^ 
 
 / 
 
 A 
 
^/i ?liUn?:> J^amt?/ arid J^ra^/z/cti^TU hra^t ; 
 
 71 Vic n d?-^aet/i cowrt /i&r,JA^ rm2*&{/j /i€r5^ac^, 
 A?id jA€?iv /ur c/iam?j t^p /irr ada/it^d /9ac€. 
 
 M^U/:-^ ycu//^ 
 
THE 
 
 LABORATORY: 
 
 -lifter o R, y9b. 
 SCHOOL of A R T S. 
 
 IN WHICH ARE 
 
 Faithfully Exhibited, and fully Explained, 
 
 I. A Variety of curious and valu- 
 able Experiments in Refining, 
 Calcining, Melting, Aflayin^, 
 Carting, Allaying, and Tough- 
 ening of Gold; with feveral 
 other Curiofities relating to 
 Gold and Siluer. 
 
 II. Choice Secrets for Jeixellers 
 in the Management o{ Gold; in 
 Enamelling, and the Prepara- 
 tion of Enamel Colours, with 
 the Art of Copying Precious 
 Stones; of preparing Colours 
 for Doublets ; of Colouring/'cv/iV 
 for Jerivels, together with other 
 rare Secrets. 
 
 III. Several uncommon Experi- 
 ments for Carting in Sil-ver, 
 Copper, Brafs, Tin, Steel, and 
 other Metals ; Likewife in 
 Wax, Plaijier of Paris, Wood, 
 Horn, &c. With the Manage- 
 ment of the refpedlive Moulds. 
 
 IV. The Art of making (7//?/} ; 
 Exhibiting withal the Art of 
 
 Painting and making rmprefli- 
 ons upon Glajs, and of laying 
 thereon Gold or Silver ; toge- 
 ther with the Method of pre- 
 paring the Colours for P oilers 
 Work, or Ddft //-'are. 
 
 V. A Colleftion of very valuable 
 Secrets, for the Ufe oi Cutlers, 
 Peav/erers, Brajiers, 'joiners. 
 Turners, yapanners. Bookbinders, 
 Dijlillcrs, Lapidaries, Limners, 
 Sec. togech'T with the Art of 
 Marbling Boois or Paper. 
 
 VI. A Diflertation on the Nature 
 and Growth of Saltpetre: Alfo, 
 feveral other choice and un- 
 common Chymical Experiments. 
 
 VII. The Art of preparing Roc- 
 kets, Crackers, Fire-Globes, Stars, 
 Sparks, Sec. for Recreative Fire- 
 
 Works. 
 
 VIII. The Art and Management 
 of Dying Silks JForJfeds, Coitgn, 
 (Sec. in various Colours. 
 
 Compiled from German, and other foreign Authors. 
 Illtiftrated with Copper-Plates. 
 
 By G. SMI T M. 
 
 The F 1 
 With Additions of a 
 
 F t 
 
 H Edition, 
 
 Niu 
 
 'ith Additions of a great Number of valuable Receipts; 
 particularly, A ihorr. plain, and e.ify lutroducflion to ths 
 Art of drawing in Perspective. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Primed for Stanley Crowder, No. 12, in Paternoflcr-Row, and 
 Ji.CcLLjf.s, in Salin.iiry. Mrccj..v.\. 
 
T O 
 
 Martin Folkes, Efq; 
 
 S I K, 
 
 THE honour I prefume to do myfelf liiprefent- 
 ing you with a new edition of the Labora- 
 tory, or. School of Arts, will not, I flatter 
 myfelf, occafion your difpleafure, but meet with a 
 favourable acceptance: the reception this book has 
 met with from the public has engaged me to aug- 
 ment this fifth impreflion with a confiderable num- 
 ber of fcarce and valuable Receipts and Inflrudlions 
 for the benefit of fuch as delight in acquiring ufeful 
 knowledge, and whofe endeavours aim at the im- 
 provement of their faculties, by trying experiments 
 which have a tendency to their own and the public 
 advantage. 
 
 I cannot, without fome concern, refled: on the 
 great difappointment I meet with in the publica- 
 tion of a work of far greater confequence *, which 
 Sir, had the fandion and approbation, not only of 
 
 * The A^a Gennanica^ or Literary Memoirs oi Germany ^ i^c, 
 A 2 you. 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 you, but likewlfe of a conliderable number of other 
 gentlemen of learning and judgment, who deem'd it 
 a iDorky ivbich ivouid be both agreeable and fervice able 
 to the public : but, for want of fufficient encourage^ 
 ment, I have been under a neceliity to fufpend the 
 farther continuation thereof: however, I ftill flatter 
 myfelf, that by your patronage, and the recommen- 
 dation of thofe Qther gentlemen, who are wqll- 
 wiOiers, and have already been promoters of it, a 
 fubfcription will be fet on foot, which may enable 
 me to go on with chearfulnefs, not only to finifh the 
 fecond volume, but likewife to complcat my defign. 
 
 Be pleafed, Sir, to pardon this digreffion, as fo- 
 reign to the purpofe of a Dedication, and accept of 
 the prefent performance, in token of acknowledge^ 
 ment for your kind offices in promoting the above 
 undertaking, while craving the farther continuation 
 of your favour and intereft, I do myfelf the honoup 
 to fubfcribe m.yfelf. 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your moil obliged and 
 
 ftioA: obedient humble fervant, 
 
 GODFREY SMITH. 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 TATURE, the mother of all vifihle beings; or 
 to fpeak more Chriftian-jike, the wifdom and 
 power of God, have difcovered themfelvcs throngh- 
 out the Liniverfe, in themoft admirable and furprizing 
 produdions. The wonders and innumerable curio- 
 lities of our particular fyliem, ravidi the eyes of every 
 beholder, who is thereby incited to acknowledge and 
 adore the Supreme Being, and firft intelligent caufe 
 of fo glorious a frame. 
 
 But the manifeftation of God*b perfedlions was not 
 the only delign of fuch a profulion and variety of 
 wonders; it was alfo defigned for the prefent ufe and 
 benefit of mankind, which is alfo, properly fpeakin-^, 
 a difplay of the divine goodnefs. In them we find a 
 plenty of every thing to fupply our wants, and all 
 manner of helps to bring to perfection the moil: ufeful 
 arts. For though nature has hid the bell:, and even 
 the richeft part of her productions, either in the deep, 
 or in the bowels of the earth, yet is (he willing and 
 ready to lay her treafures open to our diligent enqui- 
 ries, to our contemplation and ufe^ 'The more a 
 man applies himfelf to fuch refearches the better he 
 anfwers the end of his creation : but the lefs he is 
 endued with that fpiritof enquiry, the nearer he re- 
 fembles the brutes, who enjoy the prefent objed:s, 
 without refleding on their beauty, variety and ufe- 
 fulnefs ; without attending to any thing elfe but what 
 makes an aduai impreffion upon their fenfes. buch 
 are the people who trample on arts and fciences, and 
 
 defpife 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 defplfe thofe who apply themfelves to mechanic arts, 
 as well as fuch who endeavour to be ufeful in that re- 
 ipe6fc to their fellow-creatures. 
 
 I don't doubt but there will be many of that kind 
 (for with fuch the world abounds) who will fet their 
 wits at work to find fautt with this performance, ei- 
 ther as to the intrinsic merit of it, the truth "of fome 
 experiments, or the tranilator's flile. But to be be- 
 forehand with thofe gentlemen, and to fave them 
 fome trouble, I freely own myfelf to be a foreigner, 
 who have had no great (hare of fchool, much lefs of 
 Univerfity learning. Neverthelefs, I can fay without 
 vanity, that I am not deftitute of common {tn(e and 
 fome fhare of reading. 
 
 I have endeavoured to tranflate and compile this 
 work in a plain, eafy, and intelligible manner; and 
 if there is any fault, in point of grammar, or ortho- 
 graphy, gentlemen of good fenfe and good nature 
 will eafily excufe trifles, in confideration of the ufe- 
 fulnefs of the work itfelf. 
 
 However, we may venture to fay, that although it 
 was defign'd chiefly for the ingenious lovers of arts, 
 unfkilled in languages, with whom moft countries 
 abound, yet the learned themfelves may find therein 
 variety of matter, not unworthy their notice. 
 
 As to the truth of the experiments, I muft own, 
 that had my fortune anfwered my inclination, I would 
 have carefully examined moft of them beforehand : 
 but as that was not the cafe, 1 fhall leave it to thofe 
 gentlemen whofe purfes may be equal to the tafk, to 
 fatisfy their curiofity. I have, however, tried fome 
 of them, and they have anfwered my expectation, 
 
 which 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 which gives me room to believe that the reft are sfS 
 true. Befides, I have confulted people whole province 
 it was to be better acquainted with thofe particulars : 
 or, when I could not have fuch an opportunity, I 
 have weighed them the bed: I could, and duly exa- 
 mined their probability and the credit of the authors; 
 fo that I dare fay, moil:, if not all, of thofe experi- 
 ments will ftand the teft. 
 
 I know, objedions have been raifed againil: a few 
 articles here and there, particularly that concerning 
 the generation of Silk-Worms out of Teal ', but prefume 
 that experiments made to prove the truth of this fad:, 
 which we have inferted in this imprefiion, will in- 
 duce gentlemen not too haftily to form a judgment 
 on the fuppofed improbability of the thing, but to 
 wait till trials performed by themfelves or others fhali 
 determine whether fuch fads really be as they are 
 reprefented or not. 
 
 When iirfl this book was put to prefs, I had fome 
 hints given me, that the publication thereof would 
 give offence to tradefmen or artificers, whofe myfte- 
 ries in their refpcdive profeflions would be, by that 
 means, laid open to every body. But as this argu- 
 ment feemed to me to be of little weight, I did not 
 think proper to defifl fiom this undertaking : They 
 who are in a good way ot bufinefs, will hardly neg- 
 led it or leave it off, in hopes of making a better 
 fortune by trying of projeds. And fuppofing fome 
 ingenious perfons fliould, by their induftry, in trying 
 and putting any of the experiments in execution, bet- 
 ter their fortune, or get an honeft livelihood, where 
 would be the harm ? Mud a man, for fear of dif- 
 
 pleafing 
 
The P R E F A C fi. 
 
 pleafing a few private perfbns, be debarred from the 
 knowledge of things, which may be advantageous- 
 both to himfelf and his country, and be denied the 
 fatisfadlion in curious inquiries ? My aim in the pub- 
 lication of this work is to hurt no body, but to o- 
 blige the curious and lovers of art and ingenuity, 
 who take pleafure in tr^'ing experiments of one fort 
 or other: amufements much more delightful and fa- 
 tisfadory, to fome gentlemen, than gaming, hunt- 
 ing, reading of novels, and the like. Artificers and 
 handycraftfmen will find it a very ufeful performance. 
 They will, perhaps, make fome new and advantage- 
 ous difcoveries relating to their trade, which before 
 they were ignorant of. The felfillinefs and ill-nature 
 of fome mafters is fuch, that they will keep their 
 apprentices, during {e\cn year?, on particular fervile 
 branches, and conceal from them the moft elTenrial 
 part of their bufinefs, by doing things in private. It 
 concerns thofe who have laboured, or do labour, 
 under fuch an unjuft or ungenerous proceeding, to 
 ftrive to be better informed. And to many of fuch 
 this book will not be a ufclcfs purchafe, if they pe- 
 rufe with attention, and try the experiment^ as far 
 as lies in their power. 
 
 As four imprefiions of thefe my endeavours have 
 met with a favourable reception from the public, I 
 hope they will, in this fifth edition, flvare the fame 
 fate; the more as the additional number of very va- 
 luable receipts and inflrucffions is confiderable ; they 
 are the fruits of a good intention^ and prefented to 
 the curious with fincerity. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 LABORATORYj 
 
 S C H O O L of A R T S, ^c. 
 
 P A R T L 
 
 jf variety of cUrious and valuable experimetit's in refining, calciri- . 
 iiig, melting, afiaying, cafting, allaying, and toughening of 
 GOLD; with fever al curiofities relating to gold and ftlver. 
 
 f^'fJ-r^'py^ S gold of all other metals is the mofl: noble and itiofi 
 yi.ji ^f^fk valuable, it is juftly diftinguilhed from all the reft 
 I A I by the nam.e of the king cf metals. Europe as 
 ):(■*( jHfX well as the other parts of the world, affords fe- 
 lhLX"^!S'jfl^ vera] gold mines ; but Peru^ in the Spanijh JVefi 
 Indies^ particularly abounds in them j froan whence almoft e^ 
 very nationt is fupplied with it.- 
 
 Of all metals, gold is the mofl- folid : it confift^ of particle? 
 fo fine and clofely conne6led, that it" is a difficult matter to" 
 feparate- it : It will refifl the life, and not fiiffer any diminu- 
 tion by the hea-»- tlicreof, though never fo fierce and violent. 
 It is not fubje6l to ruft, but retains its natural colour. Its 
 weight is ten times heavier than earth, and a piece of gold 
 contains feven times the matter that a piece cf glafs doth of 
 the fame magnitude. It is cf a" malleable temper, arid' fpreads 
 under a hammer more than any oth^r metal, and by the hand 
 of a fkiiful irrtift, may be wrought into any form or fhape. 
 There is no folid. body that can be extended fo much as gold'; 
 one ©nnce beaten into leaves, would cover ten acres of ground.- 
 
 B- Wire- 
 
2 r^^ LABOR ATORYi d!r, 
 
 Wirediawers extend out of an ounce of gold a thread of 
 230800 feet long. 
 
 Gold being then of a pure and folid fubftance, its intrinfic 
 value cannot be diminifliM by the moft violent lire, nor any 
 other means, but only by the mixing and incorporating it 
 with other metals, and when this is done, its purity or value 
 is diftinguiihed by the number of carats. The finefl gold, 
 which is free from any allay, is commonly called gold of 24. 
 carats, and as many carats there be below that nuirrher, fo 
 much is the gold Icllened from its original value, according 
 to the proportion of the allay of filver and copper ; fo that 
 i of lilver and | of copper to j of gold, being incorporated to- 
 gether, makes a gold of 12 carats, and fo on. 
 
 To fepaj-ate the gold from the ore. 
 
 AT the gold mines in the kingdom of Hungary they have 
 feveral ways of fcparating it ; as burning, melting, and 
 adding fdver 01 e and other minerals, fand and lead, according 
 as the ore is fluid or fixed : for the generality they proceed 
 tlrus \ they break and pound the ore very fine in water ; they 
 v;aih it often, and lay it in powder upon cloths, and by a 
 gentle oblique defcent of the water over it, and their con- 
 tinual Ifirnng it, the earthy, clayey and lighter parts are 
 walhed away, wliile the heavier and metallic remain in the 
 cloth : thefe cloths are afterwards wa(hed clean, in feveral 
 tubs, and the water, after fettling a little, is poured off from 
 its fediment j which fediment is again wafhed, and ftirred up 
 in feveral veiTels and troughs, 'till at length they fprinkle 
 quickfilver upon it, and knead it well together for an hour, and 
 then they walh it again in a wooden veifel ; ftriking the vefTel 
 againfl their leg,, they bring the gold and quickiilver toge- 
 ther into an amalgama: from this amalgama they llrain as 
 much of the quickfilver as ihey can, firfl: thro' coarfe, and 
 then thro' fine cloths ; the remaining mafs is put upon a per- 
 forated plate, v.hich is fet over a deep pan placed in the earth, 
 in the bottotn of which pan they alfo put quickiilver ; and 
 this pan is covered, and well luted; then they make a char- 
 coal lire upon it, and by that means drive down the quickiilver 
 which might itill remain in the gold, to the reil in the bottom 
 of the prn ; then taking out tlie gold, they give it a' fmart fire, 
 that it may flill become purer. 
 
 Of 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS, 3 
 
 Of Silver, 
 
 . 'T~^HE fined metal next to gold is filver, whieA is of a more 
 •*- fmooth and polifhed nature than gold ; it is malleable^' 
 but will not fo eafily yield or extend under tlie hammer, nei- 
 ther is it fo weighty as gold. 
 
 Silver is feldom found in mines by itfelf, but commonly ac- 
 companied or mixed with copper, lead, or gold. That mixed 
 among lead lies in a kind of black ore j but what is found in 
 copper, is for the generality in a hard white ore ; refembling 
 cryftal. Sometimes pieces of pure lilver are found in mines 
 fo hard, that it cannot be melted without the addition of a 
 quantity of other filver. There being a great variety of fil- 
 ver ore, both to its mixtures, fo likewife to its richnels ; feme: 
 containing a great proportion of filver to what others do; 
 I GO lb. weight of ore fometimes yields but \ ounce or ?.n ounce 
 of filver ; fometimes 2, 3, 4, 5 to 20 ounces : richer ore is 
 very rare ; yet, there has been fuch as contained half filver,- 
 and fome fo rich, as to be worked into filver utenfils without 
 refining it. 
 
 A fpecimen of each fort of ore is carried to an ofiice,- called 
 the Teft, where its richnefs is examined into by the follow- 
 ing method ; they take the fame quantity of the different 
 ores, after firll drying, burning, and grinding them, and give 
 to each an equal proportion of lead, then melt and purify 
 them, and by exadt fcales obferve the proportion between the 
 ore and its contained metal, and make a report thereof to 
 thofe employed in the large melting furnaces : If the ore is 
 found to contain i\ ounces or more to 100 lb. weight, they 
 melt it by the help of iron-ftone, called /Ty.f, and ilacken, z. 
 fcum or cake taken off from the top of the pan, into which 
 the melted mineral runs. If the ore be poorer, and contains 
 only two ounces or lefs to 100 lb. weight, it is firft pounded, 
 and then much of the earthy parts are wailied away, 'till it 
 becomes richer, after which it is thrown into a furnace with 
 the former materials, where it melts, and runs thro^ a hole at 
 the bottom into a pan, placed in the esrth befor*? it, and thus 
 expofed it immediately acquires a hard fcum, drofs or ceke,,- 
 which being often taken off, the remaining me'cai becomes 
 purer; to which lead is added, and after fome time the melted 
 met*l is taken out, then being^ again melted in the drivin'g- 
 
 B 2 f^". 
 
4 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y 
 
 cr 
 
 furnace, the lead and what elfe is mixed with the filver is dri- 
 ven elf by the blowing of two large bellows, and runs over 
 in the form of litharge ; that, which firft comes is the white, 
 and that which comes laft is the red litliarge. 
 
 Of Refining, 
 
 "p EFINING cr purifying of gold or filver, is an art by 
 ,'*^ which the impurities that are mixed with thefe metals 
 are feparated, and this is done four ways, viz. by parting, the 
 teft *, cementation, and by mercury. 
 
 Parting is done with aqua forth ; which the refiners make 
 thus : they take of faltpetre 31b. Dantzick vitriol 2 lb. and^ 
 mix them in a mcrtar,. and put the powder into a long-neck, 
 or earthen veiTel, fo called from its figure : fix or eight of thofe 
 long necks thus filled are placed in each fide of the furnace 
 in a range built with iron bars,, at about nine inches diftance 
 from each other, and elofed at the fides with bricks, the up- 
 per arches are left open to put in and take out the pots : e^ep 
 the arches they lay large bars of iron, and then they cover all 
 the rop of the furnace with loam-, the body of each long-neck 
 lying expoftd to the fire, and the neck without, to which- the 
 receivers of glafs are well luted ; the lute is made of good 
 loam, fome horfe-dung, and a litde colcothar. Tho' the two 
 forme? will do pretty well, in cafe the latter is not to be had : 
 The luting being well mixed and applied, they make a gentle 
 charcoal tire under the pots for three hours, and then tliey \w- 
 creafeit for three hours more, about the feventh hour they make 
 a vehement hot fire for four hours, and fling in towards the end 
 well dried bilkts of oak, of the length of the furnace, whofe 
 flame furrounds all the pots, and finilhes the work : next day 
 
 * The lej} is a round iron ring, fome are made ox'sT, about two, 
 t'lree,. or more inches dtep, according, to the largenefs and the 
 cjuantity of the filver to be refined. This ring is filled with wood- 
 afhfs well clcanfed and jirelTcd very cloie ; at the top there is a 
 cavity, cominonly funk with an iron ball for to contain the filver : 
 Brfore the aflies are quite tiry, you put a cloth ov;r it with line 
 a(he3 of trotter bones, which >ou fi ft upon, thro* ai ne hair fieve, 
 then place it on a tile, in a wind fornace, cover ir ^ifh a muffel, 
 and make it red hor ; when fo done, then put in the fi ver to be re- 
 fuied. Vide plate LI. fig. i. 
 
 the 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 5 
 
 the receivers axe carefully feparateJ from the long-necks, and 
 the aqua fortis taken care of, and put by for ufe as occafio.i 
 ferves. 
 
 To refine gold from (ther by parting. 
 
 pUT three parts or more of filvcr to one part of gold in- 
 ■*■ to a crucible, give it a bri(k tire, and when in fufion, 
 granulate it ; tlien, after you have dry'd the grains, put them 
 into aqua fortis^ wherein the filver will difiblve, and the 
 gold will precipitate and fettle at the bottom, in a powder. 
 After the gold is fettled, pour off the diflblution of filver, 
 wafh the gold powder with clean water, and fweeten it from 
 all the fliarpnefs of the aqua fortis. Then dry and melt it in 
 a fmall crucible, with a little borax or faltpetre ; and when 
 in fufion, and looks of a bright colour, caft it into an ingot 
 or mould you have for that purpofe. See plate II. fig. 5. 
 
 To bring the folution of the filver into a body, pour it in 
 a thick-bottom'd copper bowl, that is thorough clean ; add to 
 it ten times the quantity of clean water, and the whole will 
 turn of a (ky colour ; fling a little fait into it, ftir it about 
 with a clean wooden ftick, and the filver will precipitate to 
 the bottom of the confidence of a thin pafle. After it has fet- 
 tled for three hours or longer, pour off the water into another 
 clean copper bowl, and add fome warm water to the fedi- 
 inent, whici\ will alib turn to a fky colour, b\it paler than the 
 fail : repeat this till the water comes off clear, and the filver 
 remains free from all iharpnefs or fait. Warm th^ lirft blue 
 v/ater in the bowl, fling a iittle fait into it, and the filver that 
 rcinain'd will fettle at the bottom. Pour off the water, dry 
 the fediments, and then, after you have greas'd or vvax'd your 
 crucible, melt them therein with a little borax. 
 
 How to granulate filver in the bef manner. 
 
 '"pAKE a twig or two of a birch-broom, with thefe 
 -*■ ftir the water, in which you deliga to granulate, in a 
 circular motion, at the fame time pour your filver with 
 difcretion into it, between the branches of the twigs j and 
 the procefi will anfwer to your fatisfa£tion. 
 
 B 1 Another 
 
^he I. A B O R A T O R Y ; or. 
 
 Another method to fcparate gold from f^her. 
 
 'AKE the lllver which contains gold, granulate it, 
 or e!fe caft it into an ingot ; then hammer it into thin 
 plates, and out them in httle pieces, roll them up in 
 i'crolls, fo a5 not only to convey them eafily through the neck 
 pf the matrafs, but allb to prevent the plates laying upon one 
 another, which v^ould hinder the operation. Then pour to 
 one ounce of filver, two ounces of aqua fortis -^ flop your 
 matrafs, yet fo as to give it a little vent ; place it over a coal 
 ^re, and let it leifurely advar^ce to working and boiling ; 
 continue it thus until the filver is wholly dilfolved, and the 
 aqua fortis looks of a clear colour. If the filver contains 
 any gold, you will fee it fettle at the bottom of the matrafs, 
 in a blackifh powder ; but if there appears little or no black 
 fediment, it is a fign the filver contains no gold. 
 
 Pour the filver- water from off the fediment very gently and 
 carefully into a glafs or pan, lince there is in every drop a 
 piixture of filver ; but particularly take care of the black 
 fediment, for that is the gold calx. 
 
 \['o this filver-water put ten times the quantity of rain or 
 river-water, which is better than fpring-water : and at the 
 bottom of the pan put a red hot plate of copper, which will 
 caufe the filver to precipitate to the bottom, and by degree^ 
 to hang to the plate, fo as to cover it. 
 
 On tlie black fediment pour about an inch high of clear 
 v/ater, which v;ill, for the iirft or fccond time, turn whitifh, 
 becaufe of the filver that remains therein ; add this water to 
 that in the glafs, and continue pouring of water on the gold 
 calx until it comes off clear ; then put the gold calx into a 
 fmall crucible, driiin off the water and let it dry ; melt it in 
 the fame crucible with a little borax, and you will have the 
 pureft gold. 
 
 To ti*y whether there is any filver remaining in the water, 
 fling a little fait in it, and let it fiand all niglit to fettle ; if 
 there i? any, the water will turn turbid and muddy, but if 
 there is no iilver remaining, the fait will fettle at the bottom 
 of the glafs, and the water remain clear. After it has fettled 
 24, hours, or more, pour the clear water from off the top, and 
 put the fediment, w-hich Is the filver calx, into a crucible 
 Which has been warnie.i ?nd tiie iufide waxed all over j in this 
 
 let 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 jhfi 
 
 ,// tnv Jron Ba/-iif . 
 d- S/7iC fovd r . 
 
 ^d'ur/iacf' /I'i^/i a 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 7 
 
 Jet the calx fettle, then pour off the dear water ; when the 
 calx is dry, melt it as has been directed, and you will have the 
 purefl: filver for ufe. This is the ihorteft manner cf I'eparating 
 thefe metals. 
 
 To feparate gold or filver from other metals, 
 
 'Tp A K E your coppel *, and put it under a mu^el f, which 
 ■* cover all over with live coals, adding dead ones to 
 them, and by degrees augmenting the heat, till both the 
 muffel and coppel are red hot. Then put, according to your 
 quantity of gold or filver, a proportionable quantity of lead 
 into the coppel, which is commonly four parts of lead to one 
 part of gold or iilver. When the lead is melted, and of 
 a fparkling and fine quickfilver colour, then put your gold 
 or filver upon it, and it will melt prefently : give it a brifk 
 fire, and the bafer metals will mix and unite with the lead, 
 but the gold or filver remain in the middle, clean and purified 
 from all drofs, which fixes itfelf to the fides like a fcum ; this 
 you take ofi", preventing its entering into the pores of the 
 coppel, and this is what is called litharge. Continue the fire 
 till you obferve no rifing of fumes. 
 
 By thefe means gold and filver is feparated or purified from 
 drofs and other metals and impurities. 
 
 * The coppd is made like an earthen cup, not glazed, but able 
 to withftand the fire ; this lined throughout with pafte, made either 
 of wood alhes, or the allies of bones, mixed up to a mafs with 
 either flrong beer, urine, or whites of eggs. The wood a(hes are 
 wafhed in feveral waters, till they have loir all their filth and fait, 
 and the water comes off clear and fwcet, as when firll put on. The 
 bone afhes lofe their fait in the fire, and are commonly burnt of trot- 
 ter-bones, or thofe of calves heads ; fome prefer fifh hones before any 
 ether : the afhes, whichfoever are ufed, muft be fiited through a 
 fine hair fieve. After having prepared this p;iRe or mafs, the cup is 
 lined all over the infide very fmooth and neat, leaving only a cavity 
 or a hollow in the middle, to hold the matter that is to be coppehd^ 
 and then it is kx. to dry. The fize of thei'e coppeh are made to the 
 quantity of the metal to be purified. See platt II. jig z. 
 
 t A mufel is made of one part of clay, mixed with one part of 
 fand and two parts of horfe dung : work up this, firll; in a fquare 
 flat, with a rolling pin, to the thicknefs of a crown piece, and then 
 bend it into an arch and let it dry. Some only ufe pipe-clay by itfelf. 
 Ste- plate II. /?■. 3. 
 
 B 4 To 
 
$ The LABORATORY; «r. 
 
 To refine gold by antimony, 
 
 'Tp O one ounce of gold, take four ounces of antimony, melt 
 -'■ the gold in a proportionable crucible ; at the fame time 
 melt the antimony in another large crucible, and throw the 
 gold into it, then make it red hot ; when fo, call it into a brafs 
 cone *, but let the inlide be a little warmed and greafed with 
 tallow before you ufe it ; then with a piece of wood, or with 
 a handle of a hammer, knock pretty hard and quick upon the 
 ri/n, which promotes the gold's finking to the bottom ; when 
 cold, turn it out of the cone-, and you will fee the regulus ; 
 beat it gently off with a hammer, and lay it by. Then take 
 the antimony, put it into the fame crucible, melt it as before, 
 and when turned out, you will find a little regufus ; if you 
 think you have not all the gold, you may repeat it a third 
 time. When this is done then feparate the remaining anti- 
 mony from the gold, thus : Take a pretty large crucible, put 
 the regulus and a handful oi faltpetre into it; then take an- 
 other crucible fitted in the former, make a vent-hole in the 
 bottom, and turn it upfade down, fo that the hole may be up- 
 permofl. When the wide ends of the crucibles fit well, take 
 a lute, mix it with fome pounded glafs, and lute jt v/ell, let it 
 dry very well before a fire, then take a brick-bat, put it \x\ 
 your melting-place, and lute your crucible upon it : this done, 
 lay a little fmall fire about it ; on that lay deal charcoal, to 
 the top of the upper crucible, but take care the hole be not 
 covered : as the heat of the fire augments, fo the faltpetre goes 
 off in flrong fumes through the hole. When the fumes ceafe, 
 give it a flrong heat for an hour or lefs, according to the quan- 
 tity ; then take the cri^cible out of the fire, and let it coo] ; or 
 elle when you fee the crucible turn black, you may quench it 
 in a pail of v;ater ; knock oft the bottom of the crucible, and 
 you v/ill find the gold refined ; then take a clean proportionable 
 crucible, put a little horqx and the gold into it, mtlt and cafl 
 it into an ingot. This is the fineft gold pollible. 
 
 To prepare a crucible fo as. not to contraff any gold, though it is 
 for fcvcral hours in the greatefi heat. 
 
 A K E a good crucible, which v^rill fland the fire, 
 warm it a little, and fmear or rub it over with a rhind 
 of bacon, both infide and outfide ; then put it in a warm 
 * ijee the figure of a cone, Plate II. ftg, 4. 
 
 place 
 
 T 
 
SCHOOL tf/ ARTS. 9 
 
 place to dry j when dry repeat rubbing it over again as before, 
 and Jet it dry : this you do for three or four times. This done 
 . warm your crucible again, and fmear it, both out and inlide, 
 plentifully with foap, then put it to dry, and before you ufe 
 it, put it on a charcoal fire, and the foap will burn in a flame, 
 when it is burnt out, then you may ufe it for melting gold or 
 filver, and it will attra(ft nothing of thefe metals as your com- 
 mon crucible will. 
 
 A method of purifying gold^ by ivciy of cementation. 
 
 pEA^ENTATION is a fingular and ufeful art, by 
 ^-^ which gold may be purified from the allay of any other 
 metal ; and this is done by means of a moiftened powder, 
 which eats and confumes the impurer metals in it : but it is 
 to be obferved, that this cementation is only to be ufed where 
 the gold has the predominancy ; otherwife if there fhould be 
 more filver or other metal than gold, it is better to perform 
 the feparation with aquafortis^ as has been diredfed. 
 
 The cementing powders are prepared of fuch falts and in- 
 gredients as by their acrimony or Iharpnefs confume the filver 
 or copper. 
 
 To thefe are alfo added, * as ufum, which gives the 
 gold a fine colour ; alfo blood-flone^ tutia^ crocus martis^ 
 calcined vitriol^ and feveral other things heighten the beauty 
 of that metal. 
 
 Brick-duft is ufed in this cement, in order to receive the 
 allay, whether it be filver or copper, or any other metal, 
 from the ingredients that attract and feparate them from the 
 gold, which otherwife would adhere to the gold. I (hall here 
 fet down a few receipts of fuch cements as have been tried 
 with fuccefs. 
 
 * jEs ujlum is prepared thus ; Stratify plates of.copper with pow- 
 dered fulphur in a large crucible, cover and lute it with a cover 
 that has a hole in the middle, to give vent for the fumigation ; 
 give it a ftrong fire in a wind -furnace, fo long till you fee no exha- 
 lation of \apours; then take off your places whilll hot, feparate 
 them, and when culj, best them to a powder, which is the as 
 vjium. 
 
 TAK E 
 
10 r-6<? L ABORATOR Y; or, 
 
 '"p A K E fine brick-duft one part, and fine pounded fait, 
 ^ one part, moiften and mix them with vinegar, and fill a 
 crucible half full, then ftratiry plates of gold, or gold coin, 
 ■with the aforefaid mixture or pafte, and prefs it clofe down ; 
 repeat this as you have occaficn, and put a thick layer at top ; 
 then cover and lute the crucible clofe, that nothing may eva- 
 porate : when this is done, fix your crucible upon a high brick, 
 in the middle of the furnace, give it a violent heat for twelve 
 hours, and the fait will eat and confume the impurities of the 
 gold, and attrail it into the brick-duft. Or^ 
 
 np A K E in weight of faltpetre, of allum, and of fal- 
 ^ armoniac, one part ; two parts of vitriol j four parts 
 of fait ; either parts of brick-duft, and mix them with vinegar j 
 ftratify this mixture and the gold, as before directed, in the 
 crucible ; cover and lute it well, and give it a violent fire for 
 an hour or two, and let it cool of itfelf j but before it is quite 
 cold, take out the gold, fling it into white- wine vinegar, and 
 boil it therein ; then brulh it, and after you have done this, 
 heat it red hot upon an iron plate. Or^ 
 
 'np A K E blood-ftone two ounces, ruft of iron, calcined 
 •*■ vitriol, fal-armoniac, verdegreafe, one ounce of each j 
 armenian bole, tutia, faltpetre, allum, \ of an ounce of each; 
 moiften this mixture three or four times with vinegar ; let 
 it dry between while, then grind it fine, and proceed as 
 directed ; give it a ftrong fire for three hours ; which repeat 
 three times. 
 
 To bring the filver out of the cementing powder or brick- 
 duft, mix it with glafs and granulated lead, let it melt together, 
 put it to the teft, and you will liave the filver again which was 
 
 in the gold. 
 
 To feparate gdd and filver cut ef the /weepings. 
 
 tr^ A K E fweepings, put them into a pan well glazed, add 
 •*- a proportionable quantity of mercury to them, mix the 
 diift and mercury with your hands v/cll together, fo long 
 till you think the mercury has extracfted all the gold and 
 filver from the duft j then put the xnafs into a piece of wafn- 
 
 leather, 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. ii 
 
 leather, and wring out the mercury, what remains in the 
 leather will be like a pafte ; put that into an alembick, and 
 drive the mercury from it into a difli with water, which put 
 under the head to receive it ; what remains put to the teft, 
 rehne it with lead, and feparate it with aqua forth,. 
 
 Tofeparate the gold from gilded copper^ 
 
 'TPAKE four ounces of yellow brimftone, two ounces of 
 fal-armoniac, one ounce of faltpetre, half an ounce of 
 borax, and grind them hne, with flrong vinegar, to 
 a pafte ; which lay thin over the gilded copper, give it a 
 gentle heat until the pafte is burned away and the copper 
 looks black, then take it out, and with a knife, or other fuch 
 inftrument, fcrape off the gold in a clean difla, and it will 
 come oft" very eafy. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 •T^AKE the root of bertram^ cut it fine, pour one 
 •*■ quart of ftrong white-wine vinegar upon it, put it into 
 a boiling-pot, cover it with a lid, lute it well, and let 
 it boil a little, then take it oft' the fire and let it cool. After 
 this, take a copper cup, or any other thing that is gilded, 
 neal it well, quench it in that liquid, and the gold will fall off 
 from the copper to the bottom, which wafti, and then melt 
 together in a crucible. Or, 
 
 TpAKE fine fal-armoniac two parts, fulphur one part, 
 grind them well together, anoint it with linfeed oil, 
 ftrew the powder upon it, hold the gilded piece to the fire 
 over an earthen difti with water ; ftrike it with an iron, and 
 the gold will fall oft" into the dilh. Or, 
 
 "T^AKE faltpetre and borax, one ounce of each, diftblve 
 -*■ them in a little quantity of water; then neal your cop- 
 per, and quench it in this water ; repeat this feveral times, 
 gnd the gold will fall to the bottom. 
 
 2> 
 
12 rbe LABORATORY; or. 
 
 To feparate copper from filver, or any other allay. 
 
 TAKE half an ounce of verditer, or Spanijl) greeny 
 white vitriol and fulphur, one ounce of each ; alluin 
 half an ounce ; boil all together in vinegar, in a glafs, put 
 in your mixt iilver ; this will diflblve and cxtrad the copper, 
 and the filver remain whole. 
 
 To extras the filver out of a ring that is thick gilded, fo as the 
 gold may remain intire : a curious fecret. 
 
 'T^ AKE a filver ring that is thick gilded, make a little 
 -■' hole through the gold into the iilver, then put the ring 
 into fpirit of niter in a warm place i it will extract the filver, 
 and the gold will remain whole. 
 
 To make brittle gold malleable. 
 
 T>UT gold into a crucible, and give it a briflc fire in a 
 -*■ wind furnace, or before the bellows ; when the gold is 
 ready to melt, fling gently upon it fome good, dry and clear 
 faltpetre, which will prefjntly flame, and promote the fufion 
 of the gold the fooner, and the faltpetre will fpread and cover 
 the gold ; then caft it into an ingot, which before has been 
 warmed and anointed with wax. Or^ 
 
 'T^HE befl way of all to make gold malleable, is this : 
 Take human excrements, dry and calcine them in a 
 crucible to a black powder; when the gold is in fufion, fling 
 feme of this powder upon it, and give it a briflc fire ; when 
 the powder is confumed, caft the gold into an ingot, and it 
 v.'ill be fine and malleable : if you extract the fait from the 
 black powder before you ufe it, it will ftill have a better effect, 
 and that with a lefs quantity. 
 
 To make fiver that is brittle, pliable. 
 
 'T^AKE one mark of Iilver, half an ounce of glafs, one 
 
 ounce of faltpetre, a quarter of an ounce of borax, half 
 
 an ounce o{ fal gcnuncs ; put all this into a crucible, and cover 
 
 it with a lelTer one that has a vent-hole at the bottom, and lute it 
 
 well; 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 13 
 
 well; then give it a brifk fire, and continue it (o long till 
 5 ou think the nlver is diflbived ; then cover the crucible all 
 over with live coals, except the vent-hole, and leave it to 
 cool : take off the upper crucible, and you v/ill find therein 
 hanging all the impurities the filver contained, and which 
 occafioned its hardnefs : then melt the filver again in a cruci- 
 ble, and throw into it half an ounce of tartar finely ground, 
 and when in fufion call it into an ingot, and you will have 
 fine and malleable filver. 
 
 To give gold, filver, or other nutah, a quick fufion, 
 
 TAKE calclried Venetian foap, borax, glafs-gall, of 
 Venice glafs, an equal quantity, grind and mix it well 
 together, this will caufe a quick fufion. Or, 
 
 'T' A K E yellow amber, borax, glafs-gall and fbap, equaJ 
 -'■ quantities, grind them togetht-r to a powder, and what 
 you defign to melt, let it be done with that compontionj 
 
 To try ivhether granulated fiher contains ah^ gold* 
 
 'Tp A K E fome of thofe filver grains, and rub them on a 
 -*■ touch- ftone ; then with the end of a feather let fall a 
 drop or two of aqua forth upon the firokes and let them 
 Gontinue upon it for a little whil-5 ; if it contains gold, you 
 will fee fome remains of the Ibokcs ; but if not the firokes 
 will vanifti. 
 
 Ho amalgamate gold, or to mix it with mercury, zvhich is of ufe 
 
 to gilders, 
 
 'IT A K E a pennyweight of fine gold, beat it into very thin 
 
 fmall plates ; heat them in a crucible red hot, then pour 
 
 upon them 8 pennyweights of quickfilver, revived * from 
 
 cinnabar ; 
 
 Reviving of quickfilver from cinnabar, is thus performed : 
 Take a pound of artificial cinnabar, powder it, and mix it ex:i<!^Uy 
 wiih three pounds of quick iime, alfo powc^rei ; put the mixture 
 
 into 
 
14 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y; cr, 
 
 into cinnabar ; ftir the matter with a little iron rod, and when 
 you fee it begin to rile in fumes, which quickly happens, caft 
 your mixture into an earthen pan filled with water, it will 
 coagulate, and become trailable ; walh it feveral times tor 
 take away its blacknefs ; thus you have an amalgmna ; from 
 which feparate the mercury, which you will find is not united, 
 by prefling it between your fingers, after you have wrapt it 
 Up in a hnen cloth. 
 
 Gilding upon filver^ hrafi^ copper^ a?id iron. 
 
 T F you would gild filver, take of the aforefaid amalganuiy 
 ■* and with it rub that which you dcfign to gild clofe every 
 where, that it may receive gold all over, then hold it over a 
 charcoal fire, or lay it upon it, and it will caule the quick- 
 filver to fly away, after which you may heighten the colour witK 
 gilding wax, as fhall be directed. 
 
 J particular fecret to gild filver to the grcateji perfe^ion, 
 
 TAKE crocus veneris * and vinegar, add to them quick- 
 iilver, boil them together, till they come to the confid- 
 ence of a pafte ; with this quicken or anoint the filver you 
 intend to gild, and wherever you quicken, it will turrt 
 of a reddilh gold colour, which doth not happen when done 
 with quickfilver only, for then it looks white : this is a cu- 
 rious fecret ; you may gild upon this pafie v/ith leaf-gold,. 
 
 into an earthen pot, or glafs retort, whofe third part, at lead, re- 
 mains empty, place it into a reverberatory furnace, and after having 
 fitted to it a receiver filled with water, let it reft twenty four hours at 
 leaft, ftroke your fire by degrees, and at lalt encreafe it to the height, 
 and the mercury will run in drops into the receiver ; continue the fire 
 until no more will come : the operation is commonly at an end in fix 
 or feven hours : pour the water out of the receiver, and having walhed 
 the mercury to cleanfe it from the little portion of earth it might 
 carry along with it, dry it with linen or the crums of bread, and keep 
 it for ufe. See plate II. fg. 6. 
 
 * Take the flips of copper, and quench them in urine, repeat this 
 until it egfily pulverizes. The powder you will find at She bottom 
 ef the urine, which preferve for ttfe. 
 
 which 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 15 
 
 ■which otherwife would require to be ground j it makes the 
 gilding look rich, and of an high colour. 
 
 Another advantageous manner of gilding on fiiver, 
 
 TAKE tartar one part, fait two parts, pour water upon' 
 them and add fome fteel filings, boil the filver therein until 
 it becomes reddifh, and this Vvill require only the third part of 
 "what gold you would otherwife ufe. 
 
 A particular method of gildings which may be done in a moment^ 
 
 better than with quickfilver, 
 
 TAKE the fineft gold, diflblve it in aqua regis f which 
 has been prepared with fait, let the aqua regis be eva- 
 porated to half the quantity, then put the glafs into a 
 damp cellar, on fand, and the gold will over night Ihoot 
 into cryilals, which take out, and let them diflblve again in 
 diftilled vinegar ; put it again upon the lire, and let the half 
 thereof evaporate, then put the glafs again in the cellar, as 
 before, in moifl: fand, and over night the gold will (hoot 
 into cryftals. Dillolve thefe in rain water, and evaporate 
 that to half the quantity, and again it will fhoot into cryllals ; 
 when this is done take the cryilalline gold, grind it to powder 
 with a knife, put that powder into the white of an hard- 
 boiled egg, after the yolk has been taken out ; fet it in a 
 cool and damp place, and over night it will difiblve into an 
 oil : and what filver you anoint v/ith it, though ever fo thin, 
 drying it gently, you will find the gilding of a peifeclly high 
 and fine colour. 
 
 t The preparation of this aqua uois only differs from the fol- 
 lowing receipt, in ufmg of fait inftead oi fal-armoniac ; the ufual way 
 of making a^iia regis, according to Leme}\, is thu? : 
 
 Powder four ounces oi fnl-arvzomaL, and put it into a matrafs or 
 Other glafs velTel cf a good bignefs, pour upon it fixteen ounces of 
 fpirit of nitre, place the veiTel in land a little warm, until thtjal- 
 armoniac h all difTolveJ, then pour the diffblution into a bottle, and 
 Hop it with wax. This is the right aqua-rcgu. 
 
 Gilding 
 
|6 5:&^ LABORATORYi of, 
 
 Gilding after the Grecian manner. 
 
 *~r^ A K E mercury-fublimate * and clear fal-armoniac, of 
 ■*• each one ounce, make a folution thereof in aqua fortis^ 
 then difTolve it in fine gold, which is beaten very thin j let 
 this folution evaporate over a coal fire until it becomes an oil ; 
 then dip in it a lilver wire ; if it comes out black, and by rieal- 
 ing it in the fire, turns out gilded, it is right, and fit to be 
 ufed for gilding any fort of filver. 
 
 TJje true Italian gildings 
 
 '"p A K E common vitriol four ounces, allurh tvvo ounces, 
 -^ white vitriol one ounce, white lead one ounce, fait two 
 handfuls, river water one quart, let it boil to half the quan- 
 tity, and let it (land until it fettles and looks clear, then it 
 is fit for ufe. 
 
 Td deaderi'' quick/liver for gildings 
 
 ^~T^ A K E clear quickfilver, which is free from ahy mix- 
 -'■ ture of lead, put it into a matrafs, and fling into it a 
 handful of fine white fait, (hake it well together and let it 
 ftand for two days, then pour upon it firong vinegar, let 
 it reft a day, and you will find a good quickfilver for gilding, 
 and cheap; 
 
 * Mercury fuhlimate, or fublimate corrofive, is a mercury that is 
 impregnated with acids, and by fire is raifed to the top of the matrafs, 
 br other veffel. 
 
 Put one pound of mercury revived from cinnabar, into a matrafs, 
 pour on it eighteen ounces of fpirit of nitre, fet it on a warm fand, 
 and let it ftand until all is difToIved ; this diflblution put into a glafs 
 veflel, or earthen pan, fet it on warm fand to evaporate all the 
 moifture, the remains' will be a white mafs, which beat to powder 
 in a glafs mortar, and mix with one pound of white calcined vi- 
 triol, and as much of depurated flilt ; put this mixture into a ma- 
 trafs, fo as to leave two thirds empty; place it in fand, give it firft 
 a gentle warmth for three hours, then augment the heat with lay- 
 ing on more coals, asd a fublimate will rife to tlie top of the ma- 
 trafs ; the operation will require fix hours time; when the matrafs 
 is cold, break it, but take caie to avoid a kind of light powder that 
 fties in the air when the matter is ftirred. You will have one pound 
 and above of very ,"/)od fublimate- corrcUve. 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 17 
 
 To boll filver white. 
 
 TT I R S T neal your filver on a charcoal fire, until it be- 
 ^ comes a little reddifli : then, having boiled it with an 
 eqMal quantity of fait and tartar powdered in a copper, with 
 water, for a quarter of an hour, take it out and fcratch-brufh 
 it in clean water j then take good tartar, tie it up clofe in a 
 paper, put it in the fire fo long until it has done burning and 
 imoaking ; grind it to a fine powder, mix it with clean water 
 into a parte, and with it rub over your filver; this done, 
 neal it again, and quench it in cold water, brufh what re- 
 mains black upon it with an hair brufh, and boil it for two 
 minutes in tartar water, then rince in it clean water, and, 
 atter you have wiped it with a dry rag, your work will be 
 done. 
 
 A gold powder. 
 
 *np A K E leaf-gold, or any other thin beaten gold, to the 
 -*- quantity of a penny-weight, or as much as you pleafe, 
 diflblve it in twice its weight of aqua regis. Let half the 
 folution evaporate in a fand heat, then take dried linen rags, 
 foak them in the remaining liquid, dry them by a gentle 
 heat, and burn them on a flow fire in a crucible, the powder 
 whereof will remain at the bottom, and be of a yellowifli co- 
 Jour ; and with this the gilding is performed. 
 
 Another for cold gilding. 
 
 'Tp A K E half a pound of aqua fortls^ put into it two 
 *■ ounces of fal-armoniac, finely pulverifed and white, let 
 it diflblve over a fjre, and then filtrate it through a paper ; put it 
 into a matrafs, with as much fine beaten gold as will weigh 
 two penny-weights ; fet it on a flow fire, in order to dif- 
 folve the gold into the aqua regis. Wher^ this is done, add 
 to it two ounces of powdered fal-gemmaj fine and clear, and 
 let it diflblve upon the fire ; then take fine clean linen rags, 
 each about | of an ounce in weight, dip them into that 
 liquid until all the folution is foakcd, and having dried them, 
 burn them to a powder, which preferve for ufe. When you 
 
 C gild 
 
i8 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 Sild any thing with this powder, let the metal you defign to 
 gild be boiled and fcraped, that it may he clean and frefh ; wet 
 a piece of cork with fpittle or water, and with it take up 
 fome of the powder, rubbing tlie places of the metal you are 
 about to gild until it is yellow, after which brufh and poiifh 
 it. You may ufe, inftead of cork, a foft leather fewed or 
 tied to the round end of a little ftick. Or, 
 
 'T'AKE of the fineft gold the quantity of two penny- 
 "*■ weights, and diffolve it in cqua regis ; add to this folu- 
 tion the weight of the gold of refined faltpetre, let that 
 alfo diflblve ; this done, dip a fine little linen rag until it has 
 leaked up all, dry it gently and burn it to powder. With this 
 powder and frefh water gild your filver, by rubbing it with a 
 cork, or a leather, faftened to the nob end of a ftick. 
 
 Another powder to gild withal. 
 
 'T^AKE refined gold, beat it very thin, make it into 
 "*• litt.e rolls, fling it into aqua regis, hold it in a matrafs 
 over a flow fire, until all the gold is difTolved, and the 
 folution is turned of a yellow colour, then throw into it fome 
 pylverifed cryflalline faltpetre, by little and little, as much as 
 it will confume ; then take fome long narrow flips of old fine 
 linen, draw them through that liquid, and when they are 
 thorough wet, hang them in the air to dry, in a glafs bowl, 
 or a piece of a broken bottle, and, when thoroughly dry, 
 light them with a coal, and let them, thus, without flaming, 
 confume to afhes. With thefe afhes you may gild, rubbing 
 it on the lilver with a piece of cork. Or, 
 
 'T'AKE a penny- weight of gold, with an equal weight 
 ■* of faltpetre, as alfo of fal-armotiiac, all which put in- 
 to a matrafs with three quarts of aqua fortis \ then put 
 the gold nealing hot into it, and as foon as the gold is dif- 
 foived, take fome dry linen rags, dip them therein, dry and 
 burn them at a candle to tinder, which preferve for ufe, as 
 has been faid above. 
 
 A quickening 
 
$ C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 19 
 
 A quickening water. 
 
 *~V' A K E one ounce of quickfilver, and as much aqua fortis^ 
 *- let them be put together into a ghfs, and after the quick- 
 fih'er is diffohed, add to it five ounces of frefli watery warm 
 it, and it will be fit to gild withal. Or, 
 
 'TpAKE one -ounce of aqua for tis^ put it into a matrafs, add 
 -■■ to it a quarter of an ounce of mercury', let this diffolve ; 
 then take frefh river water, and mix it with that in the glafs, 
 and make it lukewarm ; then let it ftand clofe fhut up, and 
 you will have a good quickening water for gilding. 
 
 Another water-gilding upon filver. 
 
 'T^ A K E copper-flakes, pour flrong vinegar thereon, add 
 "■■ to it allum and fait, equal quantities of both, fet them 
 on a fire, and when the vinegar is boiled to a fourth part, 
 throw into it what metal you defign to gild, and it will acquire 
 a copper colour. If you continue boiling it, it will change 
 into a fine gold colour. This is a fine fecret for goldfmiths to 
 gild filver, for the boiling it in that hquid, gives the gilding 
 a high and rich colour. 
 
 A water which tvill give filver a gold colour. 
 
 '"p A K E brimflone and faltpetre, of each an equal quantity ; 
 ■*- grind it together ver}' tine, and put it into an unglazed 
 veffel, cover and lute it well ; then fet it over a flow fire for 
 twenty-four hours, and what you find remaining, put into 
 a ftrong crucible, and let it diffolve ; then put it into a vial, 
 and whatever filver you anoint therewith, it will give it a gold 
 colour. Or, 
 
 'T* A K E fulphur half a pound, faltpetre three quarters of 
 ■*■ a pound, mix both together, and grind it fine, and proceed 
 as above, or fet it twenty-four hours on hot afhes ; then take 
 it out and grind it again. Of this powder take one thkd, mix 
 it up with three quarterns of running water, mix it well, 
 ,and you will have a red water like blood, which will tinge 
 
 C 2 filver. 
 
20 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y; or, 
 
 filver, copper, or brafs of a fine gold colour, after it has Iain 
 ^herein ten days. 
 
 A method to vjork a cup, one fide gold and the other filvcr. 
 
 •Tp A K E a piece of fine filver, form it into a flat fqiiare, and 
 **• file it rough all over on one fide ; raife alfo with a graver 
 Jittle points upon it. Then taice a piece of gold in propor- 
 tion to vyhat thickniefe you would have it } form it exa;5}!y 
 to the dimenfions of the filver, in a flat fquare ; neal both the 
 gold and the filver red hot ; then lay them quick, on one 
 another, and with a woodefi hammer ftrike them gently to- 
 gether : when thus you have united thefe two metals, you 
 may make thereof wh^it you pleafe, one fide will be filver and 
 the other gold. 
 
 To qdorn gold, filver y or brafsy with emheUiJlmients of glafs. 
 
 TAKE fine pulverized Venice glafs, of what colour you 
 pleafe, grind it upon a ftone, temper it with oil, then 
 put it into a circle of clear charcoal fire to melt, it will 
 look fine and beautiful, efpecially if the ornaments are well 
 defigned. 
 
 Of heightening the Colour of Gold and 
 Gii^pEp Works. 
 
 GOLD, as well as gilded filver, want confiderably of 
 that luftre and brightnefs they appear in at goldfmiths 
 (hops ; for before this they undergo feveral opeiations, and 
 are heightened by gilding wax, colouring and helling ; each 
 pf which (hall be feparately explained under the fojlovying 
 heads. 
 
 QUfing wax, ufed for gold, or glided work. 
 
 ^T' A K E four ounce* of clear wax, \ of an ounce of ver- 
 
 ■*■ diter, half an ounce of copper flakes, | an ounce ot 
 
 T£^ chalk, X ^^ ounce of allum •, melt the wax, and put 
 
 the 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS, 2i 
 
 the other things, finely powdered, into it, and flir it well to- 
 gether ; let it cool, and form thereof round fticks like fealing- 
 wax : When you have occafion to make ufe of it, firft heat 
 your gold, and then rub it over with this wax ; then neal it, 
 and draw it nimbly through boiling hot water and tartar, and 
 it will give the gold a deep colour. 
 
 To give gold a high colour. 
 
 npAKE clear wax one pound, crocus veneris sn ourtcfe 
 ■*• and a half, fal-armoniac, fine terra-verd and allum, 
 one ounce of each, red chalk half an ounce and one 
 dram, crocus martis and tutia of each half an ounce, falt- 
 petre, or petre-falt, two drams, mix all thefe ingredients to- 
 gether, and after you have pulverifed them, ftir and mix it 
 well with melted wax, which being fpread over the gilded 
 work, and '''^n nealed, as has been obfervefd before, it will 
 give the goldT^ furprizing beauty. Or^ 
 
 T^AKE two pounds of wax, one pound of red chalk, 
 -*■ one pound of white vitriol, and four ounces of ces 
 ujium. Or, 
 
 npAKE eight ounces of clear wax^ one ounge artd ai 
 ^ half of terra vert, one ounce of as ujlum, one 
 ounce of red chalk, and half an ounce of allum ; 
 diflblve the wax, and put thefe ingredients into it ; let it cool, 
 tlien form it into fticks like fealing wax ; with this, after yoa 
 have heated your gilded fnetal^ rub it over i then burn it offj| 
 and it will give the gold ai deep colour. 
 
 Nuremberg gilding waXi 
 
 npAKE two pound of wax, two pound andi one ounx:e 
 ■*■ of red chalk, one ounce of vitriol, half an ounce of 
 tss ujlum, three ounces of verdegreafe, half an ounce of 
 borax. Or, 
 
 npAKE four pounds of clear wax, one pourhi eight ounces 
 
 of red chalk, one pound eight ounces of white vitriol, 
 
 15 ounces of verdegreafe, three ounces of Venice borax, 15 
 
 C 3 ounces 
 
22 The L A B O R A T OR Yi Or, 
 
 ounces of as ujlum, beat them fine, mix them together, and 
 when the wax is melted, flir it until you perceive it to cool ;, 
 then put in the ingredients, and iKr them well together, and 
 when cold, form them into lucks like fealing-wax. 
 
 To dijlinguljh cinnabar from ivhite copper. 
 
 'T^AKE cinnabar and fulphur, mixed together, flrew it 
 •* upon the metal, light it, and when it burns you will iee 
 whether it is copper or lilver. 
 
 To make all mctah malleable. 
 
 '"pAKE maftick, frankincenfe, myrrh, borax of Venice, 
 •*■ of each half an ounce, pulverize and mix them together^ 
 and when your metal is melted, fling in it fome of the pow- 
 der, and you will be furprifed at the effect thereof. 
 
 How to quicken brafs for gilding, 
 
 "pVlSSOLVE fal-armoniac in white-wine vinegar, and 
 ■*-^ with it anoint your work j this will caufe it to receive 
 the mercury. 
 
 Of feveral Gold Colours, whereby Gold, or Gilded 
 Work, after it has been heightened with Gilding- 
 Wax, receives its proper Colour. 
 
 Afilver gold colour, cr a colour for gilded fiver. 
 
 'npAKE one ounce of verdegreafe, one ounce of faltpetre, 
 -'■ or.c ounce of vitriol, half an ounce of fal-armoniac, 
 ha:f r^n ounce of borax, grind them fine ; boil them 
 in hulfa pint of urine to half the quantity; then with a bruih 
 dipt in this liquid, bru(h over your gilded work ; put it upon 
 a <flear charcoal lire, rnd when you lee it turn black, take it 
 off the fire and quench it in urine. 
 
 A 
 
SCHOOL c/ ARTS. 23 
 
 A green gold colour. 
 
 TAKE two ounces of faltpetre, two ounces of vitriol, 
 two ounces of verdegreale, and one ounce of fal-armo- 
 niac j mix and grind them with vinegar. Or, 
 
 'T^AKE four ounces of verdegreafe, four ounces of fal- 
 •*• armoniac, two ounces of vitriol, two ounces of as 
 ujium^ one ounce of fatpetre, grind them with vinegar and 
 colour your gold therewith. 
 
 A French gold colour. 
 
 '"pAKE four ounces of fait, two ounces of allum, two 
 ^ ounces of fal-armoniac, two ounces of a: ujlum^ one 
 ounce of faltpetre, and grind them with vinegar. Or, 
 
 'T^AKE four ounces of fal-armoniac, four ounces of ver- 
 "■■ degreafe, two ounces of faltpetre, one ounce and an half 
 of clean copper-fiakes ; grind them with vinegar. 
 
 A fine gold colour, 
 
 'T^AKE melted faltpetre, and black vitriol, an equal 
 -■■ quantity of each, let them boil half away in a clean 
 pipkin. 
 
 Another gold colour, 
 
 'T^AKE one ounce of verdegreafe, one ounce offal-armo- 
 -*■ niac, one ounce of red chalk, one ounce of line fait, 
 grind all together and boil them with vinegar. Or, 
 
 nnAKE one ounce of faltpetre, one ounce of verde- 
 greafe, one ounce of vitriol, one ounce of fal-armoniac, 
 grind each ingredient feparately in a clean mortar ; then mix 
 and put them in a clean pan with water, and boil them for 
 almoil half an hour. 
 
 A green gold colour, 
 
 'T^AKE four ounces of fal-armoniac, four ounces of 
 verdegreafe, two grains of faltpetre, and grind them in 
 vinegar. 
 
 C 4 A white 
 
24 r;^^ LAB ORATOR Yj or, 
 
 A white colour for gold. 
 
 TPAKE two ounces of faltpetre, one ounce of allum, 
 ^ one ounce of lalt ; pulverize and mix them well together j 
 then take a piece of a broken muffle or crucible, put it in 
 the iire ; and let it be red hot ; wet the work you defign 
 to colour, and roll it in the powder, then put it on the red 
 hot piece of muffle, and the colour will boil up ; when it 
 melts, turn the piece of work with your tongs about, and 
 when the colour is quite fluid, and yellows, take it out, and lay 
 it upon a clean brick or anvil until it is cold. Then take an 
 tinglazed pot, or elfe a large crucible ; fill it almoft up wj'-h 
 clean water, put into it a handful of fait, and the quantity of 
 a filbert of ground tartar, and fix or eight drops ot aqua 
 forth J let that boil, then put your work into it, and boil it 
 until the drofs of the white colour is taken clean off, then 
 icratch-brufii it. 
 
 To colour (in old gold chain as though If luere new. 
 
 'T^AKE urine, diflblve therein fal-armoniac, boil in this the 
 ■*■ goldcltain, and it will have a fine colour. 
 
 J green colour for gold chains. 
 
 npAKE four ounces of fal-armoniac, four ounces of ver- 
 degreafe, one ounce and a half of faltpetre, half an 
 ounce of white vitriol, make a powder , thereof, mix it with 
 vinegar, and boil your chain in it. 
 
 To give gold a high and fine colour. 
 
 ^T'AKE red calcined vitriol three ounces, fal-armoniac 
 ■*■ two ounces, and verdegreafe one ounce : grind them to- 
 gether, and keep' them dry. When you would colour your 
 gold, moiften it, and ftrew this powder over it, neal it often, 
 and quench it in pump-water. 
 
 Another fine colour for gold. 
 
 'T'AKE verdegreafe, fal-armoniac, faltpetre and vi- 
 •* triol, an equal quantity of each, grind them well to- 
 gether J pour vinegar upon them, grind them again, as pain-, 
 ters «lo their colours, and let them dry ; then moiilen, grind, 
 
 and 
 
SCHOOL 0/ ARTS. 25 
 
 and dry them again ; repeat this for feveral times : then lay 
 up >our powder carefully, and when you would colour gold, 
 wet it with urine, rub it with a brufh, then fling the powder 
 upon it, lay it on red hot coals, and it will turn black, then 
 quench it in urine, and rub it with a wire brufli j in this man- 
 ner you may proceed with the other colours. 
 
 To bring pale gold to an high colour. . 
 
 TAKE verdegreafe, pour vinegar upon it, ftir it wefl, a- 
 noint your gold therewith, heat it in the fire, and quench 
 it in urine. 
 
 *ro make filver yellozv throughout^ and to give it the colour 
 
 of gold. 
 
 'Tp A K E common aqua fortis^ diflblve therein as much 
 "*■ filver as you pleafe ; if you have eight ounces, take 
 four ounces of hepatic aloes, fix ounces of gurgumi, two ounces 
 of prepared tutty, that has been feveral times quenched in 
 urine ; put thefe to the folution of the filver, and they will dif- 
 folve, and rife up in the glafs like a fpunge j the glafs muft 
 be large, to prevent the running over ; then draw it off, and 
 you will have ten ounces of filver, which is as yellow as gold. 
 
 N. B. Thefe two ounces, increafed in the weight of the 
 filver, will not ftand the teft, but be loft when melted down 
 with lead. 
 
 j^ ivater to give any metal a gold colout. 
 
 HTAKE fine fulphur and pulverize it, then boil fome ftale 
 "* fpring or rain water, pour it hot upon the powder, and 
 ftir it well together ; boil it and put into it one ounce of dra- 
 gon's blood, and after it is well boiled, take it off and filter it 
 through a fine cloth : put this water into a matrafs, after 
 you have put in what you defign to colour; clofe it well and 
 boil it, and the metal will be of a fine gold colour. 
 
 Ano' 
 
26 ^iJ^f L A B O k A T O R Y i or, 
 
 Jmther water wherewith one may t'mge any metal of a gold 
 colour; a curious J ccret. 
 
 'T^AKE hepatic aloes^^ falt-pe'tre, and Roman vitriol, 
 "*" each equal quantities, diftil them with water in an 
 alembic, till all the fpirits are extracted ; it will at 
 laft yield a yellowhh water, which will tinge any fort of 
 metal of a gold colour. 
 
 To colour gold. 
 
 npAKE a lock of human hair, of about a finger thick, 
 *• lay it on live coals, and hold the gold with a pair of 
 tono-s over it, to receive the fumes thereof. 
 
 To give gold a fine and high colour. 
 
 'TpAKE one ounce of fal-armoniac, two ounces of copper 
 -*■ flakes, one ounce of dirtill'd verdegreafe j grind all well 
 together, put the mixture into a niatrals, pour upon it one 
 quart of good dirtill'd white-wine vinegar : let it thus dry and 
 boil away , then grind it line, ftrew it on a glafs plate, and fet 
 it in a cellar, where it will turn into an oil : this is again to be 
 ge:: uy coagulated, then ground and mix'd v^ith fublimate mer- 
 cur) ; put half an ounce of it, wrapt up in bees wax, into 
 the quantity of a pound of gold that is in fulion, and it will 
 give it a high and fine colour. 
 
 To give gilded work a fine colour.- 
 
 T^AKE clean fait and brimdone, boil them together with 
 "*■ water in an egg-lhell ; after taking away the infide film ; 
 take care you don t give too much fire to burn the egg-lhell ; 
 with this liquid wipe over your gilding, and it will make it 
 cf a much brighter colour than it w-as before. Or, 
 
 'X'AKE powder of fulphur, and bruifed garlick, boil 
 •*■ thefe in urine, neal your gold, quench it therein, and 
 
 it will give it a fine colour. 
 
 To 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 27 
 
 To brighten fpoti m gilaing. 
 
 npA K E allum, boil it in clear water, put your work in- 
 -■■ to it : this will reftore the colour again, and remove 
 the fpots. 
 
 To give old filver lace or trimmings their beauty and colour, as 
 if they were nezu, 
 
 'X'AKE powder of alabafter, put it dry into a pipkin, 
 ^ and letf it boil as long as it can ; then take it off the fire, 
 and when cold, lay your lace upon a cloth, and with a comb- 
 bruHi, take up fome of that powder, and rub therewith both 
 fides, till it is as bright as you would have it, afterwards po- 
 lilh it with a fmooth flone. Or, 
 
 TAKE ox-gall, and the gall of a large jack, and fome 
 water, mix it together, and with it rub your gold or 
 filver, and you will fee the colour change to your liking. 
 
 Of the Hell, or Helling of Gold. 
 
 This is the finifhing ftroke of either gold or gilded 
 work, and is performed after it has undegone the 
 operations with the gilding wax and gold colours, 
 as has been (hewn in the forejzpina: articles. The 
 following are the different receipts of different 
 mafters. The ingenious and judicious will by ex- 
 periments foon difcover which of t'lem is beft, and 
 make his choice of fuch as he approves. 
 
 To hell gold, or gilded luork, 
 
 'T^AlCE two ounces of tartar, two ounces of fulphur 
 ■■■ and four ounces of fait ; boil this in hajf water, and 
 half urine, dip your gold or gilded work into it, and it will 
 give it a fine.lullre. Or, 
 
 TAKE 
 
»t Tht LABOR AT OKY, or^ 
 
 'T'A K E eight ounces of fait, two ounces of tartar, two 
 '■' ounces of fulphur, two ounces of cap, mort. half an 
 ounce of allum \ if you boil this in water and urine, and draw 
 your work through, it will anfwer your expedtation. Or, 
 
 ^A K E eight ounces of fulphur, eight ounces of allum, 
 -■• eight ounces of yellow arfenick, 16 ounces of tartar, 
 16 ounces of fait; boil them in water and urine. Or^ 
 
 ^T^AKE three ounces of fulphur, one ounce of allum, one 
 •*■ ounce of arfenick, half an ounce of gurgumi^ and half 
 a grain of antimony, grind them very fine together j then 
 boil them in urine and water, and ftir the ingredients gently 
 together ; boil the mixture a little, put the gilded plate into 
 it, and boil it till the colour is bright. Or, 
 
 •TTAKE eight ounces of yellow arfenick, 16 ounces of 
 "*• fulphur, 16 ounces of tartar, 16 ounces of burnt allum, 
 three ounces and a half of fait ; boil the mixture in urine and 
 water. Or^ 
 
 'TpAKE fifted alhes and antimony finely pulverlz'd, with 
 -*■ thefe make a lee, and with a brufh rub over the gilded 
 filver. Or^ 
 
 T 
 
 A K E one ounce of white tartar, one ounce of green 
 fulphur nine ounces of fait : grind them together like 
 flower J then take a copper fauce-pan with frefh water, and 
 let the water boil : put into it one grain of crude yellow ar- 
 fenick ; take of the ground ingredients three fpoonfuls, and 
 let it boil ; after that, you may draw your work through 
 it, and make it as high as you will, and it will come out clear 
 and with a fine luftre. 
 
 How to tale off the gold from gilded filver tankards or cups. 
 
 TO take off the gold from fuch plate, take fal-armoniae 
 one part, falt-petre a half part, grind them both to a 
 powder, wipe over the gilded par: with oU> ftrew the pow- 
 der 
 
 r 
 
SCHOOL tf/ ARTS. 29 
 
 der upon it, and lay your plate into the fire to heat it well ; 
 then take it out ; hold your plate over an earthen difh, in one 
 hand, and with the other beat it with an iron, and the powder 
 will fall into the dilh, together with the gold, which you may 
 feparate in the manner as has been diredcd. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 pUT quickfilver in an earthen dilh, heat it lukewarm ; 
 ^ in this turn your filver cup or other utenfil, and the gold 
 will feparate from the filver, and join the quickfilver; when 
 you fee the gold all corae off the plate, take it out, pour 
 the quickfilver with the gold, after it is cold, into another 
 dilh, and if any place ftill retains fome gold, repeat it, till you 
 perceive no more upon it ; then ftrain the quickfilver thro' 
 a leather ; what remains put into a retort *, and on hot fand 
 or afhes force the reft of the mercury from it into a receiver 
 with water, and what is left melt together, and refine the gold 
 as has been taught before. 
 
 An approved method to take off the gilding from filver, 
 
 IJ^IRST take a glufs or a glazed utenfil, with aqua fortis, 
 ^ the quantity whereof muft be according to the bignefs 
 of your work ; take no more than half | of an ounce of fai- 
 armoniac co one ounce of aqua fortis ; beat your fal-armoniac 
 fine ; put it into the aqua fortis, and fet it over the fire, till it 
 grows warm ; and when you perceive the fal-armoniac to 
 work, then put in the gilded filver, and when you obferve 
 your work to become of a black colour, then the gold is tak- 
 en off of it ; if there is a pretty large quantity of work, let it 
 lie for half an hour or an hour before you take it out, which 
 you muft do with a pair of wooden plyers ; when it is taken 
 out, put it into clean water, then neal it, and afterwards boil 
 it with tartar ; repeat this for three times fucceffively, and your 
 filver will look frefti and new. 
 
 • Vid. plate II. fg. 6. The neck, through which the mercury 
 is convey'd, muft be half way in the water, that is in the receiver. 
 
 How 
 
3P ne LABORATORY; or. 
 
 How to get the gold out of aqua forth. 
 
 'T'AKE a copper bowl or cup, put into it a glafs full of 
 -*•. water, then pour in the aqua fortis which contains gold, 
 in order to fweeten it a little ; then add to it | of an ounce of 
 Venice borax, and boil it up : let it {land all night, in the 
 morning pour it off gently, and the gold will be fettled at the 
 bottom : dry it by degrees, and when dry, put a little borax 
 to it, and melt it. 
 
 To give filver utenfih a lujlre. 
 
 TAlflblve allum m a ftrong lee, fcum it carefully ; then 
 *^ mix it up with foap, and wafh your filver utenfils there- 
 Avith, with a hnen rag. 
 
 To feparate gold from gilded filver, by cementation. 
 
 'TpA K E red calcined * vitriol or colcothar one part, fait 
 -■- one part, alfo red lead half a part, pulverize and mix 
 them all well together ; with this mixed powder cover 
 your gilded filver all over in an earthen pan, put it into a fur- 
 nace, and give it a flow fire, to prevent the melting of the fil- 
 ver : the powder will attracT: the gold, which you may reduce 
 by melting it with lead, and by feparating it in the copel. 
 
 * The calcination of vitriol is perform'd thus : Put what quantity 
 you pleafe of green vitriol into an earthen pot,_ unglazed ; fet the 
 pot over the tire, and the vitriol will diflblve into water ; boil it 
 till the moifture is confumed, or the matter turns into a gieyilh 
 inafs, drawing towards white; this is called white calcined vitriol. 
 If you calcine this white vitriol a good while over a ilrong fire, it 
 will turn as red as blood. This is call'd colcothar. 
 
 Of 
 
SCHOOL <?/ ARTS. 31 
 
 Of feveral forts of solder for gold and silver. 
 
 Filings-folder for fiher chain-work. 
 
 TVyf E L T three parts of fine filver and one part of brafs ; 
 •^ -"■ when in fufion, fling into it a Uttle quantity of yellow 
 arfenic. Or, 
 
 TPAKE one pSrt of yellow arfenic, and one part of copper, 
 ■*• melt and granulize it : of this take one part, and of fine 
 filver four parts • melt them together ; caft them into an in- 
 got, and when cold file it to a fine dufi. 
 
 J folder for fiver. 
 
 TL^'ELT two parts of filver, then put to it one part of thin 
 ^^ beaten brafs or tinfel j but don't keep it too long in fu- 
 fion, left the brafs fiiould fly away in fumes. 
 
 Another, for coarfe filver. 
 
 T?OUR ounces of filver ; three ounces of brafs, | of 
 ^ an ounce of arfenic, melt them together, and pour tliem out 
 quick. 
 
 Another fiver folder. 
 
 TVT E L T two ounces of filver, one ounce of tinfel, add to 
 ^*' it half an ounce of white arfenic, pour it out quick, and 
 it is a very good folder. Or, 
 
 "\/T E L T one ounce of fine filver, one ounce of thin brafs ; 
 ^*- when both are well melted together, then fling one ounce 
 of white arfenic upon it, let it melt, ftir it well together, and 
 pour it out quickly. 
 
 Of good folder for gold. 
 
 Ti/f E L T copper and fine filver, of each one part, fine 
 ^^^ gold two parts. Or^ 
 
 TAKE 
 
si r^? LABORATORY; or, 
 
 ♦T^AICE one penny-weight of the fame gold your work 
 -■• is of, and allay it with three grains of copper, and three 
 grains of filver. 
 
 The Manner and Way of Soldering Gold or Silver. 
 
 "DEAT the folder thin, and cut it into little bits, or pil- 
 ■*^ lions ; then take the work which is to be foldered, join it 
 together with fine wire, wet the joinings with a pencil with 
 water, mixed up with borax ; then lay the bits or pallions of 
 folder upon it, and ftrew fome powdered borax over ; lay the 
 work, if it be a button or fome other fmall thing, upon a 
 large coal, and blow with your blowing inftrument, through 
 a large lamp flame upon it, for to melt it. 
 
 After this boil the work either in allum-water, or elfe in 
 ^qua fortis^ to clear it from the borax, and dry it on a char- 
 coal fire; then file or turn it; if it be filver, boil it white in 
 the following manner ; 
 
 Take the work, lay it on a clear fire, and when red hot, 
 take it out, and put it by to cool ; in the mean while fet a 
 copper-pan not tinned, with water upon the fire, into which 
 put one part of fine fait, and one part of tartar ; this boil to- 
 gether, yet not too fiercely, to prevent its boiling over ; 
 after it is well boiled, lay the work, when it is a little cold, 
 into it, and let it boil about lix minutes ; then take it off the 
 fire, take out the work, and put it immediately into clean 
 water, take it out and fcratch it well with a wire brufh, to 
 clear it of the coat ; then repeat this work over again ; neal 
 it once more, boil it in tartar and fait, and proceed as before ; 
 then take black burnt tartar, mix it with a little water into 
 a pafle, with which rub over the work ; then neal it on a 
 dear coal fire ; take it out, and brufh the work well of the 
 burnt tartar in clean water ; put it once more in the tartar- 
 water in v/hich it was boiled, and let it boil four minutes, 
 then v;afh it in cold water, and dry it with a clean rag, it 
 will be of a white and beautiful pearl colour. 
 
School ^/ ARTS. 33 
 
 To folder a ring fet ivithjlojies. 
 
 'iP A K E a large charcoal, put two or three penny- weights 
 * of lilver upon it, melt it with your blowing inllrument 
 and the lamp ; then after you have clap'd a thin pallion of 
 filver folder betwixt the opening of the ring, dip it into it j 
 but as foon as you fee the pallion run, take off your ring, or 
 elfe the filver will devour it. 
 
 Borax for folder'ing. 
 
 •T* A K E the beft hard Venice foap, fcrape it as thin as 
 -* poflible, let it dry between two papers in the air ; then 
 rub it to a powder, put it into an unglazed pipkin, fet 
 it on a gentle coal lire, and let it by degrees fumigate until 
 it has no moifter at all, then it is right j this borax you may 
 life for all manner of work, and it will do better than the 
 Vinlce borax. 
 
 To nich in a moment f ever al fort i of metals^ over a table. 
 
 'T' A K E two ounces of faltpetrc, tartar one ounce, ful- 
 •^ phiir half an ounce, beat it in a mortar to a powder ; 
 then take one ounce of tiled metal, or tine pulverifed oar, 
 mix it well together, put it into a fmall crucible, or a hol- 
 lowed charcoal, light it with a little fplintcr, and it will 
 melt immediately. 
 
 Another maimer of doing It, 
 
 ^T^ A K E one ounce of faltpetre, half an ounce of fulphur, 
 ■*■ i of an ounce of gunpowder ; grind them well together, 
 and put half of this powder into a fmall crucible, or if 
 you will into an egg-fliell, then put a farthing, or fix- pence, 
 or any other metal upon it, and upon that put the other half 
 of the powder, prefs it down with your linger, then fet it on 
 a ftone, light it, and it will melt immediately. 
 
 N. B. A gilded cup, or other plate, if anointed with falad 
 oil, and this powder flung upon and lighted, takes off the gold, 
 and melts it to a mafs. 
 
 D To 
 
34 r/:;^ LABOR AT OR Y; of. 
 
 To prepare aiiriun [idminam, 
 
 'T^ A K E gold that is refined with antimony, beat it inta 
 thin plates, put it into a phial or matrafs, pour aqua 
 regis upon it ; then Tet the phial, or inatrafs, upon a fand- 
 hcat until the aqua regis has dilTolved as much of the gold as 
 it is able to contain, which you will know when you fee the 
 ebullitioti ceafe ; pour your folution by inclination into another 
 glafs, and if you oblerve any gold remain in the matrafs, 
 difTolve it, as before, v^ith a little frefn aqua regis ; mix your 
 diffolution, and pour on it fix times as much common water; 
 afterwards drop into this mixture, by degrees, the volatile 
 fpirit of fal-armoniac, or oil of tartar, and you will fee the 
 gold precipitate to the bottom of the glafs ; let it reft a good 
 while for the gold to fettle, then pour off the water by inclina- 
 tion, wafti your powder with warm water until it grows infipid, 
 dry it to the confiftence of a pafte, then form it into little 
 round corns, the bignefs of hemp-feed, dry them by the fun ; 
 if you put one of them into the fire it will iiy about with 
 a terrible noife and great violence. 
 
 To make aurwn fophijlicum^ or mirnici gold. 
 
 '"p A K E fine diililled verdegreafe eight ounces, crude 
 ^ Akxajidrian tutty four ounces, borax twelve ounces, 
 faltpetre oric ounce and a half, pulverize and mix them ail 
 together, temper them with oil, with a wooden fpatula, to 
 the conliftence of a paile, then put a German crucible into a 
 wind-turnace, heat it red hot, and convey your mafs into it 
 with a wooden fpatula, by little and liit.'e^ when all is in, 
 cover it ; fill your furnace with coals all over the crucible ; 
 let it {land in a tierce hre and melt ; let it cool of itlelf ; then 
 break the crucible, and you will find at the bottom, a fine 
 regulus like gold, weighing about four ounces, out of which, 
 you may form and make what you pleale, it will be as mal- 
 leable as real e;old. 
 
 Another 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S, 35 
 
 Another, 
 
 'X'AKE fine and dear wire-coppef four ounces; melt it; 
 "*" then fling into it one ounce of fpeltar, rtir it well to- 
 gether with an iron fpatula ; blow the fire brifk, to bring it 
 into fufion, but before you pour it out, put in fome borax, 
 and it will give it a peculiar beauty; then caft it into an 
 ingot ; out of this ingot you may draw wire for chains, and 
 vVork it in what form or fhape you pleafe ; and after you 
 have filed it, and rubbed your work well with tripoly, then 
 give it the finilhing with a mixture of one grain of tripoly, 
 and fix grains of flower of fulphur, which put upon a piece of 
 leather, rub your work as ufual, and it will have a fine gold 
 colour. 
 
 Another. 
 
 T 
 
 A K E fpeltar one ounce, of the fineft and foftefl: cop- 
 per two ounces ; melt the copper in a crucible ; wheti 
 melted, fling into it Venice borax two grains, and fal-armoniac 
 two grains, and laftly fling in the fpeltar : pour it into an 
 ingot, and you will have a fine gold coloured metal. 
 
 To male a curious yellow mixed metal refemhling gold^ and which 
 may be drawn into fine vjire. 
 
 'TP A K E eight ounces of tartar, put it into a crucible and 
 ■*• neal it by degrees ; then take pulverifed dry faltpetrc, 
 and fling on the red hot tartar, and it will melt into a 
 yellow mafs ; take it from the fire, let it cool, then take clean 
 copper, put it into fufion until it is like fair water, and fling 
 to eight ounces of copper the above mafs ; give the crucible a 
 fl:rong reverberatory heat, until in fufion, then take the befc 
 fpeltar^ or gofslar, zink^ half an ounce, tutty and feJiice 
 falacani half an ounce, put it to the melted copper, and pre- 
 fently you will hear a crackling noife, and fee a yellow fume 
 and flame afcend ; ftir this copper, and the other ingredients, 
 well together with an iron wire until it is burnt away ; let it 
 ftand a little in the flux, and then, after you have, rubbed your 
 
 D 2 ingot 
 
S6 The L ABORATORY; or, 
 
 ingot with wax, pour it in, and it will be fo pliable as to be' 
 drawn into wire, and of a high gold colour ; you may work, 
 form, iinilh, and colour it as you do other gold. 
 
 ^0 convcf-t copper into hrafs. 
 
 'T^ A K E of copper what quantity you pleafe, add to it a 
 ■*• third part ot pov/dered laph calaminaris^ put it together 
 into a melting pot, and let it be in fufion for about an hour, 
 then pour it out. 
 
 Another method to make a metal refe^nhlhig gold. 
 
 'T^ A K E fine copper filings one pound, i\x\t faltpetre eight 
 ■'■ ounces, prepared tutty fix ounces, borax fix ounces, hep~ 
 atic aloes four ounces ; mix all well together, and incor- 
 porate the mixture with Hnfeed oil into a mafs ; put it 
 into a clean crucible, and cover it at top, a finger's height, 
 •with fubtil pulverifed Venice glafs ; lute it well ; put it into- 
 a wind-furnace ; fill the fame with dead coals, then put 
 live coals upon them, and light the fire from the top to 
 go downwards ; blow it for an hour, and give it a fierce fire ; 
 then let it cool of itfclf j take out the crucible, break the 
 fame, and you will find at the bottom a very fi'ne regulus 
 like gold ; this melt again, and add to it one pound two 
 ounces of mercury fublimate^ and two ounces of prepared 
 tutty, both clapped up in red fealing-wax ; ftir it well with a 
 dry ftick ; then call: it into a mould, and make of it what 
 you pleafe. Or, 
 
 'T' A K E fix ounces of diftilled verdegreafe, grind it fine 
 "■■ in a marble mortar, beat eight ounces of prepared tutty, 
 four ounces of faltpetre, and four ounces of borax into a cOarfe 
 powder : moifien them with oil of turneps, and fiir them in 
 an earthen dilh all together, until all is well mixed : then put 
 a crucible into a wind-furnace, and when red hot, convey 
 the faid mixture into it with a wooden fpatula ; cover it, add- 
 more coals, and give a briflc and ftrong fire all over the cru- 
 cible. In about half an hour put a littk ftick into it, and^ 
 try whether the matter be diiTolved, and in fufion hke water ;. 
 if fo, then it is time to pour it out j but if you find ftill fom^i 
 
 matter 
 
SCHOOL <?/ ARTS. 2,1 
 
 „cter remain, ftir it about with your llick ; cover it, and give 
 it a brifk fire, until you find it is all difTolved : then pour it 
 out into a mortar, or brafs cone, and you will have a fine gold 
 coloured regulus. 
 
 To filver copper or brafs. 
 
 *T^ A K E fine filver one ounce, fal-gemmas and fal-armo- 
 ^ niac of each fix ounces, glafs-gall fix ounces ; beat the 
 filver thin, and then put it into one ounce o^ aqua-fortis, 
 let it diffolve ; when difi"oIved fling a little fait into it, and 
 the filver will fettle like a white calx at the bottom ; then 
 pour off that water and put on frefh ; repeat it, until the 
 filver calx has lofi: all the flavour of the «!7^a«7/^r/75 j dry this 
 filver calx; then take the above ingredients and grind them 
 well on a clean ftone ; when you have well ground them, mix 
 and grind them and the filver calx together, with a little wa- 
 ter, until the mixture is like a thick pafte ; put this up in a 
 clean glafs and when you would filver, take care that your 
 metal be filed and brufhed clean ; rub it over with the above 
 matter, and lay it on live coals ; when it has done fmoaking, 
 fcratch it well, and rub it over again with the filver matter j 
 do this three times fucceflively, and you will have a fine fil- 
 yering. 
 
 Another way, 
 
 '■p A K E fine filver, difi'olve it in aqua fortis ; then add 
 -*■ to it the fame quantity of warm water as you had done 
 of aqua fortis ; take common fait, fling it into the mixed 
 waters, and the filver will precipitate to the bottom like a 
 powder ; when fettled, pour oflf the mixed water, and 
 fweeten the filver calx by pouring frefh water to it, (hifting it 
 until all the fitiarpnefs is removed. Then drain off the water, 
 and let the filver dry, of which take | of an ounce, white 
 calcined tartar one ounce, common fait half an ourice j then 
 beat and mix them well together, and with aqua fortis grind 
 them upon a ftone ; then let them dry, and you have a pow- 
 der ready to filver withal. If you would filver either poor 
 filver, copper, or brafs, then rub the powder well in, after 
 you have moiHened it with water, with a piece of cork to 
 
 D 3 your 
 
3^a The LABORATORYi cr, 
 
 your mind ; then lay it on a coal fire until it is red hot ; let it 
 cool ; then boil it in water with tartar and fait, and after it is 
 boiled wafh it in clean water. 
 
 S 
 
 IFhat metals are mojl proper to incorporate with filver. 
 
 I L V E R will eafily mix and incorporate with fine clean 
 copper, of each an equal quantity j for if you add more 
 copper than filver to your compofition, it lofes the whitenefs, 
 and is not fit for to make any utenfils therewith. All other 
 metals are of a contrary nature to filver, as lead, tin, iron, 
 brafs, &c. therefore they are to be avoided. 
 
 Tofiher brafs in fire. 
 
 nn A K E calx of fine filver half an ounce, one ounce of 
 "*■ fal-armoniac, three ounces of fait 3 mix and grind thei'e 
 well together When you ufe it, grind and temper it toge- 
 ther v.'ith water, and rub your brafs therewith ; neal it brown ; 
 then quench it in water wherein tartar has been diflblved ; 
 fcratch it, and finiih your work, by polifhing it as you fee 
 requifite, 
 
 J pozuder to Jiher copper or brafs withal, by rubbing it with 
 
 o?ie's finger. 
 
 D 
 
 ISSOLVE a little filver in aqua fortis, add to it as 
 much tartar and fal-armoniac as to make it like a pafte, 
 whereof make little balls j dry and pulverife them ; if you take 
 fome of this powder on your wetted thumb, and rub it upon 
 the copper or brafs, it v/ill give it the colour of filver. 
 
 A fiAvering on copper. 
 
 ■p\ ISSOLVE fine filver in aqua for tis ; pour it upon pul- 
 ^ verifed tartar ; and then draw your aqua for tis clear off, 
 and there remains a black matter ; with this rub your copper j 
 then neal it well and boil it in tartar and fait. 
 
 To filver copper or brafs with boiling it. 
 
 TAKE three ounces of fait, twenty-fix leaves of filver | of 
 an ounce of tartar, and half an ounce of allum ; boil this 
 in an earthen pipkin, and ilir it well together ^ put what you 
 
 delign 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 35 
 
 defign to filver into it j pour water upon it aiid let it boil ; 
 after it is well boiled, fcrutch-bruih it ; put it in again and 
 boil it ; then fcratch it again, and repeat this fo often until it 
 is to your mind. 
 
 To boil hrafs like filver. 
 
 T^ A K E one part of the filings of good pewter ; add to 
 ^ it one part of white tartar, and mix it together j then 
 take an unglazed pipkin, put thefe two ingredients, and the 
 brafs (which before muft be well fcratched and cleaned) into 
 it, and let it boil. 
 
 To filver copper^ brafs ^ fleel^ or iron^ fo as 7iot to come ojf-, 
 
 except it is made red })0t. 
 
 ^T^AKE urine which is made in the morning, cover it 
 -*■ and let it fiand a whole month, and it will ferment; 
 put it into a kettle or earthen pot, and let it boil ; fKim it, 
 and when the third part is evaporated, take two pints of urine, 
 one ounce of tartar, and an ounce of galiz-ftone ; put it in, 
 and let it boil once up. This liquid iceep clean, and if you 
 would filver any metal, take brick-dufl on a wet woollen rag, 
 and rub therewith your iron or other metal, until it is clear 
 and fine, and put it 24 hours in the prepared urine ; after- 
 wards dry it, and where you delign to filver, rub it over with 
 quickfilver; you mull: lay it on thin with an iron fpatula that 
 has alfo lain two hours in the urine ; then rub it on with a 
 foft woollen rag, and it is a fine bright filvering. 
 
 To fiver all forts of metals. 
 
 'Tp A K E as m.uch aqua-fortis as you think there is occafion 
 ■■■ for, put it in a glafs, and fet it on hot afhes ; then pat 
 in your quantity of filver, which firft has been beaten very 
 thin, and cut into little fhreds. When your (ilver is dilTolved, 
 take it off the aJhes, and mix that liquid with as much white 
 tartar as will make it like a paf^e : if you rub brafs, copper, 
 or any other metal, over with this, it will be like filver itfelf. 
 
 PART 
 
40 r/&£? L A B O R A T O R Y i ^r. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Choice Secrets for Jewellers, in Enamelling and the 
 preparing of Enamel-Colours ; the Art of Painting on 
 enamelled Plates. Several curious Inflrudions haw to make 
 Artificial Pearls ; of Doublets and I^cyles ; and how 
 to prepare and colour them. The Art of counterfeiting 
 precious Stones, together with other rare Secrets, 
 
 THE foregoing part will, no doubt, give a fufficient 
 idea, and dire6l the ingenious reader in the manage- 
 ment of gold and filver, in all the. different branches 
 fpecified. We fhall, in this fecond part, prefent him with 
 feveral choice fecrets, pecuharly relating to jewellers, and hrft 
 fhew that admirable branch 
 
 Of ENAMELLING. 
 
 To prepare the fiux for ena7nel colours, 
 
 'T^AKE four ounces of red lead, one ounce of well wafned 
 *- and cleaned fea fand, nielt them together, and put them 
 in a cold ingot. Or, 
 
 Take pebble one part, prepared as fliall be dire6ted \ mix 
 one part thereof with live parts of red lead. 
 
 Another fort of flux, which is very foft. 
 
 '"pAKE one ounce of white lead, \ of an ounce of red 
 
 -■■ lead, twelve grains of pebble ; beat the pebbles red hot, 
 
 and quench them in urine i repeat this until you can crumble 
 
 them 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 
 
 41 
 
 them to an impalpable powder between your fingers ; then beat 
 lliein tine ; put iheni with the ingredients into a clean cruci- 
 ble ; lute it well, and wiien dry, give it a fierce fire for half 
 an tiour ; or longer ; then take it off the fire, and let it cool 
 of itfelf; brea': the crucible afterwards, and you will find a 
 regulus ; which melt again in another clean crucible, and 
 pour it into a clean ingot, or a bright brafs weight fcale, and 
 then it y/i!l be fit for ufe ; beating and grinding it in an agat 
 mortar, to an impalpable powder. When you mix your co- 
 lours therewith, temper as much as you have occafion for, 
 with oil of fpike. 
 
 ; T 
 
 A green colour. 
 
 A K E of copperas, after nealing it, one part, four 
 parts of flux. Or, 
 
 Take brafs, and diffolve It in oqiia fortis^ then neal it well, 
 take of this one part, and three parts of flux. Or, 
 
 'T'A K E copper plates, and with a piece of pumice-ftone 
 -■■ rub it over with water, receive the water into a bafon 
 or difli, till you have wore it off pretty thin, then let 
 it fettle ; pour off the water, and neal the fettling ; then take 
 thereof one part and three parts of flux j and this makes a 
 good and fine green. 
 
