Mmi 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 X9| 
 
 M% 
 
 :#-- 
 
 'i:t). 
 
 ^■^^^^■^^.^^ \^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 tV'^T*r^ !■ i 
 
 
 1'.', ■ f- 
 
 r- ; 
 
^d'-^'t 
 
BRONZE HEAD FOUND IN BATH 
 
 St/ p. 25. 
 
AOU/C SOLIS, 
 
 OR 
 
 NOTICES OF ROMAN BATH; 
 
 THE REV. H. M. SCARTH, M.A., 
 
 PREBENDARY OF WELLS AND RECTOR OF BATHWICK ; 
 
 MEMTER OF THE ARCH/EOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT URITAIN AND IRELAND ; MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ARCH/liOLOGICAL 
 
 ASSOCIATION ; MEMBER OF THE SOMERSET ARCH/EOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, &c., &C., &C. 
 
 WIT PI FIFTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS BY C. S. BECKETT. 
 
 I.ONUON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., .STATIONER.S' HALL COURT. 
 I3ATH : R. E. PEACH, BRIDGE .STREET. 
 
 1864. 
 
" that I had the Tliracian Poet's harp 
 For to awake out of th' infernal shade 
 Those antique Caesars, sleeping long in dark. 
 
 The which this Ancient City whilom made : 
 Or that I had Amphion's instrument, 
 
 To quicken with his vital notes' accord, 
 The stony joints of these old walls now rent, 
 
 By which the Ausonian hght might be restored : 
 Or that at least I could with pencil fine 
 Fashion the portraits of these palaces, 
 By pattern of great Virgil's spirit divine : 
 I would assay with that which in mo is. 
 To build with level of my humble style 
 Tliat which no hands can ever more compile." 
 
 —Spenser. 
 
TO THE 
 
 LORD TALBOT DE MALAHIDE, 
 
 F.S.A., M.B.I. A., ke., &C., 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE ARCH/EOLOGICAL INSTITUTE 
 
 OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 1.S iWITH HIS LORDSHIPS PERMISSION) 
 
 DEDICATED, WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF DEEP RESPECT, 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
*!i.^c^ 'icJiJ^^ v^ouL" f c v^<HA- g^ ^U^'^T] '^^-'''^- 
 

 ON. 
 
 ^^ . [uities of Bath ; the fragments of 
 
 Jy t periods having caused consider- 
 
 ^/C*t-_ /.^(U4^c-*^ ^ "^i^^'-' recounts what he saw in the 
 
 'C }, fvf^-^^^^C-e-^.**^ Zc^/cc ^'^2*-^ ^^ stem part of England in the reign 
 
 ^Ji*^*-**-^-'^^*^ I ^ a^i^ , //i^ 3rset}, devotes much space to the 
 
 ^ y ^ ^^^^y ' >^«^ • lected in his day. The late Eev. 
 
 „ ^ , J , >.^',y^,of the latter portion of his life in 
 
 ^ /*• "^ / ' Kemams, m nis annotated copy of 
 
 yU-u^/a^ <^/^»^v «V-^ ;^ ^-^x*'-*** . nd Scientific Institution in the city, 
 
 / ^^ ^ /^ /it^v-^C***' ing. Dr. Guidott' treats of the 
 
 y ^ /^ y y^ alptures at his time existino; m the 
 
 /.;f ^ '^-^ ^w*^/^— ^- 
 
 t unhappily the Inscriptions are all 
 of Bath ; and Dr. Lucas and Dr. 
 
 les ; London, 17G3, 
 
ric^v^^A v^cc^l'' .' a*--tj^ovi^ j§L ( •^'f]-] li^-i 
 
 /(.v. 
 
 4^^ ^ 4 ^.^ ^^t^ ;*^1^ ^^^ 
 
ON. 
 
 Att /t«.**^ Z^^^'*^ *""'*' ^^?->-««-»-*'?-»*« - ^uities of Bath ; the fragments of 
 
 >y x<, AA^c^'^Lct-r^ ' ^ periods having caused consider- 
 
 H^C^ut^ . (' recounts what he saw in the 
 
 y^ty^/C- ^ ~ ' " ^^*"" /'^'^ stern part of England in the reign 
 
 ■^ J^^^ //■^ZC'^li-y^^''^*^ ''Tu*^- jrset), devotes much space to the 
 
 V .^PL^ u^ ^^^' -^ . '^ "-^^-^ '"''' " ""'" ''^" ''^' '''' ^''• 
 
 ^W^^t^ ^"^"'^ / / of the latter portion of his life in 
 
 V^^^^^^^^ X-^C'^o. ''^-**^ p t'*-*'^*' Z*'-*^ Remains, in his annotated copy of 
 
 ^ /•x*,*-^,*-*!'^ A.-*^ ^ nd Scientific Institution in the city, 
 
 ^t4yi^f /^ - ^ 'j^g^ -Qj,^ Guidott' treats of the 
 
 A,>C^ //i^K^'^''^^ ulptures at his time existing in the 
 
 ,j , / ^ //>d'-r'i/t^ ^^^i,-^-*-*'^'''**-^ t unhappily the Inscriptions are all 
 
 
 of Bath ; and Dr. Lucas and Dr. 
 
 ' ^ . ^ . f^^ ^a-X^ ^rd, 1744. 
 
 ^^■'^ /I / ^ M ^ ' '^^^^^ ^^- '^"'^' '='^- ^- 
 
 «- '^'^^'JlJ"^. 
 
 aes ; London, 1763, 
 
•*tL^c^ .:^.^.<A^" 'a^,M^^^i^^i^^[^^'Sl]i'^'^~>l'^- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Many writers of later times have treated of the Antiquities of Bath ; the fragments of 
 Sculpture and Inscribed Stones discovered at different periods having caused consider- 
 able attention to be given to the subject. Leland' recounts what he saw in the 
 City Walls when he made his journey through the "Western part of England in the reign 
 of Henry VIII., and Camden, in his Britannia (Somerset), devotes much space to the 
 mention of the Roman Eemains at Bath. 
 
 HoRSLEY^ has furnished a list of what had been collected in his day. The late Rev. 
 Thomas Leman, Chancellor of Cloyne, who spent much of the latter portion of his life in 
 Bath, and devoted himself to the study of the Roman Remains, in his annotated copy of 
 Hoesley's B. R., which he bequeathed to the Literary and Scientific Institution in the city, 
 has given many valuable notes in his own handwriting. Dr. Guidott' treats of the 
 Roman Antiquities of Bath, and gives drawings of Sculptures at his time existing in the 
 Walls ; he also records some Inscriptions and Coins, but unhappily the Inscriptions are all 
 lost, and his published drawings are of doubtful accuracy. 
 
 Dr. Musgeave' treats of the Roman Antiquities of Bath ; and Dr. Lucas and Dr. 
 Sutherland^ record the discoveries made in their days. 
 
 ' Itinerary, vol. ii., second edition ; Oxford, 1744. 
 
 - Britan. Rom., published 1732. p. 323 et seq. 
 
 ^ Discourse of Bathe, and the Hot Waters there, published A.D. 1676, ch. x. 
 
 *Bel : Brit: 2 vols., Exeter. 
 
 ' See Attempt to Revive Ancient Medical Doctrines; London, 1763. 
 
TI. 
 
 In more recent times, the Rev. Richard Warner published his Illustrations of the 
 Roman Antiquities discovered at Bath, A.D. 1797: the work was under the patronage 
 of the Mayor and Corporation of the City, to whom it was dedicated. He collected 
 together records of all that had been discovered up to his time, and prefaced his account 
 with an introduction, treating of the probable date of the foundation of the Roman City. 
 This is also done in his History of Bath.' His plates, however, are coarse ; in many 
 cases his readings of the Inscriptions are incorrect ; and his descriptions, although 
 accompanied with many classical quotations and historical allusions, are not always accurate. 
 
 The beautiful work of Mr. Ltsons, forming the second part of his Reliquiae Romanae, 
 is a noble contribution to Archseology, and has done ample justice to the Remains found in 
 Bath, but since the date of the publication of that work, new discoveries have been made, 
 and the progress of Archaeology has thrown fresh light \ipon the readings of Inscriptions 
 which were then doubtful. Carter's plates have also faithfully delineated many of the 
 Roman Remains. Pownall and Wood have added the results of their researches. 
 
 The Historians of the County of Somerset have entered very fully into the Roman 
 Antiquities. The Rev. John Collinson, F.S.A., in his History of Somerset,- and the 
 Rev. W. Phelps,^ devote ample attention to the subject, and give many illustrations. Some 
 Papers have appeared in the Archa3ologia in past years,* and latterly an able Paper by Mr. 
 ScHARF, on the Pediment of the Temple of Minerva.^ The Somerset Archaeological and 
 Natural History Society have also published Papers on the Roman Antiquities of Bath, in 
 their Annual Volumes ; and the Journal of the British Archaeological Association contains 
 the groundwork of the present work, in the series of Papers on the Roman Antiquities 
 of Bath which have appeared in that publication. 
 
 The late Mr. Hunter, one of the assistant keepers of the Public Records, while 
 resident in Bath, devoted much time to forming a complete Catalogue of the Roman 
 Antiquities of Bath, in which he was assisted by Mr. Lonsdale. 
 
 ' See ch. ii. ; published A.D. 1801. 
 
 - Vol. i., p. 7, and following. 
 
 ' Vol. i., p. 154, and following. 
 
 * Sec Vol. X., p. 325, xxii., p. 420, Appendix. 
 
 ' See Vol. xxxvi., p. 187. 
 
Vli. 
 
 The Remains which were first collected together in a Museum in liath Street 
 were afterwards transferred to the Literary and Scientific Institution, and deposited there 
 by the Corporation when the Literary Institution was opened, in 1825.' The arrangement of 
 the Antiquities and the formation of the MS. Catalogue was chiefly owing to the labours of 
 Mr. Hunter, who executed the work with much care and considerable learning, and had 
 the advantage of the works on Bath Roman Antiquities previously published to aid him. 
 To this I have been chiefly indebted for information on the Roman Antiquities of Bath, 
 but it is hoped that the present volume may rectify some mistakes occurring in the 
 reading of the Inscriptions, while it also contains some new Inscriptions which have been 
 found since the date of Mr. Hunter's Catalogue. It was at first intended simply to 
 publish an Illustrated Catalogue of the Roman Remains in Batu, like those which are to 
 be found in some of our provincial cities, but the subject when ouce entered upon grew 
 in importance, and induced the attempt at a volume similar in design to Mr. Roach 
 Smith's Roman London. The careful Anastatic drawings also of an amateur artist, who 
 most kindly and ably co-operated in the work, have led to the hope that a more extended 
 account may not prove unacceptable to the public. 
 
 The author's great object has been to collect together into one volume every 
 fragment of the Roman times which is known to have existed or is still preserved, and thus 
 to help forward an accurate knowledge of the condition of the City while under Roman 
 occupation. Great care has been bestowed upon the Inscriptions, which are full of 
 interest to the Archaeological student, and the architectural details have been given with 
 as much fidelity as possible. Truth and accuracy have been sought after rather than 
 theory or conjecture, and the records of past ages have been consulted rather than any 
 new opinions propounded. It is the duty of the student of antiquity to collate and compare 
 rather than hastily to assert, and if in the descriptions of the Roman Remains of Bath 
 any errors should be found, it is hoped that they may be attributed to pressure of engage- 
 ments rather than neglect of research. The foUovving work is the result of leisure hours 
 occupied in the study of antiquities as a relaxation from more serious duties, and 
 undertaken solely from a desire to preserve, and to render accessible to all, a knowledge 
 
 ' See Connection of Bath with the Literature and Science of England, a Paper read before the Literary and Philosophical 
 Association, by the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., p. 118; Reprinted and Pablished by R. E. Peach, Bath, 1853. 
 
VIII. 
 
 of those monuments of antiquity wliicli yet remain, and an examination of which will tend 
 greatly to encourage and enliven, as well as to assist, the study of history. 
 
 If any one will compare Bath as it is, with Bath as it existed in the Roman period, 
 he -ndll in some degree realise the changes that have passed over the City in the lapse of 
 fifteen or sixteen centuries ; and if he would understand the growth and developement of 
 society, and the blessings which Christianity has brought with it, he cannot have a more 
 profitable study than that of ancient remains. The study is not a dry collation of 
 meaningless relics, but the gathering together of speaking memorials, which tell indeed 
 of luxury, pomp, and display, but of superstition and ignorance, and that hopeless condition 
 in which Heathenism had involved mankind. 
 
 The natural features of the country remain unchanged, the Springs pour forth their 
 healing as they did of old, but a free, active, enlightened, united, and strong people, 
 governed by just laws, and encouraged to active endeavours, have taken the place of an 
 enslaved and degenerate race, the victims of oppression and cruelty. If we view the 
 Roman dominion under its most favourable aspect, as the civilizer as well as the 
 subjugator of the people brought within its grasp, — if we regard it as the means 
 of humanising and refining a people, and preparing the way for better knowledge, 
 we can yet find deep traces of ignorance and barbarism, from which we are wholly eman- 
 cipated, and which may well kindle within ourselves unbounded gratitude. The Roman 
 occupation of this Island must ever have a peculiar interest for its inhabitants, when the 
 effect it has had upon our language and laws is considered. Much more is due to the 
 Roman dominion than is generally supposed, and it is only by studying the remains of art, 
 the inscriptions, and the language of that people, that we can adequately estimate the 
 effect of their rule. To collect together, therefore, and arrange such memorials as still 
 exist can never be an unprofitable labour. 
 
 In conclusion, the Author of the present volume ought to express his thanks to those 
 who have so readily aided him in the work, especially to the Lady by whom all the Illus- 
 trations have been drawn; to Mr. Josiah Goodwin, F.S.A., for assistance : and to Mr. 
 Ezra Hunt and others, for local information received from them. 
 
INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Frontispiece — Bronze Head found in Bath. 
 
 Plate I. Sculptures once in the Walls of Bath, selected 
 
 from drawings given by Guidott ... opposite page 11 
 
 „ II. Corinthian Column OPP- P- 18 
 
 „ III. Pediment of Temple, and Inscription supposed 
 
 to belong to it "pp. p. 19 
 
 „ IV. Fragments found under the Pump Room, opp. p. 22 
 
 V. Fragments of Sculptures of the Seasons, opp. p. 23 
 
 VI. Head of Luna, with Fragments and Inscription 
 found with it opP- P- 24 
 
 VII. Roman Female Head found in Bath, now 
 walled into the Porch of a House in Musgrave's 
 Alley, Exeter opp- P- 27 
 
 VIII. Roman Pig of Lead opp. p. 29 
 
 IX. Medicine Stamp, and Sculpture of a Dog carry- 
 ing a Deer, found in Bath on the line of the Foss 
 Boad oppp- 32 
 
 „ X. Altar to Jupiter and Hercules Bibax ... opp. p. 40 
 
 XI. Altar in the Buttress of the Parish Church of 
 Compton Dando, with the figures of Hercules and 
 Apollo opp. p. 41 
 
 „ XII. Altar to the Loucetian Mars and Nemetona, 
 
 opp. p. 42 
 „ XIII. Altar erected to the Goddess Sul Minerva, 
 
 by Sulinus, the son of Maturus ... ... opp. p. 47 
 
 jj XIV. Altar to Sul Minerva et numina Augustorum, 
 
 erected by Curiatius Saturninus opp- P- 48 
 
 „ XV. Altar erected to the goddess Sul by Marcus 
 Aufidius Lemnus, for the health and safety of 
 Aufidius Maximus opp. p. 49 
 
 „ XVI. Altar dedicated to the goddess Sul for the 
 health and safety of Aufidius Maximus, by his 
 freedman Aufidius Eutuches opp. p. 50 
 
 „ XVII. Altar to the Suleva;, erected by Sulinus the 
 
 carver opp. p. 52 
 
 ,. XVIII. Funereal Stone to Calpurnius Receptus, 
 
 priest of the goddess Sul opp. p. 54 
 
 „ XIX. Funereal Stone to Rusonia Avenna ... opp. p. 56 
 
 „ XX. Funereal Stone to a soldier of the Twentieth 
 
 Legion opp. p. 58 
 
 „ XXI. Funereal Stone erected to Julius Vitalis, opp. p. 59 
 
 „ XXII. Funereal Stones found at Bath, but now 
 
 lost opp. p. 62 
 
 „ XXIII. Portions of two Stones erected to Roman 
 Cavalry, the lower being that of Tancinus, a 
 Spaniard opp. p. 64 
 
 „ XXIV. Altar erected by VettiusBenignus ... opp. p. 66 
 
 Plate XXV. Altar erected to commemorate the restoration 
 
 of a " Locus Religiosus" opp. p. 68 
 
 „ XXVI. Funereal Stone to SucciaPetronia... opp. p. 70 
 „ XXVII. P\mercal Stone to an Alumna ... opp. p. 72 
 ,, XXVIII. Partof an Inscription put up by Novantus 
 
 in consequence of a dream opp. p. 73 
 
 „ XXIX. Inscription found at Combe Down, having 
 been used as a covering Stone to a Coffin of the 
 same material ... ... ... ... opp. p. 75 
 
 „ XXX. Fragment of a Marble Tablet, and fragment 
 
 of an Inscription on Sandstone opp. p. 77 
 
 „ XXXI. Stone found in Bath opp. p. 81 
 
 ,, XXXII. Stone found in Bath opp. p. 82 
 
 „ XXXIII. Roman Fragments found in Bath, opp. p. 83 
 „ XXXIV. Locket found in Bath, under the Pump 
 
 Room opp. p. 84 
 
 ,, XXXV. Penates, Roman Keys, and Fibula, opp. p. 85 
 
 „ XXXVI. A, Roman Flue-tile, semicircular; E. Flue- 
 tile, with opening on the side ; c, Flue-tile, wedge 
 shaped, with circular holes as if to admit a pipe ; 
 D, pattern of Roman tessellated Pavement found 
 under the new building of the Mineral Water 
 Hospital ; E, pattern of Pavement found under 
 the Bluecoat School opp. p. 89 
 
 „ XXXVII. Small Roman Vase of Black Ware, found 
 
 in the Sydney Gardens, A. D. 1828 ...opp. p. 91 
 
 „ XXXVIII. Roman Urn, found in Bath (Red Ware), 
 
 opp. p. 92 
 
 „ XXXIX. Samian Bowls, restored from Fragments 
 
 found in Bath opp. p. 93 
 
 „ XL. Roman Bowls and Samian Ware, restored from 
 
 Fragments found in Bath opp. p. 94 
 
 „ XLI. Fragments of Samian Ware found in Bath, 
 
 opp. p. — 
 
 „ XLII. Samian Ware, and patterns enlarged, opp. p. — 
 
 „ XLIII. Samian Ware found in Bath ... opp. p. — 
 
 „ XLIV. Roman Glass Vessels found at Combe Down, 
 
 A.D. 18C1 (actual size) opp. p. 96 
 
 „ XLV. Roman Ampulla of Glass, found in a Stone 
 
 Coffin at Swainswiek, near Bath. a.d. 1840, opp. p. 96 
 ,, XLVI. Fragment of Sculpture found at Wellow, 
 
 opp. p. 114 
 „ XLVII. Tessellated Pavement found at Newton- 
 
 St.-Loe ... ... ... ... ... opp. p. 115 
 
 „ XLVIII. ) Cups found on the site of a Roman Villa, 
 
 „ XLIX. j Combe Down ... ... ... opp. p. 117 
 
 ,, L. Bronze Articles found on the site of a Roman Villa, 
 
 Combe Down opp. p. 118 
 
 LI. Capital of Column found near Warleigh, opp. p. 119 
 
 PLANS. 
 
 1. The old Roman Baths. 
 
 2. Roman Roads, Camps, Villas, and Earthworks within a Circuit of Seven Miles of Bath. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 EOMAN OCCUPATION OF BATH : NAME AND ORIGIN OF AQUiE SOUS ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 THE ANCIENT ROMAN WALLS ••- ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 
 
 THE FORUM ... ... ••• •■• ... ... ... ... ... 12 
 
 ANCIENT ROMAN BATHS ... ... •■■ ' ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 PLAN OF DITTO ... •.- ••. •■■ ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 REMAINS OF THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 BRONZE HEAD OF PALLAS (VIDE FRONTISPIECE) ... ... ... ... ... ... 25 
 
 ROMAN METALLURGY ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29 
 
 ROMAN MEDICINE STAMP ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 32 
 
 SCULPTURE OF A DOG CARRYING A DEER ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 
 
 GRANT OF ROMAN CITIZENSHIP FOUND IN BATH ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 
 
 ROMAK ALTARS AND INSCRIPTIONS ... ... ... ... ... ••• ... 35 
 
 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS ... ... ... ... ... ... -. ••• 56 
 
 SCULPTURED STONES ... ... ... ... ... ... — — 81 
 
 ROMAN FRAGMENTS ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 83 
 
 BRONZE MEDALUON ... ... .. ... . . .. -.. ... 84 
 
 PENATES ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... — 85 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF HYPOCAUSTS AND TESSELLATED FLOORS ... ... ... ... ... 83 
 
 TESSELLATED PAVEMENTS FOUND IN BATH ... ... ... ... ... ... 83 
 
 ROMAN POTTERY, TILES, AND GLASS ... ... ... ... ... ... 91 95 96 
 
 ROMAN INTERMENTS ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• ••• 97 
 
 ROMAN ROADS ... ... .. ... ... "• •■ ••• 106 
 
 MAP OF AQU^ SOLIS AND ITS FJSTVIRONS ... ... ... ... ... ■•• 106 
 
 VESTIGES OF ROMAN VILLAS IN THE VICINITY OF AQVM SOLIS ... ... ... •■• 111 
 
 ROMAN CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS ... ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 129 
 
 ROMAN COINS FOUND IN BATH AND THE NEIGHIJOURHOOD ... ... ••• •■ ••• 131 
 
 ROMAN REMAINS RECENTLY DISCOVERF,D IN BATH ... ... — ••• • 136 
 
 LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• •.• 138 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abbey Church, Bath 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 12 13 
 
 Abbey Church Yard 
 
 ... 13 
 
 Agricola 
 
 16 28 
 
 Ahirana 
 
 ... 72 
 
 Aiidraste or Aiidato 
 
 45 46 
 
 Antijacobin Review 
 
 2 
 
 Autinous, Statue of 
 
 ... 27 
 
 Antoninus Itinerary of ... ... 2 
 
 3 4 108 
 
 Antoninus Pius, Coin of 
 
 ... 136 
 
 Apollo, controversy about head of 
 
 ... 26 
 
 Aquae Calidte 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Artis's Durobrivae 
 
 O 
 
 • • • o 
 
 Ash Farm, North Stoke, Roman Villa 
 
 ... 126 
 
 Astarte 
 
 ... 4.5 
 
 Aubrey, John, Antiquary, account of Tesselated 
 
 Floor found at Bathford 
 
 119 120 
 
 Aufidius Masimus 
 
 49 50 51 
 
 Aufidius Eutuches 
 
 ... 50 
 
 Augustine, Saint 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Aulus Plautius ... 
 
 ... 5 
 
 Avon ... 
 
 1 
 
 B. 
 Baal, Worship of 
 
 45 46 
 
 Banner Down 
 
 ... 119 
 
 Barratt, Mr. Joseph 
 
 ... 36 
 
 Bath, a Roman, discovered at Bitton 
 
 125 126 
 
 Baths, Ancient Roman 
 
 ... 14 
 
 Beach Farm, Roman Villa 
 
 ... 119 
 
 Belgae 
 
 ... 5 
 
 Belga (Natione) 
 
 ... 59 
 
 Bertram, his Tres Scriptores 
 
 ... 109 
 
 Berwick Camp 
 
 ... 129 
 
 Bettington, J., Esq. 
 
 ... 134 
 
 Bignor, Roman Villa 
 
 ... 127 
 
 Birch, Anc. Rom. pottery ... 
 
 ... 25 
 
 Bitton 
 
 ... 129 
 
 Blagdon, Blackdown Range, Mendip Hills 
 
 4 29 
 
 Blue Coat School, Tessellated Pavement found under 89 
 
 Borough Weal Is Camp 
 
 1 128 
 
 Box, Roman Villa 
 
 ... 119 
 
 Brean Down 
 
 ... 30 
 
 Bristol 
 
 ... 128 
 
 Britton, Antiquary 
 
 12 22 
 
 Brogniart Mons. . . . 
 
 ... 92 
 
 Bronze Medallion 
 
 ... 84 
 
 Buckman, Professor 
 
 ... 19 
 
 Burnett, Corston Parish, Roman Villa ... 
 
 ... 126 
 
 „ „ „ Tessellated Pavement ... 126 
 
 Burton's Commentary on Antonine 
 
 ... 74 
 
 C. PAGE. 
 
 Caerleon ... ... 5 24 55 108 109 
 
 Caerwent ... ... ... 108 109 
 
 Cassar ... ... ... ... 45 
 
 Calpurnius, C, Funereal Monument ... 54 
 
 Calpurnius Agricola 
 
 Calpurnia 
 
 Camden, Historian ... ... 7 10 11 
 
 Camden, B. E. — Introduction 
 
 Camerton, Inscription found at 
 
 Camerton, Roman Remains 
 
 Campo Vaocino, Rome 
 
 Camps, Roman, around Bath 
 
 Carter, Mr. 
 
 Carter, his Plates — Introduction 
 
 CauriesLs 
 
 CeawHn, Saxon King 
 
 Charlecombe, Interment discovered near 
 
 Charterhouse on Mendip 
 
 Chester ... ... ... 5 17 18 
 
 Cheyney Court, Roman Villa 
 
 Child, Mr. Francis 
 
 Cirencester (Anc. Corinium) 
 
 Cist, Stone, found at Locksbrook 
 
 Civis Mediomatrica 
 
 Civis Trever 
 
 Civis Hispanus ... 
 
 Civium Romanorum 
 
 Claudian 
 
 Claudius, Emperor ... ... 4 5 
 
 Clifton, Camp opposite 
 
 Coffin, Leaden, found near Sydney Buildings 
 
 Coffin Tining, Lansdown 
 
 Coin of A ugustus 
 
 Coins, Roman, Collections of 130 131 
 
 Coins, Roman, found in Bath ... 
 
 „ „ found under new portion of Mineral 
 
 Water Hospital ... 89 
 
 ,, „ found in Walcot 
 
 ,, „ found near the East Gate 
 
 „ „ found on the site of Sydney Buildings 
 
 „ „ found in Cemetery, Lyncombe 
 
 „ „ found in Cemetery, Bathwick 
 
 „ „ Silver, found near Sydney Buildings 
 
 „ „ found at Bitton 
 
 „ „ found at Combe Down ... 
 
 Colerne, Roman Villa near 
 
 Collinson, Hist, of Somersetshire ... vi. 8 
 
 Colossal Female Head of Stone 
 
 Collegium 
 
 Colonia Glev. 
 
 Co<xA — . - - - 
 
 55 
 64 
 55 
 12 
 
 V. 
 
 ... 79 
 ... 126 
 ... 18 
 128 129 
 ... 22 
 ... vi. 
 ... 64 
 ... 6 
 ... 105 
 ... 30 
 19 
 119 
 27 
 19 
 103 
 57 
 57 
 64 
 64 
 35 
 29 
 128 
 100 
 125 
 132 
 133 
 25 
 
 134 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 135 
 
 134 
 
 120 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 99 
 
 131 
 132 
 
XI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Column, Roman Capital, found near Bathford ... 119 
 
 Combe JJown ... ... ... ... 5 
 
 Combe Down, Inscription found at ... ... 75 
 
 Combe Down, Roman Villa ... 115 116 
 
 „ „ List of Roman and other remains 117 118 
 
 Compton Dando, Altar in Buttress of Church 41 46 
 
 Congrove, Roman Villa ... ... ... 125 
 
 Coruelianus, Inscription ... ... ... 76 
 
 Corinthian Capital ... ... 18 19 
 
 Cranch, Mr. John ... ... 36 119 
 
 Cruickshank, Mr. ... ... ... 134 
 
 D. 
 
 Damnonii 
 
 Decurio ... ... -.• 62 
 
 Decuriones 
 
 Dion Cassius, Historian 
 
 Dogs, Roman and British, in Sculpture and on pottery 
 
 Domitian, Emperor 
 
 DundryHill 
 
 Dyrham, Battle of 
 
 E. 
 
 128 
 
 Earthworks around Bath 
 
 Edward the Confessor, Laws of 
 
 Ellacombe, Rev. H. T. 
 
 Englefield, Sir H., gives a cast of Bronze Head 
 
 found in Bath to Soc. of Antiq. 
 Ex Visu 
 
 F. 
 Fabrica 
 Fabriciensis 
 
 Farley Castle, Roman Villa near 
 Farmer's Field, near Tracy Park, Roman Villa 
 Forum, Anc. Rom. 
 Foss Road ... ... ...8 30 
 
 Fragments, Roman, found in Bath 
 Funereal Inscriptions 
 
 9 
 106 
 
 G. 
 
 Gains Tiberinus, Stone erected by 
 
 Gale, Antiquary 
 
 Gates of Roman Bath 
 
 Geoifrey of Monmouth 
 
 GLo-ss, Roman 
 
 Glevum 
 
 Godwin, Mr. E. W., account of Roman Villa at 
 
 Colerne 
 Goodridge, Mr. 
 
 Gougli, Mr., observations on Stamps and Seals 
 Grants of Roman Citizenship ... 36 
 
 Giiest, Dr. ... ... ... 106 
 
 Grenvillc, Sir Beville's Monument 
 
 Guidott, Dr.— Introduction v. 10 11 13 70 74 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadrian, Emperor 
 Hampton Down 
 Hanliam Green, Roman Villa 
 Hart.siiorne, Salopia Antiqua 
 Ilasilbury, Roman Villa 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 129 
 106 
 134 
 
 25 
 73 
 
 59 
 59 
 
 120 
 
 125 
 
 12 
 
 107 
 
 83 
 
 56 
 
 ' 58 
 
 109 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 96 
 
 63 
 
 121 
 132 
 32 
 37 
 107 
 129 
 132 
 
 4 27 29 37 
 
 16 128 
 
 ... 125 
 
 ... 44 
 
 ... 120 
 
 Hearne, Antiquary 
 
 Heathcote Rev. G. 
 
 Henry VIIL, King 
 
 Hispanus 
 
 Hoare, Sir R. C. 
 
 Hoare, Mr. 
 
 Homer 
 
 Horsley 
 
 Hunter, Mr. 
 
 Hypocaust, described 
 
 Iford, Roman Villa 
 
 Inscription, Runic 
 
 Interments, Roman 
 
 Iter XI., of Richard of Cirencester 
 
 Iter XIV., of Antoninus 
 
 Julius Vitalis, Stone erected to 
 Juvenal, Satirist 
 
 1 3 
 
 P.tOE. 
 ... 10 
 
 ... 121 
 ... 10 
 ... 64 
 8 40 
 ... 26 
 ... 22 
 71 
 72 
 86 
 
 V. 
 
 68 
 
 Keys Roman 
 Kingston Baths 
 
 K. 
 
 L. 
 
 120 
 
 104 
 
 97 
 
 109 
 
 108 
 
 59 
 
 28 
 
 85 
 15 
 
 Lanchester 
 
 Langridge, Roman Villa 
 
 Lansdown, Roman Villas 
 
 Lansdown, Camps on 
 
 Latinus, M. Valerius, Stone erected to ... 
 
 Laws of the Twelve Tables 
 
 Lead Mines, Roman ... ... 4 
 
 Lee, Mr. ... ... ... 24 
 
 Leemans, Dr. Conrad 
 
 Legio Secmida, AD., P. F. ... 
 
 Legio XIII., Gem. 
 
 LeithiecuUier, Mr. 
 
 Leland, Antiquary ... v. 7 9 10 11 
 
 Lcman, Rev. Thos. ... v. 3 4 107 
 
 Lemnus, Marcus Aufidius, Altar erected by, to the 
 
 Goddess Sul... 
 Lilley, Mr., Book.seller 
 Lion of Stone found 
 Locus Religiosus ... ... ~ 
 
 Lonsdale Mr. 
 
 Lucas, Dr. ... ...v. 13 14 
 
 Lucian 
 
 Lusborough, near Dunster, Mining Iniploments found 
 
 Lyduey, Roman Villa 
 
 Lysons ... vi. 3 IH 19 24 27 
 
 Lysons, Rev. S. ... 
 
 M. 
 
 Maesbury Camp 
 Maesknoll 
 
 Mai.son Carree, at Nismes ... 
 Marble, fragment of Inscription on 
 Market, New 
 
 Mars, Altar to, found at Brignal, near (ireta Bridge, 
 Yorkshire 
 
 23 
 
 125 
 
 126 
 
 129 
 
 62 
 
 105 
 
 29 
 
 5S 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 108 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 137 
 
 68 
 vi. 
 15 
 
 104 
 30 
 
 127 
 36 
 79 
 
 30 
 128 
 
 IS 
 
 77 
 
 127 
 
 41 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Xll 
 
 Mars, Leucetius 
 
 Mai-tel de Fer, found in Stone Coffin, Langridge 
 Masters, Miss 
 
 McCaul, Ur. 20 21 32 33 34 37 43 
 
 58 
 Medicine Stamp 
 Mediomatrica Gives 
 Mediomatrici, a people of Gaul 
 Mendip Hills 
 Metallurgy, Roman 
 Minerva, ^gis of 
 Minerva, Goddess 
 Minerva, Bronze Head of . . 
 Mines, Mondip 
 
 Modestus, C. Murrius, Stone erected to 
 Monks' Mill, Bath 
 
 Musgrave, Dr. . . v. 1 2 27 
 
 Museum of Bath Antiquities first formed 
 Museum at Taunton 
 
 N. 
 Nemetona, Altar to . . . 42 
 
 Newmarch, C. H. Esq., Illustrations of Eom. Art Ln 
 
 Cirencester . . . . 
 
 Newton St. Loe, Roman Villa ... 114 
 
 Nichols, Rev. W. L., his " Hor» Romanaj" 114 
 
 Nicomedia 
 Novanti Filius . . 
 Numina Augustorum 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 ge 
 
 ... 
 
 125 
 19 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 56 
 31 
 
 29 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 25 
 29 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 25 
 30 
 
 43 
 
 19 
 115 
 115 
 58 
 73 
 48 
 
 Ptolemy, geographer 
 Pump Room, Bath 
 
 Oppian 
 Optiones 
 Ormerod Mr. 
 
 O- 
 
 .. 35 
 
 .. 62 
 
 108 109 110 
 
 Pallas or Minerva, Bronze Head of . . . . 25 
 
 Pallas Athene . . • . . . . . 45 
 
 Park, Victoria, Interments discovered in ... 110 
 
 Pembroke, Lord . . . . . . . . 28 
 
 Penates . . • . . . 85 
 Phelps, Rev. W., History of Somersetshire — Intro, vi. 29 
 Pigot, Mr., possessed Cast of Head said to have been 
 
 found in Bath . . . . . . 26 
 
 Pig of Lead, Roman, found on site of Sydney Buildings 29 
 
 Pinnacle of Villa found at Wellow ... ... 113 
 
 Philipot . . . . . . 74 
 
 Pliny.. .. .. ..27 
 
 Pompeia, Medallion of . . . . . . 84 
 
 Potters' Kilns, Roman . . . . 92 93 
 
 Potters' Stamps . . . . . . . . 94 
 
 Pottery, Roman, found in Sydney Gardens . . 91 
 
 „ „ found in Walcot . . . . 91 
 
 Pottery, Roman, list of, found under new portion of 
 
 ' Mineral Water Hospital . . 94 
 
 „ „ found near the East Gate . . 99 
 
 „ ,, „ in Russell Street . . 103 
 
 Pownall, Governor . . vi. 1 7 12 20 21 
 
 Proefecti . . . . . . 62 
 
 Principia . . . . 75 76 
 
 Prior Park ... ... ... ... 128 
 
 Proclus, a late Greek writer . . . . 23 
 
 R. 
 
 Ravenna List 
 
 Rectory, Bathwick 
 
 Remains, Roman, recently found 
 
 Ribcliester 
 
 Richard's Itinerary 
 
 Richard of Cirencester 
 
 Roads, Roman 
 
 Ruber Codex, or Red Book of Bath 
 
 Rusonia Avenna, Monument to 
 
 S. 
 
 PAGE. 
 1 2 
 
 .12 13 17 18 
 
 2 
 ... 137 
 136 137 
 . 22 
 4 63 
 .. 109 
 .. 106 
 . 12 
 . 56 
 
 2 3 
 
 66 
 
 91 
 
 Sacratissima (Epithet) 
 
 Sainsbury, Messrs. 
 
 Salisbury Plain . . 
 
 Salsbury Camp ... 
 
 Salisbury HUl 
 
 Salsbury Crags . . 
 
 Samian Ware, manufacture of 
 
 Saturuinus, C. Curiatius, Altar erected by 
 
 Saxon Monastery, Bath 
 
 Saxon Regal Palace 
 
 Scharf Mr. . . . . 17 21 22 23 
 
 Schweighauser, M. 
 
 Scrope, Powlett, Esq., M.P., description of Roman 
 
 Villa, North AVraxall ... 
 Sculpture of a Dog carrying a Deer 
 Sculptured Stones found in Bath . . 81 
 
 Secundus, Julius (Century of) 
 Sextius, L. Ulpius 
 Severn, River 
 Severius, C. Emeritus 
 Sydney Buildings, Bath 
 Signifer 
 
 Silbury Hill . . 
 Simpson, Dr., of Edinburgh 
 Skeleton, found at the Gas Works 
 
 „ „ in Bathwick Cemetery . . 
 
 „ „ in Villa Fields 
 
 „ „ in Locksbrook 
 
 Skinner, Rev. J. . . 
 Skrine, H. D., Esq., Roman Villa on his property 
 
 near Warleigh 
 Smith Mr. Roach . . . . 27 53 
 
 Solinus . . . . . . 2 4 13 
 
 SolsburyHill 
 
 Spry, Dr. . . . . . . 15 
 
 St. .lohn's Church, Bathwick, Roman Remains found 
 
 St. Michael 
 
 St. Michael's Church 
 
 Stalls Church . . . . . . 12 
 
 Stantonbury Camp ... ... ..., 
 
 Stone Coffins found 
 Stone Coffins 
 
 „ found at St. Catherine's Hermitage . . 
 
 „ on the premises of Messrs. Sainsbury, 
 
 Walcot 
 „ in the Orange Grove 
 
 „ opposite No. 12, Russell Street 99 
 
 67 
 
 132 
 
 4 
 
 128 
 22 
 44 
 92 
 48 
 16 
 IC 
 24 
 92 
 
 122 
 
 35 
 
 82 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 44 
 
 32 
 
 98 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 80 
 
 119 
 
 78 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 137 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 
 128 
 30 
 97 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
XUl 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stone GofEus found near Burnt-House Turnpike Gate 99 
 
 „ at Lambridge . . . . . 99 
 
 „ on foundation of St. Stephen's Church 99 
 
 „ near Sydney Buildings . 99 100 101 
 
 „ in Sydney Gardens . . . . 101 
 
 „ in Lyncombe Vale . . . . 102 
 
 „ Weston Farm House . . . . 103 
 
 „ Locksbrook . . • . . . 103 
 
 „ Langridge . . . . . . 104 
 
 Strabo .. .. .. ..35 
 
 Strator Consularis . . ■ . . . 57 
 
 Stukeley. Dr. ... .. .. 7 12 71 
 
 Successa Petronia (Inscription to) . . . . 70 
 
 Sudbrook Camp _ ... ... ... 109 
 
 Suetonius, Historian . . ■ . . . 5 
 
 Sul .. .. 22 44 45 49 50 53 54 55 
 
 Sulinus, Son of Maturus, Altar erected by . . 47 
 
 Sidinus, Scultor . . . . . . . . 52 
 
 Sul— Minerva . . . . 22 24 44 47 48 
 
 Sulevce . . . . . . . 52 
 
 Sutherland Dr. . . . . . . v. 13 15 
 
 T. 
 Tabula Honestae Missionis . . 
 Tacitus, Historian 
 
 Tancinus, L. Vitellius, Stone erected to 
 Temple, Roman . . 
 „ of Minerva 
 „ of Jupiter Stator at Rome 
 „ Inscription on Pediment . . 19 
 
 „ Tympanum of Pediment 
 Tessellated Floors 
 
 „ „ found under now portion of Mineral 
 
 Water Hospital 
 „ „ under Blue Coat School 
 
 Tessellated Pavements in the Abbey Green 
 
 „ „ corner of Bridewell Lane 
 
 „ „ on the site of ancient Eoman 
 
 Baths 
 „ „ in AValcot 
 
 Tessellated Pavement found at Wellow 
 
 „ „ „ near Newton St. Loe 
 
 Tiles, Roman 
 Titus 
 
 Tite, W., Esq., M.P. 
 Thames, River ... 
 Tombeleine, Mount, near Avranches, France 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 
 21 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 vRl 
 
 89 
 
 . , 
 
 89 
 
 , , 
 
 89 
 
 •• 
 
 90 
 
 an 
 
 90 
 
 
 90 
 
 • •* 
 
 113 
 
 
 114 
 
 ... 
 
 95 
 
 ... 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 ■ •• 
 
 5 
 
 • •■ 
 
 45 
 
 Trajan, Emperor 
 Trajectus 
 
 U. V. 
 
 United Hospital Albert Wing 
 
 Uriconium (Wroxeter) 
 
 Urn, Roman, found at the Gas Works 
 
 Vegetius 
 
 Vertue, Engraver 
 
 Vespasian, Emperor 
 
 Vettones ... ... 
 
 Vettius Benignus, Inscription by 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 36 37 
 
 ... 109 
 
 Via Julia 
 
 Vibia Jucunda, Inscription to 
 
 Vicinal Roads 
 
 Villas, Roman 
 
 Vosges Mountains 
 
 W. 
 
 136 137 
 
 23 35 
 
 ... 98 
 
 ... 8 
 
 ... 25 
 
 !!! 64 
 
 ... 66 
 
 8 106 108 110 129 
 
 ... 74 
 
 ... Ill 
 
 ... 112 
 
 ... 57 
 
 Walls of Roman Bath 
 
 Walls of Mediajval Bath 
 
 VValcot 
 
 Wansdike 
 
 Warleigh, Roman Villa near 
 
 ... 7 
 
 ... 9 
 
 ... 20 
 
 ... 1 128 
 
 119 120 
 Warner, Hist, of Bath vi. 2 12 13 16 17 43 
 
 45 47 72 74 
 
 Watermore Inscriptions ... ... ... 65 
 
 Wellow. Villa discovered there ... 112 113 
 
 Wells ' ... ... ... ... 4 
 
 Weston Village ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 Whitaker ... ... ... 2 16 17 
 
 Whitaker's opinion of Bronze head ... ... 26 
 
 Wood ... ... ... ... vL 
 
 Woodchester, Roman Villa ... ... ....127 
 
 Wookey Hole ... ... ... ... 4 
 
 Wootton-under-Edge, Stone Cist found there contain- 
 ing head of a horse ... ... ... 116 
 
 Worship of Roman Emperors ... ... 69 
 
 Wright, Mr. Thos., (Celt, Roman, and Saxon) 37 63 127 
 
 „ „ Roman mines ... ... 30 
 
 Wraxall, North, Eoman Villa ...121 122 123 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yate, Mr., on mining operations of the Romans 29 30 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zenodorus of Gaul 
 
 27 
 
AQUiE SOLIS. 
 
 THE first origin of the City of Bath is involved in obscurity. That it dates back to a 
 very early period is certain, but whether it was originally a British City, or founded by 
 the Eomans when they conquered this part of our Island, must remain in doubt. The 
 pentangular form of the ancient City "Walls led Sir R. C. Hoare to suppose that it was of 
 British origin. The Walls, however, appear to have been of Roman construction, if we may 
 trust the researches of Governor Pownall, who examined a portion laid open in his time, 
 and has described what he saw in a treatise, published towards the close of the last century.' 
 
 There are many Camps and Earthworks in the neighbourhood of Bath, some 
 imdoubtedly ancient British and some Roman : of these notice will be taken hereafter. 
 Bath is situated to the north of the great boundaiy line called Wansdike, which may be 
 traced from the Woodlands of Berkshire to Maesknoll, not far from Dundry, and which 
 probably continued its course to the Camps on the banks of the Avon, at Clifton, called 
 Stokesley and Borough Walls. Wansdike has been regarded as the Northern boimdary 
 of the Belgic territory. PTOLEjnr, the Geographer^, places Bath within that Ivingdom. 
 Thus he writes : — 
 
 'Tiaras ^iOfAX 
 
 "'T^ara Offjoia," or Aqua3 Calidse, can only mean Bath. No other City in this part of 
 Britain can dispute the title.' 
 
 • Descriptions and Explanations of some Remains of Roman Arcliitecture dug up in the City of Bath, A.D 1790 • 
 published 1795, 4to. 
 
 * Claud. Ptolemsei, Geog., lib. 1, c. 7. Mon. Hist. Brit., xv. 
 
 5 Dr. Musgrave says (" Belgium Brifannicum," cap, v., § vi.) — " Atque hie, ut opinor, primus harum Aquarum hones, quern 
 mox sequutus est, in domibus. in urbecula condenda labor et opus. Ut urbs Aquarum ergo condita, sic ab illis Aquse Calidse dicta 
 est; a Ptolemaeo"T5(iTa ®sf/<.i ; Claudio, qui Grsece scivit forsan nomen imponente. Confluxere (Romani)jprKsertim dem-to jam 
 dudum exercitu Boadicese (§ vii.) Contra Romanes, cum Silures, insurgerent, militise Romanse frequentem hac in urbe concursum 
 esse, probabile est ; turn Aquarum gratia, tum viae militaris ad Trajectum (§ ix.) 
 
