusing him permission to exhibit was only to save him from making a very great personal sacrifice in preparing his machine. The embalmed body of Julia Pastrana was offered to the Com- missioners, to be shown at sixpence a head — but was declined ; and the dead wonder became a Piccadilly show. A penny loaf of the year 1801 was offered for exhibition as the oldest piece of bread in the world ; it was purchased by the appli- cant’s father sixty years ago, when wheat was selling at a guinea a bushel : it had been kept in a string net. "What an illustration would this have been for the Anti-Corn- law League! It had been declined by the Exhibition of 1851, and the Commissioners for 1862 alike rejected it.* A livety Frenchman proposed to put the whole Official Catalogue into flowing verse ; and to work up all the minutes, documents, and decisions of the Commissioners into an epic poem. Another thoughtful person sent a number of small physic powders, all the w r ay from Baden-Baden, intended to recruit the exhausted frames of the overworked officials. Considerate philanthropists these : it is difficult to say which would have been the least welcome — the poetry or the physic, had it been accepted : the Commissioners would have neither. Another poet asked leave to exhibit an epic poem in the picture-gallery. Among the prodigies offered were a giant and a wonderful child : a giant was offered as follows “I am the agent and interpreter of a grand subject ; he is a giant : his height is 8 feet, his weight 30 stone, his age is 25, of a pleasing exterior. I take the liberty to offer him to your lordships’ notice. Dressed up in Henri Quatre style, he would make a very commanding usher for the International Exhibition,” &c. A clergyman asked permission to send breech-loaders and models of tremendously destructive shells : this application -was not a whit more strange than Bishop Watson’s improvement in gun- powder with which George III. ungratefully twitted the Bishop at a levee. Here are a few instances in exemplification of what has just been said of persons flying off to these eccentricities for the sake of change : — A “nurseryman and market-gardener” proposed improvements in surgical instruments ; a doctor “a new contrivance for forward- ing the ripening of fruit on walls a grocer in one of the busiest thoroughfares of the metropolis proposed — not specimens of sou- chong or twankay, but “a new axle applicable to carriages of all descriptions,” “a new projectile for heavy ordnance,” and “a novel method of propelling ships a graduate of Cambridge * This odd application reminds one of a short-weight loaf being suspended by a string from the statue of Charles I. at Charing Cross, on July 3, 1810. To the loaf [was attached a ticket, stating that it was purchased from a baker, and was extremely deficient in weight, and one of a numerous batch. This exhibition attracted a great crowd of persons, until the whole of the loaf was washed away by rain. ODD APPLICATIONS. offered “ a model of an invulnerable floating battery,” “ a breech- loading gun and carriage,” “a new cork poncho mattress,” and “a life preserver;” an accountant in the City had prepared “a model of a self-acting water- closet,” “an improved theodolite,” and an “omnitonic flute a barrister wished to send “ spring- heel boots and the drawing of a man equipped with ditto,” “a type-composing machine,” “illustrations of the wave line theory as applied to shipbuilding a bookbinder asked for space to exhibit his “plan of interminable suspension,” as applicable to bridges and viaducts, and boldly proposed to do away with all such old-world absurdities as the present piers and abutments ; a new paddle-wheel, self-acting railway signals and bolts, that would “prevent any gate being opened while a train was within a quarter of a mile, or any other convenient distance.” From an insurance broker there came proposals to show improved floor- cloth, paper-hangings, and embroidery, machines for dressing stone, electric telegraph cable and conductors, junctions for iron pipes, and specimens of “wines acquired by a new process;” a gentleman described as a private secretary, proposed to exhibit some home-made gooseberry and rhubarb wines ; another offered a photographic view of an organ-front, and also one of his own orchard ; and for the picture-gallery a gentleman suggested a “model room for a working shoemaker, showing sanitary arrange- ments and economical furniture, cooking apparatus, and turn-up bedstead.” — M’Dermott's Popular Guide. Schemes were offered for showing widows’ caps, peculiar wigs, and a patent moustache guard, with protection from soup while the wearer is dining ! We suspect the following to be a piece of chemical quizzing : an Exhibitor proposed to send ‘ 1 Evidences of one general metallic root,” in these terms : — “ Hard labour and multiple experiments has proved to me the evidence of one general root metallique. Out of the fundamental principle, and by the developpement of the primitive formations often natural influences interfer- ring, various mixtions are produced, but when the actives and passive agents are settled to a more or less neutral state and a homogene equilibrum of their parts of atomes is constituted, a homogene characteristic individuality is, or can be produced, and a so-called Simple Element is established, this Element, inseparable from his special Character and Indidual Unite, cannot be divided further by the ordinary Official Chemical Rule and Methode — from the Bar Metal to the Oxides from the Oxides to the fluid State and again (vice-versa) — but, when higher and most exalted Affinitys produced in a Philosophical Way might be known and applied, then, the homogene Equilibrum of the Individual Unite, affected by a higher affinity then its constituent Atoms po- sess itself, consequently chemical combinaison will follow on one side, reduc- tion to a more primitive State on the other, and the parts of the so-called Unity of the pretended Simple Element returned to the primitive Root.” Mr. Hollingshead writes of another proposition, with some hu~ mour : — “A project was submitted to the Commissioners, for securing the money receipts of the exhibition by a system of astro- nomical checks based on the signs of the zodiac. The sun’s radia- tions were to do a great deal in keeping the money and ticket- 54 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. takers honest ; crowning honesty with a glory, and scorching dis- honesty with the mark of the beast. The whole scheme was elabo- rate and confused ; and though put forward as a serious business proposition it read like one of those headstrong allegories written in imitation of John Bunyan.” The Commissioners had to edit, as it were — to pare down — the demands upon their space, according to their relative importance. The greatest number of applications was for iron and general hard- ware ; for steel and cutlery there were but 120 ; glass and pottery, few ; agricultural implements, 150 accepted. In the end, nearly 5500 British exhibitors were chosen. The rejection of contributions kept up the semblance of the Com- missioners’ editorship. One said cynically: “If Diogenes were alive, he would find abundant use for his lantern in guiding the Commissioners in their search for truth.” Another, more indig- nant, wrote to say : — “ I am determined to exhibit, and shall peti- tion all the Commissioners, even to the Prince of Wales himself, should this application be unsuccessful. If all means fail, I shall inquire through the press — the leading daily and literary journals — for an explanation of the system of preference which dictates refusal to one and the acceptance of another exhibitor.” A General Advice Committee for the arrangements of the Ma- nufactures and Industrial Products was also formed of the Chair- men of all the Chambers of Commerce in England, Ireland, Scot- land, and Wales ; the Presidents of the most important Societies ; and some noblemen and gentlemen whose names are familiar from the interest and prominent position they have taken in these mat- ters. At a Meeting of the Society of Arts, a paper was read by Professor Ansted on the best method of exhibiting the mineral pro- ducts, and it is but fair to say that the author’s intention appeared to be that his paper should be suggestive. The scientific, or, as it may be more properly termed, the classified arrangement was met with unmistakeable disfavour. To take a manufacturer’s package and distribute its contents in detail through every court in the building would be not only to destroy the most important features of national competition, emulation, and pride, but would reduce the whole collection to a gigantic museum of disarranged specimens — for who could arrange them ?— that would present the least attractive appearance to the thousands of visitors who are expected to be attracted by this display. One of the chief pleasures we had in the Exhibition of 1851 was to go from court to court and view and compare not only the pro- duce and manufactures of the various countries, but to observe also the differences of education, feelings, tastes, and social condi- tions of the peoples that were thus pourtrayed in these products of their culture or industry. The geographical is undoubtedly the best arrangement that could be adopted. The Classification of the Exhibition was based upon that of 1851, but embraced thirty- six classes, besides those of the Fine Arts ; and when these were thrown into natural groups, but out of their consecutive order , they were as follows : — THE CLASSIFICATION. 55 T. — RAW MATERIALS, AND MANUFACTURES DIRECTLY FROM THEM. CHEMICALS, FOOD, &C. 'Class 1. Mining, quarrying, metallurgy, and mineral products. , , 2. Chemical substances and products, and pharmaceutical processes. Sub- Class a. Chemical products. ,, b. Medical and pharmaceutical processes. ,, 3. Substances used for food. Sub- class a. Agricultural produce. ,, b. Drysaltery, grocery, &c. , , c. Wines, spirits, beer, and other drinks, and tobacco. ,, 4. Animal and vegetable substances used in manufactures. Sub-Class a. Oils, fats, and wax, and their products. , b. Other animal substances used in manu- factures. ,, c. Vegetable substances used in manufac- tures, &e. ,, d. Perfumery. ,, 25. Skins, fur, feathers, and hair. ,, 27. Articles of clothing. Sub-class a. Hats and caps. ,, b. Bonnets and general millinery. ,, c. Hosiery, gloves, and clothing in general. ,, d. Boots and shoes. ,, 30. Furniture and upholstery, including paper-hangings and papier-machd. Sub- Class a. Furniture and upholstery. ,, 6. Paper-hanging and general decoration. ,, 36. Manufactures not included in previous classes. Sub- Class a. Dressing-cases and toilet articles. ,, b. Trunks and travelling apparatus. Till. — PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, &C. ; PAPER, PRINTING, &C. EDUCATION. Class 13. Philosophical instruments, and processes depending upon their use. ,, 14. Photographic apparatus and photography. ,, 15. Horological instruments. ,, 16. Musical instruments. „ 17. Surgical instruments and appliances. .,, 28. Paper, stationery, printing, and bookbinding. Sub-Class a. Paper, card, and millboard. ,, b. Stationery. ,, c. Plate, letterpress, and other modes of printing. , , d. Bookbinding. ,, 29. Educational works and appliances. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 56 Sub- Class a. Productions of publishers. ,, b. „ apparatus makers. ,, c. „ toy and games manufac- turers. ,, d. Specimens and illustrations of natural history. II. — MACHINERY, TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS. Class 7. Manufacturing machines and tools. Sub -Class a. Machinery employed in spinning and weaving. „ b. Machines and tools employed in the manufacture of wood, metal, &c. „ 8. Machinery in general. ,, 9. Agricultural and horticultural machines and implements. III. — ENGINEERING, CIVIL AND MILITARY, NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, &C. Class 5. Pailway plant, including locomotive engines and carriages. ,, 6. Carnages not connected with rail or tram roads. ,, 10. Civil engineering, architectural, and building contri- vances. Sub- Class a. Civil engineering and building contri- vances. „ b. Sanitary improvements and construc- tions. ,, c. Objects shown for architectural beauty. ,, 11. Military engineering, armour and accoutrements, ord- nance and small arms. Sub-Class a. Clothing and accoutrements. ,, b. Tents and camp equipages. ,, c. Arms, ordnance, &c. ,, 12 Naval architecture — ships’ tackle. Sub- Class a. Ship-building for purposes of war and commerce. ,, b. Boat and barge building, and vessels for amusement, &c . ,, c. Ships’ tackle and rigging. IV.— IRON AND STEEL, METAL MANUFACTURES, AND PRECIOUS METALS. Class 31. Iron and general hardware. Sub-Class a. Iron manufactures. ,, b. Manufactures in brass and copper. , , c. Manufactures in tin, lead, zinc, pewter, and general braziery. „ 32. Steel cutlery and edge tools. Sub-Class a. Steel manufactures. ,, b. Cutlery and edge tools. „ 33. Works in precious metals, and their imitations. THE PRIZE MEDAL. 57 V. — JEWELLERY, GLASS, FICTILE MANUFACTURES. Class 33. Jewellery, imitation gems, &c. „ 34. Glass. Sub-Class a. Stained glass, and glass used in buildings and decorations. „ 5. For household use and fancy purposes. ,, 35. Pottery, tiles — tesserse ; terra-cotta, &c. VI. — TEXTILE MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURES, &C. Class 18. Cotton. ,, 19. Flax and hemp. ,, 20. Silk and velvet. ,, 21. Woollen and worsted, including mixed fabrics generally. ,, 22. Carpets. ,, 23. Woven, spun, felted, and laid fabrics, when shown as specimens of printing or dyeing. ,, 24. Tapestry, lace, and embroidery. VII. — GENERAL MANUFACTURES (HANDICRAFT). Class 26. Leather, including saddlery and harness ; manufactures generally made of leather. THE PRIZE MEDAL. To Mr. Maclise, R.A., was confided the designing of the Prize Medal given to the successful Exhibitors; and to Mr. L. C. Wyon was intrusted the execution of the same in bronze. The obverse is of a more elaborate character than that of the Prize Medal of 1851. In the centre Britannia is depicted seated on a throne. In her right hand she holds a wreath, and in her left an olive branch. Emblematical figures, representing manufactures, raw produce, and machinery, are exhibiting to her their several productions. Behind Britannia, painting, sculpture, and archi- tecture — who were to receive no reward beyond the tribute of admiration which their works induced — are seen, emblematically represented, and watching earnestly the decision of Britannia. Resting at the feet of the central figure, and occupying the whole foreground of the group, is “the British lion.” The arrangement of the figures is admirable ; and the whole design is worthy of the artists, and of the occasion. The dimensions of the medal are identical with that given in 1851, as well as the material of which it is composed — namely, bronze. The emblematical figures tested the skill of the engraver to the fullest extent : for the elaboration and minute detail of their drapery and accessories are remarkable ; indeed, elaboration, rather than striking effect, is the merit of the work. The reverse is a wreath surrounding the inscription. 58 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. THE EXHIBITION OPENED. By a wonderful effort of labour, the executive staff of the Inter- national Exhibition were enabled to keep their promise to the public, and open the grand display, with all befitting ceremony, and even with more than hoped-for success, on Monday, May 1, 1862. It was altogether a more pretentious ceremonial than that at the opening of the Exhibition of 1851, which was a semi-state affair. There was, doubtless, a praiseworthy motive for investing the cere- monial of 1862 with more state than its predecessor. Well do we remember the glow of satisfaction approaching joy which mantled the countenances of Her Majesty and the Prince Consort as they entered the Exhibition Building in Hyde Park, on the morning of May 1, 1851. This interchange of delight as the royal pair ad- vanced into the Building amidst the warm greetings of the assem- blage was a touching testimony of heads and hearts working to- gether for good. There was no such incident of brightness — no such ray of splen- dour — in the ceremonial of May 1, 1862. In the words of the jour- nalist next morning, “The day, indeed, had one dark shadow. Of the hundreds of thousands who lined the streets and thronged the building, few forgot the Prince by whom the great work of the day was encouraged and helped on — who sowed, but reaped not ; and many were the kindly and regretful words spoken of the Royal lady who would have been so gladly welcomed, and who yesterday was so sorely missed. The absence of the Queen, and the cause of that absence, marred the state pageant, and produced a partial gloom which an impressive and imposing ceremonial could not wholly dispel.” In kindred spirit are written the following admirable remarks :*• — “No doubt, as we have more than once said, and as the universal sympathy on Thursday so unmistakeably showed, the one marked deficiency and loss in this Exhibition, especially on the opening day, as contrasted with its memorable predecessor eleven years ago, is to be found in the absence of him, the great Friend of this country, to whom we owe so much, and whose presence and power on such an occasion we so much deplore. His memory was re- tained by the banner which was hung at the side of a throne which will never again be filled by a proud and happy wife. Treu und Fest, however, was written not only on perishable silk, but on an imperishable memory, but Caesar as well as Caesar’s bust was sadly missing from the ceremony. The stately form which dignified a courtly procession, and the yet more royal mind which regulated and improved a great plan, were wanting ; and the very short- comings and mistakes of the day and of the Exhibition itself, neither few nor unimportant, only more and more attest our great national loss. It is a bootless task to recall the memory, too, of the Great Captain of these latter days, who in loyal attendance on the Sove- * From the Saturday Review, May 3, 1862. THE EXHIBITION OPENED. 59 reign whom he had so long served, was a figure so conspicuous and popular in 1851. And why should we to-day recall, except for the sake of a mournful retrospect, the sight of our own good Queen surrounded by her fine family and in the very flush of happiness — surrounded, too, by emblems of universal peace, and anticipating for us all a future above which the little cloud had not yet begun to rise ? All this is terribly changed. We live at quite another stage of history and life. A widowed Queen flies away to privacy, and almost solitude, from scenes which would only too forcibly recall a sad but memorable past ; and though the Court assisted with all the regulation Court ceremonial at the Exhibition open- ing, it was not the Royal Court of which we have so long been proud.” In the out-door procession to the Building, this feeling of regret was painfully visible among the people. “Immediately following the Royal Commissioners was a cortege, the mournful aspect of which impressed the spectators more deeply by its contrast with all that had gone before. It was merely a file of carriages, driving at the same pace as all the rest ; but the deep black liveries of the sei’vants, and still more the associations connected with the event that was being celebrated, struck the minds of those who looked upon them as forcibly as ever did the slave’s warning in the classic triumphs, or the memento mori of later times.” (Times, May 2, 1862.) We shall quote only the leading details of the State prepara- tions in the Building. Here the company spread themselves over the area of the nave, transepts, and galleries ; a portion of the nave being railed off for the passage of the procession. Entering by the south central door, and passing along through the nave, a privileged few were enabled to reach a raised dais beneath the western dome. Here was erected a lofty throne, hung with crimson velvet and satin, and powdered with gilded roses and stars. On each side of a rich chair of state were placed large marble busts of her Majesty and the late Prince Consort ; and in front of the platform on which the throne stood were ranged in a semicircle, gilt and crimson velvet chairs. Standing on this estrade, and looking down the nave, as one looked down towards the eastern dome, the army of singers and musicians, the ladies in their variegated dresses all grouped together, formed in the dim distance an exceedingly pretty boundary to the objects which the eye took in. It was on each side of this dais under the western dome that the more dis- tinguished visitors were admitted. A large number of the noble- men and gentlemen were in uniform and Court dresses, and the scarlet robes of the Doctors of Divinity, the dark robes of the clergy of lower rank, and the very various gowns of civic digni- taries, were all to be seen glaring along in rapid progress. On the right of the throne the diplomatic corps and foreigners of rank passed in. Remarkable amongst these were the Japanese Ambas- sadors, the President of the free American colony of Liberia, attended by two or three gentlemen of colour of the darkest hue, 60 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. The Royal Commissioners of the Exhibition, Her Majesty’s Ministers, the Foreign Commissioners, and the other persons who had been appointed to form part of the procession, being joined by the Queen’s Commissioners for opening the Exhibition, they started for the south centre of the nave, and proceeded by the south side of the nave to the western dome, where were mayors and corporate dignitaries, refulgent in many-coloured robes. There were Greeks, Turks, Albanians, Parsees, and Persians, all more or less embroidered and enriched, Hungarians and Highlanders, Swedes and Orientals — great men of almost every clime and creed and costume. To the sound of martial music, the procession moved slowly along to the dais. The Duke of Cambridge occupied the centre of the semicircle ranged in front of the throne ; on his right were the Crown Prince of Prussia, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, and the Earl of Derby ; on his left stood Prince Oscar of Sweden, the Lord Chamberlain, Viscount Palmerston, and the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Royal Commis- sioners of the Exhibition were grouped a little to the left of his Royal Highness, at the bottom of the steps leading up to the dais, and Earl Granville, stepping forward, spoke as follows : — In the name of her Majesty’s Commissioners who have charge of the Inter- national Exhibition of 1862, I have the honour of presenting to your Eoyal Highness and the other Commissioners for opening the Exhibition ar most humble address. We especially offer to her Majesty our condolence for the loss irreparable which her Majesty and the nation have sustained, and we thank her Majesty for allowing herself to be represented by your Eoyal High- ness and the other Commissioners on this occasion ; and we beg to express our great gratitude to his Eoyal Highness the Crown Prince of Prussia and his Eoyal Highness Prince Oscar of Sweden for having honoured the Exhibi- tion with their presence this day. We also offer our thanks to the Commis- sioners, British and foreign, who have assisted us in this work ; and we venture to express our confidence that this work will be thought worthy of ranking amongst the international exhibitions which in the future may periodically occur. Lord Granville then presented an address from the Exhibition Commissioners, which, however, was not read. The opening is as follows : — “ May it please your Eoyal Highness and my Lords Commissioners, — We, the Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1862, humbly beg leave to approach her Majesty through you, her illustrious representatives on this occasion, with the assurance of our devotion to her Majesty’s throne and Eoyal person. “And, first of all, it is our melancholy duty to convey to her Majesty the expression of our deep sympathy with her in the grievous affliction with which it has pleased the Almighty to visit her Majesty and the whole people of this realm in the death of her Eoyal consort. W e cannot forget that thi3 is the anniversary of the opening of the first great International Exhibition eleven years ago by her Majesty, when his Eoyal Highness, the President of the Commissioners of that exhibition, addressed her Majesty in words that will not be forgotten. After stating the proceedings of the Commission in the discharge of their duties, he concluded with a prayer that an undertaking ‘ which had for its end the promotion of all branches of human industry ana the strengthening of the bonds of peace and friendship among all nations of the. earth, might, by the blessing of Divine Providence, conduce to the welfare of her Majesty’s people and be long remembered among the brightest circum- stances of her Majesty’s peaceful and happy reign.’ THE EXHIBITION OPENED. 61 “ When we commenced our duties, and until a recent period, we ventured to look forward to the time when it might he our great privilege to address her Majesty in person this day, and to show to her Majesty within these walls the evidence which this exhibition affords of the soundness of the opinion origi- nally entertained by bis Royal Highness — evidence furnished alike by the increased extent of the exhibition, by the eagerness with which all classes of the community have sought to take part in it, and by the large expenditure incurred by individual exhibitors for the better'display of their produce and machinery. We Can now only repeat the assurance of our sympathy with her Majesty in that bereavement which deprives this inaugural ceremony of her Royal presence ; and, whilst bearing mournful testimony to the loss of that invaluable assistance which his Royal Highness was so ready at all times to extend to us, we have to offer to the Queen our dutiful thanks for the in- terest evinced by her Majesty in this undertaking by commanding your Royal Highness and your Lordships to represent her Majesty on this occasion.” The origin and organization of the Exhibition are then detailed, and are followed by this statement : — “ About 22,000 exhibitors are here represented, of whom about 17,000 are subjects of her Majesty, and 5000 of foreign States. The arrangement and design of the building is such that the exhibited articles have been generally arranged in three great divisions : — “1. Fine Arts, in the galleries especially provided for that department. “2. Raw materials, manufactures, and agricultural machinery, in the main building and the eastern annexe. “3. Machinery requiring steam or water power for its effectual display, in the western annexe. “ Within these divisions the classification adopted is in most respects similar to that employed in 1851, the British and Colonial articles being kept separate from those sent by foreign countries, and each country having its own portion of the several departments allotted to it. “ The articles now exhibited will show that the period which has elapsed since 1851, although twice interrupted by European wars, has been marked by a progress previously unexampled in science, art, and manufacture. “ It is our earnest prayer that the International Exhibition of 1862, now about to be inaugurated, and which it is our privilege to conduct, may form no unworthy link in that chain of international exhibitions with which must ever be connected the honoured name of her Majesty’3 illustrious Consort.” The Duke of Cambridge returned the answer to the address, which was as follows : — “ We cannot perform the duty which the Queen has done us the honour to commit to us as her Majesty’s representatives on this occasion without expressing our heartfelt regret that this inaugural ceremony is deprived of her Majesty’s presence by the sad bereavement which has overwhelmed the nation with universal sorrow. VVe share most sincerely your feelings of deep sympathy with her Majesty in the grievous affliction with which the Almighty has seen fit to visit her Majesty and the whole people of this realm. It is impossible to contemplate the spectacle this day presented to our view without being painfully reminded how great a loss we have all sustained in the illustrious Prince with whose name the first great International Exhibition was so inti- mately connected, and whose enlarged views and enlightened judgment were conspicuous in his appreciation of the benefits which such undertakings are calculated to confer upon the country. We are commanded by the Queen to assure you of the warm interest which her Majesty cannot fail to take in this Exhibition, 62 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. and of hei* Majesty’s earnest wishes that its success may amply fulfil the intentions and expectations with which it was projected, and may richly reward the zeal and energy, aided by the cordial co-operation of distinguished men of various countries, by which it has been carried into execution. We heartily join in the prayer that the International Exhibition of 1862, beyond conducing to present enjoyment and instruction, will be hereafter recorded as an important link in the chain of international exhibitions, by which the nations of the world may be drawn together in the noblest rivalry, and from which they may mutually derive the greatest advantages.” Earl Granville then, on the part of the Commissioners of the Exhibition, presented to his Royal Highness the “key,” tech- nically so called, of the Exhibition. This is, in fact, a master- key (manufactured by Messrs. Chubb), and which opens the entire number of the different suites of locks on all the doors of the buildings. It is beautifully wrought entirely by hand out of a solid piece of steel, and was inclosed in a crimson velvet bag. This concluded that part of the ceremonial which took place under the western dome, and before the throne ; and the proces- sion, being re-formed, proceeded in the same order along the north side of the nave to a large platform under the eastern dome, immediately in front of the gigantic orchestra. Here had as- sembled a number of the visitors, British and foreign, distin- guished for their rank and the high positions, official and diplomatic, which they hold. To this point the foreign Ambas- sadors had been conducted, and here her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburgh- Strelitz, and the Princess Mary of Cambridge, had been allotted places. Seats, too, were provided for the personages taking part in the procession ; and, as soon as they had been duly arranged, the music specially composed for this occasion was performed by an orchestra consisting of 2000 voices and 400 instrumentalists, conducted, with one exception, by Mr. Costa. It commenced with a grand overture by Meyerbeer, comprising a triumphal march, a sacred march, and a quick march, and an embodiment of “ Rule Britannia then Dr. Sterndale Bennett’s chorale, which had been composed for the words of the ode written by the Poet Laureate Tennyson, as follows : — Uplift a thousand voices full aud sweet. In this wide hall with Earth’s invention stored, And praise th’ invisible universal Lord, Who lets once more in peace the nations meet. Where science, art, and labour have outpour’d Their myriad horns of plenty at our feet. O silent father of our Kings to be, Mourn’d in this golden hour of jubilee, Eor this, for all, we weep our thanks to thee ! The world-compelling plan was thine. And lo ! the long laborious miles Of Palace ; lo ! the giant aisles. Rich in model and design j THE LAUREATE’S ODE. gs Harvest-tool and husbandry. Loom and wheel and engin’ry, Secrets of the sullen mine, Steel and gold, corn and wine, Fabric rough, or fairy fine. Sunny tokens of the Line, Polar marvels, and a feast Of Wonder, out of West and East, And shapes and hues of Art divine ! All of beauty, or of use, That our planet can produce. Brought from under every star. Blown from over every main, And mixed, as life is mixed with pain, ^ The works of peace with works of war ; War himself must make alliance. With rough labour and fine science, Else he would but strike in vain. — Ah, the goal is far away, How far is it ? who can say, Let us have our dream to-day. — Oh ye, the wise who think, the wise who reign, From growing commerce loose her latest chain. And let the fair white-winged peacemaker fly To happy havens under all the sky. And mix the seasons and the golden hours. Till each man find his own in all men’s good. And all men work in noble brotherhood, Breaking their mailed fleets and armed towers. And ruling by obeying Nature’s powers, And gathering all the fruits of peace and crown’d with all her flowers. The performance of this Ode was a great success, and decidedly the most faultless and complete feature of the day. “Auber’s Grand March” followed— spirited and melodious, and full of the best manner of the composer. After the conclusion of the special music, the Bishop of London, with much fervency of manner, read an impressive prayer. Handel’s mighty choral hymns — the “Hallelujah” and “Amen” from the Messiah — which, coming directly after the prayer of the Bishop of London, formed a portion of the religious ceremony, towered above all in sublimity. After the “Amen” the National Anthem was again sung, and with this the music to the religious part of the ceremony came to a conclusion. The Duke of Cambridge then rose, and in a loud voice said, “By command of the Queen, I now declare the Exhibition open.” The trumpets of the Life Guards saluted the announcement with a prolonged fanfare , and the crowd echoed it back with a cheer, which was taken up and speedily spread from one end of the building to the other. This ended the official ceremonial. Sweet, and yet sad, those thousand voices rung, Winding and travelling through the long defiles Of courts and galleries and far-reaching aisles : And bright the banners from proud arches sprung; But not the less their drooping folds among Lurked a dim hoard of grief ; for over all 64 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Chastening, not marring, our high festival. The shadow of an absent Greatness hung — Absent, but yet in absence present more For all we owe to him, and might have owed, For the rich gifts, which, missing, we deplore, Than if he were rejoicing at this hour — We with him — that the seed his wisdom sowed Had blossomed in this bright consummate flower. K C T Times , May 2, 1862. Among the illustrations of our great subject, which partake of a poetic character, may be ranked an Address read by Mr. Monckton Milnes, M.R., at the Royal Institution, on the day after the opening of the Exhibition, namely, on the .2nd of May. Mr. Milnes modestly introduced this paper to his audience as prefatory to a series of special discourses, to be delivered at the Institution, and as “a few considerations on the natural scope of this won- derful congregation of the industries and intelligences of the world.” It was the habit of this Society to deal rather with facts than speculations, and he would therefore direct their attention to the geographical and political conditions which alone rendered possible such an event as this. It had been written with sufficient accuracy for verse, that — ** The total surface of this sphered earth Is now surveyed by philosophic eyes: Nor East nor West conceals a secret worth — In the wide ocean no Atlantic lies : Nations and men, that would be great and wise, Thou knowest, can do no more than men have done ; No wond’rous impulse, no divine surprise, Can bring this planet nearer to the sun — Civilization’s prize no royal road has won.” The accessibility of the ocean-waters of the globe was a first necessity to this end, and this had been now accomplished from the ice-bound fires of Mount Erebus to the grave of Franklin. We could not say quite as much of our knowledge of the land of the world, but we perfectly understood the limits of our ignorance, and could fairly assume that there was no position on the earth yet unsurveyed which could in any notable degree add to our physical science, or extend our observation of the habits and destinies of mankind. Although great continents are represented in our Exhibition only by their fringes, we can hardly contemplate any such conversion of nature or man as should people the sandy spaces of Africa, the vast pastoral steppes of central Asia, or those huge fields of the unlimited liberty of animal and vegetable life which stretch in South America from the tropics to the polar snows, with the higher forms of industry, art, and civilization. It is enough that no longer can Tartar hordes swoop down on richer and fairer lands, and that the sage and saleratus prairies of North America cannot check the enterprising out- growth of the Anglo-Saxon race. And this brings us to another necessary condition of our Exhibition, the secu- rity of the seas and the general facility of our commercialintercourse. The ex- ceptional piracy which obstructs the trade of the waters of Oceania, and which the energy of Sir James Brooke has done much to repress, was once the custom of the world, and carried with it no notions of cruelty or disgrace. This evil was partially remedied by placing commerce under the safeguard of religion. Where the modern state establishes a factory or a free port, the old state built a temple. Thus the Tyrian Hercules linked together the trade of Greece and Phoenicia in a common worship : thus the fame of Jupiter Ammon was the great resting-place and protection of the caravans of the desert : thus the lines of the chief Catholic pilgrimages were the paths not only of all tra- vellers but of all merchants in the middle ages. The interchange of the gifts ANTICIPATED KESULTS. 65 of God was sanctioned by Pagan and by Christian piety, and the notion of con- necting trade with any inferiority of social station or intellectual power is a perverted remnant of the feudal system, where the jealousy between town and country tended to discredit labour and to idealize brute force. The speaker proceeded to draw the distinction between ancient and modern trade. In the old Asiatic nations, where influence is still palpable among mankind on the score of authority and the bond of religion, the ideas of free trade and competition would have been incomprehensible. The exclusion of foreigners from the internal navigation of the several countries was universal, and none were permitted even to enter foreign ports, except with the tessera hospitalis, or some other symbol of a commercial treaty. Bars were thrown across the mouths of some rivers, as by the Persians across the Tigris after their conquest of Babylon ; traces of which impediments to navigation still remain. And in modern Europe the growth of liberal commerce ha3 been slow indeed, and it is one of the happiest privileges of our time, that as regards ourselves at least, we have come to see its consummation. In Sir Dudley North’s Discourse on Trade , published in 1691, the principle is laid down “ that the whole world as to trade is but as one nation of people, and therein nations are as persons.” But the Hollanders and the Portuguese long remained the objects of a commercial animosity, which did not prevent the one from occu- pying our fisheries up to the very coast, and the other from sharing with us the dominion of India. The social and political conditions represented by our Exhibition next oc- cupied the attention of the speaker. The whole of this marvellous combina- tion of energy and art is the result of free labour — of the spontaneous industry of mankind. It is not the mere application of local nature to local designs, but the collation and transmutation of most diverse and distinct elements to the use and benefit of our race : the juxtaposition of our coal and iron have suggested the manufactures of Sheffield, but it is the borax of Tuscany which assists the ingenious labourers of Colebrook Dale. It is the sign and symbol of the general education of the world, which renders it impossible that dis- coveries can be neglected or arts be lost. The ignorance and superstition which kept mankind in unnecessary physical pain after the invention of the “ spongia somnifera” of the twelfth century, can no longer check the anaes- thetic powers of a beneficial nature, nor would it require a Harvey to revive, however he might be required to develope, the knowledge that perished with the ashes of Servetus. But besides the intercommunication of nations in space, the speaker re- marked, our Exhibition surely owes much to what he would call the trade of time, the thoughts, the feelings, the interests, that pass from generation to generation ; the arts of Greece, the laws of Rome, the religion of the Semitic peoples, the triple elements of modern civilization. The silent East gave the alphabetic character which has transmitted all the speeches and varied litera- ture of the West ; the Brahmin preserves the sacred language in which the linguistic science of modern times traces the mother-tongue of all the Indo- Germanic dialects that pass from mouth to mouth beneath these lofty domes. The singularity of the circumstance that England should be the scene of the meeting of nations was next alluded to. It was an illustration of the advantage of our insular position, which being combined with sufficient territory, gave us at once the best political conditions of external power and domestic independence. Our greatest danger in history has been, not our own conquest, but the conquest of France, which must have absorbed us into the con- tinental system. Now, the peril of our power lay in the rapid j political and moral elevation of the other European nations ; but j we could well afford to sacrifice some individual superiority to the I common gain of mankind. Upon the probable effects of this great display, the speaker, in j conclusion, observed : — “ Large congregations of men had always j visibly struck the imagination, and the Jubilee of Pope Boniface 66 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. so occupied the mind of Dante, that he illustrates it by one of his supernatural pictures, and fixed it as the date of his spiritual journey. Such assemblies have always been looked on as harbin- gers of peace, and we know what were the expectations of 1851. But though that hope has proved delusive, we may yet feel thankful that, with the exception of the American calamity, all the disturbances of the world have since that time been the con- flicts of a lower against a higher civilisation, in which the higher has had the mastery. The materials here brought together must impress on the spectators the mutual dependence of nations, and the interests of amity. One of the chief objects of interest would be, the various applications of art to industry ; advantages, per- haps, somewhat balanced by the injury of the application of industry to art. As art becomes mechanical, it loves the spon- taneous dignity which makes it most divine ; and it seems impossible to diffuse and repeat it, without some diminution of its highest faculties. But this qualification does not extend to the relatione between industry and science, — there the moral is as certain as the material profit : intelligent labour is substituted for the mere exertion of brute strength ; the supply of comforts is extended from the luxurious classes even to the necessitous : the diseases consequent on physical hardships are diminished, and the average longevity of man increased. To the progress of scientific educa- tion not only the philosopher but the statesman looks for the diffusion of public happiness and the permanence of modern civilization. If the states that now rule the world are to escape the doom of Babylon and Rome, of Egypt and of Greece, it is in that they have not made their science the monopoly of a caste or a priesthood, but they have placed it more or less within the reach of the individual intelligence of the humblest citizen. Let the educa- tion that enables mankind to apprehend and value truth proceed commensurately with the discoveries of science, and the com- munity will gradually but continuously absorb into itself that knowledge which makes decay impossible ; and our country may boldly and confidently meet whatever destiny remains for it in the* inscrutable designs of the Creator and Ruler of the universe.” PROGRESS OF ART-MANUFACTURES EXEMPLIFIED III THE EXHIBITION. Before we detail the most striking objects in the Exhibition, it will be interesting, as well as instructive, to glance at the Art- characteristics of the various countries, as represented in the Exhi- bition. These have been sketched by a master-hand in the paper in the Quarterly Review , to which such frequent reference has been made ; and from this source we condense the following : — “ We need not linger long in lands where, for many genera- tions, art has been feminine, not masculine, in its characteristics : among people who work by the heart and not by the head, by instinct not by reason ; in those old Oriental regions where the appreciation of colour is instinctive ; where the patient manipula- tion of detail knows no fatigue ; where the goldsmith and jeweller are held in universal honour ; where each nationality has its own limited series of forms, within which the artificer labours success- fully, but beyond which he does not seem gifted to advance. India on the one side, and Turkey on the other, were the limits of this feminine phase of art, as exhibited at Brompton. Its educational value to us has not been sufficiently appreciated as our teacher in points in which the art of Europe — the art, that is, of the head, and not alone of the heart — is apt to be more defi- cient : such as the jubilant use of colour, the fearless employment of costly materia], the delicate handling of minute detail. These, we say, are feminine attributes ; and the masculine art of Europe — the art which is founded on the study of the human figure — must not despise their gracefulness if it aspires to tread the path of perfection. As it is, we were sorry to see, in some instances, a contrary influence at work, and the native instinct vitiated by a ridiculous aping of the vulgar forms of European trade production. In the Indian department, for instance, by the side of rich stuffs and elegant Bombay work, we beheld tables, sofas, and pianos, carved far away by native fingers, but modelled for the European market upon forms which are already happily looked upon at home as vulgar and ante-dated.” The reviewer then passes on to countries living in or peopled by Christian Europe. Russia, if not actually retrogressive, was stationary, and to be stationary with such an empire is next door to being retrogressive. Some silver and enamelled bookbindings and plate, chiefly for church purposes, exhibiting a style, combining modern feeling with reminiscences of Byzantine, of Renaissance, and even like its prototype, of the flamboyant, which we suspect to have passed 68 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. from Poland into Muscovy, with some graceful ideas borrowed from the native art of Circassia, and a huge, vigorous mosaic of St. Nicholas, on a gold ground, flanked by two others of more re- cent type, sum up the novelties which this vast realm contributed. The large Imperial porcelain vases were merely good imitations on a Caesarian scale of Sevres. That noblest of veneering processes, the manipulation of malachite, of which .Russia displayed such stupendous specimens in 1851, was wholly without a representa- tive. We were in hopes that this time we might have seen equal excellence of handling, and equal grandeur of scale, married to purer forms. England is the last country which has a right to complain of Russia for the want of progress during the past decade, but the fact is significative. Perhaps, indeed, the character of the Russian exhibition may be referred to an altered policy and a better sense of the true interests of that empire, which lie in the develop- ment of raw materials, rather than in the production of manu- factures, which, in a country destitute of coal, can only be regarded as exotics. “The art-manufacture of Spain began and ended with M. Zuloaga’s spirited revival of the Damascening process, which is so good as by its solitariness to be a reproach to a country which, with such a history and such resources, has not better profited by its opportunities. Judicious little Portugal rested comfortably content with the goodness of its material productions. The rival Courts of Italy and Rome, distinct nationalities for this term, testified, in the pictorial mosaics, and the cameos of the Papal city, in Salviati’s successful copies of the Murano glass-works, and of the early mosaics of Venice, his elaborate table of glass marquetry ; and his clever adaptation of the mosaicist’s principle of gilding to the production of gold — enclosing glass mouldings and ornaments proof against all dirt and scratching ; in the floral incrustations of Florence, and in Marquis Campana’s artificial marbles, to that ingenious, toilful, and withal graceful industry, of which the modern Italian mind so well appreciates the value. The vigorous, though sometimes crudely- coloured porcelain, which Marquis Ginori, of Florence, has produced in copy of the old Capoda Monte ware ; and Signor Castellani, of Rome’s felicitous revival of the jewellery and goldsmith’s work of Greek, Etruscan, Roman, and Mediseval days, stood in the first class of imitations.” The reviewer then claims for England the Venus of Marriage, which Mr. Gibson has sent to the Italian Court in tinted marble. Austria evinced, with all those characteristic differences which might be supposed to distinguish the Teuton from the Southerner, a ready- money yet artistic adaptability to present tastes. The various forms produced by the partnership of the glass-blower and the chemist may not be high art, but they were all ingenious, many of them decidedly pretty, all commendably cheap. Habenicht’s stamped and coloured leather wall-hangings deserved more than a passing glance. The carefully revised maps and geographical models indicate the scientific bent of the graver minds of Austria. That conglomeration of the other German States the Zollverein, PROGRESS OF ART- MANUFACTURES. 69 aimed at more and performed less. .Prussia’s costly porcelain and. silver work were stiff, stately, and academic ; and the crowded shop full of Dresden-China figurantes, showed how tamely this generation can go on copying a phase of art which lost all its value when it ceased to represent the feelings of the frivolous age which gave it birth. The Bavarian Athens proved at how mode- rate a price pictures can be copied and printed in oil-colours. Cheap art is good, but we wanted a little also of Munich’s dear art. In Bavaria, and in Rhenish Prussia, and to a certain degree all over Germany, a school of revived Gothic art has sprung up within the last thirty years, having its centres at Cologne and at Munich, which claims to compete with the similar revivals of France and England ; yet the German Gothicists only showed one small ivory shrine, besides a carved and painted retable, and a coloured statue. From Frankfort and Hamburg there was a lavish display of stags’ horns twisted into articles of furniture. Belgium, of course, revelled in laces. There were some coarsely- finished chimney-pieces and inferior Teniers tapestry. A tall gothic pulpit of wood, by Messrs. Goyers, of Louvain, was praise- worthy for its technical finish, but the whole design was spiritless. Belgium also boasted of a huge candle trophy ; and so did Holland, which also displayed a wooden gothic pulpit, by Cuypers, of Rure- mond. Sweden and Norway stood off from the art-contest, though the group of Wrestlers in the former country had a kind of rude energy ; and so practically stood Switzerland, which has never found the way to improve the wood-carving and landscape-painting industries of Lucerne and Interlachen, into schools of art. Den- mark was more promising. The Royal porcelain manufactory at Copenhagen is little more than a reflex of Sbvres, very creditable indeed for so small a nation, but in no way indicating original power. In the smaller contributions, however, of private manu- factories, we observed a tendency to the reproduction of character- istic forms of ancient Scandinavian art, significant, w r e trust, of the rise of a national school. “ When we state that against the pillars in the Danish portion of the nave stood statues by Thorwaldsen, and prominent among them the majestic Jason, we have said that in sculpture Denmark is foremost of the nations, although the world at large very justly claims some share in the man who worked at Rome, and whose genius was first fostered by one who, born in a foreign land, made himself a name in English literature.”* Greece showed its double nationality. In its rich embroideries — in Agathangelos’s marvellous resuscitation of the old, though still living, school of minute wood- carving crystallised in Mount Athos, we see the genuine ‘modern Greek’ Christianized and Slavonized. In the busts of Codrus of Athens, and other mytho- logical and typical worthies, we recognise the artificial Hellene of the Athenian schools. The ‘ Ionian’ display belonged exclusively to the first class. Some South American Republics were represented — that was all. * The author of Anastasius, who was Thorwaldsen’s earliest patron. — ~Ed. Year-look. 70 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Brazil sent a tempting display of natural wealth and a little upholstery art. The United States, which in 1851, astonished us by its nuggets of gold, commemorated 1862 by a frame full of the innumerable notes of many banks, fancifully engraved with various emblems. Power, whose Greek Slave was one of the delights of the former display, again adventured a female figure ; but in 1862, he only gave us a strapping stiff “ California.” However, that penchant for sculpture which has so curiously manifested itself in the American race, was represented by Miss Hosmer’s Zenobia, shown in the Italian Court ; and by Story’s contributions to the Homan display, in his Cleopatra, and in his Libyan Sibyl. “We have thus travelled round the world, and at last we find ourselves in the face of the two great rival exhibiting realms : the haughty, exulting, self-contained France, and the venturesome progressive British empire, with its growth of half a hundred colonies.” The French display is described as a museum rather than an exhibition. The long iron screen, rich with hangings, and backed by the furniture of Fourdinois and Grob£, formed a sort of propylaeum to the treasures within. Inside, streets of stalls, all artistically and uniformly designed, led to a splendid centre composed of the rich electro-gilt and electro-plated plateau which Christofle had executed for the city of Paris. The trea- sures around were innumerable. The jewels with their settings were of countless price, while the parures of artificial stones would even deceive the wary round the necks of the demi-monde. The state manufactory of Sbvres yielded porcelain which might almost atone in bulk for inferiority of execution compared with England or Italy. The looms of Beauvais and Gobelins had not been idle, and the full-sized copy from the latter place of Titian’s Assump- tion required to be handled before the stranger could believe that he did not gaze on the veritable masterpiece of Venetian colour. In bronzes, Paris was always pre-eminent, and Barbedienne, in rivalry with Baillard, stood foremost in them : while he was great in every other school of metal- work, mediaeval, renaissance, oriental, cast, chased, or relieved with enamel. In his hands the revival even of Limoges art has been attempted with very sufficient suc- cess. Bookbinding was very gay, as fitted the editions de luxe, which were prodigally displayed. Ecclesiastical metal-work of mediaeval design was represented by several exhibitors, whose pro- ductions were all of them costly and elaborate, besides being artistic when due to M. Viollet Le Due, and highly enamelled as Frenchmen can enamel ; although, as a rule, deficient in fineness of chiselling, and overloaded with gilding. The huge hammered figures in copper and in zinc for the fleches of the Sainte Chapelle and of Notre Dame were bold and telling works, made to be viewed at a distance ; while Chi'istofle’s female nudity, produced in dully shining electro -plate, stood as a beacon to avoid. The newly-dis- covered ‘ onyx ’ marble from Algeria, a species of alabaster of a light golden tint, semi-transparent, and easy to be worked, had its capacities displayed in various forms, notably as the dress of images, with hands, arms, and feet of bronze. “If the supply PROGRESS OF ART-MANUFACTURES. 71 prove equal to the demand,” adds the reviewer, “this substance is a gain to art, from the richness of its tone, and the ease with which it may be worked.” The writer then mentions the huge and sumptuous French iron fountain in the Horticultural Garden ; and recurs to Christofle’s great plateau for the Hotel de Ville, the merits of which, as a work of art, are thus estimated : — “ Grace, no doubt, it possesses, but it is the grace of the Academy ; it is dignified, but its dignity wants self-forgetfulness ; its material is rich, but the richness is mostly on the surface ; its technical execution is perfect, but in execution the spirit has evaporated. Considered as an allegory, it is one of ten thousand ; it has about it no moral significance, hardly even mythology, but only some trite effigies of obvious material advantages.” The English display of industrial art was larger and more mis- cellaneous than that of France. There was vulgarity enough in the English department to send us home sorrowing, and there was progress enough to cheer us in our most desponding moments. The artist has clearly had to do with the producer during the last eleven years. His influence has often been thwarted, and his suggestions altered, but still he has been employed as he never used to be. * * * “For this development much credit! is due to the schools of design which are at work in various places, but much also to the impulsion given by persons who have taught without a pencil in their hands, and whose lessons may be summed up in the one axiom, to seek utility of form and reality of material first, and then to ornament in accordance with that form and that material. In the present Exhibition the furniture, whether of the costly or the cheap description, paper-hangings and carpets, tes- tified respectively to this upward tendency. Glass-painting alone was standing still, so far as we could judge by the Exhibition.” The writer then refers to the substitution, in furniture, of spirited carvings, natural forms, and flowing lines, for the old upholstery patterns ; a variety of woods was chosen for colour and grain, often artistically contrasted in delicately inlaid patterns ; and the beauty of simple varnished deal, drowning its natural colour, was appre- ciated. The paper printers who work by machinery vied in the purity of their patterns with their dearer brethren who still em- ploy the block process ; gigantic bunches of lilac, roses, and peonies, shaded up in high relief, are no longer the ne plus ultra of taste in carpets ; and as a whole, the looms are being daily more and more set to patterns combining geometrical forms with well-contrasted colours. (i In the porcelain of almost every European school — Faience, Majolica, Palissy, and Neo-classical, not to talk of the revival of indigenous types — England, represented by its various Stafford- shire and Worcestershire firms, stands supreme ; and foremost among the exhibitors are Messrs. Minton, though well followed up by the Copelands, the Wedgwoods, and the Dukes.* As a * To these we would add Messrs. Eose, of Colebrookdale. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 72 contrast between life and death, we have only to turn from these displays to the cold Dresden exhibition. In tiles for mural decoration as contrast with porcelain, Messrs. Man have made valuable progress, and their large mosaic, designed by Mr. Digby "Wyatt, in bold ceramic tessera, is a production not to be over- looked. * ‘ The Ornamental Glassworks of England were not in proportion of so remarkable a quality as the porcelain ; still they showed considerable aptitude in the imitations of several foreign schools ; and one tazza of glass, delicately engraved, and shown by a St. James’s-street firm, not unmeritedly won considerable praise. “ The performances in Brass-work and in Wrought or Cast Iron were of remarkable size, and very high merit. The praise of Skidmore’s screen from Coventry was in every visitor’s mouth. Messrs. Hardman’s delicate wrought-iron grill, of Gothic pattern, from Birmingham, must not be overlooked ; while another pro- minent work, Barnard’s Norwich Gates, partly of cast and partly of wrought-iron, composed of spirited imitations of natural foliage, artistically grouped, deserves especial commendation. The cast and bronzed gates from Colebrookdale were as conspicuously bad. “ Mediaeval Art in a surprising variety of forms was not only displayed by the artists we have named and by other workers in brass, such as Mr. Hart, but also in a court arranged by a Society, with the long name of Ecclesiological, out of which we should name some very meritorious embroidery and woollen work of rich colours, well contrasted, by Messrs. Jones and Willis, of Bir- mingham, under Mr. Street’s instructions ; and a specimen of the pavement of Lichfield Cathedral, by Messrs. Clayton and Bell, reviving the old art of incising stone, for designs to be executed in various cements — a process as applicable to walls as to floors. “The Goldsmiths and Jewellers astonished with the monetary value of their cases. The price of these gems is not, of course, a question of art, and the settings were frequently nothing more than ingenious devices to show off the stones. But there was a prodigal display of glyptic work in the precious metals and their imitations. The nearly forgotten process of repousse is now in vigorous operation. I he French invention of oxydizing silver has been acclimatised here since 1851 ; and in the profusion of forms which racing and other ‘cups,’ memorial shields, and so on, assume, ideas are here and there struck out, which are capable of much further expansion. As a whole, this display, when its abundance is considered, may be esteemed as a hopeful indication of the homage which wealth now pays to art. “ In Tapestry England did not compete, and in Bronzes hardly at all ; but Derbyshire very fairly imitated the pietra dur*a of Florence ; while in a pavement by Mr. Slater, for Chichester Cathedral, we were glad to note the revival of marble mosaics of a constructural character.” In Architectural Drawings of modern buildings, Britain, stood PROGRESS OF ART-MAKUFACTURES. 73 virtually alone. Very few arrived from foreign lands. The French catalogue has some names of architectural eminence, but affixed to restorations of ancient buildings. A few original designs came from Prussia and Austria, and one or two from Holland : the rest of Europe was a blank. The Commissioners, with characteristic indifference to architecture, reluctantly granted a range of galleries for architectural designs, and an adjacent court for portions of buildings. The Gothic drawings were ranged on one side, the Classical and Renaissance on the other, but peacefully commingled in the external galleries, which were partially devoted to the Scotchmen. In this large collection, England might point with honest pride to the cathedral-like church which Mr. Scott is building at Hamburg, even in an international competition ; and to that other cathedral for Lille, where Mr. Clutton and Mr. Burges came off victorious over Europe, followed by Mr. Street, only to be defrauded of their work. Adjacent to the Architecture, a gallery was devoted to Art-designs by persons who have been living during the century. We have incidentally mentioned Scotch architecture. With this exception, neither Scotland nor Ireland took up any distinctive position in the industrial arts. Very little art, as might be sup- posed, came from the Colonies, but they contributed materials for future art-exploits of refreshing originality. Not to mention the marbles of New South Wales, and the malachite of South Australia, the prodigal array of woods of every grain, every hue, and every hardness, which came from Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand, from the West Indies and from Cej’lon, and in a less degree from North America, were an alarum to the carver and the cabinet-maker and to the architect and the draughtsman to sharpen their pencils. We are glad to see that these colonies have, to a certain extent, contributed to the archi- tectural appeal by the photographs which several of them had sent of their principal cities, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Geelong, Auckland, Montreal, Halifax, &c. We have referred to M. Christofle’s plateau as typical of French art ; that of England may be considered to have attained its most characteristic expression in Minton’s Majolica Fountain, designed by the late Mr. Thomas, and in Skidmore’s Hereford Screen, carried out under Mr. Scott’s directions. Both these works are emphatically monumental in their aim, and neither of them the fruit of artificial enterprise. Each is the largest work which has yet been produced from the manufactory which the late Mr. Minton in the one case, and Mr. Skidmore in the other, de- veloped or set up, with the express intention of allying arts to industry. Each in its largeness transcends any previous exploit in the same materials produced elsewhere. “ Like Minton’s Majolica Fountain, Skidmore’s Hereford Screen is a debt which the present is paying to the past, no less than to the future. Its art is modern in its extent, but in its principles it is old, and its object is to enhance a large surviving monument of 74 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. ancient art. Such also is the intention of many of the costly ob- jects of Church silver-work in the cases of Baclielet, Trioullier, and Poussielgue Eusand ; but while these productions, clogged with superfluous gilding, will in the end occupy some position where they must be inspected like cabinet pieces, the bolder English- man commands the fabric itself, and raises metal- work to the level of architecture. “We are not in despair,” says the reviewer, in taking leave of this portion of his subject, “at the fact that so many of the con- tributions from all countries manifested absence of invention, along with great readiness and variety in adaptation ; which critics have considered to be the sum of the lessons learned from the whole exhibition of applied art. It is by working at first from the models before them that the regeneration of art can at last attain that knowledge of the principles of art which can justify them in launching out in a bolder course at some later day.” In conclusion, this eloquent and well-informed art-critic glances at the causes which combine to make the English character of 1862, so old and yet so young, which is struggling for its artistic expression. “ In the meanwhile, science is every day pouring Its hard- won treasures into the lap of art : new processes, new minerals, new dyes, new easements of manual operation ; the gal- vanic bath turning the artists’ own clay into the everlasting statue; the sun slaving in the glass-house to paint man’s pictures ; the electric spark running along the wires to tell man’s messages ; the vapour of water doing that which no horses and no hands, no winds and no tides, could ever accomplish.” How much sagacity and finely-expressed thought are there in the author’s closing reflections. “ These agencies are Providence’s in- struments to work out results mightier than any Exhibition can make or mar. Yet Exhibitions have their value, as seats by the road-side, where the wayfarers may rest and compare their adven- tures. Much varied lore may there be gathered by those who will have the patience to sit at the feet of experience and industry, and many false impressions will be dispelled by the attrition of equal minds. Officials may have done their little best to spoil the good result, but, after every abatement has been made, great gratification to multitudes, tangible instruction to a smaller but numerous class, will be the gross result of the Exhibition of 1862,, as it was of that in 1851. Whether there will ever be another in England, or whether there will not, these two will have left their mark on history. The names of the Commissioners and of the engineer will be forgotten, while the date of both will be remem- bered as occurring in the reign of Queen Victoria, and as having been among the many wise conceptions for the public good of that Prince who had so eminently the capacity of swaying events by his consciousness of quiet power.” OBJECTS AND ARTICLES EXHIBITED. We now proceed to select and describe the Objects and Articles which are entitled to special record by their novelty, or compara- tive rarity. The classification of these subjects which has been followed is that which is most likely to prove available by the largest number of readers, as most befitting the plan of a popular work — that is, a work for popular reading — like the present. f ato Pttab, MINING, QUARRYING, AND METALLURGY. We commence with a collection of Mineral Products from the Shropshire lead and copper mines, exhibited by the Rev. F. More. .Besides felspar and china-stone ochres, oxide of manganese, and sulphate of barytes ; the case containing Roman spades and pigs of lead. A case, devoted to Aluminium, showed the progress already made in the application of that valuable metal and of its alloys. The metal is obtained from the double chloride of aluminium and sodium by fusion with sodium. Amongst its advantages, besides non-liability to tarnishing, is the lightness. By its use, a sextant which in brass would weigh 3 lb. may be made to weigh 1 lb. 9 oz. It costs 40s. per lb. troy. The alloy of the metal with copper, called aluminium- bronze, contains five per cent, of aluminium, and costs 4s. 6d. per lb. avoirdupois. This alloy resembles gold in appearance ; whilst it is stronger than iron. Keys are made of aluminium alloyed with two per cent, of nickel to increase hard- ness. Bell Brothers, of Newcastle- on-Tyne, were the exhibitors. As showjng what our island contains, the collection belonging to Mr. T. A. Readwin, of Gold Ores from Merionethshire, was in- teresting. There were also shown ingots of Welsh gold, of 126 oz. 19 dwt., from 6 cwt. 21 lb. of quartz, the weekly yield. A large case contained specimens of Platinum, and various articles manu- factured from it, as alembics and retorts used in the rectification or concentration of sulphuric acid. The usefulness of the metal in manufacturing chemistry is now greatly increased by the pro- cess discovered by Mr. St. Claire Deville, using the intense heat of combined gases, by which it can be made to assume complete fluidity, — the refractory nature of the metal constituting its value in the arts. Johnson, Matthey, and Company were the exhibitors. The value of the platinum in the case is 5180?. ; one ingot, weigh- ing 3200 ounces, being worth 3840?. Besides the platinum, and 76 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. gold and silver, the case contained iridium, palladium, rhodium, uranium, cadmium, selenium, tellurium, osmium, and ruthenium, and the elements called non-metallic, silicon and boron, in various states and combinations. The platinum is recommended for the points of lightning conductors. An alloy of iridium and osmium is used for pen-points. Used in photography are the nitrate of silver, neutral chloride of gold (for imparting a delicate tone to the prints), the cadmium, and the nitrate of uranium. The oxides of uranium are used for colouring glass. In a corresponding position to that of the case last described, was one devoted to specimens and illustrations of the manufacture of German silver- plating, and the applications of nickel and cobalt. It was exhibited by Messrs. Evans and Askin, of Birmingham . — From the Builder. The exhibitors of Iron Ores, iron in the rough state, and Cast and Wrought Iron in various forms for use, or to show the fibre and strength, were very numerous. There was probably no department of the Exhibition that evinced greater progress than this of late years. Mr. R. Smith’s display of iron produced at the Round Oak Works, in the South Staffordshire district, from ores in the Earl of Dudley’s estate, amounted to upwards of one hundred and twenty articles, besides the specimens of the coal and limestone. Nearly all, however, exhibited bars and rods doubled, or tied in knots, or fractured to show a fibre like that of wood, in ways quite opposed to the common ideas of the properties of iron. Amongst the specimens from the Earl of Dudley’s Works was a bar of iron 1^ inch square, which, tried at the Chatham Dockyard, stood a tensile strain of 64^ tons without fracture, and broke two of the large cables of the testing- machine. The articles, about fifty in number, from the Low Moor Iron Works, were sent by Hird, Dawson, and Hardy. They included the Low Moor coal, hard and soft, and coke made there- from, and used in blast or smelting furnaces and refineries ; the Black Bed coal used for engine-boilers and house fires, and the coke for lime-kilns and other common purposes ; the Black Bed stone lying immediately above the coal last mentioned, in six distinct strata, and containing about 28 per cent, of iron ; the white ironstone ; the calcined iron ore, prepared by roasting or burning in kilns, or in heaps on the ground, for the smelting furnaces, and the limestone from SMpton, used with the latter as a flux ; furnace dross, or the earthy part of the ironstone combined with the limestone used for roads ; jfig-iron, of which the best quality is used for machine castings, the second for heavy machinery, and the third for forge purposes ; refined iron, which is prepared from pig-iron by being exposed to a strong blast in the refinery ; the cinder or impure matter separated from the metal in the refinery ; puddled iron of two kinds — one adapted for boiler-plate, and the other for railway- wheel tires, the specimens showing fracture ; chain iron, several specimens, bent cold in various ways to show toughness and strength, or fibre ; boiler- plate, bent cold, with shorn edges ; similar plate, doubled when hot so as to show pliability in working, and other specimens punched ; knots tied cold; various specimens of bars, punched, doubled when cold, or broken to show grain of the iron ; and other articles. (Steel will be illustrated under the head of “ Manufactures.”) Of Copper, in the Exhibition, there were specimens of ores from nearly every part of the world : Swedish, Norwegian, Russian, COPPER AND ZINC. 77 Zollverein, Austrian, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Ca- nadian, Nova Scotian, Newfoundland, British Columbian, Danish, from Greenland, United States, Brazilian, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Jamaica, Indian, Australasian, and New Zealand. Among the speci- mens of special interest, was, in the Zollverein, a series from the Prince Wilhelm mine, near Langenberg, illustrating the dressing of ores, consisting of copper pyrites, galena, and blende, the process at this mine being one of the most skilfully conducted in Germany. In the Italian department were the fine ores of Monte Catini, near Volterra, one of the most productive and profitable mines in the world. In the Portuguese department, among other ores, was the malachite from Western Africa. The Canadian copper ores, pyrites and variegated, were well represented. Sir W. Logan states that he has discovered a bed, not a lode, containing five per cent, of copper, and extending over a considerable area. In the United States department was shown native copper from Lake Superior, where it occurs in enormous masses — one weighing 500 tons. From Russia were several large pieces of native copper. Magnificent specimens, and large masses of copper ore from South Australia were exhibited : a mass from Wallaroo weighed 6 tons. From the Burra Burra Mines were specimens of variegated copper ore from the 60 fathom level, as well as green and blue carbonates : as was anticipated at a certain depth from the surface, the ores originally found are replaced by pyritic ores. The Connoree Com- pany, Wicklow, Ireland, exhibited iron pyrites containing one per cent, of copper and other ores of copper. Mr. Bradley showed ores from Richmond, Yorkshire, a newly discovered locality, vitre- ous copper and blue and green carbonate. More than half the copper annually smelted at Swansea is obtained from Cornwall and Devon; which ores were not well represented in the Exhibition. The Welsh system of Copper-smelting in reverberatory furnaces was well illustrated by the Swansea Local Committee ; and there was an excellent display of the various kinds and forms of copper known in the English market. Mr. Hussey Vivian, M.P., was the only exhibitor from Swansea ; Newton, Keates, and Co., of Liverpool, exhibited a fine collection of manufactured copper articles ; and the Mona Mining Copper illustrated the smelting process ; Mona copper is in high request for its great malleability. In the Swedish and Norwegian departments were excellent col- lections illustrative of copper-smelting in blast-furnaces. From the old Mansfeld works (Zollverein) were two large sugar- pans, each hammered out of one piece — one 1 724 lb. (Prussian), the other 1833 lb. ; and in the French department was a similar pan, weighing 1486 lb. Next to Copper comes Spelter (ingots), in rolled sheets, Zinc. The Connoree Mining Company, Ireland, exhibited calamine, the ore of Zinc, from a new locality. Ores of zinc were also shown in the Belgian, Zollverein, Austrian, Swedish, Spanish, Portuguese, and United States departments. Mr. Vivian is the largest smelter, and exhibited spelter and zinc. In the Belgian department, 78 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Muller and Co. exhibited spelter produced in a blast furnace ; a process long attempted in vain. Some cast specimens of rolled zinc were shown in the Zollverein department. Cadmium, generally found in zinc ores, was shown in the Polish and Zollverein departments, in foil and cylindrical sticks. Cad- mium, combined with sulphur, forms a fine yellow, opaque, dura- ble pigment much prized by artists. It is much in request for Wood’s newly-discovered fusible alloy, which melts at a tempera- ture far below boiling water. Of Tin the Exhibition presented nothing remarkable or novel : the usual tin-stone, impure peroxide, was shown in the British department from Cornwall, in the Indian, the Portuguese, and that of Victoria. Lead (galena) was shown in nearly all the departments, the Italian and Portuguese being specially interesting. The best illustrations in the British department were those shown by Mr. Sopwith, on the part of Mr. Beaumont ; here, and in the Zoll- verein and Italian departments, the processes of dressing and smelting were well shown ; there was, however, nothing in the Exhibition to indicate that progress has been made towards the solution of the great problem of condensing lead fume. In one year a large smelting establishment in the north of England ob- tained 800 tons of lead from the dust accumulated in their long flues. Arsenic was sufficiently represented : Garland of Redruth, and Jennings and Co., of Swansea, and others, sent instructive collec- tions illustrating the manufacture of white arsenic from the ore. Nickel, recently become important in manufactures, when pure, is malleable and ductile, and is of much higher tenacity than wrought iron, but it is not yet employed in the state of pure metal. It is used in alloys for its whiteness ; German silver, a name which our Teutonic brethren repudiate, is a simple alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc : it might be called white brass. It is now much used for electro-plated articles, and the nickel manu- facture was first brought to its present perfection in Birmingham. Nickel is now employed in the coinage of Switzerland, Belgium, and the United States. Ores of nickel were exhibited by several manufacturers of German silver. Cobalt, valuable for its forming blue colour, was found in the Zollverein department, and the United States. Oxide of cobalt is now largely employed by the potter and glass-maker in Bir- mingham : the fine “flowing blue” on our china was the result of the first application of this oxide. True gray copper ore, containing a considerable amount of Mer- cury, occurs in Hungary : and although this ore had long been treated for copper and silver, yet it is only within the last few years that it was found to contain mercury, which has since been regularly extracted from it by a simple roasting process. No one would suspect the presence of mercury on looking at this ore, and it is probable that it may exist in other gray copper ores in which it has not hitherto been detected. With regard to the illustrations of Silver, there is not much to SILVER AND ANTIMONY. 