 Dark green, 
 
 'TpAKE green enamel two parts, yellow frrtalt one eight 
 -■• part, and fix parts of verditer. 
 
 Yellow colour, 
 
 ^jpAKE fine king's yellow, neal it in a crucible, one 
 * part yellow, and three parts flux. 
 
 A high yelloiu, 
 
 'T'AKE gold-yellow enamel, vitriol and flux j grind and 
 •* temper them to your mind with oil of fpike. 
 
 Brimjlone 
 
42 The L ABOR ATOR Y; cr, 
 
 Brimjfone colour. 
 
 TAKE calcined Naples yellow one part, three parts of 
 burn'd lead yellow, and three parts of flux. 
 
 A black colour. 
 
 ''T'A K E I of black enamel, and one eight of fcales of 
 "■■ iron or an enamel-plate ; grind this with water in an 
 agat mortar very fine; draw the water from it, and dry it 
 upon hot plates j then grind it with oil of fpike. Or, 
 
 'T'AKE Hungarian vitriol, boil it over a gentle fire, take 
 * borax, and melt it in a new crucible, three different 
 times ; take one part of vitriol, three parts of flux j 
 grind thefe with oil of fpike as quick as pofTible. Or, 
 
 nPA K E magnefia, neal it upon a tile ; the blacker it 
 '*' comes off the fire the better ; and take one part thereof 
 with three parts of flux, ground with oil of fpike. 
 
 ji good red. 
 
 'T'A K E Hungarian vitriol, grind it fine, and dry it in 
 -■• the fun, then neal it between two crucibles, well luted, 
 fo as to prevent the air's coming to it. Take thereof 
 one part, and two parts and a half of flux ; melt them toge- 
 ther, and when you ufe them, grind them with oil of fpike. 
 
 jfnother. 
 
 'Tp A K E Roman vitriol, about the quantity of a walnut ; 
 -■■ grind it in a flone mortar, very fine ; dry it, and then 
 neal it to a brown colour ; take the heavy lumps, 
 put them into a new glazed pipkin, and pour aquafortis upon 
 them ; then walh the aqua tortis from them again, and let it 
 evaporate j take afterwards one part thereof, and three parts 
 of flux 3 grind it with oil of fpike. 
 
 Another 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 43 
 
 Another good red. 
 
 'X'AKE brown red, or caput mortuum of a^ua forth, or 
 ■*• Parh red, and a little flux j grind them fine with oil of 
 fpike. Or, 
 
 'T~<AKE vitriol, let it boil up in a clean crucible, and 
 ^ when dry, pour a little aqua fortis and vinegar on it 3 
 neal it well ; after that wafh it with clean water, till it has 
 no tarte ; dry it over a fire j and when dry, neal it again ; 
 then take of this one part, and three parts of flujr. 
 
 Blue colours, 
 
 TAKE fine fmalt, wafh it well with clean water, as 
 fine as pofTible ; put a httle flux to it, and grind it with 
 oil of fpike. Or, 
 
 'T^AKE ultramarine one part, flux four parts, grind them 
 ■^ with oil of fpike. Or, 
 
 O I X ounces of lead, four ounces of fand, two ounces of 
 *^ faffera, two quarts of pot-alhes, and two quarts of lead- 
 falt. 
 
 Smalt may alfo be ufed without the principal powder, only 
 ground with oil of fpike. 
 
 Green. 
 
 'IP A K E verditer, and a little ground flux j grind them 
 ;*■ with oil of fpike. 
 
 Grafs green. 
 
 TpAKE verditer, neal it in a crucible, and take one part 
 "*■ of it, and three parts and a half of flux. 
 
 Brown colours. 
 
 '■pAKE crocus martis one part, flux two parts, grind them 
 -*• v/ith oil of fpike. 
 
 Purple, 
 
44 ry&^ L A B O R A T O R Y; or, 
 
 Purple colour. 
 
 TAKE one part crocus martis, one part fmalt, and three 
 parts flux. Or, 
 
 nPA K E blood-ftone, grind it with vinegar ; when it is 
 
 •■• fine, walh it clean, and burn it over a candle on a thin 
 
 plate, 
 
 Hair colour. 
 
 TAKE umber, neal it in a crucible ; then take one part 
 thereof, and three parts of flux ; grind them with oil of 
 fpike. 
 
 Fawn colour. 
 
 rpAKE vitriol, glow it as hot as poflibly you can ; then 
 ^ take of it one part, and three parts flux. 
 
 Carnation colour. 
 
 TAKE yellow ochre, glow it in a crucible very hot, and 
 
 after that let it cool, and beat it in an iron mortar, and 
 
 if it is not of a fine colour, neal it again ; take of this one 
 part, and three parts and a half of flux. 
 
 AJleel red for enamel. 
 
 ^T^A K E fine thin beaten plates of fteel, cut them into 
 -*■ fmall ftireds ; put them into a vial with aqua fortis^ and 
 when reduced to a calx over a flow fire, then neal it j of this 
 take one part, and three parts of flux. 
 
 Of 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 45 
 
 Of the Art of PainWig on Ena77ieL 
 
 '^ H E ancients that laboured in this noble art, were un- 
 •^ acquainted with the beauties the moderns have difco- 
 Vered, particularly in the art of compounding colours for 
 reprefenting portraitures and hiftory : the fine performanees 
 in thofe particulars are the admiration of every curious 
 beholder. Befides their peculiar beauty and hiftre, they have 
 the pre-emihence to all other paintings, in that they are not 
 fubjecl to the injury of the air or weather, as moft other 
 paintings, either in oil or water colours, are ; and unlefs they 
 are rubbed or fcratched with any thing harder than themfelves, 
 the colours will retain their beauty for ever^ and be as fine and 
 bright as wheh firft done. 
 
 This curious art cannot be effected without fire, which 
 always hiilft be reverberatory, or in a furnace, fo artfully 
 contrived, that the fire may play all over the muffle that co- 
 vers your work ; but to explain this more fully, take the 
 half of a large crucible, viz. one that is fplit down length- 
 ways, but as thin as pofTible you can get ; when your rever- 
 beratory is building, let the mouth part di the crucible, the 
 fplit fide downwards, be placed fronting the mouth of the 
 furnace, and be fixed in fuch a manner that the furnace 
 fire may not play into it, nor the allies drop upon your 
 work. 
 
 Your furnace: may be either round or fquare ; it may be 
 of iron or earth, no matter which ; only let there be fo 
 much room in the infide as will contain the fplit crucible or 
 muffle, with a good charcoal fire round about to cover it : 
 you muft have a fiice, or iron plate, to put your work upon, 
 I which, with a pair of tongs, you convey into the furnace, 
 and brins; out again. 
 
 The metals fitted to enamel upon are gold, filver, and 
 copper; but the bell work is performed on gold, for filver 
 makes the white enamel appear of a yellowifh hue ; and 
 copper is apt to fcale, whereby the enamel is fubject to break 
 
 in 
 
4$ ri'^ L A BOR ATORYj ^r, 
 
 in pieces ; befides the colours lofe a great deal of their charms 
 and luftre to what they appear upon gold. And the gold 
 ufed for this purpofe fhould be the tineft, elfe the impurities 
 of a bad allay will have the fame efFe6l in the enamel colours 
 as the filver or copper. 
 
 Your plate, of whatever metal it be, mufl be very thin, 
 raifed in the nature of a convex ; both that and the concave 
 fide are laid over with white enamel ; that on the convex iide, 
 whereon your paint muit be laid, a fmall matter thicker 
 than the other. You muft obferve that the white enamel 
 which you lay on the convex, be ground with fair water in 
 an agat mortar, and with an agat peftle until it be fit for ufe : 
 the enamel for the other fide muft be tempered with water 
 whefein you have before fi:eeped forae quince kernels. 
 
 As to the enamel colours which you paint with, you muft 
 take great care that they be equally tempered, or your Vv'ork 
 will be fpoiled ; if one be fofter than the other, when your 
 work comes into the furnace and grows hot, the foft colour 
 will intermix with the hard, fo as to deface your work intirely ; 
 this may ferve to caution you to make trial upon a white 
 enamelled plate for that purpofe, of all your enamels, before 
 you begin your work : experience will direct you further. 
 
 Take particular care that not the leaft dirt imaginable come 
 to your colours while you are either painting or grinding them ; 
 for the leaft fpeck thereof, when it is worked up with it, and 
 when the work comes to be put into the reverberatory to be red 
 hot, will leave a hole, and fo deface your work. 
 
 After you have prepared your plate with a white enamel, 
 and it is ready to paint upon, apply your colours on an ivory 
 pallat, or a piece of glafs, inajuft order, as in limning, and 
 firft delineate your defign with a dark red, made of caput mor- 
 tuum, or crocus martis, ground with oil of fpike; put the 
 piece in the muffle, and with a reverberatory fire, as before 
 diretfled, fix that colour ; and then proceed to painting, re- 
 membering to dilute the thick and opaque enamel colours with 
 oil of fpike ; and the tranfparent ones with fair water : by 
 mixing blue and yellow enamel colour you have a fair green ; 
 blue and red a violet; red and white a rofe colour ; and fo of 
 other colours. 
 
 We 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 47 
 
 We (hall here fet down feveral other receipts for preparing 
 enamel colours to the grcateft perfection, which will not only 
 be fit in beautifying and adorning of gold ; but alfo for portrai- 
 ture or painting on enamel. 
 
 To prepare the principal matter for enamel colours. 
 
 T 
 
 A K E lead fifteen pounds, plate-tin afhes fixteen pounds ; 
 mix and calcine thefe as direded in the firft part, after 
 you have calcined your lead and tin, fearch the calx, and put 
 it into an earthen pot filled with water ; fet it over a fire, and 
 let it boil a little, after which take it off, pour the water into 
 another veflel, which will carry the more fubtil calx along 
 with it : repeat this till you can fubtilize no more of the calx, 
 and the water comes off clean without any mixture. What 
 grofs part remains in the pot, calcine as before, and this re- 
 peat till you can draw off no more of the fubtil matter. Then 
 pour the water from all your receivers into one that is larger, 
 and evaporate it on a flow fire, left by a fierce one the calx 
 Ihould founder or fettle to the bottom, but continue more fine 
 and fubtil than when firfc calcined. 
 
 Of this calx take 12 pounds, frit of white fand beaten and 
 fearched 12 pounds, faltpetre purified ri pounds, fait of tartar 
 purified * and fearched two ounces. Put thefe powders all to- 
 gether into a pot, place it in a glafs houfe furnace for ten or 
 
 To purify fait of tartar, calcine tartar of red wine in an earthen 
 pot, till it comes black ; continue the fire till it changes to a white. 
 Then put it into an earthen pan, glazed ; fill the pan with clear 
 water, and boil it over a gentle tire, fo chat in four hours the 
 water may evaporate the fourth part; then take it oft' the fire and 
 after the water is fettled and cold, pour it off by inclination into a 
 clean glazed pan, and you will have a Ihong lee. Then pour clean 
 water on the fasces, and let them boil as before : this repeat, till 
 the water becomes infipid ; then filter the lees ; put them in glafs 
 bodies upon the alhes in a gentle heat to evaporate, and at the 
 bottom there will remain a very whue fait. Diflblve this fait 
 again in fair water, and let it ftand two days, for the fjsces to fet- 
 tle ; then filter it, and evaporate it at a gentle fire, as before, and 
 you will have a fait whiter thr.n the former; repeat this three or 
 four times, and your fait will be whiter than fftow itfelf, 
 
 twelve 
 
48 T^^^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; (7r, 
 
 twelve hours to digefl: and purify. Then take and reduce It 
 to an impalpable powder ; keep it in a clofe dry place for ufc. 
 Thus is your firfl or principal matter for enamel colours pre- 
 pared. 
 
 To male enamel of a milk tvhite colour. 
 
 np A K E three pounds of the fore-mentioned principal pow^ 
 •■' der, and twenty-four grains of magneiia prepared*, ar- 
 fenick. two pounds, put thefe together into a melting-pot to 
 melt and purify over a fierce fire ; when the matter is thus 
 melted, throw it out of the pot into fair water ; and having af- 
 terwards dried it, melt it again as before ; do this for the third 
 time, changing the water; when you have thus purified it, 
 and found the white colour anfwer your intent, it is well ; 
 but in cafe it has ftill a tindure of a greenifh liue, add a little 
 more magnefia, and in melting it over again it will become 
 as white as milk, and be fit to enamel with upon gold or other 
 metals ; take it off the fire, make it into cakes and preferve 
 it for ufe. 
 
 A turcoife blue enamcL 
 
 np A K E of the principal matter or powder three pounds, 
 ■*' melt and purify it in a white glazed pot, then cait it into 
 water ; when dry put it again into a pot, and being melted 
 over again, add to it at four times this compolition : fcales thrice 
 calcined f two ounces and a half, prepared zafter forty-three 
 grains, of prepared magnefia twenty-four grains, fione-blue 
 
 • The preparation of the magnefia is thus ; put feme pieces in an 
 iron ladle into a reverberatory fire ; and when it begins to whiten, 
 fprinkle it with good vinegar, afcer which heat it, and vva(h it vvhillt 
 hot; then dry it, and leduce it into a powder. 
 
 -\ To calcine copper fcales, fuch as come from the hammer of bra- 
 ziers or copper-fmiths : wafh them from their foulnefs, put them 
 into a crucible, place it in the mouth of a reverberatory furnace 
 for four days ; after which let them cool, then pound, grind and 
 fearch them. This powder put a fecond time into the furnr.ce 
 to reverberate four days longer; proceed as before, and after ic 
 has ftood again the third time for four days, reduce it into powder, 
 and it will be fit for the ufe intended. 
 
 two 
 
S C H d O L c/ A R T S. 49 
 
 two ounces ; mix and reduce thefe to a very fine powder ; 
 llir the matter veiy well with an iron rod, for the powders to 
 incorporate. When your matter is thus tinged, oblerve well 
 whether your colour anfwers your intention before you empty 
 the pot : if you perceive the tinging powders are too predo- 
 minant, add more of the principal powders ; and if two faint, 
 add more of the tinging powders, Your own judgment muft 
 dired you in the management of this preparation. 
 
 A fine blue enamel. 
 
 *ir A K E two pounds of the principal poWder, purified^ one 
 ■*• ounce of prepared zafFer, or of indigo blue ; twenty-two 
 grains of copper rhrice calcined ; mix and reduce thcfe to a 
 tine powder, and put them into a white glazed pot : when the 
 metal is melted, caft it into water ; then dry it and put it into 
 the pot again ; let it Hand upon the fire until it is well incorpo- 
 rated ; take it off, make it into cakes, and keep it for ufe. 
 
 A green enamel, 
 
 np A K E t%vo pounds of the principal powder, purified, 
 ■*• one ounce ot copper fcales thrice refined, twenty-four 
 grains of fcales of iron, copperas two ounces, yellow arfenick 
 one ounce ; mix and reduce thefe to an impalpable powder, and 
 at three feveral times, or in three feveral portions, fling it into 
 the principal matter, f^irring the metal fo as to tinge it equally. 
 When the colour is to your liking, let it ftand for a while in 
 the tire, to incorporate thoroughly ; then take it off, and you 
 will have: a delicate green. Or, 
 
 nPAKE * Feretto of Spain tv,'o ounces, forty-eight grains of 
 
 "* crocus martis prepared with vinegar, yellow arfenick two 
 
 ounces ; pulverize and mix thefe well, and put them into 
 
 * Feretto of Spniny is thus prepared : ftratify thin plates of copper 
 with vitriol, in a crucible ; put it in the mouth of a glafs furnace for 
 three days; then tak? it our, and add to the copper new rows or 
 layers of vitrioi, itratifying them as before : then pat the crucible 
 again in the fame place of the furnace : this repeat fix times fucceU 
 fiveiy, and you will have an excellent feretto ; ivhich beat to powder, 
 snd it will tinge glafs of an extraordinary beautiful colour- 
 
 E a 
 
50 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; or, 
 
 a white glazed pot, fet it in the furnace to melt, and refine 
 the matter ; after which caft it into water ; and when dried, 
 throw it again into the pot : when mehed, obferve whetlier 
 the colour is to your hking ; if fo, let it ftand for feme time 
 longer to refine. If you find the colour too faint, add mors 
 of the tinging powder. 
 
 A black enamel. 
 
 TP A K E of the principal powder two pounds, prepared 
 ■■■ zafl^er one ounce, and prepared magnefia one ounce ; pul- 
 verize and mix thefe, and proceed as directed in the preceding 
 colours. Or, 
 
 TAKE of the principal powder three pounds, zafFer one 
 ounce, crocus martis one ounce, feretto of Spain one 
 ounce i pound and mix them, and proceed as directed before. 
 
 A velvet-black enaniel. 
 
 r\ F the principal powder two pounds, red tartar two' 
 ^^ ounces, prepared magnefia one ounce, pulverize thefe 
 and put them into a glazed pot, bigger than ordmary, becaufe 
 the metal will rife j for the reft, proceed as directed before. 
 
 A purple-coloicr enamel. 
 
 /^F the principal powder two pounds, prepared magnefia 
 ^^ one ounce, indigo blue half an ounce \ proceed as abo\ e. 
 Or, 
 
 pRINCIPAL powder three pounds, prepared magnefia 
 ^ one ounce and an half, of twice calcined fcales of copper 
 three ounces, ftone blue one ounce i pulverize and proceed as 
 direded. 
 
 A "j'lolet enamel. 
 
 /^F the principal powder three pounds, prepared magnefia 
 ^^ one ounce, thrice calcined copper fcales twenty-four grains, 
 terra verte one ounce ; pulverize and mix thefe all together, 
 and proceed as before dirCvPtcd. A 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. ^i 
 
 J yellow enameU 
 
 r\ F the principal powder three pounds, tartar one ounce 
 ^-^ and a half, prepared magnelia fix grains, yellow orpiment 
 two ounces, arfenick one ounce j pulverize them, and proceed 
 as before direded. 
 
 An excellent red enamel^ of a very fplendid ruby colour. 
 
 'T' HIS enamel is of a furpriiing beauty, and its luftre equals 
 '*■ that of a red ruby. To prepare this, take equal quan- 
 tities of magnefia of Piedmont^ and faltpetre ; let them rever- 
 berate and calcine in an earthen pot in a furnace for twenty- 
 four hours ; take it then off, and wafh it well in warm water, 
 to feparate the faltpetre ; dry it Well, and the mafs will be of a 
 red colour : to this add an equal quantity of fal-arnioniac ; 
 grind this on a marble with diliilled vinegar, as painters do 
 their colours ; dry it and pulverize it ; then put it into a ftrong 
 matrafs, let it fublimate for twelve hours ; break off the neck 
 of your matrafs, and mix all the volatile and fixed parts toge- 
 ther, adding the fame quantity of fal-armoniac as there are flow- 
 ers, and take care to weigh them before the cornpofition ; grind, 
 pulverize and fublimate as before, repeating this until your 
 magnefia remains fufible at the bottom of the matrafs : this 
 preferve to tinge your cryllal with ; and according to your 
 liking, add either a greater or lefs quantity of the magnefia, 
 or elfe of the cryftal, until you have brought it to its degree 
 of perfecSlion. 
 
 A rofe colour enamel. 
 
 *^ A K E five pounds of ground cryftal, melt it in a glazed 
 ■*• pot, add, at four different times, two ounces and a half 
 of thrice calcined copper ; ftir the metal every time, then pour 
 into it crocus martis and magnelia prepared as diretSted ; let 
 it ftand for fix hours to cleanfe, and if the colour is too light, 
 add a little more crocus martis, until it be of a fine rofc: 
 colour. 
 
 Obferve that all the colours, which are riot pure enamel, 
 mull be incorporated with the cryftalline matter, to the end 
 
 E 2 they 
 
52 Tt?e LABORATORY; or, 
 
 they may vitrify the better, which elfe they would not eafily 
 do. Moft workmen make ufe of rocaille \ but that does not 
 anfwer the purpofe fo well as ground cryllal. 
 
 A fine purple. 
 
 TAKE half an ounce of fine gold ; neal it and beat it 
 into very thin plates ; diffolve this in four ounces of 
 aqua fortis, regulated with fal-armoniac, or old ftrong fait ; 
 put it into a glafs cucurbite, which fet on warm a(hes, or fand, 
 to diflblve ; put it to a fmall matter of faltpetre ; when all 
 is diflblved, drop two or three drops of oil of tartar mto it, 
 and (lop the cucurbite dole, to prevent its boiling over : then 
 put in feme more drops of oil, and repeat this until it ebu- 
 lates or boils no more. After this put fome lukewarm rain- 
 water to it, and let it ftand for fome time, and a powder 
 will fettle at the bottom of the cucurbite ; then pour off the 
 water leifurely into an earthen, or glazed receiver ; put more 
 frefn water to the fediment, and repeat this until the water 
 comes off clear, and free from the fharpnefs of the aqua fortis. 
 When the powder is fettled, and ail the water poured from 
 it, then put it upon a piece of whited brown paper, to fepa- 
 rate it from the reft of the water, and dry it on a warm tile, 
 or in the fun. To one part of this powder, add fix parts of 
 the principal powder ; grind it with oil of fpike, and it will 
 make a good purple. 
 
 A good red enamel colour. 
 
 *~V^ A K E clean Hungarian vitriol, put it into a Copper aip, 
 ■*• hold it over a fire, and ftir it with a filver or copper wire 
 until it is reduced to a white powder ; burn this upon a hot tile, 
 on which let it cool of itielf ; then walh it with rain water^ 
 and when fettled, pour off" that, and put frefh water on, and 
 thus repeat it feveral times. 
 
 But fome artifis, inrtead of wafliing this powder, boil it in 
 fair water, and think this method better than that of waihing, 
 ^\'ith this powder you may tinge the principal matter to what 
 height you v.'ould have your colour. Or, 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. ^^ 
 
 T^ISSOLVE vitriol in an earthen pan, and it will ftx 
 *^ and Ihoot at the fides thereof into cryftals ; which take 
 and burn over a gentle lire between two crucibles well luted :, 
 when thus you have burned it to a powder, take and boil it in 
 clean water ; and when done, dry it ; of this take one part, 
 of the principal powder three parts, and of tranfparent yellow 
 one and | part. Or, 
 
 pUT vitriol into a crucible, pour a little aqua-fortis upon 
 ■■• it, and neal jt gently ; then put it in a clean earthen 
 pipkin, pour clean water upon it, and boil it one hour ; then 
 pour orf that, and put irelh water upon it ; walh it, and 
 when fettled dry it ; neal it once more, and it is fit for ufe. 
 Of this powder take two parts, and of the principal powder, 
 or flux, three parts. 
 
 A JJux for red enamel. 
 
 npA K E of red lead four ounces, white fcouring fand one 
 '*' ounce J melt it, and pour it into an iron mortar. 
 
 Some general obfervations. 
 
 "DEFORE we proceed to another fubje£l, we will con- 
 ""^ elude this article with a few obfervations and general 
 rules, for the more eafy apprehending of what has been faid 
 already. 
 
 You may obferve that gold is the moil proper metal to 
 enamel upon ; that every colour, except a violet or purple, 
 receives an additional beauty from it to what it does from filver 
 or copper : that it is propereft to enrich gold with fuch beauti- 
 ful colours, fince they raife an agreeable admiration in tha 
 beholder when the fkilful artift places them in due order. 
 
 The ancients only painted in black and white, with fome- 
 thing of a carnation or flelh colour ; in procefs of time they 
 indeed made fome few improvements, but all their enamel 
 colours were equally alike on gold, filver, or copper, every 
 one tranfparent ; and every colour wrought by itfelf. But 
 fince the modern artifts have found out a way of enamelling 
 with opaque colours, and of compounding them in fuch a 
 manner as to Ihade or heighten the painting therewith j in the 
 
 E 3 fame 
 
54 The LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 fame manner as is done in miniature, or oil painting, this art 
 has gained the pre-eminence in fmall portraitures, it having 
 the advantage of a natural and lailing lullre, which is never 
 tarnifhed nor fubjedt to decay. 
 
 The purple coloured enamel does beft on filver, from which 
 it receives an agreeable beauty j fo does the egmarine, azure 
 and green ; all other colours, as well clear as opaque, do not 
 fuit therewith ; copper fuits with all thick enamels, but is 
 vnfit for that v/hich is clear. 
 
 You muft obferve to make choice qf good, hard, and laft-. 
 ing enamel : the foft is commonly full of lead, which is apt 
 to change the colours and make them look fullied and foul ; 
 but if you follow our prefcnptions, you will meet with no 
 fuch inponveniepcies, 
 
 Remember when you lay your white enamel on either gold, 
 filver, or copper, to dilute it w'ith water of quince-kernels, 
 as has been direcSled ; your clean enamel colours mix only 
 with fair water ; and the opaque, when mixed with flux, or 
 the principal powder, dilute with oil of fpike. 
 
 Be careful not to keep your work too long on the fire, but 
 take it often out, to fee when it has the proper glazing, and 
 then it is finiflied. 
 
 Before you ufe your enamels, give them a little preparation ; 
 the moll approved by goldfmiths, is, to take the enamel, and 
 after you have ground it to a fine powder, pour on it a little 
 aqua fortis, and afterwards purify and refine it in a fmall glafs 
 cucurbite ; then wa(h it feveral times in fair water ; dry it, 
 and lay it up carefully to keep it from du(l : when you ufe it, 
 grind as much ^s you have occafion for, with fair water, in 
 an agat mortar ; thus do with all your clear and tranfparent 
 enamels, and by this means you will have all things in rea- 
 dinefs to proceed in your work with pleafure. 
 
 All opaque colours that will fiand the fire, are fit to be ufed 
 in painting enamel ; and the ingenious artift v^ill not be at a 
 great lofs, but in fearching after them will meet with feveral 
 colours not yet difcovered ; as it frequently happens to thofe 
 who try experiments, and are in purfuit of new difcoveri^s, 
 in this as in any other art. 
 
 . ^ 01 
 
S C H O O L (?/ A R T S. ^5 
 
 Of j^rtificial PEARLS. 
 
 IT will not be improper to treat in this place on this fubjedl, 
 as it is a branch relating to jewellers. 
 
 1 he ancients who wrote on the feveral forts of precious 
 ftciies, ranged pearls among the jewels of the nrft clafs ; they 
 have at all times been in high efteem, and have been eagerly 
 fought for, particularly for adorning the fair fex. 
 
 The oriental pearls are the fineft, on account of their large- 
 nefs, colour and beauty ; being of a filver white ; whereas the 
 occidenval or weftern pearls feldom exceed the colour of milk. 
 The Lcll pearls are brought from the PerfiaJi gulf, above the 
 ifies of ' .rrnus and BaJJora. They are found in Europe^ both 
 in fait and frefh waters ; Scotland, Silefm, Bohemia and />;- 
 fia^ produce very line ones j though thofe of the latter country 
 are out very fmall. 
 
 Art, which is always bufy to mimick nature, has not been 
 idle to bring counterfeit pearls to the greateft perfection : they 
 are i':iit3ted fo near, that the naked eye cannot diftinguilh them 
 fron. the pearls of the firft clafs, or the real ones, and by this 
 means the wearing of pearls is become univertal. 
 
 \''e (hall here prefent the curious with feveral receipts how 
 to counterfeit pearls in the beft manner, and after a method 
 both eafy and fatisfactory, fo as to render his labour pleafant 
 and delightful, and to anfwer his expectation. 
 
 To imitate fine Oriental Pearls. 
 
 'T~'AKE of thrice diftilled vinegar two pounds, Venice tur- 
 *- pentine one pound ; mix them together into a mafs and 
 put them into a cucurbite, fit a head and receiver to it, and 
 aftei you have luted the joints, fet it, when dry, on a fand 
 furnace, to diftil the vinegar from it ; do not give it too much 
 heat left the ftuff Ihould fwell up. 
 
 After this put the vinegar into another glafs cucurbite, in 
 which there is a quantity of feed pearl, wrapt in a piece of 
 thin filk, but fo as not to touch the vinegar ; put a cover or 
 
 E 4 head 
 
^6 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 head upon the cucurbite ; lute it well, and put it in BcjL Maria^ 
 where you may let it remain a fortnight. The heat of the 
 Balneum will raife the fumes of the vinegar, and they will 
 ibften the pearls in the filk, and bring them to the confiftence 
 of a pafie ; which being done, take them out, and mould them 
 to what bignefs, fhape and form you pleafe. Your mould muft 
 be of hne filver, the infide gilded ; you muft alfo refrain from 
 touching the parte with your fingers, but ufe filver gilded 
 uteniils, with which fill your moulds : when you hav^ 
 moulded them, bore them through with a hog's briftle, or 
 gold wire, and let them dry a little ; then thread them again 
 on a gold wire, and put them in a glafs ; clofe it up, and fet 
 them in the fun to dry j after they are thorough dr)' put them 
 in a glafs matrafs into a ftream of running water, and leave 
 them there twenty days ; by that time they will contra(£t the na- 
 tural hardnefs and folidity of pearls. Then take them out of the 
 matrafs, and hang them in mercury water *, where they will 
 moiften, fwell, and aflume their oriental beauty; after which 
 fliift them into a matrafs, hermetically clofed up, to prevent 
 any water coming to them, and let it down into- a well, to 
 continue there about eight days ; then draw the matrafs up, 
 and in opening it you will find pearls exaftly refemblin^ 
 oriental ones. This method is very excellent, and well worth 
 the trouble, fince by experimenting fo fine a fecret, you will 
 have the fatisfaction of feeing the performance anfwer the 
 direclion above expedlation. 
 
 Another ivcy to male artificial pearh. 
 
 '^ A K E oriental feed pearls, reduce them into a fine 
 -*■ powder on a marble, then diflblve them in mercury- 
 watqr, or clarified juice of lemons. To make more dif- 
 patch, fet them in a cucurbite on warm afnes, and you will 
 fee prefently a cream arife at the top, which take off imme- 
 diately ; 
 
 * Mercury-w.iter is thus prepared. Take plate tin of Cornivall, cal- 
 cine it, and let the calx be pure and f.ne ; then with one ounce 
 of the calx, and two ounces of prepared mercury, make an amal- 
 ?;anria ; wafl^ it with fail vva:^r, :ili the ivater remains infipid 
 
 and 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 57 
 
 ^lately : take the diffolution off the fire, and when fettled, 
 pour off the liquid inLO another glafs, and fave it. You will 
 have the peari paite at the bottom, with which fill your fil- 
 ver giWed moulds, and fo put them by for 24 hours : Tlien 
 bore^ihein through with a briftle ; dole up the moulds, in bar- 
 ley dough, and put it in an oyen to bake, and when about 
 half baked draw it out, take out your pearls, and fieep them 
 in the liquor you faved before, putting them in and taking 
 them out fevcral times ; then clofe them up in their moulds, 
 and bake them again with the like dough j but let it remain 
 in the oven till it is almofl burnt, before you draw it out : 
 After you have taken your pearls out of their moulds, ftring 
 them on one or more gold or filver threads, and fieep them 
 in mercury-water for about a fortnight ; after which time 
 take and dry them by the fun, in a well clofed glafs, and 
 you will have very fine and bright pearls. 
 
 Another way, 
 
 T^IfToIve very fine pulverifed oriental pearls In allum-watcr ; 
 *^ when the diffjlution is fettled, pour off the water and 
 wa(h the parte that's fettled, firfi: in diftilled waters, then in 
 bean water, and afterwards fet it in bal. marits^ or horfe- 
 dung to digell for a fortnight ; this done take out your glafs, 
 and the matter being come to the confiftence of a pafte, mould 
 it as you have been directed before ; bore and firing the pearls 
 on a lilvcr thread, and hang them in a well clofed up glafs 
 
 and clear ; then dry the amalgama thoroughly, put it into a matrafs 
 over a furnace, giving it fuch a heat as is requifue for fublimation. 
 When the matter is well fublimated, take off the matrafs, and let it 
 coo]. Take out that fublimate, add one ounce o{ Venice fublimate 
 to it, and grind it together on a marble ; put this into another 
 matrafs, clofe it well, and fet it upfide down in a pail of water; 
 and the whole mafs will difTolve itfelf in a little time into mercury- 
 water : this done filter it into a glafs receiver, fet it on a gentle 
 alh fire to coagulate, and it will turn into a cryfialline fubftance : 
 This beat in a glafs mortar with a glafs peftie to a fine powder, 
 fearce it through a fine fieve, and put it into a matrafs, flop it clofe 
 up, and place it in hoJn. mari^s ; there let it remain, till it refolvcs 
 again into water ; which is the mercury-water, fit for the above- 
 mentioned ufe. 
 
 limbeck. 
 
58 ri'^ L A B O R A T O R Yi cr, 
 
 limbeck, to prevent the air coming to them : thus dried, 
 Nvrap every one up in leaves of filver, then fplit a barbel, and 
 clofe them up in the belly thereof ; make a dough of barley 
 meal, and bake the lifli, as you do bread ; then draw him, take 
 out your pearls, and dry them in a cloied glafs in the fun. 
 
 To give them a tranfparency and fplendour, dip them in 
 mercury water, or inftead thereof, take the herb gratuliy 
 fqueezed in water, put therein fix ounces of feed pearl, one 
 ounce of faltpetre, one ounce of roach alum, one ounce of 
 litharge of filver ; the whole being dilTolved, heat rirft the 
 pearls, and then dip them in this dilfolution to cool, repeat 
 this about fix times running. 
 
 If your pearls Ihould not have their natural hardnefs, then 
 take two ounces of calamy or lapis calarninarh in impalpable 
 powder ; add to this two ounces of oil of vitriol, and two 
 ounces of the water of the whites of eggs j put them toge- 
 ther into a retort, lute a receiver to it, and you will diftiil a 
 fair water, with which, and fome tine barley flower, make a 
 pafle, in which coiSn your pearls, and bake thsm as before \ 
 thus they will become exceeding h?ird. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 ^T~* A K E chalk well purified and cleanfed from all groflhefs 
 ■*- and fand ; of this make a pafte, and form thereof pearls, 
 in a mold for that purpoie j pierce them through with a 
 briftle, and let them dry in the fun or in an oven ; then 
 firing them on a filver thread, colour them lightly over with 
 arnienian bole, diluted in the white of eggs, and when dry, 
 drench them with a pencil and fair water j lay them over 
 with leaf filver, and put them under a glafs in the fun to dry j 
 when dry polilh them with a dog's tooth. 
 
 To give them the true colour, make a glue of vellum fhav- 
 ings thus : After vou have wafhed them in warm water, boil 
 them in fair water, in a new earthen pot or pipkin, to fome 
 thicknefs, and then ftrain them through a cloth. \Vhen you 
 would ufe it, warm it tirft, and dip your ftring of pearls into 
 it, but let there be an interval between each pearl, fo as 
 not to touch one another ; this will give your pearls a natu- 
 ral luilre. 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 59 
 
 To form large pearls out of /mail ones^ as direded by Korndorffer. 
 
 'Tp A K E of mercurial water 14 ounces; put two ounces 
 "■■ of j^i.ph. foils into 4 low matrafs, pour the mercurial 
 water upon it, and let it diiTolve and extract. Then 
 take of the whitefc imall pearls 20 ounces, put them into a 
 proper iratrals, and pour the faid water upon it. The pearls 
 will by degrees dhlblve, and at lall turn to a clear calx, much 
 like (lillblved illver calx : pour off the mercurial waier ; boil 
 the caix well out, and dry it ; then put it into a clean cru- 
 cible by itfelf j and meit and call it into what form you pleafe. 
 When cold, roliih it in the fame manner as you do gems or 
 f ryftals, and you will have your work of the conliflence and 
 beauty of the fineft and clparefl oriental pegrl. 
 
 To make of fmall pearls a fine necklace of large ones. 
 
 'Tp A K E fmall oriental pearls, as many as you will, put 
 -■■ them into mercurial water fifteen days and nights to- 
 gether, and they will turn foft, like a parte ; then have a pearl 
 mould, made of filver ; into this convey the parte by a filver 
 fpattle or fuch like implement ; but you muft not touch the 
 parte with your fingers, and be very careful to have every 
 thing nice and clean about this work : when it is in the mould, 
 let It dry therein ; bore a hole with a filver wire thro' it, and 
 let it rtick thereon till you have more ; but take care they 
 don't touch one another ; then have a glafs wherein you may 
 fix as upon a pair of rtands, your wires with the pearls : 
 put them well clofed up in the fun to harden, and when you 
 find them hard enough, put them into a matrafs ; lute the 
 neck thereof very clofe, and fink it in a running fpring of 
 water for 20 days, in which time they will contrail their na- 
 tural colour. 
 
 To 
 
6o rbe LABORATORY^ er. 
 
 To clean pearls^ ivhen of a foul colour^ ^ 
 
 'Tp A K E pigeons dung, moiften it with allum-water, to 
 -*• the confiftence of a pafte : put this into a glals, big e- 
 nough to hold four times the quantity ; put into this 
 your yellow-coloured or foul pearls, fo that they may be co- 
 vered all over, and fet them in a warm place, or behind an 
 oven ; let them ftand for a month j then take them out, 
 fling them into frefli cold allum-water and dry them carefully, 
 and your pearls will become fine and white : if you repeat the 
 operation once or twice, they will be done to greater per- 
 fection. 
 
 ' • To blanch and cleanfe pearls. 
 
 "C* I R S T foak and cleanfe them in bran water ; then in 
 '*• milk-warm water, and lafl of all, fteep them in mercury- 
 water : then ftring and hang them in a glafs ; clofe it well, 
 and fet them in the fun to dry. 
 
 The bran water is made thus : Boil two large handfuls of 
 wheaten bran in a quart of water, till all the flrength of the 
 bran is drawn out, wliich ufe thus ; take a new glazed ear- 
 then pan, in which put your pearls on a ftring, and pour the 
 third part of the bran-water upon it ; when they have foaked, 
 and the water is juil warm, rub your pearls gently with your 
 hands, to cle:.n them the better, and continue this till the 
 water is cold j then throw off that, and pour on another 
 third part of the bran water that is boiling j proceed with this 
 as you did before, and when cold throw it away, and pour 
 on the remainder of the water ftill, proceed as before ; after 
 t]"kis heat fair water, and pour it on your pearls, to refrefh 
 them, and to wafli away the remains of the bran, by lliifting 
 them, and pouring on rreih warm water : this do thrice, 
 without handling your pearls ; then lay them on a fheet of 
 clean white paper ; and dry them in a ihade j then dip them 
 iiito mercury v«ater, to bring thein to perfection. 
 
 Oihir 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 6i 
 
 Other methods ufed in blanching pearls. 
 
 J> O U N D alabafter to an impalpable powder, rub the 
 * pearls therewith very gently ; this will not only cleanfe 
 them, but if you let them remain in this powder 24 hours 
 afterwards, they will flill be the better for it. White coral 
 has the fame effe6i, ufed in the like manner. 
 
 White tartar calcined and diverted of all its moifture, is 
 very good for the fame purpofe. 
 
 Salt diflblved, filtered, coagulated, well dried and ground, 
 is as effedtual as any of the former things, for cleanfing of 
 pearls, by rubbing them therewith ; and if afterwards you lay 
 them up in fome coarfe ground millet, it will contribute to 
 their natural brightnefs. 
 
 0/ DOUBLETS. 
 
 T^Oublets being much in vogue, and the lapidaries ar- 
 ■*-^ rived to fuch a perfection in the making of them, that 
 they often deceive even tolerable judges : I fhall, for 
 the fake of fuch as are unacquainted with the fecrets thereof, 
 fet down fome inftru6tions, how they are made ; and alio how 
 they may be known and diilinguilhed from real gems. 
 
 ^T^ A K E two drams of clear maftick ; and of the fineft 
 •*• clearell Venetian or Cyprian turpentine 16 drams ; dif- 
 folve this together in a filver or brafs fpoon : if you 
 had there is too much turpentine, then add a little more 
 maftick to it, to bring it to a right temper. Then take what 
 colour you pleafe, as I'hrentine lake, dragon's blood, diftill'd 
 verdegreafe, or what colour elfe you defign, for reprefenting 
 a particular ftone; grind each by itfelf, in the niceil manner 
 you poinbly can, and mix each apart with the mixture of 
 maftick and turpentine, v/hich you ought to have ready by 
 you ; and you will find the Florentine lake to imitate the co- 
 lour of a ruby, the dragon's blood that of a hyacinth, and' 
 ifhe verdegreaXe the colour of ?.n emerald. But in cafe you 
 
 would 
 
62 The LABORATORY^ or, 
 
 would have your colours, as it were, diftilled, then get ^ 
 little box, made of lime-tree, in the fliape of an egg or acorn, 
 as reprefented in plate II. tig. 2. 
 
 This box mufl be turned at the bottom as thin as poflible, 
 fo that the light may be ken through it. Then make a quan- 
 tity of any one of the abovefaid colours, mixed with the mix- 
 ture of maftick and turpentine, and put it into that little box, 
 hung over a gentle glowing coal tire, or in fummer-time in 
 the heat of the fun, where the colour will difiil through very 
 tine : fcrape and put this into little boxes of ivory, to preferve 
 it from dull, for your ufe, it is neceflary to have to every dif- 
 ferent colour fuch a different wooden box. 
 
 When the colours are ready, take your cryllals (firfl: 
 ground exactly to fit upon one another) and make your colours 
 and ftone of an equal warmth ; lay your colour with a fine hair 
 pencil on the fides of the cryftals that are to be join'd toge- 
 ther ; then clap them againft each other as nimbly as polTible : 
 prefs them with your ringers clofe together ; let them cool,- 
 and it is done. 
 
 Hoiv to hiotv a doublet from a natural flone. 
 
 'T"^ A K E a ftone, in cafe you are dubious about it, an(J 
 ■■■ look upon it edge-ways againll: the light, and if it is a 
 doublet, you will prefently fee the clear cryftal, or the glafs, 
 and fo find out the impofiure. 
 
 The cryjlal glue i?/" Milan. 
 
 T S nothing clfe but grains of maftick, fqueezed out by de- 
 ■* grees over a charcoal fire, and like a clear turpentine. The 
 pieces which are to be glued together, are firit warm'd over 
 a coal fire, then the mafiick is put on th:; point af a bodkin 
 and warm'd ; when both are of an equal v^armth, wipe your 
 cryltal or fione over with it, clap them upon one another, and 
 prefs them together ; what comes out about the fides, fcrape- 
 off as foon as it is dry, with a knife. This withfiands as well 
 told as hot water, ejicept a fierce fire 
 
 ^ome 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 6^ 
 
 Some remarks on doublets. 
 
 ALL falfified jewels are made, either of a faphir, or two 
 ■^* cryftals, by putting a foyle between them, and cement- 
 ing: them together, as has been mentioned before, with maftick. 
 Thefe mimirked ftoncs may eafily be difcerned by taking one 
 of them between the two nails of your thumbs, and holding 
 them againft the light, diredling your eye towards the middle 
 of the ftohe ; if the two outer parts appear white, and the 
 middle of a different colour, you may conclude the ftone to 
 be falfe, and made by art. 
 
 A peremptory Inflruftion concerning the Foyles or Leaves, 
 which are laid under Precious Stones. 
 
 T T is cuftomary to place thin leaves of metal under pre- 
 ■'■ cious ftones, in order to make them look tranfparent, and 
 to give them an agreeable different colour, either deep or 
 pale : Thus, if you want a fhone to be of a pale colour, put a 
 foyle of that colour under it ; again, if you would have it deep, 
 lay a dark one under it : befides, as the tranfparency of gems 
 difcovers the bottom of the ring they are fet in, artificers have 
 found out means to give the ftone an additional beauty, which 
 without thefe helps it would be deprived of. 
 
 Thefe foyles are made, either of copper, gold, or gold and 
 filver together : we ihall firfl mention thofe made of copper 
 only, and are generally known by the name of Nurenhurg or 
 German foyles. 
 
 Procure the thinnef^ copper plates you can, the thinner they 
 are, the lefs trouble they will give you in reducing them to a 
 finer fubtlance ; beat thefe plates gently upon a well polilhed 
 anvil, with a polilhed hammer, as thin as poflible ; but before 
 you go about this work, take two iron plates, about fix inches 
 long, and as wide, but no thicker than writing-paper ; bend 
 thern fo as to fit one on the other ; between thefe neal the cop- 
 per 
 
64 r^cr L A BOR A TOR Yi or, 
 
 per you defign to hammer for the foyles, to prevent aHies, of 
 other impurities getting to them ; put your copper foyles be- 
 tween thefe bended irons, lay them in the fire , and let thent 
 neal ; then, taking them out, (hake the aihes from them and 
 hammer them until cool. Then take your foyles to the anvil, 
 and beat them until they become very thin, and whillt you 
 beat one number, put in another between the irons to neal ; 
 this you may repeat eight times, until they are as thin as the 
 work requires. You muft have a pipkin with water at hand, 
 in which put tartar and fait, of each an equal quantity, this 
 boil, put the foyles in, and llir them continually, until, by 
 boiling, they become Vvhite : then take them from the fire, 
 wafli them in clean water, dry them with a clean fine rag, 
 and give them another hammering on the anvil, until they are 
 fit for your purpofe. 
 
 A'. B. Care mufi: be taken in the management of this work, 
 not to give the foyles too much heat, to prevent their melting j 
 neither mufl: they be too long boiled, fo-r fear of attracting 
 too much fait. 
 
 Hoiu to poUfo mid colour the foyles. 
 
 T^ A K E a plate of the befl: copper, one foot long, and 
 about five or fix inches wide, polilhed to the greateft 
 perfcdion : bend this to a long convex ; fallen it upon a half 
 rol , and fix it to a bench or table : then take fome chalk, 
 wa'hed as clean as pofiible, and filtered through a fine linen 
 cloth until you think it cannot be finer ; and having laid fome 
 thereof on the roll, and wetted the copper all over, lay your 
 foyles upon it, and with a polifh-fione and the chalk, polifii 
 your foyles until they are as bright as a looking-glafs ; and 
 ■when fu, dry them between a fine rag, a'nd lay them up le- 
 curefrom dull. I fliall now fiiew how thefe foyles are coloured, 
 but firll give a fhort defcription of tin; oven, or furnace, that 
 is requifite fo-r that purpofe. 
 
 The furnace muft be but fmnll and rourKl, about a foot 
 high, and as wide ; cover the fiune with a round pLite, in 
 which muft be a round hole, about four inches wide ; upon 
 this furnace put another without a bottom, of the fame dimen- 
 ficn as the former, and let the crevices of the fides round 
 
 aboidt 
 
PLATE.n 
 
 fiU- 
 
 
 d.. yi ^mti/l S'-u-r/iaCf' , yi.-fM a fan p^i^M 
 
 i-rx. 
 
 J-. J^/i£^ Cucur-^H^ . 
 u. ^i 7^/d^a/j fiM^ c/y ^ead. 
 
 ^u/e^ yiu^ 
 
SCHOOL c/ ARTS. '$$ 
 
 sbout be well clofed and luted : this furnace muft alfo have a 
 hole at top. The lower furnace muft have a little door at 
 bottom, about live inches big. Before this hx a fort of a fun- 
 nel, like a fmoak-funnel to an oven, and lute it clofe to the 
 furnace ; then light fome charcoal on your hearth, and when 
 they burn clear, and free from fmoak, convey them through 
 the funnel into the furnace, till they come up lo high as to 
 iill half the funnel. When every thmg is ready, and you have 
 a clear fire, then begin to colour your foyles in the following 
 manner. 
 
 Lay the foyles upon a pair of iron tongs, hold them over 
 the hole that is at top of the furnace, fo that the fumes of the 
 coals may reverberate over them, and move them about till 
 they are of a brownilh violet colour; and this is done with- 
 out any other vapour or fmoke. When you have done with 
 this colour, put it by ; and if you would colour others, of a 
 faphir or fky blue, then put the foyles upon the tongs as be- 
 fore ; and whillb you with one hand are holiing the foyles 
 over the holes, iiing with the other fome down- feathers of a 
 goofe, upon the live coals in the funnel, and with a red-hot 
 poker prefs them down,- to drive the fmoak of the feathers up 
 through the holes of the oven, which by iettling upon the 
 foyles, gives them a hne fky colour : but you muft have your 
 eyes very quick upon them, and as foon as you fee that they 
 have attracted the colour you delign, take them away from 
 the oven, to prevent their changing into fome other colour : 
 but if you would have your foyles of a faphir blue, then firlt 
 iilver them over, which is done in this manner. 
 
 Take a little filver, and diifolve it in aqua fortis j when 
 difTolved, put fpring water tu it, fling thin bits of copper into 
 it, and the vvater will look iroubkd, and the filver precipi- 
 tate and hang ro the copper ; pour off that, fweeien the filver 
 with fair waier, and let it dry in the fun ; when dry grind it 
 on a porphir-ffone : then take one ounce of tartar, and as 
 much of common fait, mix and grind them all together, till 
 they are well mixed ; fling this powder upon the tliin foyles, 
 and rub them with your finger backwards and forv/ards, and 
 it will filver them ; then lay them upon the polifher, pour wa- 
 ter over them, and fome of the powder, rub it with your 
 liiumb ; till they are as white as you would have them : polhh 
 
 F then? 
 
65 ri'j L ABOR ATOR Y; ^r, 
 
 them with a polirtier of blood-ftone, and holding them over 
 the gcofe feather fn^iOak, they will take a line dark blue. 
 
 To cobiir foyles of a green colour for an emerald. 
 
 'SJ O U muft firft colour your foyles of a fky blue, as di- 
 ^ reeled before; then hold them over the fmoak-hole, 
 and below in the funnel lay upon the red-hot iron plate leaves 
 of box, from which afcends a fmoak that gives the foyles a 
 green colour ; but before they attract that colour, they under- 
 go feveral changes, as blue, then red, and again yellow ; 
 wherefore you mufl hold them fo long, till you have the greeri 
 colour to your mind. 
 
 To colour the foyles of a ruby colmr. ■ 
 
 "P U T the (hearings of fcarlet cloth upon the coals, and 
 ^ holding the foyles over the fmoak-bole, they will attrad a 
 fine red colour. 
 
 The colour of an amethij} 
 
 AY be had in proceeding with your foyles as for the 
 blue or faphir colour, for before that blue colour comes^ 
 it tirll: changes to an amethiil ; as foon as you perceive thisy 
 take them oif, and polilh them. 
 
 M 
 
 How the foyles are mixed with copper and other metals. 
 
 '■p H E S E are more difBcult to make, but more lading in 
 "^ their colour. Take one pound and a half of copper, 
 and melt it in a crucible ; fling into this two ounces and ele- 
 ven penny-weights of gold ; when in fufion, pour it into a flat 
 ingot, and let it cool : this beat and work, as has been taught,., 
 into thin foyles ; then boil them in tartar and fait. Thefe 
 fort of foyles will take a tine ruby colour \ nor can that colour 
 be well done without this mixture. 
 
 Am- 
 
SCHOOL/?/ ARTS. 67 
 
 Another way. 
 
 *T^ A K E fmall-coal duft, put it into a little iron oven, and 
 "*• in the midft thereof a live charcoal ; blow it till all the 
 fmall-coal dull is lighted, and let this glow for two hours : 
 when it is nearly all glown out, add fuch another quantity to it, 
 and let it glow for an hour. At the top of your oven muft 
 be a round or fquare hole, with a clofe cover to it, in which 
 hang the foyles to fome copper or iron wire : when your fmall- 
 coal has glow'd for about an hour, take a little iron bowl, and 
 ■warm it well ; put in it a little quantity of fox hair, and then 
 fet it upon the fmall-coal dull ; fhut the oven door, and open 
 the top : this will draw the fmoak through, and give the 
 foyles lirft the colour of a ruby, then of an amethift, and at 
 laft of a faphir. You may take out fuch colours as will ferve 
 your purpofe ; and if you want a green, let thofe foyles hang, 
 and burn fage leaves till the foyles turn to a green colour. 
 Take care to put but a few fage leaves in at a time. 
 
 To the ruby and hyacinth colours ufe pure copper, but for 
 an emerald and faphir you muft take one part of gold and 
 two parts of filver, and eight parts copper 3 melted and 
 "work'd tog-ether. 
 
 Choice Secrets imitating Precious Stones, or for making 
 Artificial Gems. 
 
 'np HIS curious art is arrived to that perfedlon, that it 
 -■■ is capable of imitating precious ftones in their luflre, 
 colour, and beauty, even to furpafs the natural ones, except 
 in hardnefs, which to obtain, has been, and no doubt llill 
 are, the endeavours of feveral ingenious men. 
 
 The ai t of making artificial gems, confifts chiefly in rightly 
 imitating the tints of thofe that are real : thefe muil be ex- 
 tracted from fuch things as refill the fire, and do not change 
 their colour, though of a volatile nature : thus verdegreafe 
 being put into the lire, is changed to another colour, but when 
 put in fufion with cryftal, it retains its natural colour. 
 
 F 2 You 
 
6S r-6^ L A B O R A T O R Y; ^r^ 
 
 You mull: therefore take luch colours as change not, when' 
 mixt together : therefore fince blue and yellow make a green, 
 you muil take fuch blue as fliall not hurt the yellow when you 
 mix them ; and alfo fuch a yellow as fhall not be detrimental 
 to the blue, and fo of the other colours. We fliall give very 
 plain and certain inilrucHon, to carry the ingenious artifl with 
 eafe and pleafure through this labour,, and firft Ihew him 
 
 The luay of preparing statural cryjlal. 
 
 TAKE natural cryflal the cleareft you can get, no mat- 
 ter how big the pieces are, hll a large crucible with 
 them, and cover it with a lid broader than the mouth of the 
 crucible, to prevent the falling of aflles or coals into it : then 
 put it into a fmall furnace, on burning coals : and when the 
 cryllal is thorough hot, caft it into a pretty large vefTel" of cold 
 water. Then take it out of the water, dry it on an earthen 
 plate, and put it into the fame crucible again ; cover it, and 
 proceed as before, repeating it 12 times running, and chang- 
 ing each time the water : when the cryftal eafily breaks and 
 crumbles, and is thoroughly white, it is a fign that it is cal- 
 cin'd enough : if there appear any black parts in the veins, 
 break off the white, and put thefe again into the furnace, and 
 proceed therewith as before, till only the white remain be- 
 hind. 
 
 After you have dried this calcined cryftal thoroughly, grind 
 t to an impalpable powder, on a marble or porphir Hone, and 
 fearce it through a filken fieve. Of this powder of cryllal, as 
 it is ufed for ail artificial gems of which we fliall treat, it will 
 be proper to have a fufficiciU" quantity by you, to have recourfQ 
 to when at work ; and if you would fucceed in this art, you 
 muft not uie ordinary frit of cryftal, be it ever fo good ; for that 
 v/ill not anfwer, or come up to the luftre or beauty of natural 
 cryftal. 
 
 To counterfeit an opal. 
 
 A T Harl'ern they make counterfeit opal glafs, which is veiy 
 *^* lively, and whofe fevcral colours are fuppofed to be pro^ 
 duced by different degrees of heat, when the compolition is 
 
 thorougMy 
 
 i 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 69 
 
 ^iiioroughly melted, fome of it taken out on the point of an iron 
 rod, which being cooled either in the air or water, is colour- 
 lefs and pellucid, but being put again into the mouth of the 
 furnace upon the fame rod, and turned round for a little time, 
 its particles acquire fuch various pofitions, as that the light fal- 
 ling on them being varioully modified, reprefents the feveral 
 colours obfervable in the true opal. And it is remarkable that 
 thefe colours may be dellroyed, and reftored again by different 
 degrees of heat. 
 
 'fo make a fair emerald, 
 
 "'Tp A K E of natural cryftal four ounces, of redlead four ounces, 
 ■*■ verdegreafe forty-eight grains, crocus martis prepared with 
 vinegar eight grains ; let the whole be finely pulverized and 
 fifted : put this together in a crucible, leaving one inch emp- 
 ty j lute it well, and put it into a potter's furnace, v.here 
 they make their earthen ware, and let it ffand there as long as 
 they do their pots. When cold, break the crucible, and you 
 will find a matter of a fine emierald colour, which, after it is 
 cut and fet in gold, will furpafs in beauty an oriental emerald. 
 If you find that your matter is not refined or puiified enough, 
 put it again the fecond time in the fame furnace, and in lifdng 
 off the cover you will fee the matter fhining; you may then 
 break the crucible, but not before; for if you fhould put the 
 matter into another crucible, the pafte wc uld be cloudy and full 
 of bliflers. If you cannot come to a potter's furnace, you may 
 build one yourfelf with a fmall expence, in which you may put 
 twenty crucibles at once, each with a c'ifferent colour, and one 
 baking will produce a great variety of artihcial gems. Heat your 
 furnace with hard and dry wood, and keep your matter in fu- 
 .fion twenty-four hours, which time it will require to be tho- 
 roughly purified ; and if you let it fland four or fix hours lon- 
 ger, it will not be the worfe for it. 
 
 A deeper emerald. 
 
 np A K E one ounce of natural cryftal, fix ounces and a half 
 ■•■ of red lead, feventy-five grains of verdegreafe, ten grains 
 of crocus miartis, made with vinegar : proceed as dire61ed be- 
 fore. Or^ 
 
 F 3 TAKE 
 
79 m LABOR AT OKY', or, 
 
 nr^ A K E prepar'd cryftal two ounces, red lead feven ounces, 
 •*■ verdegreafe i8 grains, crocus martis lo grains, and proceed 
 as before directed. 
 
 To make a pajle for imitating an oriental topaz. 
 
 T^ H E colour of this ftone is like Vv^ater tinged with fafFron or 
 "*• rhubarb: to imitate it, take of prepared natural cryltal one 
 ounce, of red lead feven ounces, finely powdered and learced ; 
 mix the whole well together, and put it into a crucible, not 
 quite full by an inch, leil the matter (hould run over, or ftick 
 to the cover of the crucible in riiing j then proceed as diredted 
 above. Or, 
 
 'Tp A K E prepar'd cryftal two ounces, native cinnabar two 
 ■*• ounces, as ujhtm two ounces, all finely pulveriz'd and 
 fearced ; four times as much calcin'd tin ; put it all together 
 into a crucible well covered, and proceed as before. 
 
 To male an artificial chryfoUte. 
 
 'X' HIS ftone is of a green colour, and fome have the caft of 
 -*• gold ; to imitate it, take natural cryftal prepar'd two ounces, 
 red lead eight ounces, crocus martis twelve grains j mix the 
 whole rinely loget er, and proceed as before, only leaving it a 
 little longer than ordinary in the furnace. 
 
 To counterfeit a beryl. 
 
 'T^ HIS ftone is of a bluifh fea-green : to imitate it, take two 
 "*■ ounces of natural cryftal prepared, five oancs of red lead, 
 21 grains of * zaffer prepared, the whole finely pulverifed j put 
 it in a crucible, and cover and late it ; then proced as direcfied 
 ■as above, and you Vv'ill have a beautiful colour. 
 
 * Preparing of zaffer may be done, by putting fome pieces into 
 an iron ladle, heating it red ho', and then fprinkling it with ft.ong 
 vinegar ; when cold grind it on a ftone, then wafh it in clear water. 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 71 
 
 A faphir colour. 
 
 A Saphir is generally of a very clear flcy colour, and is highly 
 ■^"^ elleemed for its beauty. There are fome of a whitilh 
 colour, like diamonds, others a full blue, and fome are of a 
 violet. 
 
 To make this pafte, take of prepared rock cryftal two ounces, 
 red lead four ounces and a half, fmalt 26 grains ; pulveriie and 
 proceed as direded. This colour will come near to a 
 violet. 
 
 Another more beautiful^ and nearer the oriental. 
 
 'T'AKE two ounces of natural cryftal prepared, fix ounces 
 "*• of red lead, two fcruples of prepared zaffer, and fix 
 grains of prepared manganefe j all reduced to a fine powder, 
 mix and proceed as before. 
 
 Another deeper coloured faphir. 
 
 f\^ prepared natural cryftal take two ounces, red lead five 
 ^^ ounces, prepared zaffer 42 grains, prepared manganefe 
 eight grains ; the whole reduced to an impalpable powder, 
 and mixed together ; proceed as you have been directed, and 
 you will have a colour deeper than the former, tending to a 
 violet. 
 
 Xo make a pajie for an oriental granat. 
 
 A Granat is much like a carbuncle ; both, if expofed to 
 ■^^ the fun, exhibit a colour like burning coals, between 
 red and yellow j and this is the true colour of fire. To imi- 
 tate this ftone, take two ounces of natural cryftal prepared, 
 and fix ounces of red lead, alfo 16 grains of prepared manga- 
 nefe, and two grains of prepared zaffer ; pulverife and mix 
 the whole J put it together into a crucible, and proceed as 
 directed. 
 
 Another deeper granat. 
 
 r\ F natural cryftal prepared take two ounces, red lead five 
 ^-^ ounces and ai half, prepared manganefe 15 grains j pul- 
 verife all, and proceed as before direded. 
 
 F 4 A- 
 
fi The I. AB OR AT ORY', or 
 
 Another Procefs for counterfeiting of Precious 
 Stones. 
 
 TA K E of black flint fcones what quantity you pleafe, 
 and put thciii iriio a pail ot hot water, and bcmg wet, 
 put them into a hot furnace, this will prevent their iiymg into 
 Ihiall pieces ; or die warm them thoroughly by degrees, oefore 
 you pat theui iUto the furnace. W hen you lee that they are 
 thorough red hot, then qu.nch them in fair water, and they 
 xvill look, of a fine white colour ; dry and pulvenle them very 
 fine : this you n.ay ao in an iron munar, but, as it may con- 
 traft fome uf the iicn, it will be proper, after you have taken it 
 out, to pour on it fome aqua tonis, which v\ ill' clear it of the 
 iron, and lo difengage it from all hlth and impurities : waih it 
 in feveral clean hot waters. 
 
 This powder, thus prepared, is fit to be ufed for making the 
 iineft giais, and for imitating the cleareh and mofr traniparent 
 gems, efpecially thofe that rtquire the iuflie of a diamond or 
 ruby : as tor a faphir, emerald, topaz, chryfolite, fpirel, ame- 
 thiff, fa'V. your labour with aqua fortis may be laved, if your 
 moi tar is bi ight and free from rull. Such as have a mortar of 
 porphir, or luch like itone, have no occaiion to ufe an iron one, 
 but will fave thernielves a good deal of trouble. 
 
 In cafe you cannot have black flint itones you may content 
 yourielf witn pet ble, but flint is far preferable, and makes the 
 giais of a harder fubitance than that made of pebble. 
 
 j^n approved compofition. 
 
 C\ F the above powder take three parts, refined faltpetre two, 
 borax and arfenick one part. Or, 
 
 r\ F the flint powder three parts, faltpetre two, and borax 
 V? four pares, (>r, 
 
 OF 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 73 
 
 OF the aforefaid powder two parts, of refined chryftalline, 
 pot afhes, or fait of tartar and borax, of each one part, 
 Cr, 
 
 'T^ A K E of the above powder feven parts and a half, puri- 
 -*• fied pot-afhes five parts. Or, 
 
 ■p O W D E R fix parts and an half ; faltpetre two and a half j 
 '^ borax one half ; arfenic one half j and tartar one part. 
 
 How to melt tkefe compofttions^ and hoiv to tinge andjimjh your 
 
 work. 
 
 '~p A K E any one of the above fpeciiied compofitions, and 
 4- weigh what quantity you pleafe, one or two ounces ; then 
 mix it with fuch a colour as you defign to have it of, as, for 
 inftance, 
 
 To male a faphlr. 
 
 'Tp A K E to one ounce of the compolition four grains of zaf- 
 '*• fer, mix it well together, and melt it in a crucible j if you 
 fee the colour to your liking, proceed to finilh it. You may 
 make a laphir either deeper or paler, according to what quantity 
 you take of each ingredient j and 'tis the fame with relpeCt to 
 other colours. A new practitioner in this art may make experi- 
 ments in fmall crucibles, in order to acquaint himfelf with the 
 nature thereof. 
 
 I have already given receipts of mof!; colours for imitating pre- 
 cious ftones, but neverthele;s I fhall here lay down fome expe- 
 rimental rules, neceiTary to be obferved. 
 
 You muft know, that the crocus martis may be prepared dif- 
 ferent ways, and each will have a particular effect in colouring 
 of cryl^als ; one is prepared with vinegar, another with fulphur, 
 a third with aqua fortis, and a fourth by only a reverberatory 
 fire. 
 
 To 
 
74 'The LABORATORY; ^r. 
 
 To prepare crocus marth with vinegai-, 
 
 'Tp A K E iron, or, which is better, fteel filings, moiften and 
 ■*• mix them up with good ftrong vinegar in an earthen difh or 
 pan ; after which fpread them and let them dry in the fun ; 
 when dry, beat them fine in a mortar ; moiften this powder 
 with frelh vinegar, and dry and beat it again as before ; repeat 
 this eight times running, afterwards dry and fift it through a 
 fine hair fieve, and it will be of the colour of brick-duft: ; but 
 when mixt with glafs, of a fine crimfon colour. Put this pow- 
 der up carefully, to preferve it from duft. 
 
 To prepare crocus marth with fulphur or hrmjlone, 
 
 *~r^ A K E iron or fteel filings one part ; fulphur three parts ; 
 -*■ mix them together, and put them into a crucible ; cover 
 and lute it well ; then fet it into a wind-furnace, and give it a 
 ftrong fire with charcoal for four hours together, then fliake it 
 out, and when cold, pulverife and fift it through a fine fieve : 
 this powder put into a crucible, lute it, and place the fame in 
 the ev'e or hole of the glafs furnace ; let it Hand there for four- 
 teen days or more, and it will turn to a red powder inclining to 
 purple ; this is a very ufeful ingredient for tinging of glafs. 
 
 To prepare crocus mart'is tvith aqua fortis. " 
 
 MOISTEN fome iron or fteel filings in a glazed earthen 
 plate or dilh with aqua fortis, fet it to dry in the fun or 
 air ; when dry grind it to a fine powder ; moiften it again with 
 frefh aqua fortis, dry it and proceed as before, repeating it fe- 
 veral times, till you fee it of a high red colour ; then grind and 
 fift it through a fine hair fieve, and lay it up fafe from duft for 
 ufe. 
 
 To prepare crocus martis by a reverheratory fire. 
 
 *~T*' A K E clean iron or fteel file-duft, put thereof into a large 
 
 -^ pot or pan about the quantity of an inch high, cover it 
 
 well, and put it into a reverberatory furnace, or any other place 
 
 where 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 75 
 
 where it may be furrounded with a ftrong heat and flame ; the 
 iron will fwell and rife in a fine red powd5;r, lb as to fill the pot, 
 and will ever force up the lid ; take off this powder, and you 
 will find a good quantity of iron caked together at the bottom, 
 which put again into the furnace, where it will fwell and rife 
 into a powder as before ; this continue until you have a fuffi- 
 cient quantity. This is the moft valuable crocus, and of great 
 ufe in the art of colouring or tinging of glafs for counterfeiting 
 of precious Hones. 
 
 To make a fine hyacinth, 
 
 Df croci 
 beratioi 
 compofition. 
 
 'Tp A K E of crocus martis, or of that iron powder prepared 
 -■• by reverberation, eight or ten grains to one ounce of the 
 
 The opal 
 
 T S made of filver diflblved in aqua fortls, precipitated with 
 -■• fait ; add to it fome load-ftone, and mix it up with the above 
 compofition, it gives divers colours, fo as to reprefent a natural 
 opal. 
 
 J reddijh Jione 
 
 M 
 
 AY be made of the fragments, or wafte, of calcedon, 
 mixed with borax and melted, with which you may make 
 as many changes as you pleafe. 
 
 Such as will fave themfelves the trouble of preparing the com- 
 pofition for counterfeiting precious ftones, may ufe fine cryftal 
 or Vejiice glafs, beat in a clean mortar to a fine powder ; of this 
 take eight ounces, borax two ounces, refined faltpetre one ounce. 
 From this mixture you may melt and colour all manner of 
 ftones, with little trouble. 
 
 Bartholomew Korndorfer's fecret to make a diamond of 
 natural cryJlaL 
 
 'T^ A K E the befl polifhed cryftal, no matter whether large 
 •*■ or fmall, fo it is but clear and tranfparent ; put it in a cru- 
 cible, with three times as much of my fixed fulphur of gold, fo 
 
 that 
 
7$ r/^^ LABORATORY; or, 
 
 that the cnflal may be covered all over with it ; then after yov 
 have put a lid over it, and luted the crucible v-ell, let it for 
 three days and nights neal in a ftrong fire ; then take it out and 
 quench it in fpring water, in which red hot fteel is quenched 
 torty-fix times running, and you will have a diamond Vvhich 
 refembles a natural one in every refpedl, and is right and 
 good. 
 
 Thus far Korndcrffer, but as to his fulphur he has left us in 
 the dark. 
 
 Moiu to make a dianrcnd out of a faphif, according to Porta's 
 
 dejcription, 
 
 ^ITT E ufe to m.ake it, (the diamond) the furell: way, in this 
 ^^ this manner: we MUed an earthen pipkin, or crucible, 
 ^\ih quick-lime, and laid the faphir in the midll thereof, cover- 
 ing it firft with a tile, and then with coals all over, blowing 
 tliem gently until we had a clear fire ; for if it is blown too much, 
 fe may occafion the breaking of the ftone. 
 
 When we thought that the faphir had changed its colour, 
 we let the fire go out of itfelf, and took it out to fee whether it 
 was turned white; iffo, then we laid it again in the crucible, in 
 order to let it coolv.irh the lire ; but if it had not the riglit colour, 
 then we augmented the heat again as before, and looked oftai 
 ts fee whether the force oi the fire had taken away all the co- 
 lour, which was done in about five or fix hours ; if then the 
 Wue colour was not quite gone, we began our operation afrelh, 
 until it was white and clear. It is to be obferved, that the 
 heat of the fire, in the beginning of your operation, muft: in- 
 creafe by fiow degrees, and aifo in the fam.e manner decreafe ; 
 for if the Hone comes either too fudcienly into the heat, or 
 from the heat into the cold, it is apt to turn dark, or fiy to 
 pieces. 
 
 In like manner all other precious flones lofe their colour, 
 fome fooner than others, according as they are either harder 
 or fofter. The ameihifi: is very light, and requires but a flow 
 fire, for if it has too much hear, it becomes dark, or turns into 
 chalk. 
 
 This is the art whereby inferior precious f}:ones are changed 
 into diamonds j tliey are afterwards cut in the middle, and a 
 
 colour 
 
SCHOOL c/ ARTS. 77 
 
 colour given them ; and from hence comes the fecond fort o{ 
 falfe diamonds, or doublets. 
 
 To make a fine amethijh 
 
 *~T^ A K E calcined flint-Ilone, and fift it through a cSim" 
 ■*■ brick, whereof take | of an ounce ; of fixed faltpetre |- of 
 an ounce ; of borax \ of an ounce ; of tin^. ven. and morf, | 
 of an ounce , manganefe | of an ounce ; put both thefe imc^ 
 tures together, and mix them with the ingredients. : then add 
 fixed * nitre and borax, well mixed, to it ; put it in a crucible 
 into a wind furnace ; give it at firll a gentle heat until it is r§d 
 hot, and thus keep it for a quarter of an hour ; then give it a 
 ftrong fire for two or three hours ; at lafl: pour it into a mould,, 
 and let it cool by degrees, to prevent its flying afunder. 
 
 To make a ruhy^ or a fine hyacinth, 
 
 'T"' A K E vitriol one ounce, and the fame weight of water, 
 mix it well together ; in this difiblve filings, or very thjfl 
 beaten fieel ; fet the glafs on warm fand., filtrate th£ foJutsoR 
 before it is cold ; then fet it in a cellar, and it will flioot jkcs© 
 cryftals, which pulverife ; put it under a muffle, and ftir it 
 until you fee it of a crimfon colour ; then take it oft-'" the fire? fut 
 it in a phial, pour on it good diftilled vinegar, and after it Mj 
 ftood four days in a gentle warmth, pour off that vinegar, and! 
 pour frelh to it, and let it ftand four days more ; thi.s repegj: 
 until the vinegar is obferved to make no extradion ; tfierj powr 
 off the vinegar, and there will remain at the bottom of yotir 
 phial a crimlon-coloured powder ; fweeten this well with W3fBi 
 water. This is the tintture for the ruby or hyacinth. 
 
 * The fixed nitre k thus made : take a piece of green oak, 
 two fengeis thick, lay it upon gn iron plate ; into the middle of 
 top of the wood put a little heap of faltpetre ; light it j and repeat \t 
 fo often until it burns through the wood, and the faltpetre runs Mvmt 
 the iron: it turns at firft blue, but afterwards greenifll : you n)U^ 
 keep it warm and dry, to prevent it from melting ; in this maOMf 
 on? mav make a'^ ranch as one pleafes. 
 
 Thsa 
 
y8 r/&^ L ABOR ATOR Y; or. 
 
 Then take black flints, calcine them well, as has been already 
 direfted, in order to bring them to a good white powder, and 
 fift this through a cambrick j take thereof, and of Venice borax, 
 of each { an ounce ; of the aforefaid tincture powder eight or 
 nine grains ; mix it well together in a crucible, and give it for 
 half an hour a gentle lire; then augment it by degrees, until 
 you fee your mixture in the crucible as clear as cryftal, and of a 
 crimfon colour ; then pour it into a mould of what ihape you 
 would have it. 
 
 To make a ruby palais. 
 
 'T"* A K E prepared powdered flint three ounces, fixed falt- 
 -*- petre one quarter of an ounce ; borax three grains ; fome 
 of the abovementioned tindure-pov/der ; of copper and iron 
 fifty-four grains ; of prepared manganefe five grains ; mix all to- 
 gether, and put it into a new crucible ; give it at firft a gentle 
 fire until it begins to melt, then give it a Itrong tire for two 
 hours, and let it cool of itfelf. 
 
 To harden Bohemian diamonds. 
 
 'T' A K E black lead two ounces, gold talc two ounces, pow- 
 '■' der it fine, and mix it well together ; then take ofl^ this 
 mixture, put it into a new crucible, about half full, and place 
 the faid diamonds upon that powder, fo as not to touch one 
 another ; then put of the powder as much upon them as will fill 
 the crucible ; cover and lute it, and fet it in a coppel with lilies, 
 fo as to have the aihes a hand's breadth about the crucible j 
 then give it a flow fire, and augment the heat by degrees, in 
 order to preferve the fl:ones from breaking, until the pan or 
 coppel which holds your crucible, begins to be red hot ; conti- 
 nue it thus for forty- eight hours, then let it cool, and take the 
 ftones out of the crucible, and you will find them look black ; 
 polifli them with aflies of tin ; they will not only have con- 
 tracted a tolerable hardnefs, but have alfo a fine lufl;re, much 
 refembling natural diamonds. 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 79 
 
 A plain direilion concerning the polijhing of thefe counterfeits, and 
 aljo of natural gems. 
 
 T T is to be obferved, that all glafs, or artificial ftones, may 
 -■■ be cut and polilhed after one method, namely, by ftrewing 
 fine powdered emery upon a leaden plate with water, and 
 holding the ftone firm, grinding it in what form or Ihape one 
 pleafes. 
 
 If you fling ground tripoli, mixed with water, upon a pewter 
 plate, and add a little copper afhes amongft it, it will have the 
 lame effedl. 
 
 Pulverifed antimony firewed upon a fmooth plate of lead, 
 with tripoli and vinegar, polifhes not only glafs, cryftal, gra- 
 nats, calcedons, agates, and amethiils, but all other natural 
 ftones, except the diamond. The diamond is only cut with 
 the diamond powder itfelf. Any fuch diamonds which can be 
 touched by emery, lead, copper, or other metals, or be cut 
 therewith, are falfe j and this is a good teft for knowing a real 
 diamond. 
 
 All other precious and hard ftones may be ground or cut with 
 metal and emery, but the polifhing is different. 
 
 The faphir is, next to the diamond, the hardeft ; it may be 
 poliftied beft with antimony and vinegar, or lead, or with cal- 
 cined flint-ftone and water, upon copper. 
 
 The ruby is polifhed like the faphir. 
 
 The emerald and turquoife is polifhed with potter's clay and 
 water, on pear-tree wood, or with tripoli upon wood, or with 
 emery upon pewter. 
 
 The beryl is poliflied with calcined mother-of-pearl, or muf- 
 eles, upon a board covered with white leather. 
 
 A pallas is polifhed with antimony upon copper. 
 
 The cornelian, onyx, agate, calcedon, andjafpis, upon tin; 
 with tripoli, or calcined flint, upon pear-tree wood ; or with 
 antimony upon lead. 
 
 The amethift, topaz, turquoife, and other foft ftones, are 
 poliflied upon a board of lime-tree wood, upon a plate of tin, 
 and upon a board with leather. Firft polifli it, top and bot- 
 tom, upon the wood ; the fmall diamond cuts are done upon 
 the plate of tin, and receive the laft polifliing upon the board 
 that is covered with leather, with the following powder. 
 
80 The L A B R A T R Y -, Or, 
 
 J powder for poUJhlng f oft Jl ones. 
 
 TAKE iron fcales, mix them with vinegar and fait, and let 
 thein ftand thus infufed for three or four days, the longer 
 the better ; then grind the mixture very fine ; dry it, and put 
 it in an earthen pot well luted j give it a good lire, and it wil| 
 be fit for ufe. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 The art of making Glass, exhibiting withal the 
 art of Painting, and making impreilions upon 
 Glass, and of laying thereon Gold or Silver; 
 together with the method of preparing the colours 
 for Potters-Work, or Delft-Ware. 
 
 To prepare afies for making ginfs. 
 
 TAKE what quantity, and what fort of wood-afnes you 
 will, except thole of oak ; have a tub ready with a fpig- 
 got and follet towards the bottom, and in this tub put a layer 
 of ftraw, on which fling your aflies ; then pour water upon 
 them, and let the afhes loak. thoroughly until the water Hands 
 above them : let it thus continue over n'ght ; then draw out 
 the foflet and receive the lee in another tub, put under the firft 
 for this purpofe : if the lee looks heavy and troubled, pour it 
 again on the alhes, and let it fettle until it runs clear and is of 
 an amber colour. This clarified lee put by, and pour frelh 
 water on the alhes ; let this alfo fiand over night, then draw it 
 off and you will have a weak lee, which, inflead of water, pour 
 upon frelh aflies : the remaing aflies are of great ufe in the ma- 
 nuring of land. 
 
 After 
 
PLATEJI 
 
 r 
 
 Mu^ctl&J.-u 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS, St 
 
 After you have made a fufficient quantity of lees, pour 
 them into an iron cauldron, bricked up hke a brewing, or 
 wafliing, copper ; but let it not be tilled above three parts full. 
 On the top of the brick-work put a little barrel with lee ; 
 towards the bottom of which bore a hole, and put a fmall 
 foflet in, to let the lee run gently into the kettle, in a dream 
 about the roundnefs of a ftraw j but this you mull manage 
 according to the quantity of lee ; for you ought to mind how 
 much the lee in the kettle evaporates, and make the lee in the 
 little barrel run proportionally to fupply that diminution. 
 Care muft alfo be taken that the lee do not run over in the 
 lirll boiling ; but if you lind it will not keep in the kettle, 
 then put fome cold lee to it, flacken the lire, and let all the 
 lee boil gently to a dry fait ; when this fait is cold break it 
 out of the kettle, put it into the calcar, and raife your fire 
 by degrees until the fait is red hot, yet fo as not to melt : 
 when you think it calcined enough, take out a piece and let 
 it cool ; then break it in two, and if it is thorough white it 
 is done enough ; but if there remains a blacknefs in the mid- 
 dle it mull: be put in the calcar again, until it comes out tho- 
 rouglily white. If you will have it ftill finer, you muft dif- 
 folve it again, filtrate it, boil it, and calcine it as before : 
 the oftner this is repeated, the more will the fait be cleared 
 from <he earthy particles, and it may be made as clear as 
 cryftal and as white as fnow ; out of which may be made 
 the fined glafs you can defire. 
 
 According to Mr. Marrefs account, the befl aflies here in 
 England are burnt from thirties and hop-ftalks, after the hops 
 are gathered ; and among trees, the mulberry is reckoned to 
 afford the befl fait. 
 
 The moft thorny and prickly plants are obferv^ed to yield 
 better, and more fait than others ; alio all herbs that are bit- 
 ter ; as hops, wormwood, i^c. Tobacco ftalks, when burnt, 
 produce likewife plenty of fait. Notwithftanding this, it i;> 
 obferved that fern-alhes yield more fait than any other allies. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 ^ A K E pot-aflies, difTolve them in a clean earthen vt^d^ 
 
 "*■ in river or rain-water ; let them ftand over night 
 
 and fettle ; the next day pour off the clear matter, and filter 
 
 G the 
 
82 r/;'^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; or, 
 
 the fettling through a piece of blanket, in order to get a clea/ 
 lee : boil this in anj iron kettle until it becomes a hard mafs , 
 then beat it into pieces, and put it in a calcar to calcine : 
 diflblve it again in clear water, filtrate and boil it as before ; 
 and the oftener you repeat it, the clearer and liner will be your 
 glafs : but if it is for coloured glafs, once or twice doing it 
 will be fufficient. 
 
 To male the glafs frit < 
 
 np A K E white filver fand ; wafli it, and feparate all the 
 "*■ impurities from it, and let it dry, or rather calcine it. 
 Of this take 60 pounds, and of prepared aihes 30 pounds ; 
 mix them well together ; then fet them in the melting fur- 
 nace ; the longer it is melting, the clearer will the glafs 
 be made thereof. If it ftands for two days and two nights 
 it will be lit to work with, or to tinge with what colour 
 you pleafe. Before you woik it, add 40 pounds of lead and 
 half a pound of manganefe to it. Or, 
 
 'T^ A K E afhes, prepared as above, 60 pounds ; of pre- 
 -■• pared filver fand 160 pounds, cryftalline arfenick four 
 pounds, white lead two pounds, clear dry faltpetre teri 
 pounds, borax two pounds j mix all well together, and pro- 
 ceed as has been directed, and you will have a beautiful 
 jyftal. Or^ 
 
 'Tp A K E prepared fxlver fand 20 pounds, clear and dry 
 '*' faltpetre 30 pounds, borax fix pounds, cryllalline arfe- 
 nick eight pounds, mix thefe well together, and put them- 
 into fufion for four days ; then add two pounds of man- 
 ganefe and four pounds of borax. Or, 
 
 'np A K E prepared filver fand 38 pounds, prepared allies 
 25 pounds, arfenick one pound, faltpetre two pounds,, 
 of antimony and borax four pounds. O/-, 
 
 r\Y prepared fand take 40 pounds, faltpetre 13 pounds and 
 ^^ a half, tartar lix pounds, arfenick and borax about one 
 pound and a half. Or, 
 
 Pr pared 
 
^. Jma// 5^Y^r/?a€c' C J /o7' Sz/id ri?/ze?i/i 
 
 y?io ^-//-^ cf 66'/(77irf>i</ ^/ii/J m M^ri^ta^re. 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. f ij 
 
 PREPARED filver fand lo pounds, aflies fix pounds, tartar 
 three pounds, laltpetre four pounds, lime fix pounds, borajt 
 'one pound. 
 
 'Hoiu to build a ffiiall furnace, if ef id for experiments in ?naking of 
 glafs^ and to fcrve on fever al other occafi.ns, 
 
 VT" OUR furnace muft be built according to the fituation 
 and dimenfion of your room, about a yard iquare : at 
 the bottom leave a hole. A, which is the receiver of the 
 afhes, and alfo the drawer of the wind to the fire, which you 
 may make as fierce as you will, by expofing it more or lefs 
 to the open air. B, is an iron grate, which is about a quarter 
 and a half above the hole A. 
 
 C, are holes over the grate, wherein you put the fuel ; 
 over the grate is a bricked vault, wherein the flames draw 
 through the hole D, in the upper vault E. 
 
 F, are two or more holes, through which you put the 
 crucibles in ; you may make one on each fide, and make 
 cakes of fuch clay as the glafs makers ufe, to fet them before 
 the holes, and by this means mitigate the flames, which fom.e- 
 times may flrike too fierce upon the upper vault, and give 
 them a little vent. 
 
 G, is a hole in the upper vault, which may be covered and 
 uncovered as much as you will, and the flame may either go 
 ftrait through the funnel H, which at the top is provided with 
 the cover I, and which, on fuch cccafions, muft be taken 
 off; or elfe, in putting on the cover I, you may convey a 
 I'everberatory fire through the funnel K, into another little 
 reverberatory furnace, which will be very ufcful for calcining 
 and preparing feveral materials, as may happen to be uled. 
 
 The infide of this furnace inuli: be lined fmooth, with fuch 
 potters clay as the glafs-makers ufe, and two or three inches 
 thick. And having finifhed it according to this direction, you 
 may place a good many crucibles in at a time, making the 
 holes through which you convey your larger crucibles higher, 
 fo that the rim of the crucible may come even with the bot- 
 tom of the ho'e, and you may eafily convey a ladle, fpattle, 
 or any thing elfe through them. This furnace is the moft 
 compendious and ufeful that can be contrived for a novice in 
 the art of gl.ifs -making. 
 
 G 2 The 
 
84 1'he LABORATORY; or. 
 
 The principal inftruments that are ufed in making of glafs, 
 are, i. A hollow pipe for blowing the glafs, with a little 
 wooden handle at top, in order to manage it the better. 
 Fig. I. 
 
 2. The fciffars and fliears ferve to cut and fliape the glafs. 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 3. Iron ladles, whofe handles at the end are covered over 
 with wood J thefe ferve to take the metal out of the large 
 melting pot, and to put it into the little ones for the work- 
 men ; for fcumming the metal ; to take off the alkalic fait 
 which fwims on the top> and feveral other ufes. Fig. 3. 
 
 4. Great and little fl^ovels, or peels, to take up glafs ; to 
 draw out the afhes, l^c. Fig. a . 
 
 5. Several fzes of forks, to carry the glafies, when made, 
 into the upper oven to cool ; for ftirring the matter ; for con- 
 veying the melting-pots in the furnace from one place to ano- 
 ther, and for other purpofes. Fig. 5. 
 
 General ohfervat'ions on the art of glafs, 
 
 I . 'X' H E principal ingredients for making of glafs, are ftons 
 ■■■ and fait. 
 
 2. The ftone is either Tarfo, a fort of marble brought from 
 Tifcany, and reckoned by feveral avvills to be the befi: for 
 making cryftal glafs, or black flint ilones, which in every 
 refpecft are as good. And where thefe are not to be had, clear 
 pebble, or white filver fand, will, when rightly prepared, 
 make alfo good glafs. 
 
 3. The next ingredient is fait ; which, as has been faid, is 
 extracted from afhes, calcined and rehncd in the niceft and 
 eleaneft manner poffible. 
 
 4. Pulverine, or rochetta, are afhcs made of certain herbs 
 which grow in the Levant, and are amongll artifts allowed to 
 be the fitteft to extract the fait for making of glafs ; of the 
 fame kind is foda, which comes from Egypt and Spain. They 
 prepare thefe afhes thus : after the herb has been dried in the 
 fun, it is-burned on iron grates, the afhes falling through into 
 a pit underneath, made for that purpofe, where they grow intc^ 
 a hard mafs or flone and are laid up for ufe ; but there is no 
 occafion to fetch the aihes fo far, when every coimtry pro- 
 duces 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 85 
 
 duces fufliclent of its own growth ; herbs, as well as trees and 
 plants, anfvver, in every relpedt, the fame purpofe. 
 
 Pot-afhes and calcined flint, pebble or fand, will make 
 good gl a fs frit, after you have retined the a(hes, by flrft dif- 
 iolving them in fair water, and after they are fettled, by boil- 
 ing the clear lees to a fait, then nealing the fait in a furnace, 
 dilfolving it again, and proceeding as at lirfl, repeating it fe- 
 veral times, until it produces a fait as white as fnow. Of this 
 you may mix three parts to four of calcined flint, or as you 
 lind it requifite ; in all which you will become more perfect 
 by practice than by teaching. 
 
 5. Glafs is alfo made of lead, which mufl: be firfl: calcined ; 
 in doing this, you mufi: obferve tiiat your kiln be not too hot, 
 but only fo as to keep the lead in fufion, or elfe it will not 
 ■calcine. When the lead is melted, it yields at the top a yel- 
 iowifh matter, which take off with a ladle for that purpofe : 
 after the lirfl calcination repeat it again, and give it a rever- 
 beratory fire until it comes to a good yellow powder, and is 
 well calcined. Of tlie calcined lead take (even pounds, and 
 of the prepared aflies fix pounds. Care mufl be taken that no 
 fedimeut of Jead goes into the crucible but what is reduced to 
 allies ; dk it will make its way through it, bore or rend the 
 bottom thereof, and carry all the metal along with it. 
 
 6. Manganefe, when prepared as directed, is of great ufe 
 to whiten your glafs ; for, without it, it will have a green hue ; 
 but by mixing manganefe with the frit, when melted, by 
 little and little, and then quenching the glafs in a pail of 
 cold water, repeating this feveral times, it will make it of a 
 white and clear colour, 
 
 7^ mak£ glafs melt eafily. 
 
 pUT into the melting pot a littl-e of arfenick that has been 
 ■* fixed with nitre ; this will make tlie glafs mellow, and 
 eafy to flux. 
 
 To calcine brafs^ which in gkfs makes a Jky or fea-grecn. 
 
 T) R A S S is copper melted and mixed with Lapis Calami- 
 -"-* naris^ which not only changes it into a gold colour, but 
 increafes its weight 3 this mixture gives a fea-green or fky 
 
 G 3 colour 
 
86 r/6^ L ABOR ATOR Yi ot, 
 
 colour to glafs, when it is well calcined ; and to do this, ob?* 
 ferve the foJIov^jng rules. 
 
 Take brafs plates, cut them into fmall flips, and put them 
 into a crucible, cover and lute it well, and give it a reverbe- 
 ratory fire in a furnace, yet not a melting one ; for if it melts, 
 all your labour will be loll: : let it (land in that heat for four 
 days, by which time it will be well calcined ; then beat it to 
 an unpalpable powder and fearce it ; grind it fine on a porphir- 
 ftone, and you will have a black powder, which fpread on 
 tiles, and keep it on burning coals, or the round hole of a fur- 
 nace, for four days ; clear it of the afhes that have fallen upon 
 it, pulverife and fearce it, and keep it for ufe. To try 
 whether it is calcined enough, fling a little thereof into melted 
 glafs, which if it fwells, the calcination is enough, but if not, 
 then it is either not calcined enough, or elfe it is burned, and 
 it will not colour the glafs near fo well as when the calcination 
 is done to prefeclion. 
 
 To calcine hrafs after another manner^ for a traufparent red 
 colour or yelloiu. 
 
 /^ U T your brafs into fmall flireds, and lay it firatmn fu^ 
 ^ per Jhatiim into a crucible, with powder brimltone ; 
 fet it on a charcoal fire in a furnace for 24 hours, then pow- 
 der and fearce it : when this is done put it covered into the 
 furnace hole, for 10 hours, to reverberate, and when cold, 
 grind it again very fine, and keep it for ufe. 
 
 General ohfervations for all colours. 
 
 I, ALL the melting pots mufl: be glazed with white glafs 
 '^*- on the inflde, elle a new earthen pot that is unglazed 
 will caufe the colours to look bad and foul -, but the fecond 
 time of ufing thefe pots they loofe aheir foulnefs. 
 
 2. Obferve that thefe pots ferve for one colour only, and 
 may not be ufed for another ; for every colour m.ult have its 
 own pot, except they correfpond together. 
 
 3. Let the powders be well calcined, neither too much 
 nor too little. 
 
 4. Your mixtures mufl: be made in due proportion, and 
 the furnace be heated with hard and dry wood. 
 
 5. You 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 87 
 
 5. You muft ufe your colours divided ; one part you mud 
 put in the frit before it is melted, and the other after it is 
 melted, and become line and clear. 
 
 To make glafs cf lead, which is the fittejl to be ticlunred ivith 
 moji colours. 
 
 '"pA K E of calcined lead 15 pounds ; of rochetta, or pul- 
 -*■ verifed cryftal frit 12 pounds j mix them well, and put 
 them together into a melting pot, then into a furnace, and 
 at the end of ten hours call them into water ; clear the melt- 
 ing pot of the lead that remains, and return the metal into 
 it, which, after 10 hours heat, will be tit to work, withal. 
 
 Hoiu to ivork the faid glafs. 
 
 p) E F O R E you take it upon the iron, raife the glafs firll 
 ^-^ in the pot a little, then take it out to let it cool for a 
 fmall fpace of time, after which work it on a clean and fmooth 
 iron plate. 
 
 Blue glafs, 
 
 ^Tp A K E four ounces of calcined and pulverifed rock cryftal, 
 -*■ two ounces offalpetre, one ounce of borax, half a pound 
 of manganefe, one pound of indigo-blue. 
 
 J chryfoUte glafs. 
 
 'np O one pound of frit, take pulverifed verdegreafe three 
 '*' ounces and a half, red lead one ounce. 
 
 A faphir green glafs, 
 I 
 pin-duft two pounds. 
 
 G 4 ^9 
 
 'Tp O one pound of the above compofition, or cryflal frit, 
 ■■■ take one ounce of good zaffer, and of a curious fine 
 
8g 216^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; ^r, 
 
 To make fine green glafi of tin. 
 
