. /» rjjuck M*C-) p **+7lcic*J E B O RA CU M: OR THE HISTORY AND ANTiaUITIES OF T H E I R From its Original to the Present Times. Together with the Hiftory of the Cathedral Church, AND THE Lives of the Archbishops of that SEE, From the firft Introduction of CHRISTIANITY into the Northern Parts of this Island, to the prefent State and Condi¬ tion of that Magnificent Fabrick. Collett eel from Authentick Manufcripts, Publick Records, Ancient Chronicles, and Modern Htflorians. And illuftrated with COPPER PLATES. In Two BOOKS. By FRANCIS DRAKE, of the City of TOR K, Gent. P. R. S. and Member of the Society of Antiquaries in London. Nee manet ut fuerat , nec formam fervat eandem , Sed tamen iff a eadem ejl. Ovib.Met. Lib. XV. Sed tamen ipfa eadem ejl. LONDON, Printed by William Bowyer for the Author. MDCCXXXVI RIGHT HONOURABLE Sir RICHARD BOYLE, Earl of BURLINGTON, Earl of C ORKE, Vifcount D UNGARVON and Kynalmachy in Ireland, Baron Clifford of Londes burgh, AND Knight of the moft noble Order of the GARTER, My LORD, T HE author of this work prefents it to your patronage, as to a perlon every way qualified for an add refs of this nature. For, where fhould the hiftory of an ancient logins. dedication. ancient Ro?na?i city, in Britain, find greater fa¬ vour, or meet with a better reception, than from a nobleman, whole particular genius, al- molt, fpeaks him of Roman extraction ? Dedications, my Lord, are in our days fo commonly proftituted to venal purpofes, that, they look more like humble petitions for cha¬ rity than proper addrelfes. hefides, the pa¬ tron’s genius or tafte is rarely con halted in this fort of application.-1 hope I am free from any imputation of that kind. The frrong re¬ lation, and attachment, your Lordlhip bears to the noble fubjeCt I have chofen, calls loudly for this publick declaration of it. i The illultrious name of Clifford, the blood of which noble houfe now runs in your veins, for many ages, has been familiar to Tork. Nor, is the name of Boyle a ftranger to our records 5 your Lordfhip’s great grand¬ father, the then earl of Burlington, having done this city an extraordinary honour in bearing the office of its recorder. -Befides, 1 can with pleafure fay, the places of your Lordlhip’s EngliJJj titles make no fmall figure in this very hiltory; having been, indubitably, one of them a Roman port; and, the other, your paternal and favourite feat, a Roman ftation in our neighbourhood. For 4 DEDICATION. For yourfelf, befides the title of governour of Tork, and its peculiar diftrict the Jin fly , which you have born 5 you have ftill a much nearer affinity to it, by accepting of a diploma for a free citizen in that body. And, when I mention the noble edifice, defigned and finilhed under your particular care and direction, not to lpeak of your generous and liberal donations to it, I mult farther fay that it will be a lad¬ ing monument of the great regard and value you pay to this ancient city. For Tork, by your means, is now poffelled of a ftru&ure, in a truer and nobler tafte of architecture, than, in all probability, the Roman Eboracum could ever boalt of. Your Lordlhip’s great knowledge in this art, foars up to the Juguflan age and ftyleand, that Pretorian palace, once in old Eboracum, made ever memorable for the re- fidence and deaths of two Roman emperors, and in all likelihood, for the birth of a third, mull' if now Handing, have given place to your Egyp¬ tian hall in our prefent Tork. Your Lordfhip’s tafte in hiftory and antiqub ties, as well as in the liberal arts and fcieuces, is too well known to need any comment. And, when I inform the world that I have your per- miffion to addrefs this work to you, I dare lay that I fhall readily be believed. You did me the honour to fee and approve of my firft a draught. 4 DEDICATION. draught, or fcheme of this great work. A noble defign, though drawn by your Lordlhip, may be ill executed. Yet, howfoever mean this performance may be found, the fubjed it treats of muft be allowed worthy the patronage of the Earl of Burlington. My Lord, Your other fhining charaderifticks in life are now before me- But, to the prelent age it would be faying nothing to tell what every one is acquainted with. And, fhould I pre¬ tend tofpeak to futurity, your own pencil, and the works proceeding from it, will leave no¬ bler proofs of your exalted genius than my poor pen can draw. Yet, give me leave to fpeak to you, as the poet did of old to another truly noble patron, Dii till divitias dederint, and, what is, by fir, the greater bleffing, Artem Fru- endi. For, if the right ufe of riches confifts in the exercife of all moral, focial, and bene¬ ficent virtues to our fellow creatures, both equal and inferiour to us in fortune; if, along with titles, honours, and eftates, we meet with humanity, good nature, and affability to all mankind ; and if we find riches laid out in a delicacy of tafte, fuperiour to any thing feen before in this Bland ; then, we may, furely, pronounce the perfon fo bleffed, every way qualified to enjoy them. T HAT DEDICATION. That your Lordfhip may long continue, what you now really are, a lingular ornament to this country, is the hearty and lincere wilh of My LORD . Tour Lordjhip's MoH obedient, and Moft obliged Humble Servant , London, Auguft i, J 73 6 - FRANCIS DRAKE. KS53 /. s. d. T HE Number of Sheets propofed for this WORK? _ was 12 j, befides Copper Plates, at two Guineas, C 220 The Work being encreafed to 200 Sheets and a half,? the additional 7 5 Sheets and a half at 2 d. per Sheet, > 0127 according to the Propofals, amount to - - \ Total for each Book in fmall Paper 2 14 7 The Price of the large is double the fmall Paper. N. B. The Author, notwithftanding the Expence he has been at in engraving a much greater Number of Copper Plates than was at firft propofed, is willing to reduce the Price to two Guineas and a half for the fmall Paper, and five Guineas for the large, to his Subscribers. the PREFACE. PrefMi to a bo°k is fifajhionable and fi particular an ornament to it, that without one, or at leaf an introduction, the work would look like a new built houfe, to which the architect had made no entrance. But t houS j th l s ' many ttm fi necejfiary exordium, to a book, mull, according to ns hand Tl/t.h TfT / J ^ the W thin Z thc ^thorputs h‘s hand to, of the whole performance. I own that I am firry lean no way avoid fuch a preamble-, there being many andfirong reafins to urge me to it ■ eUe I(hZd willingly, beg to be excufid- the itch of fribbling, with me, having.Veen fufficUnt- h abated by what I have already gone through. Befdes, as I declare I hardly niyfilf ever read a preface m my life, I can Jcarcely exfeCl that any other tier,on Jhould ever take the pains to read mine. Tet, as there niay be fever al that wait for and will take more notice of this preceding than of its confequential part to fuch 1 addrefi myfilf-, and Jhall declare the reafins, jijl mentioned, in as brief a manner induce n 2 re J‘ hCjU, ’ jeaWllliear , ° rth 'P™ °f" tired writer will necejjarily el F *‘. 1 ‘ hlnk U f r -°f er t0 & ive f mc account to the pubtick what were the motives that put me upon writing on afubjeClfi very foreign jo the profefion I was TroZht "fr thofe being fmewhat unaccountable, I Jhall not wajlemuch time in jhe dtfquifition. I foal only jay, that, being bred a Jurgeon, and, poMly allowel feme Jhare of knowledge m my profefion, yet Hiftory and Anujuiw fe always if*"- fry'] U'nojl, as many books fubiijhcj fsbfifi if the body as there areof theJoul; and the practice of the former, both externally and in ernally, ,s made fi evident and clear, by them, jo the meaneft capZitythat in reading a common Difpenfitonr only, we may imagine that no body has occl„ to fj, Z 7 777 em 7 d P f ured ’ in Mlici Advertifementt, that Aid ZfZlZ/ 7'- thedumbta 'f and the lame throw away their cru ch s by nlfn’Zf 7 7- ,n f , Z , f lCant a Pf'‘ cat ‘°ns and remedies. In an age like this nZdd he r b !? U S ht f°J uch « perfection as even to work miracles ubon nature I f.ould be highly prejumptuous to pretend to exceed. Betides T nm r Uf- r. / • , U.SfiffifZt Silt Iff nous traCl willJhew, I jud^e if I know „„„ S' J Ceedtd ’ the following volumi- ssismimmmm •» ^ they PREFACE. ?/jt’y &«gw /. 136. print PREFACE. fo a copy of what he intended to fay to the mdgifiracy , whom he propofd to dddrefs it to ; elfe the anfwer, which isfmart enough, could not have retorted fo jlrongh upon it *. This rebuff, we are told, was the reajon, though he did not, as fir Walter Rawleigh is Jaid to do, burn his manufcript, that a prohibition was laid upon his defcendants ever to publifli it. I cannot attejl the truth of this, which, if Jo, in all probability might be found in his will, now in the prerogative-office of Canterbury ■- but the circumjiance is not J'o material to me as to occajion the trouble of a fearcb for it. Sir Thomas had married a fifier of lord Thomas Fairfax, and left behind him four daughters , all well befiowed in marriage to as many confiderable families in this kingdom. By which former alliance and the great reJpeB he bore to the lord Fairfax, it is very poffible that he gave or left the original manufcript to that noble lord. Two copies of which are, as I am informed, one of them in the Fairfax of Menfton family, and the other in that of Shaftoe of the biffoprick of Durham; which lafi had married one of fir Thomas Widdrington’r daughters. I fay, I am informed, becau/e 1 never could get a fight of either copy, though I once took great pains to procure the favour. That in the Fairfax family being kept lub figillo; as bifiop Nicholfon rightly exprefes it in his Engliih hiftorical library. 1 was lejs anxious about the matter, when, by the indulgence of the city, an order was made to fuffer me to inJpeSt their records, and copy what I pleafed f or my book. By this means another copy of this noted manufcript of fir Thomas'* fell into my hands. How, or when, the city procured it, 1 cannot fay, but I know it to be a true one, though the ignorance of the tranfcriber, in the Latin tongue, fuffered him to make feveral miftakes in copying that language. How I came to be certain that this is a true copy was by an accident that I never expeBed to meet with, and is this. The reverend Dr. Vernon oj St. George’* Bloom (bury hearing of my dejign, fince I came to London, inf ormed Mr. Gyles the bookfeiler, one of the perfons mentioned in my propofals to take in fubferiptions for me, of a manufcript in the hands of fir Robert Smyth of Bury in Suffolk, Bart, which he J'aid related to the hijiory and an¬ tiquities oj York, I was Jurprized at this, when it was told me-, thinking I had then feen every thing of that kind which it was pqjfible for me to get at. Upon ap¬ plication to the doBor he was Jb good as -to procure me the loan of the manufcript-, but 1 was much more furprized to find it fir Thomas Widdrington’* work-, and •what is yet more extraordinary, I dare aver that this is the very original which he himfelf intended for the prefs. The reafon which makes me fo pofitive in it, is, that though this manufcript was wrote by fame amanuenfis, yet it is interlined 'and noted in the margin by his own hand in many places ; fever al things, and thofe ex- preffwns chiefly which bore any thing hard upon the church or monarchy, are jlYuck out and expunged: Oj which 1 could give from the manufcript many inftances were it neceffary to do it. At the head of an appendix to the book is this note on the margin , I purpofe not to add this appendix to the book when it is printed; in re¬ gard the appendix is imperfect. There are other references and notes put in by the author, which Jhew, moji evidently, that this was the very book which he himfelf drefftd up and put the lafi hand to for the prefs. On the title page of the copy in the city * cujlody is a remark made that the author did expunge feveral things jrom his manujeript, as the reader willJ’ee at p. lxxxiv. of my appendix, where I have cau- fed the title, his dedication, and the city 1 s anfwer to be all printed together. And there it is /'aid to be in the pof'ejfion of the lord Fairfax. If this was Thomas lord Fairfax, his tffeBs, library, 6c c. were all fold and difperfed at his death-, jb that this manufcript might come, at lafi, into the hands of Jb diligent a colieBor as the late Mr. Richardlon apothecary in London. Sir Robert Smyth bought it at Mr. Ofborn’* fale of that gentleman 1 s library, about a year or two ago ; which is all the intelligence I could team about it. After what I have thought neceffary here to fay, it may eafily be believed that I have had all the affiflan.ee which the hijiory of this city wrote by fir Thomas Wid- drington could give me. It is true, 1 have not followed his method, becauje I did not approve of it ; for which reafon what I have thought fit to extraB from him lyes mixed and interfperfed with mine, and others, throughout the whole performance. But I am pofitive that 1 have not made ufe of one quotation from this work with¬ out a fir T.W .to it-, either in the body of my work, or in a marginal note. * See the-dedication and anfwer at page lxxxiv. and lxxxv. of the appendix. Sir preface. S ! r Thomas, as I have [aid, finijhed his hijiory about the year i 6 co, or 60; as -j J ere ! , t/j!n Sj ,n h‘ s kook may bejkewn ; particularly his mentioning. Mrs Mid dleton s hojpita ,n Skeldergate, which was built and endowed the fame years ' This gentleman had been'.then along while recorder of the city, by which means 'he had libei t\ tomJpcSt the records and extrali what he wanted for his u[e This with h,s own Jhil ,n hisprofe/fion, in which I have heard he was very eminent, made him very capable to write the law part of his hijiory , and indeed it is that par, I am the moft indebted to him for. Though what l have given on that head is not all nor near all, taken from his collelfions. Sir Thomas was returned and [at in the LongParl'ament/or the town ./Berwick; but in that memorable Convention, which put she faff of the protcllorfhip into Cromwell's hands, and would, if he had do Jired it have Jet the crown on his head, he ferved Jor the city of York. He was chofen jpeaker of this meeting and in a moft Jblemn and religious form, and with a Jet Jpeech to the purpofe, mvefled his highnefs with his robes and honours It was at this time that bang ,n great power and favour, he might have done much more profitable things for the city than writing a hijiory of it. Tet I do not find any thing attempted by him ,n that way. This muft dijguft his fellow citizens, and they feemed only to wait a pair opportunity to tell him as much of it. In the bird pari,ament at the Reiteration > Thomas was again returned Jor this city but I fuppofe Ins intereft here funk veryJbon after, for he tod his feat the next, and threw up his recorderjhip the fame year, viz. 1661 . It was about this time, no doubt that the letter was Jent him relating to the publication of his book-, which though anonymou s, he muft needs know from whence it came, and by whole direction it was wrote. The /ling in the tail of it J'ujficiently Jhews their refentment againfi him ■ by pointing out to him their wants, which he muft have been acquainted with and probably, might have remedied in the height of his power. Thus much I have thought fit to fay relating to fir Thomas Widdrington and his mamjenpt hijiory of York. I could not well fay lefs on a predeceffor of fuch uh common merit and eminence. And I Jhould have been thought very lame and de Jeltive, in my own account, if I could not have affured the fublick, 'in this manner that the original, or a true copy of that manufeript, had faffed my hands What remains, is only to recommend it to the prefent proprietors of the other copies that they would print it ; face one of them has been offered to Jale, andfmee no injunSfion from the author obliges them now to the contrary. The world would then judge whether what I have alledged in this matter is true or not-, and whether I have not done juft:ce in this work to the memory of fir Thomas Widdrington. Dons- During the time the former author was compiling his particular hijiory of York the moft induflrious Mr. Dodfworth was colle Aing and tranferibing his many volu¬ minous trails, of eccleftaftical and monaftical antiquities, which now enrich the Bodleyan library at Oxford. One volume of thefe collettions he deftgned Jhould be called Monalticon Boreale *; being particularly intended for York, ard the old Northumbrian divifton. At the publication of Mr. Dodfworth's tranferipts fir William Dugdale altered this method-, but they /land fo in his own manuferipts at Oxford, ljuft mention this indefatigable collellor, becaufe I have been indebted to him for many ufeful mftruments in my eccleftaftical part, 'and fo muft every hftorian cl/e, that pretends to write on this fubjeS, or a more general account of the church or dtoceje of York.. Beftdes, Mr. Dodfworth was almoft a native of this city, be¬ ing born in our neighbourhood -)-; and his father was regfter to our eccleftaftical courts. Nor muft the famous Tower be forgot in which that great magazine of antiquities was depofited; and from which he bad juft made his tranferipts when tke tower and they were blown ufby the rebel Scots and made one heap of ruins. - 'The next which falls in my way (to mention J'mall things with great) is Chrifto- H ji°'P [ler Hildyard Efq; of an ancient family in this counts, recorder of Heddon, and J le 'ff ard °J St - Mary’s court at York. This gentleman , more out of zeal to the Jubjeil, and to aftift a more general hftorian, than any oftentation of his own, pub- * Catd likur. MSS. in Anglia, err. 4119. vel. VII, VIII, IX. Oxon. f 1 - • ' ‘•"■'R !'•' gwes of himk-lt in ihe aforefiid manuferipts is this: ‘ Ro Z er Dodfworth born 7 uh 2x 1 r8- Other oi^WwitlT, ■ '. ' , ' 11 ; Cu: ' n !,i !°3 Z ex ~ d XCIX This Newton-Grange near Helmflty rork- ’ - I U.ugbl end annexed to the great lordlhtp ot Help!,., being part of the polfUions of Ttomf, Dnn r Or t-klj lifted PREFACE. iijhed a pretty exaft catalogue of our mayors and Jherijfs from anno 1273 to 1664*, In this are J'ome biftorical remarks interfpcrfed, but very thinly ; his preface con¬ taining more of the antiquities of York than his whole book. The late indufri - ous Mr. Torre, whom I Jhall enlarge upon in the fequel', copied this printed book, as he has done feveral more, which be thought fcarce, and with J'ome additions of his own, taken from Camden and others-, it precedes his ecclefapical account of the city of York, in that volume of his manuferipts which contain them. A copy of this, or the original tranj'cript, was given by the colic 51 or, or otherways fell into hands of the late Mr. Francis Hildyard book feller-, who drefi'ed it up for the prefs, with a pompous title page, and, too infidicioufiy, put Mr. Torre’r name to it. It were to be wifhed Mr. Hildyard had iiiformed the publick, that this was only a co¬ py of his name-fake's printed book, Jince he ?nuft know it, \and only a few extra ft s added by Mr. Torre; it would have prevented fome peevif: advert ifements, pro and con, betwixt the Jon of our great col left or and the bookj'eller. How this necej- J'ary preface came to be omitted in the book I know not; Mr. Hildyard, for the courj'e of many years, bore a very fair char after in his bufmej's ; and I cannot fujpeft him to have done it with any defign ; efpecially, when fuch a declaratioji would rather have cleared up than obfirufted the matter on all fides. By this mi- fake I am obliged to fay, in order to vindicate the memory of a perfon to whofe labours this work of mine is fo greatly indebted, that a lean p catalogue as bijhop Nicholfon, jufly calls it, of our mayors, and Jheriffs, &c. publijhed long ago by another hand, is crept into the world again under the title of /^Antiquities of York City, &c. with the name of James Torre, gent, as author prefixed to if t Following the courfe of this lafl book has led me out of my road, and I mufi ^oHenry back to give an account of an author, J'ome of whoj'e colie ftions, intended for a hi- l ^ tlT - fiory of York, have alj'o accidentally fallen into my hands. 'This was Henry Keep author of the Monumenta Weftmonaflerienfia || ; V who had taken fome pains to colie ft materials, alfo, for a hiftory of this church and city. What occafioned this fir anger to come down to York, for this purpofe I know not. But, probably, it was to get money by it, though his defign with us went further than a bundle of epi¬ taphs as his Weftminfter-book is rightly called. Some account of this writer may be met with in Anthony Wood, and in bijhop Nicholfon. It Jeems he turned Pa- pift in king James theJecond's time, and falling to decay foon after the Revolution, his intended hiftory of York was neverfinijhed. The former part of his work, fair¬ ly tranferibedfor the prefs, is in the Mufeum of Roger Gale, efq ; who kindly lent it me. The papers from which his fecond part was to have been compofed, were in thepofiefiion of Thomas Adams, ejq ; late recorder of York, and they were put in¬ to my hands for this uje. This author was writing his account of York about the year 1684; the affiance I have had from him, has been but fmalT, having met with much better authorities ; except in the Heraldic way, in which he feems to have been very particular, in his defeription of the arms in the painted windows of the feveral churches in York. But in all the branches which compofe the ecclefiafiical part of this work, I have been the moft obliged to the laborious performances of Mr. James Torre, gent, a perfon of uncommon application in this way. As I have been fo particularly be¬ friended by them, I can do no lefs than publijh fome account of that gentleman, and his writings, efpecially fince no one has ever yet attempted to d.o his memory that juft ice it deferves. The name and family of Torre, or de Turre, who bear for their arms, fable, Mr. James a tower embattled argent, was originally of Warwickshire; but fince the time ^ Torre - king Henry IV. have lived chiefly in the ifie of Haxholm, in the county of Lincoln. Mr. Torre’r father, whofe name was Gregory, in the time of the civil-wars bore arms in the royal caufe; for which aft of loyalty his eftate was Jequeftered by the ■rebels, and he was obliged to compound for it at Goldfmith’s-hall, and pay Juch a fine as thoje plunderers thought fit to Jet upon it. In May 1660, this gentleman de- * Quarto, York, printed for Stephen Bulkley, 1664. -j- Nicholfon's Engifh hift. library fol. edit. p. 27. ^ Oftavo, York, printed by G. White for Francis Hildyard, &c. 1719, |j Octavo, London, 1682. C parted PREFACE. parted this life, and was buried at Haxey, com. Lincoln; he had married Anne daughter and heir to John Farre of Epworth, efq-, by whom he had James Torre, our author, whofucceeded him in Ins inheritance at Haxey, Burnham, Epworth and Belton. April 30, 1649, this James was baptized-, and having acquired a fujflcient flock offchool learning, was fent to Cambridge, and entered in Magdalene-collee c in that univerftty. He ftaid there about two years and a half, and afterwards was admitted into the fociety of the fludents of the Inner-temple London. In all pro¬ bability, his natural inclinations were not to the law, for I do not find that he was ever called to the bar; and having married two wives he Jettlcd chiefly at York, and bent his genius, intirely, to the ftudy of ecclefiajlical antiquities and of family defeents. The former op which he followed with that prodigious application and cx- aflmefi, as, perhaps, never any man before or fince could equal. And in the latter he has been no lej's afliduous-, for going upon the plan of and copying fir William Dugdale’s baronage, he has corrected, in many places, and infinitely exceeded that admired author. One of his manufeript volumes, relating to church affairs, bears this title, Antiquities ecclefialiical of the city of York, concerning, e parochial. )c Churches .conventual. «r chapels, yhofpitals. ( gilds. f chantries ' And in them < and l\n C parochial Alfo churches and ( conventual. Within the archdeaconry of the Weft-riding. Colledted out of publick records and regifters. A.D. 1691. It appears by two notes the author has placed in the margin of this title page, that he began to tranferibe from his papers, and to methodize them, for the former pmrt, September 4. 1691, and finijhed U October 27, the fame year. And, for the latter on Match 15, 1691, and compleated it June 9, 1692. A prodigious work, •when I inform the reader, that this volume contains no lejs than one tboufand two hundred and fifty five columns, in folio; mofily clofe writ, and in a very [mall, but legible hand. There is, likewife, a compleat Index to the whole. The other arch¬ deaconries of the diocefe are treated in the fame manner in two more volumes-, and there is, alfo, one more of peculiars belonging to the church or fee. This, atmoft, invaluable treafure to them was given to the dean and chapter’s library , by the executors to the laft will of the late archbijhop Sharp. No doubt the worthy fins of that very eminent prelate imagined they had an unquefiionMe right to malic 'this prefent. I Jhall not enter further into this affair, which by the good archbijhop's death, and other perfons concerned, is now rendered infcrutable ; yet this I may venture to fay, that there never was a quantum meruit paid to the author’s reliB, or his heir, for them. Thefe books are an Index, or a key, to all the records of the archbijhops, deans and chapters, and all other offices belonging to the church or fee of York. By which means, for infiance, in one particular, a perfion in fearch for the patronage of any living, in their diftriB, has at one view, the exaB Jeparate dates of years and days of injhtution, a lift of the feveral incumbents to it, their patrons, when and how vacated, with the authorities for all, as high as the arcbiepifcopal re¬ gifters do run. His authorities, in particular marks, are explained at the begin- ning of the volume. And here I muft take notice, that our fund of this fort of antiquity at York is much nobler, and runs higher than the regifters of the J'ce of Canterbury, by near one hundred years. Their's beginning only at archbifop Rav- ner, who fiat in that chair about the year 1307; whereas ours begins with archbi¬ jhop Walter Grey, who entered upon his dignity in the year 1216. I Jhall not take upon me to give any farther detail of what "is contained in theje invaluable vo¬ lumes ; the reader may obferve in the courfe of this work of what great ufe they have been to me in a particular way ; and they would be the fame, or more in pro¬ portion, to any hiftorian that fall hereafter attempt a general account of the whole dioccfe. They have faved me an infinite deal of trouble ; and indeed what my profeftion would not have allowed me time for fuch an avocation Jrom it, nor my inclination 1 flrong PREFACE. firong as it is, to theje kinds ofjtudiis, have fuffered me to apply myfelf to Juch a la¬ borious performance. My book therefore, in church matters, is only a key or index to Jhme part of Mr. Torres collections-, as his are to the records themfelv'es ; for 1 have quoted his manufcript, and not his authorities in the greatefl part of what / extracted from him. 1 own I had a great inclination to have compleated his ca¬ talogues of reClors, vicars, &c. which I have made ufe of, and brought them down to the prefent incumbents ; but, upon enquiry, I found it impracticable. The later 1 archiepifcopal regijlers are not yet given into the office-, and where they are, they are far out of my reach. 1 rnuji farther inform the publick, that thefe manufcript volumes of Mr. Torre’r, relating to church hijiory. arc not kept in the publick libra¬ ry of the Dean and Chapter; but, fub iigillo, in the regifter’s office. For this rea- fon I efteem it a much greater favour, which the prefent dean granted me, in ha¬ ving the volume I wanted to my own houfe-, and to keep it my own time, until I had drawn out and tranfiribed, at my leifure, what I thought proper for my purpofe. A favour, 1 fay, Jo extraordinary, that I can do no lefs than make him this pub¬ lick acknowledgment of it. Nor was Mr. T orre'f flu dies and application inti rely applied to church hijiory ■ he was befides an excellent majlcr of Heraldry and Genealogy. In both which he Junes to fome purpofe in five manufcript volumes, in folio, which are now in the poJJeJJioti of his fon Nicholas Torre o/'Snydall, near Pontefradl, ejquire. The title to thefe books is this, Englifh Nobility and Gentry, or fupplemental colledtions to fir IVilliam Di/gdale’s baronage; carrying on the genealogical defeents and hiftorical remarks of f amilies therein contained. By James Torre. In this great work the author has tranjiribed all Dugdale’r baronage throughout; corrected it in many places, added many hifiorical remarks, and enriched it with the genealogies of many families of lejfer note, and efpecially of the northern gentry. The whole illufirated with the coats armorial and different quarterings of the J'e- veral families prettily tricked out with his pen-, to all'which is added a copious In¬ dex. It is great pity, fince the world is expeCUng a new edition of the Baronage, that this manufcript is not printed and publijhcd injlead of it. It would Jlamp a very great additional value on fir William Dugdale’j performance -, would eternize both the names of Dugdale and Torre, and be a very great honour to this country. There are befides in his fon s ctiJJody, and in that of the dean and chapter, feve- ral fmaller manufcript volumes of collections from which he extracted his lama- works. In thefe the prodigious application of the author is demonftrated ; who hard¬ ly ever let a fcarce printed book pafs his hands without tranferibing all or mojl of it. Such a clofe and confiant attention to this kind of work made me fuppofe, becauje Mr. Torre died at a middle age, that it had hurt his confutation. But, upon en¬ quiry, I am informed, that it did not feem in the leaf to impair his health-, and on the contrary, that he was always a hearty robufi man, and died of a fever. Great part of this information I have had from my honeft friend and old acquain¬ tance Nicholas Torre, efq-, the author s only fan and fuccejffi'r-, from fome memoirs of the family drawn up by his father. He had married two wives ; by the latter of ■which, Anna, the daughter of Nicholas Lifter of Rigton com. Ebor. gent, he had this fon Nicholas, and one daughter. He purchafed the efiate of Snydall, anno 1699 ; and died there July 3 i. the fame year , and was buried in his parifh church of Normanton. Over whom, in order to conclude, my account of this eminent bene¬ factor to my work, is the following epitaph. Hie fitus eft Jacobus Torre de Snida/l Generofus. Qui prifea fide, antiquis moribus, vetufta Scientia ornatus, De ecclefia dc republic., o.ptime meruit. Res ab ultimo antiquitatis aevo repetitas Scrutatus eft, Tenebrifque fituque obfitas in lucem pro'ferens Aeternum fuinominis exegit monumentum. Diem obiit pridie calendas Augufias Anno poft falutem datam 1699, Aetatis fuae 49. Beatus fibi, defideratus omnibus Some ' - 4?-' > •- , PREFACE. Sir William Some matters relating to the hijlory of the church of York, were publiftoed, as ucDALi. t ] 3ere declared, from fir William Dugdale’j papers, at the end of his hijlory of St. Pauli; anno 1716, folio. Bijhop Nicholfon hadfeen the manufcript before it was printed , and Jays of it that there is no liich appearance of records as the reader may expedt to find in it. What this prelate has ajferted is literally true, for I could find very little of any thing to my purpofe in the whole performance. Mr.S amuel But , on the contrary, what has fervedgreatly to enrich the ecclefajlicalpart of this work are the collections of Mr. Samuel Gale. 'That gentleman had once a de¬ fy 71 °f publifhing fomething on this JubjeCt himfelf-, and from his father's papers, the worthy dean 0 /' York of that name, and his own indujlry he had made a confi¬ de r able progrefs in it. Being called from an attention on thefe matters to a pub- lick employ , bis defign, of courfe, dropped with it. By which means the world is frujlrated from feeing a more noble performance than 1 am able to give. Upon my application to this gentleman for feme intelligence he very readily put all his pa¬ pers into my hands ; told me that he could not now think of publifhing them him- Jclfand wif oed they might be of any ufe or fervice to my intended performance. What ufe they have been to me the reader may find in the courfe of the church ac¬ count ; where, efpecially in the Appendix, are many things printed from thefe pa¬ pers, and fome, I thinks of great value. Mr.HoPKiN- I have now run through a lift of my predeceffors, and particular benefactors, in the literal way, to this work. Except , I inform the reader , that the law-part of it relating , chiefly, to the fever al courts of this city, their cuftoms, by-laws, &c. was taken from a copy of part of Mr. Hopkinfonh collections ; who was clerk of the peace to the Weft-riding of this county, about the year 1670. This gentleman was a very induftrious Jearcher into antiquities ; and left behind him fever al volumes of collections , in manufcript, relating to the affairs of this county, inJeveral branches. Some of thefe manujcripts I believe, are embez-led-, but what are remaining of them are now in a fair way of prefervation ; being lately given to the library of that eminent phyfician, and very worthy gentleman, Dr. Richardfon c/'North-Byerley in this county. Dr. N. I. Before I difmij's this head, I muft alfo take notice, left the reader fhould think me quite ignorant of the matter, that I have heard much of Jeveral voluminous trails relating to the county and city of York ; but never could get an opportuni¬ ty to inJpeCt them. I was lefts anxious about this, when I read bijhop Nicholfon i fmart reflection * on this collector's monftrous perforjnance ; and was, alfo, informed by eye-witnejfes, that the manufcripts are wrote in J'uch an awkward Arabick J'crall as to be J'carce legible. Some Jew yearsftnce apropofal was made, on a fufftcient fub- fcription, to have thefe volumes, amounting, in folio, to above forty in number, placed in the library belonging to the cathedral of York. They might then, pofjibly, have been of fome ufe to me, or any future hiftorian. As they are, they are of' no ufe at all; nor, in all probability, ever will be ; it being as equally impoftible as impractica¬ ble to pajs J'uch a heap of matter through the prejs without much Jifting and cleanfmg of it. Mr. t. g. The laft thing which I Jhall mention is to inform the publick, that I have feen and read a ftmall oCtavo printed traCl, the title page of which bears this infeription. The antient and modern hiftory of the famous city of York ; and in a particular manner of its magnificent cathedral, commonly called York-Minster, &c. The whole diligently colledted by T. G. York, printed at the printing-office in Coffee- yard, M.DCC.XXX. J have nothing to fay to this work, but to a Jure my cotemporary hiftorian, that I have ftoln little or nothing from his laborious per¬ formance ; wherein Mr. T . G. as author, printer, and publiftjer of the work himfelf endeavouring to get a livelihood for his family, deferves commendation for his indujlry. What of courfe occurs to me next, is to give thanks to thoje gentlemen who have lent me manujcripts, peruj'ed, corrected, or any ways added to any part of this work. Which, with thoje I have already mentioned, are the reverend Mr. Bar¬ nard, mafter of thefree-J'chool at Leeds ; Roger Gale, efq-, Bryan Fairfax, ejq-, the reverend Dr. Langwith ; John Anftis, Jen. ejq-, Brown Willis, efq-, and the reve- * Nlcholforis Englifh h'ft. library p. 27. rend PREFACE. rend Mr. Creyk. To the firjl of thefe gentlemen the whole performance is, in fotne me afire, owing. He it was that principally encouraged me to undertake it ; lent me fcveral very J'carce hiforians out of his own collection ; and, upon peruftng feme part of the manufeript, gave it as his judgment, that I needed not defpair of fuccef. Whether he was right or no, the world mufi now judge-, but it was no /mail en¬ couragement to me to proceed, when 1 had the approbation of a perfon whofe great learning and parts are very well known in our neighbourhood. Confcioufnef of in¬ ability in an author is a necejfary ingredient to cool and temper a too forward pre- fumption, and I had enough of it. I had no other living guide to help or conduSl me through the various Jcenes and mazes which I mufi necejfarily tread till I came to London, And, there, indeed, whatever was the occafion of the journey, or how- feever the author might fuffer by the accident, the book loft nothing ; but, on the contrary, was confederacy enriched, corrected and amended by it. The reft 1 have been obliged to in feme or all of the feveral ways that I have mentioned-, and, efpc- cially to Dr. Langwith and Mr. Anftis, as the reader may find fujjicient proof of in the Appendix. I think it, alfe, proper here to mention Mr. George Reynoldi'on, an honefe and induftrious citizen of York. From whofe collections and objervations I had many ufeful hints given me, relating to the decayed trade and navigation of the city ; and the probable means to revive both. Nor muft I forget the gentlemen keepers of the fever al offices of records which I have had occafion to confult both in London and York. Among ft the former, my very ingenious friend and brother anti¬ quary, George Holms, ejq, deputy-keeper of the records in the Tower of London, I have been moft particularly obliged to. - From all thefe authors, gentle¬ men, and offices, I have collefted many materials for this work; the difficulty, on¬ ly, lay in judging what to chufe and what to reject. By which means the fubjebl grew upon me to a monfirous bulk ; J'o that what I imagined at firjl would turn out into a folio of a moderate fize, is nowfuelled into two. And Jhould I fill go on to colledt, more matter would fill occur-, for I can, well , fay with the poet, -multum coeli poft terga relidtum eft ; Ante oculos plus eft-— Next , I return thanks to my fubferibersin general-, but efpecially to thofe who chiefly promoted the fubferiptionamongfl whom, I mufi beg leave to mention John Hylton of Hylton-caftle, m the county ^/'Northumberland, efquire. Who, though a ft ranger, in feme meafure, to York, yet, in regard to the performance, refpeSt to the author, or his known humanity to all mankind , took great pains to fellicite the fubfeription, and bear of that dead weight from my own Jhoulders. I am the more obliged to this gentleman and fever al others, in that , I here declare, I never did, or could aft one fubfeription for the book myfefi I know this may be called pride in me as well as modefty. But, whatever it was, it refrained me from ftanding the fhock of a refufal. For an author offering his own propofols to any gentleman, does no lefs than offer himfelf to his judgment, whether he be equal to the performance or not ; and I own I never could bring myjeff to fland in fuch an uneafy po/lure before any ft ranger-, or, J'carce, before a friend. Lafly, as in duty bound, 1 return my moft hearty thanks to thofe of the nobility and gentry, of both /exes, as well as to the clergy, who have honoured ms with their names , as contributors to the feveralplates which adorn this book. Amongfl whom, alfe, I cannot avoid mentioning, in a par¬ ticular manner, the right honourable the lord Petrc ; to whofe generofity, and pro¬ moting the fubfeription to the utmoft of his power, the author of this work owes the higheft obligation. What remains is now to give feme further account of the work and the purport of it ; which will conclude all I have to fay on the matter. In this, I fall not, with a late extraordinary hiftorian, make a felemn affeve- ration , that there are neither lyes nor miftakes in my book. For the former , I be¬ lieve I canfafely affert, that there are fewer in it than in that admirable chroni- cler of his own limes. But, as to miftakes, I freely admit there may be a thou- Jand in the work ; though I have taken all imaginable pains to avoid them ; having copyed, or wrote, almoft every individual thing in the whole book, even to the In¬ dex, with my own hand. Notwithflanding this care, many, grofs, errors of the pen or prefs may have happened -, and, which, in a work of this nature, it is d impof- PREFACE. impojjible to pun. There are millions of mijlakes made in the fo much juftly celebrated Monafticon Anglicanum ; feme few inftances of which I have given in the Appen¬ dix *. Nor is the famous tranfation of the Britannia without feme errors ; and thofe not inconfderable ; which are crept even into the laji edition of that mod noble and mojl extraordinary performance. All which have happened, not from any want of care in the compilers, but from trifling to tranferibers ; who, either through ig¬ norance or negligence, mijlook the originals they copied from. As I allow of many mijlakes in thoj'e matters, Jo I, a/J'o, pall not take upon me to defend thefyle, or manner of exprefion, throughout this whole performance. I will not Jay that many fentences may not be picked out of it, and proved to my face to be neither Englifh norfenfe. To judge rightly of fitch a work as this, is not to take a particular chapter, page, J'cntence or word, and criticife with /(verity upon that which IJhall never defend ; no more than I will a mifeake of a figure, or a mijhomer, in the Index. But, let the reader confider the weight and bulk of the whole work; and the long feries of time and things through which I have been obli¬ ged to carry itand then he will not wonder at my making feme flips by the way. Neverthelcfi, I muft caution the reader not to judge too haflily ■, but, when he meets with a m flake or a blunder in the book, to turn to the Appendix; and there J'ee if it does not ft and corrected, either by my learned annotators or my Jefl If I have, aflo, by fame lightneffes, here and there interfperfed, deviated from the frill gravity of an hijloriau, 1 afi pardon of my cenfurcrs Jor it. My intimates all know that Mercury was a more predominant planet at my birth than Saturn. And, I confej's I never thought an hiftorian ought to be dull becaufl his fubjell was fo. Many a dull ftory has been Jet in an agreeable light, in common cenverfation, by the manner, only, of telling it-, as, on the contrary, many a good one has been polled. And, it would be very ill natured in the graveft Cynick to quarrel with a companion, in a long tirefome journey, for his being, now and then, a little too ludi¬ crous or merry in the way. I pretend to be neither a Livy nor a Tacitus in reciting (late affairs-, nor an Ufher or a Stillingfleet in church matters. What 1 knew I have put down in, what I think, a proper manner ; and if 1 have larded fame lean paffages, I hope they will not relijh the worfe for it, with a courteous reader. There may be, alj'o, feme particular families, who may fancy themfehes ftruck at, in the account 1 have given oj their anceflors ; whether prelates or otherwife. To thefe I declare that I have no fuch intention; but I cannot make a bifhap of a better family, put better blood in his veins, or aferibe better aflions to his life, than hiflo- ry or records will allow him. An hiftorian, or biographer, that dares not Jpeak truth, or, cringingly Jculks behind it, is not worthy of the name. So that what I have J'aid, any where, on this head I hope will not be imputed to any fatyrical jlrokes on the living -, or any, purpoj'ely, falfe reprefentations of the dead. But, after all, what I am the moft diffident in, and think my Jeff the leaf capa¬ ble of writing, is the church hiftory of this J'ee. It may be urged againfl me as a piece of boldnejs and audacity, that I, a layman, with only a moderate Jhare of Ichool learning, Jhould enter upon fuch fubjeCls as the deepeft divines, and able/l J'cholars, have been puzzled with. It is for this reafon, no doubt, and a mean opi¬ nion of what any layman can produce on this fubjell, that 1 have found fo little en¬ couragement from the body of the clergy in general; and from thoj'e 'of our own church in particular. And, it was a Jenftble concern and djcouragement to me, when our prefent mojl reverend and moft worthy Metropolitan, not only refufed, upon my repeated application to him, to accept of the dedication of the church account, but even to fubjcribe to the book. I Jay, it muft proceed from a contempt of any lay¬ man's productions on this head. Elfe, without doubt, every prelate would be glad to encourage an hiftorian who is about to pitblijh a large account of his church and predecejjbrs. EJpecia/ly, when it is natural to fuppoj'e that they earneftly dt-jire to Jean over their predeceffor’s aSlions ; with a view, worthy of the Jacrcd fun¬ ction, of imitating the beft ; and avoiding the rocks and precipices, 'there dejeri- bed, on which Jome of them have, unhappily, J'plit ; or, dangeroufty, hurt their J'acred characters. On thefame footing I muft put the ill J'uccefs 1 'have had with * Six p. Ixxxii. and Ixxxiii the 5 PREFACE. the prefent reverend Deah and Chapter of York; except in the great favour which I have already acknowledged, and feme few J'ubfcriptions from them. It feetns as if moft of this body, afe, defpijcd a layman’s attempt on a fubjefl, 'which, I own, 'indeed, is more in their way, more fuitable to their dignities in the church, and more adapted to the manner of their education and feudies. For I will not J'uppofe that party-prejudice can any ways affeSl men of their fan- ttity and morals. Tet, let thefe confider, that all the bijiorians I have hi¬ therto had occafion to mention in this preface, -were laymen ; excepting Ufher and Stillingfleet. And, fence the praSlice of old, of regifering, along with the affairs of their church or monaftery, the more publick tranfenSiions of this kingdom, has been long fence difufed and out of praSlice ; they muft be beholden to feme layman, who will take the trouble off their hands, and do this neceffary piece of drudgery for them. It is for want of proper encouragement, Ifay, that the outfede views of our mojl no¬ ble cathedral are contrasted into the compafs I have caujed them to be engraven in. I confidercd, in order to fave feme part of the great expence, that the external part of the fabrick, had been frequently exhibited, at large, by feveral bands. And, to do jufticc to the internal views, which were never before taken, tbofe of the outfede which I have given, 1 imagined fujfecient for my purpofe. - hfhist much I think proper to declare, finee my jubJSribers ought to be made acquainted with the true reafon why any thing bears a mean aJpeSi in this performance. _ And, when they confider how Jew of the reverend body have graced the plates of the infide views of the church, with their names and titles, they will not be feurprifed when they come to look 'without. And now, to make an end of this tedious difeourfe , which, like the book itfelfi has fpun out to a greater' length than I, principally , defgned it ; I fall only Jay, that I neither define nor expeff to have another edition of it paj's my hands. I am too conjcious of this performance % and all I can hope for , is, that it may , in futuro, be fought after, enquired into , and made ufe of as a plan, or groundwork, on which J'ome abler hand may build aftronger and a more noble flrnfture. As finch, I pre- jent it to the prefent age, and leave it to pojlerity. London, Aug. i, *73 6 - A LIST A L I S T o F T H E S U BSCRIBERS. N B. The author propofed to the fubfcriben to feud in -with their names their irms^ZlLTd f Z S tt° de - VeT aS he then ima S™d, to have all their arms engraved. But not one m fifty having taken any notice of this he This mark * Jlands for the royal paper. A. T HE right honourable the earl of An- glefey. * The right honourable the earl of Aylesford. * The honourable Bertram Aihburnham, efq-. The honourable Richard Arundel, efq-, purvey¬ or of his majejlfs works. * The honourable 'John Aiflabie, efq-. Sir Robert Abdy, bart. Sir Jofeph Ayloffe, hart. John Anftis, efq-, garter principal king at arms. John Audley, LL. D. chancellor of the dio- cefe of York. George