79 ' be said. All galena contains it, though not always in sufficient proportion to allow of its profitable extraction. It is generally ad- mitted that only lead, containing more than two ounces of silver to the ton, can be subjected to Pattinson’s well-known process of desilverization with advantage. By this simple and important invention an enormous amount of silver has been saved to the world. The inventor most justly received one of the great medals at the last Exhibition — medals which were worth competing for. He now sleeps in his grave. He was a self-made, clear-headed, observant, upright man, whose name deserves to be recorded among the benefactors not only of his country, but of the world. Wherever lead is exhibited, specimens of silver will generally be found in concert. A curious story is told about the celebrated mine of Konsberg, in Norway. Not many years ago it might have been purchased by English adventurers for 50,000?., but was declined. In the following year it is reported to have yielded 80,000?. net profit. During the last twenty years or so, silver ores have been regularly imported into this country from South America ; and they have been partly smelted by the lead smelters, and partly subjected to wet processes of extraction by Mr. Vivian and Dillwyn and Co., both firms of Swansea. It is to be regretted that the mineral resources of Peru and Bolivia were not repre- sented in the Exhibition. Antimony was well represented in the Exhibition. Its chief ore is sulphide, which has during many years been regularly and largely imported into this country from Borneo. Specimens of native sulphide of antimony were found in the Italian and Portu- guese departments ; in the French province of Constantine, Africa ; in the Zollverein and Austrian ; in the department of Victoria, whence considerable quantities have been imported into England. Samples of metallic antimony were in most cases exhibited along with the ores. Mr. Hallett, the well-known antimony refiner in London, sent a good series of illustrations. We may here remark that the applications of antimony are not numerous. In the state of fine black sulphide oriental ladies have employed it from time immemorial to paint their eyebrows and the outer edges of their eyelids ; and very palpable illustrations of this practice may now be witnessed on the stage as well as elsewhere in London. But the chief application of antimony is for type metal ; and the title of Basil Valentine’s famous treatise, Currus triumphalis antimonii , was prophetic of the mighty part it was destined to perform in the instruction of the world through the medium of the press. The Exhibition contained several interesting and important illustrations of Mercury or Quicksilver. It chiefly occurs in nature in combination with sulphur, constituting the well-known mineral. Native Cinnabar. Magnificent specimens of this mineral from the Almaden mines were found in the Spanish department in the nave. Very fine specimens of cinnabar from the New Almaden mines in California were exhibited by Gibbs, Bright, and Co. Cinnabar and vermilion prepared from it were sent from Idria, in Carniola, in the Austrian department. 80 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Rich sulphide of Silver has recently been discovered in Cornwall, but hitherto it has not been possible to procure even a specimen, as the adventurers are desirous of attracting the notice of the Crown as little as possible : for a mine of which the ore is sulphide of silver would undoubtedly be a mine royal, and belong to the Crown. But would not the Crown do well to consider whether it is really expedient to retain this ancient privilege of claiming the so-called gold and silver mines ? Gold was displayed in marvellous profusion in various depart- ments. All native gold contains silver, which varies much in pro- portion, and tends to render the gold pale in colour. All lead contains gold in addition to silver, but in quantity generally so minute as to be valueless. But there it is, and it may invariably be extracted from lead, so as to be distinctly visible. The process of hand gold- washing was shown in the East Transept, near the Eastern Dome, and the Port Phillip Mining Company erected stamps of working size which had come all the way from Australia, and some of them were daily at work. The Australian depart- ments, Tasmania, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia, presented a surfeit of gold.* The collection exhibited by the banks and mining companies of Victoria, was gorgeous, and, at the same time, highly instructive. It was very well arranged in an ornamental case. Specimens of gold were found in the departments of Canada, Costa Rica, Venezuela, &c. ; but the Ural did not appear to be represented. The large and beautiful water-colour drawings and the well-executed photographs of the “diggings” and the gold mining operations which adorned the department of Victoria pos- sessed extraordinary interest. The “ cradles” used in gold- wash- ing might also be seen in this department. But there is gold in England — at least, in Wales. Auriferous ores from the Clogau mine, near Dolgelly, have been mentioned. This mine is, un- doubtedly, a great success : a short time ago, with an expendi- ture of about 30Z., not less than 800Z. worth of gold was obtained ! A series illustrative of the extraction of gold by chlorine water from the residua obtained at the arsenic works at Reichenstein, in Silesia, was exhibited in the Zollverein department. The applica- tion of chlorine for this purpose was first suggested at the British Association in 1848, and a paper was published on the subject in the Philosophical Magazine in 1850. It was first carried out practically by the late distinguished Professor Plattner. We know positively that this application of chlorine, whether em- ployed as chlorine water or in the form of hypochlorites, has been notorious during many years, and that for some time it has been actually in operation at Swansea on a large scale. Yet we learn that a patent has just been granted for its use in England ! — Abridged from the Times. * The gilded pyramid facing the entrance under the Eastern Dome, is stated to have been an exact measure of the bulk of ’all the gold hitherto extracted in Australia ; and though the conception was ingenious, its realization in the form of a pyramid was a failure. CLAYS AND BUILDING-STONES. 81 Clays have been classified by Brogniart, into fire-proof , fusible , calcareous , and ferruginous. The samples comprised porcelain clays from the granite formations of Cornwall and Dartmoor ; the Teignmouth pipe, or potter’s, clay ; the China-stone of St. Austell ; the potter’s clay of Poole and Wareham ; the fire-clays, including the Stourbridge ; and others. Clay and terra-cotta manufactures were represented chiefly by fire-bricks and retorts for various pur- poses. Mr. Walcott’s retort-beds are believed to have an ad- vantage of economy in the arrangement for returning the heat, absorbed by the mass of the brick-work, into the furnace to intensify combustion. The retorts are built three or four in a tier, with heat passages between ; and are heated by one fire, the temperature being uniform. There were specimens from the millstone grit in the form of millstones, and from the “ Farewell Rock” of Dean Forest ; Buhr stones, French, dexterously put together in England ; sandstones, and flags ; dolomites ; oolites ; and limestones, including the hydraulic, lias, and others. The collection of different kinds of Stone exhibited by Mr. S. Tricket showed that a great variety of stone is brought to the London market. Oolite building-stone from the Little Casterton Quarry, near Stamford, was exhibited by Mr. 0. N. Simpson. The Ancaster stone was shown in the form of a font, by Mr. J ohn Wilson, of Grantham, who notes that the material has been in good preservation in buildings (of course not in London) four hundred years. There was a good specimen of Y ork Landing from Summerley’s quarry at Idle, near Leeds. It would measure about 13 feet 4 inches by 7 feet, and 4 inches thick. Of Greaves’s blue-lias lime from Strat- ford-on-Avon, favourable opinions were quoted from Mr. E. Smith, of Woolwich Dockyard ; Mr. John Roe ; Mr. J. Brown, of Birken- head, who speaks of its value in setting masonry where exposed to a strong current ; from Mr. T. Wicksteed, who used it at the East London Waterworks, in one part of the lime to eight of gravel ; by the late Mr. Brunei and the resident engineers of the Great Western Railway, and others. Grey Granites, in slab and column, well-worked and polished, were exhibited by W. and J . Freeman. The Cheesewring Granite Company also exhibited their material ; and good specimens of grey granite were sent from the Craignair Quarries. Mr. A. Macdonald, of Aberdeen, also showed grey, red, blue, and pink granites : one column had the frusta of the shaft so well put together that the joints were hardly perceptible. Polished red Granite was also exhibited by the Ross of Mull Granite Company; there were also Granites from Ireland. A collection of rose- coloured granite, and of serpentine, were shown in the Swedish division. A fluted column, a candelabrum, a tripod, and other articles in blue-grey jasper, of good workmanship, were exhibited in the Russian department. M. Hermann, who lately erected the Brittany Granite fountain in the Champs Elysees, is said to work G THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 82 granite porphyry and jasper, by the aid of a newly-discovered black diamond. His vases of jasper of Savoy, with bronze orna- ments, are noteworthy as works of art. The Lizard Serpentine Company showed a chimney-piece, moulded and coped slab, and a font for Uppingham Church, of this beautiful material. Chimney-pieces, of Devonshire marbles, red and green, were shown by J. C. Stark, of Torquay. The grey fossil marble of Galway, and a marble from the Isle of Man, were also exhibited ; as were the Connemara green and black marble. The Derbyshire marbles were poorly represented. Mr. Birley, of Ashford, exhibited a pillar table, inlaid, and elaborately or- namented with leaves, flowers and fruit, birds and butterflies — price 300 guineas. Slate was shown in plain slabs, roofing forms, and decorated, that is, enamelled. The Llangollen Slab and Slate Company exhibited slabs of great size and good quality, 16 feet and 20 feet in length. The Bhiwbryfdir Slate Company showed that a block (18 inches by 10 inches) which is an inch and a half thick, may be split and dressed into 39 slates ; and that out of a block (20 inches by 10 inches) half an inch thick, 8 slates can be sawn, the waste in such case being hardly perceptible. A model of a Slate-dressing machine, consisting of knife-edges, placed obliquely on a revolving drum, so as to work like the down-cut of a car- penter’s saw, was exhibited by one of the Port-Madoc contri- butors, Mr. J. W. Greaves ; and the Company there, above named, seem to have a machine that will dress 12,000 to 15,000 slates per diem, accurately and completely. The slate ridges and hips of Messrs. R. Williams and Co. also are shown. — From the Builder. GRAPHITE FROM SIBERIA. M. Alibert exhibited in the Russian portion of the nave blocks of Graphite or Plumbago, from an extensive bed recently dis- covered in Siberia. It takes so high a polish as to be mistaken for steel. The material, so highly prized for making lead pencils, is but rarely found in large quantities, and for many years the celebrated mine at Borrowdale was the chief source from which the best supplies were obtained. At one time the price paid for the plumbago from this mine was 2 1. 5s. per lb., and as much as 100,000L has been realized from it in one year ; but for some time past — notwithstanding that it has been worked very spar- ingly — the supply has run short, and it is believed that the vein is practically all but exhausted.* In travelling through Eastern Siberia M. Alibert found some traces of this mineral in a remarkably pure state, and, knowing its value and importance, he set himself * Messrs. Brockedon have replied to this statement in the Times, the journal wherein it originally appeared. They state that they have many tons of the finest Cumberland lead in store, from which the pencil- makers are sup- plied from time to time. This is the only plumbago, or pure graphite, that will rub out with india-rubber. The Siberian graphite, Messrs. Brockedon as- sure us, is as difficult to rub out as black chalk. MINERAL WEALTH OF FRANCE. to work to search for the vein, which he felt satisfied must be in the neighbourhood. For fifteen years, at considerable expense, he persevered, and was at last rewarded by arriving at a bed of graphite. Geologists of all countries who have examined the samples shown speak highly of its quality — and it can be used in the construction of pencils without any of those elaborate pro- cesses to which inferior lead has to be subjected. The great draw- back of the mine is its distance from those civilized portions of the world where lead pencils are much used, for it is situated not far from the Russian frontier of China, on the summit of the Mountain of Batougol, a spur of the chain of Saian. Even the most unscientific observer can form some idea of the quality of the graphite from the ease with which it is carved into all sorts of shapes. Besides several handsome blocks, which ex- hibit it pretty nearly in its raw state, M. Alibert showed some elegant busts, and half-a-dozen trophies of the material of various designs. These carvings — sculptures, we might almost call them — have all been executed by the Siberian peasants who work in the mines, and show no mean skill, while the clearness of the outlines and the smoothness of surface speak highly for the ma- terial with which they have worked. Other specimens of graphite, from a different part of Siberia, were also exhibited in the Rus- sian Court, but the qualitj'- was very inferior ; and in the gallery above were samples of graphite from Norway, Sicily, the East Indies, Malaga, Cumberland, and other places. M. Alibert, among his Souvenirs of Siberia, exhibited a large mass of Nephrite, a mineral substance closely resembling mala- chite in appearance, but which has, in reality, a greater affinity to jade. In some respects it is superior to both, for it works up much more readily, and in small pieces has a transparent bril- liancy which both those minerals lack. The mass which M. Alibert exhibited was 12801b. in weight, and he valued it at 1600Z. MINERAL WEALTH OF FRANCE. The French Juries for the admission of specimens to the Exhi- bition, have indicated as amongst improvements in the course of the past ten years, in the extraction and fabrication of the pro- ducts of this Class, the following : 1. The development given to the production of coal, and the persevering efforts made in different localities to discover and realize the value of new beds of com- bustible material ; 2. The various perfectionments in the sinking of pits through the most difficult water-bearing strata, in the ma- chinery of extraction and ventilation, and in the exploitation of thick beds of coal ; and the processes for the agglomeration of small coal ; 3. The development of the exploitation of pyrites of iron and copper for the fabrication of sulphuric acid; 4. Increase in the extraction of kaolin, and also in the manufacture of cements and hydraulic limes ; 5. A notable augmentation in the quantity of wrought and cast iron produced ; the use of hot-air become .almost general in the high furnaces ; utilization more and more 84 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. frequent, of the gas and heat otherwise lost, in reverberatory and other forms of furnace ; and the improvements, numerous and varied, in the rollers for the fabrication of special forms and dimensions of wrought iron ; 6. The more active search for man- ganesic and spathose minerals for the fabrication of cast iron, using wood ; and the tendency of this special fabrication to develope it- self ; 7. Increase in the fabrication of puddled, cast, and other steel,, from cast iron, by new processes, with the aid of wood of the locality, — methods of which the use extends more and more every day ; 8. A certain amount of progress in the treatment of the minerals of lead and copper, and in the elaboration of those metals ; and 9. The creation in France of the production of alu- minium, and the remarkable progress in the manufacture of a multitude of objects of this metal and its alloys ; and the perfec- tion of the treatment of the mineral of platinum, and in the fabri- cation of objects in which the metal is used. The French Geological Maps of France were numerous and im- portant. Among the more remarkable was an atlas of twelve sheets, forming a map of the ancient principality of Dombes in the department of the Ain, a curious district of about 100,000 hectares, of which area, more than one-sixth has been converted into fish-ponds, which are in number about 1600, and are emptied every two years to obtain the fish, and to be planted for cereals, and afterwards again filled with water and stocked with young fish. The insufficiency of the population and other causes, led to the method of cultivation. The method has, however, as might have been expected, been most injurious to health in the district.. An instalment was shown of a great work, that of ascertaining the levels of principal spots over the whole of France continental,, was suggested in 1857, by Mr Bourdaloue, who had already completed a similar work for the department of the Cher. The object is to render more easy and certain the operations having relation to new routes, water-courses, drainage, and irrigation. Great detail and exactness therefore were required, which would involve much expense. The first part of the undertaking, com- prising the fixing the principal points, was commenced at the end of September, 1857, and will be finished befoi*e the end of the present year. Those who would understand something relating to the climate and products of France, should examine the maps of the three regions, the wheat, wine of exportation, and silk producing, and the specimens of the principal types of animals and birds, useful or considered hurtful, belonging to those regions, and the botanical. and geological collections, which are exhibited by Messrs, filoffe, of Paris . — Abridged from the Builder. MINERALS OF THE ZOLLVEREIN. This collection, formed under the direction of Von Dechen, of. Bonn, and arranged by Dr. Hermann Wedding, of Berlin, con- tains almost every known description of iron ore — namely, mag- CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESSES. 85 netic oxide, specular ore, red and brown haematite, spathose car- bonate, and argillaceous ore, including black -band ; and even bog iron ore is not absent. The specimens, which are large and well- selected, are arranged in ascending geological order, and nearly -every member of the series has its representative. Thus, ores are shown from igneous and metamorphie rocks, and the following formations : — The Devonian, the carboniferous, the new red sand- stone, the magnesian limestone, the trias, the lias, the oolite, the wealden, the cretaceous, and the tertiaries. The gems are the magnificent spathose carbonates from Siegen. The upper De- vonian beds of Westphalia and Nassau have been found very pro- ductive of red ores of good quality ; and a series of these forms an important part of the general collection. Complete informa- tion will be found in the special catalogue concerning the mode of occurrence, and the localities of all these ores. We would direct attention to the Nos. 620, 621, 622 of this catalogue, as illustrative of a process for converting the fine powder of a brown iron ore into compact masses suitable for smelting. The powder is separated by washing with water in the state of mud, which is left to consolidate sufficiently in shallow pits, and is then made into bricks ; these are dried and burnt, and so rendered fit for smelting. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESSES. The display of Chemicals in the Exhibition was the finest yet collected together. Not only were the exhibitors more numerous than in 1851, but there were more first-class names on the list, hardly one manufacturer of eminence being absent. In our lead- ing branches of Chemical Manufactures the show was wonderfully good. The specimens of alkalies, alum, and the coal-tar dyes generally, constituted the great bulk of the Exhibition. Looking hastily through the range of cases, we met the familiar names of Allhusen and Co., Chance, brothers, the Jarrow Chemical Com- pany, Hutchinson and Earl, Musspratt, the Walker Alkali Com- pany, G-askell, Deacon, and Co., and several others equally famous in the manufacture of alkali. The samples sent by these firms were fine in the extreme, some of the soda crystals being almost perfect in form. When all are so good it would be invidious to choose ; but the samples of mono and bicarbonate, contributed by Hutchinson and Earl, and Gaskell, Deacon and Co., appear to be as near perfection as they possibly can be. Mr. Peter Spence sent a splendid cone of alum, weighing nearly five tons. A hole has been cut in the side in order to render the interior visible. Another cone of equal size and excellence was contributed by the Metropolitan Alum Company. A very fine but small crystal of alum, sent by Bray and Thompson, attracted great notice. In 'Coal-tar Dyes, Messrs. Perkin were of course foremost. Their col- lection, illustrative of the manufacture of Mauve, was very com- 86 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. plete. They were almost eclipsed in colour, although not in? excellence, by Simpson, Maule, and Nicholson, who exhibited a magnificent crown of crystallised Acetate of Eosaniline, which presents the most dazzling appearance. In their wake followed Eoberts, Dale, and Co. (who exhibited some fine samples of oxalic acid prepared from saw-dust), Kumney, Holliday, Dawson, Judson, Allen, and several others. Indigo and the lichen dyes were also well represented ; the collections of Haworth and Brook, Pincoff, Wood and Bedford, Marshall and Sons, B. Smith and Son, and Haas, being especially good. The collections of specimens illus- trating the improvements made in Dyeing and Calico-printing since 1851, formed by Mr. K. Eumney, afforded a wonderful proof of the activity displayed in this branch of Chemical manu- factures during the last eleven years. It included the very fine collection of Madder products formed by Dr. Schunck, and ex- hibited by him before the British Association at Manchester last year. Other Chemical manufactures were well shown ; some sul- phate of copper in gigantic crystals, by Buck and Co., of Man- chester ; a sulphate of iron crown, by Buckley’s trustees; excellent specimens of prussiates, by the Hurtley and Campric Alum Com- pany ; bichromate, by White and Co. ; and prussiates by Bramwell and Co., — were extremely fine. In fine and rare chemicals, Hus- kisson’s iodides, Morson’s lithia and nickel salts, Foot and Co’s acids, the iodine products by Ward and Co., and a series of interesting products by Hopkin and Williams, were only a few of the fine displays in this branch. Dr. Stenhouse, Dr. Muller, and Mr. Church contributed interesting products, chiefly discovered by themselves, the specimens of orceine and nitrotheine in the collec- tion of Dr. Stenhouse being wonderfully pure and perfect. Mr. Crookes exhibited the new element, Thallium, and several of its compounds. A series of Bile products, by Bullock and Eeynolds, was likewise very fine. Chemical colours and pigments received adequate representation at the hands of Windsor and Newton, who sent over 1,000Z. worth of real ultramarine ; J. W. Smith, whose Magenta lake is extremely beautiful, and a number of others. Bailey exhibited some very fine porcelain colours, and Emery and Co.’s case of specimens of these materials was a perfect gem in the taste shown in its arrangement. Wilkinson and Heyward, Man dor Brothers, Wallis Brothers, and Eea, send some fine samples of gums and varnishes. Lucifer matches were well re- presented by five or six of the first houses in the trade ; and the familiar names of Everett, Day and Martin, and several others, were here in all their sable glories. Laundry Starch was contributed by nine or ten well-known houses, amongst whom may be men- tioned Orlando Jones and Co., J. and J. Colman, S. Berger and Co., Broomhall, Wotherspoon, Eickett, Stiff and Fry, and many more. One of the great features in the class was the splendid collec- tion of Drugs formed by the Pharmaceutical Society, which filled one of the finest cases in the whole Building. The series of CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES. 87 Cinchona products by Howard and Sons, could hardly have been produced by any other house. A magnificent mass of crystals of Codeine, measuring eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, and worth upwards of 200?., was exhibited by Macfarlane and Co., who also contributed some splendid specimens of anarcotine, morphia and its salts, sulphate of berberine, narceine, and other opium products. The trophy — which consists of a fine mass of alum crystals, sur- mounted and surrounded by crystals of prussiate, bichromate, sulphate of copper, and other chemicals, piled in artistic forms — was very effective . — Chemical News. Superb crystals of Red and Yellow Prussiate of Potash, were shown by the Hurlet and Campsic Alum Company, and Bramwell and Company. Prussiate of Potash fills a very important place in our manufactures. It is made from such apparently worthless materials as rotten wool, rags, hoofs, horn waste, or any. other azotized organic matters. These are mixed with the impure car- bonate of potash and iron filings, and, whilst being stirred with an iron rod, submitted to a red heat in close iron vessels, the whole is afterwards treated with hot water, filtered and evaporated, when crystals are obtained of ferrocyanide of potassium. By pass- ing chlorine gas through a solution of the ferrocyanide, the ferrid cyanide is formed, or by another process, too elaborate to describe here, cyanide of potassium is the resulting product so much used in electro- plating, gilding, and photography. Again, from ferro- cyanide of potassium, or the yellow prussiate of potash and sulphuric acid, the deadly hydrocyanic or prussic acid is formed ; and Prussian blue is an admixture of this same substance with a salt of iron. A new product, for the first time, was exhibited — the Silicate of Alumina — a beautiful crystalline substance resembling glass. It is formed by mixing two alkaline solutions of silica and alumina ; from the great affinity of the alumina for the silica, a union is formed between them of a most permanent character. The bases in the mixed solutions, however, showing a most energetic action in strong solutions, when diluted with water have that action so retarded that they remain in the form of a liquid for some hours, admitting of many useful applications, such as the preserving of stone by induration, and the manufacture of artificial stones, which processes were exemplified. White Wine Yinegar is obtained, in the form of Acetic Acid, from the smaller branches of the oak and other hard woods, and it is now also obtained from — sawdust. This dust now finds itself entering the mouth of a long retort through a hopper, is coaxed forward by an endless screw occupying the whole diameter of the retort, and brought under a heat that implies destructive distillation, thus parting with its volatile products, and leaving the retort at the far end fairly exhausted, whilst assuming its sombre carbon- aceous form, it becomes the parent of the acetates, whose names are legion, and are of so great a commercial value amongst dyers, as also in chemistry and pharmacy. Gundy, of Battersea, exhibited the Permanganate of Potash, a 88 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. most powerful and innocuous deodorizer and disinfectant : its oxi- dizing powers are beautifully shown by treating pure and impure water ; with a small quantity of the fluid, each water may be perfectly pellucid or clear ; but if organic matter be in solution, it will instantaneously be oxidized and precipitated as a powder to the bottom, leaving the water colourless ; but if nothing of the kind exists in the water, it remains tinged with the pink colour of the fluid, which retains its normal condition. — Mechanics' Magazine. Paraffine was well illustrated. — In the Great Exhibition of 1851 Mr. James Young exhibited specimens of Paraffine and Paraffine Oil, and one candle, the product of the distillation of coal. Soon after, he and his partners established a manufactory at Bathgate, near Edinburgh, which, we are informed, has grown to be among the largest chemical works in the world. Evidences of this appeared in the huge blocks and other specimens of paraffine now exhibited by Mr. Young. Paraffine was first obtained about 1830 by Reichenbach, by the destructive distillation of wood and peat. Mr. Young has been fortunate enough to make what Liebig some years ago said would be one of the greatest dis- coveries of the age — viz., the condensation of coal gas into a white, hard, di-y, solid, colourless, odourless substance, portable, and capable of being placed upon a candlestick or burnt on a lamp. Mr. Young’s paraffine oil will not take fire at common temperature, and is therefore much safer for household use than the numerous oils which bear that name now so largely sold. Among the rare Chemicals shown by Mr. Church were Picric, Tuberic, and other acids, and their salts ; and Mr. Crisp’s re- markable Bile products. Huskisson’s specimens of Iodine and Iodides were there in beautiful crystalline forms : the iodide of arsenic was very elegant ; and some of the cubes of the iodide of potassium were nearly If inch in the side : the hollow truncated crystals of the iodide of ammonium, and a fine artificial crystal of sulphur, much interested students in crystallography. Foot and Co., of Battersea, exhibited a complete series of products illus- trating the manufacture of Acetic Acid and its compounds, from the wood upwards : their specimen of glacial acetic acid was the only one which preserved its solidity despite the heat. An ex- ample of the exhaustive method of modern chemistry was given by Mr. J. Lewis, of Swansea, who, by the destructive distillation of various hard woods, not of the fir tribe, obtains tar, naphtha, char- coal, and acetate of soda, of which last he exhibited specimens. Chemistry in its relation to Medicine was represented chiefly in the large cases of the Pharmaceutical Society, containing a sys- tematic collection of the materials of the British Pharmacopoeia. The Ethers (including the great anaesthetic, Chloroform) exhibited by Duncan, Flockart, and Co., of Edinburgh, were of especial in- terest; as was the series of elegant crystals of various medicinal preparations set forth in the case of Bullock and Reynolds. The case of Messrs. Howard exhibited salts of the Alkaloids of great beauty, fine large crystals of Chlorate of Potash and Carbonate of NEW PIGMENTS. 89 Soda, specimens of Calomel, &c., in its various conditions; then Hopkins and Williams showed fine specimens of pyrogallic acid, cyanide of potassium, caffeine, aconitine, &c., and also the rare salts of lithia ; and Mr. Halle’s salts of strychnine and quinine were clean and well crystallised. The specimens of narceine exhibited by Messrs. Morson were considered unique : and their Japanese purified peppermint and crystallised citrate of lithia were very re- markable. In regard to Pigments we can only refer to the gorgeous col- lections of Windsor and Newton, Wilkinson and Heywood, and others too numerous to specify, as proving the high character maintained by British manufacturers. As a novelty we may notice that Gaskell and Deacon exhibited an artificial Ultramarine made by calcining together certain proportions of China clay, sulphate and carbonate of soda, sulphur and carbon, and speci- mens of vermilion of a very fine tone. In connexion with Pigments we may here notice C. W. Vincent’s specimens of Varnishes prepared by steam-heat, which secures uniformity of action on the part of the substances used as driers, and gives the power of regulating the consistency of the varnish itself with great certainty. These varnishes are said to possess great drying powers, and in special cases have permitted as many as twelve separate printings in as many hours. Samples of Print- ing Inks made from them, and several of the coloured supplements of the Illustrated London News in which they have been em- ployed, were also exhibited. Among the chemicals used in manufactures are the various forms of Borax and Boracic Acid. The obtaining them from the volcanic fumaroles in the lagoons of Tuscany has become a great source of wealth, through the enterprise of Count Larderel. Very interesting specimens of them w 7 ere sent by Mr. E. Wood, of Stoke-on-Trent. As an example of practical application of pure chemistry we must refer to Professor B. C. Brodie’s specimens of Graphite or Plumbago, chemically disintegrated and purified by means of sul- phuric acid and chlorate of potash, in an iron vessel. His re- searches in connexion with this substance, are w r ell known to chemists. In relation to the now important manufacture of Lucifers, were the beautiful specimens of crystals of chlorate of potash, of amorphous phosphorus, &c., contributed by Albright and Wilson. By Schrotter’s process, made known in 1851, com- mon phosphorus is deprived of the properties which prove so in- jurious to lucifer makers, by causing frightful disease of the jaws and facial bones. We regret that this form of phosphorus has not yet come into universal application. Of the numerous specimens of Soaps, perhaps the most interesting was that exhibited by the firm of Gossage. It is a compound soap, the invention of Mr. Wm. Gossage, of Warrington, and made from ordinary fats, saponified by means of silicate of soda. It is stated that it can be supplied at the rate of 28/. per ton. The Gossages also ex- 90 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. hibited some interesting specimens illustrating the manufacture of Soluble Glass. Among the most extraordinary substances shown was a new material, called “Parksine,” from the name of its discoverer — the product of a mixture of chloroform and castor oil, which pro- duces a substance as hard as horn, but as flexible as leather — capable of being cast or stamped, painted, dyed, or carved, and which, above all, can be produced, in any quantity, at a lower price than gutta percha. Here may be mentioned the principal improvements during the past ten years in Prance, in Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Products and Perfumery, including Colours. Such improvements are the use, already alluded to, of pyrites in place of sulphur, which has caused reduction in the price of sulphuric acid ; the ex- tension of the indigenous production of potash by the calcina- tion of the residues of the distillation of beet- root juice ; and the preparation of the potasse du mint ; the development, in the pro- cess of extraction from the waters of salt-marshes, of the sulphate of soda and the salts of manganese which are contained in them ; the improvements in the production of ammonia, and its salts, from the condensed fluid collected during distillation of coal ; the development of the industries of the distillation of coal-tar, and the preparation of benzine and certain acids ; the application, more and more frequent, of the silicates of soda and potash, to the conservation of monuments and sculpture ; the new industry of the salts of alumina with a soda-base, and of pure alumina ; the experiments for the industrial production of the prussiates and ammoniacal salts by ammonia and carbonate of barytes ; increase of the production of pyroligneous acids and its compounds ; de- velopment given to the fabrication of the vegetable alkaloids ; extension in the manufacture of white lead, and artificial ultramarine ; introduction of the yellow, red, violet, and blue colouring matters, resulting from the transformations of aniline ; and the use of sulphuret of carbon for the extraction of fatty sub- stances and perfumes. COAL-TAE AND LICHEN DYES. Strange and curious were the illustrations exhibited of the Coal Tar Dyes, and their wonderful effects already mentioned. Coal- tar is the basis of all the new colours we have lately got, such as Mauve and Magenta, and this field of chemical research seems boundless in extent. Thus, coal-tar is gradually refined upon and improved till the dirty mass becomes a liquid of glowing tints, the dye of which is shown by exquisite silks, feathers, and moird antiques, tinted of the now so fashionable colours. Both these colours were discovered in England and by English chemists. Perkin, in endeavouring to make artificial quinine, found Mauve ; and almost at the same time Mr. Nicholson, of the firm of Simp- son and Maule, discovered Magenta. The way in which the colour is produced may be told in a few words. Coal-tar, when COAL-TAR AND LICHEN DYES. 91 distilled, yields a colourless fluid called Benzole, much used for removing grease-stains from silk or cloth. This when mixed with nitric acid k forms nitro- benzole, which when again distilled with acetic acid and iron filings forms those exquisite green crystalliza- tions, called aniline. This when distilled again with different salts produces dyes of different colours, such as Mauve and Ma- genta ; and thus the coal-tar, which was of such little value that it almost puzzled gas factories to get rid of it, has become the basis of a most important manufacture. Aniline was but a few years ago so rare as to be known among chemists almost only by name. Now it is an article of commerce. A few grains of it suffice to dye many yards of fabric, and it is well that it has this power, for two gallons of coal-tar only yield ten grains of aniline. One circular block of aniline about twenty inches high by nine inches wide was shown which was the whole product of no less than 2000 tons of coal. This specimen is sufficient to dye 300 miles of silk fabric. Where two quantities are given it is easy to find a third. With the data which we have stated, therefore, as to two gallons of coal-tar yielding ten grains of aniline, and the product of 2000 tons of coal being capable of dyeing 300 miles of silk, any lady of a calculating turn of mind can reckon to a bushel the precise amount of coal consumed to colour the mauve dress in which she is attired. A grain of the aniline dissolved in water tinges it at once of that reddish violet, the delicate colour of which can only be compared to the brightness of a flash of electricity. Near these were shown the products of the Lichen Dyes, the beautiful blues and purples which are made from the common mosses and lichens. This was accidentally discovered, for the mosses have to undergo a particularly offensive course of treat- ment before they yield their tints. Where the specimens of the mosses used were shown, the fabrics dyed with their colours were displayed above them, so that, except in witnessing the actual process, the whole modus operandi was told to the visitor clearly enough. Near these were shown some specimens of indigo and indigo dyes, exhibited by Heyworth and Brooke ; while round about were displayed all the wonderful forms of crystallization, from masses of alum as big as grottos, and hollowed out inside with clusters of glittering prisms, down to groups of crystals of soda, of salt, and saltpetre. Some of the single block crystals of alum weighed from five to seven tons . — Abridged from the Times. SUBSTANCES USED FOB FOOD. The collection of these articles was numerous and considered very interesting. For the sugar-refiner there were Sugars of every kind, raw and manufactured, from all parts of the world, and almost from all substances known. In one case was a series of beautifully crystallized specimens of sugar from sugar- cane, beet, maple, liquorice, gelatine, milk, and fat ; also sugar 82 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. from grapes, from starch, from ergot of rye, from manna, and “from flesh.” Other curious sugars were likewise shown, includ- ing one of crystals made from sweet-pea. Sugar, long considered a neutral substance without congeners, .has, in consequence of chemical research, become the parent of a numerous and increasing family. Fourteen specimens were ex- hibited by Darby and Gosden, including not only beautiful forms of cane and grape-sugar, but also sugars derived from acorns, &c., muscular fibre, beets, and other animal and vegetable substances. Mr. Hallett exhibited his wonderful examples of “Pedigree Wheat.” He has applied to the growth of wheat the rules which every stockbreeder in the country knows — namely, that from the largest and best animals the largest and best progeny may be ex- pected, and that, therefore, the agriculturist should proceed to develope the productive powers of wheat as if it were altogether a new species of cereal which he was trying to bring to perfection for the first time. Mr. Hallett, in 1857, planted only from ears 4f inches long, containing 47 grains. In 1858 his finest ear was inches long, containing 79 grains, and there were 10 ears from the finest plant. In 1860 the ears were imperfect, from the wet season, but they appear only to have reserved and husbanded their productiveness for a more auspicious occasion, as in 1861 the finest ear was no less than 8| inches long, containing 123 grains, and the number of ears in the finest single plant had risen from the starting number of 10 in 1857 to 52 in 1861. The various ears and their dates of sowing were shown. Among the Articles of Food, — Port, sherry, claret, cham- pagne, and brandy were openly exhibited as of British manu- facture, with Ilavannah and other “foreign” cigars. The great Ale and Beer brewers alike exhibited. Bass, Guinness, Salt, &c., all were here, save Allsopp, who was wisely content with the prac- tical exhibition of his manufacture at the refreshment counters in the Building, where it was consumed at the rate of some twenty barrels a-day. Huntly and Palmer erected a little temple case of Biscuits of every form and kind that were ever eaten ; and not far from this were labelled specimens of cheap Confectionery. Nor was the display confined to articles merely eatable or pleasing to the palate. There probably never was such a collection of Poisons brought together before under one roof, from the drug that kills instantaneously up to the British port that takes years to accomplish its deadly purpose. They were all here, and some in such attractive forms as crystals grouped like rare and costly gems, massive deposits of golden or ruby looking prisms, one grain of which would almost suffice to destroy life ; piles of soft . cnowy crystals of caustic soda. In Alum manufacture were some fine crystals, contributed by the Metropolitan Alum Company of Bow ; very perfect specimens of the crystals of alum, magnesia, and copper, exhibited by Mr. F. Baker ; and a great alum cone sent by Mr. Spence, of Man- chester, who has devised a process whereby he is able to produce PRESERVATION OF MEAT. 93 sixty-five tons of ammonia alum from fifty tons of coal shale ; also alum specimens, including red and yellow prussiate, contributed by Messrs. Wilson, of the Hurlet Works, near Glasgow. A fine column of rock salt, by gradually dissolving, visibly manifested its remarkable power of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere : it was exhibited by the Salt Chamber of Northwich, Cheshire. Mr. Vickars showed a case containing not only every kind of Isinglass as white as the purest snow, but the same material shown for the first time in what may be termed artistic castings, such a3 the leaves, tendrils and fruit of the vine as perfect as nature itself in everything but their wonderful clearness of colour. Fortnum and Mason exhibited a perfect collection of dried and preserved fruits. Valuable improvements have been made in the Preservation of Meat and other articles of diet. Jones and Trevithick exhibited a raw leg of mutton and other meats, which appeared perfectly fresh after a long interval of time. In their process the meat is intro- duced into a tin vessel, the air is exhausted, and a small quantity of sulphurous acid gas in introduced, which is quickly absorbed by the juice of the meat. Nitrogen (or azote), which is incapable of exerting any putrefactive action on it, is then permitted to enter the vacuum, and the can is sealed. Should this process prove successful a great step will be gained. Mr. M‘Call exhibited meats preserved in the old method — viz., expulsion of the air by boiling. The speciality of his process consists in a plan for the absorption of any oxygen remaining in the case. In the top of his can is a small capsule in which he places a button of fused hypo- sulphite of soda: this, when exposed, as the can is soldered, is supposed to take up any oxygen left in the vessel. The open case of beef appeared quite fresh. The increasing demand for agricultural produce necessitates the application of Manure to restore to the ground the elements taken from it. Mr. Whitworth, of Bermondsey, has endeavoured to make still further use of Fish for this purpose, and exhibited speci- mens of his concentrated fish manure for cereal crops. Chemists of high reputation testify to the richness of this manure in soluble phosphates and nitrogenous substances . — Abridged from, the Times - and Illustrated London Neivs. INDIAN PRODUCTS. Mr. M. C. Cooke, in the following paper, in The Technologist , characterizes the Indian collection as superior to that department in 1851; and interesting beyond the Exhibitions of either 1851 or 1855, from the closer association of India with the British Crown. We are taught by the recent Exhibition that India can supply us with cotton, tobacco, and tea, sufficient to compensate us for the deficiencies which events might occasion : what may be necessary to ensure such a supply does not fall within our province at this juncture to indicate. The fact that three hundred samples of tea 94 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. were shown, and more than a hundred of cotton, with some to- bacco, were features not to be forgotten in passing through the Indian collection. And of starchy products were two or three novelties. A kind of arrowroot from a plant growing wild in Cuttack is of very good quality. The manufacture has been but recently introduced into that province. This product, which is known in the bazaars under the name of Palvoa , is collected by the Sahars and made into cakes, or boiled with milk, and used as an article of food. The plant which produces it grows abundantly in the jungles. From Akyab, another kind of arrowroot was sent, which is known under the native name of Remboivah. It is said to be prepared from a root called Pemban Oo, which is ob- tainable in large quantities, and the cost of the article when manufactured would be about four rupees per maund. From Chota Nagpore we had also a similar product, obtained from a wild jungle plant; and from Chittagong, “wild ginger starch.” The wild ginger grows abundantly everywhere in Chit- tagong. Behchandee is prepared by the Gonds, and is sold in the Bazaars of Jubbulpore. It is not an arrowroot, but bears some resem- blance to it when pounded. The natives prepare it for food in a variety of ways, and use it on fast days. It is obtained from the stems of a jungle-plant, after being soaked in running water for several days. The Elastic Gums contained some novelties. From Gorruck- pore, four samples of caoutchouc were sent, stated to be obtained from sources new to commerce. From Chingleput, Dr. John Shortt contributed india-rubber, obtained from the Mudar plant (Calotropis gigantea), and also from the milk-hedge ( Euphorbia antiquorum) , and another species of Euphorbia (E. tortilis). Amongst the gutta-percha of the Malayan Peninsula was a sub- stance greatly resembling it, called Gutta Terbole, and which is affirmed to be employed, not only as a substitute, but as an adul- terant of the genuine article. What Gutta Gree Grip and Gutta Babee, from the same locality, may be, we have not yet had the opportunity of determining. Somewhat allied in its uses is the Buglar tree bark, from Chota Nagpore, where it is employed as a glue for joining wood. Soluble gums and resins were similar to those exhibited on former occasions : Gum Kino, from Bangoon, probably the pro- duce of Pterocarpus Wallichii, might be obtained in almost any quantity, the tree which yields it being one of the most abundant. Of Aleo-resin, the turpentine of Pinus longifolio , and wood-oils, are most important ; of the latter, several kinds were exhibited. The Gurgun of Chittagong is obtained by cutting a hole in the tree, about three feet from the ground, and about four or five inches deep into the tree. The base is hollowed out to retain the oil. The hollow is cleared with fire, without which no oil exudes. After it is cleared the oil issues, and is removed as it accumu- lates. The oil is thus extracted year after year, and at times there are two or three holes in the same tree. The oil is allowed INDIAN PRODUCTS. 95 to settle when the clear part separates from the thicker portion. If a growing tree is cut down and cut in pieces, the oil exudes, and concretes on the stem and the ends of the pieces, very much like camphor, and with an aromatic odour. A tree yields from 250 to 4001bs yearty, and the same tree will yield for several years. This substance has been employed as a substitute for Balsam of Copaiba, and would be useful as a varnish. It can be had in any quantities, at ten rupees per maund. In the Oil series, and amongst oil- seeds, were Nahor Oil, ob- tained from the seeds of Mesua ferrea, and the oils of Aleurites triloba , and Rottlera tinctoria. The curiosities in this section were the Oil of Cocoa-nut shells, and the veritable Oil of Macassar. The Dye-stuffs attracted attention on account of the presence amongst them of the Roum dye of Assam, Ruellia-le&ves ; a series of illustrations of the green dye of Malda, with cloths dyed therewith ; and a similar series illustrative of a new yellow dye, from the same locality, which can be obtained in any quan- tity. The flowers of Trapa bispinosa ; Thitna dye, from Akyab ; Neepa dye, of Burmah ; Kamla Goondee , of Cuttack ; Jackwood, of Akyab ; and Mug dye, of Chittagong ; were amongst the novel- ties in this section. A series of sixteen linches was contributed from Darjeeling, but these require testing before anything can be affirmed as to their tinctorial properties. Two or three new tanning substances were exhibited from Chittagong and elsewhere. The stimulants, whether alcoholic or narcotic, were well repre- sented : amongst the former were rice arrack, Mowha spirit. Mango whisky prepared from the Mango fruit, and cane-juice spirits. Amongst the latter, Gunjah, Bang , and varieties of Churrus , or hemp-resin. Full illustrations of the manufacture of opium, with specimens of the product, were shown ; with Bynee seeds, used as a substitute for Betel-nuts ; Tobacco from a few localities, and other narcotics amongst the medicinal products. The grains and pulses were more numerous than ever, and in connexion with these, Dr. Forbes Watson exhibited a series of the chief varieties, with the results of his analyses attached, showing the nutritive value of each. Of woods there were from twelve to fifteen hundred specimens. Amongst the curiosities of food, we had, in addition to the usual contribution of sharks’ fins, birds’ nests, trepang, agar- agar, &c., some potted fish gnapie, dried mushrooms from China, dried fungi, and other delicacies. Here were also specimens of the principal soils of India — sam- ples of iron ores, and various articles manufactured from them, and tin ores, gold washings, and all the principal minerals. The Government of India, the Madras Central Committee, and others contributed numerous samples of Cotton from different localities. Of the products of the Dacca looms there were many exquisite specimens, and the cases containing the magnificent shawls and gold-embroidered tissues were conspicuous from afar. The dazzling splendour of the gold and silver* tissues of Kingcomb almost eclipsed at first sight the sober hues of the real cashmeres in a 96 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. case hard by. From Bombay a native exhibitor, Bhimjee Byramjee sent some beautiful articles of carved furniture, includ- ing a grand pianoforte, which would bear comparison with the finest works of English manufacture. There were also other very remarkable specimens of carving in ivory, ebony, sandal, and other woods. Jung Bahadoor, the Bao of Kutch, the Maharajah of Ulwa, and other Indian princes contributed numerous articles of native jewellery and manufactures in gold and silver ; and there was an entire case filled with the most elegant silver filagree- work. The most suggestive, but least attractive, portion of the Indian display was at its entrance, where one of the great tests of a country’s value was shown by a collection of its raw materials and natural products. Beyond these came its manufactures — native locks that would puzzle Hobbs to pick ; cutlery from Salem that should astonish Sheffield. Beyond these were weapons damascened in gold, and then gold and silver work, and enamelled jewellery. An Indian shawl is popularly supposed to be a mixture of gold and brilliant colours, while on to almost any and every scarf or shawl coming from the East has been tacked the name of “ Cash- mere.” Those who wish to be learned in the matter of these ex- quisite fabrics, the manufacture of which it is to be feared is dying out, could, in the India Court, trace every step of the process : from the first rough groups of dirty hair and wool that are sheared from the shawl-goat, down to the cleaned wool and hair, the wool alone, the wool twisted, dyed, and woven at last into those wonder- ful patterns of sad colours which make the thick Cashmere shawl. Near these wonderful cases of textiles were shown a few specimens of a work, which, in its best examples, is almost peculiar to the natives of Goojerat. These were the steel objects inlaid with the arabesques in gold. Formerly it was almost entirely used for decorating armour, shields, and blades of weapons. Now none of these are made, and the natives confine the manufacture entirely to such things as paper-knives, caskets, jewel-boxes, &c. Some exquisite specimens of these were shown. In the same case with these was exhibited by Dr. Campbell a very curious collection of articles from Darjeeling and Thibet. Among others are the prayer cylinders — a common brass cylinder, filled with printed prayers, which the natives spin and turn round, and every revolution counts as so many prayers said. In some parts near Thibet, where the strictest Buddhism prevails, these prayer cylinders are made of great size, and turned by water power, so as to do the praying of the whole village in which it works without a moment’s cessation. This easy method of invocation is so extensively practised by all the natives, that printing in Thibet is confined almost exclusively to the production of the innumerable prayers that are required by the people. The printing-blocks used for this purpose in Thibet and Darjeeling were shown in one of the cases. They are cut in coarse wooden blocks, and in workmanship are apparently on a par with what Caxton’s first failures must have been . — Abridged from the Times. RAILWAY PLANT. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES. Of Locomotive Engines there was a magnificent rank, eight or nine at least, with tenders attached, in complete working order, — brilliant with polished brass and iron and varnished paint. The London and North-Western, the Caledonian, and other railway com- panies, sent splendid specimens ; as did the private builders, among which those by Sir W. Armstrong, and Sharp, Stewart, and Co., were the most conspicuous. Some of these engines were designed to attain the highest velocities with light loads ; others had all the wheels small and coupled, and were intended to drag interminable trains of minerals at low speeds ; and of those little handy engines now so common on the works of contractors and elsewhere there were numerous specimens. Mi\ Ramsbottom exhibited an ad- mirable invention for watering tenders of trains while at full speed. This was originally invented to facilitate still further the rapid progress of the Irish express train (better known as the Wild Irishman) between Holyhead and London. The plan simply con- sists of a sunk trough filled with water, laid at certain stations between the rails, and into which, as the engine approaches, a slanting, trumpet-shaped shoot is lowered, up which the velocity of the engine forces the water with such power as to fill the tender tanks in a single minute. Mr. Ramsbottom showed two engines and tenders, one full sized, as running on the North-Western Railway at present, and one a model, to run on a railway 80 feet long, with water trough between — to illustrate the invention. American engines were here with their hoarse whistles and balloon- shaped funnels ; and here was Mr. Connell’s Leviathan Express engine and tender, weighing 35 tons net weight, side by side with the Neath Abbey Ironworks locomotive, which only weighs 10 tons. The great facilities of the 5§-feet gauge in giving space to engineers to proportion locomotives properly were exemplified by the engines of Beyer, Peacock, and Co. for India ; the engines of Sharp, Stewart, and Co. for Ireland ; and the engines of the Armstrongs for the Spanish railways. Every possible variety of permanent way, with all the newest and most improved modes of fastening, was shown. The Great Northern (of France) Railway Company sent a monster Locomotive Engine, which has its boilers, cylinders, water-tank, and coal-bunk built up one above another to such a height that the wonder is how it can pass H 98 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. under an ordinary bridge. Its chimney, instead of standing straight upright, as is the manner with ordinary locomotives, has to be'curled over its back like an elephant’s trunk. It is intended for heavy traffic only, and its wheels are comparatively so small that pro- bably no very great speed could be got out of it. Among other improvements it is fitted with a superheating apparatus. Opposite to it were two very handsome composite railway carriages. The saloon carriage shown in the Belgian department, which comprises a covered platform in which passengers may walk about and smoke at their ease, is no doubt a very pleasant innovation, though hardly calculated for travelling where, as on most of the Belgian lines, the dust is such a nuisance. Mr. Ashbury, of Manchester, exhibited the raw materials, wood, pig-iron, copper, tin, lead, pigments, oils, &c., requisite to make one complete Railway Waggon, side by side with the finished wag- gon itself. This last waggon was constructed and completed from precise duplicates of the raw materials shown, in 12 hours. Mr. Yarrow exhibited a simple but ingenious Steam-carriage for common roads, intended to carry 12 passengers, and the engines, which are connected with the driving axle, are about four-horse power, and are placed outside the framing. There are two pro- pelling wheels, and the driver sits in the middle of the front seat, with the steering wheel before him and the reversing lever at his right, which give him control over the direction and speed of the carriage. The boiler is at the back of the tank under the seats. Under favourable circumstances a speed of from 18 to 20 miles an hour, it is said, has been obtained with the carriage, and no doubt it might be made particularly useful for working in conjunction with railways in carrying passengers between the stations and small towns in the neighbourhood of the line . — Abridged from the Times. WHEEL CARRIAGES. The Carriages not connected with rail or tram roads included every variety of vehicle, from a Bath chair to a velocipede, and from a four-in-hand to a perambulator or a self-propelling bathing- machine. There were barouches, landaus, single and double broughams, Eugenies, sociables, and phaetons, broughams under 7 cwt. ; Stanhopes, phaetons, waggonettes, “ diorophas,” and one comprehensive vehicle which was “a barouche, sociable, coach, and landau” all in one. Among the novelties was a cart to form either a cart or sleigh ; and the model of a plan for the prevention of all accidents to carters. Mr. Evans, of Liverpool, showed an improved Hansom cab, to accommodate two persons ; and a very handsome Fitzroy phaeton came from Northampton, constructed with malleable steel and wheels of hickory. Mr. Mulliner, of Leamington, sent a four-wheel dog-cart, which folded open and formed a waggonette. Shillibeer exhibited an improved omnibus, described as a vis-a-vis omnibus, with separate seats inside, the TRACTION ENGINES. 