 'T'AKE the filings, or (havings, of tin, nine parts, dif- 
 folve them in aqua fortis, which is made of two parts 
 of vitriol and three parts of fahpetre ; fweeten the calx with 
 clean fpring water ; then take i8 parts of nine times, or more, 
 calcined antimony : its calcination muft be repeated until it 
 has done evaporating. Both thcle calx melted together, make 
 a fine cryfolite or emerald. 
 
 This glafs will melt upon filver, like enamel, and may be 
 ufed on feveial occafions, for embellithing fuch tilings as are 
 proper for ornaments. 
 
 To make a ruby-(okurcd ghfis. 
 
 ^-p A K E well fettled aqua fortis, made with fal-armoniac 
 ■*■ and aqua regis, four ounces ; fling into it, by little an4 
 little, thin bits, or filings, of tin, one ounce, and let it dit- 
 folve ; then take the fineft gold, as much as you will, and 
 diiToIve it alfo in that aqua-regis : take a clean glafs with clear 
 fpring-water, and pour ofT the folution of the gold as much 
 as you pleafe into it ; the fame quantity put alfo to it of the 
 folution of the tin, and the water will turn in a moment to 
 a fine rofe colour, with this water moiften feveral times your 
 glafs frit, and let it dry ; then proceed as you do with other 
 glafs in fire ; at firfl it mufl come out \vhite, hut afterwards 
 become a fine ruby. 
 
 The Art of blowing Glass in Miniature. 
 
 This art is perfor7ned by the ftame of the lamp in the following 
 
 manner. 
 
 "C* I R S T, provide yourfelf from the glafs-houfe with feveral 
 *^ pipes of glafs, that are hollow in the infide, of feveral co- 
 lours and difterent fizes ; then you mufl have a table, as you 
 fee reprefented in the plate annexed. A is the lamp, which 
 is furnifhed with rape, or other oil, and a large wick of twilled 
 
 cotton j 
 
SCHOOL c/ ARTS. 89 
 
 cotton ; below the table is a pair of bellows, B. When the 
 artiil treads the treadle fartened to the bellows, the wind will 
 be conveyed through the pipes under the table to the fmall 
 pointed opening by C, directly againll which is placed the light- 
 ed wick of the lamp, D. The fmoak. which ilfues forth from 
 the lamp, is conveyed through a broad funnel made of tin or 
 wood, E. 
 
 The wind, which ftrikes in a fharp point againft the flame, 
 occalions fuch a violent heat that it will dilTolve the moft ftub- 
 born glafs, and you niay, after you have foftened the end of 
 your pipe in the flame, blow through the hollow thereof, and^ 
 form with fmall plyers and other ufeful tools whatever you 
 pleafe : fmall twilled noofes of wire are very convenient to 
 hold your work in, in order to fliape and join different colours 
 to one piece. The whole art depends chiefly upon pradtice. 
 
 The ufefulnefs of fuch a table anfwers feveral other pur- 
 pofes ; as, for trying of metal-ore : in this cafe put fome of it in 
 a hollowed charcoal, iffc. and by dire6fing the wind through 
 the lamp upon the ore, the heat will melt it immediately, and 
 (hew what it contains. In foldering, it is alfo very convenient j 
 not to mention the conveniency which fuch a table affords to 
 practitioners in chymiftry. 
 
 Hoiu to lay filver on glafs utenjih^ as plates^ diJJjes, falts, drink' 
 vig cups^ &:c. 
 
 'TpAKE filver, what quantity you pleafe, and beat it very 
 '■' thin, or corn it ; then put it into a matrafs, and pour 
 twice the weight thereof of fpirit of nitre upon it, and you 
 will prefently perceive the filver to diflblve : when you ob- 
 ferve its ceafmg to work, put your matrafs on warm fand or 
 adies, and it will begin to work afrefh ; let it thus fland till all 
 your filver is diflblved. After this pour the folution out of 
 that matrafs into another, that has a head to it ; with this 
 draw ofT the fpirit of nitre from the folution of filver, and let 
 the matrafs remain on the fand till it is cool ; then take it off, 
 and let it fland fliill for 24 hours, and the filver will (hoot into 
 white cryftals : from thefe pour off the folution which remains, 
 and extradt from that again the half of the fpirit ; then put it 
 up as before, to cryftalliz-ej and this repeat, till almoft all the 
 
 filver 
 
go Tbe LABORATORY; cr, 
 
 iilvcr is turned into cryftals : which take out of the glafs, lay 
 them upon whited brown paper to dry, and preferve them for 
 nk. The red of the filver that remains in the aqua fortis, 
 may be drawn out as has been directed before. 
 
 Of this cryiVal take as much as you will, and put it into a 
 retort ; pour upon it two or three times its weight of the 
 llrongeft fpirit of fal armoniac, lute it well, and put it into a 
 gentle warmth for 8 or lo days to digell:, and it will contrail a 
 blue colour; pour it off, filter and extraff in Balneo Maria 
 almoft all the fpirits from it, and there will remain a glafs 
 green liquid ; with this draw over your glafs, and, put it into 
 a glafs furnace, or into any gentle heat ; your glafs will look 
 as if it were filver plate. 
 
 But in cafe there fliould be an overfight, and the fpirit of fal- 
 armoniac be too much drawn off, and the filver turned to a 
 green fait, then pour as much of that fpirit upon the filver 
 again to bring it to a green liquid. 
 
 A curious drinking ghfs. 
 
 TAKE Xyso fmooth drinking glaffes, fitted clofe to each 
 other, fo that the brims of both may be even ; then 
 paint on the infide of the larger glals with oil colours, what 
 you will, either in imitation of mofaick, or any other inventi- 
 on ; and when dry, you may with the point of a needle open 
 fine veins or other embellifliments, ifrV. Then oil it all over 
 with old linfeed oil, and before it is quite dry, whilfl clammy, 
 lay leaf gold upon it, prefs it clofe down to the glafs with cot- 
 ton, and let it dry thoroughly. The mean while take the 
 other lefTer glafs, and lay a thin clear varnifli on the outfide 
 thereof; and when almoll dry, lay on leaf gold, and the in- 
 fide of the glafs will look all over gilded. When this is dry, 
 put it into the larger glafs, and make a pafle of chalk and lac 
 varnifb, with this lute the rims of the two glafTes, fo that it 
 may not be perceived, but look as if it were made out of one 
 piece ; let it thoroughly dry, and give it another layer of lac 
 varnilh, with a fine pencil, and let it dry ; then fmooth it with 
 pumice fl:one, and lay on it a thin varnifh, and when that is 
 almofl dry, gild it with leaf gold, and give it two or three lay- 
 ers of lac varnifh, and the gold will remain firm. 
 
 When 
 
S C PI O O L c/ A R T S. pi 
 
 When inftead of painting with oil colour you only anoint 
 the iniide of the glafs with linfeed oil, and then ftrew it 
 over with fpangles, and put the infide glafs gilded to join, it 
 will have a lingular beauty. This hint will animate the inge- 
 nious to try farther experiments of this amufing kind. 
 
 Hozu to qii'idfdvcr the infide of glafs globes^ fo as, to make them 
 look like looking-glajfes. 
 
 'TPAKE two ounces of quickfilver, one once of bifmuth, 
 "*■ of lead and tin half an ounce each. 
 
 Firft put the lead and tin into fufion, then put in the bif- 
 muth ; and when you perceive that in fufion too, let it fland 
 till it is almoft cold, and pour the quickfilver into it. 
 
 After this, take the glafs globe, which mull be very clean, 
 and the infide free from duft ; make a paper funnel, which put 
 in the hole of the globe, as near to the glafs as you can, fo 
 that the amalgama, when you pour it in, may not fplafti and 
 caufe the glafs to be full of fpots ; but pour it in gently, and 
 move it about, fo that the amalgama may touch every where. 
 If you find the amalgama begin to be curdly, and to be fixed, 
 then hold it over a gentle heat, and it will flow eafily again. 
 And if you find the amalgama too thin, add a little more 
 lead, tin, and bifmuth to it. The finer and clearer your 
 globe is, the better will be the looking glafs. 
 
 The Art of Painting upon Glass. 
 
 r B "^ HIS noble art being the admiration of all who have 
 
 I any tolerable tafie of defigning or painting, it will not 
 
 -*- be improper to give the ingenious enquirer after this 
 
 myftery fome few hints, in order, not only to fatisfy his curio- 
 
 fity with the nature thereof, but alfo, if he is inclined, to 
 
 Jead him into the pradtice of it ; which we ihaJI do in the 
 
 plainefi: and ihorteft manner pofTible. 
 
 Firfi: then, chufe fuch panes of glafs as are clear, even, and 
 
 fmooth. 
 
 2. Strike one fide thereof with a clean fpunge, era foft hair 
 
 pericilj dipt in gum-v/ater, all over. 
 
 3. When 
 
92 "The L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 3. When it is dry, lay the dean fide of the glafs on the 
 print or defign you intend to copy, and with a fmall pointed 
 pencil (furnilhed with black colour, and prepared for that 
 purpofe, as fhall be direded) delineate the outlines or capital 
 llrokes, and wiiere the Ihades appear foft, work them by dot- 
 ting and eafy ftrokes one into another. 
 
 4. After you have linilhed your outlines an-d fhades in the 
 beft manner you are able, take a larger pencil, and lay on your 
 colours in their refpe6tive places ; as a carnation in the face, 
 hands, ^c. green, blue, red, or any other colour on the 
 drapery, l^c. 
 
 5. When you have done this, heighten the lights of your 
 work carefully with an unfplit llifF pen, with which take off 
 the colour by way of etching, in fuch places wliere the light 
 is to fall flrongefl, and where it is alfo of particular ufe to give 
 the beard or hair a graceful turn. 
 
 6. You may lay all forts of colours on the fame fide of the 
 glafs you draw your delign upon, except the yellow ; which 
 lay on the other lide, in order to prevent its flov/ing and mix- 
 ing with other colours, and fpoihng your work. 
 
 Necejfary ohfervat'wis in the baking of glafs after it is painted. 
 
 T7 1 R S T your furnace for baking painted glafs muil: be» 
 * and is commonly, built four fquare, with three divifions, 
 as you fee in the print annexed. The lower divifion, A, is for 
 receiving the alhes, and for a draught for the fire. 
 
 2. The middle divifion is for ihe fire, which has an iron 
 grate below, and three iron bars crofs the top, to let the ear- 
 then pan upon, which contains the painted glafs. 
 
 The third divifion has the aforementioned bars at the bot- 
 tom, and a lid at top, in which are five holes for the fmoak 
 and flame. 
 
 3. The earthen pan is made of good potters clay, according 
 to the fhape and dimenfions of the furnace, about 5 or 6 inches 
 high, with a fiat bottom. It mufl be fire proof, and no larger 
 than to have at leaft two inches fpace all round, free from the 
 fides of the furnace. 
 
 The figure here annexed will better explain the defcription. 
 
 4. When you are going to bake your glafs, take quick-lime, 
 which previoufly has been well nealed or made red hot in a 
 
 fierce 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 9^ 
 
 fierce coal fire : when cold, fift it through a fmall fieve, as 
 even as you can, all over the bottom of the pan, about half an 
 inch thick ; then with a fmooth feather wipe it even and level ; 
 when this is done, lay as many of your painted glafles as the 
 room will allow. This continue till the pan is full, fifting 
 upon every layer of glafs a layer of the mixed powder, very 
 even, about the thicknefs of a crown piece. Upon the upper- 
 moft layer of painted glafs, let the layer of powder be as 
 thick as at the bottom. Put the pan, thus filled to the brim, 
 upon the iron bars in the middle of the furnace, and cover the 
 furnace with a cover made of potters earth, lute it very clofe 
 all round, to prevent any vent but what comes through the 
 holes of the cover. After you have ordered the furnace in this 
 manner, and the luting is dry, make a llovv charcoal or dry 
 wood fire at the entrance of the furnace ; increafe it by de- 
 grees, leil by a too quick fire the gbfs Ihould be fubjecT: to 
 crack : continue thus to augment your fuel, till the furnace 
 is full of charcoal, and the flame conveys itfelf through every 
 hole of the cover : keep fhus a very violent fire for three or 
 four hours, and then you may draw out your ellays, which are 
 pieces of glafs on which you painted fome yellow colour, and 
 place then againft the pan ; and when you fee the glafs ben- 
 ded, the colour melted, and of a qualified yellow, you may 
 conclude that your work is near done ; you may alfo perceive 
 by the increafe of the fparklings of the iron bars, or the light 
 ftreaks on the pan, how your work goes on. When you fee 
 your colours almofl done, increafe the fire with fome dry 
 wood, and put it fo that the flame may reverberate all round 
 the pan : then leave the fire, and let it go out, and the work 
 cool of itfelf. Take it out, and with a bru(h clear your 
 glafs from the powder that may lie upon it, and your work 
 is done. 
 
 The colours in ufe for painting upon glafs, are next to be 
 treated of, and are as follows. 
 
 For a carnation colour* 
 
 'Tp A K E menning one ounce, red enamel two ounces ; 
 
 ■■■ grind them fine and clean with good brandy, upon a hard 
 
 ftone : This, if llightly baked, will produce a good carnation. 
 
 Ahlack 
 
94 "^he I.A BORA TORY, cri 
 
 A black colour. 
 
 'T~<AKE fcales of iron from the anvil block 14 ounces and 
 -*■ a half; mix with it two ounces of white glafs, on6 
 ounce of antimony, manganefe half an ounce, grind them 
 with good vinegar to an impalpable powder. 
 
 2. Take fcales of iron one part, and rocaille one part, grind 
 them together very tine upon an iron plate, for one or two 
 days ; when they begin to be tough, and look yellowifli, and 
 clog to the muller, it is a fign that it is tine enough. 
 
 3. Take one pound of enamel, three quarters of a pound of 
 copper flakes, and two ounces of antimony, grind them as 
 before direfted. 
 
 4. Take glafs of lead three parts, copper flakes two parts, 
 and one part of antimony, proceed therewith as before. 
 
 A brown colour. 
 
 A K E one ounce of white glafs or enamel ; half an 
 ounce of good manganefe ; grind them firft with vine- 
 gar very fine, and then with brandy. 
 
 T 
 
 A red colour. 
 
 O 
 
 N E ounce of red chalk, ground and mixed with two 
 ounces of ground white enamel and fome copper flakes, 
 will make a good red ; you may try with a little whether it 
 will ftand the hie, if not, add fome more copper flakes to 
 it. Ory 
 
 'T'AKE red chalk, that is hard and unfit to Write withal, 
 
 ^ one part ; of white enamel one part ; and one fourth 
 
 part of orpiment ; grind them well together with vinegar, and 
 
 when you ufe them avoid the fmoak, which is poifonous. Or, 
 
 /^ROCUS martis, of the rufl: of iron, glafs of antimony^ 
 ^^ and yellow lead glafs, fuch as the potters ufe, of each an 
 equal quantity : a fmall matter of filver calcined with fulphur ; 
 grind them together very fine, and they will be fit to paint 
 withal, and produce a good red. Or, 
 
 Take 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 95 
 
 'TpAKE one half of iron flakes, one half of copper aihes, 
 -■■ one half of bifmuth, a little filver tilings, 3 or 4 beads 
 of red coral, 6 parts of red frit from a glals houfe, one half 
 of litharge, one half of gum, aiid 13 parts of red chalk. 
 
 A blue colour for ghf pahtt. 
 
 'TP A K E Burgmidy blue, or blue verditer, and lead glafs, 
 an equal quantity, grind, them with water to a very fine 
 powder, and when you ufe them, lay the flowers that are 
 to be of a blue colour, all over therewith ; then raife the 
 yellow parts opened, with a pen, and cover them with a yel- 
 low glals colour ; obferve, that blue upon yellow, and yellow 
 upon blue, always makes a green. 
 
 Another blue glafs colour. 
 
 T> L U E verditer or fmalt, mixed with enamel, will make 
 -■-' a good blue paint. 
 
 A green glafs colour. 
 
 R E E N rocaille, or fmall beads of the fame colour twa 
 parts, brafs file duft one part, menning two parts ; grind 
 
 them together clear and fine, and you will have a good green 
 
 when it comes out of the pan. Or, 
 
 G 
 
 717 S Vfiiun 2 ounces; menning 2 ounces ; fine white fand 
 -^-*--' 8 ounces : grind them to a very fine pov/der, and put 
 them into a ciucible ; then lute the lid, and give it for one 
 hour a good brifk fire in a wind furnace. After this, draw it 
 off to cool ; when cold, pound it in a brafs mortar, adding the 
 fourth part in weight, to the powder ; grind and mix it well 
 together, dnd put it into a crucible ; then cover and lute it; 
 ■yvell, and give it a good heat for two hours in a furnace. 
 
 A fine yellow paint for glafs . 
 
 T T has been found by experience, tliat the befl yellow for 
 ■*• painting upon glafs, is prepared of fiJver j wherefore, if you 
 would have a fine and good yellow, take fine filver, beat it into 
 
 thia 
 
g6 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Yj of, 
 
 thin plates, and dilTolve and precipitate it in aqua fortis, as liaSr 
 been directed ; when it has fettled, pour off the aqua fortis, 
 and grind the filver with three times the quantity of well 
 burned clay from an oven, very fine, and with a foft hair 
 pencil lay it on the fmooth iide of the glafs, and you will have 
 a fine yellow. Or, 
 
 TV yf E L T as much filver as you pleafe in a crucible, and 
 •^■^ when in fufion, fling, by little and little, fo much ful- 
 phur upon it until it is calcined, then grind it very fine on a 
 ftone ; mix it with as much antimony as is the weight of the 
 filver ; and when thei'e are well ground together, take yellow 
 ochre, neal it well, and it will turn to a brown red, which 
 quench in urine, and take thereof double the quantity above 
 fpecified ; mix it all together, and after you have ground it 
 very fine, lay it on the fmooth fide of the glafs. Or, 
 
 "VT E A L fome thin plates of filver, then cut them into 
 -^^ fmall bits, put them with fulphur and antimony into a 
 crucible; when they are diflblved, pour them into clear wa- 
 ter, and thus mixed together, grind them very fine. 
 
 yf pale yellow. 
 
 OTratlfy thin plates of brafs in an earthen pipkin with 
 *^ powdered fulphur and antimony, and burn it until it 
 yields no more flame ; then pour it red hot into cold water ; 
 take it out and grind it fijie. Of this powder one part ; of 
 yellow ochre, after it is nealed and quenched in vinegar, five 
 or fix parts ; let it dry ; then grind it on a ftone, and it will 
 be fit for ufe. 
 
 Hotv to deaden the glafs, and fit it to paint upon. 
 
 'T' AKE two parts of iron flakes ; one part of copper flakes, 
 three parts of white enamel ; grind them all together, 
 with clear water, on a marble ftone, or upon a brafs or iron 
 plate, for two or three days, as fine as poflible ; with this rub 
 your glafs well over, efpecially that fide you draw your defign 
 upon, and you will finiih your work much neater. 
 
 Some 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 57 
 
 Some general ohfervations 6n the management of pabiting and 
 baking of glafs. 
 
 "C* IR S T w'hen you lay your glafs in the pan, let tlfe 
 •*• painted lide be placed undermoft, and the yellow up- 
 pernioll. 
 
 2. Dilute all your colours with gum water. 
 . 3« Grind the black, and red upon a copper plate, other co- 
 lours you may grind on a piece of glafs, or a flone. 
 
 4. Glafs-colours ready prepared, are glafs enamel, which is 
 brought from Venice in cakes of feverol forts ; alfo the fmall 
 glafs beads, that are brought over from Germany^ efpecially 
 trom Franckfort on the Main. Old broken pieces of paint- 
 ed glafs are good for that purpofe, fo is the green glafs of pot- 
 ters, and the glafs drops that run from the ware in the fur- 
 nace. 
 
 5. The colours which are ufed by potters, for painting on 
 earthen ware, may alfo be ufed for painting on glafs. 
 
 A particular ivay to paint upon a drinking glafs, 
 
 'T^ A K E a fmall quantity of linfeed, bruife it and put it for 
 '*' four or five days in a little canvas bag, in rain-water^ 
 and change the water every day ; then prefs out the moiilure, 
 and you will have a clammy fubllance, like glew ; with this 
 grind your colours as ufual, then paint or mark: with a pencil, 
 what you pleafe upon the glafs, and give it by degrees a tho- 
 rough heat ; with the fame glew you may alfo gild the glafs 
 before you put it into the lire. 
 
 J fine gilding fr glafs. 
 
 '~T^ A K E gum-armoniac, diflblve it over night in good 
 -'■ white-wine vinegar into another velTel, and ^rind tiie 
 gum-armoniac and a little gum-arabick well together with 
 clear water ; when they are vvell incorpofated and fine, therr 
 write or draw upon your glafs what you pleafe; and when al- 
 mort dry, fo that it is but a little clammy, lay on your gold, 
 prefs it down with fome cotton, and let it Itand over night, rub 
 the loofe gold afrerwards with a little cotton gently off the 
 
 K glafs,- • 
 
^S T;^^ L A B O R A T O R Y i <7r, 
 
 glafs, and you will fee the ornaments, figures or writing to 
 that perfection as you defigned them ; then dry it ilowjy over 
 a gentle heat, increaiing it by degrees lb as to make it red hot ; 
 Jet it cool of itfelf, and the gold will look tine, and Hand 
 Y^ind or water. 
 
 To write or draw upon glafs, 
 
 np A K E two parts of lead, one part of emery, and a lit- 
 ■*■ tie quantity of white lead, grind them very tine with 
 clear water, then temper them with gum- water, and with z, 
 foft hair pencil lay it all over the outfide ofyourgiafs, and 
 w^hen dry, you may with a pen draw or write upon it what 
 you pleafe ; then increafe the fire from a gentle warmth to 
 hiake the glafs red hot j let it cool, and you will fee your 
 drawing or writing fair upon the glafs, which will not be de- 
 faced either by cold or hot water. 
 
 The Art of Glazing and Painting on fine Ear- 
 then, commonly called Delft Ware. 
 
 P 
 
 OTTERS who paint with colours on earthen ware, 
 may be ranged in the fame clafs with painters upon glafs, 
 fmce they ufe almoli the fame materials, and in many re- 
 f peels, the fame method. 
 
 What has already been faid under the foregoing hand, is 
 fufficient, and may ferve novices in defigning and painting as 
 an inllruction to paint flowers, landfkips, tigures, or w'hatever 
 die, upon earthen ware. We Ihall however here fet down 
 fome receipts that chiefly relate to the glazing of earthen ware 
 but firft fhew. 
 
 How to prepare the clay for Delft zuar^. 
 
 A K E one part of calcined flint ; one part of chalk, and 
 one part of capital or the cream of clay, mix and work 
 %):\%^\ well to a proper confifxence. 
 
SCHOOL o/ ARTS. 9^ 
 
 To prepare a white glazing. 
 
 'T' A K E of lead two pound ; tin one pound ; calcine them 
 
 to afl-ies, as has been directed before. Of this take two 
 
 P^^ts ; calcined Hint or pebble, one part ; fait, one part j mix 
 
 thern well together and melt them into a cake. 
 
 The 'R.oWQrdz.WL fine Jhining white. 
 
 ^ir*- A K E of clean tin afhes two pound, lead alhes ten 
 -*■ poLind, hue Venice glafs two pound, tartar half a pound, 
 and melt them mto a cake. Or, 
 
 T E A D afhes eight pound, tin aflies three pound, fine 
 -'-^ clear ca'cmed flint or pebble iix pound, fait four pound ; 
 melt them into a cake. Or, 
 
 /^ A L C I N E eight pound of lead and four pound of tin 
 ^^ into afnes, of thefe take one quart, fait and pebble of each 
 one pound, and melt them into a cake. 
 
 Another fine white for Earthen zuare. 
 
 /^ALCTNE fix pound of lead and three pound of tin 
 ^^ to afhes, vv'hereof tai-.e two parts, fait three parts, peb- 
 ble or Hint three parts, and melt them into a cake. 
 
 Another white. 
 
 T~'AKE eight pound of lead and four pound of tin aflies ; 
 among which mix fix pound of Venice glafs, and a hand- 
 ful of rock-falt ; melt them into a cake, 
 
 .^Saltzburg zt;/?';Vf', 
 
 nrAKE three parts of lead, fix parts of tin ; or fix parts 
 lead and three parts tin, fait three parts, tartar one part, 
 and pebble five parts, ^c. Or, 
 
 'TP A K E five pound of lead, one pound of tin, three pound 
 *■ of flint, three pound of fait, iJc. Or, 
 
 H 2 TAKE 
 
TOO r/^f L A B O R A T O R Y ; or,- 
 
 '"p A K E fix pound of lead, one pound of tin, melt and bura 
 ■■• them to aihes ; whereof take 12 fpuonfuls, 12 ot iLiit,- 
 and 12 of fine wood alhes. 
 
 To lay a ground upon earthen zvare^ on ivbich the zuhite glafs 
 will better fprcad. 
 
 'T^ A K E calcined tartar one pint, flint and fait of each one 
 '■' pint, mix them together, and u.e them for a layer or 
 ground over your earthen ware, before you glaze them. 
 
 Th: right Dutch majiirat fof zuhite porcelain. 
 
 •Tp A K E calcined pebble, fiint or fand, 100 pound, offoda 
 40 pound, wood alhes 30 pound. This mixture is by 
 the Dutch called majiirat-^ of this take 100 pound, tin and 
 lead alhes together 80 pound, common fait 10 pound, and 
 melt them thr«^e times in a cake. 
 
 The tin and kaJ adies are made of 100 pound of lead and 
 30 pound of tin. 
 
 The common ivare is thus glazed. 
 
 *!"* A K E 40 pound of clear fand, 75 pound of litharge or 
 -*• lead adies, 26 pound of pot alhes, and ten pound of 
 fait; melt them three times into a cake, quenching it each- 
 time in clear cold water. Or, 
 
 'T'AKE clean fand 50 pound, lead aflies 70 pbund,- 
 ■* wood-aflies 30 pound, fait 12 pound, melt them to a 
 cake. 
 
 With this mixture they glaze fine and coarfe, and fet ir 
 in an earthen glazing pan, w^hich is round ; the ware is fet 
 in them upon three cornered bars, that go through the like 
 holes in the pan, and the ware is' kept afunder from touching 
 01^ another. 
 
 The opening before, is only left in the figure to fee how the 
 ware fiand, otiierwife the pan muft be entirely clofed up. 
 
 Of 
 
SCHOOL of ART S. loi 
 
 Of feveral Colours for Potter's Glaze Work. 
 
 A Jim yellow. 
 
 TA PC E red lead three pin^s, antimony and tin,^ of each 
 two pound, meh them into a cake, grind it fine, and 
 melt it again. Repeat this feveral times, and you will have 
 a good yellow. CV, 
 
 TAKE 15 parts of lead ore, three parts of litharge of 
 iilver, and 15 parts of fand. Or, 
 
 TAKE eight parts of litharge, nine parts of calcined flint, 
 one part of antimony, and a little iron tilings ^ calcine and 
 pielt them to a cake. 
 
 Fine citron yellow. 
 
 TAKE fix parts of red lead, feven parts of fine red brick- 
 dart, two parts of antimony ; melt them to a cake. 
 
 A green colour, 
 
 '~T^ A K E eight parts of litharge, eight parts of Venice glafs, 
 ^ four parts of brafs duft j melt them for ufe. Or, 
 
 *TP A K E 10 parts of litharge, 12 parts of flint or pebble, 
 *■ one part of as ujium or copper aflies. 
 
 Blue colour, 
 
 'np A K E lead afhes one pound, clear fand or pebble two 
 ^ pound, fait two pound, white calcined tartar one pound, 
 Venice or other glafs 16 pound, zafFer half a pound, mix 
 them well together and melt them ; quench them in water, 
 and melt them again ; repeat this feveral times : but if you 
 will have it fine and good, it will be proper to put the mixture 
 \\\ a glafs furnace for a day or two. Or, 
 
 H 3 TAKE 
 
102 ri;^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; cr, 
 
 'Tp A K E litharge four pound, clear (and two pound, zaf- 
 •*■ fer one pound ; calcine and melt it together. Or, 
 
 'T' A K E 12 pound of lead, one pound of tin, and one 
 *■ pound of zaffcr, five pound of fand, and three pound of 
 fait, tartar and glafs one pound ; calcine and mek it into a 
 cake. Or, 
 
 nr^ A K E two pound of litharge, a quarter of a pound of 
 -■• fand, one pound of zaffer, and one pound of fait ; melt 
 them as directed. Or, 
 
 r^ N E part of tartar, one part of lead afhes, one part of 
 ^^ zaffer, one part of fand, and two parts of fait j melt it 
 as before. 
 
 A brown colour. 
 
 '"p A K E of common glafs and manganefe or brown ftone, 
 *■• of each one part, lead glafs 12 parts. 
 
 A fieJJ) colour. 
 
 *~T^ A K E twelve parts of lead afhes, and one of white 
 -*• glafs. 
 
 Purple brown. 
 
 'Tp A K E lead-aflies, 15 parts, clear fand 18 parts, manga- 
 -*■ nefe one part, white glafs 15 m.eafures, and one meafure 
 of zaffer. 
 
 Iron grey. 
 
 'X' A K E 15 parts of lead-afhes, 14 parts of white fand, five 
 -^ parts of copper-afhes, one of manganefe, one of zalTcr, 
 and one of iron filings. 
 
 J hhcl. 
 
 ^T"^ A K E lead-aflies 18 meafures, iron filings three, copper 
 -■- afhes three, zaffer two meafures ; this, when melted^, 
 will make a brown black ; but if you will have it blacker^ 
 put fome more zaffer to it. 
 
 Brown on ivhlte. 
 
 Anganefe two parts, red lead and white glafs one part j 
 melt them well together. 
 
 A 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS* £0j 
 
 J fine red. 
 
 ^AKE antimony two pound, litharge three pounds 
 -*■ ruil of iroa calcined one pound, grind it to a iine 
 powder. 
 
 To glaze with Venice glafsi 
 
 "WJ HEN your ware is well dryed, and ready to bake^ 
 ^^ ftrike it all over with white- wine lees ; then lay on th6 
 Venice glafs (ground fine and mix with fait of tartar and li- 
 tharge) and bake it as directed. 
 
 A green* 
 
 ^~p A K E coppe" duft tv/o parts ; yellow glafs two parts j 
 -*■ melt them twice. Or, 
 
 'TT W O parts of copper filings, one of lead-afhes, and one 
 '■' of white glafs j melt them to a cake. 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 TV/tENNING three parts, brick-duft two pdrts, lead-a{hes 
 ^^ two parts, antimony two parts, fand one part, of the 
 above white glafs one part, well calcined and melted. Or, 
 
 "n E D lead four ounces, antimony tw"o ounces, melt them 
 ^•^ to a cake. 
 
 Good yclloiv, 
 
 np A K E of antimony, red lead and fand, an equal qi^an- 
 ■*■ tity, and melt it to a cake. 
 
 A fine blue glafs to paint wiihi 
 
 ^T^ A K E lead allies one pound, clear fand tv/o pound, fait 
 "■■ two pound, white calcined tartar one pound, flint glafs 
 half a pound, zaffer half a pound, melt them together and 
 quench them in water j then melt them again and repeat 
 this J'everal times. 
 
 Zaffer fineiy ground by itfelf, makes good blue, to paint 
 "white-glazed earthen ware. 
 
 H4 / 
 
104 27'^ L A BORA TOR Yj cr, 
 
 A brown. 
 
 ON E part of manganefe, one of lead, and one of white 
 . glafs. ■ ■ 
 
 J liver colour. 
 
 'T^AKE 12 parts of litharge, eight of fait, fix of pebble 
 -*■ or flint, and one of manganefe. 
 
 A fea green. 
 
 'T' A K E five pound of lead-afties, one pound of tin-afiies, 
 -■■ three pound of flint, three quarters of a pound of 
 fait, half a pound of tartar, and half a pound of copper dufl:. 
 
 ^0 by gold, filver or copper on earthen zvare, fo as to rf- 
 femble either of thefe metals. 
 
 "\ /f A K E an utenfil of fine potters earth, form and fliape 
 ^^ it thin, neat, and filver fafhion ; then bake it, and 
 ■when baked, glaze it : but before you bake it again, if you 
 will filver, gild or copper it, take a regulus of antimony, 
 melt your metal with it, and beat it to a powder, grind it 
 With water very fine, and glaze it therewith. Then bake it, 
 and when done, the whole utenfil will look like filver ; for 
 when it comes into the fire, the antimony evaporates and leaves 
 the filver, l^c' behind. But if you will filver or gild it only 
 for ornament fake, and keep it from any wet, then you may 
 lay on the gold or filver leaves with brandy, and afterwards 
 polifii and finifh it in the beft manner, after the common 
 inethod. '- 
 
 PART 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 10^5 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 Several uncommon Experlm.ents for Cafling in 
 Silver, Copper, Brass, Tin, Steel, and 
 other Metals ; likewife in Wax, Plaister of 
 Paris, Wood, Horn, &c. With the Ma^- 
 nagement of the refped:ive Moulds. 
 
 To prepare clay in fuch a 7nanner as to be Jit to make all man- 
 tier of moulds to cajl gold, fJver and other metals in. ^ 
 
 A K E clay, as much as you will, put it into an ear- 
 then pot that's glazed, and cover and lute it very clofe, 
 then pat it into a potter's furnace, and let it fland as 
 long as other earthen ware. After it is burned and cold, 
 grind the clay upon a colour ftone very fine, fift it through a 
 tine hair fieve into clear water, and after it is fettled, pour off 
 the water, and grind the clay once more upon the ftone, as 
 fine as polfible; then wafli it again in fair water as before, and 
 fet it in the fun or in a warm place to dry. 
 
 After this burned and vvfafhed clay is thorough dry, take 
 thereof three pounds, fal-armoninc two pounds, tartar two 
 pounds, vitriol one pound ; mix them togetiier, and put this 
 mixture into one or two pots, pour upon it about i^v^w quarts 
 of clean water, and boil this compofition for fome time ; then 
 take this water, whilft it is warm, and mix your burned clay 
 therewith to fuch a confidence that you may form it into balls ; 
 lay thefe in a warm place to dry, and when dry, put them 
 into an earthen pot as before, and give them another baking 
 among the earthen ware, and when cold, grind them fine, 
 and that powder will be tit for ufe. 
 
 The clay being thus prepared, take fal-armoniac, put it 
 into a glafs with water that holds about two quarts, put fo much 
 of the fal-armoniac to the water as will diflblve it over a 2;en- 
 tle warmth, and let it (land one or two hours clofed up ; then 
 take your powder of clay, temper it with this water, to fuch a 
 
 confulence 
 
io6 Tht LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 confiftence as to form it into balls, and make what moulda 
 you pleafe thereof. When you call your metal, you muft 
 make your mould red hot ; and be alio very nimble in the 
 pouring out your melted metal. 
 
 To make moulds of clay to cajl hrafs or other metah therein. 
 
 TAKE good clear clay, fuch as the pewterers ufe ; take 
 alfo cloth (having or line fhort plucked cotton, and fine 
 clear fand, and if the fand is not fine enough, grind it 
 on a colour ftone ; mix this with the clay to fuch a confift- 
 ence as is fit to make or form your moulds thereof. Your clay 
 muft not be made foft with water, but with ftrong beer, and 
 when you caft, let your mould be red hot. 
 
 If you would have a fine and ftiarp caft, fift over your clay 
 fome fine waftied alhes, before you make the imprefllon. 
 
 To prepare moulds^ which need not to he heated^ for cafllng 
 metal In them, 
 
 'T^ A K E fine fand, fuch as the goldfmiths ufe, mix it 
 -*■ with lamp-black as much as you think proper ; then 
 temper it with rape or llnfeed oil, fit to make your moulds 
 thereof; whatever you caft in them, comes not only out 
 neat and Iharp, but you have no occafion to heat your 
 mould, as is required in other cafes : this you muft obfervCj that 
 your fand be very dry before you temper it with the oil. 
 
 The preparation of Mantua earthy for moulds. 
 
 'T^ A K E Ma'ntua-t2.vt.h. one part, and one part of char- 
 •*• coal duft of burnt birch, and one part of fait ; then mix 
 with it an equal quantity of tartar ; boil up the mixture 
 together in a copper pan, and let it ieeth three times : with 
 this water, which keeps alv/ays good, moiften and temper 
 your earth, fo as to form it into baiis between your hands, and 
 when you would make your mould, roll your earth with a 
 roller, till it is fmooth and pliable ; tlien you may form it into 
 what fafnion you pleafe. In this mould you may caft before it 
 is dryed ; and when you have caft, take off" the earth which is 
 dryed through the heat of the metal, grind the fame again, 
 and temper it as you did at firft to ufe it again. 
 
 A 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 107 
 
 ji particular fort of mould, in ivhich one may cafl exceeding 
 
 fine. 
 
 'T' A K E horfe mufTels, or for want of them, oyfter-fhells, 
 "*■ let thein be calcined in a potters furnace, ihen puivenze 
 and temper them with urine : of this make your moulds, and 
 you will caft very fine and fharp. 
 
 To imprefs bafs relievo or medals, in imitation of ivory, 
 
 'Tp A K E of prepared clay one pound, fine plaif1:er of Paris 
 -■■ eight ounces, white ftarch eight ounces ; mix thefe to- 
 gether, and beat up the mixture with the white of fix or eight 
 eggs, put to it three ounces of clear gum arabick, ftir it well 
 together to a palle, and put fo much of the dry mixture to it, 
 till you knead it like dough ; then prefs it into a mould with 
 the palm of your hand, and let it dry in the fun, obferving to 
 lay the pafte lide on a fmooth board, and it will be clear and 
 hard, like ivory. You may imprefs all manner of medals and 
 curiofities, and make them ot what colour you pleafc. 
 
 To imprefs medals and other things in bafs relievo^ on paper* 
 
 'T^ A K E the (havings of fuperfine white paper, and fleep^ 
 -"■ them in fair v/ater for fix or eight days, then put them into 
 a clean earthen pot with water, and boil them for 2 or 3; 
 hours : this done, take them out of the pot, with as littler 
 moifture as poffible and ftamp them in a ftone mortar very fmall 
 and fine j then put them into a clean linen bag, and hang, 
 that in a veflel with clean water, changing the w ater once or 
 tv/ice a week : when you have occafion to ufe it, take as much 
 as you want out of the bag, fqueezing the water from it and 
 put it on the mould, prefllng it down gently with a fpunge, 
 which will foak up the water and make the imprelFion more 
 perfeil ; this being done fet the mould to dry in the fun, or 
 in a warm room, and when dry, the impreflion will come off 
 tair and as fharp as if caft in fine plaifter of Paris. 
 
jo8 rhe LABORATORY; cr 
 
 To cajl vegetables hi moulds^ peculiarly prepared for filver. 
 
 'Tp A K E fine and dear clay or fpalter, that is dry, ancj 
 ^ pouna it fine in a mortar ; then take a copper or irori 
 pan, put in your clay, and give it a brifk fire, and after you 
 have heated it thoroughiy, take it off and let it cool j then 
 take one part of this clay, one part Alumen Plumofum^ grind 
 them together, and cafl; the mixture in little tents, which put 
 into a fire to neal 3 beat it very fine ; and when you would 
 form your plant, take one part of this powder, and one part of 
 Jhmien Plumofum^ grind them together, and add as much of 
 the clay powder as the mixt matter doth contain, and mix and 
 grind them all together. Then take fome potters clay, to 
 make a coffin round your plant ; fpread it in what manner you 
 think proper, and after the coffin is dry, anoint the infide 
 thereof, as alfo the plant with good brandy ; dufl. the before 
 prepared clay and the plant gently through a fine cambrick, and 
 ■when you have covered it all over as thick as it vv^ill bear, ftrike 
 the raifed coffin a little with your hand or hammer, and the 
 duft will fettle cl.fer to the plant and make the silver, caft in, 
 come out the (harper. 
 
 After the powder is well fettled, and your coffin clofed, 
 cover it fine with dead charcoal, and then lay fome live ones 
 over them ; let the fire gradually defcend to the coffin, and 
 heat it by degrees to a ftrong glue, then let it cool of itfelf 
 with the fire ; take afterward fine clay, fine fand, and fome 
 wool (hearings ; mix this together, beat and knead it well in- 
 to one another ; then temper it with glue, and fill your coffin 
 with it all over the plant, leaving an opening at the fcalk for 
 the inlet j then put it again into the fire and make it red hot, 
 and with a pair of bellows, firft clofed, draw out the alhes 
 from the inlet, and it will be ready for cafting. 
 
 Then take oil of tartar, wh ch is made of pounded fait of 
 tartar, and fcrape a little fal-armoniac into it, to give it the 
 fubftance of a thin parte, which is a good flux for filver ; fling 
 fome of this upon your filver when in fufion, and it will caft 
 fine and fharp. 
 
 After it is caft, anoint the filver plant Vv'ith oil of tartar, 
 lay it on live coals, neal it, and then boil it in tartar, to 
 which you add a little fait, and this v,'ill give it a fine bright 
 pearl colour. 
 
 A 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 
 
 ■09 
 
 j/i curiojh method to cajl all forts of things in gold^ fiver ^ or 
 other fuetals. 
 
 [ "C* I R S T pound plaifter of Paris, or alabafler, to a fine 
 *' -■■ powder, lift it through a cambrick, or very fine hair 
 f.eve, and put it into an iron pan, over a clear coal fire j llir 
 it about until it begins to boil and bubble, up like water j keep 
 it Itirring ; recruit your fire, and continue this until you find 
 It fo thick as not to be able to draw it along with your dicky 
 then pour it into a bowl and let it cool. 
 
 Take alio brick-duft finely powdered and fifted. 
 The miners find fometimes a matter in the iron mines 
 which they call liver ore ; take tliis and warti it from the 
 coarfer fand, and when dry, put it into an earthen pot, cover 
 it, fet it to neal thoroughly, and when cold, pound and fift 
 it. When it is right burnt, it will be of a copper colour ; 
 put all thefe different powders into feveral boxes, and prelerve 
 them from dull and foil, for proper ufe. 
 
 To cajl vegetables and infe£iSi 
 
 TJ^ O U R parts of the above plaifter of Paris, two parts 
 -*• brick-duft, and two parts liver ore j mix them well to- 
 gether, and fift them through a fine hair fieve, and when you 
 are ready to form your moulds, pour clean water to them, ftir 
 'them well together to the thicknefs of a thin pafte j but you 
 muft be pretty nimble with this work, elfe it will harden un- 
 der your hands and be of ito ufe. 
 
 The mould you prepare thus. 
 
 *~r^ A K E the plant you defign to call and fpread the leaves 
 •*■ and ftalks lb as not to touch one anotlter ; then make 
 a coffin either of lead or chy, put your plant in it fo as not to 
 touch the coffin ; at -the bottom you may lay a piece of paper 
 to keep the fruff from fticking to the board, but let your ftulf 
 be neither too thick nor too thin, for if it is of a right confid- 
 ence it will force itfelf clofe to- the plants and co ne out fharp ; 
 kt ttie llaiks be carefully kept up tor the inlet ; and when you 
 pour this duff upon your plants, do it gently, and feparate 
 thofe leaves which might lie clofe to one another with a nee- 
 dle, pouring all the while, to make the mould the dronger. 
 
 After 
 
no The LABORATORY; or. 
 
 After this is hardened put it in a dry place, and keep it until 
 you have fome more ready to caft, but you muft i'ecure it 
 from fro ft. 
 
 If you would caft infeds, or any fmall animal, or reptile, 
 put them in what pofition you will upon a little board, brbwn 
 paper, or pafte-board, which firft muft be anointed with oil, 
 in order to make the plaiftcr-ftuff" come off the eafier ; about 
 your inieit make a little coffin, and if you can raife the infed: 
 fo as to be freed from the board or paper, it will be the better, 
 which you may do by tying it with two or three hairs, faften- 
 ing ihem at the top of the coffin, and by this means it will 
 hang in the middle thereof; when this is ready, pour, as be- 
 fore direded, your plaifter gently upon it, and after the mould 
 is a little dry, it will be fit tor ufe. 
 
 If you lay your infeiSt, or other creature, upon the paper, 
 you muft make a wall about and caft your plaifter upon it ; 
 let it ftan ■ a little, and when dry, take off" your wall, and 
 cut the plaifter round about the infect ; and taking the mould 
 off^ the paper, there will be an opening at the bottom of the 
 mould where the infeft lies ; turn this mould, and anoint 
 it about the opening and the part on the infeil with oil ; 
 then carting fome frelh plaifter upon that plate, your mould 
 will take afunder, and be very convenient to draw out the 
 afp.es of the inleit, after it has been burned as is here 
 directed. 
 
 Put your mould upon fome warm wood-afties, then cover 
 it with fmall coal, over the fmall coal lay charcoal, and then 
 fiiiig foiiic lighted fiijall coal over them to kindle the others fo, 
 that the iieat may be gently conveyed to the mould ; and after 
 it has glowed fome time, and you think the infect, or plant, 
 is conf'-imed to afties, let it cool of itfelf with the fire about 
 it, to hinder the air coming to it. When your mould is cold, 
 open the hole for the inlet, and either with your breath, or 
 with a little hand fpout that is moift, draw out the afties, and 
 your mould is ready. 
 
 You may alfo burn thofe moulds in a muffel, if you clofe 
 the muftei fo prevent the air coming in, and lay the coals on 
 and glow jt as has been directed. After you have taken out 
 the mould, put the fame in warm fand, and having your filver, 
 or other metal, ready miclted, pour it in quick ; but if you 
 caft iilver, fiing into the flux a little fal-armoniac and borax, 
 jnixed together. After it is caft, let the mould cool a little, 
 
 then 
 
SCHOOL of ART S. m 
 
 then quench it in water, and the plaifter will fall off of Itfelf, 
 brulh the filver clean, and neal and boil it as has been already 
 directed. 
 
 To cajl vegetables or infers in another manner. 
 
 *~T^ I E your plant, fprig, or infecSl with a line thread to a 
 -'■ little rtick, dip either of them into brandy, and let it 
 dry a little, then temper your plaifter of Paris, prepared as 
 before directed, with water of fal-armoniac, pretty thin, and 
 dip your plant, or infedt, in it all over, then put the little 
 ftick in the hole againft a wall, or any thing elfe, let it hang 
 free, 2nd m the drymg you may difplay the leaves of the plant, 
 cr legs of the infect, as you would have them ; and when you 
 have done this, hang it in the coffin, the little ftick may reft 
 on each end of the coffin, then pouring your plaifter over, you 
 "wiil have an exact mould, then proceed as direcfted before. 
 
 If you would have a fmall infetS to ftand upon a leaf, then 
 dip the ends of its legs in turpentine, and put it on the plant 
 before you dip it : if it is a fpider or grafshopper, or any 
 other inlect which you think will be too ftrong for the turpen- 
 tine, kill it hrft in vinegar, and after that put its legs in the 
 turpentine, and fix it to the leaf of the plant. 
 
 To cajl figures or medals in hrimjlone, 
 
 "jV/T E L T (in a glazed pipkin) half a pound of brimftone 
 ^^ over a gentle tire, with this mix half a pound of fine 
 Vermillion, and when you have cleared the top, take it off 
 the fire, ftir it well together, and it will diftblve like oil ; 
 then caft it into the mould, after being firft anointed with oil, 
 let it cool, and take it out ; but in cafe your figure ftiould 
 change to a yellowifti colour, you muft only wipe it over with 
 aqua fortis, and it will look like the fineft coral. 
 
 Jio%v to form and caft all manner of fmall birds ^ f'ogs^ 
 fi/b, &c. 
 
 'T^ A K E an earthen, iron or tin ring, which is high and 
 
 -■■ wide enough to hold the animal you defign to caft, and 
 
 fet a ring upon a clean board or pafte-board i then lay the 
 
 animal 
 
ii2 "The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 animal upon it, and caft the fine mixture of plaifter pretty 
 thick over it, the reft of the vacancy you may fill up with a 
 coarfer plaifter, even to the brim : when this is done and 
 pretty well dried, turn your ring, and putting a little fliort 
 ftick clofe to the body of the animal, caft a cruft on that fide, 
 to cover that part which lay clofe to the board, and when dry, 
 burn it, and go about the cafting as dire^Sted : after you have 
 burned or glowed it thoroughly, you mull draw the alhes out 
 of the hole which is made by the little ftick, and this you may 
 life for your inlet. 
 
 Hoiv to end fmall fiot. 
 
 MELT your lead in a ladle, then pour it gently in a 
 continual ftream into a pan or pail of water, on the 
 furface whereof fwims oil of a ringer thick, and you will have 
 good round fmall fhot. 
 
 How to cafl: Images of Plaister of PariS;^ 
 likewife how to caft Wax, cither folid or hol- 
 low ; alio how to form Images in Wax, 
 and caft them afterwards in sny Metal, either 
 folid or hollow, 
 
 TH E preparing the mixture for the moulds has been be- 
 fore Ihewn, for which reafon it is needlefs to repeat it 
 here again. 
 
 If you will make a mould to caft an image, or animal in, 
 take clean potters clay, make thereof a coffin round about the 
 image, which you lay long-ways on a board, and anoint it 
 over with oil ; then" take fine plaifter of Paris, mix it with 
 water, and pour it alt over the image, fo that it may cover it 
 every way ; tlien give it a ftfonger toat with a coarfer fort, 
 and when the plaifter is dry, take oft" the coffin, and cut that 
 fide which is caft fomething fiat, making fome notches or marks 
 upon it ; then turn it, and make a coffin about it again, and 
 caft that fide of the image, after you have anointed it with 
 fome oil all over, fo that the whole may be entirely inclofcd: 
 
 After 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 113 
 
 After the plairter has been a clay or two upon the image, it 
 \vill be quite dry : then with a wooden mallet beat cautiouily 
 againfl: the plailcer, 'till a piece thereof loofens, which being 
 rukea off, the relt will come off eafy ; and after you have 
 diimantled the whole, anoint the infide thereof with linfeed 
 oil, with a tine hair pencil brufli, and let it dry in ; this do 
 twice, and after they have lain two or three days, cut in an 
 inlet, where you think it molf convenient, and when you will 
 calf with plailler of Paris, before you do it, anoint the infide 
 of the mould, and after you have put all the pieces in their 
 proper places and tied them together, caft your plaiiler, and 
 let it Hand half a day : take the pieces one after anoiher care- 
 fully off, in order to keep thi im?ge inrire ; but if you will 
 cait wax in that mould, put only the mould for half an hour 
 before in water, and the wax will not ftick to it. If you will 
 have the image hollow, then mind that the- wax be not too 
 hot; pour it into the mould, and you will ealily fee how thick 
 it flicks to it. When you think it is thick enough, then turn 
 your mould about, and pour out the wax that's remaining, and 
 after you have for a little while laid it in water, take off the 
 pieces of moulding, and you will have the image done to per- 
 fevfiion. You mull obferve, that before you break the mould 
 from the image on which you formed it, you mull mark it 
 all over with crofles, circles or flrokes, by which you may 
 afterwards fix them right and exactly together, to caft again. 
 If you will have the wax figures folid, then let the mould 
 with the images lie for half an hour, or more, to cool in fair 
 water. 
 
 To prepare the ivax. 
 
 'TpAKE one pound of white rofin, that is not greafy, two 
 -*■ pound of wax, melt the wax, ifrain it through a cloth 
 into a glazed pan, and flir it about till it is cool. 
 
 To cajf medals and other things in bafs relievo. 
 
 T AY your medal on a clean piece of paper, or a clean 
 ^^ board, inclofe it with a wall of clay or wax, then pour 
 the plaiiier of Paris half an inch thick upon it ; when it is dry, 
 take off the mould, and anoint it with clear fallad oil, two or 
 
 1 three 
 
114 5^;^^ L ABOR ATOR Yi ^r 
 
 three times, both within and without. If you will caft plainer 
 of Paris, lay the mould iirft for a quarter of an hour in clear 
 water ; then call your plaifter as thick as you pleafe. 
 
 You mull obferve, that whenever you make a mould of 
 plaifter, let it be for bafs relievo or figures, you mufi: always 
 anoint it with oil, two or three times, which will not only 
 preferve them from the damage they otherwife would fuftaia 
 from the water, but make the call pieces come out clear. 
 
 Medals and figures in bafs relieKJo, hovj to to cajl them like 
 
 jafpis. 
 
 '~p O do this you muft have a hand-fpout, or a glyller pipe, 
 •^ at the end whereof fix a tin or iron plate, full of round 
 holes, fome larger than others. In this fpout put a pafte, 
 made of fine chalk of feveral colours ; then force them out 
 in fmall fhreds of mixed colours in one piece, cut them with a 
 fine edged knife in thin round llices, and put one into your 
 mould prefiing it down gently ; then pour the plainer of Paris 
 upon it, and when dry, lay it ftrfl over with fifli glue, and after 
 that varnifh it, and it will be of fingular beauty. 
 
 The colours you may firll dilute with gum-water, before vou 
 mix the chalk with them. 
 
 Another. 
 
 'np A K E the abovementioned chalk pafle, and after you 
 -*■ have mixed therewith a variety of colours, as fmalt, 
 white lead, vermillion, red lead, malticot, verdegreafe, brown 
 red, is'c. and formed each colour feparate into little cakes, 
 then (with a rolling pin) fpread them like pyc-crufc, and when 
 you have done as many colours as you think proper. Jay one 
 leaf upon another, roll them together from one end to the 
 other, and with a knife cut llices as thin as a wafer ; take thefe 
 and cover your mould with, prefs it clofe down with your 
 thumb, and pour the plaifter of Paris over it ; when dry, do 
 it over w^ith filh-glue, and then varnifli it, or give it a polilh 
 with a dog's tooth. 
 
 T<f 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 115 
 
 to cajl fiP)^ reptiles^ fruity or any kind of things, in a pcivter 
 plate or dij}). 
 
 *~V A K E a pewter plate or di(h, garnifh the fame with 
 either tilh, reptiles, fruifs, plants, iSc. Dilpofe them 
 in proper order, as your fancy dire6ts you. Small animals or 
 leaves of plants fallen to the difli with a little turpentine, and 
 when every thing is in order, wall it round ; then pour your 
 plairter of Paris over it ; fcrike upon the table the difh fcands 
 on, in order to make the calling lix the clofer about the things ; 
 after the plailter is dry, make the mould for the back part of 
 the dilh ; glow it, in order to burn the things to allies, and 
 liaving cleared your mould, fix them together for calling, then 
 tie them round with wires, and make them red Iiot ; call your 
 pewter, and in order not to make the dilh too heavy, convey 
 fome little openings from the back part of the mould to the 
 body or hollow of the animals, Hopping the outiide clofe up 
 again till your carting is over ; and when you think the pew- 
 ter fufficiently fixed, then open thefe conveyances and pour 
 out the pewter which may remain in the ingot melted. 
 
 If you would call it in filver, then model your leaves, ani- 
 mals, i^c. each feparate and hollow, tiiat they may be afcer- 
 wards foldered on. 
 
 T^o c aft figures in imitatioji of ivory. 
 
 '^AKE izing-glafs and flrong brandy, make it into a 
 parte, with the powder of very fine grounded egg-!hells. 
 You may give it what colour you pleafe : but cart it warm in- 
 to your mould, having oiled it all over j leave the figure in the 
 mould 'till cold ; then fet them in the air to dry, and you will 
 have them refemble ivory. 
 
 Another. 
 
 'Tp A K E a fufficient quantity of egg-fliells, put them into 
 ■'- an earthen velTel, lute it well, and let them be put in 
 a potter's furnace, and they will burn to white calx, if after 
 the firrt burning they are not white enough, then burn them 
 a fecond time ; then with parchment-glew mix it into a mafs 
 
 I 2 fi^ 
 
ii6 r^^ LABORATORY-, or, 
 
 fit be to caft in moulds, wherein let them dry, if you will 
 have your figures of different colours you mull colour your 
 glew, for red with brazil, for green with verdegreafe, &c. 
 
 Another mixture to caf. f.gures in bafs relievo. 
 
 'Tp A K E flower of chalk, finely ground, mix it with clear 
 -*■ glue well together, pour it into your mould, prefs it 
 with the palm of your hand, and it will come out very fine : 
 you may do this in what colour you pleafe. 
 
 To cajl ivith marble colours in plaljler. 
 
 'T'AKE fevcral colours, as vermillion, Dutch \>\v^^ yello'.v 
 ochre, fmalt, d^V. temper them with water, aud mix 
 every one apart with plaiiler ; then take what colours you 
 pleafe, and firft fprinkle your mould, which is bell of bhm- 
 llone, with one or more of them, with a little pencil or fea- 
 ther ; then pour a colour different from what you fprinkled in- 
 to the mould, and after it is hardened, give it a glofs with wax 
 or varniih, as pleafes you bell. 
 
 A /and in tvhich one may cad things to the greatejl Jiicety, 
 zvh ether fiat or in bafs relievo. 
 
 'X' A K E fuller's earth, put it in a reverberatory furnace, 
 fo long till it is red hot ; then take fal-armoniac about 
 one pound, diffolve it in two quarts of Vv'ater ; with this water 
 moillen the burnt earth, and when cool, put it into the fur- 
 nace in a red hot pan : after it has glown there, take it out 
 again, when the heat is a little over, fprinkle it v»-ith the above 
 water again, till it is quenched, then give it another fire, and 
 repeat this five or fix times, the more the better it will receive 
 the metal ; then grind it to a very fine powder ; put it into 
 the frame, which may be either of brafs, iron or wood, but 
 firft moillen it a little with the aforefaid water ; then make 
 your impreffion, near the ingot, and having dried it before the 
 fire, while it is hot, call your metal ; the mould or impreffion 
 will be better the fecond than the firfl time uiing it, but every 
 time you ufe it, make it firll red hot. 
 
 10 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 117 
 
 To make horn f oft. 
 
 TAKE one pound of wood-aOies, two pounds of quick- 
 lime, one quart of water ^ let it boil together to one 
 third ; then dip a feather into it, and if in drawing it out the 
 pkime comes off, it is boiled enough, if not, let it boil longer ; 
 when it is fettled, filter it through a cloth : then put in Pnavings 
 or filings of horn, let them foak, therein three days, and anoint- 
 ing your hands firit with oil, work, the horn ihavings into a 
 mafs, and print, mould or form it in what Ihape you plcafe. 
 
 To cajl horn into tnoulds, 
 
 ^Tp A K E horn fliavings as many as you will, and lay them 
 "^ in a new earthen pot ; take two parts of wood-a flies, 
 and the third part of lime, pour clear lee upon it, fo as to cover 
 it all over, boil it well, llir it with an iron ladle, till it has the 
 confidence of a pafte : if you will have it of a red colour, then 
 take red lead, or vermillion, as much you think proper, and 
 temper it with the pafte ; then caft it into a mould, and let it 
 dry : and you may fmooth it with a knife, and it will be of 
 one folid piece ; you may in this manner bring horn to what 
 colour you will have it. 
 
 To cajl wood in ?noulds^ as f,ne as ivory ^ of a fragrant fmell, 
 
 and in fever al colours. 
 
 '"p A K E fine faw-dufl: of lime-tree wood, put it into a 
 -■' clean pan, tie it clofc up with paper, and let it dry by a 
 
 gentle heat ; then beat it in a (lone mortar to a very fine powder, 
 fift it through cambrick, and lay it, if you don't ufe it pre- 
 fently, in a dry place, to keep it from dufi:. 
 
 Then take one pound of fine parchment glue, the finefi: gum 
 dragant and gum arabick, of each four ounces ; let it boil in 
 clear pump-water, and filter it through a clean rag ; then put 
 into it of the faid powder of wood, ftir it till it becomes of the 
 fubfiance of a thick pafte, and fet it in a glazed pan in a hot 
 fand, fiir it well together, and let the reft of the moifture eva- 
 porate till it be fit for calling. Then pour or mix your colours 
 with the pafte, and put in oil of cloves, of rofes, or the like 
 
 I 3 to 
 
iiS r/6^ L A BOR AT ORYi ot, 
 
 to give it a fcent ; you may mix it if you will, \vith a little 
 beaten amber ; for a red colour ufe brazil ink, and for other 
 colours, fuch as will be directed under the article for book- 
 binders. Your mould will be better of pewter or brafs, than 
 of plaifter of Par is; anoint it over with oil of almonds, and 
 put your parte into it, let it {land three or four days to dry and 
 harden, then take off your mould, and it will be as hard as 
 ivory ; you may cut, turn, carve, and plain it like other wood ; 
 it will be of a iweet fccnt ; you may, if your mould will allow 
 it, ufe feveral colours in one pie^e, leaving only in fonie pait 
 the natural colour of the vvood, in order to convince the be- 
 holder what it is. It is a line and cunous experiment. 
 
 Of the Mixture for cafting Mirrours, and othcr 
 Things for Opticks. 
 
 WJ E find the method for preparing thefe mixtures pre- 
 •^ ' fcribed by feveral authors, but after different ways ; 
 ■wherefore I fliall fet down only a few, which for the ge-^ 
 nerality are beil approved of: and firll, 
 
 '"p A K E three pounds of the befl: refined pewter, and one 
 -•- pound of refined copper. Firfi: melt the copper, and 
 then add the pewter to it : when both are in fufion, pour it 
 out, and when cold beat it to powder: then take 12 ounces 
 cf red tartar, a little calcined tartar three ounces of faltpetre, 
 one ounce and a half of allum, and four ounces of arfenick : 
 mix and ftir this together, and after it has done evaporating, 
 pour Out the metal into your mould j let it cool, and when po- 
 lifhed you will have a fine mirrour. 
 
 This is the compofitiori which is commonly called the fleel 
 mixture. 
 
 Some artills will have the arfenick omitted, becaufe it is 
 apt to turn the mirrour into a deadifh blue colour, and re- 
 quires new polifhing every time one wants to ufe it, and they 
 think that copper and pewter are fufficient to anfvvcr that 
 purpofe, 
 
 Anothci^ 
 
SCHOOL^/ ARTS. 119 
 
 Another, 
 
 'TpAKE an earthen pan that is not glazed, and has flood the 
 ■■■ fire ; put into it two pounds of tartar, alfo the fame weight 
 of cryftalline arfenick, and melt it on a coal fire. When this 
 mixture begins to fmoak, add to it 50 pounds of old copper, and 
 put it into fufion for fix or feven hours, fo that it may be well 
 cleanfed ; then add to it 50 pounds of pewter, and let them 
 melt together ; after this, take up fome of the mixture with an 
 iron, to fee whether it is too hard and brittle ; if fo, then add a 
 little more tin ; and whei\ you have the right temper, fling four 
 ounces of borax over it, and let it Itand in the furnace until it 
 is diilblved, then pour it into your mould and let it cool ; wl.en 
 it is cold, rub it firfl with brimftone and then with emery ; and 
 after the furface is made fmooth and even, polifh it with tri- 
 poly or tin afhes, and give it the finifhing firoke with lamp- 
 black. Or, 
 
 'TpAKE copper one part, pewter three parts, and a very little 
 -^ arfenick or tartar ; when thefe are put into fuiion let them 
 incorporate. 
 
 Some take of copper three parts, of pewter one part, and a 
 little filver, antimony, and white flint. 
 
 Others do it with one part of lead, and two parts of 
 filver. 
 
 After the metal is formed and cafl, it is requifite to have it 
 fmooth and well polifhed : the firfl is done with emery, then 
 with powder of brimilone or tin afhes, or elfe with tripoly : 
 the polilhing is done with pulverifed chimney foot of wood 
 fires, and the alhes of willow, or cedar, which will give 
 it a fine luftre. The emery is ground to a line duft, and 
 moiftened with water. Or, 
 
 O T E E L mixtures are alfo made out of one pound of pew- 
 *^ ter, and one third of copper : when thefe are melted, add 
 two ounces of tartar, and one ounce of orpiment, and when 
 evaporated, pour the mixture out into the mould. The call- 
 ing of fiat mirrour, or looking-glafs, is done upon a flat board, 
 which mufl be made dry and warm, and covered with rofin or 
 pitch 3 by this means the mirrour is fixed to the board ; when 
 
 I 4 cold, 
 
120 r>?'^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; or, 
 
 cold, rub it with farid and water, then with emery, or flower 
 of brimllone, and at lafl pohfh it with tin-a(hes. 
 
 Another fort ofjlccl mixture for niirrours. 
 
 TAKE good new copper, of that fort which is ufed for 
 copper wire, eight parts ; fine E',:gli/}) pewter one part ; 
 bifmuth live parts ; put it together into a crucible and melt 
 it. Then grtafe your mould all over with tallow, in order 
 to caft your metal into it ; when it is in fuGon, dip a hot 
 iron mro it j what Iticks to it let cool, if the colour is in- 
 clining to white it is right ; but if to red, you muft add 
 fome morepewtei, until it has its right colour. Obferve that 
 whatever you put to the melted metal, mufi: firft be made 
 hot. Afrer this manner you may form and caft whatever you 
 pieafe. Or, 
 
 E L T one pound of copper, fling into it eight ounces 
 of jpeltar, and when the fpeltar is in flame, (tir it with 
 a fl:ick, or iron rod, well together : then add five or fix 
 ounces of fine pev*ter to it ; pour it into your moulds, fmooth 
 and polifh it as has been direiled above, and you will have 
 a line and bright mirrour. 
 
 Peter Shot's metallic mixture for ?7ilrrcurs. 
 
 '"P A K E ten parts of copper, melt them, and add four 
 -*■ parts of nne pewter ; Ifrew upon the mixture a fmall 
 quantity of puh^eriled antimony and fal-armoniac ; ftir it wtll 
 together untd the itinking fmoak is evaporated : then pour it 
 out into the moulds, and lirft fmooth it in fand and water, 
 and tlien proceed as has been directed 
 
 Theie mixtures for mirrours are made different ways ; the 
 copper is the chief ingredient, which muil be tempered with 
 a vvhitilh metal, in orcier to bring the objetls that are feen 
 therein to their natural colour 3 and this is done by pewter 
 and arfenick. 
 
 To caft a flat locking-glafs, it will be befl to have two flat 
 polifhed {tones for a mould ; between thefe two ftones put on 
 each end an iron wire, as thick as you v/ould caft your mirrour; 
 then tie or fcrew them cJofe, and hll the openings round about 
 
 with 
 
S C 11 O O L ^/ A R T S. 121 
 
 ulth putty, leaving only an opening to pour the metal in. 
 When that is dry and made thorough warm, pour the metal 
 in ; and when it is cold, fmooth and polifli it as diretRed above. 
 You may fatkn the one fide to a Rat ftone with plaifter of 
 Paris, and polifli the other with a fmooth ftone ; and laft of 
 all, give it ilie hnilhing rtroke with a piece of old hat and line 
 tin alhes. 
 
 If you would cafe a concave mirrour, or burning-glafs, 
 let your mould be exactly turned ; but if you cannot get it 
 conveniently done, you may take a round ball, or bowl, and 
 proceed thus : 
 
 Make a crull of w^ax, roll it with a roller to what thick- 
 nefs you would have your metal call: ; and to have it of an 
 equal thicknefs, you may fix a couple of rulers on each lide 
 for your ruler to play upon : then cut this crufi: of wax into a 
 round circle, and form it clofe to your bowl, and fet it in a 
 cool place to harden. In the m.ean time prepare a hne clay, 
 by walhing and pouring it out of one pan into another; take 
 the hnell of the fettling, and get it burnt in a potter's fur- 
 nace to a reddilh colour. When this is done, grind it with 
 fal-armoniac, fubliuiate and rain water, upon a marble very 
 fire, and to fuch a confillence, that it may be laid on with a 
 pencil like painters colour ; with this paint one fide of the 
 wax mould over, and let it dry in the fliade ; when dry lay on 
 a ftronger coat of haired clay, of about two fingers thick, and 
 let this alfo dry in tlie (liade. Then lay the concave fide up- 
 permcil, and do as above. Firft, with a foft haired pencil, 
 paint the prepared and burnt clay all over ; and when dry, lay 
 it over with haired clay, fo as to cover the whole mould of 
 wax ; the place where you deiign to cafl your metal, you may 
 open after it is dry. Then fix the mould, with the hole down- 
 wards, upon a couple of iron bars, or a couple of bricks, mak- 
 ing a charcoal fire underneath and round the fides of it, that 
 the wax may melt and run out at the hole : you may catch 
 fome of the wax and fet it by for other ufes. When thus 
 the mould is cleared of the wax, and is ftill hot, turn it up, 
 and put warm fand round about it to the top to keep it firm ; 
 then put an earthen ware funnel into the hole, and pour in 
 the metal ; as foon as you begin to pour, fhng into the metal 
 a httie rag dipped in wax, and whilll it is in flame, pour it 
 out into tJie mould : after the metal in the mould is cold, 
 polifh it carefully, fo as to take no more off in one place than 
 
 in 
 
122 "The LABOR AT OR Yi or, 
 
 in another, which, if you do, will prove a detriment to the 
 mirrour. 
 
 The polifliing is belt done after the braziers manner, vvz. 
 with a wheel, to which is taxed a rough fand ftone, to take off 
 the coarfe crufi: ; then with a hue Hone and water, make it 
 fraooth, and with a wooden wheel, covered wkh leather, and 
 laid on with emery, polilh it from all the ftreaks or fpots, 
 giving it the iinilhing ftroke with fine tin-afhes and blood- 
 iione, which you apply to the wheel that is covered with lea- 
 ther : continue this fo long until it has a perfecl glofs. Keep 
 it in as dry a place as poliible, to prevent its tarniihing ; but 
 if it Ihould tarnhh, you muft poliih it again with a piece of 
 buckfkin dipped in fine waihed tin allies. After the fame 
 manner you may alfo polilli the concave fide of the mirrour. 
 
 An uncommon art of preparing a mirrour jnixture on brafs. 
 
 'np A K E ftrong diftilled white-wine vinegar, one pound ; 
 ■*■ fine fal-armoniac four ounces, quickfilver four ounces ; 
 let this boil upon a hot fand until the third part of the vine- 
 gar is boiled away ; this liquor is the principal ingredient for 
 the work; then take a brais plate, polifn it very bright with 
 fome coal dufl, lay it in an iron pan on a gentle coal fire, and 
 when it is pretty hot, dip a rag into this liquor, and rub your 
 plate with it for an hour together ; this lays the foundation for 
 what follows ; make a pafce with one part of quicklilver, and 
 two parts of foap-tin ; in this dip your rag, and rub it upon 
 the plate of brafs until you have a looking-glafs colour. 
 
 Thefe plates, thus prepared, lay in the iion pan upon a coal 
 fire until you fee they begin to turn to a reddifli colour, which 
 they will do in about a minute's time ; with this colour the 
 mercury flies away, and the tin colour remains. on the plate; 
 then let it cool, and take a little prepared emery upon a piece 
 of leather, and rub the plate over with even firokes, but not 
 too long, for fear of rubbing with the emery the tin from the 
 brafs. You may inftead of emery polifli it alfo with tripoly. 
 
 N. B. If the tin fhould make the plate too white, you 
 may ufe lead inftead thereof, making a parte with that and 
 mercury, and proceed as above. 
 
 By this means you may make what figures you pleafe, 
 
 Jo 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 123 
 
 To caj} iron. 
 
 'TPAKE dean filings of ixon, wafli them in lee, and then 
 
 water ; mix them with as much powder of" fulphur, put 
 
 the mixture into a crucible, and give it a ftrong tire until it is 
 
 in fullon : if you manage it right, it will call clean and fmootli. 
 
 To cad Jfcel. 
 
 '"p A K E of the heft and linefl fteel, about one pound; 
 break it into bits, put it in a good ftrong crucible, and 
 neal it to a bright red colour. Then add 16 or 24 ounces of 
 good" common fteel, and neal it thoroughly: add then 8 or lo 
 ounces of * arfenic glafs^ give it a violent lire, and it will 
 melt and jRux 3 with this compofition you may cafe what you 
 pleafe. 
 
 To caji iron as white as filver. 
 
 'Tp A K E tartar, faltpetre, arfenic, and clear fteel filings, 
 -*- of each an equal quantity ; put them together into a 
 crucible, on a charcoal hre ; when in fuiion, pour the mix- 
 ture out into an ingot, and you will have out of one pound 
 of fteel filings, about tv/o or three ounces of a white bright 
 mafs 3 clear the top of the drofs, and preferve the mafs for ule. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 ^T^ A K E tartar, oil, and a little fixed faltpetre, and mix 
 ■*■ this inio a paile : then put iron or fteel filings into a 
 crucible, fet it on a charcoal fire, fiing the mixture upon it, 
 and it will diftblve and come out like filver 3 but it is brittle 
 and apt to break. Or, 
 
 TAKE 
 
 * To prepare the nr feme glafs: Take one ponnd of white arfenic, 
 tx\o poundij ot j;ood faltpetre ; put it into a new pot that is not glazed, 
 with a cover that has a liitle round hole in the middle ; lute it well all 
 round, then let it dry, and when diy, put the pot in a reverbe-atoiy 
 fire for three hours, and there will evaporaie out of the hole of the 
 
 cover 
 
124 fhe LABORATORY; or, 
 
 ^T^ A K E calcined tartar, and mix it with oil ; of this take 
 '' two ounces, fteel tilings iix ounces ; put them together 
 into a luted crucible, and fet them in a wide furnace until you 
 think they are melted ; then open the crucible, and niake a 
 fierce iire until you fee the mixture rife j then take it off the 
 fire, clear it from the drofs, and call: it into an ingot of what 
 fhape you pleafe, and it wiii be of a white colour. 
 
 Hj"lV to caft picJures with ifing-glafs^ on copper-plates. 
 
 np A K E fine white ifing-glafs, as much as you pleafe, cut it 
 "*■ fine, and put it into a glafs or cup, pour on it lb much 
 brandy as will juft cover the iiing-glafs; clofe it well, and let 
 it foak all nighi \ then pour fome clear water to it, and boil it 
 on a gentle coal fire, until a drop of it, put on a knife, is like a 
 clear cryflalline jelly ; ffrain it then through a cloth, and put it 
 into a cool place; where it will turn to a jeiiy and be ready for ufe. 
 When you are about cafhing a picture, cut fo much of the 
 jelly as you think you have an occafion to cover the copper- 
 plate with ; difTolve it in a clean pipkin, or fuch like uteniil, 
 over a flow coal fire, and mix any of the colours to be here- 
 after mentioned amongfl it ; mean while your copper-plate 
 mufi be clean, to rub the mulhel goM or filver into the grav- 
 ing with a hair pencil ; then wipe the plate carefully with 
 clean hands, as the plate printers do ; and when this is done, 
 pour your difTolved ifmg-glafs over it, but not too hot, fpread- 
 ing it with a pencil very even every where until your copper- 
 plate is covered : fet it then in a moderate warm place to dry ; 
 and when you perceive it thorough dry, then, with the help 
 
 covered a red poifbnou^ fume ; which you mnfi: take care of, and 
 keep at fome diftance from ir. The fccond hour, move the fire 
 riFarer the pot, and when the fumes ceafe, clofe the hole with fome 
 clay : at the third hour j-.it the coals clofe to the pot, and give it 
 a thorough heat : then let it cool of itfelf, and at the opening of ^he 
 pot you will find a white, fometimes a greenifh whire fione, which 
 put up in a dry waim place free from the air, to prevent its melt- 
 ing : of this you are to take five ounces, and of borax three ounce?; 
 prind it well together, and let it melt in a large crucible until it is 
 fluid; pour this into a refining cup, and you will have a fine tran'- 
 parent matter: vrhar is not ufed, you may prcferve ftom the air to 
 jicep it from dilTolving. 
 
 of 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 12^ 
 
 of a thin blade of a knife, you may lift it up from the plate; 
 if you find the matter too thin, add more iling-glafs to itj 
 but if too thick, add a httle more water. 
 
 Of the colours fit to be mixed with Ifing-ghfs^ for cafllng of 
 
 pictures. 
 
 i.T^OR red, mix with it fome of the liquid in which you 
 have boiled fcarlet rags. 
 
 2. For blue, take litmus diiTolved in fair water. 
 
 3. For green, take dillilled verdegreafe, grind it as fine as 
 poffible, and mix it with the above materials. 
 
 4. For yellow, fteep fafFron in fair water. 
 
 5. A gold colour is made with the above red and fafFron 
 yellow. 
 
 6. Gold, filver, or copper, well ground, as is ufed for 
 painting, are to be mixed with the materials, and poured 
 quickly over the plate. If you nrlt rub printers black in the 
 graving, the gold and filver will look the better. 
 
 To cajl plalJJer of parls on copper-plates. 
 
 I^ I R S T rub the colour, either red, brown or black, into 
 -"^ the graving, and wipe the plate clean ; then mix as much 
 piailler as you think you ihall have occafion for, with frelh 
 water to the confiflence of a thm pafte, and having put a bor- 
 der round the plate, of four fquare pieces of reglets, pour the 
 plaifler upon it, and move it fo as that it may run even all over 
 the plate : let it fland for an hour, or longer, according to 
 the dimenfions of the plate, and when you tind it dry, and 
 turned hard, take off the reglets, and then the plaifter, and 
 you will have a fine impreilion of the copper graving. You 
 mufl obferve, not to mix moie at a time than you have occa- 
 fion for, or elfe it will grow hard before you can ufe it. 
 
 A mixture^ which may be ufed for jVMllng irnprejfions of any 
 kind, and zvhlch will grow as hard as flone. 
 
 'Tp A K E clean and fine fifted aflies, and fine plaifter o^ 
 Paris, of each an equal quantity, and temper the mix- 
 ture with gum-water, or with fize of parchment j knead it 
 well together, and prefs it down into your mouldy but do not 
 
 prepare 
 
126 The L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 prepare more than what you ufe prcfently, elfe it will harden 
 under your hands. You may give it what colour you pleafe ; 
 in mixing it for black, take lamp-black ; for red, vermillion ; 
 for white, flake-white j for green, verdegreafe ; for yellow, 
 Dutch pink, <3c. 
 
 You may, inftead of gum or fize, ufe the whites of eggs, 
 which is moie binding. 
 
 To iniprefs figures in imitation of porcelain. 
 
 /^ALCINED and fine pulverized egg-fhells, worked 
 ^^ with gum-arabick and the white of eggs into a doagh, 
 then prefied into a mould, and dryed in the fun, will come 
 out fliarp, and look tine. 
 
 PART V. 
 
 A Co]le6lion of very valuable Secretss for the 
 Ufe of Smiths, Cutlers, Pewter ers, 
 Braziers, Book-Binders, Joiners, Tur- 
 ners, Japanners, &c. 
 
 Choice Experiments on Iron and Steel. 
 
 To make Jleel of iron. 
 
 r~\ * A K E fmall iron bars of the fineft fort, powdered wil- 
 I low or beech-coals, the fliaving of horn, and the foot 
 -*- of a baker's chimney j (fratify thefe in an earthen pan, 
 trade for that purpofe, with a cover to it. Firli make a layer 
 of the mixture, about an inch thick ; then a layer of iron 
 bars, then again the mixture, and fo proceed, till the pan is 
 fall ; note, the top muft be of the mixture : then put the cover 
 upon it, lute it, and put it in a wind-furnace for 24 hours, 
 and give it a reverberatory fire. 
 
 To 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 127 
 
 To harden fword-blades. 
 
 CWORD-blades are to be made tough, fo as that they 
 ^ may not fnap or break in pufhing againft any thing capable 
 of refinance ; they muft alfo be of a keen edge ; for which 
 purpofe they muft all along the middle be hardened with oil 
 and butter, to make them tough, and the edges with fuch 
 things as ihall be prefcribed hereatter, for hardening edged in- 
 ftruments. This work requires not a little care in the practice 
 thereof. 
 
 H01V to imitate the Damafcan blades. 
 
 'np HIS may be done to fuch perfeclion that one cannot 
 -■■ diftinguilh them from the real Damafcan blades. Firil 
 polifh your blade in the beft manner, and finifli the fame by 
 rubbing it with flower of chalk ; then take chalk mixed with 
 water, and rub it with your fingers well togetlier on your 
 hand ; with this touch the polilhed blade, and make fpots at 
 pleafure, and fet them to dry before the fun, or a fire ; thea 
 take water in which tartar has been dillblved, and wipe your 
 blade all over therewith,* and thofe places that are left clear 
 from chalk will change to a black colour; a httle after wa(h 
 all ofi' with clear water, and the places where the chalk has 
 been, will be bright ; your watering will be the more perfe»St 
 as you imitate it in laying on your chalk. 
 
 Hijiv the Damafcan blades are hardened. 
 
 *~V H E Turks take frefli goat's blood, and after they have 
 "•■ made their blades red hot, they quench them therein ; 
 this they repeat nine times running, which makes their blades 
 fo hard as to cut iron. 
 
 To perfume a fword blade ^ fo as to retain ahvays an odoriferous 
 
 fcent. 
 
 HP A K E eight grains of ambergreafe, fix grains of the beft 
 
 "*• bifem, four grains of right cibeth : grind them together 
 
 with a little fugar-candy, in a glafs or agat mortar ; after this 
 
 add to the mixture four fcruples of the beft benjamin oil, and 
 
 mix 
 
128 T^;?'^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; ^r, 
 
 mix it well together ; then hold the fword blade over a gentle,- 
 clear coal fire, and when the blade is well heated, dip a little 
 fpunge in the forementioned mixture, and wipe your blade all 
 over ; tho' you do this only once, yet the odoriferous fcen£ 
 will remain, although, the blade was to be poliihcd again. 
 
 To harden Jlecl and iron., lukich ivill repji and cut co??imon iron. 
 
 nn A K E fhoe-leather, and burn it to a powder, the older the 
 '■• leather is, the better it is for ufe ; fait, which is dilTolved 
 and glafs-gall powdered, of each an equal quantity ; then 
 take what you defire to harden and wet it therewith, or lay it 
 in urine, and taking it out, ftrew it over with this powder, or 
 elfe ftratify it therewith in an earthen pan ; give it for five 
 hours a flow fire to cement, and make it afterwards red hot 
 for an hour together. 
 
 To temper Jl eel fo as to cut Iron like lead. 
 
 HP A K E the fteel and purge it well, then difiil from earth- 
 "■■ worms, in an alembetk, a water, which mix with an equal 
 quantity of the juice of radilhes ; in this liquid quench your 
 fteel blades of knives, daggers, fwords, ^c. and they will be 
 of an excellent temper 
 
 Several other temper I ngs of Jleel and iron., 
 
 I. T RON quenched in difliilled vinegar, or in diflilled urine, 
 ''■ becomes of a good temper. 
 
 2. Vinegar, in which fal-armoniac has been difiblved, gives 
 it a good temper. 
 
 3. So doth the water in which urine, fair, and falt-petre 
 have been dilTolved. 
 
 4. Caput mortuum of aqua fortis, boiled for an hour in 
 •water, and filtered through a clean cloth, makes a tough 
 hardnefs. 
 
 5. Mix 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 125 
 
 5. Mix together an equal quantity of faltpetre and fal-ar- 
 hioniac, and put the mixture into a phial with a long neck, 
 then fet it in a damp place, or in horfe dung, where it will 
 turn to an oily water ; this liquor will make iron works of an 
 incomparable temper and hardnefs, if quenched therein red hot, 
 
 6. A lee made of quick-lime and fait of foda, or of pot- 
 aQies, filtered through a linen cloth, gives a very good hard- 
 nefs to iron, if quenched therein. 
 
 7. The dung of an animal which feeds only on grafs, tem* 
 percd with water and calcined foap, and mixed to a thin pafte, 
 gives fuch a good temper to iron, as to make it cut untem- 
 pered iron. 
 
 8. Or take SpaniJ}} radilhes, grate thera on a grater, and 
 exprefs their juice ; this gives a good temper to iron or fteel 
 quenched therein. 
 
 9. Take the juice of nettles, frefh urine of a boy, ox-gall, 
 fait and ftrong vinegar, equal quantities of each ; this mix* 
 ture gives an incomparable temper. 
 
 10. Red hot iron or ftcel, wiped over with goofe greafe, 
 and then quenched in four beer, takes alfo a good temper. 
 
 A particular fccret to hardest armour. 
 
 11 /TAKE the following mixture, taking of each an equal 
 -'■*^ quantity ; as common fait, orpiment, burned goat's horn, 
 and fal-armoniac ; powder and mix them together ; then anoint 
 the armour with black foap all over, flrew this powder upon 
 them, and wind a wet rag about them, and lay them in a fierce 
 charcoal fire, till they are red hot ; then quench them in urine. 
 If you repeat it,, it will be the better. 
 
 To temper Jleel or iron, fo as to make excellent knives thereof. 
 
 T"* AKE clean fteel, quench it in five or fix times dillilled 
 rain, or warm water and the juice of Spani/I) radifiies ; the 
 knives made of fuch fteel will cut iron. 
 
 K Take 
 
130 r;&^ LABOR ATORY; tfr 
 
 Take black or Spanijl) radifhes, grate them on a grater, put 
 fait and oil upon them, and let them ftand two days. Then 
 prefs the liquor out, and quench the fteel or iron feveral times, 
 and it will be very hard. 
 
 To bring gravers and other tools to their proper temper. 
 
 'ip A K E a little fire pan with live coals, and put a couple 
 ■■• of old files, or any other fmall bars of iron over them ; 
 then lay your gravers upon them over a gentle clear charcoal 
 fire, and when you fee them change to a yellowifh colour, it 
 is a fign that they are fofter ; after this colour they change to 
 a rediih, which (hews them ftill fofter ; and if you let them 
 turn to a blue, then they are quite foft and unfit for ufe : after 
 this manner you may foften any fteel that is too hard. 
 
 General rules to be obferved in tempering of iron or fteel. 
 
 XTTE know by experience, that the tempering of iron is 
 ^^ performed and executed feveral ways ; for ever)' mecha- 
 nical branch requires a particular method of hardening ; the 
 tools that are ufed for wood, require a different temper or hard- 
 nefs from thofe ufed in cutting of flone or iron, and therefore 
 thus are prepared, according to the feveral methods treated of 
 before : an artift ought therefore to acquaint himfelf with the 
 nature and quality of the different ingredients and liquors 
 that are here prescribed, and improve upon fuch as feem moft 
 promifing. He is to obferve the degrees of heat, which he is 
 to give, and the length of time he is to keep the metal in the 
 liquor for quenching j for in cafe the iron be made fo excef- 
 fively hot, that it is not capable of receiving a greater degree 
 of heat, it cannot well be quenched, and it will become can- 
 kered ; but if it appears of a faffron or redifli colour, it is 
 called gold, and is fit to be quenched, for hardening : however 
 in this as well as moft other things, practice is the beft in- 
 ftrudor. 
 
S C H O L ^/ A R T S. iji 
 
 A cur'iom method of hammering iron without fire^ and making 
 
 it red hot, 
 
 TA K E a round iron, about an inch thick ; at one end 
 thereof fix a round iron knob ; then begin gently to 
 hammer it under the knob ; turning it quickly round, and by 
 following your llrokes harder and harder, the iron will heat of 
 itfelf, and begin to be red hot ; the reafon is becaufe the knob 
 remains untouched, and the heat on each of the motions can- 
 not dilfipate. 
 
 To f of ten iron orfleel that is brittle. 
 
 I. A Noint it with tallow all over, neal it in a gentle char- 
 -^ coal fire, and let it cool of itfelf. 
 
 2. To neal it thus with human excrement, foftens it j but 
 you muft keep it in the fire for two hours. 
 
 3. Or, take a little clay, lime, and cow's dung j cover your 
 iron therewith, and neal it in a charcoal fire : then let it cool 
 of itfelf. 
 
 4. Or, make iron or fteel red hot, and ftrew upon it good 
 hellebore, and it will become fo foft that you may bend it 
 which way you pleafe : this is very ufeful for thofe who cut 
 in iron or fteel. 
 
 5. Take lead, put it into a crucible, or iron ladle, and 
 melt and pour it into oil ; this repeat feven times running. If 
 you afterwards quench iron or fteel in this oil, it will be very 
 loft ; and after you have (liaped or worked it in what manner 
 you defigned it, you may harden it again by quenching it in 
 the juice of onions. 
 
 6. Take lime, brick-duft, and Feniee foap ; "with this anoint 
 your fteel and neal it ; then let it cool of itfelf. 
 
 7. Take the root of blue llllies, cut it fine, infufe it in 
 wine, and quench the fteel in it. 
 
 K 2 Wind 
 
1J2 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 8. Wind about the fteel fome thin flices of bacon, and over 
 that put clay, let it neal for an hour, and the fteel will be 
 very (oft. 
 
 9. Take quick-lime and pulverifed foap, of one as much as 
 the other ; mix it together, and temper it with ox's blood ; 
 •with this anoint the fteel ; then lay a covering of clay over it, 
 and let it neal and cool of itfelf. 
 
 10. Take the juice or water of common beans, quench your 
 iron or iteel in it, and it will be as foft as lead. 
 
 ^/ particular powder and oil, to take off the riijl and fpots of 
 iron, and to prefewe it jrom ruji for a long time ; very ufe- 
 ful in armories. 
 
 '"p A K E tv*ro pounds of crucible powder, of fuch as is com- 
 "■■ monly ufed for refining of filver, and fift it through a 
 fine hair fieve : then take four pounds of emery, and one pound 
 of filver ore ; pound them all very fine, and lift them ; put at 
 laft fine beaten fcales of iron to them, and the powder is fit 
 for ufe. 
 
 To prepare the oil for it. 
 
 '"P A K E three pound of Lucca oil, and put it into a copper 
 ■*• bafon or pot ; then take three pound of lead, melted, and 
 pour it into the oil, take it out, and melt it again, and repeat 
 melting and pouring feveral times ; the oftener, the better the 
 oil will be. After you have done this, and the heat of the 
 lead has extraifed both the greafinefs and fait of the oil, take 
 the lead out, and put the oil into a glafs ; fling three pound 
 of filings of lead into It, fhake it well together ; pour it after- 
 wards on a colour ftone, grind it 'together as painters do their 
 colours, put it again into the ■ glafs, to preferve it for ufe : 
 the lead will fink to the bottom, and the oil fwim a top, 
 which you may ufe in the following manner. 
 
 Take fome of it in a bit of cloth, on which there is fome 
 of the before-mentioned powder, and rub the ruft of fpots 
 upon armour or any other iron v^fork therewith, and it will 
 
 take 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 13^ 
 
 take it clean off: afi4^ afterwards you anoint the armoiai* 
 or iron work with clear oil, it will keep from rull for a long 
 time. 
 
 N. B. The emery which is ufed among the other ingre- 
 dients of the powder, mult be tirlf calcined, which you are to 
 do thus : lay it on a coal fire, and when you fee it of a red 
 colour, take it out and beat it in a mortar, and it is lit to be 
 mixed with a rufb powder. 
 
 Another. 
 
 T^ R Y a middling eel in an iron pan, and when brown and 
 *■ thoroughly fryed, exprefs its oil, and put into a phial, 
 to-fettle and become clear, in the fun. Iron work, anointed 
 ■with this oil, will never rull, although it lay in a damp 
 
 place. 
 
 To etch upon either Sword or Knife-Blades. 
 
 To prepare the etch-water. 
 
 'TpAKE mercury and aqua fortis, put them together int 
 ■*• a glafs, till the mercury is confumed, and it is lit fc 
 
 mto 
 
 tor 
 ufe. 
 
 To make the ground, 
 
 'TpAKE three ounces of red lead, one ounce of white lead, 
 ■*■ half an ounce of chalk, all finely pounded j grind thefe 
 together with varnilh, and anoint your iron therewith ; let it 
 dry in the fun, or before a How fire, and with a pointed fteel 
 or needle draw or write on it what you pleafe, and then etch 
 it with the above prepared water. 
 
 Another water to etch ivith. 
 
 Tp A K E two ounces of verdegreafe, one ounce of burnt 
 * allum, and one ounce of diliblved fait : boil this mix- 
 ture in one quart of vinegar, till it is half .boiled away, and 
 
 K 3 when 
 
134 '^he LABORATORY; or, 
 
 when you are ready to etch, warm, and pour it with a fpoon 
 or glals cup over your work ; hold it over the fire to keep it 
 warm, and repeat this till you hnd it etched deep enough. 
 
 To etch 100 or more hiife-blades at once. 
 
 /^RIND red lead with linfeed oil or varnifli ; with this 
 ^-^ v/ipe your blades all over, and let them dry well and 
 harden ; then v/rire or draw with a pointed bodkin whatever 
 you will : then put them at fome dillance from each other, 
 into a glafs or well glazed pot or pan ; diffolve feme vitriol in 
 hoc water, pour it over the blades, and lute the gLl's or pot ; 
 fet it over a gentle coai-fire, let it boi! for fome time, and then 
 let it cool ; then take your blades out, fcrape the red lead off, 
 and you will rind the etching to your fatisfaciion. 
 
 To make blue letters onfivord blades. 
 
 nr* A K E the blade, hold it over a charcoal fire till it is 
 "^ blue, then with oil colours write what letters you will 
 upon the blade, and let them dry ; when dry, take good flrong 
 vinegar, make it warm, and pour it all over the blade, this 
 will take off the blue colour j then wet your oil colour with 
 frefh water and it will come off eafily, and the letters drawn 
 therewith, remain blue. 
 