Aldridge, M. D. Robert Andrews, efq-, Henry Atkinfon, efq-, Jofeph Athrop, efq-, Thomas Archer, efq-, William Aiflabie, efq-, William Archer, efq-. The reverend Mr. Andrews, fellow of Mag¬ dalen college, Oxon. The reverend Mr. Aiflabie, reSlor of Birkin. The reverend Mr. Allot vicar of South- Kirkby. Adam Afkew, AT. B. of Newcaflle. Mr. Alhenden furgeon in Durham. Mr. Afcough of York. Mr. Tho. Agar in York. Mr. George Atkinfon York. * The Antiquarian Society, London. The Antiquarian Society at Peterborough ' The Antiquarian Society at Spalding in Lin- colnlhire. The Office of Arms in London. B. * The right honourable the earl of Burlington. two copies. * The right honourable the countefs of Burling- * The right honourable the countefs dowager of Burlington. J * Tloe right honourable the lord Bruce. The right honourable the lady Bingley. The right honourable the lady Jane Boyle. The honourable John Berkeley, efq-. Sir George Beaumont, bart. Sir John Bland, bart. Hugh Bethel, efq-, * Charles Bathurft, efq-, Philip Byerley, efq ; * George Bowes, efq, Robert Buck, efq-, William Burton, efq-. Dr. Burton of Wakefield. John Bouchererr, efq ; Thomas A List of the Subscribers. Thomas Bramfton, efq•, Thomas Sclater Bacon, efq-, * Walter Calverley Blacket, efq-, Lewis Barlow, efq-, Richard Backwell, efq-, * John Bright, efq-, Thomas Bright, efq-, * Mrs. Anne Bright. John Bufland, efq-, Thomas Booth, efq-, Henry Bradfhaw, efq-, William Brigham, efq-, Richard Bagihaw, efq-, Richard Braithwait, efq-, Mark Braithwait, LL. D. ' The reverend Mr. Benfon, M. A. vicar of Ledfham. The reverend Mr. Barnard, mafer of the free-fchool at Leeds. ‘The reverend Mr. Buck, rettor of Marfton. The reverend Mr. Bradley, canon refidentia- ry of the cathedral church of York. The reverend Mr. H. Breary, rettor of Box- worth, com. Cant. The reverend Mr. Bradley, vicar of Warthill. The reverend Mr. Blake, rettor of Goldlbo- rough. The reverend Mr. Bourn, vicar of St. Mary’j, Caftlegate, York. Mrs. Elizabeth Bateman. * Mr. Samuel Booth, fleward to the duke of Montague. Mr. John Bofvile, Cheapfide, London. Mr. Bolton, merchant in Newcaftle. Mr. Beckwith of York. Mr. Stephen Beverley of York. Mr. Roger Bridgewater of York. Mr. Birbeck, jun. of York. Mr. Bowyer, ■printer in White-fryars, Lon¬ don. C. His grace the lord archhi/hop of Canter¬ bury. The right honourable the earl of Carlifle. * The right honourable the earl of Cholmonde- ley. The right honourable the earl of Carnwath. * The right honourable the lord Craven. The right honourable the lord Colerain. * The right honourable the lady baronefs Clif¬ ford. The right honourable Samuel Clarke, lord- mayor of York. * The honourable Edward Coke, efq-. The honourable George Compton, efq-, Sir William Carew, bart. Sir John Hind Cotton, bart. Sir Walter Calverley, bart. Sir Francis Clavering, bart. Sir Nathanael Curzon, bart. Mr. Juftice Comm ins, one of the judges of the common pleas. * William Conolly, efq-, Leonard Childers, efq-, William Cowper, efq-, Hugh Cholmley, ejq-, Robert Chapell, efq-, William Cradock, efq-, Edward Clerke, efq-, Edward Collingwood, efq, John Cook, ejq-, Samuel Chetham, efq-, James Chetham, efq-, Thomas Cartwright, efq-, William Craven, efq, George Chafin, efq, Langford Collin, efq-, * Edward Chaloner, efq-, Richard Crowle, efq-, Haworth Currer, efq-, William Chefelden, efq-, ferjeant furgeon to the queen. The reverend Richard Cayley, B. D. fellow of St. John’j college, Cambridge. The reverend Dr. Crofs, mafer of Catherine hall, and prebendary of York. * The reverend Mr. Creyk. Two copies. The reverend Mr. Carte. The reverend Mr. Cook, rettor of Stoxley and prebendary of York. Dr. Cook of Ripon. William Clinch of York, M. D. Captain Cockayne. Mrs. Cuttler of Hayton. Mr. William Cookfon, alderman of Leeds. * Mr. John Chaloner of Gifbrough. Mr. Charles Cotton, merchant in London. , Mr. John Chippendale of York. Mr. Thomas Carr of York. Mr. James Cook, jun. of Yarum. Mr. Croxton of Manchefter. Mr. John Cole of Bafipghall-ftreet, Lon¬ don. Mr. James Carpenter of York. D. * The right honourable the earl of Derby. * The right honourable the earl of Donnegal. The right honourable the earl of Delor- rain. The right honourable the lord vifeount Downe. The honourable John Dawney, efq, The honourable Chriftopher Dawney, efq-. Sir Edward Defbouverie, bart. * Sir Francis Henry Drake, bart. * The reverend fir John Dolben, bart. Sir Charles Dalton, knt. gentleman ufher of the black-rod. * Thomas Duncombe, efq-, * William Drake, efq-, of Shardelois, com , Bucks. ^William Drake, efq-, ^Barnoldfwickcotes, com. Ebor. Daniel Draper, efq-, John Difney, efq-, Ely Dyfon, efq-, * Peter Del me, efq, * John Delme, efq-, William Dobfon, efq ; alderman of York. The reverend Dr. Deering, dean of Ripon, prebendary of York, and archdeacon of the Ealt-riding. The f A List of The reverend Mr. Dunn, prebendary of York. The reverend Mr. Ramfden Dodfworth, chap¬ lain to his grace the duke of Somerfet, and fellow of Jefus College, Cambridge. * The reverend John Drake, B. D. reftor of Smeeton, vicar of Pontefradt, and pre¬ bendary of York. * The reverend Samuel Drake , S. T. P. reftor of Treeton, and of Holm Spalding- moor. The reverend Mr. Thomas Drake, re ft or of Norham in Northumberland. The reverend Mr. Nathan Drake, minor canon of the cathedral church of Lincoln. The reverend Mr. Samuel Drake, minor canon of the fame. The reverend Mr. Jofeph Drake, reftor of Burleigh. The reverend Mr. Francis Drake of Eaft-Hard- wick. The reverend Mr. William Drake of Hat¬ field. Captain William Drake. Mrs. Dubois. Mr. Thomas Drake of Halyfax. Mr. Jeremy Drake of Halyfax. Mr. Thomas Dawl'on of York. Mr. John Dawfon of York. Mr. Bryan Dawfon of York. Mr. Humphrey Duncalf, merchant in Lon¬ don. * Mr. Dawes, furgeon in York. Mr. Jerome Denton of the pipe-office, GrayV inn. Mr. Richard Dicken o/York-ftreet, Covent- garden. E. Sir John Evelyn, hart. Thomas Empfon, tfp , Anthony Eyres, efq-. Dr. Eyres of Doncafter. George Efcrick, efq-, alderman of York. * The reverend Mr. El (ley, prebendary of York. The reverend Mr. Elmfal, reftor of Thorn¬ hill. The reverend Mr. Emmerfon. * Mrs. Mary Edwards. Mr. George Errington, London. F. The right honourable the earl of Fitz Walter. * The right honourable the lord vifcount Fau- conberg. The reverend and honourable Edward Finch, canon-refidentiary of York. The honourable Charles Fairfax of Gilling, The honourable Mrs. Finch. * Sir William Foulis, hart. * George Fox, efq-. The honourable Mrs. Fox. Thomas Fairfax of Newton, efq-. the Subscibers. * Bryan Fairfax, efqy one cf the honourable commijf oners of the cujloms. Thomas Fothergill, efq-, Cuthbert Fenwick, efq-, Robert Fenwick, efq-, Bafil Forcer, efq-, Charles Frederic, eft, Francis Fawkes, fen. efq\ Thomas Fawkes, efq-, Samuel Fofter, efq-, John Fountain, efq ; Thomas Frewen, efq-, The reverend Dr. Felton, reftor of Barwick in Elmet. Antonio Dominico Ferrari, LL.D. * Mr. Marmaduke Fothergill of York. Mifs Fothergill. Mr. Freak, furgeon in London. Mr. Thomas Fetherfton of York. Mr. Frye, painter in London. G. * The right honourable the lord Gower. The right honourable the lord vifcount Gal¬ way. The honourable William Level'on Gower, 4b * The honourable Mrs. Graham. Sir Edward Gafcoign, bart. Sir Robert Grofvenor, bart. Sir Reginald Graham, bart. * Richard Graham, efq\ * Roger Gale, efq-, Henry Grey, efq-, Edward Gibbon, efq-, John Goodricke, efq-, Thomas Gyll, efq-, Smithfon Green, efq-. The reverend Dr. Goodwin, reftor of Tanker- fley, and prebendary of York. The reverend Dr. Gouge, reftor of Gilling, and prebendary of York. Dr. Gaugy of Peterborough. Mr. Samuel Gale. Mr. Roger Gathome. Mr. Henry Grice of York. Mr. John Gill of York. Mr. Gofling, bookfeller in Fleet-ftreet. Mr. Gyles, bookfeller in Holbourn. Mr. Darcy Godard, furgeon. Mr. Richard Gowland, druggijl , London. Mr. John Gowland, apothecary , London. H. * The right honourable the earl of Hartford. The honourable George Hamilton, efq-. The right honourable the lady Henrietta Her¬ bert. * The right honourable the lady Elizabeth Haftings. The right honourable the lady Mary Haftings. Sir William Halford, bart. Sir Walter Hawkfworth, bart. * Thomas Hefketh, efp. Sir Rowland Hill, bart. * John Hylton, efq-, John A List of John Hutton, efq-, Stephen Holms, efq-, * Robert Humpheys, efq-, Alexander Hales, efq-, * Richard Honeywood, efq-, George Holms, efq-, deputy keeper of the re¬ cords in the tower of London. Thomas Hardcaftle of Gray’s-inn, efq-, Mr. John Hilileigh of York. Mr. Hall, furgeon in Manchefter. Mr. Hildyard, bookfeller in York. Mr. Jofeph Harley of Stockton. Mr. Hunter of Manchefter. Mr. Haflegrave, furgeon in York. Mr. Holland, painter in London. Mr. John Hodl'on, cabinet-maker , London. I. The right honourable the lord vifcount Irwin. The honourable captain Charles Ingram. Sir Juftinian Ilham, bart. Stephen Theodore Janflen, efq-, Peter Johnfon, efq, * James Joye, efq-, Lewis Jones, M. D. The reverend Mr. Jones. Mr. Jubb, deputy regijler to the archbijhop of York. K. * Sir John Lifter Kaye, bart. reprefentalive in parliament , and alderman of the city of York. The reverend Richard Kerlhaw, D. D. reftar of Ripley. The revereyid Mr. Knight, fuccentor canon, of the church of York. Jafper Kinfman, efq-, William Kent, efq-, architect, mafter carpen¬ ter to his majejty. Mr. Knowlton of Londelburgh. L. * His grace the duke of Leeds. * The right honourable the earl of Litchfield. The right reverend Edmund, lord bifhop of London. The right honourable the lord Langdale. * The right honourable the lord Lovel. The honourable Fitzroy Henry Lee, efq-. The honourable Heneage Legge, efq-, * Lady Liddel. * Thomas Lifter, efq-, Henry Lambton, efq-, William Levinz, jun. efq-, John Lambe, efq-, Darcy Lever, efq-, * Thomas Lupton, efq-, Smart Lethuillier, efq-, Richard Langley, efq-, Peter Leigh, jun. efq-, * Colonel Lafcelles. * The reverend Thomas Lamplugh, M. A. canon-refidentiary of the church of York. the Subscribers. The reverend Henry Laybourne, M. A. reElor of Coleorton in Leicefterlhire. The reverend Francis Lafcelles, A. M. of Pontefradt. The reverend Dr. Langwith, reElor of Pet- worth in Sufiex, and prebendary of Chi- .chefter. The reverend Dr. Legh, vicar of Halifax, and prebendary of York. Signeur Giacomo Leoni, ar chile El. Two books. Mr. Richard Lawfon, merchant in York. Captain Lamprere of the Tower. Mr. Thomas Lafcelles of Univerfity college, Oxon. Shepherd Lynam, efq-, peruke-maker in Co¬ vent-garden. M. * His grace the duke of Marlborough. * The right honourable the earl 0/Mai ton. Six copies. The right honourable the earl of Mountrath. Sir Ofwald Mofley, bart. * Sir William Milner, bart. Sir Paul Methuen, knight of the Bath. John Myddelton, efq-. Bacon Morrit, efq-, * William Metcalf, efq-. The reverend Dr. Mangey, prebendary of Durham. The reverend Mr. Marfden, archdeacon of Nottingham. * Dr. Mead. Dr. Middleton Mafiey. * Mr. John Marfden of York. Mr. Richard Marfti of York. Mr. Roger Metcalf, furgeon in London. The library at Manchefter college. Mr. Thomas Micklethwaite, aldetman of Leeds. J Mr. Thomas Mafon of York. Mr. Thomas Matthews of York. Mr. Macmoran, merchant in London. Captain Nicholas Mafterfon of York. Captain Macro of the guards. Mr. Thomas Martin of Palfgrave in Suf¬ folk. Mr. Samuel Morris of Iron-monger’s-hall, London. Mifs Morrice of York. Mr. Mancklyn, bookfeller in York. Mr. Chriftopher Mi -.chell of York. Mr. Maitland authc r of the Antiquities of Lon¬ don. N. * His grace the duke of Norfolk. * The right honourable the lord North and Guilford. The right honourable the countefs dowager of Nottingham. The right honourable the lady North and Guil¬ ford. The reverend Mr. Cavendilh Nevill.' Charles Newby, efq-, Mr. John Napier of York. * The A List of the Subscribers. O. * I he right honourable the earl of Oxford. The right honourable the earl of Orkney, William Ofbaldefton, efq-, Hhe reverend Richard Ofbaldefton, S. T. P. dean of York. P. J The right honourable the lord Petrc. The right honourable the lady Petre. German Pole, efq, Robert Pigot, ejq-, Thomas Pigot, efq-, Thomas Pullein, efq-, Thomas Plampion, efq-, Henry William Portman, efq, Prefcot Pepper, efq\-, Richard Price, efq-, * James Pennyman, efq-, Nathanael Pay lor,, efq-, Armftead Parker, efq-, Thomas Patten, efq-, The reverend Mr. Penny of Afhton-under¬ line. Mr. Robert Fairfax Pawfon of York. Mr. William Pawfon, merchant at Oporto. Mr. John Pawfon, merchant in Newcaftle. Mr. Plant, proftor at York. Mr. Chriftopher Peak of York. * Mrs. Parker of York. Mr. Thomas Pickering of Weftminfter. R. * His grace the duke of Rutland. * Sir Thomas Robinfon, bart. one of the ho¬ nourable commiffioners of excife. Sir John Rhodes, bart. Gregory Rhodes, efq-, Cuthbert Routh, efq-, Matthew Ridley, efq-, John Reed, efq-, * Thomas Strangeways Robinfon, efq-, John Rudd, efq-, * Richard Rawlinfon, efq-, LL.D. et F. R. S. Matthew Robinfon, efq-, Lancelot Rollefton, efq-, Edward Rooks, efq-. The reverend Mr. Ray, prebendary o/Ripon. * The reverend Mr. Remmington of Gar- raby. . The reverend William Richardfon, D. D. mafter of Emanuel college, Cambridge. The reverend Mr. Henry Richardfon. Dr. Richardfon of North Byerley. Mr. John Richardfon of York. Mr. George Reynoldfon of York. Mr. George Rhodes of York. Mr. Edward Ridfdale of Ripon. John Rogers, M. D. of Leeds. Mr. John Raper of York. Thefocietyof Ringers at York. S. * The right honourable the earl of Strafford. * The right honourable the earl of Shafts- bury. The right honourable the earl of Scarborough. The right honourable the lord Noel Somerfet. Sir Thomas Sanders Seabright, bart. Sir William St. Quintin, bart. * Sir Henry Slingfby, bart. Sir William Strickland, bart. * Sir Hans Sloane, bart. Sir John Swinburn, bart. '* Sir Hugh Smithfon, bart. * Sir Miles Stapylton, bart. Sir Philip Sydenham, bart. Sir William Stapleton, bart. Sir George Savile, bart. Sir Robert Smyth, bart. Sir Edward Smith, bart. * Richard Shuttleworth, efq-, Matthew Chitty St. Quintin, efq-, Charles Slingfby, efq-, Nicholas Shuttleworth, efq-, Philip Southcote, efq-, Samuel Savile, efq-, Bryan Stapylton, efq-, * Thomas Scawen, efq-, William Spencer of Bramley-grange, efq-, William Spencer of Cannon-hall, efq-, Henry Simpfon, efq-, Henry Stratford, efq ; Matthew Smales, efq-, Richard Sterne, efq-, John Stanhope, efq ; William Simpfon, efq-, Thomas Selby, efq-, John Smith, efq-, Gervafe Scrope, efq-, William Shippen, efq-, Edward Smith, efq, Brownlow Sherrard, efq-, John Sawbridge, efq, William Sheppherd, efq-, Samuel Swire, efq-, Philip Saltmarfh, efq-. The reverend Mr. Stephens, archdeacon of Exeter and prebendary of York. The reverend Dr. Stukely. The reverend Mr. Sifllffon. The reverend Dr. Sharp, archdeacon of Nor¬ thumberland, &V. The reverend Mr. Steer, reSlor of Ecclesfield, and prebendary of York. The reverend Mr. William Smith. The reverend Mr. Serenius of Sweden. The reverend Air. Sympfon of Babworth, com. Nott. Mr. John Shaw of York. Mr. Smith, furgeon in Coventry. Mr. John Swale, bookfeller in Leeds. Mr. Sellers of York. Mr. George Skelton of York. Mr. Nicholas Sugar of York. Mr. A List of the Subscribers. Mr. Thomas Smith of York. Mr. William Stephenfon of York. Mr. Richard Stockton of York. Mr. David Saunders of York. Mr. Sutton of Stockton. Mr. John Stephenfon. Mrs. Sarah Stephenfon. Sign. F. Slater, hiftory fainter. Mr. James Swan of Fulharm Mr. John Strangewayes of York. Air. Jofephus Symplon, engraver , London. Mr. Strahan, bookfeller in Cornhill. T. * The right honourable the earl of Thanet. Sir George Tempeft, hart. * Edward Thompfon, efq-, reprefentcttivt in parliament for the city of York. * John Twifleton, efq-, John Tempeft, efq-, Richard Townley, efq-, Stephen Tempeft, efq-, Bartholomew Tate, efq-, Nicholas Torre, efq-, Arthur Trevor, efq\ Leonard Thompfon, efq-, Stephen Thompfon, efq-, Cholmley Turner, efq-, * William Turner of Stainfby, efq j William Thornton, efq, The reverend Dr. Trimnel, precentor of the church at Lincoln. The reverend John Taylour, LL. D. Mr. John Thomlinfon of York. Mr. Thomas Thurfby, furgeon in Newcaftle. Y. The honourable Henry Vane, efq-, George Venables Vernon, efq -, William Vavafour, efq-. The reverend Dr. Vernon, reftorofS. George’* Bloomfbury. Mrs. Vavafour of York. Mrs. Ann Unet, bookfeller at Wolverhamp¬ ton. W. * The right honourable the earl of Winchelfea, and Nottingham. * The honourable Thomas Willoughby, efq-. The honourable Mrs. Willoughby. The honourable Rothwell Willoughby, efq-. The honourable Henry Willoughby, efq-. The honourable Montague Wortley, eJq- 9 Sir William Wyndham, bar/. Sir Francis Whichcote, bare. Sir John Webb, bare. * The lady Wentworth of Howfam. William Wickham, efq-, William Woodyeare, efq-. Patience Warde, efq-, Pleafaunce Watfon, efq-, * James Weft, efq-. Brown Willis, efq-, George Wright, efq-, William Wrightfon, efq\ Henry Witham, efq-, Godfrey Wentworth, efq-, Matthew Wentworth, efq-, * Richard Walwyn, efq-, Andrew Wilkinfon, efq-, * John Wilkinfon, efq-, Thomas Wright, efq-, John Wood, efq-, Thomas Wilfon, efq-, * Watkin Williams Wynne, efq-, Charles Stourton Walmfiey, efq-, George Wright, efq-, Henry Walton, efq-, * Dr. Wintringham of York. Mr. Clifton Wintringham. Dr. Wilsford of Pontefra<5t. Major White of the Tower. Captain Wad. Windham. The reverend Mr. Wakefield, reftor of Sezay and prebendary of Ripon. The reverend Mr. Wickham, redlor o/Guife- ley. The reverend Mr. Weatherhed of Bolton- abbey. Mr. John Willberfofs, merchant in Gainfbo- rough. Mr. Thomas Wilfon of Leeds. Mr. William Watfon of Sheffield. Mr. Woodhoufe of York. Mr. Henry Waite of York. Mr. William Watkinfon of York. Mr. Watfon of Stockton. Mr. John Wilmer of York. Mr. Wilcockfon of Manchefter. Mr. William Webber of Exeter. Mr. Williamfon, bookfeller in Holborn. Meff. Ward and Chandler, bookfellers at Scar¬ borough, York and London. One large and four fmall, Y. John Yorke, efq-, Thomas Yarborough, efq-. The reverend Mr. Younge, reld or of Cattwick in Holdernefs. The City of York fifty pounds. THE CON THE tent s. BOOK I. Chap. I. V 7 ’ORK, in different names and etymologies-, with the obfcure hi/ton I °J “ t0 the coming of the Romans into Britain p aee ; Chap. II Contains the ft ate of the city under the Roman government in Britain 7. Chap. III. .The ft ate of the city from the Romans leaving the ijland to the callim over the Soxons-, and qiute through the Heptarchy, &c. to the Norman conque/l 67 Chap IV. The hftorical account of the city continued from the Norman conquel to the uniting of the two houjes of York and Lancafter Chap. V. A continuation, of the hftorical annals of the 'city from this period to the prefent times , ' J r Chap. VI. The government of the city during the times of Romans, Saxons D^c’s and Normans ; with the prefent government by a lord-mayor, aldermen the- rifts, See. The ancient and prefent navigation of the river Oufe. Of the gilds craps, trades and fraternities, franchifes, liberties, charters, gifts and dona¬ tions, privileges granted to the community of the city ; with their by-laws an cient cuftoms, fairs, markets, &c. J „ Chap. VII. The ancient and prefent ft ate of the city of York, in refbea u its Jituation, trade, navigation of the river Oufe, number of inhabitants manu- faBures , price of provifions , &c. An exaB furvey of the city and fuburbs with their ancient and prefent boundaries. The etymology of the names of’feveral Jlreets, lanes, barrs, Scc. TheJlreets, lanes, alleys, courts, gates, marketplaces , croftes, bridges, pnfons, halls, currents and rivers-, the parijh churches] their value in the king's books, ancient and prefent patronage, lifts of the fevered in¬ cumbents, with their refpeStive inferiptions, epitaphs, coats of arms &c The monaftenes, hofpitals, maifon-dieus, demolijhed churches and chapels, 'which food here before the Reformation, are traced up, as far as poKble, to their orift- nal fruBures and endowments , 0 Chap. VIII. An hftorical account of the earls and dukes of York. An exatf /.ft of all the high-Jheriffs of the county. The city's reprefentatives in parliament A catalogue of the mayors and bay Iiffs, lord-mayors Wfheriffs from anno 127/ and upwards, to this time. The lords- prefidents of the north, with the learned council that attended that court at York, from its erettion to the votin-r of it down by parliament. With a Jhort account of the lives of fame treat arA fa- mous men to whom this city has bad the honour to give birth , -Aq Chap. IX. A furvey of the Ainfty, or county of the city of York; wherein the ancient and prefent lords of manors within that diftria'are taken notice of. A ge¬ nealogical account of fame ancient families therein. The churches and remarka¬ ble epitaphs, with boundaries, bridges, highways, &c. , g j BOOK II. Chap. I. pT HE hiftory of the metrofolitical church of York, from the firft in- troduSim of Chrifliaiiity into the northern parts of this ijland-, with the lives of the Archbishops of that fee, from the year bio, to the pre- fent , r Chap. II. : the particular hiftory of the fabrick of the cathedral church of York J rom its firft foundation to the prefent condition of that noble ftruSure, See. 472’. Chap. III. The archiepijcopal fee of York; its antiquity, jurifdiaion'. See. The dean and chapter, their charters and liberties, privileges and immunities, ran¬ ted to them by diverfe kings. The principal dignitaries of the cathedral. The ftoji of York and the Bedern. Chap. IV. St. Mary’s Abbey ; from its foundation to its diffolution ; with the prefent Jlate of the king's manor, as it is now called, at York, ,7, appendix' The CONTENTS. APPENDIX. REfafces, additions and emendations. Titles of extraHs from records, &c- References to the additional plate of Roman curiofities found at York and Aldborough, page xiii. — Jew's mortgages, from the regijler of Fountains xv Proceedings m York relating to the beheading s/Richard earl of Cambridge &c xvi. — Pro majore et civibus civitatis Ebor. rex Ed. IV. xvii. _ The ceremonial of attending and receiving into the city of York, Margaret queen of Scotland daughter to Henry VII, xviii. -The eleStion of Thomas earl If Stra&rd 2 yTT/ » I° rk ’ f x '~°f'P"nce Rupert and James ’duke of \otk, ibidem. Ext rails from the regiftcr o/Fountains-abbey, relating to the mayors of York, ibidem, xxi, xxn. — From an ancient regifter in the Fairfax ~ T t eaH mar J ,ml ' s court in a caa J' e be ‘™ixt the lord prefident oj the north and lord mayor of York, about bearing the (word, xxiii. jL decree for precedency of place between the citizens of York and thofe of the Jpintual court, xxtv. Sir William Dugdale’s anfwer to a queftion about precedency, xxvi. — De eligendo majorem in civitate Ebor. temp. Ed III ibidem — Agreat riot in York, temp. Ric. II, ibidem. _ A Petition to par¬ liament relating to letters patents for exemption from places, &c. temp Hen VI l™'-~ c °Py °f * record about the citizens of York paying toll at Burrough- .0 e, xxvil. — Thefeaft and pageantry of Corpus Cbnili play in York, xxix dem “fidbW°f ’ 'T7;7 ClvItas Eeorum ' >«■ Oaom'rsnap.bao6, ibi- r ft 7 r t ll f°? re - e J la , bh J hln & a court York, xxxvi. _ Perambulatio fo- Ebor xft ] “ ta£&r - ^xvin. — Confirmatio monialibus S. C/ementis E or. xxxix — Grants to the priory of St. Andrew in York, ibidem hf tb tpfP‘talofSt. Nicholas, extra Walmgate, xl. —Free Jchool in Boot- dend; ? m 7?' ^ ° f Gill ^ ate fi aUd > Xli '- De villi Ebor. clau- fne S rr t-7, rr/ eCanUm / £ “P 11 ' P ro eadem eaufa, xliii. — Pro priore eccle- hae S. Ti imtatis Ebor. confirmatio, ibidem. _ De cuftodia et defenfione cuiuf- ^ “ Pa 2 S p‘ VltatlS v °c-OBnliUtni tempore guerrae, &c. xliv. _ Grants and char¬ ters to the Fryars-preachers m \ ork, xlv. — Grants and charters to the Frvars- , York > xlvl - — Grants to the monaftery of St. Auguftine in York 1 Clifford s-tower in York, and lord Clifford’s claim there, ibidem . — Grants to the monaftery of the fryars Carmelites in York, li. _ Benefallors to the charm Jchool there ,1m — Indentures, leafes, and releafes, relating to the purchafof the ground for butldmg the new ajfembly rooms, Ivii- A lift" of the fubferibersto the building &c. hx. — cjgttltajHjau in York, Ixii. — Grants rilatinl1the Ai Yo, ’lt, ibidem. ——An order of the Houfe of Commons relating to the Amity votes,' lxm. — Archbijhop Walter Grey's temporalpoffieftions, lxiv I nte r diverfa judicia in epifcopos ob contempt. E. colled:. J. Anjtifsm. dom rex con Kemffr' XV1 ' 7" Ll ‘ tera papaHs de admiffione et receptione Joannis Kimp &c ibidem. — Terra archiepiicopi Ebor. ex libro £) 0 Cmc«Da‘l> \ x \ x Fees to thefteward and clerk in St. Peter's court, lxxi. _ King Charles the Its mandate to the lord mayor about carrying his enftgns of authority into the f a the- H n m X 1 i7 De qUC r rek dvI r Eb ° r ■ ve'fus decanmn et cap. Ebor Land a S ;} l \ v ldl : m .' — La ff e collections out of the regifters belonging to the arch- g&tfxe/York in the office of the regiftcr of the afcLjhop, anno ffino E cha- V s T Comber precent. lxxiv. &c. _ Emendationes per’ T. G. ad carts eccl E for. ex Dugdale, M voi. III. Ixxxii .-More emendations to the fne tfi — Ac Thomas Widdermg’s MS. hiftory of York; its title dedirt f a Ripon from thefame, xci. ’ me chinch of mayor The CONTENTS. Mayor of York from Lambert Symnel; fly ling himfelf king (CUfeill'tl tfjC fiftfj, &c- ibidem. Lord Lovel’j claim to a right of common in Knael'mire, c. An expla¬ nation of the plate of ancient feals , &c. ibidem. An account of the Saxon and Danifh coins flruck York; with feme account alfo of the money minted from the Normal conqueft to the lafl mint eredled in that city. cii. York, or tradefmeris half-pennies flruck there , cx. ERRATUM. Book II. Chap. II. p.519. fefl. 2. For, The whole pavement is a brick floor , read, The whole pavement is on a brick floor , &c. Page 4. Note (i) for Sir H. Spelman's notes on Tacitus, r . Sir H. Savile's. The number and order of placing the loofe prints. 1. A View of Severin' s hills, p. 15. T\. 2. A view of part of the Roman road on Bramham moor, p. 19. 3. The plans of Aldborough and Tadcafter, p. 22. 4. Roman pavements at Aldborough , p, 25. 5. The obelifcs at Burrougb-brulge, p. 28. 6. A Roman camp on the moors near Pickering , p. 36. 7. A map of the Roman roads, p. 37. 8. Roman altars, urns and other curiofities found at Tork , p. 56. 9. A Roman tower and wall in 2 r ork, p. 57. 10. The Roman arch in Micklegate-bar , Pork, p\ 60. 11. A Roman head of brafs, p. 65. 12. William the cpnqueror, giving a charter to his nephew Alan earl of Britain, p. 89. 13. Tork, from Severus's hills, p. 226. 14. A plan of the city of Tork , p. 244. 15. A fouth-wcft view of the city of Tork , p. 249. 16. Oufe-bridge at Tork , p.281. 17. A perfpedtive view of the caftle of Tork, p. 286. 18. Clifford's tower in Tork as it flood forti¬ fied before it was blown up anno 1684, p. 289, 1. 19. A perfpedtive view of the infide ruins of Clifford? s tower, p. 289, 2. 20. Tork, from near the confluence of the ri¬ vers Oufe and Fofs, p. 303. 21. Percy's window in St. Dyonis church, Walmgate , p. 30 6. 22. The church porch of St. Margaret in 2ork, p. 308. 23. The great room in the lord mayor’s houfe, p. 330. 24. The front of the new afiembly rooms, P- 33 8, i- 25. Aides concentus Eboracenfis, p. 338, 2. or fedtion of the great room. 26. The plan of the fame, p. 338, 3. 27. Swinburnes monument, 377. 28. A map of the Ainfly , &c. p. 380. 29. The title page to Book II, p. 398. 30. The monument of archbifhop Sandes , ?■ 456- 31. The monument of archbifhop Hutton , p. 458. .2. The monument of archbifhop Matthews, ” P- 459* 33. The monument of archbifhop Frewen , p. 464. 34. The monument of archbifhop Sterne , p. 465. 35. The monument of archbifhop Dolbcn , p. 466. 36. The monument of archbifhop Lamplugh , p. 467, 37. The monument of archbifhop Sharp , p. 468. 38. The arms of the archbifhops, p.^71. 39. The chapter-houfe at 2 ‘ork , p. 476. 40. The monument of fir Henry Belaflis, p. 502. 41. The earl of Carlifle's monument, p. 503. 42. Copartments, Pearfon , Ter rick and p.504. 43. The countefs of Cumberland's monu¬ ment, p. 505. 44. The monument of fir William Gee, p. 508. 45. The earl of Strafford's monument, p. 511, 1. 46. The honourable Thomas Wentworth's monument, p. 511, 2. 47. The monument of Mrs. Matthews, p. 512. 48. Dean Finch's monument, p. 5 13. 49. The ichnography and new pavement of the church, p. 519. 50. An internal perlpedt view of the choir end ol the cathedral church at 2"ork , p.522. 51. An internal perfpeft view from the weft end, p. 525. 52. The window armorial, p. 526. 53. The eaft window, p. 527. 54. An internal perfpedl view from the fouth, P- 53 2 - 55. Different arms in flone, p. 534. 56. Different arms in colours, p-S 3 f- 57. A weft view of the ruins of St. Mary's abbey, Tork , p. 574. In the APPENDIX. 58. An additional plate of Roman curiofities found at Tirk and Aldburgh, page xiii. 59. Ancient feals belonging to lome arch¬ bifhops of Tork , and feveral religious houles in that city, p. ci. 60. Saxon and Danifh coins flruck at 2 brk y p. civ, EBORACUM: 1 [ * ] E B 0 RA C U M: H I J W IY, JL i l JA 5 T O R Y ANT IQUITI ES C I T OF THE Y of TORI^. BOOK I. CHAP. I. YORK, its different names and etymologies-, with the oh [cure hif- tory of it to the coming of the Romans into Britain. E BORA CUM, or York, the Metropolis of eBORSSEIRIff, or Yorkjhirc, fuuate at the confluence of the rivers Oufe and Fcfs, placed near the cen- tre of the r lfl:lnd ’ m the richeft, pleafanteft, and' moll extenfive valley in Britain, if not in all Europe, draws its original from the earlieft ages. And wrapt in iuch obfcurity is the etymology of its name, that to me it feems much too nigh tor human comprehenfion; and, I may juftly fay, that Caput inter nvbila CONDIT, The etymology of the name of Yirk, encompaffed with fucli difficulties and uncertainties mult however be an evident token of the great antiquity of the place j and if not as old yet near coeval with London, whofe derivation is as little underftood. As indeed the tit! of our whole lfland Britain if the ftory of Brute and his Trojans be deny’d, is loft in num berleis conjectures. (a) Stow, in his Survey of London, has made no fcruple to deduce th [f) As Rome the chief city of the world, to glorify it- fcU, drew her original from Gods, Goddeffes, and De- nu-Gods by the Trojan, progeny; fo this famous city of i.°ndon, for greater glory, and in emulation of Rome, de- riveth utelf from the very fame original. Stowe's Survey of London, i cd. A. 1599. Sir Thomas Elliot and Dr. Charles Leigh have flretch’d farther in afcribing the name of Neomagus to the city of Chejler , from Magus the fon of Samotbes fon oijaphet its founder. Leigh's Nat. Hill of LancaJhire, Che/hire, Sec. B original 2 A. M- 2860. Ante C. 1106 A M. 2983. Ante C. 983. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. original of that city from Gods, Goddefles, and Demi-Gods. I am not fo bold an hiftorian as he, tho’ I have the fame reafon to do it to ours * yet I ffiall not ftick to give what is re¬ lated in the Britijh Hiftorian concerning our city’s antiquity ; with this relerve in the en¬ quiry, not to obtrude any thing in evidence without its witnefs, fubmitting the truth of the faffs to better judgments. And, with the author of a MS now before me, (£)fhall think it much more congruous to right reafon and ingenuity, to conclude with a fceptical confidera- tion, in this nice affair, rather than a peremptory refolution. The credit of the writer of the Britijh Hiftory may be difputed by thofe who intend a ge¬ neral account of the ifland ; but, in a particular way, I fhou’d be much to blame to call that fable and tohiance, which redounds fo mightily to the honour of my fubjefl; and no author 1 have yet met with, in my judgment, has fo far refuted old Geofry's teftimony, that it fhou’d be wholly rejected by a Modern Hiftorian (c). Geofry of Alonmouth, I fay, is the foie evidence that can be produced, as an author, to vin¬ dicate this chronology the reft of the hiftorians, which mention the fame, are only fo many echoers or copyers of that original. To begin then, Brutus and his wandring Trojans having conquer’d Albion , built a City on the river Thames, and gave it the name of Troja Nova -, this name of Troja Nova came afterwards by corruption, fays my author, to be called Troy Novant, and lince chang’d into Ludjtoivn or London. The hiftorian places this epoch at the time when the fons of HeSlor, after the ex- pulfibn of Antenor, reign’d in Troy, when Eli the High Prieft govern’d in Judea ; and when Silvius /Eneas, the fon of /Eneas and uncle to Brutus the third King of the Latins , rul’d in Italy. If this be true, then London firft raifed its head about the year, from the world’s creation, two thoufand eight hundred and fixty ; or eleven hundred and fix years be- . fore the birth of Chrijt. The hiftorian, in the fequel of his wondrous account, goes on and tells us, that Ebraucus , the fon of Mempricius the third King from Brute, did build a city north of Humber, which from his own name he called Kaer-ebrauc , that is, the city of Ebraucus-, about the time that David reign’d in Judea, Sylvius Latinus in Italy, and that Gad, Nathan, and Afaph, prophe- fied in Ifrael, which Epoch falls near A. M. 2983, or ante Chriftum 983. We are told, by the aforefaid author, that this King Ebraucus built two more cities ; one call’d (d) Aclud towards Albania, and the town: of Mount (e) Agned, which is at this time, fays he, call’d the Cajlle of Maidens or the Mountain of Sorrow. That he reign’d fixty years, and by twenty wives had twenty fons and thirty daughters, v/hom he has thought fit to give us the names of; that he was the firft after Brule who went with a navy into Gaul, and returned victorious ■, and laftly, in an extream old age he died, and was buried at Kaer-ebrauc. Thus much for King Ebrauc, and whether he built our city ? or whether indeed there was ever fuch a King? I leave to judgment on the teftimony above 3 if the laft be granted, the other may eafily be allowed a confequence. In the appellation of the Britijh Kaer-ebrauc, we are to find out the Roman EBO RA¬ CEM, which Sir T.W. ftrives to do after this manner; fome learned men, fays he, by writing the fecond Latin vowel with an apoftrophe for fpeaking of it fhort, the Italians by inadvertency have changed it into the fourth, and for Eberacum write Eboracum , as for Edouardus, they now write Edwardus 3 for which reafon Civitas Ebrauci is now called Civi- tas Eborauci 3 and the learned John Cajus fays (/),jthat the name is changed from Evoracum to Eborum. My author goes on and fays, “ he cannot conceal what he had from a noble perfon, “ which he was pleafed in modefty only to term a conjecture; it appears by Ccefar and “ Tacitus, that feveral colonies of the Gauls feated themfelves, as in other countries, fo in tc Spain-, from whence again being difturbed by the Romans, Carthaginians, and other nati- tc ons,they were forced to feek new habitations,and might either firft feize on the weftern part ) This Brennus , our author would have us believe, was the fame perfon who led the army of the confederate Gauls, and took and burnt Rome in the diftatorfhip of Camil/us. (x) Galtres foreft juxta Ebor. (y) Intra Eboracum. Gal. Mon. It is remarkable that Geofry- never calls York Kacr-Ebrauck, but once through¬ out his whole work. (z) Fabian and Hollingjbead have thought fit to aftign the fum of 1000/. for this Tribute ; but I do not find the original mentions it. (a) Fabian and Stow, in their chronicles, mention Ri- vallus, GurguJHus his fon, I ago or Logo and Kimmacus , all Kings of Britain, and all before Artogal, to be buried at Kaerbrauc. But fince Geofry is filent, this mull be an improvement on his fchemc. c It The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. It will not be amifs, to conclude this head, to prefent the reader, at one view, with a lift of the different names this city has had, with the different authorities for them; and firft. EBORACVM. -- - E&0%CL%0V . - IV0gCt%0!/. - B ^lyavhov. -- C 1 VITAS BRIGANTIVM. -- (b) VBVRACVM fc? EBVRACVM.- KAER-EBRAVC. l _ CAIR-BRAVC. 1 __ CAIR-EFFROC. -- Multis tejtibus. Ptolemeus in opere Geograph. Ufher de primord. Ptol. in canon, aflronomicis. Ptol. in magna fyntaxi lib. 2. Ufher de prim. Tacitus in vita Agricolae. Initin. Antonini. r Gal. Mon. Nennius/;; cat. Ur hi urnBrit.ed. Gale. 1 Hen. Hunt. Alph. Bever. Harrifon, &c. f By the Britons at this day. TJ! v de pri?n. Vcr- 1 ftegan. Humph. Llhuyd. Saxonice. fSomner. & Chron. Saxon, ad , I763, 780. &c. Leland. Leland. Ortclius. Harrifon. Girald Cambrenfis. Harrilon’i defeription of Britain. Selden’j titles of honour. Lib. Domefday. Knighton. Hen. Hunt. R. Hoveden. Record, in cujtodia civiutn Ebor. cum aliis. Chap. II. of the CITY of YORK. 7 C H A P. II. Contains the f ate of the city under the Roman government in Britain. A S the original of this ancient city is fo much obfcured that nothing but conjectural hints can be given of it, fo likewife the affairs of the whole illand want the fame illullration ; and we are no more in the dark than our neighbours, till the times that the Romans thought fit to give us their firft vifit. This defcent happened on the Kentifh lhore, and as Caefar never penetrated fo far north as York, it cannot be expected that any account of our city can be found in that noble hiftorian. Indeed, what he does relate concerning the cities or towns, which he faw in Britain, is not much for their credit; (a) the inhabitants, lays he, blew nothing of building with Jtone ; but called that a town , which bad a thick intangled wood, defended with a ditch and bank about it. The fame kind of for¬ tification the Irifh call to this day. a Fajlnefs . If we were a city at Caefar's landing, there is no room to doubt but that this muit have been our ftate; and the famous Caleterium nanus, or the t'oreft mentioned before, might have ferved for great part of its fortifi¬ cation. I fhall not carry olf my readers with any particularities relating to the Romans firft or fccond landing in Britain ; nor any other of their affairs in this ifiand, any more than what I think confonantto my defign. That the Britons called this place KAEK, (b) or city, before the Romans came, I prefume will hardly be denied. Our former teftimony, old Monmouth writes that Cajfibelaun, king of the Trinobattles, as Caefar himfelf ftyjes him, ge¬ neral ot the united forces of the ifiand, after making.a peace witli the Romans, retired to York, died and was buried there, (c). The (d) Brigades, as the more northern inhabitants oi Britain were called, certainly muft have had-their fortrelfcs, and muft have been very for¬ midable in thofe days. Elle an attack upon them by Pftitius Cerialis the Roman lieutenant, as related by Tacitus , would hot have ftruck the whole ifiand with a general terror. It is true, they had been reduced fome time before by Oftttrius t but in this revolt, they had ta¬ ken care to fortify themfelves in fuch a manner, and were filch a numerous 'hardy race 6f peoplfe, that they were thought unconquerable by their, countrymen. I ftiai] not take upon me to mandate Civitas Brigantvm, as here mentioned by Tacitus, into York ; I am a- ware that the bell commentators on that author agree that, Civitas ought to be underftood as a country or diftrift quite through his work. It is indeed a word of great latitude ■ and fince I fhall have occafion to mention it in another quotation, from a Roman hiftorian’ where it muft be allowed me that it abfolutely fignifies the city it feif, I think proper hefe to difeufs a little this fignificant term. 1 r Urbs, civitas, and oppidum, were words which the Romans made ufe of to denote cities add towns of greater refort and more immediate command in the empire. The firft was al¬ ways Angularly applied to the great city it felf, and never to any other place; Oppidum cmeny regarded a mercantile fituation, from its derivative opes-, whence always oppidum Londinn. But civitas is by much more extenfive than either of them, and does not only de¬ note a city, but a place, people, conftitution, cuftom, laws, religion, and every thinv an¬ nexed to its ,unfdiftion within the whole province. The word is taken from civis andW . ’ whlch are the fame as the Greek mxftni and us Amur. And may be underftood as a city or country, inhabited by a fet of people, bound by laws and cuftoms to one another '•) Umm J Clv,tas Helvetiae in quatuor pages divifa eft, fays Caefar, Switzerland is divid¬ ed into four cantons. And Aldus Gellius writes (f) civitas & pro loco , ft? pro oppido IT pro jure quoque omnium, (ft pro hominum multiludine dicilur. So though Rome was ftyled urbs per emmenttam, yet Athens and even Conftantinople, by claflical authority, claim but the title ot oppida, relpefting the buildings only; for it never includes the people, as Urbs fome- times does, and civitgs always. 1 he disputable paflage in Tacitus, which I here contend about is this, (g) (ft terrorem ftatim tntuht Pet ilivs Cerialis, Brigamtvm civitatem, quae numehofijfma provin- aae totius perhibetur, aggreffus-, mmla proelia, (ft aliqmndo non momenta, magnamque Br, gantvm partem aut yidlona amplems ant bello. Sir H. Savile mandates the former part of this fentence thus, the general ftruck the Britons with the greateft terror, when he dur-ft A. C. LXXVf. (a) Caefaris Com. (b) De nomine Caer vide Ufher de primord. p. 71. The Britijh Caer and the Saxons Chejler were fynony- m°us. See Kennel's parochial antiq. p. 688. (c) In urbe Eboraco fepultus. Gal. Mon. (d) Bricantes, whence derived. Confulc Cam¬ den, Buchan, Baxter, &c. (e) Caef. Com. l.i. c. xii. (f) -dull Gel. 1 . xviii. c. vii. (g) In vita Agricolae. make 8 the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. make an aflault upon the city of the Brigantines , which was then efteemed the moft populous of the whole province. A late (h) tranflator gives it this turn, ftruck them at once with gene¬ ral terrors, by attacking the community of the Brigantes , now whether of thele are in the right I leave it to the learned to determine. If the former, we may with great affurance fet it down for the city of Tork. But a Brilifh fortrefs is not worth our further contending for; it feems to be much more honour to us to derive our original from the Romans themfelves. In all probability this was the cafe •, for York being placed near the centre of the ifland, and in a fpatious and fruit¬ ful valley; naturally ftrong in its fituation, and having a communication with the fafeft bays and harbours on the German ocean •, their geography and policy might teach them that this was the properefl place to build and fortify. Alcuin , a native of this city, and who lived near a thouiand years agoe, is of this opinion ; and has left us this teftimony of it, Hanc Romana mantis muris , & turribus , alta?n Fundavit primo - Ut jjeret ducibus fecura potentia regtti ; Et decus imperii , terrorque hojtilibus dr mis. This city, firft, by Roman hand was form’d. With lofty towers, and high built walls adorn’d. It gave their leaders a fecure repofe •, Honour to th’ empire, terror to their foes. The authority of an hiftorian of fo antient a date is almoft equal to a Roman one; and without doubt, the traditional account of the origine of this city, in his time, was luch as he has related. Befides, the fituation of York is very agreeable to the fite of antient Rotne. For (i) Sigonius writes that Fabius left a picture of Rome , in form of a bow, of which the river Tyber was the firing. Whoever furveys the ichnography of York, in the fequel, will find it anfwer this defcription very juftly. And what is on the weft fide the river Ouje with us, feems to agree alfo with the old 'Tranfiyberim of Rome. It is probable to me that this city was firft planted and fortified by Agricola whofe conquefts in the ifland ftretched beyond York ; and that great general might build here a fortrefs, to guard the frontiers after his return. What feems to add to the probability of this, is, that when the emperour Hadrian came into Britain , to infpeft into and overlook the guards and garrifons of the ifland; and to endeavour the conqueft of Caledonia ; he was diffuaded from the attempt by lome old foldiers of Agricola' s that he met with at York. They reprefented that part of the ifland to be not worth his conqueft; the war more laborious than honourable; and fhould his under¬ taking be crown’d with fuccefs, that it wou’d procure no great advantage to the empire. Thefe veterans had had their fliare of the Caledonian expedition under Agricola ; and did not care to engage the emperour in a new attempt. He took however their advice, and rather chofe to throw up a long rampart of earth to fecure this country from the invafions of the more northern Britons , than adventure his reputation and army in fo hazardous an enter- prilef&T The ableft modern hiftorians all agree that Hadrian brought into Britain with him in this expedition, the fixth legion; ftyledLEGio Sexta Victrix. At his departure this legi¬ on was ftationed at York ; not only to keep the native Britons in fubje&ion, but alfo to be in readinefs, with the other auxiliaries, to oppofe the northern invaders; in cafe they fhould attempt to overthrow his rampart. We can trace this legion in this particular fta- tion for the fpace of 300 years and upwards. Such a confiderable body of men being inha¬ bitants of this city for fo long a time, and having leave to marry among the natives, which they moft commonly did, might make a York-man proud of his defcent. For fays Cam-, den , in his refutation of the Britijh hiftorians, if the Englijh are fo fond of deducing their original from the Trojans , they may draw it a better way than from Brute , viz. from the Romans ; who certainly fprung from the Trojans and we from them. ( 1 ) Yet the fequel of this hiftory will much abate our pride in this particular, and too truly fhew, that had we an ocean of Roman blood amongft us formerly, there is fufficient occafion to believe that the laft drop has been drained from us long ago. It is not improper here to let the reader underftand, from the belt authorities, of what number of men a Roman legion confiftcd. As alfo the civil and military government of them during their refidence with us; but this will fall apter under another head of this work, (m) And a particular difquifition on the fixth and ninth legions may be met with in the fequel of this. (b) Gordon's Tacitus. b.iros Romanofque divideret. Vit. Hadrian! inter fir if t. (i) Car Sigonius bifloria de reg. Italiae. nug. \k) Britanniam pet i it, in qua mult a cor rex: t, murum- <,/) Camden's remains. que per oBaginta millia pajuum primus dux it qui Bar (m) See Chap. vi. Circa A. C. LXXXX. A. CXXIV. 