99 outside seats on the roof and box being reached from the interior. Starey, of Nottingham, showed a landau with flat fall of head, elastic springs and noiseless wheels in chain tires. Vezey, of Long- acre, sent a carriage with noiseless springs in india-rubber bearings. TRACTION ENGINES. Bray’s Traction Engine, considering its great capabilities, is a remarkably compact and simple piece of locomotive machinery. A specimen exhibited was built at the factory of the Company, by order of the Government, for Woolwich Dockyard. It combines many improvements upon the earlier contrivances for the purpose of trans- porting heavyweights by steam-power ; but the feathering principle of the wheels, as originally introduced by Mr. Bray, is retained. This principle consists in the circumference of the wheel having a a number of small apertures through it. These apertures are the media which allow of the protrusion and withdrawal, by means of an eccentric, of a series of blades, or teeth. The teeth may be adjusted to the nature of the soil, or paving, over which the engine has for the time to travel : that is, they may be lengthened or shortened, so to speak, at the will of the attendant. In many cases the teeth are not required to be protruded at all, the friction of the periphery of the wheel being sufficient for the purposes of traction. In such cases the blades may be thrown out at the top, or on that part of the wheel not coming in contact with the road. On the contrary, in the event of the ground being soft and slippery, or of the engine having to ascend a steep incline, the powerful auxiliary aid of the teeth can be brought into action, and the re- quisite amount of biting ensured. Arrangements exist for altering the speed and the power, so as to suit the ckcumstances of the oc- casion upon which it is used. The engine exhibited was not intended solely for traction purposes ; for it is fitted with a drum, which renders it available for driving any kind of fixed or portable machinery. It may thus be made available for an infinite variety of duties : is, in fact, an engine of all- work. Some other special features about this valuable steam appliance are : — the introduc- tion of an improved mode of steering, and of outside bearings for the driving wheels, which also are mounted on springs on both inner and outer framings. A powerful engine of this kind was employed in the conveyance of ordinary locomotive engines, heavy castings, and machinery of various kinds, from the docks, railway stations and manufactories, to their destinations at South Kensing- ton : it was thus a potent contributor to the magnificent display of machinery in the Western Annexe. The load conveyed, at one time, by this engine, occasionally amounted to 45 tons. Taplin and Co. exhibited a Traction engine of a different form to those of other competitors. This has a singularly light appear- ance ; but it has double cylinders, and is of 16 -horse power. It has a peculiar apparatus for regulating the height of water when 100 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. going up or down hill ; the mode of steering is simple and effeo tive, and it will carry sufficient fuel and water for a journey of twelve miles. MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS, AND MACHINERY IN GENERAL. A large portion of the Western Annexe was devoted to the dis- play of Engineers’ Tools, of every form and size, and for every description of work — either incision, excision, or circumcision and nearly all under the head of lathes, planing- machines, slot- cutting, punching, shearing, and drilling, or boring machines. There were also engines for weighing, measuring, testing, shaping, bending, and drawing. Some of the machine-tools were of im- mense size, for turning railway- wheels ; as were others for boring, steam-cylinders and artillery. Among the more striking collections exhibited, was that of Mr. Whitworth, comprising specimens of all the principal machines constructed at his works at Manchester : they were of the highest class of workmanship and design. The principal machine in the group was a large recently-introduced machine called a Self-acting Radial Drilling and Boring Machine ; the radial arm carrying the drill-spindle is moveable through an arc of 200 degrees ; it is at- tached to a vertical slide worked by a rack and’pinion, with worm and wheel on the main frame ; the drill-spindle works through a tube, and is adjustable horizontally by a screw and nut from one radius to another ; it has a variable self-acting down motion, and retains its connection with the driving motion in every position. Fairbairn and Co., of Leeds, sent a large Planing-machine for aimour- plates, with other important tools and machines. William Muir and Co., of Manchester, had a very large collection of tools, some of them are of immense size: they showed also a pair of grind- stones arranged in a novel manner, one grindstone always rubbing up the face of the other. Beyer and Peacock exhibited many large specimens, several of them being constructed to prepare railway machinery : one lathe exhibited by this firm is for turning up large driving-wheels for locomotive engines. Sharp, Stuart, and Co.’s display comprised a large Shaping Machine, driven by a crank, working in a slotted vibrating-arm (this is to give a quick return to the tool) ; a Marine Slotting- drill, bolt-cutting machines, and a Radial-drill, in which the drill-spindle may describe a circle twelve feet in diameter. Shanks and Co. exhibited two Drills of novel construction : the multiple-drill and the turnstile-drill. They had here also one of their large double slotting drills, with two tools working towards each other : it is capable of making a slot eighteen inches long. Here were shown the File Cutting Machines of the Manchester File Making Company. It had been maintained obstinately for many years past, that the manufacture of files was beyond the STEAM HAMMERS. 101 machinists’ art. Hand-labour alone could produce them, it was said, and in Sheffield it was stoutly declared that hand-labour alone could produce files. At length the problem seems to be solved ; and from what we saw of the file-cutting machines in the Exhibition, and know of their performances in Manchester, we are bold to say that the days of hand file-cutting are numbered. The importance of this change can scai*cely be over-estimated, as the price of files will be reduced enormously by it. In the Foreign Department of Machinery, there was an ex- tensive display of this class of machines, specimens being sent from France, Belgium, Prussia, Austria, Switzerland, and Sweden; but by far the finest collections were from the works of Herr Hartman and Herr Zimmermann, of Chemnitz, in Saxony. Here were specimens of nearly all the machine-tools in use in England, but not a single newly designed machine, nor an old one improved. The whole of them were of the approved Manchester pattern, and but for the name on them we should have thought they had been made there. The collection of Zimmermann showed what great progress the foreign machinists are making. The introduction of these tools is comparatively recent in England, yet we find our- selves competed with already by machinists in nearly all the countries of Europe. Zimmermann’s tools are quite up to the English mark in qualit}\ STEAM-HAMMERS. The name of Nasmyth is, of course, inseparably connected with this valuable implement for the forge ; and Nasmyth and Co. were represented extensively in the Exhibition. Many modifica- tions of the Steam Hammer have been made by different makers, with a view to overcoming some of the defects existing, or said to exist in its original construction. Of the modifications, Robert Morrison and Co., displayed their Double-Acting Steam Forge Hammer. The main point of improvement in this apparatus is comprised in the fact that the hammer-bar and the piston are forged solid together. In other cases, where a different mode of attachment is adopted, the piston and piston-rod have some- times, from the violence of repeated strokes, parted company. In this instance such a catastrophe, we need not say, is next to impossible. The steam- cylinder is firmly bolted to the single frame which supports the whole. This frame also contains the steam- chest, steam-passages, and the steam and exhaust pipes. The hammer-bar is furnished at its lower end with a claw for holding in the different faces or dies required for various kinds of work. The piston is simple in its construction, and two small steel rings fitting into grooves on its circumference make it steam-tight. Above the piston the bar is planed flat on one side, a correspond- ing flat being left in the cylinder cover. This arrangement has the effect of keeping the bar and the hammer face constantly in the same relative position to the anvil. On the top of the hammer- 102 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. bar there is a small roller which works in the slot of a lever. The lever, with the aid of a pair of links and a slide-rod, gives motion to an ordinary box- slide, which admits steam alternately above and below the piston. The Kirkstall Forge Company were also exhibitors of Steam Hammers, and rapidity of action is one of the principal qualifications for which they claim attention to their im- plements. No doubt in many cases this point is a momentous one, because the completion of a forging at one heat is very frequently a desideratum. The machines shown were massive and. well constructed. — Mechanics' Magazine. GWYNNE & CO.’S CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING MACHINERY. This most attractive piece of machinery consists of a patent CentrifugaUPump, driven direct by two horizontal steam cylinders, and arranged so as to draw the water from a tank situated on the ground-floor of the building. After being raised to an elevation of 23 feet into an upper tank (the difference between the water- levels when the pump is at work, is 21 feet), supported on four columns, the water falls back into the lower one in the form of a cascade, 10 feet wide and 9^ inches deep ; the water rising inside the upper tank to 12 inches above the highest level of the mouth- piece. The steam-cylinders working the pumps are 18 inches diameter ; the pistons have a stroke of 14 inches, and are coupled direct to the pump shaft without any intermediate gearing. The revolving disc of the pump is 4 feet in diameter, the suction and delivery -pipes are 30 inches in diameter, and the pump, if worked with 25 lbs. steam-pressure in the cylinders throughout the stroke, discharges 110 to 120 tons of water per minute, or equal to three and a quarter times the contents of the lower tank. At a height of 6 feet (the same elevation as Messrs. Easton and Amos’s Ap- pold pump) it will discharge about 400 tons per minute, the engines having the same speed and power. For the discharge of the above quantity, the pump requires a speed of 210 revolutions per minute, which gives out a duty of about 80 per cent, on the power expended, a much higher result than has ever been attained by other centrifugal pumps. A centrifugal ball-governor sus- pended from an arch between the back columns regulates the speed of the whole machinery, which can also be adjusted, started, or altogether stopped, by means of a small hand-wheel. Sur- mounting the four corners of the lower tank, are four small pump- cases, connected by means of pipes with the large pump, and fitted with copper mouth-pieces, These last mentioned, on a valve inside the tank being opened, emit streams of water, which, although in comparison with the cascade they appear very diminutive, yet discharge a large quantity of water, and have a pleasing effect. A net-work of fine wire covers the under tank to break the fall of the water, and prevent sparkling and spray, as much as it is possible with such a large quantity of water falling. This centrifugal pump is superior to every other form of pump UNIVERSAL JOINER. — FIRE-ENGINES. 103 for raising large or small quantities of water, and to any required elevation. We are informed that the following is a summary of its advantages : — 1st. It can be erected with ease and celerity, and works with an easy rotary motion, without any valves, eccentrics, or other contrivances, which consume power in friction. 2nd. It will discharge a quantity of water greater in proportion to the power applied than any other pumps, 70 per cent, being taken as the average ; under favourable circumstances a higher duty has been attained. 3rd. It is economical in use, simple in construction, of great durability, and will discharge a continuous and steady stream without air vessels. 4th. Its cost, measured by the quantity of water discharged, is below that of all other pumps in use, and it is little affected by mud, sand, grit, or other foreign matter in the water which so rapidly destroys most other pumps. > 5th. It will admit, in the large sizes, the passage of solid bodies six inches in diameter, and the smaller sizes in proportion, without injury, whilst it will pump with equal facility hot or cold liquids. 6th. It requires a very light and inexpensive foundation (having no vibra- tion or oscillation in its working, as in reciprocating pumps) . — Mechanics' Magazine. THE UNIVERSAL JOINER, The invention of Robert Henry Thompson, of H. M. Dock- yard, Woolwich, is an ingenious apparatus, capable of being worked by hand or by steam-power, and applicable to a variety of purposes, as its name implies, connected with joinery. The copy- ing principle is here employed, and thus diversity in the form of work to be produced is no barrier to its action. It may be used for any description of joiners’ work, including gothic heads, elliptic and all other curves, mouldings of whatever form, the strings of stairs, with treads, risers, and handrails, together with plain or ornamental work for cabinet or coachwork. With some modifica- tions, and, of course, with a change of cutting tools, the Uni- versal Joiner may be converted into a general mason, for it does not object under such circumstances, to deal with stone. Mr. Thompson also exhibited a patent Tree- Feller, and a patent Saw- ing-machine, these being the natural feeders to the joiner. They perform the rough work, indeed, and the joiner the smooth. FIRE-ENGINES. A public trial of the merits of various Fire-engines, sent into the Exhibition by different manufacturers, was made on the banks of the Serpentine, near Kensington- gardens. The first experi- ment commenced with a trial of Shand and Mason’s engine ; Merry weather and Sons’, of Long- acre ; and those built by Messrs. Rose, of Manchester. The number of gallons of water thrown was decided to be in favour of Shand and Mason, 1 ; Merry- weather, 2 ; Rose, 3. Three other experiments were made with the same results, the engines throwing respectively, in thirty seconds, 78 gallons, 68, and 65 gallons. Many other experiments with different engines were afterwards made, the results of which, however important to the several manufacturers, do not call for 104 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. special notice. During the trials the royal family passed over the bridge, apparently with a view to witness from their carriages the operations in progress. A great number of conductors of the engines were present to show how the machines could be most ad- vantageously used in case of accident by fire. Another experi- mental contest took place between one of Merry weather’s engines and another, Capt. Fowke’s engine, and a third with Mr. Roberts’ engine, the patentee, of Millwall. Roberts’s engine, with a 57 stroke, threw 114 gallons, and with a 60 stroke, 117 gallons, twenty men only working at the engine. Capt. Fowke’s engine, made by Shand and Mason, with twelve men, threw 109 gallons of water in two minutes. The decision of the judges may be stated as follows : — Shand and Mason, 1 ; Merryweather and Sons, 2 ; Hodges, 3. SIEBE’S ICE-MAKING MACHINE. This machine, exhibited by Siebe Brothers, of Lambeth, is the joint production of Messrs. Siebe and J. Harrison. The principle on which it is constructed is the removal of caloric by evaporating a volatile fluid in vacuo, and the condensation of the vapour by pressure. A strong solution of brine is employed as a carrying- agent, which, after having been passed through the evaporating vessel, flows along the refrigerating trough, in which are placed vessels full of pure water, which becomes ice by the absorption of caloric. The great point in this machine is its perfect inde- pendence of all external, thermal, and atmospheric influences, which renders it equally effective in any climate ; its consequent value to the inhabitants of tropical countries cannot be too highly estimated. The refrigerator in use at the Exhibition was not only under the direct influence of the rays of the sun, but was sur- rounded by steam- machinery at work ; in fact, there were steam- pipes running underneath it, yet the blocks of ice were drawn forth with wonderful rapidity. For the salting of all kinds of provi- sions, or in the operations of brewing and preserving alimentary- substances, these machines, by equalizing the temperature of different seasons, are commercially of the first importance. LIFE-PKESEKVTNG APPARATUS. The ladders and uncovered baskets whereby men formerly passed into colleries are now being gradually replaced by safety- cages. The object of these apparatus is to protect life if the rope or chain raising or lowering the miners should fail, or any debris or gearing should fall into the shaft. The principle of nearly all safety-cages is the freeing of one or more levers which press against the guide-rods fixed to the side of shafts, when the hauling- tackle is not stretched by the chain. Mr. J. T. Calow exhibited an im- provement in the levers or grips not being disengaged whenever the cage is supported, as by resting on the ground. This appa- LIFE-PRESERVING APPARATUS. 105 ratus has been beneficially in use for some'time at the West Staveley Colliery, ■ the viewer of which, Mr. Moody, states in writing that it has preserved life on three occasions. In the open court there was erected in full size working order Aytoun’s patent safety-cage. Mr. W. Heath Jordan likewise exhibited a model of a pit frame and safety-cages. For the raising and lowering of goods through the different floors of warehouses, and at railway stations to and from the plat- form, as at Bristol, the miners’ cage is used. The patent Hoist Company exhibited a safety-cage which is designed to obtain the same result by an arrangement brought into action by centri- fugal force : Watt’s governor regulates the velocity of the cage in transit. The advantage obtained by this mode is that when a chain breaks the cage gradually descends. Patent cages could easily be constructed to enable the inmates to lower themselves on a chain breaking. Mr. George Dodman showed also a patent safety hoist : the cage in this instance becomes stationary whether the chain breaks or is overwound. The many contrivances invented for affording relief to the in- mates of houses on fire have been well represented for some years past at the annual Exhibition of the Society of Arts. They prin- cipally consisted of chain-ladders for attaching to upper window- sills cages with incombustible curtains, lowered by cranes inserted into eye-bolts fixed in the wall. Some houses have still facilities permitting egress over the roof to the adjoining residence in cases of fire. These are all being superseded by the ladder fire-escapes; none like the two to be seen at the recent Exhibition was shown in 1851. Mr. Clarke’s improved fire-escape reaches eighty feet high. The underneath part of the centre ladder of this fire-escape is encircled by canvas rendered incombustible by being saturated in alum and chloride. A wire-gauze further protects the canvas from the effects of flames. Into the wooden steps of the ladder are inlaid wire-rope, sufficiently strong to bear the weight of several men. The improvement in Clarke’s fire-escape is in the lever-bars for raising the second ladder, which works on quad- rants : this fire-escape is so light that one man can wheel it easily. The mariner’s daily risks appear to equal those of the miner. The sympathy for the former is displayed by the Royal National Life-boat Association, who possessed a prominent stand, contain- ing models of rowing and sailing life-boats. Mr. Richardson showed a highly finished model of a patent tubular life-boat ; another inventor, Mr. Coryton, his vertical wave line system and atmospheric guide propeller life- boat. The noted life- boat named the Mary Anne , belonging to the ports of Hartlepool and Sunderland, was represented by a beautiful model. This boat was subjected some years since to many tests in Ramsgate har- bour, and fully showed its capability of being able to right itself immediately when purposely capsized, particularly in the instance when the boat was under sail. The crew of the Mary Anne have 106 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. received, since 1857, the sum of 250 1. from the Board of Trade, for fsaving life, besides salvage money for assisting vessels in distress. Heinke’s patent Diving Apparatus was employed for removing^ the old foundations at Westminster bridge, and is stated to have been in constant use for five years without any accident having occurred. Adjoining was shown A. Siebe’s Diving-apparatus, used in the summer months from 1839 to 1844 inclusive, in clearing the anchorage at Spithead of the wrecks of the Royal George, of 104 guns, lost whilst engaged in partially careening the vessel in 1782 ; and the Edgar , of 70 guns, blown up and sunk in 1711. There was a very interesting copper pulley- wheel shown, recovered from the wreck of the Mary Rose, sunk in the reign of Henry "VIII. The workmanship and skill used in order to combine strength and lightness in this pulley- wheel are remarkable ; no im- provement thereon could be effected at the present day . — George Walcott, C.E. ; Mechanics' Magazine. SUGAR MACHINERY. This class of machinery and apparatus was well represented : among the most stupendous instances was a mill constructed by Mirrlees and Tait, of Glasgow, which required 150 tons of iron for its construction ; its use being to express the juice from the cane. The mill is a three-roller mill, the rollers being 33 in. in diameter and 7 ft. in length. The bedplate, which forms a tank for the reception of the cane-juice w T hich falls from the rollers, is of cast iron, and weighs five tons. On the opposite sides are fixed the great cheeks or head stocks which carry the bearings of the rollers ; these have to receive the whole strain of the work, which is equal at this point to the maximum power of the engine, acting through a leverage of sixteen to one. The top roller is placed in a line with the shaft of the large gearing-wheel. The lower rollers are of the same size as the top one, but have on their outer edges a flange within which the upper one works : this is to prevent the canes escaping sideways over the ends of the rollers. The mill is driven by a six-columned, high-pressure, steam beam-engine, having a cylinder 22 in. in diameter, with a stroke of 4 ft. 6 in. The usual working pressure employed is 701b. per square inch. The steam is admitted to the cylinder by the usual three- port slide-valve, cutting off at three-fourths of the stroke ; while a further degree of expansion is provided for by a separate gridiron expansive- valve having a link-motion adjustable to any length of stroke when the machinery is in motion. At the back of the great sugar-mill of Mirrlees and Tait was an ex- tensive range of apparatus, consisting of three large copper vacuum- pans, with all the necessary fittings, — the whole of copper and brass, polished and burnished. The purpose for which they are employed is to evaporate the water of the cane-juice, and so extract the sugar. The operation is as follows. The cane-juice from the sugar-mill, PAPER-MAKING MACHINERY. 107 after passing through the desiccators and bag and charcoal filters, is received into the centre pan, to be evaporated to a density of 15° to 17° Beaum£, after which it is discharged into one of the side pans to undergo a further evaporation to a density of 25° to 27° Beaumd. After leaving the second pan the concentrated syrup is passed through filters containing animal charcoal, and then enters the third pan, which is of larger diameter than the other two. In this it is finally concentrated to the proper degree of granulation : the skipping is then discharged into heaters, from which it is poured into moulds to be taken to the curing- house. Manlove, Allnutt, and Co., exhibited some complete and in- genious machinery for completing the manufacture of sugar. The old plan was to place the sugar, on its leaving the boiling-pans, in conical- shaped moulds, in which it was allowed to remain for ten or twelve days. This machinery entirely does away with the use of the cones and the loss of time, and it actually produces the same result in as many minutes as the old system required days. The effect is produced by centrifugal force ; the pans containing the sugar being caused to revolve at the rate of 1000 revolutions per minute, by which means the treacle and molasses are perfectly separated. PAPER-MAKING MACHINERY. The display of Machinery for making Paper was very large* comprising several entire sets of machines exhibited by the prin- cipal manufacturers of England, and also by eminent machinists on the Continent. One of the most complete and beautifully- executed machines was constructed by* Bryan, Donkin, and Co., of Bermondsey, and intended to manufacture an endless sheet of paper of any width under seven feet. The first machines ever used for making endless paper were erected by Messrs. Donkin, at Frogmore, in Berks, in the year 1803; and at Two waters, in the county of Hertford, in 1804. The above machine is capable of making an endless sheet of paper twenty miles long in about twenty- four hours : the actual superficial area of this sheet of paper would be about seventeen acres. The combination of machinery exhibited by Donkin not only makes the paper complete from the pulp, but also gives to it the necessary water-mark, and cuts it into sheets of any desired size and form. When the rags are properly prepared and in the state of pulp, they enter the machine which is to convert that pulp into paper. The first portion of the machine is the sand-catcher : this is a cast-iron tray or shallow tank coated with zinc ; the bottom of it is formed into lateral tilangular channels, into which the sand or grit falls as the pulp passes through it. From the sand-catcher it passes to the knot- strainer, another shallow tank, beautifully made of gun metal ; the bottom of it is intersected with minute slots, the upper openings of which are exceedingly fine ; on the 108 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. lower side they are much wider. The pulp, having entered, passes through the fine openings, leaving behind all the lumps or knots that may be in it ; a rapid vibratory motion is communicated to the machine ; and it has a parallel motion which secures an even action over the entire surface. The pulp, having been perfectly strained by the knotter, then passes to an endless wire table or apron, which is supported on small brass rollers. This travels forward, bearing a film of wet pulp upon its upper sui’face, and conveys it to the wove-rider, or dandy-role, which is made of per- forated copper, the width of the sheet of paper being determined by an endless web placed on each side the wire-table. At this point most of the water is extracted from the pulp by pressure produced by vacuum and other means. The sheet of partially- dried pulp then passes through the couch-rollers, which are covered with thick blanket- felt ; these press the pulp and further free it from water, so that it no longer requires to be supported by the wire-apron, having become sufficiently strong to carry itself. It then passes over, under, and around a series of iron rollers, the first covered with felt, the next are smooth surfaces of iron. These are of cast-iron hollow, heated with steam, and six in num- ber. The pulp having now become dried has assumed the character of paper, but requires to pass through another series of rollers, to give it a proper surface. The paper is made to pass over, under, and around the surface-pressers in the same manner as it passes the drying-rollers ; but the pressing-rollers are of smaller diameter, of great weight, and are still further made to press on the paper by having attached to them weights acting through compound levers. The pressing-rollers, like the drying-rollers, are heated by steam. The cutting-machine completes the operation. It effects its object first by the action of circular steel- cutters (kept in their places by springs), which cut the sheet of paper longitudinally into strips, and afterwards by the action of a back cutter, which severs them the reverse way; a measuring apparatus secures uniformity of size ; the cut pieces of paper fall upon a table, and are collected by attendant boys. Thus this beautiful machine effects the whole operation of Paper-making ; the pulp being sup- plied in a liquid state at one end, it delivei’s it converted into sheets of paper, dried, faced, and cut, at the other. Should it be necessary to give the paper a water- mark a copper roller, covered with wire- gauze, upon which a projecting wire is fixed, acts upon the paper after it leaves the travelling wire-table and before it is submitted to the action of the cast-iron rollers. This projecting wire is arranged in different forms, to indicate the name of the manufacturer, the character of the paper, or for mere ornament . — A bridged from the Illustrated London News. TYPE-CASTING AND COMPOSING MACHINES. 109 besley’s type-casting machine. This interesting machine was exhibited by Messrs. Charles Reed and Benjamin Fox, successors to Mr. Alderman Besley, of the Fann-street Letter-foundry. The object of the founder has- been to produce a type-metal which, uniting hardness of material with fineness of quality, should not be open to the serious objections which lie against a type so brittle as to fly off in its finer parts under extraordinary pressure. The desideratum has been pro- vided by Messrs. Besley, who, in 1855, sealed a patent for their hard metal, having taken the first-class medal at the Paris Ex- hibition, and the result has been that every considerable type- founder has cast in hard metals all types expressly designed for the wear and tear of long numbers. Specimens of these types in various sizes have been exhibited, and have received the first-class award ; Besley’s machine has been engaged for two months in casting type used in the Illustrated London News. The machine consists of a pan for holding the metal, with a well and piston, the latter with a side lever, connecting-rod, and cross-bar attached to the piston-rod and worked with a cam. To the pan is fixed a “jobber,” used to prevent the return of the metal after it is pumped into the mould, which is fixed to the front of the machine, and held to the pan whilst the type is being cast. When the type is cast the mould is drawn back by means of a spiral spring, and the mould is opened by a bar and rod, which are also used for delivering the matrix. Other arms and plates ar& adapted for fixing and lowering the mould. The machine is driven by a lever and motion-crank. young’s type-composing machine Was shown at work in the Exhibition, and excited much interest. The inventor describes that this type machine is provided with separate compartments called “reservoirs,” for all the letters of a fount; each reservoir being provided with a small lever, which, by means of a rod, is connected to a key like those used in a piano- forte. When a key is struck by the player, it pushes a type out of the reservoir by means of the lever mentioned above, and the type is thus caused to slide down an inclined plane, and thence into a receiver, where it is set up side by side with other types, by means of a beater. Thus, each type or letter can be set up by a player in the order required by a compositor’s copy. This is now done with a speed of from 12,000 to 15,000 types set up in an hour’s time. The j ustifying apparatus is intended to replace the compositor’s stick. The compositor places the galley filled with the long lines of type set up by the composing machine, slides one of them into the apparatus, divides it into the proper width of the page, and having justified it, moves a handle which depresses the completed 110 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. line, and thus makes room for a succeeding one. It is found that a compositor can, by this means, justify at the rate of 4000 to 6000 types per hour. The distributing machine separates all the different letters of a fount that may have been used for printing, into different channels ready for use in the composing machine. This is effected by one or more pairs of nippers, which takes every type singly from the reservoir in which all the types have been placed, and allows it to slide down an inclined plane, the upper part of which moves on a hinge. The thin or lower-case types slide down to the bottom of the fixed inclined plane, but the thicker, or upper-case letters, are retained on the moveable incline, which, on being raised, drops them into an appropriate receptacle, whence they are then taken and re-distributed by passing down a separate channel of the in- clined plane. The thin, or lower-case letters, that have arrived at the bottom of the inclined plane, are pushed into the grooves of a revolving chain. This chain in moving passes underneath plates which are made of different widths in order to cover only certain nicks cut or cast on the edge of the types, and situated in different parts of their length, from l-16th to 12-16ths of an inch from the tail of each type. When, therefore, a type passes underneath a plate, which allows its nick to be exposed, it is pushed from off the chain by means of a scraper which passes over the plate on to a tilting inclined plane. This plane in its descent allows the type to slide down, by means of an inclined channel, into a receiver, where it is set up by means of a beater, as in the composing machine. The distinguishing nicks are somewhat like those used by type- founders ; 71 per cent of the types require only one nick, 20 per cent, only two nicks, and the remainder have three nicks. One distributing machine, attended by two boys, will distribute and prepare for the composing machine from 14,000 to 18,000 types per hour. A saving of 50 per cent, in the cost of composition is said to be effected by the use of these machines. — Mechanics' Magazine. BANK-NOTE PRINTING. In the English gallery devoted to Printing was exhibited a case of carefully printed Bank of England Notes, — shown by the Go- vernor of the Bank; containing samples of all notes, from 51. to 1000L In place of the usual signature is printed the one word “ cancelled,” but as, of course, in all other respects the notes are perfect, an attendant came every day from the Bank to keep an eye on the case ; for if any of the larger notes were stolen, it would be easy to erase the lightly- printed word “ cancelled ” and sub- stitute a signature, when its payment at any foreign bank might follow as a matter of course. To have one stolen for presentation, however, is not what the Bank would fear ; but if some of the larger ones were stolen for imitation the affair would be serious. To the means of preventing or detecting forgery the Bank BANK-NOTE PRINTING. Ill has its vigilance incessantly directed, more especially to the im- provements in photographic art, from the progress in which, unless the tint of the present note-paper is changed, as has been done in America, the troubles of the Bank will surely come at last. The mere printing of the bank-notes offers no very great difficulties to forgers. Even Maclise’s little vignette in the corner has been so copied in lithograph as to be scarcely capable of detection by the Bank inspectors ; and the case of the servant girl who, with a pen and ink, copied her one 51 . -note on tissue paper with such perfect fidelity that she passed several, shows how easily the mere text can be reproduced. It is the paper and its watermark which are the forger’s great difficulties ; and though in'5Z.-noteshe can reproduce these so as to deceive the general public, he never succeeds in im- posing upon the Bank. The paper for the Bank-notes is made by Mr. Portal, in Hampshire, and the manufacture is conducted under as careful supervision as the printing of the notes them- selves ; for if once the forgers could get a supply of the true paper, the rest would be easy enough. The watermark they imitate to perfection by a kind of embossing, so perfect as to deceive the most practised eye : in fact, there is only one method of detecting it, but that fortunately is simple, and infallible in its results. If the note is doubtful, a part at the back should be wetted with the tongue. If genuine, the watermark shows out brighter than ever; if a counterfeit, it instantly disappears. The paper for bank-notes is only made in small sheets, each sheet large enough to print two notes laid side by side. The paper where they join has what is technically called a “deckle edge,” and in the manufacture certain slight flaws in the paper are caused by this edge or margin line being put into the substance of each note, so as to be barely per- ceptible and to look like an accident. These minute imperfections vary in their position according to the value of the note itself, and are, no doubt, subsequently reversed and varied by the Bank authorities according to the months in which they are printed. In like manner also are varied the little and scarcely noticeable spot above some one or other “ 0 ” in the figures of the large notes, and these private marks always correspond on the tw'o notes, which are printed side by side on the small sheet as we have men- tioned. Thus, a forger must always have two notes of following numbers to make a good counterfeit. In the case of 51 . -notes this is easily done ; but in the instance of 1000Z. -notes it is almost im- possible. There are several printing presses for printing notes at the Bank, each of which can turn out 3000 notes an hour. By the side of this case were specimens of the notes of the Go- vernment of India, which were looked upon with intei’est, as the design for them was drawn by the Queen herself. The amount of these notes is printed on them in the characters of four Oriental languages. Nearly all foreign Governments get the plates for their notes executed, and in many cases the notes themselves printed, in this country : a fine collection of these and of foreign postage-stamps was shown in Bradbury and Wilkinson’s case. 112 TIIE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Among them was exhibited an engraving of a new Bank of England note, designed by the late Henry Bradbury. This is exceedingly beautiful in the artistic merit of its design, and is printed in tints, pale pink and green, to avoid photographic forgeries. In this case was also shown some of those most exquisite specimens of Bradbury’s Nature- printing. The process by which these flowers, ferns, and seaweeds are made, as it were, to print themselves is exceedingly simple ; it is only the perfection to which Mr. Bradbury has brought the art which is surprising. It is by touch alone that the spec- tator can be convinced that wonderful groups of seaweed, spread on the sheet in all their rich variety of tints and minute struc- tural organization, are not actually the pressed weeds themselves. — A bridged from the Times. FOLDING, PRESSING AND STITCHING MACHINE. This compact little folding- machine, a Swiss invention, is con- structed to make a perfect register, and to fold printed or white sheets of paper with far greater precision than the most expe- rienced hands can do it, at the rate of 1400 to 1500 sheets of any size per hour ; and it presses and stitches the sheets at the same time. The machine works as follows : — The sheets are put singly by a boy under the points of the machine, in the same manner as with the printing-machine. A knife moving nearly vertically up and down takes hold of the sheet lengthwise in the centre, draws it through a slip in the table, and the first fold is made. The knife returns instantly, and the sheet is taken by a second vertical knife, moving from the left to the right, folding it at a right angle to the first fold. The double-folded sheet is now opposite a pair of ribbed rollers (cylinders). Before the third fold is made, the stitching commences as follows : — Two needles, provided with hooks, pass through the middle of the sheet, at about an inch distance from each other, drawing the cotton through, which is unwound from a bobbin, and cut to the required length by a peculiarly constructed pair of shears ; the sheet is then folded a third time — viz. a knife in the shape of a T, acting horizontally, and consequently, at a right angle with the second knife, takes hold of the middle of the sheet, and pushes it between the above-mentioned ribbed rollers, whence it is passed directly to another pair of polished rollers, from which it comes glazed and pressed on to the table. The machine works very correctly, and folds the largest as well as the smallest sheets, and both the stitching and pressing apparatus, or each singly, may be detached by loosening a single screw. It can be worked either by steam or hand, a boy being sufficient for that purpose. The same exhibitor showed a second folding- machine which feeds itself by an air or sucking apparatus that takes the sheets one by one from off a pile, under the horizontal folding-knife, thus enabling it to fold 3000 sheets per hour. SURFACE DECORATION. 113 These machines, to fold sheets of any size, for two, three, or four breaks, are supplied at a comparatively low price, and are extensively used on the Continent. SURFACE DECORATION BY BLOCK-PRINTING. The British Wall-papers and Decorations produced by Block- printing are considered to have shown our advancement in this manufacture as marked and satisfactory. The enriching a wall with raised ornament has hitherto been at- tended with great cost and labour ; but through the recent improve- ment in our wall-paper manufacture, such treatment is attainable by a moderate cost and in a most perfect manner. Belgium exhibited a few papers in low relief (the relievo resulting from a process of embossing) ; they have, however, a metallic aspect which is curious. But the attaining a thoroughly satisfactory result in relief wall-papers has resulted from the energies of Scott, Cuth- bertson, and Co., of Chelsea. The mode in which relief is attained by this firm is by the re- peated printing of flock upon flock either upon a gold or a plain ground : in the latter case the paper is hung with butt (not over- lapping) edges, and, after being well sized, is reduced to one tint by an even coat of oil-paint. A simple lozenge pattern about three inches in height was exhibited, being in uncoloured flock on a gold ground, in relief, to the height of about a quarter of an inch ; it is exceedingly pleasing, and demands special notice. But this is not the only form in which they presented patterns in re- lievo. Fronting the observer were exhibited three panels which, while differently treated, were yet all raised : these were repeatedly printed in flock, then painted, and finally subjected to a second printing for the sake of adding gold and other colours ; and thus some of the best results were achieved which have ever been gained in the wall-paper manufacture. France and Austria exhibited patterns worthy of special consideration ; but the display of M. Jules Desfossd exhibited one of the most marvellous specimens of block- printing which has ever been shown. This was of the beauties of many lands ; plants from various countries and di- versified seasons being pressed into the service of the artist. The delicacy of the tints, the harmony of the colours, the masterly power of the drawing, the feeling of light which prevailed through- out, and the skilful character of the grouping, constitute this a work of no ordinary kind. On the one side was a cedar in spring leafage ; on the other a Virginian creeper in autumn foliage ; and these combined with the bignonia, the strelitzia, and other plants. AGRICULTURAL MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. Cultivation by the Steam-engine was the paramount feature of this Department ; one gallery and part of another being occupied i 114 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. by two rival systems of Steam-ploughing Mechanism. Fowler’s^ Leeds factory contributed the steam-engines, with their wire-ropes, ploughs, and grubbers, of which about 150 sets are now at work in this and other countries. In Germany there are four, in Hungary two, in the West Indies three, at the foot of the Pyramids one has just been started ; while several others have been manufac- tured in France, and an Algerian cotton company has taken another to facilitate its operations. Here, too, were the engine, windlass, grubbers, and new balance-ploughs of the Howards, of Ledford ; their steam-cultivators, and new implements for the hay-harvest. Mr. Chandler, of Bow, exhibited models of his ap- paratus for steam-ploughing and cultivating. Mr. Steevens, of Ham- mersmith, showed anew balance-plough for steam-power ; and Mr. Hayes, of Stony Stratford, his windlass, which won credit and honour at the Leeds steam- ploughing trials. Mr. Halkett’s system of steam culture is as follows : — Permanent guideway rails are laid down over the fields, at intervals of 50 feet or more, upon which a locomotive cultivating machine traverses, performing a variety of tillage, weeding, and harvesting operations. The outlay of more than 20 1. per acre is shown to promise reasonably a large return ; but a modification of the system gives a traction engine and ap- paratus travelling upon strips of grass, instead of rails, at a cost of only 21. 10s. per acre ; and the inventor calculates that with an ordinary engine he can plough 60 acres a-day, or harvest, or strip off the ears (on the Australian plan) of no less than 400 acres of corn in that time. The wonder of 1851 was the Reaping-machine. Now we have both a Reaper and (the corollary from it) a Grass-mower. Burgess and Key exhibited their self- delivering screw-platform Reaping-machine (now improved and lightened, and made to shutup into a narrow compass for travelling, of which upwards of 3000 1 are employed in the United Kingdom. Their Grass- mower cuts any sort of grass or clover at the rate of about one acre per hour. The same machine, by the addition of a platform, becomes a Corn- reaper, with manual side-delivery. The trustees of W. Croskill showed the original type of Reaper — Bell’s machine, propelled by horses walking behind. Simplified and improved, and made to cut a width of feet at once, with three horses, this machine will reap between 20 and 30 acres in a day, performing the work of 20 or 30 harvest-men. Mr. Samuelson, of Banbury, showed his Revolving Rakes, to deliver the cut corn in bunches ready for binding. Mechanism causes an upright spindle to rotate, and as this supports four long arms, balanced, and carrying boards and rakes at their extremities, with a circular cam to regulate the elevation and depression of these rakes, they sweep over a quadrant-shaped platform as they revolve, delivering the corn in separate bunches with a smooth and steady motion. The alternate boards fulfil the office of the reel in ordinary machines, bending the standing crop to the cut- ters. Ransome and Sims, of Ipswich, produce the same idea in a rather different form. AGRICULTURAL MACHINES. 115 America has produced a greater variety of reaping and mowing- machines than we English have done ; most of our new notions in knife, or gearing, or delivery, having come a voyage across the Atlantic. In the United States Court we accordingly found several ingenuities of this order. A striking object among these inventions was the Reaper of Mr. M'Cormick, which advertises itself as one of 40,000 made and sold in one shop. The platform is of a quadrant figure ; the reel has but three, instead of four blades, the place of the fourth being occupied by a rake, which by a very peculiar but really simple and easy movement is made to sweep over the platform, delivering the cut corn at one side. Ashley and Co., of Stam- ford, exhibited that novelty of late years, the Circular Rotating Harrow, which does great execution upon tough furrow slices, matted weed, and obdurate clods. Mr. Aveling, of Rochester, showed his simply-contrived and practically-successful Loco- motive for common roads, of which, it is said, forty are already in constant use. Barrett, Exall, and Andrewes, of Read- ing, were distinguished by their fixed Steam-engines ; and espe- cially the small Portable Thrashing-machine. On Mr. Bentall’s stand we had that modern invention, the Root-pulper. Clayton and Shuttleworth showed what the Lincoln works can produce — mainly consisting of those portable Engines and Thrashing-machines which are famous all over the world : last year this firm sent out 566 engines. A. and E. Crosskill, of Beverley, exhibited their Clod-crusher; and Hornsby, of Grantham, showed his portable Engines and newly-improved Thrashing-machines. One of the most interesting sights in the Exhibition was that of busy Honey- bees at work in the transparent and humane hives of Neighbour, of Holborn ; and Marriott, of Gracechurch-street. On the stand of Ransome and Sims, beside ploughs and other field implements, were to be seen portable and fixed Steam-engines, their newly- improved Thrashing-machine, revolving Corn-screen, Mills for crushing all sorts of grain, Root-slicers, Chaff-cutters, &c., sample machinery from their great and celebrated Orwell Works. Mr. Robey, of Lincoln, showed a Locomotive Engine for travelling along common highways. Ruston and Co., of the same city, ex- hibited a portable Engine and improved Thrashing-machine. On Messrs. Tuxford’s stand we had their celebrated first-prize Steam- engines of all varieties ; together with their new road Locomotive, which propels itself by means of a single roughened roller, avoid- ing the complication of driving by two wheels. Professor Kaugh, of the Agricultural College of Hohenheim, Wurtemberg, illustrated the origin and history of Traction-tillage by 100 beautifully constructed models of ancient and modern im- plements, consisting of : — 1. Ploughs, originated from the trowel- shaped hand-hoe. 2„ Those from the spade, whence have descended the short, upright mouldboards that grub the American prairies, and the Continental model plough of Brabant. 3. Ploughs originating from the two-pronged hoe, the most modern form being seen in i 2 116 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Poland and East Prussia. 4. Turnwrest, side-hill, or one-way ploughs, such as that of Cincinnatus, and at this day used in India and China. It is impossible to enumerate here the successes of our great Plough-makers. “And as to comparing the best ‘Cham- pion,’ ‘Eclipse,’ ‘Criterion,’ and other ploughs of nominal perfection, we should only be dwelling upon fine distinctions in the formation of the essential parts, and detailing minutiae of the shapes and fastenings of coulters, the attachment of wheels, the adjust- ment of the position of shares, the regulation of the line of draught for varying depths and widths, and less important differences than those between trussed and solid beams, between having or not a draught-chain below the beam, or between constructing the body-frame in one piece with the beam or not.” — Times. The Foreign display of Implements was very numerous. In the French there was an obvious imitation of the English, but with- out the adaptation of parts, strength, perfection, and finish, which distinguish our implements. The French portable Steam-engines had some excellent points. Belgium showed several specimens of the Plough, more or less made of iron, in place of the old-fashioned cumbrous wood ; several thrashing-machines, chaff-cutters, drills, and churns. Denmark contributed a novelty in the shape of long shallow Iron Pans for holding Milk in large dairies. A screw at the further end enables the pan to be slightly raised for emptying, and a broad blade of thin wood reaching across the pan and supported by rollers running along the edges of the pan, is drawn from end to end when the cream is to be skimmed off the milk. Austria showed Ploughs, Hoes, and Drill- ploughs, not of a very advanced order. Prussia exhibited Horse- power for machines, and Broad- cast Sowing-machines. Italy had a fine show of ploughs, trench-ploughs, harrows, machines for thrashing maize, corn- thrashing machines, carts, the short-handled Tuscan plough, the plough of Parma on wheels, models of irrigation works, agricul- turists’ levels for operations in watering the fields, and apparatus for hatching silkworms’ eggs. Norway exhibited several Ploughs, constructed of wood and iron — one a very fair copy of the Scotch swing- plough in iron. The Norwegian Harrow, with its sets of rowels for effectually breaking the upper soil, was a great feature here ; and so was the Broadcast Sowing machine. And there was the simplest contrivance in the world, in the shape of an iron clamp, by which hop poles, or garden sticks, can be thrust easily into the ground by the foot. Sweden showed Iron Ploughs, with or without trussed beams, generally after the Scotch model. Among the Dairy Utensils was one churn, with warming vessel, cleverly made with a reciprocating rotatory motion, procured by a couple of straps wrapping round a spindle, and alternately unwound by the pressure of a lever. Among the Russian implements was a peculiar grouping of three small Ploughs upon one frame, with regulating wheels. Turkey had little better to offer than tools much like mattocks. Switzerland showed but few implements. Neither had the Nether- ENGINEERING MODELS. 117 lands sent many mechanical indications of their really great ad- vance in tillage. The United States we have already referred to as great in Reapers and Mowers. From our own colonies, of course, the few implements were of wondrously varied character, — from the extremely rude Indian ploughs and corn fan, to the ploughs, horse rakes, drills, and waggons of New Brunswick and Canada. In the Australian Court was a Victorian Reaper from Melbourne, the original from which those of Ransome and Samuelson are taken and improved. But in South Australia the fine climate, ripening the wheat crops evenly and thoroughly, enables the farmer to thrash and reap all at once. A machine was exhibited resembling the ancient Roman Reaper. A box, upon a pair of wheels, is pro- pelled by horses and a pole at the side ; the forward end is armed with an iron comb, which does not, however, snap off the ears of the standing crop, but holds them, while the rapidly-revolving beaters of a drum, like that of a thrashing machine, strip out the kernels of ripe grain. The box receives the corn ; sometimes a fan (driven like the drum, by wheels and a strap, by the rotation of the carriage wheels) winnows away the chaff, and the produce is thus collected ready for the market. There is, unquestionably, great improvement in many foreign lands ; but our implement trade has grown with such rapidity, that the annual production of our chief agricultural manufactories is estimated at 2,000,000£.; and that of the innumerable local makers may be much larger, while we have a great and rapidly increasing export of tools and farm-machinery to every country of the world . — Condensed from the Times. CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. ENGINEERING MODELS. The greater number of the contributions by engineers were Models of Iron Bridges and Viaducts, of which the principle of construc- tion is remarkable for that subserviency of other considerations to one of rapid completion, which is generally of importance to share- holders. In most of these models, one of the forms of lattice- girder, or Captain Warren’s diagonally-braced truss, as applied in many cases by Messrs. Kennard, is used, with piers likewise of iron construction. The Beelah Viaduct, Westmoreland, on the South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway, was illustrated in a model exhibited by Gilkes, Wilson, and Co., of Middlesbro’-on-Tees. It was designed by Mr. T. Bouch, of Edinburgh. It is 1000 feet long and 200 feet high in the deepest part of the valley, and was erected in four months. Three years, say the exhibitors, would have been required for the erection of a viaduct of brick or stone. Lieut. - Colonel J. P. Kennedy’s “Elements Essential to Railway Success” was an exhibition of models and drawings of different Bridges on the Bombay and Baroda Railway, also of iron. Sir John Mac- 118 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. neill’s bridge over the Boyne has its three main openings spanned by lattice girders at a height of 90 feet from the water — the span of the centre opening being 264 feet. Each pair of girders, as in works of considerable dimensions, is cross-strutted over the line of railway, so that the perspective, looking from one of the ap- proaches of the line, somewhat resembles that of a tubular bridge. Turner and Gibson, of Dublin, exhibited, besides Iron Roofs, balance Rolling- bridges for Railways over water and roads. Mr. Hawkshaw and Mr. W. H. Barlow exhibited a model of the Sus- pension-bridge proposed to be erected at Clifton, in which are to be introduced the chains from Hungerford Bridge. The Chepstow and still more the Saltash Bridge, by the late Mr. Brunei, of which models were shown, are chief examples of this conjunction, in these latter days, of great constructive skill with the very worst art. The centre span of the Chepstow Bridge is 300 feet ; and each span of the Saltash Bridge is 455 feet. The system of trussing is analogous in the two cases ; the roadway being sup- ported somewhat as in a suspension- bridge, whilst a great collar- beam, between points of suspension of the chains, forms abutment aloft in lieu of prolongation landward, and anchorage to the ground. In the Saltash Bridge the tubes resisting the tension of the suspension-chains are not straight, but they rise in a curve equal in height to the curve downwards of the chains : thus, say the printed particulars (which, considering the interest and im- portance of all points in the application of the suspension prin- ciple, it is well to quote), “the weight of the girders and roadway rests half on the tube, half on the chains, the girders being carried by vertical struts placed at intervals of forty feet, diagonally braced so as to give rigidity, and by intermediate attachments to the suspension- chains. ” Not less important than the system of Trussing is the economy of recently perfected methods of Founding the piers of such bridges — for example, the compressed-air system of cylinder- sinking. Models both in the French and the Zollverein Divisions, showed that like improvements, and on a vast scale, have been made by foreign engineers ; and, it is fair to add also, like offences against good taste. The French, to whose works we may return, are nearly as bad as ourselves when they are not dealing with the arch- form in iron ; whilst they seem to be equally able to dispense with scaffolding. A model of one opening of the Railway bridge across the Rhine at Mayence, was exhibited by Klett and Co., of Nuremburg. The Zollverein catalogue gives a view which shows that the whole bridge may compare with the Saltash for ugliness. The principle, called Pauli’s System, seems to resemble that suggested in the course of the discussion at the Oxford meeting of the British Asso- ciation, in the Mechanical section, after the reading of Mr. Bar- low’s paper on Bridges on the suspension and combined girder principle capable of affording requisite strength for passage of railway trains. In this Rhine bridge we see, in each complicated ENGINEERING MODELS. 119 •arrangement of bars forming the truss, a descending curve follow- ing much the same line as the chain of a suspension-bridge ; but riveted to form one piece in itself, or, rather, as part of the whole truss ; the combination of rigidity with the catenary ; or the sub- stitution of that form of resistance to the tensile part of cross- strain in a girder or truss, for the chain with links, apparently realizing the suggestion of the speaker at Oxford. A model illustrative of another important Bridge of Iron con- struction — that across the Vistula at Dirschau, was exhibited by the Berlin Minister of Commerce and Public Works. A contrivance was shown for liaising Vessels from one water- level to another without a succession of locks. The substitute is a carriage for the vessel, which is wound up an inclined-plane — an old idea, but one to which objections have been raised, such as that of injury to the framework of the vessel in the transport. The carriage of course is drawn on a line of rails. It descends into water at the foot of the incline, where the vessel steams or sails on to it ; the sides of the vessel may be wedged tight, the traction- rope is brought into play, and when the load reaches the top, the carriage again descends an incline into water to set free the vessel. This arrangement is in use at Elbing, on the Oberlandische Canal. It is necessary to add that the vessels are flat-bottomed. The rise of the incline is between 60 and 70 Prussian feet. The arrange- ment has been in action about four years. Mr. Edwin Clark exhibited a model of his patent Hydraulic- lift Graving-docks, by which the vessel, cradled on a shallow pontoon, is raised bodily out of the water, by means of hydraulic rams, to the level of the repairing-yard, instead of being floated into a basin and then exposed by the displacement of the water ; ready access being also afforded to the bottom of the vessel. A large and interesting model, showing the course of theTudela and Bilboa Bail way across the chain of the Cantabrian mountains, in the Basque provinces of Spain, as designed by Mr. C. Yignoles, was exhibited. The manner in which the line, onwards, is car- ried along the faces of steep cliffs, deserves attentive examination ; and the work will give ample scope for ability in direction and skill in construction. Mr. J. Chalmers exhibited a large drawing of his proposed Channel Bailway connecting England and France. One or other of the published designs for a passage of the Channel by a railway, is very likely, we think, to be attempted before many more years have passed ; and there will be hardly more serious difficulties in sinking tubes, in ventilating them, and in preserving them by submarine embankment, than once might have been, or wei-e, seen to a tunnel under the Thames or through the Alps, or to the construction of bridges without scaffolding from the ground. Several Models and Photographs of Suspension-bridges, not all for the passage of railway-trains, were shown. The chief work was a Railway- bridge, that of the Niagara — still not sufficiently appreciated, we think, by British engineers, and having, be it 120 TIIE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. admitted, the defects which are sought to be counteracted by the chains anchoring the under-side of the roadway to the rock. — Abridged from the Builder. An admirable series of models contributed by the French Minister of Public Works, comprised representations of the Sea- walls of Cherbourg and the Harbour of Marseilles. The system of construction in both cases, if not identical, is closely analogous. In the greatest depths, where the disturbing action of the wave ceases, the smaller stones are placed, or, more properly speaking,, sunk, being allowed to assume their natural inclination. Above these again the larger material comes, increasing in bulk in pro- portion to the action of the waters ; the largest masses of natural stone being surmounted, and the outer surface faced by enormous blocks of concrete, of which also the superimposed masonry is principally formed. This artificial stone is composed of theddbris from the quarries mixed with hydraulic lime. Some of our en- gineers have employed concrete in this way : for example, Brunei in the Chepstow bridge, Page in the bridges at Chelsea and West- minster, and Hawkshaw at Hungerford. The principal Bridges of which models were exhibited in the French Department were that of St. Just, that over the Garonne of Bordeaux, and the swivel-bridge at Brest ; but they present no features with which we are not familiar. The models of Graving-docks in the French Court showed little or nothing beyond the mere form ; though there was exhibited a beautiful and elaborate model of the dockgate and entrance of Havre which reveals the details of their mechanism. The most remarkable objects remaining in this Court were ex- amples of the different orders of the Catadioptric Light. The displays of Diving apparatus by Samson Barnett and Mr. Heincke, exhibited considerable improvements over those shown in 1851, — more especially in these important respects — the supply of atmospheric air to the diver, and the increased facilities of com* munication with the surface. A very interesting exposition of the Clay manufactures of the Shropshire Coal-field included every conceivable application of the material, from drain-pipes to mosaic floors and Ruskinesque chim- ney-pots. The numerous examples of Portable Gas apparatus formed a striking feature in this part of the Exhibition. Foremost among these we have no hesitation in placing the simple, cleanly, and economic machine shown by Messrs. Edmundson, of Dublin.. — Condensed from the Illustrated London News. CEMENT, AND ARTIFICIAL STONE.. Knight, Be van, and Sturge, of Northfleet, exhibited a block of Portland Cement, weighing five tons, besides two blocks, one of them of eight tons, composed of nine parts of shingle and two parts of cement, as adapted for the construction of breakwaters. Lee, Son, and Smith, exhibited Portland and Scott’s Cement, and ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTIONS. 121 Scott’s Plaster. Mr. J. C. Part’s Martin’s Cement, which ob- tained a medal in 1851, is said to involve a saving of 45 per cent, in cost of the material, whilst it can be painted upon within twenty-four hours of its application. Mr. W. J. Taylor showed how Portland Cement may be coloured in the mixing, mouldings and panels being varied, as well as contrasted with a differently coloured ground ; but the colours were not very brilliant in the model. Bellman and Ivey’s Scagliola ; the artificial stone from Farnham ; that from the Company employing Ransome’s process • and that from Messrs. F. and G. Rosher, we can merely name. Besides Mr. Ransom e’s Indurated Stone, there were several specimens of materials to which preservative processes have been applied. The difficulty, obvious to any practical architect, which attends us in a notice of this kind, and which we know not how the jurors will grapple with, of course is not wanting in re- garding these specimens. In the instance of the Creosoted Woods shown by Mr. J. Bethell, however, the evidence is clear and satisfactory. In the case of piles, fourteen inches square, used at Grimsby, half the substance is found to be eaten away by the sea- worms, in ten years or less, where the pile had not been creosoted;. whilst the creosoted pile, after exposure for the same time, is shown to be in the original state. The collection of specimens included sections from railway-sleepers after twenty-one years’ constant use ; the wood being scarcely injured. Mr. Szerelmey applied his “Arabian Zopissa, and granitic preserving and in- durating compositions,” to a great variety of materials, claiming to be able to prevent decay of every kind . — From the Builder. ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTIONS. Mr. George Maw, of Broseley, arranged a most interesting Court, with a “collective series of Architectural Productions, illustrating the clay manufactures of the Shropshire Coal Field,” acting on behalf of his own firm and W. B. Simpson and Sons, J. and E. Burton, G. Davis and Co., R. Evans, W. Exley, G.W. Lewis and Doughty, Mrs. Thorn, and the Colebrookdale and Madeley Wood Companies. The productions of the Benthall Works, which were chiefly from the designs of Mr. M. Digby Wyatt, held the most prominent place. The divisions of the series comprised “ Roofing Materials, ” which included tiles, com- mon and ornamental ; unglazed, glazed, and enamelled ; plain- tiles and pan-tiles ; roof-crestings, plain and flanged, and with fixed and loose ornaments ; ventilating roof-crest tiles ; hip and gutter tiles, and flanged hip crestings ; “Paving Materials,” in- cluding Illustrations of the Revival of Pictorial Mosaic, consisting of a pavement, the subject “Apollo and the Four Seasons;” a facsimile head from the pavement at Bignor, and various works in tesserce, geometrical mosaic, and tiles, plain and encaustic, and their combinations ; Moresque mosaics and majolica tiles for wall- linings, some of which may be fixed by ornamental brass-headed 122 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. nails, without cement ; 1 1 Draining Materials, ” “Fire-bricks, Fur- nace Materials, and Stove Fittings,” “Bricks and Materials used in the Construction of Walls,” “Accessories to the Decoration of Buildings,” and other articles, including pillars and square shafts effectively treated in colour, and with ornamented capitals ; and “ Raw Materials” illustrated by a section of the Shropshire Coal Field, and specimens, some of which show the relative shrinkages of the clays. It should be recollected that there are other, and perhaps higher, aims in architecture, than demonstrating the ser- viceableness and scope of any one material ; in other words, interests and feelings of manufacturers, and the tastes of architects, are not what should lead to the same conclusions ; but the geometrical mosaic is doing excellent service in the decoration of houses ; and some of the credit for the obvious future of popular taste will be due to manufacturers and to those whom they have called to their assistance . — From the Builder. CLAY AND METAL PIPE-MAKING. Clay- ware Pipes, by Zeller, of Ollwiller (Haut-Rhin), enamelled, and Bitumenized Paper pipes, by Jaloureau, of Paris, of good manufacture, for the conveyance of water and gas, were exhibited. The bitumenized pipes are favourably repoi’ted on in Paris, as re- gards durability, after four years’ trial ; and elasticity is one of their advantages. Tinned lead pipes were shown by Ch. Sebille, of Nantes. An English patent fora somewhat similar description of piping (Bennett’s) was sealed in 1861. The French manufacture has been carried on five or six years ; and the town of Nantes is served with these pipes. The English method is described as pressing and tinning the interior surface of lead pipe in one opera- tion ; and Dr. Letheby, reporting nine days’ experiments with common water, rain-water, and distilled water, tried in straight and bent forms of tube, states there to have been complete protection from corrosive action, the most delicate tests failing to discover the presence of lead in the water ; whilst common lead, with the same water (rain and distilled) quickly communicated to the water a metallic impregnation. Sebille’s piping is, however, tinned on both sides. He exhibited another description of pipe, manu- factured from pulverized slate-refuse, or cinders, and about one- fifth part coal-pitch. This compound slate-paste, having been heated and well mixed in an iron pan, can be moulded into pipes, bricks, or slabs, and becomes so hard, whilst free from cracks, that neither water heated to 180°, nor any cold, affects it : a 3-inch pipe of usual substance will stand internal pressure of ten atmospheres. We condense these details from the Builder ; in conclusion, the Editor pertinently asks : “ Would it not be possible to collect all the specimens of pipes of different materials, for the conveyance of water, and subject them all, or duplicates, to similar experi- ments, chemical and mechanical ; the latter including not only ex- periments to ascertain the resistance to bursting, but others on the NAVAL AND MILITARY MODELS. 