 A 
 
2 ANCIENT AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Ptolemy wrote about A.D. 120 : at this period the City was well known as a principal 
 Town within, or just on the Border of the Belgic territory. It might probably be more 
 accurately described as just without the Belgic territory.' 
 
 In the Itinerary of Antoninus, which was compiled either in the second or the early 
 part of the fourth Century, though the exact date is doubtful, we have mention of " AquvE 
 SoLis" in the 14th Iter., its position being indicated in the route between Isca (Caer-leon) 
 and Calleva (Silchester). It is mentioned again in the Itinerary of Eichard of 
 Cirencester (Itinera x., xi., and xii. j, whatever authority may attach to that compilation. 
 
 In the anonymous Ravenna List, the date of which is probably the seventh Century, 
 we have " Aquis.'' Solinus, who is supposed to have flourished as early as A.D. 80," in 
 a passage which has often been quoted, and is to be found among the extracts which relate 
 to Britain in the "Monumenta Historica Britannica" (Excerpta de Britannia ix.), says: — 
 " Circuitus BritannitB quadragies octies septuaginta quinque millia passuum sunt. In quo 
 spatio magna et multa flumina, fontes calidi opiparo exculti apparatu ad usus mortalium : 
 quibus fontibus prsesul est Minervee numen, in cujus ^de perpetui ignes nunquam 
 canescunt in favillas, sed ubi ignis tabuit, vertit in globes saxeos,''^ This description, 
 which can only relate to Bath, gives some idea of the elegance to which the City must have 
 attained at a very early period.* 
 
 The Roman Remains which have been found under the site of the present Pump 
 Room, and the vestiges of Roman Baths, amply attest the truth of this representation. 
 From the passage of Solinus we gather (as has been observed by Mr. Whitaker in 
 his Review of Mr. Warner's " History of Bath,'' in the Anti-Jacobin Review, Vol. x., 
 1801), that— 
 
 1. The Hot Springs had been collected into elegant basins and furnished with 
 accommodation for the use of Bathers. 
 
 ' See "Archaeological Journal," Vol. viii., p. 151, and note. 
 
 2 The (late A.D. 80 is ascribed to Solinus by the compilers of the Mon. Hist. Brit., but there is some doubt if he did not live 
 at a later perioil. Thus Dr. Musgrave, Bel. Brit., vol i., p. 222, Ed. 1719, says, — "Solinus enim non modo diu post Ale.-candrum 
 Mamaeae vixit (quod doctissimus Salmasius ostendit) [Vide illius prolegomena in Solinum] sed et post Ammianura Marcellinum, 
 qui sub Theodosio magno vixit, opinante non sine ratioiie Claiulio Chistesio." [De vita Amm. Marcellini, ab. Jac. Gronov edit. 
 Lug. Bat. 1693.] 
 
 ' Caii Julii Solini Polyhistoriic, c. 22, Ed. Salmasii, Traject. ad. Rhenum, 1089. 
 
 ' .\ltbough, as a rule, no careful antiquary would think of accepting the unsupported testimony of Geoffrey of Monmouth 
 as conclusive on any doubtful point of history, yet it is a curious and suggestive fact, that though he is generally supposed to have 
 translated his history itito Latin directly, fro"m an original Welsh MS. by Tysilio (a Welsh Bishop, of the seventh Century), yet in 
 his description of Bath he employs terms, especially " in favillas" and " in .saxeos globos," which show that cither Tysilio or 
 Geoffrey must have been familiar with the description by Solinus, and applied it to the City of Bath, at a time when it is 
 reasonable to conclude that many vestiges of Roman art were still in a state of preservation. The words of Geoffrey of Monmouth 
 are: — "Successit deindc I51adud filius, tractavitque regnum viginti annis: hie mdificavit urbcm Kaorbadum qua' nunc Badus 
 nuncupatur, fecitque in ilia callida balnea ad usus mortalium apta, quibus pr;cfccit numen Minerva;-, in cujus ffidc iucxtiuguibiles 
 posuit ignes, qui nunquam deficiebant in favillas, sed ex quo tabescere incipiebant, in saxeos ylobos vertebantur." — Geoff. Mon. 
 (Ed. Heidelb., 1.J87), lib. ii., c. x. 
 
AQUvE SOLIS. 3 
 
 2. The words " Opiparo exculti apparatu" mean even more than elegance, they 
 mount up to magnificence. 
 
 3. That Minerva was considered by the Romans as presiding over the Hot Springs, 
 and had a Temple built to her honour." 
 
 Altars have been found dedicated to Sul-Minerva, quite confirming this statement, 
 and a Bronze Head, dug up in Stall Street, seems to have belonged to a Statue of that 
 goddess, while the iEgis in the pediment of a Temple (the remains of which are preserved 
 in the Vestibule of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution), and the figure of the owl 
 which accompanies it, are attributes of Minerva. 
 
 4. Fire was kept constantly burning within the Temple, like that in the Temple 
 of Vesta at Rome. 
 
 5. The fire never turned to white ashes, as from a wood fire, but " in globes saseos," 
 (which probably means " into cinders"), and was therefore no doubt fed with coal, which is 
 to the in-esent day dug up at Newton St. Loe, three miles from Bath : a point whicli is the 
 more noteworthy, since if the interpretation be correct, it is the first mention of the use of 
 coal in Britain. 
 
 Several of the Altars discovered in Bath having been dedicated to the Dea Sul or 
 Sul-Minerva, has led some writers on Roman Antiquities to conjecture that the name of Bath 
 must have been Aquaj Swlis and not Aqua3 Soils. This was the opinion of the Rev. Thos. 
 Leman, as we learn from a MS. note iu his copy of the " Britannia Romana," which he 
 bequeathed to the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. The conjecture is certainly 
 ingenious and not without some authority to support it. 
 
 Ltsons assimilates the British deity inscribed on the Altars under the name of Sul, 
 to the Roman Minerva, and he is probably right, as Sul is always alluded to as a 
 female divinity ; it is always Bece Suli, not Deo Suli. Mr. Hunter notices this fact.' 
 Sir R. C. Ho ARE- thinks that though the word is feminine, it was not equivalent to 
 the Goddess Minerva, but that it is the Celtic Sol. Sir Richard says' " that the name Sul 
 was Celtic there can be no doubt, and it was afterwards latinized into Sol by the Romans 
 a custom they adopted on many other occasions, and it appears, by the inscriptions preserved 
 at Bath, that they added their own deity, Minerva, to that of the Britons.'' Mr. Hunter 
 remarks, on the name being written AauiE Solis in the Itineraries of Antoninus and 
 Richard, " that the term Aqu^e Solis occurs only once in any undisputed remain of Roman 
 times, i.e.^ in one of the Iters of Antoninus, that the authority of Richard is doubtful, and 
 
 ' Letter to "Bath Chronicle," June 14, 1827. 
 
 - "Ancient Wilts," vol, 2. 
 ' Letter to "Bath Chronicle," July 19th, 1827 
 
 a2 
 
4 E05IAN LEAD MINES. 
 
 that as Antoninus was probably ignorant of the Goddess Sul, and misinformed as to the 
 name of Ancient Bath, and knowing that at the station in question were springs celebrated 
 on account of their natural heat, and being familiar with Heliopolis as a local appellation, 
 he was induced to write AqufB Solis ; or that some early transcriber of Antonine, finding 
 Aqute Sulis, which he could not understand, ventured on his own authority to substitute 
 Aqu£e Solis, a name which he could understand, and which appeared to him aptly to 
 describe a place celebrated on account of the natural heat of its waters." These conjectures 
 however probable, are not, to my mind, conclusive enough to enable us to supersede the 
 authority of Antonine, who writes the name Aqu^e Solis, Sol being a god known to the 
 Romans, and according to St. Augustine a " Deus Selectus."' 
 
 In the copy of Eichard's Itineeart, in the Library of the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, is the following marginal note, in the handwriting of Mr. Leman : — " The 
 original name of Bath was Aquse SmHs, and not Aquae Solis, the British goddess whose 
 influence extended over the greater part of the south west of England, whose chief place 
 was Solsbury Hill, near Bath, and from whom Salisbury Plains probably derived their 
 name." 
 
 SoLiNUS, in his description of Britain, mentions also the wealth of the British 
 mines : — " Prseterea, ut taceam metallorum largam variamque copiam, quibus Britannia^ 
 solum undique gcnerum poUet venis locupletibus." This testimony is also confirmed by 
 the remains of lead workings in this county, especially in the Mendip Hills ; and by pigs 
 of lead, bearing the Roman stamp, which have been discovered. One pig of lead was found 
 on the site of Sydney Buildings, in Bath, and is now in the Museum of the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution ; it bears the stamp of the Emperor Hadrian, the date being between 
 A.D. 117 and 138. But the earliest date borne by a mass of lead found in Somersetshire is 
 on that discovered in 18.53, near Blagdon, in the Blackdown Range, the northern flank of the 
 Mendip Hills. It is now in the British Museum, and the date is from A.D. 44-48. 
 Another of the date of the reign of the Emperor Claudius, A.D. 49, was found in the 
 time of Henry VIII. , at Wookey Hole, near Wells. The inscription is — 
 
 TI. CLAYD. C^SAR. AVG. P.M.TR.P 
 VIIT. IMP. XVI. HE BRITAN.^ 
 
 These two last mentioned products of the Roman Lead Mines in Somerset show at 
 what an early period this part of the island was brought under tribute. Tlie first of these 
 
 ' See DoUinger's Gentile and Jew, Book vii., part ii. 
 
 2 See Journal of Archseological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. xvi., pp. 2.'}, 24. Also. Leland's Collectanea, 
 vol. v., fol. 23. Camden Brit., edit. 1607, p. 1G8. Dr. Musgravc, Bel. Brit., cap. xvi., § 1. Horsley, B. K., 328. 
 
ROMAN OCCUPATION OF BATH. 5 
 
 pigs of load dates very probably only a year or two after the conquest of this part of 
 Britain by Claudius, and Bath may be considered as owing its celebrity to the conquests 
 of the Romans in the Reign of that Emperor. 
 
 Dr. Musgrave does not hesitate to ascribe to Scribonids, the physician of Claudius, 
 who accompanied him in his British campaign, the first adaptation of the hot springs to 
 medicinal purposes, and in this he is followed by Mr. Warner. 
 
 It was A.D. 43 that Claudius attempted the subjugation of this Island, and sent his 
 lieutenant, Aulus Plautius, with an army into Britain. Vespasian, who commanded the 
 Second Legion, and his son Titus, served under him in the British War, the events of 
 which are recorded by Suetonius and Dion Cassius. 
 
 The testimony borne by Tacitus is as follows :— " Divus Claudius auctor operis, 
 transvectis legionibus auxiliisque, et absumpto in partem rerum Vespasiano : quod initium 
 Venturas mox fortunse fuit : domitae gentes, capti Reges, et monstratus fatis Vespasianus." 
 C. C. Taciti Vita Agricolae, c. 13. 
 
 So rapid was the conquest of Claudius, that he stayed in Britain only 16 days, and 
 was absent from Rome only 6 months, his lieutenant having prepared the conquest for him ; 
 but this did not extend beyond the tract of Britain comprehended within the southern 
 counties, and bounded by the estuary of the Thames and the Severn. 
 
 The words of Suetonius are — " Claudio principe, Narcissi gratia legatus legionis in 
 Germaniam missus est (Vespasianus) ; inde in Britanniam translatus, tricies cum hoste 
 conflixit. Duas validissimas gentes, superque viginti oppida, et insulam Vectem Britanniae 
 proximam, in ditionem redegit, partim Auli Plautii consularis legati, partim Claudii ipsius 
 ductu. Quare triumphalia ornamenta, et in spatio brevi duplex sacerdotium accepit." — 
 C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Lib. x., Sive de T. Flavio Vespasiano, c. 4. A.D. 60. 
 
 The Belgse and the Damnonii were the " duas validissimas gentes," and at this time 
 Bath most probably rose into importance. 
 
 It does not, however, appear to have been chosen as a legionary station. We have 
 no proof that any legion was quartered here. The Roman funeral monuments to soldiers 
 were probably those of veterans who came for the benefit of the waters, or who having 
 settled here, died in the decline of life. A stone found at Combe Down in 1855 seems 
 to show that there were officers' quarters either there or in some near locality. A small 
 military force was probably stationed in Bath, but neither history nor monumental remains 
 indicate that it was a military station of the same importance as Caer Leon or Chester. 
 
6 ROMIN OCCUPATION OF BATH. 
 
 The many Roman villas, the sites of which have been discovered around the City, and 
 which will be treated of in another chapter, serve to shew that the country around was 
 tranquil dming a long period, and that great comfort and security prevailed. It seems to 
 have enjoyed a general tranquillity until after the date of the Battle fought at Dyrham, 
 not more than six miles distant from Bath, when the city fell into the hands of the Saxons 
 under Ceawlin, A.D. 577, and probably suffered pillage : the principal buildings being then 
 destroyed, or left in a ruined condition. 
 
 We must now proceed to trace the circuit of the city walls, and point out the position 
 of the gates, the direction of the principal streets, and the sites of the chief buildings 
 in Roman times, so far as the Remains hitherto discovered shall enable us. 
 
THE ANCIENT ROMAN WALLS. 
 
 THE form of the Roman City seems to have been pentagonal, with four gates facing the 
 cardinal points. The Medii3eval Walls were ascertained by Governor Pownall to bo built 
 upon the Ancient Roman foundations, and to have followed the course of the Roman "Walls. 
 He states that in 1795 some houses were building on the site of the Borough AValls, 
 opposite the Mineral Water Hospital. The workmen, after they had dug down ten or 
 eleven feet, and laid bare the masonry in the foundation of the Borough Walls, came to that 
 of the Old Roman Walls on which they were set. He states that he examined the different 
 constructions, and satisfied himself that the foundation was clearly Roman. 
 
 Dr. Stukelet, whose work' was published A.D. 1724, writes of Bath, that the Walls 
 round the City were, in his day, for the most part entire, and perhaps the Old Roman 
 work, except the upper part, which seemed repaired with the njins of Roman buildings, for 
 the " lewis holes," says he, " are still left in many of the stones ; and to the shame of the 
 repairers, many Roman inscriptions, some sawn across to fit the size of the place, are still to 
 be seen, some with the letters towards the city, others on the outside. Most of those 
 mentioned by Mr. Camden and other Authors are still left ; but the legend most obscure. 
 The level of the City is risen to the top of the first Walls."^ The area enclosed by the 
 Walls was about 500 yards E. and W. by 380 yards N. and S., and the direction of the 
 City Wall appears to have been influenced by the nature of the ground, The River Avon 
 protected the City on two sides, and the Walls were adapted to the bend of the River. I 
 am inclined to think that the River at that period approached nearer to the Old Walls than 
 it does at present, and formed a considerable marsh underneath the east and south sides, 
 and was then navigable for small vessels at certain times. There seems reason for believing 
 that in particular localities the courses of the Rivers on which Roman towns were built, 
 have altered considerably since the Roman period, and docks for shipping which were then 
 available are now entirely useless. = 
 
 ' Stukeley, Itin. Cur., p. 138, 
 
 - Leland adds also — " From the S. W. angle has been an additional Wall, and a ditch carried out to the Eiver, by 
 which short work the approach of an enemy on two sides is cut off, unless they pass the River. The small compass of the City has 
 made the inhabitants crowd up the streets in an unseemly and inconvenient narrowness. It is handsomely built, mostly of new 
 stone, which is very white and good." 
 
 " See Lyell's Geolog. Evid. of the Antiq. of Man, pp. 52, 53. 
 
8 FORM AST) DIMENSIONS OF THE WAILS. 
 
 It seems clear that, along the west coast of England and Scotland, there has been a 
 considerable rise of the land. The tide was probably felt as high as Aqtt^ Solis in Roman 
 times, but the course of the River Avon must have been very similar to what it is 
 at present.' 
 
 The form of the ancient Walls being pentagonal has led to the supposition that the City 
 was originally British, and dates from before the coming of the Romans. This was the opinion 
 of Sir R. C. HoARE who says : — " We are still enabled to trace the irregular form of the 
 British Town, at Bath, Silchester, Kinehester ; while the more regular square and oblong form 
 of the Roman Town may be traced with equal satisfaction at Colchester, Winchester, Caer- 
 leon, Castor near Norwich, and in all the Military Stations adjoining the Wall of Severus 
 to the North.'' Yet we find from Vegetius' that the Roman Camps did not always follow 
 one figure : — " Interdum autem quadrata, interdum trigona, interdum semirotunda, procul 
 loci qualitas aut necessitas postulaverit, castra facienda sunt :" and I conceive that cities 
 followed the same rule, 
 
 CoLLiNSON^ says : — " The Old Roman City was built in the form of a pentagon, the 
 area whereof was 1,200 feet in length, and the greatest breadth 1,150 feet. It was 
 surrounded by a strong Wall, composed of layers of stone, brick, and terras, 9 feet thick 
 and 20 feet high. This wjall was flanked by circular towers at each angle, and had four 
 gateways, answering nearly to the four cardinal points of the compass, from which, in 
 subsequent times, the principal streets had their denominations." 
 
 The great " Foss Road" ran through the Roman City from North to South, entering 
 it through the Porta Decumana at what is now the Eastern angle of the Mineral Water 
 Hospital, and passing down Union Street and through Stall Street, quitted the City at the 
 Porta Flumentana or South Gate, leading to the River. Of the other two Gates the East 
 Gate must have opened upon the River and the Marsh that probably then extended over the 
 flat where the Monk's Mill was erected in mediaeval times, and also where Pulteney Street 
 now stands. The Mediseval Gate still exists, at a low level below the Eastern angle of the 
 Market, and the road leading to the Slaughter Houses passes through it. The Roman 
 Gate was probably situated more to the West, and nearer to the site now occupied by 
 the Literary and Scientific Institution. Here it is not improbable that vessels could anchor 
 in Roman times. From the East Gate the Roman Road passed along the Forum, and 
 through the West Gate, following the direction of Cheap Street and Wcstgate Street, and 
 this Road continued on through the Park until it fell in with the Via Julia which passed 
 through Weston Village. 
 
 ' The Tide is now visible at Hanham, and at Keynsham in extraordinary Tides, but not felt at Bitten, six miles below Bath. 
 
 ^ " De He Militari," lib. 1. ch. xxiii. 
 ' " Hist. Somerset," vol. 1 p. 8. 
 
LELANDS TESTIMONY. 9 
 
 The ancient Forum seems to have occupied the site of the present Abbey Church 
 Yard, as we shall proceed to explain. 
 
 Some remains of the Mediaeval City Walls still exist. From the East Gate just 
 mentioned, the Wall may be followed for some distance towards the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, where it runs parallel to the River. Again, at the back of the circular school 
 building attached to Weymouth House, now the Abbey and St. James's Parochial Schools, it 
 is to bo traced, although it has unhappily been cased with modern masonry. It is, however, 
 traceable between the Weymouth IIouso School and the Old School belonging to the Roman 
 Catholics, and a considerable remnant of it exists near the Mineral Water Hospital. The 
 circuit of the Walls would be about 55 chains, or 1225 yards, or 3675 feet, and the area 
 contained within them 22 1 acres. 
 
 John Leland, the antiquary — who was authorized by Henry VIII., in the 25th year 
 of his reign, to make a Tour through the Kingdom for the purpose of investigating the 
 national antiquities, more particularly the monastic ones, and collecting charters, deeds, 
 records, manuscripts, &e., from the libraries of the different religious houses, — has recorded 
 what Remains he observed in the Walls of Bath on the occasion of his visit. His words 
 are : — " There be divers notable antiquities engraved in stone, that yet be seen in the Walls 
 of Bath between the South and West Gate, and again between the West Gate and North 
 Gate. The first was an antique head of a man made all flat, and having great locks of 
 hair, as I have in a coin of C. Antius. The second that I did see between the South and 
 the North Gate was an image, as I took it of Hercules, for he held in each hand a serpent. 
 Then I saw the image of a foot-man. Vibrato gladio et prcetenso clypeo. Then I saw a branch 
 with leaves folded and wreathen into circles. Then I saw two naked images lying along 
 the one embracing the other. Then I saw two antique heades with hair, as ruffled in locks. 
 Then I saw a grey hound as running, and at the tail of him was a stone, engraved with 
 great Roman letters, but I could pick no sentence out of it. Then I saw another 
 inscription, but the weather had, except a few letters, clear defaced it. Then I saw toward 
 the West Gate, an image of a man embraced with two serpents. I took it for Laocoon. 
 Betwixt the West and North Gate, I saw two inscriptions, of the which some words were 
 evident to the reader, the residue clean defaced. Then I saw the image of a naked man. 
 Then I saw a stone having cupidines et lahruscas inter currentes. Then I saw a table 
 having at each end an image vivid and flourished above and beneath. In this table was an 
 inscription of a tomb or burial, wherein I saw plainly these words, vixit annos xxx. This 
 inscription was mostly whole, but very diffusely' written, as letters for whole words, and 
 two or three letters conveyed in one. Then I saw two images, whereof one was of a 
 
 ' i.e., Contractedly : the word in the Text is supposed to have been written by Leland in error. 
 
 . B 
 
10 HEARNE, GUIDOTT, CAMDEN. 
 
 naked man grasping a serpent in each, hand, as I took it, and this image was not far from 
 the North Gate. Such antiquities as were in the Walls from the North Gate to the East, 
 and from the East Gate to the South, have been defaced by the building of the monastery 
 and making new walls. T much doubt (he observes) whether these antique works were set 
 in the time of the Roman's Dominion in Britain in the Walls of Bath, as they stand now ; 
 or whether they were gathered of old ruins there, and since set up in the Walls re-edified, 
 in testimony of the antiquitie of the Town.'" 
 
 To this interesting record of what existed in the time of Henry VIII., Hearne adds 
 the following note — " Since Mr. Leland's time there have been also a great number of 
 antiquities discovered at this place, some of which have been carefully preserved and others 
 entirely destroyed. Mr. Camden hath been pleased to account for several, and had he lived 
 to have given us another impression of his book, he would, in all probability, have accounted 
 
 for many of the rest All I shall note further at present is only to beg leave 
 
 to insert three Eoman Inscriptions that are fixed in the Walls of Bath, which, although 
 that they are afready published by Mr. Camden, yet they are very faultily printed there.'"' 
 
 Heakne then gives the following inscription (which wUl be considered hereafter) — 
 
 DEC. COLONIiE CLEV. 
 VIXIT AN. LXXXVI.^ 
 
 Also that to SVCC. PETEONL^ (which will be treated of elsewhere) ; and the fragment 
 of an inscription, with the letters 
 
 LIVS SA 
 
 IL. VXSO 
 
 Which is read 
 
 [IVJLIVS SA[BINVS] 
 
 [JVJLIAE YXSO[RI] 
 
 The S in the second line being doubtless an error of the stone-cutter. 
 
 Dr. GuiDOTT and Camden make mention of a little image about a foot and a half in 
 height, supposed by Camden to be Hercules, " having his left hand aloft, with a club in 
 his right ;"* and " these letters in a cut stone, very imperfect :" 
 
 V. E. N 
 I O P 
 
 ' See Itinerary of John Leland, vol. 2, (second edition) ; Oxford 1714 ; published from the original MS. by Thos. Hearne, M. A. 
 
 '•' Ibid. Note by Ilearno. 
 
 3 See also, A Discourse of Bathe, &c., by Thos. Quidott, M.B., p. 68. 
 
 * Sec Guidott, p. C9. 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 SCULPTURES ONCE IN THE WALLS OF BATH, 
 
 SELECTED FROM DRAWINGS T.IVEN BY CUIDOTT. 
 
guidott's testimony. 1 1 
 
 GuiDOTT also alludes to " two fierce heads, one within the cope of the Wall, and 
 
 another to the outside thereof hard by. After that these letters standing overthwart, of 
 
 which no sense can be made — 
 
 IL LA 
 
 IL LA 
 
 Near this place formerly was a Hare running, now lost. . . . An angry man laying 
 hold of a poor peasant, which may be a bold insulting Roman, on a poor distressed 
 captivated Briton." The same author also mentions the Sculpture of a Shepherd and his 
 Mistress, recognized by the crook in the right hand of the male figure, and the dog 
 fawning upon the woman.' "Also a foot soldier brandishing his sword and bearing a 
 shield. A Footman with a truncheon in his right hand. A great face, or a giant's head, 
 with hair. As for Medusa's head all snakes, I cannot (he says), on the best inquiry I 
 can make, find it out. Neither doth Ophiuchus occur to me. 'Tis therefore I believe, 
 lost in the alteration of the Wall, as the Hare, and Medusa's head, mentioned before."' 
 
 It is to be regretted that all these have perished, or been used as foundations to 
 buildings, where they may lie buried for centuries, and only revive to enlighten some future 
 age, if ever they come to light at all. We can only be thankful that Leland, Camden, 
 and GuiDOTT have preserved to our times records of what formerly existed. Every 
 fragment becomes more precious as years roll on, and succeeding generations seek to enquire 
 into the habits and manners of past ages. The interest now shown in local antiquities, 
 and the formation of local museums will, we trust, rescue from oblivion whatever may be 
 brought to light in the present or future ages. 
 
 We will now leave the Walls to consider what was contained within their circuit, 
 commencing with the probable position of the Forum. 
 
 ' See plate No. 1, page opp. The drawings in which are selected from those given by Guidott and Musgrave, Bel, Brit., 
 cap. vi., § ii. 
 
 2 See Guidott, chap, x., 71 and 72. 
 
 11 2 
 
THE FORUM. 
 
 THE principal buildings in Koman Times appear to have stood around the space now- 
 occupied by the Abbey Churchyard. On the site of the present Pump Room were 
 discovered the remains of an Ancient Temple. These remains are now in the Vestibule 
 of the Literary and Scientific Institution. An inscription supposed to have been upon 
 the Pediment of the Temple, is also preserved in the Institution, where it has been 
 put up in the passage, and the portions wanting have been supplied, according to a 
 conjectm-al restoration of the reading by Governor Pownall. These remains were 
 disinterred A.D. 1790. Immediately fronting this building stood a second Temple, parts 
 of which were, in the course of time, appropriated and adapted as Stalls Church, 
 i.e., the Church of St. Maria de Stabula, or the Virgin at the Manger. This is conjec- 
 tiu-ed from an entry found in an old Book, called " Ruber Codex Bathonite," a MS. 
 on vellum, containing sixty-nine leaves, fairly written on both sides. Mr. Warner' 
 has given a very full accoimt of this Book, which after reciting an epitaph to " Alexander 
 de Alneto et Erneburga uxor ejus," &c., contains the following entry : — 
 
 " Est istud epitaphium sculptum a dcxtra in ostio ruinosi Templi quondam Minervae 
 dedicati, et adhuc in loco dieto sese studiosis offerens. 1582. 7* Decem. In Civit. Bathon.'' 
 
 The fragments found under the western portion of the present Pump Room may have 
 belonged to this Temple, but it is also probable that the Temple alluded to in this 
 extract formed a distinct building, and that there were two Temples situated on opposite 
 sides of the Forum. 
 
 Mr. Britton, in his History of Bath Abbey Church, (p. 12) observes": — "An opinion 
 has been very generally entertained that the present Abbey Church of Bath stands on the 
 site of the ancient Temple of Minerva, and this opinion may be clearly traced to Camden's 
 time." 
 
 Dr. Stukeley, in the year 1724, says — " The Cathedral is a beautiful pile ; here 
 they suppose (with probability) stood the Roman Temple of Minerva, patroness of the 
 Baths."' 
 
 ' See Warner's Hist, of Bath, app., No. li., p. 12. 
 
 ^ Hist, and Antiq. of Bath Abhey Church ; London, 1825. 
 
 ' Itinerarium Curiosum, vol. i., p. 116. 
 
SITES OF TEMPLES. 13 
 
 Dr. GuiDOTT, in 1676, speaking generally of Bath, writes thus: — "There is a 
 tradition that there was formerly a temple dedicated to Minerva where now the Church of 
 St. Peter and St. Paul, commonly called the Abbey Church, stands." 
 
 Camden says : — " Report tells us there anciently existed a temple sacred to Minerva, 
 where now the Cathedral Church is." 
 
 The passage in Solinus, asserting that Minerva was the divinity presiding over the 
 Bath Waters, has led to the supposition that both of these Edifices were temples dedicated 
 to her. 
 
 The Remains of two Edifices, apparently Temples, have been disinterred, and 
 portions of two separate inscriptions, apparently belonging to these Edifices, were found 
 with their ruins, but not on the site of the Abbey Church. Of these buUdings, one 
 appears to have been the Temple of Minerva, the other that of Diana the Charioteer ; at 
 all events, the pediments of the buildings contain the emblems of these divinities. It is 
 not improbable that the site of the present Abbey was occupied by some Roman building, 
 which may have been the Basilica : as we find that on the Continent, Basilicas were usually 
 adapted to Churches, this may have been the case in Bath. ' 
 
 A little to the South West of the Abbey, and between it and the Pump Room, where 
 the remains of the Temple were found, stood the Roman Baths, the foundations of which 
 were discovered in 1755. A particular account of these is given in Collinson's 
 History of Somerset (Vol. 1), and has been copied into Warner's History of Bath. 
 
 Accurate plans and drawings were made at the time of the discovery, and Dr. 
 Lucas and Dr. Sutherland have carefully recorded every particular. We have therefore 
 the actual remains of three Edifices, and traditional notice of two others, all situated in 
 immediate proximity to the Abbey Churchyard : and running towards it, we have also two 
 principal streets that probably met in the ancient Forum, which formed the centre of the 
 Roman City. 
 
 We will now proceed to consider these Buildings separately, and first of all the 
 Ancient Roman Baths. 
 
ANCIENT ROMAN BATHS." 
 
 ACCOUNTS of the discovery of these Baths have happily been given by successive -writers, 
 who have been very careful and minute in their descriptions. 
 
 The discovery in the year 1755 attracted particular attention. The portion of the 
 Baths first brought to light was the Eastern Wing, which Dr. Lucas examined with 
 the assistance of Wood, the architect: he says it was full 10 feet deep under the Abbey 
 House, and the dimensions of the part then uncovered were 43 feet by 34. " Within and 
 adjoining to the walls are the remains of 12 pilasters, each measuring 3 ft. 6 in. on the 
 front of the plinth, by a projection of 2 ft. 3 in. These pUlars seem to have supported a 
 roof. This Bath stood N. and S. To the northward of this room, parted only by a slender 
 wall, adjoined a semi-circular Bath, measuring from E. and W. 14 ft. 4 in., and from the 
 crown of the semi-cii'cle to the partition wall which divides it from the square Bath, 
 18 ft. 10 in. The roof of this seems to have been sustained by four pilasters, one at each 
 angle, and two at the springing of the circle. This Bath seems to have undergone some 
 alteration ; the base of the semi-circle is filled up to about the height of 5 ft., upon which 
 two pilasters were set on either side from the area, between two separate flights of steps 
 into the semi-circular part, which seems to be all that was reserved for a Bath. In this 
 semi-circular Bath was placed a stone chair 18 in. high and 16 in. broad." To the Bath 
 were two flights of steps, the flight divided by a stone partition, and the steps seeming to 
 have been worn by use three inches and a half out of the square. Eastward of these stairs 
 was an elegant room on each side, sustained by four {Pilasters. To the eastward of this 
 were other apartments, consisting of two large rooms, each measuring 39 feet by 22 feet. 
 
 > See PUd. 
 
Sec I'aijr 14i 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 I 
 
 N I I I I I I I I i M 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 
 Explanatiov, of the Plan and Section of the ROMAN 
 BA THS, laid ojjen in the City of Bath, in the year 
 1755, luith the Discoveries between the years 17S*9 
 and 1803. 
 
 A BCD 
 
 EE 
 
 FF 
 
 GG 
 
 H H H H 
 J J JJ J J 
 K K K K 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 O 
 
 A Bath, 41 feet long and 34 feet wide. 
 
 Two Semicircular Baths. 
 
 Two Vapour Baths, whose floors were supported by pillars of 
 bricis composition, If inch thick and 9 inches square, as at 
 c c c, consolidated with strong mortar, about 14 inches 
 asunder ; these sustain a floor of strong hard tiles, about 
 2 feet square, as at d d d, on which were layers of very 
 firm cement. These rooms were set round with square 
 brick tubes, from 16 to 20 inches in length, as at e e e e e. 
 
 Furnaces by which the Vapour Baths were heated. 
 
 Tepid Baths, with Tessellated Pavements. 
 
 Were Dressing Rooms or Antichambers. 
 
 Part of a larger Bath, 90 feet long and 68 feet wide. 
 
 Part of a leaden Cistern, containing water of nearly the same 
 heat as the King's Bath. 
 
 A Channel which conveyed the hot water into the Eastern 
 Square Bath ; b b. Channels for conveying water. 
 
 The Western Bath, corresponding with the opposite side. 
 
 Supposed to he about the situation of the King's Bath. 
 
 P P P P P The Western side of the Baths, discovered between the years 
 1799 and 1803. 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4 Bases of Pilasters which supported roofs. 
 
 a a a a Steps leading down to the Semicircular Baths. 
 
 f f Drains to carry the water to the River. 
 
 The Walls of this magnificent Ruin, when discovered were 
 six or seven feet high, built of stone and mortar, and were 
 lined with coats of red Roman cement, then very firm. The 
 parts more recently exposed were also about the same height, 
 and coated or plastered in the same manner. 
 
Spe Poge 14 
 
 A GROUND Plan of the ancient Roman Baths 
 
 IN THE city of BATH. SOMERSETSHIRE, 
 
 SECTION OF THE EASTERN BATH OPENED IK 1755. 
 
 ^A^ 
 
 Explmiatimi of the PImi mid Section of the ROMAN 
 BATHS, laid open in the City of Bath, m Uie year 
 1755, with the Discoi'eries between tlie years 1799 
 and 1803. 
 
 A B C D A Bath, 41 feet \ong and 34 feet wide. 
 
 E E Two Semicircular Baths. 
 
 F F Two Vapour Baths, whose floors were supported by pillars of 
 
 brick composition, l| ioch thick and 9 inches square, as at 
 c c c, consolidated with Etrong mortar, about 14 inches 
 asunder; these sustain a Soor of strong hard tiles, about 
 2 feet square, as at d d d, on which were layers of very 
 firm cement, These rooms were set round with square 
 brick tubes, from 16 to 20 inches in length, as at e c e e e. 
 
 G G Furnaces by which the Vapour Baths were heated. 
 
 II H H 1! Tepid Baths, with Tessellated Pavements. 
 
 ,1 .1 .1 .1 J .1 Were Dressing Rooms or Anticbantbers. 
 
 K K K K Part of a larger Bath, 90 feel long and (58 feet wide. 
 
 L Part of a leaden Cistern, containing water of nearly the same 
 
 heat OS the King's Bath. 
 
 M A Channel which conveyed the hot water into the Eastern 
 
 Square Buth ; b b, Channels for conveying water. 
 
 N The Western Bath, corresponding with the opposite side, 
 
 O Supposed to be about the situation of the King's Bath. 
 
 I> p p [' p The Western side of the Baths, discovered between the years 
 17^9 and 1803. 
 
 I. 2, 3, 1 Bases of Pilasters which supported roofs. 
 
 a a a n Steps leading down to the Semicircular Baths. 
 
 f f Drains to carry the water to the River. 
 
 The Walls of this magnificent Ruin, when discovered were 
 six or seven feet high, built of stone and mortar, and were 
 lined with coats of red Roman cement, then very firm. The 
 part? more recently exposed were also about the same licight, 
 and coated or plastered in the same manner. 
 
 C 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE BATHS. 15 
 
 " Each had a double floor," «.e., the floors had a hypocaust underneath, and the rooms were 
 heated by means of flues. Eemains of the furnace by which they were heated were 
 also discovered, and about the mouth of the furnace were scattered pieces of burnt wood, 
 charcoal, &c., " on each side of the furnace, adjoining the wall of the northermost stove 
 was a semi-circular chamber of about 10 ft. 4 in., by 9 ft. 6 in. Their floors were nearly 
 2 ft. 6 in. lower than that of the next stove, into which they both open. The pavements 
 were tesselated with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks." After the time Dr. 
 Lucas wrote his description, further discoveries were made of a similar building to the 
 southward, of the same dimensions as the former, and corresponding exactly in position. It 
 was further discovered that these buildings were only the wings of a much larger central 
 building, as is shown in the annexed plan taken from Dr. Spry's Practical Treatise 
 on the Bath Waters.' Dr. Sutherland states that " the proprietor of that particular spot 
 in which the left wing of the Roman Baths was built, his Grace the Duke of Kingston, 
 has improved the waters, as far as that space of ground admits of, by erecting six private 
 Bagnios, with corresponding dressing rooms." Thus the Kingston Baths were built upon 
 a portion of the site of the Old Roman Baths, and the passages and walls of these have 
 sometimes been mistaken for the actual Roman Baths. 
 
 The length of the foundation traced at successive times after the fu'st discovery was 
 about 245 ft. from E. to W., and the breadth 120 ft. at the broadest part from N. to S. 
 The remains did not long continue open to the public, as modern buildings were soon 
 erected over them. A plan of the Baths was made by Dr. Lucas, who published a good 
 account of what he saw. This was improved and enlarged by Dr. Sutherland, whose 
 work was published A.D. 1763," and who in the dedication states that — "In clearing away 
 the foundation of the old Priory, hot mineral waters gushed out, and interrupted the 
 workmen." 
 
 Dr. Sutherland states that stone coffins, and bones of various animals, and other 
 things were discovered, which moved curiosity to search still deeper, and the old Roman 
 sewer was at last found, the water drained off. Foundations of regular buildings were also 
 clearly traced. 
 
 The finding of Stone Coffins upon the site of the Roman Baths gives the idea that the 
 Baths must have been destroyed at an early period, and that it was by violence rather than 
 the hand of time. No doubt they were standing when the Romans left the Island, 
 about A.D. 42U, but betwixt then and the Norman Conquest, the superstructure had 
 
 ' See also the plans in CoUinson's Hist, of Somerset, and Gough's edit, of Camden's Brit. 
 - Attempts to Revive Ancient Medical Doctrines, 2 vols. 
 
16 CHANGE OF MANNERS. 
 
 been wholly removed, and a portion of the site used as a burial iDlace. It is not improbable 
 that the materials of the Roman Baths were used to build the Saxon Monastery and 
 the Church that accompanied it, and are now buried under the foundations of the noble 
 Abbey Church. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to state that "Whitaker, in his review of Warner's Hist, of 
 Bath, regards this building as at first the residence of the Roman Commander, and 
 afterwards as a Saxon regal Palace. All the remains, however, seem to indicate a 
 magnificent arrangement of Baths, suited to the elegance and luxury of the Roman people, 
 and all writers on the subject agree on this point. 
 
 The passage of Tacitus, wherein he describes the gradual enervation of the native 
 character of the Britons through the pohcy pursued by Agricola, seems particularly appUc- 
 able to this City. 
 
 "Namque ut homines dispersi ac rudes, eoque bello facUes, quieti et otio per 
 voluptates assuescerent ; hortari privatim, adjuvare publico, ut templa, fora, domus 
 exstruerent, laudando promptos, et castigando segues ; ita honoris semulatio, pro necessitate 
 erat. Jam vero principum filios liberalibus artibus erudire, et ingenia Britannorum studiis 
 Gallorum anteferre, ut qui modo linguam Romanam abnuebant, eloquentiam concupiscerent. 
 Inde etiam habitus nostri honor, et frequens toga. Paullatimque discessum ad delinimenta 
 vitiorum, portions, et balnea, et conviviorum elegantiam ; idque apud imperitos humanitas 
 vocabatur, cum pars servitutis esset."' 
 
 We may conceive of the native Britons occupying Hampton Down (where are 
 vestiges of an ancient British settlement), as looking down upon the Roman town of Aqtj^ 
 SoLis in the valley, and induced gradually to mix with the new comers, to assume their 
 dress and manners, and to become imitators of their luxury. 
 
 1 Tac, Vit. Agric, c. 21. 
 
REMAINS OF THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA. 
 
 WE now come to consider the remains, which have been happily preserved to us, of 
 a Temple discovered in 1790, in digging the foundation of the present Pump Room. 
 Many writers have treated of them, and expressed opinions as to the character of the 
 work and the meaning of the design ; ' and Mr. Scharf, in Archseologia,'- has done ample 
 justice to these most interesting vestiges. 
 
 Mr. Whitaker, in a spirited review of the Eev. R. Warner's History, endeavours 
 to prove that this Temple was in form similar to the Pantheon at Rome, both being 
 dedicated to Minerva. He says : " The Pantheon of Minerva Medica (an agnomen very 
 similar to our prenomen of Sul for Minerva) is noticed by RuFUS and Victor in their 
 short notes concerning the structures of Rome. ... In this quarter is still standing 
 a decagon structure. . . . The whole consists of ten sides, in one of which is a door, 
 as in the other nine were as many niches, all of them furnished with as many images of 
 deities. Such (says he) we believe was once the Temple of Minerva at Bath." 
 
 In illustration of this subject it may be stated that in the Autumn of the year 1863 
 the fragments of a Temple, resembling very closely those dug up in Bath, were discovered 
 at Chester. W. Tite, Esq., M.P., who happily had his attention called to them while visiting 
 Chester at the time of the discovery, obtained careful measurements and plans of the 
 structure, and communicated the results of his investigation to the Society of Antiquaries, 
 Jan. 14, 1864.^ " This Temple consisted originally of 24 Corinthian Columns, 4 at each 
 end, and 8 on each side ; of these 10 remained in their places, i.e., there were 10 Bases 
 and considerable portions of the Shafts. Other fragments of the Shafts and portions of the 
 
 ' Sub hoc tempus urbi accepit Templum Minervae nuncupatum, quod a Domitiano forsan fedificatum ; certe ille plurimum 
 huic Deae solebat tribuere, eamqui t^ex testimonio Suetonii) superstitiose colebat, utpote se illius filium haberi cupiens. (MusgraTe 
 Bel. Brit., cap. v., § ii.) 
 
 ' Archaeologia, vol. xxxvi. 
 
 ' See Gen. Mag., March, 1864. 
 
18 ' CORINTHIAN CAPITAL. 
 
 Capitals were found in the rubbish, and the foundations of the 24 were to be recognized. 
 Thus the ground plan and elevation could be restored without difficulty. The diameter of 
 the Columns was 2 ft. 3:|; in., and the intervals or intercolumniations about 11 ft. 9 in." 
 The whole structure when perfect must have presented an appearance similar to the Malson 
 Carree at Nismes. 
 
 The diameter of the Roman Column found underneath the Pump Room at Bath 
 nearly corresponds with that at Chester ; the Bath Column being 2 ft. 8 in. in diameter, 
 that at Chester 2 ft. 3:^ in. Both Temples were of the Corinthian order of architecture, 
 and they were probably similar in structure. As the Temple at Bath was rather the 
 larger of the two, the intervals of the intercolumniations would be somewhat wider than 
 those of the Temple at Chester, and the appearance of the edifice more imposing. The 
 Temple at Chester, according to Mr. Tite's restoration, was 110 ft. long by 39 ft. 6 in. 
 in width, and the Baths in this instance appear to have been contiguous to the Temple, 
 while at Bath, although situated on the same side of the Forum with the Temple of 
 Minerva, they were thrown further back and occupied the North Eastern portion, the front 
 of each edifice having a Southern aspect. According to Mr. Txte the ruins at Chester 
 are of the same date and character as those found at Bath in 1790.' 
 
 CORINTHIAN CAPITAL AND BASE, WITH PART OF THE SHAFT. 
 
 Of the Remains disinterred from under the present Pump Room the Corinthian 
 Capital deserves the first notice. It has been beautifully drawn in Mr. Lysons's Book- and 
 a restoration of it, together with the Entablature, given.' The Capital is executed in a bold 
 masterly style, and seems to be of early date. Its peculiarity is an ornament consisting 
 of small foliage which rises between the volutes and runs over the abacus. Mr. Lysons 
 observes that the Capitals of the three columns in the Campo Vaccino at Rome, supposed 
 to have belonged to a Temple of Jupiter Stator, have an ornament of the same kind, 
 though richer and more highly finished. The Base and part of the Shafts are of very 
 inferior style, and probably the repairs of a later age. The Base has a groove cut on one 
 side. Mr. Lysons remarks that — " These fragments, as well as all the other Remains of 
 Roman Architecture, are of the stone dug in the neighbourhood of Bath and still used for 
 building there." 
 
 ' See Bath Chronicle, May 5th, 1864; Report of Literary and Philosophical Association. 
 - Remains of Two Temples and other Rom. Antiq. discovered at Bath ; Loudon, 1802. See Plate 1. 
 
 2 Plate 3. Lysons's Rem. 
 * See Plate opposite. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 CORINTHIAN COLUMN. 
 
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CORNICE AND OTHER FRAGMENTS. 19 
 
 A fine Corinthian Capital, but of larger dimensions than that found at Bath, was 
 discovered at Cirencester in 1808. It is described and drawn in Archseologia,' and 
 some account of it is given by Professor Buckman and C H. Newmarch, Esq., in their 
 Illustrations of the Kemains of Eoman Art in Cirencester, the site of Ancient Corinium.- 
 This interesting vestige is now deposited in the Park of Miss Masters, near Cirencester. 
 It probably belonged to to a Temple, similar in structure to that at Chester ; but it is 
 of larger dimensions than either that at Bath or Chester ; for, whereas the Capital of the 
 Cirencester column measures 4 feet across the top, that at Bath is 3 feet 5 in., and the 
 shafts at Chester carried a still smaller Capital. The Temple at Cirencester must, therefore, 
 have been the most imposing building of tlie three. 
 
 COENICE, AND OTHER FRAGMENTS. 
 