 To harden fijl)ing hooks, 
 
 A FTER you have (of good wire) made your fmall fifli- 
 ■'^ ing hooks, you mufl not put them into the fire to har- 
 den, but lay them upon a red hot iron plate, and when they 
 are red, fling them into water; take them out again, and 
 when dry, put them again on the hot iron plate, and when 
 they appear of an afh colour, fling them again into cold 
 water ; this will make them tough, otherwife they will be 
 brittle. 
 
 To gild upon Iron or Jleel. 
 
 TAKE common fait, faltpetre and allum, an equal quan- 
 tity of each, diffolve them in as little warm water as 
 polfible 3 then filter them through a whited brown paper, add 
 
 leaf 
 
S C FI O O L ^/ A R T S. 135 
 
 leaf gold, or rather thin beaten gold to it, and fet it on 
 hot fand to make it ahnoft boiling hot j keep it in that heat 
 for 24 hours, and if the water evaporate, you may fupply it 
 with more ; but at laft let it all evaporate, and it will turn to 
 a yellow fait ; this pulverife ; put it into a glafs, and cover 
 it with ftrong brandy, or fpirit of wine, two inches high 
 above the powder : then flop your glafs clofe, put it into a 
 gentle warmth, and the brandy, or fpirit, will extraft all the 
 gold, and be of a beautiful colour. W ith this water you may, 
 with a new pen or pencil, write or draw what you pleafe 
 upon a fword-biade, knife, or any other thing made of iron 
 or fteel, and it will be gilded to a high colour. 
 
 A ground for gilding jieel cr iron* 
 
 '■p A K E five ounces of vitriol, two ounces of galiz-ilone, 
 ^ two ounces of fal-armoniac, one ounce of feather-white , 
 and a handful of common fait : beat all this together uiitil 
 it is line, and mix it well ; put it into a glazed pipkin, add 
 to it a quart of water, and give it a quick boiling ; thf a take 
 a knife, or any other iron that is clean, and ftir it about ; if 
 it is of a copper colour it isf right, but of a red colour it is better. 
 If you have a mind to gild with this ground, put your fteel 
 on a llow fire, and make it ia hot that you cannot bear it in 
 your hand ; then take your ground, and dipping fome cotton 
 into it, wipe the fteel with it ; take afterwards quickfJver and 
 wipe your ground over, then take the prepared gold, and 
 lay it on fuch places as you would have gilded ; after you have 
 done this, lay it on a charcoal fire until it turns yellow ; then 
 wipe it over with tallow, and take cotton to wipe your blade, 
 holding it all the while over the fire until it inclines to a black ; 
 rub it with a woollen cloth until that colour vanifhes, and rub 
 it again with chalk until you bring it to a fine glofs. If you 
 would have the ground brown or blue, hold it over the fire 
 until it turn either to the one or the other colour ; then wipe 
 it over with wax, and polifti it with chalk. 
 
 K 4 Of 
 
1^6 r^f LABORATORY; cf. 
 
 Of Lead and Pewter. 
 
 To make pcivter hard. 
 
 'Tp A K E one pound, or what quantity you pleafe, of pew- 
 -*■ ter, and let it melt in an iron pan ; add to it fome fallad 
 oil, let it evaporate well, and ftir it continually, keeping the 
 flame from it ; add to this fome fine wheat flour, and flir 
 it well about ; then take all the burnt matter off the top, 
 and to each pound of tin add three or four ounces of plate 
 brafs, cut in fmall pieces, mixed with oil, and a few ounces 
 of pulverifed bifmuth, or regulus of antimony ; flir it all the 
 while, and when all is melted and incorporated, you will not 
 only have a pewter that is harder and whiter, but alfo differ- 
 ent in its found from common pewter. Or, 
 
 TV/f' E L T tin in an iron pan, fl:rew colophoni, or rofin, 
 -*•'-'■ with line wheat flour mixed together, into it, and rtir 
 it gently about ; this takes off the blacknefs and makes it of a 
 fine white colour. 
 
 If you would have it hard, add to each pound of tin one 
 or two ounces of pulverifed regulus of antimony and veneris j 
 this makes it white, hard, and gives it a clear found. 
 
 Another method to make pewter as white as filver. 
 
 'T"' A K E clean copper one pound, and let it flux ; add to 
 -'■ it of the bcft EngUjh pewter one pound, and continue 
 the flux ; to this add two pounds of the regulus of antimony 
 and martis, and let it flill flux for half an hour ; then call: it 
 into an ingot. Beat this in a mortar to a fine powder, and 
 fling thereof as much into the melted tin as you think requi- 
 fite : you will find it (after you calt it) of a fine lilver colour, 
 it will be hard and give a fine found : to make it flux the bet- 
 ^er^ you may add a little bifmuth. Or, 
 
 MELT 
 
S C H O O L (5/ A R T S. 137 
 
 MELT one pound of copper, add to it one pound of 
 tin, half a pound of zink, one pound of reg. ant'im. 
 fcf marth ; let them flux for half an hour, and caft them into 
 an ingot. 
 
 A''. B. The German author fays, there are many more fe- 
 crets relating to whitening and hardening of pewter, but thinks 
 it not proper to divulge them ; and adds, that he has found by 
 experience, that the reg. anthn. iJ veneris is better for that 
 ufe than the reg. antim y niartis, becaufe the lafl will turn 
 the pewter in time to a dirty blue ; whereas the former will 
 make it continue white, hard, and of a good found. 
 
 To male tin or lead ajhes. 
 
 'np A K E which fort of thefe metals you will, let it melt, 
 -*• and fling well dried and beaten fait into it; ft:ir it well 
 together with an iron ladle, or fpatula, until it fepai^ates and 
 forms itfelf into a powder. Or^ 
 
 AFTER the tin or lead is melted, pour it into fine 
 "^* dry fait, ftir it together until it is tit tor fifting : then 
 put this powder into a pan of clean water, and ftir it ; pour 
 off the firft water and put frefh to it ; repeat this fo often un- 
 til the water comes off clear, and without the tafte of any 
 fait. The remaining poAder put into a melting pot, fet it in 
 a reverberatory furnace, ftir it well together, and you will 
 have tine white tin aflies. 
 
 A gold colour upon lead or tin. 
 
 'T^ A K E fafFron, as much as you will, and put it into 
 "*■ ftrong gum water ; add to it a third part of vinegar, 
 and let it foak over night ; then mix it with a little clarified 
 honey, ftir it well together, and let it boil until it comes to 
 the confiftence of honey ; ftrain it afterwards through a 
 cloth, and it is fit for ufe. Or, 
 
 '"p A K E linfeed oil fiiimmed over the fire, and add amber 
 
 -*■ and hepatic aloes, of each an equal quantity; fet it over 
 
 afire and ftir it until it is thick j then cover it all over with 
 
 earth. 
 
138 The "L AB OR AT ORY', or, 
 
 earth, for three days. If you anoint your tin or pewter there' 
 with, it will have a fine gold colour. 
 
 ^ zvaier to t'ui all forts of metals, but efpecially iron, 
 
 HP A K E one ounce of fine pounded fal-armoniac, and put 
 "*■ it into very four vinegar, and when you would tin iron 
 wafli it firft with this vinegar, and ftrew beaten rofin over 
 it J dip it into the melted tin, and it will come out with a fine 
 and bright luftre. 
 
 To make tin zuhich fuill have the weight, hardnef, found, and 
 colour of fiver. 
 
 *~jr A K E fine long cryftal antimony, beat it fine, and wafh 
 "*• it in water until it becomes fleek, and let it dry again. 
 
 Then take well dried faltpetre and tartar, of each an 
 equal quantity, beat them fine, and put them together into 
 an earthen pan, on v^hich lay fome live charcoal, and the falt- 
 petre and tartar will foon begin to fulminate : then cover the 
 pan with a lid, let the matter burn out and cool, and you 
 will find a yellow fait : this fait beat to powder before it is 
 quite cold, and put thereof, into a crucible, one pound, and 
 of the wallied antimony two pounds. Mix them well to- 
 gether, and let it flux in a wind furnace for three quarters of 
 an hour ; then fling a little lighted fmall coal into them, let 
 them confume and flir them well together with a flick. 
 Prefently after take the crucible out of the fire, beat it a little 
 down to the bottom and let it cool of itfelf ; then break the 
 crucible, and you will find a filver coloured regulus of three 
 quarters of a pound weight. 
 
 Then take two pounds of old copper, cut it fine, neal it, 
 and quench it, ten times running, in very ftrong lee made of 
 the above tartar and rain water. Take it, while wet, and 
 put it into a crucible, with one pound of fine beaten arfenick, 
 Jlratum fuper flratum. When all is in the crucible, pour as 
 much linfeed oil on it as will cover the matter ; then cover 
 and lute your crucible, put it into a new pan, fill it all round 
 with fand, and fet it three hours in a circular-fire : after it is 
 cold, open it, and you will find the copper fpungy and of fe- 
 veral colours. Of this take two pounds, and plate-brafs two 
 
 pounds, 
 
S C H O O L tf/ A R T S. 139 
 
 pounds, melt thefe together; add, by degrees, the copper, 
 and give it a quick fuiion in a wind furnace: then add two 
 pounds of Engiijh pewter, half a pound of bifmuth, and two 
 pounds of rhe above regulus ; let it flux well, then pour it 
 out, an^ you will have a tine filver mixture. Beat this into 
 a line powder, mix it with linfeed oil to a pafte, and with a 
 fpatula add it to the melted pewter ; ftir it well together, and 
 you will have a fine tin, which will refemble filver in every 
 thing except the teft. 
 
 To male tin jiow eafy. 
 
 ^Tp A K E rofin and faltpetre, of each an equal quantity, 
 •^ beat them to powder, and ftrew them upon the tin 
 when in fufion. 
 
 ji particular jnethod to make tin refemble filver. 
 
 TV ^ E L T four ounces of fine plate-brafs, add to it four 
 ^*- ounces of fine clean tin, and when it is in fufion, add 
 four ounces oi bifmuth, and four ounces of regul. antim. let 
 this flux together, and pour it out into an ingot j then beat it 
 to powder, grind it with rofin and a little fal-armoniac, and 
 with turpentine form it into balls ; let them dry in the air, 
 and when you would ufe them, beat them fine, ftrew the 
 powder thereof upon the melted tin, ftir it well together, and. 
 continue putting the powdered balls upon the tin, until you 
 perceive it white and hard enough : of this tin you may draw 
 "wire for hilts of fwords, or make buttons j it will always re- 
 tain its filver colour. 
 
 bolder to folder tin with, 
 
 TAKE tin and lead, of each one ounce ; bifmuth two 
 ounces ; melt thefe, and pour them over a piate to call 
 them thin : with this you may folder over a candle or a fmall 
 charcoal fire. 
 
 Another 
 
140 The LABORATORY; or. 
 
 Another folder for pewter. 
 
 *~T^h K E rofin and oil, let them melt in a fpoon, and fling 
 '^ into them a little devil's dung, then pour them out ; and 
 having new tiled the two broken pieces, anoint them with the 
 rofin, duft Tome tine filed tin over it, and hold it over a coal- 
 iire, and when it flows, taice it off and let it cool. 
 
 To make tin ccat-buttcnSy in imitatiou of worked buttons of gold 
 
 andf.lk. 
 
 '"p A K E lampblack, grind it with oil of fpike, and mark 
 -■■ the ground-work with a pencil ; when dry, draw it all 
 over with the varnilh before defcribed : the bell way to imitate 
 worked buttons is, to do them in a fine mould, either ftamped 
 or call, the ground firft filled up with black, blue, red, or any 
 other colour; then the raifed part is to be wiped very clean, and 
 when dry, to be drawn over with the varnilli, which will make 
 it look much finer than what can be done upon a plain button. 
 
 For a brown colour take umber. 
 
 For green take difl:illed verdegreafe, mixed with other co- 
 lours, to make it either deeper or lighter. 
 
 For grey, take white lead and lampblack. 
 
 All your colours mufl' be ground with oil of fpike. 
 
 In this manner you may embellifli fome pewter with a coat 
 of arms, a cy])her, or ornaments ^ I mean fuch pewter things 
 a-s are not to be fcowered. 
 
 The art of making tin plates^ tr latten. 
 
 *T^ HERE are only certain forts of iron which can be 
 •■• reduced in leaves for that purpofe ; the bell is that which, 
 when heated, is eaiieft extendible, and can be forged with a 
 hammer when cold : the more foft and exceeding flexible, as 
 well as the more brittle, are to be rejeiled. Thefe leaves are 
 drawn from bars of iron about an inch fquare, which being 
 made a little flat they cut into thin pieces, which they fold 
 together into parcels, each parcel containing about 40 leaves, 
 which they batter all at once with a hammer of 6 or 700 lb. 
 weight. After this, the principal of the whole art is to prepare 
 thefe leaves, for the leaft duft, or ruft upon their furface, will 
 
 hinder 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 141 
 
 hinder the tin from uniting with them : this indeed might be 
 taken off" by iiling, but that being both too tedious and ex- 
 penlive, there is a way to it by lleeping them in a acid water 
 for a certain time, fcowering them with fund when taken out ; 
 by which method a woman can clean more plates in an hour, 
 than an expeditious workman can file in feveral days. This 
 water, which is kept a mighty fecret, is nothing elfe but 
 common water, made eager with rye, wliich requires very 
 little pains, for after they have ground the grain grofly, and 
 pounded it, they leave it to iirment in common water 
 for a certain time, and with a little patience they are 
 fure to have an eager menftruum : with this they fill 
 troughs or tuns, into which they put piles of iron plates, and 
 to make it grow eager the better, and have more activity, 
 they keep thefe vedels in vaults or ftoves, which have a little air, 
 and in which they keep lighted charcoal ; the workmen go into 
 thefe vaults once or twice a day to turn the plates, to take 
 out fuch as are fufficiently cleanfed, and put others in the 
 room : and as the liquor is more acid, or the heat of the 
 vault or ftove more intenfe, the plates are fooner cleanfed, 
 but it requires at leafl two days, and fometimes a longer 
 time. This is the method the Germa?is ufe for preparing the 
 iron plates for tinning. In France they go another way to 
 work ; they dip the iron plates in acid rnenffruums, as in 
 water wherein allum, common falts, or fal-armoniac are fe- 
 parately diflolved, and iniiantly expofe them to the air, in or- 
 der to ruft. After two days, during which every plate had 
 been dipt into the menftruum twice or thrice, they are fcoured. 
 Thefe menftruums, tho' weak in themfelves, produce the effe£t 
 as well as the ftronger, which are much dearer; among the 
 latter, vinegar is the moft effe<5lual, efpecially if you diflblve a 
 little fal-armoniac therein, about a pound or two in a pun- 
 cheon ; by this means the iron rufts fooner than with any other 
 fait, but it muft be ufed very moderately, and the leaves be 
 left to fteep in clean water, to diifolve any particles of it that 
 may ftick to it's furface, which may other.vife make it ruft 
 after it has been tinned. 
 
 In the preparation of the plates it m.uft be obferved, i. That in 
 battering them, each parcel receive the innnediate action of 
 the hammer in it's turn, othervv'ife they will not extend equal- 
 ly. 2. To fteep them in clay or fullers eanh, tempered with 
 water before you heat them, to prevent their foldering with 
 cne another. Whether 
 
142 r/'f L A B O R A T O R Y J or. 
 
 Whether you make ufe of the German or French way, in 
 preparing your plates, it is abfolutely neceflary, after the plates 
 are fufficiently fcaled, to fcovver them with fand, and 
 when there remain no more black fpots on their furface, to 
 throw them into fair water to prevent their rufting again, 
 v/here let them remain, 'till you are ready to tin them ; the 
 manner of doing it is this : flux the tin in a large iron cru- 
 cible, of the figure of a broken pyramid with four fides, of 
 which two oppofite ones are lefs than the two others : this cru- 
 cible you heat from below, the upper rim you mufl: lute quite 
 round in the furnace : the crucible muft be deeper than the 
 plates are long, which you dip in downright, fo as for the 
 tin to fwim over them. The tin being melted in the crucible, 
 you cover it with a layer of a fort of fuet, an inch or two 
 thick, thro' which the plate muft pafs before it comes into 
 the tin, the ufe of this is to keep the tin from burning : the 
 common unprepared fuet will render the fuccefs of the work 
 uncertain : wherefore you prepare it by firft frying and then 
 burning it, which not only gives it a blackilh colour, but puts 
 it into a condition to give the iron a difpofition to be tinned, 
 which it does furprifingly. 
 
 The tin itfelf mull have a certain degree of heat ; for if it 
 is not hot enough, it will not ftick to the iron j if too hot, 
 the coat will be too thin, of feveral colours, and a dirty yel- 
 low call. To prevent this, you muft make an eflay with fmall 
 pieces of the fcaled plates, and fee when the tin is in proper 
 order. However, you dip the plates into tin that is more or 
 lefs hot, according to the thicknefs you'd have the coat there- 
 of: fome plates you only give one layer, and thefe you plunge 
 into tin, that has a lefler degree of heat than that into which 
 you plunge thofe which you would have take two layers : 
 when you give thefe plates the fecond layer, you put them in- 
 to tin that has not fo great a degree of heat as that into 
 which they were put the firft time. Obferve, that the tin 
 which is to give the fecond coat, muft be frefh covered with 
 fuet, but only with the cominon fort without' preparation : 
 for, melted tin is fufficiently difpokd to attach the new tin to 
 be joined. 
 
 To 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 143 
 
 To gild upon tin, pezvter, or had. 
 
 •X* A K E varnifh of linfeed oil, red lead, white lead, and 
 ^ turpentine ; put them together into a clean pipkin, and 
 let them boil ; then grind them upon a ftone, and when you 
 would gild pewter, take a pencil, draw the liquid thin upon 
 what you would gild, and lay your leaf gold upon it ; or in- 
 ftead of that Augjburg metal, and prefs it with cotton to make 
 it lie clofe. 
 
 Another method to gild pezvter, or lead. 
 
 'X' A K E the white of an egg, and beat it clear ; with this 
 "■• wipe your tin or pewter, which muft be firft warmed be- 
 fore a gentle fire, in fuch places as you defign to gild j lay on 
 your leaf gold quick, and prefs it down with cotton. 
 
 The juice of nettles is alfo fit for that ufe, and rather better 
 than the egg-clear. 
 
 Another method to gild pewter. 
 
 'Tp A K E leaves of flaniol, and grind them with common 
 •*• gold-fize ; with this wipe your pewter or lead over ; lay 
 on your leaf gold, and prefs it with cotton : it is a fine gilding, 
 and has a beautiful luftre. 
 
 A method to gild ivith pezvter, or lead leaves. 
 
 TP HIS may be done feveral ways, but the bed is to take 
 
 •*■ white lead, ground with nut oil, with this lay your 
 ground on what you defign to gild, let it be wood or any 
 thing elfe, then lay on your gilded tin leaves, prefs them 
 down with cotton, or a fine rag, and let it dry; when dry, 
 polifli it with a horfe's tooth or polilher, and it will look as 
 if it had been gilded in fire. 
 
 To gild lead. 
 
 'X^AKE two pounds of yellow ochre, half a pound of red 
 
 •*• lead, and one ounce of varnifh ; with v.hich grind your 
 
 Gchre, but the red lead grind with oil, and tamper them both 
 
 together j 
 
144 'TL* LABORATORYi Or, 
 
 together ; lay your ground with this upon the lead, and wheri 
 it is almoll dry lay on your goldj let it be thorough dry, 
 then polilh it. 
 
 Some Experiments relating to Copper and Brass. 
 
 To make hrafs. 
 
 'Tp H I S is done by mixhig and melting copper and calamine 
 ■*■ together : calamine is dug in mines about Mcndip^ iifr. 
 in the JVeJl of England ; it is burnt and calcined in a kiln 
 made red hot ; then it is ground to a powder, and fifted to 
 the finenefs of flour, and mixed with ground charcoal, be- 
 caufe the calamine is apt to be clammy, to clod, and not fo 
 apt to incorporate ; then they put 7 pounds of calamine into 
 a melting pot that holds about a gallon, and about 5 pounds of 
 copper, uppermoft j this is let down with tongs into a wind 
 furnace, one foot deep, wherein it remains 1 1 hours, one 
 furnace holds eight pots ; after melting it, it is caft into lumps 
 or plates. 
 
 To melt copper and hrafs ^ and give it a quick fufton, 
 
 'T^ A K E faltpetre, tartar and fait, beat them together very 
 ^ fine ; when you fee that your metal begins to fmk with 
 the heat, fling a little of this powder into it, and when melt- 
 ed, fling again a little into it, and when you obferve it in 
 fuiion like water, fling a little again a third time : to twenty 
 five pound of metal fling about a walnutful of powder, and 
 your copper or brafs will caft; eafily, and be of a m.elleable 
 temper. 
 
 To make hrafs malleable that is hrittle, and apt to crack in the 
 
 working. 
 
 np A K E tartar, faltpetre, and fulphur, pulverife them toge- 
 ■■• ther, and after you have made your brafs red hot, ft:rew 
 it all over, let it cool of itfelf. 
 
 A 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S; u$ 
 
 J folder for brafs. 
 
 TAKE one grain and a quarter of filver, three ounces of 
 brafs, one ounce of zink, and melt them together ^ when 
 melted, fling a good quantity of Venice borax; upon them. 
 
 To fnk copper which is iif ama-forth. 
 
 'T'AKE fine milled lead, cut it in httle bits, and put it in 
 '■' aqua-fortis which holds copper, and it will precipitate or 
 fink it all to the bottom. 
 
 To male copper a: ivhite as fiver > 
 
 J> U T your copper into a ftrong melting-pot, in the midil of 
 -"■ a quantity of glafs, and fet it in a glafs furnace to melt ; 
 let the copper be covered all over with glafs, and the glafs 
 will contract the greennefs of the copper, and make it look 
 white. If you repeat this feveral times your copper will be 
 the whiter. Or, 
 
 'TpAKE old copper, that has been much ufed, or been long 
 in the open air and weather ; melt it in a ftrong crucible 
 before a fraith's forge, or in a wind-fufnace, but take care 
 of the fmoak ; let it melt a quarter of an hour, or longer, . 
 and clear it from the fcales that fwim at top : then pour it 
 through a whifk, or birch-broom, into a Iharp lee, made ei- 
 ther of quick-lime and vinc-branch-aflies, or fait of talrtar, or 
 caput jnortuum of diftilled fpirit of nitre, or fuch like, and 
 the copper will corn iii)e and nice j th^n take it out of the 
 lee, and let it mek again as before j repeat this four times 
 running, in order to purify the copper, and when the copper 
 is well purified, melt it over again ; when it is in fulion, fling 
 two ounces of cryftaliine arfenick in, by little and little ; but 
 avoid the fmoak, and tie a handkerchief, moiftened r/ith milky 
 about your mouth and nofe : after it has evaporated, or rather 
 before it is done, fling into it^ two ounces of filv^er ; and 
 when that is melted, granulate it-again through a whifk, zv\i 
 melt .it again for ufe. It will be ut to make a'ly thing in 
 imitation "of filver. Or. 
 
 JL TAKE 
 
'4^ 
 
 rhe LABORATORYi or. 
 
 '"p A K E white arfenlck half a pound, faltpetre eight ounces'^ 
 -*■ tartar eight ounces, borax tour ounces, glafs-gall four 
 ounces > piiJverife each very fine, th.en mix and put thein- 
 together in a crucible, and let them flux in a wind furnace 
 lor an hour or more ; then pour them out, and you will have 
 a Vv'hitifli yellow fubftance. 
 
 Then take one part of old Gop})€r, and one part of old 
 hanuTiered^ brai%, both cut into fmall pieces ; neal thefe w-ell, 
 and quench them in lee made of a quart of urine, an handful 
 df fait, foU^ ounces of white powdered tartar, arid two ounces 
 of allum : boil them up together, which repeat for ten or 
 twelve times. 
 
 When thus you have cleanfed the copper and ferafs, put 
 them together info a cruciblt^, and give them- a flrong tire in a 
 wind-furnace, or before a filiith's forge ; let them flux well, 
 and then fling of the above compofition, whicii muil be pul- 
 verifed, one fpatula full after anotlier into the crucible, flir- 
 nng it fonletimes about with a ilick ; to one ounce of copper 
 fake an ounce and a half of powder : when all is thrown in 
 and incorporated, then fling a few pieces of broken crovvn-glafs 
 into it, and let it melt ; then draw it out again with a pair 
 of tongs, and fling fal-armoniac into it, of the bignefs of a 
 walnut,, and when it is thoroughly fufed, pour it- into a call- 
 ing-pot, and your copper will be of a line white. 
 
 If you take of this copper 24 ounces, and melt one ounce 
 of lilver amongft it, letting it flux well with fal-armoniac, 
 you will have a fme mafs, which may be worked into what 
 Ihape, or "^into^ any utenlil you pleafe, and it will hardly be 
 diflinguiflied from filrer plate. 
 
 When the filverfmith works this compolition, he mull ob- 
 feive always in the melting, to fling fome fal-armoniac into it, 
 ta make it malleable ; an'd ia htimmering he mull often neal 
 it, and let it cool of itfelf ; then hammer it gently, until it is 
 as thin as he would have it ; for if it is beat quick in the be- 
 gitining it will be apt to crack. 
 
 The Kiore this metal is nealed and gently hammered, the 
 better it will be. When the work is done, neal it ; then 
 rubbing it with charcoal, and boiling it afterwards three times^ 
 ill a llrorig lee of tartar, your work will be like lilver. 
 
 Choice 
 
S C H O O L (?/ A R T S. 147 
 
 Choice Secrets for Book-Binders. 
 
 To prepare a lack vamijli for hook-hinders^ for French bindings, 
 
 T^ I R S T, when the book is covered, either with calf or 
 ^ fheep-fkin, or with parchment, it is ftruck over with a 
 varnilli, and fpotted with fuch colours as are taught under the 
 article of imitating tortoifes on' ivory or horn ; fome will fpot 
 the leather before they lay on the varnifh, and after they have 
 fprinkled their colour, which they commonly make of um- 
 ber, they lay the varnilli over, and po'.ifli it with a Iteel 
 polillier, after which they give it one layer of varnilh more, 
 which is the tinilhins; ftioke. 
 
 M 
 
 French leather for hinding of books. 
 
 A K E choice of fuch leather as is wrought fmooth and 
 fine, and ftrain it on a frame ; then having your co- 
 lours ready at hand, take firft of one fort in a pencil made of 
 hog's briftjes, and with your finger fprinkle the colour thereof 
 upon the leather ; and when you have done with one, you 
 may take another colour, and proceed with as many colours as 
 you think proper : if you would imitate a tyger's fkioj dot 
 your colours upon the leather with a liick that is rough at the 
 end, or a pencil ; and after it is well dried, lay it over with a 
 Spanif) varnilh, which make in the following manner : 
 
 Take a pint of high reclihed fpirit of wine, of clear gum- 
 fandarac four ounces, clear oil of fpike one ounce ; pound 
 the fandarac, and put it into the fpirit of wine, and then in- 
 to the oil of fpike j let it Hand until it is diiTolved and fettled. 
 
 To make ivhite tables for memorandum books^ to write upon tvith a 
 fiver bodkin or wire. 
 
 'Tp A K E of the fineft plaiiter of Paris, temper it with barts- 
 .-*• horn or any other glue ; and having ftrained your parch- 
 ment tight and fmooth in a frame, wipe it over with the 
 
 L 2 faid 
 
148 The L A B O R A T O R t -, or 
 
 faid mixture 011 both fides ; and when dry, fcrape it to make 
 it even ; then cover it a fecond time v.-ith the fame ghie, and 
 when dry, fcrape and fmooth it as before ; this done, take 
 ccrufe, grind it -hne with linfeed oil that has been boiled, and 
 with a foft hair pencil lay it fmooth and even on your parch- 
 ment, or tables; and fet it to dry m a fliady place, for five 
 or fix days J wlien dry, wipe them over with a damp fpunge 
 or linen rag to fmooth them, fetting them to dry thoroughly 
 until fit for ufe ; then with a iharp edged knife cut the tables 
 what fize you pleafe to have them, and bind them fit for 
 the pocket with a little cafe for the filver bodkin or wire to 
 write with. 
 
 H 
 
 I'o prepare parchment that rsfimhles jafpis- or marble. 
 
 AVE a trough made in the manner dire6led under ther" 
 article of making marble paper ; let it be filled with 
 ■warm water of gum tragant, and having your colours ready 
 prepared,, as will be directed, fiir the gum-water with a flick, 
 and put it into a quick circular motion ; in the interim, dip 
 your pencil with colour in the center thereof, the colour will 
 diipcriis and form itfelf in rounds, as it is carried by the motion 
 of- the water ; then Itir it round in another place, and with a 
 different colour proceed as you did with the firfl, until your 
 trough is covered with variety of colours. When all is ready, 
 and the water fmooth- and without motion, then lay on your 
 parchment (which before has been laid between damp paper 
 or cloths) and proceed therewith as you do with marbled pa- 
 per ; hang it up to dry, then fmooth- and glaiie it in the man- 
 iier you. do coloured parchment. 
 
 A green tranfparent parchment. 
 
 ASH" the parchment in cold lee, until it comes clear 
 from it, then fqueeze out the liquor as much as polh- 
 ble ; and if y5u would have it of a fi^ne green colour, take di- 
 itlllad verdegreafe ground with vinegar, and add a little fap- 
 greeii/ to it, temper it neither too thick nor too thin ; then foak 
 your parchment in this colour thoroughly a whole night ; rinfe 
 it aftervvards in water ; llrain it immediately on a frame, and 
 fet jt to diw ; then take clear vsrnilh,. lay it on both fides- 3 fet 
 
 it 
 
S C n O O L of ART S. r^^ 
 
 h in the fun to dry ; after this cut the parchment out af the 
 frame into leaves as large as you pleafe, and lay them in a 
 book under a prels to keep them tine and ftraight ; the effect 
 of this parchment is, to make a fmall letter, when put over 
 .it, appear as big again; and it is a great prefer '/er of the eyes, 
 efpecially to thofe that read much by candle light. 
 
 The varnilh mud be prepared of iiafeed oil, and boiled 
 with frankincenfe, maflick and fandarac. 
 
 If you would have the parchment of a clear^ tranfparent, 
 and white colour, only walh, ftrain, and varnifli it as above. 
 
 If you would colour it yellow, fleep your parchment, after 
 it has been waflied, in a yellovv^ liquid made of fafFron ; for 
 ■W'hich purpofe tie faffron in a thin linen rag, hang it in .a 
 weak lee, and let it vvarm over a flow lire, and when you fee 
 the lee tinctured yellow it is lit for ufe. 
 
 Far a tranfparmt red^ 
 
 '■p A K E brafil, as much as you will, put it into a hot I@e, 
 -*• which is clear and not too ftrong, and it will tindure tlic 
 lee of a fine red j then pour it into about half an egg-fliell full 
 of clear wine, draw the parchment through the colour, antl 
 when it is as deep as you wouM hav^e it, ilraln it as before. 
 
 For a Uue. 
 
 'T' A K E I^onihard indigo, grind it with vinegar on a fione, 
 "'■ and mix fal-armoniac among it, to the quantity of a pea, 
 ■with this v/et your parchment, and proceed as has been di- 
 xecled for the green. 
 
 For a violet or purple colour 
 
 'TTEMPER two thirds of the above red, and one third of 
 ^ the blue, and ule it as before direiftcd. 
 
 For a black colour, 
 
 'T"' A K E Roman allum, beat it into powder, and boil it in 
 
 ■*• rain-water to a fourth part ; then add Roman vitriol, or 
 
 atrament, with fome Ronuin galls, and boil them together ; 
 
 L 3 with 
 
I50 r/bf L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 with this ftrain your parchment twice or three times over, 
 and when dry lay the Spani/h varnilh over it. 
 
 N. B. with thefe tranfparent parchments you may make 
 curious bindings ; one lort ufed at Rome^ is made thus : lay 
 the board, or pafte-board, over with leaf-gold, leaf-filver, 
 ft^niol, metal leaves, crV. then binding the parchment over 
 jt, it will give it an uncommon luftre and beauty. 
 
 To gild the edges of books. 
 
 "pOUND bole-armoniac and fugar-candy together, and mix 
 ■*■ it with a proper quantity of the white of an egg well beat- 
 en ; this done, take the book you intend to gild, which muH: 
 be well bound, glewed, even cut and Vv-ell pdliflied, fcrev/ 
 \i fall: in the prefs, and as even as poHible, then, with a pencil 
 ^ive it a wipe with the white of an egg well beaten, and 
 let it dry ; then give it another wipe with the above com- 
 poiition, and, when dry, rub and polifli it well ; and when 
 you will lay on the gold, wet the edges with a little fair wa- 
 ter, and immediately thereupon lay on the gold leaves, cut of 
 the fize they are to be, prefling them down foftly with clean 
 cotton wool, and when dry, burnifti it with a dog's tooth. 
 
 To 7nahe red brafd ink. 
 
 X/'OU muft firft obferve, that when you boil brafil for ink, 
 
 * you ought to do it when the weather is fair, and the fky 
 without clouds or winds, or elfe your ink will not be fo good. 
 
 • Take quick-lime, pour rain-water on it, and let it Hand 
 over night- In the morning pour the clear trom off the top 
 through a cloth ; and lo a quart of this water take one pound 
 of brafil Hiavings 5 let them boil half away, and put to it two 
 ounces of cherry-gum, one ounce of gum arabick, and one 
 punce of beaten allum ; then take it, when all is diflblved, 
 from the fire ; pour it off the flpvings, and put it up for uic j 
 yoij msy alfo add to it a little clear chalk. ■ ••. • 
 
 To prepare hrafil ink zvith out fire. 
 
 *npAKEa new glazed pipkin, in which put two handfuls 
 ■^ of bn^lil Ihavings j pour half a pint of vinegar on it, and 
 
 let 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 151 
 
 and let it ftand over night, then put to it a piece of allum, as 
 big as a wahiut, with a httle gum; take alfo chalk,,, fcrap^^ct 
 iine, about one handful, put it gently, try littk ahd-4Lt-t:le-.iwt<7 
 the pipkin, and ftir it well together with a itick, and i't vvill 
 begin to boil, as if it was upon the lire : you mull fet you:i: 
 pipkin in a clean earthen didi, before you put your chalk in ; 
 for as foon as the chalk is in, it will boil over : when tliis. ebul- 
 lition is over, then put it again into the pipkin, let it ftaad a 
 day and a night, and you will have ,z line brafil ink. 
 
 To pnepau brafil ink in fiicks. 
 
 T^ A K E brafil fliavings, or chips, put tliem in a pan, and 
 proceed in every refpecSt as directed in. the foregoing.: 
 after the brafil is thus made lit for writing, pour it into lliells 
 and fet it in the fun, where no dull can come to it, to ftand a 
 full hour : then take other Ihells, pour the top of the bra(il 
 out of the lirft fliells into them, aijd fling the fettling away ; 
 fet thefe Ihells alio in the fun, and after they have Itood an 
 hour, proceed as before j tliis do till it is quite purified ; then 
 boil it to the confiftence of wax, put it up in a nut ll>ell, or 
 in a piece of parchment, and you may dilute it vyitli a litt'e 
 wine or fair water, in a little cup, as much as you have occa- 
 fion for, and write or paint therewith \ it is a line colour, and 
 very lit for colouring maps or prints. 
 
 By mixing the brafil ink with a little ground Indigo, you 
 have a crimfon or purple ; and jf with a little white lead, you 
 will have a rofe colour. 
 
 To prepare or extras all manner of lacks out of flowers. 
 
 nfA K E flowers, of what fort or colour you will ; if they 
 "*■ ftain white paper, when rubbed againft it, they are good: 
 With thefe flowers till a common, but large head, upon a com.- 
 mon cucurbit that is filled with aqua vitae ; put a i^ceiver to 
 it, and lute it well ; then diftil it over a gentle fire, and the 
 fubtil parts or the fpirits v*ill fly up into the head, the tincture 
 will be extracted out of the flowers and herbs, and fall into the 
 receiver. This coloured fpirit, if diftilled in another ftill, will 
 pafs without any colour, and may be ufed again for the. like 
 purpofes j but the tindture or colour will remain at the bottom 
 
 L 4 . "' . ol' 
 
i^z The L A^O^ AT ORY; cr, 
 
 of the friJI, v/hich take out and dry at a gentle heat : in this 
 irianner you may make the befi: lack, lit for painters ufe. 
 
 Dircilhr.i for extraSling all farts, of colcurs cut of wood^ fowen 
 
 rj:d herb's. 
 
 "VKJ ^ E N mariners are fent in fearch oi dyers drugs, v/ood, 
 ^^ or plants, they are advifed by the merchants to try thefc 
 commodities by chewing them, and lee v/hether they colour 
 the fpittle : which if they do., it is a lign they are good, and 
 fuch tryals niay alfo be made on white paper or linen. 
 
 The drugs or plants that are known to be good for extrac- 
 tion of colours are, amongft many others, thefe : lignian ne~ 
 'phriticumy or fufticks, is goo"3^ for yellov*^ and green colour, 
 Compegianay fyheiircy i3c. ' ' .. 
 
 To gild pdper. 
 
 ^T~* A K E yellow ochre, grind it with rain-water, and lay a 
 4 groun^l ' with it upon the paper all over j When dry, take 
 the white of eggs, beat it clear with v^hite fugar-candy, and 
 frrike it all over; then lay on the leaf gold, and when dry 
 polifli it with a tooth. 
 
 Some take faffron, bojl it in water, and difToIve a httle gum 
 V'ith it; then they llrike it over the paper ; lay on the gold, 
 (i'c\<i when dry they polilh it. 
 
 B 
 
 To 7naJ:c Indian ink. 
 
 URN lampblack in a crucible, keep it on the fire till 
 it ha§ done fmoaking : in like manfier burn fome" horfe- 
 chefnuts, 'till no vapour or imoak arifes from them. DiiTolve 
 fcme gum tracant to a proper confidence, then mix^ with it 
 the lampblack and chefnuts, (lir it well together, and put that 
 Pr.ue into moulds, or form it as you think proper, and then 
 let it dry in a fhade. • 
 
 jjii 
 
 other. 
 
 p>TTT fjVc or fix. lighted wicks into an earthen difh of oil, 
 ■ h.ang art iron or tin concave cover over it, at a convenient 
 diflaucc, lb as to receive all the fmoak, when there is a fuffi- 
 
 ' ■ ■ ■ . • cient 
 
 
SCHOOL cf ARTS. t$^ 
 
 cient quantity of foot fettled to the cover, then fake if ofF 
 gently with a feather, upon a iheet of paper, and mix it up 
 in the liianner above directed. 
 
 Note^ That the bell and clearefl oil makes the fineil foot, 
 and confequently the bell ink. 
 
 To prepare blue ink. 
 
 '"p A K E elder- berries, prefs the juice thereof into a glals, 
 ■^ :;nd put powdered allum to it ; add to it about its fourth 
 part of vinegar, and a little urine, then dip a rag into it, and 
 try whether the colour is to your liking ; you may, if it is too 
 pale, add a littk more of the juice; and if too dark, of the 
 vinegar to it. 
 
 To make good wrltitig ink. 
 
 T T mvift be obferved, that according to the quantity of ink 
 -*• vou defign to make, the weight and meafure of the ingre- 
 dients mull be either augmented or lelTcned : thus for inftance 
 if you would have lo quarts of ink, you ought to take four 
 quarts of water ; lix quarts of white wine vinegar ; three quarts 
 of white wine, and proportion the reft by weight accordingly. 
 
 For a little quantity. 
 
 np A K E one pint of water, one pint and a half of wine, 
 ^ one pint and a half of white wme vinegar, and mix all 
 together ; then take fix ounces of galls, powder'd and lifted 
 thro' a» fine hair fieve, put them into a pot or bottle by them- 
 felves, and pour on them one half of your mixed liquor ; take 
 alio four ounces of powdered vitriol, put it into a bottle by 
 itfelf, and pour half the remaining liquid upon it : to the 
 reft of ilie liquor put four ounces of gum arabick, beaten fine : 
 cover thefe three pans, pots, or bottles, let them Hand three 
 days, and ftir every one of them three or four times a day ; oil 
 the fourth day put the pan with the galls upon the fire, and 
 when you fee that it is almoft ready to boil, keep the galls 
 down, and v>'hilft it is v/arm, pour it into another vcftel thro' 
 a cloth; do not fqueeze or wring the cloth, but let it run 
 through of itfelf; then add the liquor which is in the two 
 
 other 
 
154 "^l^e LABORATORY; or, 
 
 other veflels to it, ftir it well together, let it ftand three days, 
 jdirring it every now and then ; the fourth day, after it is fet- 
 tled, pour it through a doth into ajar or bottle, and you will 
 have good writing ink. 
 
 Ink for parchment J 
 
 IS prepared in the fame manner as the foregoing receipts di- 
 redt ; only to a pint of water, take half a pint of wine and 
 half a pint of vinegar, which together will make one quart of 
 jnk. Or, 
 
 np A K E three or four ounces of powdered galls, and three 
 •*■ or four ounces of gum arabick, put them together into 
 a vefTel with rain water, and when the gum is dilTolved, then 
 ftrain it through a cloth, and add to it near half an ounce of 
 powdered vitriol. Cr, 
 
 np A K E one pint of beer, put in it one ounce of powdered 
 "■■ gall, let it boil till you fee it of a reddiih colour : then 
 add to it fix drams of green vitriol powdered, and let it boil 
 again : when you take it off the fire, add lix drams of gum- 
 arabick, and of allum the bignefs of a pea, both powdered; 
 ftir it till it is cold. 
 
 Another receipt for ivrit'ing ink. 
 
 rj^ A K E five ounces of galls, fix ounces of vitriol, four 
 -'■ ounces of gum, and a frefh egg, a little powder of wal- 
 nuts, two gallons of beer, and put them into an earthen pot ; 
 add a little fal-armoniac, to keep the mixture from mould- 
 ing. Or, 
 
 *~V^ A K E for one quart of ink, one pint and half a quar- 
 -■■ ter of water, half a quartern of wine, half a quartern 
 of good vinegar, four ounces of vitriol, four ounces of galls, 
 both powdered by thernfelves ; then mix them together in a 
 glazed veiTel, and pour the aforefaid liquor upon it, ftir it often, 
 during fix days or more, and when fettled, pour it into a 
 bottle, and you will have very good ink. 
 
S C H O O L c/^ A R T S. 155 
 
 To mah ink poivder. 
 
 npAKE peach or apricot ftones, fwcct or bitter almonds, 
 "■" burn them to a black coal in an iron ladle or tire (hovel ; 
 take likewife rolin .of a pine tree, put it in a ladle, and 
 make it flame and burn, catching the fmoak in a little fkillet 
 or a linen canopy you put over it, which after the rolin has 
 tlone burning, you wipe the fmoak on a white paper, and 
 put it up for ufe, but to fave that trouble you may ufe lamp- 
 black ; take of the faid fmoak or lamp-black one part, of the 
 coals burnt of the ftones, one part, of vitriol one part ; pow- 
 der of galls, which firft you fry a Uttle in a ladle with a little 
 oil, two parts ; gum-arabick four parts : let all be well mixed 
 and pounded together, and then keep this powder in a leather 
 bag for ule, and the older it is the better it will be ; when you 
 have occafion to ufe it, temper a little of it with wine vinegar, 
 or water made hot, if you can have it conveniently, if not, 
 you may make ftiift with cold. This poA'der put into pale ink, 
 will immediately make it black and of a line glofs. 
 
 To prepare red ink. 
 
 'Tp A K E two ounces of fine brafil chips ; the whites of 
 12 eggs, and the quantity of a hazel rmt of allum ; 
 beat the v/hites of the clear eggs ; put them all together in the 
 fun, or before the lire ; ftir them fometimcs about ; ftrain thein 
 through a cloth and let the juice dry well ; then keep it from. 
 dult, and when you would ufe it, only temper it with fair 
 water. Or, 
 
 '"p A K E the beft fernumbuca, put it into a cup or pot 
 -■• that is glazed, pour good wine vinegar over it, let it 
 ftand three or four hours to foak, then take beer that is clear 
 and bright, mix it with clear pump -water, about an inch 
 above the chips ; fet it on a gentle fire, let it boil, and take 
 care it does not boil over ; after it has boiled fome time, add 
 powdered allum, the quantity of a walnut, to it, and as much 
 gum arabick, fet it again upon the fire, and let it boil ; after 
 it has boiled a little, take it ofi^, and ftrain the liquor from the 
 chips ; put it into a glafs, clofe it up, and you will have a 
 fine red mk. 
 
 if 
 
156 The LABORATORY; cr. 
 
 If, irtftead of allum, you put a little fal-armoniac to it, 'tvv'il'i 
 make the ink look bright. 
 
 Yellciv ink. 
 
 ^Tp A K E the leaves of yellow cowflip flowers, that grow 
 -*■ common in the fields, fqueeze out the juice, and mix 
 it with allum : 
 
 SafFron-water with a little allum makes likewife a good 
 yellow. Or^ 
 
 IX a little allum to feme faffron and water, which 
 makes a very good yellow ink. 
 
 ^0 write letters^ or any thiiig elfe^ either with gold or 
 
 fdver. 
 
 np A K E flint glafs or cryilal, grind it to powder, temper 
 ■*■ it with the white of an egg j write with it, and when it 
 is dr)', take a gold ring, or a lilver thimble, or any piece of 
 either of thofe metals, rub your writing therewith gently over, 
 and when you fee the gold or iilver itrong enough, glaze it 
 over with a tooth. 
 
 To make letters cf gold or fihcr embcjfed 
 
 ^T^ A K E the juice of garlick, mix it with v.'riting ink, or 
 ^ rather with a red or yellow colour for gold. Write there- 
 with your letters or ornaments on vellum or paper, when dry 
 repeat going over them again, fo as to give them a body j then 
 Jet it dry ; when you lay the gold leaves on, warm the letters 
 ■with your breath, and clofe the gold with cotton upon them, 
 it will have a good effecl. 
 
 A rare fecrct to prepare gold the ancient way^ to paint cr 
 write with. 
 
 np A K E leaves of gold, put them in a clean pipkin on the 
 ■*• fire fo as to heat ; in another pipkin put four times the 
 weight of the gold near the tire to warm it ; this done take 
 both pipkins off the fire, pour the quick-filver upon the gold 
 leaves, and immediately llir it together with a little ftick, put 
 
 it 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS, 157 
 
 k into" a difh full of fair water, and you will have an amalga- 
 ms, which you may work, with ftrong vinegar or the 
 juice of lemons on a flat ftone, in order to incorporate it the 
 more,, then you knead and waih it well with fair water, and 
 ftrain it thro' a lamb's flcin to bring out the quick-filver ; then 
 take what remains in die fkin, and pui: to it half as much 
 powdeied brimftone, mingle it with the faid pafte, aad fet it 
 on the fire, in an iron ladk or crucible, leaving it fo till the 
 brimllone is burned, aad all the reft is of a yellow colour; 
 then let it cool, putting it into a di(h, and walhing it with 
 fair water, 'till you have a fair colour of gold ; then put it 
 up in a glafs phial, and when you have occafion to ufe it, dilute 
 with a little rofe water mixed with a little gum arabick ;, 
 and you may paint or write with it as you pleafe ; when dry 
 buraifii it with a dog's tooth, and it will be of a Mne luftrc. 
 
 To write isith gold by a pen. 
 
 IT A K E 16 leaves of the fineft gold, put it upon- a colour- 
 ■*• ftone, fprinkle a little vinegar over it, and let it lie for a 
 little while, then grind it with your muller to a fine powder, 
 put this into a muiTel (hdl, with as much clear v/ater as will 
 fill it, mix it togetiier with your finger, thea let it fettle, and 
 after that pour off the water, and fupply it with clear water 
 again, ftir it well with your finger, as before ; repeat this 'till; 
 you fee the water come off from the gold as clear as Vv-hjcn put 
 on J alter you have thus cleared your gold, temper as much 
 as you have occafion for, with a little clean gum water, tili 
 you fee it will eafily flow from your pea; after your writing 
 is dry, glaze it gently with a tooth. 
 
 Fine red ink of Vermillion. 
 
 T"* A K E Vermillion, grind it fine with clean water, and 
 put it up to keep from duft ; when you would ufe it, 
 take as much as you think you ftiall have occafion for, and di- 
 lute it with a little gum water. Or, 
 
 ^T^ A K E half an ounce of vermillion, or prepared cinnabar, 
 
 put it into a galley-pot, take a little powdered clear 
 
 gum arabick, diifolve it in water,, and temper therewith your 
 
 venniliica ; 
 
158 nt L A B O R A T O R Y-, dr, 
 
 Vermillion; you may add a little of the white of an egg id 
 it, which beat up till all becomes a fcum, and when you 
 let it ftand, the fettling will be like clear water, which is fit 
 for ufe. 
 
 Jn artificial water for ivriting letters of fecrecy. 
 
 'T* A K E vitriol, finely powdered, put a little thereof into' 
 ■*■ a new ink-horn, pour clean water on it, and after it 
 has flood a little, write therewith either on vellum or pa- 
 per, and the writing cannot be feen any other way, than by 
 drawing the letter through a water, which is thus prepared : 
 take a pint of water, put it into one ounce of powdered galls,: 
 temper it together, and ftrain it through a cloth, put the 
 water into a difti that's v^ide enough and draw your writing 
 through it, and you will read it as you do other writings ; and 
 to make the fecret contents jefs liable to fufpicion, you may 
 write on the contrary fide of the paper or parchment with black 
 writing ink, matters of lefs confequence. 
 
 Another fccrct^ to write a letter luhite upon ivhite^ ivhich cannot 
 be read but in fair water. 
 
 ^Tp A K E clean allum, beat it to a fine powder, mix it with 
 -■- water, fo as not to be too thin ; then take a new pen, and 
 with this mixture write v^hat you pleafe upon paper, and let 
 it dry : then let him, who is to read it, lay the letter into a 
 flat bafon or difh, that is filled with clean water, and in a 
 quarter of an hour the letters will appear white upon white, fo 
 that they may be plainly feen and read. Or, 
 
 'T^ A K E the juice of onions, write with it ; he who would 
 read it, mull hold it over the fire, and the writing will 
 turn of a reddifh or brownifli colour. 
 
 The manner of marbling paper or books. 
 
 np A K E clear white gum tragant, put it into an earthen" 
 pan, pcur frelh water to it, till it is two hands high over 
 the gum, cover it, let it foak 24 hours, then ftir it well to- 
 gether; add more water to itj keep it often flirring for a 
 
 whole 
 
PLATE V: 
 
SCHOOL of ART S. 159 
 
 •whole day, and it will fwell ; keep it ftirring feveral days 
 according as you find your gum is frefh or ftale, for the frelh 
 will diflblve Iboner than that which has Iain by a long time. 
 Keep it now and then flirring ; when you find it well difiblved, 
 pour it through a cullendar into another pan, add to it more 
 water, and after it has flood a little, and been ftirred about, 
 ftrain it through a clean cloth into another clean pan ; keep 
 it well covered, to hinder the duft or any other thing from 
 coming to it : this water, when you go to make ufe of it in 
 marbling your paper or books, muft be neither too thick nor 
 too thin ; you may try it with your comb, by drawing the 
 fame from one end of the trough to the other ; if it fwells the 
 water before it, it is a fign that it is too thick, and you mult 
 add in proportion a little more water. 
 
 Your trough mufl be of the largenefs of your paper, or ra- 
 ther fomething wider, and about four inches deep. 
 
 After you have filled your trough with the aforementioned 
 water, and fitted every thing for the work, then (before you 
 lay on your colours) take a clean flieet, and draw the furface, 
 which will be a thin fort of film, off on it ; then have your 
 three colours, namely indigo mixt with white lead, yellow 
 ochre, and rofe pink, ready prepared at hand, and for each 
 colour have two galley-pots, in order to temper them, as you 
 would have them in different Ihades. 
 
 All your colours muft be ground very fine with brandy. 
 
 The blue is eafily made deeper or lighter, by adding more 
 or lefs white lead. 
 
 The yellow ufed for that purpofe, is either yellow orpiment 
 or Dutch pink. 
 
 For blue, grind indigo, and white lead, each by itfelf, in 
 ©rder to mix that colour either lighter or darker. 
 
 For green, take the aforefaid blue and white, add fome 
 yellow to it, and temper it darker or lighter, as you would 
 have it. 
 
 For red, take either lake, or rofe pink. 
 
 Every one of thefe colours are, as we faid before, firft ground 
 very-fine with brandy, and when you are ready to go to work, 
 add a little ox or fi(h-gall to them ; but this muft be done with 
 diicretion, and you may try them by fprinkling a few drops 
 upon your gum water ; if you find the colour fly and fpead 
 too much about, it is a fign of too much gall, which to remedy^ 
 
 add 
 
i6o r/^^ LABOR ATO RYj <?r, 
 
 add more of the fame colour which has none, but when you fee 
 the colour fpread and retract itfelf again gently, it is right. 
 
 When thus you have your colours, and all things in good 
 order, then take a pencil, or the end of a feather, and fprinlcle 
 or put firft your red colour ; then the blue, yellow, green, ^c. 
 begin your red from No. i, and go along your trough to No. 2 ; 
 alfo the blue from No. 3, all along to No. 4. The yellow zni 
 green put here and there in the vacant places ; then with a bod- 
 kin or fmall flcewer, draw a fort of a ferpentine figure thro' 
 the colours, beginning from No. i, to No, 2 : when this is done 
 then take your comb and draw the fame ftraight along from 
 No. I, to No. 2. If you would have fome turnings or fnail- 
 work on your paper, then with a bodkin give the colours 
 ■what turns you pleafe. See the plate. 
 
 Thus far you are ready in order to lay on your paper, which 
 muft be moiftened the day before, in the fame manner as book- 
 printers do their paper for printing; take a flieet at a time, 
 lay it gently upon your colours in the trough, prefs it flightly 
 with your finger down in fuch places where you find the paper 
 lies hollow ; this done, take hold at one end of the paper, and 
 draw it up at the other end of tlie trougli, hang it up to dry on 
 a cord, when dry, glaze it, and it is done. You may alfo 
 em.bellifh your paper with flreaks of gold, by applying 
 muffel gold or filver, tempered with gum-water, among the 
 rell of the colours. 
 
 Tofilver paper, after the Chinefe manner, without filver. 
 
 'TT' A K E two fcruples of clear glue, made of neats leather, 
 ■*■ one fcruple of white ailum, half a pint of clean water ; 
 fimmer it over a llow fire 'till the water is confumed or the 
 fteam ceafes : then your iheets of paper being layed on a faiootii 
 table, you dip a pretty large pencil into that glue, daub it 
 over as even as you can, repeat this two or three times, and 
 then you fift the powder of talk through a fine fieve made of 
 horfe-hair or gauze, over it, and then hang it up to dry, and 
 v;hen dry, rub off the fuperfluous talk, which ferves again 
 for the fame purpofe : the talk you prepare in the follow'ing 
 manner. 
 
 Take 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. i6i 
 
 Take fine white tranfparent talk, that comes from Muf- 
 •fovy, boil it in clear water for four hours, then take it off the 
 iire and let It iland fo for two days : then take it out> \v,iih it 
 well, and put it into a linen rag, and beat it to pieces with 
 •a mallet : to lo pounds of talk, add three pounds of white 
 allum, and grind it together in a little hand-mill, then aft it 
 through a gauze fieve, and being thus reduced to a powder, 
 put it into water and juft boil it up. Then let it fink to tha 
 bottom, pour off the water from it, place the powder jn the 
 fun to dry, and it will become a hard confifience. This beat 
 in a mortar to an impalpable powder, and keep it for tl\e ufe 
 above mentioned, free from duft. 
 
 To prepare ink^ fo that luhat is ivr'it therewith cannot he read 
 but in a dark place, 
 
 'Tp A K E half a pint of goat's milk, a fweet apple peeled 
 "^ and cut, a handful of touchwood, which in the night- 
 time feems to Ihine ; put this and the apple into a mortar, 
 beat them together, pouring now and then a little of the goat's 
 milk to it j after this is well beaten, pour the reft of the milk 
 to it, fiir it well together, then wring it through a cloth, 
 with this liquor write what you pleafe, and if you would read 
 it, go into a dark cellar or chamber, and the writing will ap- 
 pear of a fiery or gold colour. 
 
 To make fine red paper. 
 
 *'T^ A K E a pan full of water, put fome quick-lime into 
 -■' it, to make it into a lee, and let it ftand over night; 
 then put brafil chips into a clean pot, about half full, fill it 
 with the leet and boil it to half, and when it is juft hot, add 
 to it a little allum j when you would ufe it, mix it with a 
 little gum or fize, and then with a pretty large pencil lay 
 your colour on the paper with an even hand. 
 
 To prepare ink for drawing of lines, luhich, when writ iipon^ 
 may be rubbed out again, 
 
 T) U R N tartar to afhes, or until it is calcined, to a white 
 -^ colour ; take thereof the bignefs of a hazel-nut, and lay 
 it into a cup fuU of water to dilTolve, then filtrate it : to his 
 
 M folution 
 
i^2 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 folution mix as much fine ground touch- ftone as will colour it 
 black, enough to write with ; with this ink rule the lines you 
 would write upon : when you have done writing, only rub it 
 over with the crumb of a ilale roll, or with crumb of bread ; 
 the lines will vanifh and the paper be as clean as it was before. 
 This may be ufeful at fchools. 
 
 To wrhe fo that the letters may appear %vbite, a fid the ground 
 of the par chine nt black, 
 
 'T*A K E clean water, temper it with the yolk of an egg 
 -*■ fo as to write therewith ; with this write upon your 
 vellum, or parchment, what you pleafe ; let it dry, and dravy 
 it through ink, fo that it may lake every where ; or ftrike 
 it over with a large foft pencil to make it of a good black ; 
 when it is thorough dry, then fcrape it gently off with a 
 Knife, and your writing will appear as white as the parchment 
 was before you wrote upon it. 
 
 To make oil paper. 
 
 *TpAKE the Ihreds of parchment, boil them in clear water 
 -*• until it is clammy and like a ftrong glue, ftrain it through 
 a cloth, and with a large pencil ftrike it over the paper ; when 
 dry, varnilh it over with a varnifh of turpentine, or the Spa- 
 nijh varnilh mentioned in the lirft article under this head. 
 
 Choice Secrets for Cabinet Makers an4 
 Turners. 
 
 To prepare a black colour for Jlaining wood. 
 
 1p U T two ounces of iron filings into a new earthen pan y 
 -* add to it one ounce of fal-armoniac, difTolved in a quart 
 of vinegar, and let it ftand 1 2 days, the longer it ftands the 
 better it will be ; then take rafped logwood, and three ounces 
 of gallnuts, pounded fine ; intufe this in a quart of lee made 
 6f lime ; let this alfo ftand the fame time as the above. 
 
 When 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 1^3 
 
 When you have occafion to ufe it, warm both thofe liquors 
 •over a How lire, and with the lee iiril ftrike the wood over you 
 ■defign to dye, and then with vinegar; repeat this until you 
 fee the wood black enough to your liking ; after which, wax 
 the wood over with bees-wax, and rub it with a woollen rag, 
 and it will look bright and fine. 
 
 To imitate ehony wood, 
 
 TAKE clean and fmooth box, boil it in oil until it turns 
 black. Or, 
 Take fmooth plained pear-tree wood, ftrike it over with 
 aqua ibrtis, and let it dry m a ihady place in the air ; then 
 ■wipe it over v/ith good black writing ink, let it alio dry in the 
 fhade ; repeat and wipe the ink over it until the black is to 
 your liking. Then polifh it with wax and a woollen rag. 
 
 Another, but mor^ cojlly method. 
 
 I S S O L V E one ounce of fine filver in one pound of 
 aqua fortis ; add a quarter of a pint of clear water to 
 it, with this ftrike your wood over; repeat it until you per- 
 ceive it to be as black as velvet, then polilh it with wax. 
 
 D 
 
 Another method. 
 
 'npAKE what fort of wood you pleafe, box, cddar, mul- 
 -*• berry, pear-tree, and the like ; fteep it for three days 
 in allum-water, in a warm place, or if it be in the fummer, 
 in the fun ; then boil it to oil, in which mix fome vitriol 
 and fulphur ; the longer you boil it the blacker the wood 
 will be ; however, you mull not let it boil too long, left it 
 ihould be fcorched. Or, 
 
 OTRIKE your wood over with fpirit of vitriol, hold it 
 '^ over a coal fire, and repeat this until it is black enough ; 
 then poiifh it. Or^ 
 
 IRON filings fteeped in beer and urine, will make a good 
 black. Or, 
 
 M2 PUT 
 
1^4 I'he LABORATORY; w. 
 
 P 
 
 UT one pound of rafped brafil in a dean pan, boil it in 
 three pints of Itrong white wine vinegar until the half 
 is boiled away, then pour it clear off ; take alfo one pound of 
 bruiled gallnuts, put them into another pan with water, and 
 let them ftand for eight days in the fun to loak ; then put to 
 it eight ounces of vitriol, ftir it together, and let it ftand for 
 two or hree days j pour it off clear ; and add to this liquor the 
 fourth part of the prepared braiil, and with this ftrike your 
 wood over 20 or 30 times running j let it every time dry in 
 the fhade. 
 
 Then take fine fdver, as much as you pleafe, difTolve it in 
 Common aqua-fortis, add to it twice the quantity of fpring- 
 water ; with this ftrike over the dyed wood once or twice, 
 iet it in the air to dry, and it will be of a fine coal black j 
 after which polilh it as before directed. 
 
 An excellent fc ere t to dye ivood of any colour. 
 
 T) U T frefh horfe-dung, the moiftell: you can get, upon 
 ■*■ fome little flicks lay a crofs one another over an earthen 
 pan, which is to receive the liquor that drops from the dung ; 
 lupplying it with frclh dung every time it is drained until you 
 have a lufficient quantity. Then divide the liquor in as many 
 pots as you intend the colours, put in each pot the bignefs of a 
 horfe-bean of allum, and as much gum-arabic, then ficep 
 what colour you will in that liquor, and put in the pieces of 
 wood, which, after it is ftained to your liking you take out 
 <jry, the longer you let it remain in the liquor the deeper will 
 be the colour ; by this means you may fhade your wood from 
 ^ deep to a light colour, which will penetrate fo as never to 
 fade or vanifh. 
 
 To dye wood of a red colour. 
 
 ^yAKE one handful of quick-lime, two handfuls of aihes ; 
 ■*' put them together into rain-v^ater, and let them foak 
 for hulf an hour, until they are well fettled, and you have a 
 jj'^od V<t. Then take a new pan, in which put one pound of 
 femambuca, poiir on it the faid lee, and after it has foakcd for 
 hair n iv. ur let it boil, and v^'hen it is cold, pour it off into 
 another clean pan, and fling one ounce of gum-arabic into it ; 
 
 take 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 165 
 
 take another earthen pan with rain-water,, put into it two 
 ounces of alluin, boil your wood in it, and after it is well 
 foaked, take it out, let it cool a little, warming, the mean, 
 while, the red colour, and ftriking it over your wood ; re- 
 peat this until your colour is deep enough 10 youj liking, then 
 polilh it with a dog's tooth. 
 
 Another red for dying zvood, 
 
 np A K E rafped brafil, boil it until you fee it of a fine red 
 "*" colour, then flrain it through a linen cloth. 
 
 The wood, vou deiign to dye, colour firfl over with faffrori 
 yellow, and after it is dry, Itrike it over with the red colour, 
 until it is deep enough ; then polifh it with a tooth. If you 
 put a litte allum to the braiil colour, it will turn to a brown. 
 
 7*(j eteh figures upon Wood. 
 
 'T^AKE melted tallow, and having your table ready, form 
 '■■ therewith flowers, or what clfe you will, upon it ; then, 
 with a coloured water, boiled with vitriol, faltpetre and allum, 
 in Handing mift-water, with which cover the board over the 
 tallow J and let it ftand, or repeat it until the colour pleafes 
 you. In this manner you may marbk or cloud your wood as 
 you pleafe yourfelf. 
 
 To marble upon wood. 
 
 'T~* A K E tiie whites of eggs, beat them up until you can 
 * write or draw therewith ; then with a pencil, or feather, 
 draw what veins you pleafe upon the wood ; after it is dried 
 and hardened for two hours, take quick-lime ; mix it well to- 
 gether with wine, and with a bruih, or pencil, paint the wood 
 all over ; after it is thorough dry, rub it with a fcrubbing-brufti 
 off, fo that both the lime and the whites of the eggs may come 
 off together ; then rub it with a linen rag until it is fmooth 
 and tine ; atrer which you may lay over a thin varnilhj and 
 you will have a fine marble wood. 6V, 
 
 /^RIND white-lead, or chalk, together with water, upon 
 ^-^ a marble very tine, then mix it up w'ith the whites of 
 eggs well beaten, wherewith you may paint or marble as you 
 
 M 3 ' think 
 
i66 The LAb6rATORYv ct, 
 
 think proper ; when dry, ftrike it over with a lee made of 
 lime a..d urine, this will give the wood a brown-ied colour : 
 upon this colour you may, when dry, marble again wuth the 
 whites of eggs ; and again, when dry, give it another bru(h 
 with the lee ; after you have with a fcrubbing-brufh rubbed 
 off the marbling whites of eggs, then you may ftrlke at once 
 more all over with the lee ; and your work, when dry and^ 
 polifhed, will look very agreeable and of a line marbling. 
 
 ji gold, filver, or copper colour on ivood, 
 
 ^"^ A K E cryilal, beat it in a mortar to powder, tlien grind 
 it on a marble with clean water, and put it into a clean 
 nev. pot, warm it, and add to it a little glue ; with this ll:rike 
 or }:aint over your wood : when dry, take a piece of gold,, 
 lilver or copper, and rubbing it over therewith, you will have 
 the colour of a^jy one of thofe metds upon the wood, which, 
 you may afterwards potifti. 
 
 T& colour wood of a wahut tree colour. 
 
 'T"^ A K E the bark of walnut-trees, or the green fliells of 
 -■■ vv-alnuts, dry them in the fun, mix as much as you have, 
 occaiion for with nut oil ; boil it up, and rub the wood over 
 therewith. 
 
 To Jiain wood of a fins green. 
 
 'T*AKE green nut-(hells, put them into a lee made of i2!i-- 
 man vitriol and allum, in which let them boil an hour or 
 two. To this lee add lome veidegreafe, finely ground with 
 vinegar, then take your wood, after you have leaked it for 
 two days in ftrong white wine vinegar, and boil it therein. Cr, 
 
 T'AKE the fineft verdegreafe, grind it with (harp wine 
 -* vinegar, add to it a lirtle tattar; let it (land overnight, 
 the verdegreafe will fettle, and yoa will have a fine green ; 
 wi:h this llrike over your wood feveral times : if you would 
 have it of a grafs green, then put a little fap green amongll it. 
 
 AR£i 
 
S C H O O L q/" A R t S. i6f 
 
 J red colour for wood. 
 
 hp A K E quick-lime, pour rain-water upon it : let it ftand 
 -■■ over night, and filter it through a cloth ; then add more 
 rain-water to it, and put in clear and frefti brafil chips, toge- 
 ther witii the wood you intend to dye, and boil it till the colour 
 is to your liking. The wood is lirlt to be thoroughly Ibaked iri 
 alluni water. Or, 
 
 *P O L I S H your wood work, aftef you have finillled it with 
 *■ your plane, and then lay on it muffel gold or lilver, diluted 
 with fize of wiih the white of an egg ; marbling it in the man- 
 ner before directed in marbling of wood, and Vv'hen dry, ftrike 
 it over feveral times with the following colour. 
 
 Take line rafped brafil, pour on it oil of tartar, of infufe 
 it therein, and it will extradt a fine red colour : this coloured 
 oil pour off, and put frefti oil to the brafil, to extract more of 
 the colour. Let thefe extraiSions dry gently, then draw it off 
 again with fpirit of winei, and you will have a red for your 
 jife. 
 
 A violet colour for wood. 
 
 'Ip A K E four ounces of brafil, and one ouhce of indigoj 
 ■■■ infufe them together in a quart of water, and boil your 
 •yvood therein. 
 
 To adorn wood zuith ormrtients of filver of tim 
 
 "T^ I R S T carve or hollow your ornaments out upon your 
 -*■ wood in the beft manner, fo as to undermine the edges ori 
 both fides of your ftrokes. Then make an amalgama of tin, 
 by difiblving it over a gentle heat, and putting into it the fame 
 quantity of quickfilver, which, .before you have heated, ftir 
 with a flick well together, and pour it into a pan of cold water; 
 when dry, grind it upon a: marble with water very fine, tem- 
 pering it with clear fizej then fill up the carved figures, fmooth- 
 ing it with your hand, and when dry polifh it. To make it 
 more of a filver colour, rub it over with an amalgama of filver 
 and quickfilver, and polifli it with a dog's tooth. 
 
 Inllead of tin, you may alfo ufs bifmuth ground fii^ with 
 water. 
 
 M 4 n 
 
i8S ?*yf?^ L A B O R A T O R Y J or. 
 
 To emhofs or trace all manner -of ornaments on a gilded fmooth 
 pannel^ the gold being laid over with bhck or any ether 
 colour, 
 
 TJ^IRST gild your paYrrrel or other wood work, as you are 
 ^ dire6led uhder the article of gilding, and when thoroughly 
 dry, paint it all over fmooth and even Vv'ith lampblack, ground 
 with iinfeed and nut oil ; add to it an equal quantity of umber, 
 in order to dry it the better ,- after you have fet it for two or 
 three days, or according to the conveniency or the tim^ of the 
 year, to dry ; then, before it is quite hard, draw or pounce 
 wha'r you defign to embofs upon, and with a' blunt-pointed 
 bodkin, horn, or wood, trace into the Wack lay, down to the 
 geld, opening thofe places, and making the gold appear in the 
 belt manner you can. In birds, plants, cattle, and fuch hke, 
 you mufi; obfcrxe to take the heightenings out clear, and leave 
 the iha«e, by hatching into the black, agreeable to your de- 
 iign ; the line and foft fhades of the hair, &c. you may finifli 
 with a fine pencil, with the black colour, upon the gold ; and 
 when you have done, let it dry thoroughly for three or four 
 days more ; then lay over it a clear varnifh, which you may,, 
 after it is dried, repeat a fccond time, and your work will look, 
 beautiful. 
 
 To do this lipcn a blue ground. 
 
 AFTER you have gilded your work, then take allum 
 -^ which is not too coarie, mix it with mortar on a marble 
 ftdhe, adding to it the white of an egg : with this and a little 
 water mix your fmalt, and ftrike it line and even over the 
 gfldiqg : then, when it "is alinoll dry, fift through a fine fieve 
 fq'me of the fineft fnalt over it : you may, if you will, mix it 
 with l]>angles of feveral colours ; and when thoroughly dry, 
 wipe off what flicks not to ir, and proceed in tracing up your 
 figures you de gn for goM. The line finilliing ftrokes upon 
 the gold, becaule they cannot well be done with fmalt, you 
 may ufe Priijjian blue or indigo mixed with Vvhite lead. You 
 may, if yo'u will, varniHi it j but it will look better without. 
 
 Varieties 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. iCg 
 
 Varieties of Glues and Cements, for joining 
 not only Wood, but alfo Stone, Glass, and 
 even Metals. 
 
 Jn excellent glue for wocd^ Jlone, Z^^fi-) Q^'-d metals. 
 
 'Tp A K E good glue four ounces, foak it over night in 
 •*■ diftilled vinegar, then boil it up therewith j take a dove 
 of garhc, beat or bray it in a mortar, add to it one ounce of 
 ox-gall. Wring this juice through a linen cloth into tlie 
 warm glue ; then take maflic and farcocolla, of each one dram, 
 fandarac and turpentine of each two drams : grind the fandarac 
 and rnadic fine, and put them together vv'ith tl:e farcocolla and 
 turpentine into a phial ; pour one ounce of the ftrongtll bran- 
 dy upon it, and let it rtand three hours in a moderate heat, 
 weirflopped up, giving it now and tlicn a (hake, add this alfo 
 to the warm glue ; then ftir or beat it together with a wooden 
 fpatula, 'till fume of the moifture is evaporated, and the glue 
 is grown cold. Wlien you have occalion to ule it, then take 
 as much or as little as your work requires, foak it in ftrong 
 vinegar, 'till it is diifolved. If you xxiQ this glue for Ifones^ 
 mix it with tripoli, or with fome powdered chalk ; and if for 
 glafs inix befides a little tripoli, fine ground Venice glafs ; and 
 if you would ufe it for metals, as iron, brafs, copper, put to 
 it fome of the fineft filings ; you may alfo add a little i(ing-glafs. 
 And if you would have this glue hold out or Itand the water, 
 mix it up with a ilrong varnifli as much as the prefent oeca- 
 fion requires. 
 
 J gccd Jlone glue or cement for grotto-work. 
 
 •■p A K E two parts of white roftn, melt it clear, add to it 
 four parts of bees-wax ; when melted together, add 
 flone flour, of the flone you delign to cement, two or 
 three parts, or fo much as will give the cement the colour 
 ef the ftone j to this add one part of flour of fulphur ; firft 
 incorporate all together over a gentle fire, and afterwards 
 
 knead 
 
vyo rhe' LABORATORY; or, 
 
 knead it with your hands in warm water. With this cement 
 the ftones after they are well dryed and have been warmed be- 
 fore tlie tire, in order to receive the cement the better. 
 
 A wood glue, ivhich fanJs watct. 
 
 /^ O M M O N glue mixed up with linfeed oil or varnilh, 
 ^^ applied to the places to be glued together, after they 
 have been warmed, and when thoroughly dry, will laft and 
 ftand water* 
 
 Another fine glue. 
 
 'T^ A K E the ifing-glafs and common glue, foak them over 
 •*• night in ftrong brandy j then diflblve them over a coal . 
 five, and mix Vviih it a little hne powdered chalk ; this will 
 make a very ftrong glue. 
 
 Another extracnlhiary gluSi. 
 
 '"!"» A K E fal-armoniac, fandarac and gum lacca, foak and 
 -*■ diffolve th. m in llrong brandy, over a gentle heat, put 
 to them a little turpentine; when all is diflblved, then pour the 
 folution over ifing-glafs and commcn glue, and in a dole veiTel, 
 tjiffove it over a flow fii e ; add to it a little glafs duft, and 
 ^■hen it is of a right temper, ufe it. . 
 
 A good zudter cement. 
 
 '"p A K E one part of minium or red lead, and two parts 
 -*• of lime i mix them well together with the v^hites of 
 
 eggs. 
 
 Stonc-glue, wherewith yni may glue either Jlone or'glafa. 
 
 *T^ A K E white flint-flonc powder, which is dry and finely 
 ■*■ fearced ; then take white rofin, melt it in an iron or ear- 
 then lad'e, ftir the powder in it, 'till it is like a thick pafte : 
 warm the glafs, or what you defign to glue togeiher, gild the 
 places or Joinings, and it will add a great beauty. This has 
 been made ufe of in the embellirnment of cabinets and ether 
 things. 
 
 An 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. lyt 
 
 An exceeding fine cement to mend broken china ^ or gbjjes. 
 
 /^ A R L I C K ftamped in a ftone mortar, the juice where- 
 ^-^ of, when apphed to the pieces to be joined together, is 
 the fineft and ftrongeft cement for that purpofe, and will 
 leave little or no mark, if done with care, 
 
 J ceme7it for broken glajjcs. 
 
 T> E A T the white of an egg very clear, mix with it 
 ^ powdered quick. -lime, with this join your broken glafles, 
 china and earthen ware. Or, 
 
 'Tp A K E ifing-glafs, pov/dered chalk, and a little lime, mix it 
 -■■ together, and diffolve it in fair water over a How fire, 
 with which cement your broken glaffes or china ware, and 
 fet it to dry in the fiiade. Or, 
 
 'T"' A K E ifmg-glafs, maftick and turpentine, diffjlve thettv, 
 "*• and cement your broken ware; when dry they will 
 hold, and rather break in another place, than where joined 
 and cemented. Or, 
 
 'T' A K E quick lime, mix it with old cheefe, which before 
 -■- you have boiled in water to a patle; with this cement 
 your glafles or china, and it will anfwer your defire. This 
 palle is hkewife a good lutwn \ to lute a cover to an earthen 
 pan, or a glafs, retorts, is'c. You may add a little fine brick- 
 duft to it. 
 
 A latum or .cement, for cracks in gloffcs ufed for chemiccd prepara- 
 tions. This wiiljiand the fire. 
 
 HP A K E wheat-flour, fine powdered fenice glafs, pulverized 
 ^ chalk of each an equal quantity ; fine brick-dull one half 
 of the quantity, a little fcraped lint; mix if up with the white 
 of an egg, fmear it on a Imen cloth like a plalfter, and with 
 it enclofe the cracks of your glafs retort, or other glafs uteunl j 
 but let it dry before you put it to the fire. Or^ 
 
 'IT A K E old varnifh, glue therewith your pieces together, 
 * tie it clofe, and ftt it to dry in the fun, or a warm place; 
 
 when 
 
172 The LABOR AT OliY, or, 
 
 when dry, fcrape off the varnifti that is prefled out at the fides, 
 and it \ni11 hola very well. 
 
 A 
 
 To join broken amber. 
 
 Noint the pieces with linfeed oil, join and hold them 
 cicfe together over the nre. 
 
 Jn excellent glue or cement to mix with Ji^ne^ gM^-> "i^rble., kz. 
 in order to make utenjih, wiages, and other things therewith. 
 
 TAKE fine glue well purified, four ounces ; mafiick two 
 ounces, powdered fealing-wax \\y ounces, fine ground 
 fcrick-duft one ounce ; put the fiih glue into a glazed pipkin 
 ■upon a llow fire^ and after you have mixed your ingredients, 
 put It together into the pipkin, boil it up, and what hangs 
 together, ufe ; if you mix it up with 'fine powdered glafs, of 
 any colour, you may form it to what ihape you will, and when 
 cold and dry, it will be as hard as ftone. 
 
 Another cement^ zuhich dries quickly. 
 
 TA K E pitch, as much as you will, melt it, and mix it 
 with brick-duft and litharge, and to make it harder, 
 moiflen the brick-duft firft with iharp vinegar, and take ^ 
 larger quantity of the litharge, it will be as hard as ftone. 
 
 Good glue Jlicks^ cr fpittle glue, Jit for bookbinders. 
 
 'y^ AKE two ounces of ifing-glafs, half an ounce of fugar- 
 •*■ candy, and half a dram of gum tragant. Then take 
 half an ounce of Hips or parings of white parchment, pour on it 
 a pint of water, and let it boil well j take that warcr, ftrain 
 it through a cloth, and pour it over the two other ingre- 
 dients, mixed with a little rofe water j let it boil away above 
 half, then take it off the fire, and call it into little flat fticks, 
 cr in any Ihape you pleafei 
 
^ C H O O L of ARTS. 175 
 
 J ivatey cementy which the longer it is in water, the harder 
 
 it grows. 
 
 A K E maftick, incenfe, roGn, and fine cut cotton, of 
 each an equal quancity, melt, and with feme powdered 
 quick-lime, mix them up into a mafs. 
 
 T 
 
 ^ ce??unt as herd as iron. 
 
 "worn 
 
 up. 
 
 X/lELT pitch, then take ground fand, worn off from 
 ■*•-*• grind-ftones, itir them well together, boil it up, and 
 it is fit for ufe. 
 
 Several curious Secrets relating to Ivory, Bone, 
 and Horn. 
 
 To luhiten ivory that is become red or yellow, 
 
 ■p U T allum into fair water, fo much as will make it pretty 
 white, then boil it up ; into this put your ivory for an 
 hour to foak ; rub it with a hair cloth, and wipe it over with 
 a clean napkin or linen rag moifcened ; in this let it lie, till 
 it dries of itlelf, elfe it will be apt to fplit. 
 
 Jnother method to vjbiten green ivory. 
 
 T> O I L the ivory in water and quick-lime, till you fee it 
 -*-' has a good white. 
 
 To marble upon ivory. 
 
 Ti/TELT bees-wax and tallow together, or elfe yellow 
 "'■-'■ and white bees-wax, and lay it over your ivory ; thea 
 with an ivory bodkin, open the ftrokes that are to imitate mar- 
 bling ; pour the folution of fome metal or other on them, and 
 let it iland a little while ; then pour it off, and when k is dry, 
 cover thofe ilrokes again with wax, and open fome other veins 
 with your bodkin for another metallic folution j and this repeat 
 to the number of colours you defign to give it. 
 
 The 
 
174 Ti;^ L ABOR ATOR Yi or 
 
 The folution of gold gives it a purple j of copper, a green ; 
 of filver, a lead black ; of iron, a yellow and brown colour. 
 Thefe ibiutions well managed, and applied on ivory, will in- 
 tirely anfwer the delign of the artiil. 
 
 By this method you may imitate tortoife-fhell, and ieveral 
 other things on ivory. 
 
 To /fain ivory of a fine green. 
 
 'X' A K E to tv/o parts of verdegreafe one part of fal-armo- 
 * niac ; grind it weil together, pour ' ftrong white wine 
 vinegar on it, and put your ivory into it ; let it lie covered, 
 till the colour has penetrated, and is deep enough to your like- 
 ing. If you would have it marbled or fpotted, fprinkle or 
 marble it with wax. 
 
 And thus you may colour your ivory v/ith any other colours, 
 ;f you prepare them in the manner directed, viz. with ial- 
 armoniac and vinegar. 
 
 To dye • ivory or bofie of a fine coral red. 
 
 /^ A K E a lee of wood-alhes, of which take two quarts, 
 pour it in a pan upon one pound of bralll, to this add 
 one pound of allum, two pounds of copper filings, and boil it 
 for half an hour ; then take it off, and let it Hand : in this put 
 the ivory or bone, the longer it continues in this hquor, the 
 redder it will be. 
 
 To Jlain ivory or hone of a black colour. 
 
 np A K E litharge and quick-lime, an equal quantity (£ 
 each, put them in rain-water over the fire, till it begins 
 to boil. In this put the bone or ivory, ftirring them well 
 about with a fiick ; and afterwards, when you fee the bone 
 leceJve the colour, take tlie pan from the fire, ftirring the bone 
 ijll the while, till the liquor is cold. 
 
 To dye hones of a green colour. 
 
 *~V A K E a pan full of clean wa^^er, and put into it a pretty 
 
 large piece of quick-lime, leaving it fo for 24 hours ; 
 
 then ftir it weij together with a ilick, and when fettled ftir it 
 
 again, 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 175 
 
 again, thus repeating it three or four times ; the next morn- 
 ing ftrain it off clean and put it up for ufe ; the bones you 
 intend to dye boil in common water wherein allum has been 
 difTolved for fome time, tlien fcrape them well, and put them 
 into the lime water mixt with verdegreafe, boil them well, 
 and then take them out to dry ; inftead of lime water you may 
 make ufe of urine, which will anfwer the fame purpofe. 
 
 To dye hones or ivory the colour of an emerald. 
 
 T) U T copper- filings or flacks into fome aqua-fortis, and 
 •* when it has done working, put in yuur wrought bone or 
 ivory, leaving it therein for 24 hours, then take it out and 
 it will be of a pleafant emerald-colour. 
 
 TtJ dye bones, red, blue, or any other colour. 
 
 17 I R S T boil the bones in allum water, then take quick- 
 *^ lime-water or urine, put into it brafil, lackwood, or 
 madder, or whatever colour you pleafe ; then boil the bones 
 or ivory therein, and it v/ill anlwer your purpofe. 
 
 To make horn foft. 
 
 'Tp A K E man's urine, which has been put by and covered 
 -^ for a month ; in this boil one pound of weed-aflies, or 
 the aihes of vine-ilalks, two pounds of quick-lime, e ght 
 ounces of tartar, and eight ounces of fait ; after it is boiled 
 pour it through a flannel, and filter it thus three times. Keep 
 this lee covered, and foak the horn therein for eight days, and 
 it will be foft. 
 
 Another. 
 
 'T* A K E v»'eed-aflies and quick-lime ; of this make a ftrong 
 lee, filter it clear, and boil the ihavings or chips of 
 horn therein, and they will be like a pafte ; you may colour 
 it of what colour you pleafe, and caft or form it into any thing 
 ^ou pleafe. 
 
 To 
 
176 Thz LABORATORY; Qr, 
 
 To prepare hern leaves in imitation of torioife-Jhell. 
 
 '"7^ A K E quick-lime one pound, and litharge of lllver 
 •*■ eight ounces j mix it with feme urine into a pafte, and 
 make fpots with it, in what form or fhape you pleafe, on 
 both fides of the horn; when drj% rub oft" the powder, and 
 repeat this as many times as you wilL Then take vermillion, 
 which is prepared with fize, lay it all over one fide of the 
 horn, as alfo on the wood, to which you defign to faften 
 it. 
 
 For raifed w^ork, form the horn in a mould of what fliape 
 foever : put it by to dry, and vvith the aforefaid pafte and the 
 vermillion give it the colour ; then lay on a clear glue (nei- 
 ther too thick, nor too thin) both upon the horn and the wood 
 on which it is to be fixed, and clofe it together; do this work 
 in a warm place; and let it ftand all night, then cut or file 
 off the roughnefs, or what is-fuperfiuous about it ; rub it over 
 with a coal, and polilh it with tripoli and linfeed oil. 
 
 The work made in this manner looks very beautiful and 
 natural, and may be ufed by cabinet makers for pill^s, 
 pilafters, pannels, or any other embellirtiment in cabinet- 
 work. 
 
 Another method to counterfeit tcrtoife-Jhell on horn. 
 
 '"p A K E good aqua-fortis two ounces, fine filver one 
 -*■ dram ; let the filver dilTolve, and after you have fpot- 
 ted or marbled your horn with wax, ftrike the folution over 
 ^t ; let it dry of itfelf, and the horn will be in thofe places, 
 which are free from wax, of a brown or black colour. Or, 
 
 Lay the wax all over the horn, then with a pointed fKewer 
 or iron draw what you will, laying the figure you draw open 
 on the horn; then' pour on the above folution, let it fi:and 
 a little; and after you have poured it off, either fcrape or melt 
 the wax, wipe it with a clean rag, and polifh it. 
 
 Inftead of the filver folution, }ou may boil litharge of 
 /liver in a f^rong lee made of quick lime, fo long till it be- 
 comes of a black tincture: or, inftead of filver yoa njay dif- 
 folve lead in aqua-fortis. 
 
^ C ri O L ^/ A R T Si xfj 
 
 %)) foldtr horn together^ after it has been lined with proper 
 foils or colours. 
 
 'Tp A K E two pieces of horn, made orl purpofe to meet to- 
 -■■ gether, either for handles of knives, razors, or any 
 thing elfe ; lay foils of what colour you pleafe on the infide 
 of one of the horns, or inftead of foils painted or gilded paper 
 or parchment ; then fix the cthsi piece upon it : lay a wet 
 linen fillet, twice doubled, over, the edges, and with a hot 
 iron rub it over, and it will clofe and join together as firm a» 
 if made of one piece. 
 
 To dye horn of a green colour. 
 
 'T' A K E two parts of verdegreafe, one third part of fal* 
 -■■ armoniac, grind it well together, pour on it ftrong whit6 
 wine vinegar, and it will be tinctured of a pleafant green : 
 then put your horn into it, let it lie therein till you fee it 
 tinged to what height of colour you would have it. Or, 
 
 *~r^ A K E the green (hells of walnuts, put tbem into a ftrong 
 -*• lee, with a little vitriol and allum, let it boil for two 
 hours, and lay the horn for two days in ftrong vinegar; 
 then put half an ounce of verdegreafe, ground with vinegar, 
 into the lee, boil the horn in it, and it will be of a fin* 
 green. 
 
 To dye horn of a red colour. 
 
 'T' A K E quick-lime, pour rain-water upon it, and Ifet it 
 ^ ftand ; filter it through a cloth, and put to it one quart of 
 clean water, and two ounces of ground brafil-wood j fteep the 
 horn therein, then boil it, and you v/ill have a fine red^ if be-* 
 fore you have foaked it for a while in allum- water. 
 
 To (lain horn of a brown colour. 
 
 'X' A K E quick-lime, ilacken it with urine, and wipe It 
 over the horn ; then take red curriers water, walh the 
 horn therein, and it will turn to a green colour ; wipe it over 
 again with the fame lime, and when dry, wa(h it with lee ; 
 let it lay therein a whole day, it will be of a fine chefnut 
 colour. 
 
175 "The LABORATORY; tr. 
 
 To (Jye horn of a blue colour, 
 
 'Tp A K E a brafs bowl, and when you have made it red hot, 
 '■• wipe it over with fal-armoniac ; then pour linne water 
 upon it, ftir it together, and you will have a blue water, in 
 which fl:eep the liorn ; the longer you let it lie, the deeper 
 will be the colour. 
 
 Of Varnishing or Japanning on Wood, &c, 
 
 A ivhite varnifh. 
 
 TAKE ten ounces of rectified fpirits of wine, and 
 fine pulverifed gum-fandarac two ounces, clear Venice 
 turpentine two ounces, put it together into a glafs, and 
 cover it clofe with waxed paper and a bladder ; then take 
 k pot with water, put it on a coal fire, and when it begins to 
 be warm, put fome hay at the bottom of the pot, on which 
 fet your glafs ; then let it boil for two or three hours, and the 
 fandarac and turpentine will diflblve and imite with the 
 fpirits : then pour your varnilh boiling hot through a clean 
 hair cloth, and put it up in a clean phial for ufe. This is an 
 excellent varnifii, fit to be ufed for varnilhing light colours, 
 as white, yellow, green, fky, red ^ alfo fuch things as are 
 fijvered or gildeds 
 
 Jftolher varnijh ft to mix ivith red cr dark colours, and to 
 japan the work over thereiviih. 
 
 'T^AKE redified fpirits, that is, fuch as when poured on 
 * gunpowder will fire it ; or when a linnen rag being 
 dipped into it, and lighted it will confume it, one pound j ot 
 clean gum lacca a quarter of a pound ; grind it fine, and put 
 it into a phial ; then pour the fpirits over it, let it fland for 
 two daysj fliaking "it on<:e every hour;, the third day hang it 
 over a^gentle coal fire, till it is well diffolved, then ftrain it 
 through a hair bag, ancl put it up for ufe. 
 
 Another 
 
S C H d 6 L tf/ A R T S. 17^ 
 
 Another lac varn'ijh. 
 
 *ir A K E of beft and ftrongeft brandy one quart, ealcined , 
 '■• tartar one pound, let the brandy ftand upon the tartar, 
 clofe covered, for one day in a gentle warmth then pour off 
 the brandy and filtrate it through a paper ; of this take one 
 pound, white amber fix ounces, fandarac fix ounces, gum lac 
 two ounces (the amber muft be picked out of the clear pieces) 
 grind all fine together, put it into a phial or matrafs, then pour 
 on it three pound of the filtrated brandy : your phial muft be but 
 about half filled j then (hake it about for an hour together, 
 keep it in the matrafs for two days, fhiking it once every 
 hour ; when fettled, pour it through a hair cloth, and it is fit 
 for ufe. 
 
 What fediment remains iri the phial, tnay be ufed in mak- 
 ing another fuch quantity of varnilh, adding to it but half 
 the quantity of frefti ingredients. 
 
 Another lac varnijl). 
 
 *T'A K E highly reftified fpirits of wine one pint, gum lac 
 •*• four ounces, fandarae two ounces, "Qvhite amber oria 
 ounce, white frankincenfe one ounce ; powder thefe in a ftone 
 taortar very fine, and put them, together with the fpirits of 
 wine, into a phial or matrafs, flopping it, very clofe ; fet it in 
 the heat of the fun. Or in winter-time in a warm place, and 
 after it has ftood three or four days, fet it on alhes over a 
 charcoal fire, boil it foftly for two hours, and when you fee 
 the fpirits of a yellowifh brov/nifh colour, and of a thick con- 
 fidence, pour it hot through a hair doth, and preferve it in 
 a clean phial for ufe. 
 
 A white or clear lac varmjh. 
 
 TT A K E gum clemi, gum animal, white frankincenfe, 
 '*' and white smber^ of each one dram, grind them fine,| 
 put them into a glafs, and boil them in diftilled vinegar : then, 
 pour off the vinegar, and wafh the fediment with clean warm 
 Vv'ater, and it will be of a white colour j dry it, and grind 
 it fine again ; add to it one dram of gum tragant, t\Y0 drams 
 
 N 2 ©f 
 
i8o r/?'^ L A B O R A T O R Y i ^r, 
 
 of white fugar candy, both finely ground, put it by little and 
 little into a matrafs, wherein you have before hand put two 
 pound of high reditied fpirits of wine ; and after you have put 
 all the ingredients into it, fhake it for an hour together, then 
 put it into a balneum nsrlcs^ and when it begins to boil, let 
 it continue fo for two hours ; then let it cool ; and after it is 
 cold let it (land for three days, decant it off into a clean phial, 
 ftop it clofe, and it is then tit for ufe. Or^ 
 
 np A K E the above fpecified ingredients, boil them in vine- 
 ■*■ gar as directed, and after you have put to it the gum 
 tragant and fugar candy, take of clear oil of fpike or tur- 
 pentine one pound, Cyprian turpentine fix ounces, put them 
 together into a fi:rong matrafs, and fet it, furnifhed with a 
 leaden ring, in a bath heat ; when that heat begins to boil, 
 and the turpentine is diflolved, then add the other ingredients 
 finely ground to it ; fiir them well together with a wooden 
 fpatula, and let them ftand in the boiling balneum for three 
 or four hours ; then take it out, and when cold, and it has flood 
 two or three days, pour it into a clean phial, and you will 
 have a fine varnilh. 
 