5 To Chap. II. of the Cl TY of YORK. To purfue the courfe of my annals. The emperor Hadrian having reduced Britain to obedience and planted guards and garrifons where he thought convenient, returned to Rome where he foon after ftruck coin, with this inlcription on the reverie, RESTITV- TOR BRITANNIAEfwJ. I come next to Ihew what figure our city bore in the reigns of his fuccefiors. About the time of the date in the margin, this city was one of the greateft if not the molt confiderable ftation in the province. By the itinerary afcribed to Antoninus, which 1 lhall have occafion to treat more largely on in the fequel, EBORACVM, or EBVRA- CVM, occurs in all its northern journeys, and frequently with the addition ofLEGIO VI. VICTRIX (oi). This adjunct, lb particular to our city, denotes it of high autho¬ rity in the province at this time; but whether the itinerary belongs to this Antonine , or any other emperour of that name, I fhall examine in the lequel. Under the government of Marcvs Avrelivs, Lvcivs, a Britijh king, is faid to have embraced chrifiianity. And, if we are not too partial to our country, he is all'o faid to have been the firft crowned head in the world that declared for that religion. As I in¬ tend to treat on our ecclefiaftical affairs under another head, the mention of this monarch has final! fignification here, unlefs I fuppofe him living under the Roman protection in this city; for though the Britijh hiftorian tells us that he died at Gloucejter , and was there in¬ terred, yet the fame authority allures us, that his father Coilus lived, died, and was buried at York (p). In the death of this Lucius , the wonderful line of Brute failed, after they had continued, fays an hiftorian, kings of this ifiand 1300 years-, and it opening a door for many claims, the nation fell into a bloody civil war for the fpace of 15 years (q). In the reign of Commodvs the Caledonians took up arms, and cut in pieces the Roman army, commanded by an unexperienced general, and ravaged the country in a terrible manner as far as York (r). The whole province was in danger to be over-run, had not the emperor immediately lent over Marcellus Ulpius , who in a fmall time put an end to this feeming dangerous war, and drove thole reftlefs fpirits to their ftrong holds again. At his return to York, he let about to difcipline the Roman army, and bring it to its antient ftriClnefs. For he had obferved that thefe commotions and inroads of the Caledonians , were chiefly owing to an entire neglebt of good difcipline amongft his men. This feverity the army took fo ill, having been long ufed to an unbridled licence, that though Mar¬ cellus got fafe to Rome , his fuccefior Pertinax, following his fteps with the fame rigour and military difcipline, had like to have loft his life in a mutiny of the ninth legion. In all probability this mutiny was at York \ for that the ninth legion was there in ftation, as well as the fixth, will appear by what follows. But, We come now to an hiftory of more than bare probabilities and furmifes in the life of that illuftrious emperor Severvs. This great man, in the thirteenth year ofhis reign, un¬ dertook an expedition into Britain , though he was at that time fomewhat aged and clogged with infirmities. The banifhed Britons had been fo bold, (s) fay their hiftorians, as to ad¬ vance fo far, in their conquefts, as to befiege York-, under Fulgenius , or Sulgenius , a Scithian general-, whom they had drawn over to their aid, in order to drive the Romans from all their conquefts in the ifiand. Suppofe this fo far true, or not, it is certain, by Roman au¬ thority, that Vi r i vs Lvpvs, then Propraetor in Britain , was hard put to it to defend him- felf; for Herodian tells us, that he wrote to the emperor “ informing him of the infur- redtions and inroads of the Barbarians, and the havock they made far and near, and beg- “ ing either a greater force, or that the Emperor would come over in perfon.” This laft was granted-, Severus, attended with his two fons Caracalla and Geta, his whole court, and a numerous army, arrived in Britain , in the year 207, fiiy fome chronologers but, I find the particular time is difputed by others. (/) The invaders, being apprifcd of this great armament againft them, thought fit to retiic noith oh Hadrian's wall, where they feared no enemy, and watch another opportunity. But the emperor was fully determined todeftroy this neft of hornets, which had given his predecefibrs fo much trouble-, and he no fooner found that they were retired to their faft- nefies, than he prepared to follow them. When every thing was got ready for the expe¬ dition, he marched from York with his ion Caracalla, but left Geta in that ftation to admini- fter juitice till his return. With this young prince he joined in commifllon TEmilivs Pavlvs Pa pi ni an vs, that oracle of the law, as he is juftly ftyled, as an aid and afli- ftant to him, in order to direcft his fteps, and fortify his youthful levity. Severus was 60 years of age when he undertook this expedition, very infirm, and crippled with the gout (u), inlomuch that he was carried againft the Caledonians in an horfe-litter. But being a man of invincible fpirit, he defpifed the danger, and bravely overcame it. He penetrated to the extremity of the ifiand, fubduing thole fierce and barbarous nations, hitherto uncon- quered. But knowing that he could not keep them in fubjedtion, without a ftrong army (n) Mediobarbj imp. Rom. num. p. 177. (*) Itin. Antonini. (p) Geofry Mon. (?) Languor t's Chronicle. ft) See Raprne'p hilt, of England. Dion. Caff. (;) Geof Mon. Johan For dun hill. Scotiae inter feript. v. ed. Gale. (/) Dion. Caffius, Herodian. (u) Sc/nx et pedibm ncgcr. Spartian in vita Severi, inter feript. rei a/eg. D 9 A. CL. A. CLXXX. A. ccvir. vel CCVIIJ. upon IO The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. upon thcfpot; he took hoftages of them, and chofe rather to build a ftone wall, of above eighty miles in length, and of great ftrength, in the place where his predecelfor Hadrian had thrown up his rampart of earth. Sevens is faidby Dion, to have loft 50000 men in this expedition, not flain by the enemy, but ftarved, killed and drowned, in cutting down woods, draining of bogs, and the like. The credit of the Britijh hiftorian here falls to the ground, when fet in oppofition to the Roman writers. Geofry lays, that Fulgenius being beaten by Sevens, at his landing, fled into Scythia , where he got together a mighty army, and returned into Britain. That he befieged York, whilft the emperor was in it; and in a battle before the city Sevens was (lain, and Fulgenius mortally wounded. John For dun, the antient chronicler of Scotland, writes much the lame •, but Bede, an antienter hiftorian than either of them, follows the Roman account, which no doubt is the trueft. Sevens left his fon Caracalla in the north, to infped the building of the wall, and re¬ turned to York. Here he took upon himfelf, and ftamped upon his coin the title of BRI- TANICVS MAXIMVS (x), as conqueror of the whole ifland. He lived more than three years in the Praetorian palace of this city ; for Herodian writes, that fome years after his firrt coming to it, he and his fon Caracalla fit in the Praetorium, and gave judgment, even in very common cafes, as in that of Sicilia, about the recovery of right of pofief- fion of Haves orfervants. This refeript or law is Hill preferved in the Code,° to the great glory and renown of this city, as Burton rightly exprefies it, dated from thence, with the names of the confuls of that year; nor can I forbear to publifh it, adds that author, as the gallantejl monument of antiquity, which it hath (y). - ' / tit TfTIAM per alienum fervum bona fde poffcJJ'um ex re ejus qui eum poffidet, vel cx opens : I in, f crvi a< h utri dominium vel obligationemplacuit . Flu are J] tu quoque bona fide pojfidifii eun- 1: jtiine. dem fervum, et ex nummis tuis mancipia eo tempore comparuit, potes fecundum juris formam uti defenfionibus tuis. Mancipium autem alienum mala fide poffidenti nil potefl acquirers, fed qui te¬ net non tantum ipfum fed etiam operas ejus, nec non ancillarum partus et animalium foetus reddere cogitur. " ,1. P. P. III. NON. MAIL EBORACI FAVSTINO ET RVFO COSS. CCXI. If Burton , in a general account which he wrote of the ifland, could think it necefiary to publilh this whole edift or law, I fuppofe I may eafily be forgiven, who am obliged to be as particular as poflible in the courfe of thefe annals. The reader may obferve, that there is nothing in the refeript itfelf to my purpofe; but the fimftion and date are of fueh great moment in this affair, that it claims a thorough difeuffion. P. P. is underftood by Urfatus to denote pofuit praefettus ( z ); by which it appears, that Caefar enabled, and the praefett or judge of the court enrolled and gave a fantftion to it. Who this Civilian was, has been already taken notice of, but will require greater hereafter. The date runs from the third ol the nones oil May, or May Fauflinus and Rufus then confuls. (1 a) Some of our rhronologers, efpecially Ifaacfon, make this to fall anno ab urbe cond. 963. or anno Dorn. 210. Sir Henry Savile anno 211. Sevcrus is faid to have died pridie non. Febru- arii , or Feb. 5, anno Dom. 212; fo that according to this calculation the emperor muft have lived in Britain near two or three. Our city claims the honour of his refldence in it molt of this time ; for we can trace him no where, but either on his more northern expedition, or at Eboracvm. It was at, or about, this period of time, that our city fhone in full luftre; Britannici orbis ROMA ALTERA, Palativm Curiae, and Praetorivm Caefaris (b) are titles it might juftly lay claim to. The prodigious concourfe of tributary kings, foreign ambaf- fadors, &c. which almoft crowded the courts of the fovereigns of the world, when the R.oman empire was at or near its prime, muft bring it to the height of fublunary gran¬ deur. And this without mentioning the emperor’s own magnificence, his numerous Tetinue, the noblemen of Rome, or the officers of the army, which muft all neceflarily attend him. The reader will excufe me if I dwell longer on this pleafing fubjedt than the courfe of thefe annals may feem to allow of: for, before I bring this great man to his end, I muft premife whatever remarkabies 1 find recorded concerning him, whilft he lived in this city. In this emperor’s days, and before, no doubt, the temple of BELLONA ftood here. This Goddels of war the heathens feigned to be the lifter or wife of Mars. Camden fays, “ it was looked upon as a great prefage of the emperor’s death; that at his entrance into “ the city, and willing to do lacrifice to the Gods, he was met and milled by an ignorant “ Augur, to the temple of Bellona, iffc.” Spartian, from whom our antiquary quotes, in accounting for the many prefages and bodements which feemed to foretel the death of (x) Mcdiobarb. imp. Rom. num. p. 279. (y'i Burton's itin. Antonini. (••) Sertoriui Urfatus de notis Romavorum. ..) Anno ab v. cond. MCCCCLXIII. i.e. A. D. CCXI. Marcus Acilius Fauftinu: C. Caefonius Mactr Ru fianus Cojf. call’d fo in Sir H. Savite's Chron. but Faufli- nus and Rufus in Chron. Aur. Caffiodor. (b) Atcus/i.Ebor. Le/andi Coll. t. \ i. Severus. Chap II. of the CITY of YORK. Sevens hath this remarkable'paflage, which I lhall give in'-his own words (c) et in Cl VI- TATEM veniens, qnum rent divinam Veiled fqcere, primum ad BELLONAE TEM- PLVM difhrs eft errore ‘Ariljpicis rujlici-, deinde'kojliae farvaf flint applicitae,, quod eum effet dfpcrmtusf Clique ad PALATIVM fe reciperet, negligentia mimjlreruin, nigrae hoftiae ufque ad limed domus V Al.ATXFl'kEfl^initaefunt-, which maybe rendered into Engli/h thus: At his coming into 1 the city, 1 being de'firousto give thanks to the gods, he was led by an ignorant foothfayer to the temple of Bellona ; presently' black (acrifices were ordered, which when rejected, and the ttiperpr went on to his palace, by the negligence of his attendants thefe dark offerings followed him even to the boor of the imperial palace. Toconfider this quotation, from our Roman ' author, thoroughly, which is fo expreffive in our favour and tends fo much to the'glory of our city, I ihould begin with Ci vitas But that word has been fufficiently diicuffcd' before ; and I fhall only fay here of it, that as in this fentence it muff mean the city ilfelf, fo by givipgqt no adjunft, which tiie au¬ thor thought there was not any occafion for, it iridifputably proves this city to be the head of the province in th’cfe days. That the temple ofBELLoNA flood here is alfo evident from the’foregoing paflage ; a tem¬ ple built no where but in Rome it leif, or in the principal cities of the empire. For here it ferved, as in the great city, to denounce war from a pillar before it, Bellona is called the goddefs of war; before whofe temple, as a Roman author writes,: flood a little pillar, called the martial pillar, from whence a fpear was thrown when war was declared againft an enemy (d). The bed account that can be now met with of this martial temple Ovid gives us, who is very exalt as to its fituation and ufe. His words are thefe Hacfacrata die Tufco Bellona duello Dicilur .. Profpicit a tergo fummum brevis area Circum, EJl ubi non parvae parva Columna notae ; Hint [olet hetfla manu belli praenuniia, mini ; In regem iff gentes cum placet arum capi. Fafli lib. vi. Thus imitated. Behind the Circus is a temple feen, (Sacred to thee, Bellona , warlike queen,) In whofe fhort court, behold! a pillar rife Of great remark, though of the fmallelt fize ; For hence the fpear projected does prefage ’Gainft kings and nations war and hoftile rage. The cirque here mentioned was the circus Flaminiits, which antiently lay near the pond Carmentalis, (e) without the city; fo that this temple flood betwixt the cirque and the gate, upon a publick highway; that of Janus, or the temple of peace, being dole "to it In the area, or piazza" s, of Bellona’ s temple was a final! marble pillar ereCted; 1 fuppofe it called parva, in comparifon to the many (lupendous pillars of an enormous’fize which once adorned that famous city. From this pillar, as the poet indicates, was a fpear call, it is faid by the Conful, when war was declared againit a nation. Whatever was done at Rome in regard of this ceremony, the fame we may prefume was executed at York ■ for the temple mufl ferve For the fame purpofe in one place as the other. Now, in order to fix on a fituation, in or about our city, where it maybe fiippofed this temple once flood it will be proper to examine more clofely where the fite of it was in Rome. (f) Donatus has proved by many quotations, of unqueilionable authority, that the circus Flaminiits was without the city ; and Ovid above acquaints us that this temple was on' the back of the cirque, and only feparated by a harrow court, where the martial pillar ftood It was here they ufed to give audience to foreign ambaffadors, fays Publius Vidor when they would not admit them into the city (g). And it was here alfo, they entertained their generals, after their return from performingTome fignal fervice abroad (h). 1 aflly Vi truvius is very expreffive about it, when he fays that the temple of war was built out of the city, left it ffiould ftir up amongfl the citizens any civil diffenfions (i) By ail (i-) AElius Spartianus in Severn, inter feriptores hill. Aug. (d) Bellona, dicebattir dea bellorum, ante eujus tan- plum erat columnella , quae bellica vocabatur, fupra quam baflam jaciebat cum bcllum indicebatur. Sextus Poin- peius. Vide notas in ulum Delph. (e) Portae urbis quae jam non extant antiqiiijf. qua- tuor ; inter qttas tertia, vacatur Carmentalis, & aliis no¬ minibus Tarpeia, {if Scelerata, £sf Veientana, {if, ut ex Plinio conjicipoteft, lib. viii. Ratumena. Julius Lipliusrw/. Roman, defer ip t. (f) Roma veins ac recens &c- aublnre Alex. Donato. Romae 1639. Et in colleftione Graevii v. 3. (g) Per Hum fa: at ulum memorat atra aedem Bellonae, in circo Flaminio, ubi dabatur fen at us legal is quos in urbem admitterc nolebant. Pub. Vidor. Senatus Marcello ad aedem Bellonae datus eft, poftulavit, ut triumphanti urbem mire liceret. Livius. (h) P. Scipioni, Jen atu extra urbem dato in aede Bellonae. (1) Templum Martls extra urban eollocatur, ne fit inter eives belligera diftentio. Vitruvius. which I % 1 i The Stc plate viii fig. i. HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. which authorities it plainly,proves, that this temple was erefted out of one of the c, R omc, and we mult fuppofe that it had fhe fume flotation at Tori SatCS at By confidenng the laid quotation from Spar ■Ha,:, with one antecedent from r! „ r author, it wilt appear that the entrance into the city, there mention^ vv ™ his northern expedition •, and his giving directions for the build in a nf l • ■ ! Sejtrus So coniequently it muft'be the fecond time, at lead, that He had vifited it ^ Th 8 ^ T^ 1 - Sparum are thefe, T oJl muhrn aid vallum mjfum in Britannia, auum ad toximlnl^ ° f rediret, non fdum victor, fed etiam in aetennm pace fun dm TV? V ma »J‘onem byiome hiltorians beenfnterpreted r 0 r ™ Keither^' he'fenTT* d.gmty of expreflion will allow of it. It was only a proper houfe or ftadon rh“ T ° perorrefted at in his return to the city, and it was here he met rh’e firftl d ’ h he env which Sparlian relates (k. The & in civitatem vemens , &V. as has been before recited Tr win i a , , c fe-Jf, moft unlucky adventure that could have happened to a' fuorrfl-if! 1 h f Umbl ^ i u r ion the from what he thought an enure conmieft P f„T luperft.uous heathen, )u ft returning have it, thefe black cattle, kept in that temple for ficrLes to the goddeft of ” T’" T negligence of his retinue, followed the emperor even to the door ofIh ^ the it J be Ibrufb/tmhef iht 7 he°gmnd 4 ^“™ mjntionefeiel"”" d ISVRIVM, a,0tatgSt Roman architecture as Michkfatdbar, another^ Ate of the^ver^ A* f ° “"“i? V" 0 * of the g r:n kind, with which ft is built up S-f tlT rowifwas" verf confideralale "* “ "£**** ^ cu,r ptce fsgfc 7^r'^2s r r i r n i parti - . he fuppofed this temple was fituated at Rome-, which I have caufalT h 1 h ° l W reader’s greater fatislaffion. By comparing this plan to which heh bc C ° P ‘ ed to '' che w.ll appear to Hand north weft from the gate aforementioned And ft'Mv'one'wTconfi' der the plan of our city at the fame time, given in the fennel rho L „ C0 . " us, he will find muft have been near where the abby of St Maries or rh ' ° Bellom „ Wltl » The gate, the city walls, and the river have a very neaffnSlitude rf o "“""“L* "° W r ft “ ds - where could a temple dedicated to the goddefs of war more properly'ftand^than V™ 7, in"^r ,nftthebOUeft ’ »d. at ^ength^ the only'enemie^tliey^ad theTe^whyUacf ^rifi^e “‘b T ■“ author. It being fomewhat foreign to my fZft 0 of The ’ h 7 ^ 'Sf",,", that this temple therefore, with a remark, thattKluckv™ cn of f', 1 zacasasa? .sstsssss. The palace at York, has here iwTex^'ffiT Tmes toTeCe’ fTf "T ^ !!*"“ "" reafonably luppofe that it was reedified or rather firft built for rfi? em.w - ?" d WC n “ y «,2 th h e , words i^^'y foiiowi 4 n ; (k) Volvens arrimo quid ominis fibi occurrcret, AEtbi- cpi quidam, a nttmero militari, clarae inter /cur r as f amae f telebratarum fimfer jocorum, cum corona a cupre/Tu fatla, eidem occurrit. Quern quurn ille iratus removeri ub oculis praecepiffet, Iff colons ejus taftus omine iff co¬ rona, dixij/e ille dicitur joci caufa, Totum fuifti, totum vicifti, jam deus efto viftor opartian. in Severo. ( 1 ) I’operator, s aides Palatium tiorninatur, non quod it a ihqumi, d,««u m fit, j,d ,u,d in Palaiii.a Aagullu, v-aeiar hubttabat', ibique praetorium ejus erat, ac dor/ut " r“ n, ‘< pr°ptm.t pint: Romulus' hsbi~diel nultumfpltndorij ,unfit. Idtequ, etium ft alibi „i 1 ‘ aa' • it, tamn, id im u palaiii men obtinet. Dion. Call', lib. 53. ' V The Chap. II. of the CITY of YORK. The officio, palatini, or royal courts and appartments, which were included within the palace, were very extenfive and large; among which was the PRAETORIVM (m), or judgment hall, as our Englijb bibles mandate the word. The baths mud: alfo have had a great lhare in the building. The ground which this imperial palace may be fuppofed to have flood on, in our city, extends as I take it from Cbrift-churcb down through all the houfes and gardens on the eaft fide of Gothram-gate and St .Andrew-gate, through the&- ieni to 0 lOtoarB. Which laft name ftill retains fome memorial of it. Chrifi Church is called in all ancient charters ctclclta IVmctC fnmtatfs in CvriaRecis, Saxonice, coning g pth, or king’s yard. Conjlantine the great, as we ihall find hereafter, is faid to have been born in Bederna Civilatis Eboraci ; and Confiantius his father to be laid in the new demolifhed church of St. Helen on the wall in Aldwark. Gutbram or Gothram was the name of a Diutijb king, or general, who was (n) governour here after their conquefts; and probably gave his name to the ftreet contiguous to the regal palace. That the Saxons and Danis made ufe of the Roman buildings for their chief habitations, in other places as well as this, will appear in the fequel. But to return to our annals. Sauer as was now drawing near his end, his former robuft conftitution being quite broken with defeafes, and his firm mind at length giving way to the cares of empire. The dilfolutenefs he obferved in his eldelt fon was likewife a great grief to him ; and muft give a Ihock to his conftitution. This young prince difeovered an inhuman nature very early ; which, joined with his vaft ambition to be 1'ole ruler, made him more than once attempt the life of him that begot him. It was in this city however that the great and warlike Sevens met his late, with that intrepidity as became fo great a foldier. It was here that he chiefly refided for lome years after his coming into the ifland; it was here that he triumphed for one of the greateft conquefts the Romans ever gained, and which, with the building ofthe wall Spartian expreffly calls the greateft glories of his reign. Old age and chronical diftem- pers did not advance upon him fo fall, but that he might, after he had fettled Britain, have ended his days in Rome, had he chofeit. But this feems to have been his favourite place ; and his chufing to die here, when he had all the cities of the empire to go to, if he pleafed, will be a lading honour to EBORACVM. (o) A little before the death of Sevens the Caledonians again took up arms; and attacked the Roman garrifons on the frontiers. This put the emperor into fuch a fury that he loft all patience, and, believing Britain could not be fafe till the whole race of thefe peo- ple were deftroyed, he fent out his legions with pofitive orders to put man woman and “'Id t0 the fwo j d - Thefe orders were given them at Turk, and were expreffed in two Greek verfes, which carry this bloody meaning. Let. none efcape you ; fpread the Jlaughter wide j Let not the womb the unborn infant hide From jlaughers cruel hand. But fcarce were they begun to be put in execution when the emperor found his own death approaching. A truly great man is not fully known, fays the philofopher, till you fee his latter end • and here this admirable heathen finilhed the courfe of a glorious life by as exemplary a death Dion relates of him that, lying on his death-bed, to his lateft gafp of breath, he bLified himfelf and counfellors with fettling the empire on as fure a bafis as polfible. His laft words ot advice to his Tons whom he left joint emperors, were nervous and noble. I leave you, my Antonines, (p) a firm and fteady government if you will follow my fteps “ a L nd P rove what y° l > ought to be; but weak and tottering if otherways. ” “ Do every f ' n S th ; u c0 ” du “f'!° ? tllers S°° d - ”-Cherilh the foldiery and then you may delpife the reft of Mankind. ”-“ A difturbed, and every where diftrafted, repub- Jick I found it; but to you I leave it firm and quiet:- even to the Britons. ” Then turning to his friends he fhewed the philofopher in thefe words, “ I have been all ■_and “ ^ ? m "°* be “f r hot h. ” Alluding to his rife from a low beginning through all theftauons of life. Then calling for the urn which was to contain his afhes, after the Vffilegium or burning of his body, and looking fteadily upon it. “ Thou ftialt hold lays he, “ what the whole world could not contain. ” His laft words were, “ is there “ “ythtng elfe, my triends, that I can do for you?” thus gallantly dying, fays an (m) For the form, extent, of the Roman PRAE¬ TORIVM, fee Juft us Lipfsus in anti quit at. Roman. ieferiptione. (n) See the annals A. 899. (9) Dion & Herodian in Severe. (p) dntonine was then a darling name of the Romans; and for that reafon Severus had given it to both his fons. But the elded proved fuch a fad wretch, that the fenate made a law that the name fhould never be made ufe of for the future. E author? 4 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. author, I fhall ufe the poets words on Achilles to Severus , who as far furjpafled that feigned hero as true hiftory does romance (q). - de tarn magno reft at Achille Nefcio quid, part}am quod vix bene cotnpleat ttrnam : At vivit totum, quae gloria compleat orbem. What’s left of great Severus fcarce will fill The fmalleft urn. Whofe glory, when alive, Thro’ the whole world diffus’d the fulleft lultre. As his whole life, fo did his death, and even his funeral obfequies, altogether, contri¬ bute to render the name of this great prince immortal. The laft were folemniz’d at a fmall diftance from the city ; and have left fuch a teftimonial as will make the place fa¬ mous to all pofterity. We are told that the body of this martial emperor, was brought out in a military manner by the foldiers •, that it was habited in a foldier’s drefs, and laid on a molt magnificent pile, erefted for that purpofe, to burn him on. His fons firft put the lighted torch to it, and when the flames afcended, the pile was honoured with the peridrome y decurfion or riding round it by the young princes, his chief officers and foldiers (r). This kind of Roman funeral ceremony is elegantly defcribed by Virgil. Ter circum accenfos , cinttkfulgentibus armis Decurrere rogos ; ter moeftum funeris ignem Luftravere in equis. Then thrice around the burning piles they run Clad in bright armour. Thrice the mournful flame They encompaffed on horfeback. After the body of the emperor was confumed in the flames, his afhes were collefted, and, with fweet odours, put into a porphyrite urn. This was carried to Rome and depofi- ted in the Capitol , in the monument of the Antonines. He had afterwards the extraordi¬ nary ceremony of the Apotheofis , or deification, conferred upon him by the fenateand peo¬ ple. But that the memory of him might laft in Britain as long as the world, his grateful ar¬ my with infinite labour, raifed three large hills in the very place where his funeral rites were performed. Which hills after fo many ages being wafhed with rains, and often plow¬ ed are ftill very apparent, but muft have been much higher than they are at prefent. Su¬ etonius tells us, that the foldiers in Germany raifed an honorary tomb to the memory of Drufus , though his body had been carried to Rome and depofited in the Campus Martius (s). Such kind of Tumuli , or Cumuli , fepulchral hills, were raifed by the Romans at vaft trouble and expence, over their men of higheft note, in order to eternize their memories. No fort of monument, of which they had feveral, can poffibly fubfift longer; for nothing but an earthquake can deftroy them. Seneca fpeaks of them in this manner, caelera funt quae per conftruttionem lapidum, & marmoreas moles, & terrenos tumulos in magnam eduftos celfitudinem conftant. It has been objected to me that thefe hills feem to be natural ones, and indeed the plough has contributed very much to that appearance of them. But we have undoubted teftimony, both hiftory and tradition, to affure us that they have born the name of Severus’s hills for many ages. Mr. Camden quotes Radulphus Niger for faying they were in his time called the jibcbercs (f )• Radulpb de diceto , an earlier hiftorian than the former, following the Britijh ftory, writes thus, fed eo tandem a Pittis perempto requiefcit Eboraci , in monte qui ab eo £>et)cn 3 ?t )0 vo cat us eft(u). But Severus being flain by the Pitts at York, was buried in a hill called from him ^ctjcrs^o. The learned primate, in his chronology, tells us that the corps of this emperor was laid on the funeral pile, in a place which, to this very day, retains the name of (x). From all which teftimonies, and the conftant tradition of the inhabitants of 2 'ork , we have no room to doubt but that thefe hills were raifed for the reafon aforefaid. That there are three of thefe hills is likewife no obje&ion, for I take them to have been raifed all at the fame time in memory of the dead emperor, and in honour of the two living ones, his fons and fucceffors. I need fay no more to prove this cuftom to have been a very common one amongft the Romans , as it was alfo ufed by the pagan Britons, Saxons and Danes. The Goths , or Ang. Saxons , made their tombs very like the Roman tumuli, from (q) Burton’s Ant. itin. from Ovid. Metam. (r) Dion CaJJius. Herodian in Severo. (s) Suetonius in Claudio. (t) Radulphus Niger lived in H. the thirds reign, A. 1250, fays Hollingjhead ; but Nicboljim places him A. 1217,2nd R. de diceto before him. Hift. library. (u) Rad. de dicc.o. inter xv. Jcript. ed. Gale. (x) Corpus ejus rogo ejl irnpojitum in loco qui ad hunt ufque diem £>cbcrs 4 )lll, five Scveri coll is nomen retuht. Uiher’i primerd. eccl. Britan. which Chap. II. of the Cl TY of YORK. which word came the French tombeaux. Numbers of thefe fepulchral hills, by the country- people called 315arcoug!j0 (y) 9 are to be met with in this ifland; efpecially upon our Wolds, where there are many of them of different magnitudes according to the quality of the officer entomb’d. The loweft was not buried without the foldiers under his command, each laying a turf upon his grave. And the S. T. T. L. in fome of their monumental in- icriptions, or fit tibi terra levis , may this earth lay light , plainly alludes to this cuftom. It cannot be wondered then that thefe tumuli of ours are of fuch an extraordinary bulk, when there went the pov/er of the whole Roman army, then in Britain , as well as the na¬ tives to raife them. They feem to have been raifed from a flat fuperficies, and the place whence this vaft quantity of earth was dug is now a fmall village, at the foot of the hills, called Holegate. I fliall take leave of thefe venerable remains of Roman grandeur with prefenting the curious with a view of them. But it may now be afked what certain teftimony have we that Severus did actually die at Fork ? To prove it I fhall only mention the authority of two Roman writers which will put the matter out of difpute. Eutropius gives it us in thefe words- deceffit EBORACI (Severus) admodum fenex , imperii anno xviii, menfe iv; & divus appellatus eft (z). And Spartian now exprefly names the place, periit EBORACI, in Britannia, fubaUisgentibus quae Bnkanniae videbantur. infeftae, anno imperii xviii, morbo gravifftmo extinct us, jam fenex (a). I o deny this evidence is to fay abruptly that EBORACVM is not Fork ; which however diiputable other ftations may be in Britain , the learned men of all ages, flnee the time of the Romans, have unanimoufly concurred in. Dion Caflits , the confular hiftorian, who lived a few years after Severus , lias left us a ftory of the emprefs Julia ; known in the Roman coins by the name of Julia Domna. The ftory has been tranflated and retailed by feveral modern authors, but as I apprehend the fubjeft of it was tranfadled at Fork , where the court then was, it cannot be amifs to infert it here. It was the cuftom of die ancient Britons , to live promifeuoufly, to make ufe of one ano- thers wives, and bring up their children in common (b), Which inordinacy, as it was contrary to Roman laws, Severus endeavoured to reftrain ; for even his own foldiers gave too much into the practice of it. Dion fays he made feveral edidls againft adulterers &c ; by which many were brought upon their trials and punifhed for it (c). I can affirm upon my own knowledge, adds my author, having in my confulfhip feen it on our records, that above three thoufand offenders, in this kind, have been libelled againft: at one time. But when few perfons. could be met with that would perform the executive part of the laws with vigour, the emperor began to be more remifs in profecutions of this nature. The emprefs Julia , perfues my author, rallied a Britifj lady the wife of Argentocoxus a Caledo¬ nian prince, probably a prifoner, or an hoftage, at Fork , with the licentioufnefs of her country women, for committing fuch open obfeenities with their men. The bold Briton anfwered her with great vivacity, 1 think, madam, we have much the advantage of you Ro¬ man ladies in. this particular, and fatisfy our natural inclinations with much better grace ; for we, in open daylight, admit the noble and the brave to our embraces ; but you in darknefs and dun¬ geons make ufe of your moft degenerate ftaves. A cutting reply to one their own hiftorians do not flick to brand with the infamy of it (d). The aforefaid author has given us this emperor’s daily courfe of life, in the laft years of it, in this manner, lc he came, fays he, early to, and conftantly fat in the judgment hall “ till noon ; after which he rode out as long as he was able. At his return from this ex- “ ercife he bathed, then dined, either alone or with his fons; but fo luxurioufly and plen- “ tifully, as conftantly threw him into a found fleep after dinner. When he awaked he walked about fome time, and diverted himfelf with a Greek or Latin author. In the evening he bathed again, and after flipped with his domefticks and familiars; for no other guefts were admitted; except at fome fet times, when he would treat his whole “ court, at fupper, very magnificently. ” I fhall conclude my account of this great Roman, with a defeription of his perfon and character of his parts, &c. drawn from the fame hiftorian as the former. “ He was, fays he, or a grofs habit of body, but yet very ftrong and robuft; except when weakened with the gout which he fuffered much from. He had an excellent and piercing judg- “ ment; in the ftudy of the liberal arts he had been wonderfully diligent, which ren¬ dered his fpeech and counfel both eloquent and perfuafive. To his friends moft “ grateful and always mindful to do them good; but to his enemies implacable. Dili- ‘ gent in the execution of bufinefs; but when difpatched no one ever heard him fpeak of it again. Greedy enough of money ; which he took all methods to get together, except (y) Barroughs comes from the A. S. Beape or Bcopj tumulus, coll is, iffc. whence our word to bury is deri¬ ved. Somr.er's S/ixon dift. ( x ) Eutropii hijt. Roman, vide notas variorum in Eutrop iff S. Havercampi. (a) Hifloriae Augult. cum not is Ifaaci Cafaubon iff clior. (b) Utuntur communibus uxoribus liberofque omnes alunt. Tacitus. (c) Licet iff ipfa adulteriis famofa. Dio Xiphilin. Juliam famofam adulteriis. Spartian. (d) Several laws are extant in the code made by Pa- pinion, contra mocchos ; probably at York, though none of them are dated as the former. 5 that 16 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I A. ccxi. vel ccxn. • t t ]iat ] ie never put any one to death in the attaining of it. He ej ected many new palaces “ and temples, and repaired feveral old ones; two, efpecially, to Bacchus and Hercules he “ built very magnificently. And though his expences in thefe and other matters were ve- “ ry great, yet,°at his death, he left in gold many thoufands behind him : Andalfo, as “ much corn to the city of Rome, as would ferve it leven years (e)." This is a great cha¬ racter for a heathen, and what few of our Cbriftian princes have attained to. The blackeft crime that any hiftorian can lay to his charge, is, that he raifed th e fifth perfection againft the Chrijlians. . Seven's being dead, the government devolved upon his two fons CARACALLA and GETA; and the court (till continuing at EBORACVM, the courfe of this hiftory mult necelfanly attend it. The eldelt of thele princes, BaJJlanus, who was furnamed Caia- calla, from the Ihort coats he gave to the foldiers, I have taken notice on to have as bad a natural difpofition, as it was poflible for one man to be poffeffed of. He has made it his boalt, that be never learned to do good ; and indeed the whole courfe of his life fufficiently Ihews it. His father left the world not without fufpicion of foul play from him, as Dion hints; but, be that as it would, it is certain he had been tampering with the emperor’s phyficians to deftroy him. For, the firft that tailed of his cruelty were thofe, whom he in- ftantly put to death, for not obeying his orders in it (f). The greatell weaknefs the fa¬ ther ever betrayed, was his partiality or blindnefs to this incorrigible fon. And he can ne¬ ver be excufed for being the caufe of the death of the younger, fays Dion, and having in fome meafure delivered him over to his brother, who he might forefee would put him to death (V). (b) Geta was of a different temper from his brother, and was very grateful to the fenate nnd citizens; he had alfo a powerful party, even in the army. Caracalla afpiring to be lole emperor, had refolved upon his brother’s death: But to come at the fratricide with more eafe and flifety to himfelf, upon a flight pretence of a mutiny, he caufed 20000 of the fol- diery, whom he fufpe&ed to be in his brother’s intereft, to be put to the fword. This done, it was no great difficulty to get the reft to proclaim Geta an enemy to his country; who, upon hearing of it, fled for proteftion to his mother Julia. But, alas! it was all in vain, the inhuman butcher followed his bloody purpofe, and with his own hands pierced the unhappy prince's heart, even in the arms of her who who gave him life (i). Caracalla had dill another obflacle to furmount before he could make himfeli eafy in his Government, and that was the taking off his father’s faithful friend and counfellor Popinion. This eminent civilian, whom I have before mentioned, was the greateft ornament, not only ot FBORACVM, but of the whole ifiand of Britain. Camden quotes from Forcatulus, a French antiquary Ik), that the tribunal at York was exceeding happy, in that it heard Pa¬ inman the oracle of right and law. Cujadus, almoft as great a name as the former, gives Popinion this high chandler, that be was the moft eminent of all civilians that either ever '■■ere in the world, or ever would be ; whom no one in the fcience of the law, could ever yet outdo nor can he be equalled in it in any future times (l). Popinion ftudied under Scaevola, was mailer of requells, treafurer, and captain of the guards to Severn-, and by the empe¬ ror’s fecond marriage nearly related to him. Theexaftnefs and perfeftions which are m his writings, lays a modern author (in), and the great abundance of them, would induce one to think that he exceeded the ordinary courfe of life; but yet it is agreed, on all hands, that he was not eight and thirty when he was taken off by a violent death ; which, adds mv author, cannot be imputed to any other caufe than his own virtue, and the cruelty ot him that commanded it. Nor was Papitlian alone in the Praetormm, feveral other great names (v) occur in hiftory as counfcllers or coadjutors to him in it. Amongft thefe were Ulpianus and Paul,is, the next two learned men of that age, and who are fuppofed to be ■ Papinian’ s fucceffors in the tribunal. To thefe great men, but more efpecially to the firft • did Severus, on his death-bed, leave the guardianlhip ot his fons, and the whole affairs ot the empire For it is not to be fuppofed, that fo wife a prince would truft them to the care 'of any abfent tutor, who could not receive inftrudtions and directions about them from his °" It will be fomewhat derogatory to the honour of myftibjeft, to take pains to prove, that rhe murder of thefe two eminent perfons, Geta and Papinian, was perpetrated at Fork. But uood and bad mull be recorded. I am well aware, that two very great authorities, w ?„A -H. -endian, both write, that Geta was (lain at Rome, in the palace, and almolt in the bo- and Hero'dian, both write, that ( (p) This laft fentence is from Spartian. (/) Herodian. ( ^ d Con ~ ifiand, for near the fpace of an age, we hear no more of our rkv H 3 the and though not m war were certainly not in a ftate of indolencv Ti ^ ters at Sark, roads, theveftiges of which are in many pikes ftil vcrv ex«m J l n,any K noble h 'gh- neither they nor their fellow-foldiers in othe? lemons in ke rimes ‘r ob T‘° us ’ that wanted employment. The peaceable i« c the^flanH * f f profoundelt peace, molt hiftorians to be the time the Roman foldiers were employeVby thdkco IS th ° j ght by calling up high-ways, making of brick, cutting down wooS drakinv o f h!T ^ this work was extremely necefiary, for the more effectual enflavino f ® b ?§ s ’ That tclrdac^ tHe i r and the quicker marclfofTroops and loifitary engines ^ from^place to place, as occafion required ; may be evinced by modern praftice in thekn of wT t noble high-roads from town to town, in Flanders, ihew, tha P t Lewis X IV. of ^funder! (o) See Burton's Ant. itin. (p) Securi percuffus. Spartian. (q) Sextus Aurelius Vidor. (r) Ifaaci Cafaubon. not at in feript. Aug (s) Spartian, rr/jul. Capitol. ;.v vita Getae. (tjNnm .Geta bofiis publicus judieatus, confettim te¬ rm, Jiutropius. ‘ (u) Severo patri adbuc viventi, antumax, nee minus in fratrem Gcum impius, quem fatre mortuo ilatim oc- eiderat. Joh. Bap. Ignatius. H ‘*y' s Brimmia, Rm. hr Us unices, istc. on this Head. (yj ftued Se,e,o Scptimio, fi B *IT„num non genuiji, r fill llaum cnjsmulnntan fratrem, inf,iiar vm git a tar urn, patncidiali etiom ftgmolo intermit. Ai no- un-cam, Mrlm jn - Getam . “fi"; “sc’m Juxi,. ^/Papimanum, juris Alum P P , ‘ ae ?§ a ls tbfffurum, quod parriciaium cxcufarc noluijfet, occidit. AEJius Spartianus in vita Getae. F A. ccxr. vel ccxn. >ftood x 8 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. ftood the maxim thoroughly. And the later conduct of our prefent governours, in refpedt to the highlands of Scotland , does fufficiently fliew us, that this part of Roman military dis¬ cipline is not forgotten. The Latin writers, particularly Ammianus, call thefe high ways aggeres itinerarii, aSlus pu¬ blicly vine Jlratae, &c. I fhall not take upon me, nor is it to my purpole, to write exprelsly on all the Roman roads in Britain. That fubjedthas been largely and excellently well treated by our learned antiquary, his judicious continuator, the late Mr. Horjley, and others. But I cannot here avoid taking notice of thele, which, from feveral different parts and ftations, do all centre at EB O R AC VM ; and the rather becaufe it will ferve to fill up a very great chafrn in my annals. ( z) A modern author, in his defeription of Italy , makes this obfervation on the Roman roads in that country, “ Of all the antique monuments I have hitherto ieen, fays he, there “ is nothing in my opinion deferves fo much to be admired as thefe famous roads. The “ buildings, that are preferved, have been expofed to few accidents; and, all things being “ well confidered, it is rather matter of aftonifhment that edifices, fo exceedingly folid, were “ fo loon ruined, than to fee them ftill remaining. But that an innumerable number of “ palfengers, horfes and carriages, fhould perpetually tread on a pavement, for fo many “ ages, and yet fuch confiderable pieces of it fhould ftill be found entire, is a thing “ which feems almoft incredible. It is not to be expefted, that we fhould meet with fuch noble remains of high-roads round York, as are yet apparent on the Appian and Flaminian ways in Italy. Thofe roads to the great city were, no doubt, laid with wonderful care and colt; befides, the drynefs of that climate and foil, when compared with ours, muft make a great difference, as to the finking or turning up of the agger which compofed them. But we can, however, make a boaft of feveral remarkable veftiges in this kind of Roman induftry, which are to be feen at this day in our neighbourhood. Which roads, as I hinted before, tending all from different fea-ports and ftations, and pointing direftly at the city itfelf, muft make it more confide¬ rable than any writer, either antient or modern, that I have feen, has yet attempted. And I have the vanity to fay, that the difeovery of fome of thefe roads is folely owing to my lelf. The itinerary aferibed to Antoninus pins , and which has long born his name, feems rather to have been made in the time of Severus ; and his fon Antoninus Caracalla took the honour of it. In this I follow the opinion of our great antiquary, Mr. BurtoKy Horjley , and others. I take it to have been no more than what our modern military men would call a fettled routy for the march of troops from ftation to ftation, as occafion required, quite over the province. The diftances are here exadtly put down, from an attual furvey; and each fta- tionary officer, having a copy, might at one view have a juft idea of the Roman ports, forts and towns in Britain. He might alfo, by the emperor or his lieutenant’s commands, march his men upon any defign, with great celerity and lafety ; when his quarters, or fta¬ tions, were thus depi&ed, and the roads made excellently good, to and from them all. This furvey muft have been a work of fome years, and not a hafty progrefs through the province; and therefore, it cannot properly be allowed to have any other director than that able and moft experienced foldier Severus. It is ealy to fee, that EBORACVM is the principal in all thefe itinera, or routs. And, as at Rome there was a gilded pillar fet up at the head of the Forum , in umbilico urbis (a), by the order of Auguftus ; from whence the menfuration of the roads quite through Italy $ were taken; fo it is more than barely probable that a pillar ot this kind, whether gilt or not, is out of queftion, was eredted by Severus , to ferve for the fame purpofe through Bri¬ tain, at EBORACVM. If our modern antiquaries will not allow me this pofition, they muft however acknowledge, that York is, at this day, the only point from whence they can with certainty fix any Roman ftation in the north of England. Tacitus calls this pillar at Rome, milliarium aureum , and fays it ftood near the temple of Saturn ; whence the phrafe, ad tertium , quartum , quintum ab urbe lapidem. So the poet, Intervalla viae fefjis praejlare videtur , §>ui notat inferiptus millia crebra lapis. The weary’d traveller knows the diftant way, Where the mark’d ftonesthe num’rous miles difplay. (z) Miffron's Voyage to Italy. He writes, that un¬ der the upper Pavement is another lay of very mafly Hones placed on abed offand, which ferves for the foun¬ dation of this pavement, and hinders it from finking. Bi- fhop Burnet tells us, that thefe caufeways in Italy were twelve foot broad, all made of huge Hones, moll of them blue; that they are generally a foot and half large on all fidcs. And, admiring the (Irength of the wojk, he add?, that it has Jailed above 1800 years, yet in moll places it is for feveral miles together as entire as when it was full made. Letter 4. {a) Suetonlm. Dio. Mr. Lajfeh writes, that this pillar was (landing in Rmi in his time. LaJJeh 's voyage to Italy. Some Chap. II. »/ /fc CITY 9/YORK. 19 Some ofthefe milliary pillars, or mikftones, found in the north of England, are preferv- cd and given in Mr. Horjlefs Brit. Romana •, and I have feen feveral on the Roman roads leading to this city, but the infcription worn off. The termination of all the Roman high roads, by Ulpian' s authority, was either at the Sea, fomegreat river, or city. This pofition will be made molt evident by what I am going to fhew. The grand military way, which divides England in length, riins from the pore RITVPAE, now Richborough in Kent, ufqiie ad lineam valli , to the limit of the Roman wall, in Northumberland , and beyond it. It came down to that known ftation DANVM, Don- cajler. From whence it ftretches northward over Scawfby-lees to Barnfdale. It is eafily traced on to Hardwick, Yanfhelf, Ponlefr aft-park, and Caftleford. Whether PontefraCl or this laft named place bids the faireft for the Roman LF.GIOLIVM, may be the fubje<5b of ano¬ ther work I intend for the prefs as foon as this is finifhed. For my part, I give my vote for Pontefract or Yanfhelf', rather than Caftleford \ and I have the opinion of our great anti¬ quary, J. Leland , on my fide. At Caftleford it paffes the river Air , then over Peck field, runs very apparently to Aberford-, at the north-end of which town is the veftige of a Roman camp. On Bramham-moor it is in many places exceedingly perfeifli Leland writes, that in all his travels he never faw fo noble and perfect a Roman road as this ■, which JJeezvs, adds he, that there went more than ordinary care and labour in the making of it (b). The fir alum is ft ill fo firm and good, that, in travelling over it, we may fay with the poet, in a defeription of another fuch road in the weft of England, (c) Now o’er true Roman way our horfes found, Graevius would kneel, and kils the facred ground. That the reader may have an idea of what appearance thefe venerable remains of Roman art and induftry make at this day, I have beftowed a draught of it. From Bramham-moor this grand road points direfrly for Yadcafter, the old CALCARIA *, which it enters oppofite to the fite of the caftle. But the ford over v/hich the north road went, was at St. Helen's-ford, a little higher on the river Wherfe. From which it begins again ; and though on this fide of the river the country is marfhy and deep, fo that there appear but faint traces of it, yet the courfe of the road is called JSuDgatc, quafi Roadgate ■* by the country people at this day. We follow it over the river Nid to JVhixley, where it is very apparent. The out-buildings of which village are almoft wholly built ot the peebles dug out of it. From JVhixley the road is eafily traced to Aldburgbj the known ISVRIVM of the Romans , and fo on •, for I fhall follow it no lurther, it not being confonant to my defign. What I obferve from hence, is, that in all the journeys in the Itinerary, from fouth to north, as for inftance, in the fecond, a vallo ufque ad port am RVTVPIS, the two extream points of the province, EBORACVM is always put down as in the road. The preced¬ ing courfe evidently fhews, that it is not fo * and confequently it can only be placed there as a ftation not to be omitted in the journey. Mr. Burton writes, that thefe fkips, as he i9 pleafed to call them,are frequently taken out of the way*, yet he allows it is never done but to pay a vifit to fome more than ordinary ftation ; where the emperor, propraetor, or le¬ gate, turn’d afide for bufinefs•* as to hold courts of juftice, enlift more foldiers, or confirm the old ones. And here, he adds, that York was the only place in the north, appointed for the meeting of this officer. Mr. Horjley, more properly, calls thefe turns out of the road, angles, which the military way makes to any place of importance. For inftance, CQIatling* ttrect, called fo, as he fuppofes, from its winding turns, comes from' Richborough to Loudon ■, from thence runs to Chejier, and there crofting again, makes direftly for York . There is another Roman road comes out of Lancajhire from that noted ftation MAN- CVNIVM, Manchejler, by CAMBODVNVM near Almonbury , or Almry in this county and falls into the grand military way near Aberforth. This may yet be traced* but is not very vifible. It is the road taken in the fecond Iter. But from COCCIVM, Ribchejler , in Lancajhire, is one ftill very obvious. Mr. JVarburton, who traced this road, and has deli¬ neated it in his map of this county, fays its ftone pavement is yet in many places very firm* being eight yards broad. It comes to Gifburn, erodes Rajnwald’s-moor to that known fta¬ tion OLICANA, Ilkley-, from thence to ADELOCYM, which our Leeds antiquary has, with probability enough, placed at Addle, and ftrikes into the road for York with the for¬ mer. It i9 very plain that thefe two high-ways were directed to the city it felf, becaufe when they wanted to go more northward, there is another Roman road from Skipton, crofs Knares-burgh forelt to Aldburgh, which is many miles nearer to the grand north road. Upon the river (d) JVharfe, and full on the great military way, ftood the Roman CAL- CALCARIA, CARIA, now Yadcajier which place, as it was the next Ration to York , it comes within my TAcaJler. (5) Leland’s itin. v. 5 . * (<-) Gay's epillle to Lord Burlington. [d) Suppofed to be the Roman VERBEIA. Skinner defines it in this manner, CCtljetf feu dtijarf in com. F.bor. Fluvius A. S. Euepp forte an a C. Br. Guer vel Guenr, on oil rapidum not at; et efl fane valde rafidtu. Vel a 'ii&Cig. tdlcrfcci, cirtvmvertere, cifeumgydtire. Etym. di£t limit "the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book!. limit to treat of. The learned Camden, with whom his continuator agrees, was molt cer¬ tainly right in deriving this towns name from Calx lime, or Calcaria, Jime-kilns. To his authority there is Fertullian de came cbrijli , who mentions Calcaria ad Carbonariam. Am- viianus Mar. does the fame. And Ulpian acquaints us that to thefe Calcaria offending per- fons were condemned, as to the gallies in France at this time •, whence in the Code we meet with the Calcarienfes. It mull be granted that the Romans had occafion for vaft quan¬ tities of lime to fpend in their buildings at York. For which reafon a fettlement was thought proper to be cftablifiied here to take care that this valuable commodity Ihould be duly manufactured and burned; and that Haves and offenders ffiould be kept ftriftly to it. There is no part of the country that does Hill yield this kind of ftonefo plentifully as this place ; from whence it may be conveyed to York, either by water or land, with eale. The Saxons and Normans in their churches and fortifications with us, no doubt, made ufe of the fame convenience. The builders ofour majeftick cathedral were much encouraged to pro¬ ceed in it, when the ffone for the work and lime were got within a mile of one another. And to this day it is fo plentifully dug up here, as to fupply not only our city, but the whole country round it. But I muff not omit what a late antiquary (e) has publifhed in relation to the etymo¬ logy of Calcaria. It is a great guefs indeed, but whether a probable one I fhall leave to the readers conjecture. “ May not the derivation of this name, fays he, come from the “ trade of making fpurs there? Ripon has been famous in our time, and the belt fpurs were “ faid to come from thence. , If there was a town upon the fVberfe, which in the Romans “ time dealt in this manufacture it might, adds he, be transferred to Ripon on the others “ being razed. ** (f) Some other late authorities have alfo difplaced CALCARIA from its old ftation at Fadcafter , and have carried it a mile further up the river to a village called Newton-kime (g). 