 Together with with the Corinthian Capital and Base were found several fragments 
 of a Cornice, richly ornamented with flowers and foliage, consisting of a Cyma Eecta, 
 Corona, Ovolo, and Dentils.' " As the thickness of the stone, so far as can be presumed 
 from its present condition (observes Mr. Lysons) would not have been sufficient for the 
 projection of a corner moulding, it is improbable that any was added to the Dentils. The 
 Cornice is considerably less in height than the proportion usually given to that member in 
 the Corinthian order ; but the architect has, in a great measure, obviated this defect, by 
 allowing to every moulding a degree of projection which, when it was in its proper situation, 
 must have tended considerably to remove the appearance of deficiency in height. 
 
 The Modillions, which form a part of the usual ornaments of the Corinthian Cornice 
 are here omitted ; but the Corona is made to project six inches and a-half beyond the Ovolo. 
 The Sofiit of this projection is richly ornamented with foliage and flowers.''^ 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON PEDIMENT. 
 
 With these fragments were found some incised stones, forming part of a Frieze, with the 
 following portions of an Inscription clearly legible : 
 
 .... AVDIVS LIGVR .... OLEGIO. 
 
 LONGA. SERIA 
 
 E NIMIA VETVS VNIA REFICI 
 
 ET. REPINGI CVR 
 
 ' Vol., xviii., p. 124, pi. viii. 
 
 2 See p. 19. 
 
 5 See, also, Lysons', pi. ii. 
 
 * See Plate opposite. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 INSCRIPTION. 
 
 These fragments, with a conjectural restoration of the Inscription by Governor Pownall, 
 are now placed in the passage of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. The 
 restoration is as follows : 
 
 [AVLVS CLJAVDIVS LIGVR[IVS SODALIS ASCITVS FABRORVM 
 C]OLEGIO LONGA SERIA [DEFOSSA HANG ^DEM] E NIMIA VETVS 
 [TATE LABENTEM DE INVENTA ILLIC PECjVNIA REFICI ET REPINGI 
 CVR[AVIT]. 
 
 It has been well observed' that — " Restorations of imperfect Inscriptions, although 
 subjects of agreeable speculation, are generally very hazardous, excepting those cases in 
 which the extant words or letters are parts of formulae, and then a perfectly reliable reading 
 may be supplied from known examples." 
 
 The '' sodalis ascitus fabrorum'" was suggested by the expression, "e.r colegio fabrice 
 elatus" on the stone of Julius Vitalis, found in Walcot in 1708, on the side of the 
 Roman road, the ancient Fossway, hereafter to be described. 
 
 "^ma" was an earthenware vessel, used for burying money (as we know from 
 2nd Sat. of Persius 11). Many examples have been found here and elsewhere. 
 
 U nimia vetustate applies to the dilapidated building, of which it is said — Claudius 
 LiGUR " Pccunia refici et repingi curavit.'''' 
 
 Governor Pownall's restoration is certainly ingenious if not satisfactory. 
 
 Dr. Mc.Caul has observed that scrice were kept in the Temples, and quotes 
 Lamprid. Heliogab. c. 6 ; but suggests that the true reading is seric, or that the final A 
 is a mistake in authography for E. " We have thus," says he, " longa serie, and if we 
 supply annorum, this phrase and 7imta vetustate will agree well with rejici et repingi." In 
 confirmation of this view, he gives two authorities, Orelli, n. 3,300, and Renier, 
 Msc. de I'Algerie, n. 109. 
 
 Mr. Lysons • says : — As much of it as can be restored with a reasonable degree 
 of probability will run thus — 
 
 . . [CL]AVDIVS. LIGUR [CJOLEGIO. LONGA. SERIA 
 
 [ANNORVM. NEGLECT AM. ET. PR]AE. NIMIA. VETUS[TATE. COLLAPSAM. 
 AEDEM. MINERVAE. SVA. PECJVNIA REFECI ET. EEPINGl CVR[ARVNT]. 
 
 ' Britanno-Rom. luscrip., by Rev. J. McCaul, LL.D., Pres. of Univ. College, Toronto, p. 18G. 
 - See RemainB of Two Temples, p. 5. 
 
TYMPANUM. 21 
 
 He further observes that it is plain, from the number of ligatures which occur in the 
 Inscription, that some pains were taken to bring the lines within a certain space ; also that 
 it seems probable that the name of some other person preceded that of Claudius Ligur, 
 since a greater space remains to be filled up at the beginning than would have been 
 sufficient for a prajuoraen. " It is probable," he adds, " that another Inscription, expressing 
 by whom this Temple was originally built, ran along the architrave, a fragment of whicli 
 has the letters VM. remaining on it."' 
 
 I think we are fairly entitled to gather from these fragments that Claudius Ligur 
 (and perhaps another person united with him) restored the Temple and repainted it, after 
 it had been neglected and dilapidated through age, and that this was done at their own cost. 
 
 • 
 
 Dr. Mc.Caul infers a late date for this restoration, from the use of the word repingi^ 
 a verb which, he says, he does not recollect having seen in any Latin writer earlier than 
 the VI. Cent. A.D. On this, however, it may be observed, that although the '•'■tied''' or 
 enucleated letters which are common to the Inscription certainly point to a late date, yet the 
 Temple is probably at least two centuries earlier than the date suggested by Dr. Mc.Caul.- 
 
 TYMPANUM OF PEDIMENT. 
 
 The Tympanum of the Pediment,^ discovered at the same time with the other remains, 
 calls for especial notice. In altitude it measured 8 feet 4 inches, and in length 24 feet 
 2 inches. This Sculpture belongs to the age of the decadence of the arts, but is not 
 inferior in execution to some of the works of its period found in Rome. " The execution is 
 coarse, and the material, taken from the quarries in the neighbourhood, does not admit of 
 great delicacy of execution. The eyes are crude, and extravagant in drawing ; but there 
 is an effective treatment of the work, as intended for a distance, and a peculiar roundness 
 about the flesh. The arrangement of the hair is very artistic, and the mode in which the 
 snakes are made to combine with it is worthy of observation. It must have originally 
 consisted of twelve stones, only six of which remain. The subject is a large circular shield, 
 called " clipeus," supported by two flying figures of Victory. The feet of the right hand 
 Victory still remain attached to a globe. "^ Governor Pownall endeavoured to prove 
 that this head was the " serpentine, or cherubic diadem, which the Egyptians, Ehodian.s, 
 and some other nations in the east, j)laced upon the head of the divine symbol of their god." 
 
 ' See Rem. of Two Temples, p. 5. 
 
 ' See B. R. Inscrip., p. 188. 
 
 ' See plate on opp. page. See also an excellent drawing by Mr. Scharf, in Archaeol. xxxv., p. 190; plate 36. 
 
 * Archaeologia, xxxvi., p. 189. 
 
22 SUL MINERVA. 
 
 Some, like Mr. Carter, have considered it to be the head of Medusa. Mr. Britton, 
 in a note upon a recent edition of Carter (1838), said it was intended to represent the 
 gegis of Minerva. The aegis was originally ^goat-skin; and when Jupiter was contending 
 with the Titans, he was directed to wear it, with the head of the Gorgon. Homer 
 designates Jupiter, Aiyio;)^of (segis-bearing) ; and from this circumstance the goat-skin 
 became the mantle or paludamentum of the Roman emperors ; whereas the Medusa's head 
 at last degenerated into a mere fibula or button, with which the cloak was fastened to the 
 right shoulder. 
 
 The tegis was therefore quite distinct from the shield of Minerva ; and the object now 
 under consideration is a shield oi a large round " clipeus" form, supported by figures of Yictory. 
 Between the head and the rim of the shield are two circles or wreaths of oak-leaves and 
 acorns. These have no direct reference to Minerva. " May it not be," asks Mr. Scharf, 
 " that this head is the symbol of the hot spring, and that the double wreath refers to the 
 oak groves which may have surrounded the locality" ? 
 
 Minerva was, according to Solinus, the presiding divinity, — " quibus fontibus priesul 
 est Minerva numen." Two altars are now standing in the entrance passage of the 
 Literary Institution, dedicated to the goddess Sul-Minerva, two to the goddess Sul, and 
 one to the Suleva3. There is also a memorial stone, put up to a priest of the goddess Sul. 
 Another fragment of an inscription, which reads 
 
 C . PROTACI 
 DE^ . SVLIS . M. 
 
 is still preserved, and seems to have belonged to a distinct Temple. It appears probable from 
 this, that the Romans, finding the worship of the goddess Sul established here, and, it may 
 be, conducted on the hill called Salisbury (still bearing a corruption of her name), added to it 
 that of their oivn Minerva, under the title of " Sul-Minerva," and regarded this goddess 
 as presiding over the hot springs, and erected to her a noble Temple, of which the Pediment 
 and one Column now alone remain.' 
 
 The central head in the shield may be, as Mr. Scharf observes, a personification of 
 the hot spring itself. The abundant curls indicate the fiowing streams ; and the wings just 
 above the ears may relate to the fleeting and evanescent nature of the Bath waters, which, 
 from their intense heat, quickly evaporate. If this view be correct, the locality of the hot 
 
 1 It is worthy of remark, that near Ribchester (Coccium), where considerable remains of a Temple dedicated to Minerva are 
 said to have been found, is a spot called " Salebury." See Camden, Gough's edition, vol, iii., p. 378. 
 

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TEMPLE. 23 
 
 spring being in a valley, we may have it typified in the deeply concave form of a " clipous" 
 around the head and circle of oak-leaves ; whereas all bucklers in ancient art partake of the 
 opposite, or convex, form. Surely the Bath waters, or their supposed divinity, deserved a 
 temple ; for to these the city owes its continuance through all periods of history, while others, 
 like Uriconium, Kenchester, and Silchester, have quite passed away, or become unimportant 
 places. 
 
 At the left hand corner of the Pediment is a helmet of a very peculiar, and, in Mr. 
 Scharf's opinion, unclassic shape. On the right hand side above, is part of an arm with a 
 bracelet ; and below it is a hand holding a wreath belonging to a flying Victory. Lower 
 down is the hand of a child holding an owl by the wing. Here is an emblem of Minerva 
 and of Night also ; the helmet may be regarded as allusive to Mars, and would have an 
 appropriate allusion in a Roman colony ; and equally suggestive would be the owl of 
 Minerva, the goddess presiding over the hot springs ; for, as remarked by Proclus, a very 
 late Greek author, who died a.d. 485 — 
 
 'H A0HNA NIKH Trpoo-ayoptuaTai kosj TFIEIA, toi/ jmei/ vomm )ipxTii)/ Troiouira t»? ocuxyxrig, xxi 
 
 TO fuToj Trif vXrig, oXov Jaifi xai nXstov, nai ccyripuv, xai ai/oiroi/ J'j«ipuA«TTOi/a'a to nxv, omsiov cuv ttii; roy 
 
 Sfou TavTri;, v.01.1 ocyxyilv, Kai f*£pi^£ii', xai Jias tjij i/oepcc; yppHoi.<; (rvi/ccTnai/ tou; Ojiotj^oi?, y.at silSpvui/ 
 x«i (ppovpav £1/ auToi?. 
 
 Thus translated : 
 
 Minerva is called Victory aud Health ; the former because she causes intellect to rule over 
 necessity, and form over matter ; and the latter because she preserves the universe perpetually whole, 
 perfect, exempt from age, and free from disease. It is the property, therefore, of this goddess to 
 elevate and distribute, and through an intellectual dance, as it were, to connect, establish, and defend, 
 inferior natures in such as are more divine. 
 
 On each side of the shield is the fragment of a flying Victory. The folds of the 
 drapery of the left hand figure are well arranged, and the feathers are distinct in form. A 
 similar arrangement to that of the supporting figures in this sculpture is to be seen on a 
 fragment found at Lanchester, and now placed in the entrance to the library of the Dean 
 and Chapter at Durham. Each Victory stands on a globe, and has a shield on her arm. 
 Circles or bands like those upon the globe under the feet of the right hand figure of the 
 Bath sculpture also occur in paintings at Pompeii, and on coins of Augustus. 
 
 Fluted pilasters, and the remains of four small sciUptures of the Seasons, were also 
 disinterred from the same spot (the site of the present Pump Room), and are preserved in 
 
24 SUL MINERVA. 
 
 the vestibule of the Literary Institution. The sculptures are faithfully given by Mr. 
 Ltsons in his engravings, and out of the fragments he has ideally constructed a small temple. 
 
 The Head in the Pediment' has hitherto been considered to be that of the goddess 
 Sul, in consequence of a portion of an inscription found with it, which runs thus — 
 
 C . PROTACI 
 DE^ SVJS M. 
 And has been restored thus — 
 
 C . PROTACIVS 
 
 DEJE SVLIS MINERVA. 
 " C. Protacius, to the goddess Sul Minerva." 
 
 Two small cells or chapels seem to have stood one on each side of the larger Temple. 
 Mr. ScHARF supposes them to have formed parts of the larger structure. One of these has 
 been reproduced by Mr. Ltsons from the fragments which remain. = He says — "The 
 fragments collected have afforded sufficient authority to produce the whole of the restoration, 
 except the Entablature, of which there are no remains. The extent of the front is ascer- 
 tained by the Tympanum of the Pediment, a great part of which remains. It extends 17 
 feet, and allows the intercolumniation to be 2| feet in diameter." He supposes this small 
 Temple to have been dedicated to Sul-Minerva, but the remains rather show it to be a small 
 Temple of Luna or Selene. The goddess is represented full-faced, with the crescent, not on 
 her forehead, but behind her head, gracefully tilling up the circular space. The right 
 shoulder is bare, on the left is her whip, and her hair is tied in a knot over her forehead, in 
 accordance with other classic representations of the virgin goddess. 
 
 I am inclined to agree with Mr. Warner and Mr. Schaee, that this must be the 
 remains of a structure representing the goddess Luna ; but I cannot quite agree with Mr. 
 ScHARF that, although found in the same spot, it belonged to the large Temple. Part of a 
 medallion representing the Sun was also found at the same time ; but of the rays, which 
 seem not to have exceeded seven in number, part only are left. " The remaining 
 edge of this medallion corresponds (says Mr. Scharf) in size with that of the Moon or 
 Selene" ; and from this he infers that they were portions of two corresponding smaller 
 Pediments. He supposes also that the Sculptures of the Seasons were portions of the 
 decorations of the large Temple, and that the figure on the Pediment represented the 
 presiding deity of the Hot Springs. 
 
 ' Amongst tlie ruins at Caerleon was found a sculpture, with a head resembling that discovered at Bath, but of much 
 inferior workmansliip. See Engraving in Mr. Lee's descriptions of a Roman building, and other remains discovered there, published 
 in 1850 : Plate viii. 
 
 ' See Plates vi. and vii. ; also, pp. 5, 6, 7. 
 
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BRONZE HEAD OF PALLAS. 25 
 
 The discovery of so many Eoman Remains at one time and in one spot, suggested to 
 the Corporation of Bath the propriety of forming some depository for such evidence of tlio 
 former importance of the city, and a Museum was formed in Bath Street in the year 1790.' 
 From this Museum all the fragments discovered under the Pump Room, with the Remains 
 previously found, were afterwards removed to the Literary and Scientific Institution, by 
 an order of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, in January, 1827. 
 
 THE BRONZE HEAD OF PALLAS. 
 
 This was found 20th July, 1727, in digging a sewer in the centre of Stall Street, 
 about 15 feet deep in the ground. It formerly stood in the Town Hall, but is now placed 
 in the inner Library of the Literary and Scientific Institution. It is considered one of 
 the most interesting reliques found in this island. Drawings of it, which were made at the 
 time of its discovery, are now in the Literary and Scientific Institution. By permission of 
 the Mayor and Corporation, Sir H. Englefield caused a cast of this Head to be made and 
 presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London, May 30, 1799. In his opinion the 
 Head had been re-gilt some years previously, but he supposed that traces of the original 
 gilding remained. 
 
 The Head appears to have been broken ofi" from a Statue, the neck bearing evidence 
 of violence in the uneven and ragged outline ; and there are perforations in the upper part 
 of it showing that some ornament was formerly fixed upon it above the hair. What 
 this ornament was, may probably be conjectured from a drawing of a Terra Cotta Head of 
 Pallas Athene, from Calvi, engraved in Mr. Birch's Ancient Pottery and Porcelain,- 
 which in expression much resembles the Bronze Head : it may, however, have been a 
 helmet. Virtue engraved a representation of the Head in 1730,' and when Horsley 
 visited Bath, 1730, it stood in the Town Hall, where also was preserved a Box of Coins, 
 which were found at the same time,'' The Coins were of the Emperors — 
 
 M. Aurelius, 
 
 Maximinus, 
 
 Maximian, 
 
 Dioclesian, 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE, and some others. 
 
 • It is much to be regretted that, in consequence of this step not having been taken at an earlier period, so much that is 
 known to have existed has been irretrieveably lost. 
 
 = Vol. i., p. 168. 
 
 ^ See pi. xxxiv. of Vet. Mon., vol. i. 
 
 * See Brit. Rom., p. 329. 
 
 D 
 
26 BRONZE HEAD OF PALLAS. 
 
 It has been a subject of dispute whether the Head is that of Apollo or Miuerva. 
 HoRSLET seems to incline to the former opinion, Mr. Hunter to the latter.' INIr. Warners 
 confidently assigns it to Apollo. He says — " It is a beautiful fragment of a Statue of 
 Apollo, which stood probably in a Temple dedicated to him, near the spot where the Head 
 was discovered. That this Deity should have a Temple raised to his honour in a city which 
 received its appellation from himself (Aquae Solis) will scarcely admit of a question, 
 particularly as he was esteemed to be potent in the infliction and cure of many disorders." 
 On the other hand, Mr. Whitaker' says — " The form of it is very fine, and the features 
 are truly Minerva's. This military goddess has been expected by some to be like Venus, 
 the goddess of smiles and love. She is a goddess very different, wearing a helmet on her 
 head weilding a javelin in her hand, even carrying a Gorgon's head of snakes upon her 
 breast-plate, and thus mixing in fight with men. So acting, she must of necessity show a 
 manliness and muscularity in the face, superior, perhaps, to any even in the Belvedere 
 Apollo." Mr. Whitaker supposes the date of the Head to have been betwixt A.D. 161 
 and 181. 
 
 The discovery of the Head not far from the ruins of the Temple under the Pump 
 Room, leads to the si;pposition that the statue may have been placed in that Temple. 
 
 Another Head is said to have been found in Bath. This was purchased by the late 
 Mr. PiGOT, of Brockly Hall : a cast of it is now in the Institution, and there is also 
 one in the British Museum. No mention, however, has been made of it by any of the 
 writers on Bath Roman antiquities, nor was it ever entered in the catalogue of Roman 
 remains discovered in the city, although Dr. Spry* states that it was found when the site of 
 the Roman Baths was uncovered, adding that it is supposed to be the head of Diana, and 
 that it was in the possession of the late Mr. Hoare. 
 
 The cast of a small marble statue of Minerva, about 2 ft. 7 in. high, which is also 
 said to have been found in Bath, was bequeathed by the late Prince Hoare, Esq., F.S.A., 
 to the Society of Antiquaries, and is mentioned in their Proceedings.* The statue was 
 exhibited in the Museum of the Somersetshire Archa;ological and Natural History Society, 
 formed on the occasion of their meeting at Bath, in 1852,* but it is not mentioned in the 
 
 ' See Cat. of Antiq., L. and S. Ins., p. 80. 
 
 2 See 111. of B. R. A., No. xiii., p. 09. 
 
 ' Anti-Jacobin Review, vol. 10, p. 341. 
 
 > See " Practical Treatise on the Bath Waters," by Joseph Hume Spry. 1822. 
 
 ' Vol. xxxvii., p. 5. See also Catalogue of Collection of Antiquities, Coins, Pictures, kc, in possession of the Society of 
 
 Antiquaries. London, 1817; compiled by Albert Way, Esq., F.S.A. 
 
 « See " Proceedings," p. 16, 17. 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
 ROMAN FEMALE HEAD FOUND IN BATH, NOW WALLED INTO THE 
 PORCH OF A HOUSE IN MUSORAVE'S ALLEY, EXETER. 
 
BRONZE HEAD OF PALLAS. 27 
 
 Literary Institution Catalogue of Antiquities, nor by any writer on Bath Roman 
 Antiquities, and I have been unable to obtain any satisfactory information respecting it. 
 
 The Remains in Bronze which have been found in London as well as the Bronze 
 Head found in Bath serve to show that the art of Casting in Bronze had been carried to 
 great perfection in this Island during the Roman occupation, and quite confirm the words of 
 Pliny.' Mr. Roach Smith, in his " Illustrations of Roman Loudon,''' has given drawings 
 of the Bronzes found in London or dredged up from the bed of the Thames. They are of 
 beautiful workmanship, and the few that have been preserved lead us to regret that many 
 works of Roman art which must have formerly existed in this country, have perished for 
 want of interest in their value. The Head of the Emperor Hadrian, the colossal bronze 
 Hand, 13 inches long, which had been broken off from a statue of about the same 
 magnitude as that from which the Head of Hadrian had been severed, and probably forming 
 part of a statue of the same Emperor, all evince a high state of art at the period of 
 that Emperor. " Among the workers in metal of that epoch," observes Mr. Roach Smith, 
 " was Zenodorus in Gaul, who fabricated in that province many works of great merit ; and 
 among them a colossal statue of Mercury for the city of Averni ; and at Rome a statue of 
 Nero one hundred and ten feet liigh. The bronze statue of Antinous, heroic size, found at 
 Lillebonue, between Rouen and Havre, figured in vol. iii. of the Collection of Antiquities, 
 and now preserved in the Louvre, may be appealed to as an example of the style of the 
 school to which the Head of Hadrian belongs ; also the Head of Apollo found at Bath, 
 and a fragment of a leg and hoof of a horse found at Lincoln, and preserved in the 
 collection of the Society of Antiquaries at Somerset House." We may hence infer that 
 the date of the Head of Pallas, which Mr. Roach Smith considers to be Apollo, is about 
 that of the Emperor Hadrian. A pig of lead, with the stamp of that Emperor, was found 
 in Sydney Buildings, Bathwick. 
 
 COLOSSAL FEMALE HEAD, CARVED IN BATH STONE. 
 
 In the year 1714 this Head was discovered in Bath, and sent by Mr. Francis Child 
 as a present to Dr. Musgrave, who then resided in Exeter. Dr. Musgrave named it the 
 Britanno-Belgic Andromache, and caused it to be set up in the porch of his house.' The 
 statue of which it formed part must have been 8 ft. 2 in. high. It probably stood 
 upon a pedestal or perhaps a column, and (as Mr. Hunter supposes) gave Mr. Lysons 
 the hint of the obelisk crowned with a statue, which he has introduced in his general view 
 of what Bath may have been in the most flourishing times of Roman grandeur.' 
 
 ' Nat. Hist., lib. xxxiv., c. 7, 8. 
 
 - Plates XV. to xxii., and frontispiece. 
 
 3 See Dr. Musgrave's Bel. Brit., vol. i., chap. xix. 
 
 * See Frontispiece to Remains of Two Temples. 
 
 h 2 
 
28 COLOSSAL FEMALE HEAD. 
 
 It afterwards fell into the possession of ]\Ir. Luke, a Solicitor in Exeter, who occupied 
 a house in Musgrave's Alley, said to have formerly belonged to Dr. Musgrave, and it 
 is built into the wall of the porch, so as to show both the back of the head and the front 
 face.' The plate of it in Dr. Musgrave's Book is a very fair representation, excepting 
 that the arrangement of the hair in the sculpture is more natural than in the engraving, 
 and the head-dress, instead of being a sort of diadem, seems more like a well-ciirled wig. 
 
 In the sculpture the hair sets off from the head by the cheek, as natural hair would 
 do, so that the hand may be put underneath, and the circles are not so even and true, nor 
 so flat as in the drawing, but rounded more like natural curls. There are two twisted 
 locks of hair which come somewhat over the face. 
 
 Dr. Musgrave supposes the head-dress to represent the style prevalent in the time of 
 the Emperor DoinxiAN, and (with the remark, " Qua mulierum in vestitu enormitates 
 acriter perstringit") applies to it the lihes of Juvenal, Sat. vi. 
 
 ' Tot premit ordinibus, tot adhuc compagibus altum, 
 ^dificat caput, Andromachen a fronte videbis. 
 Post minor est, credas aliam.' 
 
 He considers it to be of the date A.D. 81, when Agricola commanded in Britain. 
 A drawing of this Head is given by Horsley.^ It is also described in Collinson's History 
 of Somerset,^ and Warner's History of Bath,' where it is wrongly supposed to have 
 come into the possession of Lord Pembroke, and been carried to Wilton. It is much to 
 be regretted that it has passed out of the City of Bath, as it ought to form part of the 
 Collection of Roman Antiquities in the Literary and Scientific Institution. A Writer in 
 the " Bath Chronicle," 27th Sept., 1862, suggests a hope that it may yet be obtained by 
 the City. 
 
 ' Through the courtesy of Mr. Luke, since deceased, I saw this Head in 1859. 
 
 2 B. R. ; see p. 329. 
 
 ^ Vol. 1, p. 14. 
 
 * p. 29, and "Illustrations;" Introduction, p. 26. 
 
^>«f 
 
 ■K 
 
 \vvr« 
 
 Q 
 
 <: 
 
 w 
 -J 
 
 > 
 
 < " 
 
 .a 
 
 O 
 
 a; 
 
ROMAN METALLURGY. 
 
 A Pig of Lead, bearing the stamp of the Emperor Hadrian, 
 
 IMP. HADRIANI. AVG. 
 
 ■was discovered, A.D. 1822, near Sydney Buildings, S.W. of Sydney Gardens, in the course 
 of works under the direction of Mr. Goodridge, Architect, Bath, by whom it has been 
 deposited in the Literary and Scientific Institution. An ancient Key found with the Pig 
 of Lead is now deposited with the other Bath antiquities in the Museum. The Pig of 
 Lead, which weighed 1 cwt. 83 lbs., is mentioned by the Rev. W. Phelps.' 
 
 Mr. Yate,^ in a very interesting paper on " The Mining Operations of the Romans," 
 states that " it bears exactly the same Inscription as those from Snailbeach, Shelve, and 
 Snead, so that it may reasonably be presumed to have come from the Shropshire Mines. 
 In its size and form it also agrees remarkably with these specimens." I should rather 
 incline to think that it was the product of the Mendip Mines, which were worked much 
 earlier by the Romans than those in Shropshire: probably, however, in the reign of 
 Hadrian one uniform stamp prevailed for all the Mines under the Roman dominion in 
 Britain. 
 
 The Lead bearing a Roman stamp discovered in Somerset is the earliest of any found 
 in our Island.' That found August, 1853, near Blagdon, Somerset, probably dates as far 
 back as A.D. 48 ; that at Wookey, near Wells, A.D. 49. Thus the Mendip Mines were 
 worked as early as the time of Claudius by the Romans, or at all events the produce of 
 the Mines then in work was put under tribute, and received the Emperor's mark. The 
 date of the Pig of Lead found in Bath is between A.D. 117 — 138 ; some 80 or 90 
 years later. 
 
 1 Hist. Som., vol. 1, p. 161 ; Journal of Brit. Arch, ap., vol. v., p. 228 ; Archaeo. Journal, xvi., p. 31 ; and Som. Arch, and 
 N. H. Soc. Proceedings, vol. viii., p 15. 
 
 - Som. Arch, and N. H. Soc. proceedings. 
 
 " See Arch. Journal, vol. xvi., p. 23, 24. 
 
30 EO.MAN METALLURGY. 
 
 At Cliarterhouse-on-Mendip abundant traces of Roman Mining have been observed, 
 and the appearance of the hills in the vicinity of the Mines corresponds with that which Mr. 
 Thomas Wright describes as occurriBg at Shelve, in Shropshire, viz., " the excavations 
 take the form of vast caverns, Avhich have gone to a great depth, but the entrance has been 
 clogged up with fallen rock." Mr. AV right supposes that the Roman Miners " began at 
 the bottom" of the hill, where they observed the veins to crop out, and having " followed 
 the metal in one spot as far as they could, they commenced immediately above, and 
 filled up the previous excavation with the waste from the new one." 
 
 At Charterhouse-on-]\Iendip,i near the site of the Roman Station, is a perfect Roman 
 Amphitheatre, and about half-a-mile distant from it there are traces of another, which has 
 been partially filled up. These are noticed by Sir R. C. Hoare' in his survey of the 
 Roman road which passed the Roman Station at Charterhouse-on-Mendip and led from Old 
 Sarum (Sorbiodunum) to the Roman Port on the Severn at Brean Down (Ad Axium). I 
 have in my possession three Roman Coins^ picked up at Charterhouse, and Mr. Yate 
 mentions a copper coin of Anton. Pius. He says " large heaps of slag have been found, 
 still rich in lead, so as to prove that the Romans were not successful in the extraction of 
 the metal from its ore, also a quantity of the ore finely pounded, so as to be ready for 
 smelting, and in the state now known by the name slimes. . . There are several 
 srooves cut in the mountain from which the ore was doubtless extracted. Some remarkable 
 implements of wood, and a powerful iron pick-axe were found at Luxborough, not far from 
 Dunster, where it appears that the Romans had iron-mines and made use of the Brown 
 Hematite." Drawings of these mining implements are given.' The originals are preserved 
 in the Museum of the Society at Taunton. 
 
 The Foss Road from Bath to Ilchester cuts the Roman Road from Old Sarum to the 
 port on the Severn (probably the Ad Axium of the Ravenna List), not far from an ancient 
 camp called Maesbury Castle. Both lines of road are laid down in the map of the Ordnance 
 Survey, and the point of contact of the two is near Oakhill. By these Roads such part of 
 the produce of the Mines of Mendip as was needed for use in the city or province, would 
 be brought to Aqute Solis. 
 
 Near the spot where the Roman Pig of Lead was found, some interments have 
 since been discovered. In January, 1861, two stone coffins were exposed. One 
 contained the skeleton of a young female imbedded in fine white sand, which, on being 
 
 ' For acct. see Archaeol. Journal, vol. xvi., p. 153. 
 
 2 Ancient Wilts, vol. ii. Roman Mr&. 
 
 3 One Probus, two Tacitus ; one of them being a copper coin plated. 
 
 « Som. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, vol. viii., p. 18, pi. II. 
 
ROMAN METALLURGY. 31 
 
 submitted to careful microscopic examination, was found to be similar in composition to 
 that obtained from the mineral veins which produce Lead oi'c in Mendip, and no sand of 
 the same description is found nearer to ]?atii than the Mendip Hills. From this it seems 
 probable that not only Lead Ore, but sand for tlie purpose of interments, was procured from 
 the Mines. A more particular account of these interments will be given hereafter. 
 
ROMAN MEDICINE STAMP. 
 
 IT is most probable that a School of Medicine existed in Bath at an early period. The 
 Mineral Springs being visited by many patients for their healing benefits, would naturally 
 cause the residence of eminent Physicians in the neighbourhood. No record, however, 
 has been found of any patients, nor have we any Votive Altar put up by a Physician, as 
 at Chester, or any memorial to a Physician, as on the line of the Roman Wall in 
 Northumberland. 
 
 A solitary Medicine Stamp is all that has been discovered to indicate the practice of 
 Medicine in Bath in Roman times, and it seems probable that this was the Stamp of an 
 Empiric. This Medicine Stamp was dug up in the Abbey Churchyard in 1731, in making a 
 cellar. It passed into the possession of Mr. Mitchell, of Bristol, about the middle of the 
 last century, but it cannot now be traced. It was a stone of greenish hue, perforated, 
 and of oblong form. At the time of the discovery it was shown to the Society of 
 Antiquaries, and casts of the impressions upon it were presented to that body by Mr. 
 Lethiecullier : three of them are still preserved in their Museum.' 
 
 In 1788, Mr. Gough published in Archteologia," " Observations on certain Stamps 
 and Seals used anciently by oculists." Dr. Simpson, of Edinburgh, has also done 
 much to elucidate the reading of the Inscriptions on this Stamp- ; and Dr. McCaul, 
 president of University College, Toronto, has, with much learning and critical acumen, 
 suggested very probable emendations in the former readings.^ 
 
 The legends on the four sides are as follows : — 
 
 T. IVNIANI THALASAR 
 ^- AD CLARITATEM. 
 
 T. lYNIANI CRVSOMAEL 
 ^- IN M AD CLARITATEM. 
 
 T. JVNIANI DIEXVM 
 ^- AD VETERES CICATRICES. 
 
 T. JVNIANI PIIOEBVM AD LV 
 ^- ECOMA DELICTA A MEDICIS. 
 
 ' MS. notices of this Stamp are preserved in the Min. Bock of the Soc. of Antiq., vol. iv. (17ll\ p. 210; and vol. viii. 
 (1757), p. 29. 
 
 - See Edinburgh Med. .lournal. March, ISGl. 
 
 * See Brit. Horn. Inscrip., p. 17ti. 
 
;j1AMO2SI0lHAll/1VI 
 MTAT 1 9 A J 3 Q A"^ 1 l/i 
 
 ..K 
 
 IVN IAN 1 CRSOM AF L 
 
 ^J^ y-^ADCLM •Riif^AX M 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 MEDICINE STAMP, AND SCULPTURE OF A DOG CARRYING A D?. ER, 
 FOUND IN BATH ON THE LINE OF THE FOSS ROAD. 
 
ROMAN MEDICINE STAMP. 33 
 
 I have here given the amended readings, as the two last Inscriptions seem to have been 
 copied imperfectly, and are therefore doubtful. In No. 3, the initial letters of the last 
 word are in a rude Britanno-Roman character, and their meaning can only be conjectured. 
 The plaster cast of this side has been lost. 
 
 Dr. Simpson observes that the " fourth legend appears the most puzzling of all the 
 Inscriptions hitherto found upon the Roman Medicine Stamps discovered in Britain." The 
 word, however, after the name of the Vendor of the Medicine, T. JVNIANVS, appears to 
 be PHOEBVM. 
 
 To add to the diificulties of interpreting this stone, the spelling of the original has 
 been executed very carelessly by the engraver. Thus, in No. 2, we have CRSOMAELINVM 
 for CRYSOMELINVM ; and in No. 1, THALASER for THALLASSER. 
 
 In No. 4, the word LEVCOMA has been read QVECVMO, but Dr. McCaul 
 suggests QVECVMQVE, the E being used for M and the final Q for QVE. 
 
 In No. 4, PHOEBVM has also been read PHORBIVM. The Phorbium, according 
 to Galen, " possesses attenuating, attractive, and discutient powers. They apply its Seeds, 
 mixed with honey, to Leucoma, and it is believed to have the power of attracting Spicula 
 of Wood." 
 
 The word DELICTA is conjectured by Dr. McCaul to be RELICTA, and used for 
 derelicta, as in Orelli, n. 1518. Thus the word would admit of two interpretations, either 
 " badly treated" or " given up" by the Physicians. 
 
 The Stone may therefore read thus — 
 
 1 . The Thalasser of Titus Juniajsius for Clearing the Eye-sight. 
 
 2. The Crysomeliuum of T. Junianus for Clearing the Eye-sight. 
 
 3. The Diexum or Dryxum of T. Junianus for Removal of Old Scars. 
 
 4. The Phcebum (or Blistering CoUyrium) of T. Junianus for such hopeless 
 
 cases as have been given up by the Physicians. 
 
 The name on each of these Stamps is that of a Collyrium, or Eye Salve. 
 
 The DIEXVM, or DRYXVM, or DRVCVM, probably from Sfvi, an oak, may have 
 been composed of gall nuts, and used as an astringent. 
 
34 ROMAN MEDICINE STAMP. 
 
 The name PHOEBVM is not known as a Collyrium, but PHORBIVM was used by 
 the Ancients ; or the word, as Dr. McCaul observes, may be PHOEDVM, the Latinized 
 form of $OIAON or ^niAON, derived from (puC,u. If the word be PHOEBVM it is used in 
 the sense of " Radiant" or " Appollinarian." 
 
 Other Medicine Stamps have been found in this country, as at Cirencester ' and 
 Wroxeter.2 Dr. McCaul observes that, of the Roman Remains scattered over Europe, 
 probably none present greater difficulties to the antiquary than Medicine Stamps. The 
 subject has, however, been explained and illustrated by Spon, Chishull, Caylus, Saxe, 
 Walche, Gough, Tochon, Sichet, Duchaxais, Way, and Simpson, as well as in the work 
 of Dr. McCaul on Roman Inscriptions, whence much of the explanation which is here 
 given has been obtained. 
 
 ' See Corinium, by Prof. Buckman and Mr. Newmarch. 
 ' Archaeol. Journal, vol. xvi., p. 66. 
 
SCULPTURE OF A DOG CARRYING 
 
 A DEER. 
 
 A Stone with a Sculpture iu bas-relief, representing a Dog carrying a Deer, was found 
 about five years ago on the line of the Foss Road as it passes through Walcot into Bath. 
 Here also were found the Julius Vitalis Monument and several remains of Eoman 
 Interments. The Sculpture now under consideration was dug up in preparing the 
 foundations for a house. It seems to have formed the upper portion of a Tomb, and is 
 probably Roman, although this is merely conjectural, as there is no lettering or Inscription 
 by which its use or age can be determined. The Sculptui-e represents a well formed 
 and vigorous Hound, caiTying a Roe-deer, which is thrown over his back, the legs 
 hanging down behind the Dog's body. A portion of the Sculpture is broken away. I am 
 not aware of any Sculptures of British Dogs having been found elsewhere, and our ideas of 
 the ancient Hound are derived from drawings on vases and from fragments of ancient pottery. 
 Thus in plate xxviii. of Artis's Durobrivoe, we have a representation of Hounds hunting 
 Deer, taken from a piece of Roman pottery discovered near Waternewton, Nov., 1827.' 
 The Hounds there represented are similar in figure to our modern breed of Greyhounds, 
 and they appear to have collars round their necks. In the same work, plate liv., is a 
 design of Greyhounds coursing a Hare, the Hounds being similar to those above mentioned, 
 excepting that their tails are not so fine and tapering. These examples probably fairly 
 represent the kind of Hounds used in the chase of the Stag and Hare iu this Island by the 
 Romans. 
 
 Dr. MuSGRAVE, in his Belgium Britannicum," has touched upon the subject of British 
 Dogs and cites authorities to shew the high estimation in which they were held. 
 
 " Divisa Britannia mittit veloces, nostrique orbis venantibus aptos." 
 
 Some lines of Oppian, and also of Claudian, describe the British Bulldog, and 
 celebrate his strength and courage ; while from Strabo we learn the use made of the Dog 
 in the time of War by the Celtic Tribes. In the course of the late excavations at 
 Urioconium (Wroxeter) among the quantity of bones found in the ruins, skulls of Dogs 
 have been discovered, which are very similar in shape to that of the animal represented 
 in the Bas-relief found in Walcot. 
 
 1 The DurobrivEE of Antoninus, by E. T. Artis, F.S.A., F.G.S., London, 1828. 
 2 Cap. xiii., sec. vi. * 
 E 2 
 
TABULA HONESTiE MISSIONIS, 
 
 A GEANT OF EOMAN CITIZENSHIP FOUND IN BATH, Dec. 7,1815. 
 
 AN account of this is given in Archeeologia.' It was found at Waleot, together with 
 great quantities of Roman Pottery, and came into the possession of Mr. John Cranch, but 
 is not mentioned in the Catalogue of Eoman Antiquities handed over by him to the 
 Corporation of Bath, A.D. 1815. Mr. Hunter, in the Literary Institution Calendar, 
 mentions it as in the possession of Mr. Joseph Barratt, and it is stated to have been 
 purchased subsequently by Mr. Lilly, Bookseller, Fleet Street, London. Mr. Lysons 
 communicated to the Society of Antiquaries a Facsimile of the Inscription, which appears 
 to have been imperfect, but to have extended over both sides of the Tablet, and he observes 
 that in form the letters nearly resembled those on Tablets found at ]\Ialpas and Sydenham, 
 which contain decrees of the Emperor Trajan, and are now deposited in the British 
 Museum.' It is probable that the fragment found in Bath contained a decree of the same 
 Emperor or of his successor. 
 
 The formal part of the decree, of which enough remains to restore the reading of the 
 whole, differs a little from those of Trajan, and contains the words "dimissis honesta 
 missione," which are those wanting in the Tabulae above mentioned. After enumerating 
 the several cohorts, &c., it appears to have run thus: — "Qui sunt in Britannia sub 
 c . . . . quinquc et viginti pluribusve stipendiis emeritis, dimissis honesta missione ; 
 quorum uomina subscripta sunt, ipsis libcris, posterisque eorum, civitatem dedit, et 
 connubium cum uxoribus quas tunc habuissent cum est civitas iis data, aut si qui cselibcs 
 cssent, cum iis quas postea duxissent, dumtaxat singuli singulas." 
 
 ' Vol. xviii., p. -138, app. 
 • See Mod. Hist. Brit., p. cvi. Lysons's Eel. Brit. Rom., vol. i., p. iv. 
 
TABULA HONESTY MISSIONIS. iil 
 
 For au account of these Tabulae Honesta) Missionis, or Grants of Citizenship, inscribed 
 on plates of copper, I must refer to Mr. Weight's Celt, Roman and Saxon, p. 302, and to 
 the Rev. J. M'Caul's Brit. Rom. Inscrip., p. 5. Of the three which are given in the 
 Men. Hist. Brit., pp. cv., cvi., two are of the time of Trajan and one of Hadrian. Their 
 dates are A.D. 104, 105-G, and 124. 
 
 It appears that these Grants of Citizenship were duly registered at Rome, and copies 
 inscribed on plates of copper or bronze were sent to the place where the new citizens 
 resided. The original decree at Rome gave a list of all those to whom the privilege 
 had been granted, but in each copy made for an individual his own name only was given, 
 with occasionally the mention of his wife and children. The names also of attesting 
 witnesses are added.' 
 
 ' See M'Caul's B. R. Insc. ; also authorities quoted by him: Marini, Atti de Frat. Arv. ii., p. 433. Platzmann, Juris Eom., 
 Testimoniis, &c. Morcelli, de Stil. ii., p. 309. Borghesi Actt. Acad. Pont Archaeol. x., p. 131. Cardinali, Diplomi Imperiali. 
 Arneth, Zwijlf Romisehe Militar-diplome ; and Henzen Rhein Jahrbb. xiii., p. 98. 
 
ROMAN ALTARS FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 AMONG the most interesting remains of the Eoman Period that have been dug up within 
 the City are the Altars bearing Inscriptions to the local divinity or other deities 
 worshipped at that time, and those erected in honour of the reigning Emperor. The character 
 of these Altars is generally plain, consisting of an upright squared piUar from 3 to 4 feet 
 high, with a base and capital, on the top of which is the focus to receive the offering, 
 and at each side of it a roll or scroll. In all the inscribed Altars found in Bath, the 
 sides are plain surfaces, whereas Altars found in other localities are either adorned 
 with figures of the sacrificial instruments, or have the head of the victim or the figure of 
 some animal in relief The only sculptured Altar found in Bath is that bearing the figures 
 of Jupiter and Hercules Bibax on two sides. The Inscription most prevalent is that to the 
 Goddess Stjl or Sul Minerva, to whom four Altars have been found dedicated, and in one 
 instance the Numina Augiistorum^ or divinity of the reigning Emperors, is united with that 
 of the goddess Sul Minerva. 
 
 One Altar is dedicated by a citizen of Treves, to the divinities of his own land. Mars 
 Leucetius and Nemetona, who were the objects of his peculiar worship, and retained their 
 hold upon his affections, although he was in a land supposed to be under the tutelary care 
 of a different divinity. 
 
 Some of these Altars indicate ardent hope or grateful thanks for recovery of health. 
 Thus two Frecdmen dedicated Altars to the presiding divinity, for the safety and health of 
 their master, an officer of the 6th Legion, who had probably come to AquyE Solis for the 
 bcnciit of its healing Springs ; and an officer of the Second Legion erected an Altar to the 
 Local deity, (uniting the divinity of the Emperors with it), — for himself and those 
 belonging to him. The Sylphs, or divinities presiding over rivers, fountains, hills, 
 
ROMAN ALTARS. 39 
 
 villages, &c., have an Altar dedicated to their honour, and in the neighbourhood of Bath 
 one has been found dedicated to Apollo and Hercules, which goes far to establish the 
 fact of the worship of the former in this locality. These Altars have escaped destruction, 
 probably from being buried when the Romans left the Island, or from having been thrown 
 down and left under a mass of other ruins. They were thus preserved from violence in the 
 early ages of Christianity, when such remains were considered especially worthy of 
 destruction. What in those times might justly have created alarm and suspicion, now 
 happily only serves as a record of past ignorance and superstition, and tells of the wonderful 
 change which has been effected in the minds of men by the diffusion of Christian Truth. 
 
40 SOMAN ALTARS. 
 
 ALTAE TO JUPITER AND HEECULES BIB AX. 
 
 Nine Altars have been found in Bath since the middle of the last century, or A.D. 
 1753, One of them only is uninseribed, but two of its sides are sculptured, and the other 
 two are left plain. The subject on the one side is Hercules Bibax, or Convivial Hercules^ 
 with his Club in his left hand, and a Cyphus, or drinking cup, in his right. The other side 
 bears a figure of Jupiter, with the Eagle at his foot, and the forked Thunderbolt in his 
 right hand. 
 
 It seems to have anciently stood in the angle of a Temple, and at present is placed 
 in a similar position in the Vestibule of the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 This Altar may have been erected between A.D. 284 and 304, in honour of 
 DiocLESiAN and Maximian, the former of whom affected the name and character of Jupiter ; 
 the latter that of Hercules. 
 