 A fine varnijh for blue and other colouri^ which will mal€ 
 them bright like looking-glafs. 
 
 T F your table is to be of a blue colour, then paint it firft 
 -*• over with indigo and white, ground with oil, and a little 
 turpentine ; when dry, you may give it another layer, and 
 heighten or deepen it to your liking, and when this is tho- 
 roughly dry, then varnilh it with the following varnilh : 
 
 Take clear Cyprian turpentine half an ounce, fandarac one 
 ounce, maftic two ounces ; grind the fandarac, and mafiic 
 very fine ; then take oil of fpike two ounces, oil of turpentine 
 one ounce, put it into a glafs cucurbite, and dillblve it over 
 a gentle heat ; add to it the puiverifed gum, fet the glafs or 
 matrafs in a pan with water ; and let it boil over a flow fire for 
 an hour and all will be diflolved and united j then let it cool, 
 preferve it in a phial well flopped for ufe. 
 
 W hen you ufe it, firft wipe your painted table, and clean it 
 from dufl, then take fome fine and light fmalt in a cup, or 
 upon a plate, according to what quantity your piece requires, 
 
 temper 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. i8i 
 
 temper it with the above varnrfh, and with a large hair brulh 
 pencil glaze it as quick as you can all over ; Jet it dry in a 
 clean place that is free from duft, which will be in about three 
 hours time, then glaze it over again ; the oftener you repeat 
 it, the brighter will be your table j and if you will have it of 
 an exceeding fine luftre glaze it over 12 or 15 times. 
 
 A Chinefe varnijh for all forts of colours, 
 
 T) U T into a matrafs a pint of fpirits of wine, one ounce of 
 • gum animae, two ounces of maftic, two ounces of fan- 
 darac or juniper gum, powdered finely together in a mortar; 
 then put them together into the matrals, clofe it up, and hang 
 it in hot weather in the fun for 24 hours, or fo long over a 
 fire, till the gum is diflblved, and the fpirits are tinctured there- 
 with J then filter it through a clean cloth, and keep it in a 
 phial clofed up ; you may mix therewith what colour you 
 pleafe : for red ufe vermillion, for black ufe lampblack or ivo- 
 ry black, for blue ufe indigo and white, Prujfian blue or fmalt 
 and white l?ad, ^c. 
 
 How to varnijh chairs^ tables^ and other furniture ; te imitate 
 tortoife-Jhell : fo as not to be defaced by oil or fpirituous 
 liquors, 
 
 "C* I R S T lay your work over with a lac vamiih, as you 
 ■*■ have been inftrudled above ; then lay it over again with 
 red lead and yellow pink, well ground and mixed up with the 
 faid lac-varnilh ; you may do it twice or three times over, let- 
 ting it dry thoroughly every time before you repeat : after 
 which rub it with Dutch ruihes, fuch as the joiners and cabi- 
 net makers ufe. 
 
 Then take dragons blood which is a red gum, and may be 
 had at any druggift's beat it very fine in a mortar and temper 
 it with this varnilh : if you would be very nice, ftrain it thro' 
 a fine hair cloth, and put it up in a phial for ufe ; the longer 
 it ftands the finer the colour will be ; with this you may (hade 
 over your table or other work in the beft manner you can : if 
 you over-cloud it again, you muft have a darker fhade : and to 
 deepen your (hades, you may add to your varni(h a little ivory 
 black, umber or indigo, and work the colours together ac» 
 N 3 cordin 
 
i8^ ri^ LABOR AT OR Y; (fr-, 
 
 cording to the beft of your judgment. When you have done 
 your work, and it is thoroughly dry, then take fome pomice 
 ftone ; make it red hot, and beat it to a fine powder, and with 
 this and Dutch rufhes, foaked in water, rub it fmooth, and 
 afterwards with a clean woollen rag ; and holding it over a 
 gentle heat, give it five or fix more coats of varnilh, but be 
 careful it be not heated too much, left it (hould blifter, and 
 fpoil your work ; after it is thoroughly dry, then take tin-afhes 
 and fweet oil, and with the rough fide of Spanijh leather polilh 
 It, and give it the finifiiing ftroke with fome tin-afhes and the 
 palm of your hand, wiping it till it has gained a fine luftre. 
 • From this direction the artift will make further improve- 
 ments. 
 
 A. very fine Indian varnijh, 
 
 'T^ A K E four or five quarts of good fpirits, diftil and re- 
 -*■ £tify it to the higheft degree, that when you light a fpoon- 
 ful it will confume in flames, and leave nothing behind. Ha- 
 ving this ready, take gum-Iacca, beat it fine and put it to the 
 fpirit into a phial or matrafs ; let the fpirit be four fingers high 
 above the gum, clofe the glafs, by tying a trebble bladder over 
 it, then put it on a hot fand, and let it ftand till the fpirit and 
 gum is well united and boiled ; but be careful to fee whether 
 you perceive any bubbles rife to the top of the ""glafs, and as 
 foon as you perceive them, take a needle and prick the blad- 
 der, in order to give it vent, elfe your glafs will be in danger 
 of burfting. ' 
 
 After which, filter it through a filtering paper into another 
 glafs, and keep it clofe flopped for ufe. 
 
 If you would ufe this varnilh with colours, let them be firft 
 ground with rectified fpirits, and then temper as much as 
 you have occafion for prefent ufe with the varnifh, and lay it 
 on your work ; and when you think you have laid your var- 
 nifh thick enough, polifh it, when dry, with Dutch rufhes ; 
 then give it a fecond polifli with tripoli and fweet oil j after- 
 wards give it another layer or two of clear varnifii, and it 
 iyill be fine, and anfwer the purpofe. 
 
 Ta 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. iS^ 
 
 To japan ivith gold, glafs, or any other metallic fpayiglcs. 
 
 FIRST lay on your work with lac-varniih ; then grind 
 Cologne earth and gamboge with the fame; this varnilh 
 mufl: be bright and clear ; with that colour lay your work once 
 or twice over : let it dry, and then varnilh it over, and lift on 
 the gold duft, or whatever elfe you defign it for. If your 
 work or table is large, lay the varnifli on one place after ano- 
 ther ; for the varnifli will dry in one part before you have done 
 fifting the other. After you have fifted your work all over, 
 and it is thoroughly dry, then give it twelve or fifteen lays 
 more of clear varnilh, after which fmooth and polifli it as di- 
 rected . 
 
 A very fine varnijh for a liolin. 
 
 'T' O do this in the beft manner, you mud have three glafles 
 ■*' before you : in the firll put of the tineft gum lacca eight ' 
 ounces, fandarac three or four ounces, both very finely pulve- 
 rifed ; upon this pour of the beft rectified fpirit of wine, fo 
 much 'till it ftands four inches above the ingredients : when dif- 
 folved ftrain it through a cloth, and place it clofed up in a ftill 
 place to fettle ; in a few days the top will be clear, which you 
 are to decant off in another glafs, and preferve it /rom dull. 
 
 In the fecorjd glafs put of dragon's blood five ounces, and of 
 red wood three ounces, make a folution and extract of them 
 with the fame fpirit of wine. 
 
 In the third glafs diffolve of colophony three ounce, aloes fuc- 
 cotrines two ounces, orlenium three ounces ; and when the 
 whole is extracted, then pour the ingredients of the three glafles 
 into one, (top them up, and let them fettle ; then pour off what 
 is clear at top, and filter the refl: through a brown paper. If 
 you find the varnifli too thin, exhale it a little over a gentle 
 heat, and you will have a fine red varnifli, which will gild 
 pewter, and be of an excellent compofition for varnifliing 
 of violins, l^c. 
 
 A choice varnijl) which cannot be hurt by wet. 
 
 'T^ A K E gum copel, as much as you pleafe, beat it fine, 
 
 '■• put it into a glafs, and pour off high ie£tified fpirit of wine 
 
 over it four inches high j then clofe the glafs with a bladder, 
 
 N 4 fet 
 
i84 r^^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; cr, 
 
 fet it for twenty four hours in a warm oven for the gum to dif- 
 folve, after which put the glafs in bain, mar, 'till the fpirits 
 and the gum are incorporated. 
 
 A good varmjb for pahitlngi, 
 
 BEAT the white of an egg, after you have dilToIved a piece 
 of white fugar-candy, about the bignefs of a filbert, and 
 half a tea-fpoooful of brandy, till it becomes a froth ; then let 
 it fettle for a Itttle while, and with the clear liquid varnifti over 
 your pidlure ; it is better than any other varni(h, fince it may 
 be eafily walhed off again when the picture wants cleaning, 
 and be done afrefh. 
 
 A fine marbling on wood^ or japanning, 
 
 TAKE of the beft tranfparent yellow amber what quan- 
 tity you pleafe, beat it to a powder, put it into a clean 
 crucible which is glazed within, let it melt over a gentle char- 
 coal fire, and ftir it well, to keep it from burning ; then pour 
 it upon a fmooth clean marble table, let it cool, and beat it 
 again to powder. Take afterwards clean turpentine, and in a 
 glafs warm it in a fand heat, put into it the beaten amber, let 
 them boil and diflblve gently together, 'till they are of a con- 
 fidence fit to be ufed with a pencil, ftrain them through a cloth, 
 and you will have the fineft lac varnilh poflible ; and although 
 it be of a brownifh colour, yet when laid on, it has a fine 
 C'ear glofs. 
 
 The colours wherewith you are to marble, are the follow- 
 ing ; lampblack, brown-red, ocher, vermillion ; thefe four are 
 ground with linfeed oil : Venice white lead is ground with oil 
 of almonds. 
 
 For a white, lay your firft ground with linfeed oil, and if 
 there are any holes in the wood, fill them up with chalk tem- 
 pered with fize. For a black ground lay it firft with lamp- 
 black and fize ; when the ground is dry, mix the vermillion 
 with the above defcribed lac varnilh, and with a brulh pencil 
 lay it on with an even and quick hand ; repeat this three or 
 four tirnes till it is bright and fine, and lay the varnilh by itfelf 
 over it twice or thrice j then mix your other colours with the 
 Varnilh in an pyftey-lhell, or in little cups, and with them 
 
 ■ marble 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 185 
 
 marble upon the ground you have prepared, in imitation of 
 
 any thing you deiign. 
 
 A fine gold varnijh^ wherewith you may gild filvered or tinned, 
 things with fuch lujlre as if done ivith gold. 
 
 'TP A K E of the fineft gum lacca, in grains, eight ounces, 
 '■• clear gum fandarac two ounces, dragon's blood one 
 ounce and a half, colophoni, or black rofin, one ounce and 
 a half; beat all together into powder, and put it into a quart 
 of high redufied fpirit of wine, which is ftrong enough to fire 
 gun-powder ; put it into a fand heat over a fmallcoal tire, let it 
 boil for two hours (if you do it in bain. mar. it is better) or fo 
 long until it is dilTolved as much as poflible ; then let it cool ; 
 ftrain it through a cloth into a glafs, fo as to feparate the drofs 
 that might have been in the ingredients : this you are to lay 
 on every thing that has been filvered or tinned, three or four 
 times, and it will refemble the brighteft gold. If you would 
 have the gold colour flill higher, you only add about two 
 grains of gurgummi, two grains of the beft hepatic aloes, and 
 one grain of the fineft dragon's blood, boiling them up, and 
 ftraining them through a cloth into another glafs. 
 
 When you would ufe it, put the glafs into a bafon with 
 water over a gentle charcoal fire, in order to make the varniHi 
 fluid ; it is alfo requifite to warm the work before you begia 
 to varnifh it. 
 
 Of Coral Work. 
 
 7o make red coral branches^ for the embelUJhment of grottoi. 
 
 'Tp A K E clear rofin, deflblve it in a brafs pan ; to one ounce 
 "*■ thereof add two drams of the fineft vermillicn ; whea 
 you have ftirred therri well together, and have chofe your twigs 
 and branches, peeled and dried, take a pencil and paint thefe 
 twigs all over, whilft the compofition is warm, and fhape them 
 in imitation of natural coral of a black thorn ; when done, hold 
 it over a gentle coal fire 3 turn the branch with your hand about, 
 pnd it will make it all over fmooth and even, as if polifhed, 
 
 la 
 
i^6r The LABORATORY; or. 
 
 In the Tame manner you may, with white lead, prepare 
 white ; and with lampblack, black, coral. 
 
 A gentleman may, with a very little expence, build a grotto 
 of glais cinders, which may be eafily had, pebbles or pieces 
 of large flint, and cmbellifh it with fuch counterfeit coral, 
 pieces of looking-glafs, oifter, muflel, and fnail Ihells, mofs, 
 pieces of chalk, oar, &c. As to the cement to bind and 
 cement them together, you have diredlions how to prepare 
 it under the article of cements. 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 The Art of preparing Colours for Painters, 
 Limners, &c. 
 
 L Of Blue Colours. 
 
 To make^ or prepare^ ultramarine, 
 
 TA K E of lazur ftone, or laph lazuli^ the blue veins, 
 calcine them in a crucible on a charcoal fire, and quench 
 them in vinegar, repeat this twice over, then grind them 
 on a fine hard ftone to an impalpable powder. When thus 
 ground, take white rofin, pitch, new wax, maftick and 
 turpentine, of each fix ounces ; frankincence and linfeed oil, 
 of each two ounces ; let them diffolve together over a gentle 
 fire ; Itir them well with a wooden fpatula, in order to unite 
 them together ; then pour them into clean water, continually 
 ftirring them ; take them out, and preferve them from dull 
 for ufe. 
 
 When you defign to prepare your ultramarine, take to each 
 pound of the pulverifed lapis ItizuH 20 ounces of the mafs. 
 The mafs you are to diiTolve before a gentle heat, by degres, 
 in a pipkin, and fiinrj; rjic powder into it by little and littlcj 
 
 "^ whilll' 
 
S C H O O L (?/ A R T S. 187 
 
 whilft it is diflblving ; after your powder is all in, and well 
 incorporated with the mafs, then pour it into a pan with cold 
 water, form it into little tents or drops ; but to prevent its 
 fticking to your lingers, you muft anoint them with linfeed 
 oil ; thofe tents or drops you are to put again into frelh cold 
 \vater for tifteen days, ihifting the water every other day. 
 
 Then take and put them into a clean earthen well glazed 
 cup or bafon, and pour warm water on them ; when that is 
 cold, pour it off, and put frelh warm water to it ; this you 
 are to repeat until the tents or drops begin to diflblve, which 
 will then turn the water into a blue colour. 
 
 When the water is of a line blue tindure, and cold, then 
 decant that into another clean earthen cup or bafon, and pour 
 more warm water upon the remaining tents ; when that alfo 
 is coloured, decant it off and pour frefh on, repeating tliis 
 until the water receives no more tindlure. 
 
 Let the tinilured waters ftand for 24 hours to fettle, after 
 which you will obferve a grealinefs on the furface ; which, to- 
 gether with the water, you are to pour off gently, and put 
 frelh clean water upon the iediment, flirring it well together, 
 and draining it through a fine hair fieve into a clean bowl ; 
 the fieve will attraft fome of the flimy or greafy matter that 
 might otherwife remain therein j and after you have waihed 
 your fieve, and repeated the fame thing with the next fcdi- 
 ment, ftraining it through with clear water, three times fuc- 
 ceffively, then let it fettle ; pour off the water and let it dry 
 of itfelf. Thus you will have a fine ultramarine. 
 
 To prepare a curious blue colour^ little inferior to the ultramarine^ 
 from blue fmalt. 
 
 I'^RIND your fmalt very fine, and proceed in every re- 
 ^-^ fpedt as you have been taught above, in preparing ultra- 
 marine. 
 
 To prepare a curious Hue colour from fiher. 
 
 JT Arnmer filver thin, neal it thoroughly, and quicken or 
 — ^ anoint it a little over with quickfilver ; then put a little 
 of the flTarpeft diftilled vinegar, in which you have diflblved 
 (bme fal-armoniac, into a glafs ; hang the filver flips over it, 
 
 '- ■ ■ • ■■ - fo 
 
i88 The LABOR ATO^RY; er, 
 
 fo as not to touch the vinegar : cover it very clofe, and put it 
 into a warm place, fo that hereby the fumes of the vinegar 
 may be raifed a httle, thefe extract out of the filver a very 
 beautiful ultramarine, which adheres to the filver flips ; wipe 
 them off into a fhell, and hang the filver flips over the vinegar 
 again, well clofed ; repeat this until all the tinilure is ex^ 
 trailed from the filver. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 TAKE of the fineft filver what quantity you pleafe, 
 and diflblve it in a clear and ftrong fpirit of nitre ; then 
 draw off half of the fpirit of nitre, and fet the glafs in a damp 
 and cool place, and the filver will over night flioot into fine 
 cryftals, not unlike faltpetre ; then decant the fpirit of nitre 
 clear from it, put the cryftals into glafs plates, and let them 
 ftand in a warm place until they run into a flour ; then grind 
 them with as much clear fal-armoniac, fublimed over common 
 fait ; fet thtm together in the open air, until you fee the mafs 
 become of a blue or greenifli hue ; then put them together 
 into a cucurbite with a large head to it, and fublime them, 
 and the fal-armoniac will carry the anim. lun. up along with 
 it J after this grind the filver that is left at the bottom of the 
 matrafs with frefli fal-armoniac, and fublime it as before; 
 this repeat until all the aniriKe, or the fine blue tin6lure, is 
 extradled from the filver j evaporate the water over a gentle 
 lire, and you will recover your fal-armoniac again ; the tinc- 
 ture you are to dry and preferve. It is a fine and beautiful 
 colour, fit to be ufed for the mofl: curious painting or limning. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 "T' A K E of the fineft filver as much as you will, beat it 
 -* very thin, and with four times as much quickfilver 
 make it into an amalgama, flrain it through a leather, and 
 drive all the mercury afterwards from it; thus you will have, 
 a fine filver calx, which diflblve in clear aqua fortis, the quan- 
 tity whereof muft: be as little as poffible ; when it is diflblved, 
 let the water evaporate, and the filver will remain at the bot- 
 tom, like moifl: afties ; pour over it fome fal-armoniac mixed 
 with fliarp white- wine vinegar, let it fettle and turn clear ; then 
 pour off the vinegar, and keep the fediment at the bottom for 
 a month, well clofed up, to prevent the leaft evaporation, and 
 you will find a very curious blue colour. 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 189 
 
 To prepare a blue colour fram verdegreafe. 
 
 Tp A K E fal-armoniac and verdegreafe, of each fix ounces ; 
 ^ mix them well together with water of tartar, into a 
 parte, put this into a phial, and ftop it clofe ; let it ftand for 
 feveral days, and you will have a fine blue colour. 
 
 Another method, 
 
 'T^ A K E fal-armoniac one part, verdegreafe two parts, 
 '■• beat them both to a powder, and mix them with a little 
 white lead ; then incorporate them together with oil of tartar, 
 put them into a glafs and clofe it well j put it afterwards in a 
 loaf, and bake it in a baker's oven ; as foon as the loaf is 
 baked enough, your colour will be ready. Or, 
 
 'Ip A K E quickfilver two parts, fulphur three parts, fal-ar-^ 
 ■*• moniac four parts ; mix and beat all well together, tem- 
 per them with water, put them in a well glazed pipkin into a 
 furnace, over a coal fire, and when you fee a blue fmoak 
 arife, take it off and let it cool, then break the utenfil, and 
 you will find a fine fky-blue, not unlike ultramarine. 
 
 To prepare blue tornifcl, a beautiful colour, 
 
 'T^ A K E floes, before they are full ripe, beat them Into 
 "■" a paile, and put it in a clean earthen pan : take anotlier 
 earthen pan, put into it a quart of water, 3 oz. of quick-lime 
 and I 0%. of verdegreafe, and one quintal of fal-armoniac ; let 
 thefe things foak fo long in the water until it is tindtured of a 
 'green colour. In 24 hours the lime and verdegreafe will bs 
 funk to the bottom, then difcant off the water through a 
 cloth into another earthen veflel, add to it the pafte of lloes, 
 and let it gently boil over a flow fire ; when cold, it will be of 
 a fine flcy blue ; then pour that liquid into a clean pan through 
 a cloth, fet it on alhes, and when it begins to be of a thickilh 
 fubftance, then put it up in a bladder, and hang it up to 
 dry. You may alfo dip clean foft linen rags into it, dry 
 them In the fliady air ; and when dry, repeat it again for 3 or 4 
 time* J thefe preferve in paper, and when you have occailon 
 
 to 
 
I90 rhe LABORATORY; or, 
 
 to ufe it, foak one of thefe rags in a little fair water, and yow 
 will have a beautitul blue colour. 
 
 A blue of egg-JheUs. 
 
 'T* A K E egg-lhells, calcine them in a crucible, beat them 
 -■• to a tine powder ; put that into a copper box, and pouf 
 vinegar over it ; which let into horfe-dung for a month, and 
 you will have a delightful blue. 
 
 To male Venice Jky-blue. 
 
 'T' A K E quick-lime one pound, mix and work it with 
 -*■ iharp white wine vinegar into a dough ; let it ftand for 
 half an hour, and, when hard, pour more vinegar to it, in 
 order to make it foft ; when done, add to it two ounces of 
 pulverifed hne indigo, mix it firft well together, fet it into a 
 glafs veilel for 20 days under horfe- dung, after which time fee 
 Vfhether it is of a hne colour ; if not, fet it again, as long as 
 before, in the dun^, and it will then come to its prefecfion. 
 
 II. Of feveral Red Colours. 
 
 To make fine lac from cochimal. 
 
 'T^ A K E cochineal eight ounces, allum one pound, fine 
 •*■ and clean wool eight pounds, fine powdered tartar half 
 a pound, bran of rye eight handfuls ; boil the bran in about' 
 three gallons of water, more or lefs, it is no great matter ; 
 put it over night to fettle, and pour it through a flannel to have 
 it clear and fine ; then take a copper kettle, large enough to 
 contain the wool ; pour half of the bran water and half clean 
 ■water to it, fo much as you think fufficicnt to boil the wool in ; 
 Jet it boil, then add the above tartar and ailum to it, and put 
 in the wool, let it alfo boil for two hours, turning all the while 
 the wool up and down, in order to cleanle it thoroughly ; after 
 it has boiled that time, put the wool into a net, to drain out 
 the water : take then the other half of the bran water, and 
 add to it as much clean water, and let it boil ; after it is well 
 boiled up in cochineal, which muft be previoufly ground very 
 
 hnc 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. igi 
 
 fine with four ounces of white tartar; you muft ftir it continu- 
 ally about, whilft it is boiling, to prevent its running over, then 
 put in the wool, and let it boil for an hour and an half, keeping 
 it all the while turning about ; after the wool has attracted the 
 colour, put it again into a net, let the water drain off, and you 
 will have it of a fcarlet colour. 
 
 This colour may indeed be done in another manner, and of 
 a brighter luftre, in a pewter kettle, with, tin and aqua-fortis, 
 but the above method is fufficient for the purpofe defigned, 
 and may be made by any body, without the implements which 
 are required to dye it the other way. 
 
 7o £xtra5t the lac from the fcarlet wool. 
 
 ^~p A K E clean water about fix or feven gallons, difTolve 
 ■■• therein as much pot allies as will make it a good (harp 
 lee, filtrate it through a felt or flannel bag to make it very 
 clear ; in this put the wool, let it boil well in a kettle, till it is 
 white again, and the lee has extracted all the colour ; then 
 pour it again through a clean felt or rag, and fqueeze out the 
 wool ; then take two pounds of allum, let it diflblve in water 
 and pour it in the coloured lee; Air it well together, and it 
 will curdle and turn of a thick conliftence like a pafte ; pour it 
 again into a clean bag, and the lac will remain in the bag, but 
 the lee will run clear from it ; and in cafe it fhould ftili run 
 coloured from it, you muft let it boil with a little of tlic 
 diffolved allum, which will wholly curdle it, and keep the 
 lac black. 
 
 When the lac is in this manner in the bag, po\ir clear wa- 
 ter over it, in order to clear it from the allum or fait that may 
 ftill remain in it, and take a plate of plalfter of Paris, or chalk, 
 drain the lac through a paper cone that has a fmall opening 
 at the point, in little drops or tents upon it, and when dry, 
 -put them up for ufe. 
 
 You mull obferve, that in cafe the liquor fhould fall (horf 
 in boiling the wool, you muft recruit, not with cold, but with 
 warm water. 
 
 If you can get the parings of fcarlet cloth, you will fave 
 yourfelf much trouble, by only boiling them in the lee, and 
 jproceeding as has been direded.. Or, 
 
 TAKE 
 
tgi The LABORATORY; et, 
 
 •TpAKE lee of afhes or tartar, to this put a little difTolved 
 •*■ allum, and pour it into a wide glals veffel ; then take 
 CGchinea], put it into a ciofe linen bag, and fwing it back- 
 "wards and forwards in the lee, till all the colour is extracted ; 
 then take lukewarm allum water, pour as much upon the lee 
 as will curdle it ; pour the curdled lee through a flannel, 
 fweeten it with clear water, then dry the colour on a piece 
 of plaifter of Paris, as before direcled. 
 
 To male fine verm'illwi. 
 
 'T'AKE two parts of quickfilver, and one third of fulphur, 
 -*■ put it into a pipkin, and melt the fulphur and the quick- 
 filver together; when it is cold, then grind it well upon a 
 ftone, and put it into a glafs, which before-hand has been laid 
 over with a coat an inch thick ; then make a coffin of clay 
 for the glafs to ftand ifi, fet this on a trivet, firft over a flow 
 fire 3 put a cover of tin, with a little hole in the middle upon 
 the glafs, and lute it all round : put an iron wire through the 
 hole, for to ftir it about, augment your fire by degrees, and 
 ■watch your glafs carefully ; for you will fee a coloured fmoak 
 proceed from the matter in the glafs, but keep on augmenting 
 your fire, till you fee the fmoak become of a red crimfon 
 colour, then it is enough ; take it off the fire, let it cool, and 
 you will have a fine vermillion. 
 
 Before you ufe it to paint or write therewith, take as much 
 vermillicn as you will, and grind it well with good white-wine 
 on a ftone, and after that with the white of eggs, add a little 
 hepatic aloes to it ; make it up in little cakes, and when dry, 
 put them by for ufe. When you ufe them, grind or dilute 
 them with clear pump water, and a little white of eggs j 
 and if it will not flow readily from the pen, mix a little myrrh 
 -with it. 
 
 Havj to purify 'VcrmlUmu 
 
 'TP H E vermillion being made of mercury and fulphur, the 
 ■*■ impurities which it has ccntradted from thofe minerals 
 xnuft be feparated, and this is done in the following manner : 
 
 Grind the pieces of vermillion with water upon a ftone, and 
 put them on glazed plates to dryj then pour urine upon them^ 
 
 and 
 
S C H O O L >/ A R T S. X33 
 
 and mix them thoroughly with it^ fo f^at it may fw'm over it ; 
 let it thus ftand, and when the vermillion is feiiied, pour off 
 that urine, and put frefh uppn it ; let it n«nd all night, repeat 
 this four or five days fucccjQTi -ely, till the vermillion is well 
 cleanfed ; then pour the white of €ggs over it, mix it up there- 
 with, and ftir it well together with a fpatula of hazel, let it 
 itand again, when fettled pour it off, and put freih on ; re- 
 peat this three or four times, covering your veflel every time 
 clofe, to keep the dufl from falling into it, which elfe would 
 diminifh the beauty of the colour : when you would ufe this 
 vermilhon, dilute jt v/ith gum-water. Or, 
 
 G 
 
 RIND the vermillion with the urine of a child, or 
 fpirits of wine, and fet it to dry in the fun. 
 If you would have the vermillion of a high colour and free 
 from its black, hue, then put into the fpirits or urine a little 
 faffronj ajnd grind your vermillion with it. 
 
 'To make a fin.e purple colmr. 
 
 MELT one pound of tin, after which put two ounces of 
 quickfilver to it; flir it fo long together, till it is an 
 amalgama ; then take fulphur and fal-armoniac, of each one 
 pound, grind it fine, and mix it up v/ith the amalgama, in a 
 ftone mortar er wooden bowl ; put it into a glafs, which is 
 well coated with clay, fet it firfl over a gentle fire, and aug- 
 ment it by degrees, fo as to keep it ui one uniform motion • 
 ftir the matter with ailick, and when you perceive it to be af 
 a yellov/ colour, take it off the fire, and let it cool, and you 
 will have a fine gold colour, befides a beautiful purple. 
 
 III. Of 9II Sorts of Colours extradled from 
 Flowers, 6cc, 
 
 Hovj to ei'Aratl a yellow^ blue, -clolet^ mid other colours. 
 
 PREPARE a, middling (harp lee from lime, or pot- 
 afhes ; in this boil the flowers or leaves of fingle 
 colours, over a How fire, fo long till the tindure of th? 
 ■fiijvvprs is quite extracted, which you may know when the 
 
j,94 '^he LABORATORY; cr 
 
 leaves turn pale, and the lee is of a fine colour. This lee put 
 afterwards into a glazed pipkin or pan, and boil it a little, 
 butting in fome roach ailum ; then pour the lees off into a pan 
 with clean water, and you will fee the colour precipitate to 
 the bottom ; Jet it fettle well, then pour that water off, ancl 
 add frefh ; repeat this till the tincture is entirely cleanfed from 
 the lee and allum ; .and the freer it is therefrom, the finer will 
 be your colour. The fediment is a fine lake, which fpread 
 upon linen cloth, and lay them on clean tiles in the fhad^ 
 to dry. 
 
 You may dry your colours upon a plate of plaifler of 
 Paris, or for want of that, on a piece of chalk ; either of 
 them will do, and dry the colours quicker than the method 
 above. 
 
 To the receipt for extracling the tinctures from flow^ers, 
 leaves, herbsj and plants, by diftjUation, which has been 
 already inferted p. 151. I only add, that it will be advifeable 
 to preferve the rirft droppings of the extraction that fall in the 
 receiver, by themfelves, they yielding the fined and moft 
 beautiful colour. Care muft alio be taken, not to bruife the 
 tender leaves of the flowers, elfe the coarfe juice will dillil 
 along with the tin6lurc, and make it of an unpleafant 
 hue. Such leaves that are firm and ftrong, require not that 
 care. 
 
 Mr. Kunkel's method of etitrcMing the colours from fiozvers, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 Take, fays he, high rectified fpirits of wine, and pour it 
 over a herb or flower, which 1 will ; and if the leaves of 
 plants are large and coarfe, I cut them fmall, but I leave the 
 reaves of floweis whole, as foon as I perceivethe fpirits tinc5lur- 
 r-:d, and find both colours of an equal tint, I put them toge- 
 ther ; but if they differ, I fet each apart by itfelf, after which 
 I difiil the fpirits of wine from it to a very little, fo that 
 I may take it off the cucurbit, and then put it into a china tea 
 faucer, k ghfs cup, or a fmall matrafs, and let it evaporate 
 ever a iTow fire tifl it comes to fome thicknefs, or, if you will, 
 (?;uite dr\' ; b'lt this muft he done very flowly, on account of 
 the tendernefs of the colour. 
 
 Some 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 195 
 
 Some flowers will change their colours and produce quite 
 different ones, and this the blue flowers are moft fubjedt to ; 
 to prevent which, one muft be very flow and careful in diftil- 
 ling them ; I have never h^d fo much trouble with any other 
 coloured flowers as the blue ones, and yet, I cannot boaft that 
 I have obtained a blue colour from flowers to my fatisfaction. 
 The whole matter depends chiefly upon care ; pradice will 
 be the beft inftrudor. 
 
 By this method one may plainly fee what flowers or plants 
 are lit for ufe, for by only infufing fome in a little fpirits of 
 wine, it will foon Ihew what colours they will produce. 
 
 IV. Of Green Colours. 
 
 How to make good verdegreafe. 
 
 TAKE fliarp vinegar, as much as you will, clean cop- 
 per flakes one pound, fait three quarters of a pound, 
 red tartar eight ounces, fal-armoniac two ounces, leaven twelve 
 ounces ; beat what is to be beaten to a fine powder, and mix 
 the whole with vinegar well together j put it into a new 
 well glazed pan, cover it with a lid, and lute it with clay ; 
 then bury it for 18 or 20 days in horfe dung. Take it out 
 again, pour oflT the vinegar gently, and you will have good 
 verdegreafe. 
 
 Another. 
 
 *T^ A K E a well glazed pan or pot, put into it good fharp 
 ■*■ vinegar, then take thin copper filings a pretty large 
 quantity, put them into a crucible, and fet the fame into the 
 pan with vinegar, fo that the vinegar may not touch the cop^ 
 per ; then lute the cover well with clay to keep out the air ; 
 thus put the pan into horfe dung, or into a warm place, for 
 25 days ; then take it out again, open it, and you will find 
 the verdegreafe hang to the copper filings, fcrape the verdegreafe 
 with a knife off the faid filings, and let it fall into the vinegar, 
 after which, clofe up the pan again as you did before, put it 
 into the dung or a warm place, and thus repeat it till the cop- 
 
 O 2 per 
 
196 The LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 per is all confumed : the verdegreafe will fettle at the bottom of 
 the pan, which, after you have gently poured off the vinegar 
 from it, you may put up for ufe. 
 
 Another eafter method to make verdegreafe, 
 
 'Tp A K E a copper kettle or bowl, put into it good (harp 
 ■*• vinegar ; fet it in the heat of the fun to dry, and you 
 will have fine verdegreafe ; after you have taken it out of the 
 kettle or bowl, you miy pour moie vinegar, and repeat it as 
 often as you think proper. 
 
 To make a fine verdegreafe for dyers, 
 
 T? I R S T take four pound of tartar, two pound of fait, one 
 * pound of copper-alhes, one pound and a half of good 
 vinegar, then take a crucible or an unglazed pan, take a hand- 
 ful of tartar, and fling it into the crucible, alfo one handful 
 of fair, and a handful of copper afhes, fling in all, one after 
 another, till the crucible or pan is full j then pour on the 
 vinegar, and ftir it well together, till the ingred ents are tho- 
 roughly moifl:, and are turned of a black colour, cover the pan 
 and lute it clofe with clay, to prevent the air coming to it, 
 put it for a fortnight or three weeks in hot horfe dung, r^nd 
 you will have a good verdegreafe. If you would have it dry, 
 hang it up in a bladder in the air. Or, 
 
 'Tp A K E vinegar in which has been fteeped fome copper, 
 -■■ and one pound of fearfed fait ; mix the fait with fo much 
 vinegar as to make it of a confiftence j then put it into 
 a copper vefl~el, clofe it up and fet it in a damp place j and 
 after it has Hood fome days, you will have a good verde- 
 greafe. Or, 
 
 ni^AKE an old kettle or copper, and fcower it clean with 
 -■■ fand ; then take vinegar and honey, of each an equal 
 quantity, mix them together, and ftrike the mixture all ever 
 the infide of the kettle ; then take fearfed fait, and fprinklc 
 it upon the honey, fo as to ft:ick to it ; have a board, made 
 with a good many holes, and cover the kettle therewith j theta 
 
 turn 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 197 
 
 turn your kettle with the board upon hot horfe dung ; cover it 
 all over with dung, and let it ftand for eight days together, 
 and you will have a rine verdegreafe. 
 
 A fine verdegreafe for I'wmers. 
 
 'Tp A K E copper-flips or filings, put thera into a ftron§t 
 *•• copper-box, v^^ith a cover to it ; pour fome vinegar mixed 
 up wi.ii a little honey, into it ; fet it in the fun, or in a warm 
 place for fourteen days, and the vinegar will become blue ; 
 which pour into a glafs, and clofe it well up : then put more 
 vinegar and honey upon the copper-filings, and proceed as be- 
 fore, till they do not tincture the vinegar : what you have ga- 
 thered up in glaiTes, put it in the fun or a warm place, till it 
 becon.'rs of ■ proper thickncfs ; then grind it on a ftone, and 
 temper it wj-h a little gum-water: if you would have it of % 
 grafs green, mix it with a little fap-green. 
 
 How to make fap-green, 
 
 A BOUT a fortnight or three weeks before Michaelmas^ 
 ■^*- tak© as many floes as you pleafe, mafti them a little, and 
 put them into a clean glazed pan \ iprinkle them well over 
 with powdered allum, and let them fiand in a hot place for 
 24 hours ; and then pour upon them a clear lee, put it upon a 
 fire, and give it a llow boiling, till a good quantity is boiled 
 av.'ay j then take it off the fire, let it cool, and pour it through 
 a cloth ; what comes through, put up in a bladder, and hang 
 it in the air to dry ; afterwards keep it always hanging in a 
 dry place or in the chimney corner ; and when you have 
 occafion to ufe it, take as much as you want and dilute it with 
 clear water ; if it fliould turn too much upon the yellow, mix 
 it with a little indigo. 
 
 Another finer fap-green, 
 
 'X' A K E of blue lillies that part of the leaf which is of a 
 "* fine blue colour, for the reft is of no ufe, and ftamp them 
 well in a ftone mortar ; then put upon them a fpoonful, or ac- 
 cording to the quantity of the leaves, two or more fpoonfuls 
 of water, wherein before has been diflblved a little allum and 
 
 Q 5 gum 
 
19S ry&^ L ABORx^TOR Y; or, 
 
 gum arabick, and work, it well together in the mortar ; then 
 llrain it through a cloth, put it into muflel fhells, and fer 
 them in the fun to dry. Or, 
 
 AFTER you have proceeded as before, fling fome pow- 
 dered quick-lime over it, before you ftrain it through a 
 ck)th, and put it in muffel Ihells. Or, 
 
 T) E A T the blue leaves of lillies in a ftone mortar, ftrain 
 -^ them through a fine cloth into mulTel ftiells, and fling 
 fome powdered allum over it, to one more than the other, in 
 order to make the colour of different Ihades. 
 
 To prepare a fine green colour, 
 
 'T^ E M P E R indigo and yellow orpiment with gum- 
 "*■ water : grind it fine, and mix with it a little of ox or 
 fifli-gall, and you will have a pleafant green. You may ihade 
 it witii indigo or fap green, and heighten it with Dutch 
 pink. 
 
 Of White Colours. 
 
 To make fine xvhitt lead, 
 
 T^ A K E Ibme call: fheet lead, cut it into plates of about 
 ■*■ two inches wide, and fix or eight inches long, make 
 through each of them a hole, to draw a ftring through ; 
 then have an oaken veffel, about two foot high, into this put 
 two quarts of good vinegar, axid a veffel, and cover it ; fet it 
 over a gentle coal fire, and let it be boiling hot ; then take it 
 off, and put it for ten days in a warm place ; then take off' 
 the cover, take out the plates, and they v/ill be covered with 
 a white colour on both fides, a finger thick, which your are to 
 fcrape off with a knife, and put into a clean bafon ; then hang 
 the plates again in the wooden veffel, and proceed as before, 
 
 fcraping 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 1^9 
 
 Tcrapiog the colour once every ten days : grind the colour in 
 a ftone mortar with clean water to a pafte, and put it up in 
 clear pans to dry. 
 
 Jtiother method to make white lead. 
 
 'T"' A K E long and fiat pieces of lead, hang them in a glazed 
 •*■ pan, or rather in an earthen fquare vellel, pitched on the 
 infide, but before you hang the lead in the velfel pour into it 
 good vinegar^ heated ; cover it clofe, lute it to keep out the 
 air, and put it in a warm place for a month or live weeks j 
 then take off the cover, and fcrape off the white lead, which 
 hangs about the lead, this you may repeat every fortnight or 
 three weeks, and you will have good white lead. 
 
 To prepare another zvhite colotir. 
 
 'Tp A K E quick-lime, mix with it calcined egg-fhells ; grind 
 "*- thefe two ingredients witll goat's milk very fine, and it is 
 fit to paint withal. 
 
 A good iuhite colour^ 
 
 T^ A K E crown glafs, and beat it to an impalpable pow- 
 "*• der ; take alfo fine pulverifed fulphur, mix them toge- 
 ther in a pan with a cover to it, lute it clofe, and put it upon 
 a charcoal fire, fo as to mak« the pan red hot all over : when 
 it is thus heated, take it off the fire, and let it cool ; then take 
 off the cover, grind the matter upon a flone with clear water, 
 and temper it either with oil or gum water ; it will give a good 
 white colour. 
 
 A fine zvhite colour for paintiiig in miniature. 
 
 'Ip A K E four ounces of good bifmuth, beat it fine ; then 
 ■*' dilute it in eight ounces of the beft clarified aqua-fortis, 
 pour the folution into a glafs, and put a little fait water to it, 
 afld the bifmuth will precipitate to the bottom, in a fnow white 
 powder ; pour off the water, fweeten the powder well with 
 clean water from the fharpnefs of the aqua-fortis ; then dry it 
 and keep it carefully from duft ; when you ufe it, dilute it 
 with gum-water. 
 
 O 4. Hq'.v 
 
top The LABORATORY; or^ 
 
 Hoiv to refine white lead. 
 
 TAKE fine white lead, grind it upon a ftone with white- 
 wine-vinegar, and it will turn black ; then take an ear- 
 then di(h full of water, wafh your ground white lead well, 
 and let it fettle y then drain the water gently from it, grind it 
 once more upon a ftone with vinegar, and walh it again : re- 
 peat this three or four times, and you will have a curious fine 
 •White, that is fit for the niceft work, both in oil and watee 
 colours. 
 
 How to prepare egg foelh, Jor white. 
 
 <P O A K the egg-fhells three or four days in good fharp vine- 
 *^ gar ; then wafh them in clear water, dry them in the heat 
 of the fun j beat them to a fine powder, and grind them on a 
 ftone. . 
 
 Of feveral Black Colours. 
 
 Te burn lamp-black, in order to make it finer, and of a better 
 
 colour. '■ 
 
 "Tp A K E a fire fliovel, hold it fo long in the fire till it is 
 "*■ red hot ; then fling your lamp-black upon it, and when 
 it is done fmoaking, it is enough. 
 
 J;i.ow to make a finer lamp-black than what is ordinarily fold in 
 colour or chandlers fijops, 
 
 TjAVE a lamp with a large wick of cotton flored plen- 
 ■*■ ■*■ tifully with oil ; fix ov'cr the lamp a fort of canopy, made 
 of tin or iron ; the fmoak which fettles to it, fweep off with 
 a feather, and preferve it from curt:. When you ufe it, tem- 
 per it with oil or gum~v, ^ter 
 
 To 
 
S C H O L 0/ A R T S. lot 
 
 To make a black of trotter-bones, 
 
 TAKE as many trotter-bones as you pleafe, burn them 
 in a dean crucible, and quench them in damp linen 
 fags ; grind them with fair water, before you ufe them with 
 it : ihis black is fit to be mixed with lake and umber for fliades, 
 \a carnation or flefti colour. 
 
 To mah ivory black, 
 
 Tp A Kl £ the (havings or rafpings of ivory, which you may 
 ^ eafily have at the comb-makers : mix them up with a 
 little linleed oil, put them into a pan or crucible, and lute it 
 clofe, leaving only a little hole in the middle of the cover ; fet 
 it on a coal fire, and let it (land till you perceive no more 
 jTmoak ; then take it off, and fet it in fand, putting another 
 pan or crucible that is entire over it ; when cold, you will 
 have the fined black colour that can be prepared. 
 
 Another tHethod to burn ivory either black or white. 
 
 "C^ILL a crucible with the waftes of ivory or hart(hom, lute 
 *■ it well, and put it in a fire, and when the phlegm, fpirit, 
 pil, and fluid falts have left them, they will be of a very fine 
 black colour ; but if you keep them longer in the fire, they 
 will turn as white as fnow. 
 
 A cherry-Jione black. 
 
 T^ILL a crucible with cherry -ftones, cover and lute it well •/ 
 ■*■ let them dry firft by degrees, then burn them to a coal ; 
 afterwards beat them to powder, and moiften them with gum- 
 tragant water ; form them into little balls, and they are rea- 
 dy to be ufed, either for oil or water colours. 
 
 To make Indian ink. 
 
 'T'AKE dryed black horfe beans, burn them to a powder, 
 mix them up with gum arabic water, and bring them 
 to a mafs, which prefs in a mould made for that purpofe, and 
 let it dry. Or^ 
 
 TAKE 
 
202 rhe LABORATORY; on 
 
 np A K E one ounce of lamp-black, two ounces of indigOj 
 "*■ half an ounce of fiih black, grind them -with half water 
 and half milk, and a little gum arable, and form tables there- 
 of. The lamp -black mull be cleared from ail greafmefs, by 
 burning it in a clean pan, on a coal fire. 
 « 
 
 To make a fine ink-powder to zvrite cr draw ivith. 
 
 'Tp A K E half /n ounce of lamp-black, plumb or cherry- 
 ■*• ftones, vitriol and gall-nuts of each half an ounce ; 
 burn it hrft together in a crucible j add half an ounce of gum- 
 arabick; all which beat in a mortar to a line powder, and 
 fearfe it through a fine fearfer, then put it up in a box, and 
 when you want to ufe it, dilute it with fair water. 
 
 To prepare dry- colours or crayons, 
 
 TJ* O R crayons you make ufe chiefly of earth or mincral- 
 ^ colours, which you grind with milk into a parte, and then 
 form it into pallils of what fize you pleafe, and let them dry 
 in the fliade. 
 
 Some break the colours with incorporating them with plaifter 
 of Paris, with which they bring them to the feveral lights 
 or (hades they require. 
 
 Others inflead of plaifter of Paris ufe tobacco-pipe- clay, and 
 when dried, the artill makes ufe of blue paper parted on a 
 linen cloth that's rtretched in a frame, and works them one 
 in another with a blunt pencil brurti, or a roUed-up blue paper. 
 
 Several Methods of Gilding. 
 
 J particular way of gilding for fuch painters or gilders as are 
 obliged to perform in the open air^ zvhere the leaf gold can- 
 not be manage dy en account of the wind. 
 
 np A K E thin pewter leaves, rtrike them over with a gold 
 
 "*■ ground, or gold fize, and when you are obliged to gild 
 
 any thing that it high, and you have no Iheher to keep off the 
 
 wind, 
 
SCHOOL #/ ARTS. 203 
 
 wind, lay only fize on your work fomething ftrongcr, in or- 
 der to make the pewter gilded leaves ftick on the better. 
 
 How to gild upon ivood, piSlure frames^ or any other fort of 
 
 work, 
 
 'Tp H E wood muft be firft well fmoothed, then twice or 
 ■*■ thrice ftruck over with fize made of the flireds of glove 
 leather, and ground nine or ten times over with chalk ; when 
 it is dry, rub it well over with Dutch rufhes, to make it even 
 and fmooth, then with a foft hair pencil lay it over with fize 
 water ; after which lay on the gold coloured ground, twice 
 or three times ; when it is thorough dry, rub it over with a 
 linen rag, till it looks polifhed : then have your leaf gold rea- 
 lly cut upon a leather cufhion, and when with a large pencil, 
 dipped in the llrongefl: brandy you can get, you have gone over 
 your work, be nimble in laying on the gold : when it is quite 
 dry polilh it with a tooth. 
 
 How to prepare the fize for the ufejujl noiv mentioned. 
 
 'Tp A K E two pounds of cuttings or ftireds of white glove 
 -*■ leather, let them foak for fome time in fair water, and 
 then boil them in a pot with ten quarts of water, let them boil 
 to two or three quarts, then ftrain them through a cloth into 
 a clean earthen pan : you may try whether the fize be llroiig 
 enough, by taking a little between your lingers, to fee whether 
 it is of a glueifh confiftence, and whether it will ftick. 
 
 .^0 prepare the white chalk. 
 
 "ITT HEN you have made the fize, then take white chalk, 
 ** fcrape it fine with a knife, or grind it upon a fione ; 
 and when you have difiblved your fize over the fire, and it is 
 made hot, put in fo much chalk as will make it of the confift- 
 ence of a thick parte ; keeping it ftanding for a quarter of an 
 hour, and then ftir it well about with a hard brufh pencil : add 
 to this white colour fome more fize, and after you have mixed 
 it well and brought it to proper temper, lay it on the wood 
 which you defign to gild, by laying it all over with a broad 
 pencil, and when you have done, let it dry thoroughly, before 
 
 you 
 
204 "the LABORATORY: er, 
 
 you lay on another ground. This you muft repeat ten or 
 twelve times. 
 
 When you have done laying on your gold ground, then 
 with a foft broad hair pencil, moiilened with clear water, run 
 it all over, in order to fmooth your ground, and when dry, 
 rub it over with Dutch rufhcs, or a piece of new linen, fmooth 
 and fine. 
 
 How to bronze or metalUfe images of plaijler of Park. 
 
 TAKE ifinglafs, fteep it in very ftrong brandy, put it 
 well clofed in a warm place, and it will diflblve ; add 
 to it a little faffron, and mix it up with metallic powder in a 
 muflel or oyfter (hell, this ftrike over your image with a foft 
 hair pencil ; but before you do this, you muft walh it over 
 with fize water, mixed with a little red lead. 
 
 How to prepare the Norimberg metallic powder of mixed 
 colours, which gives a beautiful lufire when firewed upon 
 writing or letters, 
 
 'T'AKE the filings of copper, brafs, iron, ftcel, or any 
 •*■ other metal, fearfe them through a fine fieve, and put 
 them into a clean bafon or fuch like vcflel, wafli them well 
 with a clean and Iharp lee, and when you have poured that off 
 walh them with clean water, fo long till you have cleanfed it 
 from all its foil. 
 
 After your filings ai'e thus cleanfed and dry, then take a 
 fmooth plate, either of iron or copper, lay it upon live coals, 
 and put one fort of the filings upon the plate, ftirring it con- 
 tinually about with an iron ^atula : as loon as the metal is 
 touched with the heat, it changes into variety of colours, and 
 that which fuffers the greatell heat will contrad the darkeft 
 colour, each metal of a different fort. 
 
 "When thus you have done one fort, proceed in the fame 
 manner with another, by which means you will have variety 
 of colours. 
 
 Then take a platting mill, fuch as the filvcr wire drawers 
 ule, or thofe employed in platting of gold, filver or copper 
 plate, which muft be fitted with a fort of funnel at top. through 
 which the filings may be conveyed to the platting rolls, v/hich 
 ought to be very exad and parallel to each other, made of the 
 
S C H O O L ef A R T S. 205 
 
 fmeft fteel, and polilhed like a looking-glafs. When you are 
 thus prepared, work it with carefulnefs between the rolls, and 
 you will have a mod beautiful powder, which fparkles with 
 all manner of colours. 
 
 The filings of brafs produce a bright gold colour ; the cop- 
 per a fine red fire colour ; iron and fteel all manner of fhades 
 of blue ; pewter, marcafite, and bifmuth, produce a white 
 colour. 
 
 Tofpot a white horfe xvith black fpots, 
 
 'T' A K E litharge three ounces, quicklime fix ounces j beat 
 ■■• them fine and mix them together ; put the mixture into 
 a pan, and pour a (harp lee over it ; then boil it, and you will 
 have a fat fubftance fwim at top, with which anoint the horfe 
 in luch places as you defign to have black, and it will turn 
 of that coi jur immediately. 
 
 it has the fame effect in changing hair that's red into a black 
 colour, wiih only this difference, viz. You are to take an 
 equal quantity of lime and litharge, and inftead of boiling it 
 with lee boil it only with frefa water ; what fwims at top, is 
 fi: f3i ufe, and will anfwer your expe^ation ; what hairs you 
 anoint with it in the evening, will be black the next morn- 
 
 How to dapple a horfe. 
 
 'Tp A K E in the fpring the large buds of young oak-trees, 
 *■ mix them among the horfe's provender, and give it him 
 three or four times to eat, and he will be dappled, and con- 
 tinue fo for a whole year ; the buds of young clra-trees wilj 
 hayfi the fame effect. 
 
 I» A R T 
 
2o6 Ths LABORATORY; er. 
 
 PART VIL 
 
 Of the Nature and Growth of Saltpetre. 
 
 'T' H E earth being naturally inclined for the generation 
 "*■ of faltpetre, there is no occalion to afcribe the growth 
 thereof to the urine and excrements of certain animals ; 
 for this may be plainly feen in fome particular vegetables, 
 as wormwood, l^c. which although it grows in fuch places, 
 •where there has been rjo fuch excrement or urine, when 
 the juice thereof is preffed out, will of itfelf (hoot into falt- 
 petre, as is often experienced by apothecaries and chymifts. 
 However, it murt not be denied, that urine and excrements, 
 particularly that of (heep, contribute not a little to the growth 
 thereof. 
 
 Saltpetre is of fuch an increafing nature, that whatever 
 place is once impregnated therewith, its ferments are multi- 
 plied to admiration ; and like to a little acid or bitter, will dif- 
 fufe its qualities among a large quantity : whoever confiders 
 this, will eafily conjecflure how to aflift nature in the growth 
 of faltpetre. Even ocular demonftration will prove this ; for 
 if one only takes a filver calx, that is taken out of aqua-fortis, 
 and put it into a glazed earthen plate, and therein fweeten it 
 with clear water, one will find that the fmall quantity of fpirit 
 of nitre which remained in the calx, and is drawn from it by 
 wafbing it in clear water, impregnates the earthen plate in 
 fuch a manner, that although the mofl: remains in the water, 
 yet it ferments in fuch a manner, that in a little time, it grows 
 all over and out of the plate, and cauies the glazing to fcale 
 and fall off. 
 
 We know, that when aqua-fortis is diAilled from common 
 fait, the dregs thereof will turn into good burning faltpetre j 
 and more fo, if for example you difTolve common fait in aqua- 
 fortis or fpirit of nitre, warm, and fet it afterwards to ftand 
 in the cold, it will (hoot in faltpetre. From which funda- 
 mental 
 
S G H O O L <9/ A R T S. 207 
 
 jnental experiments one might try a fermentation, whereby falt- 
 petre might be in greater quantity generated, as indeed fome, 
 pot without good fuccefs, have made attempts that way, and 
 ithat in different methods. Some have aflifted the faltpetre 
 .earth, after it has been boiled out, with trifling means, that in 
 a fhort time the earth has grown rich therein again, which 
 was, by mixing the earth, when laid up again, with the 
 fkimming of what was boiled out. 
 
 Others dig one or more large pits in the earth, and with the 
 earth flung up, wall it round for to prevent floods of rain run- 
 ning into it ; for which reafon they cover it alfo with a roof, 
 to keep it from rain, but leave it open to receive the fun beams 
 and the air. In fuch holes they fling all their fweepings, alhes 
 of which lee has been made, as well as others that feem ufe- 
 lefs, the remains or aflies of burnt draw, foot of chimneys, 
 the fweepings of poultries, pigeon-houfes, all forts of bitter 
 and fliarp vegetables, as wormwood, wolfs-milx, nettles, flee- 
 grafs, fea-bands, the fallen fruit in autumn, or rotten fruit, the 
 excrements of men and beafl:s, and any dung, the outcafts or 
 garbage from flaughter-houfcs, as hair, claws, horns, the paunch 
 with dung, guts and blood, all manner of urine, fuds that nave 
 been ufed in wafhing, and the like, till the pit is full ; where 
 let it rot for fome years, daily flinging upon it urine, brine of 
 herrings or meat, and fuch like, till it is rotten ; then they 
 ceafe from flinging any moifture upon it, and let it lie dry till 
 they boil the faltpetre out of it : then they fling what remains 
 again into the pit, pouring upon it the liquor that will not 
 fhoot, and fo let it lie a confiderable time before they boil it 
 again. 
 
 Others have built particular long vaults underground, about 
 three yards deep, covered with boards or with a roof of pantiles. 
 The morter for it is prepared of three parts lime, flackened 
 with rain water, which has fell with a north wind, {hecy's 
 urine one part, fheep's dung three parts, all well beat toge- 
 ther, and mixed with common fait ; with this the vault is 
 built up two bricks thick, then cover it with old ftable dung; 
 every fortnight, in the increafe of the moon, it is watered all 
 over with north wind rain water, and (beep's urine : and the 
 faltpetre will flioot out in the vault into cryftals. 
 
 Another method for the fpeedy growth and increafe of falt- 
 petre is, by building a flied of deal boards, as large as you 
 
 pleafe 
 
ao8 The LABORATORY-, or, 
 
 pleafe or have conveniency for ; but, if poffiUe, in a place 
 where it may iay open to the four v/inds ; the roof is either 
 boarded or thatched, but the four fides are left open : under 
 this (bed a layer of earth is laid, about a foot h;gh, in tour 
 different heaps ; then is poured over a brine of fait lime, mixt 
 with the urine of men and beafts j over this is laid another 
 layer of earth, and proceed as directed before, repeating it till 
 the (hed is near full, and working each heap giadually tapering 
 up in the form of a roof, fo that the wind may the eaiier pe- 
 netrate into each heap ; then laying a coat of earth over it, the 
 fait and other liquids are poured over it again : after thefe four 
 heaps have flood a month, they are, every third or fourth day 
 after the nev/ moon, raked up with an iron rake, about a foot 
 deep, and moiflened with urine and faltpetre v/ater, or dung- 
 lee, which is poured upon them out of a watering-pot. After 
 thefe heaps ; thus prepared, have flood about four months, 
 they will be twice as rich in faltpetre, as the commoii faltpetre 
 earth, and may be boiled out every quarter of a year ; the 
 earth when boiled out is laid up again under the fhed, and 
 worked up as before ; and whilft the la/l heap is boiling out, 
 the firfl is in its bloozji again, and encreafes in richnefs more 
 and more; fo that after a few boilings, it may be boiled out, 
 every month. The conveniency, difpatch and profitablenefs of 
 this faltpetre work will require to have fhe boiling houfe in 
 the middle of the four or mor.e heaps : but then the roof of 
 the fhed fhould not be thatched, for fear of any accident by tire : 
 there may (if the fhed be iiljed with large heaps) four coppers 
 be fixed in the boiling houfe, and fo contrived that one iirc 
 may ferve them all. 
 
 I ihall here prefent the reader with a fcheme for a falt- 
 petre garden, which was formed by Cordlly and ufe his owri 
 .diredtion, which is thus : 
 
 Build a vault about 60 or 80 yards in length, or according 
 to what room you have to fpare, four yards high, and eight 
 t>road, on a firm ground ; let there be two doors, the one 
 towards the north and the other towards the fouth, and drcfs 
 the top of this vault like a garden ; at one end whereof have 
 ^ little houfe for a labourer to liV;e in, who is to look after the 
 ■fahpetre work, and water the garden every feccncl or third day 
 in the increafe of the moon ; he mufl fave beforehand the 
 water of .a (outh or north wind rain, which is bej}., 3nd mix it 
 
 with 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S: ^09 
 
 i\'ith urine of men, horfes, oxen, cows, (lieep, &c. flinging 
 ^nto it leveral handfuls of common fait, and itirring it vveli 
 together : in the winter feafon, when there is hard froft arid 
 fnow, the vault muft: be fheltered with boards, and a little 
 charcoal hre kept in it, leaving both doors open ; but this 
 is only to be obferved in very haid winters. When the vault 
 is thus finifhed and attended, the owner thereof will in fix or. 
 nine months time find the faltpetre fhoot out in great quanti- 
 ties, and the oftener the cryftais are broken off, and the 
 garden nourifhed by watering, the more it will increafe in 
 quantity. It is not to be expreffed of what benefit fuch a work 
 is, both for himfelf and pofterity. 
 
 The floor and foundation of the vault muft be rammed down 
 hard and clofe ; the fide walls, half an ell thick, may be built 
 up with pebble, brick, or any other ftones ; but the arch of the 
 vault muft be done with bricks, prepared in tliis manner : take 
 the earth for bricks, work it up with north or fouth rain water 
 and urine, of which you muft have a iufiicient quantity ready 
 beforehand ; with this, work and form your bricks, and bum 
 them like other common bricks. For example ; take 12 bar- 
 rels of brick earth, four of lime, two of fait and one of falt- 
 petre ; all thefe are to be well worked together, moulded and 
 burned as ufual. 
 
 P'or the mortar wherewith the bricks of the arch of the 
 vault are joined together, you muft take four barrels of clay, 
 four of lime, one of fait, one half of faltpetre, and half a 
 barrel of ftieeps dung, all well worked together, and moiftened 
 with the above rain water and urine, tempered to a proper 
 thicknels for morter. In the middle of the vault, let an open- 
 ing be made, raifed like a funnel, and fecured with iron bars at 
 top : after the vault is thus built and enclofed, raife a ground 
 over it about three quarters of a yard high, with common pu- 
 trified earth ; but if it can be mixed with excrements or ftable 
 dung, it is the better. This will be fufficient for the ingenious 
 adventurers to improve upon. 
 
 Jnophef 
 
2iq T/b^ L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 Another method, for furthering the growth of faUpetre^ is 
 the following : 
 
 F 
 
 IRST erecl (beds, each of four pofts, nine or ten foot 
 high, of a proportionable thicknefs, fix foot diftance from 
 each other, fallened with joifts, and thatched at top. When 
 your Iheds are ready, lay fat black earth, about a foot high, 
 upon a level ; then i^ing the following mixture, about three 
 inches thick, upon it, which is this : take fait 12 pound, falt- 
 petre four pound, quick-lime 12 pound ; this well beaten and 
 worked together, is fit for ufe. 
 
 After you have covered the firft layer of earth with this 
 mixture, then rake it well together with the earth, and 
 when done, pour over it dung, lee and urine out of a gar- 
 (^ener's watering pot j then r^ike and wet it again a fecond 
 time. 
 
 After this, proceed thus with another layer of a foot high, 
 fo as to go up tapering, one layer after another, till it is about 
 iix foot high ; then coat it all over with fheeps dung. 
 
 You muft obferve to begin this work with the new moon ; 
 and after your heap has ftood three or four nights, rake it all 
 afunder, and proceed as you did at firft ; this you muft do in 
 the time of the increafe three or four times, and repeat it for 
 three months together : in the decreafe of the moon you muft 
 let it reft, and after the three months are expired, you will 
 liave a very rich faltpetre earth. 
 
 Every Ihed or heap muft be at leaft eight feet diftant from 
 one another, for the benefit of the air. After you have brought 
 feveral of thefe fheds to perfedion, you may boil faltpetre 
 fucceffively ; for before you have done with three or four heaps, 
 the firft of them will be ready again to boil, and your earth, 
 the more and oftener it is boiled, will grow the richer. 
 
 N. B. For watering the earth, you may, if it can be got, 
 ^ife the pickle of herrings, or other fait liquors, foap-lees 
 after cloaths are waflied therein, alfo allum and other liquors 
 that are flung away by dyers : you muft alfo obferve, to lay a 
 coat of ftieeps dung over your heaps, every time you have raif- 
 cd them. 
 
 Glauber, in his book, entitled The Welfare of Germany^ 
 >vhen he treats of the growth of faltpetre, and the benefit it 
 
 yields 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 5511 
 
 yields to many poor families, exprefles himfelf in this man- 
 ner. 
 
 * In the third chapter of the iirfl part, about concentring 
 
 * of wood 3 the preffing of wood to boil faltpetre, is only raen- 
 ' tioned 5 "<.ut as wood is not plenty every where, and as it 
 ' cannot in many places be fpared, to cut it down for boiling 
 ' fahpet' out of it, it may be brought to bear> that a large 
 
 * quant' , of faltpetre mry be produced out of the faded leaves 
 
 * of trc ., as alio out of wild grafs that grows under trees, fo 
 
 * as ' lave no occafion to cut trees down on that account. 
 
 * Anti ri fuch places where tiiere is a fcarcity of wood, but a 
 
 * plenty of corn, faltpetre may be prepared from ftraw and 
 
 * ftubbie ; and there is not a place in the world which does 
 
 * not afford matter for the produce of faltpetre. Wherefore I 
 
 * cannot negled: to communicate to all good and pious huf- 
 
 * bandmen a valuable art, by which they may provide and lay 
 
 * up a hidden treafure, which thieves cannot fteal, for their 
 ' children, and for a relief to themfelves in time of diftrefs, 
 ' thereby reflecting upon God's providence, and remembering 
 
 * their tutor. For as in the faid treatife 1 have taught three 
 
 * choice fecrets, both for ridi and poor, great aiid mean ; but 
 
 * they being ufelefs to thofe who have neither wine, com, nor 
 
 * wood, T have thought it good, not to be forgetful of thofe 
 
 * who are deftitute of either, and are yet willing to provide 
 
 * for their wives and children, with honeify in the fear of God, 
 
 * to teach them a beneficial art, hoping it will tend to the 
 
 * glory of God, and their own advantage. 
 
 * Firft, then a young beginner fhould have God before his 
 
 * eyes, and admonifh his wife and children, if he has any, to 
 
 * fear God, keep his commandments, and love his neighbour, 
 
 * Then (Ixall he determine within himfelf, to manage his for- 
 
 * tune left him by his parents, or which he had with his wife, 
 
 * with fuch caution, care and frugality, as not to diminiih, but 
 
 * to encreafe it every year : that when God fhall vifit him with 
 
 * ficknefs, or a charge of children, he may have fomething 
 < laid by for a rainy day. Befides this, he ought not to put 
 
 * his hands in his bofom, but turn them early and late to la- 
 
 * bour, and look, for the bleflmg of God on his endeavours : 
 
 * and to him that has had but a flender fojtune from his pa- 
 
 * rents, I give him a leflbn, in what maj^iner he may lay up a 
 '• treafure for his children, without much trouble or pains. 
 
 P 2 *ln 
 
-ai2 ne LABORATORY; of, 
 
 * In the firft place, let him build a flied north-eali of h\i 
 houfe or habitation, if it can be done conveniently, elfe at 
 any other place, fo that the fun and air ma\ come at it, bufr 
 the rain be kept out, in which fhed make a deep pit ; with 
 the earth which is flung up, wall it in to keep out the rain- 
 water : after this he Ihall begin to gather from day to day, 
 and from year to year the below fpecitied things : fo long, and 
 as much, till one time or other, in cafe of neceflity, he is 
 obliged to dig for them, and to fee what God has provided 
 for him, and then reap the benetit thereof, 
 *- The things he is to fling in, are all forts of fliarp and 
 bitter plants, which grow in uncultivated places, hedges 
 and paths, and are no benetit to cattle, fuch as are the 
 thifl:les, wormwood, the large flalks of tobacco, which (if 
 they are planted) are flung away; alfo the hard cabbage 
 llalks and leaves, and other things untit for cattle to fttd 
 upon ; pine apples, if they are to be had, and in autumn the 
 leaves of trees; alfo pigeon's and hen's dung, and the dung 
 of any other creature. If you can have the feathers of 
 poultry and wild birds, fling them in ; fling alfo in all the 
 aflies wjiereof lee has been made, and iit for nothing but to 
 be flung away; alio the chimney foot, and from the llaugh- 
 ter-houfes the blood, if not ufed for any thing elfe ; hog's 
 hair, horns and hoofs of oxen and cows ; the bones which 
 the doe^ cannot gnaw, fave them and fling them into the pit ; 
 and not onlv the outcafi and fcraps that are made in your 
 own houfe, but alfo (to have the pit the fooner full) thofe of 
 vour neighbours, if they have no ufe for it thea:felves ; and 
 thus one may in one or two years time hll a large pit witli 
 fuch things : in the mean while the urine in the houfe mu(\ 
 be faved, and flung into that place ; and if you can alfo 
 have it from your neighbours for that purpofe, it is good ; for 
 thofe things in the pit fliould be kept always moili, in order 
 to caufe them the fooner to rot. \i you can have no urine, 
 take common water, or dung lee ; but if you can have fea 
 water, or any other fait water, it is better; one may purchafe 
 at the hllunongers the pickle of herrings, alfo the brine of 
 fait irieat j fur all the brine wherein meat has lain, turns to 
 faltpetre. 
 
 '^ When yoii have filled the pit full, and it is well putrified, 
 v\£et ic OiO mure, but let ic lie fo ioiig till all is dry. Then, if 
 
 * you 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 21^ 
 
 * you have occafion for money, look, out for a faltpetre boiler, 
 
 * and bargain with him what you Ihall give him to lee, boil, 
 
 * and fell your (altpetre. When he has done this, let the falt- 
 
 * petre earth that's boiled out, be flung again into the pit, with 
 
 * the lee which did not fhoot to faltpetre, and let it lie one or 
 
 * two years, and pour fometimes fome urine on it, or for want 
 
 * of that, common water ; for that earth will yield faltpetre 
 ' again, tho' not fo much as it did the hrft time, 
 
 * But if you have no need for money, then let that treafure 
 
 * lie, and as often as it is dry, moiften it, to make the faltpetre 
 
 * grow and increafe more and more ; and thus you may gather 
 ' a hidden treafure, and hardly know which way you come by 
 ' it : if you do not want it, your children will hnd it ; thieves 
 
 * will not rob you thereof, nor will the plutiderers in time of 
 ' war carry it along with them. When you have lilled one 
 ' pit you may make another near it, to prevent the above 
 ' fpecilied things from being flung away in wuile ; and if int 
 
 * ev^-ry village there were but one that would do this, the pro- 
 
 * duce in a fmall country would amount to a furprizing quan- 
 ' tity in a year, for the fervice of the publick. ; and there 
 
 * would never be want of faltpetre. 
 
 * As foon as the faltpetre is ready, your money is ready, and 
 ', gold and lilver not far orT. This mind, and be advifed ; you 
 ' will furely grow once wife, and fee how blind you and your 
 
 * equals have been : but praife God tirii, and be ferviceable to 
 
 * your neighbour ; for God has given it me. I give it you, 
 ' give alfo fo.r-ething to thy neighbour, and we are all 
 < helped/ 
 
 Hoiu to cleanfe faltpetre, 
 
 jpUT the faltpetre into a pot or crucible, {tt it on a good 
 ■*■ coal iire, 'till it is diflblved like water. Then fling on 
 one pound, about the bignefs of a nut of coarfe pulverifed 
 iulphur, and it will flame ; when this with the fmoak is va- 
 nilhed, then pour the faltpetre into an iron flat pan, and let it 
 congeal, which it foon will do, and lofes nothing ; you may 
 take an earthen dilh for this ufe, and pour the melted falt- 
 petre out of the iron pan into it by degrees, letting it fettle to 
 the di.'li round about, for which end you may have one that 
 keeps the di(h in due motion to receive the faltpetre, begining 
 in the r^iiddle, and fo let it fpread in a circular form. The 
 P 3 fedanei:\^ 
 
414 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 fediment in the iron pan will be of a reddifh hue and impure, 
 which boil, and extract only what is ferviceable. 
 
 A quick cUanfing of faltpetre^ 
 
 IF one is in hafle to have a quantity of faltpetre cleanfed, 
 either for aqua fortis or any other work, let him make a 
 ftrong lee, and diffolvc the faltpetre over a fire in a kettle : 
 when all is diffolved, pour the folution through a coarfe cloth 
 into a veffel ; then rincing tlie kettle, boil it again fo long till 
 it is fit for (hooting ; then put it into a copper pan, and the 
 clear faltjietre will ihoot into cryftals, and the fait remain in 
 the lee. 
 
 Another way to deanfe faltpetre. 
 
 np A K E faltpetre, as much as you will, pour frefh water 
 "^ to it as much as is requifite for its folution, let it boil 
 till all is diffolved, and a great fcum raifed. Then have a tub 
 at hand, which has a hole at bottom, under this fet another 
 tub, at the bottom of the firft tub put clean wafhed fand 
 about fix inches high, and over that a linen cloth ; upon this 
 pour the warm lee, and let it run off, and the fceces and common 
 fait will be kept back in the cloth and fand ; when it has 
 done running, pour it again into the kettle, boil it as much as 
 is requilite to coagulate it ; pour it out in troughs or copper 
 pans as before, and the cr^'flals will (hoot in two or three days 
 much finer and clearer ; gather thefe, the remaining lee put 
 again to boil ; the oftener this is repeated, the clearer the fait* 
 petre will be. Or, 
 
 nPAKE two pound of quick-lime, one pound of verdegreafe, 
 one pound of R:man vitriol, one pound of fal-armoniac, 
 beat all to povv'der, and mix and put them together ; then put 
 the mixture into a wooden vefTel, pour on it as much vinegar 
 as is fufiicient to m.ake a folution, or for want of vinegar you 
 may ufe clear water, let it turn into a lee and fettle for three 
 days ; then put the faltpetre into the copper, and as much of 
 the aforefaid lee as will cover it : boil it over a flow fire, till 
 it is half confumed, what remains take out of the copper, and 
 put it into another veffel, the fosces at the bottom iiing away ; 
 
 let 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 215 
 
 let the faltpetre lee cool, and proceed as has been diredled 
 before. 
 
 Another method to purge faltpetre after the firfl deanfing j hy 
 
 Thurniicr. 
 
 PUT into a clean tub fifted beech afhes, pour frefh water 
 upon them, ftir them well with a ftirring ftick together^ 
 and let them fettle; then pour the firft water off, and pour 
 frelh water to the fettled afhes ; ftir thefe as before, let theiri 
 fettle, repeat this fo long and fo often till the lee is fmooth 
 and ftrong enough, which you may learn by tafting a little of 
 it on your tongue. 
 
 Then take the once cleanfed faltpetre, put it into a clean 
 copper, pour on it the a(h lee about a hand high above the 
 faltpetre, and meafure the depth with any ftick or rod to the 
 bottom ; then make a fire underneath, and boil it ; when it 
 boils, take the fcum off with a fcumming ladle, but let the 
 lee be well drained from it, to prevent wafte ; and when it 
 has boiled fo much away as the lee was above the faltpetre, 
 which you may difcover by your rod or meafure, then drop 
 from your ladle a few drops upon live coals and if it gliftens 
 and emits a blue flame, it has boiled enough ; but if you don't 
 fee this, then it is not boiled enough, and you muft keep on 
 boiling it till it gives a blue fire. Then take a clean vefTel, 
 that's not too deep nor too fliallow, place it where it may be 
 cool, fpread over it a double or treble clean cloth, through this 
 pour your boiled faltpetre into the vefTel ; then cut fome fplin- 
 ters of fir about a fpan long, lay them crofs one another in the 
 veflel, and the faltpetre will fhoot to them like ificles j this 
 faltpetre changes its name, and is called faliter, or refined 
 faltpetre. 
 
 'To try the goodnefs of faltpetre. 
 
 I AY a little faltpetre upon an even clear table, fire It with 
 *-' a coal, if it crackles like common fait when put into the 
 fire, it is a fign that it has much common fait ; if it yields a fat 
 and thick fcum, it Ihews that it is greafy ; when the faltpetre is 
 burned, and there remain fceces, it is a fign that it contains much 
 earth ; but when it gives a quick flame and many fparks, and 
 
 P 4 the 
 
2i6 r/6^ LABOR ATORY; ar, 
 
 *he table remains without any feces, and burns like a clfixn 
 coal without fcum or cracking, it is clear. Alfo, if after the 
 fecond boiling there is but four pound out of an hundred dirai- 
 t|ilhed, it is a lign the faltpetre is good. 
 
 PART VIII. 
 
 Several Choice Curiosities. 
 
 Of th6 regeneration of plants. 
 
 *Tp A K. E the feed of any plant, which has been gathered 
 -*■ in a bright and clear day, to the quantity of four 
 pounds. This beat in a glafs mortar, and put it in a 
 phial, flop it well v|p, and fet it by in a warm place. 
 When this is done, choofe a fine evening'in the month of May\ 
 and prepare to catch the dew yuu fee is like to fall that night. 
 Take the feed out of the phial, put it in a large earthen difli, 
 place that in a garden or field in the open air ; and in order to 
 catch more dew than v/hat will fall into the difli, you may hang 
 fome very clean linen cloths about the gardens or fields, and 
 gather the dew to the quantity of two gallons, by v.ringing it 
 out of the linen ; put all your dew in a clean glafs, and put 
 the feed which has been moiflcned therewith, before the iur^ 
 rife, again into the phial ; ftop it well up, to keep it from 
 evaporating, and put it in its former place : filtre the gathered 
 dew thro' a whited brown paper, and then diflil it till you fee 
 it free from all earthly particles ; calcine the fediment, and 
 you will have a iine fait, which is pvefently diflblved in the 
 difiilled dew 3 of this, impregnated with fait dew, pour fo 
 much into the phial upon the feed, as will cover It thiec lin- 
 gers high at top. Then feal it with beaten glafs and borax, 
 put it into a warm damp place, or in horfe dung for a month ,• 
 and after the expiration thereof, you will, by examining the 
 hial, find the feed changed into a jelly, and the .-pirit thereof 
 wim at top like a ficcce of feveral colours. Between the fleece 
 
 anii 
 
S C H O O L (?/ A R T S. 21/ 
 
 and the clayifli earth, you will fee the dew, which is pregnated 
 by the feed, and is united to its nature, refemble a green grafs : 
 hang thefe phials, well fealed, during the whole fuminer feafon 
 jn the open air, where the fun may come at them ; but if it 
 fhould rain remove it into a warm and dry place, till the 
 weather is fair, and then put it again in the open air. It fome- 
 times happens that this work is accompliihed in two months 
 time, and fometimes it will require a whole year, according 
 to the weather. 
 
 The marks or figns by which one may know that it is come 
 to its perfe6lion, are thefe : the llimy water at bottom fwells 
 up ; the fpirit, together with the fleece, daily diminifhes, and 
 altogether grows thick and troubled ; then you fee in the glafs, 
 when the fun beams reflect upon it, innumerable delicate atoms 
 arifing, yet very tender and without colour, much like cob- 
 webs, and like (hades of the growing plant, which fall fuddeii- 
 Jy, as foon as the fun withdraws its beams from it. At lad the 
 flimy nafly matter at bottom changes into a whitifh blue, 
 out of which by degrees fhoot out rtalks, that branch them- 
 felves into plants and bloflbms, in the nature of the feed 
 ufed for this experiment ; but this phasnomenon is obferved 
 only in warm weather, for in cold weather it is invifible till 
 it becomes warm again. It will retain its quahty as long as the 
 bottle is kept whole. 
 
 A fine curiofity to male metah grow vijihly. 
 
 /^ALCINE fine and tranfparent pebble ftones, by heat- 
 *^ ihg thera firft red hot, and quenching them in water ; 
 repeating this till you have reduced them to a fine powder. Of 
 this take one part and two parts of tartar, which has been re- 
 duced by faltpetre ; put it in a clean crucible into fufion ; when 
 pold beat it fine, ftrew it upon a glafs table or marble, and let 
 it in a moift place flow to an oil, or rather liquid. 
 
 Of this hquid take about four, five, or fix ounces, put it 
 in a white phial, add to it a dram and a half of metalline 
 calx, which has been difiblved in aqua fortis ; then let it eva- 
 porate till it becomes of the confifience of the calx ; let this 
 rtand, and when cold, you will fee the metal grow, and blanch 
 out in twigs of different colours, according to the calx you 
 have put in. 
 
 N.B. It 
 
ai8 7^.- L A BOR ATORY; or, 
 
 N. B. It is to be obferved, that the caufe of this growth is 
 the volatile acid meeting with a fixed alcah. We may conclude 
 this from the following experiment ; take quicklime and com- 
 mon fait, calcine them together to an alcali, fling it on bar- 
 ren ground, and it will make it fertile, and cauie vegetables 
 to grow and thrive thereon, by contracSting the alcali, the acid, 
 the air, and the volatile fait. 
 
 You diflblve iron in fpiritus falls ^ and abftra6l the fpirit 
 from it till it is dry, and there remains a fiery red mafs ; of 
 this break about the bignefs of a pea, put it, together with the 
 aforementioned liquid, into a phial, and in a few hours you will 
 fee a tree in full growth, of a dark brown colour. Gold for 
 fuch experiments is diffolved in aqua regis ; the other metals, 
 as filver, copper, tin and lead, are reduced by aqua fortis. The 
 gold will produce a growth of a yellow colour ; filver a blue ; 
 copper a green ; tin and lead a white colour. 
 
 This affords a fine fpeculation, particularly to thofe who 
 delight in tlie ftudy of mineral productions. 
 
 Crefcentia lunce, or the phllofophlcal lunar tree, 
 
 THE nature of the growth and increafe of filver ore 
 may vifibly be demonftrated by the following reprefen- 
 
 tation : 
 
 Take dean fettled aqua fortis fix ounces, difiblve therein 
 two or three ounces of fine corned or beaten filver, pour after 
 this three times as much clean water on it ; in this folution 
 you put to an ounce of filver, three or four ounces of purified 
 mercury, let it ftand undifturbed in the cold, and you will 
 plainly and difi;indly fee, how by the help of the fpirit of tar- 
 tar and nitre in the aqua fortis, the filver and mercury work 
 conjunctively, and form variety of pleafant vegetables, profpe(5ts 
 of hills, rocks and vallies : this is fuppofed to be the begin- 
 ning of the growth of metal ore in the mines. 
 
 Of mines, and how to dtfcover them. 
 
 HUMAN life would certainly have enjoyed more inno- 
 cence and fatisfaftion, were it not for the riches and luf- 
 ter which nature dazzles their eyes with, and makes them inde- 
 fatigable fearchers into the innermoi^ receiTes of the earth, to 
 her hidden trcafures. 
 
 Thofe 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 219 
 
 Thofe fubterraneous riches are difcovered feveral ways ; 
 
 1. When after great floods of rain the current in the feveral 
 channels wafhes and difcovers the veins of ore which nature 
 had concealed with earthy as happened formerly at Freyburg 
 m. Saxony, 
 
 2. Sometimes metal ores are difcovered after a great ftorm, 
 when thereby trees are torn up by the roots that grew on the 
 furface of gold and filver veins. 
 
 3. JuJi'iH relates, that Gallula was very rich of copper and 
 leadj and Baramus of gold, and that it has often happened 
 that hufbandmen in plowing their land, have plowed up pieces 
 of gold ore, and thereby difcovered the mines thereof. Nay, 
 it frequently happens that mines are difcovered by digging of 
 wells. 
 
 4. Diodorus Siculus mentions, that by the fire the (hep- 
 herds made in. the woods in Spain, the like mines were dif- 
 covered. 
 
 5. It is reported for certain that the lead mines at Gojlar, a 
 city in Lower Saxony, were firft difcovered by a horfe beating 
 his hoof againft lead ore ; and the like has been done by 
 fwine, in routing up the ground, when they fearch for acorns. 
 
 But all thefe are merely accidental : it is better therefore to 
 have certain rules to dire(5J: one to the difcovery of fuch mines j 
 which indeed are beil learned by long experience j however^ 
 thofe that have been obfervcd are the following. 
 
 1. When on the furface of the earth, pieces of ore of ripe 
 metal are founds it Is a certain fign that veins of ore are there. 
 By this was the rich mine at Kuttcjiberg in Bohemia difcover'd ; 
 a friar walking there for pleafure in a wood, found a little twig 
 of filver, which fprang out of the ground ; he was fo very care- 
 ful as to cover the place with his cloak, and carry the good 
 news to his convent. 
 
 2. When there is a white froft all over the country, there 
 will be none over the mineral veins, becaufe they fend up fuch 
 warm fumes as diflblve the froll, and for this reafon fnow 
 fooner melts in thofe places than in others. 
 
 3. It is a certain fign that minerals are found in fuch places 
 where the (hrubs and trees are obferv'd to fade by the latter 
 eud of the fpriag, become fpotted and of a rediih colour. 
 
 4. A 
 
220 rhe LABORATORY; or, 
 
 4. A hill, the foot whereof looks towards the north, and the 
 top towards the weft, holds for the nioft part filver ore ; the fil- 
 ver inclining from weft to north. 
 
 5. By carefully examining into the colour of the earth, one 
 may conje<5ture whether there are mineral ores there : and the 
 colour of the mineral earth will fliew what metal it carries ; a 
 greenifti earth denotes copper, black gives good hopes of 
 gold and filver j but the grey and white of none but iron or 
 lead. 
 
 6. Dry, barren, and, as it were burnt up hills, contain 
 fome metal, becaufe ail the hurtful vapours that exhale out of 
 the mineral veins, dry up the plants. 
 
 7. When ftones or earth are heavier than ordinary, it is a 
 fign of mineral veins. 
 
 8. The fprings at the bottom of hills often difcover mines, 
 either by their colour, fmell, or tafte, or by carrying fome fmall 
 metallic fubftance, whereby one may perceive that there are 
 mineral veins. 
 
 9. Some, but not many, plants and trees which have fym- 
 pathy with metals, grow commonly over ore mines ; and give 
 thereby notice for the difcovery of them ; as juniper, wild tigs, 
 and moft plants of a prickly growth. When hills are always 
 covered with vapours and fir.oak, it is a fign that there are me^ 
 tallic veins. 
 
 Thefe are the directions which are followed by fuch as are 
 in fearch of mineral ore, as they are fet down by Jgricola, 
 Cardan^ Glauber, and Kircher. This laft author proceed:* 
 thus : '^ Laftly, we muft allow, that all the figns for the dif- 
 *' covery of mines here mentioned, are founded on a weak bot- 
 <' torn, and that there is none of thofe fuppofed marks, where- 
 *< bv one can be fure and certain, after you have difcovered the 
 ** pl'ace that contains ore, neither what quantity, or what kind 
 " it holds ; for thefe iigns wall dire£t as well to fulphur, anti- 
 <* mony, fait, mercuryr lead, iron, copper, tin, as to filver 
 " and gold. But by virtue of the winchel-rod, one may with 
 <« confidence diftinguifh the one from the other, and know 
 ** what kind of ore the mines contain ; for by holding in each 
 <' hand a piece of gold, the rod which thereby attrads the 
 *' atoms of the gold, will beat or move to no other meta! ^ 
 «' with filver it w'lll do tiie fame. As thofe who profefs them- 
 \^ felves great profcfTors of that art aflirra," 
 
SCHOOL cf ARTS. ±2i 
 
 Hoiu to fear ch for ^ and find fprlngs. 
 
 TrITRUVIUS, in his treatife of architedure, takes notice 
 ^ of the following experiments, uled in his time to difco- 
 ver fprings ; viz. If one would certainly know where 
 water is to be found, he Ihould a little before fun-rifing lie flat 
 upon his belly, and reil his chin upon the ground, looking 
 round about him ; and if he fees at any place a rifmg vapour 
 or fog, in fuch a place he may be aflur'd of water. 2. In look- 
 ing for fprings, one ought well to examine the condition of the 
 earth, becaufe in certain places you ha\"e feveral forts j the 
 water that is found in chalky grounds, is neither plentiful, nor 
 of a good tafte ; that which is difcovered under a light fand, 
 after you have beftow'd much labour in digging deep enough 
 for it, will be very little, and thereby llimy and difagreeable ; 
 black earth contains the beft water, becaufe the rain, which 
 falls in the winter feafon, foaks bell into fuch earth and (on 
 account of its clofenefs) it prefer ves water better than fpongy 
 earth. Springs that are in dark gravel, and thofe not far from 
 rivers, are alfo very good ; tho' they afford no great plenty ; 
 but thofe in coarfe gravel, pebble, or ether done, are more 
 certain, and the water very good ; fprings in red fand are alfo 
 good and ftrong, becaufe the water is not foaked up as in ftone 
 quarries. Thofe at the bottom of hills, between rocks and 
 llones, are the beft, fred^eft, and moft wholefom^. Springs 
 in vallies are black, heavy, faint, and difagreeable, except 
 they have their fource at fome diftance under the earth, or run 
 through fome fliady grove of trees, whereby they are made 
 agreeable and pleafant : as is obferv'd by fuch as fpring out 
 in the vallies near hills. 
 
 Befides the fore-mentioned methods, there are others where- 
 by one may conjecture the proper place to dig for fprings ; 
 namely, wherever are feen (growing by themfelves) fmall 
 rulhes, willows, and fuch plants which thrive no where elfe 
 but in watery places, it is a iign theie is water underneath 
 them: but this is only to be obferv'd in places that are free 
 from pools, otherways rain-water may gather and occafion the 
 gro\Nth of fuch plants, without tlie help of any fprings. But 
 if one cannot come at thefe trials, the following may be ven- 
 tured upon, -viz. Dig a hole, three feet wide, and three or 
 ibur feet deep, after lun-fct j then lake a copper or lead bafon, 
 
 difti. 
 
222 The LABORATORY^ er, 
 
 dilh, cup, or what you •will, anoint the infidc "with oil, and 
 fet it on the bottom of a hole, with the infidc downwards ; 
 then fill the hole with leaves of trees, and over them put 
 earth : the next day, when you take up your bafon, and you 
 find drops of water hang on the infide thereof, it is a fure fign 
 there is water in that place. 
 
 Or, put an earthen pan unglaz^d in fueh a hole, and in the 
 aforefaid manner; if there is water in that place, the pan will 
 be wet and damp. Or, if you fling wool in fuch a hole, and 
 you can the next morning wring water out of it, it is a fure 
 fign of a plentiful fpring. 
 
 When a lamp, lighted with a little oil, is put in fuch a place, 
 and neither the wick nor the oil confum'd the next day, or the 
 lamp damp, it is a fign of a fpring, and that the lamp has 
 been fed by the damps thereof. 
 
 Another way is, by making a fire in iVich a place, and 
 when it is well heated, it will caufe a thick vapour or finoak, 
 which is a fign of water. 
 
 CdJ/icdorus will have it, that where fubtile vapours or mifts 
 arife in perpendicular pillars, in fuch places one may be fure 
 of fprings, which lie as deep under ground as the pillars are 
 high. The fame author recommends alfo for a fure fign that 
 which the well-diggers have, who when after fun-rife they fee 
 a (warm of gnats, as it were, in a cloud, they condude that 
 underneath them the earth contains fprings. 
 
 Father Job» Francois, a jefuite, is of opinion, that fprings 
 are bell difcovered by boreing, whereby the different earths 
 under the furface may be brought up, and examined whether 
 they have any fign of water, or not : he adds, that fuch gim- 
 lets might be made to bore through quarries of ftone, and in 
 cafe the gimlet (hould not be long enough, to dig four or five 
 feet deep, and help it further that way. 
 
 Father Kircher gives us another method whereby to iiico- 
 ver fprings, or fubterraneous water-courfes, which he tried 
 with good fuccefs, and is very eafy to be put in practice : Make 
 a balance of wood, in the fhape of a needle of a compafs; 
 one end muft be of a kind of wood that vill eafily extract 
 moifture, as elder, willow, or the like. The needle is balanced 
 between an axis, or is hang'd by the middle on a packthread, m 
 places where water is fuppofed to be. If there really is water, 
 the hand will foon loofe the balance, and the point of the elder 
 
 incline 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 223 
 
 Incline towards the ground. This experiment is (fays he) to 
 be made in the morning early before the fun has difperfed the 
 vapours of the earth. 
 
 Thefe are the befl: of the common methods, which I know, 
 to difcover water fprings ; but how curious and ingenious 
 however they are, the fearcher is often deceiv'd by them. 
 Father Kircher's, method, indeed is the eafieft ; but his pro- 
 je6t is not fo much for difcovering of fprings, as to determine 
 whether there is any water in that place. 
 
 But the winch el-rod is the moll: wonderful Invention for 
 that purpofe that has yet been difcovered, and the operation 
 thereof is furprizing; for by virtue of a hazel-rod or ftick, not 
 only the fprings, but alfo their depth is eafily difcovered to a 
 great nicety. Father de Charles^ who made himfelf famous 
 on account of writing a book intitled Mundus SubterraneuSy 
 after he has enumerated feveral ways of difcovering fprings, 
 concludes thus j " There is another method to fearch for water, 
 " which is the moft wonderful of all ; but every one has not 
 " the capacity of putting it in praclice. The whole myftery 
 " conlifts in this ; a fork'd twig is cut of a hazel or mulberry- 
 " tree, and he who fearches carries it loofe in his hand, but as 
 " foon as he goes over a fpring, he will obferve the ftick to 
 " turn in his hand, and incline to the place where the fpring 
 *' is." A large account of this and the foregoing matter, is 
 given by the author of the accurate defer iption of the win- 
 chel-rody written in High Dutch, 
 
 A Camera Ohfcura. 
 
 /^HOOSE for this experiment an apartment, from which 
 ^^ you may have a profpe6l into line garden-walks or other 
 places of refort ; contrive a hole, either through the wall or 
 elfe in a board fixed in the window, in which iix a round glafs 
 of a pair ot fpectacles, and exclude all other light out of the 
 room, but what enters through that glafs : then at a convenient 
 diftance fix a fheet of white paper or white cloth, and you 
 will with delight fee the objeif s without reprefented thereon in 
 their lively colours, efpecially in a bright fun-{hiny day, you 
 will fee the birds in the air flying, fliips (If you have fuch a 
 profpe6t) falling, people walking, coaches going, and every 
 thing elie appear in fuch beauty and order, as will excite your 
 
 admiration 
 
224- "The LABORATORY; or 
 
 admiration to confider how the colours are difpofed in their 
 proper (hades and attitudes ; and how, when two different 
 colours meet, the one is not changed by the conjunction of the 
 other; befides other fpeculations it may afford, both ufeful 
 and entertaining. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that all the images which fall through 
 the glafs upon the paper, cloth or white wall, appear upfide- 
 down; and to have them reprefented upright, the following 
 experiments have been approved of, the firft is, by fixing 
 another glafs of a larger circumference at the outfide of the 
 apartment, before the other glafs is fixed ; this may be done 
 when the two glaffes are fix'd in a proper frame or tube made 
 of wood or tin, for then they may eafily be fix'd into a hole 
 made for that purpofe in the window-fhutter or wall, but the 
 objects will not appear fo plain and clear as through a fingle 
 glafs. 
 