123 resistance to collapse, as from a weight of superincumbent earth. The results being tabulated, with prices, a record would be left, the value of which after the Exhibition, in every question of supply of water to town or house would be immense.” Amongst the British exhibitors of Pipes, Mr. J. Chatterton, of Wharf-road, City-road, showed lead, composition, and pure block- tin pipes of the most perfect manufacture ; also ordinary lead pipes of all sizes, from l-32nd of an inch to 6 inches diameter ; lead mouldings, polygonal, and multiple pipes, the latter being used for the purpose of conveying various liquids into spirit-vaults, are enclosed in the large pipe for neatness of appearance and facility of fixing on walls, down angles, &c. The three pipes combined are especially designed for domestic purposes, the object being to convey to the different parts of the house hard and soft water and gas. Lead pipes are coated internally with pure tin, for use in those localities where the water forms poisonous salts with the ordinary lead pipe. Lead pipes were shown, lined with gutta-percha, for similar purposes as last named. These were also, by their light- ness and remarkable strength, particularly suitable for conveying water in mountainous countries, where they would have to sustain a great pressure; and, from the frost-resisting properties of the gutta-percha, they are invaluable in cold latitudes. The Compo- sition tubes for gas showed a great superiority in material and manufacture, and placed by the side of tin tubes, not only rivalled them in brilliancy, but were found also to equal them in hardness and toughness. The pure block-tin tube specimens were unequalled. Mr. Chatterton also exhibited specimens of Cylindrical Projectiles for smooth-bore guns, intended to obviate the necessity of using a rifle-barrel, with its tendency to fouling ; and at the same time to secure that force and accuracy, which under ordinary circum- stances are only attainable by the use of the rifle. Instead of re- ceiving a rotatory motion, as heretofore, from a grooved barrel, it derives it from the resistance of the atmosphere acting upon a suitable helical apparatus in the bullet itself. The projectile is in shape a hollow cylinder, open at both ends, and the internal screw is made of different patterns. NAVAL AND MILITARY MODELS, WEAPONS, AND APPLIANCES. NAVAL AND MILITARY MODELS. In the Court devoted to these articles the visitor could study, almost in a glance, the progress of naval architecture for nearly three centuries past. All kinds of these models were here, from that of the Great Harry down to our last and greatest ship, the Warrior , with lines as fine as a Dover packet. Yet almost a finer model still than the Warrior was shown side by side with what used to be the crack sailing-ship of the Navy as it was in 124 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 1840 — the old and much-praised Queen. Bythisnowoldline-of-battle ship was placed the model of the Northumberland , the newest and most improved of the iron frigates yet building ; so that even the least initiated could, at all events, judge of the change which has taken place in shape and size since the introduction of 5-inch iron- sides obliged us to build vessels large enough to float with such a casing. This model of the Northumberland, is equal, in the minute perfection of its guns, rigging, and fittings, to that of the Warrior, shown by the Thames Iron Company, and higher praise than this it would be difficult to give it. Close by these was shown a series of most wonderfully perfect Models of Lighthouses, made to scale ; which includes all the chief of those great sea-lamps, from the South Stack and Smeaton’s chef -d' oeuvre on the little Eddystone rock, down to the still more ingenious red-legged tripods which mark sands where no base for a granite structure can be found. Not only were there models of such mechanism as the rough and ready bridges of the Royal En- gineers, but models of almost everything which relates to the science of defence and attack, whether of or from land or sea. Models of saps, mines, and covered ways — principally illustrated from works carried out during that greatest of all sieges, Sebas- topol — explain how the strongest places must yield to the gradual assaults of military engineering ; close by this was another model giving a rough bird’s-eye view over London, and showing how it is only necessary to turn the beautifully wooded hills of Surrey and Middlesex into bastions, re-entering angles, dry ditches, capon- nibres, &c., to make our quiet metropolis as strong a fortress as the lost mistress of the Euxine was before the attack of the Allies. An important American invention was shown — a series of beautiful little working models of the various machines used in Thompson’s patent for Making Boats by Steam, which do all, even to curving and bevelling the edges ; so that a rough board passing in at one end of a machine comes out at the other, not only curved, but bevelled and planed. To make a large and strong boat 33 feet long requires at least from eight to ten days’ work, and costs for labour alone, exclusive of material, from \2l. to 16L By Mr. Thompson’s machinery a similar boat can be completed from the rough timber in five hours and a half, and at a cost for labour and machinery of from 1?. 15s. to 21. THE ARMSTRONG AND WHITWORTH GUNS. We now proceed to the Military Weapons. Here was shown the new Gun invented by Sir William Armstrong. It is a rifled breech- loading 70-pounder, but one in which the chamber vent- piece and screw are entirely dispensed with. There is no doubt whatever but that the ventpiece and the movement necessary to place and close it are the least perfect parts of Sir William’s invention as applied to very heavy breech-loading ordnance. In this gun it is superseded by a mechanism so simple that it may almost be termed self-acting, and so massive that it cannot be THE ARMSTRONG GUN. 125 injured by shot, and, above all, so evenly balanced and sliding on such true surfaces, that a child’s strength would suffice to open and close the breech. The gun is built up of wrought- iron coils and rifled in the usual manner ; but in the breech on both sides two narrow openings are cut, into which are fitted two wedge-shaped masses of iron with handles. These, wffien drawn aside, have openings in them corresponding to the bore of the gun, which can then be seen through from end to end, a hollow rifled tube. The shot and powder are then inserted in the ordinary way at the breech, and the foremost of the sliding iron wedges we have men- tioned drawn across so as to close the tube. The second and most massive wedge is then drawn into its position so as to jamb both tight, and the gun is ready for firing. By a simple but more ingenious mechanical contrivance connected with the lock of the gun, which slides down a powerful steel bolt that keys the two wedges together, the piece cannot be fired till both wedges are in their place, nor can they be withdrawn until this again is lifted. Only five or six movements of the hand are required to load a 100 or 150 pounder. A gun of this construction has been severely tested, yet not the slightest escape of gas, or rather fire, has ever occurred ; and while the breach is almost hermetically closed, a sufficient play is allowed for the wedges to permit of their expan- sion from the heat of rapid firing. This is, in our opinion, the finest Breech-loading piece of Ordnance that Sir William Arm- strong has yet invented. It has all the advantages as to range and strength of material of his previous inventions. It is cheaper because simpler in its method of construction ; and can be fired much more rapidly, as it dispenses with the hitherto awkward necessity of lifting in and out the breechpiece, which was, in fact, the only drawback on the use of his very heavy guns for sea service. The gun will, we think, before long supersede the first invention as applied to the heaviest artillery, though the value of what we may now almost call the old method remains as great as ever for light ordnance. The Armstrong trophy attracted a great amount of notice, though really not as much as it deserved, for the whole of that huge Building contained no finer specimens.* It was a tree of Armstrong ordnance, arranged in an exceedingly pretty shape as to outward form, and containing in its structure such specimens of forging and carefully finished workmanship as it is not too much to say had never been seen. Near the Armstrong Gun were shown sections of Shells of all sizes, both time and percussion. The Time-shell is adjusted by distance — that is, the fuse is cut short to burst the charge so many seconds after it leaves the gun, every second representing a space of 400 yards traversed. Thus, after one or two shots for “range,” the shell can be burst to a nicety of 50 feet. The Percussion shell, as its name implies, explodes instantaneously on touching any obstacles after it leaves the gun. * This huge pile of arms was in the nave of the Building. 126 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Sir William Armstrong’s segment Percussion-shell is the most destructive missile that the science of modern war has yet brought to perfection. The visitor could judge at a glance of their tremendous power, for close by the shells was exhibited a kind of large iron bee-hive, in which one of the small shells was exploded. There is scarcely a superficial inch of this in which one or more pieces of iron and lead are not sticking. Near to this were exhibited the Guns of Armstrong’s great com- petitor — Mr. Whitworth, whose Gun is still that which has attained the longest range and greatest accuracy, and is still the only piece that has sent as light a shot as 70 lb. through inches of solid iron plate. The Blakeley Gun, also in this Court, is a very good piece of rifled muzzle-loading ordnance, very similar in principle to the “ canon raye’ of the French. Even, however, as a rifled muzzle-loader it is inferior to Whitworth’s, which has the advan- tage of being a breech-loader as well. A large Wrought-iron Gun was exhibited from the Mersey works, which, as a perfect triumph of forging, should have been shown side by side with the double- throw crank of the same firm. The Shells of the Monster Mortar — shells which, when loaded, weigh as much as 25 cwt., are another instance of extravagant invention of which this Court offers as many samples as any other in the Building. Every kind of breech-loading small arm was, of course, to be found here. And here, by comparison, might be seen the superiority of the American invention of Mr. Storm over others. In this piece there is nothing special in either the lock, or stock, or barrel ; the only invention, in fact, being the Breech-loading Apparatus, which is applicable to any and every barrel, at a cost, it is stated, as low as some 16s. each. The breech, about an inch, or an inch and a half in length, is fitted to the barrel by an ordinary hinge, which is thrown up or open by a movement of the finger or thumb, the charge inserted, and the breech closed. A breech- loading rifle is the great military desideratum now ; so much so that the Prussian army is entirely armed with weapons of this class — very inferior ones, it is true, but infinitely better than any muzzle-loader. Last year some wonderful shooting was made at the Wimbledon meet- ing with breech-loaders of Mr. Storm’s patent adapted to the Enfield and Whitworth rifles. Since then it has been tried by some of the highest professional authorities on musketry, and has been pronounced perfect. Its great advantages may be summed up in the few words — that it requires no special ammunition, is adaptable at the low cost we have mentioned to any rifle, which can then be loaded at either breech or muzzle, it is so simple in its mechanism, that it can be fired easily from 12 to 15 times a- minute, and as rapidly in the dark as in the daylight . — Abridged from the Times. From the Carriage Factory at Woolwich was shown a series of specimens of Gun-carriages and Ambulances, with ■which no car- riages in the Building could compare for strength, and very few for finish. The utilization of the cask-hoops which lay in tons LANCASTER AND WHITWORTH GUNS. 127 about the camp at Sebastopol to mabe gabions and sap shields, was fully shown by the models in this Court. Mr. Lancaster exhibited his oval-bore Cannon, with shot and shell for its service ; and also examples of the rifle which proved so eminently successful in the recent official trials at Woolwich. The system of construction is briefly described thus : — “The inside of the barrel is cut by proper machinery in spiral form, the differ- ence between major and minor axis being '012 of an inch.” While admitting the value of more recently-invented weapons, we should not overlook those of Mr. Lancaster, remembering the tried ser- vices both of his artillery and small arms in the Crimean war and in the Indian mutiny. A very interesting collection of Guns and Projectiles was con- tributed by the Whitworth Ordnance Company. The guns ranged in size from the 1-pounder to the 70-pounder, and comprised ex- amples of both breech and muzzle-loaders. In every case the bore is hexagonal in its cross-section, and in the rifling the pitch is equal to twenty times the diameter of the bore. Messrs. Whit- worth state the range of their 12-pounder rifled cannon, with a 121b. shot, and If lb. of powder, as follows : — At point blank, 380 yards ; at 1° of elevation, 900 yards ; at 5°, 2600 yards ; at 10°, 4500 yards ; at 20°, 7000 yai’ds ; at 35°, 10,000 yards, or about 5f English miles ! A very beautiful Gun of small calibre, and constructed of cast- steel, was forwai'ded from Russia. A label attached to it informed us that it has withstood a test equivalent to 4000 charges. This argues a degree of tenacity in the metal of which it is composed, second only — if second, indeed, it be — to that of which the Prus- sian cannon are made. Prussia contributed an interesting collection of Gun-barrels of the famous steel of Messrs. Krupp, of Ensen. They were shown, together with various specimens of the metal, including one ingot of thirty tons weight, in the Western Annexe. “When we ex- amine the illustrations here offered of the texture (so to speak) of this steel, we cease to be sui-prised that the guns made from it have borne with impunity the rigid test that has been applied to some of them. This consists of sealing securely the muzzle of the gun, after having previously filled the barrel with powder ; when, on application of the fuse, the whole charge burns away harm- lessly through the touch-hole, leaving the barrel perfect and flaw- less .” — Illustrated London News. NEW CARTRIDGE. A new seamless Skin Cartridge, the invention of Captain M. Hayes, and exhibited by H. Gladstone and Co., of London, excited much interest. The advantages which it possesses over ordinary car- tridges are its waterproof qualities, greatly increased facilities of loading, cleanliness, and cheapness. In addition to the natural damp-resisting properties of the skin used in the manufacture, it is chemically prepared, so as to be impervious to wet. The ordi- 128 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. nary paper cartridge cannot resist water, and naturally absorbs moisture. The facilities in loading gained by this invention are extraordinary. The cartridge requires neither biting, tearing, nor puncturing ; but by one action is passed entire, viz., powder and ball in one complete whole, into the muzzle of the arm used, and goes clean down to the point of ignition. The spark from the percussion -cap penetrates the skin, and the charge is exploded without the chance of hang or misfire. Three rounds may ac- cordingly be fired in the time occupied by one when using paper or other cartridge : it is more cleanly, inasmuch as no loose powder is introduced into the barrel, no fouling takes place, the barrel remaining as polished and free from soil after 100 rounds, as before the first was fired. These advantages are multiplied under circumstances which render loading difficult : thus, the cavalry soldier, already engaged in the management of a restive horse, is occupied a long time in loading, and not unfrequently loses the greater part of his charge. The seamless skin cartridge thus renders a muzzle-loading arm almost equal to a breech-loader ; while for the latter it is adopted by inventors of guns on that principle. In boat service again, the injurious effects of surf and spray are avoided, which has induced Her Majesty’s Government, after submitting this ammunition to the severest trials on our foreign stations, to adopt the skin cartridge exclusively for the "Royal Navy. It has been successfully tried for lifeboat purposes, in connexion with a howitzer invented by Mr. Scott, of the Lutch Breech- loading Gun Company : by its means a line is projected over a ship in distress, either from boat or shore, with much greater power and precision than by any other plan yet devised. MARINE ENGINES. As might naturally be expected, the most important part of the exhibition of machinery was that where the object was Marine Propulsion. There were no less than seven pairs of Marine Engines fitted up complete for work, the aggregate power of which could not be less than 2000 horses. First was a magnificent pair of engines, by Maudslay, for H.M.S. Valiant , of 800-horse power ; by the side of them a pair of trunk engines by Penn, of Green- wich, of 300-horse power ; and near to these a pair of 400-horse power by Humphreys and Tennant. These engines were of the highest class of workmanship and design, and exhibited the extra- ordinary perfection now attained by the first-rate constructors of Steam Marine Engines. Messrs. G. Rennie and Sons exhibited a pair of marine screw engines for H.M. S. Reindeer. These are of 200-horse power nominal. They may be nominated single trunk engines, and for compactness of arrangement rivalled any in the Exhibition. The projecting trunk, objected to by many, is absent in Rennie’s engines, while they have the advantage of a long connecting-rod, which one misses in those of Humphreys and Tennant, just referred to. The cylin- ders are placed close to the condensers, and thus a good vacuum MARINE ENGINES. 129 is likely to be ensured. The bottom bearing' of the connecting- rod, too, is easy of access — a practical point, which those who are acquainted with the working of marine engines will know how to appreciate. The slide-valves are double ported, and the pressure of steam at the back is relieved by an arrangement first introduced into marine engines by Messrs. Rennie. These engines are simple in construction, and at the same time possess great strength ; and are, therefore, apparently well calculated for the hard work con- tingent on constant steaming in long voyages. Messrs. Rennie were also represented by models of the following kinds : — One of the 14 double-screw gunboats, made by them for the Spanish Govern- ment for the suppression of piracy in the Pacific. A model of one of the 10 double screw -gun boats constructed for the East Indian Government, and used for river-service during the Mutiny. There were also models of the celebrated steel gunboats made by the Messrs. Rennie for the Russian Government, and used against the pirates of the Caspian Sea. These boats draw only 20 inches of water, and are thus enabled to pursue sea-robbers into the shallowest creeks and inlets of the Caspian. Perhaps, however, the most interesting models of the Rennie group, were those of a portion of the Gigantic Ploating Dock, con- structed by the firm for the arsenals of Cartagena and Ferrol in Spain ; and of an Armour-plated Frigate, in process of being docked. A very clear idea of the ingenious construction of the floating docks is conveyed by this model ; a part of the outer skin or plating being removed, to show the pumps, sluices, and machinery employed in raising and lowering the dock. There was also to be seen a model of an extension of the Rennie system of Docking as it is now being carried out at Cartagena. It consists of flat shallow slip-ways, so arranged that vessels may be hauled off the floating dock on the land, and thus the dock itself may be made available for docking many vessels in immediate suc- cession. This operation has, indeed, been effected at the arsenal of Cartagena ; and among the vessels so docked was the celebrated frigate Novara, which had just completed the circumnavigation of the globe on behalf of the Austrian Government. Among the best marine steam-engines shown in the Exhibition were those manufactured by Humphrey and Tennant for the North Star, representing exactly the form and arrangement of all the screw-engines which Humphrey and Tennant have made for ships of war, amounting to about fifty pairs, within the last seven years, and fitted to vessels belonging to the British, Brazi- lian, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Turkish navies. They are technically known as “direct- acting short-stroke and short-connect- ing-rod engines.” The short connecting-rod is found to give off more power to the crank than a long one, owing to the friction caused by the appliances necessarily introduced to enable a longer rod to be employed ; and the short- stroke and short connecting- rod admits of a very simple and effective arrangement being in- troduced, as exhibited by the engines of the North Star. Practi- 130 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. cally there is no difference in the speed of a vessel of a given size with a given power, whether the stroke and rod be long or short ; but the short stroke and short rod will drive a given ship a given speed at less cost than will a long stroke and long rod ; for although the short proportions cause a very slight increase in expenditure of fuel, the long proportions cause a considerable increase in the cost of lubricating material. Putting it in exact figures, a pair of engines of 400-horse power with a long connecting-rod will save 4s. §d. per day in coal over a short one, but the short one will use 11s. per day less of lubricating material : indeed the effect is so nearly alike that both proportions may be considered equal ; hence the simplicity of the engines of Humphrey and Tennant. The engines of the North Star are nominally 400 horse ; they have cylinders 64| inches diameter, and make a stroke of 2 feet 8 inches, going 70 revolutions per minute. A pair made from the same patterns, tried on board her Majesty’s ship Albion, were worked up to 1865 horses. .Richardson and Sons, of Hartlepool, exhibited a working model of inverted Cylinder Marine Engines, as fitted on board of screw- steamers. The consumption of fuel in no case exceeds 112 lb. per hour for each 10 (nominal) horse power ; and the indicated horse power in each of the engines they have made is from three-and-a- half to four-and-a-half times the nominal power. The arrange- ment is very compact, and occupies little space in the ship. The cylinders are steam jacketed, and fitted with feed super-heating apparatus. Every one of these engines was of the screw-engine type, for apparently paddle-engines are old fashioned now; though it is only eleven years since, at the last Exhibition, they were in the zenith of their fame, and screw-engines were almost in their infancy. ■ — A bridged from the Times. A pair of marine engines exhibited by John Penn and Son, •were excellent exponents of workmanship : they are on the direct acting principle, and are intended for a screw steam- ship. The engines are of the collective power of 600 horses, and have been manufactured for the Spanish Government. The cylinders are 78 inches in diameter, and the length of the stroke is 3 feet 6 inches. The connecting-rods are 9 feet long. Several pairs of engines of a nearly similar character have been made for the respective navies, and they have been found to work with perfect smoothness and regularity. Each condenser is provided with a double-acting air-pump 23 inches in diameter, the length of stroke being the same as that of the piston. PUMPING-ENGINES EOR WATER- WORKS. Models of a Pumping-engine and Safety-balance valve, as erected and used at the Lea- bridge branch of the East London "Water- works, were exhibited by Harvey and Co., and Hayle, Cornwall. Having seen the originals of these we can vouch for the fidelity of GAS ENGINEERING. 131 the models. The Lea-bridge engine, which was erected by Messrs. Harvey some five or six years since, was at the time of its erection the largest in or near London. When working full power it pumps 9000 gallons of water per minute to a height usually of 140 feet. The water thus raised is conveyed into London by means of cast- iron pipes 36 inches in diameter. In 1858 Harvey & Co. erected, for the Southwark and Yauxhall Water Company, at Battersea, a Pumping-engine, the cylinder of which is 112 inches in diameter, and weighs 36 tons. This engine, though the largest and most powerful ever built for such a purpose, is of the most simple construction. The steam-valves are all on the equilibrium principle, and the arrangement of parts is through- out such that this colossus of engines, so to speak, is as completely under the control of a pigmy, but intelligent engineman, as is the small engine in a factory. The quantity of water pumped up for the supply of London daily amounts to 115,000,000 gallons. Of this enormous quantity 79,000,000 of gallons are pumped by means of single-acting engines on Harvey’s plan. — Mechanics' Magazine. GAS ENGINEERING. One of the best illustrations of the progress effected since! 851 was in the number of exhibitors of fire-clay Gas-Retorts at the Exhibi- tion. This has been caused through iron gas retorts being super- seded by earthenware retorts in almost every town exceeding 10, 000 inhabitants. Boucher and Keller, of Belgium, exhibited some very large pieces of Fire-clay goods, it is thought, larger than any ever made in England. Messrs. Cowen showed two Gas Retorts beautifully manufactured from the Newcastle fire-clay. John Hall and Co. showed a glass-house pot of superior make ; and gas-retorts and crucibles, partly made from carbon incrustation. The engineering department contained the beautiful Coal-gas Apparatus invented by Mr. George Bower, for lighting isolated country mansions and factories : it occupies only a few square feet of space, but will supply gas for twenty lights. Bischoff and Co. exhibited Clegg’s Gas-meter, an improvement on the wet meter ; ensuring correct registrations, independent of a variation of the water-level, whether caused by evaporation or wilful abstraction. The principle consists in floating the drum by an air-vessel, which permits the revolving drum to rise or fall, according to the height of the water in the case, and to work free from friction on the bearings. In Mr. Sugg’s case were shown a photometer, eudiometer, ex- hauster-gauge, &c. Mr. G. Glover, of Pimlico, exhibited a meter, by which quantities of gas so minute as from to 20 1 00 part of a cubic foot can be measured with precision each second. Mr. Warner advertised his patent anhydrous oxide of iron for purifying coal-gas ; Mr. Cockey showed his patent Centre Yalve which will perform the work of half a dozen single valves. The k 2 132 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. pressure and supply of gas to the Exhibition Building was governed by the regulating valves of C. Walker and Son’s make. A sample of the red tin canisters which uselessly disfigure the public lamps was shown at the Exhibition. Also Mr. Prossex’s Oxyhydrogen Lime Lamp, the identical one used for three months at the South Foreland Lighthouse. The lime-light was fitted up- two years since at Westminster Bridge ; but the great cost of manu- facturing oxygen gas, together with this mode requiring two lineA of pipe, caused its discontinuance. Mr. Clarke showed his patent Gas Regulator, which, like those invented by Mr. Pad don and Mr. Hart, are useful for public lamps. There was also Mr. Hughes’s safety whistling Gas Chandelier. In a similar manner whistles might be fixed a few inches above the lower curbs of gasholders, to make known when they are full. There were shown Bitumenized Pipes for gas and water purposes. Time alone will satisfy people whe- ther such description of pipes will retain water under pressure, on bear the chemical action of gas. In 1851 the only Paraffine Candle exhibited was made from turf. The considerable display made by Mr. Young, and Messrs. Field, and many others, of blocks of Paraffin and Candles, proves the manufacture of this article to have arisen during the past ten years. In 1872, it is probable that the paraffine exhibited will be made from the lately introduced rock-oil. Mr. Shepard’s magneto-electric light was shown. This remark- able light has been two winters in use at the South Foreland Lighthouse, and is now fitted up by the Trinity Board at Dunge- ness. The light produced is intense — sufficient, it is stated, in a revolving lens giving off six rays, to enable any person with, average sight to read at a distance of ten miles. — Mechanic &” Magazine. PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS. Amongst the general instruments exhibited were cloud-mirrors,, sunshine recorders ; and a galactoscope for measuring the transpa- rency of milk. The Right Hon. Robert Low^e showed Spectacles which magnify without glass or any other refracting medium ; and Dr. Lankester exhibited an Ozonometer for registering the hourly variations of ozone. The Stereotrope, or Stereoscopic Thauma- trope, the invention of Mr. W. T. Shaw, was shown : it applies- the principle of the stereoscope to thaumatropes, phantascopes,. plenakistoscopes, &c., which depend for their results on “per- sistence of vision,” superadding the effects of solidity, so that the object is perceived as if in motion, and with an appearance of relief as in nature. The curious and beautiful effects of the. plenakistoscope are wonderfully enhanced by the addition of solidity in this instrument. The principal exhibitors of Microscopes were Smith, Beck, and MICROSCOPIC WRITING MACHINE. 133 Beck, Ross, and Powell and Lealand. In the case of the first firm was shown the instrument from its rough casting to its finished state. We must not overlook a novelty in the display of these exhibitors. The late Prof. Hounslow suggested the desira- bility of a microscope which could be placed in a public museum and supplied with a stock of objects. Smith and Beck have carried out his suggestion, and the result is a Microscope contain- ing five hundred different objects arranged so that they can be seen with three different powers, at choice ; and placed on a re- volving cylinder which, while it brings them successively under view, prevents their being injured. The improvements effected by Mr. Wenham deserve mention : what Wheatstone did for the photograph, when he contrived the stereoscope, Mr. Wenham has done for microscopic objects. No longer a mere flat image is produced : the binocular microscope, by a contrivance for the use of both eyes, gives perfect stereoscopic relief, and at the same time saves much labour to the eyes of the spectator. We believe this to be the most important advance in the manufacture of the microscope since 1854 . — Condensed from the Illustrated London News. Mr. Norman showed a wonderful series of microscopic slides containing minute seotions and preparations of almost every con- ceivable object, animal or vegetable : from sections of the tooth of a lion to the liver or skin of a man, from the lungs of a boa con- strictor to the palate of a toad or the tongue of an alligator. A machine was exhibited by Mr . Peters for Microscopic Writing, which is infinitely more wonderful than Mr. Whitworth’s machine for measuring the millionth of an inch, which excited such astonish- ment in 1851. With this machine of Mr. Peters it is stated that the words “ Matthew Marshall, Bank of England,” can be written in the two and-a-lialf millionth of an inch in length. The words to be written microscopically are written in pencil, in ordinary characters, on a sheet of paper at the bottom of the instrument. But the pencil with which this is done communicates by a series of levers and gimbals with another minute pencil and tablet at the top, by means of which the ordinary writing of the pencil and the pencil for the microscopic writing both move in unison, though the motion of the latter is so graduated that a stroke of a quarter of an inch at the bottom is only a stroke of a quarter of a millionth of an inch at the top, the shape and character of both marks being nevertheless precisely alike in outline. As a matter of course, the microscopic writing at the top is only visible under powerful mag- nifiers ; the object of the machine is chiefly to mark bank-notes with certain minute signatures for the prevention of forgery. Close by this curious instrument was Mr. Babbage’s Calculating Machine, which will work quadrations and calculate logarithms up to seven places of figures. * It was the account of this invention written by the late Lady Lovelace, Lord Byron’s daughter — that led the * See a large Engraving of this Machine, never before published, in Stories of Inventors and Discoverers , by the Editor of the present volume. 1860 . 134 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Messrs. Scheutz, of Stockholm, to improve upon it to such an extent as not only enabled the machine to calculate its tables, but to print its results. This improvement was at once bought up by the English Government, but it is not now shown at the Exhibition. The small and by no means complicated machine of Mr. Babbage was in the gallery. Negretti and Zambra showed instruments entirely new, and most of the important ones. Among these was a Thermometer so exquisitely sensitive as to rise at once upon the approach of the hand within two or three inches : this was made specially to test the temperature of the body and coils of the python during her attempted incubation at the Zoological Gardens. Messrs. Elliott exhibited a number of Electrometers of the most delicate kind ; a large Electrifying Machine, with ebonite discs ; improved air-pumps on a large scale ; Drawing Instruments in aluminium, bronze, &c. ; Micrometer gauges for shot and shell ; improved Quadrant for levelling rifled cannon ; and a large and very beautiful sectional model of a Steam-engine, with all the latest improvements. Murray and Heath showed an improve- ment upon the Electric Lamp, by which the electrodes are kept at constant distances without the intervention of any clockwork motion. An improved instrument for observing the circular Polarization of Liquids, and an entirely new reflecting Stereoscopic Microscope, were also shown. Frastrd, Brunnier, and Dutron exhibited, in the Erench depart- ment, Meteorological Instruments of perfect manufacture. Naudet and Company, of Paris, showed some exquisitely sensitive Aneroid Barometers ; and Colombi and Sons, from the same city, a collection which maintains their high character as optical instrument-makers. M. Kcenig showed a wonderful collection of instruments applied to the illustration of the theory of the conduction, undulation, and vibration of Sound. By a most ingenious but simple instrument — a common glass cylinder, coated with fine lampblack, and applied, turning, to a tuning- key when vibrating — M. Kcenig makes sound its own printer. From the impression left on this cylinder all the different vibrations and undulations of sound between A and G are here recorded from their outset to their latest tone, have been made to register themselves, and from the records thus left a most beautiful series of acoustic charts has been drawn out. M. Bardou, of Paris, who is the manufacturer of three- fourths of the opera-glasses which come to this country, showed a beau- tiful series of Telescopes and Optical Instruments, though why he was not allowed to show opera-glasses as well it is difficult to say. The most important of French exhibitors was, of course, Duboscq, who, as in 1851 and 1855, sent a collection of the best made and the rarest philosophical instruments. Beyond all doubt, the finest constructed Solar Spectrum we have yet seen was shown in his collection. M. Deleuil, the inventor of the beautifully- adjusted Balance for the Imperial Mint, and from which our own, we think, is an adaptation, of course sent a number of wonderfully- adjusted PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS. 135 scales, which the l-1000th part of a grain or a sunbeam at either side would almost suffice to turn. He likewise showed what are apparently two powerful hooped Mortars, mounted upon high wheels, but which the chemist at once recognised as the re- ceptacles used for the solidification of carbonic acid gas. M. Collot sent some Balances made of aluminium; and, as in 1851, Madame Gavard was in the French Gallery at her Pentograph — an instrument which, by a careful adjustment of gimbals and levers, follows the motion of a hand tracing drawings, to repro- duce them by a pencil fixed in a rod at the furthermost extremity. Since 1851 an improvement has been made in this machine, which can now be applied to the purposes of the engraver, and made to produce on copper fac-simile copies simultaneously. In the Berlin Court of the Zollverein M. Wagner exhibited an Engraving Pen- tograph of a different kind, applied to the production of those curious bas-relief engravings with which the public have lately become familiar. M. Perreaux exhibited his straight line dividing instruments, such as are used at Kew and by all the leading philo- sophical instrument-makers. He also showed a novelty since 1851 — a Spherometer, for measuring the curves of object-glasses. This instrument is of such extreme delicacy, that when adjusted to zero, even placing the hand on the ground-glass plane beneath, from which the slender index works, is sufficient to deflect it in- stantly. M. Bertrand showed some small Spheres of Iceland spar, and a good collection of Nicols Prisms for the polarization of light ; and Hoffmann also contributed very fine specimens of the same kind. None in the Foreign Department showed good Photographic negatives of Microscopic objects but Boncoli, of Bergamo, in the Italian section. Some of these instantaneous photographs of the magnified blood and anatomy of the most minute insects were among the most wonderful tours de force that this chemical art showed in the Building. In the French Department was the Calculating Machine of M. Thomas — the Babbage of France. It is so small as to fit in a compass not greater than that of a good musical snuff-box. Yet, by. simply winding a handle, 18 seconds suffice to multiply 8 figures by 8; to divide 16 figures by 8 figures only 24 seconds are required, and a square root of 16 figures is obtained within a minute ! And all this is done by turning a handle rapidly, and the price of the whole apparatus is within the reach of most buyers. In the Zollverein, M. Greiner showed such specimens of Glass- blowing for the finer kinds of philosophical and chemical ap- paratus as are really almost indescribable for their wonderful skill. The preceding details have been, in the main, selected and con- densed from the excellent Beport on the Philosophical Instru- ments, which appeared in the Times journal. 136 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS. Photography may be said to be an entirely new Class since 1851 ; indeed, the art itself can scarcely be said to have existed at that time, if we compare it with its now universal spread. It is true we had then the Daguerreotype and the Talbotype ; the former the only process sufficiently rapid to take portraits, and the latter only suited to views and objects admitting of long ex- posure to the camera. We all remember the very beautiful speci- mens of both these processes exhibited in the Building in Hyde Park. They were, however, few in number, and exhibited as mere adjuncts of the philosophical instruments. Still they showed what was doing ; for hitherto the workers had carried on their labours without knowing what others were employed upon ; and this, combined with Archer’s invention of the collodion process, gave a great impulse to the art ; the extremest rapidity was ob- tained, the imperfection of the texture of the paper got rid of, and the power of multiplying copies to any extent at a cheap rate was achieved. Notwithstanding the very inadequate space which the Commissioners were able to allot for the display of the art, British photography need fear no comparison with its Conti- nental rivals. The landscapes of Bedford Mudd, Robinson, the Earl of Caithness, Vernon Heath, Lady Jocelyn, Cundall and Downes, and a host of others, attested a supremacy in the art which, we venture to assert, very few, if any, Continental rivals will dispute. C. Thurston Thompson and Caldesi showed gigantic photographs of the cartoons of RafFaelle, wonderful as master- pieces of manipulation. In portraits, the well-known names of Williams, Claudet, Mayall, Lock and Whitfield, Mayer, Dolamore and Bullock, Maull and Polyblank, &c., were exhibitors : their coloured photographs are in reality miniatures, being so worked by hand as to leave no trace of the photograph. N egretti and Zambra exhibited transparent Photographs on glass, similar to those well-known productions of Ferrier of Paris. En- larged photographs were shown by Claudet and others, which were life-sized, and some of them coloured. Paul Pretsch, Pouncey, John Field, and F. Joubert contributed specimens of this class. Mr. Warren De la Rue exhibited his most interesting series of Photographs, showing the progress of the late Total Eclipse of the Sun, as seen in Spain. Colonel Sir Henry James, director of the Ordnance Survey, showed specimens of “ Photo- Zincography,” for the reduction, enlarging, and printing of maps and plans. Sir Henry showed adaptations of it to the production of fac-similes of ancient MS., and one of a page of Domesday Book. The photograph, by a simple and cheap process, is transferred to a zinc plate, whence any number of copies can be taken off by the ordinary plate printing process. F. Joubert exhibited a series of very beautiful pictures burnt in on glass, a marvellous adaptation of the photographic art in an CLOCKS AND WATCHES. 137 absolutely new direction. By a pure photographic process he pro- duces on the glass, in ceramic colours, a picture, which, by expo- sure to heat in the furnace becomes burnt in like any other picture on glass or china. By a careful and artistic manipulation he has been able to produce effects in several colours. The process has been perfected, and a cheap and artistic ornamentation of our windows is brought within the means of the many. Some of the best Photographs in the display were by English artists resident in France ; some remarkably fine ones were sent by Mr. Maxwell Lyte, an amateur. Mingled with the photographs were the instruments and ap- pliances used in the art. In lenses, on which the ai'tist is so greatly dependent, there has been great progress made since 1851. Boss and Dalmeyer showed some very fine specimens — mar- vellous proofs of a combination of mathematical theory with the skilful development of the practical optician. Horne and Thorne- thwaite, veterans in the field of photography, Murray and Heath, Bland and Co., attested what the English can do as makers of apparatus. One firm showed specimens of albumenized paper, in preparing which ^they use annually half a million of hens’ eggs. The Educational appliances in this department of the Exhibition likewise deserved an attentive visit. The right of taking Photographs in the Building was purchased for nearly 2000 guineas, by the London Stereoscopic Company, whose Photographs for Stereoscopes are clear and sharp as instan- taneous views ; the tinted views especially bringing out every light and shade, and every tone of colour, in the Building. In these pictures the statuary comes out with all the sharpness of high relief, and every column and rib of the nave may be counted. In some, such as the collection of glass in the English and Austrian Courts, the effect is more than stereoscopic — it is an optical delusion ; less a picture of the places as we see them than the places themselves. The quaint, funny monstrosities of the Japanese Court were reproduced to the life ; here we got the long vista of ponderous wheels and thrusting pistons of the Machinery Annexe ; the veiled figures of Monti came out with beautiful distinctness ; and the pale, earnest features of the Read- ing Girl were copied with all the force of the statue itself. This latter was apparently the popular picture, as nearly 200 gross of its copies were sold per week. On the whole, this pictorial record of the finest Exhibition that has yet been held was in every way worthy of the advance the chemical art has made since our last World’s Fair in 1851 . — Abridged from the Times. CLOCKS AND WATCHES. There were giants of Clocks in the days of the Exhibition o 1862, as well as in that of 1851, and although our great public clocks of late have hardly performed in proportion to their bulk, 138 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. those in the Exhibition have, we believe, kept the promise to the ear. The great Dial around the stained glass window at the eastern end of the Nave, measuring nearly 40 ft. in diameter, was the first lion of this class. It was worked by a clock made by Dent, maker of the great clock at Westminster Palace. In this clock the aim was to show that the hands for an immense dial can be worked by a comparatively small movement. In large clocks two- seconds pendulums, of about 15 ft. in length, are almost always used ; the attempt was here made to show that one of 8 ft. long is sufficient for this great dial. The movement of this, with the exception of the escapement, is of iron. This firm had also in the eastern Transept a fine specimen of the Turret Clock striking the hours on a bell weighing between three and four tons, and the quarters on four smaller bells. The whole of the wheels are composed of gun-metal, and, though working four dials of only 7 ft. diameter in the Exhibition Building, the appa- ratus is capable of working the same number of 12 ft. diameter. There was also at work by the side of this clock a smaller one showing the time only, the construction of which demands special attention. The maintaining power which continues the perform- ance of the clock while winding, has the advantage of exerting an equal force during the whole time of winding, as well as the capa- bility of multiplying the winding-power at discretion. The remontoire in this clock is driven by a weight hanging from a drum, thus equalizing the force and avoiding the effects of a varying temperature experienced in a spring rdmontoire. The descrip- tion of gravity escapement used in this clock is particularly safe, it being scarcely possible to make it trip. Another gigantic work, termed -par excellence “The Great Ex- hibition Clock,” was placed in the central tower of the south side of the Exhibition Building. The maker is Mr. Benson, of Ludgate-hill. Its special peculiarity is a new double lever rdmontoire, the appli- cation of which diminishes the friction or retarding force, and allows of great motive power, even to the extent of 20 tons, being used without disturbing the time-keeping qualities. In all cases where the works of a clock are at a great distance from the dial, as in this case, the outer dial being 300 ft. from the works, a great motive power is requisite. Mr. Benson’s clock has a compensated two- seconds pendulum, 15 ft. long, and all the pivots will run in gun-metal bosses fitted in plummer- blocks. These plummer-blocks had never been applied to clockwork before : their advantages are, that they allow of any portion of the clockwork being removed without disturbing the whole. Every wheel of the clock is made of gun-metal, and the chimes are those of St. Mary’s at Cambridge, remodelled, so that their intonation may denote first, second, or third quarters. The weights of the Clock are in the eastern corner of the Exhibition, some 200 ft. from the works ; they were carried under the floor, and finally passed over a pulley, fixed 70 ft. above the foundations of the Building. The bells together weigh 50 cwt., CLOCKS AND WATCHES. 139 and were cast by Mears, of Whitechapel. The foundations of the clock were erected by Kelk and Lucas, in solid brickwork, sunk 15 ft. below the floor of the Building. The ironwork is by Potter, of South Molton-street : it is richly decorated by Jackson, of Bathbone-place, and Mr. Crace. The Commissioners are stated to have dwarfed its proportions by some 4ft., and to have almost “spoilt the case.” Besides the great Dial, 9 ft. in diameter, surmounting the entrance, four smaller ones were placed round the works at the four cardinal points. Mr. Bennett, of Cheapside, also exhibited a large Clock, sur- mounted with a timeball and figure of Victory. This last work was in communication with Greenwich, so that the timeball was discharged at noon to the fraction of a second. The great Watch and Clock Makers of Clerkenwell exhibited in full strength. After Clerkenwell, but at some distance, came the watches of Coventry ; and last of all, the prettiest and cheapest, but much inferior, watches of Switzerland. In this class all the great watch and clock manufacturers of England showed their masterpieces of workmanship. There were reversible chronome- ters, steam clocks, marine chronometers, astronomical clocks, geographical clocks, silent clocks, skeleton clocks, Liliputian alarm clocks, electro-magnetic clocks, keyless watches, electric clocks, mercurial timepieces, clocks showing mean time and longi- tude at important places, and galvano-magnetic clocks ; and gold and silver watches of every description. Mr. Benson also exhibited a collection of horological curiosities, ranging from 100 to 250 years old, and intended in some degree to illustrate the gradual rise and progress of Watchmaking and Watch Ornamentation. One of the earliest was of the ordinary vertical construction, but has a gut instead of a winding-chain, and has no pendulum-spring. The case is covered with shagreen, ornamented with a regular pattern formed of small gold pins, which also serve to attach the shagreen cover to the body of the case. The dial is of enamel, the centre blue, surrounded by an edge of white, on which the hours are painted in black : the maker’s name, “Goublons, Paris.” There were also two curious old silver watches of an oval form, maker’s name, ‘ ‘ Grinkin, Fleet-street these also were without a hairspring, and a winding- gut instead of a chain. Of about the same date, and with the same peculiarities which mark the three preceding, was a watch with a case cut from a solid Brazilian topaz. Next was a small but beautifully-constructed verge-watch, remarkable for accuracy of construction : the case cut from an agate mounted in gold, set with diamonds : maker’s name, “Archamb, London.” The next was of the vertical construction, remarkable only for two very fine enamel paintings on the case — one of “The Adoration of the Shepherds,” the other “The Flight into Egypt.” The peculiarity of the next watch was, that it was wound up at the centre pinion by which the hands are set in modern watches, while .40 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. to put the watch to the time it is necessary to move its one hand with the finger : maker’s name, “Gaudron, k Paris.” The next in the collection was of the same construction as that first de- scribed, but the watch demands particular attention from the very splendid enamels with which the case is ornamented. These enamels, one of which is outside and one inside the case (which is made of iron), are evidently portraits of some distinguished per- sons, thought to be Charles I., while the exaggerated hair and vivacious expression of countenance of its neighbour betokened a French original: maker’s name, “Rigault, k Blois.” The next is supposed to be a relic of the celebrated Parliamentarian, Pym. It is of the vertical construction, and repeats the hours on a bell, fixed within the case. The outer case is of brass, covered with tortoiseshell, ornamented in the same manner as the last described. On the inner part of the case is scratched “ John Pyme, his watche, a.d. 1628.” Maker’s name, “Johannes Bayes, Londini.” The last watch we have to notice is of the hori- zontal construction, and evidently modern make. Its great pecu- liarity is, that it shows the month, day of the month, day of the week, hour, minute, second ; age, and first, second, or third quarter of the moon. This very curious watch has six hands, three of which are affixed to the centre, while the other three are opposite the figures 3, 6, and 9, respectively : maker’s name, “ Sar- ton, a Libge .” — Abridged from the Observer. Aubert and Linton exhibited an Astronomical and Geographical Clock, the work of M. Henry Grettillat, who devoted twenty-three years to its construction. It possesses a compensating pendulum, formed of nine branches, and carries at its lower extremity a dial, which by two hands indicates the variation to the eight-hundredth part of half an inch. It also gives thirty-five different demonstra- tions, and has twenty-six dials, which respectively indicate the revolutions of the sun ; sunrise and sunset, with solstices and equinoxes ; a perpetual calendar ; the months, the date of the months, the days of the week ; the equation of time ; the changes of the moon ; and the hour of the day in twenty-two towns. A curious specimen from Nuremberg, the birthplace, so to speak, of pocket- watches, was a handsome and large Watch with an en- amelled case enriched with pearls, the works in which play a variety of tunes. This, however, is a comparatively modern Eng- lish specimen taken at the general “loot” of the Emperor’s Summer Palace, at Yuen Min Yuen. There were also shown Chronograph Watches, which mark time to tenths of seconds. Many of these watches were in cases ornamented with designs for which prizes were offered at the various Government schools. Some of these designs were of great beauty, and attempt to compete with foreigners in decorative watches. M. Oudin Charpentier exhibited several Watches of exquisite workmanship. One was a Chatelaine and Watch in rock crystal ; the chatelaine itself the head of the lion surmounted by the British crown in gold. In its mouth is a ring of brilliants, from which ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS. 141 is suspended a small repeater and self-winding watch, the dial of which is of crystal. Instead of the ordinary figures to denote the hours, there are twelve small scutcheons, which have the words “Dieu mon droit ” traced in brilliants, these twelve letters repre- senting the hours. The back of the watch is also of crystal, and is ornamented with a garter in brilliants ; around are the three emblematic flowers of the United Kingdom. The same exhibitor showed some cruciform Watches, to be worn round the neck : one, in the antique style, and richly jewelled, was made for the Empress of the Erench ; another, ornamented with brilliants, sapphires, and rubies, for the Queen of Spain ; a third in jasper, with en- graved ornaments, inlaid with gold, with the four Evangelists’ em- blems ; and there was also one of these watch crosses made for the Pope, ornamented with a relievo carving on steel ; and a watch made for the King of Spain, striking the hours and quar- ters of itself, and repeating the minutes at the will of the wearer. It has national escutcheons, and the Collar of the Order of the Gol- den Fleece and that of Charles III. ; and these surround on one side the arms of the King, on the other the cipher of his Majesty ; the backs are bordered with two circles, formed of chased fleurs- de-lis, more than two hundred in number. Both the dial and dome of the watch are of crystal, and the works are consequently exposed to view. There were Watches with double running seconds hands, one stopping on pressing a knob ; the other starts, and marks the number of seconds travelled, and when disengaged they both ad- just themselves to the minute hand. Another showed the time of day in about fifty different parts of the world, by a dial, re- volving within a circle, on which were marked the names of the cities or towns. The designs exhibited for ornamenting the cases of Geneva Watches were very beautiful, and showed ex- quisite effects of form and colour in their details. Those by Al- phonse Dubois and Fritz Kimdertwere amongst the most admired. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. It has been aptly observed that the practical influence of elec- trical inventions met the visitor at the very threshold of the Ex- hibition Building, where the “ Magnetic Tell-tale ” of Prof. Wheatstone was attached to some of the turnstiles, and this, in a measure, controlled the financial department. This instrument was worked without battery-power of any kind. The electricity was generated by a peculiarly constructed magnetic-machine, so connected with the axis of the turnstile as to discharge a current of its force at each revolution of the stile. Thus, each visitor, on passing through it, unconsciously and telegraphically announced his or her arrival to the financial officers in whose rooms were fixed 142 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. the instruments for receiving and recording the liberated current, which latter was conducted thither by a line of copper wire laid along the Building between those instruments and the turnstiles, and metallically connected to each. The registers thus obtained formed a complete check upon the money taken at the doors, and they were produced automatically, requiring only the current evoked by the revolving turnstile to set in motion the electrical apparatus whereby they were recorded. The wires of the Electric and International Telegraph Company had their stations in the Building, whence messages could be sent to all the telegraphic stations of the world.* In illustration, as well of the pure science of electricity, as of its telegraphic offshoot, there were in all sixty-eight exhibitors, whose nationalities may be summarized as follows : — Twenty-nine British subjects, fourteen French, five Austrian, five Dutch, five Belgian, four Italian; and two each from Switzerland, Prussia, and Den- mark respectively. Their productions were more remarkable for careful manufacture than for novelty or originality. First, the Gutta Percha Company exhibited two frames, wherein was pure gutta percha, rolled out to a tenuity little less than that of a soap-bubble, and stretched like a picture glass. The surface was perfectly even, and quite diaphanous, being infi- nitely less opaque than horn such as is used in lanterns. The same Company also exhibited good specimens of insulated conductors ranging from a thickness suitable for a 2000-mile cable, down to a size small enough for surrounding the coils of electro-magnets. One mile of this latter beautiful thread is contained in a ball about the size of an ordinary breakfast-cup. We had also numerous other specimens of “cores,” or insulated centres of cables, of which the Company showed 'fifty- one specimens, being separate examples of each of the cores manufactured by them since 1850. Glass, Elliott, and Co. similarly displayed specimens of thirty cables which they have completed from cores made by the Gutta Percha Company, and submerged by their own staff. The great improvements and numerous inventions in Electric Telegraphy during the past ten years were strikingly shown by the various new instruments exhibited by the Universal Private Telegraph, the British and Irish, the [Submarine, and other Tele- graphic Companies. Prof. Wheatstone’s ingenious and beautiful Domestic Telegraphs were shown in working order, and many inventions and contrivances to utilize this valuable discovery were * One of the excluded companies (the Submarine) determined not to be beaten, having hired a piece of vacant ground in the Cromwell-road, nearly opposite the south-east tower, and erected thereon a gay little Kiosk-like building, supplied internally with all the requisites of a telegraph-office. Into this were brought the Company’s wires, which, in connexion with their own cables and with the wires of the Magnetic Telegraph Company, were thus in communication with all the British and Continental stations. From this position, defiant with international bunting, they were enabled to wage vigorous competition with their privileged rivals, apparently not without success, for the large amount of telegraphic business evoked by the occasion. — Mechanics’ Magazine. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS. 143 to be seen in this Class. Mr. Tyer exhibited his patent Train Telegraph which has met with the strong approval of Captain Tyler and Colonel Yolland, of the Board of Trade. The apparatus for the use of the signalmen comprises a telegraphic-needle for each line of rails in each direction, and a bell and gong, having different sounds, the one for the up and the other for the down line of rails in each direction. The bell or gong is used to draw attention to the approach or passage of a train, and by the number of beats employed, to describe the train : while the needles are used solely to denote either “line blocked,” or “line clear and no signal- man can alter his own instrument, it being the duty of each sig- nalman to work the needles of the signalmen on each side of him. The most interesting and advanced of these instruments were those which worked more or less automatically. The Automatic system of Mr. Allan is especially ingenious. It consists of three machines ; the punching-machine is the first of these, and by this the ribbon paper to be passed through the sending machine is per- forated with holes, representing dots and strokes of the Morse alphabet, at those points only where the current is required to mark on the unperforated ribbon at the receiving station ; next is the sending-machine, into which the perforated paper is introduced. This machine winds up its own clockwork, whereby the paper is drawn forward, and stops of its own accord when the message is completed ; and lastly, the receiving-instrument at the distant sta- tion, which is also so arranged as to start its own machinery on receiving the electric impulse, and stop it when the perforated paper at the other end has passed through the sending apparatus. Professor Wheatstone’s Automatic Recorder was another very beau- tiful instrument of this class. M. Sortais exhibited a remarkable machine, whereby the ordinary Morse instrument can be made to start and stop itself by the electric current. Signor Bonelli showed in actual work, his ingenious Electro- chemical Recording Apparatus. In Printing Telegraphs, the only instrument exhibited was that of Mr. Jacob Brett, which is memorable historically, as the instrument by which the first message was received through the first submarine cable. The British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company exhibited an ingenious and novel system of controlling turret and other clocks, patented by Mr. L. Jones, of Chester, unlike any pre- viously in use ; the clocks being controlled only, and not moved either in whole or part, by electricity. The three clocks shown were in all respects, excepting the pendulum, of ordinary con- struction, and would go without the electric current, keeping their own time. The pendulum is a hollow electro-magnet, oscillating over or around permanent magnets. When a current is sent, second by second, from a controlling clock, the temporary attrac- tion between the electro-magnet and the permanent magnet com- pels the controlled pendulum to copy the vibrations of the controller. 144 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. even though there may be a discrepancy of several minutes in their daily independent rates. The above Company also sent the Acous- tic Telegraph, a clever and extensively used instrument, invented by Sir Charles Bright and Mr. E. Bright. By its means a telegraph clerk, in taking off a message, writes it himself without being- obliged to raise his eyes from the paper ; the signals being produced by strokes on a pair of bells of different tones, one placed on either side of his writing-desk. There was also a Transmitting Relay, patented by the Messrs. Bright, for use in connexion with a needle telegraph, by means of which the taking off of a message at an intermediate station is rendered unnecessary, extra battery power being used instead. We also noticed a rarefied-air Lightning Pro- tector, patented by these gentlemen. Mr. C. F. Walker, the telegraph engineer, exhibited a pair of the bells, of which some hundreds are erected on the South-Eastern Railway, for signalling trains. There is no mechanism, and but one moveable piece, the hammer which strikes the bell. The battery employed is a one-fluid battery, the negative plate being platinized graphite. A counting index is attached to some bells to count if the signalman is absent or distracted. Two instruments record the [signals. One of these drops black and white balls into a groove for the signals, and spotted and blue for the hours and quarters. The other imprints red and black marks on cotton thread for the signals, and the two combined for time marks. Mr. Walker also exhibited a Graphite Battery in work, remarkable for its simplicity of action, and the constancy of the power evoked ; an audible system of Train Signals ; an index for counting, and an apparatus for recording them. The two Electrometers, portable apparatus for observing atmo- spheric electricity, and recently introduced by Dr. Thomson into the- observatory at Kew, were shown : with Mr. C. E. Yarley’s Mul- tiplying Electrometer for testing the electrical state of the atmo- sphere when its power is too weak for ordinary instruments. Messrs. C. and S. A. Yarley exhibited a large ebonite Electrical Machine : the disc is three feet in diameter, and is excited by a soft amalgam composed of zinc, tin, mercury, and lead, to giv& out sparks from 16 to 20 inches in length. Some Yoltaic Piles and other electrical objects were exhibited by the University of Pavia, as having once belonged to the immortal Yolta. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES. The numerous and important display of Surgical Instruments in the Exhibition was subdivided into those used, first, for general surgical purposes ; secondly, in ophthalmic surgery ; thirdly, in, orthopaedic surgery ; fourthly, in aural surgery ; fifthly, in dental surgery ; and, sixthly, in obstetric surgery. In excellence of workmanship and perfection of manufacture* SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 145 the English makers still maintain their superiority ; but Prussia, Russia, and France tread very closely on the steps of advance taken by some of our leading makers. All the well-known manufacturers of Great Britain were repre- sented in the Exhibition. Evans and Stevens, Weiss, Sa vigny, Coxeter, Ferguson, Matthews, Durroch, Bigg, Ernst, Ash and Co., and a host of others more than maintained their previous re- putation. Evans and Stevens exhibited an ingenious Trephine, which possesses some advantages over that ordinarily in use ; and a, new instrument for Vaccination. Weiss and Son exhibited among the novelties a modification of the Ecraseur, an instrument by means of which the tissues of the body can be divided by a wire or chain saw, worked by a sort of windlass action. In that devised by Messrs. Weiss the power is obtained by an endless screw, and is so great that no part of the frame except the bones is capable of withstanding its almost resistless force. As it cuts in a slightly uneven manner, and the constriction is necessarily very great before incision commences, it follows that there is little chance of important haemorrhage happening after its employment ; it is therefore preferable to the knife for some operations, such as removal of part or the whole of the tongue, &c. Messrs. Savigny showed the instrument suggested by Dr. Marcet for the Resuscitation of those rendered inanimate by Drowning, Suffocation, &c. : it is very ingenious, and likely to be very useful. A very serviceable Stretcher, and also an hospital-bed appliance invented by Captain Russell, were shown. Savory and Moore exhibited some Medicine-Chests and Cases which are models of successful arrangement ; and also Panniers for field purposes, which contain plenty of surgical instru- ments, drugs, and other appliances, and which, by a very simple contrivance, can be converted into a firm substitute for an operat- ing-table. Mr. Rein had a small glass room, in the centre of which was an ugly chair, intended to collect sound by means of the open mouths of two heads, which terminate its two arms and communicate with the interior, so that we imagine the patient sits on something like a drum, the vibrations of which increase his powers of hearing. The Artificial Limbs shown by Masters were of exquisite work- manship. One of the artificial legs was of wonderfully small weight — viz., 21b. 7 oz., constructed of willow wood coated with leather, and furnished with strong though light articulations. Notwith- standing its lightness, it is capable of bearing the whole weight of an adult man. In Orthopaedic instruments Bigg and Ernst maintained their deserved reputation. Appliances of this kind, which are devised for the cure or relief of spinal or other deformity, are now con- structed on really scientific principles, and the problem of com- bining strength with lightness seems to have been solved in a great degree. L 146 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Among the French exhibitors Charriere, Mathieu, and Luer fully maintained their claims to merit in invention and originality of construction. Charribre invented for M. Roger, the cele- brated tenor of the Opbra Comique, an Arm. The novelty in its construction consists of an extra joint made in the centre of the forearm, to which a spring, with cords, is attached ; and, the cords passing over the opposite shoulder, give the wearer the power of turning the hand and pointing the finger. The object is, how- ever, attained by an awkward, ungraceful movement, required to be made by the opposite shoulder to procure the movements of the hand and finger. This invention is, however, disputed by M. Mathieu. Luer’s instruments for Operations on the Eye are of a very superior kind. In the French gallery we also noticed the- apparatus of Dr. Sales-Girons for the Pulverization of Liquids : by means of compressed air a small stream of mineral or medicated water is driven against a metal plate with such rapidity, that on striking it, it breaks into a finely-divided state, or, in other words, into a mist which the patient can easily inhale. An instrument invented by Dr. Marey, that not only shows the Pulsation of am Artery by the oscillation of a lever, but also draws on paper the curve defined by it at each beat of the heart, merits a word of mention. Mr. Grossmith, of Fleet-street, exhibited an Artificial Leg (not of corlc, as generally supposed), well-formed, of finished propor- tions, with knee, ankle, and toe articulations, performing all the movements of the natural limb, and sufficiently durable to give the wearer many years of active service, — weighing only 2 J lb. This artist has introduced a new principle of joint articulation, a kind of spring-rod passing down the calf of the leg, and connecting the actions of the knee and ankle, which effectually causes flexion of the knee ; and, at the same time, gives a feeling of safety to the- wearer quite equal to that secured by a bolted stop, and without its awkward appearance. Mr. Grossmith also showed Artificial Eyes, which were fine specimens of glass-working, especially for beauty of colouring. The tint of the sclerotica, with the minute veins running through it ; the colours of the iris, its radiance, and the transparency of the cornea ; are all obtained with the greatest accuracy ; so that, when inserted under the eyelids the deception is complete, and the artificial eye cannot be detected from the natural one. Desjardins and Boisonneau, of Paris, also exhibited Artificial Eyes, with the latest modifications of form and thinness of ma- terial. Leiter, of Vienna, had some instruments which were really ori- ginal. His tubes used after the operation of Tracheotomy have a valve which allows the patient to speak, notwithstanding the opening in his windpipe. Dr. Hebra’s Bath, in which he keeps patients for such a period as eight weeks, is a curiosity in its way. He was first led to adopt this in a case of extensive superficial burn ; and conceived that immersion in tepid water, constantly chang- SANITARY APPLIANCES. 