 An Inscription to Dioclesian and Maxijiian, under the titles of Jupiter and Hercules, 
 was found on a column at Clunia, in Hispania Taraconensis. It is preserved in Baeonius, 
 Occo, and Geuter, p. 280, No. 3 ; with another, No. 4 — 
 
 DIOCLETIANVS JOVIVS ET 
 
 MAXIMIAN HERCVLEVS 
 
 C^S. AVG. 
 
 AMPLIFICATO PEE ORIENTEM ET OCCIDENTEM 
 
 IMP. ROM. 
 
 ET 
 
 NOM CHRISTIANORVM 
 
 DELETO QUI 
 
 EEMP. EVER 
 
 TEBANT. 
 
 This Inscription, and another to Dioclesian and Galerius, commemorate the terrible 
 persecutions of the Christians under those Emperors. If, in consequence of the apparent 
 eradication of Christianity, the Emperors Dioclesian and Maximian assumed the titles of 
 Jove and Hercules, then this Altar at Bath, which probably depicts them under those 
 characters, may mark the carrying out of their decrees against Christianity in this City. 
 
PLATE X. 
 
 ALTAR TO JUPITER AND HERCULES BIBAX. 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 ALTAR IN THE BUTTRESS OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF COMPTON DANDO, WITH THE 
 FIGURES OF HERCVLES AND APOLLO. 
 
EOMAN ALTARS. 41 
 
 ALTAR IN THE BUTTRESS OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF COMPTON- 
 DANDO ; WITH THE FIGURES OF HERCULES AND APOLLO. 
 
 A Roman Altar has been built into the North buttress at the Eastern end of Comptou 
 Dando Church, about seven miles from Bath.' This Altar, which is sadly defaced, owing 
 to the rough treatment it has received, bears two figures, one only just traceable, probably 
 representing Hercules ; the other, Apollo playing on his Lyre, is more distinct. Apollu 
 and Hercules seem to be here united on the same Altar, the latter being represented as 
 carrying either a Club or a Cornucopia. Through the courtesy of the Rector and Church- 
 wardens of Compton Dando, I was permitted some years ago to have the Altar taken out 
 of its place ; but on examining the back, to see if any Inscription existed, it was found to 
 be perfectly plain. The discovery of this Altar, however, establishes the fact of the worship 
 of Apollo in the neighbourhood of Bath, if not in Bath itself, and for that reason it is 
 here introduced.^ 
 
 1 See Drawing on opposite Page. 
 
 - I am inclined to think that previously to the extension of Cliristianity in Britain, and the huilding of a Church at Compton 
 Dando, a small Temple or Shrine had existed in the pretty secluded valley where the Church now stands. Eoman Altars have not 
 unfrequently been found buried in Christian churchyards. Thus at Brignal Old Church (now pulled down and left as a ruin), 
 which is situated in a most picturesque dell, about a mile up the Kiver Greta, above Greta Bridge, Yorkshire, an Altar, on which 
 the name of Mars was just discernible, was found buried in the churchyard. I have a sketch of the Altar, which appears to have 
 been removed. Greta Bridge is represented by Horsley, on somewhat doubtful authority, to have been the Roman station of 
 Maglovs, and the walls of the fort are very distinct just outside the gate of Rokeby Park See also, W'hitaker's Hist, of 
 Richmondshire, vol. i., p. 148. 
 
42 EOMA.N ALTAKS. 
 
 ALTAR TO THE LEUCETIAN MARS AND NEMETONA. 
 
 The Altar on the opposite page was discovered, according to Mr. Warner, in 1754, 
 in the upper part of Stall Street. The Inscription, which has been very inaccurately read, 
 from neglect of a close inspection of the stone, is as follows : — 
 
 PEREGRINVS 
 SECVNDI FIL 
 CIVIS TREVER 
 LOVCETIO 
 MARTI ET 
 NEMETONA 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 Until lately the word in the fourth line has been read lOVCETIO,' and translated 
 
 to "Jupiter Cetius," or the Cetian Jupiter ; whereas the true reading is LOVCETIO 
 
 MARTI, i.e., to the Leucetian Mars, ET NEMETONA, and Nemetona. This corrected 
 
 reading is confirmed by reference to Gruter, Iviii., 3 ; and in Steiner, 1 Dan. et Rh. 1, 
 
 n. 472, we have 
 
 CVRTELIA PREPVSA 
 
 MARTI LOVCETIO 
 
 V. S. L. L. M. 
 and 
 
 MARTI LEVCETIO 
 
 T. TACITVS CENSORINVS 
 
 V. S. L. L. M. 
 
 The same deities are joined in the following Inscription found at Altripp, prope Nemetas, 
 and given by Henzen, n. 5904 : — 
 
 MAETI ET NEMETO 
 
 NAE 
 
 SILVIN JVSTVS 
 
 ET DVBITATVS 
 
 V. S. L. L. P. 
 
 ' LysoDs, in Reliq. Rom., part ii , plate xi., and p. 10, says in a note — " It seeing very uncertain who this Jupiter Cetius 
 was,'' and he endeavours to support this explanation by reference to Muratori, p. viii., 2; p. ix., I ; and Horsley, p. 278: lOV. 
 CA.SIO, and UEO CE.VTIO. Neither of these explanations, however, is satisfactory. 
 
PLATE XII. 
 ALTAR TO THE LOUCETIAN MARS AND NEMETONA. 
 
I 
 
ROMAN ALTARS. 43 
 
 For the correct reading of the Bath Inscription we are indebted to the Rev. John McCaul, 
 LL.D., president of University College, Toronto, who, in a paper read before the Canadian 
 Institute, 30th January, 1857, proposed the emendation, which a careful examination of the 
 stone justifies and confirms. Lcucetius, he says, seems to be derived from Leuci, and 
 Nemetona from Nemetes, both being names of peoples in the neighbourhood of the Treviri.' 
 Jupiter was also called Leucetius as the giver of Light.' The meaning of CI VIS TREVER 
 is not a citizen of Treves, but a Trever citizen, i.e.^ a citizen of the people called Treveri, or 
 Treviri, while it is quite unnecessary to suppose that Peregeinus is merely an appellative, 
 as is asserted by Mr. Warner in his reading of this inscription.' The stone may therefore be 
 read as follows : — 
 
 "Perigrinus the son of Secundus, a Trever citizen, to the Leucetian Mars and 
 Nemetona pays his vows willingly and deservedly." 
 
 The height of the stone is 2 ft. 7| in. 
 
 ' The letter L is so plain in the Inscription, that it would be a matter of wonder how it could have been read as an I, were it 
 not for the known proneness of those who have conceived an interpretation, to wrest the true reading to their own view of what it 
 should be. It is instructive to see with what confidence Mr. Warner adopts the reading, lOVCETIO. (See Illustrations of Rom. 
 Antiq., by the Rev. R. Warner. Bath, 1797.) 
 
 = See Aul. Gell. Noct. Att., v. 12. Festus x., i. ; and Servius on Virgil, ./En. x., .570. 
 
 ^ See Illustrations of Rom. Antiq., p. 41. 
 
 F 2 
 
ON THE DIVINITY SUL AND 
 SUL-MINERVA. 
 
 THE Altars dedicated to Sul, Sul-Minerva^ and the Sulevcc, are five in number, viz , two 
 dedicated to Sul, two to Sul-Minerva, and one to the Sulevce ; but before entering upon the 
 subject of the inscriptions it will be well to say something of the deity to whom the altars 
 were erected, more especially as the writer of the Historical Ethnology of Great Britain, 
 in the Crania Britanuica,' has lately been at great pains in the endeavour to elucidate this 
 subject. 
 
 From the Altars discovered in Bath, it appears that Sul and Sul-Minerva were names 
 for the same deity ; and a fragment of an Inscription still preserved in the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution would seem to indicate the former existence of a Temple dedicated to 
 this worship." Sul seems to have been the divinity presiding over the waters : Apollo was 
 worshiped under this title in Brittany, and after the preaching of Christianity, the name 
 was preserved by its appropriation to a tutelar saint Sul."^ 
 
 The worship of the deity Sul appears to have been conducted on the tops of hills. 
 Thus, near Bath, we have the isolated hill called SolshwvY ; and again, Salshmy crags, 
 near Edinburgh, where on the 1st of May (Belteine), the people assemble to see the sun rise. 
 At Silbury HiU ( Avebury), and on other hills in England, a feast is held on Palm Sunday ; 
 and of Pontesford, Salop, Mr. Hartshorne writes,^ " A wake is annually held on Palm 
 Sunday on the top of ' Ponsert Hill,' as it is termed, under the pretence of ' seeking for the 
 Golden arrow.'' " For an elucidation of this custom, Mr. Hartshorne says he has " in vain 
 looked," but we may venture to suppose that the Golden arrow sought for was the benign 
 influence of the sun's rays ; that this influence was supposed to be attained by propitiating 
 the Sun god, on a certain day ; and that the worship of Apollo gave rise to this tradition. 
 
 ' See Crania Brit., chap, v., where much learning has been brought, together on this difficult subject. 
 
 - See Rom. Rem. at Bath, in Journal of Brit. Arch. Assoc, Uccember, 1857, p. 270, 
 
 5 See M(im. de I'Acad. Celtique, 1802, torn, iii., p. .311. Sur I'Origiuc du Culte de St. Sul. 
 
 * Salopia Antiijua, p. 179. 
 
SUL AND SUL MINERVA. 45 
 
 If this subject were further investigated, it would probably be found that this culte 
 prevailed very extensively in this country in ancient times. Caesar says, that the 
 attribute of the Celtic Apollo was the cure and prevention of disease, " ApoUincm morbos 
 depellere." Conical rocks and hills were sacred to Apollo, and these, after the introduction 
 of Christianity, were dedicated to St. Michael. 
 
 We have in Somerset, Glastonbury Tor with the tower on it, and the dedication to 
 
 St. Michael preserved in the sculpture still existing there on the chapel ; also Montacute. 
 
 On the coast of Cornwall, we have St. Michael's Mount, and the same on the coast of Brittany, 
 
 where also is Tomheleine, near Avranches, the name being probably derived from Belus 
 
 or Baal, whose title Baalsemen, Lord of Heaven, is supposed to have been brought to the 
 
 west by the Plia3nicians. In the City of Bath were formerly two churches dedicated to 
 
 the archangel Michael ; one, St. Michael's " intra muros," which has been destroyed, and 
 
 the site almost forgotten ; and the other, St. Michael's " extra muros," which still exists, 
 
 having been rebuilt within the last thirty years. Dr. Thurnam supposes the church of 
 
 St. Michael, " intra muros," to have superseded the Temple of Apollo ; while the Temple 
 
 of Minerva was succeeded by the church of St. Mary de Stall, now also destroyed and the 
 
 site built upon. From Solinds we know that Minerva was the deity presiding over the 
 
 mineral waters ; and the dedication of two Altars to Sul-Minerva^ as well as the inscriptions 
 
 already mentioned, confirm the statement. 
 
 V 
 The beautiful bronze Head found in Stall Street," i.e., in the street where the church 
 
 of St. Mary de Stall stood, has given rise to a debate, whether it be a head of Minerva or 
 
 Apollo. Warner, in his History of Bath, calls it the latter ; Hunter, in his arrangement 
 
 of the Catalogue of Roman Remains, considers it to be the former. It is an interesting 
 
 coincidence, that the form of the face strikingly resembles a terra cotta head of Pallas 
 
 Athene, engraved in Birch's Ancient Pottery and Porcelain.'' 
 
 The epithet Sul is thought to have had both a feminine and masculine application. 
 The Celts had not only a great male divinity, representing the sun, but also a female one, 
 symbolizing the passive powers of nature, by whom the moon was originally intended. 
 This female deity is by C^sae identified with Minerva. Like the Athene of the Greeks 
 she was a warlike deity, and venerated by the Britons under the name of ANDRASTE, or 
 AND ATE.' ANDRASTE is probably the same as ASTARTE, and only another form of 
 the word. DEA ANDAETE of the Vecontii (Orelli, 1958), is probably the same as the 
 
 ' See p. 25 supra. 
 
 = Vol. i. p. 168. 
 
 ^ See Dion apud Xiph,, lib. 62, vi., vii. 
 
46 SUL AND SUL MINERVA. 
 
 ANDRASTE of Dion. Astarte or Ishtar was, by the Babylonians, known as Queen of 
 Victory." 
 
 The remains of a Temple to Luna, or Diana, are preserved in the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. 
 
 To sum up, therefore, before we consider the inscriptions in detail, we have positive 
 proof of the worship of the goddess Minerva as Sul-Minerva, the presiding deity of the J 
 
 mineral waters ; and we have reason to think that Apollo was also here worshipped, as ^ 
 
 appears from the altar dedicated to him, now in Compton Dando Church. 
 
 ' See Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. 1, Essay x. Altars dedicated to Astarte- have been found in Britain. (See Bruce's Rom. Wall, 
 p. 313.) Astartu was worshipped under the name Baal. 7l?3 the Hebrew, is masculine; but in the Ixx., Baax has sometimes the 
 masculine, sometimes the feminine article. Cf. Num. xxii., 41 ; 1 Kings xvi., 31 ; 1 Sam vii., 4 ; Hos. ii,, 8; Tob. i., 5. 
 
PLATE XIII. 
 
 ALTAR ERECTED TO THE GODUESS SUL MINERVA, BY SULINUS THE 
 
 SON OF MATURUS. 
 
ALTARS. 47 
 
 ALTAR EEECTED TO THE GODDESS SUL-MINERVA, BY SULINUS, 
 
 THE SON OF MATURUS. 
 
 This Altar is a small one, of very elegant form, bearing the following Inscription : — 
 
 DEAE 
 SVLIMI 
 NERVAE 
 SVLINVS 
 MATV 
 RI. FIL 
 V. S. L. M. 
 
 It was dug up x\.D. 1774, by the workmen engaged in removing the rubbish from 
 the head of the spring of the hot bath, near what is now the site of St. John's Hospital, 
 where it had been originally set up, in honour of the tutelary deity of the spring, at the 
 very source, — Sulinus, the son of Maturus, paying his vow to the goddess of health, Sul- 
 Minerva. Mr. Warner' has a long dissertation on the custom of erecting Altars and 
 making offerings at fountains, and he explains and illustrates the worship paid to them by 
 reference to many classical authorities. At the time the Altar was dug up, many Coins, 
 chiefly of middle brass, were found, extending from Nero to the Antonines. The 
 Inscription is read without difficulty, and is very carefally engraved by Mr. Ltsons.' 
 
 Dr. McCaul remarks, in reference to it, that " it may be reasonably inferred from the 
 etymology of the name Sulinus, and from the circumstance that the individual had but one 
 name, that the dedicator was a barbarian, i.e., a native of Britain or Gaul. This inference, 
 derives support from the order of the words SVLI MINERVAE. If the dedicator had 
 been a Roman, or a Romanized provincial, he would probably have conformed to the usage 
 of placing the designation of the Roman deity first, and that of the identified barbarian 
 deity second. There are many examples of this usage. Among the most obvious arc 
 Marti Camulo, Apollini Toutiorigi, Diana Abnoba." 
 
 ' Illustrations of Bath Roman Antiquities ("Altars"), No, III., p. 15 et seq. 
 - Reliquiae Rom., Part II., pi. x., fig. 4. 
 
48 ALTARS. 
 
 ALTAR TO THE DEA SDL-MINERVA ET NUMINA AUGUSTORUM, 
 ERECTED BY CURIATIUS SATURNINUS. 
 
 The Altar on the opposite page, of which the Inscription is — 
 
 DEAE SV 
 LIMIN . ET NV 
 MIN . AVGG C 
 CVRIATIVS 
 SATVRNINVS 
 . . . LEG II AVG 
 PRO SE SV 
 
 IS QVE 
 
 V S L M. 
 
 is engraved in Mr. Lysons's work, but not in Mr. Warner's Illustrations. It was found 
 A.D. 1809, some time after the date of the latter publication, when it was discovered in 
 the cistern of the Cross Bath. It is the second Altar dedicated to Sul-Minerva^ with the 
 NVMINA AVGVSTORVM,— the divinity of the Emperors added,— by C . CVRIATIVS 
 SATVRNINVS, most probably a centurion of the Second Legion, surnamed AVGVSTA, 
 (for the centurial mark which probably occupied the space at the beginning of the sixth 
 line is obliterated) and was erected PRO SE SVIS QVE. The top of the Altar is very 
 perfect. The focus and the ornaments on each side are well marked, but the Inscription is 
 not well preserved. It is a valuable addition to those recorded by Mr. Warner, and is a 
 further evidence of the worship of the goddess Sul-Minerva. The height of this Altar is 
 3 feet 8g inches ; the width, at the capital, 1 foot 6 inches. 
 
\ 'I'-- 
 
 '"V. 
 
 -^J 
 
 
 U.,_^^-.ii-5» — . rr' ■ 
 
 
 .|)ATv!<KKlVfj 
 
 ft-^KCllA// 
 
 ^ 
 
 S^Ti-" 
 
 -/^ 
 
 X 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 ALTAR TO THE DEA SUL-MINERVA ET NUMINA AUGUSTORUM, 
 ERECTED BY C. CURIATIUS SATURNINUS. 
 
'^h..,^-'^-,i^i?-^ , - ^^^s>.»JS^ 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 ALTAR ERECTED TO THE GODDESS SUL BY MARCUS AUFIDIUS LEMNUS, 
 FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF AUFIDIUS MAXIMUS. 
 
ALTARS. 49 
 
 ALTAR ERECTED TO THE GODDESS SUL 
 
 BY MARCUS AUFIDIUS LEMNUS 
 
 FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF AUFIDIUS MAXIMUS. 
 
 [D]EAE' SVLI 
 [PR]0 SALVTE ET 
 [INjCOLVMITATE 
 AV[F]IDI MAXIMI 
 ...LEG. VL VIC. M. 
 [A]VFIDIVS LEMNVS 
 [LJIBERTVS V S L M. 
 
 The above Inscription is to the goddess Sul, without the addition of Minerva. It was 
 found, A.D. 1792, on the site of the present Pump Room, where the remains of the temple 
 were discovered, and, therefore, probably stood within the temple. Both Mr. Lysons and 
 Mr. Warner have given an engraving of this Altar ; but the latter reads the Inscription 
 incorrectly, making the word SVLI at the end of the first line SVLIN, whereas there 
 is no (N) on the Altar itself. This can be clearly ascertained, though the first line of the 
 Inscription is much defaced. The side of the Altar is also broken away, leaving the first 
 two letters of the word FRO and the IN in INCOLVMITATE to be supplied. The stone 
 is also broken before the word LEG, and there is only a slight indication of the centurial 
 mark, noting the rank of AVFIDIVS MAXIMVS, for whose SALVS ET INCOLVMITAS 
 his freedman, M. AVFIDIVS LEMNVS, dedicates this Altar and pays his vows. 
 
 ' The letters in brackets are broken away on the stone. 
 
 G 
 
50 ALTAES. 
 
 ALTAR DEDICATED TO THE GODDESS SUL, 
 
 FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF AUFIDIUS MAXIMUS, 
 
 BY HIS FREEDMAN AUFIDIUS EUTUCHES. 
 
 Another Altar — 
 
 [DEAE] SVLI 
 [PR]0 SALVTE ET 
 [IJNCOLVMITA 
 [TE] MAR AVFID 
 [MA]XIM1 > LEG 
 
 VI VIC 
 [AJVFIDIVS EV 
 TVCH[E]S LEB 
 V S L M. 
 
 The Inscription on this Altar is very similar to the last. It is to the divinity Sul, and for 
 the health and safety of the same individual, only with the addition of the prenomen 
 MARC VS, and a dedication by another freedman, AVFIDIVS EVTVCHES. There is an 
 error in the cutting of the Inscription, LEB being put for LIB. This Altar is much 
 broken at the upper part and cracked across ; a portion is also chipped off the side. It is 
 faithfully represented by Lysons, but incorrectly by Warner, who reads it, as in the last 
 mentioned Altar, DE J^l SVLINI, whereas it is DEiE SVLI : he also omits the centurial 
 mark > which is given by Lysons, and taking the name EVTVCHES to be the words EJ VS 
 ADOPTATVS HERES, he supposes the freedman who erected the former Altar to have 
 erected this also. The one, however, was erected by LEMNVS, the other by EVTVCHES, 
 both being freedmcn jn'obably of the same master. 
 
 The Altars were found together, and may have been set up at the same time in the 
 same Temple. In both these Inscriptions the frcedraeu appear to have taken the name of 
 their master : each is named AVFIDIVS, each dedicates his offering PRO SALVTE ET 
 INCOLVMITATE, and these Votive Altars remain amid the ruins of the Temple in which 
 they had probably been set up, as testimonies of gratitude for manumission. 
 
PLATE XVI. 
 
 ALTAR DEDICATED TO THE GODDESS SUL FOR THE HEALTH AND 
 SAFETY OF AUFIDIUS MAXIMUS IJV HIS FREEDMAN AUFIDIUS EUTUCHES. 
 
ALTARS. 51 
 
 It is curious, that among the old sculptures described by Leland as built into the 
 City wall (drawings of which are elsewhere' given), there was one which he supposed 
 to be a Eoman threatening a Briton ; but, if we may trust the drawing given in 
 Guidott's work,- and which has been copied in the present volume, we should rather 
 consider it to represent a Roman who has just placed the cap of liberty on the head of a 
 slave, who is departing from his presence a freedman. This may have been a sculpture 
 representing the manumission of one of the slaves of M . AVF . MAXIM VS, whose health 
 and safety are invoked in the erection and dedication of these Altars. 
 
 'See pi. i., opposite p II. 
 - On the City of Bath and its Bathes. 12mo., Lend., 1669. 
 
 G 2 
 
52 ALTARS. 
 
 ALTAK TO THE SULEV^ ERECTED BY SV^LINUS THE CARVER 
 
 An Altar with the Inscription 
 
 SVLEVIS 
 SVLINVS 
 
 SCVLTOR 
 BRV[C]ETI . F 
 SACRVM . F . L . M . 
 
 was found, A.D. 1754, or, as Mr. Hunter says, 1753, at the lower end of Stall Street. It 
 has been engraved in Mr. Lysons's work and in Mr. Warner's. It is low in height, broad, 
 and has an oblong hollow at the top to contain oflferings of fruits and tlowers, or to hold a 
 pan for containing fire. 
 
 The last three lines of this Inscription are in letters much smaller and not so deeply 
 cut as the first two lines. Mr. Hunter thinks that the first two lines are the original 
 Inscription, and the others have been since added, but this is uncertain, for as Dr. McCaul 
 remarks, " The Greek or Roman stone-cutters seem to have been so capricious as to the size 
 of the letters or the depth of the cutting in the same Inscription, that we are scarcely 
 warranted in inferring in this case two Inscriptions." 
 
 The dedication is to the SVLEV^, whom Mr. Warner considers to be " Deae 
 campestres," or local rural deities of the country around Bath. Mr. Ltsons, in a note, 
 speaks of an Altar dedicated to SVLEVIS et CAMFESTRIBVS, published by Fabretti 
 in his work De Aquseductibus, and refers to Keysler's Antiq. Septentrionales, p. 421. An 
 Altar was found at Nismes with the following Inscription, — 
 
 SVLIVI/E IDENNIC^ MINERVA VOTVM' 
 
 — in which Minerva seems to have had an appellative very similar to that attached to her 
 name in Bath. 
 
 ' Muratoii, p. liii., 5. 
 
i^ci3si_ 
 
 '^^\l 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 -i 
 
 r^ 
 
 s. ^ S^VLTOR 
 
 T-i 
 
 ^J-^^ 
 
 S A^sil 
 
 FL'M 
 
 -J 
 
 ^. 
 
 i ?^, 
 
 ■^r -f 
 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 ALTAR TO THE SULEV^, ERECTED BY SULTNUS THE CARVER. 
 
i 
 
ALTARS. 53 
 
 We naturally attach the word SVLEVAE to some divinities connected with SVL, 
 probably her attendant nymphs. Mr. RoAcn Smith says,' " The Suleva) appear to have 
 been sylphs, the tutelary divinities of rivers, fountains, hills, roads, villages, and other 
 localities, against whom were especially directed, in the fifth and subsequent centuries, the 
 anathemas of Christian councils, missionaries, and princes." To these divinities then, 
 SVLINVS SCVLTOE, ^■.e., Sulinus the Sculptor, or Stone-cutter (Scultor being probably 
 not the name, but the designation of Sulinus), the son of Brucetus, willingly and 
 deservedly set up an Altar. In the case of the dedicator we have an instance of the name of 
 an individual derived from the presiding deity of the waters ; this is also to be remarked on 
 another altar [SVLjINVS MATVEI FIL.= 
 
 ' Roman LondoD, p. 38 et seq. 
 2 See No. 1 of the Altars dedicated to Sul. 
 
54 FUNEREAL STONE. 
 
 FUNEREAL STONE TO CALPURNIUS RECEPTUS, PRIEST OF THE 
 
 GODDESS SUL. 
 
 "We conclude the Inscriptions to the divinity Sul by giving the tombstone of one 
 of her priests found in the Sydney Gardens, in the parish of Bathwick, on the South side of 
 the river Avon, A.D. 1795. It is engraved by both Mr. Ltsons and Mr. Warner, but the 
 latter reads it incorrectly, putting SVLINI for SVLI. The inscription is as follows : — 
 
 D. M 
 C. CALPVRNIVS 
 [RJECEPTVS SACER 
 DOS DEAE SV 
 LIS VIX . AN . LXXV 
 CA[LP]VRNIA TRIFO 
 SA [THRJEPTE CONJVNX 
 F. C. 
 
 Which is expanded thus by Mr. Lysons : — " Diis manibus Caius Calpurnius receptus 
 sacerdos Dese Sulis, vixit annos septuaginta quinque Calpurnia Trifosa Threpte conjunx 
 faciendum curavit." 
 
 Mr. Hunter, in the Bath Institution Catalogue, observes that receptus may be an 
 appellation of Calpurnius, or it may signify that he was an " admitted" priest of the goddess 
 Sul, but " receptus" was probably his cognomen. Mr. Warner, in his Illustrations, offers 
 no suggestion about the reading of the inscription, but puts SVLINIS for SVLIS, which 
 is an error. He supposes, however, that CALPVRNIVS was a member of the noble 
 Calpurnian family at Rome, which, according to Plutarch, traced its origin from Calpo, 
 son of Numa Pompilius, commemorated by Ovid as follows : 
 " Nam quid memorare necesse est 
 Ut domus a Calpo nomen Calpurnia ducat ?" 
 
 Calpurnius Aqricola was propraetor in Briton under Marcus Aurelius.' Dr. 
 McCaul supposes that his name Calpurnius may have been derived, as a libertus, from the 
 
 ' See Capitolinus, quoted in the Mon. Hist. Brit., vol. i., Irv. j 
 
[■^-^iM. i l i n i|p mi4Ll,,j|i.ililll!ir'im'.'MtJ!iU4tHlM1" i wu ' 
 
 D ¥m 
 rc alpvrmvs1 
 
 idos^deKe.s^ 
 
 |1, S JM NhM 
 
 ^Ivi^TP^^i^^^'^^^^^^^^'^^^™^^ 
 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 FUNEREAL STONE TO CALPURNIUS RECEPTUS, PRIEST OF THE GODDESS SUL. 
 
FUNEREAL STONE. 55 
 
 nomen gentilitfum of his master. An Inscription found at Caer Leon contains the name 
 CALPVRNIVS. The following is the reading given by Mr. Lee : — 
 
 lOVI . M . DOLICIIV 
 I ONIO AEMILIANVS 
 CALPVRNIVS 
 RVFILIANVS . . EC 
 AVGVSTORVM 
 MONITV. 
 
 Dr. McCaul observes that the name of his wife, Calpdenia Teifosa Threpte, seems 
 to afford evidence that the priest " married a Greek slave, that was born and brought up in 
 his own house. TRIFOSA and THREPTE suggest that she was a Greek, and 
 CALPVRNIA and THREPTE that she had been his slave. TRIFOSA, TRYFOSA, 
 TRIPHOSA, and TRYPHOSA, are all latinized forms of a Greek female name, taken, as 
 Sympherusa, Prepusa, Terpusa, and many others, from the nominative singular of the present 
 participle active TPT^UZA or rpuipwo-a, from the verb Tpv(pdu, the same name that is found in 
 St. Paul, Epist. ad Rom., xvi., 12. THREPTE or TREPTE probably stands for flpfTrrr,', 
 the Greek term corresponding to the Latin Ferna." 
 
 The name SVL entering into these six Inscriptions, and the same word being also 
 found in another, apparently the dedication of a building, gives a lofty idea of the importance 
 of this tutelary divinity. I believe that in no other city of England have the remains of a 
 Temple with a dedicatory Inscription, and so many Altars to the same divinity, as well as 
 the tombstone of a priest of that deity, been found, and no Inscriptions to Sul or Sul- 
 Minerva have been met with on Altars in any other place. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS, &c. 
 
 THE Altars dedicated to the goddess Sul and Sul Minerva, and the funereal Inscription to 
 the priest of that goddess having been considered, I now proceed to other funereal 
 Inscriptions which have been found in Bath. Most of these are still in existence, and 
 preserved in the Literary and Scientific Institution. It will be my endeavour to correct 
 some errors in the readings which have been given, so far as further acquaintance with the 
 subject and more recent discoveries enable me. 
 
 FUNEEEAL STONE TO RUSONIA AVENNA. 
 
 RVSONIAE . AVEN 
 NAE . C . MEDIOMATR 
 ANNOR . LVIII . H . S . E 
 L. VLPIVS . SESTIVS 
 H . F . C 
 This Inscription is contained on a flat stone, without border or ornament, of the 
 dimensions of three feet one inch, by one foot five inches. It was discovered in the street 
 called the Borough Walls, in 1803.' Mr. Lysons gives an engraving of it,= and the 
 Inscription itself is now in the passage of the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 Mr. Hunter' says "it appears to have shown the place of interment of Rusonia 
 Avenna, a centurion belonging to the nation of the Mediomatrici (a people of Gaul), who 
 died at the age of fifty-eight years ; Lucius Ulpius Sestius caused it to be erected." He 
 
 ' See "Bath Chronicle," May, 1803. 
 
 ' Rel. Rom., part ii., pi. xiii., 1. 
 
 ' Inst. Catalog. 
 
-^^I^"^» 
 
 ^..m 
 
 ■< 
 
 > 
 < 
 
 . 2; 
 X o 
 
 W O 
 
 < w 
 
 H 
 
 1-1 
 < 
 
 W 
 
 ci 
 
 M 
 
 ;z; 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 57 
 
 seems, however, to have been mistaken, not only in the sex of the person to whom tlie 
 memorial was erected, but also in the meaning of the letter C. The late Mr. Leman read 
 it, " To Eusonia Avenna, the wife of Mediomars." 
 
 Orelli has given an Inscription,' found at Mayenee, which seems to have been either 
 unknown to, or overlooked by those who have read this Stone. In the Mayenee example 
 we have GIVES (sic) MEDIOMATlilCA at length, which seems to be the correct reading 
 of the Bath stone ; the C standing for civis, not for centurio or conjux. 
 
 We have already recorded an Inscription with CIVIS TREVER, a Trever citizen ; 
 so here we have a citizen of the people called Mcdiomatrici.^ These people are mentioned 
 by CiESAR,3 as bordering on the Rhine, between that river and the Vosges mountains.' 
 Rusonia Avenna was therefore a citizen of that people, who died in Bath, at the age of 
 fifty-eight, and had a stone erected to her memory by L. Ulpius Sestius, her heir. 
 
 The Stone is remarkable for the boldness, size, and beauty of the inscribed letters, 
 which are three inches high. 
 
 ' No. 3,523. 
 
 - The inscription in Orelli is as follows, — see also Gruter, 631, 8 — 
 
 D. M. 
 
 PRIMVLAE COMITIL 
 
 LAE QVAE VIXIT 
 
 ANNIS XX . CIVIS 
 
 MEDIOMATRICA 
 
 MATERNIVS NEM 
 
 AVSVS STRATOR 
 
 COS . ET LVCIVS LV 
 
 CINVS MENSOR 
 
 FHVMENTI NVMER. 
 The STRATOR CONSULARIS, or consular equery, here mentioned, was an officer employed to purchase horses for the Roman 
 cavalry. See Rich's Companion to the Greek Lexicon and Latin Dictionary, p. 623. 
 
 3 Bello Gallico, lib iv, 10. 
 
 * See Strabo, p. 193. 
 
 n 
 
58 FU]S'EREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 FUNEEEAL STONE TO A SOLDIER OF THE XX LEGION. 
 
 SER . . . NVS 
 NIC . EMERITVS . EX 
 LEG . XX . AN . XLV 
 
 H . S . E . 
 G . TIBERINVS . HERES 
 
 F . C. 
 
 This funereal stone has been found since Mr. Warner published his Illustrations in 1797 ; 
 but it is not known where it was discovered. It is now placed in the passage of the 
 Literary and Scientific Institution. The upper portion of the Inscription has been broken 
 away. Mr. Ltsons, who has given a very correct engraving of it,' reads the first letters 
 SER for Servius, and supposes the next word to begin with M and end with ONVS ; the 
 letters NIC standing for NICON, or probably for NICOMEDIA, the birth place of the 
 deceased. = The whole may be read thus : — 
 
 SER[GIVS] or SER[VILIVS] [MAGJNVS 
 NIC[OMEDIA] (the Veteran's birth place) 
 EMERITVS EX 
 LEG . XX . AN . XLV 
 
 H . S . E 
 G . TIBERINVS . HERES 
 F . C . 
 
 Whatever may have been the name of the person commemorated, the stone marked 
 the resting place of a discharged soldier of the XX legion, who died at the age of forty-five, 
 and this memorial was erected to him by his heir, GAIVS TIBERINVS. The letters are 
 well cut, and the Inscription is without contractions. 
 
 ' Plate xii., 3. 
 
 • See an instance of this in an Inscription found in Monmouthshire. (Mr. Lee's Rom. Antiq. found at Caer-Leon, pi. xx., 
 and an explanation of it by Dr. McCaul, Brit. Rom. Insc, p. HI, and note.) 
 
NICEMEmvSEXJFl 
 LEC XXAN-XLV 
 
 'M-[ - S " E 
 irTIBERlNVS-tCREilJ 
 
 X 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 FUNEREAL STONE TO A SOLDIER OF THE TWENTIETH LEGION. 
 
COWEtLS ANASTATIC PRESS, IPSVflCtt. 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 FUNEREAL STONE ERECTED TO JULIUS VITALIS 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 59 
 
 FUNEEEAL STONE TO JULIUS VITALIS. 
 
 IVLIVS. yiTA 
 LIS. FABEICIES 
 IS . LEG . XX.V.V. 
 STIPENDIOR 
 VM IX . ANNOR . XX 
 IX NATIONE BE 
 LGA EX COLEGIO 
 FABRICE ELATV 
 S. H. S. E. 
 
 This interesting monument is now in the passage of the Bath Literary and Scientific 
 Institution. The Inscription, which is well preserved, is contained within a moulding upon 
 an upright stone, having a triangular top, with a device of fruit and flowers. It was found 
 Oct., 1708, on the side of the London Road, Walcot ; at the same time a large and a small 
 urn, both containing ashes, were discovered. 
 
 The London Road marks the line of the old Foss Way to the village of Batheaston, 
 where it separated into two branches, the one known as the Foss Way leading to Cirencester 
 (Corinium), the other, named the Via Julia, proceeding to Cunetio, near Marlborough. 
 
 This Inscription has occupied the attention of many learned men." It is that of a 
 monumental stone, erected to Julius Vitalis, a native of Belgic Britain, within which 
 territory Bath was situated. He belonged to the XX legion, V . V . Valeriana, Vitrix, of 
 which he was FABRICIESIS or FABRICIENSIS, i.e., the smith or armourer, and was 
 buried by the company of smiths, as the words EX COLEGIO FABRICE ELATVS lead 
 us to infer ; he died in the twenty-ninth year of his age, and the ninth of his service. Mr. 
 Ward says — "It is not improbable this Julius Vitalis was a person beloved by his 
 fraternity, who were therefore willing to show so much respect to his memory, and to bury 
 him, and place this stone over him at the common expense." 
 
 ' Musgrave, Dodwell, Hearne (end of Spelman's Alfred), Horsley, Somerset, p. 192, N. 70, p. 323, with some remarks at 
 the end by Ward. Mr. Warner places this inscription the first in his Illustrations ; and Mr. Lysons gives an engrayiug of it, 
 plate xii, 4. 
 
 H 2 
 
60 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 With reference to the word COLLEGIVM, it may be observed that it is found in its 
 proper and usual sense in the famous Susses Inscription.' Gale remarks — " Several sorts 
 of workmen were included under the name FABRI, particularly all those concerned in any 
 kind of building." In later times the FABRI were called FABRICIENSES, and their 
 workhouse was called FABRICA.' Part of the word COLEGIA occurs also in the 
 fragment of the Inscription found on the site of the present Pump Room.' 
 
 ' See Horsley, p. 192, N. 76, also pp. 334-5, for an account of the Collegia. 
 
 ' For a particular account of the COLLEGIA, see Warner's Illustrations, p. 2. 
 
 2 See pp. 19 and 20. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 61 
 
 FUNEREAL STONES FOUND IN BATH, BUT NOW LOST. 
 
 Two sepulchral Inscriptions were found, A.D. 1592, in the line of the old Foss Road, 
 near the place where the Julius Vitalis stone was dug up. They were preserved by Mr. 
 Robert Chambers, who thus recorded the discovery on a Stone erected in his garden, near 
 . the Cross Bath. 
 
 H^C . MONVMEN . VIO 
 LATA . SVLCIS , IN . CA 
 MP . DE . WALCOT . R . C . 
 CVLTOR . ANTIQ . HVC . 
 TRANSTVLIT . AN 
 VER . INCAR . 1592 . 
 
 They were seen by Camden, who published an account of them in his Britannia. 
 When GuiDOTT wrote, in 1673, they were in the north wall of a garden, near the Cross 
 Bath, belonging to Mr. Crofts ; IIorsley saw them in 1725, in a wall attached to the 
 house of Mrs. Chives, near the Cross Bath ; and in 1749, Wood says, "they are to be 
 seen in the north wall of the garden wliich makes Chandos Court incomplete." Since 
 Wood's time they have disappeared, and have most probably been broken up. 
 
 HoRSLEY gives a drawing of the first Stone — 
 
 C . MVRRIVS 
 C . F . ARNIENSIS 
 FORO . IVLI . MO 
 DESTVS . MIL 
 LEG . II . AD . P . F . 
 > IVLI . SECVNDI 
 ANN . XXV . STIP . VIII. 
 H . S . E , 
 
 The latter part of the Inscription was broken away. It commemorated C AIVS MVRRIVS 
 MODESTVS, the son of CAIVS, of the tribe ARNIENSIS,' of the town FORO .JULII 
 (Friuli), a soldier of the LEG . II . ADJVTRICIS . PIAE . FIDELIS, of the century 
 of JVLIVS SECVNDVS, aged ANN. XXV.= The term of his service, STIP . VIII, is 
 
 ' Tribus Arniensis, ab Arno, Hetrurise fluvio, erat inter Eomanos quinta supra vigesimam. Musgrave, Bel. Brit., cap. vi., 
 § ii., in fine. 
 
 • See Guidott, p. 86; Musgrave, ii., 7; Horsley Somerset, ii. ; Wood, ii., 420; Gough's Camden, vol. iii., 1 ; Warner's 111.. 
 introd., p. xxi. 
 
62 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 conjectural, as the number was broken out. It appears also from Horsley's drawing, that 
 there was space for the centurial mark at the beginning of the sixth line, and therefore 
 it may be supplied. He says that the letters AD . P . F were so distinct in the original, 
 as to leave no room for any suspicion of error, but adds that — " the legio secunda 
 adjutrix, which seems to be here mentioned, was never in Britain, or at least there is no 
 proof of it. The soldier, however, may have come to Bath for his health," or have been a 
 Briton serving in that legion. This seems a more probable conjecture, than to read the 
 Inscription, ADOPTIVVS FILIVS JVLII SECVNDI, which would diifer from the 
 common form. According to ordinary usage in Inscriptions, the birth-place follows the 
 cognomen, here it precedes it.' 
 
 Of the second sepulchral Inscription, a drawing is also given in Horsley.' 
 
 DIS . MANIBUS 
 M . VALEEIVS . M 
 FIL . LATINVS . (EQ 
 MILES . LEG . XX . AN 
 XXXV . STIPEN . XX 
 H. S . E. 
 
 It commemorates Marcus Valerius Latinus, the son of Marcus, a decurion of 
 cavalry, or of the horse which belonged to the XX legion, who died at the age of thirty- 
 five, and in the twentieth year of his service. Horsley supposes that " Valerius had 
 served in the capacities of a soldier, a horseman, and a decurio equitum in the same legion. 
 Such gradations appear in other Inscriptions." 
 
 The only diflficulty in the reading is at the end of the third line, where Horsley 
 supposing that the tied latter CE may be either the centurial mark and E, or the letters DE, 
 would read CEQ ascenturio or decurio equitum. It is, probably, D reversed for DEC VRIO, 
 and EQ for EQVITVM, for Centurio is only applied to a commander of a body of infantry, 
 and decurio to the commander of a body of cavalry.' The equites were divided into ten 
 termse ; out of each of which three officers were chosen, PR^FECTI, OPTIONES, 
 DECVRIONES. Dr. McCaul, however, prefers Orelli's expansion C[olonia] Eq[uestri], 
 the name of the birthplace of the deceased. 
 
 ' See other examples in Fabretti, pp. 310, 311. 
 
 - P. 192, N. 71, and p. 32G. See also Camden; Guidott, p. 86; Musgrave, ii., 6 ; and Warner's Illustrations, introduction, 
 p. xxi. 
 
 ^ See Polybius, b. vi., p. 171. 
 
DisMAmvs 
 
 ''M-V^LERlVS-i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i FtLmiNVSCKI 
 
 :Mlls leg 
 
 jXXX'' STIPEN 
 "h - S- • E 
 
 Nil! 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 
 C MVRRIVS 
 CF-ARN1EN5IS 
 FORO-IVLl-MO ' 
 DESTVS-MIL 
 
 ®|EESECVNDl 
 ^rUAKV- ST 
 
 "V 
 
 -i'-j-i 
 
 _ -^. ^ 
 
 
 
 '^^, '^■^ 
 
 J)ECC01JM/E^GLE 
 VIXtANlLKXX?:¥l 
 
 ^^ 
 
 j^* 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 FUNEREAL-STONES FOUND AT BATH, BUT NOW LOST. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 63 
 
 FUNEEAL STONE TO A DECURION OF GLOUCESTER. 
 
 DEC. COLONIC GLEV 
 VIXIT. AN. LXXXVI. 
 
 This fragment of an Inscribed Stone, recorded to have been inserted in the city wall, 
 near the North Gate, is now lost.' It commemorates a decurion of the colony of Glevum or 
 Gloucester, who died at the age of eighty-six. A decurion was either a senator in any of 
 the municipal towns or colonies, who held a corresponding rank and discharged similar 
 functions in his own town to that which the senators did at Rome, or he was an officer over 
 ten horsemen. In the present instance the individual commemorated seems to have held 
 the former office. Orelli (99) gives the following Inscription, which may help us to 
 conjecture the part above wanting.^ 
 
 D . M 
 
 C. COPONII. CRESCENTIS 
 
 DEC . TVSCANENSIVM 
 
 QVAEST . R . P . VETER . AVG 
 
 LEG XIII . GEMIN . SIGNIFER . 
 
 B . M . FECERUNT . C . CAVIVS . PRISCVS . FIL 
 
 SCRIBVS. RESTITVTVS. VAL. 
 
 1 It was published by Heai-ne in his notes to Leland's Itinerary, ii. 35 ; also by Roger Gale in his Antoninus, p. 129. 
 Guidott gives it in his Discoui-se of Bath, p. 69 ; Musgrave, ii. 1 ; Horsley's Somerset, v. ; Gough's Camden, viii. 3 ; Warner's 
 Illustrations, introd., p. xxii. 
 
 ■- This Inscription corroborates the statement of Richard of Cirencester, that Gloucester was one of the nine Colonia:. See 
 Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 359. 
 
64 FUNEREAL IXSCEIPTIONS. 
 
 PORTIONS OF TWO STONES ERECTED TO ROMAN CAVALRY ; 
 THE LATTER BEING THAT OF TANCINUS, A SPANIARD. 
 
 L . VITELLIVS . MA 
 NTAI F. TANCINVS. 
 GIVES. HISP. GAVRIESIS 
 EQ . ALAE. VETTONVM G R 
 ANN . XXXXVI . STIP . XXVI 
 H . S . E . 
 
 This Stone, which was found A,D. 1736, in digging a vault in the Market Place," is 
 part of a monument erected to the memory of a horse soldier, who is represented as riding 
 over a prostrate enemy. Similar Stones have been discovered at Cirencester, Gloucester, 
 and Wroxeter. The monument is incomplete, but the upper portion of another monument 
 of a like character supplies what is wanting, though upon a smaller scale. This second stone 
 was, according to Mr. Waenee, found in Grosvenor Gardens. ^ 
 
 The stone is broken, and some of the letters in the second and third lines are injured, 
 but the Inscription below the figure is perfect. For many years this stone, together with 
 that erected to IVLIVS VITALIS, were inserted in the wall of the Abbey Church, but 
 both are now placed in the passage of the Literary and Scientific Institution.^ 
 
 The reading is as follows, — 
 
 Lucius Yitellius Mantai filius Tancinus cives Tlispanus Cauriesis Jiques Alse 
 Yettonuni, civiura Komanorum, ann. xxxxvi. Stip. xxvi. Hie situs est. 
 