 We will here prefent the curious with a model and defcrip- 
 tion of a moveable camera chfcura^ whereby he may draw 
 things relating either to orthography or ichnography, to the 
 greateft perfection. The machine is prepared with as little 
 trouble as expence, in the following manner. 
 
 Make a cubical or an even-fided frame, and clofe all the 
 fides round with thick pafte-board ; in one of the fides make 
 a little hole, wherein fix a giafs through which the images of 
 the profpe6t may enter ; fix a white paper oppofite to the glafs 
 at a proper diftance, and having made a little hole near the glafs, 
 you may through that fee the objects in a beautiful manner on 
 the paper, which enter through the glafs. 
 
 1^0 illuminate an apartment luith i:aricus beautiful colours. 
 
 PU T three or four prifms, or glafTes together in a tri- 
 an2;ular form in a frauie, fo as to make it portable, as you 
 fee in the figure A, B ; let the prifms be fo fix'd to your cor- 
 ners, that on one fide they may make a flat, and on the other 
 a trigonal face, as in the figure; place this frame thus finiihed' 
 under a window towards the fun, fo that the flat fide be to- 
 wards it, and if there be any more windows in the apartment, 
 let them be fhut up. As foon as the beams of the fun Ihine 
 through thefe trigonal glalTes, your apartment will appear like 
 
 a 
 
S C H O L (?/ A R T S. 225 
 
 a paradife in the greateft beauty, and of various colours. If 
 you receive thefe beams on a concave glafs, you will fee the 
 colours change quite different from what they were before j 
 and if you look through thofe glafles into the ftreet, you will 
 fee every thing in different colours, fo that you will be in a 
 fort of furprize or admiration. 
 
 Diana, or the philofophical tree. 
 
 HP HIS operation is mixture of filver, mercury and fpi- 
 **• rit of nitre, cryftallized together in the Ihape and form 
 of a tree. 
 
 Take one ounce of filver, and diffolve it in two or three 
 ounces of fpirit of nitre; put the folution into a matrafs, or 
 glafs phial, into which you have put 1 8 or 20 ounces of water, 
 and two ounces of quickfilver. Let your phial be lilled up to 
 the neck, and place it in fome convenient place where no body 
 can meddle with it, for 40 days together, in which time you 
 will fee a tree fpread forth in branches, with little balls at the 
 ends thereof. 
 
 Another method, 
 
 X\ ISSOLVE an ounce of fine filver in three ounces of 
 ^-^ aqua-fortis, in a phial or fmall matrafs ; evaporate 
 about half that moifture in a warm fand by a gentle fire j 
 then add to it three ounces of good diflill'd vinegar, heat it 
 a little, . and ftir it about ; then put your matrafs in a fafe 
 place, where it may reft for a month, and you will fee a tree 
 growing to the very furface of the liquor, and referable in 
 its branches a fir-tree. 
 
 Q^ 
 
 Curious 
 
226 TX« L A B O R A T O R Y ; or. 
 
 Curious Secrets for preferving Things from 
 Corruption. 
 
 T'o prefervc things from corruption in fpirit oj wine. 
 
 'Tp HIS is done in the moft fubtle redified fpirit of wine 
 * camphoriz'd j \\herein many forts of animals, as bird^, 
 tithes, infects, reptiles, tff. may be kept many years from 
 decaying or corruption. Porta relates, he had feen a fi(i\ 
 at Rohie thus prelerv'd for above 20 years, which was as 
 fre(h as if alive ; likewife at Florence he faw one that had 
 been preferv'd above 40 years. The glafTes, wherein they 
 were kept, were hermetically fealed, to keep the lead a-ir 
 from comino; to them. 
 
 T?^ prepardticn of the fpirit or ell of falt^ ivherehy things- 
 vmy he kept from corruption, and zchich is a great refiorer 
 and preferver of health. 
 
 *~V* A K E fea-falt, as much as you pleafe, put it into a pan 
 -*■ or crucible covered, over a good coal tire, and when it 
 has done crackling, take it off, put it in a damp place till it 
 is difibived, tilter it often through a paper, till it is thoroughly 
 clear and fine. Then let it digeft; in horfe-diin?, for about 
 two months, changing the dung often for frelh, in order to 
 keep it continually warm. Then diflil it over fome fand, and 
 you will have in your receiver a fait oil, with a watery phlegm, 
 diftil this gently in a bain, and the oil will remain behind ; 
 but the watery fubftance be carried off; whatever is put into 
 this oil, will keep from corruption without changing^ for 
 ages. This is the fait fpirit which by Paracelfus is cailed 
 Vividitas S<:lis. and has incomparable virtues, as well tars- 
 itore men to health and vigour, as alfo to preferve them from 
 moft diHempcrs ; four or hx drops taken in wormwood water, 
 >s good for the dropfy, con^ulfions, and the yellow jaundice ; 
 
 three 
 
S C H O O L e/ A R T S. 227 
 
 three or four drops taken in harts-horn-water is good for all 
 forts of agues ; for worms, it is taken in brandy ; three drops 
 taken in Carcity or water of Carduus BenediiJus^ it is good for 
 the ftoppage of urine. It is a line remedy for all forts of 
 fprairis and contradtion's of the nerves ; it heals bruifes" and 
 fwellings, when mix'd with other ointments, and the affected 
 parts are anointed therewith. When mix'd with oil of tur- 
 pentine dt wax, or camomile, it will afluage the gout. This 
 oil, or fpirit of fait, if well rectified, is a folvent for all forts 
 of metals and ftones, and a key to many hidden myfteries. 
 
 But if this prefervativc is too coftly to keep things from 
 corruption, you may prepare a fea-water with a fmall expence, 
 which will keep things for many years j and this you may do 
 in the following manner : 
 
 After you have fearfed your fea-falt, diflblve it in di- 
 ftilled rain-water, and make thereof a lee which will bear an 
 
 egg. 
 
 Or, when the fait is fearfed, put it into a damp place, and 
 when it is diflblv'd, filter it through a paper fo long till it is 
 clear and fine. This you may ufe to preferve things from 
 ((Corruption, by diftilling it, atid pouring it over the thin^ to 
 be preferved. 
 
 A regeneration of coral, 
 
 ^ip A rC E verdegreafe three pound ; live fulphur one pound j 
 ■■• clear fand four pound, pulverife and mix them ; then 
 diftil them in a retort on fand, lirft with a flow fire, but aug- 
 menting it by degrees, it will produce a fpirit, which has a 
 fweetifli four flavour. 
 
 If you pour this fpirit upon powdered coral, or harts-horn 
 Ihavings, which by a gentle warmth is quite dry'd up, then you 
 put it into a phial with fome diflilled rain-water, and fet it 
 in a warm place well clofed up, the coral or harts-horn will 
 (hoot and grow fo natural that it will be a dejightful fight. 
 
 CL» Tt 
 
225 the LABORATORY; or^ 
 
 To prepare a phofphorus. 
 
 'TpAKE nrine, as much as you pleafe, put it into a tub 
 *■ or kettle, let it (land for three weeks or a month toge- 
 ther and putrify, then boil away the humidity till the re- 
 mainder becomes a black and tough matter. Of this take one 
 pound, oil of tartar foetid, or the Ifinking oil of harts-horn, 
 or for want of that, green wax ; mix it well with the matter, 
 put it into a retort, let it on a ftrong fire of a reverberatory 
 turnace, fit to it a large receiver, lute the junctures, give firlt 
 a gentle, and laftly for four hours the fierceft heat you can ; 
 and you will find in tlie receiver, in the firft fediment, the vola- 
 tile fait, then fome oil, and after that the phofphorus, which 
 in the receiver, is fublimated of a yellowilh colour ; let the 
 tirll fediment ftand over night and grow cold, then take and 
 wafh with the liquor that is at the bottom, all the phofpho- 
 rus and oil, mix them well together, put them into a matrafs, 
 dillil them out of a fand coppel, and you will find in the firll 
 fediment grains of phofphorus, which whilft warm form into 
 little (licks, and preferve them in a little phial as the former, 
 
 Jnother procefs of making the phofphorus. 
 
 'T'A K E a confiderable quantity of human urine, digefl it 
 *■ for a pretty while, before you ufe it, then diftil this 
 liquor with a moderate heat, 'till the fpirituous faline parts 
 are drawn off; after which the fuperfluous moifiure will 
 evaporate, and what remains in fubllance, be brought to the 
 confiftence of a fyrup ; incorporate this with thrice its 
 weight of fine white fand, and put it in a ftrong ftone. 
 retort; to which join a large receiver, fill'd in a great meafure 
 with water, fo that the nofe. of the retort may almoft touch 
 the water ; then lute the two.veffels carefully together, give 
 it a graduated fire for 5 or 6 hours, to bring over all that is 
 phlegmatic or volatile j this done, encreafe the fire, and at 
 lafb for 5 or 6 hours more make it ftrong and intenfe as pof- 
 fible you can, by which means there will firft come over a large 
 quantity of white fumes, which in a little time will be fuc- 
 cecded by another fort feeming to yield a faint blueifh light 
 in the receiver ; laftly, the fire being vehement, there will come 
 
 over 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 229 
 
 over another fubftance more ponderous than the former, and 
 fall to the bottom of the receiver, which you take out and 
 preferve, and which is the real phofphorus. 
 
 Another fuch lu?ninous matter, 
 
 npAKE what by moft apothecaries is called land emerald, 
 • * as much as you will, beat it fine with water on a ilone j 
 temper it with gum or honey-water, and write or paint there- 
 with upon a poliflied copper or iron plate, whatever you will, 
 and let it dry ; then lay it upon a charcoal fire, or fet it before 
 the fame, and in a little while it will Ihine, fo that when you 
 bring it into a dark room, or put the candles out, the company 
 who are ignorant of what is done, will be furprifed at fo fud- 
 den and ftrange an appearance. 
 
 To prepare a rootn or clofet in fuch a manner that any one en- 
 tering zuith a lighted candle, will think himfelf Jurrounded by 
 fire, 
 
 'TP A K E a pretty large quantity of brandy, and put it in 
 "*■ a bowl ; fet it on a flow coal fire, to receive heat enough 
 to boil it gently up ; into brandy fling fome camphire, cut m 
 little bits, which will foon diflblve, and when all is diflblved, 
 clofe both windows and doors, and Jet the brandy boil and 
 evaporate ; by this the whole foon will be filled with fubtle 
 fpirits, which, as foon as a candle is brought in, will be 
 lighted, and feem as if all was on fire. If fome perfume is 
 diflblved in the brandy, the flame will be attended with a fine 
 fcent. 
 
 To prepare a luminous Jlone, 
 
 '~p A K E good re£llfied fpirit of nitre, fling quick lime and 
 -*■ chalk into it, till the faid fpirit can diflblve no more, 
 and ceafes to bubble ; filter the folution, put it into a retort, 
 and difl:il the fpirit of nitre from it again j what remains in 
 the retort place in the air, and let it diflblve; then put it 
 again into the retort, draw off the moifture, till it is dry ; fet 
 it again in the air, and let it diflblve ; then put it into aflay- 
 cups, put them into a cucurbit, and diliil all the moiflure 
 
 Q, 3 from 
 
 A 
 
230 The LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 from it ; "what remains put under a mufFel to harden. Then • 
 hold it in the light of day, of the moon, or the light of a can- 
 dle, and it will extra6l that light, fo as to emit it again, whei> 
 put into a dark place. 
 
 The preparation of a phofphorus. 
 
 IT A K E an earthen plate or dilh, which is pot glazed, 
 *■ about half an inch thick ; and make a fort of pafte of 
 fpirit of nitre and pulveriz'd chalk, well ftirred together j 
 of this take the bignefs of a (hilling, put it into the plate, 
 and fist it on the fire under a muffel ( where it will bubble very 
 inuch) to dry ; when dry, take it out, let it cool, and mix it 
 up with fpirit of nitre ; this do fix or eight times, and it is 
 done : after it is cold, hold it a little while againft a candle, 
 and ihewing it in a dark place, you will be furprized at the 
 {ight it gives. 
 
 How to prepare thunder powder, 
 
 fTp HIS is done with three ingredients, namely, threp 
 -*- parts faltpetre, two parts of fait of tartar, and one part 
 of fulphur J thefe are pounded and mixt together: if you take 
 about 60 grains in a fpoon and warm it over a candle or other 
 fire, it will give a report, like a cannon fired off, and the 
 fiafhing will beat downwards ; if you make ufe of a copper 
 fpoon or cup, you will after the report find a hole at bottom j 
 but when fired at top, it will burn away like lightning. 
 
 To prepare nfone, which being wetted produces fire, 
 
 np A K E quick-lime, faltpetre, tutia alexandrina, calamint 
 of equal quantities ; live fulphur and camphire of each 
 two parts, beat them fine and fift them thro' a fine fieve, then 
 put the powder in a new linen cloth, tie it clofe ; put it in- 
 to a crucible, cover it with another criacible, mouth to mouth, 
 bind and lute them well, then fet them in the fun to dry : 
 when dry the powder will be yellow. Then put the crucible 
 in a potter's furnace, and when cold again take it out and you 
 will find the powder altered into the fubftance of a brick ; this 
 you may form into lefs proportions, and when you have occafion 
 
 to 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 231 
 
 to light a candle or tire, wet part of it with a little water 01 
 your own fpittle, and it will inllantly flame : when you 
 have lighted your tire, you may blow it out again as you do a 
 candle. 
 
 To reprefent a philofoph'ical tree hi a ghfs. 
 
 'T'AKE of the fineft filver one ounce, aqua fortis and 
 ■*■ mercury of each foiiir ounces ; in this diflblve your iilvcr 
 in a phial, and after you have put over it a pint of water, clofe 
 your phial, and you will fee a tine tree Ipring forth in branches, 
 which will increafe and grow thicker every day. 
 
 To reprefent the four elements hi a glafs phial, 
 
 T^ I R S T tincture In a phial, good fpirit of wine with 
 *• Terra Soils, to reprefent the air ; then take wejl re<3;iticd 
 oil of turpentine, this you are to tindiiure with faffron, and red 
 ox-tongue root for fire ; oil of tartar, to which you mult add 
 a little ultramarine, to give it the colour of fea water ; and 
 to reprefent the earth, take a little fmalt. This you may fliake 
 together, and after it has flood a little, every thing will take 
 its place again, for the three liquids will never keep or unite 
 together, Or^ 
 
 TJ A V E a glafs made in the fhape of an egg, fill the fourth 
 ■■-* part thereof with clean fmalt, or common antimony, 
 (a) to reprefent the earth ; for water (b) take fpirit of tartar ; 
 for the air (c) fpirit of wine three times recftified, and oil of 
 Benjamhi, whjch in colour and brightnefs may reprefent the hrc ; 
 (d) the cover of the glafs may be ornamented with a flame, or 
 what you pleafe. 
 
 A Plorence flafk will anfv.'er the fame purpofe made with a 
 foot to it, as you fee in the figure. 
 
 Jn elementary world in a phial. 
 
 ^~r^ A K E black glafs or enamel, beat it to a middling gra- 
 
 -■■ vel fize ; this, for reprefenting the earth, will fettle at 
 
 the bottom, for the water you may ufe calcined tartar, or fand 
 
 afhes, which you muft firft moiflen, and what thereof diflolves 
 
 C^ 4 pour 
 
232 r/?'^ LABORATORY: d^r, 
 
 pour the cleareft into the phial, and tincture it with a little 
 ultramarine, to give it the fea colour ; for the air ufe aqua 
 vitse, the beft you can get, which when tinctured with a little 
 turnfole, gives a fky colour ; to reprefent the hre, take linfeed 
 or oil of turpentine, and prepare the latter thus : diftil turpen- 
 tine in babi. mar. the water and oil will rife tranfparently 
 together, but the oil will afterwards fwim at top, which take, 
 after you have coloured it with ox tongue and fafFron. All 
 thefe materials differ both in weight and quality, for if you 
 Hiake them together, you may indeed obferve a little while a 
 chaos full of confufion and diforder, but as foon as you fet 
 the phial down, each ingredient takes its refpe6tiv€ place in 
 the fame order as before. 
 
 To ornament a room with a continual moving plHure. 
 
 PL A C E a large pidlure againft a wainfcot, in a fummer 
 houfe, or any other room where the wind may beconvey'd' 
 to the back of the pidfure ; bore little holes through the wain- 
 fcot, to correfpond with feme pafte-board wheels that are at 
 the back of the pidlure ; the wind which blows on them thro' 
 the little holes, will put them in motion, and having on the 
 right fide of the pi6lure fuch things painted and fixed to the 
 pafte-board wheel on the fpindle, they will have an equal 
 motion with them : and there may be feveral things reprefent- 
 ed in a pidlure, and their motion made agreeable ; as for ex- 
 ample, a man grinding of knives, a woman at her fpinnirig- 
 ■wheel, a wind or water mill, and feveral other fancies \ as a 
 jnan's curiofity will dire6t him to. 
 
 'To make mlcrofcopes to a great perfe^ion, 
 
 'np A K E a lamp with fpirits of wine, and inftead of cotton 
 -*' ufe very fmall filver wire, doubled up like a fkean of 
 thread : then take of beaten glafs, after 'A is well walh'd and 
 cleanfed a little quantity on the point of a filver needle filed 
 very fmall and v/etted with fpittle, then hold the bit of glafs in 
 the frame of the lamp, till it is quite round, but no longer^ 
 for fear of burning it j and if the fide of the glafs, next the 
 peedie is not melted, then turn the rough fide to the flame, 
 'till it is every where equally round and fmooth, then wipe 
 and rub it with foft leather, and afterwards put it between two 
 pieces of thia brafs, the apertues mufl be very round, and that 
 
 towards 
 
S C H O O L 6/ A R T S. 133 
 
 towards the eye almoft as large as the diameter of 
 tlie glafs, and fo place it in a frame with the ob- 
 jed. 
 
 Of the Regeneration of Animals. 
 
 Of Craw-fijh. 
 
 IT is to be obferved that if you will fucceed In this experi- 
 ment, you muft choole the full moon, and, if poffible, when 
 in a watry lign ; then take a parcel of live craw fifh, 
 which are caught in rivulets and brooks, divide them in two 
 parcels ; one parcel put into an unglazed earthen pan, lute it 
 ■well, and put it into a furnace to calcine for feven or eight 
 hours in a ftrong fire ; after they are well calcined, beat them 
 in a marble mortar to powder : then take the other parcel, and 
 boil them in the fame water they were caught in, pour off the 
 water into another veflel, about half a pail full, and fling into 
 it about half a handful of the calcined craw-fifli, ftir it well 
 together with a flick, then let it fettle and remain quiet, and 
 in a few days you will obferve in the water a great number of 
 fmall atoms in motion. When you fee them grow up to the 
 bignefs of a fmall button, you mulT: feed them with beef blood, 
 flinging thereof by little and little into the water, which will 
 caufe them to thrive, and to grow to their natural bignefs ; 
 but you mufl obferve that before you put them into th2 vefTel 
 with water, you are to lay fand at the bottom about an inch 
 •thick. 
 
 Petro Borelliy in the 34th paragraph of his phyfical hif- 
 tory fays, ' If one takes the afhes of craw-fifn, and lay them 
 ' in a damp place or in an earthen pan, moiflened with a little 
 ' water, and lets it (land, in lefs than 20 days there will be 
 
 * feen innum.erable little worms ; and after this you fprinkle 
 
 * beef blood upon it, they will by degrees turn into craw- 
 » fifh/ 
 
 Th? 
 
?34 "^he LABORATORY; r% 
 
 The Sieur Pegariits, where he treats upon this fubje£^, fays, 
 ' As to the geaeration of animals, a friend of mine did fee 
 
 * the figures and Ihapes of craw lifli, in a lee he made of cal- 
 
 * cined ones ; but what is more furprifing, out of fuch a fait 
 ' not only the refemblance of fuch creatures is produced, but 
 
 * alfo the very animal itfelf, alive and in its natural form and 
 ' fhape ; as D. de Chambulan and others have experienced, by 
 
 * flinging the powder of calcined craw fifti into (landing water ; 
 
 * the like may be done with the afhes of toads. Rochos, in 
 ' his Art of Nature writes, that out of a rotten duck have 
 ' grown feveral toads, becaufe (he had fed upon thefe crea- 
 ' tures ; and that the carcafs of an owl, which has fed upon 
 
 * jacks, will bring forth great numbers of that fifli after it is 
 
 * rotten ; and if the faid owl has fed upon carps, the rotten 
 ' carcafs will produce carp : and from hence it is, that when 
 ' a fifti pond is quite dried up, and water is again let in, it will 
 
 * abound in a little time with ii(h pf fuch fort as never were 
 ' in before.' 
 
 K' 
 
 Of eeh. 
 
 'JRCHER, in the firft part of his fubterraneous world, 
 fpeaks thus of eels. 
 
 Eels grow without a fperm or feed, out of the (kin they 
 throw off yearly, which corrupts ; or of what fticks to the 
 ftones againft which they rub ; the truth of this may be eafily 
 experienced, by chopping an eel into little pieces, and flinging 
 them into a muddy pond, for in a month's time there will 
 appear a brood of fmall ells. 
 
 Another generation of ells is performed thus : take two 
 pieces of turf, let them lie that the dew may fall upon them, 
 then lay them grafs to grafs, and put them into a pond, or 
 ditch, fo that the water may play upon them, and you will fee 
 lirft little worms come from between, which in time will grow 
 up to eels. 
 
 According to Jrifotle, there is neither male nor female of 
 eels, neither do they copulate, or fpawn, and there never is an 
 eel found with either a hard or foft roe ; from all which it may 
 be conjedlured, that when a flimy water has been quite drained 
 oft and the flime been taken out, there has ftill been a pro- 
 dudlion of eels when freih water has been let in again j for in 
 
 9 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 2^| 
 
 a dry foil they do not generate, nor in the fea that is always 
 i"all of water, becaufe they have their growth and nourifh- 
 ment from rain. 
 
 They are alfo generated out of other corruptible things, 
 and we have feen, when a dead horfe has been ilung into the 
 water, a vaft number of eels have been perceived about the 
 carcafles ; and it is thought they come forth from other dead 
 carcafles alfo. Anftjtle fays, they have their firft origin in 
 the inner recefles of the earth, where fome of them break, 
 out into the fea, or others in rivers and ponds. 
 
 That vegetables produce all forts of inle6ls, and in particular 
 flies, we find in Aldrovandui'^ third book of reptiles, where, 
 chap. 1 6, he fays thus : * As 1 will not deny that out of the 
 
 * moft putritied matters, even out of carrion, grow flies, I do 
 f believe that moft of them have their origin from vegetables, 
 
 * as we have examples of our own experience; for a few years 
 
 * ago, in a winter feafon, when, for want of other green 
 
 * plants, I pounded brown cabbage, and left them fome time 
 
 * in my room, I found that worms grew out of them, and 
 
 * that thefe worms turned into lady-birds j I gathered them 
 
 * into a box ; and opening the box fome time after, a great 
 ' fwarra of little flies flew out of it, which before had been 
 ,• lady-birds.' 
 
 Something of the fame kind did a good friend and corre- 
 fpondent communicate to me in a letter, Dec. 28ih, 1671. He 
 .writes thus ; * I once read in an Italian author, that out of 
 
 * Chehdonia a tincture could be prepared j this did prompt me 
 
 * to make a ftridter fearch into the nature of that herb ; 1 took 
 
 * the whole plant, chopped it fine, when it was full of juice, 
 
 * and put it into a matrafs ; then I luted a head upon it, thmk- 
 
 * ing to diftil it in Bal. Mar. but by fome accident it remained 
 
 * almoil a whole fummer negle<Sled in my laboratory. To- 
 ' wards autumn I found that the whole mafs was liquified and 
 
 * full of worms ; hence I could eafily perceive what a fine 
 
 * tincture I had to expeil: ; however, I let it {land the whole 
 
 * winter ; in the beginning of the fpring, I found that the 
 
 * worms were all gone, and all was turned into a black pow- 
 
 * der ; not long after, out of this powder grew gnats, in fuch 
 
 * abundance, that the whole glafs was full of them, which 
 .* made a buzzing noife and flew about. I was in the interim 
 
 * vifited by an acquaintance, who fpied the glafs with the gnats 
 
 * as 
 
i^6 r^^ LAB OR A TORY J cr, 
 
 * as it flood in the window ; we fell into a difcourfe about 
 
 * them, when he maintained that thofe gnats would not bear 
 
 * the open air, but die as foon as it was conveyed to them. 
 ' I could hardly believe it, but to try the experiment, I 
 
 * pulled the ftopple out of the retort, and perceived all the 
 ' gnats dead in a moment ; after I opened the glafs, I found 
 
 * that moll: of the powder was turned into gnats, except a 
 ' very little black earth, which I tried and found the tafte 
 < very fiery, and produced, after it was lighted, a fixed fait, 
 
 * which, without doubt, may have its particular virtue.' 
 Scaliger fays, that every tree and herb has its particular 
 
 worm or infect, and almoft every fmall vegetable its own fly. 
 This a virtuofi at Ro?nc obferved in his garden, and had them 
 painted together with the plant in their natural colours ; but 
 we need not go fo far as Rome^ we may fatisfy our curiolity by 
 perufmg Mr. Jibine's natural hiftory of Englijli infects. 
 
 Peganus'j relation of tvhat happened, with his experiment, in 
 the generation of ferpents, 
 
 ^ TTTHEN, anno 1654, among other authors, I happened 
 
 * * ''^ to read T}?eophrqjius's book de Vermibus, where he, 
 
 * in particular, gives a furprifmg account of the German not- 
 
 * ters (vipers) and having a defire to try the experiment of fo 
 ' great a curiolity, I ordered 25 notters to be caught ; I had 
 
 * them fkinned, flung the heads and tails away, and faved the 
 
 * heart and liver for a particular ufe, after I had made them 
 
 * into powder, the flefli and bone I cut in little pieces, put 
 
 * them into a glafs matrafs, fet os'er that another, and luted 
 
 * them clofe together. 
 
 * This I did in Ju^y^ in my laboratory', at the window where 
 
 * the fun only fhined a few hours upon it ; I let it ftand for 
 ' two months, and obferved every day whether there appeared 
 
 * any change in the glafs ; after a few weeks I faw fome oily 
 ' or greafy drops hang to the upper glafs, which were of a yel- 
 
 * lowifh colour ; after I had looked with great attention upon 
 
 * thefe drops for an hour together, I obferved iflliing out of them 
 
 * fnow-white worms, very fmall, which crept downwards ; and 
 ^ as thefe worms encreafed daily more and more, the firft of 
 ' them grew bigger, but the matter at the bottom of the glafs 
 f flood like a yeilowifli oil with fonje watry moilture, and the 
 
 * fedi- 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. i^y 
 
 fediment at the bottom appeared to be a black earthy 
 fubllancc ; after fome weeks the number of worms began 
 to decreafe, the reft increafed in growth ; and at laft they 
 were all vaniftied to three or four, which were about a 
 finger's length, and had an uncommon brightnefs. In a 
 few weeks they were all loft except one, which was pretty 
 long, and had the refemblance of a ferpent, but was of a 
 fnow-white colour, fmooth and fliining, without fcales, 
 although there were very fubtle black lineaments acrofs, 
 whch in the glafs I could not well diftinguifh ; the head 
 differed alfo fomething from that of a ferpent, the reft 
 of the mafs grew dry, and refembled a black clofe earth : 
 I was in one refped: rejoiced to have the happinefs of 
 feeing this curioiity of nature, in regenerating a ferpentj- 
 but on the other hand I was cautious how to bring tha 
 creature out of the glafs, and how to proceed farther there- 
 with ; at laft fear got the upperhand of reafori, and in a 
 fort of horror I took the glafs and flung it into an houfe of 
 office.' 
 
 Of the generation of flhworms out of veaL 
 
 'TpAKE about ten or twelve pound of veal, all meat without 
 -^ bones, warm, and as foon as it is killed ; chop this with 
 a chopping-knife as fine as you can, afterwards put it into a 
 new earthen pot, thus : at the bottom make a layer of mulber- 
 ry-leaves, then a layer of veal,, and thus proceed till your pot 
 is full ; then cover the top with mulberry-leaves, and take aa 
 old ftiirt, which has been well wore and fv/eated in by a la- 
 bouring man ; put this at top upon the leaves, and then tie 
 the pot clofe with leather. After this is done, fet the pot into a 
 cellar, which is not too cool, but fomething v/arm and damp, 
 let it ftand for three or four weeks, till the veal turns into 
 maggots, which happens fometimes fooner, fometimes later, 
 according to the nature of the place into which you put it. Of 
 thefe maggots take as many as- you will, and fet them upon 
 frefh mulberry-leaves, v/hich they will eat ; change their form 
 to lllk-worms ; they will foon content themfelves with that 
 nutriment, and fpin and generate like ether fiik-worras. I 
 have produced them twice, not without tlie admiration of the 
 late Ivlr. Sperlifig^ and yet I am of opinioiiL that this generation 
 
 is 
 
i3& The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 is not of both, but only of one kind ; the fame opinion I haV^' 
 of toads or frogs, which are produced out of barren earth. 
 
 The time wherein filk-vorms are to be raifed, is in the be- 
 ginning of July, to the eighth of that month", when the procefs 
 is to begin. Vida, in his fecond book, of filk-worms teaches,- 
 when a young ox is fed with mulberry-leaves that out of his 
 flefli, after he is killed, will grow filk-worms*. 
 
 J particular method tofurnijh afjh^pond with variety of f/Jj, 
 
 nrAKE about the latter end of April, or the beginning of 
 '*' May, the root of a willow that ftands near the water 
 fide, and is full of fibres ; walh the earth about it clean away : 
 then tie it to a fpike, which drive into a river or filh-pond, 
 that is well ftored with variety of fifli : they will prefently 
 llrike about and againft the root, and void their fpawn or row, 
 which will hang to the fibres j after a few days take the fpike 
 with the willow-root out of that river or fifh-pond, and con- 
 vey it to that which you defign to ftore, driving it about a 
 hand's breadth deep under the furfaee of the water, and in about 
 a fortnight's time you will perceive a great number of young 
 filhes. Be careful that ^Ou leave the root not too long in the 
 firft pond or river ; left the heat of the fun animate the fpavtn, 
 and fo it difengages from the root. 
 
 'O^D" 
 
 • Since the publication of the fecond edition, we have met with 
 an authentic account, in the £re/Ia--w Philofophical Colledlions, of a 
 procefs made by Dr. Lanckijh, Phyfician at Lignitz., in Silefia, iii 
 the niceft manner ; but after having tried various experiments for 
 feveral fummers fucceflively, he never could produce any real filk- 
 worms, but the putrefadion of the veal he has prepared, according 
 to the direftions given before, turned firft into large maggots, and 
 having fpun themfelves into chryfblites, they became afterwards 
 beautiful large flies. But as the above account is attefted by feveral 
 credible authors, we would not omit it in this edition, for the further 
 fearch and enqairy of the curious. 
 
 PART 
 
SCHOOL of ART S. 2J9 
 
 PART IX. 
 
 Several curious and ufeful Inflrudlions in the Art 
 of Distilling. 
 
 How to extras the qumtejfcnce of rcfes. 
 
 TAKE frefh rofes, which are gathered before funrifing", 
 whihl the dew is upon them j bruife or ftamp the leaves 
 thereof in a ftone mortar, then put them into an earthen glazed 
 pan or bowl ; cover them clofe, and let them ftand till they 
 putrify, which you may perceive when the fcent thereof is 
 four, and it turns fo in about twelve or fourteen days ; you 
 may mix up with the leaves a little fait of tartar, for this pe- 
 i\etrates, cuts, and feparates the contrary particles, and will 
 caufe each the better to feparate. 
 
 After the rofe-leaves are thus putrified, take the fifth or fe* 
 venth part of them, put tliCm into a glafs cucurbit, and diftil 
 them in Bain. Mar. Pour the diftilled water upon the other 
 part of the leaves, and after you have emptied the cucurbit 
 of the firft leaves, put in the fecond part, and diftil them ia 
 Bain. Mar. as before ; thus repeating it you will draw a redlified 
 water which contains the fpirit, and mull be feparated in the 
 following manner ; put all the water you have diftilled into a 
 matrafs with a long neck, and a head to it, lute a receiver to 
 it; then with a flow afh-tire draw off the ipirit ; and as there 
 will go fome of the phlegm along with it, the fpirit muft be 
 together with the phlegm diftilled again with a flower fire ; 
 and thus you will have a pure fpirit of rofes, which will dif- 
 fufe its ftrong fcent as foon as the matrafs is opened, over the 
 whole room. 
 
 Save this fpirit, well clofed up in a phial, as a precious and 
 valuable thing ; for its virtue is wonderful and admirable. 
 Pour the greater part of the diftilled rofe-water over the already 
 diftilled rofe-leaveSj in order to extra^ the oil from the water; 
 
 which. 
 
240 g'/j^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; d7r, 
 
 which muft be done by diftilling it over a hotter afh-fire than 
 you did the Ipirit : the oil will feparate itfelf from the phlegm, 
 and fwim on the furface of the water in a gold colour j and 
 although the quantity be but fmall, the virtue thereof is great 
 and valuable. 
 
 Separate this oil from the phlegm, and put it up apart by 
 itfelf, and alfo the diftilled rofe -water in a glafs by itfelf ; after 
 which take the dirtilled rofe-leaves, from which all the fpirit 
 and oil is extradled, burn them in a crucible to alhes, and in 
 burning add a little fulphur lo them, give the afhes a fierce 
 fire, and they will be as white as fnow. 
 
 Thefe alhes put into a glafs or earthen veflel, pour over 
 them the above phlegm or rofe- water ; boil it well, fo long till 
 the water has extracted all the fait from the afhes ; then 
 filter it through a brown paper into a matrafs ; diftil it, and 
 carry off the phlegm, and a clear fait will fettle at the bottom 
 of the matrafs : the afhes you may calcine anew in a flrong 
 reverberatory fire, then boil them up again in the phlegm, and 
 draw out the fait, as before ; repeat this till all the fait is ex- 
 tracted, and there remains only a poor earthy fubftance. 
 
 In this manner are extracted from rofes the three pure capital 
 principles, viz. fpirit, oil, and fait j and the three impure parts, 
 phlegm, water, and Cap. Mort. 
 
 In cafe the fait fhould not be clean enough, you muft dif- 
 folve it again in the phlegm, and repeat your procefs by dif- 
 tillation, as before, and you may make it as fine as you will. 
 
 Each of thefe fubftances apart has great medicinal virtues, 
 but much more if all three are united together, which is done 
 in the following manner : 
 
 Put the clear fait into a glafs phial with a long neck, and fet 
 it in a gentle warmth j pour on it fome of the oil, and conti- 
 nue the warmth till the fait and oil are united ; then put 
 another part of oil to it, and thus by uniting them by degrees, 
 your boiling is finifhed. Then add to it one part of the fpirit, 
 and augment the quantity by flow degrees, as you did with 
 the oil ; and the three fubftances will be united, that no art is 
 able to part them, and the medicinal virtues thereof are in- 
 exprelTible. 
 
 Anoihe*' 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 241 
 
 Another method to extraSi the quintejfe?ice out of any vegetables^ 
 
 TA K E a plant, herb, or flower in the month they flou- 
 rifli bell: ; gather thereof before fun-rifing (with the 
 dew upon it) what quantity you pleafe ; chop it tine, and till 
 therewith a glafs matrafs ; lute the head over it, and place 
 the matrafs in haln. mar. let it digeft over a very llow tire 
 for a fortnight, after which time augment your fire 5 when you 
 find fome of the menftruum will go over into the receiver, then 
 take your matrals out of the babieiwi, and you will fee the 
 herb infufed in its own juice, which pour off into a clean glafs ; 
 what remains of the herb take out of the matrafs, burn it to 
 alhes, and extrafl the fait thereof with a water diftill'd from 
 tlie fame herb. 
 
 Hoiv to extras oil of herbs, flowers or feeds. 
 
 P^ILL a large cucurbit with herbs, flowers, feeds, or what 
 -*■ you pleafe, infufe it in good fpiritus falls, fet it in 
 fand, and give it tire enough to boil, and the oil, as well as 
 the phlegm, will diilil over into the receiver ; which you may 
 feparate as has been directed ; the fpirit you are to pour off, 
 rectify it, and you may ufe it again for the like procefs. 
 
 A eurious fecret to difil herbs, fo that the ivater ivlll rc^ 
 tain both the esloiir and tajle thereof. 
 
 *~T^ A K E the leaves of the herb you defign to diftil, infufe 
 ■*■ them for a night and day in rain-water, then take a 
 ftill head, pour into it fome of the water from oft' the herbs, 
 fwing or rince it about, and pour it through the pipe on the 
 herbs again ; fling more frefh leaves upon it, put on the head, 
 lute it clofe, and diftil it in bain. mar. with a flow fire, and * 
 you will fee the drops, which have the colour of the herb or 
 flower. When you have dillill'd it all over into the receiver, 
 then burn the leaves or aflies, and extrad the fait from it in 
 the manner above diretfled ; put half of it into the diftilled 
 water, let it diflblve in the fun, and the colour will be clear 
 and fine. 
 
 R r* 
 
242 "The LABORATORY; or. 
 
 F 
 
 To juake vinegar of wine. 
 
 LING pieces of barley-bread into your cafk of wine^ 
 and in two or three days it will be four. 
 
 2. Take rye-flour, mix it into a dough with ftrong white- 
 wine vinegar, then bake it in an oven, then beat it to a pow- 
 der, mix it again into a dough, bake it, and thus repeat it the 
 third time ; whereupon put thofe cakes in wine and it will 
 inllantly begin to grow four. 
 
 3. Soak the befl: tartar nine or ten days h> good vinegar^ 
 then dry it in the fun, when dry foak it again for ten days in 
 vinegar, and being dry'd beat it to a fine powder ; of this take 
 as much as will lie on the point of a knife, mixed with a quart 
 of wine, and it will in a little while turn it to vinegar. 
 
 4. Take one pound of raifms, clear them from the ftalks, 
 and put them into a glazed pan or pot, in a quart of good vi- 
 negar, let them foak over-night on hot afhes, boil them in the 
 morning a little, then take it off the Hre, let it Hand and cool 
 of itfelf j ftrain it and keep it for ufe. 
 
 5. Take iron or flcel, quench it five or fix times in vine- 
 gar, and it will become very fliarp. 
 
 6. Salt, pepper and leaven put together into wine and llirrcd 
 about will foon turn it into \inegar. 
 
 To prepare a fixed fah out of vegetables. 
 
 *~r^ A K E herbs, what quantity you pleafe (thofe that ftioot 
 ■* up in long ilalks are the beft for this, purpofe;) burn 
 them to afnes in an open place, or upon the hearth ; take off 
 the aHies and put as much as you will into a kettle j pour wa- 
 ter upon it, and let it boil ; then filter the lee through a linen 
 rag, and pour frelh water on the remaining aflies ; boil and 
 filter it as before, and this continue to repeat till you can per- 
 ceive no fnarpnefs in the afhes. 
 
 Then pour all the lee into one kettle, and boil it over a 
 fierce fire, till the fait remains dry at the bottom j of this take 
 
 12 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 243 
 
 ti ounces, yellow brimftone two ounces, both well pulverifed, 
 and mixed together ; put fome of this into the iron caldron 
 which is made pretty hot, and in which you before boiled 
 your fait ; let the brimftone burn gently away, taking care not 
 to malce the caldron too hot, left it Ihould occafion the fait to 
 melt, which to prevent liir the matter continually, whilft the 
 fulphur is burning, with a ipatula : when you lind the fulphur 
 confumed, put what remains upon a clean paper ; put more of 
 the mixture into the caldron and and proceed as before, till you 
 have burned all the fulphur ; then put them with fulphur fait 
 calcined all together into the the caldron, and make it red hot ; 
 fo that if there fliould be any fulphur left, it may be confumed, 
 and the fait become of a whicifh-grey colour ,• then take it off 
 the lire, pour, whilll it is hot, cold water to it, and it will 
 idiirolve it immediately ; then filter it through a brown pafle- 
 board or paper 3 if the fulphur is all clear from it, the folu- 
 tion will be of a whitifh yellow, if not, it will either be green 
 or of an iron grey. 
 
 lliis filtrated folution pour again into the clean caldron, 
 fet it upon a wind-furnace, draw it off dry, and give it fo^ 
 long a fire till the fait is red hot ; U'hen fo, pour again quickly 
 fome water upon it, and it will diflblve ; repeat this till by 
 taking a little of the folution into a fpoon, and holding it in 
 the light, you fee not the leafl: film or fpeck on the furface 
 thereof ; but if you do, take it off the fire, and filtrate it Into 
 a clean cucurbit, fet it in warm fand, and let it evaporate, 
 without giving it the leafl motion, and in two or three days, 
 according to the quantity of the fait, it will fhoot into fine 
 cryflals, and when it has done cryftalliung, there- fettles a 
 cryll:alline cruft upon the furface ; let it cool, take out the 
 cryll:al, and the remaining liquor place again upon the warm 
 fand, to evaporate and flioot into cryflals. 
 
 You mufl obferve not to be too fparing with the water which 
 you pour upon the red hot fait, before you filter it, elfe the 
 fait would fettle at the bottom, and fhoot no cryflals. 
 
 If it Ihould happen, that in burning the brimflone your fait 
 fhould dilTolve, then take it off the fire, let it cool, and beat 
 it in a mortar ; and after you have difTolvcd and calcined it, burn 
 it once again v^'ith the fulphur, and then ufe it with the reft. 
 
 The burned aflies of green herbs, or of fuch as are not too 
 dry, yield more fixed fait than fuch as are dryed. 
 
 R a Soap 
 
244 r/&^ L A B O R A T O R Yj cr, 
 
 Soap of Naples. 
 
 TAKE the fuet of a cow or calf, and put it into an 
 earthen veflel with a clofe cover : melt and ftrain it 
 through a coarfe cloth, then pour upon it v/ith difcretion the 
 firrt and ftrongeft foapmakers lee ; ftir it and fet it in the fun, 
 and let it ftand all night in the open air, only take heed to 
 keep it from being wetted : when you perceive it fomewhat 
 dry, put fome of the fecond and third fort of lee to it ; then 
 let it ftand, and if by rubbing a little on the palm of your hand 
 you fee it froth, it is a fign that it is done to perfeclion. 
 
 Balls to take out fpots of oil or greafe. 
 
 'TP A K E foft foap ; incorporate it with the afhes of vines 
 finely fifted, of one as much as the other j then add to 
 it roach-allum burned, and tartar finely powder'd j ftir all well 
 together, and form it into balls, with which you may taki 
 fpots out of any garment. 
 
 PART 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 245 
 
 PART X. 
 
 Several Secrets relating to Marble, 
 
 Hoiv to Jlahi marble that is white, a?id paint upon it with 
 various colours j ivhich may penetrate into the Jione fo as to 
 bear polijhing. 
 
 TAKE aqua fortis two ounces, fal-armoniac one 
 ounce, of high reclihed fpirit of wine four drams ; 
 then take fome gold, make it of an amalgama with 
 mercury or quickfiiver, let the mercury evaporate, and the 
 gold will remain at the bottom of your crucible like a brown 
 powder or calx ; diflblve this in aqua regis, and evaporate it till 
 it is of a yellow colour ; then pour on the fal-armoniac and 
 the fpirit of wine, and when diffolved, evaporate the fpirit 
 again, and there remains a bright gold colour. 
 
 Calcine the filver in a phial, and then let the aqua fortis eva- 
 porate until you have a fky colour, which take off and pre- 
 serve in a clean phial, keeping the reft in a warm fand to eva- 
 porate, and you will have a deep blue, which you alfo pre- 
 serve ; the remains will, by more evaporating, turn into black. 
 
 By mixing thefe colours you may produce feveral others, 
 "wherewith you may paint or (lain what figures you pleafe ; 
 and the more you repeat laying on this colour, the deeper they 
 will penetrate into the ftone, and the ftronger they will repre- 
 fent themfelves thereon. After you have iiniftied your ftain- 
 ing, you may polifti it like plain white marble, and then you 
 will have the colours appear in their full luftre. 
 
 Marble may alfo be ftained with colours which have been 
 drawn from vegetables, with fpirits, fal-armoniac, or urine ; 
 but although they penetrate a good way into the marble, they 
 will, on account of their volatile nature, be of no long dura- 
 tion : the red colour in this procefs is made of dragon's-blood, 
 
 R 3 tern. 
 
246 ^he LABORATORY; or, 
 
 tempered with urine of horfes, hogs, or dogs ; the blue is 
 treated in the fame manner, for which they ule blue verditer : 
 the purple colour is drawn from cochineal mixed with any of 
 the faid urine 3 fome, iniicad of urine, ule fpirit of wine. 
 
 To i?}iitate marHe. 
 
 *Tp A K E plaifter of Paris, quick-lime, fait, ox-blood, 
 ■■■ ftones of different colours, alfo pieces of glafs, all beat 
 to powder, and mixed up to the confiftence of a parte, with 
 vinegar, beer, or four milk, and then lay it into tables, pil- 
 lars, or what you will ; let it Hand fo long until it is tho- 
 roughly dry ; then rub it firft with a pumice, and polifh it 
 with tripoli, giving it the finifliing ftroke with rubbing it over 
 with leather and oil. Or, 
 
 VX/" I T H fine pulverifed plailler of Paris, and fize of 
 ' ' parchment, make a parte, mix with it as many 
 colours as you pleafe, fpread it with a trowel over a board, 
 and when dry proceed as before. 
 
 To paint on wood in i??iitation of marble. 
 
 T^ I R S T lay a ground (repeating it feven or eight times) 
 -*■ with white, as you have been directed in the method of 
 gilding on wood ; then marble it with what colours you 
 pleafe, after you have tempered them with the white of eggs, 
 and mixed a little faffron water therewith. If you are not 
 ufed to marbling with a pencil, you may pour one fort of 
 your colour here and there a little, upon the white prepared 
 table, then holding and turning it fl:ielving, the colour will 
 difperfe all over the ground in variety of veins ; then with 
 another colour proceed in the fame manner, and fo with as 
 many as you think proper, and it will anfwer your purpofe : 
 after it is dry, you may with a pencil give it a finilhing, by 
 mending fuch places as are faulty ; then you may lay on a 
 varnirti, and polirti it in the beft manner you can. 
 
 n 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 247 
 
 lo imhate or counterfeit agcit. 
 
 *T^ A K E of clarified turpentine as much as you will, boil 
 ■*• it in an earthen pan, with a httle fweet oil, fo long 
 till the turpentine be as thick as a dough, then pour it on 
 a mould, and let it fland in the fun for eight days ; after this 
 you may form it into what ihape you pleafe, and fet it in a 
 Ihade till it is quite hard and dry. 
 
 Others take the white of 18 eggs, beat well together : then 
 they add to it j ounces of clear gum-arabick, i ounce of al- 
 mond-tree gum, beat to a palpable powder, and mix it with 
 the white of eggs, when it is well diiiolved they pour it into an 
 earthen deep plate or diih, and fet it in the fun, till it is a mafs 
 of that fubllance that you may form or make imprelFions with 
 of any thing. 
 
 Others take the white of eggs, beat them clear, take off 
 the fcum with a clean fpunge, then colour it with a tinclure 
 of faffron, and pour it into a hog's bladder ; boil it hard on a 
 flow fire, hang after this the bhdder in the air, when it 
 hardens, fo that you may form what you will, and fet it in 
 the fhade till it has the hardnefs of a ftone. 
 
 To mi t ate a jufph. 
 
 'T' A K E quick-lime, mix it with the white of eggs, and 
 "^ roll it up in balls, this will ferve for the white ; for red 
 mix along with it lake or vermilion ; for blue add indigo or 
 Prujfimi blue : for green ufe verdegreafe, and fo on. 
 
 When you have made many diiferent forts of coloured balls, 
 to the confill:ence of a dough, then flat them with a rolling- 
 pin, as you would do pye-crull, lay them one upon another, 
 and with a thin knife-blade, cut it in long pieces, and mix 
 them confufedly in a mortar together ; then with a trowel 
 fpread it over a table, pilafters, i3c. very fmooth and even ; 
 when dry, pour boiling hot oil upon it, and fpreading it all 
 over, it will foak in ; then fet it in a Ihady place to dry. 
 
 You may, if you will, mix your quick-lime and your co- 
 lours with oil at firlf, and then there will be no occafion to oil 
 it afterwards. 
 
 R 4 HoiQ 
 
248 T^^ L A B O R A T O R Y J <?r. 
 
 How to clean chbcjler or zvhite viarble. 
 
 T)EAT pumice ftones to an impalpable powder, and mix 
 -*-' it up with verjuice, let it Hand thus for two hours ; then 
 dip in it a fpunge and rub the marble or alabarter therewith ; 
 wafli it with a linen cloth and freih water, and dry it with 
 clean linen rags. 
 
 To Jlain aldhaf,ef images of oil forts cf colours for this purpofe. 
 
 ^T^ A K E quick-lime, allum, fal-armoniac, of each ilb, 
 -■• pour upon it, after you have pounded and mixt it, of 
 ftale urine of a boy lib. and fpirit of wine ilb. put it into a 
 limbeck, and a good deal of the fpirit of wine and of the 
 urine will didil from it without fircj and when you perceive 
 that it comes but low, put a flow tire under it to diftil the reft 
 of the fpirit from it. When done, put it up in a phial and (lop 
 it clofe. This fpirit extracts from all the drugs their natural 
 colour, as out of farnembuck a tine red ; of orlean a tine yellow ; 
 of turnefol a purple ; out of cochineal a fine crimlon ; of 
 lackmofe a fine blue ; of verdegreaf? a pleafant green i of 
 curcumi an orange colour, l^c. 
 
 To imitate marble in brimflone, 
 
 TO do this, you muft provide yourfelf with a flat and 
 fmootli piece of marble, on which make a border or 
 wall, to encompafs either a fquare or oval table, which you 
 may do either with wax or clay. When this is done, provide 
 and have in readinefs feveral forts of colours, each feparately 
 reduced to a fine powder ; as for example ; white lead vermi- 
 lion, lake, orpiment, mafticot, fmalt, Frujfmn blue, and fuch 
 like colours After you are provided with them, then melt 
 on a flow fire in feveral glazed pipkins fome brimflone ; put in 
 each one particular fort ot colour, and ftir it well together 3 then 
 having before oiled the marble' all over within the wall, drop 
 with one colour, quickly, fpots upon it, of larger and lefs fizesj 
 then take another colour, and do as before, and fo on, till the 
 (lone is covered with fpots of all the colours you delign to ufe : 
 tjien you muft conclude what colour the mafs or ground of your 
 
 tabl? 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 249 
 
 table Is to be; if you would have it of a grey colour, then 
 take fine fifted afhes, and ciix it up with melted brimftonej or 
 if red, with Englijb red ochre ; it white, v/ith white lead ; if 
 black, with lamp black or ivory black. Your brimdone for 
 the ground muif be pretty hot, fp that the drops upon the 
 ftone may unite and incorporate together, when you have 
 poured your ground even all over, then, if you will, put athia 
 wainfcot board upon it ; this muft be done whillt the brimfcone 
 is hot, making alfo the board hot, which muff be thoroughly 
 dry, in order to caufe the brimftone to Itjck the better to it, 
 and when it is cold, polilh it with oil and a cloth, and it will 
 look very beautiful. 
 
 To imitate a porphyry o?i a glafi, 
 
 *~V^ A K E red ochre and lake, grind them v/ith water of 
 "*■ gum tragacanth ; then fprinkle with a brufh or feather, 
 the glafs all over with that colour ; when dry take brown-red, 
 or if tiiat is too red, add fome umber, or foot to it, mix it up 
 with gum tragacanth to the confidence of a pafte, and lay it on 
 the glafs, over the fprinkled colours, as thick as you pleafe j 
 then let it dry. If you proceed after the fame manner on a po- 
 lilhed marble, or any other ftone that is flat and fmooth, and lay 
 a thick coat of the brown-red on the fpots of lake, letting it dry 
 in the Ihade, and then polifti it, you will have a beautiful imi- 
 tation of porphyry without the glafs ; obferve to anoint the 
 ftone firft with a little oil, before you fprinkle your lake, fo as 
 to come oft eafy when the work is done. 
 
 Hoiv to male fret-work cielings, 
 
 np A K E pebbles, pound them fine in an iron mortar, fearfe 
 ■'■ them through a fine hair fieve, then take of powdered 
 lime one part, of the pebble powder two parts, and mix them 
 together with water ; then take the mixture, and lay it all over 
 the cieling very fmooth ; carve then on it what you pleafe, 
 or lay to it fome ornament with moulds which are cut in fmooth 
 wood, or caft in lead ; fill the mould with the mixture, prefs 
 it to the cieling, and it will ftick and come clean out of 
 the mould ; let it dry ; when dry, and you perceive that it 
 is not every where of a good white, then with a clean pencil- 
 bruih and clear water ftrike it over, and it whitens of itfelf. It 
 will iu time grow as hard as ftone. 
 
 PART 
 
250 
 
 The L ABOR ATOR Yi or 
 
 PART XI. 
 
 Colouring 
 
 Plain Inftrudions for Limning and 
 
 Prints, Maps, &c. with Water-Colours, and 
 Drawing in Perspective. 
 
 Of the colours gemrally iifed in that art. 
 
 Blue«; 
 
 I 
 
 Red <i 
 
 1 White Lead 
 
 2 Flake White 
 
 3 MufTel Silver 
 
 1 Indigo 
 
 2 Blue Lake 
 
 3 Blue Verditer 
 
 4 Smalt 
 
 5 Ultramarine 
 t» Lotmis 
 
 7 PrufTian Blue 
 
 1 Vermilion 
 
 2 Red Lead 
 
 3 Red Ochre 
 
 4 Lake 
 
 5 Carmine 
 
 Black 
 
 ^ 
 
 Green. 
 
 1 Sap Green 
 
 2 Verdigreafe 
 
 3 Terre Verde 
 
 1 Yellow Ochre 
 
 2 Mafticot 
 
 3 Pale Mafticot 
 Yellow <{ 4 Dutch Pink 
 
 5 Gamboge 
 
 6 Naples Yellow 
 
 7 Shell Gold 
 
 (-1 Brown Ochre 
 I 2 Chimney Soot 
 Brown >^ of a Wood Fire 
 I 3 Cologne Earth 
 1 4 Umber 
 
 1 Lamp Black 
 
 2 Ivory Black 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Sea-Coal Black 
 Indian Ink. 
 
 Out of thefe Colours you may temper all the reft which 
 your work may require. 
 
 Some 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 251 
 
 Some colours are to be walhed and ground, as for inftance, 
 i White lead. 2 Brown ochre. 3 Dutch pink. 4 Um- 
 ber. 5 Cologne earth. 6 Ivory black. 
 
 Some are only to be wafhed, which are, i Red led. 2 Maf- 
 ticot. 3 Blue bife. 4 Smalt. 5 Ultramarine. 6 Vermilion. 
 
 Otiiers are only ileep'd in fair water, as, i Gamboge. 
 2 French yellow, to which you muft add a little allum. 3 Sap 
 green. 4 Blue lake, and 5 Latmus. 
 
 And others again are only ground, viz. i Flake white. 
 2 Indigo. 3 Lake. 4 Diftilled verdegreafe. 
 
 Grind all your colours with fair water on a hard ftone, or 
 on a piece of looking-glafs, which fix with white pitch and 
 rofin upon a flat board, having alfo a muller of that kind. 
 
 Of the colours (after you have ground them very fine) you 
 may take as much as will ferve your prefent occafion, and tem- 
 per them in a gallipot or fliell with gum-water, in which you 
 iiave alfo difiblved fome fugar candy. You muft obferve, that 
 colours which are very dry, require a flronger gum-water, in 
 others it muft be ufed very fparingly. 
 
 If your colours won't ftick, or the paper or print be greafy, 
 mix a very little ear-wax, or a little drop of fi(h or ox-gall a- 
 mongft your colour ; you may dry your fiih or ox-gall, and di- 
 lute it when you have occafion for it, with a little brandy. If 
 your paper or paint finks, then with clean fize and a fpunge 
 wipe it over, after you have faftened the edges round upon a 
 board and let it dry. 
 
 You ftiould be provided always with phials containing the fol- 
 lowing liquids, which are very necefilary and ufeful in painting 
 or colouring with water-colours, 
 
 1. A phial with water in which allum has been difiblved. 
 This you ufe in wiping over your table, parchment, or paper, 
 before you begin to lay on your colours ; it will caufe them 
 to lie fmooth, and with a greater luftre. 
 
 2. A phial with lime water ; you difiblve or flacken fome 
 quick lime in fair water, then take the water from off the fet- 
 tled lime, and put it up for ufe ; this is of great ufe in tem- 
 pering of fap-green and litmos, which colours being apt to 
 turn yellow, are perferved thereby. 
 
 3. Gum-water is made of gum-arabic diflblved in fair wa- 
 ter ; if you add a little white fugar-candy to it, that will keep 
 the colours from cracking and flying off the parchment or 
 paper. 4. Ox- 
 
252 r/&^ LABORATORY: <?r, 
 
 4. Ox- gall, or the galls of eels, boiled up in a little water, 
 and fcum'd, then put up in a phial ; this is of great ufe in paint- 
 ing of water-colours, where the parchment or paper happens 
 to be greafy, by only touching the point of your pencil to wet 
 it therewith, and to temper it with your colour. 
 
 5. White wine vinegar j this is of ufe in grinding of di- 
 ftiird verdegreafe, as preferving that colour from changing up- 
 on the yellow. 
 
 6. A little phial of fpirits of harts-horn, a little drop where- 
 of mixt among the carmine adds to the beauty thereof. 
 
 You muft chufe pencils of feveral lizes, agreeable to the work 
 you are to ufe them for ; as for laying on a ground, a fky or 
 clouds, chufe a larger fize than thofe that you ufe for drapery, 
 trees, ^c. wherein you muft follow your own reafon : thofe 
 pencils of which the hairs, after you have welted them between 
 your lips, and turned them upon your hand, keep clofe toge- 
 ther, are the beft. 
 
 To paint or colour a clear Jky. 
 
 '"p A K E clear blue verdjter, mix'd with a little white ; 
 -■' with this begin at the top of your landflcip or piilure, 
 and having laid on the blue for fome fpace, break it with a 
 little lake or purple, working it with a clean pencil, one co- 
 lour imperceptibly into another j apply more white and ma- 
 fticot, in order to make it fainter and fainter towards the hori- 
 zon, working all the while the colours imperceptibly one into 
 another from the horizon to the blue fliy ; after which you may 
 lay fome ftronger ftrokes of purple over the light, lb as to 
 make them appear like clouds at a diftance. 
 
 For fiery red ficy, ufe red lead and a little white inftead 
 of the purple ftreaks or clouds, working them according to 
 art imperceptibly one into another. 
 
 Clouds you are to lay on with white, and black, fometimes 
 mix a little purple therewith ; but the bell and fureft diredion 
 vou can have is from nature herfelf. 
 
 To 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 25.^ 
 
 Tj lay a ground for walls of chatnhers, halls ^ t^c. 
 
 yj O U muft ufe for a common wall, which is of a reddifh 
 ■* hue, brown, red, and white, and temper your colour 
 according as it is old or new ; (hade it with brown-red, only 
 mixed with a little bifter or foot. 
 
 Other walls lay on with black and white, and fliade it with 
 the fame colours ; fometimes mix a little purple with it, and 
 then you ihade it with black and lake. 
 
 For wainfcotting, that is embelliihed with carved mouldings 
 and figures, you muft ufe one colour for both the plain and 
 the carved work, fhading and heightening it with judgment 
 and care. 
 
 To paint a fore ground, in imitation of fand or clay, lay on 
 the darker parts with brown ochre ; to what is in their diftance, 
 add a little white, and fo on in proportion j fhading it with 
 brown ochre, and the ftrong lliades with foot. 
 
 Of carnation or fiejh'colour, 
 
 TN a carnation or fleOi-coIour, ufe for young women and 
 -'■ children flake white, burnt ochre, and a little vermilion : 
 fome add a little lake, but that muft be but fparingly : having 
 hid on the colour for the carnation, you ftiade the lips, cheeks, 
 chin, knees, and toes, with fine lake and vermilion, and the 
 naked parts, with fea-coal and a little lake, or brown red, or 
 with brown ochre and lake, or elfe with indian ink or lake ; 
 for a brownilh complexion, mix a little brown ochre among 
 the carnation colour. 
 
 Some artifts lay the dead colouring of the carnation for young 
 women on with white, then fliade it with paper black, and 
 bring in the carnation colour where it is rcijuired. The 
 
 Vaper -black. 
 
 Is made in the following manner ; Take the paper in which 
 the leaves of gold have lain, burn them quick one after another 
 and let them drop into a bafon of clean water ; then take them 
 
 out 
 
254 5^^^ LABORATORY; or, 
 
 out and grind them on a ftone to a tine parte, form it into little 
 tents, and let it dry j when you ufe it temper it with gum 
 water as you fee meet. 
 
 For antient people ufe vermilion, brown ochre and white^ 
 fhade it with bitter and lake. 
 
 A dead corpfe of a young perfon paint with flake white, 
 brown ochre and a little indigo, or fea-coal, and ihade it with 
 biller or fea-coal. 
 
 For an old dead corpfe leave out the indigo, but fliade it as 
 before. 
 
 For dead bones, take white lead mixed with a little biHer or 
 chimney foot ; with which you Ihade it and heighten it with 
 white lead. 
 
 For the hair o^ young women and children lay them with 
 light ochre, fliade them with deep ochre, and heighten them 
 with maflicot and white. 
 
 Grey hairs lay on with black and white, fhade them with 
 black and heighten them with white ; and thus proceed in 
 painting any other coloured hair. 
 
 Drops of blood lay on with red lead, fliade it behind where 
 the light falls with carmine and lake. 
 
 Trees are laid on, fonie white, black, and bifler, fhaded 
 with brown ochre, and heightened with the fame colour, with 
 more white in it. Thofe that fland at a diftance, are laid 
 on with indigo blue, brown ochre and white, and fliaded with 
 indigo and brown ochre. Thofe that are further dift^nt by 
 on faint, and fliadow them but fl.ghtly ; which order you muft 
 obferv'e in colouring of fliips, houfes and other buildings. 
 
 In thatched houfes paint the thatch or ftraw, when new, 
 with Dutch pink, and fliade it with brown ochre, and to heigh- 
 ten the ftraw ufe maflicot and white. Old ftraw lay on with 
 brown ochre, fometiirics mixed with black and white ) heighten 
 the ftraw with brow-n ochre, and white. 
 
 In colouring cities, caftles, or ruins, you muft obferve nature, 
 for no rules can be well given ; however to give a little light 
 to a young pra6litioner, it muft be obferved that thofe houfes 
 which lie neareft the fore-ground are coloured v.'ith vermilion, 
 white, and a little brown ochre; fliading it with that and 
 fome bifter; the heightenings are done with vermilion and 
 more white. 
 
 Houfes 
 
I 
 
 S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 255 
 
 Houfes further diflant, are laid on with lake and a little 
 blue and vv^hite, fliaded with blue and lake, and heightened 
 with adding more white. 
 
 Such buildings as lie ftill further, are laid on with a faint 
 purple and a little blue, Ihaded foftly with blue and heightened 
 with white ; and the further they are off, the fainter and 
 {lighter muft be your colour. 
 
 Flames and fmoak, are laid on with a pale yellow ; fhade 
 the fmoak with paper black, or foot ; the flames (hade with 
 red-lead or vermilion, and heighten them with Naples yellow. 
 
 In colouring of rocks, hills, ^c. that are at a great diftance, 
 obferve the fame rule. Such as lie nearer the fore-ground, you 
 are to imitate according to nature. Trees that are upon the 
 fore-ground, you paint with feveral forts of greens, the better 
 to dillinguifli one from the other ; fuch as are on diftant hills, 
 mufl be done with the fame colour as the hills. 
 
 How to pabit or colour cattle. 
 
 TT O R S E S of chefnut colour you are to lay on with 
 ■*■ ^ brown-red, fhaded with brown, red and black, and 
 heighten it with brown, red, white and yellow j the manes and 
 tails of horfes you may make white, as alfo the lower part 
 of their feet. 
 
 You are to lay one of an adi-colour on with black and 
 white, fliade it with a bluilh black, and heighten it with white. 
 
 Lay on a black horfe with all black, Ihade it with a deep 
 black, and heighten it with black and white. 
 
 Lay a white horfe on with white-lead, jufi: tainted or broke 
 with a little red ; Ihade it with black and white, and heighten 
 it with pure white. 
 
 Spotted horfes mull be done according as nature dire61s ; 
 and by thefe direi51:ions you will govern yourfelf in painting or 
 colouring any other fort of cattle. 
 
 Lay (heep on with white, broke with a little bifter ; ufe 
 in the (liadows a little black. 
 
 Lay on hogs or pigs with brown ochre and yellow ochre, 
 and Ihade it with bifter. 
 
 A bear is laid on with brown ochre, black and brown red, 
 fhaded with bifter and black, and heightened with brown 
 ochre and white 
 
 A leopard 
 
256 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 A leopard is laid on with yellow ochre, and fliaded with 
 bifter j the fpots are laid on with bifter and black ; the mouth 
 with black and white. 
 
 An afs is commonly of a grizly colour, and laid on with 
 black and white, broke with a little ochre. 
 
 An elephant is laid on with black and white and a little 
 bifter. 
 
 A monkey is laid on with Dutch pink, bifter and black ; 
 the hair is heightened with mafticot, white and a little bifter ; 
 the paws muft be Ihadcd off with black and brown-red, with 
 a little white. 
 
 A hart is laid on with brown ochre and Englijl) red and 
 fliaded on the back, and where it is requilite, with bifter and 
 brown-red ; a ftreak of white muft be below the neck, as 
 alfo the belly and breaft of a white colour. 
 
 A hare is laid on with brown ochre y which lofes itfelf by 
 degrees into white under the belly ; the back is ftiaded with 
 bifter, and the hair is lieightened with ochre and white. 
 
 A rabbit is laid on with white, black and bifter ; the belly 
 is white ; thefe creatures are of various colours, which may 
 be imitated after nature. 
 
 Of birds. 
 
 A Falcon is laid on with brown ochre, black and white, 
 "^ ftiaded with a pale black ; the feathers muft be dif- 
 played and fhaded with black, the breaft is white, the legs 
 are laid on with yellow and ftiaded with brown ochre and 
 bifter. 
 
 A turky cock or hen, is laid on with black and white, and 
 fhaded with black, working the colours lighter and lighter 
 towards the belly, which muft be all white ; the legs are laid 
 on with indigo and white, and fhaded with blue; when they 
 are irritate , the fubftance about their bill muft be laid on 
 with vermilion and lake, deepening it with ftronger lake ; 
 otherwife, when tl;ey are calm, that part is a little upon the 
 purple. 
 
 A fwan is laid on with white, with a little bifter, and 
 heightened, where the feathers feem to rife, with pure white j 
 the feet are blackifh and the bill red, with a black riling at 
 the upper end. 
 
 Pigeons, 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 257 
 
 Pigeons, drakes, hens, i^c. are of fo many various co- 
 lours, that there would be no end to give proper lelTons for 
 every one, and thus it is with many other birds, which an ar- 
 tifl ought to copy after nature. 
 
 Of Fruit. 
 
 APPLES are laid on with fine mafticot mix'd with a 
 little verdegreafe, or a little white, french-berry yellow 
 and verdegreafe, fhade it with brown-ochre and verdegreafe, 
 or lake ; heighten it with mafticot and white and the ftrongeft 
 light with white alone ; but you muft regulate yourfelf accord- 
 ing to the colour of the apples as well as pears. 
 
 Cherries are laid on with vermilion and lake, fhaded with 
 pure lake, and heightened with vermilion, or vermilion and a 
 little white. 
 
 White-heart cherries, are laid on in the middle with ver- 
 milion, lake and white, working it to a yellow towards the 
 ftalk, and with lake towards the top. 
 
 Morello's are laid on with lake and a little black, fhadow'd 
 with black, and heightened with vermilion, lake and black : 
 this muft be intermix'd, that the colours p:iay feem all of one 
 piece. 
 
 Mulberries are laid on with lake and bifter, ftiadow'd with 
 black and heightened with vermilion j on the higheft lights 
 give little dots with lake and white. 
 
 Strawberries are laid on with a yellowifh white, then fhaded 
 with lake and vermilion j and heighten the knobs with white 
 and vermilion. 
 
 Grapes, the black ones are laid on with purple, {haded with 
 blue verditer and indigo, heightened with white. 
 
 The white grapes are laid on with pale verdegreafe, a little 
 mafticot and white ; the blue bloom is very gently, with a 
 blunt pencil touch'd with blue verditer. 
 
 Peaches and apricocks are laid on w4th white mafticot, or 
 french-berry yellow and white, ftiaded with red-ochre and 
 yellow ; if there muft be a bloom upon them, do it with lake, 
 and heighten it with white as you do the grapes j fome are of 
 a greener colour than others, wherein you are to copy nature 
 as it lies before you, 
 
 S Radifhes 
 
258 The LABORATORY; or, 
 
 Radifhes and turnips, are laid on with white, fhaded with 
 indian-ink, and at the top with lake ; working it dowii 
 faint into white towards the bottom. The top is laid on with 
 verdegreafe and fap-green, fliaded with fap-green and indigo, 
 and heightened with mafticot. 
 
 Carrots are laid on with yellow-ochre, and if they are of 
 a high colour it is mixed with red-lead ; they are (liaded with 
 brown-ochre, yellow-ochre and bifter, and heightened with 
 mafticot. For the reft I direcSt the praditioner to nature. 
 
 Of Flavers. 
 
 73 O S E S are laid on with a pale carmine and white, (ha- 
 -'^ dowed with carmine and lefs white, and the deepeft with 
 carmine by itfelf ; make the heart always darker than the reft. 
 The feed in full blown rofes is yellow. 
 
 Tulips are of various kinds, colours and ftiapes ; it is impof- 
 fible to give certain rules for colouring them. 
 
 Some are done with lake and carmine on white, mixed to- 
 gether ; others with purple, laid on with ultramarine, carmine 
 and lake ; fometimes bluer and fometimcs redder; thefe colours 
 muft be ftreaked according to nature. Thofe of one colour, 
 as yellow, red, i^c. are laid on with fuch colours, and if there 
 appear any ftreaks you muft make your colour either lighter or 
 darker, as nriture diredfs. 
 
 E monies are of feveral forts, fome are laid on with lake and 
 white, and hniftied with the fame. Others with vermilion, 
 and ftiadowed with that colour, carmine and lake. Yellow 
 ones are laid on with mafticot, fhadowed with that and ver- 
 milion, fometimes with brown lake. 
 
 ' Red lillies are laid on with red-lead, ftiaded with vermilion, 
 and carmine. 
 
 The peony is laid on with lake and white, and ftiaded Vv'ith 
 the fame colour and lefs white. 
 
 Yellow cowfiips are laid on with mafticot, and fliaded with 
 gamboge and umber. Purple ones are laid on with ultrama- 
 rine, carmine and white, and fliaded with lefs white. 
 
 Carnations and pinks are managed like emonies and tulips- 
 Some pinks are of a pale flefli-colour, ftreaked with another 
 that's a little higher ; this is done with vermilion, lake and 
 white, and ftreaked without white. 
 -■ - The 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 259 
 
 The blue hyacinth is laid on with ultramarine and white, 
 and (haded with lefs white. 
 
 The red or grideline, is laid on with lake and white, and a 
 little ultramarine ; and linilh'd with lefs white. 
 
 The white fort, is laid on with white, and fhadow'd with 
 black and white. 
 
 The crocus are of two forts, viz. yellow and purple. The 
 yellow is laid on with mafticot, and Ihaded with gall-ftone or 
 gamboge ; after which upon each leaf on the outfide are madd 
 three feparate Itreaks with biller and lake. The purple ones 
 are laid on with carmine, ultramarine and white, and linifh'd 
 with lefs white ; the flreaks muft be very dark on the outfide 
 of the leaves. The feed of both is yellow, 
 
 0/ Metals. 
 
 /^ OLD is laid on with red lead, faffron, and yellow ochre, 
 ^-' fliadow'd with lake and bilter ; in the deepefl places 
 with biller, lake and black, then heighten'd with (hell- 
 gold. 
 
 Silver is laid on with white, (hadow'd with black and blue, 
 and heighten'd with fhell-filver. 
 
 Tin or pewter is done the fame way, only it is laid on with 
 white, mixt with a little indigo. 
 
 Iron is done like tin. 
 
 Brafs is done in the fame manner as gold, only the (hades 
 muft not be fo ftrong. 
 
 Copper is laid on with brown-red and white, (liadow'd with 
 brown-red, lake, and bifter, heighten'd with brown-red and 
 white. 
 
 Thefe diredlions will be fufficient to guide young practitioners 
 to nature, which is the beft fchool they can go to. 
 
 S 2 Afhort 
 
26o t;^^ L A EOR ATOR Y; 
 
 or. 
 
 A fliort Introdudion to the Knowledge of Draw- 
 ing in Perspective. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE reprefents things feen through a tran- 
 fparent medium, as air, water, clouds, glafs, is'c. and as 
 nothing can be feen but through thofe things, all we do 
 fee is cali'd perfpeclive : we will fuppofe looking through 
 a fquare frame or a window in a room, at fome convenient 
 diftance, into an open field, garden, ftreet, ^c. all that comes 
 into our fight in the compafs of that frame is a perfpe£live 
 view, and that view, draw'd in its due proportion, as it ap- 
 pears to our fight, is cali'd a perfpedlive picture or drawing ; 
 this is frequently done, by the help of frames fquar'd out with 
 cord or cat-guts, which being plac'd in a window, or fix'd in 
 any other place, the artifl has as many fquares rul'd on his paper, 
 either larger or lefs than thofe in the frame, and having hx'd 
 in the table a round fpedacle frame on a flick before him, to 
 look through, he will thereby preferve the fight of what he 
 is copying. See plate 1. Jig. j. 
 
 This is done without the rules of art ; but as I here propofe 
 to give novices in the art of drawing perfpeclive a little light 
 hito it, as far as it may be of fome fervice to them in drawing 
 or painting, I fhall begin with the firfl principles thereof, 
 and fo proceed in an eafy familiar method to make the ftudy 
 thereof plain, pleafant, and expeditious ; but firft: of all we 
 mufi: learn fome terms of geometry, and the practice of 
 them as far as is necefl'^ry for drawing in perfpeclive, without 
 which we can make but little progrefs in the purfuit of it. 
 
 To elevate perpendicular lines. 
 
 T^RAW a line, which with your compafs you divide in A, 
 •*^ then from the ends of this line make the arches, which 
 divide thsmfelves in B, then draw a line from A to B. If 
 
 the 
 
PLATK I , 
 
 Ji-20/. 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 261 
 
 the perpendicular is to reach below the line given, you proceed 
 in the fame manner as above, fig. 2. 
 
 II. To elevate a perpendicular from the end of a line, may 
 be done as the above, but where room is wanting you mull 
 place one leg of the compafs at the point C, and with the other 
 make the large portion of the circle D E, then fet the compafs 
 open to the point E, and with it divide the circle in F, then 
 take half thereof, and add it to the former, which will give 
 you the right angle to draw your perpendicular. Or you may 
 with the fame opening of the compafs, without feeking the 
 half meafure, make from F and an arch G H, then laying the 
 ruler at the points E F, you draw a line which (hall divide that 
 arch, there you elevate a line from C to G H, fig. 3. Or., 
 
 Take a point at pleafure over the line I K as L, then from 
 that point make a circle which touches the point I, and will 
 divide the line at M, then draw from M by the point L, to 
 the circumference of the circle N, a line, and M 1 will be the 
 perpendicular, fig. 4. 
 
 III. To draw a parallel, you mufl: do it over half rounds, 
 which they muft touch as O P, and are parallel to QR, fig. 5. 
 
 IV. The Horizontal line is no other but a parallel to the 
 bafe, of which more hereafter. 
 
 V. The Diagonal line is drawn from one angle to another, 
 asS.T./^. 6. 
 
 VI. A Triangle is made by fetting half the diameter at the 
 point A, and defcribe the arch D E and draw a line D E, which 
 will give the fide of the triangle. See fig. 7. 
 
 VII. Ichnography is the dimenfion of a platform or plane, 
 upon which any thing is to be raifed, as A B C D is the 
 Ichnography or plane of a fquare body. See fig. 8. 
 
 VIII. Orthography defcribes or reprefents the face or fore 
 part of the object, as of a building, or a body of any thing op- 
 
 S 3 pofite 
 
262 The LABOR AT ORY, or, 
 
 pofite to one's eve, fo as E F G H, which is the Orthography of 
 the forepart or front of a cube, or a building, _/%. 9. 
 
 IX. Scenography reprefents the object wholly elevated, with 
 all its dimenfions of the front, fides and top which may be feen j 
 as I K L M N O P is a perfed cube. Seefg. 10. 
 
 Of the vifual rays. 
 
 'T^ H E vifual ray is that from the obje£l to the center of 
 -■' the eye ; it is the ftrongeft of all others ; it is this which 
 divides the horizontal line and gives the point of fight ; if the 
 objeil be a point then there is but one ray vifual, which is call'd 
 centrical, a b^fig. r. pL II. if the objecl: be- a right line, as ab^ 
 the vifual rays make a triangle whereof the line ^ ^ is the bafe, 
 and the two lines, c d, the rays on the outfide, which come 
 from the eye ^, and make the triangle ^, ^, b. Jig. 2. If the 
 object is a fquare fuperfice the vifual rays will make a pyra- 
 mid, as Jjg. 3 and 4. of which a b is the centrical and 
 ftrongeft. 
 
 0/ the horizon. 
 
 np H E horizon in perfpeclive is a line, which gives the 
 ■■■ height of our eye, and bears always the points of fight 
 and diftance ; or rather, a line which feparates the heaven from 
 the earth, and which limits the fight ; for one cannot fee any 
 thing above the horizon, which furpaffes not the height of the 
 eye : thus a tree or mountain may have its top above the ho- 
 rizon, but the foot thereof is a good deal below it, as for ex- 
 ample, A B are two pillars below the horizon, becaufe the eye 
 is elevated. In the 2d they are equal with the horizon, becaufe 
 the eye is with them at an equal height : in the -jd they are 
 much above the horizon, becaufe the eye is lower than they. 
 Thus, according to different ftations of taking the horizon, 
 the fubjecl before us will be either higher or lower than the 
 Jiorizontal line. See Jig. 4, 5, 6, plate III. 
 
 Of 
 
PLATE, n, 
 
 1% , z^'z , 
 
 y-^- 5 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
PLATE, nr. 
 
 /t'zSz. 
 
 5--^>^^ 
 
PLATE,T\^ 
 
 fiyi6{^ 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 263 
 
 Of the point of fight, the hafe, the point of difance and the 
 point accidental. 
 
 'T~* H E point of fight A, is that which makes the centrical 
 
 ■*■ ray on the horizontal line a b, to which all the other 
 
 yifual rays, as D D, are to join themfelves : See plate lY .fg. i. 
 
 The bafe or pla?K B B, fig. 2, is the line on which the ob- 
 jedls are to be ; for every object has its own plane, which is 
 always parallel to the horizon. 
 
 The point of difance C C, are points fet of an equal di- 
 ftance on each fide of the point of fight, and is always within 
 the horizontal line, as a />, the horizontal line : A the point 
 of fight, DD the vifual rays, CC the points of diftance, BB, 
 the plane or bafe, E E the abridgments of the fquare, of 
 which DD aie the fides, FF the diagonal lines which go 
 to the points of diftance C C. fig. 2. plate. IV. 
 
 Points accidental, are certain points where the obje61s do 
 end ; thefe may be caft negligently, becaufe they are not drawn 
 to the point ocular, not to thofe of diftance, but meet each 
 other in the horizontal line ; for example, two pieces of 
 fquare timber, G and H, make the points Illlon the horizon, 
 and go not to the point of fight, which is in K, nor to the 
 point of diftance C C ; thefe accidental points ferve likewife 
 for cafements, opening of doors, . windows, tables, chairs, 
 i£c. See plate IV. fig. 3. 
 
 Of the point dirc5l or front. . 
 
 'TpHIS is that when the objedl: is whole before you, hav- 
 •*- ing neither one fide nor the other in our view, but 
 niews only the fore part or front when elevated ; if it be not 
 a polygon ; for example, A D is wholly the front, fo that one 
 can fee nothing of the fides, A B D C the point of iight 
 being directly oppofite to it caufes the diminution of both fides : 
 this is to be underftood if the objecl is elevated j in a plane 
 it Ihews all as you fee, fig. 4. plate IV, 
 
 rhe 
 
264 'the LABORATORYi cr. 
 
 The oblique point of fight, 
 
 T S when the objedl is feen fideways, which we fee with the 
 -*■ corner of the eye ; the mean while the eye being always op- 
 pofite the point of fight, for example, the point of fight being 
 tix'd in F, and the vifual rays drawn, as ufual to that point, 
 the objeil will appear athwart, fig. 8. plate. IV. 
 
 Of the diagonals and their felons. 
 
 A Geometrical plane^ where the lines are perpendicukr and 
 parallel to the bafe, are always in perfpedlive to be drawn 
 from the bafe to the point of fight ; for inftance : fuppofe one 
 gives a fhorter or longer line for the perfpedlive than what 
 IS in the plane, as for inftance, the long line A B which muft 
 have the fame number of divifions as that of the plane C: from 
 all which dvifions you draw lines to the point of fight D, the 
 diagonals F F are drawn for the dimenfions of the fquares, at 
 the points of diftance E E, as figure 2 plainly explains it : 
 D the point of fight : F F the diagonal lines : A B the bafe : E E 
 the points of diftance wherever the diagonal lines cut the 
 rays which are drawn from the bafe to the point of fight, there 
 is the abridgment of the fquare, as you plainly fee G G, fg. 
 2. plate V. 
 
 The diagonal line being drawn from each fide the plane, 
 either nearer or further from the point of fight, makes th§ 
 abridgment either deeper or brings it clofer. 
 
 Deep finking in drawing of perfpe^ive. 
 
 T 
 
 HIS is done by means of drawing from each fide of 
 the bafe H H to the point of fight I, and likewife from 
 the fame fides to the point of diftance KK, and where the latter 
 divide the former as in L L that is the firft abridgment : then 
 drawing from L L to the points of diftance, you will at M M 
 find the 2d diftance, and fo on, fee fig. 3 and 4. plate V. If the 
 abridgment is to be oblique, you mark the point of fight as has 
 been taught before \x\ fig. 8. plate I. Thus you may draw any 
 plane or pavement, garden plats, i^c, as for example, fig. 2. 
 
 plati- 
 
m 
 
PLATE . V. 
 
 P-^&^. 
 
PLATE . VI 
 
 n-'^^S- 
 
S C H b O L 0/ A R T S. 265 
 
 phte V. you divide the bafe AB equal to the number of fquares 
 m the breadth of the pavement C, then draw from thefe divi- 
 lions the Hnes to the point of fight D, after which draw the 
 diagonal lines, and where they divide the lines to the point of 
 fight, there draw lines parallel to the bafe. 
 
 Of elevation In perfpe5llve or fcenography, 
 
 'Tp H I S is the art of bringing any thing elevated to a true 
 -■- proportion at the diftance they are Itanding : for which 
 purpofe you draw a line perpendicular on one fide of the plane 
 or bafe, on which you mark, out the height of the firft obje6l 
 A, and from that height you draw a line to the point of fight, 
 which you may place any where on the horizon, and whatever 
 you draw perpendicular between them, will defcribe the true 
 proportion each elevation is to have, if they are of an equal 
 height ; if any thing appears above the horizon, that interferes 
 with thofe elevations of equal height, it muft be drawn accord- 
 ing to the meafure of its height, as you will be diredled. 
 
 Hence it follows, that when two triangles are join'd together 
 they will produce four, the two original ones will ferve for top 
 and bottom, and the two occafional ones for the fides: for all 
 the four together will clofe at the centre A, which is the point 
 of fight where all the vifual rays do meet together, and accord- 
 ing to the diftance of the objedls, thofe above a bafe, thofe 
 below raife themfelves, and thofe of the fides clofe themfelves, 
 as you fee ycvfig. 7. plate III. 
 
 The trees are produced by the fame caufe,^ bring forth the 
 fame efFedl, where one triangle comprizes the air, another 
 the earth, and the two fide-ones the trees, as fig. 8. 
 
 If the horizon be equal with the elevation A, you draw from 
 the foot of that elevation to the point of fight B, and all the 
 figures which are at diftance muft receive their proportionable 
 height from the perpendicular C I drawn from the horizon be- 
 tween the firft figure and the vifual ray, or line of fight, as 
 you have it explained in />/^/^ VI. fig. i. 
 
 If the elevation be above the horizon, you proceed in this 
 manner : having drawn the horizontal line, you mark there- 
 on the point of fight ; fuppofe the firft elevation D E to be 
 half its height above the horizon, or let it be a quarter ; then 
 you draw from the bottom and the top of that elevation to the 
 
 point 
 
i€6 rhe LABORATORY; or, 
 
 point of fight F, and between thefe lines you draw perpen- 
 diculars for the elevation of the figures G H which are at lome 
 diftance. See fig. 2. 
 
 When the horizon is high, we muft from the firft figure i 
 draw its height to any place of the horizon which is here to 
 the point K, all the heights of the other figures mull be done 
 between the triangle K L M, which will determine their height 
 at their refpecStive diftances, as is plainly fliewn in fig. 3 
 plate VI. 
 
 Figures that have their feet on the horizon are proportioned 
 according to the height of the firfi: or principal figure A, by 
 drawing a line from the head, or a meafure of its height to any 
 part of the horizon, the perpendiculars B C between both, 
 will give the heights required ; painters or engravers will take 
 care to make the principal figure ftrongefl and the moll finilhed. 
 See plate IV. fig. i. 
 
 Figures raifed upon pedellals muft have the fame height as 
 tho' they ftood upon the plane, in which you proceed as deli- 
 neated in fig. 1. where A has the fame height as B, and C is 
 equal in height to D, and E is equal to that of F. See fig. 2. 
 plate VII. 
 
 The fame rule is to be obferved in figures which ftand low- 
 er than the bafe or plane, as you (tefig. 3. where G is equal 
 in height to H and I to K. 
 
 The height of figures feen far beyond 3 hill, or any other emi- 
 nence, are found by drawing the natural height of a man, horfe, 
 i^c. from the foot of the mountain to the point of fight, and pro- 
 ceed as has been direded, obferving that the figures elevated on 
 the hill or tower where you firft figure Hands muft be of the 
 fame dimenfion in height as muft any other figure that ftands 
 upon an eminence on the fame gruund with the firft figure, 
 as for example \n fig. i. plate VIII. Suppofing the hill to be 25 
 feet high ; the firft figure we will fay is 5 feet, the fecond figuie 
 {landing 20 feet high, reaches up to the top of the hill and meets 
 the horizon. The figure on the hill being of the fame height 
 as the two former, has his feet upon the horizon. The little 
 figures beyond the hill are drawn according to the perpendicu-r 
 lars, as a to a, h to b^ and c to c. 
 
 Beafts are done by the fame rule as men and other figures, 
 as for exampley%. 2. plate VIII. having drawn the firft horfc A, 
 and from his height to the point of fight, the perpendiculars 
 will be marks for the proportion of thofe at a diftance, as B 
 ^o b, and C to c. Birds 
 
I 
 
PLATE, "yn, 
 
 p.Q,e6. 
 
 J^^'2 
 
FL>\TE.Vni, 
 
 p a.S'j- 
 
 
 A 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 267 
 
 Birds flying in the air, one muft draw from the ends of 
 the wings of the firft bird A to the point of fight on the horizon, 
 and the parallels between the iirfl: bird and the point of fight 
 will give a due proportion to the reft, as ^ to ^ and b to b. 
 See Jig. ■^. plate VIII. 
 
 If you draw chairs, tables, boxes, &c. in perfpe6tive, you 
 muft obferve the rules of fcenography. Seefg. lo. Plate I. 
 »_ — Doors, windows, window-fliutters defcribe either a part 
 or the whole of a femi-circle, according as their opening is 
 more or lefs, which from the plane of fquares, you may eafily 
 bring into perfpeclive by the fame rules. 
 
 Of Mosaic Work. 
 
 How to perform it artfully. 
 
 UNDER the name of mofaic-work are included fuch 
 performances as relate to inlaid work ; as tablatures of 
 ftone, wood, metals, i^c. What I am now treating upon, 
 is that which reprefents not only all manner of figures, in their 
 proper colours, attitudes and fhapes, as large as thofe that 
 are lafting ornaments in churches, and other publicic edifices, 
 but alio in fmall, and fit to grace the cabinets of the great 
 and curious, and imitate a picture painted in miniature. 
 
 The antients, who pracftifed this art with much fkill and 
 exadnefs, have left a variety of their performances, which are 
 found not only in Italy, Spain, <^c. but alfo here in England, 
 Thofe remaining at Rome are the fineft, in the teinple of Bac- 
 chus, now that of St. Agnes ; and there are alfo curious pieces 
 of that kind I'een at Venice, Pifa, Florence, and other places. 
 
 The modern artifts have improved very much in this per- 
 formance, and whatever traveller has been at St. Peter^s and 
 the palace of Burgh efe at Ro?ne, St. Mark's at Venice, and 
 the church of St. Felicia, at Florence, will confefs to have feen 
 wonders. 
 
 Such figures are compofed, joined and cem.ented together of 
 various coloured ftones ; but fince nature has fcarcely, at leaft 
 not fufficiently, fupplied the proper fhades requifite for a mafler- 
 ly performance, that defedt has been made up by counterfeit- 
 ing thofe colours by art in glafs, and this is done in the fol- 
 lowing manner. The 
 
268 Ths LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 The glafs materials in the crucibles or melting pots being in 
 fufion, put in fuch a colour as you would make your fliades 
 with, in the manner you have been before dire<Sled, in the art 
 of making artificial gems, beginning with the hghteft j hav- 
 ing mix'd it well and taken out the quantity you think proper 
 with an iron ladle, put it on a fmooth marble, flatting it with 
 another to a proper thicknefs, then cut it quick into fmall pieces, 
 laying them when cold up in a box for ufe j then add more 
 colour, and proceed as before, repeating it till you come to the 
 deepeft (hade. If you would gild them, then wet them on 
 one fide with gum water, lay leaf gold upon them, and in an 
 iron Ihovel, covered with pieces of other glafs, heat them red 
 hot in the mouth of a furnace ; then take them out, and when 
 cold, the gold will be fo fix'd and hrm that nothing can hurt 
 it. 
 
 When you begin to wo'rk, lay a thick ground againft the 
 deling or wall, with plaifter, and having your defign ready 
 drawn and painted on blue or brown paper, clap part of it upon 
 the wet plaifter, and with a pair of fmall plyers, take up the 
 fmall ftones, and prefs them in their proper places j thus form 
 the figures and fhades in their refpedive colours, as you are 
 dire6ted by your painted model. In this manner is done the 
 hiftory of our Saviour's walking with Peter on the fea, in 
 St. Peter's church at Rome. 
 
 PART 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 269 
 
 PART XI; 
 
 Of feveral Sorts of Cosmeticks, Odoriferous 
 Waters, Oils, &c. 
 
 How to beautify the /kin. 
 
 TAKE rye bran, fift it through a fine fievc, and re-; 
 peat it till it is clear from all the flower ; then foak 
 it for three or four hours in white wine vinegar, and putting 
 in fome yolks of eggs, llir it together, and diHil it in Balnea 
 Maria : the water thus drawn off is an excellent cleanfer and 
 beautifier of the {kin. 
 
 Another. 
 
 np A K E parfley, nettle feed, peach-kernels, of each an equal 
 ■■- quantity, boil them in fair water, with which walh your 
 hands or face : Or, 
 
 Take lemons and hard boiled eggs, cut them in flices, and 
 lay them one over the other in a Hill, the bottom of which you 
 firfl cover with well walhed turpentine. The water that is 
 diftilled from it prcferve for ufe : Or, 
 
 Boil the bloflbms of rofemary, allum and tartar in wine, 
 with which wa(h your hands and face : Or^ 
 
 Take flices of lemons and dry'd beans ; let them foak in 
 wine; add to it fome honey, eggs, and goat's milk, then 
 diftil it : Or, 
 
 Diflblve 
 
270 ri;^ LABORATORY; cr, 
 
 DifTolve camphire in pump-water, and wafli yourfelf there- 
 with. 
 
 A water to take off the fpots i?j the face, and to prevent the 
 hands from chopping. 
 
 'T'AKE a white pigeon, pluck off the feathers, cut off the 
 ^ head and feet, gut it clean, and then, together with 
 two pints of milk, three ounces of cream, and fix ounces of 
 oil of fweet almonds, diftil it in a glafs alembick : with this 
 water wa(h your hands and face every day ; it will keep them 
 always white, foft, and without any fpots or pimples. 
 
 - To take away little red pimples from the face. 
 