'i hey are not without their reafons for this ftretch, the town no doubt mult have been for¬ merly of an unufual length, whence the Saxon name Langbypn;, Ikanglurgfj was aptly given to it. But the remains of antiquity which Mr. Camden law, all of which are Hill evident at Fade after, muff make us hold to his notion, notwithftanding the feeming probability of the later. That antiquary obferved the marks of a trench quite round the old town ; takes notice of the platform of an antient caftle ; out of the ruins of which, adds he, not many years ago, a bridge was made over the IVharfe. That it meafures juft nine Italian miles from York -, the exaft number put down in the itinerary. That a hill a fmall diftance from it is ftill called ©dfobar j which retains fomewhat of its ancient name. And laftly, that a great number of Roman coins have been found in the fields about it. For all which reafons I give my vote, with the late Mr. Horftey , for fixing their CAL¬ CARIA at our Fade after. For though the hill called KcIIi-Lir, is nearer Newton than Fadeafter and there have been found feveral Roman coins and other curiofities in Newton- water-field, it is no argument that the ftation Ihould be built in this place, rather than the former. I do not deny but that the out-buildings, or fuburbs of this town, might ftretch along the road, almoft as far as this ford over the river. They might have been the ha¬ bitations of thefe dealers in lime, or Calcarienfes , from whence the town took its name. The Langbrough-pcnnys , as the country people ftill call the Rojnan coins that are found in thefe fields, give us an idea of a long ftreet of houfes this way. ISelkbar is full in this road, and oppofite to a place called Smawes (b), where are fome, not defpifable re¬ mains of antiquity, and an innumerable quantity of very old lime-pits on the north fide of the hill. Befides I take this ancient name liicllirbat:, if it mean any thing, to fignify a bar, or gate, in this ftreet leading to Calcaria. The fituation feems to allow of fuch an out¬ work from the town. But, if I may be allowed a conjecture of my own, here will two ftations rife up near to¬ gether •, an ilxnerarian, and a notitial one ; as may be feen in the fequel; and then, the dif- pute is eafily fettled betwixt them. The three fords on this river will be a means to help us to account for it. What is molt to my purpofe here, is the fite of CALCARIA, or Fadcafter it felf; which by being placed full on the road to York , was certainly a fortrefs defigned for the fecurity or a key to the city on that fide-, as DERVENTIO, a ftation on the river Der¬ went , was on the other. Whatever fome late antiquaries have advanced ; I am ascertain, as a man can be in this matter, that the Roman road, fromFadcafter to York, took the fame rout then as now. The objection of Fadcafter moor being unpayable, without a ftone caufeway being built over it, is nothingagainft us-, for I take it this caufeway has for its foundation the old Roman one; which is the occafion of its prefent ftrength and firmnefs j and any one that (e) Salmons Survey {5V. poflcITor. (f) Gibjons Camden from Mr. Fairfaxes notes &V. (b) Smazves is one of the motl agreeable fixations in (g) called fo from being formerly in the polTeflion of all this country. It belongs at prefent to Thomas Lifter the barons ,u kime. Though it has fince long been in the of Gjbttrn-pnrk, El'q; I cot^d never underhand what ancieut family of Fairfax. Fbo Fairfax Efq; the prefent Smawes iignifie.. carefully S Chap.I1. of the CITY of YORK. carefully obferves it will be of my opinion. From this moor the rood went to 67 reet-houjes which name and place bears evident teftimony of it. The (i) Saxon Stpet or Scjiete, appa¬ rently comes from the latin flratum, which in Pliny fignifies a ftreet , or a paved high-road. All the Reman roads being firmly paved with ftone occafioned this name to them. Where - ever we meet with a road called a ftreet , by the country people, or any town or village faid to lie upon the ftreet, for in fiance Ait b wick on the ftreet by Doncafter , we may furely judge that a Roman road was at or near it. There are feveral more inftances of this kind which I fiiall have occafion to mention in the fequel; which makes me fo particular in this. The length of time, the wetnels of the fituation and the very great number of carriages and pafiengers that have travelled this road for many ages, have in this place tore the agger up to the very foundations. Stones, of a monftrous bulk and weight, lie here in the way, which are certainly adventitious, and have been brought hither, by infi¬ nite labour, to make the foundation of the road firm and folid. We meet with feveral more fuch where the ground is any where cut deep by carriages nearer the city. A little further than Street-hoiifes is a place called Four-mile-hill, being the half way betwixt York and Fadcafter. It is a little rifingon the fide of the road which 1 take'to have been a tumulus •, it being the conftant cuftom of the Romans to make their funeral monuments near their highways, or fome publick place. Whence fifte viator and nbi viator was proper lor their inferiptions •, but very abfurd to betaken from them and put on a monument in the infide of a church *, of which we have too many inftances in thefe days. From hence the road runs to a village, vulgarly called Ringhoufes , but anciently hotifts. Our late Leeds antiquary (k) fays the right name of this place is SD’encpljotuc, or ^polueS; and quotes his authorities for it. He iuppofes the Romans had upon this road what the Saxons call a howe or howes, little hills, round which they had their diverting ex- ercifes. There are no hills about this place at prefent to juftify his affertion-, for which reafon he has drawn in the little hill above mentioned to fupport it. A huge and mafly ftone coffin and lid was of late years dug up near this place; and now lies in the ftreet, which is moft certainly Roman. From hence the road leads to the city it felf, and enters it at Micklegaie-bar \ where is ftill a noble Roman arch, which I fhall have occafion to treat more particularly on in the fequel. The deftruction of CALCARIA, as well as other Rations in the north, may be impu¬ ted to the mercilefs fury of the Danes , who deftroyed all here before them with fire and fword. It is remarkable that this place was in fome repute in Bcda's time, and that it was then called Calca-cefter. That author gives an account of a religious woman whom he calls Hcina, who being the firft that took the facred habit of a nun upon her in thofe parts, retired, fays he, to the city of Calc aria, by the Euglijh called Calca-ccftcr where fhe built a houfe for her dwelling (l). From whence might come Falca-cefter, andl'o, more cor¬ ruptly, Fade after. St. Helm's-ford, takes its name from a chapel dedicated to St. Helen, the mother of Cor- ftantine the great, which flood in Lcland' s time (m) on the eaft banks of the river. Here is ftill St. Helen's well. Fadcafter has fometimes been called in ancient writers Heleceftre (n) ; not from St. Helen, but, as I fuppofe, by a wrong tranflation of Calx lime into the Saxon J}ele, the heele of the foot, which it alfo fignifies. Helagh a village in the Ainfty ftill retains the found of it. Our learned dean Gale was of opinion this ford might take its name from the goddefs Nehalennia, the patronefs of Chalk-workers •, and thence might be called Hahalen' s-ford, corruptly Helen's-ford (o). But this etymon feems to be a little too far ftretched ; and Poland's chapel, before mentioned, has a much nearer fignification to it. This place is fordable moft part of the fummer, and was no doubt more fo before the mill and damm was built at Fadcafter. Our Saxon anceftors made ufe of the Roman roads and built wooden bridges for their greater convenience in paffing the rivers. The fills or piles of fuch a bridge, in this place, do yet appear at low water. But when the north road came to be turned, and ftone bridges were built at IVetferby, Wajbford, and Burrough-hridge over the rivers Wharfe, Nid and Eure, this old road was quite neglected, and the bridge fufTercd to fall. The neighbouring Roman ftations to York being all concerned in this account of the roads leading to the city, they come within my fphere to treat on as well as the laft. And in order to it I fhall tranferibe the firft iter, or rout, which is put down in the itinerary, from the Suritan edition, publifhed by our learned dean Gale as follows. The Englijh names to (i) -Stratum, view, v:a, platen. Vide Somner’s dill. Saxon. Stratum, is tiie very word made ufe of by Ven. Bede to denote a Roman road quite througli his work. (k) Thorelby’s ducat. Leod. 130. ft) Heina, religiofa Chrifti famnia, quae prima foe- vnnarum firtur in provincia Nbrdaiihymbrorum propoji- tum veftcmque fanliiitmialis habitus, confecrante AEdano epfeopo, fjfcepijfe ; feceftit ad eivitatem Calcariam, quae a gente Anglorum, Kael-ccfiir appellatur. Ilique manjio- item febi inftituit. Beda, ed. Smith. {’») Lelandi itin. [n) Mon. Ang 1. 399. Calx pedis, in eadem lingua Tab unde hedierna diliio Tahdcaller infect a litera d eu- phonide gratia. Gale’s itin. p. 43. («) Artem Calcariatn olim in Britanniis coluiffe teftantur injeriptiones apud Reinefmm, p. 190. harum unem fene. DEAE NEHALENNIAE OB MERGES RITE CONSERVA- TAS M. SECVND. S 1 LVANVS Negotiator NEGOTTOR CRETAR 1 VS BRITANNICIANVS V. S. L. M. Itin■ Ant. Gale. G the ISVRIVM Aldburgb, The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I, the ftations are here diverfified according to the opinions of the authors that have wrote on them. A lunite , i. e. a vallo PRAETORIVM ufque, M.P. CLVI. A BREMEN 10 CORSIOPITUM M. P. XX. VINDAMORA. VINOVIA. .... CATAR AC TONI. ISVRIVM. EBORACVM. leg. vi. victrix. DERVENTIONE. M.P.IX. M. P. XIX. M. P. XXII. M.P.XXIV. M. P. XVII. M.P. VII. DELGOVITIA. M.P.XIII. PRAETORIVM. M. P. XXV. The firft rout, from the limits, that is. from the Roman wall to Praetorium is 156 miles. Brampton , Camd. Riechejler , Corbridge , Horfley. JValh-endy Camd. Ebchejler , Horfley. Bincbejler , Burton, Horfley, Gale, &c. Catariff, Camd. Horfley, &c. Aldburgb , Camden, Horfley, &c. 2 ORK. Aldby , Camden. On the Derwent, Hor¬ fley, Stanfordburgb , Drake. Godjnondbatn , Weighton , Camden. &c. Londejburgb , Drake. Patrington , Camden, &c. Hebberjtow- fields, or Broughton in Lincolnjhire , Horfley. A moveable encampment, or Spurnbead. Drake. From the limits of the Roman empire in Britain to this Praetorium , which I fuppofe was a camp fomewhere on the eaftern fea coaft of our country, is fet down at the diftance of one hundred and fifty fix Italian miles. Which agrees very well with our prefent com¬ puted ones. I look upon this rout to have been put down primarily, take it backwards or forwards, as a convenient paflage for auxiliary troops to land and march to the confines; or return from thence and reimbark for Italy , or any other part of the empire. In both which it was neceffary to call at York to take orders from the emperor, or the propraetor in his abfence. The adjunct of legio fexta viftrix to Eboracum , as well as legio vice/, vift. to DEV A, Cbejler , in the next iter fhews plainly that this furvey was drawn after the model of Ptolemy's-, who mentions both thofe ftations in like manner. From whence this could ferve for no other ufe than as a map or dire&ory of the country, as I have before hinted, and fora memorial of the ftations of thofe two important legions. For a further explanation of this affair I fhall beg leave to tranfcribe from Ptolemy's geo¬ graphical defcription of Britain his account of the Brigantine towns, as they were fituated in his time. It is here to be noted, that though Ptolemy puts down none but the chief; and though ours be the laft of eight in his order of naming them, yet they are there geogra¬ phically placed according to their fituations, not dignities. “ Again, fouth from the Elgovae and the Otadeni , and reaching from fea to fea, are the BRIGANTES; whofe towns are “ Epiacum , et Vinnovium. “ Cataraftonium. “ Calatum. “ ISVRIVM. “ Rigodunum. te Olicana. “ EBORACVM. LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX. A tyiuv Z. “ CAMVNLODVNVM. “ Befides thefe about the SINVS PORTVOSVS, or the well-havened bay, are the ff ‘ PARISI; and the town PETVARIA.” The principal ftations that concern my defign, are put in Rotnan capitals, in this and the former abftraft, the reft are fir too diftant for it. I fhall begin then with ISVRIVM, which being the neareft ftation to us on the north road, and having been a very remarkable Roman town deferves a particular difquifition. ISVRIVM, called alfo in the itinerary ISVBRIGANTVM, which is no more than a contraction from ISVRIVM BRIGANTVM, is derived by Leland , from the rivers ISIS and EVRVS ; but by Camden from the laft only. Mr. Burton has a learned difier- tation on the name of ISIS given to rivers; of which Leland writes that there are no lefs than three in this ifland; but I am afraid it would not be thought fignificant enough here to infert it. The river Ure, ftill running under this Town, gives us a proper derivation of its name. Mr. Baxter (p) fuppoles this place to have been originally a britijh city, and (/) Caput hoc era! Britannici generis, fuuti C Eboracum, R^manorum. Glop. Ant. Brit. fomc Chap.IL of the CITY of YORK. fome call it the capital cf the Brigantine people. Our monkijh writers, who hollow Mot:- mouth’s ftory, are of this opinion; and confidently enough affirm (q) that this place was the city Aclud, or Alclud mentioned above. But in truth, it is nothing iefs; the name and walls and fevera! other teftimonies (hew plainly that this town was of Roman extraction; and that it was plac’d on this river, and on the grand road to York, as another advance guard to fecure that important place on this fide. The name of Ifu-Brigantum it might get to diftinguifti it from fome other of the fame appellation in the province. There is no doubt to be made but that there were feveral Roman towns and ftations, in the ifland, whofe names we never heard of. This ftation was firft affigned to Aldburg, near Burrough-bridge, by J. Leland, and William Harrifon ; then Camden, Burton, Gale , Horjley, &c. have fufficiently confirmed it. The diftance oflfurium from York, is put down in the firft iter, at fourteen miles, but in the reft at lcventeen. Which laft is rather too much, unlefs there were two ways of going to it from the city. The milliarium, or mille paffus, of the Romans was called fo from its con¬ fiding of one thotifand paces; each containing five Roman feet, fomewhat lefs than ours. So, as it is computed, that four of their miles make only one French league, then four French leagues from York to Aldburgh, which I believe twelve Yorkjhire miles may be allowed to meafure to, will fix the diftance at fixteen Italian miles that it exactly ftands at. the copiers of the itineraiy, may well be allowed a mile or two, over or under, in their numerals (r). But was the diftance from York, unafcertained, yet the prefent name of the place, the fite""ofit and the many undeniable teftimonies which have been for many ages and are ftill found and dug up here, will prove beyond contradiftion, that the now poor Englijh village of Aldburgh had once the honour to be the Roman town IS VR 1 VM. As I fhall have frequent occafion to mention this Saxon word, or termination. Burgh, in the fequel, it will not be improper here to give the fence of our etymologifts upon it. What with us is called Brough, Borough, Bury, (Ac. is taken from the Saxon Bupr, Bujige, or Bypij, which the learned Soinner interprets urbs, (s) civitas, arx, cajlrum, lurgus, municipium ; a city, a fort, a fortrefs, a tower, a caftle, a borough, afrce-borough’ a city, or town incorporate. LJl enim locus munilus ad falutem hominum. It fignifies,’ adds that author, any fortified place for the fafety of mankind. In this laft fence it feems to hit our purpofe beft ; it is notorioufly known that the Saxons made ufe of and pofleffed the deferted Roman ftations and palaces, and kept up their fortifications till they were beat out of them by the Banes, who burnt and deftroyed many of thofe fortreffes to the ground. Burgh then was a common appellation for fuch a fanftuary ; but the name be¬ coming at laft too common, without an adjunft, by way of diftinftion it was given ; as to Canterbury, St. Edmond’s-bury, Salijlury, &c. Jed-burgh, Aldburgh, New-burgh, Ltmdef- htrgh. See. Nay the city of London it felf was fometimes called by our Saxon Anceftors Lonbon-bypi£, and Lonfienbupje (t). In later times when they fortified any place, by* building a wall about it, it was ufual for them to call it Burgh. Ofwhich we have an in- ftance in Peterborough-, whofe more ancient name, we find, was Medejhamjlede ■, until Kenulph the abbot, anno 963, thought fit to ereft a wall round the monaftery, and then lie gave it the title of Burgh (u). The term, or termination, Chejlcr, or Cafter, is alfo of great fignificancy in finding out the more remarkable Roman ftations in Britain. The Saxon ceaycpe, fays Dr. Gibfin, bears a plain allufion to the Roman (x) cajlrum ; and was no doubt given to thofe places’ where fuch cajlra, or walled fortifications, were found. For this reafon the city of York is, in feveral places of the (y) Saxon annals, called limply Eeajtpe, as well as eopoppic-TeajEpe; which honour the city of Chejler, as a noted ito- man ftation, keeps to this day. The capital city of the Northumbrian kingdom in the heptarchy, needed no other adjunft to diftinguilh it; and probably it would now have been called fo, ft the Roman name EBORACVM, which venerable Bede gives it quite through ffis work had not m fome meafure ftuck to it, though ftrangely corrupted in the Saxon dialect. Having prenufed thus much, I return to Aldburgh. The antiquaries who have wrote on this place come next under confideration ; and I be¬ lieve it will not be unacceptable to the reader to give him J. Leland’s account of it in his own words (z). (?) R- Higden’s poliebron, life. (>•) In a late edition of the it trier aria veterum Roma- norum, curante Petro Weilelir.gk) cum fuis noth. Am- fteJadami MDCCXXXV. ISVRIVM. LBVRACM. LEG. VI. YICTRIX. M.P. XVII. Not A. In Blandiniano M. P. XIII I. iff in fcquenti it in. M. P. XVII. qui numerus refle bujus itineris mnnfto- Tium fumtnam conficit. In Neapolitano M. P .XVII. iff in libris Longolianis XIII 1 . iff XII. eorrigitur; iff fc¬ quenti itir/ere M. P. XVII. ab liurio Eboracum adpo- vuntur. M See Somtier's Saxon dift. Skinner's etym. ibid, iff Gibjon s regulae generates de nominibus locorum. Cbron, Saxon, in appendice. (t) Cbron. Saxon, vide indicem. (u) Hie [Kenulphus] primus extruxit murum circa monafierium, aflum indidit ei nomen Burgh, quod an tea appellatus Medefhamilede. Cbron. Saxon, ter done la tin. p. 1 20. ( x) Regulae general, ut antea. (y) See the table of names. (zj Lelandi itin. v. vhL *3 « “ 5TICt)t:rjjc The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Eook I. “ Stobnrse 15 about a quarter of a mile from Ueurrotislj bjigSC. This was in the Romans " J S re at citte on CElatljIpnSrJfICCt called Isvria Bkicanivh and was wallid “ whereof I fiiw vejligia quaedamfed tenuia. ’ “ The cumpace of it hath been by eitimation a mile. It is now a fmall village and hathe “ :1 pat° ch cliirch, where lie buried two or three knights of the aiotargcs, Syr ©utlielm and Syr KirfjarD DC &K)lHirg ; whofe name yet remains ther, but now men of mem 41 fancies. “ “ Ther be now hr S e feeIds fruitful of corne in the very places where the houfes of the “ towne was '■ and ln thefe feelds yerely be founde many coines of fiver and braffe of rhe 44 Romain ftampe. Ther alfo have been found fepulchres, aquae duttus, tejfdllatapavimenta, &c. “ I her is a hilie on the fide of the feeld, where the old toune was, caulid tofatharfe iq 44 if it had bene the kepe of a caftelle. J C ‘ Mr. Camden writes of this place, according to the tranflation of his learned cominuator m this manner (a). ? “ ls a ; qJJa S e which carries antiquity in its very name; being called C'alDbojQUah or !3lDbo?cugfj, that is to fay an old borough. There T now little or no figns remain- 44 ing of a city; the plot thereof being converted into arable and pafture grounds fo that the evidence of hiftory ltfclf would be fufpefted in teftifying this to be the old Ifurium if the name of the river Ure, the Roman coins continually digged up here, and the di- ftance betwixt it and York, according no Antoninus, were not convincing and undeni- 44 able. ° See the plate Fig. Fig- a. F 'g 3.4- 1 he bifhop proceeds in this account, and in being a little more particular, as he fays on the remains of antiquity they have met with in this place, he gives the fubftance of a letter he had from the reverend Mr. Morris, minifter of that town, in thefe words, “ here “ are form- fragments of aquedufis, cut in great ftones and covered with Roman tile! In the “ , “f 1 ”* war f> a ? thc y were di SS in g 4 cellar, they met with a fort of vault, leading, as tis laid, to the river. 11 ol Roman work, for it has not yet met with any one curious e- “ n °V Sh iZ f ? rc ! 1 it v it mi ? ht Pf°bably be arepofitory for the dead. The coins, gene¬ rally of brafs, but fofne lew of lilver, are rhoftly of Conftantine and Caraufius. There are too ot Maximum , D'mlrfian , Valerias:, Sevens, Perlinax, Aurelius , and of other “ em Pf rors * as al f° of Ftmfina and Julia. They meet with little Roman heads of brafs; and have formerly alio found coined pieces of gold, with chains of the fame metal but “ ™ neof “tc. About two years ago were found four fignet polillied Hones ; three where - “ ot were cornel,,,ns The firft had a horde upon it, and a ftmr.p of laurel Ihooring out ‘ branches. 1 he fecOnd a Roman fitting with a facrifidng dilh in one hand and “ renting the other f on a Rlfcar. The thild a Riiikart, if not Pallas, with a fpcar in one hand, wearing a helmet, with a Ihield on the back, or on the other arm, and under “ that fomething like a quiver hanging to the knee. The fourth of a purple colour “ has a Roman head like Severn, or Anlmne, Several pavements have been found about •• a foot under ground ; compared about with ftones about an inch fquare ; but with- “ “ ar Lo t 'T 1 !? neS ° f a ft uarter that tignefs, wrought into knots and flowers after the Mojaick fajbion. No altars are met with, but pieces of urns and old glafs are coin- “ mon. In the veftry wall of the church is placed a figure of Pan, or Sihanu , in one 44 rough itone nyched. Rir. Morris, from whom the learned bifhop had this account, was a divine of great ho¬ nour and integrity, and was vicar of Allburgh above forty years. Since his time feveral meat curiofities have been dilcovered at this place; particularly, about four years ago, in digging the foundation of a houfe here, a mofaick pavement (b) was laid open of Angular figure and beauty It is now about two foot from the level of the ftreet, and is an oblong fquare of about fix, though there was more of it than they could take into the houfe. This pave¬ ment is well preferved, and (hewn by an old woman, who keeps the houfe, to ftran<*ers. It is fomewhat remarkable, that the name of this poor old creature is Aldburgh, pSba- bly the lalt ot that family, which LelanA mentions, and who were once lords of this town. At the door of this cottage I was fhewn another teffelated pavement of a different form from the other; and though not above two or three yards from it, is a foot nearer the furface of the ftreet. We bared as much of it as to take the figure; the former was compared of white and black fquares, with a border of red; but the ftones of this were Idler fquares, and were white, yellow, red, and blue. Not long fmee more pavements of this kind were difeovered on a hill called the Burrough hill. Here was like- wflethe foundation walls of a confiderable building laid open. Two bafes of pillars of fome regular order. Large ftones, of the grit kind, with joints for cramping. Sacrificing velfeJs. I-lews, or hollow fquare pipes for conveyance of imoke or warm air. Bones and (a) Gibfons Camden ill td. (b) Mofaick work came originally from Greece, but ’tis plain that it had been ufed in Italy for near two thoufand years. Vitruvius , who lived in the time of Au- gufhis, fpeaks of it under the term of opus JtElile , pavi- menta fefUlia, opera mufaea, cr mufiva. It was alfo called teffalatum. horns Chap.II. cf the CITY s/YORK. horns of beails, moftly flags. An ivory needle, and a copper Roman ftyle, orpin. From all which we may reafonably fuppofe, that a temple was formerly built in this place. I am informed his grace die duke of fifewcajlle, the prefent lord of Aldburgh , has ordered a houfe to be built over the pavements, to fecure them from the weather. But left thisfhould not prove fo, and thefe fine remains of Roman ingenuity fhould wholly pcrifh, I have caulcd them to be drawn, as exactly as pofiible, and do here prefent the reader with a view of them. The antient walls of this town, which are yet eafily traced, meafure to 2 500 yards in circu¬ mference, fomewhat more than a mile and an half round. The form is near fquare. About a hundred paces from the fouth wall is the hill called Stodhart , or Studforth , which Leland fpeaks Of. It is a kindofa femicircle, which fhape would tempt one to believe it had been a theatre. A neighbouring minifter does imagine that the prefent name of this hill is deri¬ ved from the Latin Stadium , which fignifies a plot of ground for champions or combatants, to perform their exercifes in. Suetonius tells us, that a very noble one was built for Domitian at Rome(c). But whether this conjecture is probable, I leave to the reader’s judgment. I take it to have been an out-fort or work for the greater fecurity of the town on this fide i the great military way coming dole by it. But now I mention the road, I am perfuaded that the prefent poft-road was not the Ro- man way from Aldburgh to York. And though the traces of another be very imperfect at this day, the country hereabouts having a deep moift foil, fo that the agger of it is wholly funk ■, yet we may reafonably fuppofe, that there was once a different communication be¬ twixt thefe two important ftations. There are two roads yet obvious that direct to this place, which I have mentioned before; the one is the grand military way that runs from Tadcafter ; the other comes out of Lancajhire to Skipton ; from thence I have traced it my felf to Belton-bridge, and to Blueburgh-hou/es , over Knarejlurgh- forejl to the town; near the bridge of which is a very fine piece of it entire. From thence it went in a direct line to^/c/W^. But there are no fuch vifible remains of the road we are feeking for; tradition indeed points us out what the inhabitants of this place call to this day the old way to York , to lyfe fouth-eaft, and brings us to a ford over the river Oufe , now ^iDlnarfe-'fcrr^. This name denotes fome antient Roman work or fortrefs to have formerly flood here, as a guard to the river which is often fordable at this place; and it is very probable the road to York led this way. From whence it might flrike in a direct line over the foreft of Galtres, by Benningburgh(d), to the city. This was the opinion of the late Mr. Morris ; and I have feen a letter to him from that great antiquary dean Gale , to confirm it. Thefe roads, the walls of Ifurium, and what other things I have treated on, relating to that ftation, will be better underftood by the annexed plan or ichnography of it, or the map of the vale and county of York , in which the Roman roads to this place the city, (Ac. are all delineated. It is impoffible to be at Aldburgh and not take notice of Bur rough-bridge, which has fprung up out of the ruins of the former. For a monkifh ( e) writer tells us, it continued in great fplendour till it was burned by the Danes , who almoil fet all England in a flame about the year 766. Burrough bridge may be plainly feen to have been built from the old Ifurium, whofe very walls yielded fuch a quantity of flint pebbles, as has not only paved the ftreets of both thefe towns, but has ferved for all their out-buildings, as yards, llables, (Ac. Tradition tells us that the antient bridge over the river Ure lay at the foot of Aldburgh ; and they have this authority to confirm it. Some lands that lye in their fields, and ftretch to the river-fide, are called H 5 .iig?gatC 0 . Befides, I am told a great beam of folid oak was taken up not many years ago out of the river here, which had been part of this bridge; and was fo hard and black as to ferve to inlay the canopy of their prefent pulpit in the church. When our anceltors thought fit to alter the road and build a bridge about half a mile above the old one, a town immediately fprung up with it, whofe name includes no more than a borough or town at a bridge. This is at prefent a fine ftone-bridge, but there muft: have been a wooden one, alfo here, in the reign of Ed. II. for we are told, by our hifto- rians, that in a battle here, where Thomas earl of Lancajler was taken prifoner, Humphrey de Bohun , earl of Hereford, was (lain upon the bridge by a foldier, who ftruck him into the belly with a lpear from under it (f). But our principal bulinefs at Burrcugh-bridge is to take particular notice of the pyramids in its neighbourhood, which are wonders indeed; and which I propofe to Ihevv areo i'Roman extraction, and are all folid flones. Thefe flu pend 011s monuments of antiquity have long borne the name of the devil's arrows, and a ridiculous traditional ftory is told of them by the country people hereabouts. They probably had this name given them in the times of ignorance and monkery ; when any thing beyond their comprehenfion was aferibed to mi- (c) Studio ad tern pus extra fio. Suet, in Dom. Dr. Stuke/e y obferves, that molt amphitheatres abroad are pla¬ ced without the citie?, for wholcfomenefs, and upon ele¬ vated ground, for the benefit of the air, and perflation; a thing, he fays, much recommended by Vitruvius, Stukc- lefs iter curiofttm. H (d) Benningburgh feems to be derived from Bupg a fortified town and Bene prayer j this place having been antiently given to fome religious houfe? in York, to pray for the fouls of the donors. See St. Mark's abbey, Sc. Leonard's liofpital. £sV. (t) Rad. Higden, polichron (f) Vide annul, fub anno 1321. racle 2(5 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. racle or witchcraft. So you have the devil's quoiles in Oxfordjhire, the devil's caufway in LancaJJoire, &c. “ Dr. Plot, fays the learned bifhop Gibfon (g), is of opinion, they were a “ Britijh work, erefted in memory of fome battle fought there, or Britijh deities, agree'- “ in S w 't h Dr. Slillingfleet, grounding upon the cuftom of the Pbenicians and Greeks ; who, “ fay they, were nations undoubtedly acquainted with Britain, before the arrival of the “ Romans, and who fet up unpolifhed ftones, inftead of images, to the honour of their “ gods.” How far the two nations, here mentioned, were acquainted with the mechani¬ cal powers, I know not; but 1 am perfuaded the poor Britons were not only defti- tute ot tools to hew fuch blocks of ftone out of the quarry, for fuch I take them to be but alfo, utterly incapable to bring them away, and ereft them in this place. If we fuppofe them fet up as Pagan deities, it does not difprove that they might be erec¬ ted by the Romans in honour of fome of their gods. The Egyptians, from whom the Ro¬ mans copied many idolatrous fuperftitions, we are told by Herodotus, erefted pyramids, which were thought by them to be a fymbol of human life. The beginning whereof is re- . prefented by the bottom, and the end by the apex, or top; on which account it was, they u!cd to ereft them on fepulchres. Herodian teftifies, that Heliogabalus, which is the Baal of the Tyrians, was worfhipped in a great ftone, round at bottom, and ending in a cone, to fignify the nature of Hre. In the like figure, Tacitus reports, that Venus Papbia was wor- IIlipped ; which is, fays a (h) learned author, the moon, Hftarte, the wife of Baal, he fup- poles, for the Cyprian fuperftition is likely to come from the Tyrians. He adds, I find al¬ fo, that Lapis has been a furname of Jupiter-, Jupiter Lapis. Thefeftones are placed near the meeting of four Roman high roads; the firft from Cata- riet, the fecond from Ickley by Knarejlurgb, the third from Cajtleford over St. Helen's-ford near Tadcafter ; and the fourth comes hither from York. That profound antiquary, dean Gale, was of opinion, that thefe pyramids were Roman-, and that they were their Hermae or Mercurys (i)-, becaufe placed on the greateft military way they had in Britain. Thiswould be a ftrong argument, that our road was the Ermine- jlreet ; and no weak confirmation of Mr. Selden' s notion, who derives that word from the Saxon Ipmunpull. 1 am told, that Dr. Gble afeended to the top of one or more of thefe ftones, to fee if there was not a cavity to place a head in, as was ufual in the Roman Mercurys-, but nothing of that nature was found upon them. That they are rude and Ihew no figns of Roman elegance, in their make, is not fignificant. It is well known they affefted a rudenefs often, where fomething, ofwhat the French call the marveilleux, concur¬ red. I take the famous Stonehenge to be a kind of Roman monument of inimitable ftrufture. But it is a much eafier matter to fuppofe our obelilks Roman, than to prove for what reafori they were erefted ; they feem to me to be either fepulchral monuments, or trophies of fome viftory; of this laft opinion was J. Leland, who, in his travels to thefe parts, has given us this defeription of them (k). “ A little witnoute the toune of Burrough-bridge, on the weft part of OEIafling.-ffrecf, ftan- ' dith four great main ftones, wrought above in comm, by mennes handes. “ They be fet in three feveral feldes at this tyme ; one of them ftandith in a feveral feld “ a good ftonecaft from the other, and is bigger and higher than the reft. I eftcem it to “ be the waite of five waine load or mo. “ Infcription could I finde none yn thes ftones; and yf therwere, it might be woren “ out; for they be fore woren and fcalid with wether. “ I take them to be tropbaea a Romanis pojita yn the fide of UStatljelungslfrCEt, as “ yn a place much occupyed in yorneying, and fo much yn fyght.” ’ Another difpute which has long been amongft our antiquaries, though I think with very fmall reafon, is the nature of thefeftones, and whether they are not acompofition. Mr. Camden broached this notion firft, and fuppofes them to be a compound of fand, lime and fmall pebbles cemented together. Without doubt, as Dr. Lifter obferves (l), the bulk of the ftones furprifed him ; as not thinking it pofiible for the art of man to contrive to fet them up. When, if he had confidered what triBes thefe are, compared with the leaft obelilks at Rome, fome of which were brought by water from Egypt, the wonder would have vanifli- ed, and he might have concluded, that nothing of this nature was too hard for Roman in¬ genuity. The pyramids are truly of the moft common fort of ftone we have in the north of England, called the coarfe rag-jtone, or miln-ftone grit. A large rock of which ftone and from which probably thefe obelilks were taken, is at Plumpton, within five miles of them. And if Mr. Camden alfo fuppofed, that there was no Engli/h rock big enough to yield natural ftones of that magnitude, he might have known that a little above Icily, ano¬ ther Roman ftation, within fixteen miles of Burrough-bridge, there is one folid bed of this fort of ftone, whofe perpendicular depth only will yield obelilks at leaft: thirty foot long. If they were a compofition, it mull be allowed more wonderful than the other opinion ; for (g) Add. to Camden's lad edition. (k) Lelandi itin. v. 8. (b) Cowley's notes on his Davideis, book 2. (/) Philoloph. tranfaftions, v. ?. Low thorp's abride. (:) Gales itin. Ant. I have of the CITY of YORK. Chap II. I have by me a piece of an obelifk, and a piece of the rock, at Plumpton ; and it is impoffi ble to tell the difference. T u I here obferve further along with our famous Dr. Lifter (m), thatalmoft all the monu¬ ments of the Romans with us are of this fort ot ftone, as appears by what remains in the an- nent gates ot fork, and the great quantity ot it that is wrought up in moll of our churches and is flail daily dug out of foundations. It is well known by what we fee of Roman induftry’ at this alliance from them, that their whole ftudy was to build fo as, if poffible to Jail m perpetuity. For this reafon the grand architebl Vitruvius lays it down for a rule in bui'ldins of houfes temples &e. that materials of all kinds Ihould be got ready three years before hand. And at the fame time recommends building with this fort of ftone or brick as the only prefervative ,n cafe ol fire ; for they will equally Hand it like a crucible, when mod otheV kmd of ftone, and even marble itfelf, will fly, with heat, into a thoufand pieces The beauty of a building lyes in the proportion, notin the whitened of its ftone ; and the Ro mans would have laughed at the foppery, if I may fo call it, of feveral in our age who co]our° miny m ‘ ^ Vaft cx P ence> for ftone t0 build with, only for the fiike of its Another qualification that the grit-ftone has, is, that it is fcarce to be impaired by time or weather. Our natural,fts obferve, that it gains rather than lofes, by the particles b the air adhering to its rough coat. For this reafon, and the former, all their palaces tern pies, eye. with us, were certainly built of it, and everywhere elfe in the ifland where they could get it; almoft all their monumental infcriptions, found in the north, were cut in one kind °r othei of it. I heir farcophagi, or ftone coffins, were entirely grit. Nay their flames were of the lame, which Dr .Lifter gives an undeniable inftance off avail Roman head perhaps fays he of one of their emperors, was dug out of the foundations of feme houfes in clh- gate dork. It had a neck or fquare pedeftal of one folid ftone, with the pointof the fquare to the eye ; and was adds he, of as coarfe a grit as that of the obelilks above- mentioned I have to add, from the aforefaid author, that he alfo faw a large pedeftal which had been the bafe of fome mighty pillar, of this coarfe rag, found in his LLr rt ^.yoTthis 1 ‘kfndSf k£dy MA,dbUrgh ' and WhiCK "° W » be aredt It may be thought folly in me to fay, that in my walks about this city, when I call mv gran U d P e 0 im !lny A 0 nri th T Sft0ne ’r h an awful reverence of the once Roman ftate and K,W d , A d aH bu ? bfel T here ’ that as the churches of AlcUmrgh, Burrough- tndge, Mylon, anc \Oufeburn have ftore ot this grit; fome of it with the evident marks of ISVRTVM wr 0 u s ht .