 Mr. Lysons reads HISPANIC instead of HISP ANUS ; EQVITVM instead of 
 EQVES ; and C . R . CENTVRIO instead of GIVIVM ROMANORVM ; but the last 
 two readings arc evidently erroneous, and HISPANVS is better than HISPANIJi. The 
 Rev. Dr. McCaul has pointed this out in his Britanno-Roman Inscriptions.* 
 
 ' CoIIinson's Somersetshire, vol. i., p. 12. 
 
 - See Illustrations, p. 10. 
 
 3 See Muratori, DCCCLXX., G; Gough's Camden, vol. iii. 8 : Warner's Illustrations, No. II. Hist. App. p. 118; Lysons, 
 xii., 1 ; Phil. Trans., 1748. 
 
 « See p. 184. 
 
PLATE XXIII. 
 
 PORTIONS OF TWO STONES EJECTED TO ROMAN CAVALRY, THE 
 LOWER BEING THAT OF T A N C I N U S, A SPANIARD. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCEIPTIONS. G-O 
 
 The stone was erected to Lucius Vitellius Tancinus, the son of Mantaus, a citizen 
 of Caurium, in Spain, a soldier of the Vettonesian auxiliary cavalry, who died at the age of 
 forty-six, having served twenty-six years. The Vettonesian auxiliary cavalry consisted of 
 men who had obtained the rights and privileges of Roman citizens. 
 
 The name TANCINVS occurs in an inscription found in Lusitania.' Caurium was 
 a town of Lusitania in the district of Estremadura.^ The Vettones were a neighbouring 
 people who furnished heavy armed cavalry as auxiliaries to the Roman armies. 
 
 The use in this Inscription of long triangular leaves with stalks as stops, would seem 
 to indicate a rather late date ; but Dr. Conrad Leemans, of Leyden, in treating of the 
 monumental stones of a like character, found at Watermore, near Cirencester, says,' that the 
 Watermore Inscriptions may be lixed between the time of the expedition of Ageicola and 
 the reign of Aurelius and his first successors, and the sepulchral Stones of horsemen of 
 the Roman allies, found at Bath and in Shropshire, may belong to the beginning of the 
 same period. 
 
 1 See Gruter, DCCCCXVII., 8. 
 
 - See Hoffi, Lexicon, torn, i., p. 778. 
 
 ' Archaeol., xxvii., p. 211. 
 
gg FUNEREAL INSCEIPTIONS. 
 
 INSCRIPTION ON A STONE EEECTED BY VETTIUS BENIGNUS. 
 
 The following Inscription is on a Stone, shaped like an Altar, but without any focus. 
 
 NA SACK AT [I] 
 SSIMA VOTV 
 M SOLVIT 
 VETTIYS BE 
 NIGNVS . L . M. 
 
 It was found near the Hot Bath, A.D. 1776, and is engraved and described in 
 Lysons's Eemains' ; but is wrongly given in Collinson's History of Somerset.' Mr. 
 Warner, in a note to his Illustrations, reads it 
 
 DEAE DIA 
 NAE SACEATI 
 SSIMAE 
 
 but the first words, Deae Dianse, are an invention. The Inscription really begins thus — 
 
 NASACRAT 
 
 the first letter being defaced, and only the last portion of it clear. There is, however, 
 a mark which seems to be the slanting stroke of an N, and the letter was probably N and 
 not I with the P before it, as conjectured by Mr. Lysons, who would read it PI A 
 SACRATISSIMA. If the letters NA, in the first line, may be taken as standing for 
 NVMINA AVGVSTI, with the epithet SACRATISSIMA, then the Inscription becomes 
 intelligible, which it was not before. 
 
 'Seep. 11. 
 
 2 Vol. i., p. 14. 
 3 See p. 23. 
 
PLATE XXIV. 
 
 ALTAR ERECTED BY VETTIUS BEN'IGNUS. 
 
FUNEREA.L INSCRIPTIONS. 67 
 
 The title Sacratissima was applied to the Numina August! ; thus in Gruter' we have 
 
 SACEATISSIMO IMP HADRIANO AVG 
 
 and also Sanctissimiis^ venerandus venerandissimus ' ; while on the Altar found at Risingham, 
 Northumberland,' we have N.D.N, Numini doraini nostri. 
 
 The first incription given by Gruter relates to the dedication of a Statue, and this 
 stone, on which the Bath inscription occurs, seems rather to have been the Pedestal of a 
 Statue, though in the form of an Altar ; indeed, the stone, which is perfectly plain, has no 
 focus on the top, and, from being cut away at the back, appears to have been inserted in the 
 wall of a building. We may conjecture, therefore, that VETTIVS BENIGNVS paid his 
 vow by putting up a Statue or other offering in honour of the most sacred divinity of the 
 Emperor. I am aware that authority is wanting for reading N . A, as I have done, the 
 words being generally written NVMIN . AVG, as in the Altar dedicated by Caius 
 CuRiATius Saturninus,^ or N . AVG, as in the commemorative inscription which follows,' 
 and that in a dedication we should have the dative case, i.e.^ NVMINIBVS SACRA- 
 TISSIMIS. I offer, however, the above reading as nearer the truth, and more satisfactory 
 than that of Mr. Lysons. 
 
 1 ccccxlvi., 4. 
 
 - See Gruter, ci., 7; clsv. ; cclxxii., 5, 6; cclxxxiii., 9; ccix., 5. 
 
 3 See Camden, edit. 1607, p. 662. 
 
 * See Lysons, xiii., 2. 
 
 ^ See also Warner, No. IX. 
 
 i2 
 
68 rUNEEEAL INSCKIPTIONS. 
 
 STONE COMMEMORATING THE RESTORATION OF A SACRED SPOT, 
 
 OR " LOCUS RELIGIOSUS." 
 
 LOCVM RELI 
 GIOSVM PER IN 
 SOLENTIAM E 
 RVTVM 
 
 VIRTVTI ET N 
 AVG REPVRGA 
 TVM REDDIDIT 
 C SEVERIVS 
 EMERITVS ) 
 PEC 
 
 This Stone was found at the lower end of Stall Street, A.D. 1753, with two Altars 
 already mentioned ; viz., one to the SVLEV-3ii, and the other to the Leucetian Mars. 
 
 The Inscription, which is thought by Mr. Ward to be of the age of Severus,' is very 
 interesting, as it raises a question — What was this LOCVS RELIGIOSVS ? and — What 
 is implied by PER INSOLENTIAM ERVTVM ? To this, it may be answered,— It was 
 probably a temple or small chapel dedicated to the presiding divinity that had been over- 
 thrown in some tumult of party feeling, or left in neglect. The Roman military officer of 
 the locality restored and re-purified it, VIRTUTI ET NVMINI AVGVSTI, to the virtue 
 and deity of Augustus. The Numen Augusti occurring here strengthens the conjecture as 
 to the correct reading of the last Inscription. The centurial mark ) follows the word 
 EMERITVS, which may be either a cognomen or an appellative intimating that 
 C . SEVEEIVS had completed his term of service and received his discharge ; probably it 
 was here a cognomen. The last letters may be i-ead PEC, and S, for sua, obliterated. 
 They are of a smaller size, and Mr. Hunter supposes they may have been scratched on the 
 stone by a wanton hand. 
 
 ' .See Phil. Trans., xlviii., 332; Gough's Camden, vol. iii., p. 9; Lysons's Eel. Rom., part ii.,p. 10, and note; also Warner's 
 III.. No. IX., p. 47 ; and Anti-Jacobin Keview, x. 
 
PLATE XXV. 
 
 ALTAR ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE RESTORATION OF A 
 
 "LOCUS RELIGIOSUS." 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 69 
 
 The worship of the Eoman Emperors living and dead was a peculiarity of the later 
 system of Eoman religion. Under the title of " Augustus" men's minds were directed to 
 something superhuman.' In after times the Emperor was to be worshipped as u Deity 
 present in the body^ " Tauquam prsesenti et corporali deo fidelis est praistanda devotio." 
 The provinces contended against one another in dedicating Temples and Altars to the living 
 and dead Augustus. By the time of Tiberius it had become a crime to testify indisposition 
 to worship the imperial god, and for it the city of Cyzicus forfeited its freedom.' 
 
 It was a principle in Rome till the time of Caius Caligula to follow the general 
 analogy of the Manes, and not to raise the C^sar to divine honours till after his death, and 
 then by special decree of the senate and his successor. Caius desired to be acknowledged 
 and worshiped throughout the whole Empii-e equally as a visible god while livin"-. 
 
 Afterwards Princesses of the imperial family came to be deified. Caius had the 
 same divine honours as were paid to Augustus decreed to his sister, Deusilla. Claudius 
 raised his grandmother, Livia, to the same dignity. Nero had his father, Domitius, and 
 Popp^A, his wife, exalted into deities 
 
 DoMiTiAN stiled himself in documents " lord and god." The roads to the Capitol 
 Pliny tells us, were filled with flocks and herds, that were being driven to be sacrificed 
 before his image.* 
 
 The greatest extravagance on this head was reserved for Hadrian's time. Between 
 the first deification of C^sar and the apotheosis of Diocletian, fifty-three solemn 
 canonizations may be reckoned, fifteen of which were of ladies belonging to the imperial 
 family.^ 
 
 ' Dio Cassius. 
 ^ Lyden de mens, iv., 72 ; Vegetius 25. 
 3 Tac. Ann., iv,, 36. 
 * Suet. Dom., 13; Oros, vii., 10; Plin. Paneg., ii. 
 * Abridged from Dollinger's Gentile and Jew, vol. ii., pp. 165, 166, 167, 168, 169. 
 
70 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTION TO SUCCESSA PETRONIA. 
 
 D. M. 
 
 SVCC . PETRONIAE VIX 
 ANN III . M . nil . D . IX . VERO 
 MVLVS ET VICTISARINA 
 
 FIL . EAR . FEC. 
 
 The Stone which bore this Inscription is now lost ; it is recorded to have been 
 inserted in the city wall, between the North and West Gates, whither it had been brought 
 from one of the Roman cemeteries that followed the lines of road out of the city. Leland' 
 who first mentions it, describes it as among the antiquities he saw in the walls between the 
 two gates. Dr. Guidott says — "Next to that lower, towards the West Gate, is the 
 monument of one of the children of two Romans : PRIMVLVS . ROMVLVS 
 ^^IPOMVLVS, or rather VETEROMVLVS (for that word in the Stone is somewhat 
 difficult to read), and VICTISARINA, with a longer and exactly Roman Inscription in a 
 sepulchre table between two little images, whereof the one holds the horn of Amaltha?a or 
 Cornucopia, the other bringeth a flying roll, or winding list or banner over the left shoulder."- 
 This Inscription was sent by Camden to Gruter, and it is given in his Thesaurus, DCC, 6, 
 but the reading differs. Horsley also furnishes a drawing of it,' and observes that the two 
 figures on each side have nothing to do with the Inscription, but are on different Stones.' 
 
 Dr. McCaul' proposes to read the Inscription thus : 
 
 D[IIS] M[ANIBUS] 
 SVCC[ESSAE] PETRONIAE 
 
 VIX[IT] ANN[IS] III . M[ENSIBVS] IIII . D[IEBVS]IX . 
 VET[TIVS] ROMVLVS ET VIC[TORIA] SABINA 
 
 FIL[IAE] KAR[ISSIMAE] FEC[ERVNT] 
 
 ' Itinerary, vol. ii., 35. 
 
 - See Guidott's Discourse of Bathe, pp. 69, 70 : London, 1G76. He gives a drawing of it, and reads it as above. 
 
 ' See also Gough's CamJen, vol. iii., 4 ; and Warner's lUust., introd., p. xxii , where the reading differs considerably. 
 
 • See Horsley's Somerset, iv. 
 ' Brit. Rom, Insc, p. 182. 
 
o 
 
 w 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 P-, 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 ■A 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 ►J 
 
 <: 
 
 M 
 
 % 
 
 D 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 71 
 
 The difficulty is in the father's name, which most probably consisted of two words, as 
 suggested above, and likewise in that of the mother. On the Stones, which, according to 
 HoRSLEY, " arc three distinct Stones, and do not appear to have been ever united," were 
 two figures which accompanied the Inscription. In the drawing they arc represented on 
 either side, and have a strong resemblance to Christian emblems. " One of these," says 
 HoRSLET, '' is a Victory with a palm branch in her left hand, and a corona in her right." 
 The other, as Dr. Stukeley thinks, " has a cornucopia in her left," though, as he says, " they 
 have no reference to the Inscription near which they are placed." 
 
 It might be supposed that the figure to the left of the Inscription was that of the 
 " Good Shepherd," bringing back the wandering sheep, and that the figure to the right was 
 " Victory" with the palm branch. A similar pair is found in Maefei's Musa3um Veronense ; 
 but the good shepherd is usually represented with a tunic and buskins. It is worthy 
 of remark, that the name PETRONIA is met with in Christian Inscriptions, and that 
 VICTORIA and SABINA, as well as SVCCESSA, are found in the catacombs at Rome. 
 There is also a saint Romulus at Velletri, whose body was taken out of the catacomb of 
 St. Cyriac. It is much to be regretted that the originals are lost, and that the copy, both 
 of the Inscription and accompanying Figures, is probably very imperfect. The monument, 
 however, is an interesting memorial of family affection. 
 
72 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTION TO AN ALUMNA. 
 
 D . M. 
 MERC MAGNII . 
 ALVMNA VIXIT AN. I 
 M. IV . D. XIL 
 
 This Funereal Inscription was found, A.D. 1<S09, near the old North Gate, under 
 Cavanagh's Bank, and was preserved by Mr. Bareatt. It is now in the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. No engraving of it was given in Warner's History or Illustrations, 
 as it was discovered subsequently to the publication of those works ; but an excellent 
 engraving is given in Archseologia,' and is there described in a letter from the late Joseph 
 Hunter, F.S. A., dated April 9th, 1827. The Inscription is to an " Alumna of Mercurialis 
 or Mercutius Magnius, who died, aged one year, four months, and twelve days." The space 
 between MERC and MAGNII was left blank when the Inscription was cut. 
 
 Orelli has this note upon the word " alumna," — " Saepe memorantur ALVMNI et 
 ALUMNAE (SpfTTTot) i.e., liberi nati, expositi, deinde sublati a quibusdam et in 
 servitudine educati."' 
 
 'Vol. xvii., p. 420, appendix. 
 = Trajan, Ep. ad Plin., 10, 72, 
 
s 
 
 X 
 
 15) 
 
 4. . S-. 
 
 ■\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 -^ 
 
 j^ 
 
 -x~~^ 
 
 ' ■■ ! 
 
 ~^y 
 
 1 
 
 r^\ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 ""^g:^ _r V 
 
 "''Myt -^-^';\ DXllf 
 
 ."^ 
 
 T 
 
 H 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 FUNEREAL STONE TO AN ALUMNA. 
 
PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 PART OF AN INSCRIPTION, PUT UP BY THE SON OF NOVANTUS, IN CONSEQUENCE OF A DREAM. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 73 
 
 PART OF AN INSCRIPTION PUT UP BY THE SON OF NOVANTUS. 
 
 NOVANTI FIL 
 
 PRO SE ET SVIS 
 EX VISV POSVIT 
 
 This Inscription is on the front of a large block of stone, now in the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution, and was found in 1825, in digging for the foundations of the 
 United Hospital, not far from the place where the Altars were discovered, A.D. 1733. It 
 appears to have formed part of a building, and there were probably two lines, if not more, 
 on the stone above it. It was first described by Mr. Hunter,' who says — " It indicates 
 that the son of Novantus erected something, probably a sepulchre, for himself and his 
 family ; on comparing this Inscription with some in Gruter, I conclude that the full form 
 must have been this : first, the name of some god or goddess ; second, the name of the 
 party ; third, the Inscription, as above exhibited. Thus perhaps : 
 
 "[DEAE SVLIMINERVtE 
 MARCVS AVFIDIVS MAXIMVS] 
 NOVANTI FILIYS 
 PRO SE ET SVIS 
 EX VISV POSVIT." 
 
 " For,'' he continues, " I observe in Gruter, that ' ex visu ' is used only in reference to 
 something done towards the gods." On this it may bo observed that if Novanti Filius was 
 a Barbarian, as probably Secundi fit and Bruccti fil. were, then like them he would only 
 have one name. 
 
 1 See Arch^o!., vol, xxii., p. 420, Appendix, in the same letter in which the foregoing Inscription is given. 
 
74 FUNEEEAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 INSCEIPTION TO VIBIA JUCUNDA. 
 
 VIBIA 
 
 IVCVN 
 
 DA 
 
 AN. XXX 
 
 HIC SEPVL 
 
 TA EST. 
 
 The Inscription, which is read as above in Burton's Commentary on Antonine, is 
 a brief record of Vibia Jucunda, who died at the age of thirty, and was buried beneath 
 the stone. 
 
 Philipot, who wi-ote A.D. 1660, says, in his "Villare Cantianum," that this 
 Inscription was found not many years before " at the Bath," and "represented to public 
 inspection.'' He describes it as "an urn with this endorsement insculpted ;"' but as 
 *' an urn " in those days did not necessarily mean a piece of pottery, it is probable that a 
 " sepulchral tablet " was intended. 
 
 The Inscription is given by Guidott,* who says it was found in Walcot. Warner 
 has copied what Guidott says, but it was erroneously thought by Horsley to be spurious. 
 It was formerly in the possession of Alderman John Parker. 
 
 ' See Vil. Can., p. 250. 
 » See p. 72. 
 
a^- 
 
 
 "•er ^^ 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 hi. 
 
 o 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 'A 
 
 05 
 
 > 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 t/1 
 
 < J 
 
 <; 
 
FUNEREAX INSCRIPTIONS. 75 
 
 INSCRIPTION FOUND AT COMBE DOWN, 
 
 HAVING BEEN USED AS A 
 
 COVERING STONE TO A COFFIN OF THE SAME MATERIAL. 
 
 PR[0] SAL[V]TE IMP . CES . M . AVR 
 ANTON[I]NI PII FEL[I]CIS INVIC 
 TI AVG .... NAEVIVS AVG 
 LIB ADIVT PROCC PRINCI 
 PIA RVINA OPRESS AS[0]L[0] RES 
 TITVIT 
 
 This Inscription, which is now in the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, was 
 found at Combe Down, a village about one mile south of Bath, in 1854. It was discovered 
 while making a garden to a new villa, and served as the covering stone for the lower part 
 of a Stone Coffin, in which was a perfect skeleton. This spot has since proved to have 
 been the site of a Roman villa, and many objects of interest which have been discovered 
 there, are carefully preserved by the owner. Five Stone Coffins have been found on the 
 spot, besides urns containing burnt bones, and a stone box containing the head of a Horse.^ 
 
 The Inscription, which is not deeply cut, is difficult to read, owing to the decompo- 
 sition of the stone. It is as follows : " For the safety of the Emp. C^s. Marcus Aurelitjs, 
 Antoninus, the pious, fortunate, invincible Augustus, Nsevius Freedman of the Emperor, 
 and assistant of the procurators, restored the chief military quarters which had fallen to ruin." 
 
 The word PRINCIPIA, in the fourth line, is only made out with difficulty ; but 
 there seems no doubt of the correctness of the reading, as it is corroborated by a Stone 
 found at Lanchester,^ where we have 
 
 PRINCIPIA ET ARMENTARIA 
 CONLAPSA RESTITVIT. 
 
 ' See Somerset ArchfEological Journal, vol. v., p. 49, and Appendix, p. 135. 
 
 - See Horsley, Durham, No. XII. 
 
 K 2 
 
76 FXINEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 This affords proof of the existence of a class of buildings called PRINCIPIA. 
 " Locus in Castris ubi erat prsetorium, et tabernacula legatorum et tribunorum militum, et 
 sio'na legionum ; et ubi conciones militares et consilia habebantur, jus dicebatur, sacra 
 fiebant, «p;)^ar«."' 
 
 There is no e\'idence that the Principia stood where the Stone was found. Indeed 
 the Stone seems to have been cut and prepared in the quarry near at hand, and then 
 thrown aside, and afterwards used for the purpose of a coffin lid. The site of the Roman 
 building and its enclosure, together with the remains found, do not give the idea of a 
 military station, unless it was a summer residence for the officer in command, at a time of 
 much security. The dedication may refer either to Caeacalla or Heliogabalus. 
 
 ' See Faeciol., in Verb. Principium. 
 
m^ 
 
 "-'" ^^ x, 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 FRAGMENT OF MARBLE TABLET. 
 FRAGMENT OF INSCRIPTION ON SANDSTONE, 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 FEAGMENT OF AN INSCRIPTION ON MARBLE. 
 
 This discovery of an iuscribcd marble fragment' is not one of the least interesting 
 and imi^ortant to antiquaries. It was made A.U. 18G1, on the site of the new building, 
 added to the Bath Mineral Water Hospital, when a tessellated pavement, of a rude 
 description, was laid open, and many Roman coins and much pottery were dug up. Those 
 are all preserved in the Literary and Scientific Institution, and an account of them was read 
 to the Somerset Archasological and Natural History Society, at their meeting in August, 
 1862, and published in their proceedings." The Inscription is on white marble, apparently 
 foreign, since none is found in England, though it is in Ireland. 
 
 The letters are as follows ; — 
 
 DEAE . S 
 TI . CL . T 
 SOLLEN 
 (also portions of letters, which may be E or F, and L I, or I I or II, of smaller size.) 
 
 The letters are particularly well cut, and seem to belong to an early period of the 
 Roman occupation of our Island. The small fragment of the letter S leaves little doubt that 
 the dedication was to the DEA SVL or SVLMINERVA to whom, as we have seen, six 
 Inscriptions relate, and also a temple or other building was dedicated. In the second line 
 we have the abbreviations of two names of the dedicator TI(BERIVS) CL( AVDIV^S), with 
 a ti'iangular stop after each, clearly cut, and the first letter of the cognomen (T), which may 
 be any Roman name beginning with that letter. The third line commences with the word 
 SOLLEN ; but the remainder is broken away, leaving us to conjecture that it was the 
 word SOLLENNES or SOLEMNES, and referred to the vows paid to the tutelary goddess. 
 The word SOLLEMNIS occurs in an Inscription on marble, preserved in Fabretti/ and 
 also given in Orelli,' and is a fragment of a funereal laudatory Inscription of the Augustan 
 age. The letters commencing the fourth line are cut smaller, but it is not possible to 
 conjecture the word of which they formed components. 
 
 The finding of this Inscription in marble, induces the belief that tablets of marble were 
 not so uncommon in Britain as has been supposed. A Sepulchral Inscription in Purbeck 
 
 ' See plate xxx. 
 
 ' See vol. xi., p. 187. 
 
 3 See pp. 168 and 323. 
 
 * See 4589. 
 
78 FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 marble is mentioned by Mr. Eoach Smith ;' and what Whitaker calls " the square marble 
 urn. which tradition reports to have been found at Rokeby, in Yorkshire," may therefore be 
 o'enuine, and the tradition respecting it perfectly correct. From this it certainly appears that, 
 notwithstanding Whitaker's assertion to the contrary, the Romans did use marble in this 
 country, but probably imported it from the Continent, and its use was not very frequent. 
 This discovery in Bath therefore serves to remove doubt as toother marble Inscriptions said 
 have been found in England, but the authenticity of which has hitherto been disputed. 
 
 An Inscribed marble Roman Funereal Tablet was exhibited in the Musseum of the 
 Archfeol. Institute at Rochester, July, 1863. 
 
 FRAGMENT OF AN INSCRIPTION ON SANDSTONE. 
 
 CORNELIANV. 
 
 The two portions of stone upon which the above Inscription is cut, were always 
 considered as containing parts of two different words, and are given as such by ]\Ir. Hunter, 
 in his Catalogue f but Mr. Russell, the Librarian of the Institution, on examining the 
 fragments, and placing them together, found that the portions belonged originally to one 
 stone. The letters form the word CORNELIANVS, with apparently the lower portion of 
 the letter (S) preceding them. 
 
 Three other lettered fragments have already been mentioned,^ but they are not 
 sufficiently perfect to enable us to make out any name with certainty, or to hazard any 
 reasonable conjecture as to their meaning. The three fragments* are as follow: — 
 
 VRN LIIYSSA ILIA 
 
 lOP SVXSO VLIA 
 
 Future excavations may reveal the missing portions, if they are still in existence ; at 
 all events, it is important to preserve a record of the letters. 
 
 ' Rom. Lon., p. 29. 
 - See paf;e 77. 
 3 See p. 10. 
 • Engraved by Musprave, cap. vi., tab. ii. ; see also, Quidott, p. 82 ; llearnc in Lcland's Itinerary, ii., 30 ; also Warner's 
 Illustrations, introd., p. xxiii. 
 
FUNEREAL INSCRIPTIONS. 79 
 
 INSCRIPTION FOUND AT CAMEETON. 
 
 AIIVS 
 ONDEDIT 
 ET QVINTIANO COS. 
 
 The above Inscription was found, not in Bath, but six miles out of Bath, in the 
 parish of Caraerton, on the line of the Foss Road, A.D., 1814. It was recorded by Mr. 
 Skinner, the rector of Camerton, in a letter to the late Samuel Lysons, Esq., F.S.A., and 
 the MS., which appears to have been read to the Society of Antiquaries, is in the posession of 
 the Rev. S. Lysons, of Hempstead Court, Gloucester. A drawing of the Stone is preserved 
 with the MS. The Inscription is also recorded by Mr. Leman, in a marginal manuscript 
 note to his copy of Horsley's Brit. Rom., now in the Library of the Bath Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. 
 
 The Inscription, which was on white lias stone, was found in digging out the remains of 
 a building which was one of several that bordered on the line of the Foss Road, six miles 
 from Bath, and about a mile beyond the Red Post Inn. It is not known what has become 
 of it. With it were found part of a stone statue and pieces of painted stucco. The first 
 line is much defaced, only the letters A, V, and S, being distinctly legible. The letters 
 between the A and V may have been a T and I, or P and I, or II, so that the name seems 
 to have terminated in the form ATIVS, or APIVS, or AIIVS. The next word is plainly 
 [C] ONDEDIT, an E being put for an I. In the third line we have ET QVINTIANO 
 COS. So that we are able to supply what is wanting, knowing that Bassus was consul 
 with QuiNTiANUS, A.D. 289, i.e.^ in the first or second year of Carausius.' The Inscription 
 will therefore stand thus — 
 
 Name of person who erected the building, ending ATIVS or apivs or auvs 
 
 CONDIDIT 
 BASSO ET QVINTIANO COS 
 
 ' See Stukeley's Carausius, vol. 1, p. 72. 
 
80 FUNEREAL INSCEIPTIONS. 
 
 In the fac-simile which Mr. Skinner has preserved in his MS., the Stone is small, 
 about 8 in. by 2| in., and the building itself appears not to have been mentioned in the 
 Inscription, only the name of the builder and the date. It was found in digging out the 
 interior of a small inner chamber.' 
 
 Thus from this fragment we can fix the date of the erection or re-erection of this 
 structure, as from Mr. Skinner's account it seems to have been built out of the materials, 
 and upon the site of older buildings, which not imjDrobably marked the first posting station 
 out of Aquje Solis, on the Foss Road towards Ischalis (Ilchester). Many Eoman Coins 
 have been discovered at Camerton, chiefly in the field containing the building wherein the 
 Inscription was found. The Coins extend over a period from Claudius to Valentinian I. 
 
 With this Inscription ends the list of those found in Bath and the immediate 
 neighbourhood. The lists hitherto given, even that contained in the catalogue of the 
 Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, are imperfect. It has been my endeavour 
 to bring together as correct an account as possible of each lettered stone, that all may be 
 accurately recorded in the pages of this Volume. That many yet remain to be discovered 
 is my belief, and I am not without hope that some supposed to be lost may yet be recovered. 
 
 ' See Som. Arch, and N. H. Proc. vol. xi., p. 181. 
 
PLATE XXXI. 
 
 STONE FOUND IN BATH. 
 
81 
 
 SCULPTURED STONE FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 THE Sculpture, of whicli a plate is given opposite, represents a Roman clad in a 
 loose cloak, apparently fastened over the right shoulder by a fibula, or clasp. The hair 
 of the head is cropped, and the beard is evidently short and curling, though the carving 
 of the face is here broken away. The Stone was found on the Borough Walls, with 
 some remains of Eoman masonry, and fragments of a cornice, A.D. 1803, and seems 
 to have been brought from its original situation, and built into the City Wall. 
 Mr. Warner gives a drawing of it in his Illustrations,' and supposes it to be a 
 figure of the Usurper Carausius, on account of the Dolphin which appears at the right 
 hand upper corner of the Stone. The dolphin, however, was a common ornament on Funereal 
 Monuments, and this figure was probably a portion of some such memorial, the Inscription 
 having been placed under the feet of the figure. Dolphins are represented on the sides 
 of a Funereal Inscription found at Wroxeter, and now in the liibrary of King Edward's 
 School in Shrewsbury.'- 
 
 The treatment of the hair and beard led Mr. Warner to attribute the Sculpture to 
 the period of the lower Empire, after the Emperor Hadrian, in the beginning of the 
 second century, had revived the ancient Roman custom of wearing beards, which had long 
 been out of fashion.^ It is not possible to coujectui'e either the exact data of this 
 Sculpture, or the person to whom it was erected, but it was probably executed about the 
 third or fourth century of the Christian era. There is no authority for supposing it to be 
 a representation of Carausius. The figure, if not a portion of a tomb, probably formed 
 part of the decorations of some public edifice. The dress is more like that of a Roman 
 citizen in the toga than of a military ofiicer in the chlamys or sagum. 
 
 1 No. X., p. 49. 
 
 ^ See British Archasol. Journal, 1859, p. 311. 
 
 3 The Romaas adopted the Oriental custom of shaving the chin about .500 years after the foundation of the city, and continued it 
 
 to the time of Hadrian. See Xiphiline in Vita Trajani. 
 
8-2 
 
 ANOTHER SCULPTURED STONE 
 FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 The mutilated fragment, drawn in the plate opposite, represents a Eoman Standard- 
 bearer, clad in a tunic, with a belt (ciugulum) round the waist, and the chlamys or 
 military cloak over the shoulders. The I'ight hand grasps the staff of a standard, and in 
 the left a scroll is held. The head and neck of the figure are unfortunately broken oflf, and 
 the feet, as well as the lower part of the stone, are wanting, so that it is difficult to assign 
 any date to the Sculpture, or form a right conjecture as to its object. It was probably, 
 however, a portion of a tomb erected to some Standard-bearer of note. The fi-agment is 
 now placed in the Vestibule of the Literary and Scientific Institution. It is not engraved 
 in Warner's Illustrations, uor is it known where it was found. 
 
PLATE XXXII. 
 
 STONE FOUND IN BATH. 
 
PLATE XXX I I I. 
 
 ROMAN FRAGMENTS FOUND IN BATH. 
 
83 
 
 ROMAN FRAGMENTS FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 Various fragments of Roman Sculpture found in Bath are represented on the plate 
 which faces this page. 
 
 In the centre of the plate is a small Column, which has probably supported a statue. 
 It was found when the Roman Baths were uncovered, and is now in the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. 
 
 The remaining fragments were found underneath the Pump Room, with the remains 
 already described,' and seem to have formed a portion of the Temple which stood on that site. 
 
 The upper fragment contains three rays of a Star, projecting from a concave surface, 
 and there is also a Star with eight rays on the lower oblong block. The three other pieces 
 are ornamental portions of Architectural Details. 
 
 ' See p. 18. et seq. supra. 
 
84 
 
 BRONZE MEDALLION 
 
 THE beautiful Medallion here represented' was found in digging the foundation of the 
 Pump Eoom, a locality where so many other interesting remains have been discovered. It 
 is engraved by Mr. Warner in his History of Bath,= and he considers it to be assignable 
 to a late date in the Empire. This interesting souvenir became the property of the Rev. 
 Mr. Richardson, who presented it to the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, where it 
 is still preserved.' Mr. Whitaker supposes it to have hung in the Temple of Minerva, on 
 the site of which it was found. 
 
 The subject is the head of a female, very beautifully formed, the hair being collected 
 in a knot behind, and the forehead decorated with a pointed frontlet, which is studded with 
 jewels. The frontlet slopes down the forehead to both ears, and after passing under the 
 hair, is fastened by a fillet or band. A pendant lock of hair falls gracefully from behind 
 the ear upon the neck. 
 
 The Legend is POMPEIA . I . C . V ., in all probability the name of the lady 
 represented, who is supposed to have been a descendant of Pompet the Great. Mr. 
 Whitaker would read the letters I . C . V . Julii C.esaris Uxor, because the family of 
 PoMPEY afterwards became united by marriage with that of his former rival and competitor 
 for the empire. He also supposes that this Medallion must have been given to the Temple 
 in Bath by some descendant of the family settled in Aqu^ Solis. 
 
 ' Plate xxxiv., opposite. 
 
 ■ Appendix, p. 123. 
 
 ^ Review of Warner's History of Bath ; Antijacobin Review, vol. x. 
 
PLATE XXXIV. 
 LOCKET FOUND IN BATH, UNDER THE PUMP ROOM. 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 PENATES, KOMAX KEVS, AND FIBUI.A. 
 
85 
 
 PENATES. 
 
 EVERY Roman family had its peculiar guardian-gods presiding in tlie interior of the 
 house : the gods and guardians of the penus, or domestic and household provisions. Their 
 numbers, names, and race were unknown ; but they were invoked under the common 
 designation of Penates, and their images were placed near the hearth in the Atrium, the 
 interior and partly uneeiled space of the house, where the community life of the family 
 was spent. On the hearth oflferings were made to them, the never-extinguished flames of 
 the hearth-fire being always kept burning in their honour, and the family table always 
 spread and furnished for them, with a salt-cellar and some viands. In general the kitchen 
 was dedicated to them They had the care of the welfare and honour of the family.' 
 
 Of the Three Penates which are represented in the opposite plate, the seated figure 
 at the head of the page was found on the Borough Walls, A.D. 1824. The two standing 
 figures were found at Weston in ] 825. They are of bronze, and are drawn about the 
 actual size. 
 
 The largest of the Three Keys given in the centre of the plate was found in Sydney 
 Buildings, Bathwick, at the same time as the Block of Lead, already described. The 
 smallest was found near Freshford, in the neighbourhood of which is the site of a Roman 
 Villa at ffiord. It is not stated in what part of Bath the other Key was found, but it is 
 similar to one figured in Mr. Roach Smith's Rom. London.^ 
 
 A Spoon found in Cheap Street is preserved in the Museum of the Literary and 
 Scientific Institution, to which it was presented by the Rev. B. RrcHARDSON. Here also are 
 deposited a Fibula found in Bath, two Rings which were discovered in a coffin at Larkhall, 
 and two Bronze Armlets, together with two circular Fibula) found at Cherry Wells, near 
 Charlcombe. These articles complete the list of household utensils and trinkets discovered 
 in the City ; but doubtless very many objects of real interest have fallen into private 
 hands, and are either lost or hoarded up in private collections. 
 
 ' Virg. ^n. i., 707, Serv. JEn. ii., 469. (Gen. and Jew, by Prof. Dollinger.) 
 - See plate xxxviii., fig. ii. 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF HYPOCAUSTS AND 
 TESSELLATED FLOORS. 
 
 FEW notices remain of Hypocausts discovered in Bath, and not many of Tessellated 
 Pavements. The most particular and important account of a Hypocaust is that given by 
 Dr. Lucas at the time of the first discovery of the ancient Roman Baths. > The construction 
 of the furnace of this Bath was laid open, and even the burnt fuel was found about the 
 mouth of the furnace. Hypocausts were used, however, not only in public Baths, but for 
 Baths in Eoman private houses ; and not only for Baths, but for warming apartments, and 
 also for keeping them dry. The suspended floor had not always the accompaniment of 
 flues and hot air, but was used solely for dryness. 
 
 The construction of the Hypocaust was simple. It consisted of a floor of concrete 
 placed upon small pillars about 18 inches high. "Roman Floors appear to have been of 
 two classes. Firstly, — Floors elevated above the level of the ground, generally upon a 
 number of small supports or pillars, called Pilcv, in which case they received the name of 
 Suspensurce, and were mostly finished with various designs in Tessellae. Secondly, — Floors 
 formed on the ground, and without supports, also sometimes tessellated, but not 
 always, as these floors belonged to second-class rooms, and were generally in that portion of 
 the house not used for the immediate accommodation of the proprietor."- In the suspended 
 floor the ground was first made hard by beating or ramming down gravel, and upon this were 
 placed pilte of brick, sometimes of stone ; then came a large square brick or tile as a cap to 
 the pilfe ; upon these were placed flanged tiles so as to cover the whole floor, and upon these 
 again was laid a bed of concrete, in which the tessella; were imbedded. Sometimes the 
 pilae were of rough hewn blocks of stone, and sometimes partly of stone and brick. The 
 concrete was compounded of pounded brick and lime, and was laid about six inches thick 
 and quite even. The flanged tiles upon which the concrete rested, were placed upon the 
 pilae with the flange downward. 
 
 The Roman bricks appear to have been made with the greatest care, and are now? 
 after a lapse of fifteen or sixteen hundred years, as hard as when first taken from the kiln. 
 
 ' See pp., li. lo. 
 - See Coriniuni. pp., 03, Gl. 
 
HYPOCAUSTS AND TESSELLATED FLOORS. 
 
 87 
 
 Floors without the Hypocaust were generally small in size, but their substratum was 
 prepared with the greatest care, and every means taken to secure dryness. The ground 
 was first rammed down hard for a foundation, upon this was laid a stratum of gravel with 
 broken brick and tile, which was made firm and compact ; and then came a layer of concrete, 
 made of pounded brick, lime, and sand, mixed together in a fluid state. "This" says 
 Professor Euckman' " accords with the directions given by Viteuvius — 
 
 Nucleus, j 
 
 Eudus, > Constituting Ruderatio. 
 
 Statumen. J 
 
 Upon this Nucleus, Tessellec were sometimes laid, though frequently dispensed with.'' 
 Examples of this kind of floor were found when the ground was prepared for building the new 
 portion of the Bath Mineral Water Hospital. The Tessellae were small cubes varying in 
 size ; in coarse pavements that have been laid open in Bath, they are generally about an 
 inch in thickness, but in the finer pavements found in other places they are smaller. Their 
 composition was sometimes natural and sometimes artificial. 
 
 The natural cubes were formed of — 
 
 Chalk ... 
 Freestone 
 
 ,, 
 Oolite (Wiltshire Pebbles) 
 Old Red Sandstone 
 Limestone, Lime Lias 
 
 Artificial — 
 
 Terra Cotta 
 Glass 
 
 White (colour). 
 
 Cream colour. 
 
 Grey (altered by heat). 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Chocolate. 
 
 Slate colour or black. 
 
 Light red. 
 Dark Red. 
 Black. 
 Transparent Ruby. 
 
 These different colours were worked into a variety of patterns, and sometimes into very 
 beautiful designs, which were laid in the floors of the Roman Villus and public buildings. 
 Cirencester is particularly remarkable for the ornamental character of the pavements found 
 there ; and for further description of them I would refer the reader to Prof. Buckman's 
 and Mr. Newmarch's very interesting account of the Tessellated Pavements of Corinium.- 
 
 ' See Corinium, p. 69. 
 ^ See p. 25, and following. 
 
88 
 
 ROMAN TESSELLATED PAVEMENTS 
 FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 IT is mucli to be regretted that no correct record has been kept of the Tessellated Pave- 
 ments found in Bath. "We are indebted to incidental notices for all we know of them. 
 When the Mineral Water Hospital was built, A.D. 1738, some remains of Tessellated 
 Floors were laid bare. Wood, in his description of Bath,' has recorded what he discovered, 
 and given an outline plan of the pattern : he supposed this floor to be the remains of the 
 ancient Prastorium. A Hypocaust was discovered at the same time, and flue tiles of a 
 square form, some six inches in diameter and some nine inches. Near this floor was found 
 a deep pit for ashes, and similar pits were found when the new portion was erected, 1859. 
 
 The remains described b)^ Wood were portions of two floors, covered mth Mosaic 
 Pavements, the one six feet broad, the other eighteen feet, and the patterns of the 
 Pavements were formed of circles, like the pavement discovered A.D. 1692, in the grounds 
 of Mr. ToJiKiNS, at Caerleon.- The diameter of the circles in the Bath pavement was two 
 feet nine inches. Two stone steps were found leading into another chamber, two feet six 
 inches rise to each step, and a floor paved with common stone, the level of which was 
 twelve inches higher than the other ; also a wall, the thickness of which was two feet three 
 inches. Under the S.W. corner of the Hospital Wheat was found. These Roman Remains 
 were six feet below the present surface of the ground, and betwixt them and the natural 
 soil or gravel was a distance of at least three feet. 
 
 1 Chap, vii., p. 270. 
 ' .See Camden's Brit. 
 
<Uii 
 
 y/////////Mi^y 
 
 ^J^ 
 
 PLATE XXXVr, 
 
 D. 
 
 A. ROMAN FLUE TILE, SEMICIRCULAR. 
 
 B. FLUE TILE WITH OPENING ON THE SIDE. 
 
 C. FLUE TILE, WEDGE-SHAPED, WITH CIRCULAR HOLES, AS IF TO AD.MIT A PIPE. 
 
 D. PATTERN OF ROM. TESSELLATED PAVEMENT FOUND UNDER THE NEW BUILDING OF THE 
 
 MIN. WATER HOSPITAL. 
 
 E. PATTERN OF PAVEMENT FOUND UNDER BLUE COAT SCHOOL. 
 
ROMAN TESSELLATED PAVEMENTS. 89 
 
 When the foundations of the new portion of the Hospital were being dug out, in 
 1859, another Tessellated floor was discovered. This is now presei-ved on the site where 
 it was found, in the passage underneath the new building. The pattern is very coarsely 
 executed, and consists of the Labyrinthine Fret, worked out in Tesseris of white and blue 
 lias. Some other portions of floors constructed of concrete were discernible, and part of the 
 outline of the building to which they had belonged could be traced, by the foundation walls 
 remaining. These floors wore sixteen feet under the level of the present City. 
 
 Many Roman coins, and a considerable variety of Eoman pottery, with bronze and 
 bone implements, and the fragment of an inscription in white marble, already described 
 (p. 76), were found in making these excavations. The coins embraced a period from A.D. 
 98 to A.D. 408.' These Eeraains were just within the circuit of the ancient Roman walls. 
 
 On the site of the present Blue-Coat School, which was rebuilt in 1860, in the same 
 street, another Tessellated Pavement was found. This is now laid down in an anti-chamber 
 of the building, immediately over the spot where it was discovered. The pattern consists 
 of figures of Dolphins and two other animals, one of which is a Sea-horse, and the other 
 has the head and hoofs of a deer, but the hinder part is broken away. One of the dolphins 
 is nearly obliterated. The animals have red streamers flying from different parts of the 
 body, as is common in other pavements found in this country, giving life to the 
 subjects delineated. The Tesserae are cubes of stone or brick, and the colours red, blue, 
 brown, and white.- The pavement, when entire, was probably similar to one found at 
 Cirencester, and described by Prof. Buokman and C. H. Newmaech, Esq.' 
 
 Two Tessellated Floors were laid open in the year 1813. In digging the foundation 
 of a building connected with the premises of Mr. Cruttwell, in the Abbey Green, the 
 workmen came upon a flat surface of masonry, running under the houses on the south side 
 of Swallow Street, at a considerable depth below the level of the present City. On 
 clearing this of the rubbish, it was found to be a Tessellated Pavement, formed of neat 
 cubes about one-third of an inch square, the material being Roman brick and white and 
 blue lias limestone. The pattern of the pavement is said to have been tasteful, but 
 as it ran under an inhabited house, it was impossible to trace the complete design, and 
 the part uncovered was insufficient to give an idea of the whole.* It is to be regretted 
 that no drawing has been preserved of the portion uncovered. 
 
 ' See Som. Arch, and N. Hist. Soc. Proceedings. Vol. XI., 18G1-2. 
 
 2 See Som. Arch, and N. Hist. Soc. Proceeding, 1801-2, pp. 191 and 192. 
 
 3 niustrations of the Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, pp. 30, 33. 
 * See Bath Omnium Gatherum, 20th Aug. 1814. 
 
 M 
 
90 ROMAN TESSELLATED PAVEMENTS. 
 
 Another discovery was made in May, 1814, at the S.W. corner of Bridewell Lane, 
 on the premises of Mr. John Allen. Some Imperial Coins were dug up, together with 
 Roman Bricks, and afterwards a Tessellated Pavement was laid bare. Unfortunately, this 
 was hastily broken up before it had been examined by competent persons, but from what 
 remained in fragments, it w'ould appear that it was not of superior elegance in design or 
 workmanship. The matei'ials were similar to those of pavements formerly laid bare. 
 
 "When the Ancient Eoman Baths were discovered, remains of Tessellated Floors 
 were found, but no description of the patterns or figures has been preserved. The 
 examples that remain of Tessellated Pavements discovered within the City Walls are 
 so much inferior in design and execution to those found in other places, and, indeed, to 
 the pavements laid bare on the site^s of villas in the neighbourhood of Bath, that 
 they can hardly be accepted as a fair representation of what once existed. The public edifices 
 in Aqu^e Solis, if we may judge from the architectural remains, were not inferior to those 
 of other Roman Cities, and the pavements, no doubt, corresponded with the buUdings ; but 
 those which have been discovered of late years, and the descriptions of those exposed in past 
 times (if we may trust the meagre accounts that remain of them), lead to the inference that 
 they were of late and very inferior workmanship, and do not at all represent the best 
 pavements of Aquje Solis, since they fall much below the character of those of 
 Eoman London or Cirencester. The space within the walls of the city having been so 
 much built upon, has, no doubt, caused the destruction of many patterns, and some may 
 yet remain to reward future inquirers, but those that have been preserved can hardly 
 represent the pavements of the better class of Roman houses. The Rev. Thos. Leman, in a 
 MS. note to Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum,' says — " Tessellated pavements have been 
 found in every part of Walcot," and it is much to be regretted that no further notice of 
 them has been preserved. Had they been drawn and engraved with the same care as those 
 found at Wcllow, we should, no doubt, have had a very interesting collection. The Roman 
 Pavements of Corinium have attracted the notice of all lovers of art, and their design and 
 
 execution are of a high order of merit. 
 