147 ing, would be a good mode of treatment : it was quite success- ful. Drs. Czermak and Tiirck exhibited their modifications of the Laryngoscope, a mirror so arranged at the back of the mouth as to reflect a view of the state of the larynx. By this instrument it is quite possible to detect alterations in the state of the larynx and windpipe, and also to guide the operator in applying local treatment. Among the Prussian exhibitors of surgical instruments we may notice two — namely, Lfitter and Windier, of Berlin. In a collection of instruments sent by the University of Pavia were several contrivances of very old date which have been either ‘‘invented” or resuscitated quite recently: indeed, it is believed that instruments have been disinterred at Pompeii, the originality of which has been claimed within the last few years. America sent a “Sticking-Plaster” which is a distinct piracy of an invention of the late Mr. Liston. Mr. Bates, of Philadel- phia, showed some small and ingenious instruments for the treat- ment of Stammering, the effect of which on an individual so afflicted is really remarkable. Russia sent some beautifully-made instruments from the Crown factoiy at St. Petersburg, which are all constructed on well- known models ; and when we have mentioned an ingenious though complicated apparatus sent by Mr. Nyrops, of Copenhagen, for operations on the Osseous System, we think we have mentioned all the surgical instruments and appliances which can be interesting to the general reader . — Condensed from, the Illustrated London News. SANITARY APPLIANCES. Mr. J. W. Bazalgette exhibited the drawings and specifications for the Main Drainage of Lpndon which had been prepared up to this time : that is, inclusive of everything connected with the in- tercepting sewers, outfalls, reservoirs, and pumping-engines, to complete the system. J. Burton, Sons, and Waller’s model showed different forms of pen-stocks, flushing- gates, and tidal-flaps, in position, and showed also Mr. Haywood’s arrangement of char- coal-trays for disinfecting the escaping gases in the gullies. Mr. Lovegrove exhibited several drawings showing the defects which still exist even in improved sewer and drain construction, as in the matter of bell- traps. The trap which he proposes to substi- tute contains a valve, to act on the same principle as an ordinary tide-flap. Thus there is double protection ; and the forms of trap, with water as interposing medium, are not trusted to. Objec- tions to one of these forms, the common one for sinks, Tye and Andrews prevent by making the grate unremovable, and sub- stituting the dip or elbow form of water-holder for the bell-trap, A screw boss on the elbow portion allows the opportunity of cleaning out, should that be necessary ; or even of attaching ,a force-pump. For the Water-Supply of London there were contrivances suffi- 148 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. cient to show that there will be less difficulty with the mechanism of the service, than there is in the selection of sources. Imme- diately important are several different forms of FilteringApparatus. Mr. Thomas Spencer exhibited one of them, the Magnetic Purify- ing Filter — as the only one known to science that effects a che- mical purification. He says : — “Already, some of our greatest scientific authorities have pronounced that, ‘ with the magnetic filter, impure water is impossible.’ ” Even sewer water, “ is in- stantaneously rendered by these filters pure, colourless, and taste- less.” The discovery is, that magnetic oxide of iron, loadstone, is nature’s chief agent of purification, and that any stratum con- taining iron also contains a small percentage of this oxide ; and that where the oxide most abounds, — >say, in the Malvern dis- trict, — water is purest. The oxide attracts oxygen ; the molecules of that gas become polarized, or ozone : the latter attracts the carbon of moist organic matter ; and carbonic acid results. The oxide is formed by Mr. Spencer by conversion of the ordinary ores. The Silicated Carbon Filter Company exhibited their Filters of Dahlke’s patent, formed of a combination of carbon with silica, as existing in the Torbane Hill mineral, which is represented as im- mensely more effective than mere carbon, both as an oxidizer and a promoter of chemical combination generally ; carbon, indeed, acting mainly by absorption, or not chemically, being subject to saturation, and absorbing the carbonic acid. Instead of taking away the gas, the silicated carbon causes production of it, whilst nitrogenous products become changed. These filters have been adopted by the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountains Associa- tion. They are represented as removing the poisonous salts of lead ; and these Filters retain their properties undiminished. Heating contrivances were exhibited by Mr. A. M. Perkins, Mr. S. E. Eosser, and others. Mr. Eosser’s low- temperature air- warmer, high-temperature stove or desiccator, and radiating hot- water stove ; were shown, with his flanged hot-water pipes and other apparatus ; as well as drawings of the system of heating and ventilation at Guy’s Hospital and St. Augustine’s Prison, Canterbury ; and of the details of drying- closets and desiccating- rooms at various buildings. Mr. Woodcock exhibited the Hot- water Battery for greenhouses, from the London Wanning and "Ventilating Company; the “Gurney Stove;” and a ventilating fresh-air grate which ejects the wanned. air into the room by aper- tures concealed by ornament bordering the aperture. Mr. McKinnel’s Concentric Ventilator was exhibited, and ex- plained by models. The working depends upon the self-action of an ingressing and an egressing current in concentric tubes fixed at one spot in the ceiling of a room. It is recommended by schoolmasters, by the Glasgow Professor of Civil Engineering, by Dr. Farr, and by the Commission on Barracks and Hospitals. There were several inventions for Shutters and Window-fasten- ings ; and for the exclusion of draught or the admission of fresh MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 149 air. Mr. W. H. Elkin’s arrangement which admits of the sashes being turned inside out, and of replacing sash-lines without re- moving the beads, deserves trial. Mr. P. E. Chappuis’ Reflectors for use in dark places, as well as in artificial lighting, were applied with advantage in some parts of the Building. S. Hood and Son showed Iron Sashes and Casements ; besides a cast-iron Staircase “which can be made of any radius without strings or plates.” The staircase exhibited has no newel, but winds round a well- hole space, from floor to apron-piece, without intermediate sup- port. Clark and Co. exhibited, besides their Shutters composed of laths rebated, a new kind which are in one sheet of corrugated steel, without chain, links, or rivets ; they will coil in a small space, into which they can be pushed up, or from which they can be drawn down, without any other machinery than a long pole with hook. This improvement is applicable to openings of fire-places. We abridge the above from the Builder , in which journal especial attention is paid to Sanitary subjects, the treatment of which is marked by intelligence and experience. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Although the art of harpsichord-making was first introduced into this country from abroad by workmen from Germany, yet England has since become the country in which the Pianoforte has been brought to its greatest perfection : it is the centre from which most of the important improvements in the instrument have sprung. On examining the various Pianofortes exhibited in the Foreign Departments, we found adopted by the different Con- tinental manufacturers the system of construction, mechanism, and forms of the instrument that were first introduced in England by our great improvers of the pianoforte — Broad wood, Collard, Erard, Kirkman, Wornum, &c. — all with more or less variation, but identical in principle. England maintained its ground in the Exhibition, and holds its position as the first Pianoforte-manufacturing country of the world ; and, although we have some remarkably fine instruments of different kinds from France, America, Germany, &c., still, as a whole, the display of pianofortes in the English Musical Court was of a quality and character that shows we keep the lead in this important branch of musical art-manufacture. Any one examining the pianofortes in the English Musical Court, and remembering the Exhibition of 1851, could not fail to be struck with the great and general improvement in the instru- ments shown in the recent Exhibition in tone, touch, and construc- tion, as well as in beauty of exterior. The stride made since 1851 is remarkable, and gives great encouragement for the future. The old and eminent houses of Broadwood, Collard, Kirkman, &c., still keep the first rank ; but many others are pressing forward, and bid fair to attain the same degree of excellence. Messrs. 350 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Broadwood added to the interest of their display by exhibiting a series of models and detached parts of instruments, illustrating the manufacture of their Grand Pianofortes. Messrs. Kirkman in one of their grand pianofortes had a new bridge to prevent the sinking of the sounding-board, which is applied in a very scientific and thoroughly mechanical manner, and for certain classes of pianofortes must be a valuable improvement. Greiner and Sandilands exhibited Greiner’s patent Apparatus for Tuning the whole note of either two or three unisons at one turn of the tuning-pin ; this it professes to accomplish perfectly. Mr. Knoll showed a handsomely inlaid Oblique Piano, with the peculiarity of the strings being at the back of the instrument, and the hammers also striking at the back. This is accomplished by an ingenious system of levers, something similar to that employed by organ-builders, where the keys are at a distance from the in- strument. With this plan properly carried out, it would be quite possible for a performer to play in one room while the piano is in another. Messrs. Chappell exhibited a Cottage Piano, with pedals useful for organ practice ; and to the same instrument was attached a mechanism of ingenious construction to play octaves when single notes are struck, or to double the octaves when octaves are played. Mr. Glassborrow showed a newly- patented Cottage Piano, with a second sounding-board and another set of strings at the back of the instrument, by which contrivance he states he obtains a greater amount of tone from his instrument, in consequence of the strings at the back of the piano, which are tuned in unison with those in front of the instrument, sympathising with each other. There were also specimens of Mr. Wornum’s Grand and Cottage Pianos in walnut ; and a new patent piano, which he names a “Folding Piano.” It is, in fact, a small square or table piano, which, instead of being placed on legs, is hung on centres and suspended between two uprights. When played upon, it is put in a horizontal position ; and when not used, can be swung back into a vertical position, in which it occupies very little room. — Selected and condensed from the Illustrated London Neios. An American improvement merits special mention. Mr. Huls- kamp exhibited a modification of the instrument, founded on the observation that tension was an important element in the vibratory action of bodies. Accordingly, applying, by the use of screws, a straining power to the sounding-board of a pianoforte, he is enabled to increase its vibration so materially, that a horizontal piano- forte exhibited by him, two feet shorter than the ordinary grand, has all the power of the larger instrument. The whole result thus produced, however, is not solely due to the tension applied to the sounding-board, but is in part referable to the oblique braces which transmit the vibrations from the frame on which the strings are stretched to the centre of the sounding-board. Mr. Hulskamp has applied the same principle of construction to the violin, in- creasing in a remarkable degree the volume of tone. THE PIPING BULLFINCH. 151 We necessarily confine our notices to novel appliances to the Pianoforte. Upon the instruments generally, we find the follow- ing notice by the able musical critic of the Athenaeum : — “Our general feeling is, that less attention and cost have been devoted to outside decoration (especially in the case of pianofortes) than was observable in the great London show of 1851, or afterwards at Paris. Yet this Exhibition shows, in its ample display of woods hitherto unknown from every quarter of the globe, what exquisite varieties of colour and grain lie at the service of every cabinet-maker, though he be bent on no such fine fancies. Mean- while, the general quality of instruments is improved : — this, we are assured by those who have gone scientifically into the matter, owing to improvements of structure. Speaking of pianos, the makers may be said to keep strictly to their own nationalities, so well known to the Liszts and Pleyels and Halles — whether the piano Viennese, or Parisian, or of London. The Americans, also, (M. F£tis assures us, in his Juror’s Report, at present being con- tributed by him to the Gazette Musicale ,) show signs of ‘ going ahead.’ As for the Orgues Debain, &c., who would dare to venture into the contest among the conflicting makers, save to remark the obvious increase in popularity of this useful, but, we cannot help thinking, fatiguing instrument ? It represents, however, the organ conveniently ; and its cheapness and small size explain its acceptance. There are no foreign organs here. To the English ones our former remarks apply in the fullest force. Position is ‘ four points ’ of the law in such a case. In these instruments, again, while there remains much to be done (especially in the matter of that distinctness in the upper sounds which gives to the new French organs superiority — take, for example, those in the Parisian churches of St. Eustache and of the Madeleine), there have been great improvements both in point of combination and to facilitate the manual and pedal execution. M. Fetis, to whom power of minute examination as a juryman was, of course, accorded, complains of the materials used by us as being inferior ; but as there is no subject on which Belgian critics and players are more touchy than that of English organs, it may be as well merely to state his objections. M. Sax had his usual case of carefully- made brass instruments. England, we fancy, carries off the palin in flutes. There seems nothing capable of being perfected in the article of violins : many old instruments, which must have not unpleasantly varied the ‘ consort,’ having appai'ently died out of the family, not to be born into it anew.” THE PIPING BULLFINCH. The Musical Boxes from Geneva attracted great attention in the Swiss Court ; and Auber and Linton showed here a beautiful piece of mechanism which, though no novelty, drew a crowd of ad- mirers. It was in the shape of a small musical box, just large 152 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. enough for the waistcoat-pocket, out of which, when the lid was opened, popped up a pretty little Bullfinch, who piped a song, fluttering his wings in the most natural manner possible. The plumage, the action, and the peculiar note of the bird, were imitated with wonderful exactness. Automatic birds have had many ad- mirers, but we question if any piece of mechanism ever obtained so enviable a celebrity as this Piping Bullfinch. It was a benevo- lent idea of the proprietors to make this mechanical wonder sub- serve “all mankind’s concern,” charity, by announcing that whenever the sum of five shillings was raised among the visitors, the bird should perform, and the fund so collected be appropriated to the benefit of the Distressed Cotton Districts. He seldom continued long without an audience, and sometimes realized from 10?. to 12?. a-day towards the Cotton Districts Fund. Through some misunderstanding, which it is not important to explain, the Bullfinch was moved from his sphere of charity, and the perform- ances discontinued ; but he was soon restored. In the meantime, another warbling automaton appeared, scarcely larger than a com- mon bee ; yet it skipped out of its little box, and trilled and fluttered about with the vehemence and fulness of note of a grown skylark. MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY. This important branch of machinery was largely represented ; and Dobson and Barlow, of Bolton, contributed a fair quota of the whole. They exhibited, in fact, a series of machines for open- ing and cleansing, preparing and spinning Cotton. The whole of these were replete with the most recent improvements of detail, and they may be briefly mentioned in the order in which the opera- tions named follow each other in ordinary working. The first is named a Cotton Spinner, and it is adapted for spinning and clean- ing long or short shaped cotton. The feeding parts and the inside gratings, are of a novel construction, the object in view being to open out and clean the cotton without injuring the staple. The second is called the Single Scutcher, and it is supplied with feeding rolls, which have been patented by the firm in question : the merit of the rolls consists in their holding the cotton sufficiently firm without breaking the seeds or shells. Then follows the Breaker Carding- engine, which is a combined patent machine ; Wallmann, of the United States of America, and Dobson and Barlow, each having a share in it. Its chief merits are that the cotton is well opened and cleaned by the working rollers, before the upper rollers will allow it to pass the self-stripping top- flats : these flats can be taken out at pleasure by the attendant, and re- adjusted without the use of a screw-key. A Finisher Carding- engine stands next, and it works automatically — an improvement on the plan of stripping flats by hand, as is usually done. Ash- worth’s patent Lap- machine is used for making laps for the finisher CARPET-LOOMS. 153 carding- engine, and combing-machine ; and a grinding-apparatus is so contrived as to grind two rollers and a flat at the same time. Then follow five frames, known respectively as the drawing- frames, with forty- four spindles, each ten inches by five inches ; the intermediate-frame with fifty- four spindles, each eight inches by four inches ; the roving-frame of seventy spindles, each seven inches by three and a half ; and the jack-frame of eighty-eight spindles, five inches by two and a half. The Patent Self-acting Mule, of Dobson and Barlow, made the total of the cotton-spinning arrangements at the Exhibition con- tributed by that firm. Platt, Brothers, and Co., of Oldham, figured extensively in the same branch of manufacturing industry, the space devoted to their machines and contrivances being very large. As the Illustrated Catalogue, Part III., however, does elaborate justice to their Cotton- working Machinery, we need not further refer to it than to say it reflects the highest credit upon the firm, who must have gone to very great expense in forwarding the whole to Lon- don, and keeping a large staff of workmen and girls to attend to it. The Cotton-machinery of Hetherington, of Vulcan Works, Manchester, was not inferior in many parts to that we have already referred to . — Abridged from the Mechanics' Magazine. CARPET-LOOMS. There was an extensive collection of Carpet-weaving Machinery exhibited by Jackson and Graham, of London ; Henderson, of Durham ; and an American loom for weaving Axminster carpets. The Power-loom by Tuer and Hall, of Bury, near Manchester, for the weaving of pile, velvet, patent tapestry, or ordinary Brussels carpet, any width required, either with or without jacquard, was shown in operation. All the working motions are outside the loom, except the crank from which it is driven : by this means free access to the working parts is obtained, and an hitherto much- complained-of inconvenience removed. It will admit larger yarn beams in the same space than any other loom we know of. The wire -motion inserts forty -five wires per minute, at two picks per wire ; it recommends itself by the facility with which it inserts the wires on which the loops or pile is raised, and by its simple arrangement for holding the wires when inserted, withdrawing and transferring the point of the wire for reinsertion. The whole of the motion is governed in its action by one cam. It produces six yards of carpet per hour, much more than ordinary looms, and requires less space than most of them with the same width in the reed ; six such machines may be driven by one horse’s power. This loom is also applicable to the weaving of Utrecht velvet, for the lining of carriages, omnibuses, &c. 154 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. WASHING MACHINES. Of these Machines some were exhibited which professed to wash by knocking the clothes about in water, in which wooden balls floated ; others beat, and thrashed, and winnowed the clothes until the dirt was effectually removed. Another machine, shown by Mr. Williamson, imitated, as nearly as it is possible, the various mo- tions of rubbing, and squeezing, and turning over and over, which the washerwoman uses at the wash-tub. The squeezing of the clothes after sluicing in the water, was performed by an elastic or yielding pressure, which was so applied as to change repeatedly the position of the articles to be washed. Each movement of the spring washboard and the press caused the roll of clothes to make a par- tial revolution, and thus expose a constantly changing and new surface to the washing action of the machine. It can be applied with equal success and safety to the washing of the most delicate fabric, or the heaviest and coarsest blankets and counterpanes. After undergoing a very severe trial, the machine was placed on board the Warrior and the Black Prince. The larger machines are worked by steam-power, and one of them, as a moderate day’s work, has washed 3000 blankets. [Before we close this Division it may be as well to insert here the two following groups of Machinery — the one selected from the leading countries of Europe, and the other forming great portion of the Contributions from North America.] FOREIGN MACHINERY. The progress made by Foreign Machinists during the last dozen years is most extraordinary : here we are still the leaders, but French, Dutch, Belgians, and Germans, judging by the specimens in the Exhibition, will not be long in the rear. The value of the machinery exported from Great Britain last year was never exceeded in any previous twelve months, steam- engines having figured for 1,243,467?., and other kinds of me- chanical apparatus for 2,976,221?., while in 1860 the totals were 1,238,333?. and 2,599,488?. respectively. In 1850 the value of the steam-engines exported was only 423,977?., and of the general machinery 618,189?., so that during the last ten or eleven years a vast development has taken place in the demand for British ma- chinery in foreign countries and in the colonies . — Parliamentary Returns. The collection of engines and machines in the Foreign depart- ment comprised almost every description now in use — marine, fixed, and portable steam-engines, locomotives, mills, machine-tools ; apparatus for brewing, distilling, dyeing, making ice, and hun- dreds of other purposes. Of Marine Engines the most important were a pair of engines of 400-horse power, of French manufacture, having been constructed FOREIGN MACHINERY. 165 by “La Compagnie des Forges et Chantiers de la Mediter- raneande.” These engines are horizontal, with double piston-rods ; the eccentrics are not, as in ordinary cases, fixed on the main shaft, but are on a separate shaft worked by gearing. The screw is fixed on a short piece of shafting, and the whole machinery was shown in motion. Escher, Wyass, and Co., of Zurich, exhibited a pair of small Paddle-wheel engines, with a portion of the section of the vessel through the engine-room. The paddle-wheels, with feathering floats, were placed on the shaft. The engines were oscillating, and of the ordinary pattern in general use for small river- steamers. The workshops of foreign nations must be rapidly improving when such a remote place as Zurich can turn out such work as was here exhibited. Of Locomotive Engines there was a strong array, besides a num- ber of Portable and Agricultural Engines. With one exception these were exact copies of such as are usually constructed in Eng- land ; they were exceedingly well built, and doubtless, good, serviceable engines, mostly of the class used for drawing heavy loads at low velocities. The specimen exhibited in the Austrian department was an immense engine ; but in weight and heaviness of appearance was entirely eclipsed by a colossal one built in Paris, the design of which is entirely novel. Of fixed engines there were numerous examples, varying in power from one to a hundred horses. A preference seems to be generally given to the horizontal principle of construction. There were some large specimens of this class from France, Germany, and Belgium, well designed, and thoroughly well made, quite equal in every respect to the best produced in this country. Ma- chine-tools were exhibited by numerous persons, but by far the finest was the collection of J. Zimmerman, of Chemnitz, Saxony : it comprised specimens of all the machine-tools in ordinary use for boring, cutting, turning, planing, punching, shearing, and other operations. Nearly the whole of these tools were copied from English patterns : the workmanship was excellent. Blowing-engines were shown by Perard, of Lihge : these machines were for the purpose of creating the blast for ironworks : they were large, powerful, and well built. Two powerful horizontal steam-engines act direct upon the piston-rods of two air-cylinders, at each end of which is a revolving disc. As the piston travels backwards and forwards in the air-cylinders the ports of the disc are opened and shut, and the air either admitted or forced into the air- receiver. The action is simple and convenient, and, we think, preferable to the ordinary system of upright cylinders, beams, and very expensive framework. A large and elaborate system of Bolting Apparatus for making fine flour was exhibited by S. J. Marie, of Belgium. A portable Saw-mill, by Frey and Son, of Paris, was a well arranged and con- structed machine, and would be invaluable in the colonies, as saw- mill and engine are complete in one frame and carriage. One of 156 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. the largest contributions in the Foreign Department was the entire Apparatus of a Distillery : it occupied an immense space. A Sawing-machine in the Belgian department attracted much atten- tion : it is capable of sawing out the most complicated shapes, giving at the same time every description of cant or bevil to the piece of wood that may be required : the saw is an endless nar- row band of steel running over two pulleys. An improved hind of Rail way- carriage was exhibited in the same department. The carriage is divided into three divisions, the middle portion being roofed over, but open at the sides, an open iron railway only in- closing it ; the entrance to the two end compartments is from the open middle space. Ladies may thus travel in elegant comfort, while the gentlemen sit outside and smoke. A Railway Tank- truck was a large and important contribution from Paris. It will contain ten tons of liquid, and is provided with apparatus for fill- ing and discharging the contents. A Refrigerating Apparatus excited a good deal of attention, blocks of ice being made by it with rapidity. Machines for the manufacture of Textile Fabrics were exhibited in large quantities, comprising looms, spinning-machines, carding and dressing-machinery, and a great variety of other machines for similar purposes. From Switzerland two Looms were both exhibited at work, in weaving broad ribbon. In one the pattern was a portrait of her Majesty (black lines on a white ground) ; the other produced the Royal arms in beautiful colours, also on a white ground. This latter machine weaves several ribbons at one time. It is a beauti- ful piece of workmanship, but so elaborate and apparently com- plicated that it is perfectly bewildering to a stranger to endeavour to trace out the meaning of its parts — such piles of perforated cards, such masses of threads in the gears, and such innumerable little bobbins and shuttles. It is in machines of this kind that we see the real genius of the French or Swiss mechanic develop itself. In such machines they surpass all the rest of the world, as we do in our large and ponderous though equally beautifully constructed and contrived marine engines and locomotives . — Abridged from the Illustrated London News. AMERICAN MACHINERY. From causes on which there is no necessity to dwell, our kins- men across the Atlantic were very imperfectly represented at the International Congress. Private energy and enterprise to some extent supplied the deficiency, and the south-eastern corner of the Building contained a numerous and exceedingly interesting collec- tion of various contrivances for simplifying and facilitating the operations of ordinary trades. Among the machines was Conroy’s Cork-cutter : the man in charge simply puts down a square of cork on a small ledge, and as AMERICAN MACHINERY. 157 the machine works, two fingers are pushed out, which grasp it, and fix it on a rapidly rotating pin, where it is applied to the edge of a circular knife, revolving horizontally : in a couple of seconds the square assumes the desired shape and size, and immediately drops into a reservoir beneath to make room for another. A man and a couple of boys can cut 150 gross of corks with this machine in a day. The Rope-making machine, which stood next, com- presses a rope-walk of some 800 or 900 yards into about 8 feet, and it spins a 12-strand rope quite as stout and in much less time than it could be done by hand. Close by the rope-spinner was a Machine for Shifting and Securing Machinery-belts, by which, no doubt, many accidents may be prevented. By pulling a cord the belt is moved either on or off the drums ; and as the guides move they are secured in their place by a self-acting lock, so that the belt cannot slip either one way or the other. Eckel! , of New York, sent one of his new Presses, by which 10001b. of cotton may be pressed into 18 cubic feet, or 800 lb. of hay into a truss of 5 feet by 2 feet, with a height of 32 inches, in a space of four minutes, and with a less expenditure of labour than by any other press yet invented. They are capable of exerting from 100 to 1000 tons pressure, and one man working alone can bring 100 tons to bear. The machinery is very simple, and may be applied with equal advantage to presses for extracting oils. Hansbrow’s California Pump was chiefly distinguished for the ingenious adap- tation of the leverage, by which immense power is saved and gained, so that a child might work it. The stream rises on the slightest movement of the handle, and when full power is put on it will throw a stream from a depth of 30 feet to a height of 85 feet through 50 feet of hose. A Cotton Planter’s Machine was exhibited close by, which was just coming into use in the Southern plantations when the War broke out. This machine, which promises to be a great success, with two men and a horse will do the day’s work of eight able-bodied “ chattels.” There was also a Corn and Bean Planter, which, it is said, will plant 20 acres of corn per day, either on even or uneven ground, and will do the work of 30 men per day. It re- quires but one man to work it, and is designed to plant two rows of corn or three rows of beans, the rows being made at any dis- tance apart. It marks the furrows, drops any desired number of seeds, covers them, and presses the soil over them at any required pressure or depth. Among the most important machinery was a Power-loom for Weaving Tufted Carpets. In a practical point of view it was perhaps one of the valuable novelties in the Department. By a single throw of the shuttle, it will insert, weave in, cut off 1 , and complete one whole range of figuring tufts across the width of the fabric in less time than is required for the making of a single tuft by the hand- loom. Any medallion design can be woven in parts, which may easily be united so as to have the appearance of being 158 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. woven in one piece, as the selvage produced is such that when sewed the seams are not visible. The strain on the material is so slight that common worsted or woollen yarns of any quality may be used, so that the cheapest kinds of carpets may be produced in it. The Americans are very confident of this loom ; and Earl Granville has publicly stated that it is destined to achieve greater results than any other machine in the Building. Besides these there were various other contrivances of minor importance, but all displaying wonderful ingenuity. Mr. Bates’s mechanical Apparatus for curing Stammering, deserves notice, though it is impossible to give any verbal description which would afford an adequate idea of its operation. Mr. Ward exhibited a complete series of his Signal Lanterns, which form perhaps the simplest and most intelligible system of ocean telegraphs yet in- vented. We must not omit to mention the Sewing-Machines, of which half-a-dozen might be seen hard at work at all hours of the day. There were a few specimens of Cereals, and the mineral wealth of the States was represented by a few cabinet specimens, the chief of which are from the Washoe silver-mines. In this case were shown two or three samples of quartz said to be worth 2000Z. per ton. The Arts of the States were represented by Kentze’s fine statue of “ America,” and a few pictui’es, all worthy of a position where they would attract more attention. The Pianofortes were highly praised by experts ; the most re- markable novelty among them was a piano exhibited by Mr. Hulskamp, in which, by applying an extraordinary tension to the sounding-board, and by an arrangement of oblique braces trans- mitting the vibration, he obtains an unusual volume of sound in a very small space. This improvement has already been described at page 150. Mr. L. A. Bigelow, Boston, Massachusetts, exhibited severaL machines connected with Boot-making. First was a machine for splitting the leather, or rather, as we would describe it, for paring the leather intended for soles to a uniform or required thickness. This is effected by passing the leather between two rollers, one grooved and the other smooth, behind which is a knife that may be adjusted in relation to the frame according to the thick- ness of the leather required. The cutting is accomplished rapidly, and with more precision than can be done by the hand and knife. Then we had a machine for cutting up the leather into soles, which it does at the rate of twenty pair a minute, all fitted exactly to the last, without the use of a hand-knife, and the edges suffi- ciently smooth to finish. Further, there was a u heel trimmer,” that is, a machine which, carrying the boot or shoe on a pivot, subjects it under a circular motion to the action of a cutter, which in a minute pares the rough edges to the form of heel, whatever the thickness may be. At last came the sole-sewing machine, much on the same principle as the sewing-machines for lighter material, with which the public are now familiar. Of course it is more ponderous and powerful, having a force to penetrate th& AMERICAN MACHINERY. 159 thickest leather, or even a board half an inch thick. It uses a heavy waxed thread, drawing the thread more tightly than can be done by hand, and making the work both strong and solid. This machine will sew on the soles of one hundred and fifty pairs of boots or shoes per day. Another very simple contrivance of great use was a Machine for Addressing Newspapers, exhibited by Mr. Sweet, of New York. A wooden disc, from the edge of which project all the letters of the alphabet, is made to revolve by a treddle ; a small wooden block is pressed against the letter required, till the address is cut out on the face of the block. It is then placed along with hundreds of others similarly cut upon an endless band, and having been inked, the band carries them round ; and as one by one they descend on a small table, the newspaper, or whatever is to be addressed, is pressed against them by a pressure of the foot, and a thousand addresses are copied in a few minutes. This apparatus is in use in most of the newspaper offices in New York, and must greatly facilitate the despatch of journals which are supplied directly from the office, and not through the intervention of newsvendors. Scholl’s Life-boat was constructed on a novel principle. It looks like a great green porpoise, with a lid opening into his back. Look into the interior, however, through the lid, and you discover the arrangements for the accommodation of a crew and passengers — for the saved and the rescuers, as the case may be. The object of the boat is to pass through a heavy surf with safety. The internal fittings of the boat are below the centre of gravity and of flotation. They are hung in the manner of a binnacle compass, that is, be the motion of the external shell or hull of the boat what, it may, the persons within are always maintained in a horizontal position. Indeed, let the boat turn round and round like a spindle, which is hardly possible, its passengers are nevertheless unmoved. The steering apparatus is within, and so are all the arrangements for a screw propeller. This boat has no outer deck ; indeed, as we have said, in form it resembles a porpoise in the model, and on a large scale it must be something “ very like a whale.” Some ingenious small Hand-Labour Saving Machines were the most looked after. One of the most curious of these was the Machine for Milking the four teats of a cow at the same time, and in a manner precisely similar to the action of the calf’s mouth upon the teat. In point of time, labour, and cleanliness, the operation of the machine is said far to surpass milking by hand. In this court also was a very ingenious Machine for Making Paper Bags, which turns them out folded, packed, dried, and finished, at the rate of 46 a minute. A Wringing-Machine, of great efficiency and economy, was shown. Its principle consists simply of two rollers of india-rubber, kept at a tight pressure by means of screws, and on turning a handle the articles of clothing, when washed, are drawn between the rollers and pressed dry without the slightest injury to the 160 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. fabric. So equal is the pressure, that the same machine will press dry a thick woollen carpet, lifted direct from a tub of water, or a thin sheet of writing-paper that has been immersed for hours. A Caloric Engine, by Wilcox, was shown. It is an engine of low power, quick in its revolutions, not liable to derangement or explosion, and of which the consumption of coal is as low as 1001b. per day of 10 hours. Some good folding and revolving Drying- Machines were shown in the American department, the prices of which were as low as 30s., of which 10s. is sent to the Lancashire Belief Fund. They had a good sale, and the 10s. charitable deodand was regularly acknowledged by the Eelief Committee. SEWING MACHINES. In the Mechanics' Magazine , a journal which has paid consider- able attention to the invention and progress of the Sewing Machine, it is stated to be “now clearly established, that, whatever a needle can accomplish, the Machine can do, from the finest and most delicate fabric for female adornment to the heaviest and coarsest habiliments of the sturdy labourer, either at home or at the antipodes.” There w T ere about thirty different Sewing Machines in the Ex- hibition, each having, or professing to have, some distinctive peculiarity : in the American Court, the Processes Court, and in the French Court. Howe’s Sewing Machine is entitled to priority of mention among those exhibited in the American Court. This is the basis of all successful machines : its essential characteristics are thus enumerated : — 1st. A mechanism for making stitches, or interlocking of thread, combined with an apparatus for making tension on the thread, and drawing up and securing each stitch when formed. 2nd. An apparatus consisting of two surfaces, between which the material to be sewed is contained, and which support it against the thrust and retraction of the needle, and in such a position as to permit the stitches to be drawn tight. 3rd. An automatic, intermittently-acting feeding apparatus, which causes the material to pass with a regular movement be- tween the holding surfaces in the intervals between the punctures of the needle with an unerring precision and uniformity of effect, impossible to obtain by hand. But Howe has improved marvellously and effectively, even upon these properties, b} T the invention of a Cylinder Machine, by the introduction of an entirely new principle in sewing by machinery. All shuttle sewing-machines make their stitch by the needle enter- ing the material, and remaining there until the shuttle passes and takes up the loop. By the cylinder machine, the needle pierces the material to be sewn, carrying its loop with it in its downward course, and leaves it within the material ; then returns, when the shuttle starts forward, takes the loop and tightens the upper thread ; SEWING MACHINES. 161 the needle- arm is then lifted considerably, and the shuttle-thread by that means tightened. It will be seen that the stitch is thus made when the needle is out of the material ; and, as a conse- quence, very close sewing, closer even than by hand, can be made. The award of a Prize Medal to Howe’s Sewing-machine will, we think, be acquiesced in by all its competitors. Wheeler and Wilson’s Machine is very remarkable on account of the novelty of its construction. Here we have still the double stitch; but the “lock” is accomplished by means of a rotating hook instead of a shuttle. The underfeeding bobbin differs also from those used in other machines. This bobbin is about the diameter and thickness of a florin ; but between the two surfaces there is a deep groove, containing the requisite supply of thread. The bobbin is placed within the rotating hook, and winds off according to the demands of the machine. The rotating hook itself, larger in diameter than the bobbin, is the segment of a circle — a complete circle almost, but interrupted in its periphery by a kind of gash. The effective segment of the gash has a pointed end, which catches into the loop made by the needle, drags it round about three-quarters of its circuit, when the thread is released and pulled tight through touching a rest. The hooked wheel revolves again to catch a loop, and again to make a close stitch. These exhibitors gave a curious table of the time required to stitch a number of articles of clothing by the machine as compared with the hand. We find that a man’s shirt may be made by machine in lh. 16min., which by hand would occupy 14h. 26min. ; a coat may be made in 2h. 38min. by machine, and by hand in 16h. 35min. ; a silk waistcoat in lh. 14min. as against 7h. 19min. The Sewing-machine of Wilcox and Gibbs is a single thread chain-stitch, against which some persons have a prejudice, from its liability to ravel, or “ run out. It is certainly possible, by un- doing the finishing loop, to draw the whole out, but ordinary wear will not do this ; and its beauty of stitch and great rapidity of operation render it useful for many kinds of domestic work. The striking peculiarity in the mechanism is a “spur looper,” which catches the slack down-loop, retains it, and by its peculiar con- formation holds the next down-loop distended so as to be caught again at the next revolution of the spur. By this arrangement, there is no chance of a stitch being dropped, and the seam is as even and tight as can be desired. These machines have become the family instruments for sewing in a great many households in England as well as in America, and their great simplicity and ease of operation are strong evidence in their favour. The Machine of Mr. J. M. Singer has little in it to be described beyond the ordinary shuttle- machine. This firm has manufactured, from first to last, about 60,000 machines, 8000 of which have been sold in England : their manufactory in Hew York gives em- ployment to 800 persons. For details of other Sewing Machines, see the Mechanics' Magazine, July 18 and Aug. 8. M StamtfaiiuMS COTTON FABRICS. A contributor to the Illustrated London News , who furnished that journal with the Report of the Cotton Manufactures at the Great Exhibition of 1851, thus speaks of its comparison with the recent display. “It is greatly to be regretted that the illustra- tion of the Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain is not more com- plete. In 1851 it was very indifferent. On this occasion, if not worse in itself, the defect in the exposition is aggravated by a much smaller display in a dependent industry — that of Calico- printing. Happily the Manchester manufacturers made up for their shortcomings in 1851 by a more practical and efficient dis- play at the Universal Exposition at Paris in 1855 ; and while we feel the contrast so much the greater on this occasion, still the loss in an industrial aspect is less than it would have been had the admirable series of illustrations of the cotton trade not appeared in 1855. “ Looking back over the eleven years which have elapsed since 1851, whilst many and varied improvements have arisen in the details of manufacture, the industry, as a whole, may be said to be practically the same. “We decidedly keep our position, positively if not relatively, as regards our Continental competitors, for the goods shown are excellent in quality and finish. It must, however, be carefully borne in mind that Great Britain no longer has the exclusive use of that superior machinery which at one time placed us so far ahead of other nations, and that the last decade has fairly in- augurated a gradual extension of those more refined mechanical contrivances which for a period appeared to give to the British cotton spinner and manufacturer a monopoly of the markets of the world. Much of this has been gradually changed, and the fact is fairly illustrated on the foreign side of the Exhibition Building. “In Fine Yarns, for instance, there is a much nearer equality existing between the spinning of French, and English yarns than in 1851. This may be attributed to two causes : one being that above named, the extensive use of machinery formerly used only in England; and the other the application of a French invention of great importance, the combing-machine, which greatly faci- litates the production of the fine numbers— in fact, renders that comparatively easy which formerly appeared almost impossible, and indeed was so, except in the hands of the special few. English COTTON FABRICS. 163 spinners are, however, still pre-eminent ; and with that pride in superiority, great experience, and thorough intelligence which characterizes our Houldsworths, and Bazleys, and Murrays, we are not likely to lose our ground, for a period at all events.” The most extensive series of exhibit in the Cotton Class was that comprised under the head of Sewing Threads, in this respect con- trasting favourably, in quantity at least, with 1851. The two most noticeable exhibits were those of J. Brook and Son, Miltham Mills, Huddersfield, and Edmund Ashworth and Sons, Egerton, near Bolton. The former sustained their old and well-earned re- putation for the production of their goods ; and the exhibits com- prised a complete illustration of their manufacture in Sewing, Em- broidery, and Crochet Cotton. Walter Evans and Co., Derby, had a very practical display of Sewing, Knitting, and Crochet Threads of admirable make and finish, together with a valuable record of the strength of the thread according to a fixed system of tests. The Paisley display of Threads was a very remarkable one, well and ingeniously arranged by each exhibitor, yet coming together admirably as a whole. The dyed threads of Clark and Co. were ver} 7 excellent, and the same may be said of Messrs. Kerr and Clarke’s. The finish of the threads of J. Carlisle and Co. was per- fect. These three firms, together with J. and P. Coats, whose threads were of excellent quality and prettily arranged, all re- ceived an award of a Prize Medal ; so that Paisley threads achieved a triumph on this occasion. The exhibit of Coots, Neilson, and Co. was a very interesting one, inasmuch as they illustrated the process for No. 90 in a very pretty manner, giving examples of carded and combed cotton ; then the same, after passing through the drawing-frame, with bobbins, and finish- ing with cops from mule. In the Great Exhibition of 1851 the Turkish Bath Towel made its first appearance, and in a short time, owing partly to its quick adoption in the Royal nursery, the article got into great favour. W. M. Christy and Son, of Fairfield, near Manchester, had an excellent exhibit of these useful adjuncts to the bath. The make is perfect, and the Blankets specially noticeable as supply- ing a great want. The Counterpanes exhibited by this firm were of good design and excellent manufacture. The Jury recognised the merits of the whole with a Prize Medal. Barlow, Goody, and Jones, of Manchester, displayed some goods which showed what may be done in the way of producing Cotton Damasks in colours, both sides being alike. With good and carefully considered designs — that is, designs properly adapted to the fabric and mode of manufacture — very beautiful results might be obtained. The designs exhibited seemed to be based, strangely enough, upon a type of pattern used for ‘ 4 one-colour” prints, instead of the more legitimate style of woven damasks. It should be borne in mind in producing such things, that prints originally aimed at imitating the effects of the loom in a cheap m 2 164 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. form, and that the details of the design had to be adapted to the method of printing. For the loom to be lowered to the imitation of printing processes, whether block or cylinder, is a degradation and a waste of means. There were a few important exceptional exhibits in this Class which deserve special attention. The Imitation Silk Velvets and Cotton Velvets manufactured and exhibited by Kesselmeyer and Mellodew, Manchester, were of admirable character. The dyes were very rich and the finish perfect. In fact, these goods are in their way quite a triumph of manufacturing skill aided by science in dyeing. The Jury awarded, and most deservedly, a Prize Medal. A kindred exhibit, though different in individual cha- racter, was that of Mr. J. Moore, of Manchester. This con- sisted of Ribbons and Trimmings of a very pretty and useful kind, manufactured in the manner of cotton velvet by patent machinery : the goods were excellent. There were some Skirting Welts and Sateens, the latter made from “ Surats,” exhibited by W. J. Smith and Co., Manchester. These are of excellent quality and finish, showing of what East India cotton properly selected is capable. In fact, there were abundant proofs in the Exhibition that the way to get cotton will be found when there is a will to do it. The contributions from Glasgow consisted almost "entirely of Plarness and other Muslins, and exhibited a great general advance alike in taste and perfection of manufacture. In Cottons, Glasgow keeps as high a place as Paisley does in shawls. Some of the printed Cottons shown by Orr and Co., Monteith and Co., and Stirling and Sons were beautiful specimens of printing. The hardness of effect of cotton prints is overcome, or at least dimi- nished, by a very skilful combination of colours, which blend with each other with as much ease and softness of outline as woven fabrics. Some representative specimens of that huge class of exports which find a ready market in all parts of India, Africa, and South America w T ere gorgeous pieces of colour. R. Owtram and Co., of Watling- street, made an admirable dis- play, especially of Figured Muslins of a very high quality, both as regards weaving, design, and finish. Manufacture can scarcely go further. The imitation French Cambric and the Jaconots and Nainsooks were also excellent. The Quilts exhibited by this firm were also of a very high class. A Prize Medal was awarded for the exhibit. France exhibited largely in this Class, and did justice to the power of production, alike in tasteful design, beauty of mechanical result, and brilliancy of colour. The finest Yarns, and in its way the most complete exhibit, were certainly those of Mallet Brothers, Eille. The display made by this eminent firm illustrated the ap- plication of the yarns produced by them in several distinct phases. The Sewing-threads exhibited were of first-class quality and finish, and the specimens of Muslin and Lace showed the yarns in their application to these fabrics to great advantage. The Ribbons in which the fine yarns are used as warp were superior COTTON GOODS. 165 goods of their class, and proved to what an extent fine cotton may be employed in fabrics not usually associated with the use of this material. Mallet Brothers received a Prize Medal for their exhibit. There were several exhibitors of lower numbers of Yarns from 20s to 40s, and these were chiefly produced in the neighbourhood of Rouen. There appeared no essential difference between these and English Yarns of the same kind, and within the two numbers quoted above, they showed an advance during the past eleven years in the production of the chief essential of the cotton trade. The best display of Cotton Threads was that of M. Cartier-Bres- son, Paris. The Sewing and Crochet Threads were of superior quality, dye, and finish : our sewing-thread manufacturers must look to their reputation. The Quilts and Quiltings exhibited by French manufacturers were generally of a very superior make, and in no instance was there attempt at eccentricity in deesign. The application of Quilts to ladies’ collars and cuffs was well illustrated by this firm. These are very ingenious and useful articles, and the effect of those embroidered after the sewed-muslin fashion is especiably noticeable. The Figured Muslins especially for curtains, exhibited by M. Hugues-Cauvin, St. Quentin, were especially deserving of notice for the admirable character of the designs employed, which tend to show rather than to conceal the true character of the fabric, and thus both ornamentation and tissue gain immensely thereby. A Prize Medal was awarded to this exhibit, and also to that of M. Boucly, marchand, St. Quentin, for some most ingenious and elegantly woven Shirt-fronts. Some are very beautiful, and were embroidered in the loom. The city of Roanne, Loire, was well represented by a capital display of coloured cotton goods for dresses, mostly Ginghams, and heavier fabrics of that character. M. Thivel-Michon, Tarare, brought together specimens of Muslins manufactured from yarns spun by the leading spinners both of the Continent and England. The finest were by the latter, and fabrics were shown made of 220s and 300s spun by Murray and Co. ; of 250s by M ‘Conn el and Co. ; and of 300s and 440s by T. Houldsworth and Co., all of Manchester. The speci- mens of muslins made from cotton grown in Algeria were very suggestive, but none seemed to go beyond 180s. The dyed examples shown in M. Thivel-Michon’s case were very beautiful. The colour seemed little more than suggested, yet the effect was very rich, and displayed great skill and taste. To this exhibit was awarded a Prize Medal. In the French Court was a most elegant exposition of Tam- boured Work in net and muslin. M. V, Dubois, Paris, showed some admirably- tamboured muslin curtains. The work is done with great ability. The foliation in one example was based on tropical plants, and the effect of some portions was very superb 166 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Ferouelle and Bolland, St. Quentin, made a first-class display of tamboured muslin curtains and the harness curtain. The contributions of Cotton Goods from Switzerland consisted chiefly of goods said to be manufactured for exportation. This Swiss cotton exhibit says much for the ability and enterprise of the people, and has been liberally recognised by the Jury : the total of awards was eleven Medals and three Honourable Mentions to twenty exhibitors : a very remarkable proportion. The Belgian contributions in this class were of a very practical character. There were two considerable exhibits of goods manu- factured in the apprentice schools of East and West Flanders. Probably the most remarkable exhibit of Cotton goods in the Austrian Department was that of C. Burckhart, Vienna, and, with that of M. A. Spitzer, also of Vienna, illustrating the most novel use to which cotton has been recently applied. The articles con- sisted of shawls and other articles of ladies’ dress, with neck overties for gentlemen, made of chenille in cotton. The Cotton goods of the Zollverein were cheap and strong clothing for working men, such as already noted in Belgium and Austria. An admirable example of this class of goods, which seem to be confined to the locality of Gladbach, in Bhenish- Prussia, was found in the display of Wolff, Schlaffhorst, Bruel, and Co. Some of these goods were made with a plushlike face, soft and downy, and, whilst the patterns and dyes are well selected and in ex- cellent taste, the finish is equal to woollens of the same character. Klemme and Grube, Crefeld, exhibited excellent Cotton Vel- vet Pibbons and Trimmings similar to those manufactured by Moore, of Manchester. The make of these goods was excellent,, and the designs and finish very good. The Jury awarded a Prize Medal to G. Klemme, of the firm. Saxony had some useful exhibits of Cotton : the contribution of Wsentig and Co., Zittau, consisted of cotton and mixed linen Tickings : excellent goods, and suggestive of a useful class of fabrics for vestings for working men. The Milan Chamber of Commerce exhibited a series of useful fabrics in Cotton, and E. Lualdi showed good yams. There was- also a curious, but we fear not a very practical illustration of the produce of Italy in Paw Cotton. The only exhibitors of Cotton goods from the United States were Gardner, Brewer, and Co., of Boston, Massachusetts. The goods shown were a very superior quality of fine shirtings, which were certainly not produced a few years ago in any part of the States. Here we may record that three Prize Medals were awarded to exhibitors of Paw Cotton grown in New South Wales, and the same number to the exhibitors of the same material grown in Queensland. This is a distinct proof that the British Colonies of the Southern Hemisphere can produce raw cotton which will satisfy an International Jury of cotton factors. 167 FLAX AND HEMP. This important section of textile industry presented few novel ties. Here the Sailcloths of Arbroath and Dundee, together with the Jute fabrics of the latter place, were arranged. The Damasks of Dunfermline, the Yarns and Linen cloths of Leeds, the Diapers and Huckabacks of Barnsley, occupied one side of an erection in the centre of the gallery ; Hopes, Matting, Twine, and kindred products being placed in the other. The chief display, however, in this class was from the north of Ireland, in which the Belfast manufacturers and merchants were fairly represented in everything except high-class damask table linen, and in this direction, two or three of the principal houses were absent. Belfast also con- tributed a trophy of the Irish Linen-trade, which was placed on the north side of the central nave, near the centre of the Building. On the whole, the Flax and Hemp manufacture proper may be said to have been stationary since 1851. The manufacture of J ute has, however, progressed enormously, and it is stated that 40,000 tons of this material are now worked up annually in Scotland. Its success may be chiefly attributed to its analogy to cotton, the ease with which it can be mixed with other fibrous substances ; and, as illustrated on this occasion, its ready affinity for certain dyes, although their permanence in this material is rather doubtful. The Foreign productions in Flax and Hemp were pretty much on a par with those of 1851 ; for, whilst the cotton and silk manufac- ture has increased in most countries, the linen trade seems to have been stationary. Among the Flax-machines exhibited was an improved Power- loom, by Harrison and Sons, Blackburn. It is supplied with a self-acting positive letting- off motion, which delivers the warp as required by the taking- up motion for the cloth, which motion is also positive. These two motions work in concert, and with such precision that the warp is delivered from the yarn beam with the same regularity when the beam is almost empty as when it is full. The taking-up roller of the loom is covered with a patented surfacing material instead of that in ordinary use, made of emery. It is also supplied with the weft-stopping motion, and other important appliances. A loom of this description is capable of weaving up- wards of 180 yards of linen per week. Messrs. Harrison exhibited a series of other machines for weaving cotton, and for all the pro- cesses necessary for converting the yarn into cloth. Flax-machines were also exhibited by Lawson, of Leeds, Fair- bairn, of Leeds, and others, for carding, heckling, and spinning. 168 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. SILK AND VELVET. The English Silks made a great show in themselves, and there has been nothing yet displayed by foreigners which equals our best specimens of loom manufacture. Spitalfields was as great as ever in the massive richness of its fabrics and softness of colour. Ballance and Co., and Kemp and Stone, of Spital- square, had exquisite specimens of this kind, both in Silks and Velvets ; the latter especially were good and rich, equal to anything ever pro- duced by Lyons or Genoa. Grant and Gask sent some gorgeous specimens of English-made Silk Curtains, where the brocade fabric is interwoven with designs in spun glass, as fine as silk. These tissues- de -verve are of a similar manufacture to the hangings that are now in the Throne-room at St. James’s, and which have been some thirty years in use, though still as bright as ever. These mas- sive fabrics were decidedly the richest and most beautiful of the kind shown ; and, as exemplifying a not very costly and most desirable combination of silk and glass, attracted especial notice. Campbell, Harrison, and Lloyd showed the finest collection of Eigured and Watered Silks and Moire- antiques. In the figured silks, harmony of colour and beauty of design were carried to their utmost in these specimens ; while the watered silks had a most brilliant lustre. Seamer sent various samples of Silks and Velvets, second only to those of Campbell and Co. But the most beautiful and most varied collections of fabrics of these classes were found among the Irish Poplins. Fry and Co., and Pirn Brothers, ex- hibited every kind of Poplin, either watered, embroidered, or figured. One of the best examples was a copy in white silk of the various forms of snow crystals worked on a blue ground, by which, of eourse, an almost endless diversity of beau tifu.1 little stars is obtained. The Manchester Silks, it is feared, attracted but little notice amid this fine display ; for, generally, their colours were not well chosen, and nearly all had a dull aspect!' One very good collection was, however, shown by J. Chadwick, all the samples in which were woven by the power-loom. Those who remember the same classes in 1851, could judge of the improvement which has since been made. Both in an artistic and manufacturing point of view the whole collection far exceeded even the highest anticipations. — A bridged from the Times. The show of Bibands sent by Coventry was magnificent. There were ribands here of all kinds, — from fine delicately embossed webs to broad flowered silk textures, wide and massive enough for curtains. Newsome and Co. showed a collection of every pos- sible variety of fineness, texture, and pattern ; and those sent by Franklin and Co. were almost equally good. There are appa- rently very few ribands made anywhere in England but at Coventry — certainly none which can compare with them, either for fabric or design. CARPET MANUFACTURE. 169 WOOLLEN AND WORSTED, AND MIXED FABRICS. In these great and important industries, the chief exhibits were the collective ones from Huddersfield, Bradford, and Leeds, as representing the great Yorkshire district, Halifax and Dewsbury falling in as part of the arrangement. The display was a highl}' suggestive and satisfactory one, and the ground taken so success- fully in 1851 was well maintained, a most decided improvement being manifested in the general taste of the goods and perfection of dye and finish. The West of England and the London houses followed with their exhibits, and the Cloths of the West are up to their usual standard. The Mixed Fabrics and Poplin of Dublin and Norwich, with the shawls, tartans, &c., of Glasgow and Paisley, came next. Norwich took the post of honour; and the richly coloured Shawls arranged in the central compartment of the great mediseval case erected by the three or four manufacturers who sustain the honour of that city of textiles, was an effective feature of the Building at this point, apart from the fact that these articles would have been considered an impossibility in 1851. Then followed a miscellaneous collection of Woollens and mixed goods, in which the manufacturers of Hawick, Kendal, Chipping Norton, and Darlington, took the lead. On the Foreign side, France, Belgium, Austria, Prussia, and Saxony (the two latter as States of the Zollverein) exhibited largely and effectively alike in Woollens and Mixed Fabrics ; and marked improvements have taken place in certain directions which show that the lessons of 1851 and 1855 were not thrown away. France has probably made the most decided improvement in the greater substantiality of her Woollen Cloths ; in shawls and the more ornate mixed fabrics, her pre-eminence in certain points remained much the same. In Merinoes she has found, however, a serious if not a triumphant competitor in the Bradford exhibits on the British side. CARPET MANUFACTURE. The artistic principles upon which the selection of designs for Carpets is sought to be established is, we suspect, too often over- ruled by the taste of the public to be capable of satisfactory de- velopment. However, the object of the art reformers is legiti- mate : and with the view of aiding its progress, our notices of the specimens of Carpets exhibited will be framed, as far as prac- ticable, with a view to this object. Whytock and Co., of Edinburgh, showed a work, in every respect of a commendable character. ‘ ‘It is founded on a geo- metrical basis, is simple in the arrangement of its parts, soft and low in tone of colour — the ground being green and the 170 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. ornament in maroon enlivened with red — and the whole is mar- gined by a border of great simplicity and beauty. As a work it fulfils all requirements. Besides being of the radiate type, and having its parts subjected to a geometrical disposition, the wel- come quality of flatness pervades its parts, which of itself is a feature worthy of the highest commendation in the case of a floor enrichment. Nothing can be more erroneous than the idea that, because rugged paths are picturesque, lakes beautiful, and black- berries sweet to the taste, they are hence agreeable things to walk upon. A flat surface is that which is welcome as a floor, and holes, bushes, and trees are alike avoided whenever we wander abroad. While flatness of the floor is essential to comfort, and the very appearance of unevenness is unpleasant, the hispid nap of the carpet is very grateful to the sense of touch, and the soft floor covering is pleasant to walk upon, just as the turf is, which is the velvet-pile of nature. ” — Illustrated London News. Whytock and Co.’s Wilton or Scoto-Axminster is produced by an ingenious process, which combines numerous and vivid colours with much that is pleasing and harmonious in effect. In this process each thread of the warp carries its share of the rose or thistle, the leaf or the briar of which it is intended to form a part ; thus the entire warp presents a mottled appearance and variegated aspect that would have its exact counterpart in a printed cotton dress that should be carefully separated into its constituent threads, and these threads spread out upon a plain surface. The appearance presented by a printed cotton so dismem- bered may easily be conceived. Each thread would be covered by innume- rable patches of colour, and the restoration of these to their original position in the once beautiful design of which they constituted a necessary part may appear a hopeless task; but this is precisely what is accomplished by Mr. Whytoek’s ingenious patent. His warp is bespattered with colour, appa- rently confused and variegated without a purpose, but it is in reality mottled with design, and parti-coloured with a method that ensures each tint and hue being gathered up by the weaver to take its place in the development of some graceful form or some beautiful flower. The principal Carpet is in design a very good example of the Byzantine style of ornament, with much careful drawing and well harmonised heavy colouring. Woodward Brothers and Co., of Kidderminster, exhibited several Carpets of a commendable character. Palmer Brothers showed two Rugs which have many excellences and features worthy of careful consideration. “They are flat, low in tone, simple in treatment, founded upon a geometric basis, and the little star-like or floral forms are of a circular character. Not only is every plant, as seen from above, of a radiate nature, but the head of flowers and the individual flower have also the same structure, while flowers which are seen laterally are fre- quently bi-symmetrical. It will, however, be said that the flower of the candytuft is of a bi-lateral character, and that it enjoys a horizontal position. This is the case ; yet occurrences of this nature are rare ; but even here the manner in which the flowers are grouped together brings about the production of a circular ornament, for the small portion of every flower is directed to the centre, and the larger portion to the circumference ; hence the radiate structure is perfectly restored. In the mats under con- CARPET MANUFACTURE. 171 sideration we have added to the other merits the welcome full view of the flowerlike forms, which is ever pleasing in the case of de- corations for horizontal surfaces. Watson, Bontor, and Co., exhibited some fabrics to which con- siderable interest attaches, as they are the produce of their India Carpet establishment, commenced in the Madras Presidency in the year 1848. This manufactory is left entirely to native superin- tendence, and is carried on by local talent and energy, no personal communication having at any time taken place between employed and the employers ; but it is a significant illustration of the mixed character of most manufactured articles, where great attention is paid to quality, that in this particular instance the material for the groundwork, or “back” of the carpet, is spun in England, and sent to India to supplant the less enduring native fabric that would otherwise be employed as the basis of the manufacture. These carpets have the lower part or “back” of the carpet formed of twisted cords of hemp, and the entire upper surface of chenille, which, by an ingenious process, is woven into the various forms that constitute the pattern. Watson and Co. showed their Patent Axminster Carpet, the filling of which is very judicious and beautiful, and consists of quatrefoils, with low-toned blue grounds, the interspaces being filled with red. It consists of a subdued geometrical form, a simple ornamental arrangement [repeated as a diaper, and stars which tell out somewhat strongly from the low-toned reds in which the other portions are wrought. The border is simple, but the white here introduced is rather strong; yet, when considered as a whole, this work has great beauty, and is of a highly meritorious character. Templeton and Co., of Glasgow and London, exhibited 'some patterns which have superior merits : a Border Carpet with a blue hue, is founded on a geometrical basis, and consists of quatrefoils with low-toned blue grounds, leaving between them spaces filled in with red. The filling consists of conventionally-treated flowers and foliage of great simplicity. About this carpet there is a just- ness and suitability to the purpose intended which few possess : it is rich yet low in tone, well varied, and not obtrusive ; the pattern is equally distributed over the surface, and the border is pleasing, consisting of pointed quatrefoils, simply arranged. This carpet appears to suggest its true office, that of a background. Such is the opinion of the writer above quoted ; yet this design hardly comes to the flatness just insisted on. Templeton and Co. also showed two Hearth-rugs, in which the ornamental treatment of the flowers was beautifully symmetrical — an example of the true treatment of flowers for floral patterns. The carpets of Harvey, Nichols, and Co., were defective in flat- ness, but had many good qualities, marred by the festoons of flowers in the borders, than which nothing can be more incon- sistent. Another carpet by the same manufacturers has the filling very 172 TIIE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. rich, and consists of small star-like floral forms in two reds, falling softly and pleasantly on a maroon ground. The border is in good Italian ornament, harmoniously coloured, yet it is rather strong, the ground here being white. Altogether this is a very excellent work. The Velvet- pile Carpets of Messrs. Jackson andGraham are made in the Jacquard loom, worked by steam-power, and the designs might be seen in process of weaving in a loom which the firm had at work in the Western Annexe. The rhododendron design, the bay- leaf pattern, and the jasmine trellis, were very successful. Two Persian designs were remarkable for their richness and harmony of colouring, and close imitation of the beautiful Oriental originals. Jackson and Graham also showed a large square carpet, which, while very florid and strong in its contrasts of colour, has yet delicacy and beauty and a certain amount of repose ; the colour- ing, also, is harmonious, and the masses are well disposed. Lapworth Brothers, Old Bond-street, showed a very large car- pet, the greatest merit of which was its flatness : blue prevailed, and the pattern was good. Lapworths’ carpets were admirable examples of woollen fabrics : they are the production of the hand and not of the loom, and they still maintain an enviable supe- riority over all the varieties of textile carpets. These carpets are the produce of their establishment at Wilton, which enjoys a special celebrity in carpet-making : it was here that the Flemish weavers found refuge from religious persecution, in the reign of James I., and set up their looms to manufacture Brussels carpets, under the patronage of William, Earl of Pembroke, then cham- berlain of the royal household. Crossley and Son were among the largest manufacturers in the country of Velvet Pile and Brussels carpet, to the production of which power- looms have now been applied in the place of the hand- looms which were in use at the time of the Exhibition of 1851. Of their designs it has been s^id that they will not please the Professors of the Kensington School of Science and Art. Kid- derminster carpet calls for few observations ; its texture remains the same, and the mode of production the same as at the Exhibi- tion of 1851. A noteworthy specimen of Axminster carpet, designed for and intended as a wall- decoration, after the style of the Gobelin ta- pestries, was manufactured and exhibited by Tapling and Co. , of Gresham-street. The design is by Mr. W. A. Parris. It contains figures, considerably larger than life, of Louis Napoleon presenting the treaty to Queen Victoria, and is designed to com- memorate the Treaty of Commerce between France and England. The figures are surrounded with an elaborate framework of laurel and oak-leaves in gold colours. The panels are of a rich maroon, having an interlaced ornament alternately of the rose and bee, em- blematical of the two countries. The French emblem is introduced on a shield at the top of the design, surmounted with branches of the palm, depending from which are large swags of fruit, sym- FOREIGN CARPETS. 