 'T^AKE two ounces of lemon juice, two ounces of rofe- 
 -*■ water, tv/o drams of filver fublimed, and as much ce- 
 rus ; put all this together, and mix it up to an ointment : with 
 this anoint your face going to bed ; the next morning, when 
 you get up, anoint it with frefh butter, and then rub it clean 
 off. 
 
 A fine water for beautifying the face. 
 
 'T'AKE a couple of calves feet, boil them in i8 quarts of 
 -*- river water, to half the quantity ; then put in of rice 
 and crumbs of fine bread fteep'd in milk, two pound ; frefli 
 butter two pound; the white of lo new laid eggs; mix all 
 together and diftil it ; put into the diftill'd water a little cam- 
 phire and allum, and you will have a fine beautifying walh. 
 
 An odoriferous water, 
 
 T^AKE of frelh rofemary flowers two pound, amber one 
 "■■ fcruple, orange, lemon, and citron-water three pints ; 
 put this by in a well clofed glafs veffel for ten days ; then di- 
 ftil it in Balneo Maria, and keep the water for ufe. Or, 
 
 TAKE 
 
 i 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 271 
 
 TAKE orange and green lemon-peel, of each half an 
 ounce, doves one fcruple, frelh fpike blofibms fix ounces; 
 mix all thefe things together, with three quarts of dama(k rofe- 
 •water, let it Inland covered up for fome days, then diftil it in 
 balneo marics, and the water will be excellent. 
 
 To prepare the cloth of the Levant for ladies to colour 
 their faces. 
 
 TAKE fhavings of fcarlet cloth, boil it for fome time 
 in water wherein quicklime has been dilTolved : then 
 ftrain it, and to the quantity of a quart put an ounce of roach 
 allum, and the fame weight of verdegreafe, together with one 
 quarter of an ounce of gum arabick : having boiled it for the 
 fpace of half an hour, take an old piece of linen cloth, of what 
 bignefs you pleafe, and put it into the deco6lion or red colour, 
 cover the pan, and let the faid liquid cool for the fpace of a day, 
 then take out the cloth or handkerchief you have dyed, dry- 
 it in the (hade, and keep it in a box among odoriferous ancl 
 fweet-fcented things, and ufe it v^hen there is occafion. 
 
 To prepare oil of benjamin. 
 
 ^Tp A K E an earthen pot that is high and narrow, with a 
 -^ little border round it ; put into it three or four ounces of 
 clean benjamin grolly powdered ; cover the pot with a pyrami- 
 dal paper cover, and tie it round about under the border ; fet 
 the pot into hot alhes, and when the benjamin is heated the 
 flowers will fublime ; take off the cover every two hours, and 
 hx another in its place ; ftop up quickly in a glafs the flowers 
 you find in the covers, and when thole which afterwards fub- 
 lime, do begin to appear yellow, take the pot off" the fire and 
 let it cool. You will find a black and ftiining matter cleaving 
 to the bottom of the pot, which is taken off with a warm fpa- 
 tula ; it is light, eafy broken, and of a ftrong fmell if it comes 
 near the fire ; pulverize the fair.e grofly and put it into a retort 
 of a fufficient bignefs, and fill it only a third part, place it up- 
 on the fand ; and having fitted a receiver, lute the joints, and 
 make a fmall fire underneath, in order to heat the retort, and 
 to diftil an oil, part of which will become thick in the receiver; 
 continue the fmall fire till nothing more diftils ; keep this oil 
 
 in 
 
■272 ^be LABORATORY; or, 
 
 in a glafs bottle, its colour is red, the odour is agreeable, and 
 its tafte Iharp and pungent. 
 
 Oil of rofes, 
 
 'TpAKE the feed of melons, well cleanfed and ftamped in 
 -■- a ftone mortar, lay them in rows or beds, together with 
 rofe-leaves, for the fpace of eight days, then take a little linen 
 bag, wet it in rofe water; and put into it the melon feeds 
 and rofe leaves ; having tied it clofe, put it between a prefs, 
 and prefs out the oil ; this oil is very precious, and therefore 
 preferve it carefully clofed up in a little phial. 
 
 Oil of cloves. 
 
 'T* A K E fweet almonds, fcrape and cleanfe them with a 
 ■*• knife, break them in pieces, and fteep them in rofe wa- 
 ter, {lamp alfo cloves, temper and rteep them likewife in rofe- 
 water, fo long till it has extracted the virtue of the cloves, 
 then put both the almonds, cloves, and the waters of each to- 
 gether, leave them till you find them fwelled, then take them 
 out, dry them in the fun, and when dry, put them again into 
 the water to fwell ; repeat this five or fix times ; then put 
 them into a prefs, and prefs out the oil ; which keep in a phial 
 flopped clofe. In this manner you may make oil of mufk, 
 amber, cinnamon, mace, nutmegs. 
 
 ^een of Hungary'; water. 
 
 FI L L a glafs or earthen cucurbit, half full of rofemary 
 flowers, gathered when in their prime, infufe them in 
 fpirit of wine, fet it in a balneum^ join to it the head of the 
 receiver, luting the jundtures well ,• give a digefting fire for 
 three days ; after which unlute them, and pour what has been 
 diflilled into the cucurbit; refit your alembick, and increafe 
 the fire flrong enough to make the liquid diftil fo as one drop 
 may immediately follow another ; when you have drawn two 
 thirds of it, and put out the fire, let the veflels cool, and unlute 
 them, and you will find in the receiver a very good Hungary 
 water ; keep it in a phial well ftopt ; it is good in palpita- 
 tions and fwooning, in the palfy, lethargy and hyflerical dif- 
 eafes; the dofe is from one dram te two. Outwardly it is 
 
 ufed 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 273 
 
 ufed for burnings, tumours, cold pains, palfy, and is very 
 reviving to the fpirits. 
 
 Ladies do ufe it to beautify their complexion, by mixing 
 half an ounce thereof with fix ounces of lilly-water or beaa» 
 flower-water j wafhing their faces therewith. 
 
 To make bails for taking out fpots of oil or greafe, 
 
 TP A K E foft foap, incorporate it with afhes of vines, 
 "*• finely, lifted, of both an equal quantity : then add to it 
 toach allum burnt, and tartar, well beat into powder, incor- 
 porate all together and form thereof little round balls, and lay 
 them by for ufe when oecalion requires to make ufe of them. 
 
 To prepare a leather Jl rap. 
 
 ■pROCURE a piece of leather, very fmooth on the 
 -*■ flelh fide, and about two inches broad, glew it to a thin 
 board of the fame breadth ; and when dry, fmear it all over 
 ■with tallow candle, and then hold it a little over the fire, 'till 
 the greafe is penetrated thro' the pores of the leather : and this 
 repeat three times ; afterwards, pour over it a little tripoly, 
 waiTied clean, which with the greafe work into the leather, 
 fo long till the greafe becomes warm ; then pour on frelh 
 tripoly ; repeating this operation four or live times, till the 
 leather is fit for ufe. Or, 
 
 'T'AKE fine powdered emery, fteep it in fair w^ater, and 
 ^ then pour a good deal more upon it ; ftirring it well 
 together. Let it Hand a while to fettle, pour oif the water, and 
 put one end of a linen or woollen rag to the bottom of the 
 fettled emery, and let the other hang out, in order to draw 
 off all the water from it, which being become dry, rub it in- 
 to the greafed leather, in the fame manner as you did the tri- 
 poly ; only work in the emery with a piece of fmooth ivory, 
 or elfe with a burnifher ; after this ftroak your razor foftly 
 over it, and the effedl will be, that razors thrown afide as 
 ufelefs are now recovered to fuch a degree, as to be fit for 
 fhaving. Now as one razor is fofter than another, you mufl 
 pafs a foft one on a ftrap, prepared with tripoly ^ and a hard 
 one upon a ftrap prepared with emery. 
 
 T How 
 
274 the LABOR AT ORY , or, 
 
 Hovj to niahc PruJJian blue. 
 
 TA K E a fait, which by chemifts is call'd fix'd alcali j 
 and is of the fame nature with that of pot-afli, mix it 
 up with fome oily inflammatory matter : the blood of cattle, 
 deucated, will anfwer the purpofe as well as any thing : then 
 calcine this matter in a crucible, till you fee only a blue flame 
 on its furface. All the faline part of this calcined matter you 
 difl"oh'e in hot water, then ftraln it. This lye you mix 
 with allum and green copperas, both which ingredients you firft 
 diflblve feparately in water. The mixture of thefe faline liquids 
 caufes a fermentation, they grow muddy and of an unpleafant 
 green : afterwards you filtrate the whole through a browrl 
 paper, in glafs funnels : the liquor paiTes clear and leaves 
 a green fettleaient on the brown paper : then you pour an 
 acid liquor, fuch as aqua-fortis weakened with water on thofe 
 fettiings, and they turn to a tine blue : which when dry you 
 put up for ufe. 
 
 PART 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T Si 27^ 
 
 PART XIIIo 
 
 Of Artificial F i R E-w o R K s. 
 
 HAVING, in the preceding feventh part of the La- 
 boratory^ already given a fufRcient account not only 
 concerning the nature and property, but alfo the manage- 
 Jtient of faltpetre, in promoting of its growth, in cleanfing 
 and refining the fame, l^c. it would be needlefs here to 
 enlarge upon that fubject, except it were of fuch things that 
 have there been omitted^ and are of ufe in the management 
 •of artificial fire- works. 
 
 How to boil faltpetre to a powder. 
 
 'T'AKE a clean kettle or pan, put in as much faltpetre 
 •*■ as to lie at leafl two fingers thick ; pour on it fo much 
 water as will jufl cover it ; put it on a flow fire, and when 
 the faltpetre is diffolved, take off the impurities with a fkim- 
 mer, and let it boil gently till it begins to thicken, keep it 
 ilirring continually, till it is turned to a, white fand or flower ; 
 then take off the kettle, and pour out the faltpetre on a table 
 •r board, fpreading it thin, to cool. 
 
 How to melt faltpetre. 
 
 T) U T a crucible with faltpetre on charcoal ; when melted, 
 * take off the fcum carefully ; then fling a little piece of 
 brimllone upon it, and when that is burnt, pour the melted 
 faltpetre on a clean metal phte or l^one, and it will be of a 
 line white colour, tranfparent and like alabafter, 
 
 T 2 N.B, 
 
276 the LABORATORY-, or, 
 
 N. B. To one pound of faltpetre take half an ounce of 
 brimftone. 
 
 Of fulphur, or brlmjlone, 
 
 CULPHUR is by nature the food of fire ; it is the pria- 
 *^ cipal ingredient in gun-powder, and all forts of fire-works. 
 Among brimrtone, that which is of a high yellow, and which 
 when held in one's hand, crackles and bounces, is the 
 bert. 
 
 How to Jirengthen brimjlons, 
 
 "V/rELT as much of the clearefl brimftone as you will, \ti 
 •^^ a kettle or other utenfil, and when the greateft heat is 
 over, then put into it, for each pound of brimftone, half an 
 ounce of quick-filver, ftir them w^ell together, till the quick- 
 iilver and brimftone are united, then pour it out into brandy ; 
 inftead of quick-filver you may ufe the fame quantity of cin- 
 nabar, and it will do as well. 
 
 How to break or granulate the brimjlom, 
 
 'T"' A K E fome fpirits, put a handful of brimftone there- 
 -■• in, and let it diflblve ; then take a broad ftick, and ftir 
 it about till it grows mealy, and runs like fand. If you 
 would have it ftrong and hard, fling a handful of faltpetre 
 into it. 
 
 How to prepare the oil of faltpetre^ 
 
 T) U T fome good refined faltpetre upon a dry arid well 
 -*■ plained deal-board, underneath which place a copper ba- 
 fon, round about make a coal fire, and the heat thereof will 
 draw the faltpetre, changed into an oil, through the board, 
 and it will drop into the bafon : this you may continue as 
 long as you will, by recruiting the board with frefli falt- 
 petre. 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 277 
 
 To prepare oil of fulphur. 
 
 pILL a matrafs with fine pulverifed brimftone about one 
 ^ third full ; on this pour as much nut or elder oil as will 
 fill the matrafs half full, fet it in warm allies, and let it (land 
 for 8 or 9 hours j and the oil will change the brimftone to a 
 fiery red oil. 
 
 To makefal-armoniac water. 
 
 'np A K E three ounces of fal-armoniac, one dram of falt- 
 ■■■ petre, pulverife it fine, and mix it together ; then put 
 it into a matrafs, pour on it ftrong vinegar, and diflil it over 
 a flow fire j then dry and refine it. 
 
 To make camphire, and the oil thereof. 
 
 'T*AKE of pulverifed juniper-gum two pound, and of 
 "*■ diftil'd vinegar enough to cover it, put them together 
 into a glafs phial j fet it for 20 days in warm horfe dung, theri 
 take it out again, and pour it out into another glafs, with a 
 wide mouth to it, expofe it to the fun for a month, and you 
 will have a concreted camphire, like a crufi: of bread, which 
 is in fome meafure like the natural camphire : this, for ufe in 
 fire-works, is wrought to a powder by grinding it with ful- 
 phur in a mortar. 
 
 The oil of camphire which anfwers the fame end is produced 
 by adding a little oil of fweet almonds, and working it toge- 
 ther in a brafs mortar and a peftle of the fame metal j thus it 
 will turn into a green oil. 
 
 How to prepare oil of hrimflone and faltpetre at once 
 together. 
 
 'Tp A K E brimftone and faltpetre an equal quantity of 
 "*■ each, mix them together, grind them to a fine powder, 
 fift them through a fine fieve ; then put it into a new earthen 
 pot, pouring as much (harp vinegar or brandy to it as is fuf- 
 ficient to cover it ; then lute up your pot clofe, io as to pre- 
 vent any air entering into it, fet it in a warm place, till the 
 
 T 3 vinegar 
 
2;S 'T'he LABORATORY: cr, 
 
 vinegar or brandy is quite digefted, then take the remains, 
 and extract it in a chymical manner. 
 
 To prepare charcoal for fre-works, 
 
 1^ O A L S are a prefervatlve, whereby the fire, which by 
 ^^ the brimftone is brought into gun-powder, may not fuf- 
 focate the ftrong and windy exhalation of the fahpetre. 
 
 The charcoals are of feveral forts ; fome prefer thofe burnt 
 of hafle and willow wood ; when you go to burn them, fplit 
 the wood about one foot long, in four equal parts, fcale off 
 the bark, feparate the pitch and hard knots ; dry them in the 
 fun or in a baker's oven ; then make in the earth a fquare 
 hole, line it with bricks and lay the fplit wood therein, 
 crolTmg one another, and fet it on fire; when thoroughly light- 
 ed and in a flame, covef the hole with boards, and fling earth 
 over it clofe, to prevent the air from coming thereto, yet fo> 
 as not to fall among the coals ; having lain thus for 24 hours, 
 take them out and lay them carefully up for ufe, 
 
 ^0 tiiake the 7nouldsfor rockets. 
 
 'T^ H E rockets bearing the pre-eminence, and being the 
 -■■ principal things ■ belonging to a fire-work, it is requifite 
 to give fome definition of every part of them, how they arc 
 inade, finifli'd and fired : in order to do this, I fliall firft en- 
 deavour to give the curious fome idea (;;oncerning the moulds 
 they are formed in ; thefe are turn'd commonly of clofe and 
 hard wood, as of white plumb- tree, box, chefnut, cyprefs, 
 juniper, Indian wood, k5c. 
 
 Some alfo are made of ivory, and for rockets of extraor- 
 dinary large fizes, they are caft in brafs or copper, and turn'd 
 the infide in a nice manner, the foot or bafis with its cylinder, 
 wart or half bullet may in thefe, as in others, remain of folid 
 wood. The whole is commonly turn'd in the fize and form 
 of a column in architecture, and embeUifh'd witli ornaments 
 gccording as you fancy. ■ ' 
 
 The 
 
/^ -^js 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 279 
 
 The order to be obferved in the fize of the cylinder: itis* 
 agreed by the moil famous artificers, that the moulds of all 
 rockets from a half to fix pounds, ought to be fix diameters ; 
 but the larger fize cf four, four and a half, or live diameters 
 of their orifices high. 
 
 Thofe rockets which go under the denomination of fmalt 
 ones, are thofe whofe inward diameter cannot receive a ball 
 that exceeds one pound. The middling fort are thofe whofe 
 diameter can admit balls of one, two or three pounds ; and 
 great ones are fuch, whofe bore will receive balls from three 
 to a hundred pounds. 
 
 Rocket moulds, from fome ounces to three pounds, are ordi- 
 narily feven diameters of their bore long, the foot tv/o or 
 three diameters thick, the wart t\yo thirds of the diameter, 
 and the piercer one third of the bore, the roller two thirds, and 
 always one or two diameters from the handle longer than the 
 mould ; the rammer one diameter fhorter than the mould, and 
 fomewhat thinner than the roller, to prevent the facking of the 
 paper when the charge is ramm'd in, having always one ftill 
 fhorter, that when the Ihell of the rocket is ramm'd half full, 
 you may ufe that with more eafe. For the better illuftration, 
 fee fig. I. reprefenting the mould with its bafis, C3']inder5 bore 
 and piercer. A B the interior diameter of the mould. C D 
 the height of the mould, feven diameters ; from D to E, is 
 the height of the breech at bottom, which ftops the mould 
 when the rocket is driving, and tliis is one and -i diameter. 
 Upon this bottom you have a folid cylinder, whofe height is 
 one diameter of the orifice A B ; this cylinder is crowned 
 with a wart or half bullet I, having a hole in the center, in 
 which is fixed the iron or copper piercer F. G. an iron pin 
 that keeps the bottom and cylinder together. 2. The roller. 
 3. The rammer. 4. The fhorter rammer. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that fome of thefe moulds are made 9 
 diameters of their orifice long, the Ihell therefore with the 
 wart will be 12 diameters. Thefe forts of rockets fly very 
 high, becaufe of their length, they containing a greater charge 
 than the ihort, neverthelefs the piercer needs to be no longer 
 than feven diameters, but fubllantial, fo as to keep in its pro- 
 per attitudes it will require the dimenfion of two thirds of 
 the diameter at bottom, and from thence tapering to half the 
 diameter. 
 
 T 4 Hezii 
 
28o 21^^ L A BORA TOR Yj cr. 
 
 How to prepare cafes for fivarmers or rockets, 
 
 'Tp H E cafes or trunks of rockets are made of different 
 "■■ forts of things, namely of paper, wood, tin, pafteboard, 
 
 linen, leather, ^c. 
 
 In paper cafes, which are for the generality moft made ufe 
 of, it mull be obferved, i. That great care ought to be taken 
 in winding or rolling them upon the roller, tight and clofe. 
 2. That the concave llroke be (truck clean, fmooth, and with- 
 out large wrinkles : and 3. That each fort of cafes be of an 
 equal length and fize. 
 
 The rocket fhells being very tirefome for two perfons to 
 make by hand, a machine has been invented for the eafement 
 thereof. It is made of an oaken board, about two foot v/ide, 
 and three or four inches thick, plain'd, fmooth and cut out in- 
 to channels or groves of different fizes, to ferve for greater 
 or leffer rockets, and is commonly called the faddle ; to thefe 
 fort of faddles are alfo made prefTers, whereby the cafes on the 
 roller are prefTed down with a heavy hand ; the handle of the 
 roller having a hole in the middle, a fmall iron bar is put in 
 and as the man prefTes with one hand, he turns the roller with 
 the other ; and by this means the paper is brought as tight as 
 it ought to be. See^^. 5 and 6. 
 
 For four and fix pound fhells it is to be obferved, that each 
 fneet of paper (except tiie firfl and laft, in the part where the 
 neck is formed) be a little moiflened. 
 
 The necks of rockets may be formed feveral ways ; for 
 thofe of three quarters of a pound, a well twifted pack-thread 
 will do, which having one end tied to a ftick and put be- 
 tween one's legs, and the other to a poll, will draw it clofe 
 with eafe. The large fliells require more flrength, one end 
 of a ftrong cord being fafcened to a poft, and the other to the 
 belt with a hook, as hg. 7. and this by main force draws 
 the cord twilled about the neck of the cafe, as you fee in 
 fig. 8. 
 
 Some make ufe of a bench, on one end whereof is fix'd a 
 pofc, to which a cord is fixed and conveyed over a pully and 
 thro' a hole in the bench, to a treddle, to which it is faflened, 
 ■yv hereby the necks are forced very tight. See fig. 9. 
 
 The 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 281 
 
 The necks of extraordinary large fiz'd rockets are forc'd with 
 ftrong cords over fcrews and round neck'd irons, proportioned to 
 the fize of the Ihelh See fig. 10. 
 
 The wooden, tin and palle-board rockets, are fupplied with 
 necks, turn'd of wood, joined, and failened through the fides 
 of the fhell with wooden pegs. 
 
 How to prepare the charges for rockets, and order the f res thereof 
 to be of various colours. 
 
 BEFORE you begin to charge the fhell of the rocket, be very 
 careful that the powder is well work'd and clean'd ; that the 
 fakpetre is thoroughly refined, and made into an impalpable 
 powder j that the brimftone be well cleanfed and brought to the 
 higheft perfection ; that the coals be of lime-tree or other foft 
 wood, well burnt, powder'd, dry'd and fifted, and all thefe in- 
 gredients be well mix'd together and fearfed through a fine fieve. 
 
 When you are fatisfied in thofe things, and have weighed the 
 proportionable quantities of each, put the mixture into the work 
 board fig. 11. and grind it therein with the grinder, fig. 12. 
 for an hour together : then try your charge by lifting a little on 
 a table, and if when lighted, it burns away in an even fire, and 
 does not fly up, it is a fign that it is work'd enough ; but if at 
 one place it burns quicker than another, or doth ftop its courfe, 
 then you muft grind it more. The charge being thus prepared, 
 you mufi- put it up fafe in a moderate place, that is neither too 
 hot, cold, nor damp, in a box or other dry vefiel ; and when 
 you charge your rocket, then fprinkle and mix the charge with a 
 little brandy. 
 
 Having ramm'd a rocket for tryal, fire it in a fecure open 
 place J if it mounts even and high, and gives a report as foon as 
 it turns, it is a fign of being made to perfection ; but if the roc- 
 ket burft as foon as it is lighted, then the charge is too fierce ; or 
 if it rifes a little, and falls back, then the charge is foul and 
 weak ; the former is rectified by adding more charcoal, and the 
 latter by fome meal-powder ; for the reft it ' muft be obferved, 
 that the larger the rockets be, the weaker muft be the charge j 
 and on the contrary, the fmaller they be, the ftronger muft be 
 their charge. 
 
 If 
 
282 "the LABORATORY; or. 
 
 If you would reprefent a fiery rain falling from the rocket, 
 mix among your charge a corr/pofition of powder'd glafs, fil- 
 ings of iron, and faw-dull ; this Ihovver is commonly called 
 the peacock's tail, on account of the various colours that appear 
 in it. 
 
 You may alfo exhibit a variety of colours ifluing forth from a 
 rocket, by mixing among the charge a certain quantity pf cam- 
 phire, which produces a white or pale fire ; rofin a red and cop- 
 per colour; blood-ftone, which has been nealed and beaten to 
 a palpable powder, will yield a blood red ; falphur a blue ; fal- 
 armoniac a green ; raw antimony a reddifh or honey colour ; 
 ivory (havings a (hining filver j filed agate ftone an orange, and 
 pitch a dark and deep colour'd fire; this muftbe manag'd with 
 difcretion, and pradice will be the beft teacher in that particular, 
 for long leflbns are more fit to perplex a young beginner than put 
 him forwards. 
 
 The charges are commonly divided into three forts or de- 
 grees, viz, in white, grey, and black. I have, the better to 
 guide beginners in this art, fet down feveral forts of charges, 
 according to the proportion of rockets, but without difiin- 
 guifhing the three feveral colours ; wherefore you have to ob- 
 serve, that to the grey charges are four ingredients, viz, meal- 
 powder, faltpetre, brimftone and charcoal ; to the white- 
 charges three ingredients, viz. faltpetre, brimftone, and char- 
 coal ; and to the black charges two ingredients, viz, meal 
 powder and charcoal. 
 
 Charges for land /warmer s, or /mail rockets. 
 
 MEAL powder one pound, and charcoal one ounce. 
 Or, 
 Meal powder five ounces, and charcoal half an ounce. 
 Meal powder fifteen ounces, and charcoal two ounces. 
 Meal powder fix ounces, faltpetre four ounces, brimftone one 
 ounce, charcoal one ounce and three quarters. This laft may 
 be ufed for the fuzee of others. 
 
 Charge', 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 283 
 
 Charges for water rockets. 
 
 OAItpetre two ounces, brlmftone half an ounce, and char- 
 ^ coal otiC ounce and a half. 
 
 Meal powder one pound and a half, faltpetre four pounds^ 
 brimitone two pounds, and charcoal five ounces. 
 
 Meal powder four ounces, faltpetre one pound, brimftone 
 eight ounces, and ch-ircoal one ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre two ounces, brimftone half an ounce, and char- 
 coal half an ounce. 
 
 A general charge for rockets of two or three aunces. 
 
 ■jt /r E A L powder twelve ounces, faltpetre two ounces, 
 ^^ brimftone half an ounce, charcoal one ounce and a 
 half. 
 
 Charges for rockets of four ^ five, and fix ounces. 
 
 ■pOWDER fifteen ounces, faltpetre twelve ounces, brim- 
 ■*■ ftone one ounce and a half, and charcoal four ounces. 
 
 Powder one pound and a half, faltpetre one pound and a 
 half, brimftone ten ounces and a half, and charcoal twelve 
 ounces. 
 
 Powder two pounds, faltpetre one pound, brimftone three 
 ounces, and charcoal fourteen ounces and a half. 
 
 Powder eight pounds, faltpetre twelve pounds, brimftone 
 two pounds, and charcoal four pounds. 
 
 Powder twelve ounces, faltpetre two ounces, brimftone 
 two ounces, and charcoal two ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre four pounds, brimftone fourteen ounces, and 
 charcoal one pound. 
 
 Powder three ounces, faltpetre half an ounce, brimftone 
 |ialf an ounce, and charcoal half an ounce. 
 
 Powder one pound and a half, charcoal three ounces and 
 three quarters. 
 
 For 
 
^54 y-^^ L A B O R A T O R Ys < 
 
 For eighty 7iine^ mid tivelve ounce rochets, 
 
 TVyT E A L powder eighteen pounds, faltpetre eight pounds, 
 "^ ■■• brimftone one pound, and charcoal four pounds. 
 
 Powder four pounds, faltpetre three pounds and a half, brim- 
 ftone fifteen ounces, charcoal one pound four ounces. 
 
 Powder three pounds, faltpetre two pounds, brimftone two 
 pounds, and charcoal one pound. 
 
 Powder three pounds, faltpetre two pounds, brimftone one 
 ounce, and charcoal one pound. 
 
 Powder nine pounds, charcoal one pound eight ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds four ounces, brimftone eight ounces, 
 charcoal fourteen ounces, and antimony four ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre one pound two ounces, brimftone two ounces, 
 and charcoal four ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre ten ounces and a half, brimftone one ounce, char- 
 coal three ounces, and brafs file-duft half an ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds four ounces, brimftone eight ounces, 
 and charcoal fourteen ounces. 
 
 lor 07ie, and one and a half pound rochets. 
 
 "\ ^ E A L powder three pounds, faltpetre four ounces, 
 -•-'-*■ brimftone one ounce, and charcoal four ounces and 
 a half. 
 
 Powder thirty-two pounds, brimftone two pounds, and 
 charcoal fix pounds. 
 
 Powder two pounds, faltpetre two pounds and a half, brim- 
 ftone twelve ounces, and charcoal one pound three ounces. 
 
 Powder fix pounds and an half, charcoal one pound. 
 
 Powder three pounds, faltpetre fifteen ounces, brimftone 
 four ounces, and charcoal feven ounces and a half. 
 
 Powder four pounds, faltpetre one pound eight ounces, 
 brimftone ten ounces, and charcoal one pound twelve ounces. 
 
 Powder two pounds, faltpetre one pound four ounces, 
 hrin^ftone one ounce, and charcoal eight ounces and a 
 half. 
 
 For 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 285 
 
 For two and three pound rockets* 
 
 MEAL powder three pounds eight ounces, faltpetre three 
 pounds ten ounces, brimftone one pound four ounces, and 
 charcoal one pound three ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre four pounds eight ounces, brimftone one pound 
 eight ounces, and charcoal one pound four ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre fixty pounds, brimftone two pounds, and charcoal 
 fifteen pounds. 
 
 Powder two pounds thirteen ounces, faltpetre fifteen ounces, 
 brimftone four ounces, and charcoal feven ounces and an half. 
 
 Powder twelve ounces, faltpetre one pound eight ounces, 
 brimftone fix ounces, and charcoal fix ounces. 
 
 Powder four pounds, faltpetre nine ounces, brimftone three 
 ounces and a half, and charcoal ten ounces and a half. 
 
 ' Powder one pound, faltpetre eight ounces, brimftone two 
 ounces, and charcoal three ounces. 
 
 Powder eleven pounds, and charcoal two pounds ten ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre fix pounds four ounces, brimftone one pound, and 
 charcoal two pounds and a half. 
 
 For four and five pound rockets. 
 
 Tl^EAL powder fix pounds, faltpetre four pounds, brimftone 
 ^*^ one pound and a half, and charcoal two pounds fix oun- 
 ces. Or, 
 
 Saltpetre fixty four pounds, brimftone eight pounds, and 
 charcoal eight pounds. 
 
 For fix, eight, or nine pounders. 
 
 TV/TEAL powder twelve pounds three quarters, faltpetre fix 
 ^*- pounds, brimftone two pounds and a half, and charcoal 
 live pounds and a half. Or, 
 
 Saltpetre thirty-five pounds, brimftone five pounds, charcoal 
 ten pounds. 
 
 Meal powder twenty two pounds and a half, and charcoal 
 five pounds twelve ounces. 
 
 Meal 
 
tZ6 The LABORATORYi or. 
 
 Meal-powder one pound, faltpetre half a pound, brimflone 
 two ounces, and charcoal three ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre nine pound, brimftone one pound nine ounces, 
 and charcoal three pound and a half. 
 
 For ten and twelve pounders. 
 
 SAltpetre fixty-two pounds, brimflone nine pounds, charcoal 
 twenty pounds. 
 Powder eleven pounds, faltpetre feven pounds, brimflone 
 three pounds, and charcoal fix pounds. 
 
 tor fourteen^ fifteen andftxteen pounders, 
 
 "pOWDER ten pounds and a half, brimflone nine pounds 
 ■*■ three quarters, and charcoal feven pounds. 
 
 Saltpetre twenty-three pounds, brimflone eight pounds, and 
 charcoal fixteen pounds. 
 
 For eighteen or twenty pounders i 
 
 "pOWDER twenty-two pounds, faltpetre fixteen pounds, 
 ■*■ brimflone feven pounds, charcoal thirteen pounds and a 
 half. 
 
 Saltpetre twenty -four pounds, brimflone twelve pounds, 
 charcoal twenty-fix pounds. 
 
 For thirty^ fofty^ and fifty pounders, 
 
 POWDER eight pounds, faltpetre fixteen pounds, brim- 
 flone two pounds, and charcoal four pounds. 
 Saltpetre thirty pounds, brimftone feven pounds and char- 
 coal eighteen pounds. 
 
 For fixty^ eighty^ and a hundred pounders. 
 
 O Altpetre thirty-fix pounds, brimflone ten pounds, and chafr- 
 *^ coal eighteen pounds. 
 
 Saltpetre fifty pounds, brimflone twenty pounds, and char- 
 coal thirty pounds. 
 
S C H O O L (?/ A R T a 287 
 
 To bore the rockets^ or ram them over the piercer. 
 
 SINCE the boring of rockets is one of the principal things 
 belonging to them, for their operating well, the bores are 
 to be made in proportion to the fize of the rockets, for fome of 
 them are bored tapering to a point ; others are hollowed fquare, 
 running alfo to a point ; and others are rammed over a round 
 piercer, which is fixed in the wart of the rocket mould. See 
 %. I. I, and ftands perpendicular, running tapering to a point. 
 The flronger the charge of the rockets, the narrower fhould be 
 the bore, and the weaker the charge, the deeper and wider ; 
 for if a ftrong charge is bored too deep, it will break in afcend- 
 ing, and if it is bored too little, and the charge too llow, it will 
 fall to the ground without any effefl : they are commonly in 
 middling charges bored two thirds of the tube from the neck. 
 
 The boring mufl be performed ftrait and even, and although 
 fome will give themfelves the trouble to bore therrt by hand, 
 it is better, when a quantity is to be bored, to fend them to 
 a turner. 
 
 The rockets fhould be bored but a few days before they are 
 to be ufed., and kept in dry places, which you muft alfo ob* 
 ferve in other materials for fire-works. 
 
 For garnijhing of rockets. 
 
 '"pHIS is done feveral ways, for they may be both within 
 -■■ and without furnillied with crackers. On the outlide 
 it is done in the following manner, viz. That end of the 
 rocket which is folid, is divided into three equal parts, and 
 then bored in the middle of each, quite to the charge j at 
 the bottom of thefe holes pafle a ring of thin paper, upon 
 which fling fome meal powder ; then fix in the crackers, 
 fluffing the fides with fome tow or flax, and over that pall© 
 a covering of paper, to clofe the opening between the rocket 
 and crackers. 
 
 The infide is finifhed thus : put a fmall round board, (in 
 which you have bored feyeral holes) upon the charge ; then 
 firew meal powder in them, and fix your crackers, cover it 
 vvitli a cap, and pafie it to the outfide of the rocket. 
 
 You 
 
288 Tht LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 You may alfo furnifti rockets both within and without with 
 fparks, ftars, and fire-rain, when thofe materials are joined 
 either within or without. You may alfo fix to the large 
 rockets, fwarmers, by boring a touch-hole in both, filling 
 them with meal powder, and after the touch holes are fixed 
 exactly on one another, glew them together with a bandage 
 of paper ; thus you may mark a winding figure with a thread 
 on a rocket, and place your fwarmers accordingly. See fig. 
 13. You may alfo, inftead of fwarmers, place a globe on the 
 top of the rocket, charged with the compofition of rockets, 
 and fill'd with crackers ; this globe muft have a touch-hole, 
 and be lighted before the rocket is let off, and it will have a 
 good efFect. Several other things may be done that way, as 
 the genius of every virtuofo in the practice thereof will dire<St 
 him. See fig. 14, 15. , 
 
 How to proportion the rcchet-poles andjiicks. 
 
 T T is common to tie but one rocket to a flick ; but fix of 
 -*■ feven may be placed round the thick end thereof, which 
 mufl be worked with groves, as you fee fig. 17. But as no 
 rocket would afcend high, if it were not for the true balance 
 obferved In the pole or flick, you mufl further obferve, that 
 thefe fticks are made of light, dry, and flrait wood, and mufl 
 (to one and two pound rockets) be feven times as long as the 
 rocket ,• which proportion of the fmall ones of feven diame- 
 ters, mull alfo be obferved in the larger fort : that end where 
 the rocket is tied to, mufl: be two fifths, and below, one fixth 
 of the diameter thereof; it is befl: to give the turner an un- 
 bored rocket and one that is bored, thereby not only to mea- 
 fure the length, but alfo balance the weight. After the rocket 
 is tied to the flick, take it four inches from the neck of that 
 rocket not yet bored ; and from the neck of the bored one 
 about two or three fingers, fo as to fland on tlie back of a 
 knife or one's finger, in an equilibrium. In large rockets the 
 poles mufl be eight or nine rockets long, and to find their 
 balance, you take their libration twelve inches from the 
 neck. 
 
 Rockets 
 
PLATE.I. 
 
 /' ^^f 
 
/I.-ZB^. 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 
 
 Rockets without fiicks. 
 
 ^Tp HERE are alfo rockets made without flicks. Fix to 
 ■*■ the fmall ones, from four to eight, nine, or ten ounces 
 (after they are bored and rammed) four wings, in the nature 
 of arrow feathers, made either of light wood or pafte-board, 
 which are glued crofsways to the rocket : their length mufl: 
 be two thirds, and the breadth below, one fixth of the length 
 of the rocket ; the thicknefs may be one eighth of the dia- 
 meter of the mouth thereof. See Fig. i8, and 19. Thefe fort 
 of rockets are hred on a board or itand, placed between four 
 fmall iiicks ; as you fee in Fig. 20. 
 
 Others fallen one end of a wire, which is about a foot long, 
 twilled like a fcrew, to the mouth of the rocket, and hang 
 an iron ball to the other end, of an equal weight with the 
 rOwket. See Fig. 21. 
 
 Of girandel ckejis, how and ivith what the rockets are fired 
 
 therein, 
 
 '"p H E girandel chefl is made of wood, of what fize you 
 -■- think proper, according to the number of rockets you 
 defign to fire at once. 
 
 The method of firing thofe rockets is performed feveral 
 ways ; fome fill the necks of them with meal-powder, others 
 with quick match, wherewith, or with gun match, they fire 
 them : the beft way to light the girandel or other fire-works, 
 is a match prepared on purpofe in the following manner : 
 
 Cut fome Ihps of paper of the length of half a flieet, and 
 about one or two inches wide, roll and glew each of them 
 together over a little round and fmooth flick of a quarter of 
 ail inch thick ; this done take it off, when dry, and fill it 
 with the compofici6n hereafter mentioned, ramm'ng it in by 
 little and little with a lefs flick than that upon which you 
 rolled the fliell. Thefe fort of matches are put upon pointed 
 pinchers, as you fee in Fig. 22. and when they are lighted^ 
 cannot be extinguilhed either by rain or wind. 
 
 U rhe 
 
290 ^he LABORATORY; or. 
 
 The compofiiion, 
 
 TV/f EAL powder three ounces and a half, faltpetre feven oun- 
 ''■•'■ ces, and brimftone three ounces three quarters, moiftened 
 with linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal powder one pound, faltpetre one pound, and brimftone 
 thirteen ounces, moiltened with linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal powder one pound, faltpgtre one pound tour ounces, 
 brimftone four ounces, charcoal two ounces, rofin two ounces 
 and a half, moiftened with turpentine and linfeed oil, and work- 
 ed well together. 
 
 Meal powder twelve ounces, faltpetre two ounces, brimftone 
 three ounces and a half, charcoal an ounce and a quarter, tur- 
 pentine one ounce, and tallow three ounces and a quarter ; lirft 
 melt the turpentine and tallow together, then ftir the other in- 
 gredients among it, and pour it in the paper Ihells j when dry, 
 they are fit for ufe. 
 
 Of rockets that run upon lines^ or ropes, from one place to 
 
 another. 
 
 HP H E S E are made feveral and different ways, and to give 
 •*• them the more fhev/, fome garnifh them with figures of 
 various devices. 
 
 The firft fort is contrived by fixing two iron rings, or a 
 wooden tube, to a rocket, fill'd with a certain quantity of a 
 fuitable compofition, and bor'd as ufual ; through thefe rings, 
 or tubes, is put a line, on which, the rocket is to run ; this is 
 of the moft fimple kind, for being arrived at the place where 
 the duration of its combuftible matter will allow it to reach, it 
 there ftops. This fort is reprefented in Fig. 23. 
 
 For the fecond fort, fill any rocket, whofe orifice Is equal 
 to that of the formci*, but much longer, to the height of fo\n* 
 diameters, bore it to the depth of three and a half. Upon 
 this compofition put a cap or little wooden partition, without 
 any hole through it ; glew this to the infide of the rocket, 
 or fecure it any other way to prevent the fire, when arrived 
 to that place, from catching hold of the compofition contain'd 
 in the other part of the cafe. This done, charge the remain- 
 der of the rocket to the fame height as before, namely to four 
 
 dia- 
 
S C FI O O L of ARTS. 291 
 
 diameters, three and a half mufl be bored ; after this choak the 
 rocket at top, and make a httle receptacle for the priming, as at 
 the other end; or elfe lit a round piece of wood to it, with a 
 hole through the middle, as you fee in A, Fig. 24. which you 
 cover with a. little cap ; to this add on one fide a tube made of 
 a very thin iron plate, which fill with meal-powder ; then bore 
 a hole through the fide of the rocket, near the other fide of the 
 partition that is in the middle, fill it with meal-powder ; this 
 is done to convey the fire thro' the tube to the receptacle A, 
 where it lights the other rocket, and confequenlly obliges it to 
 return back to the place whence it came ; the upper part which 
 holds the priming muft be covered with paper, as well as the 
 fmall tube, that conveys the fire from that to the other end. 
 This rocket muft alfo have tv^o iron rings or a wooden tube 
 to run along the line. You may make the diverfion the great- 
 er, by tying fmall paper crackers all round. The contrivance 
 of this rocket is very pretty. You have the reprefentation plain 
 in Fig. 24, 25. 
 
 The decorations and devices that are ufually fixed to thefe 
 running rockets, may be either , flying dragons, pigeons, mer- 
 curies, cupids, or any other fancy, as the occafioa of a feaft or 
 rejoicing requires. 
 
 Charges for the line rockets. 
 
 ■\ tEAL powder three ounces, faltpetre one ounce and a half, 
 ^^ and charcoal three ounces, will be a right proportion for 
 three, four, or fix ounce rockets. 
 
 Meal powder eight ounces, faltpetre two ounces, brimftone 
 half an ounce, and charcoal one ounce. 
 
 Meal powder nine ounces, faltpetre one ounce, brimftone 
 three quarters of an ounce, and charcoal four ounces. 
 
 Meal powder fourteen ounces, faltpetre feven ounces, brim- 
 ftone two ounces, and charcoal four ounces. 
 
 Thefe charges may be ufed for fixteen and twenty-four 
 pounders. 
 
 Meal powder one pound, faltpetre half a pound, brimftone 
 three ounces, and charcoal five ounces. This charge is proper 
 for three quarters and one pound linc-rocketi. 
 
 V 2 It 
 
292 The LABOR ATORYi or. 
 
 It will be advifeable to make fome trials of the charges, that 
 you may be fure of not failing in the performance : See Fig, 
 23, 24, 25, where a is the rocket, b the tube, or inftead thereof 
 fome rings that Hide upon the cord, c the partition, d the pipe 
 for the communication of the iire from one rocket to another. 
 
 Hozu to join two rockets to one another, the one to burn in the wa- 
 ter-y and the other fuddenly to fly up i?ito the air. 
 
 'npAKE two rocket-fnells of equal dimenfions, fill one with 
 -■■ a- good charge quite full; the other charge bore and tie to 
 a ftick as ufual ; the former you glue upfide down with a little 
 glue to the middle of the latter, and towards the end tie it 
 round with a cord, which is fomewhat longer than the rocket 
 ftick j to the end thereof faften a ring, and in that a leaden 
 ball, which is to keep both rockets in a due pofition on the 
 furface of the water ; through this ring put the end of the ftick, 
 which is provided with a crofs that is fomewhat wider than 
 the diameter of the ring, and keeps the cord, ring and ball un- 
 der water : the communication of the fire muft be made below 
 the rockets, by a fmall pipe, till'd with meal powder very fecure, 
 fo as to keep it from the water ; for as foon as the water- rocket 
 is burnt to the end, the fire will make its way through the pipe, 
 and the land rocket will difengage itfelf by its force from the 
 cafe of the other, and leave the cord, ring and ball, behind in 
 the water : See Fig. 26. 
 
 a the land rocket, b the water rocket, c one end of the cord 
 tied to the water rocket, d the other end of the cord faftened 
 to a ring and leaden ball, e the wire that keeps back the ring, 
 f the little pipe for communication of the fire. 
 
 How to tnake water-rockets, water -brands, ivater-cats, water- 
 ducks, isc . that turn them/elves in the water. 
 
 '~T^ H E cafes for the water-brands, and alfo their fticks, 
 -■■ muft be made fomething longer than ordinary, and be 
 fiU'd with a compofition of coarfe coal-duft, fmall rubb'd tan- 
 ners 
 
PLATE. Iff 
 
 7^ ■2 9-2 . 
 
 ^' 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 (■ J7n.</A a'^-l 
 
 , 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 293 
 
 ners bark, or faw-duft, but in the fame method as fky-rockets. 
 The whole cafe is to be nine or ten diameters long, and 
 mud be divided into tive equal parts, and to be charg'd two 
 fifths full of compoiition : upon this charge a report of a 
 quarter high, and upon that fine iron flakes, in order to link 
 it, then cover it with paper, and draw it together with a cord ; 
 the charge is lifted up a little in the neck, and fupplied with 
 brandy-dough, or meal-powder moiftened with brandy, then 
 glevved over with paper; and having fixed a wooden fwimmer 
 below the neck, it is dipped in wax and pitch, and then it is 
 ready. 
 
 Water-crackers which turn in the water are thus pre- 
 pared. 
 
 This cafe is made nine or ten diameters long, the neck is 
 drawn quite clofe, and charged with meal-powder almofl half 
 full : upon this a partition is made with a hole in it, then put 
 corn'd powder for a report ; upon that is placed another parti- 
 tion ; the refb is filled with meal-powder, and the end tied 
 clofe, and the paper cut fhort at both ends ; when thefe crack- 
 ers are to be fired, make a touch-hole at the end of both, re- 
 veifed, and having filled them up with meal-powder, and co- 
 vered them well with brandy dough, you may fire and fling 
 them into the water, having before dipt them in melted wax, 
 or pitch. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that to the water cat-cafes, one may 
 proceed thus from one ounce to half pound crackers ; but 
 if larger, they are too heavy, and will not fo foon turn up 
 again in the water, till fome parts of them are confumed ; 
 wherefore to remedy this, put in the cafe firfl three meafures 
 of charge, upon this put a little corn-powder, then again two 
 meafures of charge and a little corn-powder, and proceed thus 
 as far as the report ; upon the charge is placed a partition of 
 wood with a hole in it, on that a report of good corn-powder, 
 then tie it clofe : further, open it a little, putting fome meal- 
 powder to it mixed with brandy ; and when you would ufe it, 
 anoint it all over with either greafe or linfeed oil. The water- 
 crackers or divers are commonly rammed in one, one and a half, 
 and two ounce cafes, ftratified in the manner jult mentioned, 
 taking two meafures for each lay of water cat-charge, and a little 
 £orn-powder between each. 
 
 U 7 There 
 
294 ^-^^ LABORATORY; or. 
 
 There are other forts of rockets, that may be repre- 
 fcnted fwimming on the water : thefe are made in the fame 
 manner as the one, or one ounce and a half rockets, bor'd one 
 third in the charge, then put into a paper cylinder with two 
 fmall Vv'ooden heads, or bafis, having a hole bored to the 
 centre of each : the height of this cylinder muft be equal to 
 half of the rocket, and the whole through the centre of each 
 head fitted exadlly to the rocket ; when you have fixed every 
 thing to a nicety put it into melted wax or pitch ; and when 
 cold, you may fire and fling it into the water. See Fig. 
 27, 28, 29. 
 
 You may alfo put thefe forts of rockets into a paper cone, 
 and fallen it to the neck of the rocket ; or elfe in a bladder 
 full of vvind, which, inftead of dipping in melted wax, dq 
 over with a "mixture of four parts of linfeed oil, two parts of 
 bole armoniac, one part of white lead, and half a part of aflies. 
 Vid. Fig. 30, 31. 
 
 One may mix along with the reports of the rockets cer- 
 tain fparks and fears intermix'd with meal, and corn-powder ; 
 to this is fix'd an iron or wooden tube B, from each end of 
 this goes another fmaller tube C D, all having communication 
 with one another, alfo with the compofition, add the ftars, 
 &:c. Thefe are fill'd with meal-powder, cover'd over with 
 paper, dipp'd in wax or pitch, and the couriterpoife A being 
 fix'd below, it is fired. As foon as the compofition is burnt 
 down to the cap, it is conveyed through the fmall tubes .1 a to 
 the lovv'er part, where beating out the partition, it difperfes 
 the powder, rtars, &c. to the air. See the figure. 
 
 Charges for water-rockets. 
 
 MEAL-powder fix ounces, rofin one ounce, charcoal 
 three quarters of an ounce, faltpetre one ounce, corn- 
 powder one ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre one pound, brimfione eight ounces, meal-pow- 
 der eight ounces, and charcoal four ounces and a half. 
 
 Saltpetre four ounces, brimfione three ounces, and charcoal 
 three quarters of an ounce. 
 
 Meal-povvfder one pound and a half, faltpetre half a pound, 
 brimftoue four ounces and a half, charcoal fix ounces, coarfe 
 
 Coal 
 
S C H O L c/ A R T S. 295 
 
 coal two ounces and a half, and lead, for finking, one 
 ounce. 
 
 Meal powder two pound, faltpetre one pound, brimftone 
 ten ounces, charcoal eight ounces, coarfe coal three ounces, 
 finking lead oi^e ounce and three quarters, for three quarter 
 ounce rockets. 
 
 Meal powder two pounds, faltpetre two pounds, brimftone 
 one pound, charcoal four ounces, coarfe coal three ounces, tan- 
 ners dull two ounces and a half, faw dull two ounces, glafs- 
 powder one ounce, finking lead one ounce and three quarters, 
 for one pound rockets. 
 
 Meal-powder half a pound, faltpetre three quarters of a 
 pound, charcoal five ounces, faw-dull half an ounce, and a 
 quarter of an ounce of fine chopped cotton, boiled in faltpetre 
 ke. 
 
 Charges for water-crachrs. 
 
 "jVi" E A L powder two pound and a half, faltpetre one 
 -*■ *• pound and a half, brimflone ten ounces, charcoal eleven 
 ounces, coarfe coals nine ounces, the finking is, to two ounce 
 crackers, a quarter of an ounce of lead. 
 
 Meal powder two pounds and a half, faltpetre two pound 
 and a half, brimftone one pound five ounces, faw-duft twelve 
 ounces, charcoal three quarters of a pound, coarfe coals half 
 a pound, the finking a quarter of an ounce. 
 
 Meal-powder four ounces, faltpetre five pounds, brimftone 
 two pounds and three quarters, tanners duft one pound and 
 a half, charcoal one pound, coarfe coals two pounds and three 
 quarters, glafs-duft four ounces, lead three quarters of an' 
 ounce. 
 
 Charges for tumbling water-crackers, 
 
 "VJEAL powder one pound, falt-petre one ounce, and 
 ■^ ^ charcoal one ounce and an half. 
 
 Meal powder one pound, fak-petre eight ounces, brimftone 
 three quarters of an ounce, and charcoal one ounce and three 
 quarters. 
 
 Meal powder three quarters of a pound, charcoal four 
 ounces j for one and a half or two pound rockets. 
 
 U 4 Charges 
 
296 The LABORATORY; of, 
 
 'Charges for water-cats. 
 
 "jV/lEAL powder two parts, faltpetre four parts, brimftone 
 ^ '■ one part, coarfe coals two parts, faw-duft two parts, 
 and antimony three parts, moiftened with linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal powder two ounces and an half, faltpetre three ounces 
 and a half, brimflone two ounces and a half, and antimony 
 half an ounce. 
 
 Meal flour one pound ; faltpetre two pounds, brimftone one 
 pound, and charcoal one pound. 
 
 Saltpetre fifteen ounces, brimflone five ounces, faw-duft 
 eight ounces, and antimony two ounces. 
 
 Some general remarks upon rockets. 
 
 1. x^ OUR rockets muft have their proportionable 
 
 *■ height, according to the diameters of their ori- 
 fices. 
 
 2. Their necks muft be drawn or choak'd firm, and to 
 prevent the cord giving way, they muft be glued over. 
 
 3. Prepare your compofition juft before you want it. 
 
 4. Let it be neither too damp nor too dry, but fprinkle it 
 over with a little oily fubftance, or a little brandy. 
 
 5. When you drive your rockets, put always equal quanti- 
 ties of compofition in your cafes at a time. 
 
 6. Carry with your mallet an even and perpendicular ftroke, 
 when you charge your rockets. 
 
 7. The cavity muft be bored upright and perpendicular, 
 exa^lly in the middle of the compofition. 
 
 8 Bore your rockets juft before you ufe them ; then handle 
 them carefully, left their form fhould be fpoiled. 
 
 9. Let 
 
\ 
 
 SCHOOL of ARTS. 297 
 
 {), Let the flicks and rods be well proportioned, ftrait and 
 iiiiooth. 
 
 10. Put your rockets, when completed, in a place that is 
 neither very damp nor dry. 
 
 1 1 . Let moft of your rockets have at top a conic figure, by 
 that means they will the ealier Ihoot through the air. 
 
 12. Avoid, if poflible, a damp, foggy, rainy or windy night, 
 to play your rockets. 
 
 DefeHive rockets are chiefly difcovered by the following ohfer" 
 
 vations. 
 
 I. TT fHEN they are fired, and in mounting two or three 
 ^^ perches they break and difperfe, without perform- 
 ing their proper efteds. 
 
 2. When they remain fufpended on the nail, and wafte a* 
 way llowly, without rifing at all. 
 
 3. When they form an arch in their afcent, or a femiclr- 
 cle, and return to the ground before their compofition is burnt 
 out. 
 
 4. When they mount in a winding pofture, without an uni- 
 form motion. 
 
 5. When they move on flowly and heavy. 
 
 6. When the cafes remain on the nails, and the compcfition 
 rifes and difperfes in the air. 
 
 More of thefe vexatious accidents will fometimes fruftrate 
 the hopes of a young pradHtioner, but as the above are the 
 principal ones, he muft endeavour to avoid them in his firft 
 beginning. 
 
 Of 
 
29S the LABORATORY; cr. 
 
 Of rocket-Jlyers, and the maimer of charging thejf^ 
 
 'Tp H E S E are of two forts, namely, the fingle and 
 -■■ double, the latter are made after the following man- 
 ner : 
 
 Have a nave or button turned, the dimenCon of three in- 
 ches, together with two knots upon it, perpendicular one a- 
 gainft the other, of an inch and an half long, and fo thick that 
 both rocket cafes may fit over them ; there muft alfo be a hole 
 of the third of an inch in the centre of the nave, for the iron 
 pin to go through, on which it is to fly ; after this take two 
 rocket cafes, of equal dimenfions, which are choaked quite 
 ciofe at the neck, and glewed : ram in the charge fo far as 
 to leave only room to fix them on the two knobs upon the 
 nave: this done, bore into both rockets, near the clofed-up 
 necks, fmall touch-holes, and one more near the pin, in 
 that which is to burn fivft ; from this hole, carry a little pipe 
 to the hole near the neck of the other rocket, having firfl fil- 
 led it with meal-powder, that when the rocket is almofl: 
 burnt out, the fecond may be lighted by the firft. The three 
 touch-holes ftand in one row, and you may on the other 
 fide fix a couple of reports, which will caufe a fwifter mo- 
 tion. 
 
 The fmgle flyers are made with more eafe, the neck in 
 thefe muil not be tied clofe as in the former, but they muft 
 be fired in that place ; but thefe don't turn fo well as thofe 
 that are made double, the figures hereof will give you a ful- 
 ler idea to manage them. See fig. 33, 34. 
 
 0/ fire-wheeh. 
 
 /^F thefe there are three forts, "Stz. fingle, double, and tri- 
 ^^ pie ; fome of their fells are of a circular form, others an 
 hexagon, octagon, or decagon form, fome like a ftar without 
 fells ; fome, and the mofi: of them, are made to run perpen- 
 dicular to the earth ; others horizontal] all may be ordered fo 
 as to ferve either on land or water. 
 
 The 
 
SCHOOL of ARTS. 299 
 
 The fire-wheels that are to be ufed on land, turn upon an 
 iron pin or bolt, drawn or fcrewed into a poll. The nave 
 is turned of clofe and firm wood, in which the joiners glew 
 the fpokes, according to the number of the felJs, which mufl 
 be carefully joined together ; then have a groove hollowed 
 round, fo deep that the rocket or cafe may be about half 
 lodged therein. See fig. 35. 
 
 The double wheels mull have their fells turned ftronger 
 and wider,, with a groove for the rockets, not only at top, 
 but alfo on one fide thereof; plying the necks of the rockets at 
 top, to the right, and thofe of the fides to the left hand. 
 Vid. fig. 36. 
 
 A triple wheel has a groove at top, and one at each fide ; 
 the matches are laid from one groove and rocket to another, 
 with fmall pipes filled with meal-powder: you may alfo make 
 a triple wheel on a long nave, and obferve the placing of the 
 rockets on each, contrary one to the other ; and the com- 
 munication you are to make with fmall pipes, which, after 
 they are fixed, you are to cover and glew over with paper. 
 Vid. fig, 37. 
 
 Your rockets being ready and cut behind a little flielving, 
 bore them ; the firft three diameters of its orifice, the fecond 
 two and three quarters, the third two and a quarter, the 
 fourth two diameters, the fifth one and three quarters, the 
 fixth one and a half; the feventh one and a quarter; the eighth 
 one diameter ; always the latter fomething fliorter than the 
 preceding ; after this they are primed with meal-powder 
 worked up with brandy, and when dry, glcwed in the above 
 defcribed grooves ; you mull bear the firft fired rocket's neck 
 up above the reft, underlaying it with a tin plate, or any thing 
 elfe ; the fame you muft obferve in the head of the laft fired 
 one, wherein you put the charge of a report ; you may alfo 
 glew on every end of the rockets, a report of paper, with fmall 
 pipes of copper, or goofe-quills, which are fixed one end in the 
 fide of the rocket, and the other in the report. When all is 
 dry, then you may cover your wheel on one or both fides, with 
 linen or paper, in what form you would have it. 
 
 The horizontal wheels are made like the others with fells, 
 or out of one entire piece ; their grooves are furnifhed with 
 rockets, and their plane garniflied with crackers. Vid. plate 
 I, fig. 38. 
 
 A 
 
5CO The L A B O R A T O R Y i or, 
 
 A fire wheel which is to whirl horizontally in the water mull 
 be thus ordered : 
 
 Take a pretty large wooden difh or bowl, that has a bread 
 flat rim, (fee fig. 39) alio a finooth dry board, fomething 
 larger than the difii, and formed into an odtagon j in the mid- 
 dle of this board make a round hole, that will hold a water- 
 ball., fo that one half be received in the difli, and the other 
 half rife above the furfiice of the board; nail this board upon 
 tlie rim of the difh, and fix the ball in the middle, tying it faft J 
 vith wire ; then glew your rockets in the grooves which are * 
 madr round the edges of the board, laying them clofe to one 
 another, fo that fucceflively taking fire from one another, they 
 may keep the wheel in an equal rotation. You may add, if 
 you pleafe, on each fide of the wheel, a few boxes, filled with 
 crackers or cartouches, ere6led perpendicular, and alfo fix 
 double and fingle crackers, following in a range, one after 
 another, for two or three fires, or as many as the extent of the 
 ^^heel will admit. 
 
 For your private fuzees, obferve that )'ou conduct one from 
 tliie rocket, which is to be fixed to the compofition of the ball in 
 a channel. 
 
 Fill thefe channels with meal powder, and cover them clofe 
 with paper : alfo lay a train of fufees of communication from 
 the rockets to a cartouch, and from that to the reft. See fig. 
 40. 
 
 Lafily, when all is ready and covered, dip the whole ma- 
 cl\ine into melted pitch, and fecure it from the injury of the 
 water ; the ball is fired firft, and when lighted, you place 
 it gently on the furface of the water, and then fire the 
 rocket. 
 
 To try a fire- wheel, firft weigh one of the rockets, tie it 
 to a fell with cord, aiid according to that weight, fill little 
 long bags full of fand, tying them likewife on the reft of the 
 fells ; then hang the wheel on an iron pin, fire the rocket, 
 and if it turns the wheel, then you may affiire yourfelf it will 
 be compleat when finiftied. 
 
 Wheels formed like ftars, are to have their fpokes fixed up- 
 right in the nave, like other wheels, only with grooves on 
 one of the fides of each, where you glew the rockets ; at 
 the bottom of each rocket is made a little hole, from whence 
 the fire is conveyed through little pipes, filled with meal pow- 
 der 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 501 
 
 der up to the next, and fo round ; then cover it with linen 
 cloth, or paper, in the Ihape of a ftar, and place it on the iron 
 axis. 
 
 Obferve, that all the rockets ufed in fire-wheels have their 
 necks tied clofe, leaving only a fmall conveyance from one 
 rocket to another ; the laft of all muft be well fecured below, 
 where you may place a llrong report of corn-pov.'der, Sfc 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Charges for fire- flyers and ivheels^ of fcur^ five^ ajid fix cuncs 
 
 rockets. 
 
 ■jVyT E A L powder three pounds, faltpetre two pounds, char- 
 -*■'-■• coal five ounces, and fea-coal three ounces. 
 
 Meal powder fourteen ounces, (iiltpetre fix ounces, charcoal 
 tliree ounces and a half, brimftone three ounces, and fea-coal 
 three ounces. 
 
 Meal powder fifteen ounces, faltpetre fix ounces, brimllone 
 three ounces, and charcoal three ounces 
 
 Saltpetre five pounds, brimftone three quarters of a pound, 
 charcoal one pound four ounces. 
 
 Thefe charges are bored a little with a round bodkin. 
 
 Meal powder two pounds, fea-coal eight ounces, and char- 
 coal ten ounces. 
 
 Meal powder three pounds, brimftone eight ounces, and char- 
 coal ten ounces. 
 
 Thefe charges may be ufed for tripple wheels, and rauft be 
 bored one third with a bodkin. 
 
 For ivheels of or.e pound rockets. 
 
 '\ft E A L powder fix pounds, faltpetre three pounds, brim- 
 -^^ ■*• ftone one pound icvcrx ounces, charcoal two pounds nine 
 ounces, and tanners duft one ounce. 
 The bore muft be an inch and an half. 
 
 For wheels of one and a haf and izvo pound rockets. 
 
 TVyf E A L powder fix pounds, faltpetre three pounds and a 
 ^^ half, brimftone orie pound and a half, charcoal two 
 pounds three quarters, aiid faw-duft one ounce and a half. 
 
 The 
 
302 ri'^ L A B O R x^ T O R Y •, or. 
 
 The firft rocket in the wheel is in length two diameters and 
 a half of its orifice. 
 
 For wheels of three and four pound rockets. 
 
 '\JT E A L powder nine pounds, faltpetre one pound and a 
 ^^^ half, brimftone one pound two ounces, and charcoal 
 three pounds four ounces. 
 The finl rocket is bored but one and a half of its diameter. 
 
 To make lingle and double Cartouches, or 
 Boxes, Tubes, Stars, Sparks, &c. 
 
 "tTrHEN fome hundred boxes or cartouches are adjufled 
 * '^ and fixed in machines of great tire-works, they afford 
 among the towering rockets great delight to the fpedlators. 
 Thefe boxes are made either of wood, pafte-board, or copper ; 
 and are charged and proportioned according to their llrength, 
 with the charge and compofition that is deligned for them. If 
 made of wood they muft fit exadlly, and receive each other, 
 fo as to feem but one continual piece ; and if palle-board, you 
 muft glue on a foot at bottom, of a hand high, to each of 
 them : the infide of thefe machines mufi: exactly fit and cor- 
 refpond with the outfide of the cartouches themfelves, and be 
 fo contrived as to Hip into one another. 
 
 The engine. Fig. 42. is very proper for the conftrucSlion of 
 thofe boxes, one reprefents the bench, and the other the cylin- 
 ders, upon which, (having greafed them firil over with foap) 
 you falliion your boxes, jull as you think proper, by parting 
 one thicknefs of paper upon another, and fixing a handle to the 
 end of the cylinder. 
 
 Having formed them, put them to dry in a moderate heat, 
 too great a heat will flirivel them up ; when dry, take one after 
 another off the cylinder, and immediately clap round wooden 
 bottoms, the edges being firft dene over with glue, into them, 
 and fprig them on the outfide to make them fecure. 
 
 The 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. s<^3 
 
 The fingle boxes are to be changed in the following manner: 
 
 1. Put in fome corn-powder. 
 
 2. Upon that charge fix a round pafte-board, well fitted to 
 the concave fide of the box, which has five or fix fmali holes, 
 and is on both fides laid over with meal-powder tempered 
 with brandy. 
 
 3. Put upon the pafte-board a little meal-powder, and upon 
 that well pierced crackers, fo as to ftand with their necks down- 
 wards : the principal rocket is put in the middle, with the 
 neck downwards, open at both ends ; fo that being lighted a- 
 hove and burning down it may fire the reft of the crackers, 
 which are blown up in the air by the corn-powder. 
 
 4. The empty fpaces between the large fire-cafe and the 
 crackers are carefully filled up, and the cartouch is ftuffed 
 at top with tow, or elfe with fav»r-duft boiled in faltpetre lee. 
 
 5. The cartouch is covered with a cap, which is glewed very 
 clofely thereon ; and for the great cafe reaching out of the car- 
 touch, make in the middle of the cap a hole, through which it 
 is put, and clofe the opening by gJewing fome flips of paper 
 round it. The fire-cafe is loofe, covered with a paile-board 
 cap. 
 
 Doubk boxes, or cartouches. 
 
 tN Fig. 43, is exhibited the conftrucftion of a cafe, called a 
 -•• double one ; to enlarge on the defcription thereof feeais 
 to be needlefs, only obferve, that the bottoms of the upper 
 boxes ferve for the covers of the lower, a hole being made 
 through which the compofition of the lov/er box is fired, af- 
 ter the upper rocket has forced away the empty box, which 
 already has difcharged its load. The upi)er box you cover 
 as has been (hewn above. If there are more than two car- 
 touches upon one another, they are called Burning Tubes, 
 which when fired fhorten by degrees, the cartouches following 
 
 cne 
 
304 "The LABORATORY: or, 
 
 one another till all are fired i fome sre intermixed ^^ilh artifi'tia! 
 globes, and ieveral other fancies, which afford great pleafure to 
 the fpectators. 
 
 Thefe boxes, or cartouches, are placed in long cafes made 
 for that purpofe. The vacancies about the cartouches may be 
 tilled up with fand. See Fig. 44, 
 
 Ancther fort of fire tubes 
 
 AR E made of folid, hard, and dry wood, of what height 
 and thicknefs you think, proper ; bore the middle of the 
 wood one third or a quarter of its diameter, after which divide 
 the whole height into equal parts, each exaftly correfponding 
 with the fKy-rockets you delign to hx upon them, but rather a 
 fmall matter Ihorter ; ail thefe divilions are cut lloping down- 
 wards, except the uppermoft , which mul^ run out in a cylinder. 
 On the rims of each of thefe divifions make a groove all round, 
 of about a finger's breadth ; in thefe grooves bore fmall holes, 
 by which the fire may be conveyed through pipes from the 
 cavity of the tube, to light the rockets that fland behind the 
 paper cartouches, which mufl be made fecure to the wood, 
 leli they fhould fiy up along with the rockets. 
 
 The conflrucfion of the hollow tube in this and other fuch 
 like tubes is expreiTed in Fig. 45. A, the iire-flars and fparks, 
 interfperfed with corn-powder. B, a box filled with paper or 
 crackers. C, a fire-ball or water-globe, which of them you 
 pleafe. D, another box filled with crackers. The hollows 
 between thefe fires are filled up with corn-powder, to blow 
 tip the globes and boxes one after another. 
 
 The ftars and fparks made ufe of oa this occafion are pre- 
 pared in the following m.anner. 
 
 Take of beaten faltpetrc five pounds and a half, meal-powder 
 two pounds four ounces, and brimf^one one pound twelve 
 ounces. 
 
 Meal-powder three pounds, faltpetre fix pounds, brimftone 
 one pound, camphire half an ounce, tanners bark tv.o ounces, 
 or eJfe faw-dufl \ all finely fifted and moifkned with linfeed 
 oil. 
 
 A^eal- 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 305 
 
 Meal-powder one pound, faltpetre four pounds, brimftone 
 half a pound, and pounded glafs fix ounces, moiflened with 
 linfeed oil. 
 
 Saltpetre half a pound, brimftone two ounces, antimony 
 one ounce, and meal-powder three ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre half a pound, brimftone three ounces, antimony 
 one ounce^ and iron lile-duft half an ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds, meal-powder ten pounds, and brim- 
 ftone one pound. 
 
 Saltpetre one pound, brimftone half a pound, meal-powder 
 three ounces, and antimony one ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre one pound, fulphur two ounces, powder of yellow 
 amber one ounce, crude antimony one ounce, med-powder 
 three ounces. 
 
 Sulphur two ounces and a half, faltpeire fix ounces, fine 
 meal-powder five ounces ; frankincenfe in drops, maftick, 
 mercury-fublimate, of each four ounces; white amber and 
 camphire of each one ounce, antimony and orpiment of each 
 half an ounce. 
 
 Thefe ingredients being well beaten, and fearfed thro' 
 a fearfer, muft be fprinkled over with a little glue or gum 
 water, and fbrm'd into little balls, of the bignefs of a fmall 
 nut, then dry'd in the fun, or near a fire, and lay'd up in a 
 dry place, to be ready, on occafion, for playing off with fire- 
 works. When you ufe them, wrap them up in tow. 
 
 T}je following ft an are of a more yellow if) cafl^ inclining to 
 
 white. 
 
 'Tp A K E four ounces of gum-tragacant, or gum-arabidk 
 -■■ pounded and fifted through a fine fieve, camphire dif- 
 folv'd in brandy two ounces, faltpetre one pound, fulphur 
 half a pound, coarfe powder of glafs four ounces, white am- 
 ber one ounce and a half, orpiment two ounces ; incorporate 
 them, and make balls of them, as directed before. 
 
 Sparks are prepared thus. 
 
 ''pAKE faltpetre one ounce, ditto melted half an ounce, 
 '*• meal-powder half an ounce, and camphire two oun- 
 
 X CCS 
 
2o6 rhe LABORATORY; or 
 
 ces; having melted thefe things by themfelves (when you 
 life them) put together in an earthen pot, pour on them wa- 
 ter oif gum tragacant, err brandy that has gum arabick, or 
 gum tragacant diffolv'd in it; that the whole may have the 
 i?onfiftence of a pretty thick, hquid; this done, take one 
 ounce of lint, which before has been boil'd in brandy, vine- 
 gar, or falrpetre; when dry throw it into the compofi- 
 tion, mix and ftir it about, till it has foak'd it up; then 
 toll them up in pills about the bignefs of great pins-heads, 
 and fct them to dry, liaving firft fpriukled them with meal- 
 powder. 
 
 Some of thefe pyramidical tubes and iire-works, are now 
 and then lired in large rooms, upon grand entertainments in 
 miniature, wherein are employ'd odoriferous pills, and other 
 ingredients, that have a fragrant fmell; thefe pills are com- 
 ftionly compofed oi Jhrax calamha^ benjamin, gum juniper, 
 ot each two ounces ; oUbanum^ maftick,. frankincenfe, white- 
 amber, yellow amber, and camphire, of each one ounce; falt- 
 petre three ounces; lime-tree-coal four ounces; beat thefe in- 
 gredients very fine, pulverize and incorporate them toge- 
 ther, and moiften it with rofe-water, wherein before you 
 have difiblv'd fome gum-arabick or gum tragacant; you may 
 form them into pills, and dry them in. the fun, qr before a 
 fii'e. ... 
 
 Single tubes, or cafes, 
 
 7\ RE only filled with corapontions, and to the outfide are 
 ^^ faliened fome crackers, ferpents, or cartouches; thefe 
 cafes being generally rourni and uniform, like a cylinder, you 
 are to trace out a winding line from the top to the bottom, on 
 vthich cut holes to the depth of two or three inches. See Fig. 
 4.6. B and C. Into thefe holes contrive to fix paper-cafes 
 with wooden bottoms, wherein you may put any fort of rock- 
 ets you pleafe, as you fee in A and E; but take care you pro- 
 vide little holes, to lead from the great tube to the corn-pow- 
 der under thefe rockets. 
 
 Another tire tube is delineated Fig. 47. This is furround- 
 cd vvfith cartouches, difpofed in a ferpentine order, like the lirfl:, 
 which are glued and nailed as fecure as poflible; out of thefe 
 
S C H O O L <;/ A R T S. 507 
 
 are difperfed great numbers of fquibs ,- as for the reft, they have 
 nothins; but v/hat is common in others. 
 
 Another fire tube. 
 
 ''pHE circumference of this cylinder is by a cord divided into a 
 •* certain number of equal parts, and being brought into a po- 
 ligonal figure, cutting away the convex part, it is brought into 
 angles. 
 
 Then bore the plain fides with a number of holes perpendi- 
 cular, fo as to penetrate obliquely to the great boring in the 
 middle : into thefe holes thrufl crackers, iquibs, or ferpents. 
 See fig. 48. 
 
 Fig. 49, exhibits a tube, whofe length is fix diameters of its 
 thicknefs. The cylinder being divided round the rim into fix 
 parts, then fubdividing each of thofe into feven parts, referee 
 rOne of them for the lifi:, between each of which make channels, 
 which being fix in number, place little mcrtars of the fame di- 
 menfions therein. 
 
 The mortars mud be turned of wood ; bore the bottoms 
 and add a chamber to them, as you fee at E, each chamber 
 muft be one third or one half of the depth of the fluting, and 
 the breadth one fixth only. Thefe chambers are defigned to 
 hold corn powder. 
 
 Secure thofe mortars on the outfide witli ftrong paper cafes, 
 and nail them faft in the hollow channels, whofe cavity' they 
 are to fit exailly ; their length may be doubled to their breadth ; 
 each mortar muft contain a globe made of paper, with a wooden 
 bottom, and their chambers muft be charged with corn pow- 
 .der. 
 
 Thefe mortars fix in a fpiral line, one only in each fluting, 
 with iron ftays, and bind the middle with an iron plate, faftened 
 on each fide of the interftices ; but before you fix the mortars, 
 you muft not forget to pierce little holes in the tube, and to fix 
 the touch- holes of your mortars exactly upon them, priming 
 both with meal-powder. Every thing relating to this may be 
 plainly conceived in the figure, where A and B defcribe the 
 inortars, and C the globe or cartouch. 
 
 Or 
 
-oS 7*^^ L A B O R A T O R Y i ^r, 
 
 OffaMs. 
 
 nrHESE, in fire-works, are a great number of ftrong iroti 
 ■* reports tixed either in a poll: or plank, and with a fire dif- 
 cl>arge<l at once. 
 
 Charges for cartouches y of icxes. 
 
 MEAL powder fix ounces, fnltpetre one pound dght oun- 
 ces, brimftone four ounces, and charcoal four ounces 
 and a half. 
 
 Meal powder fourteen ounces, faltpetre five ounces, brim- 
 ftone two ounces, and charcoal three ounces. 
 
 Meal powder one pound, faltpetre three quarters of a pound, 
 brimftone four ounces and a half, tanners bark or faw-duft two 
 ounces, and eharcoal four ounces. 
 
 Charges for fire tubes. 
 
 TV /jEAL powder fix pounds, faltpetre four pounds, charcoal 
 ^^ two pounds, rofin half a pound, tanners bark five ounces, 
 moiftened with a little linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal powder three quarters of a pound, faltpetre four pounds, 
 brimftone ten ounces, and faw-duft four ounces. This charge 
 may be ufed dry. 
 
 A4eal powder five pourwls, faltpetre three pounds, charcoal 
 one pound fix ounces, rofin three quarters of a pound ^ not 
 moiftened. 
 
 A preferiiative for wood agalnjl fire. 
 
 'T'HIS being a necefiary article in the execution of fire-works, 
 •■• it will not be improper to fet it down in this place. 
 
 Take brick-duft, afties, and iron filings, of each an equal 
 quantity ; put them together in a pot, pour glue-water or 
 fize upon it, then put it near the fire, and when warm ftir it 
 
 together. 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 509 
 
 together. With this fize waih over your wood -work, and when 
 dry, repeat it, and it will be proof againft fire. 
 
 The manner of preparing and making letters and nmnes in 
 f.re-vjorh, 
 
 T) U R N I N G letters may be reprefented after feveral 
 -*-' methods. 
 
 Order a joiner to cut capital letters, of what length and 
 breadth you pleafe, or about two feet long, and three or four 
 inches wide, and an inch and an half thick ; hojiow out of 
 the body of the letters, a groove, a quarter of an inch deep, 
 referving for the edges of the letters a quarter or half an inch of 
 wood. If you defign to have the letters burnt of a blue tire, 
 then make wicks of cotton or flax, according to the bignefs and 
 depth of the grooves in the letters, and draw them leifurely 
 through melted brimftone, and place them in the grooves ; 
 brufh them over with brandy, flrew meal powder thereon, and 
 again v^/ith brandy and thin difTolved gum-tragacant, and on 
 that flrew meal powder again ; when dry, drive fmall tacks all 
 round the edges of the grooves, and twifl fmall wire to thofe 
 tacks, that it may crofs the letters, and keep the cotton or flax 
 clofe therein ; then lay over it brandy pafle ; flrew over that 
 meaj powder, and at laft glue over it a iingle paper. 
 
 If you would have the letters burn white, diflblve fix pounds 
 of faltpetre, and add to it a little corn-powder j in that dip 
 your wicks of cotton or flax. You may inflead thereof ufe 
 dry touch-wood, which cut into pieces of an inch thick ; put 
 them in melted faltpetre over a fire, let them lay therein till the 
 faltpetre is quite foaked through the wood, after which mix 
 powdered faltpetre with good flrong brandy j take fome cotton 
 a«d with a fpatula, or your hands, work that, the faltpetre 
 and brandy, together ; then fqueeze it out, ftiew the cotton 
 over with powdered faltpetre, and thereof make wicks, having 
 placed firfl: the touchwood in the grooves, lay the wicks 
 over that and the vacancies about it, and then proceed to 
 make it tight and fecure, as has been directed above. See 
 fig. 40, ^ 
 
 There is another method for burning letters without 
 grooves, and this is done by boring fmall holes in the letters 
 of about an inch diftance, one from the other j the diameter 
 
 X 3 of 
 
310 r/^^ L A BOR ATOR Y; or, 
 
 of thofe holes muft not be above the eighth of an inch ; into 
 them put and glue cafes, rammed with burning charges ; but 
 thefe letters do not burn fo long as the others, except the charges 
 are very long. 
 
 Another method for burning of letters is ufed, when they 
 are formed by a fmith of coarfe wire, about a quarter of an 
 inch thick J when this is done, get fo me cotton fpun into 
 match-thread, but not m.uch twifted, to two yards of this 
 take one pound of brimfione, fix ounces of faltpetre, and two 
 ounces of antimony, melt thefe ingredients in a kettle, firft 
 the brimftone by itfelf, and then the reft all together ; when 
 melted, put in the match-thread and f}:ir it about, till 
 it has drawn in all the matter ; then take it out, and 
 ftrew it over with meal powder, let it dry, and wind it about 
 the white letters : faften thefe upon a board, that has been 
 well laid over with a prefervative to keep it from firing. 
 When you have lighted one letter, all the reft will take fire 
 immediately. 
 
 Letters cut in a fmooth board, which is made to Aide in 
 grooves of a cheft are ordered thus : The lid of the box is 
 made full of holes for difperfing the fmoak of the lamps, or 
 wax tapers, which are fet behind, to illuminate the letters ; 
 behind the cut out-letters is parted oil paper of various colours, 
 which, when the lamps are lighted, has a fine effetSt. By thefe 
 means, various changes may be made, in reprefenting devices, 
 names, coat of arms, &:c. But this way is more practifed on 
 the ftage in plays than in fire-works. 
 
 Charges for burning letters with cafes. 
 
 MEAL powder fix ounces, faltpetre one pound, mixed 
 with Potrolio oil. 
 IMeal powder three quarters of a pound, faltpetre nine oun- 
 ces, and brimfione three ounces, mixed up dry. 
 
 Meal powder five ounces, faltpetre feven ounces, brim- 
 fione three ounces, and file-dufi: half an ounce 3 moiftened 
 wirh linfeed oil. 
 
 r^ 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 311 
 
 To trder end preferve leadrng-fireiy trains^ and quick- 
 matches. 
 
 "C'IRE-works being of various kinds and inventions, it i» 
 ^ impoflible to aliign certain rules for their feveral perfor- 
 mances. But to fay fomething of what concerns a mailer's 
 praife, it is obferved, that great fire-works are not to be 
 fired above once or twice at mort; for it would not be 
 deemed an artful performance to fire one cartouch after an- 
 other 3 likewife the match pipes, the mofi: preferable of 
 which are either iron, lead, or wood, and fhould be 
 ftrengthened or clofely twifled round with the finews of 
 beafts, fteeped in diflblved feather -whit c^ and filled with flow 
 charges, which ought to be well tried. Or elfe furnilhed 
 with match-thread of Stupinen^ dry and well prepared, and 
 afterwards either joined to the grooves made in the boards, 
 or only laid free from one work to another. The joinings 
 of the pipes mufl be well clofed and luted with potter's 
 clay, fo as to prevent the fire from breaking out ; thefe pipes 
 muil alfo have little vent holes to give the fire air, or elfe 
 it would be ftifled, or bur'il the pipes ; but thefe holes muil 
 be fo contrived, that the flame may vent itfelf in the open air, 
 and at fome diftance from the works, fo as to prevent touch- 
 ing them. 
 
 All burning matches are to be as diftant from the ma- 
 chines as poffible, to prevent accidents. 
 
 A particular diredlion for conducting your trains and fu- 
 zees, cannot be given, becaufe of the variety of poftures, fi- 
 tuations and contrivances of machinery; thofe rules already 
 given will be fufiicient for the ingenious; add to this the ad- 
 vantage a novice in this art may gather from the fufficient 
 direction in this matter from the figures, which, with much 
 care and induftry, have been traced out for their information 
 and benefit. 
 
 Charges for fuzees, or leading-matches. 
 
 TV/T E A L-powder three ounces and a half, faltpetre four 
 ^*' ounces, brimftone one ounce and three quarters, and 
 charcoal one ounce and three quarters. 
 
 Meal-powder three ounces, faltpetre nine ounces, brim- 
 ftone four ounces and a half, and charcoal half an ounce. 
 
 X 4 Meal- 
 
3n ne LABORATORY: er. 
 
 Meal- powder four ounces, charcoal half an ounce, and 
 coarfe coal half an ounce. 
 
 Meal-powder half a part, faltpetre three parts, brimftone 
 two parts, and charcoal one part j this laft is very flow. 
 
 Of water -balls, 
 
 "DALLS, in fire-works, are made of different fafliions, 
 -^ fome are globular, fome oval, fome conical, fome cylin- 
 drical, others in the form of a pendant or drop. 
 
 The water-balls are commonly made of knitted cord-bags 
 or of wood, thofe made of bags are fliaped like oftriches eggs, 
 and are 
 
 1. Filled with their proper charge. 
 
 2. The outfide is dipped in glue, and wound about with 
 hemp or flax, till it is a quarter of an inch thick thereon. 
 
 3. This ball is then coated over with cloth, and about the 
 touch-hole is glued over with a piece of leather. 
 
 4. The touch-hole is bored with a gimlet, and flopped with 
 a wooden peg. 
 
 5. At the bottom of the globe pierce a fmall hole thro' to 
 the compofition, in which faften a fmall copper-pipe, furnifli- 
 cd with a paper report, together with a leaden balance ; glue 
 the report faft to the ball, then dip the ball in melted pitch, 
 open the touch-hole, and prime it with a quick burning 
 charge. 
 
 Thefe balls keep a long time under water, before they 
 rife, and if a true balance is not obferved in the lead, or the 
 ball is overcharged, they will link to the bottom and burn out, 
 therefore you muft well obferve, that when a water-ball vixih.- 
 out tlie balance is two pounds weight, you muft give it 
 four, or four ounces and a half of lead, but if it weighs one 
 pound and a half, balance it with three, or three ounces and 
 a half. 
 
 Water-balls or globes made of wood, which fwim and 
 burn upon the water without any further effedt, are of two 
 forts, viz. fingle and double, the Angle ones are made 
 thus : have a hollow globe turned fomewhat oblong, with 
 a vent-hole, fill that with a good and approved charge, but 
 npt too clofe, priine the end with fome meal -powder, then 
 glew a flopple in the hole, which muft be tlirice as thick as 
 
 the 
 
S C H O O L 0/ A R T S. 313 
 
 the {hell of the globe, in which beforehand the counterpoife is 
 caft of lead ; when dry, make a hole at top, large enough for 
 a two ounce cracker to enter, through this, ram down the 
 charge in the globe, and fill it quite full with the fame com- 
 pofition ; then glue it over with a pafte-board : and lallly fix 
 a fmall copper pipe through the ftopple, having bored a hole 
 through it for that purpofe ; to the pipe faften a paper report, 
 when this is done, dip the whole in pitch : thefe are called fingle 
 water-globes. Both fort of globes are, for the better fe- 
 curity, twifted and tied round with feveral rows of ftrong 
 packthread. 
 
 Double water-globes are fuch, which after one is fired, dif- 
 charges another. Thefe have chambers at bottom, which are 
 filled with gunpowder ; on thefe put a cover of thick leather, 
 which has ieveral holes in the middle, and goes clofe to the fidej 
 on this ftrew meal powder, and place thereon a fire-globe, 
 which is charged. Fig. 52, will demonftrate the conftru6tion 
 with more eafe than a long leiTon j obferve, 
 
 1. That the little chamber at bottom ought to be the fifth of 
 the breadth of the whole globe, and that its height be one and 
 a half thereof. 
 
 2. That the water-ball B fhould be encompafied with a 
 ■yvater-ball compofition, as you fee by H. 
 
 3. The partition C is for this purpofe, that when the pov/- 
 der in it (hall have the fire conveyed to it through the pipes 
 E F G, it may with more force blow up the ball, in the body 
 of the firfl: ; this taking fire at the hole D, will burn upon 
 the water for fome time, and then, to the aftonilhment of the 
 fpedators, on a fudden, it will blow up the ball that was 
 in it. 
 
 4. You muft be very careful to fecure the piece of leather or 
 board that covers the little chamber, left it fhould be blown up 
 by the compofition of the greater globe, before it is all burn'd 
 out. 
 
 How 
 
314 T>^^ L A B O R A T O R Y ; cr. 
 
 How to charge a u- at er -globe ivith many crackers, 
 
 'TpAKE, for this purpofe, a fmgle water-globe, which may be 
 -*■ round, or of an oval form, fill the fame with the compo- 
 f.ticn hereafter mentioned. Hollow the outfide thereof in fe- 
 veral places, to the fize of your reports or crackers, which are 
 to be fixed in them ; to each of the crackers belongs a fmall 
 copper tube, filled v^ith meal powder, which are to be fitted 
 to the fmall holes in the flutings, in the manner as exprefled 
 in the print, where fig. 53. A are the flutings, B the little 
 holes for the fuzes, C the upper orifice for primng, D the 
 hollow ftopple, through which the ball is primed, E the form 
 of the crackers, which are to be fixed in the flutings, F little 
 fuzees belonging to them. 
 
 How to prepare a water-jnortar^ or water-pump^ with feveral 
 
 tubes. 
 
 'T'AKE feven wooden tubes, wrap them about with cloth 
 -■• that is either pitch'd or dipped in glue, twifting them 
 round very tight wirh packthread. Their height, thicknefs, 
 and diameter, you may order as you think proper, only al- 
 lowing the middlemoil: a greater height than the reft ; bind them 
 together in one cylindrical body ; to the bottom fix a round 
 board with nails, and then with fl:rong glue ftop up all the 
 crevices to prevent the air getting to the compofition : this 
 done, fill the tubes according to the order reprefented in fig. 54. 
 Firft pour into each tube a little corn powder, about half an 
 inch high ; upon that put a water-ball A, upon that a flow 
 compofition ; then again corn powder, upon which put a wa- 
 ter-globe filled with fquibs, as you fee in B, on that again a 
 flow compofificn, then corn powder ; and then a light ball 
 as may be feen in C,' over this put a third time a flow 
 rompofition on corn povvder, as before, which you muft: cover 
 wirh a wooden cap ; on this fix running rockets, not too clofe, 
 but to leave room enough between for a wooden cafe filled 
 with a water coa-pofilion ; the remainder of the tube fill with 
 a flow charge, and clofe it up. Your tubes being all filled 
 in this manner, get a fquare or round piece of plank, with a 
 round hole in the middle, large enough to receive the ends of 
 
 all 
 
S G H O O L ^/ A R T S. 315 
 
 all the tubes, which cover clofe, to preferve the powder and 
 compofition from being wet ; this float-board is marked with 
 the letter D, fig. 55. Thus prepared, dip it in a quantity of 
 tar, or meked pitch, then put the rocket E, or a fmali wooden 
 tube filled with a ftrong compofition that will burn on the wa- 
 ter into the orifice of the middle tube j the compofition of which 
 (hould be more flow than of the reft. 
 
 If you would have the tubes take fire all round at once, you 
 muft pierce the fides of the great one Vvith fmall holes, corre- 
 fponding with thofe in each of the other tubes ; by this means 
 the fire may be conveyed to all of them at once, and confume 
 them equally and at one time ; but if you would have them 
 burn one after another, you muft clofe ihem well up v/ith pafte- 
 board, and to each tube fix a fuzee of communication, filled 
 with meal powder, or a flow compofition, through which the 
 fire may be conveyed from the bottom of that which is confumed 
 to the orifice of that next to it, and fo on fucceffivcly to fuch 
 as have not been fired. 
 
 fioKJ to charge a large water-globe with feveral Utile ones^ and 
 with crackers, 
 
 TT A V E a wooden cylinder made, let the orifice thereof 
 "*••*■ be at leaft one foot diameter, and its height one and a 
 half; let there be a lodge or chamber at bottom to hold the 
 powder, which muft be confined therein by a tampion or 
 llopple joined to a round board, fitted, exactly to the infide 
 of the globe, through the middle of the ftopple muft paf^ 
 an iron tube filled with meal powder ; then prepare fix water-r 
 balls, or more, if you think fit, fo that when all are fet toge- 
 ther in the circumference of the globe, they may fill up that 
 circle ; each of thefe balls muft be provided with an iron fuzee 
 in its orifice, filled with meal powder. Having charged the 
 chamber of the globe with corn powder, let down the 
 fore-mentioned board with the ftopple upon it, then "ange tha 
 fix water-balls, cover them with another round board, that 
 has fix little round holes, correfponding with the fix iroa 
 fuzecs of the balls, and which muft a little furmount it. This 
 laft board fpread over, with meal and corn-powder mix'd toge- 
 ther, and upon it you place as many rockets as the globe can 
 hold : in the midft of thefe you fix a large rocket, into whofc 
 
 orifice. 
 
3i6 Th LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 orifice the iron tube may enter, which is the fame you fee 
 in E, Fig. 56. 
 
 This tube mufl: have holes drill'd all round the plane of the 
 aforefaid partition or board, to the end that the fire having 
 a communication through them, it may reach the running 
 rockets, and at the fame time fire the water-balls, whofe 
 tubes rife out of the board, and from thence, after having 
 penetrated down to the chamber below, it may blow up 
 the whole into the air, and make a great noife. See the figure, 
 where A points out the fix water-balls, B the great rocket in 
 the middle of the running ones, C the chamber for the pow- 
 der, D, a communication, or the iron pipe, to convey the fire 
 to the paper cracker, F the globe, which having been adjuft- 
 ed after the manner direded, cover it clofe round, dip it in 
 tar, to preferve it from the water. 
 
 To prepare the water bee -hive , or hce-fwarm^ both Jingle 
 and double. 
 
 THE fingle bee-fwarm is thus piepared. Have an ob- 
 long globe turn'd, whofe length is two diameters of its 
 breadth, or proportioned to the height of your rounding rock- 
 ets, which place round the wooden tube inarked with A ; this 
 muft be of an equal height with the globe, and be fill'd with 
 a compofition of three parts of powder, two of faltpetre and 
 one of brimflone ; at the lower end of the globe fix a paper 
 cracker C ; the letter D is a counterpoife of lead, through 
 ■which you convey a little pipe or fuzee, to communicate with 
 the charge in the wooden tube ; at top fix a round board for a 
 balance ; F two little holes which convey the tire to the charge 
 for blowing up the rockets. See Fig. 57. 
 
 Hew to prepare a -water -globe on the cutfide with runtiing- 
 
 rockets. 
 
 f~> ET "-> wooden globe perfedly round and hollow, bore on 
 ^-^ the outfide feveral cavities, lufficieHt to receive run- 
 ning-rockets, leaving a quarter of an inch between the ex- 
 tremities or them, and the compofition within the ball ; 
 then bore tlie wood, left between each, with a fmall gimlet, 
 fill them with meai-pov.der, then put in your rockets ; clofe 
 the top of the globe with a wooden cylinder, that has a 
 
 hollow 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 317 
 
 hollow top, with a touch-hole to receive the priming, the 
 bottom flop with a ftopple, which likewife has a conveyance 
 to the cracker that is commonly fix'd beneath it ; between 
 which and the ftopple fix alfo a leaden counterpoife, to keep 
 the whole upright in the water. See Fig. 58. 
 
 To prepare water-globes with fingle or double afcending rockets* 
 
 1^0 R the firft fort have a globe turned with a tube in the 
 *• middle, half its diameter wide, leaving two inches for 
 the placing of folid wood at the bottom ; round this tube bore 
 holes for fmall rockets thereon, after which you burn, with 
 a red hot wire or fmall iron, touch -holes out of the large 
 tubes into the little ones, then fill the globe with the following 
 compolition, vi%. 
 