 ' London, 1721. 
 
PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 SMALL ROMAN VASE OF BLACK WARE, FOUNn IN THE SYDNEY GARDENS, A.D. 182 
 
ROMAN POTTERY FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 MANY fragments of Roman Pottery, as might be expected have been found in ]1ath, but 
 only a fe^y entire Vases. One small Vase, found in the Sydney Gardens, A.D. 182(S, is 
 now in the British Museum.' The form is that of a cup having a wide and shallow body, 
 which is raised on a stand, and the total height is about 2| inches, the width 3|, and the 
 depth of the side 1 inch 4 parts. The Pottery is a black glazed ware, resembling Greek, 
 having a red body or paste covered with a black silicious glaze, which is rubbed off at the 
 lower part. The cup appears to be early Roman. The ornament running round the border 
 is the Ivy-leaf, and is rather distorted by the form of the Vase, the contour of which it 
 follows. Small Urns have been found in Stone Coffins, but these are plain in shape, and 
 for the most part formed of dark-coloured earthenware of a coarse kind. The ware most 
 common is the red earthenware, commonly called Samian, some examples of which are given 
 in the accompanying plates." The British Museum possesses specimens of the red ware 
 found in Walcot, and there is also a collection in the Museum of the Bath Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. 
 
 Samian ware, in great varieties of pattern, has been found in this Island, and wherever 
 the Roman power extended. It seems to have been employed for domestic purposes, 
 as earthenware and porcelain are now used in this and other countries. The name Samiax 
 has been given to it from the Island of Samos having been celebrated for its Potteries for 
 the manufacture of red ware. The Samian Potters were famous about B.C. 900, but it is 
 very doubtful if the red ware found in Britain was manufactured there. It would rather 
 appear to have been made in Italy, Germany, or Gaul. Arctium (modern Arezzo) was 
 famous for its red Pottery, and hence this kind of ware is sometimes called " Aretine Ware.'" 
 " At Rheinzabern, situated been Spire and Lauterbourg, towards the French frontier, upon 
 the site of the Tabernoe of the Roman Itineraries, several hundred fragments of the red 
 glazed Pottery, as well as entire vessels, have been exhumed, and with them their moulds, 
 proving that at this locality an extensive manufactory was established. In every respect 
 (observes Mr. Roach SiiiTH^) most of the engraved specimens are identical with those 
 found in London." 
 
 ' See plate opposite. 
 
 ' See plates xxxviii and xxxix. 
 
 ^ See Catalogue of Specimens of British Pottery and Porcelain, by Sir H. de la Beche, C.B. and Trenham Reeks, Museum 
 of Practical Geology ; London 1855. 
 
 ' Rom. London, p. 99. 
 
 M 2 
 
92 ROMAK POTTERY. 
 
 :M. ScHWEiGHiEUSER lias published a plan of a kiln found near the village of 
 Heiligenburg, in the valley of the Brucke, about 3 miles from Mutzig, where several 
 kilns have also been disinterred.' Near the furnace were found large quantities of 
 fragments of the red Pottery ; and upwards of sixteen moidds for vessels, ornamented 
 with bas-reliefs, were discovered. 
 
 Mons. Brogniart has also recorded discoveries of the remains of kilns at Lezoux, in 
 Auvergne.' From Gaul and Germany the ware was imported iuto Britain. 
 
 Roman Potters' kilns have been found in this country, at Xormanton Field, Castor, 
 near Peterborouffh, the ancient Durobrivte of Antoninus,' and in the New Forest.' The 
 kilns at Castor were discovered A.D. 1822, and vessels and fragments of Pottery were 
 found with them. The ware, however, is different to the red or Samian, and has from its 
 peculiarity obtained the name of Durobrivian. Vessels composed of this peculiar ware 
 have been discovered at Combe Down, and will be illustrated in subsequent pages of this 
 volume. 
 
 The paste of which the red ware is composed, is commonly a compound of silica, 
 mingled with the silicates of alumina and lime ; it is usually of a line vermillion colour, 
 derived from the peroxide of iron, which is supposed to have been purposely introduced 
 into it, and was evidently well worked before being moulded into the shape of the required 
 vessel. The glaze is generally brilliant, unless when decomposed, by being subjected to 
 unfavourable conditions while buried in the earth, and appears to have been formed of a 
 silicate, with an alkalino-earthy base, coloured by peroxide of iron. The ware is commonly 
 well made, and Mons. Brongniart observes respecting it, " that it was worked in the most 
 perfect manner, and with the aid of the greater part of the processes and means now employed 
 in the most perfect manufacture."'' An analysis of different pieces of this ware is given in 
 the Catalogue of the Museum of Practical Geology." 
 
 The devices found upon the pottery are very varied, and generally very elegant, 
 including not only fruit, flowers, and leaves, but animals and figures of nearly every kind, 
 musicians playing the lyre, water-carriers, figures bearing baskets on their heads, winged 
 cupids, children at play, gladiators fighting, and men contending with wild beasts. The 
 labours of Hercules form a frequent subject, and a portion of a bowl found in Bath has the 
 
 ' Antiquities de Rbeinzaburn, par J. G. Schweigba>user, Strasbourg, 15 phxtes Ito. 
 
 = Traito des Arts Ccramiques, Paris, 8vo, 1811. 
 
 ' See Durobrivse of Antoninus, Illustrated, plate xl., fig. 3. 
 
 * Archffiologia, vol xxxv., p. 01. 
 
 '■• Essai sur les Arts Cdramiques, torn, i., p. 123. 
 
 <^ Ceramic Series, pp. 58, 59; 1855. 
 
PLATE XXXVIII. 
 ROMAN (VRN) FOUND IN BATH. (RED WARE.) 
 
PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 SAMIAN COWLS, RESTORED FROM FRAGMENTS FOUND IN UATH. 
 
EOMAN POTTERY. 93 
 
 figure of Hercules strangling the Nenioean Lion, which he has caught by the head under 
 his right arm, and holds at his mercy.' Stags and rabbits are also favourite subjects. The 
 fact of Samian ware being frequently found mended with leaden rivets serves to show the 
 value that was put upon it. 
 
 Great interest attaches to this ware on account of its various and beautiful forms. 
 It has been found very plentifully in London, and the British Museum possesses a very 
 large collection of it. Many specimens of vases, and cups and dishes of every description 
 are engraved in Mr. Roach Smith's Roman London.'' 
 
 In some instances, the ornaments, instead of being raised in relief, are incised with 
 great sharpness and skill. Prof. Buckjian observes that the shapes of this kind of pottery 
 were exceedingly varied, and most of them very elegant in form, at the same time that we 
 may trace a greater amount of conventionalism than we meet with in the connnoner pottery ;■ 
 and Mr. Birch remarks that all the Vases are wide and open mouthed, and he considers 
 them generally of small proportions. They seem to be of a size generally adapted for table 
 purposes. "Those of the largest dimensions are dishes, paropsides, lances, or paterse, 
 ornamented with a tendrilled leaf, meant for that of the ivy or vine. They are probably 
 the lances pampinatte, or hedcratte, dishes with grapes or ivy leaves, such as Claudius 
 received from Gallienus. Some rare dishes, with spouts like mortaria, and bowls with 
 lion headed spouts are known (examples of which are in the British Museum). Occasionally 
 some of the paterae have handles, the small cups are sujiposed to be either acetabula (vinegar 
 cups), or salinae, (salt cellars). The larger cups are pocula, cyathi, or calices."< 
 
 Mr. Roach Smith states — " In no instances have any vessels of the red glazed Pottery 
 been found in the Kilns discovered in this country or among the unquestionable products 
 of those kilns. Some imitations of the red ware have been found in the neighbourhood 
 of Colchester, but the material is imperfectly tempered and of a whitish hue, with a thin 
 coating of black carbonaceous matter. The vessels of this ware found in England, France, 
 and Germany, are similar in every respect.'' 
 
 Restorations of Thirteen Bowls or Vases of Samian ware, of different forms are given 
 in the plates as specimens of the varieties of patterns found in Bath, but the fragments which 
 have been dug up, and the shapes that might bo constructed out of them, arc very numerous. 
 The following is a list of the Potters' Stamps which have been found upon the red ware. 
 The name of the potter is sometimes followed by an F, for fecit (made it) ; or by the letter 
 
 ' See plates xxiv-xxix. 
 
 2 Illustrations of Roman London, see pp. 90, 91. 
 
 ^ See Rem. of Rom. Art at Corinium, p. 86. 
 
 * Hist, of Anoieut Pottery, vol. ii., p. 358. 
 
94 EOMAN POTTERY. 
 
 M, for tnanu, i.e., from his hand, or manufactured by him ; and sometimes the letters or 
 OF f'officinaj, by -which it is expressed that it came from the manufactory of such a Potter 
 (as MoNTANUS, for example). 
 
 POTTERS' STAMPS ON EOMAN RED WARE FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 ALBVCI ■) OVMI .... 
 
 } 
 
 CARANTINI. M ) OF. MODE 
 
 CASSI PRITANI 
 
 COENERTI. M. SILVI. OF. 
 
 MINIRIV. SOLE 
 
 MF. OLIVI TITVR. OF. 
 
 OF. NIG 
 
 The following is a list of the Pottery found in excavating for the New Part of the 
 Mineral Water Hospital, A.D. 1859— 
 
 Cinerary Urn (imperfect). 
 
 Bowl of red ware. 
 
 Oval Chafing Dish, grey unglazed earthenware. 
 
 Fragments of the same. 
 
 Small Vase of black Pottery (entire). 
 
 Fragments of Samian and other Pottery. 
 
 Some Tesserae. 
 
 Six Fragments of Amphorae. 
 
 Seventeen Ditto of light red earthenware (doubtful). 
 
 Two perfect Bricks. 
 
 One Fragment of Tile, scored. 
 
 One ditto Roofing Tile. 
 
 Five Fragments of Wall plaster. 
 
 One small red coloured Vessel, turned in a lathe. 
 
 One elongated Glass Unguentory.' 
 
 ' Found on Samian ware, dug up under the New Building of the Mineral Water Hospital. 
 * Sec Journal of Somerset Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xi., p. 192. 
 
PLATE XL. 
 ROMAN BOWLS OF SAMIAN WARE, RESTORED FROM FRAGMENTS FOUND IN BATH. 
 
/&CXXXJ0O(XXX)CXX3OO00000QOO<y' 
 
 PLATE X L I . 
 
 FRAGMENTS OF SAMIAN WARE, FOUND IN BATH. 
 
cs4tioo4(5<> <>(><} is <>o<50Jc>J 33000(153 
 
 a^aciaaoOQOQOoao^inocDQricxiOQCi 
 
 loaoaooooaoi^aaooQjCjxjoooaQcs 
 
 |)5j. ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 O QO 0(3 
 O Q * o® 
 3 oo So 
 
 a S a do 
 
 (?:3 atjOO( aa 
 
 P L i\ T E X L I 1 . 
 
 SAMIAN WARE, AND PATTERNS ENLAPsGED. 
 
PLATE XLIII. 
 
 S AMI AN WARE, K O U N D IN BATH. 
 
ROMAN TILES. 
 
 MANY large Flue Tiles have been found in Bath and the neighbourhood. These were 
 for the most part discovered on the site of the ancient Roman Baths, and are excellent 
 specimens of their kind. They are preserved in the Museum of the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution. Drawings of some are given as examples.' Roman Tiles may be classed as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. Square. 
 
 2. Flanged and notched, made to overlap. 
 
 3. Arched. 
 
 4. Circular pipes, like draining tiles. 
 
 5. Flue Tiles cubic in form, or oblong, with holes in the sides, either square 
 
 or rounded at the angles. 
 
 The Bricks and Flue Tiles are scored on the surface with wavy or curved lines, or 
 with straight lines crossing, the object of which appears to have been to ensure the better 
 adhesion of the mortar. The Flue Tiles were used for the conveyance of heated air 
 through the walls of the apartments, and have openings at the sides, as well as at the ends, 
 where they are connected together. 
 
 A semicircular Tile about thirteen inches in diameter, has also been found. Two 
 such Tiles if put together would form part of a Cylindrical Column, and may have been 
 so used, the outside being plastered over with stucco, or they may have formed a 
 wide Cylindrical Flue within the wall. One of these is given in plate No. xxxvi., and 
 also a wedge-shaped Tile, which has two circular holes, one on each side, as if to admit a 
 pipe. This Tile is formed like the key stone of an arch, and measures 9| inches at the 
 upper portion, and 8 inches at the lower, the height being 13 inches. Flue Tiles have 
 also been found joined together by mortar in pairs, as if forming the curve of an arch. 
 Some of these were discovered in the hypocaust of the Villa at North Wraxall, "Wilts. 
 
 ' See plate xxxvi. 
 
96 
 
 ROMAN GLASS. 
 
 IT is to be regretted that so little Eoman Glass has been preserved in Bath, although 
 much must have been dug up at different times, and probably of fine quality or elegant 
 pattern, if we may judge from two vessels of very elegant form found at Combe 
 Down.' Unfortimately no collection has been made, and we are left to conjecture 
 what is lost or dispersed from that found in the neighbourhood of the city. The 
 Ampulla discovered in a Stone Coffin at Swainswick, A.D. 1840, is of very peculiar 
 form.'- This has been carried out of the City, and is now in the collection of his Grace the 
 Duke of Northumberland, at Alnwick Castle. A small Uuguentory and a few fragments 
 were found when the ground occupied by the new building of the Bath Mineral Water 
 Hospital was cleared for the foundation.' These are preserved in the IMuseum of the 
 Literary and Scientific Institution, which ought to be enriched by every fragment that may 
 in future be discovered either in Bath or in the neighbourhood. Collections of Roman 
 Glass like that contained in the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, London, 
 and that at Shrewsbury, from the excavations at Wroxeter, are not only interesting to the 
 antiquary, but useful to the manufacturer. 
 
 ' See plate xliv. A jug or ewer of similar construction is mentioned as having been found at Shefford, Bedfordshire, and 
 a description of it is given in the Archaeolog. Journal, vol, i., p. 396. 
 
 ' See plate xlv. 
 
 3 See Journal of Som. Arch, and N. H. Soc, vol. xi., p. 193. 
 
P L A 1 E X L I V. 
 
 ROMAN GLASS VESSELS FOU.VD AT COMBE DOWN, AD. 1861. actlal size 
 
PLATE XLV. 
 
 ROMAN (AMPULLA) OF GLASS, FOUND IN A STONE COFFIN AT SWAINSWICK, 
 
 NEAR BATH, A.D. 1840. ORIG. size. 
 
ROMAN INTERMENTS. 
 
 MANY Interments, apparently Eoman, have been discovered in the neighbourhood of 
 Bath ; indeed the Coins found with the Remains, and other indications, render it almost 
 a matter of certainty, that with few exceptions, the Stone Coffins and the Earthen Jars 
 found with them, belong to the Roman period, or to the ages that immediately followed 
 the withdrawal of the Roman power. 
 
 The writer who first took particular notice of these Funereal Remains, and recorded 
 what he saw, was the learned Dr. Musgrave, who states' — " Plurimae sunt hujusmodi 
 arcae, nempe lapideag, apud nos inventa;, nimirum apud Trinobantes, Icenos, et Ordovices ; 
 . . . . non ita pridem ad Aquas Calidas effossa est in suburbiis, juxta Viam qua ad 
 Colliculum itur, Lansdotvn ajipellatum, ea, quae Tab. xi. figura prima exprimitur.' . . . 
 Fragmcntum erat alius Arcaj non procul a Julii Vitalis Sepulcreto erutum, priori non 
 absimile. (A.D. 1706.) .... Praster ossa Puella3' quasi decennis omnia, binas 
 tenuit arcella urnulas, singulo latere singulam, et ex Into Imagunculara ; ut non tantum 
 cadaveri sed et iis, quae ad illud pertinuerint, accipiendis, inservire has arcellas, arbitremur." 
 
 We hence learn that two Interments attracted the notice of Dr. Musgrave ; one on 
 the Road to Lansdown, and the other in Walcot, on the course of the Foss Road, near the 
 spot where the Monument of Julius Vitalis was discovered. Dr. Musgrave also remarks 
 that, from the disposition of the bones found in one Interment, the corpse appears to have 
 been placed with the face downwards," and he refers to the wish of Diogenes the Cynic, 
 to be buried in this position. He also notices that Urns are sometimes found with the 
 opening placed downwards. The Stone Coffins described by Dr. Musgrave appear to have 
 corresponded in size with those which have since been discovered. 
 
 1 Bel. Brit., cap. xviii., § viii. 
 
 2 See drawing in Bel. Brit., cap. xriii. 
 
 3 See Bel. Brit., cap. xviii., § s. 
 
 * See Bel. Brit., cap. xviii., § ix. 
 
 N 
 
98 ROMAN INTERMENTS, 
 
 K"otices of similar Interments in the neighbourhood of Bath are to be found scattered 
 throuo'h various publications of the last century, and a connected narrative of such particulars 
 as could be gathered together, is contained in the Proceedings of the Som. Arch, and N. H. 
 Soc. (1854) : from this I shall abridge the following summary, adding some particulars 
 which I have obtained since writing that account, though it is to be feared that many 
 discoveries have been left unrecorded, and that some, which have been placed on record 
 in other publications, may hero be omitted. 
 
 On the 17th November, 1806, on the south-west side of Trinity Court, near the 
 Turnpike Road, or main Street of Walcot (the ancient Foss Eoad), some labourers found 
 a hoard of nearly one hundred Roman Coins. 15 were Consular Coins, of different families ; 
 28 Vespasian ; 13 Nerva ; 5 Nero ; 15 Domitian ; 2 Titus ; 6 Trajan. One is stated 
 to have been a Coin of Brutus ; one of Lepidvs or Augustvs ; and one of Juba. A few 
 days after, a Medal of Nero, and one of Antoninus Pius were found on the same spot. 
 
 March, 1808. In digging the foundation of a new house at St. Catherine's Hermitage, 
 near Lansdown Crescent, Stone Coffins were found. The first was below the walls of an 
 old building, the head being north-east, the Skeleton which it contained was perfect, and 
 6 feet long ; at the feet were iron rivet nails, half-an-inch long, held together by thin plates 
 of metal ; some fragments of black Pottery and a few long nails were mixed with the earth 
 inside the Coffin ; no Coins were found ; outside the cover, on the right hand, lay a Skeleton 
 with the head to the feet of the former ; the bones of a large size, and near them the bones 
 of a jaw resembling that of a horse. The head of a second Coffin was to the south-west; on 
 the cover was placed a Skeleton of large size, and with it the handle of a sword and part of 
 the blade, all of iron, much corroded. There was a guard to the handle, like that of a 
 modern cutlass. No Pottery was found with this Interment.' 
 
 May, 1815. On the premises of Messrs. Sainsburt and Co., Walcot, two Stone 
 Coffins containing Skeletons were found, one of which was placed with the face downwards, 
 similar to that described by Dr. Musgrave. An Urn, now in the possession of Messrs. 
 Sainsbury, was also dug up, and two fragments of Samian Pottery. Coins of Claudius, 
 Nero, Vespasian, Domitian, Carausius, and Constantine were also discovered ; one of 
 the Coins, either that of Claudius or Vespasian, being found inside one of the Coffins. 
 Another Coffin was exhumed in the same year at the back of Upham's Library, near the 
 Orange Grove. 
 
 A.D. 1815. A Skeleton and a Roman Urn with reticulated lines on it were dug up 
 at the Gas Works. 
 
 ' See a descriptive Paper of Roman Antiq., by Mr. Cranch, read to the Bath Lit. and Phil. Asso., Nov. 11, 1816. 
 
EOMAN INTERMENTS. 99 
 
 A.D. 1818. During some excavations made at No. 11, Russell Street, three perfect 
 Skeletons (one of large stature) were found lying beside each other, with several copper 
 Coins of Vespasian. At No. 12, a Stone Coffin was found, A.D. 1836 : beneath it were 
 two entire human Skeletons. 
 
 A.D. 1822. Two Stone Coffins were found near Burnt Ilouse Turnpike Gate (in 
 the line of the Foss Road), and previously to this two others near Claremont Place, Combe 
 Down. 
 
 A.D. 1824, June. At Lambridge was found a Sandstone Coffin, of rude construction, 
 containing two Skeletons, one an adult and the other a child ; near the head of the Coffin 
 were two rings of yellow metal (probably bronze), 11 inches in diameter, naiTow and flat, 
 and covered with green patina. Near the Coffin were found three pins, probably used to 
 connect the grave clothes : the larger was 2 inches long, the others were broken. 
 
 A.D. 1840. One or two Stone Coffins were found with Skeletons while digging the 
 foundation for St. Stephen's Church. 
 
 A.D. 1824, September 21. As workmen were digging out the foundation of an old 
 house in the lane leading to the East Gate, they discovered human bones, and a considerable 
 quantity of Coins, mostly of ord brass, of the Emperors Gallienus, Claudius Gotiiiccs, 
 Tetricus, Carausius, Maxentius, Decentius, and many of Constantine the Great. The 
 Coins were mostly of the lower Empire, some struck at Treviri, the modern Treves and 
 others at Lugdunum, Lyons. Some Roman Pottery and glass was found at the same time. 
 
 Previously to A.D. 1819, a Stone Coffin was found in Sydney Buildings, near the Coal 
 Wharf, in the Parish of Bath wick, and afterwards, in that same year, 20 human Skeletons 
 were discovered together, some lying on one side and some on their faces, and in one a 
 large iron nail was found driven quite through the crown of the head. Near one of the 
 Skeletons was a copper box, which opened with a spring, and in it were eight copper coins, 
 all of the lower Empire. Three other Coins, one of the city of Constantinople, and a fine 
 bronze Fibula in a good state of preservation were also discovered. About 40 yards 
 distant was found, at the same time, a Leaden Coffin, containing a perfect male Skeleton, 
 with the head to the east. An ancient road, probably Roman, ran up Bathwick Hill in 
 this direction, and made for Claverton. 
 
 The Bath and Cheltenham Gazette (7th October, 1823), contains the following 
 particulars of a further discovery in the same locality : 
 
 " At a small depth from the surface, the workmen discovered a stone coffin, rudely 
 
 finished, lying north and south, the cover of which was composed of various stones, some 
 
 N 2 
 
JOO E03IAX INTERMENTS. 
 
 of which had been removed, and the skull of the person interred taken out and thrown on 
 the outside, near the feet. The remaining bones, much i^erishcd, were found in the coffin ; 
 amono- them were several fragments of earthen cups, and a larger one, of fine Samian ware, 
 used probably for libations, had been broken. These, it may be presumed, were placed with 
 the corpse at the time of interment, containing the usual offerings of wine, milk, honey, &c., to 
 the manes or ghost of the deceased, as was customary on such occasions with the Roman and 
 Romano-British inhabitants of this country, before their conversion to Christianity. A 
 Roman coin, small brass, was also found near the coffin, but too much injured by time to be 
 with certainty appropriated to any particular Emperor, but apparently late in the Empire. 
 There was also a glass bead, the size of a common marble, perforated, as if it had formed 
 part of a necklace or bracelet : the rest of the beads no doubt were taken out or lost when 
 the skull was removed, or if any part of them were remaining, they were lost or taken away 
 in the confusion that prevailed at the opening, owing to the great number of persons whom 
 ciu-iosity had drawn to the spot. A small brass hook, apparently a part only of a fibula 
 used to confine some part of the dress, was among the contents of the coffin ; from which 
 circumstance, and the beads being a female ornament, added to the smallness of the bones, 
 it may be reasonably inferred that the remains were those of a female deposited there during 
 the time the Romans were in possession of the country." 
 
 A few yards from the Coffin a small Silver Coin was picked up, supposed to be 
 British or Gaulish. The Coin was about the size of the Roman denarius, disked : on the 
 obverse a rude head ; on the reverse, a horse — a favourite emblem on British Coins. The 
 gentleman into whose hands it fell, presented it to the writer of the account in the Bath 
 and Cheltenham Gazette. A similar Coin is said to have been found near Marshfield, in 
 Gloucestershire, another in Berkshire, aiid this third in the immediate neighbourhood ; — "a 
 strong presumptive proof, it is thought, of their general currency and probable British 
 origin." 
 
 A.D. 1861. In making a drain at the foot of Bathwick Hill, at the point of 
 divergence of Sydney Buildings, a pair of Stone Coffins were discovered; one filled with very 
 fine sand, and the other with sand of a coarser kind. The former Coffin contained the 
 Skeleton of a female, and the fine sand on being submitted to microscopic examination 
 revealed minute fragments of coarse woven texture, particles of scoria and bitumen, with 
 small nodules of iron ; a small bronze bead, which was perforated, and seemed to have 
 formed part of a necklace, was also found in it. Each Coflin had a cover formed of a single 
 stone, which projected over the sides. The second Coffin, filled with coarse sand, contained 
 the remains of a child apparently about 14 or 15 years of age. A third CoflSn was also 
 
ROMAN INTERMENTS. 101 
 
 found which had been disturbed some years earlier, and applied to the purposes of a drain. 
 These Coffins were better hewn, and more symmetrical than those found on other occasions. 
 One was left in its original position, and the other carried to the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, and placed under the portico. The crania are described by a competent 
 authority as exhibiting the characteristics of the Roman or Romano-British skull. The 
 Coffins were placed nearly east and west, and apparently in the direction of the Roman 
 road, leading out of the East Gate of the city, which once passed up the hill. The fine 
 sand in which the female Skeleton was embedded, docs not occur anywhere around Bath, 
 and is supposed to have been brought from the mineral district of the Mendip Hills, as on 
 examination it was found to correspond with that which occurs in some of the ancient 
 mining seams in that district. It was near the same place, in the line of Sydney Buildings, 
 that the Pig of Lead alluded to in page 29, and of which a drawing is given in plate viii., 
 bearing the stamp of the Emperor Hadrian, was found ; from this it has been conjectured 
 that these Interments may have belonged to persons engaged in working the mines in the 
 Mendip Hills. In sinking a shaft about 20 yards further to the east, some black Pottery 
 of coarse texture, and some red Samian ware was found, together with burnt bones. 
 
 In the course of the same year, there was found in the Sydney Gardens,' a well- 
 formed Stone Coffin, having the exact shape of one of modern times, being angular at 
 the shoulders and not rounded off at the extreme corners. The lid, which was rounded on 
 the upper surface, exactly fitted the Coffin, and projected over the sides. In it was found 
 a Skeleton, apparently that of a female about 50 years of age. The back teeth of the jaw 
 were worn level at the crown, the furthest were decayed, and two of the front teeth were 
 gone. The bones of the hands seem to have been displaced, and a button or stud much 
 corroded was found under the Coffin lid. The examination of this Interment yielded no 
 further particulars, but it is remarkable that in the Sydney Gardens was found the tomb 
 of the Priest of the goddess Sul, now deposited in the Literary and Scientific Institution, 
 and described page 54. Here also was found the elegant Cup, which is elsewhere engraved. 
 The shape of the Coffin was similar to one found at Caer-Leon, and drawn in Mr. Lee's 
 Book, see plate viii., fig. 7," but the Bath Coffin is of much superior workmanshp. 
 
 A.D. 1857. An Interment in a Wooden Cist, of which the nails and two fastenings 
 like modern hinges remained, was found in the Villa Fields, on the site of the Gravel pit 
 near the road to Hampton Row. With the bones and skull, three Urns were discovered, 
 two of which were broken, and the Cist had entirely perished, but the Skeleton is said to 
 have been perfect when first discovered. 
 
 ' See Journal of Brit. Arch. Assoc, for 1861, p. 232 
 - Isca Silurum. Illustrated Catalogue. 
 
102 ROMAN INTERMENTS. 
 
 A.D. 1843. The workmen employed in the construction of the Cemetery in 
 Lyncombe Vale, discovered a Stone Coffin containing human remains, apparently those of a 
 man of deformed stature, from 60 to 70 years of age. The Coffin lay S.S.E., and was 
 found broken, the fracture being occasioned probably by bringing it too quickly in contact 
 with the rock on which it was placed. The lid was also broken, and appeared to have borne 
 some inscription or rudely carved memorial, which could not be deciphered. Afterwards a 
 second Coffin was exhumed, having been found only 14 inches under the turf. The length 
 was G| feet, and the Coffin was formed of a single block of oolite, and covered by a heavy 
 lid. The Skeleton, which was more perfect than the former one, was that of a tall man, and 
 the skull exhibited the general characteristics of a Eoman cranium. The Coffin was of 
 rude formation, but manifested more care than the other. The sides and massive lid were 
 covered with diagonal Lines, but no letters were discovered. Not far from this were found 
 several Eoman Coins of brass, one of Gallienus, three of Constantine, one of Carausius, 
 and two doubtful : a counterfeit Sterling of Edward I. is said to have been found at the 
 same time. 
 
 May 27th, 1859, another Stone Coffin was found, while making a grave in the same 
 Cemetery, which also contained a Skeleton of large size. The interior of the Coffin was 
 6 feet 2 inches long, and about 16 inches wide, and the direction of the head S.S.E. The 
 lid consisted of three stones 8 inches thick, and was covered with diagonal lines. 
 
 Sept. 10th, 1852, discoveries of Stone Coffins were made in Russell Street, while 
 workmen were employed in making a sewer. They first came upon four, lying in pairs, 
 and nearly parallel, about 2 feet apart, and the lower pair a yard distant from the upper ; 
 immediately above them was a Skeleton. In the fii'st Coffin was found a Skeleton of large 
 size, in the next were two skulls and various bones. The smallest Coffin contained noskull, 
 but loose bones. This had no cover ; the others had covering stones, one of which was of 
 superior workmanship. In one of the Coffins was found a perfect Skeleton, supposed to be 
 that of a female, lying on the left side, with the right arm crossed over the breast, and the 
 left extended down the side. The Coffin contained also part of the jaw of an infant, a 
 metal pin 10 inches long, much corroded, together with the head of a smaller pin, portions 
 of the jaws of two small animals, and a quantity of bituminous substance. Some fragments 
 of an Earthen Vessel were found at the same time, and a Coin of the Emperor Constantine, 
 some pieces of Glass, and various Bones of graminivorous animals. 
 
 Another Coffin was afterwards found lying in the same direction, and in it a 
 Skeleton of larger size than the others, and on the right side of it near the ribs was placed 
 a small Urn of dark pottery. The Urn is now in the Museum of the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution. Roman Pottery was also discovered. 
 
EOMAN INTERMENTS. 103 
 
 This last discovery was followed by a sixth and seventh ; the former Stone Coffin 
 contained the Skeletons of two children about 8 or 9 years of age, and near the latter was 
 found the lower stone of a Quern. A Wall taking a north-east direction was also discovered, 
 3 feet wide at the base. The portion laid bare was about 5 feet in length, and formed part 
 of a semicircle. Some fragments of earthenware were found at the same time, being the 
 bottoms of vessels, marked with the stamp MARTI, and (JVINTI. M. In this spot, 
 therefore, eight Stone Coffins have been discovered, besides Skeletons not placed in Coffins, 
 and these Interments, Avhich are always accompanied with the finding of Koman Coins, and 
 jilaced in pairs, seem to indicate the line of Roman road which entered the city, passing 
 down Russell Street to the North Gate, and which branched off from the Via Julia. The 
 Via Julia continued its course through Weston, and there, also, along the line of its direction, 
 Roman Coins and Interments have been found. 
 
 Three or four Stone Coffins are stated to have been found bcliind Weston Farm 
 House, and a large number were dug up about A.D. 1823, at or near the site of Partis 
 College, which would appear to have been an old burying ground.' All tliese Coilins were 
 of the common trough-shaped form, and made of Bath freestone ; they were generally found 
 about one foot under the surface. 
 
 In making the new Cemetery at Locksbrook, on the right of the Turnpike road to 
 Bristol, and a little to the south of the line of the Via Julia, two Stone Coffins were dug up 
 in the autumn of 1863, in clearing the surface of a Gravel pit just beyond the lodge of the 
 Cemetery. Skeletons were found in each Coffin, which were of the form common around 
 Bath, being rounded at the head and squared at the feet, with heavy slabs of stone, 
 from six to eight inches thick, for covers. Their position was north and south. In 
 December, in the same year, a Stone Cist, which contained burnt bones, was found near 
 the spot where the Coffins had been uncovered. It was formed of a cubical block of stone, 
 about a foot every way, and hollowed out so as to form a chest, in which the ashes were 
 deposited, and covered with a flat stone. The Cist is similar in shape, but much larger than 
 the one found at Combe Down," which also contained bones reduced to cinders, and is 
 now in the Museum of the Literary and Scientific Institution. No Coin of any kind was 
 found in the Cist, but contiguous to it were remains of coarse black earthenware jars, which 
 appeared to have contained calcined bones. The Skeleton of a horse and several human 
 Skeletons are said to have been found near, all lying on the surface of the gravel. When 
 the discovery of Stone Coffins and Earthen Jars was made at Combe Down, the head of a 
 horse was found enclosed in a Stone Box, rather larger than the Cist found at Locksbrook. 
 
 ' See Proceedings of Som. Arclieeol., and N. H. Soc, vol. v., 1854. 
 - Idem. p. Gl., plate. 
 
104 ROMAN INTEEItfENTS. 
 
 In making a grave in the upper part of the new Cemetery in the parish of Bathwick, 
 in January, 1860, a Coin of the Emperor Ceispus was found lying near a Skeleton, 
 having no doubt been placed there at the time of Interment. This enables us to assign 
 the date of the Interment to that Emperor's reign, A.D. 300 — 326, or some time subsequent. 
 The body did not appear to have been enclosed in any Coffin, nor even in a rude Cist, but 
 had been buried in a secluded valley, now called Smallcombe Bottom, in the part that 
 was, until lately, covered with hanging wood, which probably formed part of the original 
 forest that fringed the skirts of the hills around Bath. 
 
 Although the Coins and Pottery, as well as form of the Coffins which correspond 
 with those found on the sites of other Eoman Cities, seem to point out these Interments as 
 belonging to the Roman period, there is evidence to show that Stone Coffins were used 
 considerably later by the Northern people who succeeded the Romans in the occupation of 
 this country. Thus the following inscription in Rhunic characters, which relates to the 
 burial of a Norse man, is said to be taken from a Church in Sweden, viz., that of Smaland 
 Njudingen, East district, parish of Nafoelsie. The reading is as follows: — 
 
 Gunnkell satti stein thenna eftir Gunnar fother sinn, son Hriitha : Helgi lagthi hann 
 
 i steinthro, brother sinn, a Englandi, i Bathum. 
 
 Which is thus translated : — 
 
 Gunnkell set this Stone after Gunnar his father, son of Hrutha : Helgi laid him in a 
 Stone Coffi.n, his brother, in England, in Bath. 
 
 A Stone Coffin dug up at Langridge, where remains of a Roman Villa have been 
 found, contained a Skeleton with a Martel de Fer, the weapon being about the date of the 
 Crusades,' and the Coffin used for a second interment, which was not uncommon. 
 
 The greater number of Stone Coffins, however, occur always with Roman Coins and 
 Roman Pottery. Occasionally a Coin is found in the Coffin, as at Combe Down, where the 
 Jaw of a Skeleton was discoloured by the decomposition of the Coin, which had been placed 
 between the teeth, the Coin itself being too far corroded to admit of decipherment. 
 The Remains found in Bath confirm the observation of Dr. Dollinger that Luciajj, 
 whose writings for the most part are a pretty faithful mirror of the notions in vogue 
 among his contemporaries, bears testimony to the continuance of the old traditions of 
 the good reaching the Elysian Fields, and the great transgressors finding themselves given 
 up to the Erinnys, in a place of torment, where they were torn by vultures, crushed on the 
 wheel, or otherwise tormented; while such as are neither heavy sinners nor distinguished 
 
 ' See Journal of Brit. Arch. Association, 1857, p. 152. 
 
ROMAN INTERMENTS. 105 
 
 by their virtues, stray about in the meadows as bodiless shadows, and are fed on the 
 libations and mortuary sacriflccs offered at their sepulchres. An obolus for Charon was 
 still placed in the mouth of every dead body.' 
 
 We have repeated instances of Interments after cremation accompanying interments of 
 the body whole, and we have the bodies usually lying north and south, except where the 
 direction of the road adjoining which the burial took place caused the corpse to be laid east 
 and west. The Interments appear in most instances to have followed the direction of the 
 Roman roads. The position of the body varied, sometimes prone and sometimes supine. 
 The practice of burying in a sitting posture, an instance of which was lately discovered at 
 Charlcombe, A.D. 1863, appear to have been much earlier than the Roman period. Bodies 
 in a similar posture are said to have been found placed in a cleft of the rock in the wood 
 beyond Sham Castle, on Bathwick Hill. The finding of the Skeleton of a horse with the 
 Interments in three instances is singular, and leads to the idea that horses were sacrificed 
 on the occasion of funerals, and that the human bones near those of the horse, may be those 
 of slaves or attendants who were made to share the fate of their master, and supposed to 
 accompany and attend upon him in the World of Spirits. 
 
 In examining the sites of Roman Villas around Bath, Interments are always found 
 contiguous to the Villa and within the enclosure that surrounded it.^ This is strilcino'ly 
 illustrated by the Interments found at Combe Down, and at K'orth Wraxall. The greatest 
 respect seems to have been paid to the remains of the departed. The Romans up to the 
 time of the Laws of the Twelve Tables, kept the Remains of their dead relatives in ashes 
 in their own houses, and veneration for the departed turned them into family gods and 
 guardian spirits, with whose remains or " deposits" the same roof was shared.^ The same 
 feeling of veneration induced them in after times to find a resting place as near as possible 
 to their former abode. 
 
 The constant occurrence of Roman Interments give some idea of the extent of the 
 Roman population, and its diffusion into every quarter around the city. In making new 
 cemeteries, in three instances previous Interments have been found. In two instances, 
 these were accompanied with Roman Coins, and in the thii'd, the mode of interment, and 
 the Remains found, left little doubt of its being Roman or Romano-British. As the process 
 of building goes forward, and as the surface of the land is uncovered, so do we find fresh 
 traces of Roman occupation, and of the firm hold they seem to have had upon the country. 
 
 ' Lucian, de Luct. 7, 8. See Gentile and Jew in the Temple of Christ,' by John J. I. Dbllinger, Prof Eecl. Hist., Munich, 
 p. 146. Trans, by N. Darnell, M, A. Loudon, 1802 
 
 ' See Somersetshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. proceedings, 1851, p. 49. 
 
 ' See DoUinger's Jew and Gentile, vol. ii., p. 60. 
 
 
 
ROMAN ROADS. 
 
 TWO Eoman Roads of importance, namely the Foss and that known by the name of the 
 Via Julia, passed through AquiE Solis. The Foss extended from Lincoln to Ilchester, 
 and probably to the Sea Coast at Maiidunum (Seaton) ; the Via Julia passed out of South 
 Wales at the Aust passage and so through Bath to Cunetio, near Marlborough, and to 
 Silchester and London. 
 
 " We may reasonably conclude (says Dr. Guest') that the whole of the Eoman Eoad 
 between Ilchester and Lincoln was known as the Foss during the 12 th Century, and 
 probably at a much earlier period, and therefore that in all likelihood the whole of the Eoad 
 between these termini was protected by the King's Peace during the reign of Edward the 
 Confessor." From the Laws of Edward the Confessor (revised by him although really 
 made by Edgar), we learn that there were at that time in England Four great Eoads 
 protected by the King's Peace, Watlinge Street, Foss, Eikenilde Street, and Erming Street. 
 The King's Peace was a high privilege ; any offence committed on these highways was 
 tried, not in a local court, but before the King's own officers. The privileges of the Four 
 Eoads were confirmed by William the Conqueror, and continued by his successor, and 
 probably extended to all the highways in the kingdom about the first half of the 12th 
 Century. 
 
 " The name Foss," says Dr. Guest, "has given rise to some very strange hypotheses. 
 It has been supposed that the Eoad was so called because it was one of the hollow ways 
 which marked out the lines of ancient British traffic ; but the lioman character of the Foss 
 is perhaps more decided than that of any other highway in the Island. It has been 
 conjectured by others to have been left incomplete by the Eomans, the Fossa being finished 
 but not the dorsum or ridge. 
 
 ' Arch. Journal, June, 1857, vol. xiv.. The Four Roman Ways, by Edwin Guest, D.C.L. 
 
r 
 
 
 „., -''' 
 
 
 > 
 
 Stt Paoe 106. 
 
See Paoc 106 
 
ROMAN ROADS. 107 
 
 Eoman writers upon Agriculture give the name of fossa not merely to the open but 
 also to the covered drain. One was called /ossa cceca, the other /o55« patens. In constructing 
 a causey the Romans first removed the surface soil, and made a fossa to receive the gravel 
 and other hard materials. 
 
 Alto 
 Egestu penitus cavare terras 
 Mox liaustas alitor replere fossas. 
 
 It may be that as the fossa which served for a covered di-aiu retained the name when 
 filled with stones and brushwood and covered with soil, so the Road-maker's fossa kept its 
 name, even when it appeared in a finished causey. The word fossatum is used by the later 
 Latinists as a synonym oi fossa, and employed in charters to denote a causey from the 11th 
 to the 15th Century. 
 
 The great Roman Road which we call the Foss, appears to have been termed the fossa, 
 xxr i^oyrlv — the causcy." Such is the explanation given by Dr. Guest, in his valuable 
 paper on the Four Roman Ways, printed in the Archaeological Journal. None of the Eoman 
 Itinera describe the entire line of the Foss. The 7th and 8th Itinera are carried along a 
 portion of it — from Lindum to Venonre, but the other portion is not included in any Iter.' 
 
 From Cirencester to Bath the Foss Road is supposed to coincide nearly with the 
 modern Turnpike Road, which, according to the survey made A D. 1840,^ is said to present 
 the distinguishing characteristics of a Roman "Way, viz., the Road being much raised above 
 the level of the adjoining ground, and for the most part protected by a ditch on each side, 
 of which traces are frequently visible. On the south slope of Banner Down, these 
 distinguishing marks become too vague to be depended upon, but there is a lane still called 
 Foss Lane, which leads straight for Aqu/e Solis. Mr. Leman in his MS. notes to 
 Horslet's B. R,,^ has sketched out the entire route, and it is traced by Collinson from the 
 point at which it leaves Corinium (Cirencester) to its junction with the Roman Road from 
 Silchester and Marlborough, at Batheaston. "In approaching Bath," he says, "it runs 
 between Marshfield and Colerne, nearly equi-distant from both, passes the shire-stones at 
 the junction of Wilts, Somerset, and Gloucestershire, and crosses Banner Down, descending 
 by the western brow of the hill, where it enters Batheaston. It is called by the country 
 people ' Long Lane,' and may be traversed.' 
 
 ' See Som. Arch, and N. H. S. proceedings, vol. xi., p. 177. 
 
 - See United Service Journal for 1840, p. 566. 
 
 3 See copy of B. R., Bath Lit. and S. I. 
 
 * See CoUinson's Hist of Somerset, vol. i. 
 
 o 2 
 
108 
 
 ROMAN ROADS. 
 
 From its union at Batlieaston with the Roman Road from Silchester, it passed along 
 Walcot, where Roman Interments and portions of Funereal Stones have been found. The 
 line of Roman Road is then supposed to have passed up Guinea Lane, and continued to the 
 head of Russell Street. At this point the two Roads which had united diverged, and the Foss 
 Road passed through the North Gate into the City, and left it again by the South Gate, and 
 then crossing the River by a bridge, continued its course up Holloway, till it fell in with the 
 present Wells Road a short distance before reaching the Turnpike Gate. From thence it 
 continued past Bloomfield Place and Cottage Crescent, over Odd Down, crossing Wansdyke 
 at the next Turnpike Gate, where it again coincides for a short distance with the Wells 
 Road, but leaves it again before arriving at Dunkerton. At the Inn just before the brook 
 is crossed by a bridge, the roads coincide, and continue nearly in company to the Red Post 
 Inn, near Camerton Park, a mile beyond which point Roman Remains have been found. 
 The course is well laid down in the Ordnance Map. Remains of Roman Villas mark the line 
 of this ancient Road, as will be seen in the chapter on Villas. 
 
 The other Roman Road, which is known as the Via Julia, and passed out of South 
 Wales, coming from Caer Leon and Caerwent to the Severn, crossed it at a point which 
 has been the subject of much discussion. The difficulties are clearly stated by Mr. 
 Ormerod.' Aust^ however, seems to have the best claim to be considered the usual ferry 
 in the Roman age." 
 
 The 14th Iter is carried along the Via Julia, '' Ab Isca Calleva," and we have the 
 different Stations mentioned, of which Aqu^ Solis is one. Thus — 
 Item alio itinere, Ab Isca Calleva, M. P. ciii. sic. 
 
 Venta Silurum 
 1 2. Abone 
 U. Trajectus 
 
 Aquis Solis 
 
 Verlucione 
 
 Cunetione 
 
 Spinis 
 
 Calleva 
 
 Caerwent ... ... M. P. viiii. 
 
 (Bitton ... ... M. P. viiii. 
 
 (Sea Mills ... ... M. P. viiii. 
 
 Bath ... ... M. P. vi. 
 
 High Field, near Sandy Lane M. P. xv. 
 
 Folly Farm, near Marlborough M. P. xx. 
 
 Spene ... ... ... M. P. xv. 
 
 Silchester ... ... M. P. xv. 
 