173 bolical of Peace and Plenty. At the base are the English and French flags, supporting the Pose, Thistle, and Shamrock, with a blue ribbon containing the motto, “ La reciprocity est la base vi'aie et durable de la Paix.” In a work of this character, so novel in design and treatment, there were many difficulties to contend with, but they have for the most part been successfully overcome. The work is woven in one piece, twenty-two feet by eighteen feet. Messrs. Filmer, of Berners-street, exhibited Velvet Pile and Brussels Carpets, from designs by the Government School of Art. The latter present a conventional treatment of flowers, with- out shading, and presenting the appearance of a uniform flat sur- face, following in this respect the patterns of the carpets of the East. In the velvet pile carpets six strongly contrasted colours are so well and evenly balanced, and are mixed in such small quantities, that no one colour offends the eye ; and the whole blends into a soft, warm, greyish tint, forming a very appropriate ground for the furniture and decorations. Sewell and Co., of Compton House, were exhibitors of a fine Axminster carpet, the pattern of which is an adaptation of an original design by Mr. Digby Wyatt. It is deserving of notice on account of its fineness of pile and texture, the beauty of its colours, and the symmetrical arrange- ment of all the parts of the design. FOREIGN' CARPETS. It may be convenient to notice here, for the sake of readier comparison, the Foreign Carpets in a group, rather than under their respective countries . The paper in the Illustrated London News will best supply the staple, inasmuch as its writer shows very considerable knowledge of the general subject, and a judicious amount of artistic taste. The Carpets both from India and Turkey are, in some respects, widely different from each other ; yet they have features in com- mon, and both may be said to be founded upon equally correct principles. Thus, both are rigidly flat in treatment : that is, no attempt at light and shade is made, nor is the evenness t of the surface (which is a very desirable quality in a floor) in any way disturbed. The decorativeshapes employed, and the an’angement adopted, are such as does not give to the patterns a right and wrong way upwards, but emphasizes them equally in all direc- tions, which is the only treatment consistent as a floor enrichment. Yet in how many cases does this requirement remain unfulfilled in the carpets which we see in the shop-windows, and even on the floors of the opulent ; yet no an’angement in which the pattern runs in one particular direction can be satisfactory, as it must of necessity be wrong way upwards to the greater portion of the occupants of the room, and thus impart pleasure only to the few.* A low neutral aspect also marks these carpets, which is due, * Prayer-carpets have a pattern running in one direction ; when in use the pattern points to Mecca. 174 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. primarily, to the nature of the colouring, but also, in part, to the judiciously vague distribution of the shapes used for the purpose of enrichment. We are thus led to see that the Indian and Turkish designers are possessed of most valuable knowledge, which has led them to endow all their carpets with this neutral aspect. But the artists of the two countries achieve their results in different ways ; for we find in the Turkish carpets large masses of negative colour employed as general and partial grounds, such as low- toned or tertiary red, which is their favourite colour ; and forms of a semi-geometrical character filled in with ornament of various hues, in which blue and green predominate ; they, however, depend for their effect chiefly upon the exact tone of the colour which is to prevail in the work as the ground- tint, and throughout the colours are used in such masses as to affect the eye separately. The In- dian carpets, on the contrary, owe their negative aspect to the precise balance of colour which is introduced into the works, whereby a neutral colour-bloom is produced : thus, they impart a glowing effect by letting orange slightly prevail. Yet, while we say that the Indians adopt this mode of producing their neutral effect, and that the Turks use masses of colour which are in them- selves low in tone, we only mean that such modes are the more general with these people : yet in some cases the Turkish works exhibit a very full admixture of colours, and the Indian rugs have grounds of a single tint. Excellent examples of the more characteristic Carpets and Rugs of the Turks were exhibited by Watson, Bontor, and Co. ; Tapling and Co. ; and Lapworth Brothers ; and of the Indian Carpets and Rugs by Major M ‘Andrew, who exhibited a carpet made at Lahore by the Thugs; Watson and Co. showed one from Masuli- patam, a carpet made by the prisoners in the gaol at Meerut (which closely resembles that shown by Major M ‘Andrew), and a series of rugs. These, together with a carpet made by the native Thugs at the Government School of Industry at Jubbulpore, were the most important works, and their excellences can scarcely be overrated. The Carpets furnished by the natives of Hindostan are un- rivalled in every respect, but unfortunately their production re- quires a considerable length of time, the Thugs being ignorant of the modern process of carpet manufacture. To remedy this evil, an attempt has been made to introduce the Kidderminster process amongst the natives, but with this result : the beautiful patterns of the natives having been thrown aside, and some of the worst of a worn-out English school substituted. Thus we had one of the hideous specimens of Kidderminster exhibited side by side with the beautiful productions of the native loom which had fortunately escaped the debasing influence. In the carpets of the natives due regard is paid to the relation of the carpet to the furniture of the room. The Kidderminster carpet exhibited, on the contrary, by its coarse vulgarity, immediately calls the chief attention to itself. Though this importation of bad taste into India was pointed TAPESTRIES. 175 out and strongly deprecated eleven years since, it is still con- tinued. In the first Great Exhibition some specimens of this Anglo-Indian daubing were displayed, and were condemned in the following words in the “ Supplement to the Report of the Jury on Class XXX. — “ Having spoken thus highly of the decora- tion of such goods (carpets) in India, it is painful to observe the attempts ignorantly made to vitiate the sound taste of the native artists.” Let us hope that the next decade of years may be pro- ductive of better results. Two works, of a character new to us, brought from the Summer Palace of China, were exhibited : they rather surprised than pleased upon first viewing them, yet meritorious qualities quickly appeared, for there is an amount of vigour displayed in their ornamentation and a revelation of power to deal with most difficult matters of art, such as cannot fail to make an impression upon the observer w T ho attentively considers them. The more important Carpet, of large dimensions, is in form a parallelogram, has a set border, and a blue-black velvet ground. The enrichment of the field consists of the conventional forms so well known as the symbolic clouds of the Chinese, coloured blue, green, and two shades of vermilion, and outlined with gold, to- gether with a number of grotesque creatures flying and running in every direction, and animated by excessive life. These are fine ■examples of the grotesque, and combine with the clouds to fill a wonderful sky, which undoubtedly represents the Elysian plains of the Chinaman, their much- coveted hunting-ground ; and, while it may seem remarkable that the “ world in the sky” should be portrayed on the floor, the producers of the work probably deem it nothing but right that the chief of a celestial empire should be seated upon the clouds, and some such notion has probably pos- sessed the mind of its originator. The border consists of a simplq alternate arrangement of a conventional cloud, and the Chinese ornament corresponds with the Anthemion of the Greeks. The smaller carpet is of a less interesting character, and has a yellow ground, on which are spread butterflies sporting with the flowers ; yet in this the manner in which some of the flowers are treated must be commended. TAPESTRIES OF GOBELINS AND BEAUVAIS. The Tapestries of the Imperial manufactory of Gobelins and of the sister institution of Beauvais at this very day are as highly prized as when the Royal works were first established two centuries since. Their exhibit consisted of four tapestries and two carpets — the large central tapestry containing a full-length portrait figure, and the two carpets are from the parent institution (Gobelins), and the fruit pieces to the right and left from Beauvais. The central work, of great magnificence, is after the celebrated picture at 176 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Venice — “ The Assumption of the Virgin,” by Titian. Here we have needlework entering into competition with the pigments of the artist, which can he spread as transparent films, heaped in effective masses, modified by mediums so as to be fitted for pro- ducing the most varied effects ; having tackiness in the one case, which renders them fit for “ dragging;” and fluidity, which ren- ders them adapted for “glazing” in another; and, with all this, being susceptible of diversified modes of hanging. The “Assumption of the Virgin” realizes all the charms and delicacies of the original work — expression, energy, delicacy, and tone of colour being rendered with the utmost truth, the rich harmony and glow of refulgent light being also fully embodied in the work. The toil and labour necessary to theproduction of such a work it is difficult to conceive : not a thread can be placed without the most careful consideration, and not a colour used without the sanction of a most experienced eye, as colours when juxtaposed acquire abnormal hues : yet this tapestry in which the figures are lifesize, finds its commercial equivalents in 6000?. To the right of this central and most important work w T as the por- trait tapestry of Louis XIV. of France, in which the flesh is ren- dered with a faithfulness seldom witnessed. The Tapestries from Beauvais were in no way inferior to those of Gobelins : yet they differ so widely in character that a mere glance will suffice for the distinguishing between the works of the two manufactories. Those from Beauvais are of still-life and fruit, while those from Gobelins are of an historical character. FLOOR-CLOTHS. To Floor-cloths the Exhibition were less indebted for any general ornamental effect than to carpets. Smith and Baber exhibited two lai'ge cloths of considerable merit : the one, a simple design of marbles, with a border that is elegant in effect ; and the other a geometrical pattern, having sprays and flowers in imitation of a mosaic inlay on a marble ground. Downing and Co. exhibited several very good specimens ; one of 10 yards or 30 feet wdde had a combination of the squares of a chess-board and samples of encaustic tiles. James Rolls and Son showed an example of a tile pattern cloth, admirable for its fidelity to the simple forms that make up the detail of the design, and for its excellence in colour. Hawks- worth, of Doncaster, exhibited some remarkable specimens of Mosaic Floorcloths. Nairn and Co., of Kirkaldy, exhibited a number of “carpet patterns” where the attempts to produce roses and leaves were very creditable under the circumstances. Their specimens of marquetrie and parquetrie W'ere also commendable. Kamptulicon was exhibited by Taylor and Co., and is a Floor- cloth made of cork and India-rubber. It is admirably adapted for all situations where the floor is damp, being exceedingly durable. The quantity manufactured of this most useful material has hitherto been exceedingly limited, and the probability is that the CALICO- PRINTING, AND DYED FABRICS. 177 demand will never be great at any time, as it cannot be produced for the price of ordinary floorcloth, and does not, therefore, enter into competition with it. PRINTED AND DYED FABRICS. Probably in no Department of the whole Exhibition has there been so thorough a change since 1851 as in that of Printed Fabrics: mousselines-de-laine, bareges, and other printed fabrics of kindred make having been superseded by alpacas, mohairs, and various light and elegant mixed fabrics. Nevertheless, the leading prin- ters, both of Manchester and Glasgow, contributed little to the display. In the matter of design the great body of English and Scotch Calico-printers are pretty much where they were fifteen years ago ; except that in the English Division, simple effects were worked out in one or two colours, instead of elaborations in form and colour, which are generally costly and failures. There can be no doubt that in mechanical modes of production, as well as in the chemistry of the art of Printing and Dyeing, con- siderable progress has been made during the last ten years ; and that by these means the British producer is enabled to meet the wants of the various markets of the world with much the same, if not greater advantage than heretofore. The French printers made a great effort to completely illustrate everything they were doing, especially in the way of improvements in Printed Fabrics : the result was, they made a valuable display, and deservedly carried off the largest proportion of the honours. At the suggestion of Dr. Lyon Playfair, a systematic illus- tration of the various improvements in the Chemistry of Calico- Printing and Dyeing since 1851 was given by Mr. Rumney, of the Ardwick Chemical Works, Manchestei*. All the new dyes and chemicals of any importance introduced into the trade during the last eleven years were here shown, as illustrating “ the latest chap- ter in the history of Calico-printing.” The various dyes and chemicals were exhibited in bottles ; and the examples in cotton, silk, wool, and mixed fabrics were also shown. Amongst them was the application of Mr. Perkin’s discovery of Coal-tar and its remarkable product Ailine as a colouring agent. Aniline colours were shown in their varied forms of dyeing and printing as applied to cottons, cotton-velvets, silk, and woollen, in shades of purple, reds, and blues, known as mauve, magenta, &c. The colours in silk were especially brilliant. There were also illustrations of murexide colours on cotton and woollens. Murexide, generally called Roman purple, was in great vogue amongst printers and dyers about 1856. This is a guano colour, as the uric, and is found in sufficient quantities in that substance, which is first treated with hydrochloric acid and subsequently with nitric acid. The final result was seen in the specimens exhibited. To these were added pigment colours fixed with glue and mercury, under 178 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Lightfoot’s patent ; also aniline and pigment colours . Pigment colours fixed by albumen and substitutes for albumen, such as lacterine, gluten, &c., were shown; and coal-tar colours in com- bination at one operation with dyeing and printing. Specimens of emeraldine, a new green, and azurine, a new blue, were con- tributed by Mr. Crace Calvert, F.R.S., of Manchester. Emeral- dine is produced by preparing cotton with chlorate of potash ; then printing with an acid chloride of aniline, in a given period a bright green appears ; next the green is subjected to the action of a solution of bichromate of potash, and the tint is changed to a deep blue, which has been called az urine. Altogether, Mr. Eum* ney’s exhibit proved how actively science has been working for the industrial arts. The practical application of these Dyes would far exceed our limits. Probably the most remarkable display was that of But- terworth and Brooks, Manchester, to whom was awarded a Prize Medal ; the award stating that the firm was the first to fix aniline colours in cotton by a new method — a most important improve- ment, as in the various illustrations given of the result. These were madder and aline colours printed in one process ; dyed mauve colour, giving very clearly printed and elegant effects ; aniline, a subdued purple, and opaline, a subdued blue of very pleasing tone^ both in mixed fabrics. Littlewood, Wilson, and Co. were distinguished by excellence- in Madder Styles ; besides their new method of fixing, with tartar- emetic, aniline in cotton fabrics ; and for machine-printed furni- tures with the gum-roller. Muir, Brown, and Co. sent a wonderful case of very fine Muslins, some of which were printed with a delicacy equal to the French ; and others with a thread of gold or silver tissue running through them. The latter had a beautiful effect. J oseph Lockett, Sons, and Leake, Manchester, illustrated their . eculiar methods of Engraving the Cylinders employed in Machine- printing, or rather the results of these methods as shown in the- fabrics printed. These showed the character of the grounds pro- duced by machinery, such as “ eccentrics,” imitations of watered effects, &c. The smaller geometric patterns, sea- weed, and striated effects are produced by “ millwork.” Handwork is still employed in the introduction of the larger effects, but such is the present demand for cylinders for calico-printing that no available amount of handwork could possibly keep pace with it. Among their numerous mechanical contrivances, this firm showed an adapta- tion of the principle of the pantagraph to engraving copper rollers. The pantagraph arrangement and the pattern being placed hori- zontally instead of vertically, and the “nippers,” which in the embroidery machine are armed with double- pointed needles work- ing through the vertical fabric, are in this engraving-machine fitted with points which, when in action, scratch the pattern in repeats upon the copper cylinder, which is covered with an etching- ground. Of course this pattern is bitten into the copper surface PRINTED AND DYED FABRICS. 179 by immersion in a corrosive acid. The advantage of the machine is, that a variety of sizes of the same pattern can be engraved ; whilst the work, being reduced from an accurately drawn and enlarged original, comes out so much the more perfect in the re* duction, and there seems no limit to the amount of elaboration to which any pattern can be carried. Messrs. Lockett were awarded a Prize Medal both for their patterns and the machine. Glasgow made a much more limited display than Manchester. The only printers of Linens who exhibited were Girdwood and Co., Belfast, whose specimens were good. Furniture Chintz-printing, represented by two exhibitors, stood where it did in 1851 ; the Printed Table-covers were as stationary* Of Printed Felts there were better specimens. In Dyeing, pure and simple, a great triumph has been achieved by English dyers on this occasion. The French almost acknow- ledged themselves beaten ; for purity of colour and excellence of finish, commend us to the British goods, especially silks and woollens. The most perfect display was that of Mr. Samuel Smith, Brad- ford, — a series of admirable illustrations of Dyes, as applied to wool, shawls, alpacas, and other lustres ; Coburgs, Orleans, corded figured reps, &c., all of excellent tint and finish. The English Silk Dyes were superb. Coventry stood first — in the aniline colours shown by Mr. B. S. Richardson, and the bril- liant dyes by Hands : the new crimson from aniline, and a dark mauve, were great successes. The blacks and whites amongst these Coventry dyes were also very pure. Adshead and Co., of Macclesfield, showed greens, yellows, and crimsons in perfection. Picric. acid, obtained from carbonic acid by the action of nitric acid, is used for the yellows, which, with coal-tar blues, produce greens. Altogether, English dyers and printers made a decided stand against traditional French Dyes on this occasion. France exhibited largely, and did justice to the power of pro- duction alike in tasteful design, beauty of mechanical result, and brilliancy of colour. Austria made a great advance ; but the most remarkable progress was that of Russia, for, notwithstanding the disastrous war and political distractions since 1851, Russia pro- duced in this Exhibition most remarkable specimens, probably the best of the kind shown considering that eleven years ago the in- dustry may be said not to have existed . — Abridged from the Illus- trated London News. A beautiful combination of science and mechanics as applied to the art of Engraving was shown in the Electrograph Engraving Machine of Mr. Henry Garside, of Manchester. This is intended for the engraving of copper cylinders used in calico-printing, and may be described here. The distinctive feature of this apparatus, apart from its mechanical arrangement, consists in the application of voltaic electricity in communicating movement to important, and delicate portions of the machine. The cylinder to be engraved 180 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. is first coated with a thin film of varnish sufficiently resistent to the continuous action of the strongest acids. The required num- ber of copies of the original design are then traced on the cylinder by means of a series of diamond points arranged on the machine, in a line parallel to the cylinder. The metallic surface of the latter thus becomes exposed at the parts required to be engraved. A bath of nitric or some other potent acid is after- wards used to deepen the exposed portions to the extent required, and thus the operation is completed. The diamond points are all in connexion with as many small magnets, and these are so ar- ranged that intermittent voltaic currents are established in unison with the original design. The results are that the diamonds are withdrawn or advanced at the proper moment, and the tracery forms an exact counterpart of the copy. There are, also, adjust- ments, which enable the operator to enlarge or diminish at will the size of the patterns to be engraved. — Mechanics' Magazine. LACE-MAKING. The respective positions of the countries which may be said to compete in the Lace Manufacture have, we think, continued un- changed since the last Exhibition. England has made a wonder- ful advance. France well supports its ancient reputation ; but, undeniably, Belgium has contributed the most exquisite specimens. In them is displayed the marvellously patient study of detail characteristic of the country, combined with a delicacy and grace of design in which some branches of its art have hitherto been found wanting. In the Belgian Department M. Hoorickx exhibited a beautiful novelty — a handkerchief which presents every variety of point stitch, and several styles of design. At the extreme edge of the lace border is a wreath of convolvulus leaves and flowers ; within that is a kind of arabesque pattern enriched with plumetis or satin- stich, which is quite a new feature of the Belgian laces ; and then comes the triumph of art in a border of exquisite little bouquets ; the miniature flowers are all in relief, the rose showing its circling petals, and other blossoms their natural forms. The small centre of cambric is enclosed within a mechanical design of heavier substance. The price is about 200/. A section of flounce, half a yard wide, with flowers iu the same style of relief, was also dislayed : the value of the set of two, 800/. ; that of a tunic with berthe and handkerchief, about the same. Van Kossum showed point sets of handkerchief, lappet, collar, and sleeves : each set is worth 240/., and occupied four years in making. The French have much improved the “ Guipure,” called by them “Maltese.” Among various shawls and flounces of Chan- tilly was M. Seguin’s half-shawl, valued at 140/., pattern, a Chinese garden. The Compagne des Indes showed a point d’Alengon flounce, priced at 1000/. FURS, FEATHERS, AND HAIR. 181 The exhibition of British Lace was admirable, not only for its beauty and richness, but for the variety of object in which Honiton, Ireland, and Nottingham compete for supremacy. Among the Nottingham manufacturers, Barnett and Maltby, Vickers, Robin- son, Adams, Northcote, Marlowe and Co. were foremost, both for exquisite fineness of texture and beauty of design. Howell and James sent a kind of Trophy Piece of Lace Needlework ; with a dress of the most elaborate kind, on which it is stated that upwards of 200 persons were employed: it was certainly one of the most wonderful pieces of handwork in the Building. The Industrial Society of Ireland exhibited a small, but very fine collection of Irish Laces ; the Countess of Erne sent some Irish Valenciennes ; and Messrs Eorrest, ofDublin, showed Limerick and other Laces, which, with the various Irish imitations, gave the sister-island a decided pre-eminence in this class. There was one large case of mixed Honiton and Irish Laces, unsurpassed. The larger kinds of lace- work, as curtains, &e., came almost entirely from Nottingham: the honours were carried off by the exquisite designs of Copestake and Moore. The Nottingham imitations included Spanish shawls and mantillas, and black Chantilly, remarkably improved. In fact, in design the machine-made lace of Nottingham has turned the tables upon our French competitors in 1851. Reckless and Hickling, of Nottingham, exhibited laces, flounces, tunics, mantles, shawls, coiffures, and barbes in one piece, all made by the pusher machine, with the application of the jacquard ; all the fabric pattern being made by the machine, and the outline being entirely needle- work. These goods nearly rival the hand- made laces of Cambray, Chantilly, and Bayeux. A case of Spanish blondes contained articles richly embroidered in colours and gold thread ; the real gem of the collection, how- ever, was a white Mantilla — the pattern, wreaths of flowers sup- ported by flying cupids, of solid texture ; the ground light guipure. Saxony is remarkable rather for the low price than the quality of its laces ; but Berlin added to the attractions of the Exhibition a very creditable suite of Brussels point on real ground. FURS, FEATHERS, AND HAIR. The finest specimens of this Class were grouped or displayed in trophies. Messrs. George Smith and Son, 'VVatling-street, dis- played, in this form, various descriptions of Sable, and eight varieties of Fox ; and beneath these, magnificent paletots, with smaller articles intermixed. The most stinking feature of the group was a mantle of pure white ermine, without the usual in- termixture of tails, but trimmed with a broad border of delicately- marked chincilla. Messrs. Smith also displayed two other paletots of ermine — one adorned in the usual style, the other minivered in a scalloped pattern round the edge, together with specimens of 182 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. sables and other furs. The handsome trophy of Mr. Nicholay, the Court furrier, formed one of the most attractive ornaments of the Nave. Here the Russian sable was to be seen in perfection : a complete set of it, including trimmed velvet mantle, is valued at 5001. Next were a cloak of the fur of the Siberian squirrel ; skins of the Astracan lamb ; paletots of seal skin, trimmed with other furs, including the beaver, and made into a bonnet edged with miniver and decorated with a plume of white feathers. Among the treasures of the collection was a sea-otter skin, worth 50 1. Messrs. Poland showed a splendid rug of the white Arctic fox, and large cloaks of sable and ermine ; and Mr. Jeff a swan- muff and tippet from Holland, and a curious mantle formed from the crest and neck of the king eider-duck, a kind of green and black pattern on a white ground. Russia contributed little : the most noteworthy specimens were a manufactured Fur Carpet ; an elegant mantle of Down ; and eight species of stuffed Sables, exhibited by M. Alibert. In the next section of this Class, De Costa, Andrade, and Co. displayed an Ostrich-feather trophy, in which as many as ten dif- ferent colours of tints were presented in one single feather. The white plumes were examples of purity of colour and excellence of finish ; they were selected from 5000. AVeil of Marabout Feathers was also an ingenious novelty. Here also was a Pelerine and Muff of white marabout feathers ; and white, grey, and black Ostrich Feathers, in their rough state, as sent from the Barbary States and the Cape of Good Hope. The third division of the Class included Artificial Hair, suited to every requirement and demand. Flowing white locks for majestic old age ; or a light sprinkling of grey hair to assist the expiring efforts of Nature ; and wigs adapted to middle life, and more or less advanced. Among other Curiosities exhibited was a case containing speci- mens of Human Hair of great length, shorn from the heads of English, German, French, and Italian ladies-hair of every hue, from pale auburn to jet black, and of every degree of fineness and silky gloss. The honours in this Class, however, were car- ried off by some fair unknown of our own country, from whose head had been severed a lock of jet-black hair, no less than 74 inches in length ! INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURES. There were upwards of 20 exhibitors of various manufactures in this material, besides those of Gutta-Percha, and other analogous substances. Prominent amongst these were the original patentees in England, C. Mackintosh and Co., of Manchester, who exhibited beautiful specimens of the raw material, showing the process of manufacture, from the masticated lump to the finished sheet. INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURES. 183 They had also tubing for the Lighting of Railway- caiTiages by Gas, which has been found practicable ; and an inflated India-rubber Globe, three yards in circumference, for the use of schools. Silver and Co. showed their Ebonite Tubes, which are not affected by acid, for vinegar and dye works ; bottles and funnels, photo- graphic baths and dishes ; coated harness-irons ; bracelets and chains in place of jet, &c. In soft vulcanized India-rubber was shown a Door- mat, produced by making incisions with a sharp knife at regular intervals, which being kept open, during vulcaniza- tion, a mat is produced, firm to the foot. They also exhibited washers, valves, steam-packingl hose, &c. ; insulated telegraph wire, and ebonite pole insulators. Warne and Co. showed their novel Junction Rubber for piston- rings and pump-buckets, made of soft and hard rubber combined ; .and their Screw-shaft Water-stop for ocean-steamers, which pre- vents the necessity of stoppage for repacking when at sea. This is effected by the inflation of two rings so arranged as to answer the end required, whilst the stuffing-box is being repacked. They also showed an elastic Bath-towel, having a rubber warp alternate with cotton ; “ mineralized rubber “ ferruginous cement pack- ing a very ingenious flesh-brush, and their “ aromatic bands also an “Archimedean screw Rifle-cleaner.” Warne and Co. were the first to introduce the use of India-rubber for door-mats, formed of cross-sections of tubes cemented together. The North British Company, of Edinburgh, excelled pai’ticularly in their over- shoes, which is a branch of the trade hitherto only carried on in France and America. The shoes exhibited here, however, very far exceeded in beauty of make and finish those of either of the other makers ; as did also their valves, hose, and beltings. They showed, let into the floor, the largest valve which has ever been made ; being 6 feet 4 inches in diameter, and .1^ inches thick, made of pure rubber, in the manufacture of which no solvent had been used. Cow and Co., of Cheapside, showed their Water-proof Cloths ; a knapsack and haversack combined, and a lady’s yachting-jacket. Mr. J. L. Hancock exhibited a portable air Bedchair for invalids. Hooper, and Hall and Wells showed their India-rubber coated Telegraph-wires for submarine and aerial purposes. Spill and Co. exhibited their Vegetable Leather made up in various forms ; and there were several exhibitors of Kamptulicon (India-rubber and cork) floorcloth. Walton and Co., of Chiswick, showed samples of their “ Camp- ticon, or India-rubber substitute,” made from oxidized oil, freed of unctuous matter, and formed into semi-elastic resin, which, for steam-packing, driving- bands, and hose, answers as well as India-rubber, and at a considerably less cost. The Gutta-Percha Company displayed a good collection of their manufactures ; and Mr. C. Hancock showed some beautiful Mouldings in Gutta-percha, on a sideboard. There were several French exhibitors of Tubing and Vulcanized India-rubber goods ; 184 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. and three or four from Hanover. There were also exhibitors from Berlin ; and the Russian Company of St. Petersburg dis- played superior Overshoes, Hose, and Belting ; and Boots specially adapted to Russian wants . — Abridged from the Mechanics’ Magazine. Cohen and Co., of Hamburg, make the most extensive display of any one in the Building, consisting of India-rubber goods gene- rally- — overshoes, clothing, tubing, toys, and a very elegant and useful mat or carpet for doors, stairs, railway carriages, &c. They resemble more than anything a grey carpet with a raised honeycomb pattern. % As a curiosity , we may here mention a statue of Vulcanized India-rubber, contributed by Herr H. C. Meyer, of Hamburg, who also exhibited a large trophy of articles of the same material. The statue was modelled by Herr Engblard, the Hanoverian sculptor, and is intended to represent Hermann (the Arminius of the Roman historians), the son of Sigmier, the chief of Cherusci, one of the tribes of North Germany, after the victory gained over the Roman legions under Quintilius Varus, in, as is supposed, the Teutoburg Forest. The head is surrounded with the victor’s wreath, the foot rests on a Roman eagle, and the sword is being sheathed triumphantly. The figure has considerable artistic merit ; but the material is ill adapted for the purpose. PERREAUX’S PATENT PUMP-VALVES. This method of constructing Pump-Valves (says the Illustrated London News) is extremely ingenious, simple, and efficient : it is copied from the valves contained in the human heart. Per- reaux’s valves are made of India-rubber vulcanized for the pur- pose ; they are of the form of a tube flattened at one extremity, similar to the mouthpiece of ahautboy. The thickness of the sides of the upper part diminishes gradually t o the top, where the two sides meet and form two lips, which when the valve is in a state of rest are in close contact, and prevent the downward passage of the fluid. With any upward pressure, the lips freely separate, and allow of the upward passage of the fluid ; the gradual diminu- tion in the thickness or tapering of the sides forming the lips of the passage enables the valve to open and close with the slightest variation of pressure. The passage for the fluid through these valves is larger than in any others of the same dimensions ; they also possess the advantage of having a “ cleax*way,” there being nothing whatever to retard the flow of water ; and, owing to the self-acting principle imparted by the elasticity of the material, thej 7 close perfectly and instantaneously the moment the pressure from below ceases. The lips of the valves being flexible and elastic, any foreign substance which may enter the suction-pipe, such as sand, gravel, coal-dust, cinders, grain, cotton, tow, rags, chips of wood, &c., passes freely through without in the least in- SADDLERY AND HARNESS. 185 terfering with or deranging the action of the valve ; semi-fluid material, as tar, passes freely through. Should a pump of this description remain dry for any length of time it requires no priming by pouring water into it, as other pumps do, but is always ready for immediate use. In practice these valves answer exceedingly well : they are extensively used in soap and alkali factories and by paper-makers, tanners, bleachers, and dyers, in pumping paper-stuff, chemicals, tan-liquor, &c. The pumps ex- hibited had glass cylinders or barrels, so that the action of the valves might be seen. It is found advantageous to use glass barrels, as they are free from corrosion and lubricate themselves with the material which is pumped through them. LEATHER, INCLUDING- SADDLERY AND HARNESS. Additional warranty was given to the old fable of “Nothing like Leather ” by the contents of a small Court of British speci- mens, remarkable both for material and manufacture. From the head- quarters, Bermondsey, Hepburn and Son sent an enormous Butt- hide of Black Enamelled Leather, 11 feet long by 10 feet 3 ; and a large number of tanned English sole butts, the average weight being 43 lbs. ; the thickness and texture being very remarkable. Samples of all the Tanning Materials used in England were shown in front of these butt-hides : — English oak bark, valonia, gambier, shurnac, mimosa, hemlock oak-bark, and others. Bevington and Sons had a large black enamelled coach hide. Harness Leather was shown by Brown and Sons and Santley and Co. ; capital hides and skins, coach and harness leather, by Wilson, Walker, and Co. ; coloured moroccos, and leather for bookbinding, as fine and delicate in tone and colour as the best fabrics of Manchester, by Fitch and Co. , of Leeds. Coloured moroccos were also shown by Bevington and Sons, and coloured seal-skins by Matthews, all remarkable for the excel- lence of their colour. Leather for boot-tops, thin and light in texture as a lady’s glove for jockey-boots, contrasted strongly with the enormous thickness of the leather made from the walrus- hide. There was also buff leather for soldiers’ accoutrements. In Saddlery and Harness, Mr. Cuff showed a magnificently em- broidered military State Saddle, the property of the Duke of Buccleuch : it is covered with blue velvet, richly worked in silver and gold, and is a gorgeous piece of work, rivalling some of the state trappings of India. Saddles for officers of the 13th Hussars and the Enniskillen Dragoons, by Mr. Gibson, of Coventry- street, were also exhibited by Davis, Strand ; with an embroidered Side- saddle, from designs by Delamotte. Merry, of St. James’s- street, sent a beautiful Saddle and suite of Harness, made to the order of the Prince of Wales. The Whips, by Swaine anti Adeney, formed 186 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. a brilliant and tasteful display, a case of theirs being valued at more than a thousand pounds. Horses fully harnessed were shown by Blackwell ; and the Saddlery Ironmongery of Walsall was largely represented. Among other applications of leather, were specimens of that once fashionable accomplishment for ladies, Potichomanie ; Snuff-boxes ; and Embossed Leather for walls, screens, and covering furniture — a tasteful item in these times of decorative revivalism. In the Nave there was a Leather trophy byBevingtonand Sons, which was grouped with considerable effect : it was nearly forty feet in height, the summit being occupied by a fallow-deer, standing on a miniature rock. The cornice was diversified by a display of the heads of wild boars, bullocks, elks, African goats, rams, seals, and red deer. Between these was a glass-case, divided into compartments, in which was exhibited every description of leather, from the most delicate texture which covers the lady’s hand down to that in which the greatest strength and durability are re^ quired. In the lower compartments were photographic repre- sentations from the works of the exhibitors, showing the process of the manufacture and preparation of leather through its dif- ferent stages. The supremacy of British Leathers and Saddlery was thus fully maintained. There was also a large show of Cape leathers (the so-called dogskin gloves being all made from the skin of Cape sheep) ; and, among the furs, Lillicrap exhibited a collection of all kinds of Sealskins from the Falkland Islands, to procure which the greatest exertions had been made. ARTICLES OF CLOTHING. This display was an epitome of the wants of man, woman, and child, as the title-pages of histories say, “from the earliest period to the present time,” and strongly illustrated how “the world is still deceived by ornament.” The Class was divided into, 1. Hats and Caps. 2. Bonnets and general Millinery. 3. Hosiery, Gloves, and Clothing in general. 4. Boots and Shoes. In this wide-awcike age it is not easy to describe the varieties of head-gear. Gaimes and Saunders exhibited their light ventilating Hats ; Lincoln and Bennett, some Black Hats, of exquisite finish ; and Ell wood and Sons, a series of Military Hats and Caps for the army in India ; so made as to admit of the cool air ascending round the forehead, to drive the hot air out at the top of the cap, the sound principle of ventilation, whether applied to the House of Commons or the head of one of its Hotspurs. Westland andLaidlaw, of Glasgow, showed a patented Hat, that is ventilated, and so ex- panding as to fit every kind of head easily and fully. Mr. Stol- lady showed Hats 3^ oz. in weight. How much has been done CLOTHING. 187 to improve the manufacture of our hats since the days of the mis- called “heaver hats yet, next to nothing has been done to alter the shape of the hat, except it be to make the wearer more ludi- crous: we have read newspaper leaders written upon “hat re- form!” A really droll article is the “reversible bonnet,” exhi- bited in this quarter : on one side it is a hat, while, worn on the other, it is a bonnet. Umbrellas were shown in this section — doubtless, as coverings for the head. The Bonnet was shown in its ad libitum variety ; the Artificial Flowers were of gold and silver ; and one exhibitor showed a May-tree made of muslin and cambric, reminding one of the good old days when a wagon was a head-ornament for a lady of fashion. Among the Hosiery novelties was a patent Dress fastening with- out sewing ; Legletsfor ladies, to keep the wet and dirt from their shoes ; and ‘ £ a Corset made in fifty parts, to insure elasticity in conformity with the various motions of the body .... There was a Crinoline that expanded and contracted at the will of the wearer, and was so adjusted that when touched by a spring it would contract, and enable the wearer to pass on without incon- venience.” — ( M ( Dermott' s Popular Guide.) There may be some truth in fairy tales, after all ! Chivalry had its knights in steel ; we have our ladies in the same defensative metal. A large display of Academical, Ecclesiastical, and Civil Robes almost made us imagine ourselves in the High-street of Oxford, instead of the south-east angle of the Kensington Building. Of graver import was the show of the Robes of the Scotch Church, sent by Middlemas, of Edinburgh. There were Gloves from the ancient city of Worcester ; from the still ? town of Woodstock ; from Chipping Norton, Milbourne Port, and Yeovil. But more remarkable was a specimen of Gloves made from Australian cotton, soft as silk. The show of Nottingham Hosiery was good in quality and pat- tern. The Scotch Hosiery included Belts and Braces from Wilson and Mathewson, of Glasgow, who also showed an Umbrella em- broidered in scarlet and gold, and made to keep off the burning sun of Africa. Among the novelties (or oddities), was a pair of “Reversible Trousers, for civil and military wear,” sent by M. Mendelson, late of the Garrison, Gibraltar. There were, also, a Seamless Coat and Trousers, by Mr. Halliday, of Dundee, who is stated to have occupied four years in making them : they are felted, soft, and cloth-like in texture. Boots and Shoes, which really have so much to do with human temper and comfort, were well represented, and must have been specially interesting to all who have undergone the martyrology of tight feet-coverings. To the adage, “many men, many minds,” may be added “ many feet,” and the model is the only certainty to insure ease. Still, here was a legion of contrivances — boots .and shoes with adjustable heels, and detached heels and fastenings ; self-adjusting and ventilating boots ; boots “to prevent splashing 188 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. “chameleon shoes, changing colour,” &c. A case of Boots ex- hibited by Mr. Gullick, of Pall Mall, presented the more rational qualities of elegance of design and workmanship : they included a lady’s Hungarian mauve morocco Riding-boot, which has a spring-spur that will not injure the habit, while it spurs the horse. Next was ‘ ‘ the Napoleon Boot,” elaborately embroidered with the French eagle, and fitted with a richly-gilt spur, of antique design. This was succeeded byahandsome Austrian long Riding-boot ; then, a new style of Top-boot, “the Equestrian,” with a spur in the form of a bird, elegantly chased. A military dress Carlton Boot was shown, with, inserted in the heel, a patent Eclipse Spur-box, which raises the spur to the top of the heel ; and to illustrate this improve- ment, the fellow boot had the Spur-box fitted in the old manner. The Two-decker Shooting-boot was of novel make, extremely thick, yet very light. There remain to be noticed some wrinkled Hessian Boots, with steel ornaments, and elaborately chased silver spurs ; a pair of such boots was supplied by the maker to one of the Foreign Commissioners, who wore the same at the opening ceremony of the Exhibition : these boots cost the wearer 27 guineas. To Mr. Gullick, for the excellence of the entire col- lection, was awarded a Prize Medal. PAPER- MAKING, AND STATIONERY. The French paper-makers made a far more satisfactory ap- pearance than the British ; and any one, after a stroll through their Court, could form a very fair judgment concerning the pecu- liarities and excellences of French Paper. In France linen rags appear to take the place of cotton in England, and the average quality of the papers is therefore higher. In the commoner kinds of Printing-papers, such as are used for our newspapers, France cannot compete with England. Yery cheap French papers seem to be produced by a free admixture of clay, and they drop apart under tension, like tinder. These Printing-papers are generally unsized, one advantage of which is, that the paper takes the im- press of the type with greater perfection. In their AVriting-papers they mix their size with the pulp, whilst we commonly spread it on the surface, and often by this skilful glaze a poor paper is passed off for a good. In fancy writing-papers we know nothing in Eng- land to compare with the French delicacy of tint and finish ; and there were coloured note-papers with a variety of ornamental water-marks. French writing-paper if sufficiently known would, like French gloves, have many purchasers. It is easily written on, is light, and finely finished. For foreign letters there is nothing to compare with the thin French paper. We noticed some fools- cap light as tissue-paper, weighing only 6 lbs. to the ream, and which can be written on both sides. Paper made from the roughest material was shown ; and strangely enough the coarsest descriptions of old cordage produce TAPER-MAKING. 189 the finest qualities of paper used in the potteries for fixing the patterns on porcelain. There was also some paper made from the hop-bine, by Barling, amidst the hop- grounds of Kent ; and some board made of paper of which the exhibitor, Mr. Towle, more than twenty years ago built himself a house, which has once at least successfully resisted a fire, that burned to the ground the adjoining substantially brick- built residence. The application of silicate of Zopissa, a description of Arabian gum, to paper by Mr. F. Szerelemy has been found to give it so much strength that the material may be used for rocket- tubes, planking for ships’ sides, water-pipes ; and, it is even said, for heavy artillery. There were specimens of paper made from straw, from the Spanish Esparto ; and some charming flowers made from coloured papers by Mrs. Stodhart, Mrs. Weatherfield, and Mrs. Higgins. Mr. Leighton, who had the superintendence of this Class, obtain- ing a very perfect representation of these important and curious branches of manufacture. [The exhibition of Bank of England Note Paper, and its manu- facture, has already been described at pp. 110-112.] Mr. Barclay, Bucklersbury, showed his Paper for Cheques to prevent Forgery : and a new paper for press-copies of letters, con- taining some ingredient which produces a sharper impression than hitherto. Mr. T. H. Saunders, of Queenhithe, had perhaps the most generally interesting, and, on the whole, unquestionably the best show, of Papers ; with specimens of rags from all parts of the world ; also other materials for paper. His hand and machine made papers were very good ; but his water-marks were sui-pass- ingly excellent. One large sheet which he showed contained in its water-mark a very complex border encircling a bust, over which is a wonderfully exact copy of Raffaele’s “ Madonna and Child” — a perfect marvel of manufacture. Burgess and Ward, of Mendip Paper Mills, near Wells, showed excellent specimens of Straw Paper, with samples illustrating the various processes of its manufacture and application. These makers claim for their paper superiority over that made of common rags, and to prove its capabilities, showed its adaptability for newspapers, railway time-tables, placards, &c. They also exhibited book- work, music, fine engravings, and lithographs, printed on their papers ; also paper-hangings, enamelled papers in various hues, fancy box papers, in gold colours ; and a delicate polychromic printing, executed on their paper by Day and Son. All these specimens showed good surface and texture ; proving that the richest work tells upon straw-paper as well as on the finest rags ; and Ward’s paper has less of the objectionable brittleness than any other straw- paper. Greer and Co., of Cork, showed very good writing-papers ; and Mr. Routledge, of Eynsham Mills, Oxford, exhibited very creditable paper made from foreign fibre, with which much more is to be done than our paper-makers have yet attempted. Hook, Townsend, and Co., of Snodland, near Rochester, had a very creditable show of Writing and Envelope Papers ; and Messrs. Turnbull, of 190 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Shoreditch, exhibited excellent Drawing-paper and fine Card- board, in the latter of which, however, they were surpassed by Woolley and Co., of Holborn. The best Writing-paper in the Class was found in the case of Marcus Ward and Co., of {Belfast, who, collecting from the bleach greens the cuttings and trimmings of unworn linen, send them over to a mill near Maidstone, where they are turned into hand and machine made paper, which in texture and finish was beyond anything of the kind shown in the Exhibition. In purely Commercial Stationery were some very good account- books of J ones and Causton, of Eastcheap, which deservedly got a Medal, but which were not equal to the books of Ward, of Belfast, medalled by the Jury as '‘superior.” Than these ledgers we cannot conceive anything better. The paper of which they are made is manufactured from pure linen ; the binding is of vellum, banded, not with Russia leather as is the custom, but with morocco, which is much more lasting and more elegant ; and the sewing is double, and secured both at top and bottom, the leaves being sewed with linen thread on stout linen belting in addition to the usual vellum slips. It is, therefore, impossible that the leaves can come out or even protrude without actual violence. All these books open perfectly flat, and the edges, instead of being marbled in the ordi- nary way, are highly polished, to exclude dust. Messrs. Goodhall and Dinsdale, of Pancras-lane, City, had a well-earned Medal for account-books, as all they showed were of excellent quality. Hyde and Co., of Fleet-street, who had a Medal for Sealing-wax, of which they showed the best in the Building, also exhibited a clamp Copying-book, which is exceed- ingly simple and good. As far as the wetting, &c., is concerned, this book is the same as the other Copying-books, but the pres- sure is effected by a clamp which is slipped on, and which ef- fectually secures an impression. The great advantage of the clamp is that it is portable, and is especially suited for commer- cial travellers who may require to copy letters, and yet cannot carry with them a press for the purpose. Messrs. Hyde also exhibited Inks in various colours ; and their famous Gold Pens ; and excellent Sealing-wax. Straker and Sons, of Leadenhall- street, showed an account-book with a patent index, the “ stops ” of which coming through the binding indicate the letter whether the book is open or closed : for heavy books this index would be very valuable. Letts and Co. showed their world- famed Diaries, with the merits of which every one is acquainted ; and which are in their various forms adapted for the merchant, whatever be his line of business, and the professional man, be he clergyman, lawyer, or medicus. A Copying-machine shown by this eminent firm was perhaps the best in the Exhibition. In the sub-class of Stationery were shown the Pencils of Brook- man and Langdon, and Mordan’s Pencils and Appliances ; and some beautiful specimens of the seal- engraver’s art, from the masterpiece of Wyon down to simple letter punches. Here, PRINTING. 191 among them, was the Great Seal of England — if not the finest, beyond all doubt the most important, of all Wyon’s works. Mr. Mansell showed a collection of Decorative Stationery which is curious as exemplifying the uses to which paper has been turned by modern manufacturers : there were ornamental lace-edged paper handkerchiefs, paper flower-pot cases, and cut dish-papers, perspective valentines, &c. Mr. M‘Clashan showed the stiff gilt and silver papers which are used for theatrical armour, shields, helmets, &c. ; and Messrs. Corfield a collection of marbled papers, in which the English excel. There were also shown samples of a very successful English imitation of a French manufacture, — the highly decorated Plum, Bonbon, Cake, and Glove Boxes : their tinsellings and coloured velvets, in good hands, might be made effective enough. Mr. Bennet showed a case of these boxes, of various kinds, which in their quiet good taste had no superior in the Building. Mr. John’s display was also very good; in fact, both these and the cases shown by Mr. Bauerrichter contained such perfect imitations of similar French articles, that the Jury on their visit required proof that they had all been manufactured in England. This branch of industry has entirely arisen within the last two or three years, and it promises eventually to give employment to thousands of men and women. We should mention the new manufacture of Paper Collars for ladies and gentlemen ; and a Machine for manufacturing them, in the Exhibition, shown by Newbery and Co., President-street West : these collars possess the peculiarity of having cloth faces. PRINTING. Plate, Lithograph, and other modes of Printing were well illus- trated ; but it has been aptly observed : — “Printing in all its various branches was shown, except in that most important one of all which ministers so much to the instruction and amusement of all England — that process, by which the thought and eloquence of the kingdom are embodied in a few hours and sent forth in the form of a daily newspaper by hundreds and thousands before day- light. It would require a very large court indeed — more, in fact, than ten times the whole space that is given to this class, to show the various processes which even a paper of small circulation has to pass through before its sheets are submitted to the public.” — ■ Times. * In this Class were exhibited specimens of Printing Types from all the chief type-founders, Caslon, Figgins, Besley, Miller and Richard, &c. For good clear- cast and very durable type no country has a higher reputation than England ; but, on the other hand, all relating to the decorative parts of the art ranks almost * There was nothing of its Class to match the Illustrated London News Vertical Printing-machine, shown in'the Great Exhibition of 1851, at the cost to the Proprietors of 1000?. or 1200?. 192 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. as low in the cultivated judgment of our Continental neighbours. None of our printers’ ornaments will stand comparison with those put forth in the exquisite pattern-books of Paris or Vienna. There were shown two samples of what may be called the extremes of printing — one the New Testament printed on a single sheet of paper, exhibited by Collins, of Glasgow. The print is, of course, exceedingly small, but wonderfully clear. Unless, however, a reduction in the price of the book is to follow the re- duction in the size of the type, we can scarcely see its use. Mackenzie, of Glasgow, on the other hand, showed a magnificent illustrated Bible of the largest size. This work has been set up entirely by a Type-composing machine ; the paper and print are both beautiful, and the illustrations are furnished by Frith’s admirable photographs of the Holy Land. Miss Emily Faithfull, of the Victoria Press, Coram-street, showed “a specimen of Printing by Women:” the work is neat and tasteful. Clay, Son, and Taylor, of Bread-street-hill, exhibited specimens of their admirable printing of Wood-engravings ; and to them was most deservedly awarded a Prize Medal. They were like- wise the printers of a considerable portion of the Illustrated Official Catalogue. Probably the most curious feature of this Department was the collection of Triibner and Co., of Paternoster-row, consisting of their Russian publications. From information supplied, it appears that the Russian press, the first ever introduced into that country, was established in 1853 ; and so signal seems to have been its success, that it boasts now of more than fifty original works, which have exercised an enormous influence on the development of Russian affairs. The works hitherto produced are of a political, his- torical, literary, an d theological character. W e rem ark among them the first volume of a Russian Bible containing the complete Pen- tateuch. It should be remembered that the Russian Church never allowed the Bible to be translated into the vernacular, and all honour is, therefore, due to Mr. Triibner for having been the first to do what one would have thought to be the peculiar province of the British and Foreign Bible Society. The books are all very creditably got up, paper and printing being very excellent — indeed, it is reported that the London Russian type has become the model from which modern native Russian founts are being cast. Mr. Austin, of Hertford, exhibited some well-printed speci- mens of Oriental books : when the East India College was near Hertford, Mr. Austin was constantly employed to print Sanscript works. There were some good specimens of Whittingham’s Printing among the Books exhibited by Bell and Daldy ; but the best printed book in the Exhibition was in the Austrian Depart- ment. Among the Writing Inks was Blackwood’s Jesoline, the colour of which, being held in solution, never deposits, and the ink there- fore does not get thick. Messrs. Hyde showed excellent Black Ink, STEEL PENS. 193 and Marking-Ink ; remarkably good Sealing-wax ; and a Clamp ^Copying Apparatus, of novel construction. Black-Lead and Coloured Pencils were exhibited. Brookman and Langdon still maintain their position in the first rank, and they have reduced the price from 6d. to 3 d. each. Mr. B. S. Cohen showed a Pencil- making Machine at work in the Exhi- bition, and his Drawing Pencils show as many as twelve varieties of hardness or colour. Banks and Co., Keswick, who use the celebrated Borrowdale lead in its native state, also exhibited a great variety of pencils of every description. Melville’s Solid Bed Ink deserves notice, so also Messrs. Wolff’s Coloured Crayons in Cedar ; and in the Foreign Courts was to be seen how far the pencil manufacture can be carried, and at what prices the pencils may be obtained. Grossberger and Kurz, of Nuremberg, manufacture pencils the full length, which they sell at the very low rate of Is. Id. the gross. In Steel Pens English manufacturers reigned supreme. We had not only the well-known names of Gillott, Mitchell, and Perry, but the comparatively unknown firms of Hinks and Co., Myers, Schelhorn, Turner, and Sommerville ; all of whom exhibited pens and holders of a much larger variety than most persons who nse a pen could believe possible. Here, for instance, is the de- scription of those exhibited by Sommerville and Co., Birmingham, who alone have 708 different kinds, scarcely one of which is known in this country ; yet they are not only equal to the general average, but some are of a very superior make, besides possessing more than average elegance. Here is the characteristic description they give of their several kinds of Pens : — Our pattern card shows 708 different kinds of pens, all of current sale in the Continental countries of Europe, where our business lies. In the counter .case we exhibit our series of Carbonized Pens, most of which have been registered, and the Gilt-pointed Pens, of which we are the inventors and sole makers. These pens are of the very highest finish, and are not surpassed by any made in England and France for material and general workmanship. Amongst these pens we mention especially : the Patent Regulator Pen — a pen which can be made hard or soft at will, by moving the slide up or down the pen, the Fountain Spear-pointed Pen, known as the Alfred Pen, the Classical Pen, the original St. George, the Humboldt Pens, and the Constan- tinople Pens. All the above have been invented by us, as well as the cele- brated Fleury and Emanuel Pen, represented in our series by Nos. 2120 and 2330. All the above pens are put in very nice special boxes ; and we have also brought out of late the Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel, the Pope’s, the Russian Emancipation Pens; the boxes of which have a steel engraving of these his- torical persons on. Still the gross of these last pens to the wholesale trade is Is. net only. Our pens are as well known on the Continent as Gillott’s in England, but hitherto we have not tried for a home trade. We also show in the Exhibition a Pen Machine, viz., a large pen model, showing the action of our Regulator Pen by clock-work. Playing Cards were exhibited by Good all and Sons, Camden Town ; and by Reynolds and Sons, Vere-street, who have contrived some cards for the use of the blind ; the pips being cut out and .mounted on ordinary cards, so as to stand out in relief. They o 194 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. have also some other varieties said to be much liked by players, Mr. Owen Jones sent some beautifully-ornamented backs, which he designed for Delarue. To the assemblage of choice examples of Colour-printing Leigh- ton Brothers, of Milford-house, Strand, contributed a collection of their Chromatic Prints, such as are occasionally given away with the numbers of the Illustrated London News. Of some of these prints as many as 230,000 copies have been printed. Nearly all of them contain from twelve to fifteen eolours, and have to be passed through the machine once for each colour they contain, so that the machine is used nearly 5,000,000 times to get the re- quired number. The two large prints issued with the above journal, August 30th, 1862, representing the Opening of the Ex- hibition, and Minton’s Majolica Fountain, are beautifully exe- cuted. The Leightons, of Buckingham-street, also showed Wood- engravings and Processes connected w r ith Printing Surfaces. In Printing Surfaces the Electro-block Company showed their most ingenious process of enlarging and reducing blocks. This, with Mr. W. J. Linton’s Xerographic Process and Mr. Wallis’s new art of Auto-typography, illustrated one among the very many attempts to effect that long-sought desideratum— an effective metallic relief produced without engraving.* The makers of the bank-note paper and printers of the bank-notes for the Bank of England showed some valuable and interesting specimens of Note- paper, Bank-notes, Stamps, &c. Bradbury and Wilkinson exhibited minute engravings for the prevention of forgeries in notes ; and the exquisite specimens of the Nature-printed Books produced by the late Henry Bradbury were also shown — an honour to any country. The specimens of Lithographs and Chromo-lithographs, shown by Day and Sons, Bowney, Vincent, and Hanhart, were among the finest that have ever been displayed. It is difficult even for the most practised eye to detect the difference between some of the best specimens of these and carefully finished water-colours. Bow- ney showed a very fine one of the cave beneath the Holy Bock at Jerusalem, copied from Carl Haag’s picture, taken for the Queen. * Xerography is a new process, invented by Mr. W. J. Linton, to take the place of Engraving on Wood. It has the advantages of wood-engraving with- out its disadvantages ; can be worked at hand-press or machine, with type or without ; costs less than wood-engraving in production, as little as wood- engraving in printing, and is even more durable. Wood-engravings are, at best, only translations — and generally very imperfect translations— of the artist’s drawing on the block. By the new process, which is a secret, an engraving is necessarily a facsimile, even to the minutest touch, of the draughtsman’s work. Where an artist’s manner is of any value, the new process is superior ; capable, also, of giving greater delicacy, and very much more minuteness and elaboration. As Mr. Linton is the most artistic en- graver of his day, the above statement by him may be received with confi- dence. It is accompanied by specimens of the New Process, applied to a variety of subjects : they are of great beauty, delicacy, and characteristic- expression. BOOKBINDING. 195 On a screen was hung a wonderfully vigorous picture representing Her Majesty’s ship Agamemnon , with the Atlantic cable on board, in the hurricane on the night of the 21st of June, 1857. The artist, Mr. E. Concanen, has selected the moment when, with her coals and boats adrift, her cable shifting, and screw-guard broken, the noble ship was in the crisis of her distress. The tremendous nature of her difficulties, the rush of wind and sea, are given in Mr. Concanen’s picture with such a force and truth to nature as we have never yet seen in any mere drawing of a storm at sea. The process by which the waves are rendered with such clear and terrible distinctness is a secret of the artist : this picture was shown to the Prince Consort just before his fatal illness com- menced, and his approval of the artist’s merits was expressed in high terms of admiration. BOOKBINDING. One of the finest cases of Bookbindings in the Building was shown by J. and J. Leighton. This contained some magnificent specimens of tooled books in the modern mediaeval and antique style. There is a richness, solidity 7- , and good work about these books to which nothing in the art bore comparison except the costly volumes from Vienna. They had a large show of extra leather bindings, &c. ; of processes connected with the restoration of many portions of books — as copper and wood-cut illustrations ; also letterpress, produced by them in MS., fac-simile ; plates (reduced from folio to 8vo. size) produced by the photo-zinco- graphic process; likewise samples of paper-splitting, which is often very useful in bookbinding. They also showed choice book-plates produced for various literary collectors. The extra bookbinders showed a very fine collection, especially in the most elaborate kinds of hand-tooled works. In publishers’ works in the neat cloth binding which is so peculiarly our own that it is known abroad under the title of toile Anglaise, we stand un- rivalled. Both for design and rapid execution of this work, Leighton and Hodge, Bone, and Westleys held their own against all comers. Leighton, Son, and Hodge’s work displayed most artistic skill combined with some special excellences : amongst the items most noteworthy, were “The Sermon on the Mount,” the largest block ever engraved or worked in gold in one piece. The arming-press by which the impression was made, is the most powerful in the world : it weighs upwards of ten tons. This firm was the first to introduce for the ornamentation and lettering of books, aluminium. The designs of Owen Jones, Luke Limner, and others have within a few short years worked a complete re- volution in this branch of art-manufacture. The Annuals, it will be recollected, were beautiful specimens of binding in silk ; but it was reserved for their successors, the Illustrated Gift-books, o 2 98 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. principally of standard literature, to bring out the tasteful talent of our binders in cloth and other ornamental processes and designs. A case of these illustrated and illuminated gift-books, of great merit, was shown by Griffith and Farr an. Of Foreign Bookbinding we have space to say but little. M. Schavy exhibited some books, mostly from the Royal Belgian Library, and representing the highest state of the bookbinder’s art in that country : some are good reproductions of old styles, but the morocco-bound books were not superior to English. In matters of taste and delicacy of manipulation, the French are in advance of us ; as exemplified in M. Engelmann’s large volume bound in red morocco, inlaid with dark green ; and a square volume in green morocco, inlaid with small dice of orange and yellow. In clasping, the French likewise excel. MM. Maine and Son, of Tours, showed a copy of La Touraine, unique, and one of the most beautiful vellum books in the world : the plates are like sheets of ivory : binding, morocco, inlaid . — See the Book- seller , for its really useful Reports upon this branch. EDUCATIONAL WORKS AND APPLIANCES. It was judiciously intended by the Committee to whom the Educational Department of the Exhibition was intrusted that the contributions to it sent by the various countries should be in juxta- position ; to insure their being seen and compared with greater facility. But the Foreign Commissioners determined upon keep- ing each educational collection separate : nevertheless, we shall describe the more noteworthy objects of the several collections in one group. The British Educational Collection was not very extensive ; but this was not the fault of the contributors, since fifteen times as much space was demanded by them as could be granted. The books ex- hibited were numerous and well chosen ; some eminent publishers sent their most approved Educational Works. The various well- known educational institutions showed what they have done in pro- viding books and requisites of a useful and convenient description. There were books for the blind, and untearable books for children ; excellent Maps, and a Projection of the two Hemispheres, repre- senting the globular form of the earth in such a way as to prevent or remove the usual crude ideas of young persons on the point. Of the many good Globes which were exhibited that of Macintosh, made of India-rubber, seemed to be the most convenient ; when not inflated it occupies very little space. Mr. John Curwen, of Plaistow, exhibited books and diagrams on the Tonic Sol-fa method. About the year 1812 Miss Glover, the daughter of a clergyman of the Church of England, commenced teaching children to sing by means of a “Musical Ladder” and a simple notation of letters taken from that ladder. At the close of EDUCATIONAL APPLIANCES. 