“pr n the walls of them, which could come from no place but the oM IS \ f ° cT 1 r e j md ot f * one ’ fome ln mighty blocks, which the churches, mates and walls of York are ful of. does moft: afluredly evince us, whofe work they wereoriginX of what mafons and architefts had the firft cutting and erefting of them ■ and at tl r fl ’ gives usa faint tar dirtant view of the ruins of thofe two eminentihrions ™ But to return to the obelilks. What fort of mechanifm they ufed to draw thefe mon ftrous Hones, ,s not fo eafy to account for. Dr. Huntington, in his account of rheov T of Egytt, m whofe compofition are many flupendous blocks of marble, has endeavoured to give fome notion of the mechanical powers that were ufed in erecting them A vlrv in gemous gentlemen, well verfed in this kind of knowledge, has told me That TJ 7 Hones ot ours might have been moved hither upon rollers But this m’nftha h ^ infinite labourand pains, befides time. And howXufl allXff L n^^WpidXthX 1 in Head of fix or fixteen miles from the quarry, they not one of thefe b of ’ 11tfy7Jd!f f0nymikS fmman y^ rr y of of ftone; and over a verfun oZ brook near the town. There is a^lace marked and the height of it, according to Dr. Gale, was 21 font The th P !, tood; in a line, about a ftone’s caft from one another. In the year 1 7 oq " Snear have mentioned before, caufed the ground about themiddlemoft 7 0 f thrfe oSs’to W he° m 1 ned nine toot wide “ At firft a good foil was found about a foot deep and the„ ° P r of Hones, rough and of feveral kinds, but moft were large cobbles (XhlXla H bed of coarfe gnt and clay; and fo for four or five courfesunderneath one ano hir “ 5 about the pyramid in all probability, to keep it upright; neverthelesstheyAT r ° Und enclme a little to the fouth-eaft. Under the Hones was a very ftronJ / v V T j “ that the fpade could not affeft it. This was near two j 7 ™ n S day, fo hard “ the earth, and a little lower was the bottom of the ftone reftinXponX fur& “ of flat. As much of the ftone as was within ground is a little thicker rh X? and Was “ ab0TC ’ the marks of a firft drefting upon it; ^ 27 (m) Ab. philofoph tranfafl. v. 3. “ dolata , 7 he HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI, “ dolata, ferro. The entire height of this ftone, is thirty toot fix inches from the “ bottom ” (n). The foundations of thefe ftones being laid with the fame clay and pebble as the walls of Aldburgh, is another convincing proof of their being Roman, as well as the marks of the chiflel upon them, beneath ground, afiure us that they are no compofitions, but natural ftones. After fuch a long deputation on thefe wonders, it will not be improper for me to exhibit a view of them. They are taken by fcale, by which the height and other di- menfions are fhewn. The furrows on the top of each are fuppofed by fome to have been worn by rain and weather; but it is my opinion they were cut fo at firft, in order to carry off the wet. The landfcape lhews their fi matron and the place where the fourth (tone formerly ftood. Having now faid what I can on thefe obelifks, I (hall return to Aldburgh. And not- withftanding the teftimonies of all the eminent antiquaries I have cited, with its own moft convincing proofs of a Roman ftation, a late writer (o), in his furvey of England, has thought fit to place Ifurium at Ripon. This affertion can mean nothing but novelty, there being not one convincing argument to prove it. For though that author has been fagacious e- nough in fome other difeoveries in Britain -, yet when he afferts this, and with the like ar- bitrarinefs has carried LEGIOLIVM to Doncafter , I mult beg leave to diffent from him in both. That I may omit nothing that has been faid by the learned, on the fubjeeff of this ftation and obelifks, I (hall fubjoin a tranfeript of a letter fent by Mr. Morris to the bifhop of Lon¬ don, before the publication of his laft edition of Camden. The copy, under his own hand, was found in his ftudy, after his death, and communicated to me by the reverend Mr. Prance of Eafingwold. The fubftance of it is given by the learned bifhop in the edition aforefaid; but as it will compleat all that can now be laid on this fubjeeft, fo I beg leave to give it in the author’s own words. I hope it may prove an incitement to the fucceffors of that curious perfon, to imitate him in recording every thing which may here¬ after be difeovered in a place fo fruitful of Roman anak'J:. tc Reverend Dr. Gibfon, Aldburgh, Julii nit. 17 , 0 s. “ y Am informed, by the very indurtrious antiquary Mr. Thorfhy, of your defire to put | forth another edition of Camden, which will be very grateful to all lovers of that “ kind of ufcful learning j wherein I heartily, wifh you good fuccefs: But being a little con- “ cerned in your laft edition, by the publifhing a letter of mine, writ to the very learned “ Dr. Tanned Robinfon, concerning this place, which I intended not for the publick, in “ that loofe ftyle I writ it, as to a friend j without that regard 1 fhould have done, if l “ had expefted that honour from you. This, Sir, and Mr. Thorejby' s invitation, joined “ with a defire of ferving you, gives you the trouble of my fccond thoughts. Wherein, “ if you find any thing ufcful, pleafe to give it a drefs fuitable to your own, both in ftyle “ and method. “ That the pyramids of Burrough-bridge are natural, appears very fully from fome feums, “ as taken from its bed, near Knarefborough, or at Plinnpton-tower, built of ftonr of the “ fame grit-, from whence ftones of a much larger proportion might be raifed. We have “ much of the fame kind in our old buildings-, doubtlels, coming from the fame quarry, “ diftant about five miles. That thefe were ereCted, as Mr. Camden conjectures, for tro- u phies, may feem probable; if we refer to the tradition held, that Severn s, dying -xiTork, “ left the empire to his two fons, Caracalla and Geta, which was acceptable to the em- tc prefs, and approved of by the foldiers, but not to the two brothers-, but they were re- “ conciled by the mediation of the emprefs and a fifter (p). In memory whereof, four “ ftones were ereCted, but three only now remain -, for one was taken down the laft centu- “ ry. That the Britons had the art of cementing grit, and of carriage of fuch ldupendous “ weighty ftones, I have received no caufe to believe. Neither can I fublcribe to the “ opinion of the moft learned Dr. Stilling fleet, that the Romans or Grecian had (uch prodi- “ gious reprefentatives for their little gods at their gates to receive their libations. “ Ifurium Brigantium is now a ffnall country village, containing within the old Roman “ walls, as appeared by a late furvey, fixty acres. Almoft a direCt lquare, upon a de- “ dining hill towards the river Ure on the north fide. itoaDgate, leading to the old Ca- “ taradlonium, went through it to Millby over an old wooden bridge. The way through “ the meadows may yet be traced, and bears the name of 515’jggatC5, near halt a mile e-ait “ of the prefent bridge. The ojjd walls were about four yards thick, foundedon large peb- “ bles, laid on a bed of blue clay, now wholly covered with earth, but laid open by fuch “ as want ftones for building-, where they have fome large coarfe ftones ot red. landy grit, “ taken from a rock of the fame in the town. To the clay, viz. the foundation, in feveral (n) Hearn's notes on LelantTs itinerary. Mr. Morris , equal to the Stone itfdf. in his letter to Mr. Hearn, does not tell him, that he (0) N. Salmon. thruft in a quantity of king William's halfpence under this [p] This traditional account ;s Hill frefh in the mouth; Hone, and fome of queen Anne's medals, which, if ever of the country people hereabouts ; though how they came they be found, in future ages, will caufe a wonder almoft by the ftory is impoffible to know. P 2 8 aZ BEBBOZBABRIDGE. rtytM/ao/M monumatt) p/'a/i/iir^0 U&Jt tone j/on/e/i <:t /e/u/t/ overt/ rpw k(f&Kroy t/cje oneof,t/e/c/i. c oom?nff(o/t:rj of'u rufomo^ire/ento Chap.II. of the CITY j/,Y,ORK. “ places is, four or five yards deep. The foil is : all. of a black eafth; from, whence the tradi- “ tion may be allowed of, that it was burnt by the Danes, when Tork .was almpft defrayed “ by them. And this alfo appears frequently, upon opening the ground,-bones are, found “ half burned, with other black allies, which appears not unlike a vein of black earth “ covered with a lighter colpur. That it was a Roman colony phe.autlion well proves from “ the coins frequently found, not many elder than Claudius, . yet fome of Augujlus Caefar ; “ and fo down to the Antomms, with Carauftus-, two of the thirty tyrapts, vjz. RMumus “ and .Telricus_ ; alfo CaraSicus . and Alebhts ; but, Conflai/tines are mod: abounding. Several “ veffels of red earth, broken, wrought with knots, , flowers, ■ heads, as, fine with, that qf “ Jupiter Ammon-, others.with birds or beafts, and , Cqme'-' with 'Qapftfprns upon them. “ ° ne httle lamp of earth entire (j), and large piebes of Roman, glafs were! found anno 1707. “ Within thirty years laft paft, in the circuit of the old walls, have been found about “ twenty littl ijpolijheffignd Jlones of, diverfe , kinds and cuts. One of Jupiter Ammon', “ head. A fecond with an eagle with a civic crown in its bill. A third found about Marc/j “ laft of which I give you the impreflion, Vfz. a .winged, victory crowning a trophy. In “ the catalogue of brpken pots, I llrould have noted one to. you of a Colhon or poculumla- “ conicmn -, .which the foldiers ufed in marching to clear water by palling into feveral con- “ cavities therein made. Alfo a Br-.ufh axe, and;feveral .other things, which perhaps will “ be given you by fome more learned pens ■, towhonvldid my, feif the honour to prefent “ them as a foundation for a more noble collection. If I can be further ferviceable pray “ command, ' 1 1 Good Doctor, Tour mojl humble,fervant EDWARD MORRIS. In my icturnfrom AlAburgh to i ork I take the Roman road I have mentioned over Aid- mark-ferry. -Some veftiges of it may be oblerved in the villages leading to this place, par¬ ticularly a great quantity of the pebble in their buildings which formed'in all probability, thcjlrata qt the road. But from the Ferry to Tork the agger is quite funk ; and though it has been fought, for with care, by feveral antiquaries as well as my felf, not the leaft foot- ftep is remaining. Yet ftnee it is agreed to by all that the old road muft have gone this way ; I here obfer-ve that it is the fourth confiderable Roman high way I have mentioned to lead particularly to the city it felf. 1 o take a juft iurvey of the Roman roads which diretft from the Humber, and the feveral ports of the- German ocean, so Tork, I muft neceffarily mention Lincoln. LINDVM or Lincoln, bears fo many evident tokens of being a confiderable Roman ftation, both in hjfto- ry, and the remains of antiquity which it does yet exhibit, that it is pity fome able pen does not undertake a particular account of it. There were two remarkable hfoh roads which led from LINDVM to .EBORACVMi the firft is.ftill very evident, crois the heath, and is cafily traced on to a town called Winlrmgham, on the great river Humber. The other is more a land paftiige, and comes from Lincoln, through Littlebrougb on the Trent and fo to RoJtington-bnAge, where it meets the Ermine-Jlrcet, which leads to Doneafier, and fo on. I c is true this is not fo particular a road for my purpofe as the former ; becaufe the Ermine- Jlreet d.refts for any ftation north of Lincoln as well, is fork. Yet the communication be¬ twixt thefe two ftations, crofs the Humber, might frequently be prevented by winter, or ftreis of weather; and therefore it wasabfolutely neceffary to have a more convenient paf- iage, thpugh not a nearer, to come intirely by land. The Roman road from Lincoln to the river Humber I have faid comes down to old Win- Inngham on one fide of the river; whofe oppofite has a town called Brough on the Tort- pju e coalt; this dill continues to be the conftant landing place for, the ferry. The military way, on this fide, moil certainly began again here, and continued to DELGOV 1 TIA'- lor tis, not poffible to fuppofe that they would lay fo fine a road down to the Humber , if they had not frequent pafiages over it; and a way to proceed onfor fork, when they were got to the other fide. But the traces of this road are faint; and the next ftation muft be our only guide, which as it lies in a direft line for Tork, and has'been remarkable in our neighbourhood I cannot pafs it by without notice. For at this laft named ftation t0 «** ha r ve been a conjunftion of two grand road's; thaf 1 .0.11 PRAETORIVM, and this other from Lincoln, which is acircumftancc that argues it a place of conlequence in thofe days. In Ptolemy s geographical fea chart of the Gerjnan ocean, where he deferibes the pro- montorys, bays, and rivers-on the -Britijh coafts, his ABVS AESTVARIVM is agreed wh 7 V n ? e F f ffe 7 n ° r . ,h ' rcve - - lcr 'P ti ™> fempeduponlt. This might Hand for A',;.;,: rhelib-nam folk.' 7 fc,erJ '« hcr “nofit.es of td militum. The Rmam had a way to bake t like « F " edi " S an art I believe/no.iynot known. 1 by 30 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. by all to be our great river Humber. As his OCELLVM PROMONTORIVM, next it northward, muft have been Spurnhead. On this river Mr. Camden , for the lake of ety¬ mology, or found, and the diftance from Delgovilia , has found out Patrington , in Holder - nefs, to be the PRAETORIVM of Anlonine’s itinerary. So the PETVARIA of Pic- letny , which that writer mentions, as the chief town of the PARISI, a people inhabiting this part of the country, Mr. Iiorjley and fome others, has placed at Brough. I be^ Rave to difient from both. vm AET ° RI * ^ the co P* ers Antonine's itinerary may be depended on, this name has a fignification very different from any of the whole catalogue of Roman Rations in Britain. It is purely laiin, derived from the Greek, and will bear a great variety of interpretations (r). If it mean any thing in this iter, it can never be a town or Ration, but rather an occafional encampment fome where on thefe eaRern fea coaRs. In this fence the learned continuator of Camden , tranflates it from Lipflus and fuch indeed it feems to have been at the time this journey or furvey was made; but where, is now impolfible to determine Thefe coaRs have, even in the memory of man, fuffered greatly from the lea; and poffi- bly this camp, or Ration, may have been long fince fwallowed up by it (s). I have given the authority of Ulpian , and indeed the itinerary it felf confirms it, that the Roman military ways were always laid to fome principal Ration, or fome fea port. Mr. Horjley then mult be greatly mifled to carry this Ration crofs the Humber , and drop it betwixt that river and Lincoln. For, after all, if we allow an eafy miRake or two in the tranferibers of the itinerary, which is very allowable in a thing handed down to us, through fo many ages, and through fuch viciffitudes of times, this PRAETORIVM of Antoninus will mean no other than the PROMONTORIVM of Ptolemy. The one feeming to be making a fea chart, in which he is veryexa< 5 t; and the other is full as circumRantial in the placing the inland forts and Rations on the military ways in Britain. To the name of Promontorium in Ptolemy , is joined Occllum ; which is the diminutive from oculus, a little eye. This agrees well with the fite of the place ; and no doubt, in the time of the Romans , a watch-tower was built here, not only to overlook the mouth of the Humber , but as a guard to thefe coaRs. The prefent name of Spurnhead , called in our old Englijh Chronicles £>purcnI)eaD, is certainly derived from the Saxon verb Spypian or Spypigean exquirere, ferutari , explorare, (Ac. (t) to lookout, watch, or explore, bo re¬ markable a point of land as this was, might ferve for the famepurpole in their time as well as the former. Here was alfo formerly, a remarkable fea port town, called Ravenfburgb, well known in our hifiorians for two defeents made at it by our II. IV. and E. IV. but it is now almoR fwallowed up. I fhall not difeant upon the name of this town, which carries an in¬ delible mark of antiquity along with it; but leave this uncertain path with faying that if the miRake I have mentioned be allowed me, as alfo another in the numerals, of xxxv miles from DELGOVITIA inRead of xxv, this difputed Ration will drop at Rave- nejhurgh (u). PETVARIA. Brough , or Burgh , by our modern antiquaries has likewife had the honour to be put down for Ptolemy’s Petvaria ; but with as little reafon as the former. That it feems to bid fair for being a Roman fortrefs, on this fide Humber , both on account of the military way from Lincoln , and its own name, which I have elfewhere defined, is no argument to prove that Petvaria belongs to it. The Romans, no doubt, had many Rations and for- trefles in the ifiand, the names of which are not handed down to us, by any accounts whatfoever. Ptolemy tells us that about the fure-baven’d-bay lived the people called PARISI; and that there alfo was the town PETVARIA. Mr. Baxter reads this PECVARIA; and if his definition of PARISI be right, which is, that it comes from pafturage or Shepherds then PECVARIA is a notable and apt name for the chief town of thole people. It is remarkable that the country many miles circumjacent to Burlington-bay, is Rill much in¬ habited by lbepherds; but where to fix the Roman town here ipoken of is the difficulty. Pocklington, Driffield, or Beverley bid the faireR for it, in my opinion; the former has Mr. Baxter’s option ; that learned man deriving it from the Greek nOKOS, which is, fays he, the laiin vellus, a fleece of -wool-, from whence Pecus is eafily deduced. Driffield is a town of great antiquity, Alfred one of our Northumbrian kings lies buried in it; befides here are many barrows or tumuli about it. And Beverley has the votes of fome on this account; near which a few years ago, was difeovered, in a field, a curious Roman teflelated pavement; which is a Rronger argument in its behalf than either of the former. DFLGOYI- DELGOVITIA has been hitherto agreed to by all to be our IVighton or IVeighton ; TI A. M r - Camden has learnedly defined that word to come from the Britifh Delgwe, which figni- Londejburgh. fies, fays he, the Ratues, or images, of heathen Gods. And he feems to make no doubt but that this place was dedicated to idol worffiip even in the times of the Britons. IVcighton is not without its derivative from the fame caufe; ttHeightclbcrs in Germany is noted by (r) Praetor ium is a word of great latitude in the Ro¬ man tongue; and fometimes only fignifies a country houfe, or villa. Tacit, iff Sueton. (j) There are fevenl towns mentioned to have been ©me on thefe coafts, in Camden, See, which are now wholly fwallowed up. (t) See Somncr's Saxon di£t. (u) This town’s name feems to be derived from the Saxon verb Repan or Reuan remigare to row. Repan- bujij a proper name for a fea port. Conrad Chap.II. of the CITY of YORK. Conrad Celtes, lays Dr. Gale , as a remarkable town of the Druids in thofe parts. ’Whate¬ ver it was in the times of the Britons, it is certain that under the idolatry of our SaxoH anceftors, this town had a near neighbour to it, called by venerable Bede dftoBmonDtngaljam* Which is interpreted deorum fepta ; but whether the name has any reference to the other, I lhall not determine. In the anonymous chorography ol Britain , this ftation is called DE- VOVICIA, corruptly no doubt for DELGOVICIA; from whence if we take VIC, and add the Saxon termination coil, there is fomething in the found o tlVighton, probably, de¬ rived from the old word ; efpecially when we confider that the Saxon u and w were found¬ ed alike. And this is all that can be faid for it. For Wcighlon has difcovered no marks of antiquity to denote it a ftation, and except the diftance in the itinerary there is no other proof of it. Something like a tumulus , indeed appears at the weft end of the town, as Mr. Horjley obferved, in the road to York. But if the name of this place had any reference to idol worlhip, as Mr. Camden has defined, its near neighbour Godmondham has a much clearer title to it; being called by venerable Bede exprefly locus idolorum , or a place of idols. In the ecclefiaftical part of this work the rea¬ der will find the reafon why our author has occafion to mention it. But he was ftrangely out in his chorography, when he defcribes the fituation of it to be not far from York, and near the river Dormant ; for ’tis eight miles from the latter and fixteen from the former. Mr. Burton indeed wis handfomly excufed the venerable author for this m'iftake in diftance, he fays, that Bede living a clofe monaftick life in his cell, muft write of places that he ne¬ ver faw, nor confequently could judge of. It was natural however, for him to defcribe the fite of this idol temple from the neareft and moft remarkable things to it, in the coun¬ try, which certainly were York and the river Derwent. Befides, he adds, that the term non longe ab EBORACO, not far from York , may be allowed for this diftance, when fome other great hiftorians have made ufe of the fame expreflion, particularly Herodian , for a diftance of a thoufand miles (x). But the prefent name of Godmondham is fo little altered from what the venerable monk writes it, that there is no doubt to be made but it is the very fame place he fpeaks of. Mr. Burton feems to lay a ftrefs on the quondam idolorum locus, and fays it may allude as well to Roman idols as Saxo/t; But this is too lar {trained, and we mayjuftly enough conclude that this was a temple neither of Roman ftru6ture nor worftiip, but a place dedi¬ cated to the Saxon idolatry •, fuch a one as is deferibed in Verjlegan , enclofed with a hedge inltead of a wall. Yet, becaufe I would not differ from my learned predeceflbrs in this kind of knowledge, and remove Delgoviti a from Weighton and Godmondham , without juft grounds; I took an exa£t furvey of both the places. At the former, as I faid, is nothing to be obferved; but at the other on the eaft fide of the village, is a pretty large fpot of ground, fo une¬ ven and full of hills and holes, that it look’d exceedingly like a ruin, covered by time with earth and turf. I was fhewn this place by my lord Burlington , the prefent lord of the mannor of Godmondham , who gave me leave to dig it where, and when I pleafed. I took an opportunity and fet fome men at work on feveral parts of it ; who dug pretty deep; but it turned out to be nothing but chalk-pits, or lime, which laft has and may ftill be got here in great plenty ; and very probably was here burnt when wood was more common in this country than it is now. The fite of the pagan temple , in Godihondbam, in all proba¬ bility, was on the very fame fpot of ground the church now {lands. The ground will well allow of it, being a fine Hoping dry hill. It is notorious to all that our chrifian an¬ ceftors, both here and in other parts of the world, took care to abolifh, and even erafe pnganifm wherever they could. To that end when a heathen temple was demolifhed, a chrifian church was built in the very fame place. Hiftory gives us many inftances of this in our own ifland ; but at Rome the cafe is ftill evident; where feveral of the very tem¬ ples themfclves which anciently ferved for the old Roman fuperftition, have been confecra- ted and converted into chrf ian-churches , and are at this day ufed as fuch (y). Since then Gcdmondbatn can have no {hare in a Roman ftation, I have the fame opinion cfiWeighton, and we muft look for our DELGOVITIA elfewhere. Our great antiquary feems here alfo to have fpun his etymology too fine, by fearching the Britifh language for the derivation of this Roman name. But whatever can be {trained out of Delgovitia , I am fure IVeighton or Wighton , can furnifh nothing for an antiquary to build a Roman ftation on. The word is entirely Saxon ; and is plainly derived from }?e£, or (z) pkeg, via* ft rattan , a road or ftreet; or from the verb fejan ire, tranfire , to travel or journey through ; the termination ton is obvious to all. So the Belgick or High-dutch , tKUccfj, fEClegl), are the lame as our way and fignify the very fame thing. IVegblon {lands at the conjunc¬ ture of feveral great roads, which now meet at this town, and ran from thence over Kexby- bridgeto York. But that the Roman military ways, both from PRAETORIVM and from L 1 NDVM, took a different courfe to the city, I {hall {hew in the fequel. The old road (x) See Burton's itinerary, p. 63. hr id i Roma antiqua Iff mederna •, iti cap. de ternplis girt- (y) Fabricius gives us a lilt of near fixty heathen tem- tilium in templa divorum mutatis. pies which are now coverted into churches. Georgii Fa- (z) See Somntr's Saxon and S&innet 'i being The HISTORY and, ANTIQUITIES BookI. being* turned this way, a new town fprung up, which took its name from the occafion of altering it. Befides .the Saxon termination Uin is one of the commonell they had-, and fometimes was made' the local name of a family, as Edzuardjlon, Afredjlon , JobnJlor, & c . Thus Verjlegan rhimes it, 3 Jn Ford, tit Ham, in Ley, anD Tun, %t)C molt of enslifl) firnamcs run. But if we are to look out fora Roman flation, in any part of our Hand, we fhall always find that the name or termination, of Burgh or Chejler , will lead us the foonefl to it. Where then can we fix DELGOVITJA better than at Londejburgh , in the neigbour- hood of JVeighton ; and will anfwer as well to the calculated miles in the itinerary? For, allowing that the Roman road from Fork, this way, came by Standford-bridge , which I hope to prove in the fequel, twenty Italian miles (a) will be near the exaft dillance betwixt the city and Londejburgh. But to take from the reader any notion that he may conceive that this difference in me, from our former great antiquaries in this matter, proceeds from an affixation, of faying fomething new on the fubjeft; or a defire of paying a Brained compliment to the noble lord, my patron, whofe Forkjhire fat Londejburgh is i I fhall beg leave to give the fub- flance of two letters, which I received in anfwer to fome queries, from Mr. Knowlton the noble lord’s chief gardiner at that place -, a fenfible, intelligent and a molt creditable per- fon. It is remarked that the road from Brough to Londejburgh park pail, is in a continued Breight line; that it was formerly, and is Bill by fome elderly people called ^timber* Greet; that the f ration of the road may be traced, under hedges, (Ac. crofs one of the ca¬ nals in the park, which being lately made, occafioned the accident of finding of it. It is compofed of materials very fcarce in that country, and lies buried under a fine foil about fifteen inches; and it was with great difficulty that the workmen could dig through the agger. The curiofity of finding fuch a road in luch an uncommon place, led my cor- relpondent to trace it on both fides of the canals up the hills; and he can now, he fays, fhew it at any time, withfpades, one way pointing diredtly to the aforefaid Ii}umbcr?fl:reet - the other up the park again, through that part called th tLawn, butting up againft hedges, trees, (Ac. clear to the Wolds-, where it pointed either to IVartyr , or Nunburham , but which he had not then leifure to trace. The Malton and Fork roads lying that way. There can be no clearer proof than this, that the Roman military way, on the eafl fide of the Humber , from Brough, took this rout for Fork ; and that Londejburg was the flation on it we are feeking after, is, I think, as certain. The name is plainly derived from a 3i5lifgfj, or fortrels, on land ; to diflinguiffi it from Brough, or Hfiurgfj, on the water (b). The Saxon Lont> is well known, whence and they tell a ridiculous traditional fto r y o ‘l ivtide's wife and her cow (k), as the reafon of the making of it. It is worth obl'crving, however, that this name fuits well with Mr. Camden's Saxon duke Wada • who, he fays, lived at a caftle on thefe coafts, and probably in the abandoned Roman fortrefs or ftation. It is believed, adds he, that this Saxon prince was a gyant; and they fhew you his tomb, which are two ftones about feven foot high a-piece, and fet up at twelve foot diftance, called now SKEfaDc’s* grate. It is odd, Mr. Camden got no intelligence of the caufway , as well as the grave, when he was upon the fpot. But thefe ftones, I take it, are Roman tumuli of the nature of thofe at Burrougb-bridge. i had my firft intelligence of this road, and a camp upon it, from Thomas Robinfon of Pickering , Efq; a gentleman well verfed in this kind of learning. My curiofity led me to fee it; and coming to the top of a deep hill, the veftiges of the camp were eafily difeerna- ble. At the foot of the hill began the road or caufway, very plain ; and I had not gone a hun¬ dred paces on it, but I met with a tnile-Jlone of the^nV kind , a fort not known in this coun¬ try. It was placed in the midft ol the caufway, but fo miferably worn, either by flieep or cattle rubbing againft it, or the weather, that I miffed of the infeription, which, I own,’ I ran with great eagernefs to find. The caufway is juft twelve foot broad, paved with a flint pebble, fome of them very large, and in many places it is as firm as it was the firft day. A thing the more ftrange, in that not only the diftance of time may be confidered, but the total negledt of repairs, and the boggy rotten moors it goes over. In fome places the agger is above three foot raifed from the furface. The country people curfe it often, for being almoft wholly hid in the ling, it frequently overturns their carts laden with turf, as they happen to drive crofs it. (i) See Camden, Gibfon , Baxter, isfe. (k) The hory is, that Wade had a cow, which his wife was obliged to milk at a great dihance, on thefe irjoors; for her better convenience he made this caufway, ahd fhe helped him by bringing great quantities of hones in her apron ; but the firings breaking once with the weight, as well they might, a huge heap (about twenty cart load) is fhewti that dropped from her. The rib of this mon- hrous cow is hill kept in Moult-grave cajlk. It 3 6 "The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. It was great pleafure to me to trace this wonderful road, efpecially when I foon found out, that it pointed to the bay aforefaid. I loft it fometimes by the interpofition of val¬ leys, rivulets, or the exceeding great quantity of ling growing on thefe moors. I had then nothing to do but to obferve the line, and riding croflways, my horfe’s tect, through the ling, informed me when I was upon it. In fhort, I traced it feveral miles, and could have been pleafed to have gone on with it to the fea-fide, but my time would not allow me However, I prevailed upon Mr. Robinfon to fend his fervant and a very intelligent perfon of Pickering along with him, and they not only made it fairly out to Dunf.ey, but brought me a (ketch of the country it went through with them. From which I have pricked it out in the map, as the reader will find at the end of this account. We now return back to our camp, which is an extraordinary fituation indeed ; and was no doubt, placed here as a guard to this important road, which led clear through it’ The form of it I have given in the annexed draught; and though not fo regular as feveral that I have feen, the fhape of the hill not admitting of it, was certainly a Roman fortifica¬ tion. The half moons, which form foine of the entrances into it, are exactly like thole of fome Roman camps in Mr. Horjlefs Britannia (l). And here are a number of turn:}' of feveral fizes about it. It is not pofiible to fuppofe, by the extream bleaknefs of the fitua¬ tion, that this camp could be garrifoned all the year. Nor, indeed, was there rcafon to fear any invafion in the winter. The foldiers had barracks built in it (or their lodo-ings ; the veftiges of which do appear in many places. The ditches of this cat ,*P are on fome fides now above three yards deep perpendicular. Cropton-Caftle , fo called, a large circular mount, feemingly artificial, and within a quarter of a mile of this camp, dderves alio an antiquary’s notice. From the camp the road difappears towards York , the agger being either funk or remov¬ ed by the country people for their buildings. But taking the line, as exaCtly as I could, for the city, I went down the hill to Thornton-Rifebrow , and had fome information from a clergyman, of a kind of a camp at a village called vulgarly Barf; but corruptly, no doubt from Burgf). Going to view this place, I was agreeably lurprifcd to fall upon my Ion* loft road again ; and here plainly appeared alfo a fmall intrenchment on it; from whence as I have elfewhere hinted, the Saxon name Burgh might come. The road is difcernable 5 1 - nough, in places, to Newfam-bridge over the river Rye-, not far from which is a mile-Jlone of grit yet (landing. On the other fide of the river the Stratum , or part of it, appears very plain, being compofed of large blue pebble, fome of a tun weight; and directs us to a village called Aimanderby. Barton on theftreet , and Appleton on the ftreet , lye a little on the fide of the road; thefe villages were fo called, no doubt, to diftinguiih them from fome others of the fame name in the county. I was once of opinion, that the road went from hence, as the line to York directed, fomewhere through lord Carli/Je’s park, and mio-ht enter the Malton road to York ztSpittalbeck. But, confidering the nearnefs of CAMVLO- DVNVM, .1 am perfuaded it could not have miffed this ftation; and therefore I have di¬ rected the road to Malton , where I take that ftation to have been. I could find no foot- fteps of it from Aimerby town-end, in the line to York, though I fearched diligently for it; and confequently the road mull run to Malton, which is very little out of the way. V This is another particular proof that the Roman CAMOLODVM was our Malton which ftood at the conjunction of three or four roads from the eaftern fea-ports; and hav¬ ing the river Derwent , here fordable, for its defence, ferved as another key to the city on this fide. I know there is fome difpute, whether new or old Malton has the greater claim to this honour. They are both upon the river, a fhort mile from one another. The epithet old gives it for the latter; but then it (lands more out of the line, and has no fhew of antiquity about it; except the ruins of a diffolved monaftery, now converted into a pa- rifh-church. The other town has the remains of an antient fortification, which (lands like a bulwark againft the river; antiqua arce infigne, fays Baxter , who imagines it, from Pto¬ lemy, to have been a camp or fortrefs belonging to the fixth legion then flationed at York. The convenience of the fite, and the ftrength of the old foundation, tempted, no doubt our more modern ancellors to build a ca(lie upon it, which formerly was in the poflefiion, fays Camden, of the noble family of Vefcy'm this county. It came afterwards to be the chief feat of the lords Eure or Evers-, and is at prefent poflels’d by, and gives title to, Thomas earl of Malton-, to whofe generous encouragement the author of this work owes great obli¬ gation. From Malton , I take it, the Roman road led to York the fame way it does now; and though, in fuch a via trita , there are few footfteps of it remaining, yet to a curious and obfervant perfon fome of them are obvious enough. Efpecially to thofe who are a's well ac¬ quainted with the Roman pavement on the moors, the nature of the (tone they ufed in it, and the fetting or jointing of them, as my felt. I can point out feveral pieces of it pretty entire; and in fome places the exaCl breadth of the ftratum may be meafured; which corref- ponds, to an inch, with the pavement I have mentioned. This road run up to the city al- moft due weft; and entered it, very probably, where it does now, at, or about. Monk - (l) See p. 44. Britannia Rom. 1 bar. \zz«/mT j \C.1ES.1HI -1 Ix.vsrs. ! ^Bernard mm / M orsivm . Arbeia . Dictis . AkaBOXM {jiitherlt/ ^ \ CATAPACromvM J Ciatttuu'k ( •Knarcfburgl; S kipton nirri Adel\ CofrCIVM Isibcbcitcr .fllmonburv ; To t/u Society of.'A ntiquaries in London, t/uj P/afr oft/ie Roman Roads in OfHum flu / Teife M ■s Sin vs S^Iutbv £)au 'Ounficv. [Scai'deburgh Caflptim IVMontcsVh’ jf^Hambleton' CaflriimBarf Juicy Bay Appfelcn /r §ucct Jiarton /iir le § tl ecr /'Newburgh, Rafmgwold <£alctc’ulm' rternua v ! Galtres Fpr: ^ATVLOBVNVM :l®nf^=5===== \ / Warram Ji/rk& tKCt Creac Caft: SLexfmere ^ vuc b v ''2l§Flamborou gh He a d VabrAnt vigor vm Sinvs. For tv os vs vel Salvtaris. iGiulmgton i 8 ay. Petvarta Parisi EBJORA12VM ‘/Derventioi ’ £ tainfm&b w.g JDeigovitia C'jQchnondhajT) JT&bciiftcr i \\ J \\Humbei fl Harr/rt/ /Aberfom Airmin Humber Old U ^ ‘Wintrinp-ham ■lh^ton -Praeto Raven (hurt Danvm'' \(2nmti/ of York kr. ij.par/im/arfa/, mjcri/w //y tAet-r Brother, and i^ri/ /u-rn/Ie JfTiwnt, Francis Drake OCELLVM PR OMONTOR1 VM, Spurn 4)ciii>. 37 Chap.IL of the CITY of YORK. bar. In dean Gates time, a firm ftone caufway was difcovered at eight foot deep, betweenfw) Monk-gite and the bridge, on the north fide the prefent ftreet, which pofiibly might be part, of the termination of our road. The frequent deftruftiofts of our city having laid thefe, as well as other matters, deep in the ruins or rubbifh of it. Having now almoft run round the city, and tired my reader as well as my felf, I fhould purfue the courfe of my annals, did not another road prefent it felf, which, whether Ro¬ man or not,, I fhall leave to better judgment. There is a remarkable eftuary, or bay, not taken notice of in Ptolemy, more northward than the laft, which is the mouth of the river TeiJ'e or Tees. This bay, or what you will call it, muft have been occafionally made ule of, as well as fome others, on this coaft; and therefore we might prefume to meet with a road from it to the city. Cleveland is a very bad place to exped now to find it in •, nor do I remember to have taken notice of any fhew of it over Hambleton-bills , which are in the line to Tork from the bay. But I obferved fomewhat very like a Roman Jira- tum in' the hne betwixt Coxzvold and Newburgh ■, which laft-named place might have been an entrenchment: on it. Newburgh, called Novus Burgus by Leland, plainly indicates, that it fprung from the ruins of fome old HBurgf), or town, in this place. Up the hill, by lord Faicmberg’s park-wall, a good deal of it is obvious-, particularly, oppofite to the ex- tream corner of this wall, is a piece of it, ten yards out of the prefent road, and almoft under the hedge, very frefh and apparent. I muft obferve, that this pavement is of the fame kind of pebble and manner of laying, as thole I have already defcribed ; and that it is here fet upon a dry fandy hill, a place none but the Romans would have laid a ftreet over. For o-ood and bad with them were paved alike. I traced the veftiges, or the ftones of it, farther in the lane as far as Creyke -, which place, though I can deduce nothing from its name, feems to bid fair for a Roman fortrefs upon this road. Creyke , Crek , or Epeac, was a roy¬ al villa, or palace, in the time of the Saxons, and was given as early as the year 685 , by Erfrid the Northumbrian king, with three miles of land in circumference, to St. Cuthbert , then bjfhop of Lindisfarn or Holy-ijland. And there is this reafon afiigned for it, that Cuth¬ bert going or returning to and from York, might have a houfe there to reft himfelf at (n). If we would go the readied: way to Holy-ijland, from Tork, it is. certain this is the road ; and taking Slipping at the Teefe mouth, the journey by land is very much fhortened. From, whence we may conjetfture, that this Roman road, as I take it to be. Was then good, and made ufe of in Sr. Cuthbert' s time to that purpofe. Befides, the Romans had a further con¬ venience in this road, which was a much nearer cut for them from Tork to the wall or fron-. tiers-, and by croffmg the Teefe-mouth only, they faved many miles in the march, from the grand military way b j Aldhtirgh, and fo on. Cnykc^cajllr, now a ruin, is fituated upon a hill the fitted for a cajlrum exploratorum of any in the large vale of Tork; for it has a great command of the country quite round. But though I met with fome probable traces of a Roman road up to this place, yet I was not able to discover the leaft remains of it from hence to Tork. The vaft and fpatious foreft of (tfjaltrcs, began almoft at the foot of this hill, the ground of which being loofe and watery, has long fince fwallowed up the agger of this road. But, as the way from Creyke to Tork is now in a ftreight line, we may conjefrure the old road did follow the fame traeft, and en¬ ter the city near or at its prefent gate, or bar on this fide. I have now finifhed my furvey of the Roman roads leading to our antient EBORACVM ; I hope I fhall not be thought to deviate from my fubjeft in treating of them and our neighbouring ftations. The importance of any city or town, is beft judged by the num¬ ber of roads leading to and from it; and if, at the diftance of fo many ages, we can find fuch evident traces of them at this day, it muft not only be matter of wonder and furprife, but greatly help to aggrandize my fubjett. The Romans, I may fay, were the firft that opened this country, by making high-roads over places before unpaffible ; but then they planted fufficient guards upon them, at proper diftances, that thefe conveniences they made only for their own ufe, fhould not ferve either the native Britons, or any foreign invader, to diflodge them. That the reader may at one view have a juft idea of all thefe roads, I have fubjoined a map of the large and fpatious vale of Tork, with the ports and bays on the eaftern fea-coafts. In this the Roman high-ways, up to the city, are delineated ; it is to be obferved that the lines are drawn where the agger or Jlralum is now vifible, and the dots or pricks where we may well fuppofe the roads directed, though the agger which compofed them be now quite funk or removed. Befides thefe land-roads which lead to EBORACVM from fo many different ftations and fea-ports, by means of the river it flood upon, the communication, by water, was open to the German ocean and confequently veffels might arrive there from any port in the em¬ pire ; nor was there a fhip then in ufe, but might be moored under the very walls of tne city. I confefs, I was always at a lofs to confider and make out which way that vaft armament they kept garrifoned on the wall, the other northern ftations, and in the city it felf, were ( nt) E MS Gale. redienf manponem, ubi requiefcerc pojfet. Lei. Coll. ?. (n) Rex Ecfrid vi/lam fuam de Crek, et tria in eircuitu 369. milliaria ; dtdit S. Cuthberto.K/ haberet Ebor. iens vet inde L fupplied The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. fiipphed with corn as well as other provifions, unlefs it was imported to them from abroad But l find they had a more noble contrivance, more fuitable to the genius and induftry of the Roman people; and by it they made the fouthern and more cultivated parts of the lfland lupply the northern with eafe and convenience. I was agreeably let into this difco very by a letter I received fince this work was put to the prefs, from the reverend Dr Stukeley , the ingenious author of the Ilinerarium Curiofum , £*. I (hall give it the reader at length, and ana glad it came time enough to be inferted in a proper place of the work ilnce I am lure it will prove a very great ornament to my fubje<5t. SIR , C E "ng y° u cn g a g^d “the antiquities of Turk, I was willing to contribute fomewhat to¬ rn “ war ° >™ir laudable defign ; the more lo, becaufe it muft be from this country that we deduce the origin of that famous city ; which confiderable particularity might, by reafon ofdiftance, very eafily efcape your obfervation. The propofition will feem unintelligible till I have explained my felf. If we enquire why the' Romms built the city „ and wh y > n thf: very place? it muft be anfwered, by confider.ng that famous work of theirs in Lincelnjhtre , which we call the Car^Dike. “Such was the admirable genius of that great people, raifed up by divine providence to ci- vilize mankind for the mtrodufhon ot the gofpel : Such their dexterity in arts of peace ‘ and government, that they were only equalled therein by their own military difeipline. “ It is well laid in Sulpicuefatyra> r “ duofunt quibus extulit ingens Roma caput, virtue belli & fapientia pacis(o). " I have often admired this great inftance, the Car.-bike, though it is little taken notice of. Since the account of it: inmy Ilinerarium, pag. 7. 1 have had frequent opportunities ofob- eiving it, and it would be (I doubt not) of fingular ufe to an engineer , to trace its whole ‘ length from Peterborough to Lincoln , and to obferve their method of carrying on the level: of combating, as ufual to them, with earth and water, paffing plains and rivers, avoiding , de ™tions, guarding againft land-floods and the like. My purpofe at prefent fhall only be to give you a general accoun t of that noble work, and of the great commodities refulting therefrom, which will fufficiently evince its relationfhip to your city of Tork S “ The Remans were infinitely delighted with the fertility and temperature of this ifland, ‘ as “ evlde " t from the very great number of cities and roads with which they have adorned like a choree garden plot. Their great cate was to fence the beautiful part of it againft “ the horrors of the north. This was the work, from time to time, of feveral emperors by “ walls, trenches, caftella, and a continual guard of foldiers upon thofe frontiers. With this “ view .