 The modern names are taken from Leman's MS. Notes to Horsley's Brit. Rom., 
 and it is proposed to transpose the names of Abone and Trajectus. IIorsley observes " it is 
 generally supposed that there has been a transposition of the names Trajectus and Abone, 
 
 ' See Oraerod's Strigulensia, p. 20 et seq. 
 2 See Strigulensia, p. 21. 
 
ROMAN ROADS. 10!^ 
 
 but I see no necessity (says he) for this alteration. Trajectus may perhaps relate to the 
 passage over the Avon." Whoever has examined the Station at Abonk can hardly 
 consider that the passage of the Avon at that point, which would be accomplished by an 
 ordinary bridge, could acquire the name of Trajectus, unless the conditions of the country 
 have greatly altered, and the River in ancient times was much wider than at present. If 
 the authority of Eiciiard in his Itinerary may be at all relied upon, there is no doubt that 
 a transposition of names has taken place. The 11th Iter of Richard of Cirencester 
 contains the Via Julia. 
 
 Richard, who was a native of Cirencester, and a Monk of Westminster, professed to 
 have collected his materials from Roman fragments, Ptolemy, and other sources. The 
 History of the discovery of the MS. by Bertram is contained in his Tres Scriptores, 
 Stukeley's Memoir, Reynold's Antonine, and Brixton's Life of Hatcher. 
 
 Iter xi.' proceeds thus from Bath : — 
 
 Ad Abonam ... ... ... ... ... M. P. vi. 
 
 Ad Sabrinam ... ... ... ... ... M. P. vi. 
 
 uude Trajectu intras in Britanniam Secundam et 
 
 Stationem Trajectam ... ... ... ... M. P. iii. 
 
 Venta Silurum ... ... ... ... M. P. viii. 
 
 Isca Colonia ... ... ... ... ... M. P. ix. 
 
 It will be seen that this differs from the Iter of Antoninus, the stations of Abone and 
 Trajectus being here transposed, Abone coming before Trajectus, and being the first 
 Station after Aqu^ Solis, whereas in Antoninus it is the second. This correction is 
 proposed by Mr. Leman to make the two Iters agree. 
 
 " In the first stage, vi. miles," says Mr. Ormerod, " would agree with placing Ad 
 Abonam at Bitton. The next vi. miles, to Ad Sabrinam, would neither reach the Severn 
 nor any known Station near it. Three miles from Aust (if this place is intended) M'ould 
 agree with a passage from thence to the landing place at Blackrock, near to Sudbrook Camp," 
 considered by Sayer' to be Richard's " Static Trajectus," which agrees with Richard as to 
 being on the western shore, or in Britannia Secunda. If, therefore. Gale's transposition 
 of Trajectus and Abone be adopted, placing Abone " ad ripam Abonis fluvii," and we limit 
 the meaning of Trajectus to an estuary or river broad enough to require the aid of navigation, 
 we may obtain something like a solution of the difficulty, but, as ]Mr. Ormerod observes, 
 
 ' Bertram, p. 39. 
 ■ Hist, of Bristol. 
 
110 ROMAN ROADS. 
 
 " Where numerals are corrupted, and the very ruins and vestiges of former Roads have 
 disappeared, precise confirmation is hopeless." The Via Julia, therefore, may be traced 
 thus— Coming fi-om Calleva (Silchester) it passed through Cunetio, (Folly Farm, near 
 Marlborough), and coinciding Avith the ancient line of the Wansdike at Morgaris Hill,' 
 passed on to Farley Down, and afterwards entered the valley of the Avon just below 
 Bathford to the south of the Church. Before entering the village of Batheaston it met the 
 Foss way, and united together they continued on through the suburb of Walcot, till they 
 parted company at the head of Russell Street, from whence the Via Julia continued on 
 through Weston, and passing by Northstoke pointed direct for Bitton, where it entered the 
 Roman Station, a portion of which still exists. For the remainder of its route from thence 
 I must refer to Mr. Orimerod's Memoir, to Cox's Monmouthshire, i., p. 14, and to Saver's 
 Bristol, i., p. 151. 
 
 It seems most probable that a Roman Eoad led from the West Gate of the City, 
 across the Victoria Park, and joined the Via Julia before reaching Weston. Roman 
 Remains have been found in the Park, which seem to point to a road in that direction. 
 During excavations in the Park for gravel, a fine large Roman Fibula was found, pierced and 
 plated with gold, said to be now in the possession of the Earl of Cadogan ; also a small 
 Sword Belt, with a buckle attached to the lower vertebroe of the back of a Skeleton found 
 there. At the same time a large Tusk of Ivory was discovered. In digging the new road 
 at the entrance of the Park from Queen Square, Eight Sepulchral Urns were found, together 
 with lacrymatories, sevei'al pieces of Armour, Beads, and portions of a Casstus. This is 
 strong confirmatory proof of a Road having passed this way, since burials are always found 
 on the sides of the public Roads, outside the Roman cities. 
 
 Another Road, the traces of which can only be discerned by the Interments which 
 have been found, seems to have passed up Bath\vick Hill, after crossing the River near 
 where the present Mills are situated. At the foot of Bathwick Hill many interments, as 
 well as Roman Coins and Pottery have been found ; also in the Sydney Gardens ; and it is 
 probable that the direction of the Roman Road was marked by an old Road which formerly 
 passed up the Hill, crossing the site of Sydney Buildings, and reaching the top of the HiU 
 not far from the point where the four Roads at present meet. In the Fields to the north of 
 the present Road to Clavcrton, were formerly traces of an old Road, which pointed direct to 
 the Ferry at Warleigh. The Road from that Ferry to the Dry Arch, which is now a deep 
 Lane, is known among the peasants as the old Roman Road, and can be traced to Monkton 
 Farley, beyond which it fell into the Roman Road to Marlborough and Silchester. 
 
 ' See Som. Arch, and N. Hist. Soc. proceedings, vol. vii., 18.56 ; Sir R. C. Uoare's Anc. Wilts, vol. ii.; Stukeley's Itin, Cur., p. 142 
 
ROMAN ROADS. 1 1 1 
 
 It is to be regretted that no notes have been taken of the traces of Vicinal Eoads in 
 the neighbourhood of Bath. These have occasionally been met with ; and as I am informed, 
 distinct traces have been found on Lansdown. Could these have been noted down, and 
 their direction marked in a map, we might have succeeded in recovering the traces of many 
 which are now entirely lost. The great lines of Roman Eoad are clearly ascertained, but the 
 Vicinal Roads, of which there were doubtless many, have all disappeared, and, it is to be 
 feared, beyond recovery. 
 
VESTIGES OF ROMAN VILLAS 
 
 WHICH HAVE BEEN 
 DISCOVERED IN THE VICINITY OF AQU^ SOLIS. 
 
 THE Roman Remains found in Bath entitle it to the rank of one the most elegant Roman 
 Cities in Britain, but the Villas, traces of which have been found in the immediate 
 neighbourhood, give a still greater idea of its opulence and secmity. ,' These Villas, although 
 mentioned incidentally by different writers, have never been collected into one record : 
 two or three have been fully described, but the notices of the rest are very meagre. It is 
 intended in this volume to give some idea of the number that existed within a radius of 
 seven miles of the city, or a little beyond, to bring together the fragmentary notices which 
 are found in various publications, and to record the latest discoveries. 
 
 Villas are for the most part found situated either on the line of the Foss, as 
 it approached Bath from Cirencester, or quitted it for Ilchester ; or on the Via Julia, which 
 coming from Marlborough, passed through Bath, and then led to the Trajectus, or passage 
 across the Severn. 
 
 The largest and most interesting Villa is that discovered at Wellow, foiu- miles south 
 of Bath, and on the line of the Foss Road to Ilchester.' The ground plan has been 
 carefully laid down, and the pavements drawn by the late Rev. John Skinner, Rector of 
 Camerton, and published ]st January, 1823, the engravings being executed by H. and E. 
 Weddell. 
 
 ' CoUinson (Hist, of Som., p. 325) says, of Wellow — " This place, lying so contiguous to tlie Foss, and so near to Aquae Solis 
 of the llomans, was one of the most considerable Villas. There is a spot called Wellow Hayes, wliere no less than four Tessellated 
 Pavements were found. The first A.l). 1CS3 (see Gale's Antoninus, p. 89) ; the others, AD. 1737 and 1739. At the same time 
 were discovered remains of a Roman Sudatory, in which were fragments of patera- and other utensils." 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. ' 113 
 
 The plan of this Villa formed three sides of a quadrangular court, 150 ft. by lOo, tlie 
 shorter side facing the south, and at the further end of this court were the principal rooms. 
 Here were found the Tessellated lloors, the largest being 34 feet by 26, but the upper part of 
 the border only is now remaining. This pavement had been repaired at a subsequent period, 
 in a manner not corresponding with the original design, and betokening a want of knowledge 
 of the art of Mosaic. On each side of this central cliambor were Passages 2G ft. by 6 ft., 
 the floors being laid in Mosaic. These are given in Mr. Skinner's plates. Two Chambers 
 on each side adjoined these passages, and beyond these were Passages with Ilypocausts, for 
 the purpose of warming the apartments. In front, and at the back of the chambers were 
 long Galleries or Crypto-portici, the upper one measuring 156 ft. by 12 ft. in width, and 
 the lower probably the same length by 10 feet in width. The pavement was formed of 
 white lias and pennant stone. 
 
 These Crypto-portici were places of exercise, and are the origin of the mediicval 
 cloister. At the end of the upper one is a Chamber, 20 ft. by 15 ft., having an elegant 
 Pavement, the design of which is also given in Mr. Skinner's plates. « In it are four 
 animals, two at each end of the central space, the centre itself being a very elegant fret. 
 At the side of this apartment a Hypocaust was discovered, and another at the further end 
 of the upper Crypto-porticus. 
 
 To the west of these apartments was the wing containing the Baths, the Chambers 
 pertaining to them, and other offices. On the opposite side of the court appear to have been 
 Stoves for smelting iron and lead ore, pieces of these metals having been found close to the 
 flues, some fused, some not. Adjoining the apartments were others, probably for the 
 artificers, as quantities of coarse Pottery were found intermixed with the scoria near 
 the stoves. 
 
 A Wall extended to the north of the Villa at Wellow, and probably enclosed a 
 certain space of ground, which might serve as an orchard, a garden, or a small paddock. 
 This is also the case at North Wraxall, near Castle Combe, where the Wall was traced 
 throughout. Within this enclosure, about 250 or 300 feet above the level of the Villa, 
 was the spring that supplied it with water. Near the boundary Wall, quantities of 
 bones of animals, pigs, sheep, deer, oxen, &c., were found ; also oyster shells, cockles, and 
 other shell fish. 
 
 Eoofing Tiles, ridge Tiles, and a freestone Pinnacle, 13 in. in height, figured in Mr. 
 Skinner's plate, were found. A similar Pinnacle was discovered at North Wraxall, 
 and CoLLiNSON states that large Stones were found, some round and others square, being 
 
 * See plate No. iv. 
 P 
 
114 EOMAN VILLAS. 
 
 part of the edifice. The British Museum possesses a fragment in bas-relief, found on the 
 site of this Villa, which was presented to the Museum by the Archaeological Institute in 
 1851. The subject is composed of three figures,' two female and one male. The female 
 figures are draped, and the one holds in her left hand a staff or forked instrument. The male 
 figure appears unclad, except that the chlamys is thrown over his left shoulder, and he holds 
 an apple or other fruit in his hand." Collinson states that previously to the publication 
 of his History in 1791, sejtei^al Stone Coffins were found in a barrow near the Villa.' 
 
 Villa Near Newton St. Loe. — The next Villa which deserves attention was 
 discovered in making the line of the Great Western Eailway between Bath and Bristol, and 
 is situated near the Avon just below Kelston Park. 
 
 Happily a careful account was di-awn up at the time from personal observation, and 
 published by the Eev. W. L. Nichols, M.A., in 1838, under the title of "Horte Komanae." 
 In the Introduction he states that remains were found of " two distinct buildings 
 situated on a gentle slope overlooking the beautiful reach of the Eiver Avon, which lies 
 immediately under Kelston Park." The walls of both were formed of the rough lias of the 
 neio-hbourhood. The lower structure alone presented any feature of interest, and is described 
 as consisting of a range of buildings measuring 102 ft. by 55 ft., but the original length was 
 greater, " one extremity having been cut through by the Bristol Eoad, which bounded the 
 ruins to the North." The entrance was on the East side, and opened upon a long corridor, 
 like that described as existing in the previous Villa, which reached the whole length of 
 the building, and led to the various apartments. It was beautifully paved in Mosaic work. 
 A correct plan, with the drawings of the pavements, was made of the portions of the Villa 
 remaining, which have also been published,' but in a style much inferior to those by Mr. 
 Skinner, and it is to be regretted that a larger plan, with more finished drawings, had not 
 accompanied Mr. Nichols' valuable notice. Close to the wall of the Turnpike Eoad were 
 the remains of a Hypocaust, and adjoining it an apartment, probably the Sudatorium, in the 
 centre of which was a large square pillar of stone ; the brick flues might still bo traced. 
 The principal apartment, the Triclinium, measured only 17 ft. by 15 ft., but seems to have 
 been united to an adjoining room of nearly equal dimensions, though perhaps capable of 
 being separated by folding doors, or an aulgeum or curtain. The floor of the Triclinium 
 was ornamented with a Tessellated Pavement, in perfect preservation. This was removed 
 and placed in the Eailway Station, at Keynsham, but afterwards taken to Bristol. An 
 
 ' See plate xlvi. 
 2 See Archajol. Journal, v. iv. p. 355. 
 ' See also Phelps's Hist, of Somerset, vol. ii., p. 164. 
 * Sec Description of the Roman Villa, with its Tessellated Pavements, discovered at Newton St. Loe, TwertOD, near Bath. 
 Bath: \V. Cook, 7, Green Street. London: Hearne, 31, Strand, 1839. 
 
PLATE X L V I . 
 
 FRAGMENT OF S C U T. P T V R E F C) U X D A T \V E L L-O W 
 
PLATE XLVII. 
 
 TESSELLATED PAVEMENT FOUND AT NEWTON ST LOE. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 115 
 
 application was made by the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution to obtain it for tlie 
 vestibule of that building, but without effect. A faithful drawing of it, however, was 
 presented to the Literary and Scientific Institution by the Rev. Mr. Nichols.' In the 
 centre of this pavement is a circular coinpartraent, bordered by the Guilloche, and within 
 the circle a male figure playing with the hand on a Lyre-shaped instrument. A dog, or 
 some other animal is fawning on him, and in a surrounding compartment formed by a 
 concentric circle of larger dimensions, are represented the stag, tlie bull, the goat, the 
 leopard, the panther, and the lion, a tree being placed in the upper portion between each 
 figure. Architectural frets of various kinds complete the plan. The central figure may be 
 either Orpheus or Apollo. 
 
 The principal Triclinium of the Eoman houses was sometimes called " the Apollo." 
 Tlie adjoining room had pavements of a simpler kind, but these having been indented by the 
 fall of the roof, were not in so fine a state of preservation. The Tessellse used in the work 
 are of five difi'erent colours, all from materials found in the vicinity.^ 
 
 Fragments of Pottery, pieces of Fresco painting on plaster, and Glass, similar to our 
 window glass, were dug up; as also Roman Coins, one of silver, of the Emperor Macrinus, 
 and one of gold, of Honorius, A.D. 395. As Honorius died A.D. 423, the Villa, (as Mr. 
 Nichols observes), must have been inhabited as late as his reign, and probably till the 
 Romans withdrew from Britain, about A.D. 426. Brass Coins of Constans and 
 Valentinian were found. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the- entire plan of this interesting Villa could not be 
 recovered, and that no notice has been preserved of the portion laid open when the Bristol 
 Road was made. Part of it may still lie buried, to reward the labours of succeeding 
 Antiquaries. A Poem accompanies Mr. Nichols's Memoir, with classical notes, which 
 add much to the value of his publication. 
 
 Villa at Combe Down. — The next Villa demanding our notice is at Combe 
 Down, where recent preparations for building, and quarrying stone, have laid open the site 
 of a Villa, which is not mentioned either by Collinson or Phelps, though Skinner supposes 
 a fort of Eoman construction to have stood there. 
 
 The owner of the property, Mr. Cruickshank, has carefully preserved every relic, 
 and collected a small, though very interesting Museum, an account of some of the contents 
 of which has lately been published in the Journal of the British Archseological Associatioa^ 
 
 ' See plate xlvii. 
 
 ^ See Horee Eomanae, p. 5. 
 
 ' See Journal of British Archied. Association, 31st March. 1863. 
 
 p2 
 
116 EOMAN VILLAS. 
 
 Here was found the Inscription given page 75,' published in the proceedings of the 
 Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.'- Some Stone Coffins had been 
 discovered here in 1822, and the Rev. Richard Warner supposed the traces of walls 
 which he found to be those of a Roman Station f but subsequent examination of the spot 
 leads to the belief that it was a Villa, although the Inscription found commemorates the 
 restoration of the officers' quarters. 
 
 Whether this choice spot may have been a Sanatorium for convalescent Roman 
 officers or not, is a point open to conjecture ; at the present day Combe Down is 
 remarkable for the salubrity of the air. There are no remains of a fortified Camp here, 
 though Mr. Skinner speaks of one,' but simply indications of a Villa. 
 
 The recent discovery^ took place, A.D. 1854, in making the garden of the Villa now 
 cocupied by Mr. Cruickshank ; there three Stone Coffins were found, with broken Pottery, 
 a perfect small Earthen Vessel, and a Coin of Licinius. The Coffins were placed north and 
 south, the feet being to the south. This indicated that the interments were heathen. 
 With these Coffins were also found a Stone Chest containg the head of a horse ; and another, 
 much smaller, containing burnt bones, now in the Museum of the Bath Literary and 
 Scientific Institution. A similar interment of a horse's head in a Stone Cist was discovered 
 some years since in a Tumulus on the line of Roman road, passing under Wooton-under- 
 Edge, from Cirencester to the passage over the Severn. 
 
 A short time afterwards a further Interment was discovered about 47 feet north of 
 the previous one, consisting of a pair of Stone Coffins lying side by side containing 
 Skeletons, in the jaw of one of which was a small brass Coin, which had discoloured 
 the jaw-bone. The Coin could not be deciphered, but was apparently Roman. The Stone 
 containing the Inscription before referred to had been used as a Covering Stone to one of 
 the Coffins, and the Insci'iption having been placed with the surface downwards had 
 escaped obliteration, although decay rendered it difficult to decipher. Since this discovery 
 the ground immediately below has been taken for a quarry and the surface destroyed, 
 but the clearing of the ground at different times has laid open the whole ground plan of 
 the Villa. No proper plan having been made as the portions were laid bare, I am obliged 
 to describe what remained from notes taken at the time. 
 
 ' See plate xxix. 
 
 - Vol, v., 1851, and Appendix. 
 
 ^ See Letter to the Bath and Cheltenham Gazette, April 22, 1822. 
 
 * See Phelps' Hist, of Somerset, vol. i. 
 
 ^ See Som. Arch. Journal, vol. v., pp. 5'J, GO. 
 
PLATE XLVIII. 
 ROMAN CUP FOUND AT COMBE DOWN.— ACTUAL SIZE. 
 
PLATE X L I X. 
 ROMAN CUP FOUND AT COMBE DOWN.— ACTUAL SIZE. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 117 
 
 1. An oblong portion consisting of three rooms running north and south. Hero no 
 floors were found, but simply the outer walls could be traced. Roofing Tiles were found 
 in abundance, and a few copper Coins, together with bones and burnt matter. 
 
 2. At right angles to these rooms there seems to have been another set, as the 
 remains of walls were found, and traces of a llypocaust. These floors were opened in 
 December, January, and February, 18()0. On tlie side of the hill the rock had been cut 
 away to the depth of eight feet, and grooves remained in it as if to admit woodwork ; also 
 portions of the rock were left at intervals as pilaj to support the concrete floor, pieces of 
 which remained here and there ; other parts of the floor were supported on tiles piled up 
 in the usual manner, which were set about three feet apart. The size of this apartment 
 was 30 ft. east and west by 18 ft. north and south, and adjoining it another 30 ft. by 10 ft. ; 
 small pieces of stucco were found adhering to the walls. These rooms were 20 paces distant 
 from the portion first opened, and give the idea that this Villa had been built round an open 
 court and formed three sides of a square. The remains of an entrance gate on the east side 
 of the Villa were traced. During the excavations 230 Roman Coins, chiefly small brass, 
 and nearly all of the later Empire, were found. These are now in the possession of Mr. 
 Cruickshank.' 
 
 But the most interesting discovery made in opening this Villa was that of the Glass 
 and remains of Fictilia which were found during the spring of 1863, lying just outside the 
 building embedded in mould formed by the decomposition of burnt matter, and which have 
 been engraved and published by the Archa3ological Association in their Journal for March, 
 1863. At the request of the Committee the remains were sent to London, and laid before 
 the Association. 
 
 These are classed as follows by their Hon. Sec, Mr. Syer Cuming : — 
 
 Animal Remains. — Horns of oxen of large size. Large oyster shell. 
 
 Lithic Remai-ns. — Pumice Stone, very abundant. Spherical ball, two inches diameter, C<is or hone. 
 Fistilhcm or pestle.^ 
 
 Fictilia. — Pottery of every kind. Fragments of amplwrm. Part of a colum or strainer. Two fine drinking 
 cups of Durohrioian ware coated with black oxide of iron, embossed with hares, boars, and deer, mingled witli 
 tendrils of ivy, a plant sacred to Bacchus.^ One of these pociila is four inches and five-eights in height, the other 
 six inches in height. They were both found at the bottom of a square building measuring about seven feet by three. 
 Of Samian ware there are pieces both plain and embossed, some bearing the makers' names, C'INI.M.F. and 
 SACKINI.M. Another object in terra-cotta is tbe yeriJaZ^iw, or turbo of a /((-Sits, a sure indication that the art of 
 spinstry was not neglected by the female members of the ancient domus.' 
 
 ' See list contained in chapter on Roman Coins found in Bath and the neighbourhood. 
 ' For a notice of ancient pestles, see Journal of British Archaeo. Association, vol. vii., p. 83. 
 
 ^ Sec plates xlviii. and xlix. 
 * For a notice of ancient spindles, see Journal of Brit .\reha;ol. Association, vol. xv., p. 306. 
 
118 ROMAN VILLAS. 
 
 Yitrea. — tortions of several vessels of delicate colourleas glass, among them remains of gutturnii, with loop 
 handles and attenuated lips of most peculiar form.' 
 
 Bronze. — Vessels of this metal are rarely met with in England, but with the pocula already mentioned was 
 found the mouth of an ampulla, one inch and five-eights in diameter. Other articles of table furniture are 
 presented in cocldearia, the bowls of which are, as usual, set below the line of the handle. One' has been plated 
 with silver, and has an oval bowl and sharp pointed handle ; the first for eating eggs, the second for extracting fish 
 from the shell, as we are told in one of Maktiax's Epigravimata. 
 
 " Sum cochleis habilis, sed nee minus utilis ovis : 
 Numquid scis potius cur cochleare vocer T 
 
 A tintinnabulum, of hemispherical form, appears to be one of those which were suspended to the breast-belt 
 of the horse.^ The sheep's bell was of taller make, and frequently four-sided, and the beUs for household use were 
 of larger size and neater fabric. Of stiU, employed to write upon the waxen jmgillares, there are two delicate 
 examples, the blade of one being ovate, the other like the ploughman's rallum, and graven with a few transverse lines.' 
 The blade was for the purpose of erasing the legend when a correction was needed, or the whole surface of the 
 tahuloe was required for fresh writings. The stilus was frequently called graphium, of which also mention is made 
 by Martial.* 
 
 " Haec tibi erunt armata suo graphiaria ferro: 
 Si puero denes, non leve munus erit." 
 
 A pair of vohella, nearly one and three-quarters of an inch in length, resembles examples frequently found on 
 the sites of Koman occupation.' Among several armillce there is one composed of two intertwined wires, bringing 
 to mind the furnicular torches of the Ueltae ;' and what appears to be a fragment of another formed of bone, less 
 than a quarter of an inch wide, bound round with a strip of bronze. There are also studs or bosses, one (one inch 
 and six-tenths in diameter) exhibiting traces of green enamel in the sunken portion of the field, which has a shank 
 at the back for attachment to the habit or belt,* Of JibulcB there are no less than ten examples, all more or less 
 harp-shaped, but difiering in details.' The larger has a hoop at the top to which was once affixed a chain or chord 
 to secure it to the dress of the wearer, and thus prevent its being lost.'" The smaller specimen still retains much of 
 the silver with which its front was originally plated. 
 
 Iron Remains. — These, though few in number, are very curious. Among them are two keys, one of which" 
 is here given. A pendant from horse furniture is also a very singular article. It is a triangular plate with loop at 
 top, and four ornamental drops hanging from the lower edge."' There are four iron rings which when perfect must 
 have measured nearly two inches in width, and three inches in diameter. What purpose they fulfilled is very 
 uncertain, but they may probably have surrounded a shaft, like the mast of a small vessel. The last, but not the 
 least, interesting iron relic from this locality, is the head of a Teutonic here-stral, or war-dart, i^ five and a quarter 
 inches in length, the socket being open up the side, as in the examples of Anglo-Saxon weapons described in the 
 Journal of Brit. Archaeol. Association.'' All the iron remains are unquestionably of late date, and seem to indicate 
 that the spot had been occupied by the Teutons after its abandonment by the Komano-British family. 
 
 ' See plate xliv. ' See plate No. l., fig. 4. 
 
 3 See fig. 2. ' See figs. 3 and 4. 
 
 5 Epig., xiv., 21. 
 
 * See Journal Brit. Archaeol. Association., vol. xvii., p. 226. 
 
 ' See fig. 5. Journal Brit. Archaeol. Association, vol. xv., p. 22G. 
 
 8 See fig. 6. 
 
 " Those presenting most novelty are shown in figs. 7 and 8. 
 
 '" For a notice of fibulae with similar loops, see Journal Brit. Archieol. Association, vol. xvi., p. 271 ; xviii,, 378. 
 
 " See fifr. 9. '= See fig. 10. 
 
 "See fig. 11. " Vol. xiii., p. 203. 
 
J 
 
 PLATE L. 
 IMPLEMENTS FOUND ON THE SITE OF THE ROMAN VILLA AT COMBE DOWN". 
 
PLATE LI. 
 ROMAN CAPITAL FOUND AT VVARLEIGH, NEAR BATH. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 119 
 
 Villa at Box. — The next Villa tliat claims attention is situated at Box, about 
 five miles distant from Bath, and on the line of Roman Road leading to Cunetio 
 (Marlborough) and Silehester. The Tessellated Floors of three rooms were found here quite 
 perfect, but the patterns are plain and the work coarsely executed. The most interesting 
 portion is the remains of the Bath, the sides and circular end of which were covered with 
 Tesserae of white lias. Careful drawings have, I understand, been made of these Pavements, 
 which were situated in gardens in the middle of the village. The remains of a Hypocaust 
 have also been found, with several Pillars entire, and a Roman Bath is also stated to have 
 been found on the south side of the Churchyard. 
 
 The Foss Road crosses the top of Banner Down, near the Shire stones, and is not, 
 therefore very far distant from this Villa, which was contiguous to two main Roads. 
 
 Roman Villa at Cheney Court. — The Remains of a Roman Villa, and with 
 them several Imperial Coins, were found in July, 1813, near Alcombc, on Cheney Court 
 Farm, south of Road Hill, about five miles from Bath. These are mentioned by Mr. 
 Cranch, who made a collection of Roman Remains in Walcot, which he catalogued, and 
 afterwards presented to the Corporation of Bath. The Catalogue and Remains are now 
 lodged in the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 The Architectural part of the Villa is said to have stood in the orchard at Cheney 
 Court, but little or nothing exists there at the present day. 
 
 Villa at Warleigh. — The Remains of a Villa have been found at Warlcieh, near 
 Bathford, about three miles from Bath, on the opposite side of the River Avon. They are 
 described by Aubrey in his Monumenta Britannica.' The extract has been kindly sent me 
 by Mr. Skrine, the possessor of Warleigh Manor, who has deposited in the Museum of 
 the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution, the Capital of a Column, of very elegant 
 workmanship, found on the site of the Villa.^ 
 
 Aubrey states that — 
 
 " At Bathford (near the Citie of Bathe) was found, by digging of a draining trench deeper than ordinarily, in 
 the grounds of one Mr. Skeine, in May, 1655, a room underground, which was about 14 feet one way and 17 feet 
 the other. The Pavement whereof was ' opus tessellatum' of small stones of several colours, viz., white (hard chalk), 
 blue (lias), and red (fire brick). I had several of them, which I gave to the Repository of the Royal Society. In tile 
 middle of the Floor was a blue bird, not well proportioned, and in each of the four angles a twisted knot. This 
 
 ' See vol. ii., p. 73. 
 2 See plate li. 
 
]^20 EOMAN VILLAS 
 
 ground and the whole Manor did belong to the Abbey of Bathk Underneath this floor is water. The floor is 
 borne on pillars of stone, about an ell distant the one from the other. On the pillars were laid plank stones, on 
 which the ' opus tessellatum' was laid. The water issueth out of the earth a little below, and many persuade 
 themselves there is much water in it. 
 
 " This discovered place was so much frequented, that it caused Mr. Skeine to cover it up again, because the 
 concourse of people, especially from Bathe, damaged his ground ; but he would not cover it so soon, but the people 
 had torn up almost all the work before I came hither to see it, but his daughter-in-law hath described the whole 
 floor with her needle in ... . stitch. Mr. Skkine told me that there is such another floor adjoining untouched." 
 
 Roman Villa at Hasilburt Farm.^ — Dr. Musgrave, in his Belgium Britannicum,' 
 speaks also of a Tessellated Pavement ibund at Bathford a short time before he wrote ; and 
 he says also that at Hasilbury Farm, 6 miles from Bath, between Box and Corsham, was 
 found in 1710 or 1711 a Villa, 184 feet long, having a Tessellated Pavement. 
 
 EoMAN Villa near Iford. — If we follow the course of the Valley of the Avon till 
 we come to Freshford, and then take the Valley of the Frome, which will lead us to Farley 
 Castle we come upon the site of another Roman Villa, situated in Temple Field, half a mile 
 north of Farley towards Iford. The remains were opened in 1822, and a tolerably 
 perfect Roman Bath, several Coins, and some Tessellated Pavement were found. The 
 remains were closed up again. 
 
 Roman Villa, Farley Castle. — There was another Villa about half a mile S. E. 
 from Farley Castle, overlooking Stowford, and on a hill which rises N. W. above it, now 
 occupied by Farley Lodge Farm, are some portions of an Earthwork and Camp.'' The 
 following account is from a journal of the date Sept. 24, 1822 : — 
 
 " The remains of an ancient Roman Villa, with a beautifully Tessellated Pavement, 
 have recently been discovered between Farley Castle and Iford. Indeed the remains have 
 been known to be in existence for a considerable time by persons in the neighbourhood ;' 
 but for many years they have lain unmolested. Several small Coins have been found, 
 bearing the name of ' Tetrictjs,' together with some other curiosities, which are now in 
 the possession of the Rev. Mr. Richardson, the Rector of Farley." 
 
 Roman Villa at Colerne, Wilts. — In the parish of Colerne, six miles from Bath, 
 on the line of the Foss Way, and almost half a mile to the east of it, the remains of a 
 
 ' Voli., p. liJl. 
 - See the Rev. Canon Jackson's Guide to Farley Hungerford. 
 ' A record is given in a History of Somersetshire of some Pavement of the above description having been sent from this 
 place to the Museum at Oxford as far back as the year 1689. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 121 
 
 Roman Villa have been discovered. In 1838 some remains were detected while the fluid 
 was being ploughed, and the occupier of the land caused the spot to be uncovered. It was, 
 however, shortly closed up again, without any drawing or plan being made of tlic 
 remains laid open. In October, 1854, Mr. Edward W. Godwin, in conjunction with the 
 Vicar, the Rev. Gilbert Heathcote, obtained permission to renew the investigation. The 
 results of theii' excavations, together with the ground plan, are given in the Arch. Journal.' 
 
 By their endeavours 11 chambers and two Ilypocausts, besides the remains of the 
 foundations of buildings contiguous were laid open, and the drain of the Villa was traced to its 
 outlet. The Pavement originally discovered had been destroyed, and nothing remained but 
 the border of the pattern. According to the description by persons who saw it when uncovered 
 it appears to have had a Chariot in the centre, with a Charioteer and four Horses abreast, 
 and the word Sekvius or Severus. 
 
 The form of the whole building was an oblong running nearly E. and W., with a 
 projecting portion running N. and S., and terminating in an Apse ; beyond this again, at 
 the western end, was the Hypocaust. The furnace chamber was constructed of large stones, 
 which from the action of the fire had very much the appearance of very large blue pebbles : 
 the communication between it and the Hypocaust had its sides constructed of bricks 
 an inch thick, while the top and bottom of the aperture were of hard stone. 
 
 " In excavating the Hypocaust," says Mr. Godwin, " no Tesserte were found, although the circular ends were 
 plastered with the same kind of Cement used in the Bath of the Villa at Box, where it was imbedded with white 
 Tesserae. A similar construction to that at Box was found in the Bath at the extremity of the Hypocausts at 
 Urioconium. The pillars, all of which existed in situ, were constructed of hard red stone, in slabs about an inch 
 thick and varying from 10 to 12 inches square. The floor of the Bath Room was one or two steps below the passage 
 pavement. In the passage leading to it, and in the small room in connection with it, another Tessellated Pavement 
 was discovered. This seemed to have been the Dressing Room, with small recesses for attendants adjoining it." 
 
 Many Coins were found beyond the portion laid open, and Mr. Godwin observes that 
 there is little doubt that more extensive remains might be discovered, for several vestiges 
 of masonry have been brought to light by the plough since the date of the excavations 
 described. 
 
 Roman Villa at North Wraxall. — Since the Remains at Colerne were laid open, 
 another Villa also on the line of the Foss Road, has been completely uncovered, and 
 an accurate plan of it with a description, is given by Poulett Scrope, Esq., M.P., in the 
 Wilts Arch, and N. H. Mag.' It is situated at North Wraxall, and had long been known by 
 
 ' Vol. xiii., p. 328. 
 2 Vol. vii., Oct. 1860. 
 
 Q 
 
122 ROMAN TLLLAS. 
 
 the residents in the neighbourhood as the site of a Roman Station or Villa. A Stone Coffin 
 or Sarcophagus had formerly been dug up there. The field in which the Villa is situated 
 extends over an area of about 3 acres, and forms the brow of a steep wooded slope adjacent 
 to the parish of Castle Combe, which lies to the north of it. 
 
 This Villa, like that of Colerne, was an oblong building, measuring about 180 feet 
 by 36 feet, and containing some 16 or more different rooms or enclosures. Of these 
 Jlr. ScROPE has given an account, plans, and drawings, as well as a plan of the enclosure 
 in which the Villa was situated, and ground plans of the Out -buildings, marking also the 
 places where Interments were found. 
 
 Mr. ScROPE observes that — 
 
 " The five small rooms which occupy the western extremity of the range of buildings are its most interesting 
 portion. They all possessed Hypocausts or hot air flues beneath their floors, and together formed a suite of hot 
 bath rooms or thermffi. The rooms at the other, or east end, were not provided with any such apparatus, although, 
 from the superior character of the masonry, and the remains of Tessellated Pavements found in them, they would 
 seem to have been some of the principal chambers of the house. The intermediate part of the building was 
 composed of a long corridor on the south side, and on the north side of a series of rooms of different sizes. The 
 walls of the whole building are of good masonry, formed of the oolitic limestone dug on the spot, for the most part 
 well squared and faced with the chisel. They are from 2 feet to 3 feet in thickness." 
 
 For particulars I must refer to Mr. Scrope's interesting paper. The walls of the Bath 
 room as well as those of the other apartments, seem to have been lined with stucco, coarsely 
 painted in various colours, chiefly blue, red, and yellow, in straight stripes or trellis 
 patterns. The number of the Tessellse found in the rubbish shewed that the chambers at 
 the eastern end had once possessed Tessellated Pavements, although of a coarse description. 
 No portion of them remained entire. The rude walling-up of the door ways in some of 
 these rooms seemed to indicate that they had been subjected to alteration. In one of these 
 rooms, a narrow recess, measuring 3 feet in depth by 11 inches in width, was found, and in 
 tliis, which may have been a sort of cupboard, were discovered the only two entire articles 
 of fragile materials met with in the course of the excavation, viz., an earthenware 
 lipped bowl, lined with silicious grains, called a Mortaria ; and a glass Funnel, which 
 is engraved in the plates accompanying Mr. Scrope's Paper, and has been rarely met 
 with. One of the most interesting features of this Villa is the Well, which is situated 
 10 yards from tlie outer wall of the building just described, the form being externally 
 hexagonal, and internally circular; and measuring 10 feet from angle to angle. On opening 
 out the centre, at the depth of 4 feet the circular shaft was laid bare, and found to be 
 constructed of excellent masonry, every stone being cut to the curve of the circle, which 
 was 3 feet 8 inches in diameter ; the upper courses of the shaft had been removed, and the 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 123 
 
 Well itself filled with rubbish from the adjoining buildings. On being explored, human 
 bones were found, at the depth of 25 feet, and two more Skeletons at the depth of 40 feet. 
 Below this were large fragments of masonry, comprising broken shafts of Columns, with 
 capitals and bases. These latter had been turned in a lathe, and are remarkable for the 
 number of mouldings. Some Pinnacles, like that found at Wellow, were discovered, which 
 had surmounted the ridge of the gables. Their style, as well as that of the Columns, is of 
 the debased character of the Lower Empire. The diameter of the Columns varied from 
 8 to 12 inches, and as fragments of separate capitals to the number of twelve or more 
 were found, it would appear, says Mr. Scrope, that the adjoining buildings had displayed a 
 considerable amount of architectural decoration. Several Coins of the Lower Empire were 
 discovered down the Well shaft. At the depth of 68 feet water appeared. 
 
 The building, and Well above described were situated within a walled enclosure, 
 measuring 220 ft. by 155 ft., which may have been a garden or court, and in the middle of 
 the south wall were found the square foundations of what were probably the piers of the 
 entrance gates. 
 
 Outside of this the foundations of two other separate ranges of buildings were laid 
 bare, each containing several divisions, and the whole enclosed by other boundary walls to 
 the south and east. To the northern extremity of one of these ranges of building there 
 was attached a furnace with its ash-pit, having holes on either side of the masonry, as if 
 to receive iron bars for the support of the fuel. 
 
 Squared stones formed of calcareous tuff, full of cavities, were found everywhere 
 among the rubbish, which had been obtained from the side of a neighbouring hill, where 
 it is still deposited in great abundance by a spring strongly impregnated with carbonate of 
 lime. Mr. Scrope observes that this stone was probably employed for the vaulting of 
 roofs, owing to its lightness, as a very similar tuff is found so employed by the old Roman 
 builders in many parts of Italy. 
 
 The buildings of this Villa had been roofed with Stone- tiles from the Schistose 
 Sandstone of the coal formation of the Vale of the Severn. These were cut into the form 
 of elongated hexagons. The Iron Nails by which the tiles were fastened to the Rafters 
 generally remained. Very strong Timbers must have been required to carry such a roof, 
 as the tiles averaged in weight at least 5 lbs., and measured about 1 foot in width and 18 
 inches in length. 
 
 At the distance of 60 yards outside the western boundary of the group of buildings 
 where the forge was discovered, were the foundations of four or five contiguous chambers 
 
 q2 
 
124 ROMAN VILLAS. 
 
 measuring inside about 12 feet by 7 ; the outer walls of the neighbouring chambers 
 being separated by a narrow interval from 18 inches to 2 feet wide. These were found 
 to be places of Sepulture, and Skeletons were discovered, viz. : two bodies buried at full 
 length within Stone Sarcophagi fitted with heavy covers, the Skeletons lying north and 
 south ; and two buried at full length, lying east and west, in graves dug 5 feet deep in the 
 rock : one of these was enclosed in a Wooden Coffin ; the other in a sort of Cist of separate 
 upright slabs of Stone. A third mode of interment was the ashes of the body inclosed 
 in a Cinerary Urn, within a cavity excavated in a massive Stone. 
 
 Each of these several Interments was separately inclosed in a Walled Cliamber, 
 The foundation walls of which were not parallel to each other, but had apparently 
 been built at different times ; but all appear to belong to the Koman period. 
 
 In the course of the excavations many fictile fragments were found. The black, 
 blue, and brown Pottery predominated, but there were also specimens of Durobrivian, 
 and many of Samian ware. A few were of superior quality, and embossed with elegant 
 patterns ; one large fragment of a saucer showed the rivet holes by which it had been 
 repaired. Many fragments of glass vessels, and what appeared to have been window 
 slass, were also found. From 24 to 30 Coins were met with in the course of uncovering 
 the buildings : of these, one was a bronze medal of Tkajan ; there were also 2 Coins of 
 Allectus, 1 of Maxentius, some of Tacitus and Gratianus, and many of Constantine. 
 Among other discoveries were two small elegant bronge fibulse, several bronze rings, two 
 spoons, two or three styli, several ivory hair pins, a large iron key, chisels, knives, cramps, 
 large headed nails, and other iron instruments ; a few thin pieces of marble, several of 
 heavy spar, and some polished pebbles apparently used for grinding ; bones of cattle, swine, 
 and deer ; many oyster shells ; many boars tusks, and one very large pair united into 
 an elea:ant crescent-shaped ornament by means of a bronze sheath, upon which were figures 
 of animals in relief. This, which seems to have been a piece of horse-trapping, was probably 
 hung by a cord round the neck, and formed a pendant for the breast. Such ornaments 
 appear in the sculptures in the column of Trajan, and were alluded to in the classic writers. 
 " . . . rutiloque monilia torque 
 
 Extrema cervice niteut, ubi pcudulus apri 
 
 Deus sedet, et nivea distinguit pectora luua.' 
 
 Also- 
 
 ' . . . nemorisque notas sub pcctorc primo 
 Jactantur uiveo lunata monilia dente."'* 
 
 ' See Calpurnius Siciihis, Ecloga., v. 1., 43. 
 - Statius, book ix., p. 686. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 125 
 
 The Villa is distant one mile from the Foss Road, a mile north-east of the 
 Parish Church of North Wraxhall, and about the same distance from Castle Combe. The 
 good state of preservation in which the remains were found is owing to the site having been 
 overgrown with brushwood, which has only been grubbed within the memory of living men, 
 after remaining there ever since tlio date of the original destruction of the edifice. 
 
 It remains only now to mention the sites of a few other Villas, the traces of 
 which are less distinct, and the remains much scantier than those already described. 
 
 Villa at Langridge. — The Romans, when in possession of Bath, seems to liave 
 been well aware of the advantages of the air of Lansdown, and the beauty of the situation. 
 On the declivity where now stands the parsonage of Langridge, some remains of a Villa 
 have been discovered, and a Stone Coffin, which contained a Skeleton, was disinterred about 
 eight years since : previously to that another had been found, in which were a Skeleton and a 
 " Martel de Fer," the Coffin, as was not unusual, having been used for a second sepulture 
 in the middle ages. 
 
 Villa at Congrove, on Beach Farm. — At Congrove, or Coney Grove, on Beach 
 Farm, remains of a Villa have also been discovered ; also Querns, Pottery, Coins, Fibula;, 
 and a Ring. At Coffin Tining, in a Held called Uxton Field, north of Upton, on the Road 
 leading to Wick, several Stone Coffins were found. In a field nearer Beach, north-east 
 of Grammers' Rocks, I am informed Remains of a Villa have been traced, and Roman 
 Pottery and a Fibula dug up. 
 
 At Farmers' Field, on the opposite side of the Road to Tracey Park, a Villa was laid 
 open some years since. One small Room was uncovered and the floor exposed ; many 
 Coins, much Pottery, Bricks, Tiles of stone and brick, a Fibula, pieces of Bone and of 
 Bronze were found, and the field is even now strewed with fragments of Pottery and 
 Roman Brick. 
 
 At Hanham Green, 3 miles beyond Bitton, the ancient Abone, on the line of the Via 
 Julia,' a Villa seems to have existed, since Roman Pottery and Tiles were found in sinking 
 a well in an Orchard on Mr. Whittuck's Farm. Along the same line of Roman Road, from 
 Aqu^ Solis to the Trajectus, about half a mile from Bitton, a Bath was lately discovered, 
 composed of large Slabs of the Lias Rock, which is abundant in that neighbourhood. The 
 sides of these slabs of stone were made to fit tightly into one another by means of hollows 
 
 1 The former Vicar of Bitton, the ReT. H. E. Ellacombe, informs mo that this Road is now called by the old people " Aggis 
 Way," and that he has seen it laid down in an old map as " Angus Way." 
 
12Q EO>IAN VILLAS. 
 
 or groves in the one, and a corresponding projecting rib in that adjoining, so that 
 by the aid of mortar the Bath was rendered perfectly water-tight. No traces of a Villa, 
 however, have yet been found near where the Bath was discovered in 1862. 
 
 Traces of a Roman Villa have been found, and Roman Pottery turned up, on Ash 
 Farm, at North Stoke, between the Church and Village. On Lansdown, near the Road 
 leadin"- from Upton to Bath, towards the western end of the Down, traces of a Roman 
 Building are also stated to have been met with. 
 
 Adjoining the same road, and nearer Upton, on the north side, remains of a VUla were 
 explored, and a Ring, Fibula, Coins, Millstone, with numerous pieces of Glass and Pottery 
 were brought to light. The sites of these Villas I have for the most part myself 
 examined ; but there are some few localities of which I have been obliged to insert accounts 
 fi'om information given me by persons resident ia the neighbourhood, to whose readiness 
 in assisting me I am greatly indebted. 
 