197 1840, Mr, Curwen taught himself to read simple music by the help of this book, and became convinced himself, by experiment and study, of its educational and scientific truth. On this system he founded, with Miss Glover’s consent, the Tonic Sol-fa method. He has endeavoured to adapt this method to the various wants of the school, the home, and the church, by publications ; and he has recently obtained census returns from a thousand teachers who are now giving lessons to 47,000 children, and about the same number of adults. Mail* and Co. exhibited a “ School List,” comprising the names and addresses of 20,000 school proprietors, particulars of 900 en- dowed schools, and information respecting Continental and Colonial establishments. This work is the first attempt at compiling a school directory. The National School Society showed excellent models of School Furniture, and among them Telescope-desks, which are very simple, and can be made to occupy very little room. The Home and Colonial School Society exhibited admirable specimens of School Fittings, and models of Gymnastic requisites. A model showed the benefits derived from Reformatory and Ragged Schools : the rescue of the young from vice and crime, and their career of training until they join some useful trade or calling, were very effectively represented. Among the Toys and Games exhibited, there were numerous small collections of a very useful kind : thus the Home and Colonial School Society showed a number of common objects, with many of which children are familiar only by name ; also objects illustrating the manufactures of Great Britain. There were chemical apparatus and chemicals for the simpler kinds of elementary instruction ; collections of minerals, some of them having particular reference to the teaching of geology ; fossils and shells ; zoological series and anatomical specimens ; mechanical and other diagrams ; models illustrative of the elements of physical science : in a word, between private exhibitors and public bodies, nearly everything was shown that is required for a sound and practical elementary education. The Home and Colonial School Society also displayed an interest- ing series of articles used in the “ Kinder Garten” system, which has been so successfully adopted by that society in its infant schools. The Globes of Messrs. Newton, Stanford, andWyld; the Orrery of the Rev. J. Latouche, and the Collection of Messrs. Griffin ; — were shown ; with a Scientific collection of Mr. S. Highley ; a curious case of Small Birds by Mr. Ashmead ; and large cases of Stuffed Birds by Ward and Bartlett — remarkable evidences of the perfection which the art of taxidermy has reached in England. Mr. Cremer sent a capital collection of Toys ; Mr. Novra his Conjuring Apparatus ; Mr. Loysel an ingenious Drawing-room Game ; and Mr. Dark and Mr. Page all kinds of Cricketing implements. M. Montanari, M. Pierotti, and others, fitted up cases full of Dolls, that were admired by old and young ; and 198 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. amongst the most popular models (which by many visitors were mistaken for dolls) were Dr. Roth’s series of Gymnastic Figures. These models are in high relief, and they show an infinite variety of gymnastic positions and movements for educational, sanitary, and military purposes, as well as for the physical development of the blind, deaf, and dumb. Education has its Fine Art bi-anch, and under this head Mr. Brucciani showed some excellent Casts of Fruit and Foliage from nature, prepared as Art- studies for Schools. The list comprised apples, blackberries, hops, sunflowers, and lilies. The colour- makers were well represented by a very attractive display, in which most of the new chemical Colours had a place ; and Mr. Green, Messrs. Rowney, and others, sent some very useful Rustic Drawing Models. The specimens of Embossed or Raised Type, of Writing and Ciphering frames, of Musical Notation, and of Maps in relief used in the Blind Schools, were very interesting. Mr. Moon (of Brighton), F.R.G.S., exhibited Reading in several languages, Maps, Diagrams, &c., of this character. Missionaries are continually carrying books from the establish- ment at Brighton to every corner of the globe. Twenty-seven societies are established in various parts of our country for teach- ing the blind at their own homes, and lending them books from free libraries ; and for several years past Mr. Moon has from time to time visited the Continent for the purpose of benefiting the blind by the spread of this system, and both he and his system have met with a very cordial reception in Holland, Germany, and France. His publications comprise the whole of the Bible in English, and portions in fifty other languages, a good variety of other books in English, such as the “Pilgrim’s Progress,” “ Biblical Dictionary,” “English Grammar,” “Geography,” “History of England,” &c. A beautiful embossed Globe, used in the School for the Indi- gent Blind, was shown in this Section : and specimens of the work done in various blind asylums was displayed on the walls and screens. The Austrian Educational Collection was attractive ; the Go- vernment priding itself on having directed education, in a special manner, to practical purposes, the country being well provided with schools of eveiy kind and for every class. Among the requisites for teaching shown by Austria was means of instruction in Shorthand, a branch not often considered as belonging to ordi- nary education. We found Maps printed, not on paper, but on woven fabrics, and hence more convenient and durable than the ordinary kind ; also aids in the way of rendering formal lessons unnecessary ; Pictures and other objects for the instructive occu- pation of youth ; Models of Schools, &c. A variety of Mechanical and other Toys was shown. * The models and apparatus connected * The trade in toys in Austria is very great. The Groden Valley, in the Tyrol, exports annually three hundred tons of wooden toys, that reach every quarter of the globe. EDUCATIONAL APPLIANCES. 199 ’with Realistic Schools, or those affording, in addition to ordinary instruction, facilities for acquiring special branches of knowledge relating to manufacturing and trading pursuits, were very interest- ing. Philosophical apparatus used in the higher grades of in- struction was also shown ; and illustrations to anatomy and com- parative anatomy. Belgium had objects devoted to the School of Industry, besides ordinary apparatus, such as books, models of school- desks, &c . ; a collection of substances used for domestic purposes ; historical and mechanical diagrams ; designs for shawls, &c., some of them extremely beautiful ; and specimens of the work done by the pupils. In a Belgian school museum were diagrams and other illustra- tions of natural history ; collections of minerals and philosophical instruments ; specimens of the works of the blind, and of deaf mutes, &c. Prance had arranged her Educational contributions in a very pleasing and convenient way, in two compartments : the first devoted to the means and appliances for instruction ; the second, to the results obtained from them in the shape of works executed by the pupils. In the former, besides an excellent collection of books connected with pedagogy, globes, maps, &c., was an Orrery, placed within a sphere of glass, having the fixed stars depicted upon it. There were also models of solids and curves, photo- graphic copies from antique busts, anatomical and mechanical diagrams, natural history and botanical collections, &c. In the compartment which contained the works of the pupils, was a painting on porcelain, by a young workman only eighteen years old ; and some beautiful specimens of flower-painting, sent by the School of Design of the City of Paris. The works executed by the blind, and by deaf Mutes, was very striking. The Educational collection of Italy included some good diagrams; models of crystals and solids ; a collection of chemical substances ; a small museum of economic Botany, containing the various agricultural products of the country, mineralogical and natural history specimens, &c. Prussia, long distinguished for her exertions in the cause of education, among her educational apparatus exhibited some good Maps and Globes, both plain and in relief ; apparatus for teaching the rudiments of Geometry by superposition of the surfaces, or parts of surfaces, which are to be proved equal ; some very excel- lent elementary collections of Minerals, &c. The Educational contributions of Russia included models of animals and fruits, and representations of the different varieties of the human race. Switzerland had done little to show the pro- gress which she has really made in education. Her contribution was nearly confined to a few neat mechanical diagrams, collections of common substances, objects relating to Natural History, and herbaria. Among the countries which exhibited nothing connected with the subject were Spain, Portugal, and Rome : how suggestive are ■these shortcomings ! 200 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. The Bible Society, instead of taking their place among book- sellers and publishers, entered their collection among Educational Works and Appliances. At a high elevation in the Central' Tower, in a place out of the thoroughfare, difficult to find, and seldom visited by any except inquisitive and long-winded climbers, their case, containing copies of the Scriptures in 191 languages, was set in the corner of the gallery. An influential petition was made to the Commissioners to have the case removed to a more conspicuous position ; but, on second thoughts, the Society took the matter into their own hands, and opened a handsome booth in the Cromwell- road, which the eye of no visitor could miss. In the Exhibition Building S. Bagster and Sons displayed a tasteful selection of their exquisitely-printed editions of the Scriptures, bound in morocco, vellum, ivory, and oak. Eyre and Spottis- woode made a grand show of Bibles and Prayer-Books, in all sizes. Some large Family Bibles, with heavy gilt brass clasps and rims, found many admirers . — Abridged from the English Churchman. FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY. There was a large show of excellent Furniture, which not only impressed one with its sumptuousness and magnificence, but also with its bold and elaborate beauty of design, its art-workman- ship and high finish. And in no class of the Exhibition were there better proofs of the advancement of the national taste since 1851 than in the Furniture display. Some of the fine forms reminded one of the furniture artists of last century, when the cabinet- maker was an artist as well as an artisan. Our success in this branch assures us that we need no longer ransack old mansions, or curiosity-shops, for furniture of beautiful design as well as craft, when it is so readily produced by the workers of our own day. All our great firms competed here, and the result of their com- bined efforts was an exhibition which defied comparison with that put forward by any other country. The Sideboard Bookcase, inlaid with Wedgwood plaques, and the Robinson Crusoe Side- board — the former for exquisite and most harmonious decoration, and the latter for its spirited carved work, which brings Defoe’s- romance before the mind’s eye like a picture — were among the most successful specimens in this Court. The inlaid bookcase appealed only to those of the most refined and highly cultivated tastes ; but there was a life and vividness in the Robinson Crusoe sideboard which told its own tale to gentle and simple. It needs no explanation whatever. From the first coming of the storm — the landing of the goods at the wreck — the footprint in the sand — the man Friday — goats, seeds, garden, cave, and wooden almanack, all were here portrayed in solid wood, with the ease,, humour, and freedom of a drawing by Leech. FURNITURE. 201 Among the more economical novelties was a set of Bed-room Furniture in varnished deal, showing how even the commonest woods may be made to answer decorative purposes. Here, too, were Wall and Ceiling Decorations in carton-pierre, by Jackson and Sons ; the earliest application of which, upon an extensive scale, is, we believe, in the Renaissance re- decoration of Ironmongers’ Hall. A Cabinet made from New Zealand woods, by Levien, was re- markable for its beautiful markings and rich tone of colour. Messrs. Filmer, Berners-street, showed some novelties in Fur- niture, entitled to special mention. First, was a Circular Dining- table, capable of enlargement, not in the usual way by adding leaves in the centre, but by increasing the circumference by the addition of circular segments, keeping the centre entire. The frame- work on which these segments rest is extended by an in- genious combination of racks, moved by a central pinion. One rack is moved by a screw turned by a handle, and communicates the motion to the other three through the pinion. The action is excessively easy and simple, and not likely to get out of order. The table itself is of old pollard oak, and the scroll supports, festooned with fruit, are well designed and executed. The making of the addi- tional pieces fit accurately the external moulding round the edge of the table involves a difficult piece of workmanship, but is well achieved ; and the grain of the wood being continued by a careful adjustment and adaptation of the veneers from the central piece to the outer additions, the expanded table looks as like one piece as can possibly be contrived. Another novelty exhibited by the same firm is a Central Ottoman, which, if required, dissolves into two small settees and two arm-chairs. Messrs. Filmer showed some specimens of Chintzes, the result of a prize offered by the firm to the pupils of the Government School of Art at South Kensington, and to the Female School of Art, Queen-square : of these a convolvulus pattern, designed by Miss Charlotte J ames, is very graceful. Considering the difficulties required to be over- come in these designs, which are limited to two colours, and have to be applied to two distinct fabrics very different in their mode of production, they reflect great credit on the schools from which they have emanated . — Abridged from the Times. In the English Furniture Court was an extraordinary Singing Bullfinch, the property of Mr. Wertheimer, which is stated to have equalled the philanthropic bird in the Swiss Court, whose merits have been so highly extolled. A Cabinet of Oak, by Taylor and Son, Edinburgh, was a marvel of elaborate carving : opposite were some groups of Dead Game, exquisitely carved by Kendal, of Warwick. Next were Ward- robes in rich walnut, birchwood, and rosewood ; and Sideboards, Cabinets, and Buffets, of admirable work : the subjects of the carvings were well chosen from the vintage, bacchanals and nymphs, and fish and fowl, in oak, walnut, sycamore, &c. Decorations for portions of rooms were exhibited with excellent ■202 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. effect. J ackson and Graham showed a specimen in the style of Louis XYI. — crimson, white, and gold ; and a chimney-piece of Algerian onyx. A Sideboard, made by Morant, for the late Earl of Ellesmere, is in fine Italian style : gold- winged chimera supporting a slab of enamelled white ; the back purple velvet, with the crest on a gilt scroll; and festoons of fruit, scroll-work, frieze, and mouldings, of great richness. The Gillows exhibited a Renaissance Sideboard of English walnut, except the slab, unpolished. The same exhi- bitors showed a Cabinet of elegant Italian design, for the display of gems and china. Pool and Macgillivray exhibited a central Cabinet for showing articles of vertu : it is of novel form and material, circular, upon four finely carved supports ; inclosed with bent glass, with three interior shelves, also of glass, resting around a central column, so that the articles displayed upon them are seen to the greatest advantage. Mr. Wertheimer, of Bond-street, exhibited an exquisitely carved console Table and Cabinet, in the style of Louis XVI. Of the table, the ground is of steel in silver, and the ornaments upon it mat-gold, or bosses in mat-gold. Swags of flowers, laurel, and ivy leaves, also in dead gold, hang gracefully from the front and sides, and in the centre is the head of a bacchante wreathed with flowers. The carving of these decorations has scarcely been sur- passed in cabinet-work. Every leaf is wrought out with the utmost care, and even the fibres are shown in delicate relief. The mounts are in the style of Goutiere. Another Cabinet, after the celebrated Reisner, is of simple but elegant outline : the doors of choice marqueterie. A magnificent Buffet, or Sideboard, by Jackson and Graham, was shown among the trophies in the nave of the Building. It is ten feet in length, of pollard oak, enriched by carvings in brown English oak. On the doors of the pedestals are carved boys gathering grapes, and reaping: the friezes are ornamented with the hop-plant springing from shields. The frieze of the centre division has a richly-carved shield with fruit enrichments, with barley as supporters. Above the slabs, and over the pedestals, are plinths, with characteristic carved panels, — the one representing a wine- cup entwined by the vine ; and the other a tankard, amidst the hop-plant. Two female caryatides support the cornice and pedi- ment, which has a boldly carved central shield in the centre, and festoons of fruit, pendent and partly resting upon the cornice. The caryatid figures are flanked with pilasters richly carved, one of game, surmounted by the head of a retriever ; the other, river and sea fish, surmounted by the head of an otter. The centre and side panels are filled with looking-glass. The same makers exhibited a large Wardrobe, of walnut-wood, planned in three divisions. The plinth, cornice, and end-panels are inlaid with lines : and finished with ornamental corners of amboyna, purple wood, and holly. The central door is panelled with looking-glass, and the side-doors have small oval mirrors in rich floral marqueterie ; the pilasters are inlaid with various FURNITURE. — PAPERHANGINGS. 203 woods : the caps and bases supporting the cornice and pediment -are finely carved ; and a hollow worked upon the angles of the wardi'obe receives inlaid and carved columns completing the sup- port of the cornice. Litchfield and Radclyffe, Han way-street and Green- street, ex- hibited a group of Ebony and Ivory Furniture, of great merit for design and execution. The group consisted of a carved Ivory and Ebony upright Cabinet, on stand, the doors inlaid with cornelian, mai'ble columns, plinths, &c. ; the inside lined with silvered glass, and decorated with groups and fine specimens of Sevres, Dresden, Berlin, and Viennese porcelain. There were also three Ebony Library Tables, of Italian design, with inlaid ivory, and richly carved mouldings and panels in ebony ; therm legs, relieved with discs of ivory : and the tops bordered with inlaid and engraved ivory marqueterie. Next was a fine old Venetian engraved Looking-glass, adapted as a cheval-glass by a stand of richly- carved ebony, inlaid with ivory, manufactured to the order of the Earl of Craven. For these beautiful Works, Litchfield and Radclyffe deservedly received a Prize Medal. The adaptability of the French Renaissance for drawing-room decoration by means of light, elegant panels, rendering it capable of great pictorial effect, and the introduction of classic medallions, pictures, jewels, brackets, vases, &c., was well exemplified here. Wright and Mansfield, of Great Portland-street, exhibited a Cabinet, carved and gilt in the English style of the last century, with plaques of Wedgwood-ware in the panels and frieze ; a fine Louis the Sixteenth marqueterie Cabinet with ormolu mounts ; a Chimney-piece and Glass frame in the English style of the eighteenth century, of gean-wood, or wild-cherry of the Scotch Highlands, with medallions of black Wedgwood- ware in the frieze; also, a noble specimen of Room Decoration and a Bookcase, both in the style of last century : the bookcase of the wild-cherry wood, with Wedg- wood medallion — the design and the medallions of the frieze and door-panels after Flaxman. Another superb object was a Pianoforte, by Erard, in a case o fine Amboyna wood, richly inlaid with trophies of musical instru- ments, and flowers of fine marqueterie ; the front, above the fall, of perforated purple wood, forming three finely-painted plaques of poi-celain ; that in the centre representing a group of children playing upon musical instruments ; on the left is a medallion of a boy playing the Pandean pipes ; and on the right, a corresponding medallion of a boy playing cymbals. The Paper-hangings in this division were mostly well designed and beautifully printed. Green and King, Baker- street, showed some effectively painted washable Wall-decorations ; Lea, of Lutterworth, Wall-decorations for churches ; Maslin and Co., Foley-street, imitations of British and Foreign Marbles and Ser- pentines, on paper ; Stather sent from Hull washable photo- graphic oak Paper-hangings, and a granite Column imitated with machine- printed paper; M ‘Lachlan, St. James’s-street, artistic 204 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Decorations for dining- and drawing-rooms ; and Williams and Cooper, West Smithfield, Wall-decorations in Italian and other styles. Tasteful Paper-hangings were shown by Woolams, Scott, and Jeffrey ; cLver imitations of figured Silk, by Kershaw ; and Glass Mosaics, by Stevens. The Pyrography, or woodwork, orna- mented by the agency of heat, and exhibited by Mr. G. J. Smith, of Wenlock-street, was very effective. The Papier-mache (English manufacture, with a Erench name), of Bielefield and Bettridge, w~as shown in tasteful decorations and suites of furniture, and ornamental articles. Among the Carvings in Wood, those of Wallis, of Louth, from nature; and Flowers in walnut, by Winfield, were excellent. Mr. Rogers exhibited several Works of rare beauty of design and execution : including a Glass Frame, richly carved in light wood, in the style of Grinling Gibbons, and mounted on Amboyna wood ; an oak Clock -bracket, in the style of Holbein ; four highly- finished plaques, charming studies of Flowers in Box- wood — cranesbill, buttercup, ivy, and passion-flower ; a very elaborate Roundel, carved in Boxwood, bordered with Italian foliage — the centre, two Genii holding a cartouche ; a carved Vase of Fruits and Flowers, executed for Boodle’s Club ; a foliated Cross carved in Ebony, with silver mountings ; a magnificently carved Salt- cellar, highly enriched with Italian ornamentation ; and several Boxwood Frames and Brackets in rich and elaborate taste: and a set of Chess-men carved in Ivory — the Holy War — the Turks under Saladin, and Christians under Richard Cceur-de-Lion — the costumes from ancient authorities. These several Works are, in treatment, full of artistic thought and poetic fancy ; and in execu- tion, rich and elaborate. Cox and Co. exhibited a large Lectern, surmounted by an eagle standing on a rock, with spreading wings : carved from the solid, in oak. The work is octagonal in plan, tapering upwards ; the base is of moulded work, above embellished with crockets all different in design, worked from natural foliage and flowers of Eng- lish growth. The capital of this lectern represents the foliage and flowers of the horse-chestnut. Kirk and Parry, of Sleaford, showed a fine Carved Font, of An- caster stone, surmounted by a beautifully- carved cover in English Oak, by Mr. David Sharp, who also exhibited a carved Bracket in the classical style, which is tasteful and skilful. Mr. Sharp is entirely a self-taught artist. There were shown here some clever illustrations of how far ma- chinery can be employed instead of hand- work in carving : in this subdivision of labour, the mechanical stage is likely to be carried so far as to reduce to the minimum the life, feeling, and finish of hand-labour. MEDLEY AL ART. — IRON MANUFACTURES. 205 MEDIAEVAL ART. The very interesting collection of Works exhibited by tlieEccle- siological Society,'* well illustrated the great advance made in their particular epoch of art, since the formation of the Mediaeval Court, in the Exhibition of 1851. The arrangement of the similar Court in the recent Exhibition •was carried out by Mr. Burges and Mr. Slater, the eminent archi- tects. They showed amongst other things, a Reredos by Mr. Street, executed by Mr. Earp; and a portion of that for Waltham Abbey, with the cartoon of the rest. There was likewise a cast of the Sculpture by Mr. Earmer, in the Bedminster Reredos, which excited so much controversy a few years since. Mr. Red- fern contributed casts of his sculptures of the Ascension, for the Digby Mortuary Chapel at Sherborne ; and for the Westroop monument in Limerick Cathedral, the latter being arranged in connexion with a portion of the actual carved work of the monu- ment. A cast of Dr. Mill’s Monument (designed by Mr. Scott) and Effigy at Ely was exhibited. Mr. Nichol sent another Effigy arranged on a high torqb in connexion with some subjects in re- lief ; as also, the late Lord Cawdor’s High Tomb ; and one of the circular panels, with a cut subject, for the Lichfield Pavement. In woodwork there were the Stalls of Chichester Cathedral ; a rich Bureau, which was shown about two years ago at the Archi- ■tectural Exhibition ; and a Decorated Organ. Fonts in alabaster and marble, by Mr. Norton ; and a cast of the Renaissance Font at Witley, by Mr. Forsyth; were also shown. In Metal- work, one exhibitor sent a rich Iron Font-cover ; the Ecclesiological Society exhibited the Frontal which it is about to present to St. Paul’s Cathedral, designed according to the Cologne method ; and the Dean of Peterborough kindly lent the new Frontal for his cathedral, executed by the Ladies’ Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society. An appreciative precis of the contents of the Mediaeval Court .appeared in the Builder , to which the reader is referred. IRON MANUFACTURES. Previously to describing the more striking Articles, we shall quote the following precis of the recent larger operations and re- sults of the Iron Manufacture, abridged from the Times. Yield of Cast-iron . — Great progress has of late been made in this respect. In the Great Exhibition of 1851 there was a Model of a Blast Furnace from the Cwm Celyn Works, Monmouthshire, which yielded a weekly average of 209 tons of white pig iron during twelve consecutive months. This was regarded as a very large amount. The gradual increase in yield in different districts is certainly one of the most interesting points connected with the * See {< Progress of Art-Manufactures,” p. 72 of the present vol um e. 206 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. development of the iron trade in modem times. Not many years ago, a weekly return of 70 tons was considered good, but now a single furnace has yielded the enormous amount of 600 tons in a single week. Some of the Aberdare furnaces are reported to have done excellent work, and to have yielded a weekly average of 400 tons. This has been effected by what is called “ driving hard” — i.e., sending a large quantity of blast through the furnace in a given time. An instructive Model, to scale, of one of these Furnaces, together with numerous Illustrative Specimens, was- exhibited by the Aberdare Iron Company. Great yields have re- cently been obtained at the Barrow-in-Furness works, Cumber- land. These works are quite of recent construction, and were represented by a costly mahogany Model, occupying a very large superficial area. There was also a single Model, made to open, of one of the furnaces. The average yield in one of these furnaces per day during the fortnight ending the 16th of April, 1862, was 91 tons 7 cwt. 3 qrs., or the enormous amount of about 640 tons (short weight) in a week of seven days. In one week this furnace yielded not less than 684 tons (short weight) ! The qualities of the pig iron were 3-5 between Nos. 1 and 4, and 2-5 between Nos. 5 and 6, inclusive of 35 tons of mottled pig. It is exclu- sively rich red ore that is smelted at these furnaces, and the fuel is Durham coke. The waste gases are economized in raising steam, and their propulsion to a distance is aided by the exhaustion of a fan. The pipes conveying the gases are provided with ex- pansion joints. Great advantage is attributed to the manner in which the gases are taken off from the furnace, and to the mode of fitting. In the Austrian Department Charcoal Pig-iron was shown, which, it is stated on the best authority, is produced with a con- sumption of less charcoal than is known in any other locality. The ore is brown decomposed spathose ore, containing, when roasted, 52 per cent, of iron, and the products are gray iron and spiegeleisen. Only 60 parts by weight of charcoal are required to produce 100 of pig-iron. Models of Furnaces for smelting Iron and Copper were found in the Bussian Department. They are long and rectangular in horizontal section, and are provided with numerous twyers. One of these furnaces is reported to have been in operation for smelting iron during a year and a half. A large yield and reduction in the amount of fuel are stated to be the advantages of this kind of furnace. Forged Iron . — Some of these specimens were interesting as illustrations of remarkable malleability, others as displaying skilful workmanship, and others on account of their large dimensions. A deep round vessel, with everted rim, at the top of the Low- moor collection, furnished an example of malleability, as it was fashioned out of a flat piece under the hammer. Some of the crankshafts were admirable specimens of forging — such as. the locomotive straight and double-crank axles from the Monkbridge Works. The straight axles contrasted very favourably with IRON MANUFACTURES. 207 some in the Belgian Department, which showed a want of finish which would not be tolerated in this country. The Monkbridge Company exhibited Locomotive and Agricultural Fire-box Plates, flanged both ways inside and out, which demonstrate excellence in the iron and soundness — qualities essential in such objects, which otherwise would soon become blistered. In the collection of the Kirkstall Forge Company were excellent specimens of forging, &c., which fully maintained the character of this long- established firm. With regard to forgings remarkable on account of their large dimension, the two objects which stood out pre- eminently were the enormous Crank Shaft and the large Armour- plate manufactured by the Mersey Steel and Iron Company. The monster shaft weighs about 25 tons, and is destined for one of Her Majesty’s ships. Daring the process of forging, this heavy mass was moved by powerful and skilful mechanical appliances, with ease and rapidity, just as a blacksmith handles his iron. The plate bears the following inscription: — “This armour-plate, 21 ft. 3 in. long, 6 ft. 3 in. wide, 5^ in. thick, having a superficial area of 133 feet, weighing upwards of 13 tons, was forged at the Mersey Steel and Iron Works, Liverpool, and has been neither smithed nor tooled since it left the steam-hammer. This plate would have been made 15 ft. to 20 ft. longer if space could have been obtained.” It is an admirable specimen of forging. The great Horsfall Gun, of which every one has heard, is another tes- timony to Mr. Clay’s (the manager of the Company) skill in forging large masses of iron. This gun was made several years ago : it is 10 in. in the bore, and has stood charges of 80 lb. of powder. Welding . — The Exhibition contained many very interesting illustrations of Welding under difficult conditions. The Butterley Company’s large girders, of which one was in the form of a double T, 12 in. across each end and 3 ft. deep, was welded longitudinally. In the English Department was shown a stamped, solid, wrought-iron Wheel, made by an ingenious process invented by M. Arbel, a Frenchman : it was forged under the steam-ham- mer, and combines strength and cheapness. In illustration of the successful welding of steel and iron in railway tire bars, we may refer to the specimens in the Monkbridge Company’s col- lection. The iron tire being heated to whiteness, and dusted over with borax powder, the melted steel is cast round it : the union seems to be perfect, and we have examined specimens which have been hammered out into thin plate without presenting any sign of separation. This process is also the invention of a Frenchman, and promises well. The French appear to have made great progress in the manu- facture of Iron, and we are indebted to them for many ingenious mechanical contrivances. Two instances in the case of railway wheels have just been mentioned, and to these might be added a third — the process of tin, Gaudet, and Co., of making “weld- less tires,” of which the Blaenavon Company exhibited specimens manufactured by themselves. 208 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Rolled Iron . — Specimens of boiler-plate were shown, doubled hot and doubled cold, and punched under various trying conditions. TheButterley Company exhibited a Rolled Boiler-plate, 12 ft. 9 in. long, 7 ft. 6 in. wide, and in. thick. This company had a truly magnificent collection of rolled iron, which does honour to the country. It w r as stowed away under a miserable shed adjoining the Eastern Annexe, and though undoubtedly one of the most important in the whole Exhibition, may, we fear, from the ob- scurity of its position, have escaped general attention. The Shelton Bar Iron Company exhibited a boiler-plate of considerable length (No. 322), which was placed vertically. It was not easy to roll so large a plate, as, owing to its thinness, the iron cools very rapidly. In the Butterley Company’s collection the solid-rolled engine -beam slab well deserved attention : it is 31 ft. 6 in. long, 7 ft. wide in the middle, 2§ in. thick, has a superficial area of 163 square feet, and weighs 7 tons. Sheet-Iron . — Of Sheet-iron there were numerous fine illustra- tions. The Belgian sheets w 7 ere, of their kind, unrivalled, and were specially characterized by their smooth and dark bluish-grey glossy surface. The colour is obviously due to a thin and firmly adherent skin of oxide of iron, which has been detached here and there near the edges of several of the sheets, clearly revealing the colour of the subjacent iron. Russia still continues without a competitor in the production of a peculiar description of sheet iron, which has long been highly esteemed in commerce. The quality of the iron, which is both smelted and worked with char- coal throughout, is excellent, and the dark polish on the surface is remarkable. The process of manufacture is not known : mythical stories are current as to the precautions taken with a view to secrecy, and the lamentable fate of those who have gained unlawful access to the works, in order to possess themselves of the mystery. In tin-plate works we have frequently seen portions of “ black plates,” which reminded us strongly of the Russian sheets, in respect both of tint and lustre. The manufacture of this description of sheet-iron in England is a desideratum. The Russians are said to anneal their sheet with charcoal dust inter- posed, and finally to hammer them in packets. They are not all obtained equally good, and a selection is accordingly made. Austria exhibited excellent sheet-iron, and so did the Zollverein, except the specimens of the so-called transparent iron, which are a sham. This iron is not transparent at all, but is perforated with innumerable small holes through which light passes, thus showing how inferior in malleability iron is to gold. Bars, Rails , and Girders . — This display was magnificent ; and in no branch of the metallurgy of iron has greater progress been made since the first Exhibition of 1851. The mill-power required to produce some of these articles is enormous, but we are probably far from having reached the maximum limit. There were gigantic rails exceeding 100 ft. in length, but these were to be regarded as curiosities, interesting as exhibitions of poiver and effective IRON MANUFACTURES. 209 mechanical appliances, showing what might be clone if required. In general they were admirable specimens of rolling. The But- terley Company sent a Rail 117 ft. long and 5^ in. deep, and a tension bar for Girders, 83 ft. long, 1 ft. wide, and 1 in. thick. The Dowlais Company exhibited two rails of the following dimen- sions : — one 53 ft. 6 in. long, 4f in. across the head, and 10 in. deep, the other 31 ft. 6 in. long, 54 in. across the head, and 15 in. deep. In the Zollverein was a section of rolled rail 5f in. across the head, and 18 § in. deep. Belgium made a very creditable show of rails and rail sections ; and it is declared tha,t in cer- tain foreign markets she has beaten the English producer of rails, both with respect to quality and price. The Austrian Society of State Railways exhibited specimens of rails — some with the head of granular and the foot of fibrous iron, and others of puddled steel. This is a great manufacturing company, esta- blished in 1855, with the view of producing everything required for the use of railways. They not only smelt and manufacture iron, but meddle with copper, lead, gold, silver, paraffine, &c. The catalogue which the Society has printed in elucidation of their display in the Exhibition contains much valuable information, scientific as well as commercial, and is well illustrated. It more especially concerns railway engineers. Dupont and Dreyfus (France) exhibited a fine and extensive collection of objects of interest, especially with reference to Build- ing constructions. There were flat bars and girders in great variety and profusion, indicating excellent workmanship. In France iron is more extensively used for building purposes than in England, and is, we believe, applied wdth much science. Why should our architects and builders lag behind the French in this matter ? Captain Fowke has set them an example of the use of iron in the new permanent buildings at South Kensington ; but something better will be done than this : surely iron is capable of being applied so as to produce a building less resembling a modern workshop in structure. The Bridge-links for Suspension Bi'idges manufactured by Howard, Ravenhill, and Co., Rotherhithe, were interesting as having been made by rolling. One of the links exhibited weighed 64 cwt. We have witnessed the process, and observed that from the time the slab left the furnace to the complete formation of a large link about four minutes elapsed. We must not omit to mention as deserving of notice the Rolled Iron Wire exhibited by the French, and which, though thick as compared with drawn wire, is yet fine, considering the mode of production. Armour-plates . — There were no metallurgical illustrations in the Exhibition of more interest than the rolled Armour-plates for ships.* Of these two were sent by John Brown and Co., Atlas * No false economy mnst be tolerated vsith regard to the iron intended for Her Majesty’s ships. "VVe have reason to know that the authorities, both military and naval, are now fully impressed with the absolute necessity of em- P 210 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Works, Sheffield. The immediate dimensions are as follows : — (No. 1) length 21 ft. 8 in., width 4 ft. 2 in., thickness 6^ in., weight 10 tons 12 cwt. ; (No. 2) length 24 ft., width 3 ft. 8 in., thickhess 5 in., weight 7 tons 17 cwt. A few years ago the rolling of such enormous masses of iron would have seemed in- credible. In the Exhibition of 1851, Bagnall, of South Stafford- shire, presented a rolled round Bar, which was considered extra- ordinary on account of its size, but it weighed only 1£ ton. In the Paris Exhibition in 1855, we believe there was a much larger bar, but still nothing to compare in weight with the gigantic plates above-mentioned. Brown and Co. also exhibited large, but much thinner plates outside the Building in Exhibition-road ; one was intended for gunboats, and is 22 ft. long, 7 ft. 2 in. wide, and 2 in. thick ; and the other for engine beams. These two plates were thus manufactured. The metal consisted of “best new scrap,” obtained from a mixture of Swedish, Shropshire, and Derb}’ shire l'efined iron. It was balled under a 4-ton steam ham- mer, piled under a 6-ton helve, and rolled into bar, re-rolled into slabs, all crossed, then rolled into “moulds,” and lastly, rolled into the finished plates. There are 360 layers in the 6£-inch plate. The Butterley Company sent two Armour-plates, each 14 ft. long, 5 ft. wide, and 4b in. thick, and weighing when finished six tons. Experience teaches that it is quite impossible to form a satisfactory judgment as to the resisting powers of armour- plates from their outward appearance. Plates which externally have presented every sign of excellent workmanship, and which have been made of high-class iron, have been shattered like glass by heavy shot at high velocities ; whereas others which in all respects would have been considered unsuitable, have stood com- paratively well under fire. The expense of manipulating such enormous masses of iron as these armour-plates is necessarily very great ; and the present cost of them to the nation ranges between 3 51. and 451. per ton ! We are informed that all the experimental results hitherto obtained lead to the conclusion that they should be made of the softest possible iron. Canadian Iron . — Enormous deposits of Magnetic Iron Ore — which, when pure, is the richest of all the ores of iron — have been discovered by Sir William Logan in the Laurentian rocks, which present no traces of organic remains, and are the oldest sedimen- ploying, irrespective of cost, only those qualities of iron which have been found by experience best adapted to the various purposes of war. The ex- perimental investigation on Iron Armour for Ships has now extended over eighteen months, and is still, in progress. Information has been 'collected on the subject from every source ; the opinions of the proprietors or managers of many of the leading iron-making firms in different parts of the country have been procured and recorded ; plates of iron of various kinds, and manu- factured'in different ways, have been tested under conditions calculated to afford decisive comparative results ; the maker of each plate has been invited to witness the effects of its trial ; and a spirit of laudable rivalry has thus been excited, which cannot fail to secure the best results for the nation. IRON MANUFACTURES, 211 tary series in the world. The ore occurs interstratified with the rocks containing it. The accumulation of this ore in some locali- ties is so great as to appear incredible. Thus, one bed is not less than 500 feet thick ! On the Eideau Canal there is another bed 200 feet thick, which is now worked at Newborough, and from which the ore is conveyed to Kingston on Lake Ontario. From this place it is put on board vessels at a cost of 2£ dollars per ton, and taken to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, Ohio, whence it is sent to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to be smelted. The best quality of ore is met with in a bed 25 feet thick in the township of Madoc. Canada also possesses extensive tracts of Bog-iron Ore on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and this is the only ore which is at present smelted in the country, charcoal being the fuel. The smelting is conducted at the Eadnor Works, which include a forge for the manufacture of iron. At these works a large number of .railway wheels are made of cast-iron derived exclusively from bog- iron ore. Cast-iron from ordinary bog-iron ore is about the last kind of metal many founders would dream of employing for such a purpose ; yet in the Canadian Department was exhibited a pair of Eailway Wheels which have travelled, without showing much ■evidence of wear, not less than 150,000 miles, or about six times round the earth. And it should be remembered that in Canada there are great alternations of temperature, the heat of summer being intense, and the cold of winter extremely bitter. The bog- ores must be exceptionally free from phosphoric acid ; otherwise they would yield a tender, and not a strong iron like that of which the wheels above mentioned are stated to consist. Iron in India . — There was an interesting series of specimens shown in the Indian Department. Iron ores, chiefly earthy-brovra haematite and magnetic ironsand, occur abundantly in several parts of India, and have been smelted, from time immemorial, by the natives, in small furnaces. The East Indian Iron Company sent an instructive collection of Iron Ores and the various pro- ducts which they yield. There are several Blast-furnaces in India on the European model, using charcoal as fuel. It is a remark- able fact, that in one locality in the Nerbudda Yalley, good Bar- iron, but only in small pieces, can be made and sold by the native smelters under 51. per ton. But the selling price of native iron in most parts of India is generally about double this sum. In the native process the iron is obtained direct from the ore in the malleable state, and pig-iron is not formed. All iron was for- merly produced by this direct method ; and to this day it is still practised in the Pyrenees, Finland, and some of the northern parts of the United States. Swedish Boat-plates. — Sweden’s chief ore is Magnetic Oxide, of which fine and chai’acteristic specimens from various localities were exhibited. An instructive series of the far-famed Danne- mora ores and the associated rocks specially deserved attention. The ores from this locality are among the finest in the world ; and the iron which they yield always commands a high price, on ac- 212 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. count of its producing good steel. The Swedish iron ores differ much in quality, even when in appearance they closely resemble each other. One cause of the excellence of such as are considered the best is, without doubt, the absence of phosphorus, which is constantly present in sensible proportions in nearly all British iron ores, except the red haematites. One of the remarkable objects shown was the fore-part of an iron paddle steamer, 200 feet long and of 120-horse power, which, during a fog in September, 1860, and while going at the rate of eight or nine knots an hour, struck on a rock. The iron was ‘‘crumpled up like a piece of brown paper,” and yet the vessel got off and pro- ceeded without difficulty to Stockholm, about 100 miles distant. The plates were made and the vessel was built at the Motala Iron Works. No object in the entire Exhibition appeared less at- tractive to the eye than this ; yet, when its story is told, not one should excite greater interest, at least in the minds of English- men. Here we have ocular demonstration of the rough treatment which a ship made of really good iron has received with compara- tive impunity. Plates to be used in the building of iron ships ought, like boiler-plates, to be made of the most tenacious iron ; whereas it is well known that in the manufacture of the so-calied “ boat- plates ” the worst iron has often been employed. We know not how many lives have been sacrificed to cheap “boat- plates .” — Abridged from the Times. GALVANIZED METALS. Amongst the exhibitors of Galvanized Metals were Morewood and Co., who say that their materials are more durable than zinc. They may be applied in the form of tiles, which are 3 feet by 2 feet, and are curled at the edges to finish as rolls, and are stiffened by transverse grooves. They are also made in sheets of 500 feet and upwards in length : thus they can be laid with great expedi- tion by any labourer who can use a hammer ; whilst considering that boarding is not required, the cost, say the patentees, is less than asphalted felt. Amongst the other productions of the same manufacturers, were welded-iron water and gas tubes. Tupper and Co. also exhibited “Galvanized Iron Manufactures con- nected with buildings and architecture.” H. Yavasseur and Co., also exhibitors, used the Galvanized Corrugated Iron (No. 16 gauge, with a 10-inch flute) in covering the Amsterdam station on the Dutch-Rhenish Railway, and (No. 20, with 5-inch flute) in the construction of the Palace of Industry, Amsterdam. Mr. John Walker displayed articles belonging to the same branch of manu- facture. S. C. Hemming and Co. showed what they have done in Iron-building and Roofing. F. Morton and Co., of Liverpool, exhibited a variety of articles, including Galvanized Corrugated Iron roofs, and patented improvements in Railway Fences and Telegraph-poles. Their wire-cable fences, with tapered oval iron IKON MANUFACTURES. 213 .posts, are fitted with winding straining pillars, by which 400 to hOO yards of fence may be kept perfectly tight and rigid ; indeed, the pillars arecalled “self-acting.” With galvanized corrugated iron Morton and Co. can cover an area of 100 feet square (plates and uprights only, furnished them) in five spans, for 370£. They can provide and erect an iron cottage with five rooms and entrance- porch for 120?. For Zinc Roofing, the Vieille Montagne Company, and their manufacturing agents, F. Braby and Co., were exhibitors. The “Italian-formed Corrugated Zinc” which is simply a formation of the sheets with rolls at close distances, is used for the verandah of -the Horticultural Society’s conservatory, and on the refreshment- rooms of the Exhibition. We may observe that zinc is now con- stantly employed in Paris, for buildings much larger in scale, and more substantial in construction, than the London houses. — A bridged from the Builder. Tylor’s Zinc W ork illustrated improvements in the Manufactur- ing and Laying of Zinc, as applied to building purposes, whereby the metal is made to last much longer than it does when im- properly laid. There were models, showing the method adopted to lay the sheets, 8 feet long by 3 feet wide, to allow of free con- traction and expansion, without confining the sheets of zinc with nails or solder ; the whole being secured with clips, so that each .sheet of zinc can be removed without breakage or injury. The falls of the boarding and gutters are arranged to have a drip at every eight feet or sixteen feet ; and the falls are so arranged that no water or sediment can remain on the roof, and will clear away with every storm. MALLEABLE CAST-IRON. The Janies Foundry Company sent to the Walsall Division a collection of Iron-foundry Goods, showing to how great an extent Malleable Cast-iron is used, and the perfection to which it is brought. All kinds of builders’ odd work was represented : Buckles, Slides, and other lighter articles made of cast-iron were .shown, with fine specimens of bronzing, and samples of polished -cast-iron goods. IRON PAINTS. Here may be mentioned Wolston’s Torbay Iron Paints for coating materials which are to be under water, or in a position to be affected by damp. They are manufactured at Brixham, Devonport, and are successfully used in dockyards and public works. A caisson in Woolwich Dockyard, painted nine years .since, is said to be in a perfectly sound condition, both under water and between wind and water. It is also said that the Tor- bay paints have been found to stop corrosion that has set in : so that in Pembroke Dockyard, where in 1859 two iron-roofs had ibeen found so corroded as in the opinion of the authorities to 214 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. need entire renewal, but where two coats of the paint were ap- plied, the result has been such that the expense of renewal is no* longer necessary. The experience in the case of corrugated iron- roofing at the Aberdare Iron Works is even more satisfactory. Two coats were there applied in 1853, and one coat since. The specimens exhibited were taken from roofs in the dockyards and arsenals: the greater number of them bear out the preceding statements. BIRMINGHAM WARES. — - WIRE- WORKIN G. All the leading branches of the industry of Birmingham were fully represented in the Court appropriated to the Exhibitors- Here were raw materials of every kind for the use of brass- founders ; a fine display of metallic bedsteads and gas-fittings, and stamped and general brass foundry. To these were added, tin-plate and iapan wares; stoves, grates, and fire-irons; iron safes; hollow wares in copper and iron, tinned and enamelled ; tubing of all kinds ; scales and weighing machines ; medals and dies ; hooks and eyes ; pins ; steel pens ; locks and general hardware ; knife- cleaning: machines ; steel toys ; metal mountings for the use of bookbinders ; fire-guards ; coffin furniture ; saddlers’ ironmon- gery; ornamental panels, screws, nails, hinges, &c. Guns and swords, and Japan -ware were also shown in great number and variety. Webster and Horsfall exhibited a case of Iron Wires, including music, needle, and fiat spring wires, the latter manufactured from the patent steel wire, which was also shown; with samples of submarine telegraph cables, coal-pit ropes, and ropes for ships’ rigging. There were shown two coils of Steel Wire without a weld, of the extraordinary weight of 1 cwt., said to be the heaviest coil ever manufactured. The whole power of a 100-horse engine was required to roll it, and Webster and Horsfall’ s’ mill is the- only mill in the country at which it could be made. This wire is to be used for pit-guides, in lieu of the ordinary iron guides, liable to frequent breakage at the welds. Smith and Co. sent from Halifax a bloom, or piece of the best Swedish Iron, and specimens of all the stages of manufacture from it down to the smallest sizes of wire. The first stages down to the rod gauging No. 2 or 4, are manufactured while the iron is hot ; after that the iron is drawn cold through steel plates similar to the small model exhibited, with some sizes of wire in it ; and as the process of drawing hardens the wire, it has to be annealed or softened at various stages, and then drawn again. The above piece of bloom, measuring only 8| inches long and 3 inches square, and weighing 20 lbs., would, if drawn as small as the finest wire exhibited in the same case, measure 110 miles in length. They will give you 1000 feet of wire out of a brass farthing ; 70,000 feet of wire, or a sheet of brass, 12 feet square,, that will not exceed one pound in weight. IRON MANUFACTURES. 215 By similar processes tlie same firm makes all kinds of wire for wire ropes for collieries, ships’ rigging, &c., also for carding cotton, wool, silk, and tow, weaving into wire blinds, &c. ; bottling wires, and wire covered with cotton for ladies’ bonnets, artificial flowers, &c., specimens of which were shown. THE HEREFORD SCREEN. We must describe in detail this truly artistic work — the Rood Screen, made by the Skidmore Art Company, at Coventry, for Hereford Cathedral, and probably the finest piece of modem metal- work in existence. It has been executed from Mr. Scott’s designs since January, 1862 ; it is much larger in its dimensions than its companion at Lichfield, and, indeed, is the largest piece of archi- tectural metal-work ever executed. Iron is of course the principal material used, though in the decorative details copper and brass are largely introduced. In these combinations the fine examples which the early metal-workers have transmitted to our time are studied with conscientious care, so as to adhere to the lessons of the past in a work that in itself is perfectly original. Thus, in the Hereford Screen we find the iron wrought both -into true grilles, and also elaborated after the manner of the early chasers into the richest iron filagree. The brass and copper work has been dealt with in the same spirit, and the capitals supporting the Screen are most happily adjusted to the requirements of archi- tectural conventionalism. The copper flowers by which these are enriched have the softness and beauty of nature, though all, after the old style, are worked out with the point of the hammer from sheets of copper. The copper is throughout left of its own natural colour, but the brass work is intermixed with broad masses of vitreous mosaic. Where paint is used upon the iron, all the colours employed, with the exception only of the green, have been obtained from oxides of the metal itgelf ; though the colouring and gilding have been applied only with a view to the effect of the whole piece when shown in the subdued light of a cathe- dral nave. In the Exhibition Building, it was seen to great dis- advantage. The whole composition consists of a double arcade of five pri- mary and ten secondary arches, blended in a single group, though each retains its own individuality. The centre arch, forming the passage, is very lofty, and is enriched with the most exquisite scrolls of flower and foliage. The shafts for the arches are of mixed brass and iron ; and, as at Lichfield, the whole is adorned with examples of architectural sculpture, figures of angels, &c. These figures are perfect studies in themselves. Every one can understand them at a glance, and from the centre statue of Our Saviour to those of the Praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt without the aid of any inscriptions beneath their feet to set forth who or what they are. Above the Screen was hung the gas corona as it will hang at Hereford. Close by 216 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. the Hereford Screen were the side Courts fitted up, one by Hard- man, and the other by Hart and Sons, with mediaeval ecclesias- tical ornaments in brass, stone, and wood . — Abridged from the Times . THE NORWICH GATES. The Wrought-iron Park Gates, by Barnard and Bishop, also merit detail. The work consists of four massive piers, a pair of central and two side gates. The piers are connected by girders, or horizontal members of a somewhat massive character. The large portions of these gates are in cast-iron, and the smaller parts are wrought ; the cast members being enriched with orna- ment, which is judiciously in low relief, while the enrichment wrought by forging is of a very different class. In the designs, the quatrefoil is very pleasing. The foliaceous filling of the entire work consists chiefly of the vine, hawthorn, oak, ivy, rose, convolvulus, bryony, and periwinkle. The two central or chief piers are crowned by capitals enriched with wrought-iron foliage. The shafts of the piers are panelled, and are filled in with leafage and flowers. Over the central gates is a terminal enrichment, formed of the oak and holly, surrounding a shield bearing the arms of Nor- wich ; and over each of the side gates is a similar arrangement of hawthorn- branches which lean towards the central mass of the gates, and are of a bright, bracket-like character. Each pier is also surmounted by a griffin supporting a shield. Here may be mentioned a pair of magnificent Gates, executed by Messrs. Kennard, for the pleasure- villa of the Duke of Sala- manca, near Madrid. They are of elegant design ; the style of colouring, applied by Mr. Owen Jones, is Alhambresque. MEDIAEVAL METAL-WORK. The Court characteristically fitted up by Hart and Son (the ceiling designed by Crace) for the exhibition of Medieval Works in Metal, showed on the sides some fine Monumental Brasses, and from the ceiling hung Chandeliers of Gothic design. The body of the Court was filled with furniture, every article being in harmony with the general character of the Gothic decorations. The fenders, fire-irons, candelabra, moderator-lamps, candle- sticks for ecclesiastical purposes, even the tables and chairs, were Gothic in their style. There were candlesticks with gold and silver plate, for ecclesiastical purposes. Hart and Son also exhi- bited Stoves, Mantelpieces, Clocks ; specimens of Ornamental Wrought-iron ; a pretty Wrought-iron Gate, put together in small pieces, and ornamented with birds and foliage. Mr. Hardman also fitted up a Court, presenting many fine examples of the mediaeval style. Mr. Benham, of Wimpole- street, showed Stoves, Wrought-iron Scroll-work, and Fenders ; Bailey, IRON MANUFACTURES. 217 of Gracecliurch- street, also contributed Stoves ; and Feetham, of Oxford-street, Stoves, Fenders, and other useful and ornamental work. WOLVERHAMPTON GOODS. Clark and Co. sent a fine collection of Hollow Manufactures ; among which was prominent a set of Stable Fittings in Enamelled Iron, consisting of manger, rack, water-troughs, stall, posts, &c. : these fittings being readily taken to pieces for removal instead of requiring to be finally adjusted before leaving the manufactory. All descriptions of tin, and enamelled hollow Iron-ware, adapted to culinary and sanitary purposes, were also shown. Mr. T. Smith sent all kinds of Locks, Bolts, Carriage-springs, Axles and Blocks, Cart-axles, Blocks for the heavy bullock-wag- gons used at the Cape, Iron Safes ; heavy Edge-tools, Table Cutlery, Plated Spurs, Stirrups, &c. Also, Mills, from Corns’s Snow- hill Manufactory, elaborately ornamented and of beautiful design. A large and highly finished Padlock, of very singular construction, intended for the foreign market, was also shown here ; besides Iron Pipes and Castings, Kettles, Saucepans, Frying-pans, &c. BEDSTEADS. Winfield and Son, Peyton, and Whitfield and Sons contri- buted Iron and Brass Bedsteads, which, in their light and elegant forms, contrasted strangely with the lumbering wood bedsteads of our forefathers. Among Whitfields’ specimens were two hand- some instances : the first an Iron Tube Bedstead, to which is ap- plied a recent patent in using iron stampings of various patterns, instead of the plain tube : the second is of similar character. One is coloured in imitation of malachite, picked out with gold ; the other light blue and gold. COOKING APPARATUS, RANGES, AND STOVES. In the Hardware Court were several descriptions of Cooking Apparatus, of which one showed great novelty of arrangement, namely, the patent Duplex Bange, by Edward Deane and Co. It has two fires of different sizes, separated and backed by a T boiler. Each fire has a separate oven of proportionate size, flue, and hot-plate. In combination with the patent Bevolving Boast- ing Apparatus — also the invention of Mr. Edward Deane, and with which as many as nine joints can be roasted at one fire — 120 pounds of meat may be roasted ; the same quantity baked in the ovens ; and the same quantity again stewed on the top of the stove ; while the steam boiler at the back will boil 3 cwt. of potatoes, and the circulating boilers will keep 60 gallons of water constantly hot, the whole cost of the fuel per day being one shilling. The roasting apparatus consists of a cylindrical meat- 218 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. screen, within which three sets of joints, one above the other, revolve first round a general centre, and secondly round their own axis, each joint having a separate dripping-pan. Brown and Green, of Bishopsgate-street Within, obtained the Prize Medal for a large Kitchen Bange, fourteen feet in length, containing four roasters, or ovens, and three boilers. It is stated that this range is capable of doing all the plain cooking for more than 2000 persons with a consumption of less than one ounce of coal per head per day, this being one of the results of a practical trial of this range before it was placed in the Exhibition : these results are certified by the inspector of cookery for the army, who con- ducted the trial by command of the War Office. This large Kitchener also provided for the certain cure of smoky chimneys ; the ventilation of the kitchen through the upper part of the range, whereby are prevented oppressive heat in the kitchen, and close smell of cooking ; and the facility for roasting meat in front of the fire at the same time that the whole of the apparatus is kept going. Gigantic Ranges were shown by Thomas and Sons, and Radclyffe, of Leamington, a place famous for its Range and Cooking Appa- ratus. These are fitted with ovens and boilers, and supplied with valves and appliances that will do any amount of roasting, boiling, frying, toasting, or heating. One consumes its own smoke, and also all the odour which arises from cooking. There was one apparatus adapted for French cookery, to burn only wood, and another immense one suitable for large ships. There were Stoves and Ranges exhibited by Benham, suitable for all establishments, from the cottage to the club-house ; for the ocean-going steamer or small pleasure-yacht. An admirable notice of the Heating, Ventilating, and Cooking Apparatus, shown in the Exhibition, will be found in the Builder , No. 1022. Prominent among the Stoves was a Gothic Dining-room or Hall Grate, in electro- bronze, with brass ornamentation and polished bars. Wright and Co. showed a Register Stove, bi- valved, to regulate the draught : also Gill-stoves, upon the prin- ciple of the gills of a fish, so as to give a large radiating surface. CHANDELIERS, GASELIERS, AND LAMPS. Messenger sent from Birmingham some Gothic Chandeliers, suspended on a frame, of extraordinary beauty. In the centre is an octagon, the lower portion saw-pierced with minute ornamenta- tion. Some of these tasteful works w’ere designed by Mr. Digby Wyatt, and range in price from 50s. to 100 guineas. Mr. Philip, also of Birmingham, exhibited a large collection of Lamps in bronze and gold, and Grecian designs, with snake burners ; besides Chandeliers in Italian and Renaissance styles. Hinks and Son sent a case of new patent Lamps for the complete com- bustion of the commonest oils, without glass chimneys : some were glass elaborately gilt, and others of opal and bronze. LOCKS AND SAFES. 210 Harrow and Son, Portland-place, exhibited an Eight-light Gaselier, cast in brass, from models designed and carved by Mr. Rogers. It is constructed in form of an ancient grillier, or fire-pot, the upper bar consisting of eight inverted friezes, richly wrought and divided by heads of dragons, from whose mouths issue fire, and lightly- poised gas-jets. At the bottom is a very bold boss, composed of two large salamanders, intertwined in fierce struggle, their feet grasping the lower ring or bar of the suspended fire- pot, and thus forming its base. This composition is a welcome relief to the bare conventional forms of brass chan- deliers. THE BRASS TOT TRADE. Mr. Nettlefold exhibited a tasteful display of Nails and Screws in Iron and Brass, pictorially arranged. The famous Birming- ham Buttons, of gold and steel, and fanciful descriptions, were also tastefully shown. So perfect is the machinery for making buttons, that the manufacture is completely effected by the single revolution of a wheel. Brass Tubing, some of it 9 inches in diameter, was shown here ; a case of Bookbinding, in metallic covers ; Brass Hinges, Door-knobs, and Handles, in endless array. The Cornice Poles and Brackets, by which small houses are most economically fitted, were exhibited here, made by the stamping process of Mr. Hill : the metal is struck by die after die, each gradually increasing in convexity, until the highest relief or most minute outlines are brought out. LOCKS AND SAFES. Mr. Harley, of Wolverhampton, contributed a case of Locks, remarkable for their mechanism and elaborate and ai'tistic finish. It contained all kinds of chest, trunk, drawer, wardrobe, carpet- bag, portfolio, ledger, till, and padlocks. Two specimens of Detector Locks, with outer dials, which require to be set to a given time before the locks can be opened, comprise no fewer than three thousand changes, and defy all attempts at opening by those who do not know the time at which the dials were set. Another description of Detector Lock contains a small gong, which rings out when the key is turned, like a lock in the Turkish collection. Some of the padlocks were as small as the stone of a ring, and others as large as a cheese-plate ; and some of the Folio Locks are also so minute that a dozen of them might be sent by post for two stamps. Messrs. Bramah maintained their old reputation by exhibiting models and specimens of their well-known Locks, as manufactured in their ordinary business. Hamilton and Co., Royal Exchange, showed a Lock to be locked without a key, by merely turning a brass knob, but which is opened by a very small key. Tucker and Reeves, Fleet-street, showed a collection of Lever-locks, some with novel tumblers, scarcely to be picked, or destroyed by gun- powder. Mr. Tann showed a Lock, with the novelty of a self- 220 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. acting lever, which takes the pressure from the bolt, and places a very simple but efficient obstacle in the way of the lock being picked. Hobbs and Co. showed every part of a Lock and Key in course of manufacture by their machinery : they also exhibited aperies of twenty-six Locks, varying in size from that suited to the smallest cabinet to a large cupboard, so constructed as to be opened with one and the same key. One of their larger Locks, the “Protector,” by a peculiar arrangement of certain parts behind the bolt and levers, is stated to be unreachable by any lock-picking instrument whatever. When any tampering is attempted on the lock by pressure on the bolt through the key-hole, to discover the opening position of each lever, the bolt-pro- tector comes into action, preventing the pressure affecting the levers in any way. Specimens were shown of an “ Indicator Lock,” which tells by an index on the outer side whether it is “open,” “ shut,” or “locked.” Mr. George Price, Cleveland Safe and Lock Works, Wolver- hampton, exhibited his Drill-proof Safes, and unpickable and gun- powder-proof Locks ; which were remarkable for their excellence in manufacture. Chubb and Son showed a splendid and unique collection of Locks and Keys, manufactured by them at Wolverhampton, where they had been exhibited to thousands of visitors. Here it may be observed that no Locks or Safes of inferior quality are made by Chubb and Son, their aim being excellence of workman- ship rather than excessively low price. There were about 300 Locks exhibited, varying between a gigantic rim lock weighing more than 2 cwt., and as finely finished as a lady’s watch ; and an elegant little gold lock, with four tumblers, set in a finger ring, and weighing 16 grains ! Some fifty keys were shown with elabo- rate bows, three so much so, that, although small, they are valued at upwards of a hundred guineas ; the bow of each being composed of minute particles of steel, all separately riveted, and resembling so many brilliants. Among the specially ornamental examples were — 1. A large Door Lock, encased in polished steel, the surface overlaid with an elaborate mediaeval design in ormolu, and the key wrought in corresponding style. 