 Two pounds of faltpetre, eight ounces of brimftone, eight 
 ounces of meal-powder, twelve ounces of faw-duft, this done, 
 clofe the top with a ftopple which has a touch-hole in the 
 middle, then put a good deal of meal-powder in the fmall 
 tubes, up to the touch- holes -, and after you have placed your 
 rockets upon that, fill the vacancy round with a little corn- 
 powder, glue over them paper-caps, then dip the globe into 
 pitch, but not over the paper covering ; fix a counterpoife at 
 bottom, and when the hre has burned half way or further in 
 the large tube it will communicate through the touch-holes, 
 and difcharge all the rockets at once. 
 
 The fecond fort is done after the fame manner, only the 
 middle tube is not bored fo wide, becau'e of giving more 
 room for two rows of fmall tubes round it ; the firfl row next 
 to the tube is bored a little belov/ the middle, the fecond 
 almoft: near to the end thereof ; the touch-holes for the for- 
 mer are burnt from the infide of the great tube, and thofe of 
 ' the latter from the outfide hole are clofed again with a wooden 
 pin : in the large tube you may lodge a ftrong report of iron, 
 charged with corn-powder, having a touch-hole left at top. 
 See Fig. 59, 60. 
 
 Charges for ftngle water-globes. 
 
 /^ O R N-powder half a pound, faltpetre fixteen pounds, 
 ^^ brimftone four pounds, ivory fhavings foar ounces, faw- 
 duft boiled in filtpetre-Iee four pounds. 
 
 Meal- 
 
3tS Tbe LABORATORYi or. 
 
 Meal-powder one pound, faltpetre fix pounds, brimflonc 
 three pounds, iron filings two pounds, and rofin half a pound. 
 
 Meal-powder four pounds, faltpetre twenty-four pounds, 
 -brimftone twelve pounds, faw-duit eight pounds, powdered 
 glafs half a pound, and camphire half a pound. 
 
 Corn-powder one ounce, faltpetre twelve ounces, brim- 
 ftone four ounces, and faw-duft three ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre tA'elve ounces brimftone four ounces, faw-duft 
 two ounces, melted ftuff three quarters ; this muft be rammed 
 in tiglit. 
 
 Meal-powder one pound four ounces, filtpetre one pound 
 eight ounces, brimftone nine ounces, faw-duft five ounces, 
 pounded glafs one ounce, melted ftuff four ounces, mix them 
 together with a little linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal-powder eigiit ounces, faltpetre five pounds, brimftone 
 two pounds, copper filings eight ounces and a half, and coarfe 
 coal-duft eight ounces and a half. 
 
 Saltpetre eight ounces, brimftone three ounces, faw-duft 
 one ounce, and tanners-bark two ourxes. 
 
 Saltpetre fix pounds twelve ounces, brimftone two pounds 
 fourteen ounces, melted ftuff half a pound, faw-duft one 
 pound, coarfe coal-duft one pound, and pounded glafs one 
 pound, m.ix'd up and moiftened with vinegar. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds twelve ounces, brimftone two pounds 
 fix ounces, melted ftuff four ounces, faw-duft eight ounces, 
 charcoal one ounce and a half, and pounded glafs three quar- 
 ters of an ounce, moiftened with Jinfeed oil, and , mix'd up 
 ■with a little corn-powder. 
 
 Charges for double water-globes. 
 
 OAItpetre four pound fix ounces, brimftone one pound four 
 *^ ounces, faw-duft half a pound, and coarfe coal-duft fix 
 ounces, moiftened with a little vinegar or linfeed oil. 
 
 Meal-powder one pound four ounces, brimftone four ounces, 
 and charcoal tv/o ounces, moiftened with Petrolium oil. 
 
 Saltpetre three pounds, brimftone a quarter of a pound, and 
 faw-duft boiled in faltpetre ten ounces, moiftened a little. 
 
 Char-gBU 
 
SCHOOL 4)f ARTS. 51^ 
 
 Charges for bee-fwarms. 
 
 MEAL powder thirteen ounces and a half, fahpetre fix 
 ounces, brimftone two ounces and a half, fine charcoal 
 three ounces, coarfe charcoal one ounce, and fine faw-duft 
 three ounces. 
 
 Meal powder three quarters of a pound, faltpetre fix ounces, 
 brimllone three ounces and a half, fine charcoal four ounces, 
 and coarfe charcoal two ounces and a half. 
 
 Meal powder four parts, faltpetre eight parts, brimftone 
 two parts, coarfe charcoal two parts, and tine charcoal one part. 
 
 Odoriferous^ or perfumed Water balls. 
 
 HAVE balls turned about the fize of large walnuts, fill 
 them with any of the compofitions fpecified below ; after 
 they are filled and ready, light and put them into water. 
 This is generally done in a large room or hall, at grand 
 entertainments. 
 
 The compofition for them are as foUozus : 
 
 oAltpetre four ounces, Jlorax calamita^ one ounce, frank- 
 V incenfe one ounce, maftic one ounce, amber half an 
 ounce, civet half an ounce, faw duft of juniper two ounces, 
 faw dufl: of cyprefs two ounces, and oil of fpike one ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre two ounces, flower of fulphur one ounce, cam- 
 phire half an ounce, rafpings of yellow amber half an ounce, 
 coal of lime-tree wood one ounce, flower of benjamin, or 
 ajfa odorata half an ounce; let thofe which are to be pow- 
 dered, be done very fine j then mix them together as ufual. 
 
 Saltpetre two ounces, myrrh four ounces, frankincenfe 
 three ounces, amber three ounces, mafl:ic one ounce, camphire 
 half an ounce, rofin one ounce, boiled faw-duft one ounce, 
 lime-tree coals half an ounce, bees-wax half an ounce j mix 
 them up with a little oil of juniper. 
 
 Saltpetre one ounce, myrrh four ounces, frankincenfe two 
 ounces and a half, amber two ounces, mother of pearl four 
 ounces, melted ftufF half an ounce, and rbfin half an ounce; 
 mix them up with oil of rofes. 
 
 Meal 
 
320 "The LABORATORY; or. 
 
 Meal-powder three ounces, faltpetre twelve ounces, frank- 
 incenfe one ounce, myrrh half an ounce, and charcoal three 
 ounces, mixed with oil of fpike. 
 
 Tl^e manner of preparing the melted Jluff^ 
 
 TV^ELT twenty-four pounds of fulphur in a (hallow earthen 
 ^'^ pan, over a clear fire, and as it melts, fling in fixteen 
 pounds of faltpetre ; ftir them well together with an iron fpa- 
 tula J as foon as they are melted take it off the fire, and add 
 to it eight pounds of corn- powder; mix it well together, and 
 being cooled, pour out this compofition upon a polilhed mar- 
 ble, or metal-plates, and then divide it into pieces about the 
 fize of a walnut. This compofition is chiefly ufed in military 
 fire- works, and not for thofe I am treating of; but for thofc 
 fire- works which are only for picafure : it is diflinguiihed by 
 warm and cold melted llufF, and is prepared in the following 
 manner. 
 
 Take for the firfl fort half a pound of faltpetre, grind 
 among it three quarters of an ounce of antimony, till one 
 cannot be diftinguiflied from the other ; then melt one pound 
 and a half of brimftone, put the mixed faltpetre and antimony 
 to it, and mix them well together ; this done put it warm into 
 a wooden mould of two pieces, which Ihould be well greafed 
 on the infide : this fl:uff you break afterwards in bigger or 
 lefler pieces \ it is, on account of its clear fire, ufed to imitate 
 f^ars. 
 
 The manner of preparing the cold melted fluff. 
 
 /^ R I N D the above ingredients, or eight ounces of meal- 
 ^^ powder, four ounces of faltpetre, three ounces of brim- 
 ftone, and one ounce of coal-dufl:, together, till all is of one 
 colour ; this done, moiflen that fluff with the white of eggs, 
 gum-water, or iize, and make thereof a fliff dough ; then 
 ftrew on a fmooth board fome meal-powder, roll the dough 
 upon that a quarter of an inch thick, ftrew again meal- pow- 
 der upon it, then cut it in fquare pieces, and let them dry^ 
 or elie form fmall balls of it, of the fize of a fmall nut, or 
 larger j then roll them in meal-pov/der and put them up to 
 dry, 
 ' To 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 321 
 
 ^s Prepare a globe which burns like ajlar, and leaps about both 
 on land and zvater, 
 
 /^AUSE a globe to be turned of dry wood, whofe diameter 
 ^-^ is the length of a half pound or a pound rocket : divide 
 this globe into two equal parts, in the middle of one of the 
 half globes, on the inlide, make a cavity, deep, long, and 
 wide enough to hold three or four rockets or crackers, fo that 
 the other half of the globe may be eafily and clofely fitted 
 upon them ; after this take three crackers, one with flrong 
 reports and two without any, place them fo into the hollow, 
 that the head of the one may lay to the other's neck, and be 
 fo ordered that as foon as the one is fpent, the other may take 
 fire and force the globe back, and thus alternately from one to 
 the other till it comes to the report, which finilhes. Care 
 muft be taken that the fire pafTes not from the firfl: to the next 
 cracker, before it has quite confumed the firil ; but as I have 
 given a caution in the article about rockets that run on a cord, 
 the fame may be obferved here. 
 
 Having taken care to fix the rockets, cover them with the 
 other half globe, and join them firmly with ilrong parted 
 paper. 
 
 To charge globes^ which leap on land, with iron and paper 
 
 . crackers^ 
 
 'T'AKE a hollow vvooden globe, which has a touch-hole 
 •*• at the top, in the form of a fmall cylinder; fill it with 
 an aquatic compofition quite full; then bo-re into the charge 
 five or fix holes about half an inch wide, in which put iron 
 petards or crackers, which run tapering; provide them at the 
 lower end with a fmall touch-hole, and cover the top with a 
 tin-plate, in which th^e is four holes, which you muft ciofe 
 up with wads of paper or tow, after you have filled them 
 with the beft corn-powder : and when you fire them on even 
 ground, you will fee them leap as often as a cracker goes off. 
 See Fig. 6 1. 
 
 The other fort is not much unlike the firft, except that to 
 this you add a certain number of crackers, which are difpofed 
 as you may obferve in Fig. 62. A the crackers, B the 
 touch-hple. 
 
 Y How 
 
322 rhe LABORATORY; rr. 
 
 How the globes, di/charg'd out of a mortar, are made and 
 
 ordered. 
 
 Tj^IRST find the mouth of the mortar, and divide it in 
 -* twelve parts J then have a globe turii'd of wood, which 
 is two diameters of the mouth high; divide the diameter in 
 fix equal parts, and let the height between A and C be the 
 diameter of the giobe, the radius of the femi-circle C I, ftiall 
 be one fixth, or half the height of the globe, the thlcknefs of 
 the wood H I, Ihall be ^'^ of the above diameter, and thd 
 thicknefs of the cover of the diaiiieter of the globe ; the dia- 
 meter of the cavity of the globe five fixths of its whole diame- 
 ter; the height of the priming chamber B F fhall be one fixth 
 ^nd a half of the diameter, but its breadth only one fixth; 
 the diameter of the touch-hole is one fourth or one fixth of 
 that of the chamber ; for the better underftanding thefe direc- 
 tions, fee Fig. 63. 
 
 The manner of filling thefe globes is thus. 
 
 Take hollow canes or common reeds, cut therti into lengths 
 to fit the cavity of the globe, and fill them with z weak com- 
 pofition made of three parts meal powder, two of coal, and 
 one of brimftone, moiften'd with a little linfeed oil; except- 
 ing the lower ends of tliem', w'hich reft upon the bottom of the 
 globe, which muft have meal powder only, moifien'd like- 
 wife with the fame oil ; or fprinkled over with brandy and 
 dry'd : the bottom of the globe cover vvith meal-powder mix'd 
 with an equal quantity of corn-pov.'der; the reed being filFd 
 in this manner^ iet as many of them upright in the cavity of 
 the globcj as it will contain; then cover it well at top; and 
 wrap it up with a cloth dip'd in glue, the priming mufl: be of 
 the fame compofition with the reeds. 
 
 The globes reprefented, N- 97 and 98, are cofitri^ed like 
 the above, only the firft of thefe is fill'd with running rock- 
 ets, and the laft with eraekers, fiars, and fparks, interfperfec? 
 with n>ea4-powdef, and put promifcueuily aver the crackers 5 
 the figures are fo plain, that I need not give any further ex- 
 planation. 
 
 N° 99 is the reprefentation of a globe, which plainly fhevva 
 its conftrudfion : the great globe which contains the lelTer is 
 the fame as defcribed above; for it is charged with running 
 
 rockets. 
 
S C H O G L ^/ A R T S. 323 
 
 dockets, as that of 97. However with this difference, that 
 this is lined but with lingle rockets, and the other is filled I'p 
 with them. In the midll of thefe rcrkets lix a globe in a cy- 
 lindrical form, with a fiat bottom, and a chamber and touch- 
 hole at A, the cavity of this inner globe is filled with iron crack- 
 ers, and covered with a flat covering : the priming chamber 
 till with the fame compofition as has been directed for 
 the above globes ; the fuzees mufl be filled with good 
 meal-powder. 
 
 N^ 100 fhews another fort of globe, which is prepared 
 thus. Firix get a wooden globe, in the middle whereof fix a 
 mortar with a little chamber for powder j round which form 
 a lodge, for ranging paper tubes; this lodge mufl have a 
 groove or channel, fill'd with meal-powder, to convey the 
 fire all round j this done, put a globe into the mortar, fill'd 
 with running rockets, crackers, reeds, or ftars and fparks; 
 and having placed your paper tubes fill'd with running rock- 
 ets round the groove, cover them about with flrong pafied 
 paper and cloth dipp'd in glue, as has been direiled. The 
 figure of this globe will illultrate the defcription, A fliews 
 the mortar, B the touch-hole, C the priming chamber, D 
 the priming of the mortar, E in the other tigure jeprefents 
 the order in which the paper tubes are placed upon the 
 groove. 
 
 T'o form Utters^ end all foYts of figures which may be reprefented 
 in the open air in a dark night. 
 
 pROVlDE a wooden globe of the fame form, heighf, 
 •*■ breadth and thicknefs, as thofe already defcribed, only the 
 priming chamber muft be the height and breadth of one 
 fixth of the diameter of the whole globe. Befides this cham- 
 ber there mull be another B, for corn-powder, the height 
 and breadth mufl "be equal to tV of the diameter of the globe, 
 the vent-hole muft be a quarter of the powder or prim- 
 ing-chamber; you mufl alfo have another globe in a cy- 
 lindrical form, the bottom of which muft be rounded 01^ 
 the outfide, as may be obferved in the fisme figure by F, 
 the cover muft be let a little into the inner furface of the 
 cover of the great globe, to keep, it firm, placing this lefTer 
 globe perpendicularly over the chamber, Vrhich is ijlkd with 
 corn-powder. Y % f lU 
 
324 r/^^ L AB ORATOR Y; cr. 
 
 Fill the cavity of the little globe with running rocketoj 
 ftars and fparks, as may be feen in the figure at the bottonri 
 of the large globe; hiving furnifhed the vent-hole with 
 meal, and the chamber with corn powder, put about the 
 fmall globe the fame compofition, mix'd promifcuoufly toge- 
 ther, and on this lit a flat wooden ring, very tight to the 
 globe, in which bore holes, as you fee in Fig. loi. Your 
 globe being thus prepared, take two long thin flips of whale- 
 bone, which bend eafily without breaking; join them to- 
 gether parallel, fo as to have their bendings oppofite to each 
 other, and make a ftraight piece; take two of thefe long 
 pieces and join them, as is feen in A, by two fhorter pieces 
 at both ends, fo as to make a right angled parallelogram, 
 RSTU; within this frame form your letters, either of wire 
 or whale-bone, placing each about a hand's breadth from 
 the other; and having fix'd your letters, wrap them neatly 
 round in quick tow from one end to the other, taking car» 
 that none of it entangle about the frame, left when the let- 
 ters burn, their flame fliould be confounded in one another; 
 then fteep your letters in brandy, w-herein before you have 
 diflblv'd fome * gum-arabick, and in drying, ftrew them 
 over with mcai-pov.der; if you would have your letters 
 defcend perpendicular to the horizon, you muft fallen two 
 fmall weights to your frame, at T' and U, but if parallel to 
 the plane of the horizon, you muft have a weight at each cor- 
 ner; having order'd it thus, bend it round to go in the in- 
 ner circumference of the great globe, and let it reft perpen- 
 dicular on the v/ooden ring, and flll the empty places about 
 the letters with meal-powder; then cover it up, and prepare 
 the globe fit for the mortar, as ul'ual ; it will have a delight- 
 ful etfeci. 
 
 To prepare the quick tow. 
 
 TAKE either flax, hemp, or cotton, of two or three ftrands,. 
 twift them flightly and put them into a clean glaz'd ear- 
 then pan, pour on them good white-wine-vinegar four parts^ 
 ■urine two parts, brandy one part, purified faltpetre one part, 
 meal-powder one part, boil it all together over a quick-'fire, 
 
 • till 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T 5. 325 
 
 t'lU all the moifture is evaporated; then flrew meal-pow- 
 der on an even board, and roll your match therein, then let it 
 dry either in the fun or Ihade. This fort of match burns and 
 confumes very quick, but if you would have it burn llower, 
 make the liquor weaker, boiling the match in faltpetrfc and 
 vinegar only, and ftrewing meal-powder in it, let it dry. 
 
 Another fort of match is made by fome which is not twifted 
 at all, but only dip'd in brandy, for fome hours, then pow- 
 dered over with meal-powder and dry'd; fome diflblve a little 
 gum-arabic or tragacant in the brandy, this will make it ftick. 
 the better to any thing. 
 
 To prepare the light halls^ proper to be ufcd at bon- 
 
 frcs. 
 
 TAKE two pounds of crude-antimony, four pounds of 
 brimftone, four pounds of rolin and four pounds of coal, 
 and half a pound of pitch ; having powered all thefe ingredi- 
 ents, put them into a kettle or glaz'd earthen pan, over a 
 coal fire, and let it melt; then throw as much hemp, or 
 flax into it as may be fufficient to foak it up; then 
 take it off the lire, and whilft it is coonng, form it into 
 balls. 
 
 You may wrap them up in tow, and put them either into 
 ^•ocl^ets or globes. 
 
 To 
 
 "0 prepare the pajle for Jlars and /parks. 
 
 'TpAKE five ounces and a half of meal-powder, one 
 -"■ pound twelve ounces of brimftone. Or, 
 
 Take three pounds of meal-powder, fix pounds of falt- 
 petre, one pound of •brimftone, two pounds of camphire, and 
 two ounces of tanner's bark or law-duft. Moiften all thcfe 
 ingredients witji linfeed oil. 
 
 Take meal-powder one pound, faltpetre four pounds, brim- 
 ftone half a pound, and powder'd glafs fix ounces ; moiftened 
 with a little linfeed oil. 
 
 Saltpetre half a pound, brimftone tw^o ounces, antimony 
 one ounce, and meal powder three ounces. 
 
 Saltpetre half a pound, brimftone three ounces, antimony 
 one ounce, and iron file-duft half an ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds, meal-powder ten pounds, and brim- 
 ftone one pound. Y 3 Saltpetre 
 
326 "the LABOR AT OR Yi or. 
 
 Saltpetre one pound, brimftone half a pound, meal-powdei' 
 three ounces, and antimony one ounce. 
 
 Having mixed and prepared your ingredients, boil fome 
 flax in faltpetre lee and camphire, then cut it Imail and mix it 
 up with any of the above compofitions, which mull be moiften- 
 ed with either the white of eggs, gum, or lize : form this intQ 
 little balls of the fize of a hazel-nut, ftrew them over witU 
 meal-powder and let them dry. 
 
 To caufe the ftars to burn very bright, make your com- 
 pofition of one ounce and three quarters of faltpetre, three 
 quarters of an ounce of brimftone, and a quarter of an ounce 
 cf powder. 
 
 Saltpetre two pounds, brlmftone fourteen pounds and a half, 
 and meal-powder fix ounces. 
 
 The palle or melted ItufF above mentioned, is alfo made ufe 
 of for the fame purpofe, wrapt in tow. 
 
 To pro}e5l globes /rem a mortar^ a fid the quantity cf powder 
 required for that purpofe. 
 
 THE globes being of wood, it is requifite that the char- 
 ges for them (hould b? agreeably to their fubftance, for 
 V'hich end they are firft weighed, allowing for each pound of 
 its weight a quarter of an ounce of gun powder. For ex- 
 ample, if your globe weighs forty pounds, you muft, to dif- 
 charge it, allow ten ounces of powder. 
 
 The charge is thus performed; put the pov^der into the 
 chamber of the mortar, and cover it with ftraw, hay, hemp, 
 or flax, fo as to fill it quite full; or if the chamber of the 
 mortar be too big, get one turned of wood equal in height 
 and breadth to the chamber of the mortar, that contains the 
 charge of powder required ; pierce this with a red hot wire, 
 from the bottom of the wood to the centre of the bottom of 
 the chamber in it, not perpendicular but llanting, as from c 
 to b in Fig. A. The place, where the touch-hole begins, 
 ^ft; be marked, fo that you may turn it to correfpond with 
 ^ touch-hole of the mortar. When you would load your 
 mortal r, cover the bottom of the chamber with a little meal 
 raid corn- powder, mix'd together^ and upon that put the 
 
 vvooden 
 
S C H O O L e/" A R T a 347 
 
 wooden chamber, in which is the powder required to difcharge 
 the globe ; then fix the touch-hole of the globe exactly upon 
 the chamber, wrapping it in hemp, l^c. to make it ftand up- 
 right. 
 
 The mortars contrived on purpofe for globes are more 
 commodious, and one is more certain in projc6ling them : 
 thefe are caft as follows : the length of the mortar with the 
 chamber without the bottom, is two diameters of the mouth ; 
 the bottom is one fifth thick; the chamber is half the diame- 
 ter of the mouth long, and a quarter wide, oval at bottom ; 
 the fides are an eighth of the diameter of the mouth thick, 
 which is encreafed at bottom to a third j the thicknefs about 
 the chamber is a fourth part. 
 
 Some prepare thefe balls with fakpetre four pounds, brimftone 
 one pound and a half, powder half a pound, antimony fix 
 ounces, and charcoal half an ounce. 
 
 Saltpetre four pounds, brimftone three pounds, camphire a 
 5juarter of a ppund, and powder half a pound. 
 
 P ART 
 
328 Ti'^ L ABOR ATORYj cr. 
 
 PART XIV. 
 
 The art of dying Silks, Worsteds, Cot-" 
 TONS, &c, of various colours. 
 
 f'W^ H E art of dying in colours is of great antiquity^ 
 i as appears both from faered and profane hiftory j 
 -^ but who were the firll inventors thereof, is un- 
 certain ; however, for the generality it is conjedured 
 that like many others it had its firft birth by accident : 
 the juices of certain fruits, leaves, &c. accidentally crufhed, 
 are fuppofed to have criven the firft hint. Purple, an animal 
 juice, found in a mufch, was firft difcovered to be of a tinging 
 quality, by a dog's catching one of the purple-fifhes among the 
 rocks, which in eating ftained his mouth with that pre- 
 cious colour : this colour was in fo high efteem among the 
 Rcjijans^ that none but their emperors were fuffered to wear it. 
 I could give the curious a long hiftorical and fpeculative ac- 
 count concerning this ingenious art, but being a fubjecSt not 
 fuitable to the intent of this work, I fhall only inform 
 my readers of the pra6i:ice thereof, in as concife and plain a 
 manner as polfible. My firft leftbn is : 
 
 . ^ow ia dye filk or worjled of a fine cai-nation colour. 
 
 Tj^ I R S T take to each pound of filk, four handfuls of whea- 
 -■' ten bran, put it in two pails of water, boil it, pour it in- 
 to a tub, and let it ftand all night ; then take half the quanti- 
 ty of that water, put into it f a pound of allum, | of a pound 
 of red tartar, beaten to a fine powder, and \ an ounce of 
 fine powdered curcumi ; boil them together, and ftir them 
 well about with a ftick j after they have boiled for a quar- 
 ter of an hour, take the kettle ofi:' the fire, put in the filk, 
 and cover the kettle clofe to prevent the fteam from flying 
 ©utj leave it thus for three hours, then rinfe your filk in cold 
 
 water. 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 529 
 
 water, beat and wring it on a wooden pin, and hang it up to 
 dry. ■ " - 
 
 Then take | qf a pound of gall-nuts, beat them fine, and 
 put the powder thereof into a pail of river-water j boil it, 
 for one hour ; then take off the kettle, and when you cm 
 bear your hand therein, put in your filk, and let it lay 
 therein an hour, then take it out and hang it up to dry. 
 When the lilk is dry, and you would dye it of a crimfon 
 colour, weigh to each pound of . filk | of an ounce of 
 cochineal, which beat to a fine powder, and fift it through a 
 fine hair fieve ; then put it in the pail with the remaining 
 lee, and having mix'd it well, pour it into a kettle, and 
 when it boils, cover it well to prevent any duft comirfg to 
 it ; after you have put in -| of a pound, and two ounces and 
 a half of tartar, both finely powdered, let it boil for a | of 
 an hour; then take it off the fire, let it cool a little and put 
 in the filk, fi:ir it well with a ftick to prevent its being cloud- 
 ed, and when cool wring it out. If the colour is not deep 
 enough, . hang the kettle again over the fire, aud when it has- 
 boiled and is grovv^n lukewarm again, repeat the flirring of 
 the filk therein ; then hang it upon a wooden pin which . is 
 faftened in a poll, wring and beat^it with a ftick; after this 
 rinfe the dyed filk in hot lee, wherein to one pound of filk, 
 you have diflblved half an ounce of Nezvcaftle foap, afterwards 
 rinfe it in cold water. Hang the fkains of raw-nlk on, a. 
 wooden pin, putting a little hand-ftick to the bottom part,- 
 and thus having worked, wrung and beat it round, you muft' 
 hang it up to dry. 
 
 Another methcfd to dye filk of a crimfon red. 
 
 T 
 
 AKE of good Rovmn allum half an ounce, tartar one 
 ounce, fpirit of vitriol quarter of an ounce, and put thern, 
 pulverized into a pewter kettle, and pour as much water on 
 them as is fufiicient for the quantity of half an ounce of the filk 
 you purpofe to dye; when it is ready to boil, put in the filk 
 which before you muft: boil in bran ; boil it for an hour or 
 more, then wring it out, and put to the liquor half an ounce of 
 cochineal finely powdered, and 60 drops of fpirit of vitriol ; 
 
 when 
 
330 ne LABORATORY-, #r, 
 
 •w|ien ready to boil, put in the filk again, and let it foak fo# 
 four hours ; then take clean water, drop into it a littl? 
 fpirit of vitriol, rinfe therein the filk, take it out again, and 
 dry it on flicks in the (hade. This will be a high colour, 
 but if you would have it of a deep crimfon, you take, inftead 
 of fpirit of vitriol, fpjrit of fal-armoj}iac, to rinfe your 
 ^Ik in. 
 
 (general ohfervatiofii in dying crimfon, fcarht^ sr purple, 
 
 J, \7OUR copper or kettle muft be of good pewter, 
 * quite clean and free from any foil or greafe. 
 
 2. The prepared tartar muft be put in when the water Is 
 luke-warm. 
 
 3. If you intend to dye woollen or worfted yarn, you may 
 put it in the firft boiling, and let it boil for two hours. 
 
 4. When bolPd take It out, flnfe it, clean the kcttlcj an4 
 put in the water for the fecond boiling. 
 
 5. This fecond boiling is performed in the fame manner a$ 
 the firft ; then put in cochineal finely powdered, when it boils 
 Jiard, ftir it vyell about. 
 
 6. Then the filk, which before has been wafhed and clean- 
 fed in the firft lee, is put in on a winch, which is continually 
 turned about, \n order to prevent the colours from fixing in 
 $:louds. 
 
 7. When the colour Is to your mind, take it out of the 
 copper, rinfe it clean, and hang it up in a roopi or a ihady 
 place, where it may be free from duft. 
 
 8. You muft obferve, that when the aqua-fortis is put into 
 jthe fecond boiling, it caufes a coarfe froth to fwim at top,, 
 which you muft carefully tak? oflT. 
 
 Jfcvj 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 331 
 
 How to dijfolve the pewter for dyer's aqtia-fortis. 
 
 'T'AKE fine pewter, pour firH: a little clear water over 
 it, then pour on the aqua-fortis, which will diirolve it. 
 The folution is of a whey or milk colour, temper it by add- 
 ing more aqua-fortis, till it is clear. The common propor- 
 tion is, to one ounce of aqua-fortis add a quarter of aji ouncq 
 of pewter. 
 
 To dye a crimfon with or chat. 
 
 "pUT clean water into the copper, and to each pound of 
 -*■ nik take 12 ounces of orchal: in this turn your lilk and 
 wring it out ; then diflblye to each pound of filk I of a pound 
 of allum, and as much of white arfenic; in this liquor put 
 the filk all night to foak ; then wring it out ; this done, take 
 to each pound of filk, two ounces of cochineal, two ounces 
 of galls, two ounces of gum, with a little curcuma: in this 
 boil the filk for two hours; then put in a little zcpfie, let it 
 foak all night, and in the morning rinfe it out. 
 
 To dye a violet colour. 
 
 THIRST boil your filk in bran and allum, as has beert 
 -*- fhewn above ; then clean your copper, and v^ith clean 
 water, put to each pound of filk, one ounce of galls, one 
 ounce and a half of cochineal finely powdered, and one ounce 
 cf gum-arabick, boil it together like the crimfon red ; leave 
 }t all night, and the next morning take out your filk, and 
 rinfe it in fair water. 
 
 To dye worJJed^ fi^ff'-> or yarn of a crimfon colouv, 
 
 nPAKE to each pound of worfi:ed, two ounces of allum^ 
 **■ two ounces of white tartar, two ounces of aqua-fortis, 
 half an ounce of pewter, quarter of a pound of madder, and a 
 quarter of a pound of logwood, put them together in fair water, 
 boiling the worfted therein for a cgnfiderable time; then take it 
 out of the copper, and when cool, rinfe it in clean water : theti 
 boil it again, and put to each pound of worfled, quarter of a 
 pound of logwood. Another 
 
332 t:^^ LA BORA TORY; or. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 TAKE to eight pounds of worded, fix gallons of watjsr, 
 and. eiglit handfuls of wheaten bran ; let them ftand all 
 night to fettle, in the morning pour it clear oif, and filtrate 
 it. J take thereof half the quantity, adding as much clear wa- 
 ter to it ; boil it up, and put into it one pound of allum., 
 and half a pound of tartar ; then put in the worlled, and let 
 it boil for two hours, ftirring it up and down all the while it 
 is boiling with a ftick. llien boil the other half part of your 
 bran-water, mixing it with the fame quantity of fair water as 
 before j when it boils, put into it four ounces of cochineal, 
 two ounces of fine powdered tartar ; ftir it well about, and 
 v.?hen it has boiled for a little while, put in your fluffs: keep 
 ftirring it from one end of the copper to the other with a 
 ftick, or turn it on a winch, till you fee the colour is to your 
 mind, then take it out of the copper, let it cool, and rinfe it 
 in fair water. 
 
 Another for filk, 
 
 'T'A K E to each pound of filk, a quarter of a pound of fer- 
 -■• nambuca, boil it up, and flrain it through a fieve into a 
 tub, and pour water to it, till it is juft luke-warm : in this 
 turn your filk, which before has been prepared as has been 
 directed, and when all tlie ftrength is drawn out, rinfe, wring 
 and dry it. 
 
 Another fine carnation. 
 
 npAKE to each pound of filk, after it is rinfed and dried, 
 '*■ four pounds of fafflower, put the fafBower in a bag, and 
 "wafli it in clean water, till the water comes clear from it \ 
 then take the fafilower out of the bag, prefs it between 
 your hands, and ri.'b it afunde? in a clean tub ; take to each 
 pound of filk, four ounces of pot-aflies, work it well toge- 
 ther with the fafflower, divide it into tv/o partSj pour one part 
 thereof into a clofe fack, that will keep the pot-aflies from 
 coming out, otherwife it will make the filk fpeckled, and 
 pour clear water over, to draw the flrength out of the 
 
 faf- 
 
S C H O O L <?/ A R T S. 33^ 
 
 fafflower ; then take to each pound of filk, a quarter of a pint 
 of lemon juice; divide that alfo into tv^ro parts, and put each 
 to the two quantities of fafflower, hang your filk well dried 
 on clean fticks : and dip it in the tirfl part of the liquor con- 
 tinually for an hour; then wring it well out, and hang it 
 again on flicks j having prepared the other part of the faf- 
 flower as you did the firll, dip it therein as before for the 
 fpace of an hour ; then wring it well and hang it up to dry 
 in the Ihade, and you will have a fine colour. 
 
 A carnation for zuoollen, 
 
 'Tp A K E four ounces of cerufe, three ounces and a half 
 of arfenic, one pound of burnt tartar, one pound of 
 alluiTi; boil your Ifuffs with thofe ingredients for two hours; 
 then take it out, and hang it up ; the next morning make a 
 dye of two pounds of good madder, a quarter of a pound of 
 orlean, two ounces of curcumi, and three ounces of aqua- 
 fortis. 
 
 To dye a carnation on filk^ or cotton, luith fernamhuca, 
 
 'T^'AK E three pounds of allum, three ounces of arfenic, 
 -*■ four ounces of cerufe ; boil your filk or cotton therein 
 for an hour ,• then take it out and rinfe it in fair water ; after 
 which make a lee of eight pounds of madder, and two ounces 
 of fal-armoniac, foak the filk or cotton therein all night, 
 then boil it a little in fair v/ater, and put into it one ounce of 
 pot- allies ; then pour in fome of the lee, and every time you 
 pour, the colour will grow the deeper, fo that you may bring 
 •it to what degree or Ihape you pleafe. 
 
 Another msthcd. 
 
 TA K E to one pound of filk, cotton, or yarn, one ounce 
 of tartar, and half an ounce of white ftarch ; boil them 
 together in fair water ; then put in one quarter of an ounce of 
 cochineal, a quarter of an ounce of ftarch, and a quarter of 
 an ounce of pewter, diflblved in half an ounce of aqua-fortis, 
 and mixed with fair water ; when the water v.'ith the ftarch and 
 tartar has boiled for fome time, fupply it with ^lie cochineal 
 
 and 
 
^34 "^^^ LABORATORY; or 
 
 2nd the above aqua-fortis ; put in your filk, or whatever yo'ij 
 have a mind to dye, and you will have it of »- tine colouri. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 'T* A K E one ounce of tartar, ftarch and lernon juice, of 
 each liaJf an ounce, and cream of tartar a quarter of 
 an ounce ; boil them together in fair v/ater, adding a quarter 
 of an ounce of curcumi : put in half an ounce of cochineal,- 
 and a little while after one ounce of aqua-fortis, in which you 
 have diffolved a quarter of an ounce of pewter, and then put 
 in your filk, 
 
 T'o dye y dm or linen of a hjllng violet colour. 
 
 '!"* A K E one pound of tartar, half a pound of a'llu'rh, two 
 -*■ ounces of fernambuca, and half an ounce of fiiltpetrei boil 
 them together, then let them cool a little, and put in your 
 yarn; let it foak. for four hours, keeping the dye hot but not 
 boiling, after which rinfe and dry it; 
 
 H 
 
 . Hoiv to prepare orfet a blue vat for dyhig. 
 
 EAT foft water in a kettle or copper, fling four or five 
 handfuls of wheaten bran, together with four pound of 
 pot-a(hes into it, when that is diffolved boil it for an hour, and 
 then add four pounds of madder ; with this boil it for an 
 -hour longer, then pour the water into the vat, fill it not full 
 by the height of a foot, and then cover your vat ; then fet it 
 with indigo and woad, of each fix pounds, and two pounds of 
 pot-alhes ; put this into a fmall kettle in warm water, fet it 
 on a ilow fire, and let it boil gently for half an hour, ftirring it 
 all the while j then pour that to the other liquors already in 
 the vat. 
 
 To fet a vat with indigo only, you muft boil tlie firft lee 
 with pot-alhes, four or five handfuls of bran, and half or three 
 quarters of a pound of madder ; this you boil a quarter of ari 
 hour, and when fettled it will be fit for ufe. Then grind youf 
 indigo in a copper bowl, with an iron fmooth ball very 
 fine, pouring on fome of the lee, and mixing it together ; 
 when fettled, pour the clear into the blue vat, and on the 
 
 fedi> 
 
SCHOOL Of A R T S. 33^ 
 
 fedim^nt of the indigo, pour again fome of the lee ; this you 
 Ihould repeat till you fee the blue tinclure is extracicd clearly 
 from it. 
 
 It is to be dbfervec!, that the rriadder niufi Be biit fparingljr 
 wfed, for it only alters the colour, and makes it of a violet blue, 
 which, if you defign to have, cochineal is the litter for. The 
 mix'd colours in blue are the following : dai-k blue, deep blue, 
 high blue, fky blue, pale blue, dead blue, and whitifli blue. 
 
 By mixing of blue aiid crimlon, is produced purple, colum- 
 bine, amaranth, and violet colours ; alfo from thcfe mixtures 
 may be drawn the pearl, fdver, gfidelln, &c. colovfrs. 
 
 From a middling blue and crimfdn are produced f he followirig 
 colours, viz. the panfy, brown grey, and deep brown* 
 
 Care mull be taken that in fetting the blue vat, you io not 
 <)verboil the lee, by which the colour becomes muddy and 
 changeable ; be alfo fparing with the pot-aflies, for too much 
 thereof gives the blue a greenifh and falfe hue 3 but experience 
 is the bell inftrudor in this. 
 
 Another dire^iofi hc'tv to fet n blue vat ; togethe' with fever aJ dr-* 
 fervations in the tnana-gement thereof^ b'6tbforfilk and ivorjiedt 
 
 'T^AKE half a bufhel of clean beech afhes, well fifted, of this 
 ■■■ make a lee with three pails of river or rain-water, pour it 
 into a tub, and put in two handfuls of wheaten bran, two oun- 
 ces of madder, twd ounces of white tartar finely powdered^ ofic 
 pound of pdt-afhes, half a pound of indigo pounded ; llir it all 
 tvell together once every 12 hours for 14 days fucceffneiy, till 
 the liquid appears green ort your lingers, and it is fit to dycj 
 however, when ready, flit it every morning, and when you, 
 have doiie, cover it. 
 
 When you are going to dye Hlk, firtl wafh the filk in a frefh 
 vVarm lee, wring it our, and dip it into the vat ; you may dye 
 it what Ihade you pleafe, by holding it longer or fhorter Li the 
 dye. 
 
 When the colour is to your mind, wring the lilk, and hav- 
 ing another tub ready at hand, with a clear lee, rjnfe therein 
 your filk, then walh and beat it in fair water, and hang it up 
 to dry. 
 
 Whea 
 
336 r^5 L A B O R' A T O R Y; er. 
 
 When the vat is wafted, fill it with the lee, but if it growa 
 too weak, fupply it with half a pound of pot-afhes, half a pound 
 of madder, one handful of wheat-bran, and half an handful of 
 white tartar; let it ftand for eight days, rtirring it every 12 
 hours, and it will be again fit for ufe. 
 
 Another ?nethod for woollen, 
 
 TC^ILL a kettle or copper with water : boil it up, and put pot 
 ^ alhes into it; after it has boiled with that a little, put in 
 two or three handfuls of bran, let it boil for a quarter of an 
 hour, then cover it ; take it off the fire and let it fettle. 
 
 Pound the indigo as fine as flour; then pour off the above lee 
 to it, ftirand let it fettle, and pour the clear lee into the vat; 
 then pour more lee to the fediment, ftir it, and when fettled, 
 pour that into the vat alfo j repeat this till the indigo is wafted. 
 Or, 
 
 Take to a quarter of a pound of inciigo half a pound of pot-afhes, 
 a quarter of a pound of madder, three handfuls of borax, let it 
 boil for half an hour, and then fettle ; with this lee grind your 
 indigo in a copper bowl; put this on an old vat of indigo, or on 
 a new one of wood, and it will make it fit for ufe in 24 hours» 
 
 To dye filk of a Jlraiv yellow. 
 
 'X'AKE allum and rinfe your filk well, as has been directed 
 "*■ before, then take and boil to each pound of filk one pound 
 of fuftic or rocaw, and let them ftand for a quarter of an hour, 
 then put into a "tub, large enough for the quantity of the filk, 
 a fufficient quantity of that lee and fair water ; in this rinfe the 
 filk ; fill the kettle again with water, and let it boil for an hour, 
 and having wrung the filk out of the firft liquor and hung it on 
 flicks, prepare a ftronger lee than the firft, in this you dip your 
 iilk fo long till the colour is to your mind. 
 
 Another method. 
 
 pUT into a clean copper or kettle to each pound of filk, 
 •* two pounds of fuftick, let it boil for an hour, then put in 
 fix ounces of gall, let it boil together half an hour longer ; the 
 filk being allum'd and rinfed, is tum'd about in this colour, 
 
 then. 
 
S C H G O L c/ A R T S. ^i,y 
 
 ^hen take it out of the kettle, and wring it out; dip it in pot- 
 afli lee, and wring it out again ; then put it into the copper, 
 let it foak a whole night, and in the morning rinfe, beat it 
 out, and hang it up to dry. 
 
 Of dying filk^ &C. of different gre em. 
 
 npHE middling colour of blue and yellow produces a light 
 "* green, grafs green, laurel green, Tea green, Isc. 
 
 All olive colours, from the deepef!: to the lightefl, are no- 
 thing elfe but green colours, which by walnut-tree root, 
 fuHic or foot of the chimneys, are chang'd to what fhade you 
 pleafe. ■ 
 
 A fine green for dying filk> 
 
 n^AKE to one pound of filk | of a pound of allum, two 
 "•■ ounces of white tartar, put them together in hot water 
 to diffolve, and when fo, put in your filk, and let it foak all 
 night, take it out the next morning, and hang it up to dry ; 
 then take one pound of fuftic, boil it in four gallons of wa- 
 ter, for an hour long j take out the fuftic, fling it away, and 
 put into the copper ~ an ounce of fine beaten verdegreafe, ftir it 
 about for | of an hour, draw it off into a tub, and let it cool, 
 then put into that colour an ounce of pot-afhes, ftir it toge- 
 ther with a ftick, dip into it your filk, fo long till you think 
 it yellow enough, then rinfe it in fair water aud hang it up to 
 dry ; then dip it in the blue vat, till you think it enough ; 
 rinfe it again and beat it over the pin, and hang it up to dry; 
 thus you may change the ihades of your green by dipping ei- 
 ther more or lefs, in the blue or yellow. 
 
 For the green, take to one pound of filk three ounces of 
 verdegreafe, beaten to a fine powder, infufe it in a pint of wine 
 vinegar for a nighty then put it before the fire, when hot liir 
 it with a fiick, and keep it from boiling ; in this put your 
 filk two or three hours, or if you would have it of a light co- 
 lour, let it foak but for half an hour, then take fcalding hot 
 water, and in a trough, rub'd over with Newcafle foap, beat 
 and work it up to a clear lather, in this rinfe your filk, then 
 hang it up to .dry ; rinfe it again in river- water, beat it v.ell, 
 and when it ii wt;ll ckan'd, and dry'd, drefs it. 
 
338 rU LAEORATORYi 6r^ 
 
 Hoiv to dye linen of a green colour, 
 
 SOAK your linen over night, in ftrong allum watery 
 then take it out dry ; take woad, boil it for an hour long j 
 take out the woad, and put in one ounce of powder'd verde- 
 greafe, or according to the quantity you have to dye, more or 
 \^{s \ ilir it, together with the linen, brifkly about j then put 
 in a piece of pot-afh, the bignefs of an hen's egg, and you will 
 have your linen of a yellow colour, which when dry'd a lit- 
 tle, being put into a blue vat, will turn green. 
 
 To dye yarn of a yellow colour. 
 
 IN a copper of ftrong lee put a bundle of woad, nnd let it 
 "■• boil, then pour off the lee, and take to one pound and a 
 half of yarn, half an ounce of verdegreafe, and half an ounce 
 of allum, put it into a quart of brown Brafil-wood Hquor, 
 boil'd with lee, ilir it well together, and pour it in and mix it 
 with the woad-lee ; in this foak your yarn over night, and it 
 will be of a good- yellow. • 
 
 To dye green yarn or linen black, 
 
 'T'AKE a fliarp lee, put in three pounds of brown Brafily 
 -*• and let it boil for forne time, then pour off the colour 
 from the chips, into a tub, add to it one ounce of gum a/abjcky 
 one ounce of allum, one ounce of verdegreafe ; in this lay your 
 yarn or linen to foak over night, and it will be of a good 
 black. 
 
 Ti dye f ilk an orange colour, 
 
 A FTER you have clean'd your kettle well, fill It with- 
 -^^ clean rain water, and take to each pound of filk four 
 ounces of pot afhes, and four ounces of orlean, fift it through- 
 a fieve into the kettle ; when it is well melted, and you have 
 taken care not to let any of thofe ingredients flick about the 
 kettle, then put in your filk, which before you have prepared 
 and allum'd as has been directed ; turn it round on the winelv 
 and let it boil up, then take and wring k out, beat it and 
 rinfe it ; then prepare another kettle, and take to each pound 
 of filk twelve ounces of gall-nuts, let the gall-nuts boil for twa 
 tours, then cool for the fame fpace of tiipe j after which put 
 
BCnOOL of ART B, 339 
 
 ^rt tlie filk for three or four hours, then wring it out, rinfe, 
 |jeat and dry iti 
 
 :/!fjoikr orange cdldur* 
 
 IDOAK the white filk In allum water like as you do in dying 
 *^ of yellow: then take two ounces of orleans-yellow, put it 
 over night in water, together with one ounce of pot-afhes : boil 
 it up, add to it, after it has boil'd half an hour, one ounce of 
 powdered curcumi, ftir it with a ftick, and after a little while 
 put your allum'd filk into it for two or three hours, according 
 to what height you would have your colour; then rinfe it out 
 in clear foap-fuds, till it looks clear, afterwards clear it in fair 
 jvater, and drefs it according to art, 
 
 jijjne brmjl one yellow for ivorjled. 
 
 'ipAKE three pound of allum, one pound of tartar, and 
 -*• three ounces of fait ; boil the cloth with thefe mate- 
 rials for one hour ; then pour off that water, and pour frefh 
 into the kettle, make a lee of fhart and pot a(hes, let it boil 
 well, and then turn the cloth twice or thrice quickly through 
 »pon the winch, and it will have a fine brimftone colour. 
 
 J lemon colour* 
 
 'T^AKE three pounds of allum, three ounces of cerufe, 
 "*■ three ounces of arfenic, with thefe ingredients boil the 
 cloth for an hour and a half; then pour off that water and 
 make a lee of i6 pounds of yellow flowers, three ounces of cur- 
 cumi ; then draw or winch your cloth through quickly, and 
 you will have it of a fine lemon-colour. 
 
 T« dye nfLclive colour: 
 
 'TPO dye this colour obferve the firft directions for dying 
 •*■ a brimftone colour; then make a lee of gall-nuts and 
 vitriol, but not too ftrong ; draw your ftuff quickly through, 
 three or four times, according as you woujd have it, either 
 deeper or lighter. 
 
 Z.2. ro 
 
340 7he L A B O R A T O R Y i ^, 
 
 *to dye a gold colour. 
 
 HAVING firft dy'd your filk, worfted, cotton or IlneS- 
 ofa 3 4 How colour, take to esch pound of the coraino- 
 <^ifyj one ounce of fifted wood or yellow chips, and cf pot-j.fnes 
 ^"6 quantity of a bean, boil this for half an hour, then pjt in your 
 ^Ik, and turn it fo long, till the colour is to your liking, 
 
 The Dutch Manner of dying fear let, 
 
 BOIL the cloth in allum, tartar, falgemma, aqua-fortis, and 
 pea-flowers, either in a pewter kettle or with aqua-fortis, 
 in which pewter is difiblv'd ; then put into the fame ket;le, 
 ftarch, tartar and cochineal finely powdered, llirring or turn- 
 ing the cloth well about, and thus you may, by adding more 
 or lefs cochineal, raife the colour to what height you pleafe. 
 
 General ohfervatUns for dying cloth of a red or fcarlet colour. 
 
 \. t I AHE cloth muft be well foak'd in a lee made of al- 
 X lum and tartar, this is commonly d&ne with two 
 parts of allum and one part of tartar. 
 
 2. For ftrengthening the red colour, you prepare a' water of 
 bran or ftarch ; the bran water is thus prepared \ take five or 
 lix quarts of wheaten bran, boil it over a llow fire in rain-water 
 for a quarter of an hour, and then put in with fome ccld wa- 
 ter into a fmall vefTel, mixing it up with a handful of leaven, 
 the fourer 'tis made, the better it is ; this caufes the water to 
 be foft, and the cloth to become mellov/ ; it is commonry ufed" 
 in the firll boiling, and mix'd with the allum-water. 
 
 3. Agaric^ is an ingredient ufed. in dying of reds, but few 
 dyers can give any reafon for its virtue, but as it is of. a dry 
 fpungy nature, it may reafonably be fuppofed, that it contra«StS' 
 the greafinefs which might happen to be in the dye. 
 
 4. The ufe of arfenic is not a very neceffary but a very 
 dangerous ingredient j aqua-fortis, or fpirit of fait* will fupply 
 its place as well. 
 
 ■ 5. To give a true defcription of fcarlet, it Is nothing elfe 
 but a fort of crimfon colour, the aqua-fortis is the chief ingre- 
 dient for the change thereof; this may be try'd in a wine glafs,- 
 wherein a deep crimfon colour may, by adding drops of aqua- 
 fortis to it, be changed into a fcarlet, or to a prefedl yellow. 
 
 '6. Obferve 
 
S C H O O L e^ A R T S. 34» 
 
 60 Obferve that you always take one part of tartar to two 
 parts of allum ; mort dyers prefer the white before the red tar- 
 
 .!)«ar, but however, in crimfon colours and others that turn up- 
 on the blown, the red tartar is chofe by many as preferable to 
 
 - the white. 
 
 To prepare the doth for dying offcarkt: . 
 
 Tp I R S T take to one pound of doth, one part of bran-wa- 
 -*- ter, and two parts of river-water ; then put into it two 
 punces of allum and one ounce of tartar, when it boils and 
 froths, fcum it, and put in the cloth, turn it therein for an 
 hour, then take it out and rinfe it. 
 
 To dye cloth of a common red. 
 
 HP A K E to twenty yards of cloth, three pounds of allum, 
 ^ one pound and a half of tartar, and one third of a pound 
 of chalk ; put them in a copper v.'ith water, and bo.'l them j 
 then take fix pounds of good madder, and a wine-glafs full of 
 vinegar ; let it be warmed together, and put in the cloth, turn 
 it round upon the winch, 'till you obferve it re4 enough j then 
 rinfe it out, and it will be of a line red, 
 
 Jn other method. 
 
 'Tp A K E four pounds of allum, two pounds of tartar, four 
 -■■ ounces of white lead, and half a bufhel of wheat bran ; 
 put thefe ingredients, together with the cloth, into a copper ; 
 let it boil for an hour and half, and leave it therein to foak all 
 night ; then rinfe it, and take for the dye, one pound of good 
 madder, two ounces of orlean, one ounce and a half of cir- 
 cumi, and two ounces of aqua-fortis ; boil them, turn the 
 cloth with a winch for three quarters of an hour, and it will be 
 of a good red. 
 
 To dye fcarlet. 
 
 'Tp A K E to two pounds of goad, twQ ounces of tartar, and 
 •*■ one ounce of fal-armoniac ; grind them hne, and boil them 
 ijip in fair water ; add to them two ounces of ftarch, half aji 
 ounce of gum cotta, and one ounce of cochineal ; when thjefe 
 are boiling hot, put in an ounce and half of aqua-fortis,, and 
 Jet it boil ; then take it out, and when cool rinfe it. 
 
 Z 3 To 
 
34^ "The L A B O R A T O R Y; cf} 
 
 Ts dye brown colour^ 
 
 T) R O W N colours are produced from the root, bark, an4 
 -*-' leaves of walnut-trees, as alfo of walnut- (hells j china-root 
 might alio be ufed^ for brown colours, but it being of a difagree- 
 able fcent, it Ihould only be ufed for h^ir colours in ftuffs, for 
 which, and the olive colours, it \% of more ufe ; the beil browns 
 are dy'd with woad and walnut-tree root. 
 
 A tiuttneg cohur onjluffs, 
 
 'Tp A K E three pounds of alkim, half a pound of tartar, put 
 "*• this into a copper of water, and boil your ftufF for ar\ 
 Tiour and a half, and take it out to cool. Then take one 
 . pound and a half of fifet- wood or yellow flowers, three pounds 
 of madder, one pound of gall-nuts ; put it, together with th^ 
 ftufF into a copper, boil and turn it with a winch, till it is red 
 enough, and take it out to cool ; then take two pounds of vi- 
 triol, which before is diflblved in warm water, put it in the 
 copper, and turn the ftufF till the colour is to your mind j then 
 rinfe it out, Or, 
 
 Take half a bufnel of green walnut-fhells, or elfe walnut^^ 
 tree-root, infufe it in a kettle, and when it begins to boil put 
 in the ftufF over a winch, turn it about three or four times, 
 then take it out and let it cool ; after it is cold, boil the liquor 
 again, and put the ftulF in, turn it for half an hour, and take 
 it out and let it cool ; then put in one pound of gall-nuts, three 
 pounds of madder, together with the ftufF? into the kettle, 
 let it boil for an hour; take it out and let it cool again; tak? 
 one pound of vitriol, put it in, ftir it well about, then put in 
 again the ftufFs over the winch, turn and boil it fo long til( 
 you perceive your colour deep enough j then take it out an4 
 rinfe it. 
 
 Hoiv to make JJax foft and mdlop. 
 
 \JT A K E a ftrong lee of wood or pot-afhes, and unflack'd 
 i<* "* lime, in which foak your flax for 24 hours ; then put it, 
 too-et^ier with tlie lee, into a copper, and let it boil, and it will 
 be as Ic^ft as . filk, After this rinfe it in clean water ; wring 
 
 out 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 343 
 
 Out the water, and put the flax again into a ftrong lee ; repeat 
 this thrice, then rinfe it out, dry it, and it will anfwer your 
 purpofe. Some prefer cow dung, with which the flax is daubed 
 all over, or foak it in a lee of cow-dung for 24 hours, then 
 rinfe and dry it. 
 
 An excellent water fer taking cut/pots in cloth, Jluff", &c. 
 
 np A K E two pounds of fpring water, put in it a little pot- 
 -*■ afhes, about the quantity of a walnut, and a lemon cut 
 in fmall llices ; mix this well together, and let it lland for 24 
 hours in the fun, then ftrain it through a cloth, and put the 
 clear liquid up for ufe ; this water takes out all fpots, whether 
 pitch, greafe, or oil, as well in hats, as clotii, fluffs, fllk, cot- 
 ton, and linen, immediately ; but as foon as the fpot is taken 
 off, wafli the place with water, and when dry you will fee 
 nothing. 
 
 To dye woollen Jluffs of black colour. 
 Tp I N E cloths, and fuch fluft's as will bear the price, muft be 
 *■ firft dy'd of a deep blue in a frelh vat of pure indigo ; after 
 which you boil the fluffs in allum and tartar ; then you dye it 
 in madder, and at laft with gall of Aleppo^ vitriol, and Sumach 
 Arab *, dye it black : to prevent the colour foiling when the 
 cloths are made up, they muft, before they are fent to the dye- 
 houfe, be well fcowered in a fcowering mill. 
 
 Middling fluffs, after they have been prepared by fcowering 
 and drawn through a blue vat, are dy'd black, with gall-nut and 
 vitriol. 
 
 For ordinary wool or woollen fluffs take walnut-tree brandies 
 and fhells, a fufficient quantity; with this boil your fluff" to a 
 brown colour, then draw it through the black dye made with 
 the bark of elder, iron, or copper tilings, and Indian wood. 
 
 * Is a flirub, that gro^s in Spain, Portugal^ and Trance, from which 
 countries it is carried in abundance to molt parts of Europe ; that 
 which is good mull be dry and of a light green colour, that of a brown 
 hue is fpent and good for little. It is ufed by black &^&ihy cor^- 
 ^afner?!, <£i. The leaves boiled in lee, dye hair black. 
 
344 "^^^ LABORATORY; Or, 
 
 To dye linen of a black colour. 
 
 *Tp AKE filings of iron, wafli them, and add to them thfi 
 * bark of elder-tree , boil them up together, and dip your 
 linen theiein. 
 
 1o dye ivooUen of a good black. 
 
 I. T^ AKE two pounds of gall-nuts, two pounds of the 
 •*■ bark of elder-tree, one pound and a half of yellow chips, 
 boil them for three hours ; then put in your fluff, turn it well 
 with the winch, and when you perceive it black enough take it 
 out and cool it. 
 
 2. Take one ounce and a half of fal-armoniac, with this boil 
 your fluff gently for an hour long, turning it all the while with 
 tlic winch ; then take it out again and let it cool. 
 
 3. Take two pounds and a half of vitriol, a quarter of a 
 pound of Sumac}? ; boil your ffuff therein for an hour ; then cool 
 and rinfe it, and it will be of a good black. 
 
 Another black colour for woolletu 
 
 TT* O R the firil: boiling take two pounds of gall-nuts, half a 
 •*- pound of Brafil wood, two pounds and a half of madder ; 
 boil your cloih with thefe ingredients for three hours, then take 
 it out to cool, for the fecond boiling take one ounce and a 
 half of fal-arir.oniac, and for the third two ounces and a half of 
 vitriol, three quarters of a pound of Brafil, and a quarter of 
 a pound of tallow. 
 
 •■^ •••*-'•; Another black colour for plujf}. 
 
 P U T the following ingredients into a large veffel, viz. 
 eight pounds of elder bark, eight pounds of Sumach, twelve 
 pounds of oaken chips, nine pounds of vitriol, two pounds of 
 wild marjoram, fix pounds of tile-dufl:, fome v^alle of a grind- 
 ffone, fi.x pounds of walnut-leaves, half a pound of burnt tar- 
 tar, two pounds of fait, four pounds of woad ; .on thefe pour 
 boihng water till your veffel is full ; your plufli after it is well 
 boiled and cleanfed muff be well galled, and this you do by 
 boiling it in one pound and a half of Sumac^^&i^i ounces 
 ot madder, two ounces and a half of burnt f4iPetre, ha'f an 
 
 . ounce 
 
 f 
 
S C H O O L c/ A R T S. 545 
 
 ounce of fal-armoniac, one ounce and a half of vltrio], half 
 an ounce of burnt tartar, then take it out, and let it dry 
 without rinfing it. 
 
 Then you fill the copper with the above liquor, and boil and 
 dye your plu(h in the manner as you do other fluffs, turning 
 it round with the winch ; when the colour is to your mind, 
 take out tlie plufh, let it cool, and then rinfe and hang it up to 
 dry. 
 
 7(? dye f:H of a good black. 
 
 r 
 
 IN a copper containing fix pails of water, put two pounds of 
 beaten gall-nuts, four pounds of Sumach, a quarter of a 
 pound of madder, half a pound of antimony finely powdered, 
 four ox-galls, four ounces of gum tragacant, fird diflblved in 
 fair water, of fine beaten elder-bark two ounces, and one 
 ounce and a half of iron file-duft j put thefe ingredients into 
 the above water,_ and let them boil for two hours, then fill it 
 up with a pail full of barley-water, and let it boil for an hour 
 longer, then put in your filk, and boil it for half an hour 
 flowly ; then take it out and rinfe it in a tub with clean water, 
 and pour that again into the copper ; the filk you rinfe quite 
 clean in a rurming water, then hang it up, and when it is dry» 
 put it in the copper again; boil it flowJy for half an hour, as 
 before, then rinfe it in a tub, and again in rain water ; when 
 dry, take good lee, put into it two ounces of pot-afhcs, and 
 when they are dilTolved, rinfe the filk therein quickly, then in 
 running water ; this done, hang it to dry, and order it as you 
 do other coloured filks. 
 
 This colpur will alio dye all forts of manufaftured woollen 
 fluffs. 
 
 To give the black filk a fine glofs, you mufl, before the laft 
 dipping, put in, for each pound_, one ounce of ifinglafs, firft 
 difTolved in water. 
 
 Another manner for dying filk. 
 
 IN a copper of three pails of water put two ounces of borax, 
 half a pound of Agaricum, a quarter of a pound of litharge 
 of filver, four ounces of madder, one quartern of brandy, four 
 ounces of verdegreafe ;" let them boil together for an hour, then 
 cover the copper, and let the liquid refl for 14 days ; when you 
 dgfign to ufe it, take tvYo pounds of Seiines leaves, two pounds 
 
 of 
 
346 
 
 rbe LABORATORY; er^ 
 
 " of Gentian^ one pound of Jgar'ua^ two pounds of granit fiidls ; 
 let them boil together for two hours, and then put it to the 
 other hquor fettled in the copper : this colour will keep good for 
 many years, and the longer you dye therein, the better it will 
 grow : you muft be careful to keep it free from foap, which, 
 would fpoil it fo as not to be recovered by any means ; and in 
 cafe by accident fome tallow (hould happen to drop from your 
 candle into it, then forbear meddling with it till it is cold ^ 
 when fo, take it off carefully, or heat your poker red hot and 
 fweep it over the furface, this will take off all the greafmefs ; 
 then take two or three little bags of canvas, filled with bran, 
 bang them in the colour for tv/o or three hours whilft the cop- 
 per is heating, then clap whited brown paper on the furface of 
 the colour, which will take off all the grealinefs that might re- 
 main ; after that begin to dye. 
 
 Your filk that is to be dyed mufl be firft boiled in bran, thea 
 galled ; to each pound of filk take twelve ounces of gall-nuts ; 
 boil the gall-nuts for two hours, before you put the filk into it, 
 which muft foak therein for 30 hours. 
 
 To dye a grey colour.- . 
 
 GREY is a middle colour, between black and white^ 
 which beginning with a white grey, approaches by de- 
 crees to a black grey : it may be obferved, that if the black 
 colour was to be prepared only of gall-nuts and vitriol, it wouldl 
 procure but an indifferent grey, but if to thefe ordinary ingre- 
 dients for dying of fluffs, you add fome indian-wpod, you may 
 procure white grey, pearl colour, lead colour, whiti'fti grey, 
 ' iron grey, black grey, brown grey, iffr. Some of thefe co- 
 lours re({uire a little tincture of the woad. 
 
 To dye a hrown red colour either on filk -cr lu&rjle^. 
 
 FIRST, after you have prepared ydyr filk or worfted, In 
 the manner dire£led for dying of red colours, boil it in 
 madder, then ilacken the fire under the <:opper, and add to 
 the madder liquor fome black colour, prepared as has been 
 (hewn, then ftir the fire, and when the dye is hot, work the 
 commodities you have to dye therein, till you fee them dark 
 enough. 
 
 But 
 
S C H O O L ^/ A R T S. 347 
 
 But the befl: way to dye this colour is in a blue vat ; there-'' 
 fore chufe one either lighter or darker, according as you would 
 have your colour ; then allum and rinfe your filk in fair water, 
 this done, work it in the copper with madder, till you find it 
 anfwer your purpofe. 
 
 Another, 
 
 ,t!) U T into a kettle of hot water a handful of madder, ftir it 
 *■ together, and let it lland a little j then take the woollen ftufF, 
 wet it firfl, then let it run over the winch into the kettle, turn- 
 ing it conftantly ; if you fee it does not make the colour higli 
 enough, add a handful more of madder, rinfing the ftuff or 
 filk fometimes, to fee whether it is to your liking. 
 
 Tlien put feme black colour into the kettle, mix it well to- 
 gether, ftir the fire, and when hot, turn your filks or ftuffs 
 with the winch, and dye it either of a blacker hue, by adding 
 more black, or a redder, by putting in lefs. 
 
 Of madder^ a?id its iifefulnefi in dying of f.liy zvorftci, coi- 
 
 toriy iiQ. 
 
 Tiyl" A D D E R is a red colour, the beft grows in HcIbrJ';^ 
 ■^ "*■ though the colour of that which grows in F'.andcri e7»- 
 ceeds it ; each fort of madder is marked with a particular mark, 
 to know what country it comes from. The only fign of the 
 real goodnefs of madder, is the bright colour, which when be- 
 ing ground to a fine powder, and put on a blue or brown pa- 
 per, fticks to it : it muft be kept clofe from the air, otherwife 
 it will lofe the ftrength and beauty of its colour. 
 
 The madder which comes from Silcfa, under the name of 
 Sj-ejlaw red, refembles more a red earth than a root, it has not 
 fo bright a colour as that which comes from Holland. To ma- 
 nure and cultivate the ground for the growth of madder, it 
 muft be obferved, that it requires a good mould, which is nei- 
 ther too damp nor dry, it muft be plow'd pretty deep, and be 
 well dung'd before the winter feafon. It is fown in the month 
 pf March in the decreafe of the moon, after the land in which 
 it is to be fown, is well clear'd of weeds, left they fhould at- 
 tract the ftrength and goodnefs thereof to themfelves, and their 
 roots mix with the madder. 
 
 About 
 
34S r^^ LA BORA TOR Yj cr. 
 
 About eight months after the madder is fown they begin to 
 pull up the larger roots thereof, which is done to hinder it from 
 drawing the ftrength from the earth to themfelves, which are 
 to be a nourifhment for the younger fprouts ; this is commonly 
 done in the month of September, when the feed is ripe for ga- 
 thering. The remaining roots are then well covered with 
 mould, till the next year, when. the larger roots are again ga- 
 thered ; thus it is managed 8 or lo years together, after which 
 the fpot of ground may be cultivated for the growth of corn, 
 and a new plantation hxed upon in another place. 
 
 The roots of inadder which grow in Flanders and Zealand^ 
 when pulled out are dried in the fun ; but in hot countries they 
 are dried in fhady places, in order to preferve their colour and 
 ilrength ; after that they are ground in mills to a powder, and 
 packed up clofe in cafks or in double bags. 
 
 The frefh madder yields a lively colour, that of a year old a 
 more lively one ; but after that time the oldjir it is, the more it 
 lofes both its ftrength an.d beauty. 
 
 Concerning the dying with madder. 
 
 IT has been a common rule to }:ake to eight pounds of madder^ 
 one pound of tartar ; allum and tartar are ufed for preparing 
 the commodities to be dyed, for attradling and preferving the 
 colour. 
 
 Pot-afhes heighten the colour very much, as does branr 
 water ; brandy is of peculiar ufe ; it attracts the colour, makes 
 it look clear and fine, and fre£s the fubtileft particles from its 
 dregs and impurities. Some dyers, and indeed moft, afcribe 
 the fame virtue to urine ; but this is falfe, and although it may 
 be of feme ufe when frefh, it is highly prejudicial to light co- 
 •Jours when ftale, for it expels its particles of fait too much, 
 2.nd. caufes the colour to be of a heavy and unpleafant hue : this 
 ought therefore to be a caution to fuch as would dye light and 
 tender colours. The experiment may be tried in a glafs of 
 clean water, in which latmus, being firft diflblved and filtered, 
 is poured in : if to this liquid, which is blue, j'ou pour fome 
 fpirit of fait, it will turn red, and mixing it with fome diflbived 
 fait of tartar, it will refume its former colour ; if you pour too 
 much of the latter, the liquid will turn green, and thus you 
 mny change the colour by adding more or lefs of either the one 
 pr the other ingredient to it. 
 
School of arts. ^^i 
 
 " Tc dyefilk of a madder colour. 
 
 PREPARE it as has been directed under the article of 
 dying iilk of crimfon colour. This done put a pail full 
 of river water into a copper, together with half a pound of 
 madder ; boil it for an hour and take care it boils not over ; 
 then let it run off clesr into another veflel, ftirring into it 
 one ounce of curcumi ; then put in your fillc, let it lay thereinf 
 till cold, then wring it out and beat it ; this done take half a 
 pound of good Brafil-wood, boil it in br^n-water for an hour, 
 clear it off in another veflel, and put in your filk ; rinfe ie 
 out in foap-lee, and then in running water j after which dry 
 and drefs it. 
 
 Another methods 
 
 AFTER yoti Iiave prepared your filk for dying, hang It cmi 
 fticks, and to each pound of filk, take eleven ounces of 
 madder, and four ounces of nut-galls ; put thefe into a copper 
 with clean rain-water, hang in your Iilk, and augment the 
 heat of the copper till it is ready to boil \ then turn your filk in 
 it for half an hour, and prevent its boiling by leffening the 
 iire J after this rinfe and beat it out, hang it again on llicks,, 
 in a tub with cold water, in which before you have put fome 
 pot-afhes ; this gives it a beauty \ then rinfe and dry it. 
 How this madder is made ufe of for dying of worfted or ftufFs, 
 has been Ihevv^n already. 
 
 Of cochineal and lis ufefulnef In dying. 
 
 /^Ochineal, a coftly fine red and purple-coiour, are fmall 
 ^ dry'd infe6ts, in fize of bed-bugs, which when brought 
 into a powder and boiled, do yield a beautiful red colour, they 
 are ufed by fcarlet dyers, for dying of filks, worfted, cotton, i^c. 
 they are imported from the Spanijh IVeJl-Indies^ the infedt feed- 
 ing on a fruit which has a red juice ingendered with the tinc- 
 ture thereof. The Indians fpreading a cloth under ihofe trees, 
 Ihake them, and by this means catch the infects, where they 
 foot! dye. This is the manner of preparing; cochineal. 
 
 Of 
 
SS^ TkhABOK AT ORY; or; 
 
 Of kermesi^ and Its ufe in dying. 
 
 'TpRfIS grain, by fome called fcarlet berry, on account of 
 ■*■ its containing that choice and noble colour, fcarlet^ 
 grows in Poland and Bohemia, on fmall Ihrubs ; they are about 
 the bjgnefs of a pepper-corn ; the beft comes from ^pain ; it is 
 alfo found in France, cfpecially in Languedoc, and is gathered 
 in the latter end ii'i May, and in the beginning oijune. In Ger- 
 many thefe berries are among the vulgar call'd St. John's Bloody 
 becaufe of their being found on the l^rubs abput Midfiimmer^ 
 or the feaft of St. "John the Baptiji, 
 
 The Poles call it purple-grains ; they grow very plentifully 
 in that country, and that people firft difcovered its virtue for 
 dying of crimfon and purple, by a hen picking thofe berries, 
 and difcharging her excrements of a crimfon colour. The di- 
 ftrift about Warjaw affords great quantities. In the Ukrain they 
 are ftill more plenty j and on the borders of the fandy de- 
 farts o{ Jrabia, they are gathered with great pains by the poor 
 people, whence, it is thought, they retain the Arabian name 
 (yi Kermes : thofe berries or grains, when ripe, contain an in- 
 fedi of a crimfon red, which, if not timely gathered, will dif- 
 etigage itfelf from the fhell and fly away j wherefore the people 
 watch carefully the time for gathering, when they roll them 
 together in their hands into balls, dry and fell them to the 
 European and Tiirkijl) merchants. The Dutch mix it among 
 the cochineal, becaufe it caufes that colour to have a higher 
 and fiiief hue. 
 
 Of Indigo. 
 
 TNDIGO is a dry and a hard blue colour, which is brought 
 ■^ to us in Jumps of different pieces or fizes •, it is an Indian 
 fhrub, which at certain times of the year^ when in bloffom, is 
 cut down and laid in heaps, fo long till it is rotten : tlien the 
 Indians csttry it to the mills, which are built in great numbers 
 about that place, where it is ground, boil'd and prefs'd, and 
 when it is dry'd, they cut it in pieces, pack it in cheits, and 
 fend it abroad. 
 
 "There are feveral different forts of indigo, viz. indigo 
 piatimala, and indigo lauro^ both wiiich are exceeding good 
 
 and 
 
SCHOOL of A !t T S. 35^ 
 
 "xcA fine ; their goodnefs is known when in breaking they ap- 
 pear of a high blue, and not fandy ; however that with a deep 
 ^lofs is not amifs. Thefe two forts are followed by thefe, 
 Plato, Xcrquies and Domingo, which are counted not fo good 
 as tlie former. The Indigo Plato and Xcrquies, are of a high 
 violet colour, and very light in weight, fo as to fwim on the 
 ■water ; thefe are by fome reckoned better then that of Gua- 
 timala, becaufe it is prefs'd only from the leaves, and the other 
 from the flalks and leaves togetifer. hidigo Dctningo is not of 
 fo lively a copper colour as the former, and is much mix'd 
 •with fand and earth ; the merchants try this fort by lighting a 
 piece, the good fort will burn like wax, and leave all th© 
 drofs behind. 
 
 Curcumi 
 
 IS a foreign root^ in the fhape of ginger, of a faffron colour j 
 it is brought to us from the Indies, where it is made ufe of 
 both for dyers and fpice 
 
 It is alfo called the Indian crocus, th« beft is that v< hich is 
 heavy and in large pieces, without duft : thtre is no fitter in- 
 gredient to be found for heightening the fcarlet to a yellow hue, 
 and it is frequently ufed by colour-dyers in tempering their reds, 
 be they dy'd with kermes, cochineal, or madder; aqua-fortis 
 \vill do the fame, but curcumi adds a greater life, efpecialiy 
 to fcarlet. 
 
 Brafil-ivood, 
 
 'T'HIS comes from the country of Brafil In the Tfejl In- 
 dies ; it is cut out of a tree call'd by the inhabitants 
 Arbont^n ; which, with its ftem and branches is not much un- 
 like an oak-tree, only thicker, fome will meafure 24 feet 
 round the flem ; the leaves rcfemble thofe of box-trees : th« 
 fineft Braffl-wood is cut about FerJiambuca, a town in the 
 country of Brafil, this exceeds in colour all the other kinds of 
 Brafil -wood, and is therefore fold at a dearer rate : this wood 
 produces in dying of filks, isc. a fine colour, but it is very 
 fading. It is beft for black-dyers, who by ufmg it with gall- 
 nuts, Sumach, Rodoul, Fovic, vitriol, and verdegjreafe, dye 
 a good bJ*ck ^r grey therewith. 
 
 Orchal 
 
^52 fthe LABORATORti of^ 
 
 Orchal, 
 
 r\ R C H A L is prepared from a fmall mofs which grows 
 ^-^ on rocks and cliffs, the chief ingredients for its prepara- 
 tion are chalk and urine, and although the colour it produces 
 in dying of fil kg, he. is fading, yet, whilft frelh, is exceeding 
 beautifuh 
 
 OrUati 
 
 /^OMES from the Weft-Indies^ either in fquare pieces like 
 ^ Ncwcajlle foap, or in round lumps, or Imall cakes, the 
 bignefs of a crown, which lall is reckoned to be the fineft fortj 
 and has a fragrant fmell of violets j it is a tinfture prefled 
 from a feed, and, when dry'd, of a dark-red yellow colour^ 
 The druggifts fell two forts of orlean, the one is like a dough, 
 and is very cheap, the other is dry and very valuable. The 
 dyers ufe it for dying of brown-yellows, orange colours, ^c. 
 
 Gall-nuts 
 
 IS a fruit of various forts, fome are fmall, otiiers large 
 
 black and white, fmooth and knotty ; they grow on high 
 
 oak-trees, and by merchants are imported from Smyrna^ Tri- 
 
 poly^ Turky and Aleppo; the heavieft are counted the bef^, 
 efpecially when black and knotty. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
A N 
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 ALabafter, to clean 248 
 lEs Uftum, what it is 9 
 Amzlgzmz, for gilders^ 13 
 Amethift, to imitate 77 
 
 Aqua Regis, the preparation 
 
 / . ^^^ 
 
 Ames^ to prepare for making of 
 
 glafs 80 
 
 Armour, to harden 129 
 
 Arkmc glafs ^ to prepare 123 
 
 Aurum Fulminans 34. 
 
 Sophifticum 34, 35 
 
 B 
 
 t) Alls to take out fpots 
 ^ Bafs Relievo on paper 
 Bafs Relievo, or medals^ in 
 tation of ivory 
 on paper 
 Beryl, to counterfeit 
 Birds, /r(j^;, i^c. to cajl 
 Blue colour from ftlver 
 out of verdegreqfe 
 from egg-fhells 
 Venice 
 Bookbinders, fecrets for 
 Borax, for foldering 
 Brafil Ink, how to make 
 
 244 
 107 
 imi- 
 ibid 
 ibid 
 70 
 III 
 187 
 189 
 199 
 190 
 
 147 
 33 
 
 A 2 
 
 Brafs, hovj to make 144 
 
 Brafs, hoiv to fiver 38, 39 
 to boil it like fiver 39 
 to quicken for gilding 22 
 how to calcine 78* 79 
 to make malleable 144 
 folder for 145 
 
 Brimftone, figures to cafi 1 1 1 
 Brimftone, to make it look like 
 
 248 
 
 metallizing images 
 
 204 
 
 marble 
 Brunz, 
 
 or 
 
 /^Amera Obfcura 223 
 
 ^-^ Cz^ing in gold, filver^ &c. 
 
 Calling y5/^, reptiles, fruity is'c, 
 
 in a pewter-plate, or dijh 
 
 Cafting figures like ivory 115 
 
 Cielings of fret-Work 249 
 
 Cevatv\X.s,feveral forts of 169 
 
 Chryfolite, to imitate 70 
 
 Coat buttons, tin to imitate gold 
 
 Qo\q\xxs for gilded fiver 2 2 
 
 for glafs, general obfer- 
 
 vat ions on 86 
 
 for potters ware 10 j 
 
 for painters, limners, 6'f . 
 
 i'/tff >^, forjiaining ivood 
 
 146 
 
 Colours 
 
^« I N D E X. 
 
 Colours ufed for limning 250 
 extraSied from flowers^ 
 plants^ and herbs 152 
 
 193 
 
 Coppel, what it is ^ 7 
 
 Copper and brafs^ a quid fu- 
 
 fionfor 144 
 
 tofilver ^ 37*3^ 
 
 fcales-t to calcine 48 
 
 to whiten like filver 145 
 
 Counterfeit precious fiones 72 
 
 Crocus Martis, to prepare 74 
 
 Crocus Veneris, toprepare 14 
 
 Croions, how to prepare 202 
 
 Crucible, haw to prepare 8 
 
 Cryftal glue of Milan 5 7 
 
 natural, to prepare 68 
 
 Coral work, for the embellijh- 
 
 ment of grottos 185 
 
 Cofmeticks, for beautifying the 
 
 Jkin 26Q 
 
 Cup, to ivork it one fide gold 
 
 and the other fiver 20 
 
 D 
 
 Amafcan blades, to imitate 
 127 
 
 Delft ware, how to make^ glaze 
 and point 98 
 
 Dappling a horfe 205 
 
 Piamonds, to mah from natu- 
 ral cryjlal 75 
 from a faphire 76 
 Bohemian, to harden 78 
 Diftilling, the art of 239 
 "Doublets for Jewellers 61 
 Dnnkmg-ghky a curious one 90 
 to paint 97 
 Dying, the art of 328 
 
 E 
 
 D 
 
 rpBony, to imitate 163 
 
 -^ Elements, the four in a 
 
 phial 231 
 
 Embofflng «/>5« wW 151 
 
 Emerald, /^ imitate 69 
 
 Enamelling 4.0 
 
 y?«^ ibid 
 
 colours for 41 
 
 painting on 45, 46 
 
 principal matter for 
 
 . 47 
 general obfervations on 
 
 53 
 
 Etch-zf ^//r /^r /r^« 133 
 
 ■pErretto of Spain, to prepare 
 
 . . 49 
 
 Fire-Works artificial 275 
 
 Figures in imitation of porcelain 
 
 126 
 Fifliing-/'(j(ji5, to harden 1 34 
 Filh-/>5«i;, tofurniPi with vari- 
 ety offijh 238 
 Y'viC^ fait from vegetables 242 
 Fix'd «///v, to make 77 
 Flinty?(j«^;, ?<? calcine 72 
 Foyles_/ir jewels, how to make 
 
 63 
 French leather for hook-binding 
 
 147 
 
 Fretwork cielings ' 249 
 
 Furnace, /^y^'«/ /^r experiments 
 
 in glafs _ 85 
 
 y^r enamelling 45 
 
 Fufion, <z ^«/V^ one for gold and 
 
 other metals 1 3 
 
 Gems 
 
^« I N D E X. 
 
 G 
 
 /^Ems, artificial 67 
 
 ^^ Gilding after the Grecian 
 
 manner 
 
 Gilding, Italian manner of ibid 
 
 another method of i-j 
 
 wax to prepare 20 
 
 Nurenberg 21 
 
 on filver-i copper^ brafs, 
 
 or iron 14 
 
 to take off" of filver 
 
 tankards^ ikc, 28, 29 
 
 on feel or iron 1 34 
 
 on peivter or lead 143 
 
 on books 150 
 
 in the open air 202 
 
 Glafs, the art of making 80, 81 
 
 general obfervatiom on 84 
 
 general obfervatiom on the 
 
 managements of painting 
 
 and baking of glafs 97 
 
 to make it melt eafily 85 
 
 Glafs of lead 87 
 
 colours^ fever al 87, 88, 
 
 . 93' 94» 95^96 
 
 to blow in tniniature 88 
 
 Glafs, to filver upon 89 
 
 a curious one 90 
 
 globes^ to quickfilver 91 
 
 to paint upon ibid 
 
 to bake it when painted 
 
 92 
 
 to deaden it fit to paint 
 
 Upon 96 
 
 to gild it 97 
 
 to write upon 98 
 
 Glazing on delft ware ibid 
 
 Glues 252 
 
 and cements for woody 
 
 fione^ glafs^ metals^ ^c. 
 
 169 
 
 Aa 
 
 Gold, filver^ or brafsy embeU 
 lifij'd with glafs 20 
 
 colours of fever al forts 22 
 chains to colour 24 
 
 colour upon lead or tin 
 
 m 
 
 and filver to feparate out 
 of the fweepings i o 
 
 to feparate from gilded 
 copper 1 1 
 
 refined by antimony 8 
 refined by cementation 9 
 to amalgamate 13 
 
 to make malleable 12 
 
 powder for gilding 17,18 
 that's pale to heighten 25 
 to hell 27, 28 
 
 to colour 23, 24, 25 
 
 to take from filver cups, 
 ^c. 28 
 
 to take from filver 29 
 to get it from aqua-fortis 
 
 to feparate it from filver 
 
 6,7 
 and filver^ foldering of 
 
 3^ 
 
 ringy to folder 33 
 
 to write with 157 
 
 varnifi) 185 
 
 Granate oriental^ to imitate 71 
 Gravers, to temper 130 
 
 Green colours 195 
 
 Ground y^T gilding iron or feel 
 
 H ''' 
 
 HEightening of gold and gild- 
 ed works 20 
 Horn, tofoften iiy 
 to cafl in moulds ibid 
 to folder 177 
 2 Helling 
 
An INDEX. 
 
 Helling of gold '2-'], i^ 
 
 to dye it green ibid 
 
 to dye it red ibid 
 
 to dye it blue 178 
 
 Horfe, how to dapple 205 
 
 Hyacinth, to imitate 755 77 
 
 JApanning on wood 178 
 
 Jafpis, to imitate 114 
 
 Jewellers fecrets 40 
 
 Illumination for an apartment 
 
 224 
 Indian ink, how to make 152 
 Impreflions of any kind, a mix- 
 ture for 126 
 Ink that rubs out again 161 
 brazil 150 
 blue, to prepare 153 
 black, for paper ibid 
 for parchment 154 
 Infe6ls to cafl iii 
 Inftruments_/^r making glafs 84 
 Iron, to cafl j 23 
 as white as filver 123 
 to temper 128, 129 
 to f of fen 131 
 /(? keep from ruft 132 
 
 /(7 ^^^^ «/>^« 133 
 
 /i? hammer without fire 131 
 Ifinglafs, >?75w; to cafl it in pic- 
 tures 124 
 to colour 125 
 Ivory, to whiten 173 
 /(? marble upon ibid 
 /^ y?(7/« grem ^174 
 a coral red ,^ ibid 
 tf ^/i^r>f ^i?/(?z/r ibid 
 
 K 
 
 KNife-blades, to etch 100 
 <7? once 134 
 
 KorndorfFer'j y^i^r^ /<? »wyf^ d 
 diamond 75 
 
 T A C varniJI) 179 
 
 -■^ L3CS /<? extras cut of flow- 
 en 151 
 
 \j'3i<zfro7n cochineal 190 
 
 estva£led frojii fca,rlet luool 
 
 191 
 
 Lead tf^^;, /^ w<7/f^ 137 
 
 Lead, a gold colour for ibid 
 
 to gild 143 
 
 Leather, French, /^r books 147 
 
 Litharge, w/?<7/ // is 4 
 
 Limning, inflru£lions for 250 
 
 Luminary y?^//^ 229 
 
 Letters, /<? wr;V^ with gold or 
 
 filver 156 
 
 iviboffed with gold, or 
 
 filver 156 
 
 M 
 
 TlylAnganefi, to prepare 48 
 r^^ Mantuan earth, for moulds 
 
 106 
 
 Marble, feveral fecrets of 245 
 
 to imitate 246 
 
 Marble ;5tf^^r, to make 158 
 
 Medals, ^i? r^ /"« hrimfione iii 
 
 /tf imprefs in imitation of 
 
 ivory 107 
 
 /i3 cafl in bajjo relievo 
 
 Memorandum books 147 
 
 Mercury, tofublimate 16 
 
 water to prepare 56 
 
 Metals, /^ OT^/i? (j?;^r ^ table 33 
 
 /i? OT^i^ z« imitation of 
 
 gold 35, 36 
 
 to make them malleable 
 
 22 
 
 Metal§ 
 
yf« I N D E X, 
 
 Metals, moji proper to incorpo- 
 rate with/liver 38 
 tofilver all forts 38, 39 
 to make them grow vijl- 
 hly 217 
 Microfcopes, how to make 332 
 Metallic powder iq\ 
 Mines, to difcover them 218 
 Mirrours, to cajl them 118 
 Mixture, /;r imprejfions, which 
 luill grow as hard as Jione 
 125 
 Mofalc work 267 
 Moulds for cajiing of metah 
 io6, 107 
 Muffel, what it is 7 
 
 N 
 
 NAtural cryjial to prepare 68 
 Neceffary ohfervations in 
 baking of glafs 92 
 
 Necklace of large pearls, tnade 
 out offmall ones 59 
 
 Nurenberg/^^/^i 63 
 
 metal powder for wri- 
 ting 204 
 
 O 
 
 /^Bfervations in the baking of 
 
 ^^ glafs when painted 92 
 
 Ophal, to imitate 68, 75 
 
 Ornaments of gold, embofs d on 
 
 pannels 168 
 
 Oil for cleaning armory 132 
 
 Oil papor, to make 162 
 
 of benjamin 271 
 
 ofrgfes 272 
 
 of cloven ibid 
 
 P Aiming on enamel 45 
 
 Painting «/i>fi/; ^/^^ 91 
 
 Paper, to gild 152 
 
 to marble 142, 143, 144 
 to filver after the Chin efe 
 manner 1 60 
 
 to make it of a red colour 
 Parchment, colouring of 148, 
 
 149 
 
 refembling marble 148 
 
 Pafte/i;r imitating a topaz 70 
 
 Pearls, artificial 55, 56 
 
 to make large out offmall 
 
 59 
 
 how to clean 66 
 
 to blanch or clean ibid 
 
 Perfpective, the art of drawing 
 
 in 260 
 
 Pewter, to harden 1 36 
 
 to whiten like filver ibid 
 
 Philofophical tree 218, 225 
 
 Phofphorus, to prepare 228, 
 
 230 
 Pidures, to cafi with ifinglafs 
 
 124 
 
 Plaifter of Paris, to cafl images 
 
 of 112, 113, 119 
 
 to cajl on copper 
 
 plates J 25 
 
 Polifhing offoyles 59 
 
 of f oft fl ones 79, 80 
 
 Porphyry, to imitate 249 
 
 Pot-alhes, to prepare for glafs 
 
 73 
 
 Potters glaze work, feveral cO" 
 
 lours for 98, 102 
 
 VQSN^Qtfor ink 155 
 
 to gild with 15 
 
 Powder, 
 
Jn 1 -N D E X, 
 
 Powder of natural gems 7 9 
 to [liver copper or brajs 
 
 38 
 
 Precious Jiones, counterfeiting 
 
 af ^_ 67,68 
 
 Preferving things from corrup- 
 tion 226 
 Pruffian l>Iue, how tomahe 274 
 
 Q 
 
 #^Ueen of Hungary* s water 
 
 ^^ ., ^/^ 
 
 Qiiickiilverj reviving of 13 
 
 how tc dec den for 
 
 . . _ gil'^^'^g '6 
 
 Qiiickening water for gilding 
 
 ^limaTence of rofes and other 
 ,' vegetables 241 
 
 R 
 
 11 A^OTj^raps^ how t& prepare 
 
 273 
 
 Red colours igo 
 
 enamel c i 
 
 ink, to prepare 155 
 
 cf vermilion 15^ 
 
 ;)tf/^r j5i 
 
 Refining of gold 4, _5 
 
 Regeneration of plants 216 
 
 of coral 227 
 
 of animals 233 
 
 Room, /^ appear as if on f re 
 
 229 
 w/V/^ 7noving pi^ures 232 
 Rofe f^j/ca/- enamel 51 
 
 Rotterdam yZi/V/z/?^ iu/;//^ 99 
 Ruby, /^ imitate 77 
 
 Rules /^r tempering feel and 
 iron 130 
 
 CAltpetre, //;^ «(?/ttr^ (7«^ 
 ^ grotvth of 206 
 
 Salt (7/ tartar^ to purify 47 
 Saltfburg, wi'zV^ 99 
 
 Saad, y?^ /(? f^ /« ' ii5 
 
 Sapphire, to imitate 7i>73 
 ^c^^ivziingfilverfrom gold 6 
 
 fweepi^gs 10 
 
 per II 
 
 yz/t-vr yr^7;z a gilded 
 ring 12 
 
 Silver, z";? extract it from a gild- 
 ed ring 12 
 to boil it white 1 7 
 /(? granulate 5 
 /£? ffw^^ pliable 12 
 /i? ^w^ /V <? quick fufion 
 ibid 
 /tf/^^r ^ 3j 
 whether it contains gold 
 
 ^3 
 
 ^^^/7J ^ i4> 15 
 
 /(? fi?/i>«r /V throughout 
 yellow 25 
 
 /i^r^, /(J r/^tf» 27 
 
 to feparate it from cop- 
 per, or any other alloy 
 12 
 %'\z^for gilding 203 
 
 Smally^i?/, ta caji 112 
 
 Soap (?/ Naples 244 
 
 Solder, f or filver chain work 31 
 for gold 31, 32 
 
 for pewter 140 
 
 for fiver 31 
 
 y^r ^/;z 139 
 
 Spittle ^//^^ 172 
 
 Springs, 
 
-^« I N n E 3^. 
 
 springs, to fe arch for 221 
 
 Steel, to cajl 123 
 
 to make of iron 126 
 to harden 128 
 
 to temper ibid 
 
 Stont producing f re 230 
 
 Sword-blades, to harden 127 
 to perfume i2j 
 to etch upon 133 
 to make blue let- 
 ters on 134. 
 
 'T' Abies, while, for memoran- 
 
 -*■ dum books 147 
 
 Tables, chairs, &c. to varnijh 
 
 181 
 
 Teft, what it is 4 
 
 Thunder powder 230 
 
 Tin, or lead ajhes lyj 
 
 to imitate filver 138, 139 
 
 to make it flow eafy 1 39 
 
 coat buttons 128 
 
 plates or latton, how to 
 
 make 140 
 
 Topaz, oriental, to imitate 70 
 
 l^ortoifefhell, to imitate in japan 
 
 work 181 
 
 in horn i-jb 
 
 "TT'Arnifliing, or japanning for 
 
 ^ bookbinders i^'j 
 
 Varniftiing on luood 178 
 
 for a ziioliji 183 
 
 Vegetables, to cafi 108 
 
 to prepare a fixed fait 
 
 from 242 
 
 Verdegreafe, a blue colour from 
 
 189 
 
 Verdegreafe, to ?nake a good 195 
 
 Vermilion, a fine 192 
 
 to purify ibid 
 
 ink 157 
 
 Vinegar, to make 242 
 
 Vitriol, to calcine 30 
 
 Ultramarine, to prepare 186 
 
 "VKTAttr-gilding on filver 19 
 '^ ''^ /^ tin all forts of me- 
 
 tals 138 
 
 to give any metal a 
 gold colour 25, 26 
 Water, to lurite letters of fe- 
 crecy 15 S 
 
 White chalk, to prepare for gild- 
 ing 203 
 colours 198 
 ho7J}, to mark with black 
 fpots 20^ 
 Wood, to adorn with gold or 
 filver 166, 167 
 glue 17a 
 Wood, to mai'hle 165 
 to dye of various colour s^ 
 ^c. 162 
 to cafl 117 
 Writing, ivhite upon white 158 
 ivhite upon black 162 
 which miijl be read in 
 a dark place 161 
 
 Y 
 
 VT'EIIow :nk, hoiv tj pre bare 
 Z 
 
 ^x^fTe-, A^^ prejar.jtion of 
 
a. 
 
 255 ((^ 
 
 
 C.A. CARPENTER, JR. 
 
 BOOKBINDER 
 SHREWSBURY, MASS 
 
^3 ■■-#■