>t was, that the city of York was built and made the refidence of the emperors, “ asms the higheft part up the river Oufe, to which the navigation extends, and by means ^i° Urwas {urni ^ed with corn from the more fouthern parts of the ifland “ Romam permitted nothing to chance which they could poffibly avoid ; the carriage “ ^ ‘ ea was ^"gcrous and uncertain, fo they contrived this admirable method of an in- “ kind navigation, more fafe, certain and expeditious ; it was made at lead fo early as An- u tomnus’s time, perhaps in Nero* s. The Romans began this notable projeftion upon the Northamptonjhire river, the None- an . T n country abounding with tillage. The cut commences juft below Peterborough- “ mmftei. A fair filver coin at Antoninus was lately found upon the bank, and viven to " mC ' CO f IU - DES - IIU - A figure handing. It belong? to the ' y, e ‘ lr . of rue city 895. Many Roman coyns are found about the minder-, and I “ doubt not, but the fcite of it was a Roman caftrum walled about, and many granaries budt there for confervatton and guard of the corn, by our Saxon anceftors called the " l)ur s!): ““ from St. Peter’s monaftery it took its prefent name, being a place of great ‘ trade in Roman times, there were many buildings by the river befide the caftrum. Thofe • ruins the Saxons called tpcbcC&amffcbe, not knowing the Roman name, fignifying the c remains or houfes on the meadow. ° 1 6 “ Three miles higher up the river is Cajlor, another caftrum of the Romans for a fur- ‘ ther guard m thefe parts; and over againft it upon the river, Chefterlon, where be- - tween the river and the London road, is the ancient city DVROBRIVIS, now plow ‘ C' ! over- Thirtieth of Auguft 1731, I condufted Mr. Roger Gale hither, and we • furveyed it together; it is called Caftlefield. The great Hermenftreet road goes through ‘it: 1 here was a bridge over the river; they took up the piers lately, when they ‘ made thc nver navigable. I believe this city originally was one of the forts built by (e) To raife Rome's mighty head went two great part*. In war their valour , and in peace their arts. A. Plait. of the CITY of YORK. Chap. II. “ "n his , fi 7 r(b , con S uefts here : ^finite numbers of coins found in this place I “ ve a ; e b a r oS r dit^ r Sv ofT rft f OS ' ln ' T 'f CiC ^ WaS - 1W ^out LThada :: ,ir F W &z rips^ra crs’.tsrsriis and Aldwarkton, were formerly*™** buildings: So at Stanground\ n A HorlZidr" bJgl W1SQken forfcCUrI ^° fth e hereabouts, where the artifict? chafei :: x$j®tsx ssssSS :: p^TTE asttsstt a-tete £S fflMSsrt ([ As tbe c ‘ ,r!J iht advances on the edge of the high grounds below Pelerborourh it runs through the town of Peaktrk, between the church and St. Pern’s chauel r i,,,f , “ r r uf 0r ’ S §ar f d 7 ? , and , <0 “ EaJl Da P in S- Here the river Welland from ,Stamford brings'in the corn of Rutland and parts circumjacent Ar •„ \ , . , n S s ^ iifs'r, “ Thttrlbr e n?H"P S3te! , lh f. “ hence e SHLlVtLTnlLlt\3e y ivfd Y t°ht li-d “ a very eafy conveyance partook of the plenty o/the Lth 1 frl cT ^ l r“ ad /- f ° rtS .T n u 3 iS navi g ation at about five mite dlftato Valonf for fh°‘ :: » Plough is five Roman miles, „ 1 ° Cale - b :'& upon the river Glen is five miles, near mifthon where thev fild h Roman coin : Five miles further was the Roman town at Stanfield- Then nlr^ t rnUC / h ‘ Garwick, Walcote, Wajhenborough, Lincoln Torktev which waff Then . B ' l Hfrough, “ E h e Trent Acelocvm, » Jwhth w^v cT^ Up °" vallvm, Burtngham, Fhstbomtgh, Alkborough Aqvae : Upon the O JisTrmT^exa 3 “ Aj min. 39 / :the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. te /irmifty Hemmingboroughy Acafier , and the like, which may well amufe thofe that have “ leifure and curiofity to enquire after them. “ The name of CatDtfce is briti/b, Caeirs palus. WILLIAM STUKELE 1 Stamford 21 June 1735* This ingenious letter requires little comment ; being explanatory enough in it felt ; and to enlarge upon it is the work of one that fliall publifh a new edition ol Camden , the Bri¬ tannia Romana , or the Roman hiftory of the whole ifland. But yet I mult not let it pais without fome few additional remarks on this grand fubject. And firft, I mult beg leave to diffent from the reverend Dr. in the propofition he has laid down that the origine ofour famous city muft be deduced from this great cut in Lin- colnfliire. I am of opinion that the direct contrary is to be believed, and that the grand canal he writes of owes its original to EBORACY M. We mult fuppofe that our city was built and fortified long before this cut was made •, and that this prodigious undertaking, the work of an age, though carried on by Roman arts and induftry, was not begun till the ifland from the wall fouthward was intirely fubjedted to them. This was by no means fo till Severns his coming into Britain, as has been Ihev/n i who having cooped in the Pitts and Scots by the mighty ramparts he built againft them, fell upon this noble expedient ol furnifhing the garrifons that were ftationed on the wall with proper and never failing provifi- ons. This great general would not leave the ifland until this grand defign was at leaft fet on loot j and it is highly probable his flay at 2 'ork, till he died, was to lee it carried on with vigour. The peaceable age the ifland enjoyed after this emperor’s death was the pro- pereft time the Romans ever had to finifhawork of this nature in. The builder of the wall muft have been the projector of this other great fcheme ; the keeping and maintaining that vaft armament upon it, by a fafe and fure way, was a thought worthy of the head and conduct of the great Severus. From the extraordinary care and pains the Romans bellowed in making the great cuts aforelaid, we muft be affured that their receptacles at Tork, both on land and water, were proportionably large, to contain the prodigious quantity of corn, that was brought, and the vaft number of boats neceffary tor the conveyance of it to the city. The river Oufe was by no means large enough, nor fafe enough, for the purpofe ; by reafon of the great land- floods which often come impetuoufly down it. They had recourfe then to a more noble undertaking which was to cut another river, and bring down as much water as they want¬ ed from {he country above them. This is what we call the Fofs, whofe very name ftill retains the memory of its original. Its fource is no higher, up the country, than fix or feven miles north of the city; and by making this cut many conveniences accrued For it was not only a confiderable drain to the great forelt of Gallres on that fide ; which before muft have been a perfect bog by its flatnels; but it would alio add to the fortification of the city; and, at the fame time ferve to fill up a large bafon, or refervoir, neceffary lor the reception, and laying up in fafety, of the number of boats employed in this naviga- tlOI \Vhoever will take a furvey of the Fofs at Tork, or confider it in the print or plan of the city, which I have given in the fequel; will furely be ot opinion that this Fofs was no other than an artificial conveyance tor their veffels to pafs and repafs to and from this part ol the town. The great dam head which is thrown crofs the Fofs, at the Caflle trains, feems by its prefent ftrength to have been the antient flood-gates, or ftoppage to the water on that fide. Through this fluice the veffels were let into the water, which did formerly noc only furround the caftle and tower, but made a very confiderable bafon befides. But the crand dock, or refervoir of water, lay ftill higher in the city ; and extended probably Sver all that morafs called now the Fofs if and; from Fofs-bridge to Layrthorp-bridge. I his ifland is far front being firm land at prefent ; and no doubt is collected fince the time ol the Romans. For it was certainly navigable for filhing-boats down as low as the time of Ed. III. and was then called flagman regis do Fofs. This will appear by feveral grants and inquifitions, taken at that time relating to this filhery, which will be recited when I come to treat on this particular place in the fequel. The king’s claim to this water and the filhery of it was then of a great extent, for it reached from the Caflle milns , then alfo called the king’s milns , up as high as the abbot of St. Mary’s milns, which formerly flood on the Fofs above Earfley-bridge, in the road to Huntington. This.prodigious colleition of water, which now has no lefs than five bridges laid over different parts° of it to come at the city by, was no doubt a great fecurity to it on that fide. But the main dock, I take it, was principally, where the ifland is at prefent. In this noble bafon fome hundreds of veffels, fuch as they then ufed, might lie in the utmoft fafety. From the eaft there came in, or rather was drawn into it, another ftream, called alfo the Fofs. And as the tides from the river OufihaA likewife a communication with it, there could be no fear of wanting water either winter or fummer. Thus did Roman arts and ingenu- Chap.II. of the CITY of YORK. ity abundantly make up what nature had denied to the fituation of EBORACVM. For though the river Oufe was then navigable, and was fo feveral ages after, for any fhip then ufed at fea; yet the narrownefs of the river would not allow room for fuch a number of vefiels to lie together as mud neceffarily meet on. this occafion. Flaccus Albinus, or Alcu- inus , a native or York , an author of great authority, and ancient tedimony, it being near one thoufand years fince he lived, writes thus of his city, Hanc Romano, inanus murh & turribtts altam Fundavit primo -■ Ut for el Em for i vm terrae commune marifque —. To be the common mart of earth and fea. And William of Malmjbury fpeaking of the magnificence of York , before it was dellroyed by the conqueror, has thefe words, EBORACVM, lirbs ampla & metropolis eft, eleganliae Romanae praeferens indicium ; a duabus partibus Hufae fluminis edificata. Includit in medio finu fui naves a Germania , & Hibernia venientes. Now though the river Oufe is here named, yet it is rather to (hew the extent of the buildings of the city than that the Ships here men¬ tioned lay in it. Sinus by our bed dictionaries, is rendered a large bay , in refpeft to (hipping, or a place cf fafety (p)\ and to me this pafiage feems rather to point at the grand bafon aforefaid, than any place above or below bridge, on theViver Oufe. Befides, we are well acquainted, both by tradition, hiftory, and our own records, that very able merchants, who have been magistrates of this city, and at the fame time mayors ot the ltaple, ol Calais , lived all along the fide of the Fofsf from Gaflegate up to Peafeholm- green ; and no doubt had their warehoufes upon it. The Merchanls-hall at York , a fine old fpacious building, dands upon this navigation. The company of merchants is dill called the old Hans company, which derives its name from being free of the Hans- towns, or the great trading towns in the ead. This hall was their bourfe or exchange; and was no doubt built where it is for their more frequent and convenient meeting in it. At the extremity o( this grand bafon , beyond Layetborp-bridge, is a pldce at this day called Jewbury , quafi ^ctuliurgl); which certainly was the didriCt allowed thofe mercantile people to live in, extra muros\ and where they might alfo have the advantage of this na¬ vigation. Ladly, I have been told by living witnefies that in their time had been dug up broken planks of boats , iron rings , and anchors near Layethorp-bridge ; which does mod evi¬ dently (hew that the navigation from the Oufe reached at lead fo high as to this part of the city. It does not appear any where that I know of when this navigation was difufed ; it is pro¬ bable they were choaked out of it by. degrees. A work done by a Roman arm mud re¬ quire great drength to keep up and fuftain it. And the bafon in time filling up, would foon become firm land, it the doppage at the water milns below was taken away. But what a noble piece of water mud here anciently have been ? A bafon, or dock, of more than a mile in circumference. ^ What a fight it was to fee it filled with Roman Ships, galleys, boats lor pleafure and ufe. And that very place which is now the difgrace of York by be¬ ing in dimmer time little better than a finking morafs , was then one of the greated orna¬ ments old EBORACVM. T. he place where the cadle of York now dands, in all probability, was, in the time of the Roradns , the grand magazine or repofitory, for the corn aforefaid. There being fpace enough within its area , for fuch a purpofe. The Fof walking the walls, and anciently drawn round both cafle and tower , added a great drength to its natural fituation. It was an eafy matter here for boats to unload, and then go up further into the dock to lie there till another occafion. Juft below the cadle the Fof is called JfofS-'Difep, and 315 ;?ofoncp, or iio^oiuij ca^tiiUc; to its entrance into the Oufe. The former part of this lad name feems to be compounded of an old Englift: adjeftive, and a Norman fubdantive (q). The A.S. Bpun, fufcus, brown and can, water; a proper appellation for the liquid that runs through it; being chiefly drawn from moors and morafles above the city. SDthc is here expreflive enough ; and having the fiime termination at York that the grand canal has in the counties through which the Dr. has traced it, mod evidently proves both to be artificial conveyances. The Saxon Die (r) is as plainly deduced from the verb to &15, as th t Lalirl foffa a fodiendo. And, though in fe¬ veral places thefe words are alternately ufed, and fometimes put together, to denote a Ro¬ man cut, high road, dry ditch, or bank ; yet, wet or dry, no place in Britain can claim either of thefe appellations from a natural caufe. {p) Sinus pro fccuritatc Cf prafidio eft, R.Steph. thc- faur. L. L. (q) By a fecond letter from the Dr. I am informed that a town upon this cut, near Bourn in Liniolnjhirc, is called Dike a Dike-ea, that is, dike water. (0 Die bice. Vallum , foffa , a trencf), a Dttcl), a DlliC, a mote. Linus ille de quo in Chron. Saxon, ad ann- 90^, mentio faP.a fortafe, irofO-’DltiC , agios Ca- tabrigienfem Cf Suffolcicnfcm qui diflerminat. Somner did. Saxon. M I ftull * 41 4 * TToe HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book!. I (hall take leave of this head, until I come to the particular chapter which treats of the ancient navigation of the river Oufe, with obferving that the reverend Dr omits that this water carriage extended as far up the river as Aldburgb, the old ISVRIVM upon the Eure-, which is the very extremity of it. To this antient Roman Ration, corn and other provifions, were no doubt conveyed by water from their grand magazine at Tori From whence by land carriages it was condufted up the Hennen-flreet to ferve all the varrifons on the wall, and in the more northern Rations from Aldburgb. The cap a, or cajfdla for the guard of the river above 2 'ork, were in all probability placed at the fame difiance the reverend Dr. mentions; and then they will fall out to have been built anciently at Bening. burgh-, Aldw ark-ferry and Aldburgb. At about five miles diRance, by water, from each other. What the Dr. obferves that car is derived from the Britijh Coeurs, fakes -, he needed not to have gone fo far for his etymology; car, and cars being as common words as any we have in the north to exprefs low watry grounds; though it is fomewhat firange that Dr Skinner has omitted it. A. CCXCVII. And now to purfue the courfe of my annals. 1 muR put the reader in mind that the empe¬ ror Severn being dead and his fon returned to Rome, the Roman hifiorians inform us of no wars or commotions, in Britain, for near the fpacc of a century from that period. At length it happened that, under the reign of the emperor Dioclefian, there were fix general offiSrs rebelled ; amongfl whom Caraufius (s) who was fent by the emperor, with a fleet, to guard the Belgick coafis, took an opportunity to (lip over into Britain, and got himfelf proclanned emperor at York. This Caraufius, according to Eutropius, was originally a Britan, but of mean and obfeure parentage. The Scotch hifiorians mention him, though they dilfer from the Latin as to chronology, and fay, that to fecure himfelf in Britain, he entered into a fafi league with the Pills and Scots-, by whofe afliflance he overcame Quintus Bajfmnus, a Roman lieutenant, who was fent over by Dioclefian to difpofefs and defiroy him (t). After which, fay they, Caraufius got himfelf proclaimed king of Britain at York. They add that he retained two thoufand Pills and Scots for ins life-guard; and gave up all the lands from Hadrian’s wall to the city of York, to the kings of thofe countries, as their pa¬ trimony for ever; and as a reward to them for this fervice. How far this tefiimony may be depended upon I fhall not determine; but that Carau¬ fius called himfelf Caefar, and was refident in Britain , the many coins of his Ramp, found no where but in this ifland do fufficiently teflify. Our city, and efpecially Aldburgb, have turn’d out feveral; and at the lafi mentioned place the coins of this emperor are as frequent¬ ly found as of moR others. In all probability he was flain by his friend Allelhis at York, or in thefe parts; who immediately after took on him the fame authority, as his coins do bear witnefs; which are equally common amongfl us. Allelhis bore fway here till Conjlantius furnamed Cbloms, was made emperor, who coming over into Britain flew Allelhis and reduced the province to its former obedience. This tyrant, we are told, was alfo of Plebian race ; and had been originally a fmith; for the foldier, who killed him, told him, for the greater ignominy lake, that it was with a fword of his own making, Conjlantius had married a Britijh lady called Helena ; the daughter of Gallius, Colius , or Cod one ot our ifland kings. Authors clafli violently in opinion relating to the character of this lady; forne allowing her to be no better than a common proflitute (ti) ; whilfl others, efpecially thofe of the Romijh perfuafion, crie her up as a faint, and fet her at the head of the calendar. Mr. Bale no favourer of faints, or fuperflition, has dreffed our Helen up in the greatefl ornaments, both of mind and body, that ever the befl of her fex was poflefl'ed of (x). The marriage of Conjlantius, with the princefs Helena, mufl have happened feveral years before his lafi mentioned expedition into Britain -, for Conjlantine, the iifue of it, was above thirty years old at his father’s death. The panegyrijl (y), whom I fliall have great occafion to quote in the fequel, in his oration to that emperor, tells him that he was benot in the very flower and pride of his father’s youth ; which time, upon cafling backwards, will fall to be in the diflradlions of Britain, under the ufurpations of the thirty tyrants ; or, anno chrifli, 272. The learned cardinal Baronins, a foreigner, and who had no occafion to com¬ pliment Britain with the honour of being the birth place of Conjlantine the great, makes this expedition of Conjlantius into the province, to happen anno chrifli 274 (z) It was then, he fays, that Conjlantius, firnamed Chlorus, only a Patrician, or fenator of Rome, yet of imperial lineage and related to the late emperor Claudius (a), was fent firfl into Britain ; to the end that he might contain that nation, frequently accufiomed to revolts, in their duty and allegiance to the emperor. Here is a contradiftion amongfl l'ome of our chronologers ot a year or two; but that does not much alter the cafe. Aurelian was then emperor (1) l ilhr Dial. (yj Eumenius inter fanegyr. veterct. (t) H'MuaJbraJ's Scotch chron. Heitor Boeliai. Bo- (z) liaronii cum at an. 306. Sen. 16. ebanan. (.,) p a jl etuoi fami/iae rune tertiuc irrtbtrcitor. Paneeyr. in) Milton, Sec. ad Conit, N° IX. fr) Baleus defeript Eritan. and Chap.IL of the CITYp/'YORK. 43 and Conjlantius , a yoiiflg and bold commander, was employed by him to reduce this pro¬ vince •, which, as well as other parts of the empire, was at laft effected. He was at that time made propraetor (c), and lived feveral years in the ifland ; foi 1 being of a graceful per- fonage (d), fays my authority, and of a bold and cnterprifing genius, he was the fitteft to bear rule in fo turbulent a province. That the emperor Aurelian did fend aid into Bri¬ tain, needs no other tellimony than the Mauri Aureliani , ftationed, in the Nolitia f much further north than York", and who certainly derived their name from that emperor. There is no part of Roman hiftory, relating to their tranfactions in Britain , fo dark as at this period; that is, towards the latter end of the third century. And it is no wonder, the empire was then torn and divided into many fhares; civil diflenfions continually difturb- ing of it; all which happened fo much nearer home, that Britain , a remote province, was little taken notice of in the hiftories of thofe times. For this caufe it is, that we cannot trace Conjlantius at EBORACVM, whilft he was only propraetor or lieutenant of Britain: but there is all the reafon in the world to believe, that he made this place his chief re- fidence, whilft he was deputy* fince he certainly did fo when he was principal. Our chronologers make this laft expedition of Conjlantius into Britain , to fall in the ^ year three hundred and five; and two years after he is faid to have died in this city (e). CCCV. Eufebius , in his life of the fon, is very particular in deferibing the laft moments of the la¬ ther. Conjlantine , who had been left as a pledge of his father’s fidelity with his collegues Dioclefian and Galerius at Rome ; having great reafon to fufpedt they meant him no good, efcaped from thence, and with wonderful celerity and cunning in his flight (f) came and prefented himfelf to his father at York. The fight of his eldeft and beft beloved Ion* whom he had long wifhed for, but never hoped to fee, fo revived the dying emperor, that rai¬ ling himfelf in bed, and embracing him clofely, he gave thanks to the gods for this great un- cxpe&ed favour ; affirming, that now death was no terror to him, fince he had feen his fon, and could leave his yet unaccomplished adions to be performed by him. Then gently lying down, he difpofed of his affairs to his own mind ; and taking leave of his children Of both fexes, who, fays my authority, like a choir flood and encompafied him lying in the imperial palace ( g) and royal bed ; and having delivered over to the hands ol the eldeft, as natural reafon required, the imperial dominion, he expired. We have here another inftance of an imperial palace at EBORACVM, which two of A. thegreateft and moft admired pagan emperors, the Roman ftate ever faw, lived and died t£? 9 , VI1 * in. It is true Eufebius does not exprefsly mention, that York was the place where Conjlan- J xxv * tius breathed his laft; but other authorities, particularly Sc Jerome, and Eutropius , a hea¬ then writer of that age, confirm it. Obiit in BRITANNIA EBORACI principals autem tertio decimo(h) et inter divos relatus ejl t He died at York in Britain , in the thirteenth year of his reign, and is inrolled amongft thegods; If then Conjlantius died at York , there muff; his funeral obfequies be folemnized ; and, as we have reafon to believe, his afhes entombed ; as alfo, the ceremony of the apotheofts , or deification, conferred upon him. Eufebius writes, that his fon and fucceffor, Conjlantine the great, was immediately, upon his father’s death, faluted emperor, and was inverted with the purple robe in his father’s own palace (i). After which the dead emperor’s fune¬ ral rites were performed with the utmoft magnificence ; an infinite number of people affi- fting, who with dances, fongs, and loud acclamations, congratulated his afeenfion to the gods (k). _ Rome , in the height of all her grandeur and magnificence, had not a more glorious ffiow to exhibit than the apotheofts , or deification, of their emperors. It is here we want an Herodian to give us the ceremony of the funeral and apotheofts of Conjlantius , as particularly as that author has deferibed thofe of Severus. But that the reader may have fome notion of this uncommon piece of Roman pageantry, I fliall beg leave, from Herodian to give a de- feription of it. I make no doubt, that this ceremony was performed alike at York as at Rome , with this difference only, that at Rome an ivory image of Severus was fubftituted, but at York it was doneon the real body of Conjlantius. “ The image of the dead emperor, being exquifitely carved to refemble a fick perfon* “ was laid on an ivory beft-ftead, ready furnifhed, in the porch of his palace. The prin- “ ces and fenators fat all on the left fide of the bed, clad in black habits, whilft their ladies, “ in white robes, fit on the other; the phyficians diligently attending. When leven days “ were ended, as if he was then juft dead, the image was taken up by the prime nobility (e) Zojimus 1 . 6. et not. JoJepb. Scaliger in Eufeblutn anno 273. (d) Eurip. apud Porpbyr. (e) Ducange in famil aug. Bizant. writes, that he died here, July 25, anno Cbrijli 307. (f) He is laid to have hamftringed all the poll-hor- fes he made ufe of to prevent a purfuit. (g) In palatio et in regio cubili j ace ns — — - Eufebius verjione Valefii in vita Conftantini. (h) Principals anno tertio decimo. Notae,faIfum ejl, ft ertim annos quibus Caefaris potejlatem exeriuit conjungas cum annis quibus Auguftum imperium obtinuit, annos xv. invenier, quippe creatus ejl Caefar an. ab urbe cond. 1043 ; P. C 191 ; delude Auguftus faSus anno U. C. 1056, P. C. 304. decefjit biennio pofl ct tribus menfsbus. Eutrop. not. varior.et S. Havercampi. (i) Paterna ornatuspurpura —^paternis aedibus, idem, (k) The panegyrilt to Conjlantine, whom 1 fhallquote fuller in the fequel, expreifes this deification in thclc words, Vcre enim profeflo illi fuperum tempi a patuerunt, reccptujque ejl confeJJ'u cocliturn, Jove ipfo dextram por- rigente. Panegyr. vettres, n. v. “ with 4 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. “ with the bed, and carried into the forum, where all th t praetorian youths and noble vir- “ gins encompaffed it, Tinging molt doleful hymns and dirges. From thence the image, Ts?c. “ was removed to the field of Mars., where a frame of timber was erefted, four fquare, of “ a very great compafs and height, the gradations ftill afeending pyramidically to the top, “ richly adorned with gold and purple ornaments, and ftatues of great art and price. On “ the fecond of thefe afeents was placed the imperial bed and image, with a prodigious “ quantity of odorifick gums and perfumes. The young nobility rid round the pile in a “ kind of dance, whilft others reprefented great kings and princes in their chariots. His “ fuccelfor firft put fire to the frame, and, after him, the people, on all Tides, did the “ like. When all was in a blaze, an eagle, fecretly enclofed within, was let fly out of “ the top of the pile, the multitude following its flight with fhouts and prayers ; fuppofing, “ that therewith the emperor was mounted into heaven. Except the flight of the eagle, the peculiar fymbol of their deification, this piece of pompous pageantry had been executed on the body of Severus , at York , where he died. The cuftom afterwards was to flrike coin on the occafion, where an eagle was always re¬ prefented on the reverfe. The medals, or coin, ft ruck upon the apotheofis of Conjlantius, which are mentioned by feveral authors, and are common enough in the cabinets of the curious, have the head of the emperor, velalum el laureatum ; the infeription DIVO CON- STANTIO PIO; reverfe, an altar, with an eagle on each fide of it, holding a label in their beaks betwixt them, inferibed, MEMORIA FELIX. This was the Lilt ceremony of its kind, that was performed in the Roman ftate ; and probably for the greater honour to this excellent prince, two eagles were let fly from his pile, inftead of one which was the cuftom before. Eufebius , a chrifiian writer of that age, has left Conjlantius this great cha¬ racter. ( 1 ) “ A while after, the emperor Conjlantius , a man agreeable in every point of life, “ who was remarkable for his clemency to his fubjeCts, and Angular benevolence to thole . .431. (b) See Bedhern in the account of the city. hiftorians. 48 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. A. C. hiftorians, but the Scotch chroniclers (i) remark that in his twentieth year, that is A. C. CCCXXV. CCCXXV. Ottavius king of the Britons rebelled ; but was foon vanquilhed by Traherus , the Roman lieutenant, and forced to fly to Fincomark, king of Scotland , for aid. The Ro¬ man general demanded the rebel, as he called him, of the Scotch king and he refilling, a war enfued, wherein the Romans are faid to be worfted; their general flying to Torf, durfi not (land a fiege, but abandoned the city to the enemy ; who caufed Ottavius to be crow¬ ned there king of all Britain ; the city and country, as die faidteftimony aflerts, expreflin*»» w« the grand garrifon.' For Ah our antiquaiiei, from Mr Camden, have fought out a town called Longvs Vr- ’ ' ftanon of a detachment of Lcngcvieorii, by an affinity in the tranflation of the name. 4 4 the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. name. For which reafon Lancbejler in the north, and the city of Lancajler, bidding the faireft for the interpretation, they have each had their turns in that honour. But, if I may be allowed a conjefture, we need not ramble fo far to feek this ftation ; and it will mod evidently turn out to have been a town formerly feated on the river IVbarfe , betwixt Tadcajler and Wetberby, called JUngtiursIj. The name of this town, though long fince deftroyed, is ftill frefh in the mouths of the country people; who call the Roman coins, fre¬ quently found in the fields hereabouts, JLanghJollglppeiinES. And if we are in fearch for a tranfiation of Lon gvs Vicvs, where can we meet with an apter? Tradition, Itake it, is as certain as any hiftory, where the etymologies of names anfwer fo well as in thofe now before us. Befides, this town was placed full on the great military way, from north to fouth, at an eafy ford over the IVbarfe, and feems to correfpond with the next garrifon mentioned in the account to it, on the other fide York, Deuventio; which is proved to have been placed on the ford over the river Derwent. The Saxon termination burgh has been fo often taken notice of, that it is needlefs to fay any more of it here. There are three fords over this fometime rapid river IVbarfe, which the Romans, no doubt, were acquainted with, and took great care to guard. Thefe, at no great diftance from one another, are at Tadcajler, St. Helen's ford, wAWelherby. The firft was the im¬ mediate key to the city itfelf, and on which Calc4ria was built as a proper guard to it. The others, I prefume, were under the care of the Longovicorii, in the notitia ; whofe ftation ftretching along the river by Newton, which town’s name plainly hints at an elder brother, had its title from its length. That this place is not mentioned in the itinerary, is no rule why it might not have been a ftation, even at that time. The rout there com¬ ing always from the north, by York, to Tadcajler, and fo on, our Langburgh does not hap¬ pen to fall in any of the journeys. There is a vicinary road, on Bramham-moor, yet very apparent, but which was never taken notice of by any that 1 know of. It is molt certainly Roman, by its dimenfions and man¬ ner of paving, agreeable to all that X have yet feen of this fort, although the quantity of agger does not raife it any thing like the other grand military way on the fame moor. It comes from the ford at IVethcrby up to Bramham ; 1 traced it fairly from thence, over the moor, to Bramham-moor-houfe, as it is called ; the houfe ftands full upon it; from which it eoes direftly on for Tadcajler, and falls into the grand road, where the two lanes meet, about a quarter of a mile from the town. This road makes part of a circle from Wetberby to Tadcajler, and Bramham is placed in the midft of the line. Might I be allowed another fuppofition, though at a much wider diftance than the former, I would call this place the Bit aboniacvm, in the notitia, the ftation of abody of foldiers ftyled defenfores, defen¬ ders, probably, or protecftors of thefe paffes. It is true the place has difcovered no other antique tokens that I know of, but the road I have mentioned, and the feeming affinity in the name ; yet the flotation of it adds a probability to the conjeflure. For as this road muft have been originallydefigned for a communication betwixt the two fords ol Wetberby and Tad¬ cajler, including St. Helen's-ford, it feems to be a proper ftation for an advanced guard to them all. The veftiges of a Roman camp at (r) Aberford, ftill vifible, is another argument of their vigilance, in regard of thefe important pafles on the greateft military way in the ifland. . Mr. Horjley imagines the P r a e s i divm in the notitia is the lame with I raetorivm in the itinerary, iffo, it muft, as I have hinted, lye fomewhere on our eaftern coaft: And it is fomewhat ftrange, however, that no more ftations are marked out for that quarter. I, perhaps, have been too bold already in my former conjefiures, and therefore (hall not pre¬ fume to make any more alterations in the Englijh names affigned to the mlitial ftations, by men of much deeper reach in antiquity than my felt. Befides, it is too foreign to my fubjedl; I (hall therefore wave the matter, and pafs on to the next head that I propofed to treat on, before I concluded this chapter. To give an account of the feveral remains of antiquity which have been found taken ta¬ ken notice of, or are ftill preferved amongft us. I lhall range them in the order of time that they were difcovered. Our celebrated antiquary was the firft that led the way; for though there mult have been, in all ages fince the Romans left us, many of their memorials found m this city, yet the barbarous or fuperftitious ignorance of thofe times, either deftroyed or defaced them. It may feem ftrange, after what has been faid before, that there is not at this day many no¬ bler teftimonies of Roman grandeur to be feen amongft us. That we fhew no rums of tem¬ ples, amphitheatres , palaces, publick baths , fcfc. whofe edifices muft once have made Lbora- cvm fhine as bright almoft as Rome it felf. The wonder will ceafe in any one who reads the fequel of this ftory ; fuch terrible burnings and devaluations;; fuch horrid deltruction ol every thing, facred or profane, will be found in it; that, it is rather matter ot furpuze, how it was poffible this mutilated city could ever fo much as raife its head from thofe heaps of afhes and ruins, it has fo often and fo deeply been overwhelmed and buried in. tor, (r) Abcr in the Britijh is OJlium. Baxter. A place thought bears anallufion to the old Calc aria. called Caftlc^carv is at Aberford, which fome have though Chap.II. of the CITY o/YORK. though the temple of Bcllona be long fince removed from York, yet, in the reft of the inteftine troubles of England , this city has had fo great a ftiare, has feen it felf fo often the feat of war, that the altar of the fire-eyed goddefs might have fmoked with human gore for feveral ages, after it, and the temples were erafed from their firft Founda¬ tions. To our chrijlian anceftors, the Anglo-Saxons and Normans , we likewife owe the defacing or demolifhing of almoft every Roman altar, or votive monument that were difcovered in their time. Being zealots in their perfuafion, and utterly ignorant of their great ufe in hi- ftory, they took care to eradicate all marks of paganifm wherever they found them. For their own conveniency they were obliged to make ufe of the ruins of the Roman buildings ir, York, to eredt their churches withyet it is evident, that whenever they met with an infcription, like the Turks at prefent in Greece , they either buried it in the foundation, tur¬ ned it into the wall, broke or utterly obliterated it. Several inftances of this I have feen and obfervedj and I am perfuaded, that whenever thofe churches fall, or are pulled down to be rebuilt, many now buried Roman monuments and infcriptions will fee the light. It is to be hoped lucceeding ages will have more veneration for thefe marks of antiquity than the latter.. All we have now to exaibit, is what the laft century has turned out; and it is a fatisfidtion to me to think, that time may yet produce materials for fome abler pen to raife this fubjedt to the height it deferves. I have faid that Mr. Camden was the firft who took notice of any Roman antiquities or infcriptions in York. That author, after giving us the reading of the reverfe of fome of the emperor Severus’s coins, which I (hall have occafion to mention in the fequel, tells us of a memorable infcription, which, he fays, he faw in the houfe of a certain alderman of that city. In his own and continuator’s Britannia , it is publifhed in this manner : M. VEREC. DIOGENES IiiiiI. VIR COL. EBOR. IDEMQ^MORT. CIVES BITVRIX. HAEC SIBI VIVVS FECIT. Our antiquary does not give us the reading of this infcription, nor inform us what it’was upon ; how nor where it was found. Mr. Burton , in his commentary, has aimed at the reading of it. The faults of the quadrator or flone-cutter, being amended, fays that author, as ibidemque for idemque , and civis for cives , the infcription is eafily read, and fignifies no more than that Marcus Verecundus Diogenes , a native of Bury, in Gafcoigny , overfeer of the highways to the colony at York , died there; who, while alive, made'this monument for himfelf. Dr. Gale , on the itinerary, has there given us a draught of this monument, which had been fo little regarded at York, that in his time he found it at Hull, where it then ferved as a trough for watering horfes at a publick inn. The learned Dean calls it theca, which pro¬ perly fignifies any hollow cheft or other convenience for putting things in. He has like¬ wife added four letters more to the infcription which he faw upon the ftone, but which are omitted by Camden. The letters are C VB VS, and the dean reads them clariffimusvir bene vivens. Mr. Iiorjley took the pains to fearch out this venerable monument of antiquity. He found it ftill at Hull, but removed to another place, miferably broken and defaced. It has certainly been fepulchral, and was defigned as a repofitory of urns for a whole family ; the chief of which family having taken care to provide it in his lifetime, as the infcription teftifies. There have been fome of thefe thecae found lately in the Roman burial-place with¬ out Bootham-bar, but no infcriptions on them. I have feen there likewife, graves for urns, fquare fpots in the earth, the bottom covered with white land on which the urns were pla¬ ced, inverted, three, four, or more together. By the letters and numerals on the ftone, it appears plainly, that Burton was miftaken in his reading of them. IiiiiI vir has fix numerals, and therefore he mild be the fextumvir of the Roman colony at York. But who this officer was, whether civil or military, is not fo eafy to determine. Urfatus, in notis Romanorum, has at lead twenty different interpretations of this fingle abbreviation. That the Romans' had their duumvir, triumvir, and fo to decenivir, is apparently known, which were all civil officers-, and .fo, by the colony immediately following this title, our fevir feems to have been one of the fame order in the civil government. The forecited author has a reading fomething parallel to this, vi. vir. sen. et avg.c. dd. which he interprets, fex¬ tumvir feniorum et augujlalis coloniae dedicavit, the cvbvs mentioned by dean Gale, and faid to be upon the ftone, is likewife confirmed by Mr. Horjley, though it is ftrange Mr. Cam¬ den lhould mifs it. But that author obferves, that our antiquary ufed frequently to omic luch letters as were doubtful or unintelligible to him, though even yet Efficiently vifible. I he quotations Horfley draws from Pliny and Strabo, fettle his reading of cvbvs beyond con tradition. For if the Bituriges were alfo called cubi, as thofe writers teftify, it can bear no other. The interpretation of the whole infcription then is this, that Marcus Verc- citndus Diogenes, a fevir, or magiftrate, in the colony at York, died there ; he was original¬ ly a native or citizen of Bourdeaux in France he made this repofitory for his family’s urns in 5 6 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. in his lifetime, and his relations took care to put his name, office, and place of extraiftion, on it, after his death. The remains of this monument is (till at Hull, in the place and condition Mr. Horjley defcribes it. I had once a thought to have got it convey’d back to York, from a town that has no more reference than regard to antiquity; but upon fight, it leems not at prefent worth the trouble. All I can do then to preferve the memory of an infcription, Plate v t ii which is the only one that I ever faw or heard of, wherein the name of Ebor is particularly Fig. 2. put in it, is to prefent the reader with Mr. Horjlcy's draught of it. 1 he fize of the chcft is very large, being fix foot long, and near three deep, and isof miln-ftone-grit; thechafm, through which the pricked letters are carried, fliews what is wanting of them at this time. ... , - The next remarkable Roman monument was found under-ground, in digging the foun¬ dation for a houfe on Bi/hop-bill the elder, in the year 1638. Ic was prdenred to king Charles I. when at York, 1639, by the then Sir Ferimando Fairfax, and was kept at the manner Afterwards Sir Thomas IViddrington got it to his houfe in Lendal-ftrcet ; from whence itwas conveyed to the new houfe lord Thomas Fairfax built on Bijhopbill, where it remained to the defection of that houfe by his fon-in-law the duke of Buckingham. From that time neither dean Gale, Mr. Horjley, nor my felf, have been able to get the leal! in¬ telligence where it was carried to. Dr. Martin Lifter, our celebrated phyfician, phylofo- oher and antiquary, faw it at the duke’s houfe, and gave this account of it to the royal a (S) He faid it was a final! but elegant altar, with figures in bap relieve, of tier 1- cina inftruments, f*. on the Tides of it. He adds, that it fuffered an unlucky accident by the ftupid ignorance of the mafons, who were ordered, by the ate lord Fairfax to place it upon a pedeftal in the court of his houfe at 1 'orlc. He further obferves that this altar is the only inftance he ever met with, of the Romans making ule of any other Hone than pit for them. And yet he adds, that this is not of the common lime-(lone, or what is dually called free-ftone, but ofa certain fort brought from the quarries about Mahon-, becaufe of the lapides iudiaci to be feen in the texture of it. It is pity the Dr. did not preferve the form of the altar as well as the infcription, fince he commends it fo much tor its elegant fculp- ture But, fince that feems irretrievable, the reader mull be content with the dedication, which though printed feveral times, I have been favoured with the moil exalt copy of it yet publilhed 1 taken from the original by Bryan Fairfax Efq; and felt me by h,s Ion Bry¬ an Fair fa v Efq; now one of the honourable commilhoners of the cufloms. , The infcription has the feweft abbreviations in it that I ever met with ; and except the ' laft line is obvious to any one that underftands the him -tongue. This bears feveral read- ■ Mr Hartley «ives it aram facra faciendo nmcufavU dedicavit. Mr Hard in his anno¬ tations publilhed In the Britannia Romam, takes it to mean , aram facra,n faBan1 nomine tations, P p v part I prefer Urfatus his notes, who for certain had feen the ‘iTT'otl-er'altirsAbroad, and he^reads ic, nu ini confematori dedkatam, veldanjujfit. The A’v^ 1 of the whole is this, To the great and mighty Jugiicr, and to all gods ■ f h 4 c hn.ffimld and peculiar sods, Publius Aelius Maraanus , prefect of a cohort, fo^the^preifervntion^^iis owntt fnd’that of his family, dedicated this altar to the great pmfen'er remarkable infcription which he found in the fouth wall of the church of All-Samis in Norlh-fireet, an account of which he hkewife lent up todie fociety. The letters, fays the Dr. though a little defaced, are exceeding fairly cut beyond any thing of that kind that he had yet ieen m England 1 he infcription, adds h^Tfi-ure ofa naked woman on the left fide ot it, and .s undoubtedly a monument of conTngal affeaion. But the attempts, both by the Dr. and Mr Horpy to read it, are ?ri™louf there being nothing to be underftood from .1, except the laft word, which is frivolous, tnereuci g ° ft one i s put up in the wall of the church fo very plain and a PP ’ j j ma r,j ne d half of the infcription was hid by ic; and dole to a large but refs, that 1 “ )er [Q j k al f open; But upon fearch we therefore I got a woi vmai - wa y f or the buttrefs to enter the wall, and n bind e if“the firmer. ' I refer the reader’ for a further explication of this fragment to the draught of it, c^en^s^appearsat^prefent^^r.ptio n ,. which> in his time, was built up in 1 ■. r- 1 / i 1 7i- nf-ir the Mow; / It is now loft, fo that I have taken ic beenftputhmi; M.nJI being the name of the perfon decealed, the name occurs m Gr “J;’ (x) : , „ n,. 7 ia er likewife, for a curious obfervation he made of the bafts We aremdeb l^r and feme temh ofa wall, whofc manner of building, with brick .?„d a ftonerd D oes eddentlv Ihew it to £ Raman. The deicription the Dr. made ot it to the piety, I (hall chufe to give in his own words, as follows. ( s) A! phi!of. tranjaP.. v. 3. (t) Ah. pbi.'of. tranj. v. 3, ( u) Anton, iter Brilftt. ) p. cioxxiv. n. 5. (y) £7emj?/i. I g've in round numbers, and do find them to agree very well with the Roman foot, “ wh >ch the learned antiquary Graves has left us, viz. of its being about half an inch lefs “ than ours - .They feem to have flirunk in the baking more in the breadth than in the “ k"gth, which is but reafonable, becaufe of its eafier yielding that way; and lo for the “ hame reafon more in thicknels; for we fuppofe them to have been deligped in the mold “ for three Roman inches. This demonHrates Pliny’s meafures to be true, where he lays, “ genera laterum tria, iidoron , quo utimur longum fefquipede, latum pede ; and not thofeof “ v itruyius where they are extant; the copy of Viinivilis, where it deferibes the Didoron “ and mealures, being vitious. And indeed all I have yet feen with us in England, are “ of Pliny’s meafure, as at Leicefter in the Roman ruin there, called the Jevis-wall, and at Sc. Albans , as I remember, as well as with us at York. “ I (hall only add this remark, that proportion and uniformity, even in the mmutefi “ parts of building, is to be plainly obferved, as this miferable ruin of Roman workman- “ ihip foews. In our Gotbici buildings there is a total negleifi of meafure and proportion “ of the courfes, as though tliat was not much material to the beauty of the whole ; “ whereas, indeed, in nature’s works, it is from the fymmetry of the very grain whence a- “ rifes much of the beauty. I have to remark upon this very particular defeription of the Do&or’s, that the Hones of the wail are not of the grit-kind, but of the common free-flone ; there beinn no occa- fion to fear fire in an exterior part of a fortification. Next, that the building of the tower is the fame on the infideofit, as on the out, and has a communication with Bootham-bar under the vallum or rampart that hides it that way. The foundation of this tower is of afin- gular (hape and Hrcngth, the angle it commands requiring the latter in an extraordinary degree. And the form of it comes the nearefi a circle that any fuch building can admit of. The wall that runs from it S. E. makes a Hreight line, and, no doubt, anciently went along the eaft fide of Conyng-Jlrect, as far as the Fofs (a). Tire foundations of ail the houies 111 the line, difcovering the marks of it. I faw a piece of it laid open in Lendal, a- bout twenty or thirty yards below the Mint-yard gates, which happened by an accident of rkggmg a drain. But the cement, that compofcd this fragment, was fo exceeding hard, that tile workmen had much ado to lower it to their level; in their way they threw up a fmall denarius or two, but they were obliterated. What this very high wall and particu¬ lar fortification, without any vallum, and on this fide the river, could ferve for, I cannot conjejfture. The reader is prefented with a view of this piece of antiquity, as it’appears at this day, in the annexed plate. Since the time of Dr. Lifter, a fione, with an infeription on it, was difeovered in dig¬ ging a cellar in Conyng-Jlreet in the line of the Roman wall aforefaid. The Hone is of gnl, the letters large, and is now up in the back-yard-wall of Mrs. Crumpton’s houfe be- low the Rlack-fwan- inn in that ftreec. Our countryman, and late diligent antiquary Mr Thorejby of Leeds, gave the royal foe iely an account of it in thefe words: (b) “ The Roman monument, lately difeovered at York, was found not far from the “ man wali and multangular tower, which Dr. Lifter has given fo curious a defeription Fig* 6 * V ‘“' {y) Abridg. of philofoph. tranfaft.v. 3. (z) A miilake it is S. Leonard's. (n) See the plan of the city, where a line is drawn from this tower along Conyng-Jlreet and Cnjllegate to the fofs. I take it to make an interio.ur fortification to the city, Clifford's tower, whofe mount is certainly Roman , com¬ mands one end of it. (i) Abridg. ofphjjoipph. tranf v. y “ of. 58 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. « of. This monument, dedicated to the genius , or tutelar deity of the place, is not of tc ,-he courfe rag that the generality of the Roman altars are, but of a finer grit like that at “ my lord Fairfax's, houfe in York. It is twenty one inches long and eleven broad; and is “ infcribed Genio loci feliciter ; there was a larger ftone found with it, but without “ any infcription; nor is there upon either of them the reprefentation of a ferpent or a cc young vifiige; by both which the ancients fometimes defcribed thefe dii topici. II cc the name had been added, it would have gratified the curiofity ol lome of our neReric tc antiquaries. But they mull yet acquiefce, for ought I know, in their old dvi, who is “ laid to be the tutelar deity of the city of the Briganles. “ The author of this votive monument feems to have the fame fuperftitious veneration cc for the genius of York., as thofe at Rome had for theirs, whofe name they were prohibited cc to mention or enquire after. Hence it is, that upon their coins the name ot this deity cc i s never exprefied, but in a more popular manner by Genivs P. R. or Pop. Rom. The dedication of this votive tablet, for altar its lhape will not admit of, is molt certain¬ ly a o-reat compliment paid to our city; and Rome it lelf could not have had a greater in its fullelt o-fory. It is well known that the fuperftitious Romans believed a good and a bad genius did attend both perfons, cities, and countries ; hence Virgil at Aeneas his entrance into Italy, -geniumque loci primamque deoritm Tellurem , Genio Pop. Rom. in coins is common quite through the Pagan empire ; nor is there wan¬ ting many inftances in Gruter , Camden , Monfaucon, and Horflry , ol altars, and other mo¬ numents, dedicated to th t genii of perfons, places, &c. ( c ). But yet I never met witli an infcription of this fort, with fo remarkable an adjunct, as feliciter to it. It leems they thought the tutelar deity of Eboracvm was happily placed by being guardian ol the im¬ perial city of Britain , and gave this teftimony of their veneration of it. Genio loci fe¬ liciter [regnanti] or fomefuch word, feems to be the fence of the infcription ; and it can hardly bear any harlher conftru&ion. . Concerning the god Dvi, which Mr. Thorefby mentions, there is a remarkable mlcnp- tion, on an altar, given us both in Camden and Gruter , relating to that deity. Mr. Cam¬ den lays it was found near Gretland , on the Calder , in the weft riding of Yorkfhire ; and he law it at the feat of Sir John Savile Kt. Mr. Horfey found it lying in the church-yard of Conyng- t 0 n , and took an exaCt draught of both fides of the altar, with their infcriptions. It may be Veen in his Britan. Rom. fig. xviii, Yorkfoire. The reading of it is thus, Dvi civjta- tis brigantvm, et numinihus Auguflorum , Titus Aurelius Aurefianus dedical pro Je et fuis. On the reverfe is Antonino tertium et Geta confulibus. Whether this Dvi be the name of the deity, omitted in the former infcription; or Ci- vitas Brigantvm, exprefsly means the city, the province, or both, I fhall not deter¬ mine. The word civitas, I have before explained ; Mr. Camden feems pofitive, that this Dvi was the peculiar and local genius of the city it felf. By the bell conjecture that can be made of the date on the reverfe of the altar, it wasereCted A. C. ccviii, when Severus and his two fons were at York ; and the infcription appears to be a high compliment paid, by fome commander, to the three emperors, and to the tutelar genius of the place they then York , refided in. ... ,. . .. , , , As the heathens had their good genii, fo likewife their evil ones are traditionally handed down to us; by thofe many idle ftories of local ghofts which the common people do Hill believe haunt cities, towns and family feats, famous for their antiquities and decays. Of this fort are the apparitions at Verulam , Silchefter , Recu/ver, and Rochefler ; the Demon oiTedworth , the black-dog of kVmcheJler , th e. Padfoot of Pontfrete , and the XBargllcft of York , G fc . 1111 But die crreateft and moft remarkable difcovery that we have yet made, happened about the year 1686. The honour of being the firft obfervator of this, as well as the next, is due to the memory of our northern antiquary, Mr. Thorefby. He lent an account of them to the royal fociety, which was afterwards publilhed in their tranlactions. The aforelaid writer has been a little more explicit about thefe venerable reliques in his Ducatus Leod : And I fhall make ufe of his own words from thence. (d) “ The fepulchral monument of the^ftandard-bearer to the ninth legion was dug up cc \ n Trinity-gardens, near Micklegate , York-, and was happily refcued by Bryan Fairfax Efq “ f rom the brutilh workmen, who had broke it in the midft, and were going to make ufe “ of it for two throughs, as they call them, to bind a wall; but by that worthy gerrtle- «c man’s direction it was walled upright with the infcription and effigies to the front, and cc i s f ince removed to the gardens of Sir Henry Goodrick at Rihflon. — The brick had been cc feveral times made ufe of, with broken ftones and brick-bats, by Mr. Smith in making [J] Thorffc ducat. Leodfcnfs. (,) Genii, Lara, et Penates, are frequently ufed by the Romans, as fynonimous terms. Vide Monfaucon, v.i. p.320. mold s Chat. II. of the CITY of YORK. f 9 44 molds for caftiug bells. Upon my enquiry after infcriptions in that ancient city, he 44 recollefted himfelf, that he had feen fome old letters, but thought the brick was loft, pjg. 7 . 