2. Another Door Lock in a walnut-wood casing, the front covered with a rich Gothic foliated design cut from a single plate of steel, hardened and polished. As examples of security for special purposes, there were — 1. A Wheel Lock for Bank Strong-rooms and Safes, throwing out with the greatest ease any requisite number of bolts on every side of the door, the whole being secured in their positions by four of Chubb’s Patent Gunpowder-proof Locks. Each of these has its own distinct key, so that, if desired, access can only be obtained to the Safe when the holders of the different keys are present. STEEL MANUFACTURES. 221 2. An Index Lock, in which the action of unlocking for every time moves the index-wheel one number onward, thus registering the exact number of visits paid to any depository on which the lock may be placed, and thereby giving notice of the improper use of its true key, should that be surreptitiously obtained by any un- authorized person. 3. The Banker’s Lock, containing eighteen Tumblers, and many features of novelty and additional security. By the application of sliding pieces of metal with a triple- curtained barrel, all access to the tumblers and bolts is entirely cut off and closed while the keyhole is open, and it is not until the key has been inserted and turned, thereby causing the steel curtains to cover the whole of the keyhole, that these obstructions are removed. By another contrivance, any pressure applied to the bolt effectually fastens down the tumblers which secure it, and only when all pressure has been removed from the bolt can the tumblers be lifted at all. 4. A set of twelve Patent Detector Mortise Locks, each having a different Suite Key opening that lock only ; also eleven Sub- master-Keys, and one Master-Key, to open all twelve Locks, and to double-lock, and thereby shut out any and all of the Suite or Sub- Master- Keys. Among the Wrought-iron Safes were two ornamental Safes of different designs, as Jewel-cases, the designs being executed in mixtures of dead and burnished steel, inlaid gilt scrolls, gilt raised ornaments and mouldings, and the interior spaces are fitted up in fancy woodwork. The doors are secured b} 1. Wheel Locks throw- ing bolts all round, as in the larger Safes, and have very small keys. A massive Banker’s Safe, weighing about four tons, was also shown. It has drawers, and two distinct closets, or inner safes, each having its own different key, besides a master-key to pass the whole. The outer doors of the safe are constructed of wrought- iron plates, and hardened steel combined, and fitted with Chubb’s. Gunpowder- proof Wheel Locks, throwing thirty-one bolts all round, the main keyholes being further secured with case-hardened iron scutcheon locks opened by a key so small as to be set in an ordi- nary gold finger-ring. There were also a Banker’s Door and Frame for a Strong Room, and a smaller Bank Safe, of similar construction to the foregoing. Messrs. Chubb, it will be recollected, made all the Locks for the Exhibition Building. The Master-Key to the whole is a very- handsome implement. Within the bow aie the Royal cipher,. V.R., elegantly combined, and the date of the year, 1SG2, in Gothic figures, surmounted by a crown : the whole of the filing and chiselling was done by hand. The key was used by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, as First Commissioner* at the formal opening of the Building. 222 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. STEEL MANUFACTURES. c 1 The manufacture of Steel and Steel Articles, on anything like a large scale, (says the writer of a practical paper in the Daily News), is confined to very few countries : we exceed all others in this branch of industry. In 1851 it was ascertained that while we produced annually about forty-five thousand tons of Steel, Austria, which came next to us, produced only thirteen thousand, and all the states of the Zollverein taken together, but eight thou- sand. From the recent Exhibition, though there was an abundant display of Steel and Steel Articles, it was manifest that the pro- duction of Steel in any considerable quantity is still a very limited industry. A large amount of it, obtained directly from Pig Iron, was shown at the Exhibition of 1851 ; but Bessemer’s process had not then been discovered ; nor was the art of making Steel in very large quantities by other methods so well known as it is at present. Perhaps nothing indicates the progress which has been made during the past few years, so clearly as a comparison between the Steel found at the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862. “The so-called homogeneous metal, which has excited much attention of late, is extremely malleable and tough, and may be placed midway between wrought Iron and ordinary Steel ; it may be regarded as Steel containing a low per-centage of carbon. This is the metal of which Mr. Whitworth has formed so high an opinion. Examples of it were exhibited by Shortridge, Howell, and Co. Pieces of Tubing formed of this metal were shown flattened down vertically, which might readily be mistaken for caoutchouc. It is stated to have been produced by melting pieces of Swedish Iron and carbonaceous matter.”* In the French Department, Jackson, Son, and Co. exhibited Steel objects made by the Bessemer process. The Swedes sent both Iron and Steel made by this process. Bessemer Steel was sent from Kloster Works, Dalecarlia : at these works are the largest charcoal blast furnaces in Sweden, each producing about 100 tons of pig-iron weekly. The process has not yet made its way into Austria : the Prussians have tried it, but failed. The process of Uchatius excited some attention a few years ago, especially in London. Samples were exhibited in the Swedish Department. This steel, strange to state, finds a ready sale at prices ranging from 50 1. to Q01. per ton, which are higher than can be obtained for Bessemer steel' in Sweden. It is said to be especially good for sword-blades. It is made by melting Bispberg * In the specification of a patent, No. 2369, a.d. 1856, it is stated that scale, which falls off from steel or iron during the process of hammering or rolling, is employed in addition to the ingredients in common use for cast steel. In Mushet’s Papers on Iron and Steel (1840, p. 525) is the description of a metal which exactly applies to the so-called homogeneous metal. The process of manufacture appears to be essentially the same, and was patented by Mushet in 1800 (No. 2447), who is reported to have sold the patent to a house in Sheffield for the sum of 3000£. STEEL MANUFACTURES. 223 iron ore, mixed with charcoal, in Belgian crucibles. This ore is remarkable for its purity. Cast steel, made by melting together wrought iron and charcoal pig-iron, was shown in the Swedish Department, by Rettig, GefFe. Cast steel, made by melting together wrought iron and refined pig-iron, was exhibited by Dr. Price, in the British Department. It is maintained that coke pig-iron may be sufficiently freed from silicon and certain other impurities by the refining process as to admit of being employed with advantage in the manufacture of this kind of steel. There may be more in this method than is now supposed. In the Austrian collection were specimens of the so-called Wolfram Steel, made by melting together cast steel and the mineral wolfram. The quality of the metal, it was believed, would be much improved by this addition. It breaks with a very fine grain, and is hard and tough. We have learnt on excellent authority that this alloy has not been found successful. In the Austrian Department were drawings of Mayr’s Furnaces for Casting Steel on Siemens’s principle by his “ regenerative fur- naces.” Lignite is the fuel used, of which three parts by weight are required to melt one of cast steel. In six days between five and six tons are melted in one of these furnaces. A handsome Fitzroy Phaeton was sent from Northampton, con- structed with malleable Steel, and Wheels of Hickory, and was shown with other carriages. An interesting Machine, constructed by Greenwood and Bailey, for testing Steel, by crushing, pulling, and rolling, was a pro- minent attraction. In 1851 the flourishing state of this manufacture in Great Britain, was evinced by the fact that 45 per cent, of the exhibitors of articles produced by it, and far more than the proportion of the articles themselves, were from the British Islands. Austria, which was the next to Great Britain in this respect, furnished only about 27 per cent., the Zollverein only 8 per cent., and France only 3 per cent. The proportions were somewhat different. Thus, while the British Exhibitors amounted to 126, those of Austria were 58, those of France 47, these of Prussia 18, those of Russia 15, those of Turkey 14, those of Sweden 9, those of Swit- zerland 2, and the United States sends but 1. Cutlery and Edge Tools . — Sheffield produced every article of this class : other places confined themselves more or less to particular branches ; and this is especially true of those countries where the manufacture has been more recently introduced, the artisans of which direct their attention in a greater degree to special produc- tions. Thus, the Cutlery of Canada consisted chiefly of forest tools ; that of the States of the Zollverein, of common articles and the more simple implements ; that of the Austrian Department, of agricultural requisites. In the Belgian Department, were Spiral Cutters, which are required for finishing their woollen fabrics ; and in the Swiss, Files and other necessaries for the manufacture 224 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. of Horological Machines, which they carry on so extensively. The Cutlery of the various pai’ts of France varied with the indus- tries of the localities where it is produced. Moseley and Sons well sustained the reputation ox the London Cutlery, and showed some specimens of that old Salisbury style of work which is so different from that of Sheffield. Milward and Son, of Redditch, showed Needles, Fish-hooks, and Fishing-tackle. The fimi was established in 1730. Six millions of needles are produced by them weekly, each needle passing through thirty distinct processes before it assumes its .finished shape. By the machinery adopted in this manufactory, one man can point twelve thousand needles in an hour. KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL. We now arrive at one of the most extraordinary and most im- portant collections in the Exhibition, the truly magnificent display of Krupp’s Cast Steel : its wonderful soundness and the enormous size of the castings. Krupp affects considerable mystery in his processes. His works in Essen are reported to occupy 180 acres of ground. It is stated that he employs puddled steel, which is broken up, assorted, and re-melted in crucibles. This variety of steel does not appear to be adapted for cutlery. He consumes all the spiegeleisen produced by Musener and Co. It is affirmed that there is a great consumption of plumbago and leather parings at the Essen Works. Each crucible is said to contain 70 lbs. of steel, and the furnaces in which they are heated vary much in dimen- sions, the smallest holding two and the larger twenty-four cruci- bles. When a large casting is required, the organization has been carried to such a remarkable degree of perfection that at a given signal all the crucibles needed are ready to be taken out of the furnace at the same time. Their contents are poured with the utmost rapidity into a large reservoir, and from this the metal is cast. By this means, as in bronze- founding on the large scale, homogeneity is attained. The apparatus for working the steel is the most gigantic yet constructed. There is a steam-hammer weighing 50 tons. The anvil face weighs 185 tons, and cupola furnaces were built expressly to melt this large quantity of metal. The largest casting in the world is the great bell at Moscow, re- ported to weigh 192 tons ; but it cracked in cooling, and was never removed from its birthplace. Krupp’s anvil rests on eight blocks of cast-iron, weighing from 125 to 135 tons each, and making a total weight of 1250 tons of cast-iron! This solid structure of iron is supported oh a wooden foundation, 40 feet square. The largest Casting exhibited by Krupp in 1851 weighed 2J tons, and the largest in the recent Exhibition weighed 21 tons. It is in the form of a solid cylinder, about 9 ft. high and 3 ft 8 in. in diameter. It has been broken across to show fracture. The largest casting Krupp ever made weighed 25 tons. Now, when we reflect that this enormous mass of metal is melted in comparatively small bf.ssemer’s steel. 225 crucibles, we get an idea of the perfect organization requisite to have every crucible ready and the pouring effected at almost the same moment of time ; and it is in this organization that we are disposed to think one great merit of Krupp consists. Krupp ex- hibited Shafts, Rolls, Railway Tires and Wheels, Locomotive Axles, and Guns. There was a good Catalogue in German, also a Price List of the Cast-steel Guns. A Finished Gun of eight inches calibre, turned, bored, and rifled, without breech-closing apparatus, is advertised at 97 51. Krupp has supplied locomotive axles to some of our largest railway companies, and crank- axles of marine engines to some of our most celebrated marine engine- makers. The large steel bell was cast at Bochum’s Works, it is said, by the same process as Krupp’s foundry, hard bye. Steel cannot be compared with bell-metal for quality of sound, but is a cheaper material . — Abridged from the Times. bessemer’s steel. Bessemer made an admirable display both of Iron and Steel produced by his process ; with specimens illustrative of the quality of the metal, as shown by hammering, punching, bending, twist- ing, stamping, rolling, drawing into tube and fine wire, turning, polishing, &c. A Rail was shown 841b. to the yard, which may be supplied at 13£. per ton. Mr. Bessemer had a resplendent “ Trophy Court,” in which were shown some of the most important of the various applica- tions of the Bessemer Steel. There were a Crank-shaft of a 50- horse engine in one piece ; piston-rods for Engines of from 50 to 250 horse-power ; the powerful Screw of a Fly-press used in the Mint ; and a Circular Saw made from one disc of steel over 7ft. in diameter, with teeth of lOin. in length. There was, how- ever, a larger saw than this shown in another part of the Build- ing, made from steel by the old process ; and either of them, turning at the rate of 500 revolutions a-minute, would cut through the thickest timber as fast as a man could walk. With these massive examples were shown smaller ones, such as plates used in Boilers, Ships, and Bridges, rising in regular gradations from l-50th of an inch to nearly 4| inches thick. Specimens of Steel were also shown, from a thickness too great for a strongman to bend down to the 250th part of an inch in diameter. Among the applications of Steel Wire were exhibited several * The great success of Krupp’s productions in cast-steel led to an erroneous impression that Sheffield had been beaten by her Continental rivals, during the last eleven years. But the Jury have awarded to Sheffield a greater por- portion of Medals than to any of her rivals. Certainly, Krupp was the first to develop the manufacture of large castings of steel, which was practically un- known in Sheffield a few years ago, and his excellence is the great size of his castings. This is no proof that Sheffield has lost her supremacy in the older branches of manufacture, for excellence in which she has so long been famous — that is, for the quality of steel, tools, cutlery, and the productions of her other staple trade. Q 226 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. specimens of Cotton Cards, used in the best carding- engines, with steel in round, flat, and square bars of every size. Two important examples of Steel Ordnance were shown — one illustrating a mode of Mounting Guns without Trunnions, the elevation being effected by a screw, and the axles of the wheels admitting of adjustment ; the other a 24-Pounder, with Trunnions forged on it out of one solid ingot of Steel. Mr. Bessemer also showed samples of Bail- way Bars made of his steel, some few hundred tons of which have already been laid on various lines for trial. He claims for these metals that they will last between four and five times as long as ordinary rails, and that they are not liable to snap in frosty weather, in proof of which was shown a Bar bent double during a hard frost by an eminent railway engineer. Naylor and Vickers also showed hereabout a fine Trophy of large Castings in Steel, and a peal of beautifully sounding Steel Bells. Another peal of Bells, by Warner and Son, were of the ordinary bell-metal, but were so arranged that one man could ring a peal on the whole of them. WORKS IN THE PRECIOUS METALS. The workers in Gold and Silver have, unquestionably, made great progress in their cunning art since the Exhibition of 1851. In this age of gold, and nobler enterprise than that of gold-seeking, and nobler successes than those of gold-finding, it was natural to expect a large increase in costly works of art, and luxurious minis- trations to the vanity which are too often showered upon individual success. But the advancement of art has not gone, pari passu, with this increment of the precious metals, and this liberal em- ployment of those who fashion them. Art has been beaten, in common phrase, “by the weight of metal;” and though the quantity has been superabundantly increased, the quality of the workmanship has suffered in this plethora of the earth’s wealth. These shortcomings of art, must not, however, be set down to the artists themselves, but to the want of taste in their patrons, who estimate by the hand and not by the head — by the weight of the material, and not by the art displayed in working it. * Messrs. Garrard, as Crown-jewellers, exhibited, by permission of Her Majesty, the following Articles : — The Koh-i-noor, shown as a specimen of diamond- cutting. The history of this celebrated gem has been so often told, that we shall not repeat it. Since its recutting (at which the Duke of Wellington, it will be remembered, was present) it has been, with greater pro- priety, called “the mountain of light,” although mineralogists * See “Progress of Art Manufactures,” page 72 of the present volume. Such of the visitors to the recent Exhibition as paid a visit to the Works of of Art on loan in the South Kensington Museum, must have been forcibly convinced of the vast superiority of the workers in metal centuries since, in comparison with those of the present day. PllECIOUS METALS. 227 are still divided in opinion as to its purity. When shown at the Exhibition of 1851, it was an unshapely dim-looking gem : since its recutting in 1852. it has so much improved its shape, though it has diminished its size by about one-third, its brilliancy is greatly increased. Visitors could judge at once of its recent im- provement, for by its side was placed a perfect model in crystal glass of its form, cutting, and colour when first exhibited : and although, as a great portion has been split off at the cleavage-plane, the cutting could only be effected by a great sacrifice of weight, yet there an immense brilliancy has been acquired, and even an appa- rent increase in size. Three large and fine ancient Rubies, from the Treasury at Lahore : they are set with three very brilliant drops in the Indian style, as a necklace for Her Majesty. Persian inscriptions on these stones prove them to be of great historic interest. They bear the dates of a.d. 1070, 1125, 1153, and 1168 respectively. An Ornament for the centre of the table, designed in Alham- bresque style, and executed in silver, silver gilt, and enamel. This will be remembered among the Royal table-plate : it was shown at the Society of Arts several years since. Around the base is a group of horses (portraits of favourite animals the pro- perty of the Queen), and on the lower portion of the base, which is designed to represent a ruin, are introduced the flamingo and the vulture, and various plants. The whole appearance of this piece is, however, gaudy and rococo, and the eye is very far from •satisfied with it. A Jewelled and Enamelled Cup, in silver gilt, the gift of Her Majesty and the Prince Consort to their grandchild and godson, the Prince Frederic of Prussia, on the occasion of his christening, is in better taste. The figures are typical of baptism ; on the stem are the arms of England and Prussia, and on the base a group of St. George and the Dragon. A Tazza-form Cup, presented by Her Majesty the Queen to the Hereditary Duke of Baden, on his christening. It has wreaths of wheat and the vine, symbolical of the sacrament, surmounted with a group typical of baptism ; and on the body the arms of England and of Baden are introduced. A richly-chased Christening Bowl, in Renaissance style, pre- sented by H.R.H. the Princess of Prussia to the daughter of His Excellency Count Bernsdorff on her christening. It has winged figures supporting coronals and wreaths of flowers, and on the edge of the bowl is an emblematic figure pouring out water. The work of these three cups is minute, sound, and satis- factory in every respect. Hunt and Roskell exhibited two other articles, by permission of the Queen : 1. A Vase, by Vechte, in oxydized silver, damascened: subject, the Centaurs and Lapidse. 2. A Vase and Pedestal, by V echte, in oxydized silver : subject, Thetis giving to Achilles -the armour forged by Vulcan. Messrs. Garrard also exhibited the Collars, and Badge, and Q 2 228 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Stars of the Orders of the Garter; the Bath, the Thistle ; and the very tasteful decoration of the new Order of the Star of India ; the ornament of the latter consists of a miniature enamelled portrait of Her Majesty, surrounded with brilliants. An Equestrian Statuette of Coeur-de-Lion, a model of Artillery- men with Fieldpiece, and two Sideboard Dishes, in the centre of which are the cancelled Great Seal of England — were interesting. The dishes were presented by the Queen to Lords Campbell, and Chelmsford, and the cancelled seal set within them forms a graceful and appropriate memento to the Chancellor’s office which those noblemen held. More ambitious but less successful works were a large Table Ornament and a pair of Candelabra, made for his Highness Dhu- leep Singh, which have been carried out, we are told, “in a style purely Hindoo, without any admixture of Mohammedan or other- wise.” A beautiful Silver Repousse Table was exhibited by Messrs. Elkington, designed and executed for them by Morel Ladeuil. The work, which it took three years to execute, preserves all its delicacy, and entirely avoids the broken lights and reflection- which polished silver must ever give. The subject is the poetical influence of sleep : the artist, to simplify his idea, has limited himself to three principal figures — Agriculture, Music, and War : and under these three exhibits some of the doings of Queen Mab as described by Shakspeare. Round the border is a fantastic creation in the German manner, not unworthy of Wagner, formed of reptiles and monsters, and intended to represent the nightmare dreams of the sleepers. This silver table was removed to Windsor to be shown to Her Majest}' and replaced next day. In the same description of work, and not inferior to the latter in merit, were a silver Dish and Ewer, and a most elaborately magnificent Desert Service in silver and enamel, value 2000 guineas. Messrs. Elkington also exhibited several examples of their Silver and Gold work, which had been specially lent by Her Majesty, for whom they were manufactured. Among these was a present made by the Queen to the Prince Consort on his last birthday — a statute of Lady G odiva in silver on a pedestal of mixed silver and gold ; also, a pair of Candelabra for Balmoral, of mixed silver and gold, the designs for which were drawn by the late Prince himself. Smith and Nicholson showed several fine examples of Presenta- tion Plate ; including the Hayter, Montefiore, and Mechi Testi- monials ; and Mr. Thomas exhibited the Plate given to Lord Stamford, as the result of a penny subscription among the people of Leicester, for his Lordship’s liberality in throwing open to the public his park at Bradgate. Mr. Emanuel showed a model, by Marshall Wood, of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales as Colonel of the 100th Regiment,, acknowledging a salute : the likeness of the Prince is accurate, and the horse is spirited and free. A Silver Ewer in repousse throughout, 27in. high, and covered with chasing illustrative of PRECIOUS METALS. 229 La Motte Fouquffs “Undine,” was very praiseworthy and deli- cate. In the same case were some novelties in silverwork com- bined with wood ; a Service made of English oak, polished, ornamented with silver mountings ; and a complete Service, the design of which is taken from old hanaps in the Louvre, parcel-gilt, with figures in oxydized silver. Hunt and Roskell exhibited a large assemblage of Works in Silver, mostly English Race Prizes, from the year of the Exhi- bition 1851, with many other works. Almost all these works are in cast silver, from models ; but not only have the models been care- fully executed by the artists themselves, but they have been thoroughly well finished and chased afterwards. Mr. H. H. Armstead was the designer and chaser of the Out- ram and Pakington Shields, the Kean and Manchester Fine-arts Testimonials, and other pieces of work, chiefly in oxydised silver. The Pakington shield illustrates the career of Sir John Paking- ton, and is full of really fine work ; the figures are well conceived and drawn, the faces have character and life, the draperies are excellent. The Outram shield is marked by the same painstaking accuracy and artistic taste, in the groups of Bhils in their conquest and civilization, the death of Meer Mahommed Khan, the charge of the Bombay Cavalry on the Persian square, and the other incidents which fill the circle. The centre contains a group of mounted officers, portraying Sir James Outram receiving the com- mand of the force from Sir Henry Havelock, to whom he had so chivalrously intrsusted it : his work is conventional, but bold and spirited. Mr. Armstead has been less successful in the Kean Testi- monial, consisting of a tall Vase for a Centrepiece, two Candelabra, Groups, and Dessert- stands : bearing scenes and groups from those plays of Shakspeare in which Mr. Kean has achieved his greatest successes : the character portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean and Miss Chapman, are admirable likenesses. An equestrian Statuette in bronze of the Duke of Wellington is a good and graceful work, very much better than half of our public statues ; and the Manchester Fine Arts Testimonial, formed of a single Pillar, around the mid base of which are three figures of Painting, Sculp- ture, and Industrial Art, and surmounting which is a figure of Genius struggling with an Eagle, is both graceful and excellent in execution. To those who prefer the Frosted Silver to the Oxydised, the productions of Mr. Thomas Brown and Mr. A. T. Barrett afforded a pleasing contrast. The works of the former artist are very solid and thorough, full of painstaking endeavour and finish. Such is the Masterman Testimonial, and those presented to Sir R. M. Stephenson, Canon Dale, and others. More ambitious are his efforts in the Scarlett and Seymour Testimonials, in which much good modelling and artistic merit are to be found. A Rose-water Fountain in Silver, partly Gilt, presented by ±he Queen to his Highness the Maharaja Runbeer Sing, is a 230 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. favourable specimen of the power of Mr. Barrett — the figures of a, Shiek soldier, an officer, and an English General and soldier, all correct and spirited. Mr. Hancock made a remarkably fine display of Repousse Work, the most original being a series of Vases illustrative of the Poetry of England. The centre one is dedicated to Shakspeare, and on each are Cups and Tazze to the honour of Milton, Byron, Moore, and Burns ; — each of them being ornamented with scenes from the- principal Dramas and Poems of those whom they are intended to honour. Other works in Plate shown by Mr. Hancock included a large copy of an old Majolica Vase, made of Silver and Gold, with all the details and ornaments given with marvellous truthful- ness. There was a most artistic group representing Gurth and Wamba, from Ivanlioe: the modelling of the figures was very fine, and the entire conception highly artistic, Near this was a Tazza in Silver, crowned by a figure of an archangel ; it was designed and made for the Prince of Hohenzollern : it is a fine specimen of chasing, and remarkable for its extreme finish and pleasing outline. A Cup made for Her Majesty has a Zephyr standing on a Globe, and represented as borne through the air by the wind on her fairy-like sails : the foot of the vase is ornamented with allegorical figures of Commerce and the Sea. The Battle of the Standard is a stirring group of plate presented by the Earl of Sefton to his Regiment of the Guards upon his giving up the command. The body of the work is a clock-case of ebony. Two Eigures in frosted silver are above the clock-face, and at each of the four corners of the base is a soldier of the Guards, portraits of men who had most distinguished themselves in the ranks. Another characteristic group in silver is one belonging to Lord Eorester : it represents several of the members of the Belvoir Hunt.. The figures — men, horses, and dogs — are all portraits. We are assured that throughout Mr. Hancock’s splendid collection, the Plate is the work of English artists and workmen. Mr. Keith exhibited Chalices for Sacramental uses, which were much admired. In one, the hexagonal stem was ornamented with diamonds and carbuncles ; the figures on the foot personify- ing the Crucifixion, the Lord’s Supper, and the Evangelists. Another chalice had the base set with rubies, carbuncles, and pearls — on the knop, turquoises and carbuncles. A third Chalice was jewelled with large diamonds, amethysts, and pearls, coral, and a cameo of the Madonna ; the knop enamelled, and set with turquoises and pearls. With few exceptions, the English Works in Silver gave a flat denial to some discreditable reports circulated by the French press, viz. — that our metal is heavy, tasteless, and cumbrous, that our artists are untaught and ignorant, and that when we do succeed our chief artists are Frenchmen. These calumnies are merely noticed to be denied. Messrs. Emanuel exhibited a suberb Cup, cut from a single ALUMINIUM ARTICLES. 231 Topaz, mounted on enamelled gold work, in general form of design and outline resembling the celebrated Nautilus cup belonging to the Queen ; but representing the story of Perseus and Andromeda, instead of St. George and the Dragon. It is treated entirely in the Cellini style. This cup, which cost 2000?. to manufacture, has been purchased by Mr. Marjoribanks. A Toilet-glass and Stereoscope, executed by Mr. Emanuel, for the late Sultan for one of the ladies of his harem, by its costly splendour, gave rise to uncomfortable recollections of the national balance-sheet at the commencement of the present reign. The frame and stand of the toilet-mirror (of crystal), are of fine gold, richly chased, and thickly studded with large diamonds, emeralds, pearls, and rubies. The Stereoscope stand is an ordinary-shaped box of ivory, on a pillar and stand of the same materials, set all over thickly with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The value of these two little presents is about 15,000?. Of Imitations of the Precious Metals, the specimens exhibited were very numerous, including Argentine and Electro-plate ; Shef- field and other plate ; plated Gold Jewellery ; Medals ; Enamelled Gold and Silver Jewels, in antique style ; Electro- gilding, &c. Elkington and Co. exhibited a fine assemblage of Manufactures in Silver, Electro- plate, Bronze, and Enamelled Metal, including a Silver Dressing-table and Mirror, in Alhambresque style ; and a large centre-piece and other portions of a Dinner-service for 100 persons in Electro- plate, inadefor the Duke of Brabant. ALUMINIUM ARTICLES. Aluminium, first obtained in England in the spring of 1855, alloys well with copper, forming what is now called Aluminium Bronze. When an alloy of this kind, containing from three to five per cent, of Aluminium, is “ dipped” in aquafortis, it acquires a tint so like that of gold that it is impossible to distin- guish one from the other, even when seen side by side. It is susceptible of a fine polish, and may be cast, rolled, hammered, and drawn out into fine wire. The Bronze usually made contains 10 per cent of Aluminium. It possesses great tenacity, but tar- nishes by exposure to the air. According to Sir William Arm- strong it has properties of much value in the arts. M. Morin and Deville, in the French Department of the Exhi- bition, had an admirable display of Aluminium, exemplifying every important quality of the metal. There were statuettes and various cast objects, including latch-keys, which combine lightness with strength ; there was the metal rolled into large sheets beaten into leaves, drawn into fine wire and woven into lace, coined into medals, plated upon copper ; and Aluminium Bronze was shown in profusion, wrought as well as unwrought. The eagles on the standards of the French army are of Aluminium ; and examples of these were exhibited. Aluminium Medals were shown ; there was also an Aluminium Helmet ; and what metal 232 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. can be so suitable for this purpose, on account of its extreme lightness. In the same department, P. Mourey presented beautiful, speci- mens of Cups, &c., partially electro-gilt. There were also shown soldered Aluminium Tubes. The soldering of this metal has been attended with much difficulty. We understand that it is now effected with zinc in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Mourey’s collec- tion has been secured by the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris, and this is ample testimony to its value. In the English Department, Bell Brothers, of Newcastle-on- Tyne, showed among other Aluminium objects, a large Bowl fashioned under the hammer ; ornamental groups of Horses, Time- piece, Candlesticks, Telescopes, &c. ; and the figure of an Owl in Aluminium, cast, and subsequently chased. They had also a series showing the materials employed in the manufacture of Alu- minium and Sodium. Leaf Aluminium has lately been used for lettering, in bookbinding. Among the Curiosities of this new metal should be mentioned a small Aluminium Casket, made for Miss Burdett Coutts, at the cost of about 150Z. JEWELLERY. The large Diamond, il The Star of the South,” was shown in the Foreign Nave, as a contribution from Amsterdam, by M. E. Coster ; this Diamond is of immense size, weighing no less than 125 carats. It is set in the centre of a magnificent star of brilliants. Its colour, however, is by no means so good as that of the Koh-i- noor. Around the stand on which “the Star of the South” was shown was a most interesting collection of Diamonds from vari- ous mines, in every stage of progress, from the rough stone to the finished brilliant ; and a brief printed description at the foot of each made the whole method of cutting and polishing as clear as if the process took place before the eyes of the visitor. A large Brilliant Drop, the property of Mr. Dresden, and the largest now for sale in Europe, was also exhibited : it weighs 76^ carats, or 306 grains : price 50, 000/. Messrs. Garrard also showed a magnificent Necklace of four rows of Pearl, with a Sapphire and Diamond snap ; a superb Brilliant Necklace of thirty large and very fine Brilliants, with Earrings and Bracelets to match. There was also a magnificent collection of tiaras, necklaces, bracelets, and brooches of every variety of precious stone ; pink Pearls and black Diamonds, Rubies of every tint, Amethysts, Emeralds, and Brilliants. Mr. Hancock exhibited, in his well-appointed display, a Diamond Necklace, the price of which was 85,000 guineas. Amongst his noticeable gems were an Emerald and Diamond suit of good colour and lustre ; a Diamond and Sapphire suit. Diamonds have greatly increased in value of late years, having been much in JEWELLERY. 233 demand, through the frequency of the rapid attainment of wealth, of which the diamond is regarded as the paramount representative. In JVIr. Hancock’s case was also exhibited the Devonshire Emerald (the largest in the world), and the Devonshire Jewels, •one of the rarest and most artistic collections of antique gems in existence. These were shown amid a perfect galaxy of Pearls, Opals, Rubies, Brilliants, and Topazes : in this case were exhibited jewels to the value of 300,000/. Altogether, the Diamond bouquets, bracelets, pendants, and other ornaments of our chief firms were unrivalled ; and the many customers amongst the chief nobility of the Continent, and the passion which both Rus- sian and French gentlemen have for English jewellery, will con- firm us in the assertion that in this class our nation has borne away the palm. London and Ryder exhibited a wonderful specimen of Diamond- setting, with a miniature Portrait of the Queen, composed of distinct Brilliants almost as fine as diamond-dust, and of which more than 2000 were required to complete the portrait. Hunt and Roskell exhibited the Nassuckand Arcot Diamonds, the property of the Marquis of Westminster. The Arcot consists of three gems, a round one, 125 grains, and two drops, 223^ grains : of the very finest quality and water. The Nassuck weighs 340 grains : it was bought by the late Marquis of Westminster for 7000 /., and was once worn by his lordship on the hilt of his Court sword. Hunt and Roskell also showed a string of 32 remarkably fine Pearls, each 39 grains, and the whole valued at 8000/. They contributed likewise a parure of diamonds intermingled with very large turquoises of perfect colour ; another, very delicate, of brilliants and pale coral-tinted pearls ; a bouquet of diamonds, consisting of full-blown rose, carnations, fuchsias, and other flowers, tied with a ribbon, and mounted on springs to form a stomacher ; various tiaras of excellent arabesque, star, and scroll patterns ; and a dazzling bracelet, with emerald set diamondwise in the centre. Among the minor objects were a brooch and earrings of small diamonds, each representing a leaf with pink coral berry adhering to it ; and a moss-rose-bud with leaves, also imitated in diamonds, the flower pink topaz. They likewise exhibited a very large and fine Ruby, the property of Mr. R. S. Holford. Two other stones of great purity, colour, and brilliance, were a Sapphire, 680 grains ; and a Ruby spinelle, 323 grains ; both sur- rounded with large brilliants : the ruby has been cut from a stone possessed by various Kings of Delhi. There was also shown a Necklace of the choicest Hungarian opals, set round with dim imitative emeralds ; likewise fine black Pearls, Pearls in the shell, Emeralds in the matrix, Opals, Rubies, and Sapphires. Widow- son and Veale exhibited two strings of fine Pearls, with two pendants, valued at 2800/. Mr. Emanuel, in an ebony and bronze trophy in the Nave, ex- hibited some costly articles ; as an Emerald brooch, mounted in Diamonds, valued at 10,000/.; a very fine suite of Opals and 234 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. Diamonds ; and an effective diamond and pearl Bracelet, with butterfly clasp — the centre, pearl with diamond and emerald wings. Mr. Phillips, of Cockspur-street, exhibited som every beautiful Ornaments made of pink and fancy coral : some almost white, other specimens variegated, others of a kind of flesh-colour : the price which fine pink coral has now attained is enormous. Never, probably, has such a varied display of the rarest corals been brought together before — of every shape and tint, from pure white to pink, deep red, and amost black. Some of the coral tiaras shown must have excited the astonishment even of the Italian exhibitors, who themselves showed some wonderful specimens. Mr. Phillips’s reproductions of the Etruscan, Greek, and Egyptian jewellery rivalled even the famous specimens of M. Castellani, especially in the Etruscan work, which is equivalent in fineness to the rarest examples of Indian and Maltese filigree gold. Howell and James, among their Jewels, showed a suite in Turquoises, Pearls, and Diamonds, designed in Etruscan style ; a Holbein suite, in variegated enamels, with Carbuncles, Emeralds, and Diamonds, as neck pendants. Mr. Lambert’s greatest novelty was some Crystal Intaglios en- graved by Mr. Charles Cook, and afterwards coloured to the life ; pretty objects of jewellery, either as lockets, brooches, or solitaires. Thus the semblance of some brilliant bird, or characteristic head of dog, horse, or stag is rendered with the colours and roundness of nature ; this effect being gained by cutting into the reverse of the crystal an intaglio of the form and depth required, which is afterwards coloured. Thomson and Profage showed an Opal of a very large size — probably, they state, the largest yet found— set as a brooch with brilliants ; and a fanciful piece of jewellery called the “ dolphin suite ” — a necklace composed of diamonds and pearls, with dolphins of green enamel, from the mouths of which hang escallop-shell pendants of pink enamel, each holding a pearl. Messrs. Emanuel, of Portsmouth, exhibited some very rich jewels extremely well set, and equalling the general run of jewels exhibited by London firms. Messrs. Loenstark, of the Strand, had a display of Masonic Jewels and “Paraphernalia,” and Filigree- work. Messrs. Marshall, of Edinburgh, showed some Gold and Silver Jewellery in the antique style, enamelled and worked in that way which has been prevalent in Scotland for some centuries ; and Bettie, Middleton, and Sons, of Aberdeen, a whole series of Scotch Jewellery. Professor Tennant, of the Strand, exhibited a series of the principal stones used in jewellery, which gave the visitors an insight into the difficulties as well as the material of the jeweller’s art, and showed them how much practical skill and knowledge is wanted to give effect and beauty of form to the stones with which the lapidary furnishes the jeweller. Mr. Tennant’s house has long been celebrated in connexion with Diamonds ; he having succeeded John Mawe, who many years JEWELLERY. 235’ since, travelled into the diamond countries of Brazil, and wrote practically upon the history of the gem. Amidst a blaze of modern jewellery, the visitor was brought face to face with the most ancient. In the case of M. Castellani, of Borne, already mentioned, we found goldwork imitated from jewellery taken from the cemeteries of Etruria and Greece. Coral Necklaces, Earrings, and Brooches were exhibited by Ambrosini, of Naples ; Bed Coral and Lava work by G. Fusco; and Filigrane or Filigree Work in Silver by Emilio Forte, of Genoa. The gondola, vase, casket, steamer, entourages for the hair, pins, and books in this ingenious but trifling work, were very good. Peluffo, of Cagliari, showed some peasants’ jewellery. From the peasants Castellani gained the chief of his hints towards the resuscitation of his art ; and in the recesses of the Apennines, far from the centre of civilization, he found existing a special school of traditional jewellery similar in method and workmanship to the antique. France and other countries also showed very beautiful Jewels and specimens of workmanship in gold and silver ; but the united value of all the foreign collections would not amount to half of that shown by the London jewellers alone. M. L. Bouvenant, of Paris, exhibited a Diadem (style of Henry IT. ) in diamonds ; une grande broche dragon, formed by diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls set in gold and silver, and ornamented with exotic foliage. In jewelled work M. Bouvenant showed a Pompeiian Bracelet in gold, decorated with enamelled ornaments, and bearing an emerald of a light colour cut as a cameo and sur- rounded with diamonds. M. E, Granger, of Paris, showed an interesting collection of ^ g I § ■§ Jo •2 § .9 & 1 o =3 * g § ° P. *« m -P P ® ft S3 A O h 2 F* P a o P o-ii rri £ a > - a a SP ®-a p .2 S -a fJT 'h ■§ 3 a fc 8 ■ o s ® ft c3 . ;§ ^ fe &c "3 M ® <3 ® •S3 § H P a a o > k. oj ^ m m 5 « ot-Sl* : J ® g ! a te ^ S be 3^ M o o p a ,P P *«2 t? ® ® « 1, »? =3 os £ P" -S a ® asSfl “ o-~ . o a d 9 B S ® r 'Jsi?> |||^3|3P r ^ k Oj ^ y ^ ri ^ 4*3 '•v tf-j i— i ®5fSfd W ^3 i o *■> cS n g- 3 -e m3 o » jM o 2 I S ! s M ffl g D tr 1 ! ! W tel tej tel H H ^ CQ O og e 2 CD O 0 teS £ w > teJ o B tel t-3 tel teJ ct> IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 3225, CLASS XV. Manufacturer to the Admiralty , the Ordnance , the Royal Observatory, and the Queen. Every Watch in the latest Style, and most carefully Finished. Gold Cases and Jewelled. 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Post Office Orders, payable as under, will receive prompt attention. JOHN BENNETT, 65 62, Cheapside, Bomdon And CITY OBSERVATORY, 62, CORNHILL. BY ROYAL COMMAND. METALLIC TO THE PEN MAKER QUEEN: JOSEPH GILLOTT Respectfully invites the attention of the Public to the following Numbers of his PATENT METALLIC PENS, Which, for QUALITY OF MATERIAL, EASY ACTION, and GREAT DURA- BILITY, will ensure universal preference. FOR LADIES' USE For fine neat writing, especially on thick and highly-finished papers. Nos. 1, 173, 303, 604. In Extba-fine Points. FOR GENERAL USE Nos. 2, 164, 166, 168, 604. In Fine Points. FOR BOLD FREE WRITING Nos. 3, 164, 166, 168, 604. In Medium Points. FOR GENTLEMEN’S USE FOR LARGE, FREE, BOLD WRITING. The Black Swan Quill, Large Barrel Pen, No. 808. The Patent Magnum Bonum, No. 263. In Medium and Bboad Points. FOR GENERAL WRITING No. 263. In Extba-fine and Fine Points. No. 810. New Bank Pen. No. 262. In Fine Points ; Small Barrel. No. 840. The Autograph Pen. 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For the use of schools and young persons in general. Edited by the late Dr. Allen. *** This Edition is got up in a superior manner, and the book is considered to be well adapted for prizes or presents. 6th Edition, price Is. 6d., SCHOOL ARITHMETIC ; formerly called “ Arithmetic for Beginners.” Just published, price 4s. 6d., KEY TO THE SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. Every question is worked in full, practical directions accompanying each rule, and a short ! Introduction gives general hints on teaching Arithmetic. 8th Edition, price 4s. 6d„ THE SCIENCE OF ARITHMETIC : A Systematic Course of Numerical Reasoning and Computation, with very numerous Exercises By ' James Cornwell, Ph.D., and Joshua G. Fitch, M.A. London: Simpkin and Co., Hamilton and Co, Edinburgh: Oliver and Bo vd. i! PUBLISHED MONTHLY, PRICE ONE SHILLING, Illustrated with Full-page Plates in Colours and Tints , THE INTELLECTUAL OBSERVER. Eeview of Natural History, Microscopic Research, AND RECREATIVE SCIENCE. MORRIS’S BIRDS. Cheap Edition, to be completed in Eight Volumes. Now ready, Cr. 8vo. cloth gilt, Illustrated with 43 coloured plates, The First Volume, price 7s. 6d., A HISTORY OP BRITISH BIRDS. BY THE BEV. F. O. MORRIS, B.A., Author of “The Nests and Eggs of British Birds,” “ British Butterflies,” &e. Post 8 vo, cloth, price 5s. Illustrated. MARVELS OP POND LIFE. A year’s Microscopic Recreations among the Polyps, Infusoria, Rotifers, Water Bears, and Polyzoa. BY HENRY J. SLACK, F.G.S. Fcap. 8 vo, cloth, price 4s. A DICTIONARY OP BOTANICAL TERMS. ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED WOODCUTS. BY THE REV. J. S. HENSLOW, M.A., Late Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. . Imp. 16mo, cloth gilt, price 7s. 6d. With Illustrations in Colours. TELESCOPE TEACHINGS. A Familiar sketch of Astronomical Discovery, combining a special notice of objects coming within the range of a SmaU Telescope. BY THE HON. MRS. WARD. Dedicated, by permission, to the Earl of Kosse. Cr. 8vo, cloth, price 5s. Illustrated. PIRST TRACES OF LIFE ON THE EARTH : OE, THE EOSSILS OE THE BOTTOM BOCKS. BY S. J. MACKIE, F.G.S. London: GROOMBRIDGE and SONS, 5, Paternoster Row. b b 2 THE ENGLISH CYCLOPEDIA. Conducted by CHABLES KNIGHT. The English Cyclopedia is published in Four Divisions, each Division being complete in itself and sold separately. THE CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. Four Volumes, price 21, 2s., or bound, in 2 Vole., half -morocco, 21. 10s. This Cyclopaedia embraces the Physical Features of every country, the Statistics of its department, and its Cities and Marts of Commerce ; as well as recording its history to the most recent period. THE CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. Six Volumes, price 3 1., or bound in 3 Vols., half-morocco, 3 1. 12s. The Cyclopaedia of Biography may, without presumption, be stated to be the most complete Biographical Dictionary extant ; unequalled in any language for the uni- versality of its range, its fulness without verbosity, its accuracy, and its complete- ness to the present time. It possesses the new and important feature of giving notices of living persons, English and foreign, of contemporary celebrity. No work of a similar nature approaches the English Cyclopaedia of Biography in cheapness. THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF NATURAL HISTORY. In Four Volumes, price 21. 2s., or bound in 2 Vols., half-morocco, 21. 10s. The Cyclopaedia of Natural History includes the contributions of the most eminent Naturalists. In Botany, those by Dr. Lankester, Dr. Bindley, and Dr. Boyle ; in Geology, those of Sir Henry de la Beche, Mr. Horner, and Professor Phillips; in Minekalogy, those of Mr. B. Phillips and Professor W. Turner; in Zoology, those of Mr. Broderip, Professor Forbes, Mr. Ogilby, and Mr. Waterhouse ; in Compara- tive Anatomy and Physiology, those of Mr. Day, Professor Paget, and Dr. South- wood Smith. THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Fight Volumes, price id. 16s., or bound in 4 Vols., half-morocco, 51. 12s. The Cyclopaedia of Arts and Sciences, embracing as it does all subjects not belong- ing to either of the above Divisions, is necessarily the most important and compre- hensive. The following List mentions the principal subjects comprised in it : — Mathematics and Astronomy. j Manufactures and Machinery. Physical Sciences; Optics; Acoustics; j Painting; Sculpture; Antiquities. Dynamics; Electricity; Magnetism; | Engraving; Music, &c. Meteorology. Bural Economy. Chemistry. I Philology ; Mental Philosophy. Navigation and Military Sciences. j Government and Political Economy. Materia Medica ; Medicine ; Surgery. Law and J urisprudence. Architecture ; Civil Engineering. Also, in 1 Vol. 4 to, uniform with the Work, price 6 s: cloth, or 9s. half -bound, morocco. A SYNOPTICAL INDEX TO THE FOUR DIVISIONS. London: BRADBURY and EVANS, 11, Bouverie Street, E.C. BY THE AUTHOR OF (t THINGS NOT GENERALLY KNOWN.” Now ready, with, a Coloured Title, 5s. cloth, pp. 320. SOMETHING FOE EVERYBODY; AND A GARLAND FOR THE YEAR. BY JOHN TIMBS, E.S.A. This work will form an acceptable Companion to every Almanack, since it contains Notices of the most Memorae A: Days of the Yeae ; its Fasts and Festivals, and Picturesque Events, such as are usually named in Almanacks, but are here popu- larly explained and illustrated, under more than One Hundred and Fifty Articles. The Work also contains papers on Pall Mall; the Game and Street — Brambletye House — Whitebait — Domestic Arts and Customs — Gardening and Rural Life. “ A collection made by a diligent scholar in a long life of literature, and imparting information in such a manner as to be pleasing to the young, and welcome to the old. Mr. Timbs has published many good books, but none better or more deserving of popularity than that to which he has given the appropriate title of * Something for Everybody.’ ” — London Review. “ In this volume the author certainly maintains the position he has won for himself as a most indefatigable collector and compiler of useful information, in a form at once clear, accurate, and vastly entertaining.” — English Churchman. “ Mr. Timbs’ charming volume, ‘ Something for Everybody.’” — Notes and Queries. London : LOCKWOOD & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court. This day, with Frontispiece, 5s., PREDICTIONS REALIZED 'IN MODERN TIMES. JL Now first collected by HORACE WELBY. Contents : — Days and Numbers — Prophesying Almanacks — Omens — Historical Predictions — The French Revolutions — The Bonaparte Family and Revival of the French Emperorship — Discoveries and Inventions Anticipated — Scriptural Pro- phecies, &c.,in more than 250 Narratives, with Original Communications. “ There is nothing in this book calculated to alarm the nicest feeling, or to repel the most serious reader.” — Illustrated London News. “ An odd but attractive volume, full of amusing reading.” — The Critic. “ Contains a variety of curious and startling narratives on many points of super- naturalism, well calculated to gratify that love of the marvellous which is more or less inherent in us all.” — Notes and Queries. By the same Author, with Frontispiece, 5s., M ysteries of life, death, and futurity. Illustrated from the Best and Latest Authorities. Contents : — Life and Time — Nature of the Soul — Spiritual Life — Mental Opera- tions — Belief and Scepticism — Premature Interment' — Phenomena ofDeath — Sin and Punishment — The Crucifixion of Our Lord — The End of the World Foretold. — Man after Death — The Intermediate State — The Great Resurrection— Recognition of the Blessed — The Day of Judgment — The Future States — New Heavens and Earth, &c. ‘ ‘ A pleasant, dreamy, charming, startling volume, every page of which sparkles like a gem in an antique setting.” — Dispatch. “ Not inferior as an interesting literary curiosity to the famous ‘Anatomy of Me- lancholy.’ ” — Oriental Budget. “ Nothing but what is orthodox.” — Spectator. “ The pious believer must be charmed with these pages. Burton’s ‘Anatomy of Melancholy’ is a fine suggestive book, and full of learning ; and of the volume before us we are inclined to speak in the same terms.” — Era. London : KENT & CO., Paternoster Bow ; and LOCKWOOD & CO.. Stationers’ Hall Court. POPULAR FRENCH SCHO OL BOOKS. attention of Schoolmasters and Heads of Colleges is respectfully reguested to the following eminently useful series of French class books, which have enjoyed an un- precedented popularity. A detailed prospectus will be sent on application. De Fivas’ French Grammar ; or, “ Grammaire des Gram- (( maires.” 20th Edition, price 3s. 6d. handsomely bound. “At once the simplest and most complete Grammar of the French language. To the pupil the effect is almost as if he looked into a map, so weH-defined is the course ol study as explained by M. de Fivas.” — Literary Gazette. *** A Key to the above, price 3s. 6d. De Fivas’ New Guide to Modern French Conversation. 12th Edition, 18mo, 2s. 6d. half-bound. “ Voulez-vous un guide aussi sur qu’infaillible pour apprendre la langue Francaise, prenez le Guide de M. de Fivas : c’est l’indispensable manuel de tout etranger.” JJ Impartial. De Fivas, Beautes des Ecrivains Frangais, Anciens et Mo- dernes. 9th Edition, 12 mo, 3s. 6d. strongly bound. “ A convenient reading book for the student of the French language, and at the same time a pleasing and interesting view of French literature.” — Observer. De Fivas, Introduction a la Langue Frangaise ; ou, Fables et Contes Choisis. 13th Edition, 12mo, 2s. 6d. strongly bound. “ By far the best first French reading-book, whether for schools or adult pupils.” Tait’s Magazine. De Fivas, Le Tresor National ; or, Guide to the Translation of English into French at sight. 2nd Edition, 12mo, 2s. 6d. strongly bound. **-* A Key to the above. 12mo, 2s. cloth.! LOCKWO OD AND CO., 7, STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, E.C. International Exhibition, 1862. Class XIII. FOR “ EXCELLENCE OF CONSTRUCTION OF MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS.” W. F. STANLEY begs to call the attention of the Public to the exceHent quality and many improvements of his Mathematical Instruments, his Engine-made Scales and Rules, and every article for the Draughtsman or Scientific Use ; also to the Low Prices. A List will be sent Post Free on application. W. F. STAMLlSlTj 3, GREAT TURNSTILE, HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. WHISHAW’S REGISTERED IMPROVED TELEKOUPHONON, FOR SPEAKING-PIPES. * F T means of this invention, Speak- ing-Pipes may be rendered more generally available for Public Buildings, Club Houses, Noblemen’s Mansions, City Warehouses, Offices, &c. It consists of a Whistle-mouthpiece of Ivory, Wood, or Metal, with an Indicator attached, by means of which, in case of two or more speaking-tubes being carried into one room, the mouthpiece from which a whistle proceeds is readily ascertained. Also, Zinc and Copper Speaking- Pipes of aU sizes. Manufactured solely by BENHAMS AND FROUD, 40, 41, AND 42, CB ANDOS STREET, CHARING CROSS. And to be had Retail of all respectable Ironmongers. Mr. Whishaw was formerly Secretary of the Society of Arts (see page 3). LOCKS, FIRE-PROOF SAFES, AID IRON DOORS, GEORGE PRICE’S DOUBLE-PATENT “NE PLUS ULTRA” PRIZE-MEDAL BANK LOCK, UNPICKABLE AND GUNPOWDER PROOF. Specially constructed for the outer doors of Banking Establishments, Warehouses, Mills, Ecclesiastical Buildings, Prisons, Asylums, &c. It is a Eim Lock, 10 by 7 inches; has two strong bolts, and the key is so small that it may be carried in the waistcoat-pocket, or on the key-ring. GEORGE PRICE’S PATENT PRIZE-MEDAL “NE PLUS ULTRA” LOCK IS MADE OF ALL SIZES, AND SUITABLE FOR ALL PURPOSES. GEORGE PRICERS PATENT PRIZE-MEDAL IRON DOORS AND FRAMES FOR BANKERS’ STRONG ROOMS, ARE THE BEST CONSTRUCTED AND CHEAPEST IN THE TRADE. FIRE-PROOF SAFES. GEORGE PRICE’S TREBLE- PATENT PRIZE- MEDAL CHAMPION SAFES, FITTED WITH HIS DOUBLE- PATENT “NE PLUS ULTRA” UNPICKABLE AND GUNPOWDER- PROOF SOLID PIN-KEY LOCK, With hardened Steel “ Nosle,” Drill-proof Packing and Covering Plates, and Patent Case-hardened Drill Proof Doors, with Safety Spindle, &e,, are the only Safes that should ever be trusted with valuable property against Fire and the modern burglar. Illustrated Price Lists , Post Free, from GEORGE PRICE; Cleveland Safe and Lock Works, Wolverhampton. CONSUMPTION IN ALL ITS STAGES. Coughs, Whooping Cough , Asthma, Bronchitis, Fever, Ague, Diphtheria, Hysteria, Rheumatism, Diarrhoea, Spasms, Cholic , Renal and Uterine Diseases, . AEE IMMEDIATELY RELIEVED BY A DOSE OF CHLORODYNE, ( Trade Mark,) DISCOVERED AND NAMED BY DR. J. COLLIS BROWNE, M.R.C.S.L., Ex Army Medical Staff. The question asked by invalids, families, and households, is — What is the lest medicine to give in the above diseases, and what to have always ready ? Medical testimony, the reply of thousands of sufferers and invalids, is confirmatory of the invaluable relief afforded by this remedy above all others. Chlorodyne is a liquid taken in drops according to age. It invariably relieves pain of whatever kind ; creates a calm, refreshing sleep ; allays irritation of the nervous system when all other remedies fail ; leaving no bad effects like opium or laudanum, and can be taken when none other can be tolerated. Its value in saving life in infancy is not easily estimated ; a few drops will subdue the irritation of Teeth- ing, prevent and arrest Convulsions, cure Whooping Cough, Spasms, and Flatus at once. Among Invalids it allays the pain of Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Gout, &c. It soothes the weary achings of Consumption, relieves the Soreness of the Chest, Cough, and Expectoration ; and cures all Chest Affections, such as Asthma, Bronchitis, Palpita- tion, &c. It checks Diarrhoea, Alvine Discharges, or Spasms and Cholics of the In- testines, &c. The extensive demand for this remedy, known as Dr. J. Collis Browne’s Chlo- rodyne, by the Medical Profession, Hospitals, Dispensaries — Civil, Military, and Naval — and Families especially, guarantees that this statement of its extreme im- portance and value is a bona fide one, and worthy the attention of all. EXTRACTS OF MEDICAL OPINIONS. From W. Vesalius Pettigrew, M.D. — “I have no hesitation in stating that I have never met with any medicine so efficacious as an anti-spasmodic and sedative. I have used it in Consumption, Asthma, Diarrhoea, and other diseases, and am most perfectly satisfied with the results.” From Dr. M'Millan, of New Galway, Scotland. — “ I consider it the most valuable medicine known.” G. Hayward, Esq., Surgeon, Stow-on-the-Wold . — “ I am nowusing Dr. J. Collis Browne’s Chlorodyne with marvellous good effect in allaying inveterate sickness in pregnancy.” Dr. M‘Grigor Croft, late Army Staff, says : “ It is a most valuable medicine.” Dr. Gibbon, Army Medical Staff, Calcutta: “ Two doses completely cured me of Diarrhoea.” From John C. Baker, Esq., M.D., Littleham, Bideford, Devon. — “It is without doubt the most certain and valuable Anodyne we have.” From G. Y. Rideout, Esq., Surgeon, Egham. — “ As an astringent in severe Diar- rhoea, and an anti-spasmodic in Cholic, with Cramps in the abdomen, the relief is in- stantaneous. As a sedative in Neuralgia and Tic-Doloureux, its effects were very remarkable. In Uterine Affections I have found it extremely valuable.” CAUTION. — Beware ofSptirious Imitations or substitutes. Bach bottle of the Genuine bears a Bed Stamp , with the words Dr. J. Collis Browne’s Chlorodyne engraved thereon in White Letters, and never buy it without, as Compounds called after it are too often vended. Sold only in Bottles, at 2s. 9d. and 4s. 6d. by the sole Agent and Manufacturer, J. T. DAVENPORT, 33, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY SQUARE, LONDON, Witih Professional Testimonials Enclosed. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION NEWTON, WILSON, & C°.’. s PATENT SEWING MACHINES. Twelve Prize Medals and Fourteen Honourable Mentions Awarded to Exhibitors using these Machines. The work produced by these Machines includes everything that can possibly be required in a family : — The stitch is stronger and more elastic than that of any other machines ; can be applied to the finest plain sewing or the heaviest embroidery ; and, in addition, are the only machines that will make a braid in cotton, silk, or Berlin wool, and stitch it on, without basting, to any pattern, at the same moment. In use by the Queen, the Empress of the French, and most of the nobility and clergy. Every machine warranted. Machines of all the different stitches produced by the sewing machine kept in stock ; and purchasers are secured from the possibihty of mistake by the option of exchange after a month’s trial, without charge, for any other. Samples of the work in any of the different stitches in running, hemming, felling, tucking, binding, gathering, quilting, braiding, or embroidering, with Illus- trated Catalogue, free, from the GREAT CENTRAL DEPOT, 144, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. NEWTON, WILSON, PATENT CARPET SCRAPER Cleans a carpet thoroughly without any labour, without damping, and without raising a grain of dust. Prospectuses from the GREAT CENTRAL DEPOT, 144, HIGH HOLBORH. JOHN MOSELEY & SON, CUTLERY AND TOOL ■AIIT1CTURERS, (, Seepage 224,) ESTABLISHED IN NEW STREET, COVENT GABDEN, A.D. 1730. REMOVED TO 17 and 18, King Street, and 27, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, iloin"do:n", (FACING THE END OF THE NEW STREET.) PRICED fellLUSTRATED CATALOGUES Of Table Cutlery, Pocket Knives, Scissors, <&.c. and all kinds of Tools, To be bad Gratis on application, or free by post. Every improvement in Design and Manufacture promptly introduced. Illustrated Price-list of Ladies’ Carving Tools, free by post. Also, Lithograph Patterns sent for selection to all parts of the Country. AMATEUR TOOIa CHESTS For Gentlemen, fitted with every requisite, at Moderate Charges. Post Office Orders to be made payable at Charing Cross. F. SAISOME’S NEW PATENT CONCRETE STONE, MADE WITHOUT BURNING, POE WHICH The Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1862 have limtM tljc H ptkl, AND WHICH POE SHARPNESS of OUTLINE, BEAUTY of APPEARANCE, DURABILITY, and CHEAPNESS, stands unrivalled. Manufactured in BLOCKS of any dimensions, suitable for the con- struction of SEA WALLS, DOCKS, ETC., As well as for the construction of Buildings generally. It surpasses every other material in its applicability to every description of ARCHITECTURAL EMBELLISHMENTS, CAPITALS FOE COLUMNS AND PILASTERS, CHIMNEY-PIECES, TRUSSES, Ac., &c., &c. ALSO POE PARKS, GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES, &c. AND ESPECIALLY POE %ms, j&tatats, BALUSTRADES FOR TERRACES, GATE PIERS, CAPS, AND TERMINALS, EDGING FOR GARDEN BORDERS, &c. MONUMENTS, TOMBS, AND ALL KINDS OF CEMETERY REQUIREMENTS. Ransome’s Patented Process for PRESERVING STONE, BRICKS, CEMENT, STUCCO, &c., By which the Softest and most friable Stone, &c., can be rendered Impervious and Imperishable ; decay at once arrested and prevented. For Prices , Specimens , Illustrations , and Licences , apply to Mr. FEEBK. EANSOME, 36, Parliament Street, Westminster? or Patent Stone Works, Ipswich, CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & Co., LINCOLN, Also at 73, LOMBARD STREET. LONDON ; 1 25, Marxergasse Weisgdrber , Vienna ; and Gegeniiber Bern JBahnhof Pesth ; & < m H m Q m P § P H O <1 p & < xn ll s g g fn C., S., & Co.’s Improved . Portable Steam Engines, from 4 to 20-Horse Power. > S p £3 > M Q P Q t-H "* o p fcH H P P > fcH P 3 O 02 bd m P P « a > 3 p Q 3 J2- - Q INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862. CLASS IX. — Prize Medal for Agricultural Portable Steam Engines and Machinery. CLASS VIII.— Prize Medal for Horizontal High-Pressure Steam Engines. For “ Good Arrangement — Good Workmanship — and Practical Success,” CLAYTON, SHUTTLE W ORTH, & Co.’s HIGH-PRESSURE HORIZONTAL FIXED STEAM ENGINE Has been awarded the Medal in Class VIII. International Exhibition, 1862. CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & Co.’s SELF-PROPELLING (or TRACTION) ENGINE FOR COMMON ROADS, With their late Improvements, is most successful in work, and thoroughly under control. CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & Co.’s DOUBLE CYLINDER STEAM ENGINES, &c., for Steam Cultivating and Ploughing. Descriptive particulars and prices on appli- cation. CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & Co.’s COMBINED THRASHING, WINNOWING, AND DRESSING MACHINE. These Machines will Thrash and Dress a larger quantity, and in a better manner, with a given power, than any other. IMPROVED STRAW ELEVATORS, For conveying Straw from the Machine to the top of the stack. IMPROVED IRON FRAMED CORN MILLS, FLOUR DRESS- ING MACHINES, LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, &c. Plans and Estimates for complete fixed Barn Machinery furnished on application to C&AITTOCT, SSmTTS»15W©K,TK, &. CO., Lincoln; or 78, Lombard Street , London. HAMILTON AND CO.’S PATENT UNP1CKABLE LOCKS, ALSO LEVER AND ALL OTHER KINDS OF LOCKS, FIRE-PROOF SAFES, DEED AND CASH BOXES, &c. 3, XtOVAX. EXCHANGE, LONDON, E.C. IMPORTANT TO ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS. ORNAMENTAL STAMPED ZINC, IN RICH DESIGNS, AND SJEVATJS'S VIBILLE MONTAGNS thick rooting zinc. the cost. Bomnlps Models and Estimates of Works to be done with the in Town or Conntry, apply to MR. J. W. TYLER, 4, WOOD STREET, WESTMINSTER, SW. If the Metal be laid by Mr. may be'depende^’uponj’ anil - g to The Stamped Zinc comprises £°™ e ™> Mansards, Curls > ***“> GWYNNE AND COMPANY, Hydraulic and Mechanical Engineers* ESSEX STREET WHARVES, STRAND, LONDON, W.C., Iron Foundry at 12, Wharf, City Road Basin, N., M anufacture and supply every descrip- tion OF MACHINERY for LIFTING, FORCING, and EXHAUSTING WATER and other FLUIDS and GASES. MARINE, LOCOMOTIVE, STATIONARY, AND PORTABLE ENGINES, AND BOILERS OF EVERY VARIETY. Patented Machinery for the Manufacture of Peat and Coal Fuels. Blowing and Exhausting Machinery for Iron Works, Mines, &c. PATENT STONE-BREAKING MACHINES. THEIR UNEQUALLED PATENTED CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, FAN BLOWERS, AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY IN GENERAL. Steam and Water Valves, Hydraulic and Screw Presses, Double and Single Pur- chase Crabs, Hydraulic and Screw Jacks, Hydraulic Lifts, &c. General Machinery for Mines, Breweries, Distilleries, Tanneries, Dye Houses, Chemical Works. Designs , Drawings , and Estimates for Engineering Works and Machinery Executed with Promptness and Dispatch. lEtfnbtttott pri^e JRrftal afoarttefc For “ GOOD WORK AND PRACTICAL SUCCESS.” (For description see page 102 in this book.) Illustrated Catalogues forwarded on receipt of Six Stamps. HART&SOM Altar Desks and Vases — Communion Plate — Locks, Latches — Standards — Brackets and Coronas for Gas — Oil and Candle. Prize Medal , 1862, For “Great Beauty and Variety of Design and Perfection of Workmanship .” NO HOME COMPLETE WITHOUT A WILLCOX X GIBBS* SEWING MACHINE The distinguishing feature of this « MECHANICAL MARVEL AND HOUSEHOLD NECESSITY” is its ke- habkable simplicity. Any one, how- ever deficient in mechanical tact, can use it with success ; at the same time, it is so faithfully constructed, that there is no fear of its being deranged in the hands of the most inexperienced operator. Unlike the more complicated Machines, it never gets oid of order “ unaccountably ,” or other- wise, thus causing it to be set aside at a moment, perhaps, when it is most needed ; hence its popularity as A FAMILY MACHINE, wherever introduced. It may, indeed, be truly characterized as “-THE PERFECTION OF ME- CHANISM,” and every Housewife may now, therefore, justly claim “ EMANCI- PATION FROM THE DRUDGERY OF THE NEEDLE.” WILLCOX 8c GIBBS, Sewing Machine Company, No. 1, LUDGATE HILL (Corner of New Bridge Street). PATE IT PRISE MEDAL. ARTIFICIAL LEGS, ARMS, HANDS, EYES, NOSES, &o. f PHE highest Medal in the Paris and London JL Universal Exhibitions, and special notices in the Jury Reports for valuable improvements in the above articles, have been awarded to W. R. GROSSMITH, 175, Fleet-street, London, Anatomical Mechanist to Her Majesty’s Surgeons, the Surgeons of the London Hospitals, the Officers of Her Majesty’s Army and Navy, &c. ; to whom was also awarded the Prize Medal of the London Exhibition, 1851 and 1862. GROSSMITH’S New ARTIFICIAL LEG, with patent-action knee and ankle joints, enables the patient to walk, sit, or ride with ease and comfort, wherever amputated. It is much lighter, and little more than half the expense of the old style of cork leg, will last a lifetime, and is the only leg yet invented that ladies and children can wear with safety. The ARTIFICIAL EYES are fitted in a few hours, without pain or operation, in every case where sight has been lost: they effect a perfect movement in accordance with the action of the natural eye, and the colours of the iris are closely matched. — Sent by post to all parts of the world. The prices and every information to be obtained at THE MANUFACTORY, 17 By FLEET STREET. ESTABLISHED 1760. HOBBS’ CHANGEABLE KEY BANK LOCK. Price £10 and upwards. HOBBS 7 PATENT PROTECTOR LOCKS. 8s. and upwards. HOBBS’ MACHINE-MADE LEVER LOCKS. 2s. and upwards. iTOciaal gUunrtJctr For “ EXCELLENCE OF WORKMANSHIP IN LOCKS AND SAFES.' HOBBS’ Machine-made Two Bolt Mor- I tise, with Patent Frictionless Follower, j Price 8s. The Machine-made Lochs are adapted for every purpose for which Locks are required, at prices that defy competition. May be had of all respectable Ironmongers in Town and Country. Illustrated Lists of Locks, Iron Safes, and Doors, Cash Boxes, &c., sent free on application to HOBBS & co., 76, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.C. HOOJi 2XQ0... 6X00. . i ■ . a - •ioM . 1*9 ■ - f.-jiUJoD i i opG h j-1 il l.i-& L nz7 GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00594 8753