 Roman Villa at Burnett, in Coeston Parish. — A Roman ViUa existed at 
 Corston, three miles west from Bath. The remains are stated to have been laid open more 
 than 30 years ago, when the portions worth preservation were carried to Bristol. A Tessellated 
 Pavement and several small Chambers appear to have been uncovered. Two copper 
 Coins of the Emperor Tetricus have been found, the one on the site of the Villa and the 
 other in an adjoining field. A quantity of Roman Pottery and Tiles are scattered over the 
 site of the Villa, which was in a field about half way between Burnett and Marksbury, on 
 the south side of the road. No sepulchral remains appear to have been found here, but in 
 a field at Farmborough a Stone Coffin was discovered : this was first used as a trough by 
 the farmer on whose land it was foimd, and has since been destroyed. For these particulars 
 I am indebted to the courtesy of the present Vicar of Corston. 
 
 The remains of several Roman buildings of difi'erent sizes have been found along the 
 line of the Foss Road at Camerton. These, which have been described in a paper in the 
 Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society's Journal (J 863), appear to have 
 been of small dimensions, but one contained some interesting remains, together with 
 part of an Inscription which fixes the date. The Villa was probably much inferior 
 in size to those already described. There was apparently also a posting Station, — 
 the distance being about seven miles out of Aqu^e Solis, — the buildings being 
 contiguous to the line of Roman way. Details are given in the Journal to which I 
 have referred. 
 
ROMAN VILLAS. 127 
 
 We have therefore no less than 17 or 18 Villas within a circuit of 7 or 8 miles of 
 Bath, the remains of which have come down to our time, and it is not improbable that 
 others have existed, or that some remains may lie as yet unnoticed. Tliis gives us some 
 idea of the population of the country, and the state of civilization in the Roman 
 period. 
 
 There are certain particulars in these Villas which are worthy of notice. 
 
 1. The regularity of their form. They were either built round a Court, and formed 
 three sides of a square ; or else ran in a straight line, often with a projecting portion at 
 right angles to the main body of the building. They were all provided with a Ilypocaust 
 aud Baths, and had Tessellated Pavements of elegant workmanship. They were 
 accompanied with out-buildings, and situated in an area of some extent enclosed by a 
 boundary wall, within which were interments of two kinds, viz., cremation and inhumation. 
 The Villas were supplied with earthenware utensils of every description, and with glass, 
 both for windows and domestic use. Coins are found in the greatest abundance, and to the 
 latest period of the Roman occupation. The situations are well chosen, and the Villas are 
 for the most part represented at the present day by elegant modern country houses in the 
 same localities and near the same sites. They were always well supplied with water, and 
 the Wells were of excellent construction. 
 
 The Villas around Bath do not seem to have equalled in dimensions those laid open 
 in other parts of England, as at Woodchcster or Bignor, nor the elegant remains which 
 exist at Lydney, in Gloucestershire, the plan of which shews something of the luxur}' and 
 art described in Pliny's account of his Lauren tine Villa. It is to be regretted that an account 
 of the remains found at Lydney has never been published, though accurate di-awings have 
 been made of them, and all the articles discovered there are carefully preserved by the 
 owner of the property, who exhibited them at the meeting of the Archaeological Institute 
 at Gloucester, A.D. 1860. 
 
 Mr. Wright, in a very interesting chapter of his " Celt, Roman, and Saxon," has given 
 a sketch of the number of Villas that must have met the eye of the traveller as he journeyed 
 along the line of some of the Roman Roads, but his enumeration of those in Somerset is very 
 limited and imperfect. 
 
 The superstructure of these Villas is a subject which has caused much perplexity ; 
 and antiquaries are not decided as to whether the upper portions were constructed of stone or 
 wood. I am inclined to think that wood must have furnished the materials of the upper 
 
128 ROMAN VILLAS. 
 
 portions, and that the stone walls were only carried to a certain height above the ground 
 floors. The remains seem to indicate that they were hastily plundered and then set fire to, 
 and that the roofs and timbers fell in upon the floors, which are often found indented and 
 covered with burnt matter and roofing tiles. After remaining in this condition, it may 
 be, for centuries, the portions of the walls still standing were afterwards used as quarries, 
 when stone was needed for other buildings or to make enclosures. The Saxon population 
 left them in ruins ; the Norman and Mediaeval inhabitants used them as materials ; and 
 thus little is left to our time except the foundations, and that which lies buried under 
 their debris. 
 
ROMAN CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS 
 
 AROUND BATH. 
 
 THERE are remains of many Earthworks on the hills around Bath and in the immediate 
 neighbourhood. The line of the Wansdyke, coming from the woodlands of Berkshire and 
 passing through Wiltshire into Somerset, may be traced within two miles of the City, on 
 the south side, as it passes over Hampton Down, and is clearly marked at the back of Prior 
 Park. Wansdyke, however, is not Roman, and is only noticed in passing. This interesting 
 Earthwork probably terminated at the Bristol Channel, or at the Camps opposite Clifton, 
 though it cannot be traced further than Maesknoll.' There are several Camps along its 
 line as it approaches and leaves Bath, keeping to the south of the City. On Hampton Down 
 there is a fortified British settlement, and near it are traces of a Roman Camp, part of which 
 has been destroyed within the memory of the present generation. It is situated not far 
 from the stone quarries on the top of Bathwick Hill, near to some fir trees, but the use of 
 the plough is fast erasing its distinctive features.. At Stantonbury, distant from Bath 
 about five miles, there is a strong Earthwork, but apparently not of Roman construction ; 
 and at Maesknoll is another, also on the line of Wansdyke, nearer to Bristol. Beyond this 
 point Wansdyke cannot be traced satisfactorily westward,^ though it is probable the 
 termination was at the two Camps directly opposite Clifton, called Bowre Walls and 
 Stokesleigh, or at Portishead.= 
 
 North of the Avon, is the isolated hill called Solsbury or Solisbury,' the top of 
 which is encircled by an earthen rampart. The strong position of this Camp would lead 
 us to think that it must have been occupied by the Romans. The Earthwork follows the 
 form of the hill, and we know that this arrangement was sometimes adopted by Roman 
 Engineers. The Saxons, also, when they beseiged Bath, A.D. 577, probably occupied 
 this position. 
 
 1 For a particular account see Sir R. G. Hoare's Ancient Wilts ; Collinson's Somerset ; the Archseol. Journal, vol 
 viii., p. 151 (1851) ; Som. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, vol. vii. (18.56). 
 
 ' See Som. Arch, and N. H. Proceedings, vol, vi., p. Ill ; and vol. vii., p. 21. Also, Journal of Brit. Arch. Assoc. (1857), p. 108. 
 
 3 See Journ. Brit. Arch., Assoc, 1857, pp. 102 and 103. 
 
 * See Phelps' Somerset, vol. i., p. 102; Collinson, vol. i , p. 99. 
 
 E 
 
130 EOHAN CAMPS. 
 
 There are two Camps on Lansdown undoubtedly of Roman construction. The first ot 
 these has been cut through by the Turnpike Road, which passes over Lansdown, within a 
 short distance of Sir Seville Grenville's monument ; the other is situated on the western 
 side of the Down, within a few paces of a large Earthwork, apparently of British construction, 
 which cuts off the extremity of the hill. The form of the latter Roman Camp is quite 
 perfect, though the bank and ditch are neither high nor deep. 
 
 From the extreme point of the Down where the British Camp is situated, the course of 
 the Vla. Julia may be traced to Bitton, where are the remains of the Roman Station of 
 Abone, distant about 6 miles. 
 
 A Camp' is stated to have existed on the hill above Cottage Crescent, and was known 
 by the name of Berewyke, or Berwick Camp ; very faint traces of this are now discoverable, 
 as the quarrying of stone has almost efiaced any mark of a bank or ditch. Some portions 
 of the hiU, however, seem to indicate the coui'se of a rampart, and the spot is well suited 
 for a Camp. Collinson mentions that the hill is called the Barracks:- 
 
 A Camp is also said to have existed in Walcot, and also one on the west side of 
 the Avon, at Bathford, but there are no sufficient traces left to make these points certain. 
 
 1 Pbelps' Somerset, vol. 1, p. 103. 
 - See vol. i., p. 171 
 
ROMAN COINS FOUND IN BATH AND 
 
 IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. 
 
 ROMAN Coins in great variety have been found in Bath at different times, but only 
 very small and imperfect collections of them have been made : one belongs to the 
 Corporation, and is lodged in the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 Of these Coins the earliest is one of Claudius, and the latest one of the Emperor 
 Gratian, but the earliest Coin found in Bath is one of Augustus, found at Messrs. 
 Sainsbury's Brewery.' I have been favoured with the following accurate list of the Coins 
 belonging to the Corporation : — 
 
 1 Claudius... 
 
 ... 2nd Brass 
 
 
 1 Postumus 
 
 ... 1st Brass 
 
 3 Nero 
 
 ... 1st 
 
 »j 
 
 
 3 Victorinus 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 1 Galba 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 ]} 
 
 
 3 Claudius Gothicus... 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 3 Vespasian 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 )> 
 
 
 1 Diocletian 
 
 ... 2nd „ 
 
 3 Domitian 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 j» 
 
 
 3 Maximianus Hercules 
 
 ... 2nd „ 
 
 2 Trajan ... 
 
 ... 1st 
 
 )j 
 
 
 2 Constantinus Magnvs 
 
 ... 2nd „ 
 
 4 Ditto 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 j» 
 
 
 1 Coustantius II. 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 2 Hadrian ... 
 
 ... 1st 
 
 )» 
 
 
 1 Constans... 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 4 Ditto 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 jj 
 
 
 1 Magnentius 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 6 Antoninus Pius .. 
 
 ... 1st 
 
 » 
 
 
 1 Valentinian 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 4 Ditto 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 5) 
 
 
 4 ViUens ... 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 1 Marcus Aurelius .. 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 n 
 
 
 4 Gratian ... 
 
 ... 3rd „ 
 
 1 Ditto (Silver) 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 Faustina ... 
 
 ... 1st 
 
 ii 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 1 Commodus 
 
 ... 2nd 
 
 3J 
 
 
 14 Doubtful 
 
 
 1 Philippus (Billon) 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 \ Gallienus 
 
 ... 3rd 
 
 » 
 
 1 See next page. 
 
 b2 
 
 78 Total 
 
 
Brass Coin. 
 Date A.D. 71. 
 
 Obv. 
 
 U/. 
 
 Silver Coin. 
 DateA.D.lOl. 
 
 Obv 
 R/. 
 
 Brass „ 
 A.D. 285. 
 
 Ohv 
 
 Brass „ 
 A.D. 316. 
 
 Obv. 
 
 HI. 
 
 Brass „ 
 A.D. 224. 
 
 Obv. 
 R'. 
 
 Silver „ 
 (Foundin Gloces.) 
 A.D. 3.57. 
 
 Obv. 
 R/. 
 
 Brass „ 
 A.D. 375. 
 
 Obv. 
 R/. 
 
 Bra.is „ 
 
 [Found at iLclston.) 
 
 A.D. 307. 
 
 Obv 
 1 R: 
 
 132 ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Dr. GuiDOTT, ia his Discourse of Bath,' gives a list and Drawings of the principal 
 Coins that had been found in his time : — 
 
 IMP CAES. VESPASIAN, P. F. AVG., Heail of Emperor Wreathed. 
 
 AEQVITAS AVGUSTL, Female Figure holding a Balance in the Right Hand and a Spear in the 
 left and S. C. on each side of it. 
 
 IMP. TRAJANO, AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P., Head of Emperor Wreathed. 
 COS. V. P. P. S. P. Q. R. OPTI.MO. PRINC, Female Figure with a Balance in the right hand and 
 Cornucopia in the left. 
 
 IMP. C. CARAVSIVS. P. F. AVG., Head of Emperor Crowned. 
 
 Female Figure Crowned, holding a Spear in the left hand and a Thunderbolt in the right, on each 
 side B.E. (Britannicus Exercitus). In the E.xergue MLXX. 
 
 Obv: CONSTANTINVS. JVN. NOB. C, Head of Emperor encircled by a Wreath. 
 PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, a Palace and a Star above it. Exergue P. TRE. 
 
 IMP. C. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG., Head of Emperor Wreathed. 
 
 P. M. T R P. II. COS. P P., Female Figure Seated and Feeding a Serpent out of a Patera. 
 
 D, N. CONSTANTIVS. P. F. AVG,, Head of Emperor encircled by a Fillet. 
 A Wreath, and within it VOTIS. XXX. MVLTIS. XXXX. Exergue. P. CON. 
 
 D. N. VALENTINIANVS. P. F. AVG., Head of Emperor encircled with a Fillet. 
 Victory holding a Palm Branch in the left hand and offering a Garland with the right. 
 SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. Exergue. P. CON. 
 
 CONSTANTINO CAES, Head of Emperor Galeated. 
 
 Victory with Spear and Shield. No legend. Exergue P. TRE. 
 
 ''These," says Dr. Guidott, " are all the Coins I have met with yet of any value 
 among many others of none at all." 
 
 Since Dr. Guidott wrote many more Roman Coins have been discovered. In ] 824 
 some were found when a house near the East Gate was pulled down ; and in 1829, others 
 were found in Bathwick, which are now in the possession of Mr. Goodridge. In removing 
 the foundations of the Old Abbey House, and preparing the site of the present Poor Law 
 Union Board Offices, Coins mostly of the reign of Constantine the Great, were discovered. 
 
 The following is a list of Coins found at Messrs. Sainsbury's Brewery, Bath, in 
 May, 1815, together with two Stone Coffins, containing Skeletons : either the Coin of 
 Claudius or that of Vespasian was found in one of the Coffins : — 
 
 Oil) .CAESAR AVGVSTVS. DIVI. F. PATER PATRIAE. 
 R/. An Altar. 
 
 Obv:TI. CLAVDIVS. CAESAR. 
 R/. Uncertain. 
 
 Oil) .-IMP. NERO. CAESAR. AVG P. MAX. TR.P. P P. 
 R/. VICTORIA. AVGVSTI. S. C. 
 
 Obv: NEKO. CAESAR. AVG. P. MAX. 
 
 R/. S. C. Victory holding a Shield, on which S.P.Q.K. 
 
 ' Chapter x. p. G6. 
 
ROMAN COINS. Hi 
 
 Oil): IMP, CAESAR. VESPASIAN. AVG. COS. III. 
 B/. PAX. AVG. S. C. Female holding Patera. 
 
 The same, so much corroded as to be illegible. 
 
 06«.-IMP. CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. COS. XIII. 
 B/. FORTVNAE. AVGVSTI. S. C. 
 
 Obv.-IMP. CAES, DOMIT. AVG. GERM. COS. XIII CENS. PER P P 
 B/. MONETA. AVGVSTI, S. C. 
 
 Obv: IMP, CARAVSIVS, P. F. AVG. 
 B/. PAX. AVG. S. C. 
 
 Obv: CONSTANTINVS, MAX. AVG. 
 B/. GLORIA, EXERCITVS. 
 
 The above Coins are 2nd Brass, with the exception of the two last, which are 3rd Brass. 
 
 A Coin of Augustus, found at Wellow, was in the possession of the late Rev. 
 C. Paul. 
 
 A Gold Coin of Nero is stated to have been discovered A.D. 1857, in making a sewer. 
 
 A Coin of Carausids, 3rd brass, said to have been found in Bath, was purchased 
 for the British Museum, and is recorded and engraved in the proceedings of the 
 Archaeological Institute.' 
 
 Obv : Head of Emperor, 
 
 B/. A Trophy of Arms, with two Captives at its foot, Legend VICT. GERM. 
 
 When the Cemetery in Lyncombe Vale was formed A.D 1843, the following Coins 
 were discovered with an interment, and were deposited near the Coffin. Constantine 
 (3 Coins), Carausius, Gallienus, and two doubtful, all brass. 
 
 At the ascent of Bathwick Hill, A.D. 1819, near the Coal Wharf (which was then 
 being formed), a Box containing 8 small Roman Coins, all of the Lower Empire, was 
 discovered near some interments ; also Copper Coins of Vespasian were found with an inter- 
 ment in Russell Street, A.D. 1818 ; and in 1852 further interments with the following 
 Coins in the Earth around the Coffins : — 
 
 Brass. 1. Oil): GRATIANUS, Head of Emperor. 
 
 B/. Warrior, with Prostrate Figui-e ; E, C. on each side. 
 Legend: EXERCITVS, 
 
 Silver Coin of 2, 06ti: IMP. ANTONIN. PIVS. AVG. 
 
 Heliogabalus. B/, Figure standing before an Altar, with a Patera in the right hand, over which is a Star, 
 
 Legend: PM, TR, P, V. COS, IIII, P. P, 
 
 Brass. 3, Oil); CONSTANINVS, IVN, NOB. C. 
 
 B/. Two Figures with a Standard between them. 
 Legend: Effaced. 
 
 4. Obv: CONSTANTINVS, AVG, 
 
 B/. Cippus, with Globe on it ; above Globe Three Stars (on the Cippus, VOTIS, XX.) 
 Legend: BEATA TRANQUILITAS, 
 Exergue : P, T R. 
 
 1 Vol. ix., p. 194. 
 
134 
 
 ROMAN COINS. 
 
 The following is a list of the Coins found when the Site of the New Building added 
 to the Mineral "Water Hospital was cleared A.D. 1859 : — 
 
 Trajan 
 Hadrian 
 
 ... 2 
 
 Valentinian 
 
 ... 2 
 
 Copper ... 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Valens 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Pop : Rom : 
 
 Gallienus 
 
 ... 2 
 
 Arcadius 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Julia Paula (?) 
 
 Victorinus ... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Allectus (?) ... 
 
 1 
 
 Maximus 
 
 Tetricus 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Valerianus ... 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Urbs Roma 
 
 Aurelian 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Valentinus 
 
 ... 1 
 
 Illegible 
 
 Constaatine 
 
 ... 4 
 
 Claudius Gothicus 
 
 
 
 Carausius ... 
 
 ... 7 
 
 Byzantium 
 
 
 
 Constantius 
 
 ... 5 
 
 Geta 
 
 
 
 Constantius, Junior ... 
 
 ... 2 
 
 Gratian (Silver) 
 
 ... 1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 95 
 
 The Corns extend over a period of from A.D. 98 to A.D. 408. 
 
 The above statement is given only to shew how plentiful have been the Roman Coins 
 found in Bath. It would be impossible to obtain a correct list of all that have been 
 discovered. The neighboui'hood of Bath has been equally productive, as will appear by 
 the two following lists of Coins found at Combe Down and at Bitton, both within a very 
 short distance of the City. The author is indebted to J. Bettington, Esq., of Bathwick Hill, 
 for the lists of those found at Messrs. Sainsbury's Brewery and Combe Down ; and to the 
 Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, M.A., Rector of Clyst St. George, for the list of Coins found at 
 Bitton, of which parish he was formerly Vicar. 
 
 Roman Coins found in Mr. Cruikshank's Garden at Combe Down : — 
 
 2nrf and 3ri iJrasi, very much corroded, but evidently of the Constantine period ... ... ... ... ... 15 
 
 Denarii— a Broken Coin of Scptimius Severus. —sevbrvs. PIVS. AVG., Laureated Head, R/. PART. MAX. P. 
 M.TR r. X. — Trophy of Arras, at foot two Captives 
 
 IMP. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG., Laureated Head, R'. P. M. TR. P. COS. 11. P. P.— The Emperor Marching, carrying Spear 
 and Trophy 
 
 D. N. CONSTANTIVS. P. F. AVG., Diadem'd Head, R/. VOTIS. XXX. MVLTIS. XXXX., in a Crown of Laurel- 
 Exergue P. CON, 
 
 D. N. VALENS. P. F. AVG., Laureated Head, R/. RESTITVTOR. R E I P.— The Emperor holding the Labarum and a 
 Globe, surmounted with a Victory. Exergue P. LVG. 
 
 Large Brass. 
 IMP. SEV. ALEXANDER. AVG., Laureated Head, R,. VIRTVS. AVGVSTI. S.C ... 
 
 '2nd Brass. 
 
 ANTOXIA— Wife of Nero Drusus. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -■ ... ... ) 
 
 DOMITIAN— R. MONETA AVGVSTI. S.C .• > 3 
 
 FAVSTINA. SEN ... ) 
 
 2nd and 3rd Brass. 
 
 CLA\'r)IVS GOTHICVS 2 
 
 TETRICVS. SEN. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .- .•• ... •■ 5 
 
 TETRICVS. JUN 1 
 
 CAKAVSIVS •. 3 
 
 HELENA— Mother of Constantino ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••. ... 2 
 
 C0X8TANTINE Ube Greatl ... ... ... ... ... .-■ ... ... ... .•• ••• 8 
 
 VRBS. ROM.\— 4. CON&TANTINOPOLIS— 7 U 
 
 CONSTANTINE. JVN 9 
 
 COXSTANS. 11 
 
 CONSTANTIVS. 11 1 
 
 MAGNENTIVS 3 
 
 VALENTINIAN 7 
 
 VALENS 7 
 
 GRATIAN I 
 
 230 
 
ROMAN COINS. 135 
 
 COINS FOUND AT BITTON. 
 
 Valentinian I., A.D. 364. 
 
 No. 1. D. N. VALENTINIANVS. P F. AVG. 
 
 Head of the Emperor. 
 E/. VIRTVS. EXERCITVS. Valentinian standing erect, holding the Labarum and a Globe. Ex. LVG. 
 
 Valentinian II., A.D. 383. 
 
 No. 2. D. N. VALENTINIANVS. IVN. P. F. AVG. 
 
 Head of the Emperor. 
 R/. VRBS. ROMA. Rome seated, holding a Victory and a Hasta. Ex. AQ. PS 
 
 No. 3. DITTO. 
 
 R/. VIRTVS. EXERCITVS. The Emperor holding a Standard and a Globe. 
 
 Qratian, A.D. 367. 
 
 No. 4. D. N. GRATIANVS. P. F. AVG. 
 
 Head of the Emperor. 
 R/. VIRTVS ROMANORVM. Rome seated, holding a Globe and the Hasta reversed. Ex. AQ. PS. 
 
 No. 5. DITTO. 
 
 R/. Ditto. Ex. TR. PS. 
 
 No. 6. DITTO. 
 
 R/. VOT. X. MVLT. XX in a Laurel Crown. 
 
 No. 7. DITTO. 
 
 R/. VIRTVS ROMANORVM., as No. 4. 
 
 No. 8. DITTO. 
 
 R/. VIRTVS ROMANORVM., as No. 4. 
 
 Eugenius, A.D. 392. 
 
 No. 9. D. N. EVGENIVS. P. F. AVG. 
 
 Head of the Emperor to the right. 
 R/. VIRTVS ROMANORVM. Rome seated, holding a Globe, surmounted by a Victory. 
 
 All Copper or Billon. 
 
 Silver. Arcadius, A.D. 395. 
 
 No. 10. D. N. ARCADIVS. P. F. AVG. 
 
 E/. VIRTVS ROMANORVM. Rome seated. Ex. M D P S. 
 
 No. 11. CONSTANTIVS. A.D. 306. 
 
 No. 12. TETRICVS. 
 
 No. 13. Small Coin, found A.D. 1822, in Mrs. Mantell's Garden. 
 
ROMAN REMAINS RECENTLY 
 FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 "WHILE the earlier sheets of this Volume were passing through the press, discoveries of 
 Eoman Remains have been made on the ground cleared for the enlargement of the Bath 
 United Hospital ; both on the portion to be occupied by the Albert Wing, and on the site 
 of the Rooms for the Medical Officers. The nature of the building which has stood on 
 the site of the Albert wing, is not yet satisfactorily ascertained. The Remains consist of 
 strong Foundation Walls running east and west, with portion of a Hypocaust ; and a room 
 with a circular apse. Bricks, Tesserae, Flue Tiles, and Pottery have also been found, and burnt 
 matter together with the base of a Pilaster, no doubt the relic of a former structure, which 
 had been used as old material and inverted and imbedded in the foundation of the building. 
 The level of the Roman floors is about 9 ft. 6 in. below the surface of the present roadway 
 in Beau Street. The construction of the masonry is as follows : — Foundation laid in 
 clay, in which large pebbles are imbedded ; upon these a bed of concrete, then a course 
 of tiles, then masonry with joints inclined, somewhat resembling herring-bone, upon 
 which stones are laid in regular courses. Two Baths at different levels have been partially 
 imcovered. 
 
 Herring-bone masonry has also been found beyond the apse of the room situated 
 next to the old portion of the Hospital. One of the large stones in the walling has a deep-cut 
 cross upon it like the Greek tau. The Hypocaust was towards Westgate Street, at the 
 eastern side of the building. A Coin of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, in good preservation, 
 bearing an Elephant on the reverse, has been found in the course of excavating ; also a 
 Tile with the foot-print of a dog upon it. 
 
 At the south-east angle of the old Building the floor of a chamber, about 12 feet 
 square, has been discovered, resting upon pila- of stone or brick, and covered with a 
 Tessellated Pavement, which, though much broken and defaced, reveals traces of very 
 elegant workmanship. In the centre is a geometrical pattern, composed of small Tessera, 
 the colours of which are white, blue, red, black, and green, shaded very finely into one 
 another, so as to form a pleasing and harmonious composition. 
 
 The Stone' found in preparing the foundations of the present Hospital in 1825, 
 indicated the erection of some structure by the Son of Novantus "pro se et suis," 
 and from the remarkable reason assigned for its erection ("ex visu posuit,") it is open to 
 us to infer that the latter of these structures now laid bare may have been the floor of 
 a small Temple or Sacred Edifice, erected by this devout Heathen. 
 
 ' For description see p. 73 supra. 
 
ROMAN REMAINS. 137 
 
 A careful plan of the part uncovered has been made, but not sufficiently in time 
 for insertion in this volume. It is hoped that the nature of the building may eventually 
 be accurately ascertained. 
 
 On preparing the ground for the Foundation of St. John's Church, Bathwick, in 
 1861, the remains of an ancient drain or flue were discovered; and at the same time portions 
 of a wall, part of a column, and some fragments of Roman pottery. The section of the ground 
 was as follows : — 
 
 1. Loose soil deposited from time to time, 7 feet deep. 
 
 2. Burnt earth and debris, 10 inches deep, in which part of a column' was found. 
 
 3. Undisturbed earth resting on gravel. 
 
 The Drain or Flue ran under the north-west entrance porch of the nave and was met with 
 again, about midway, in digging the foundation of the north wall of the Church. It 
 was about 11 inches wide and 13 inches deep, the bottom being formed of finely sifted 
 gravel concrete. The direction of the ancient wall which accompanied this flue or drain 
 and ran parallel to it, was N.E. and S.W., and seemed to pass under the chancel. The 
 depth from the level of the floor of the nave to the bottom of the flue was 1 1 feet 1) inches. 
 Some Eoman building, therefore, probably stood near the site of the old Church which was 
 pulled down about A.D. 1818, but no record has been found of any discovery then made or 
 when the present Rectory House was built A.D. 1777. 
 
 In digging the foundation for one of the buttresses which support the Dome of the 
 New Market, erected 1863, a stone figure of a Lion was discovered. This is now placed in 
 the Literary and Scientific Institution. Two or three small Eoman Coins are said to have 
 been found near it, at a depth which was about the level of the ancient Roman City. 
 
 ' Deposited in the Museum of the Bath Lit. & Sci. Inst. 
 
SUBSCRIBERS 
 
 COPIES, 
 
 Antiqaai-ies Societv of, London 
 
 Arehaiological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland... 
 
 Ashburton Louisa The Lady 
 
 Al^ar Miss, Bathwick Hill, Bath ... 
 
 Atherley Miss, 27, Pulteney Street, Bath 
 
 Atkinson Mrs., Sydney Place, Bath... 
 
 Bath the Marquis of, Loni^leat 
 
 Broughton The Rt. Hon. Lord, Tidworth 
 
 Bath Corporation 
 
 Bath Literary and Scientific Institution 
 
 Babington Professor, M.A., F.R.C.S., St. John's College, 
 
 Cambridge 
 Baillie Rev. Alexander, Bath 
 Bannatyne Mrs. Chalvedon, Weston Park, Bath 
 Bartrum J. S., Esq., Gay Street, Bath 
 Barnwell Eev. E. Lo'ury, M.A.. Secretary of the 
 
 Cambrian Archffiological Association 
 Basnett Mrs. C. H., 1-5, Brock Street, Bath ... 
 Beck Peter, Esq., Shrewsbury 
 Bettington John H., Esq., Villa Bianca, Bath 
 Bettington Joseph, Esq., Bathwick Hill, Bath 
 Birkett Mrs. Crawford, Regent's Park, London 
 Blaxland the Hon. John, New South Wales ... 
 Bond Kev. John, Weston Vicarage, near Bath 
 Brabazon Dr., Darlington Street, Bath 
 Brackstone R. H., Esq., Bath 
 Bradish Mrs. 1, Grosvenor Place, Bath 
 Bradford R., Esq., Midge Hall, Wilts 
 Brent John, Esq., F.S..\., Canterbury 
 Brown Mrs. Edward 
 
 Bruce Rev. J. Collingwood, D.D., Newcastle-on-Tyne... 
 Brushfield Dr., County Asylum. Chester 
 Brymer Mrs., Pulteney Street, Bath 
 Buckle Rev. G., Twerton, near Bath 
 Burrell Joseph, Esq., Lincoln's Inn, London ... 
 Burrell Godfrey, Esq., 3, Darlington Place, Bath 
 Burningham George, Esq., Widcombe Hill House, Bath. . 
 Burne Dr., Richmond Lodge, Bath ... 
 Bush W., Esq., Circus, Bath 
 Buttanshaw Rev. John, 25, St. James's Square 
 Byrom Henry, Esq., Byland House, Bath .. 
 
 Carnarvon the Right Hon. the Countess Dowager of. 
 
 Piston Park 
 Cleveland His Grace the Duke of. Raby Castle 
 Cleveland Her Grace the Duchess of, ditto ... ... 2 
 
 Cockburn Lady, Doulton Rectory, Devon ... ... 1 
 
 Caillard C. F. D., Esq., Judge of the County Courts of 
 Somersetshire and Wiltshire. Wingfield House 
 
 Clayton John, Esq., Chesters, Hexham, Northumberland 
 
 Collvns Rev. C. H., Park Street, Bath 
 
 Conollv C. J. T., Esq., Cottles House, Atworth 
 
 Cotterell J. H., Esq., Bewdley Villa, Bath ... 
 
 Crawley Rev. E. J., The Cedars, Bath 
 
 Cruickshank George, Esq., Belmont House, Combe 
 Down, Bath ... 
 
 CruttweU T., Esq., Bath ... 
 
 Devonshire His Grace the Duke of, Devonshire House, 
 
 London, &c. 
 Dynevor the Right Hon. Lord, 19, Prince's Gardens, 
 
 Kensington 
 Davis Sir J. F., Bart,, K.C.B., Hollywood, Bristol 
 Davis C. E., Esq., F.S.A., .55, Pulteney Street, Bath... 
 Davies Mr. James, Bookseller, Bath 
 De Wilde G. J., Esq., Northampton 
 Deane Rev. J. B., 18, Sion Hill, Bath 
 Dickenson F. H., Esq., King-Weston House, Somerton..^ 
 Dillwyn Mrs,, 1, Raby Place, Bath ... 
 Dobson Wm., Esq., Oakwood, Bath... 
 Dorman Mark, Esq., Mayor of Northampton... 
 Doveton Rev. W. Blake, Corston Vicarage 
 Downward George, Esq., Meole Brace, Salop... 
 Drought Miss, Sydney Place, Bath ... 
 Dryden Rev. Sir H., Canons Ashby 
 Dubarle M. Achille, Belmont, Bath... 
 Dunlop D. M., Esq., Kilkenny House, Bath ... 
 
 EUenborough the Right Hon. the Earl of, Southara 
 
 House, Cheltenham 
 Earle Rev. J., Swanswick, Bath 
 Earle Rev. A., Monckton Farley ... 
 Ewart W., Esq., M.P., Broadleas, Devizes ... 
 
 Franklin Lady ... 
 Fagan Colonel 
 
 FairholtF. W,, F.S.A., 24, Montpellier Square, Brompton 
 Falconer Thos,, Esq., Us'k, Monmouthshire, Judge of the 
 County Courts of Glamorganshire and Brecknocksliire 
 Falconer Randle W., Esq., M.D., 22, Bennett Street Bath 
 Falkner Francis Henry, Esq., Lyncombe Vale, Bath ... 
 Falkner Francis, Esq.. Cr.an Hiil, Bath 
 Falkner Frederick, Esq., Lyncombe Vale, Bath 
 F.alkner John Stringer, Esq., Beacon Hill Villa, Bath... 
 Falls Dr., Hampstead House, Bournemouth ... 
 
SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Fitzfrerald Col., 9, Marlborough Buildinffs, Bath 
 Florian Felix, Esq., St. Jame.s's Street, Bath 
 Franks Augustus, E.sq., Director of the Society 
 
 Antiquaries, British Museum 
 Freeman Col., Johnstone Street, Bath 
 
 of 
 
 George Rev. P. E., Combe Hay, Bath 
 
 Godwin C, Esq., Norfolk Crescent, Bath 
 
 Goodford Rev. Dr., Provost of Eton College ... 
 
 Goodwin J., Esq., F.S.A., 12, Edward Street, Bath ... 
 
 Gore Arthur, Esq., Melksham 
 
 Grant John, Esq., The Manor, Manningford Bruce ... 
 
 Gray J., Esq., Summerhill House, Bath 
 
 Grenville Ralph Neville, Esq., Butleigh Court, 
 
 Gla.stonbury 
 Gresley Rev. J. M., The Lodge, Etwall Hospital, Derby... 
 Grove Mrs. H. and Miss, Bathwick Hill, Bath 
 Guise W. v., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Elmore Court, 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Hale The Ven. Archdeacon, Charterhouse, London 
 
 Hale Col. Alderley, Wootton-under-Edge 
 
 Hall Richard C, Esq., Corston, Bath 
 
 Hamilton Rev. Leveson R., Alma Villas, Bath 
 
 Harries C. A., Esq., Walcot Parade, Bath ... 
 
 Harwood Major, The Elms, Ringmer, Sussex 
 
 Hawley Rev. \V. Douglas. Isle of Man 
 
 Hawks Rev. W., Sydney Place, Bath 
 
 Hayward S., Esq., £j^pre5i Office, Bath 
 
 Heathcote Rev. G., Colerne 
 
 Hessey Rev. Dr., Merchant Taylor's School ... 
 
 Hessey Rev. Dr., Francis, The Parsonage, Kensington, 
 
 London 
 
 Hessey Rev. Robt. Falkner, Magdalen College, Oxford 
 Hewitt Capt. William Vigors, 3, Church Street, 
 
 Widcombe. Bath 
 Hill G. D., Esq , Laura Place, Bath 
 Hill Miss, 16, Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, London 
 Hogg Lieut.-Col., 9, Eaton Place, London ... 
 Horner Rev. John S. H., Mells Rectory, Frome 
 Hughes Miss, 18, Brock Street, Bath 
 Hugo Rev. Thos., Pittville, Clapton, London, 
 Hunt Ezra, Esq., Bath ... 
 Hunt Miss, 20, St. James's Square, Bath 
 Hunter Julian, Esq., M.D., Bath ... 
 
 Jervis Lady, Bailbrook Lodge, Bath 
 
 Jackson Rev. Canon, F.S.A., Leigh Delamere 
 
 Jackson Rev. Thos., Sydney Buildings, Bath 
 
 Jackson Miss, Shrewsbury... 
 
 Jenyns Rev. L., President of Bath Natural History and 
 
 Antiquarian Field Club, &c. , 1, Darlington Place, Bath 
 Jessop Charles Moore, Esq., M.K.C.S., Castle Hill Fort, 
 
 Dover 
 Johnstone D., Esq., 13, Marlborough Buildings, Bath... 
 Jones Rev. W. H., F.S.A., Bradford-on-Avon 
 Jones Col. Inigo, Kelston Park, Bath 
 
 Kemble Rev. Chas., Rector of Bath, Vellore, Bath ... 
 Kenrick Rev. John, F.S.A., Monkgate, York... 
 Kerslake Mr., Bristol 
 Kilvert Rev. Francis, Executors of the late .. 
 
 Lyell Sir Chas., Bt., F.S.A., President British Association 
 Langton W. H. Gore. Esq., M. P., Newton Park, B,ath... 
 Lasbury Mr. Olive, Bristol 
 Lean George Stuckey, Esq., 3, Cavendish Crescent, Bath 
 
 Lee J. E., Esq., Caerloon, Monmouthshire ... 
 Lewis Mrs., Cornwall Villa, Bathwick Hill, Bath 
 Lewis Mrs., Dennel Hill, Chepstow... 
 Ley Rev. Jacob, Staverton Vicarage, Daventry 
 Ley Rev. John, Waldrou Rectory, Uckfield ... 
 Ley Miss, Sowton Rectory, Exeter ... 
 Little Capt. Alexander, R.N., 70, Pulteney Street, Bath 
 Long W., Esq., 10, Lansdown Place East, Bath 
 Lysons Rev. Samuel, M.A., F.S.A., Hempstead Court, 
 near Gloucester ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 Malaliide Lord Talbot de, Malahide Castle, and 
 Evercreech ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 Midleton Very Rev. and Eight Hon. Lord Viscount, 
 
 Dean of Exeter 
 Miles Sir \Vm., Bart., M.P., Leigh Court, Bristol 
 Murchison Sir Roderick Impey, F.R.S., F.G.S., 
 Murch Jerom, Esq., Mayor of Bath, Cranwells, Bath 
 MacDonnell Mrs., Prior Lodge, Lyncombe, Bath 
 Macphail Rev. W. St. Maur, Farrington Gurney, Wilts 
 Markland J. H., Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Lans- 
 down Crescent ... 
 Mathewman Mrs., Alma House, Headington, Leeds ... 
 Mathew Mrs. Felton, Locksley, Northam, Devonshire 
 May Mr. F., Bookseller, Taunton ... 
 M'Caul Rev. John, LL.D., President of the University 
 
 College, Toronto 
 Meek Mrs., Hillworth House, Devizes 
 Mitchell Mrs., 5, Titchfield Terrace, Regent's Park 
 Mitchell Miss, 4, Raby Place, Bath... 
 Mogg H. J., Esq., Midsomer Norton 
 Morgan Octavius, Esq., M.P., F.S.A. 
 Morgan John, Esq., 3, Sussex Place, Hyde Park Gardens 
 Morrice Rev. W. D., Longbridge DeveriU, Warminster 
 Morrice Miss Mary, 29, Pulteney Street, Bath 
 Morris Mrs., 44, Pulteney Street, Bath 
 Moor Rev. J. F., 9, Sion Place, Bath .„ 
 
 Moore Chas., Esq., F.G.S., Bath ... 
 Moule Major-General, Belmont, Melksham ... 
 Moulton Stephen, Esq., Kingston House, Bradford-on- 
 Avon... 
 Murchison K. B., Esq., Manor House, Bathford 
 
 Newenham, Capt., R.N., Dunsford Place, Bath 
 
 Nichols Rev. W. L., Keynsham House 
 
 Nichols Miss, Hanger Hill, near London 
 
 Nichols John Gough, Esq., F.S.A. , he, Brighton, and 
 
 Parliament Street, Westminster ... 
 Nortbey Lieut.-Col., Claverton Manor, Bath... 
 Nutt Rev. C. H., Harptree 
 
 Ormerod Geo., Esq., Sedbury Park, Chepstow 
 
 Powis the Rt. Hon. the Earl, 45, Berkeley Square, London 
 
 Palairet Rev. R., Norton St. Philip's 
 
 Parfitt Rev. Canon, Cottles House, Atworth, Wilts 
 
 Paris Robert, Esq., Ringwood, Hants 
 
 Payne E. T., E,sq., Bath ... 
 
 Petit John L., E.sq., 9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn 
 
 Pinchin Mrs.. Bathwick Hill, Bath ... 
 
 Potts Miss, Watergate Street, Chester 
 
 Poynder T. H A., Esq., M.A., Hartham Park, Bath ... 
 
 Pretty Edmund, Esq., F.S.A., Chillington House, 
 
 Maidstone 
 Price Miss, The Grove, Port Hill, Shrewsbury 
 Prideaux George Fisher, Esq., Glenmaire Lodge, 
 
 Cotham, Bristol ... ... ... ... 1 
 
SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Pringle Mrs., Bathwiek Hill, Bath ... 
 
 Pycroft Rev. J., 27, Gloucester Gardens, London 
 
 Quekett Edward, Esq., Parrett Lodge, liangport 
 Quin J., Esq., National Provincial Bank, Bath 
 
 Rainev Mr .James, S, Widcombe Crescent, Bath 
 R. J. L. L. 
 
 Ratlibone R. Reynolds, Esq., St. Michael's Hamlet, near 
 
 Liverpool 
 Rawdon C. Wyndbam, Esq., 30, Pulteney Street, Bath ... 
 Roberts Mr. W., Bookseller, Broadcjate, Exeter 
 Roseoe Mrs., Bathwick Hill, Bath~'... 
 Rowley Rev. Dr., W'illey Rectory, Bridgnorth 
 
 Style Sir Charles, Bart., 102, Sydney Place,Bath 
 
 Salisbury The Very Rev. the Dean of, Deanery, Salisbury 
 
 Salmon Eyre, Esq., Holcombe House, Stratton 
 
 Sandford W., Esq., 9, .Springfield Place, Bath 
 
 Saunders T. W., Esq., Recorder of Bath 
 
 Sayce Rev. Henry S., Apsley House, Batheaston 
 
 Scarth Jonathan, Esq., Shrewsbury ... 
 
 Scarth T. F., Esq., Keverstone, Darlington ... 
 
 Scarth Mrs., Keverstone, Darlington 
 
 Scarth W. Thos., Esq. 
 
 Scholefield W., Esq., M.P., Reform Club, London 
 
 .Scott Mrs., Duke Street, Bath 
 
 Shaw Mrs., Beechen Cliff Villa, Bath 
 
 Shum Mr. F., Henrietta Street, Bath 
 
 Simmons Henry Argent, Esq., Spa Villa, Bathwick Hill, 
 Bath 
 
 Simmons Miss, Spa Villa, Bathwick Hill, Bath 
 
 Simms George H., Esq., Muntebello, Bathwick Hill, Bath 
 
 Simms Mr. S. W., Bookseller, Bath ... 
 
 Skrine Henry Duncan, Esq., Manor House, Warleigh ... 
 
 Slade Mrs., Pulteney Street, Bath ... 
 
 Smith Hubert, Esq., St. Leonard's, Bridgnorth, Shrop- 
 shire 
 
 Smith Miss Abingdon, 30, Royal Crescent, Bath 
 
 Solly Miss, 32, Marlborough Buildings, Bath 
 
 Spode J., Esq., Hawkesyard Park, near Rugeley, 
 .Staffordshire ... 
 
 Spode Mrs., Hawkesyard Park, near Rugeley, Staf- 
 fordshire ... ... 
 
 Steele Rev. Dr., Bathwidi Terrace, Bath 
 
 Stratton Joseph, Esq., Manningford Bruce, Marl- 
 borough, Wilts 
 
 Stone John, Esq., Town Clerk of Bath 
 
 Stothert, John, Esq., Bathwick Hill, Bath ... 
 Stothert Richard, Esq., Raby Place, Bath ... 
 Stothert Mrs. Henry, 3, Perrymead, Bath 
 Symonds Dr., Clifton Hill House, Clifton 
 
 Taylor W., Esq., Harptree Court, Bristol 
 
 Thomas Henry Harington, Esq., 77, Pulteney Street, 
 
 B.ath 
 Thompson Mrs., Thing-wall Hall, Liverpool ... 
 Tite W., Esq., M.P , Lowndes Square, London 
 Trevor Alfred S., Esq., The Vinery, Bridgnorth 
 Tucker Charles, Esq., Marlands, Exeter 
 Tugwell George Clutterbuck, Esq., Crow Hall, Bath 
 Tugwell Rev. George, Ilfracombe ... 
 
 Uttermere Thos. B., Esq., Langport 
 
 Vane the Lord Harry, Battle Abbey 
 Vaughan John Esq., Raby Villa, Bath 
 Vivian G. Esq., Claverton Manor, and Upper Grosve- 
 nor Street, London 
 
 Waldron Mrs., Bathwick Hill. Bath 
 
 Walker Thos. F. W., M.A., F.R.G S., 6, Brock Street, 
 
 Bath 
 Wansey W., Esq., Bognor, Sussex, and Reform Club, 
 
 London 
 Ware Captain, 1, Pelham Villas, S. Kensington 
 Warner Rev. J. Lee, Thorpland, Fakenham ... 
 Watson Thomas Sandon, Esq., M.D., 9, Lansdown 
 
 Crescent, Bath 
 Way Albert, Esq., Wonham Manor, Reigate, Surrey ... 
 Wemyss Mrs., 3, Green Park Buildings, Bath 
 Whittington John, Esq., Queen's Parade Place, Bath ... 
 WiUock Mrs. G., 11, Lansdown Crescent, Bath 
 Winwood Rev. Henry H., M.A., 4, Cavendish Crescent, 
 
 Bath 
 Wood Rev. James, M.A., 10, Burlington Street, Bath ... 
 Woodward R., Esq.. Chargrove, Cheltenham ... 
 WoUaston Dr., Stafford ... 
 Wright William, Esq., Sigglesthorne Hall, near Hull, 
 
 Yorkshire 
 
 Yalden Mrs., Alphington, Exeter ... 
 
 Yates James, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Lauderdale House, 
 
 Highgate 
 Yates Miss Ellen, Farmfield, near Liverpool ... 
 
 R. E. PEACH, PRINTER, BRIDGE .STREET, BATH. 
 
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