44 though upon fearch we found the piece, which is infcribed Legio ix. vic. This is alfo 44 an argument of the peace thofe parts enjoyed at that time, which I take to be the Jat- 44 ter end of Severus his reign • making of bricks, carting up highways, being the ufual “ employment for foldiers at fuch vacancies. I forbear giving our old gentleman’s reading of the firft infcription, as well as his hi- ftorical account of it; becaule I think Mr. Horjley , perhaps by Handing on the other’s fhoulders, has done it much better. From his work then I ext raft the following ac- count ’ . , . tt ( e ) This very curious and remarkable infcription was firft difcovered in Trinity-yard “ in Micklegate, and is now at Ribjton near JVetherby, being carefully preferved, under cover «< j n a garden belonging to Sir Henry Goodrick, who knows how to fet a juft value on this *c curious piece of antiquity. It has been communicated to the publick by Mr. Thorejby , «t in the philofophical tranfaftions ; and from thence it has been inferted in the late edition of “ Camden's Britannia , but ill reprefented as to the fhape and cut of the letters. Dr. Gale , c‘ in his edition of Antonini itinerarium , has done it more juftice ; for the letters are well “ cut, ftrong and clear, and all of them yet very legible; particularly the Legio viiii, “ at the end of the fourth line is diftinft and certain, which is the great curiofity of the in- “ fcription. The principal difficulty, in refpeft to the reading, is in the beginning of “ the fecond line. Mr. Thorejby , who gives us no part of the infcription but the laft line “ and this, would have it to be lubens vcluit, which is neither agreeable to the letters them- “ felves, or the fituation of them, nor at all confident with the obvious fenfe of the reft “ of the infcription. Upon fight of the original, I was foon convinced thefe letters were “ LVOLTF, the laft three LT F being all connefted together •, and they muft I think “ be read Lucii voltinia [ tribu ] filius ; fo that it expreffes the father’s tribe, though the fon « was of Vienna in Gaul , which was a famous Roman colony. Provincia Viennenjis was one “ of the feventeen provinces oi Gaul , which were under the praefeftus praetorio Galliarum. cc This tribus voltinia is likewife mentioned upon another infcription (f) in Cumberland. on thl# R Nero 6l The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. Nero took from him, married, and afterwards killed with a kick on the belly; when /he was with child by the monfter. The ftory of Otbo 9 s amours with Poppaea is related very fully in Tacitus , ami. 13, in Suetonius, in vita Otbonis ; and alfo in Plutarch, vita Galbae. By thefe authorities it appears that there was a fham marriage trumped up betwixt the two lovers, in order to prevent Nero’s taking her from Otbo ; the Romans holding it highly un¬ lawful to take another mans wife from him. But this did not hinder the tyrant from com¬ mitting the rape ; and ’tis matter of wonder that he let Otbo efcape with his life ; which he did, though he fent him propraetor , into a very remote province; a kind of an ho¬ nourable banifhment; whilft Nero enjoyed the lady, and at length difpatched her in the manner as has been related. This fatyrical reprefentation has the figure of a Priapus ; drefied out with all the emblems of lull imaginable. It has a cock’s head with the mouth open ; the body of a penis on which is planted Cupid’s wings; the tail of a goat, and iatyrs legs; the thighs of which plainly reprefent the tejles. This ftrange creature is offering a bright flaming torch, ora dart, upon an altar with one of his feet. The infeription on the verge OTHO POP SABI and underneath F C, thus read, Otbo Poppaeae Sabinae facem conjugalem [offertf] or fome fuch other word ; the verb being oftner underftood then expreffed in longer Roman inferiptions than this. I muft here acknowledge that I was led into the ftory and reading of this feal, by that excellent antiquary Roger Gale Efq; by whofe fugacious judgment, in thefe matters, many dark and obfeure inferiptions have been brought to light. It is well known what regard the fuperftitious Romans, efpecially their ladies, paid to the virile member . Priapus the o-od of the gardens as he is called, was furnifhed with one of an enormous fize ; which the good matrons, in their orgia , worfhipped with uncommon veneration. The Romans had thiso-od and the cuftom of worfhipping him from the Egyptians and Greeks. Diodorus Siculus narrat Priapi ritus originem duxiffe apballo , quern confecratum ab Ifide -/Egypt!i J 0 lemni y )0m y, CL in Ofiridis fejlis diebus circumferebant. Origo. Cum Typhon Ofyridem fratrem ASgypti regem membratim concidijfet , Ifis, mortui vidua membra conquifivit anxie ; iff verpam forte repertam confecravit. Roma antiq. iff modern. But though the ladies had this god in fuch reverence, the men we find by Horace made a jeft of it; where he makes the ftatue fay, Olim truncus eram ficulnus , inutile lignum , Cum faber incertus , fcaitinum feceretne Priapum, Maluit ejfe Deum. Hor. Sat. Imitated. Once I was common wood, a fhapelefs log. Thrown out a piffing poft for every dog. The workman flood confidering, with his tool, Whether to make a god or a joint-ftool; At length he cliofe a god. Mounfalicon has a fhort differtation on the Roman Priapus , which the good father has wrapped up in the Latin tongue, that none but learned readers fhould underftand it. I fhall follow his example, formodefty fake, and give aquotationor two from him in his own words. The reader may obferve from hence that the cock’s head and comb, crijla galli was a common hieroglyphick of luft amongft the Romans. (0) Monjlrofas alias profanorum irnpurorumque hominum imagines oculis caflis fubjicere non licet . quamvis illae magno numero in mufaeis variis compareant. Una ex imaginibus, a clarif- fimo viro Cauceo public a tis, pretomen exbibet hominis cui vultus loco phallus apponitur, feu ithyphallus, coronaque galli gallinacei criftae fimilis, cum inferiptione graeca , xsVu*, fervator mundi. Spurcijfmus alius iff infami ruv cu$du>v execrandus, qui galli gallinacei criftam bar- bamque habet, ac marfupium manu tenet, ideo Mercurius Priapus potejl did. The feal was found fomewhere in Conyng-flreet, and it was prelented me by Mr. Beck¬ with the jeweler, Tork. I have caufed the drawing of it to be taken juft as big again as the Hone really is for better obfervation. The next is a gem that I bought in our city of aperfon in whofe family he faid it had been above forty years; and it was always reported to him to be found in it, but where he could not inform me. The ftone is a beautiful large onyx , with the poetical representation of Belleropbon, Pegafus, and Chimaera cut upon it. Upon fhewing this antique feal to Mr. Gale, he told me lie could produce a drawing of the very lame intaglio publi filed in a book of antique gems, coins, iffc. in the eleft or Palatine’s cabinet. Accordingly he fetched the book and they exaftly agreed in the figures ; the diffe¬ rence only, this being cut on an Onyx, the other on a Sardonyx and is fomewhat larger (p). (■) dntiquitalts ie Monfaucon. Tom. I. trat.&c. authors L. Begero, fertnif elector. V alat. Ar.ti- ; Gem mat (s' nrr.iin ibej'auro Palatino illuf- quario cjf Bthlittb. Hcidelbergae. M>DC LXXXV. The Chap.II. of the CITY of YORK. 63 Theftory of Bellerophon and Chimaera is very well known by the connoifeurs in clafiical learning. The monfter is reprefented to have Caudaque ferpentis , capuique leonae. A lyoneffe’s head and ferpent’s tail. Again, Qui fieri potuit triplici cum corpore & und Primo leo, pofiremo draco, medio ipfa Chimaera, Ore foras acrem flaret de corpore fiammam . Who moves its triple body join’d in one A Jyon’s head, behind a dragon lliewn. Chimera does ufurp the middle fpace ; And flames of fire come darting from its face. The plate reprefents both. About two years ago was found in JValmgate , York , I think in digging a cellar, the lit¬ tle image reprefented, in the plate. It is certainly an image o t Chronus tempus, or Saturn ; but whether Roman or no is un- Fi S- iS, 9*. certain. Though a particular elegance in it, as well as the mixed metal it is caft with, denotes it of Roman workmanfhip. If fo, this image has in all probability been one of their Penates or houfehold-gods. A hollownefs within feems to fhew as if it had been fet upon a prop for chamber worfhip. But I leave the figures as drawn in both views to the rea¬ der’s judgement. By an accident of opening a large piece of ground to dig clay for bricks, betwixt Boo - tham and Clifton , on the left hand, at about half a quarter of a mile diftance from the city, have been difclofed and thrown up feveral of their Sarcophagi , or flone coffins •, and a great quantity of urns, of different colours, fizes and fhapes. The law of the twelve tables ex¬ prefly fays hominem mortuum in urbe, ne fepelito neve urito , which ordained that the dead, and the rites belonging to them, fhould be removed to fome diftance from the city. This law, which they likewife had from the Greeks^ the Athenians were ftriift in; but we are told the Romans frequently difpenfed with it. What was then pra6tifed at Rome , we may believe was the fame at York ; and indeed, I never heard of any urns being found within, though many hundreds, I may fay, have been difcovered without the city. Stone coffins , indeed, have been frequently dug up, and fome monuments difcovered; as Lvcivs Dvccivs, &c-, but no urns that I ever heard of. It is natural to fuppofe that they lighted their funeral piles extra urbem ; and we are told by Iierodian that the Campvs Mart is wag' the common place for fuch folemnities. This place which was formerly an open field, is now the principal part of new Rome ; and if the reader will re-examine the draught of Ro¬ mulus's wall, and the campus martis without it, which I have given from Donatus , he will find that it exactly eorrefponds with our burial place at York. Clifton fields have not been enclofed a century ; and were formerly open enough to have been the Campvs Marti vs to Eboracvm. There is a plain tumulus , beyond the brickhilns, on which a wind miln has been placed ; and no doubt if the ground was to be opened that way feveral more buried re¬ mains would be difcovered. The gate which leads to this grand repofitory of their dead, is called Bootham-bar ; which name, our learned dean Gale obferved, might be deduced from the Britjb word Boelh, which fignifies burning ; as a gate out of which the Romans uled to bum their dead. I fhall not contradift this etymology, it is apt enough, and did not another bid much fairer lor it, which I muft mention in the fequel, it would do us a great deal of honour. But be that as it may, the place I have defcribed, was moft cer¬ tainly, in their time, a common place of interment on this fide the city; though by what follows, it will appear that in others parts, extra muros, urns, &c. have been difcovered; which ffiews that if the like accident of digging fhould happen elfewhere, the fame cu- riofities might be found, though perhaps not in fuch quantities. What has been remarked by Dr. Lifer , Mr. Thorefiy, &c. and fent up to the Royal Society, concerning thefe fepulchral repofitories of the ancients, fhall be given in their own words ; which with fome further difcoveries and obfervations of my own, will difmifs the whole affair. And firft the learned Dr. “ (q) Here are found at York , in the road or Roman ftreet, out of Micklegate , and 41 likewife by the river fide where the Brick-kilns now are, urns of three different tempers, viz. 1. Urns of a blcwifhgray colour , having a great quantity of coarfe find wrought in with the clay. 2. Others of the fame colour having either a very fine fand mixed with “ it full of mica, or cat filver, or made of clay naturally fandy. 3. Red urns of fine clay, “ with little or no fand in it. Thefe laft are quite throughout of a red colour like fine f/) Ab. of the phyl tr.nf. r. 3. 44 bole. 4 64 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. “ bole. Alfo many of thefe red pots are elegantly adorned with figures in bajfo relievo ; “ and ufually the workman’s name, which, I think, others havemiftaken for the perfon*s 44 name buried there, upon the bottom or cover as Ianarivs, and fuch like; but that “ very name I have leen upon feveral pots both here and at Aldburgb ; after all, thefe are “ glazed infide and out with a kind of varnifii of a bright coral colour. 44 The compofition of the firft kind of pots did firft give me occafion to difeover the “ places where they were made. The one about the midway betwixt IVilberfofs and Barnby “ on the moor , fix miles from York, in the fand hills or rifing ground where now the warren 44 is; where I have found fcattered widely up and down, broken pieces of urns, flao- and 44 cinders. The other is on the fand hills , at Sant on near Brigg in Lincolnjhire. I fhall omit what the Dr. obferves further on thefe fort of urns, and give Mr. Torejly's account who followed him. 44 (r) I have added to my Roman curiofities two entire urns, both of the blewijh gray 44 colour, of different forms, with fome of the burnt bones in them; the leffer of them is 44 almoft in the form of the Roman fimpulum or guttus, and by the narrownefs of the neck 44 feems rather to have been a kind ot lacrimalory , or vefiel for fome kind of liquid mat- 44 ter rather than afhes. I have likewife part of an aquaeduR, which is turned in form of 44 a ferew on the infide, has a narrow neck at one end to put into the open end of the 44 next, and feveral of thefe each a foot long and four inches broad were found thus placed 44 in the Roman burial place at York , by the river fide out of Bootham-bar , which was in- 44 difputably the place the Romans made ufe of for that end, as appears by the great num- 44 ber of urns frequently there found when they dig the clay for bricks. And that it 44 continued the place of their fepulture, after that cuftom of burning, introduced in the 44 tyrannous didlatorfliip> of Sylla, was abolilhed, is evident by a remarkable Hypogaeum, 44 without any urns in it, difeovered Jaft winter, 1696; it was large enough to contain 44 two or three corpfes, and was paved with brick nigh two inches thick, eight in breadth 44 and length being equilaterally fquare; upon which was a fecond pavement of the fame 44 Roman brick, to cover the feams of the lower, and prevent the working up of vermin. 44 But thofe that covered the vault were the moft remarkable that I ever law, being about 44 two foot fquare, and of a proportionable thicknefs.” Again, 44 (s) I have procured part of the bottom, which confilted of feveral fuch pieces, for “ the convenience of baking, of an old Roman coffin, which was lately dug up in their ‘ c burying place out of Bootham-bar at York. ’Tis of the red clay, but not lb fine as the 44 urns, having a greater quantity of courfe fand wrought up in the clay. As to the 44 form, which is entire as it was at firft moulded, it is fourteen inches and a half long 41 and eleven broad, at the narrow end, and nigh twelve and a half at the broader; this 44 was the lowed part for the feet, and the reft were proportionably broader till it came 44 to the fhoulder; it is an inch thick befides the ledges, which are one broad and two 44 thick, and extend from the bottom of either fide to within three inches of the top, 44 where it is wholly flat and fomewhat thinner for the next to lie upon it; which feveral 44 parts were thus joined together by fome pin I prefume, for at the end of each tile is a 44 hole that would receive a common Hate pin. Thefe edges are wrought a little hollow, 44 I fuppofe to receive the fides, and at the feet are two contrary notches to fallen the end 44 piece. This bottom, I ffiould conclude to have confifted chiefly of eight fuch parts, 44 from a like character 8 impreft upon the clay by the Sandapilarius's finger before its baking, 44 but that I fomewhat doubt whether numeral figures be of that antiquity in thefe European 44 parts. I got alfo fome fears of broken urns dug up in Mr. Giles's garden, which are 44 of the fineft clay that I have ever feen, with which was found a Roman Shuttle , about 44 three inches and a half long but not one broad in the very middle; the hollow for the 44 licium being but one fourth of an inch in the broadeft part, fhews that it was for filk 44 or very fine linen. At the fame place the aforefaid author gives this account of another difeovery. 44 They <4 have lately found a very remarkable lead coffin^ which was about feven foot long, was 44 enclofed in a prodigious ftrong one made of oak planks about two inches and a half thick, 44 which, befides the rivettings, were tacked together with braggs or great iron nails: 44 the nails were four inches long, the heads not die-wife as the large nails now are, but 44 perfectly flat and an inch broad. Many of them are almoft confumed with ruft, and 44 lb is the outfide of the planks, but the heart of the oak is firm and the lead frefh and 44 pliable; whereas one found a year ago, 1701, is brittle and almoft wholly confumed, 44 having no planks to guard it. The bones are light and entire, though probably enter- 44 red 1500 years ago, for it is above fo many centuries fince that cuftom of burning gave 44 place to that more natural one of interring the dead ; which according to Monfieur Mu- 44 ret was re-introduced by the Antonines. I have a thigh bone which is wonderfully light, 44 and the lower-jaw which was furniffied with all its teeth. Th t double coffins were fo heavy 44 that they were forced to drag them out of the dormitory with a team of oxen. (j) Ab. -of the phyl. trans. v- 3. (s) Idem- v. 5. ed. Jones. (r An r : . • :• .0 ■' ui >0> • AH EX Aere ELE GANTTS SIMVM eboraco repertvm HODIE IN MVSiEO ROGERI GALE ARM S.RL.Pr S4 n ?7) n ‘.MJ)CCXXXVI. f.-Krtu* M,i .W,,. of the CITY of YORK. 6 5 Chap. II. : T'f v* T fu r?» i -» tntf&TtztXz the “lour of clay when burnt. The potters part is well perform’d the face being bofs d from within with a finger, when upon the wh PP l r h , tace “ red P aint about curls of the head and eye-brows^ and two red threads ok^ , ft f° kes f - SHKSSES—' “ *■' —• * f “ -i»" *» - tat Some other kinds of urns , &V. were found it 97,** j „ 1 , , quaries mufaenm. Thefe he has though fit to ifus’thtw of P and Z °\ M* omit nothing that may illuftrate my fubjeft, I have added them to mine! m ^ P *° Roman curiofities found at York, and were in Mr. Thorefif s mufatum. The Roman brick. Leg. ix. vie. Fig. 21. A Roman Key , made in the form of a ring to wear tmon the fino-or r a l Brick-kilns out of Bootham-bar. ° P fi ° ger5 f ° Und at the p ^ri 22. A Fibula vejliaria found at the lame place. 2}. A Roman Bracelet, of copper wreathed, found in ttffo tiypgaeum already deferibed iork, being eight inches in circumference. S • aelcribed, 24. A bead of earth curioufiy wrought. **££* blUe S lafs with white ' r ™ kes ° f * b « fort called adder heads, or druids ^aftefokl" *“■> red > and dark b1 ”' All thefe found at the place 27. A fepulchral urn containing near a gallon. ail. Another near a quart. 29. A fmall one full of the allies of a child. 30. A fmall red urn. 31. One of blue. 32. Another of a ditferent form. 33- One ol thofe commonly called Lacrimatorys. 34. One of white clay. 35. A red pottle containing half a congmi. 36. Part of a vefiel that feems to have been a Patera. 37 * One of the parts of a Roman aqucduFl. All difeovered near the hrieh-hilns afore&id which had an opportunity to get drawings of them. ’ ’ “ but 1 ,lave Ilor But amongft the many Roman curiofities found at . . none deferves a place in this work better than tlfis anL h ^ ^re a draught of; as large as the original It was found in ditf™ ^ 1 , WhlCh , here « hib « the ruins of the abbey of St. Mary’s Tork about rwentv “ * CC “t C “ ^annor, or is preferved by Roger Gale, Efq- that acntlemin (linn r t ^i s a S°: was given to and dels in all their tlology to Si‘ drawn and engraven by that very ingenious arrifi in f Ki! l V tr , P ’ whlch was member of the fociety of antiquaries^ London Thhl k,nd ofl Tcuipture, Mr. Virtue ; work by Mr. Gale ; as a Lifting memorial of i?l a /etgalce fXngenuftf '^ ^ ftill daily difeovered. 7 Entim urns either bv thZ ? -°! u ™> are ’ whcn theySig.- leinefs, are fddom preferved; but any one that preafes'mav'inTdf ” T Iabo . urer ’ s a - re - a large quantity ol fragments. Amongft which h have nick’d h ? Ur - S tlme g athfT black colour, which adds a fourth fort of urns to Dr Lifter’s obfervatfon IT “ for urns, the floor covered witli white fand, two Sarcothali n TZZ * R ‘ f ave difeovered; m which laft the bones were found vervlio-ffe/uu u * nS ’ were iateI y of burning their dead, by the Romans is faid to hLA r A hn. 11 entlre - Thecuftom tonines. But we have good authority to believe that It dTd not^h'u th " c mp ‘ re ° f the An ~ till the empire became cbrijlian (u) And though thi? wboP y c e a le amongft them Of performing their fepu/chra/ rites ™ ^ yet it was then held in abhorrence by feveral other nations Tr C u t' ld Roma »G cuhar care oi the ancients to invent proper methods tl pre'ferve h bcen thc P e ‘ (/) lim v. 5 . edit. Jmi. 1«) loh. Kirkmannus iefuntribu: Romaaonim. &c. ® dergoes 66 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. dereoes a change after death, and will come to a total diffolution ; the bones not excepted, unlefs prevented by art. What care and pains mud the Egyptians have taken to preferve their Ptolemys , £*. fome thoufands of years, in the manner as they are found at this day? The Romans, tis true, confumed the body, but by the calcination of the bones belonging to it, fome identical part of the man might be preferved to all eternity. 1 hofe burnt afhes, if carefully preferved, can undergo no other change; and powder’d and mixed up pro¬ perly, they make the ftrongeft cement that is poffible to be compofed. V, hen the cullom of burning intermitted, the care of preferving the remains of their friends and relations dill continued; for then they took care to bury their bodies in huge (x) done coffins, ot the eritt kind ; which by its porofity, would let the liquid part filt. e through, and at the lame time preferve the folid. Or they dug graves out ot a folid rock or chalk, large enough fometimes for the interment of a family; of which fort I have ken at Lvu oln and Isol¬ de (burgh or elfe built fuch fepulchers for the prefervation of their dead, where the rock was a wanting, as are defcribed above, by Mr. Thorejby , to have been found in our Roman burial place at York. And there is no doubt but when the reft of this ground comes to be laid open, feveral more Roman fepultures will be difcovered in it. Nor, as I hinted before, was this laft mentioned place the only one about our city where urns and ftone coffins are found. For in feveral other parts, where they have had occafi- on to dio- deep, they have been difcovered. Particularly, a tew years ago was dug up near the mount , out of Mickle-gate-bar, a glafs and a leaden urn, the only one of that tort that I ever heard of. The glafs urn was broke into two or three pieces, but thofe I got and pre¬ ferved ; it was coated on the infide with a fort of a blueifh filver colour, like that of a looking-glafs; and is what our philofophers call the eleltrum of the ancients. The leaden one was immediately fold, by the workmen who found it, to a plummer; whofe igno¬ rance fuffered him to beat it together, and melt it down, before I was informed ot the accident. A ftupidity very common, but unpardonable by an antiquary. And now, having conduced this brave race of men to their graves ; I cannot leave them at a fuller period. And, indeed, it was not long after their deferring Britain , that the fometime dreadful Roman name and arm, which, for many ages, had fpread terror and conqueft through the then known world, was torn in pieces, loft, funk, and buried in an abyfs never to rife again. Rome is ftill in Italy , and Eboracvm is York-, but alas! how mutilated from both their former ftates may be eafily conje&ured. I fhall beg leave conclude this head with two lines of an old poet, in a reflexion of his on the deitruCtion of Carthage (y) & querimur, genus infelix ! human $ labors. Membra aevo, cum regno palam moriantur, & urbes. Unhappy men ! to mourn our lives lhort date, When cities , realms and empires fhare our fate. (x) Mounfaucon has a learned differtation of the Roman Sarcophagi, and places of fepulturc. See t. 5. (y) Jacob Sannazar. dc partu virg. Chap. III. of the CITY of YORK. 67 CHAP. III. The flate of the city from the Romans leaving the ifland to the cal¬ ling over the Saxons; and quite through the Heptarchy, c. to the Norman conquefi. A Fter a courfe of near five hundred years, the Romans left the ifland ; if we reckon from Caefar' s firft attempt on it; or about four hundred from the conqueft by Claudius. In the reign of Theodofius jun. the Roman empire funk fo fait, that Britain was totally neg¬ lected •, the laft lieutenant AEtius , who had been fent over to defend them from their old A invaders, at his departure advifed the Britons to jland to their arms \ he upon their guard CCCCXXX. themfelves, and for the future provide for their own fafety -, for they mujl never more expett any fuccours from them , who had their hands full enough of troubles nearer home. And now, fays an old Britifh hiftorian (a), the Scots and Pitts with greater confidence than ever, like flies and vermin in the heat of fummer , iffued out of their narrow holes and caves, and immediately feized on all the country as far as the wall •, which without refiftance they made themfelves mailers of. In the mean time the guards on the wall, inftead of pre¬ paring to receive their enemies with vigour and courage, like idle fpeClators flood trem¬ bling on it; and fuffered themfelves to be pulled down with hooks from the top of it. It was not long before their enemies had undermined and broken thofe mighty ramparts the Romans had built for their defence-, and then like an irrefiftible torrent rufhed in and bore down all before them. The poor difpirited Britons were driven like fheep, and flaugh- tered without mercy. In this dreadful calamity they call aloud on their old friends to help and fupport them and in a moll moving letter fent to AEtius governour of Gaul , they cry (b), we know not which way to turn us ; the Barbarians drive us to the fea, and the fea hack to the Barbarians. Thus of two kinds of death always prefent before our eyes , one or other mujl be our choice , either to be fwallowed up by the waves or butchered by the fword. There is a very good reafon to be given for this difpiritednefs of the Britons at this junc¬ ture. The Romans had drained the country of their ablefl men-, and the reft which ftaid, they never would fuffer to bear arms ; out of a politick view, whilfl they were amongfl them. How is it poflible, then, without difcipline and without arms, but their courage mufl alfo forfake them? yet we fhall find thefe daflardly creatures recover their fpirits, and treat their enemies in another manner fhortly. In this general calamity our city mufl have had a mighty fhare fall to its lot. It had been always a place from whence the Barbarians received their ftrongefl repulfes; a ftation which the Romans chofe to plant part of the flower of their army in j as a garrifon to curb and reftrain the inroads of thefe depredators and therefore mufl inevitably feel their fierceft vengeance. But we are here in dumb forrow, and loft in the general confufion. In this calamity the Britifh princes afiembled, and in council with the other great men of the ifland, it was determined that fince they were to expeft no fuccour from the Roman arm, to call in the Saxon -, which at that time held the higheft repute for ftrength and valour; in order to Item this torrent of their mercilefs enemies, who had now well nigh over-run the whole ifland. They can never be blamed for this refolution, the exigencies of their affairs re¬ quired it-, nor would the confequence have been-any ways to their difadvantage, had not Vorti- gern , their inconfiderate king, inftead of giving the Saxons the ftipulated pay, and fending them home again after they had done their work, allowed them a fettlement in the ifland. From this fatal epocha, and Vortegern' s fottifh marriage with the Saxon general’s daughter, we may date the beginning of the utter deftru6lion of the Britifh name and people. For though feveral of their kings, contended, inch by inch, for the prefervation of their coun¬ try from thefe rapacious foreigners -, yet they having found a much better part of the world than they left, made all the efforts imaginable to poffefs themfelves of it. And after all the vigorous ftruggles for liberty, and after amoft refolute defence of their country, the Britons were forced at laft to give up all, to the very people they had called in to de¬ fend it. The defcription which old Gildas gives of the ftrength of the ifland, when the Romans left it, is very great -, for he Fays it was fortified with twenty eight cities, befides many caftles, fortreffes, towers, gates and other buildings. A lift of the Britifh names of thefe (a) Gildas. —repellit ad Earbaros. Inter beec or iuntur duo genera fu- (b) AETIO III CON. gemitus Britannorum, pofl nerum aut jugulamur aui mergimur. Gildae fapient. bijt. fauca querentes inquiuut, repellunt nos Barbari ad mare, ed. Gale inter fcript , Ang. xv. cities. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. cities, as they are fet down by Nennius, H. Huntingdon, (Ac. may not be amifs in this place; becaufe, in this account, ours has the preeminence of the whole (c). - (d) Nomina urbium Britannicarum ex Nennio, Henrico Huntingdon, Alfred. Beverlacenfi, (A aids colled aneis. He nobilibus civitatibus Britonum. Erat autem Britannia quondam civitatibus viginti (A otto nobiVifftmis inftgnita , praeter cajlella intlumera , qucs (A ip fa muris, turribus, partis ac feris erant inftruda ftrmiffimis. Civitatum quoque nornina haec erant Britanice. Kair-Ebranc, i. e.—• EborACVM. Kair-Chent - Cantu aria. Ivair-Gorangen — IVigornia. Kair-Lundune- Londonia. Kair-Legion - Leiceftria. Kair-Collen --- Coleceftria. Kair-Glou - Glouceftria. Kair-Cei - Ciceftria. Kair-Briftou - Briftol. Kair-Cerin - Cerinceftria. Kair-Gueht -- JVinceftria. Kair-Graunt - Canlabrigia. Kair-Leon --- Carliel. Kair-Dauri - Doreceftria. Kair-Dorm- Kair-Loichoit — Kair-Merdin - Kair-Guorcon — Kair-Cucerat Kair-Guortigern Kair-Urnac Kair-Meguaid Kair-Peris —— Kair-Drayton Kair-Celemion Kair-Licelid Kair-Legion *- Kair-Mercipit Dormceaftria. Lincolnia. Caer mar then. Portcejtre. " In qua fuit Arebiep. temp. Briton. Jed nunc ae- ftruda ; ubi Ufca cadit in Sabrinam. Now to our annals. It was not long after the Britons had called over the Saxons, that they felt the fling of the fnake which they had taken into their bofom. The Pifts and Scots had perfectly fubdued all the country north of Humber *, fo that our city lay as it were buried in its own ruins fo deep, that I fhould not know where to find it, had not the Scotch ’hiftorians lent me fome light-, who are very particular in the defcription of their countrymens conquefts, as they are pleafcd to call them, at this time. Ilengijl the Saxon general, upon his arrival in Britain with his army, immediately marched againfl the enemy, and near unto York , fays my authorities (e), a bloody battle was fought, wherein the Saxons had the better, flew a great number of the Pids and Scots, took from them the city of York and all the country on this fide the river Yeefe. The blow wkSio great, that had the Saxon general followed it, the war would quickly have been at an end ; but this leader of auxiliary troops , was too wife and politick to adt in that man¬ ner for not willing, fays H. Boetius , to drive the Scots and Pitls quite home again ; which Was to knock the war on the head all at once he chofe rather to withdraw his army :o the city of York, where he ftaid fome time to refrefh, as he pretended, his wearied troops. Soon after this when the deluded Britons began to frnell out the &mwjdefign, and had Tent for Aurelius Ambrofius from Armorica, to defend them from this undreamt-of danger; the fubtle Hengift privately fent down his fon Occa, in order to fecure all the northern for- trefles, but efpccially York (f). The fon obeyed the father’s inftrudtions, and at York feigned actuations againfl many of the nobility, gentry and principal inhabitants of the city and country, that they had a defign to betray their own country into the hands of the enemies they had juft got rid off; and, upon this ftrange pretence, put many of them fo death, fome Tecretly, others openly, as actually convicted of the treafons laid to their charge. This villahous affair was relented as it deferved. Th e Britons, rouzed from their lethargy, and having an able and an experienced general of their own natural royal flock at their head, 'Vortimcr the fon of Vortigern, before the arrival of Ambrofius, fell upon the Saxons, and defeated them in four feveral battles. This leader flew fuch numbers of them, that, had they not fprung up like Hydra' s heads, and poured in frefti fupplies from their inexhauftible fprings in Germany, their total expulfion muft have been inevitable. Linder the conduct of their victorious king, Aurelius Ambrofius, Hengift the Saxon gene¬ ral rrtet his fate; being flain at Conyngftmrg, according to G. Mon. after a moft obftinate and bloody battle. His two fons Occa, or Out a, and Eofa fled with the fhattered remains of their army more northward -, the former to York, and Eofa to the city of Aclud ; Aldburgh. Aurelius quickly perilled them and coming before York Summoned Oda to furrender (g). The young prince, terrified no doubt by his father’s fate, confulted with his friends fome (c) In the other Britijb catalogues Kaer Ebranc is only the fourth in number, but it always preceeds Kaer Lun- dune; which, in Nennius his own catalogue, comes but in as the twentieth. Vide Nennium, inter xv. feript. cd, Gele. (d) Inter feript. xx. ed. Gale. \e) Hotlinp/head's Scotch chron. Bucbani ktft. (/) Scotch chron. [g) G. Men. R.Higden. Polichron. of the CITY of YORK. 6 9 A. CCCCLXVl. Chap. II. time whether he fhould {land a liege or not ? at length determining to try the vigor’s clemen¬ cy, he came out of the city with his principal captains, carrying, each a chain in his hand, and dull upon his head, and prefented himfelf to the king with this addrel's; my Gods are vanquifhed,- and I doubt ml but the fovereign power is in your God ; who has compell'd fo many' noble perfons to come before you in this fuppliant manner ; be pleafed therefore to accept of us and this chain ; if you do not think us ft objetts of your clemency , we here prefent our felves ready to be fettered, and are willing to undergo any punijhment you Jhall judge us worthy of. Aurelius who had equally the charafter of a merciful as well as a valiant prince, could not hear this without being moved; and being touched with companion at the fpeftacle, after ad- vifing with his counfellors what to do with them, at the inftigation of a Bijhop, fays Geofry he granted free pardon to them all. The other brother encouraged by Offa’s fuccefs, came to York, furrendred himfelf in like manner, and met with the fame reception. Nay more this generous viftor affigned them the country bordering on Scotland for refidence, and made ;i firm league and alliance with them. If it wasconfonant to my defign to flop to make reflexions, I fhould undoubted cen- fure the extraordinary clemency of the Britifh king to the moll barbarous and dangerous toes he had in the world. To have banifhed them and all their brood, would now be judged ill policy, becaufe they fo well knew the way back; but to fuffer the vipers to rtay and nelt in the land is an aft of clemency beyond credit; did not more writers than he of Monmouth, as Milton always flyles him, atteft the truth of it. The confequenc’e will ihew the bad effefts of this too charitable proceeding. ( h) His pagan enemies being now fubdued, Aurelius fummoned all the princes and no¬ bility of the whole kingdom to York. At this general council he gave orders to them for the fpeedy reftauration of the church and its worfhip ; which the heathenifh Saxons had every where fuppreffed and deftroyed. He himfelf undertook to rebuild the metropolitical church at York •, with all thofe in the province ; but of this in its deftined place. (i) Uther or Uter, to whom Geofry, has given the terrible firname of Pendragon, fucceed- eu his Brother Ambrofius in the kingdom. In the very beginning of this kind’s reign OBa and Eofa began to fhew their gratitude for former favours. Taking hold of the ^oppor-ccccfxxxx tumty, they revolted, and according to their barbarous inclinations, wafted and lpoiled the country as tar as York which they inverted. It was not long before the Britifh king came to its relief, where under the very walls, after an obftinate refiftance, Uter difeomfited their whole army and took both the brothers prifoners. (D The next that comes upon the Britifh ftage, and bids the faireft for immortality is the victorious Arthur ; who, if the chroniclers of thofe times deceive us not, fought twe’lve battles with the Saxons, fuccefsful in all. Geofry has larded the reign of this king with many uncommon fiftions of knight-errantry ; but certainly he was, fays William ofMalmf- bury, a prince more worthy to be dignified by true hiftory than romance, for he was the only prop and chief fupport of his country. Arthur was crowned king of Britain at eighteen years of age. The Saxons took the ad 4 vantage of his youth to make another attempt upon Britain ; the two princes Obla and Eofa having efcapd out of prifon, fled home, returned with a ftrong force, and had again made themfelves mailers of the northern parts of the kingdom, which they divided into two parts, the more iouthern was called Vieira, and the north Benicia. Arthur had attack ed them and defeated them in feveral battles, and fo far pulhed his conquefts that Obla finding himfelf diftrelTed, committed the fouth to Baldulphus and Colgrin, the two fons of Atfa, the founder of the two kingdoms aforefaid, and referved Benicia to himfelf in order to defend it againft the continual attacks of the more northern invaders. Colgrin loft a gl ! e “which put him under the neceflity of Hunting himfelf up in York whilft the Britifh king immediately marched to befiege him. Baldolph inform’d of his brother s lofs and flight, fet forward to relieve him with a body of fix thoufand men ; for at the time of the aft battle^he was upon the fea coaft waiting the arrival of Childric, ano¬ ther Saxon general, from Germany. Baldolph was now within ten miles of York and his purpofe was to make a fpeedy march in the night time and fall upon them unawares But Arthur having intelligence of the defign, fent out a detachment of fix hundred horfe and three thoufand foot, under the command of Codor duke of Conwal to meet him the fame mght. Codor happening to fall into the fame road, along which the enemy was paffing made a fudden aflault upon them, which intirely defeated the Saxons and put them ?o night. r Baldolph was exceffively grieved at this difappointment in the relief intended his brother, and began to think ofTome other ftratagem to gain accefs to him ■, in which if he could but fucceed, he thought they might concert meafures together for their mutual fafeties. Since he had no other way for it; hefhaved his head and beard, and put on the habit of a jefter fi.fn; q n harP | ln hlS h ?, nd ; In , dll s u ‘ 1 5 he walked up and down in the trenches without iulpicion, playing all the while upon his inftrument like a common harper. By little and ( r\ r £?"' p r - O’) (i) G. Mon. Polichron. oV. i DXVI. T little A. D.\X. A. DXXI. "the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. little he advanced nearer the walls of the city, from whence being at length difeovered by the centinels, he was drawn up in the night time, and conducted to his brother. 1 his un¬ expected, but much defired, interview caufed a great many tender embraces betwixt them , before they began to confider what flratagems to make ule of for their efeupe. But all feemed defperate, for Arthur pulhed the ftege on vigoroufly, hoping to take the town be¬ fore the arrival of the Saxon genera], whom he knew was bringing a frelh fupply irom Ger¬ many. At lad, when they were on the point of furrendring, came news that Chiliric, was landed and had defeated Coder whom Arthur had fent to hinder his defeent, and was march¬ ing towards York, with an army of brave foldiers, which he had brought over in no Iefs than fix hundred tranfports. Upon this a council of war was called, and Arthur was advi- led to raife the ftege and retire to London, for fear of hazarding a battle, in the winter time, with fo potent and numerous an enemy. But the next fummer, after the bloody battle on Badon bills, faid by the Scotch hiftori- ans 0) to be our Blake a more, where Arthur gained a decifive victory and flew ninety thou- jand of the enemy, the city of York was delivered up to him as loon as ever he approached it. This battle fays Gildas happened forty four years after the Saxons firft arrival in Bri¬ tain, wherein all the Saxon generals were (lain and their army entirely cut to pieces. This was the fecond ftege of York remarkable for any oppofition ■, for, though after the Romans leaving the iflasd it had been taken by the Pitts and Scots, and then taken from them again by the Saxons ; yet in neither cafe was there much ftruggle about it. In the former, the general confternation was fo great amoilgft the poor deferted Britons that no refinance could be expended from them; and in the latter, the fame of the Saxons valourfo terrified thele northern plunderers, efpecially after experiencing a litle of it, that it was all they could do to get back, with precipitation enough to their own country. I can’t help giving the reader a notable refleftion of Mon. Rapin Thoyras on the conduCt of the Britons at this juncture. “ When one reflects, fays he, on the weakness and dilpi- “ ricednefs of the Britons before the arrival of Hengijl, one cannot but be furprized at their “ being able to withftandthe Saxons in the firft war, and which lafted fo long. Thefevery “ Britons who after the departure of the Rowans dared not to look the Pifts and Scots in “ the face, fucceftfully defended themfelves againft both Saxons and Pitts. A long war “ teaches, at length, the moftunwarlike nation the ufe of their arms, and very frequently “ puts them in condition to repair in the end the Ioffes they fufiained in the beginning. Had “ the Saxons invaded Britain with a numerous army, in all appearance, they would have “ conquered the whole in avery little time; but fending over a fmall number of forces at a 11 time, they fpun the war out to a great length, and by that means taught the Britons a “ trade the Romans had done all they could to make them forget. But, I now proceed. Arthur, after the defeat of the Saxons, made an expedition into Scotlana, in order to deftroy that country from end to end, as the feat of ancient enmity againft South Britain This we are told, he would certainly have efFefted, but the mterpofmon of fome Bijlsots prevented him. It feems, the Scots had juft then received the Goff el, and it was re- prefented to Arthur that a chriftian ought not, on any pretence whatfoever, to fpill the blood of his brethren. A maxim rarely, or never, followed fince (m) Arthur after this expedition againft the Scots retired to 2orb, where he firft fet himfelt to regulate the affairs of the church again miferably rent and torn by the Pagan Saxons. Sampfon ofSanxo the Archli/hop had been expelled, the churches and altars all demohlhed, or elfe profaned with heathen ceremonies. He called an Affembly of the clergy and peo¬ ple, and appointed Pyramus his chaplain metropolitan of that fee The churches which lay level with the ground he caufed to be rebuilt, and, what was the chieieft ornament, faw them fill’d with affemblies of devout perfons, fays my author, of different fexes I he no¬ bility alfo, which was driven out of the city by the difturbances of the Saxons, he reftored to their former honours and habitations. (n) At this time did this great monarch, his clergy, all his nobility and foldiers keep their chriftmas in York. The firft feftival of that kind ever held in Bntam-, and which all thofe ever fince have in fome meafure taken their model Irom. Buchanan and Sir Thomas U'ilbrington feverely cenfure Arthur's conduct in the extravagant folemmzation of this fel ival The fence of the former is this, “ Arthur took up his refidence at York, for his winter nuarters whither they referred to him the prime perfons of the neighbourhood and fpent the latter end of Vecrnkr in mirth, jollity, drinking and the vtces that are too often the confequence of them; fo that the reprefentations of the old heathenifh fcafts dedicated to Saturn nttst here again revived. But the number of days they lafted were doubled ; and amoneft the wealthier fort trehled; during which time they counted it almoft a fin to treat of any ferious matter. Gifts are fent mutually from and to one another; fre¬ quent invitations pefs betwixt friends, and donneftick offenders are not pun,feed. Our countrymen call this feaft Julelide; fubftituting the name oi Julius Caefar for that of Sa- (/] Scotch chron. Buchanan. W s ““ h chran ;/:) G. Mon. ec turn 71 Chap. II. of the CITY of YORK. “ turn. The vulgar are yet perfuaded that the nativity of Chrijl is then celebrated, but “ miftakcnly, for’tis plain they imitate the lafeivioufnefs of the Bacchanalians, rather than “ the memory of Chriji, then as they lay, born. Thus far Buchanan. It is eafy to fee on what principles this fircaftical defeription of the celebration of Chrijlmas is founded. His Juletide, however, is falfe quoted ; Tule-tide is the word, as Chrijlmas is, at this day, called in Scotland, and as we in the north term Chrijlmcls eve. As for his derivation, he might with equal juftice, I believe, have drawn it from Claudius, as Julius Caefar. It is true, that no word whatever has puzzled the antiquaries more than Tide ■, fome deriving it from the (o) Latin words exulo, ululo, jubilo, or the Heb. Haleluia. In the&ww* tongue it is called Dehul, in the Damjh Uledag. Mrs. Elfiob\ the celebrated tranllator of the Saxon homily (p), lays the bell antiquaries derive it from the word Ale-, which was much us’d, fays Ihe, in their fellivities and merry meetings (q). <5Dlor Ale, adds the learned lady, did not only fignify the liquor they made ufeof, but gave denomination to their greateft feftivals, as this Eehol or Tule at midwinter ; as it is plainly to be fecn in that cufton of IVhilfun-Ale at the other great fellival of midfummer. Bp. Slil- lingjleet has obferved that this word feems to come from the Gothick 3?olc, which in that lan¬ guage fignifies to make merry (r). Bede tells us, indeed, that the lall day of the year was obferved amonglt the heathen Saxons with great folemnity; illuminating, at that time, their houfes with fire and candles, as an emblem of the return of the fun and the lengthening of days. And Bp. Slillingfleet confirms this, by obferving that in the old Kunirfe FaJH, a wheel was ufed to denote this fellival. But what had the Saxons to do with Julius for a god? no fuch deity being ever known in their 'Theology. Buchanan and our Sir Thomas here jump in opinions, but both may be eafily derived from what Heft or Boelius has recorded of Arthur , who fays, that he and his knights having recovered York from the Scots and Pidls, kept there fuch a grand chrijlmas, that afterwards fighting again with the Saxons, the foldiers were found fo weakened with intemperance and fuperfluity , that their arrows could hardly pierce the Saxons furred doublets ; being able before to Jlrtke through their iron armour. Arthur, after all his conquefts, had the misfortune to be fiain in a rebellion of his own fubjefts, and by the hands of his own nephew. From whofe death, difienfions arifing a- mongft the Britijh Princes, the Saxons fo far prevailed as to gain an entire conqueft over all ; driving the miferable remains of the Britons that would not fubmic to their Toke, to feek fhelter in the Cambrian mountains ; where their pofterity, according to Welch hiftory, have ever fince remained. Our Saxon conquerours divided the territories of the plundered Britons into feven fhares, which fince is llyled the Heptarchy, over each prefiding a king. But I cannot omit taking notice here, for the better comprehending the fequel, that, though the land was in this manner divided into feven feveral kingdoms, and each of their kings had a fovereign com¬ mand within his own limits, yet one of them ever feemed to be fuperior to the reft; and that prince, who had the greateft power or fuccefs in his wars, was always efteemed the head, and called the king of Englijhmen (s). (t) In the divifion, the kingdom of the Northumbers, which is more immediately nr/ concern, becaule its capital was Tork, contained all that part of the illand from the Humber mouth to S.Jobnflon in Scotland, fay fome, though others, only to the Fryth of Edenbo- rough. This country, I have before noted, was divided by Ofta the fon of Hengiji into two parts, Deira and Bernicia, over both which did Ida reign, a lineal defeendant, according to the Saxon genealogy, from their famous god Woden, and whom Malmjlury ftyles nobilijjimus aetate & viribus integer. Ida left two fons, to whom he divided his dominions and gave De¬ ira to Ella, whofe kingdom took in all from the Humber to the Tyne ; and Bernicia to Adda, his other fon, which contained all nothward from that boundary. Of all the kingdoms of the Saxons this of Deira was of the ftiorteft continuance, it began by a divifion of the whole Northumbrian dillrift between the fons of Ida, and was again united under OJwin ninety one years after Ella (u). Tork was, at this period, the capital of Deira only; but the diftritft was large and took in all Torkfihire, Lancajhirc, Durham, Wejlmorland, Cumberland and fome part of Northum¬ berland at-firft; though fince, the country betwixt the German ocean, the Humber and the river Derwent, now th o Eafinding, bore that appellation. The laft named river, moft cer¬ tainly, retains fome part of the ancient name, Deir-went, being no more than Dierae vet Deirorum flumen ; and lower or hollow Diera, which lies betwixt the fea and the Humber, in refpe£l to the higher country, and becaufe it extends itfelflike a nofe or neck of land, the inhabitants have added the French word Nefie ; which, together makes (tf )■ (o) Skinner 's etv. dift. ( p ) Mrs. Elfiob's Sax. homily. (?) Chrijlmas was antiently known at York by the name of i?ooUgtrtl)-ol. See the Sheriff's riding chap. vi. (r) Stillingjlect 's orig. fac. (ft Bede. (ft Anno ab incarnations 547, pofl mortem Hengifti 60, ducatus Northumbrenfis tn regnum mutatus eft. Reg- nav.it ibi primus Ida baud dubie nobillijjimus aetate, ift? viribus integer. G ill. Malmf. (a) Harrifons dilT. of Britain. [x) Antiquitusfola ilia patria quae introclufa marl cr.- ent. Deirwenta ft? Humbra Deira voeabatur; nunc verv Eaftridingia. Deircnt Jiumm c. Dcirae vel Deirorum jtumcn noiori'e vacatur. Cava Diera, refpeelu altioris, inter mare ft? Humbram, ft? quia extenditur injlar naft, additur ab incolis haecfyjlaba J,'icfTc ft? dicitur vulgariter l^ol'tucr-rwfs. L.cland. Coll, vita S. }oh. Beverlaci. The A. . DXLVtt. 2 A. DCXVII. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. . , Thc , ofth r e Saxm ki "gs that comes in my way is Edwin king of Dura, afterwards iole monarch of Englifhmen, and juftly ftyled Edwin the Great. This kins; being converted to chnftiamty by a miracle. Bid,: and the other monks are very lavilh in his nrar Jes - ^ur ecclcfiaftical hiftory will take in mod of this monarch’s life; and except fome few panages, I refer wholly thither. Edwin had by wonderful providence, efcaped divers fnares laid for his life; had lurmounted many difficulties; and, by conqueft over his neighbour prmces, had not only joined Bernicia, to Darn, but was alfo declared grand monarch of the Anglo-Saxons. 1 hat his refidence was at York will not be difputed by thofe that read venerable Bede's dory of his converfion; and it was here he made thofe falutary laws, which were fo well obferved, that the fame author tells you, in his time a weak woman might have travelled with a new born babe over the whole ijland without the leajl moleftation In this time of profound peace, which the ifland enjoyed during Edwin’s adminiftration, great happinefs mult occur. Strong were the ftruggles amongft the Saxon princes for fupe- r 1 lor, ‘y ’ lor no fooner, were they mailers of the booty, but like robbers, they fell out about dividing the fpoil. For two hundred and fifty years and upwards few of them died in their beds; and England was all that time, except this fmall interval of&Ws, one continued ^ ne ° f „ bl00d c“ d , W “ and orifery. So great was the power and virtue of this monarch that William of Malmjlury gives him this high charafter (j), not only fays he, the Englilh Scots and Puffs, but , even the Orcades and all the Britiffi ijlands dreaded his arms and adored his grandeur. No publick thief nor houfe-breaker was found in his time, the adulterer was a Jlranger, and the fpoiler of other mens goods afar off. His glory Jhines, even to our own age with fplendour. Bede fays, his magnificence was fo great, that he had not only in battle’ the enfigns proper to war born before him, but in times of peace, in his provrefs through riie cities and great towns of his kingdoms, or when ever he appeared in publick, that kind of ftandard by the Britains called Tufa, and th uSaxons (z) Thuup, the mark of fovereignty over the ifland, was carried before him with great folemnity. ° But neither Edwin’s power nor his piety could fave him from the llroke fo fatal to the Saxon princes in thofe days. He had many fecret enemies who maligned his greatnefs ■ but yet dreaded his power too much to dare to lhew it openly. One of thefe invidious o’ppo nems whom Bede calls guichelm king of Cut IVeft-Saxons had fuborn’d a ruffian to murder Edwin which the villain undertook to do in the midft of his guards. The accident hap- pening in our neighbourhood muftnotefcape our notice. V DCXXVI Edwin had a fummer retreat ’ feven miles from York, formerly a Roman ftation called Dementia ; Handing, fays V. Bede, juxta amnem Doroventionem ubi tunc erat villa revalis Edwin was at this place when the afiaffin arrived, and begged audience of the king, who°rea- dily granted it (a). Pretending fecret bufinefs, he took Edwin a little afidt’from his guards, and fiyly drawing a two-edged poifoned weapon (b), which he had brought for furer work, he attempted the murder with fuch refolution, that he wounded the king through the very body of one of his guards; who by chance faw the villain’s defimi, and had only time to throw himfelf betwixt to intercept the ftroke. The name of this, ’ pro¬ perly called, life-guard man, whom Bede has handed to pofterity was Lilia-, and the alfaf- fin’s refolution was fuch, that he was not cut in pieces before he had fiain another kninht of the guard called Forther. But nr mm Edwin's peaceable reign of feventeen years now drew to a fatal period, for he was fiain in a mo (i bloody battle at a place fince called (c) Heavenfeld, by Penda the pagan kirn? of Mercia, who had joined with Cadwallo the now only Britijh king of JVales, in order to deftroy him. This viftory is reported to be more cruel than any in the monuments of hiftory ; for whilft Penda endeavoured to root out the Cbrijtians, and Cadwallo the Saxons their fury was fo great that it fpared neither fex nor age (d). The head of Edwin was buried in Sc. Gregory’s porch in his own church at York -, but his body in the monaftery at Whitby, ’ The kingdom of Northumberland, and its capital York, was ravaged in a terrible manner after the lol's of this battle with their king. And though the Northumbrians chofe OJ'rick and Anfrid, the neareft relations of Edwin, kings, one of Deira, the other of Bernicia ; his only fon having been fiain with his father; yet they could not put a ftop to the viftors ; for we are told that Ofrick venturing rafhly to befiege Cadwallo in York, with an army of undifciplined troops, the Weljh king difdaining to be thus braved, falliedout and attacked him fo brifkly in his trenches, that he put his army to the rout, and left him dead on the (y) Ar.gli, Scoti, Pidti, fed Ifj infulae Orcadum & Meneveniarum, qui nunc Anglefei, i. e. Anglorum infulas dicimus, tff armti ejus metuerunt (s' pouf at em adorarunt. Nulius tunc praedo publicus, nullus Intro domcflicus , infi- dintor conjugal is pudoris procul, expi/ator alienae haeredi- tatis exul. Magnum id in ejus laudibus (s’ nojlra aetate fpltndidum. Gul. Malmf. (z) The globe of feathers mentioned before. (а) Sax. annals. ( б ) Sica biceps toxicata, Bede. Sica genus armorum ejl, fsmile vidubii, i. e. vifudubii. Sica ctoit une petite epee courbee enforme de Faux, comme leportoient /^Thraces. Monfteur Daciers notes on Horace, and the word Sica- rius. (r) Called fo no doubt by the number of chrillians flain there. Since corrupted to Hatfield a village nigh Doncafler. Did tier autern quod Hatfeld rubeo undique nob ilium cruore fumabat ; ibi namqite mirabihs (s’ impinata fort iff no- rum flrages fad a tfi. Brompton. (d) Buch. fpot. Chap. III. of the CITY s/YORK, fpot. Anfrid the other brother met the fame fate by the fame hand. The reigns of thefe two kings were of fo fhort a continuance, befides their lives ’being branded with *v»-vr that the minkifr hifforians have for the mod: part omitted them. V. Bede fays, that tor their apoftacy from the chrijhan religion they had the juft judgment of God inflicted upon them. Ofnck , fays lie, and his whole army, penn’d in the fuburbs of their own cite were miferably flam ; and Anfrid unadvifedly coming to Cadwallo at Tori with only twelve per ions in his retinue, in order to treat of peace, was by this outragious tyrant cruelly putDCXXXir to death in that city. ■ 7 r of aid, the iuccceffor and brother of Anfrid revenged his death upon Cadwallo ; for coming unexpectedly upon him from Scotland with a very fmall army, but »reat in the huth of Chrijl, fays Bede, at Dennifburn in Northumberland, obtained a decifive viftorv over him deftroymg both the 'Britijh king and all his army. Ofwald after this was foie mo¬ narch over the Northumbers: the many religious ads he did in our city, claim another place ; and I have nothing to add here but his great character from Bede , who fays in his time the whole tjlandflourifhed both in peace and plenty, and acknowledged their fubjeltion to him. All the nations cf Britain who /poke four different languages , that is to fay , Britons Iyed - Shanks, Scots and Englishmen were wholly fubjeft to him. And yet bein? advanced to fucb an exalted greatnefs, he was , what is wonderful to fpeak of adds my author, humble to all, gracious to the poor, and ’ bountiful to jlrangers. That this great monarch’s feat of refidence was at York, is fully proved in our church hittory; but neither his religion, nor his innate goodnefs could protect him from the fate i of an ° f f two a t°ft ates his predeceffors : for we read that Penda king of Mercia r “ ?cu m ,° d an l a p n \fi’ declared war agaiuft Ofwald, met him at a place called (e) Maferficld, and in a bloody battle Oew him. The cruelty of this monfter extended beyond „ death, for he ordered Ojwald s body, in a barbarous and brutifh manner, to be torn in n\LII pieces by wild horfes. ““uiu.ii. I lhall not trouble the reader with the lives of the Northumbrian kings in the Heptarchv any more than fuits my purpofc ; thofe melancholy times have been excellently well treated on by other hands, and it is not my defign to give a general hiltoryof Britain, but a par¬ ticular one of the city ot 1 ork. Whoever undertakes to write on thefe northern wars fliould W ^°’, fpelk ,' n S ofthe Northumbrian people, ftngulorum autem hel¬ lo, um gejta et modos et fines ad,plenum determmare , mmiHasprolixitalis neceffario prohibit Get s Anglokvm dura mturaliter erat, et fuperba et bellis inteftmis meeffanter atlrita. ' i here is nothing remarkable from the date I have inferted to the reign of Epbert the firft umverfal Saxon monarch, who kept his fway and delivered it down to his fuccefthrs except that our city continued the metropolis of the nordiern kingdom, and ufuallv ran the fame fate with its governours. A fhort account of the fucceffion of thefe fightincr , n ,l hiftnrv S, an , d 0 t a I>; h iM ”7 T' be T pr T er “ S ive ’ bcc:u ‘ fc « continues the’thread of our hiftory, and I iliall beg leave to take them from the firft. * A compleat fucceffion of the Northumbrian kings A. C. DXLVII. DLIX. DLX1V. DLXXI. DLXXII. DLXXIX. DLXXXVIII. Bernicia. A. C. Ida, the fon of Eoppa, reigned twelve years, and had both the king¬ doms. Adda, or Odda , his fon five DLIX. years. Clappa feven years. Theodwulf one year. Freothwulf feven years. Theodoric feven years. AEthelric two years. Thefe two laft were.the DLXXXIX. Tons 61 Ida , and'reign’d in this province whillt Ella continued kirig of Deira. AEthelric , on the death of Ella, had both the king¬ doms and reigned five years. in the Heptarchy. Deira. Ella, another fon, thirty years. Edwin fon of the fame, was in a fhort time expulfed by Athelfrid king of Bernicia, who fubje&ed both the king¬ doms, and reign’d four¬ teen years, till Edwin was reftor’d. W From this ovenhrow called 0 [waijlve,, m Sheep- br.Ukh thefauene linguarun, fipten. 1 here alter feme nmory ot tngland, and pubhlhed in Latin at the end of difls their.pofitions in feme place-. ’ u AEthelfrid 74 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. A. C. DLXXXXIII. AEthelfrid reigned twenty four years, and was in pofleflion of both the kingdoms. DCXVII. Edwin the fon of Ella feventeen years, had likewife both kingdoms, but being flain, his empire was divided into two, for at that time reign’d in A. C. Bernicia. A. C. Deira. DCXXXIV. Ofric the fon of Alfred one DCXXXIV. Eanfred the fon of the late year. king Ethelred. Both flain in one year. DCXXXIV. Ofwald the brother of Eanfred reigned nine years in both provinces, be¬ ing flain. DCXLII. OJwyn the brother of Of- A. C. Ofwin the fon of Ofric in wald reigned nine years DCXLIV. Deira had a feven years in Bernicia. reign, and was then flain by DCLI. Ofwyn , lately mentioned, who entered upon both the kingdoms, which from that time continued united. He reigned twenty eight years, then DCLXX. Egfrid , his lawful fon, reign’d fifteen years. Slain. DCLXXXV. Alfred , baftard, fon to Ofwyn nineteen years •, buried at Driffield. Af¬ ter him DCCIV. Ofwed his fon, a child of eight years old; Stow fays after he had reigned eleven years he was murthered ; but Brompton writes, that he was un¬ fortunately flain in a battle by his kinfman DCCXV. Kenred , who ruled Northumberland two years ; then DCCXVII. Ofric , his brother, who reigned eleven years, and defied for his fucceflor DCCXXVIII. Ceolwulpb the kinfman of Kenred. Venerable Bede wrote his hiftory in this king's reign, and dedicated it to him. This monarch turned monk, and to him fucceeded, after eight years, DCCXXXVI. Egbert , coufin-germain to Ceolwulpb, who reigned peaceably twenty years, then turned monk •, which, I find, was much in fafhion in thofe days, amongft the reft of the Saxon monarchs in the heptarchy. Then came DCCLVI. Ofwald, flain by his fubjefls in the firft year of his reign. DCCLVII. Elhelwald, furnamed Mollo, ufurped; but after eleven years he was mur¬ thered by DCCLXVIII. Aired , who, fays Hoveden , was driven out of his capital city (g) <£t)crfoic, in Eafler-week , after he had reigned eleven years ; and the Northum¬ brians chofe DCCLXXIX. Edelred , the fon of Mollo , who was alfo in the fifth year of his reign de¬ prived, and DCCLXXXIV. Athelwold proclaimed king •, who after eleven years was flain by DCCLXXXXVI. Ofred , who fucceeded, but he was driven out by his nobles the fame year, or taken, fays Milton, and forcibly fliaven a monk at York . Aired or Athelred again reftored, and after four years was miferably flain. From which time the kingdom of Northumberland was forely lhaken with civil wars for forty years together; during which time there ruled, without the title of king, as fome write, Eardulf ; but the Saxon chronicle fays, that he was confecrated king at York, May 4 , 795 , by Eanbald archbifhop, Ethelbert, Higbald , and Badewulf, bifliops. * Alfwold. Eandred. Etheldred. Readulph. This laft, fays Stow , was flain at York with DCCCXL. OJbert king, removed by Ella, the ufurper, both thefe kings were flain at York by the Danes. DCCCLXVI. Egbert, foie monarch of the Englijh, driven out by the Danes., who gave the kingdom of Northumberland to their countryman Eigfdge ; he ruled it eleven years, then another Egbert, a Saxon, was made king by them. DCCCLXXII. Egbert, who dying, the Danes and Northumbrians were without a king till Gutbrum or Guthred, a poor flave, was defied, to whom the Brigantes were fubjefled for eleven years, till (f) Anno DCCXLI igni inxenfum tjl Eboracum. Chron. Saxon. 55. (g) Chron. Saxon. DCCLXXIY r * Idem p. 66. Alfred Chap. III. of the CITY of YORK. A. C. DCCCLXXXXIV. DCCCCIt. DCCCCIII. DCCCCXIV. DCCCCXIX. DCCCCXXVI. DCCCCXLIV. Alfred the great, drove the Danes in England to the laft extremity, and made them chufe in Northumberland another, Rigfidge for king, who being (lain, Reginald and Nigel, both Danes, reigned together, and had the whole kingdom after Alfred’s, death. Nigel being flain, Sithrick, his brother, took his Ihare. After him thefe Danes fuc- ceeded, viz. Inguald. Guthford. ^ Anlaf, the laft of the Northumbrian kings in the heptarchy. IS The fucceflion of the Danifh kings after their viftory over OJbert and Ella \n Northum¬ berland, was firft, Haldene, fays H. Huntington, then Guthrum, after followed Nigellits, and Sithrick, and Riginald, and Anlaff. The Danes, adds the aforefaid author, reigned very confufedly j now only one king, then two, and fome times many, till Edred king of Weft- fex conquer’d this kingdom, and perfectly diffolv’d the heptarchical monarchy. A. About the year 800, the Saxon heptarchy drawing to a period, the fpring of an entire DCCC. monarchy began to fhew itfelf, fays Speed, and the glory of the Englijh men, more clear¬ ly, to arife. For though they had weakened each other in their almoft continual wars, yet was their power ftrong in the pofleflion of the whole, and the overborn Britons difre- garded. Egbert , King of the Weft-Saxons, had perfectly fubdued his brother kings, and gained an univerfal fovereignty over all •, yet fuch is the inftability of human affairs, that when he thought himfelf the greateft and happieft, he had the mortification to fee a new enemy ftart up, which, after continual invafions, never defifted till they had gained an entire conqueft over thefe conquerors. Thus thofe Saxons, who, by blood and violence had made themfelves lords of other mens rights, were repaid in their own coin, and with equal de- ftruCtion forced to give up their conquefts to another invader. The fource and fpring of thefe attempts are attributed to two caufes, one of which concerns in an efpecial manner the fubjeCt of my hiftory, and therefore muff be particularly related. (/>) The Danes were a fierce, hardy and warlike people, next neighbours to the Saxons in their own country, and had long envied their happinefs in the pofleflion of the greateft and wealthieft ifiand in the then known world. Encouraged to hope for fuccefs, by the con¬ tinual divifion amongft the Saxon rulers, they had feveral times made defcents upon the ifland, but were always driven back with lofs. In the reign of this Egbert they drew to¬ gether all their forces ; and as they were, at that time, the beft failors in the world, they fitted out a mighty fleet, with a numerous land army on board •, encouraged doubly by the extraordinary revolution which had juft happened in England , and the expectation of a ge¬ neral revolt in their favour, as foon as they ftiould land in the northern parts. This de- fign proved abortive, they made a delcent, ’tis true, in the year 794, and burnt the mo- naftery of Lindisfarn, or Holy-IJland but, finding the natives not to ftir as they expeCted, they went off again with a great booty. No ways difcouraged at this, they made feveral other attempts in other parts of the ifland, and at length prevailed ; lor, having gotten a tafte, they never defifted, till they had intirely difpoffefled the Saxons of it. It was this black ftorm from the north, which our Alenin prophetically fpeaks on, in a let¬ ter to Egelbert or Egbert King of Northumberland, in thele words, (i) What can be the mean¬ ing, fays he, of that Jhower of blood which, in Lent, we faw at York, the metropolis of the kingdom, near St. Peter* s church, defending with great horrour from the roof of the north part of the houfe, in a clear day? may not one imagine that this prefages deftruftion and blood to us from that quarter ? This letter was wrote from France to Egbert, near fifty years before the firft Danifh invafion, A. C. 740, and whether we believe the prodigy, or that this man was a prophet •, it is certain the event fulfilled the prediction, for never was blood more cruelly fpilt than in this war nor no part of England felt i.t fo fenfibly as the city of York. A. (k) In the year 867, the Northumbrians had revolted from Ethelred foie monarch of Eng- Dccclxyii. land, and chofe for their king one Ofbert or Ofbrightus. This OJbert, fays Rapin, (l) kept his court and refidence at York. Returning one day from hunting, the king had a mind to refrefh himfelf at the houfe of a certain earl, named Bruern-Bocard, guardian of the fea- eoafts, againft the irruptions of the Danes. The earl happening to be from home, his lady, towhofe charming beauty was joined the moft engaging behaviour, adds our French¬ man, entertained her fovereign with the refpeCt due to his quality. OJbert quite overcome with the fight of fo much beauty, refolved, let the confequence be what it would, to fa- (h) Daniil's hiftory of England. (i) Shiid fignifuat pluvia Janguinis quae quadragef ma¬ il tempore Euboraca civ it ate in ecclejia beati Petri prin- cipis apoflolorum, quae caput ejl totius regni, vidimus de borealibus dornus fereno aere de fummitate minaciter ca- dere teiii ? No arm potc /1 futari a borealibus poenas fan- guinis venire fuper populum, quod in hoc fafto nuper in- gruenti fuper domum dei incepiffe videri potejl. Ex epift. Albini ad Etbelredum regem Northumbrian, et cjus no- bjles. Lelandi coll. (k) Vide chron■ Saxon, hoc anno. (l) Rapin 's hiftory of England . . 8 7 6 The HISTORY and ANTIQJJITIES Book I. tisfy his paffion without delay. Accordingly on pretence of having fome matters of im¬ portance to communicate to her in the earl’s abfence, he led her inienfibly into a private room •, where, alter feveral attempts to bring her to comply by fair means, he fell at length to downright force. Entreaties, tears, cries, reproaches, were ineffe&ual to put a ftojTto his raging paffion ; and his fervants, who knew their mailer’s defign,'and had ferved him no doubt, on the like occafions before, took care no interruption fhould be given. After the commiffion ol this infamous deed, he left the countefs in fuch excefs of grief and vex¬ ation, that it was not poflible for her to hide the caufe from her hufband. So outragious an affront is never to be forgiven. Though Ojlnrt was king, and earl Bruern his fubjeft, he relented fo highly this injury, that he relolved not to flick at any means to be revenged (tn\ Bruern being nobly born, and very powerful in kindred, foon called together the heads of them in confutation ; and giving them to underftand the bafe ufage of the king, he told them, he pofitively refolved at any rate to be revenged. His relations and friends came readily into his measures, and went along with him to York. When the King faw the earl, he in a very obliging manner called him to him. But the earl, backed with his troop of triends, immediately gave a bold defiance to OJbert , and all homage, faith, lands, or whatever elfe he held of, or ought him, from that time gave up •, faying, that for the future he never more would obey fo.fcandalous a matter. And without more delay he and his friends retired. How well he kept his refolution will appear too plain in the fequel. Bruern had great intereft with the Northumbrians , and this bafe action of Overt's, was naturally apt to alie¬ nate the minds of his fubje&s from him. Accordingly, by the management of this earl, the Bermcians in a little time revolted, and looking upon OJbert as unworthy to govern, they elected another king called Ella into the throne, with a refolution to fupport him in it. Thus, fays Raj in, the old divifioris which feemed to be quite laid afleep, were fet on foot again, and Northumberland once more divided betwixt two kings, and two faftions, who, continually aiming at one another’s deftruttion, were but too luccefsful in their en¬ deavours. A civil war was the fatal confequence of this divifion. The two kings did what they could to decide the controverly by arms, but the equality of their forces prevented the hale from turning on either fide, and they both kept their ground. Earl Bruern was heartily in Ella's, intereft, and one would think his revenge might have been latisfied in dif- pofle fling OJbert of half of his dominions; but.it was by no means compleat whilft he faw him on the throne of Deira. And therefore, fince it would be, as he rightly judged, a difficult matter to carry it any further without a foreign aid, his rafh and inconfiderate paffion hurried him to a fatal refolution, and he immediately failed for Denmark, in order to beg an affiftance, which was but too readily granted him. He reprelented to the kino- (n) the prefent diftra&ed ftate of the Northumbrian kingdom , and let him fee that, if he would make ufe of the opportunity, he might witheafe become mafter of it. (o) The king ol Denmark readily came into an enterprize, which his ambition and re¬ venge fpurred him on to. His revenge was on account of Lothbroch , a Danijh general, the father of Uinguar and Hubba , who being driven, by accident, on the coaft of Norfolk in a fmall fifhing-boat, was taken and fentenced, as he had been informed, to be thrown into a ditch full of ferpents, where he milerably perifhed. Concerting meafures therefore with Bruern , the Damflj king got ready a mighty fleet againft the lpring, and conftituted the two brothers Hinguar and Hubba his generals. They entered the Humber with this fleet, which was fo great, that it fpread a terror all over England ; Bruern was their con¬ ductor, and as the Northumbrians were wholly ignorant of the defign, they were in no rea- dinels to dilpute their landing. They foon became mafters of the northern ftiore, and ha¬ ving burnt and deftroyed the towns and inhabitants on the Holdernefs coaft, they marched dire&ly towards York, where OJbert was drawing an army together to oppofe them. In this great extremity OJbert applied to Ella, though his enemy, for his affiftance, who willingly agreed to drop his private quarrel and join forces againft the common enemy ; ac¬ cordingly he proceeded with all poflible expedition to bring a powerful reinforcement. If OJbei! could have brought himlelf to have ftaid at York , fays Rapin, till Ella's arrival, he would doubtlefs have embarrafied the Danijh generals, who by that means would have been forced to oppofe their enemies in two places at once. But his great courage would not let him go fo fa'fe a way to work. Perhaps it was with regret that he law himfelf conftrained to have recourfe to his mortal foe for aid, or it may be, he feared fome treachery. How¬ ever, this adds my author, he fallied out of York , and attacked the Danes fo vigoroufly, that they had much a do to ftand the ftiock, and were very near being put in diforder. But their obftinate refiftance having at length flackened the ardour of their enemies, they pufhed (rn) Brrr.pton. (n) Rapin calls him Ivor or Hinguar ; but Brcmpton Codrittus. (o) Ivor fays Rapin very readily came into an enter- prif.\ which the defire of revenge, as well as his ambi¬ tion fpurred him on to ; Rcgnerus his father havingbecn taken prifoner in England, was thrown into a ditch full of ferpents, where he milerably perilhed. This whole fentence, with fubmifhon to that great hiftorian, i« a miftake, as the confequence will fhew them Chap. III. of the CITY of YORK. 77 them in their turn, and compelled them, at laft, to retire without any order into the citv Ofberi definitely vexed to fee the viftory Hatched out of his hands when he thought him- e lure °.‘ IC > , u,e , a k? endeavours to rally his broken troops again ; but was flain in the retreat with abundance of his men. This viftory opened the gates of York to the Danes, who entered the city in order to refrcll, themlelves, fays Rapm, whilft Ella was advancing in hopes of repairing the lofs OJberl had buffered by has too great hafte. Hinguar having juft triumphed over one of the kings, and not believing the other to be more formidable, fpared him fome trouble bv going to meet him. This battle was no lefs fatal to the Englijh, Ella loft his life and his army was entirely routed. Some fay this prince, adds my author, was not flain in battle, murther" pr ‘ f0 " er; lnd ordered him t0 be flayed alive, in revenge, for his father’s Rapm has been the author chiefly from whence I have copied the hiftory of the laft me¬ morable event; whom I have choie to follow as well for his diftion as matter. But from what authority he claims I know not, for four antient and creditable writers ot'Etglifh hi- ftory give almoft a different account of this whole tranfaftion; except in the cafe of the rape, which is recorded by Brampton. I have taken tl.e liberty alfo to alter fome of his proper names, as I found them mifcalled ; and as to his laft conjecture, that Ella was taken pnfoner, and ufed in that barbarous manner by Hinguar , in revenge for his father’s mur- ther, it would have been a great miftake if he had afferted it, for it was Edmund king of the Eajt-Angles was the fuppofed murtherer, and paid dearly for it afterwards; bein^tied to a tree and (hot to death, by the Danes witli arrows. The fpring of this great revolu¬ tion in the North,,mb,nan kingdom, and after in all England, with the conferences of it to our city, I lhali beg leave to give from the authorities in the notes (p) Brampton writes that Lotbbrocb, ( q ) the father of Hinguar and Hubba, being fifhing and fowling m a fmall boat, f.ngly on fome of the Danijh coafts, was driven by ? hidden tem- peft out to fea and after a dangerous pafiage, was thrown alhore in his boat on the North- folk coaft m England. He had no creature with him but his hawk and his dog ; and be¬ ing found was prefented to Edmund king of the Eaft- Angles. Edmund was taken with his graceful prefence and, hearing his ftory, he took him into his court; where Lotbbrocb, ^k^^tfman, and partook with It was not long before he fhewed his dexterity in all kinds of rural fports to be much fu- penor to the hunt man s, and was mightily in the king’s favour for it. This Bern grew un- ealy at it, and refolvmg to get rid of fo troublefome a rival, he took an opportunity^ draw Lothhoch afide into a thicket where the villain flew him, and hid thebody. The next day the king enquiring for Lotbbrocb, was told by Bern, that he loft him in the woods and had not feen him fince Some days pafled when Lolbbrocb’s dog, halfftarved came to the palace, and being fed goes away again. Doing thus feveral times, the kind’s fer- vants took notice of it, and following the dog were brought to the fight the dead body Bern was charged with the murder, cried, and found guilty of it; the fentence th» S paired on him was to put him into Lotbbrocb’s boat, and, without tackling, fails or provl 5 fions, to commit hum to the mercy of the feas. The boat, as if it knew it?way back was thrown upon the Damjh coaft where Bern being'apprehended as an ErijflmL and™ . he , klr j s ’ , he lnt °™ cd him Of Lotbbrocb-, and in a malicious lye told him, that Ed- nmnd, on his landing, had ordered him to be immediately thrown into a ditch full of fer- This accident happening before the Saxon nobleman’s arrival in order to draw th eDanith he B n° dC Nor ‘ humberl “"‘ l > m rCT = n ge for the ravifhing of his wife by OJbert, made he Dane more leady to embrace it. Getting together a mighty fleet; they let fail and en Wlth faf f^, and landing their forces as near York as could they ftorbn rf hf- re f- y t0 r d t0 ? k ,C Wlth much eafe 5 the walls of the oity, fays (r /an hi- ftouan, being in a weak condition at that time, occafioned by the former Saxon wars OJbert and Ella having, upon this occafion, joined their forces, marched to attack the Dane's even the city itfelf; where a cruel fight enfued in the very midft on it. T wo kin? having beat down the walls, fell upon the Danes with fuch flirv that rhev j a — ous flaughterof them, and drove them to the laft extremitv The li? °<%- occafioned their viftory, fay my authors, for preflingin their turn, the Stmus loftVrouncf and their two kings happening to be flam, the viftory entirely fell to the Danes ”ln this . R ( UJeZT' H - ”*"■ S - » Mn - Jr) AS, enln, Me Mae Ilia eioitue fir ms fteM- (q) LetUreeb, Anglia, leatherbreeeh. TW, tore t.' Affix. Meneven. i? given by the tran/lator of Ropbi. ^ „/} ■ ^ 1 ’• cUm J innonb >“ in platcis civitutis 1 Jil>« jugutat, fell. Hinguar, r< mtrer.ulm Jeu X the 7 8 A. DCCCLXX. A. Dcccuxxvn A. Dccccxxv The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. !l-e generals cruel orders they knocked down and cut the throats of all the boys, young and old men that they met in theJlreels of the city. Matrons and virgins were ravijhed at fleafure. The hu/band and wife either dead or dying, were toffed together. The infant, [notched from its mother s brrnfl, was carried to the thre/hold, and there left butchered at Us parent's door, to make the general outcry more hideous. . . . . , . , . Brompton differs fomewhat from the other hiftorians m the defcnption of this battle, and fays that Ella was not (lain with Open ; but was fo little concerned, that having been hunting the day after the battle was fought, as he fit at dinner, he chanced to fay, we have had great luck to take four deer and fix fawns to day, to which words an exprefs, that was juft arrived anfwered, my lord if you have had fuch luck to day, and gained Jo mu f, youyejter- day loll an hundred times man ; for the Danes have taken the city of York, and Jlain Ofbert, a j. : l are ufl entering your dominions to do the like to you. Ella at this ftarting up, collected his forces and marched towards York with great expedition. The Danes were aware ot his coming, and met him to the utter deftruftion of him and his. The place where the battle was fought, non longe ab Eboraco, fays my author, is called to this day Ella s-croft, (t) that is, Ella’s overthrow. , , , , . , ,. , , The Danes having reduced the kingdom of Northumberland to their obedience, and put an end to the Saxon rule there, after it had continued in their poffeffions near three hundred years Hinguar gave the command of it to his brother Hubba, and configured him at the fame ’time Rovernour of York. The two brothers then puffed their conquefts iouthward, where I ffall not follow them, but obferve that Hubba made one (u) Godram or Guthurn, a Danifh officer his deputy to adl in his abfence, and left a garrifon under him in the ci¬ ty. There is a llreet in York which ftill retains the name ot this captain,,called dSohjam or ©iithiam-'Sate; which alfo tradition tells us comes from a Danip general’s reflding in it; and as it lies near where the old royal palace once flood, it is not improbable that tins was the true derivation. But if any one quarrel with the etymology, let him produce an apter, from any other language, if he can. , . .. , But the Danes were not willing to trull the government of the Northumbrian kingdom.un¬ der any ocher form than kingly; accordingly at their return to York from their fouthern conqueft, the two brothers Hinguar and Hubba conftituted one Egbert a Saxon, out one entirely devoted to their fervice, king of Northumberland. At this time, fays Sir John Spelman, (x) the Danip generals, with their whole army, refided at York, where they in¬ dulged themfelves in all kinds of violence, and barbarous treatment of the people 1 he blood of men, women, and children was daily ffied to make them fport; corn and other provifions, more damaged then conlumed, fays my author, they rioted in for above a year t 0 °Egber't was foon deprived of his fovereignty, and one Rigfldge, or Ricppus, a Dune had the government conferred upon him ; but he being murthered by the popu ace at York, according to Simeon of Durham, Egbert was again reftored. This held not long neither, for the Danes Hill advancing in power, and having no dread of the natives, the huge and rich kingdom of Northumberland was cantoned out amongfl their own officers. For we find in the reign of Edward the elder, three kings of Damjb race poffeffed it. Sttbnck and Nigcll his brother reigned beyond the Tyne, and Reginald had the city of lork with all the country betwixt the rivers Tine and Humber. Thefe kings were at lad compelled to fubmit to the arms of the vieftorious Alhelftane, the fucceffor of the lad named Edward and doing homage, were permitted to keep their poffeffions. Sttbnck, one ol them, had his daughter in marriage, on condition he would turn Chriftian. , This calm laded for a very fmall time, for Sitbrick dying the firft year of his marria 0 e, 7 v) his fons Godfrey and Anlaff, offended that their pagan gods were neglefted, by means of their father’s laft wife, Itirred up the Northumbrian Danes to rebel ; which attempt brought Alhelftane upon them fo fuddenly, that the two fons of Subnet, with Reginald had much ado to efcape falling into his hands at York. The city he took, and with it all Northum¬ berland fubmitted, except the caftle of York ; wh.ch being then prodigioufly ftrong, and well manned with Damp foldiers, held out a long time For we are told that Godfnd made an attempt upon York, by means of his friends in the garrifon, but did not fucceed in ir What end made (z) Reginald I know not; but the two brothers Godfrey and Anlaff, having been difappointed in their laft attempt, fled one into Scotland, and the other into Ireland, in order to gain aid to try their fortunes once again. They fucceeded fo well. virginaltm pudicitiam Ivdibrio tradendam mandat. Ma¬ ritas cum conjugt out mortuus out moribundus jacebat, in limine infans yaptus a malris uberibus ut major effet ujulatus, trucidabutur coram mater nil obtutibus. (,) There i no place, in or near the city, that I can fix this name up n, except it be corrupted to Ling croft, near Kulf ■ It|io certain there is no ling growing on ic, nor pro' - i-iv ever was the f dl being a dry land cannot na- tur. liy produce that plant Ling docs certainly here im¬ port ant iher meaning, for Dr. Skinner lays it is a word quod qualitatem no tat, ct pertmere aut jfettare ad ah quern eft. Skinner's etvm. dift. (u) This Gutbrum turned Chriftian, and when bap¬ tized, Alfred the Great was his godfather; who gave him the country of Eaft-Anglia, which he governed, or ra¬ ther Ipoiled for twelve years. Hell, chron. (x) Spelman in vita Alfreds Magni. (z) The Saxon chronicle fays that ^.DCCCCXXIV. king Reginald wone the city of York by aflaulc, expugna- vit Eboracum. GibJun's Sax. chron. that S Chap. III. of the CITY of YORK. 79 that they drew along with them a vaft multitude of lrijh , Scotch, and even Weljh foldiers, with their refpedtive kings at the head of them ; who all had reafon to fear the grow¬ ing greatnefs of Athelfiane. Entring the Humber with a fleet of fix hundred fail, whilft Athelfiane was carrying the war on in Scotland , they landed their forces and marched to Tork before the king had any intelligence of the matter. They foon raifed the fiege of the caftle, which Atheljtane had turned into a blockade ; but durft not attempt to take the ci¬ ty, hearing that Athelfiane was on his march againft them. As a battle was to be fought, and trufting in their numbers, they went from Tork to meet him, and at HSruitaitburg, fince called Bromford , in Northumberland , a molt bloody engagement enfued, where Athelfiane gained a compleat victory, and flew Confiantine king of Scotland , five petty kings of Ire¬ land and Wales ; twelve general officers, and deftroyed their whole army. Athelfiane at his return to Tork from this vicftory, razed the (a) caftle to the ground,Doxo^.,, left it lhould be any more a nurfery of rebellion •, and being now foie monarch of England , he conferred thofe honours on the churches of St. John of Beverley , and St. Wilfrid at Ri- pon, which the monkijh hiftories are fo full of. Our own hiftorians ftick not to fay, that this vi£lory made him king of the whole ifland ; but Buchanan here ftickles for his country, and feems to fneer at the credulity of the Englijh , who are fo wife as to believe it. Athcl- ftane , however, died in perfeft tranquillity, and left his whole dominions to Edmund the eldeft of the legitimate fons of Edward , furnamed the Elder , himfelf dying without if- iue ( b )- . . . A. This prince was very young at his coming to the crown, which encouraged the Northum- d c cccxl. bers, ever prone to rebel, to hope for a revolution in their favour. They lent to invite Anlaff from Ireland , whither he had the good luck to efcape to from the laft battle, to come over and head them. But Anlaff wifely knowing that an invaflon without ftrong alfiftance from fome foreign power, would be of no fervice, fet himfelf about once more to obtain it. He found means to draw over Olaus king of Norway to his intereft, with a large pro- mife of money if he fucceeded. With the troops and fhipping that this king furnifhed him with, he once more entered the north, and coming before Tork , the gates were imme¬ diately opened to him, by means of the good underftanding he had with the principal in¬ habitants, who were then moft or all of them Danijh in that city, (c) The example oi the metropolis was foon followed by feveral other towns in that diftrift, whofe garrifons were ei¬ ther drove out or cut in pieces by the inhabitants; and thus got Anlaff entire pofleflion of all Northumberland ; and, not content, was ftretching his conqueft farther and attacked Mercia. Edmund , the Englijh king, though not above feventeen or eighteen years old, was not backward in his preparations, to ftop the progrefs of this bold invader. Having raifed an army, he met Anlaff at Chcfier , where an obftinate battle was fought, but with fuch equality, that neither lide could brag of victory. Refolving to try it out next day, a peace was concluded by the mediation of Odo and Wolff an, the two archbilhops of Canter¬ bury and Tork ; who laboured all night to obtain it. By this treaty Edmund was obliged to give up all the country, north of the Roman highway, which divides England into two equal parts, to Anlaff. This conceflion of Edmund’s was highly difhonourable, but the two bifhops prevailed on him to accept it; and thus got Anlaff a larger fhare of Britain than his father Sithrich ever pofiefled. But his glory was lhort lived, for the Northumbrians , vexed at a tax he had impofed on them, in order to pay off the great fubfidy due to the king of Norway for his aid and af- fiftance, revolted again. The antient kingdom of Bernicia firft fliewed die way, by fend¬ ing for Reginald , fon to his brother Godfrid, and crowning him king at Tork. Once more a civil war was preparing to break out betwixt the uncle and nephew; the Englifo king might have laid hold of this opportunity to have deftroyed them both ; but he did no more than come with a great army and frighten them at once into peace and chriffianity. A treaty was begun and concluded at Tork , wherein it was ftipulated, that Reginald lhould keep the crown he had got, and Edmund obliged them both to fwear fealty to him, as alfo to turn Chrifiians. The king himfelf ftood godfather to Reginald , who had been bap¬ tized at his confirmation ; and to Anlaff at the font •, the ceremony was performed by Wol- ftan , then archbilhop of this fee, in his cathedral ( d). A A religion and peace, impofed upon them by com pul fion, lafted them not long; and itDccccxinv. was a very fmall time before they took up arms and broke the latter; which fhews the former was no tye to them. Edmund was hidden in his coming againft them, and marched fo quick that he furprized them before they could draw a fufficient number of forces ready to oppofe him. In lhort they both fled the ifland, and the Danes being thus deferted by their leaders, had nothing to do but to fling down their arms and fubmit to the king’s mercy. This they obtained of him, and Edmund took no other revenge on them than to caufe their principal to fwear allegiance to him, which they did ; however he joined their (a) Athelflanus interea Caftrum, quod olim Dani in Eboraco obfirm aver ant, ad folum dim it t tie ejjet quod ft tutari pojfet perfdia. Gul. Melduncnfu. (b) Speed. (c) Rapin. (d) Sim. Dun. Hen. Hunt. whole 8o A. Dccccxlv: A. DCCCCL. Phe HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. Whole country to his own government, without the admittance of any fecondary, or viceroy, to rule there under him (e). '• Thus was the Saxon king Edmund re-inftated into the fovereignty of all England ; but, be¬ ing taken off in the flower of his age, by an unhappy accident, Edred his brother fucceded him. It was now, again, the turbulent fpirit of the Northumbrian Danes began to fhew it felf, imagining that this king wanted, with the years, the experience of his brother (f). But they found themfelves miftaken, for Edred was not inferiour to the former king, either in courage or conduit •, and in this firft affair he fufficiently fhewed it. For he made fuch expedition in marching againft them, that he got into the heart of their country, before the Danes could think that he knew their deflgn. Catched fo at unawares, they had no¬ thing to do but to fubmit to the conqueror’s mercy, which like that of his brother’s was foon come at •, a fine, no ways confiderable, was all he impofed, they promifing with oaths and proteftations to be for ever obedient and peaceable. But it was not in their nature to keep this promife, and Edred had hardly got back into Wefi-fex before they fent over for their old friend Anlaff , who had again fled to Ireland. He made fuch hafte to obey their fummons, and by their afliftance, after his arrival, pufhed on his conquelt fo faff, that he was mafter of 2'ork and all the north, before Edred could come to oppole him-, and when he did come, he found it impoflible to diflodge him. In lpight of all that Edred could do, Anlaff continued king of Northumberland four years after his laft reftauration (g). But his tyrannical temper, or their mutability, occafioned another revolt-, and Anlaff was expelled, and one Eric was chofe by them in his room. This brought on another civil war; Anlaff hid yet a party, and the two fadtions endea¬ vouring to deftroy one another, gave Edred an opportunity that he well knew how to im¬ prove. He marched diredtly into the north which was all in confufion, for the Northum¬ brians had taken no meafure to refill him; fo eager they were to feek each others dellruc- tion. At Edred’ s coming Eric fled into Scotland , leaving his people once more to the Saxon king’s mercy, who had threatned to deftroy their whole country with fire and fworci from end to end. He began to put his threats in execution by burning the town and mo- naftery of Ripon ; but being Ihocked enough with that, the good king defifted from any Further mifehief to them, and fuffered himfelf to be fo far amufed with their folcmn oaths and proteftations, which they were no ways fparing on to appeafe his juft anger, that his generous difpofition not only forgave them their trefpaffes, but he recalled Eric out of Scotland to York , replaced him on the throne, and, without impofing any tribute, took only his oath of allegiance. It is amazing to think that a perfon of Edred’% high character in hiftory, for wifdom and conduct, fhould fufter himfelf to be diverted fo far from his firft intention, by any thing thefe faithlels people could fay or do to him. Numberlefs examples of their fince- rity in keeping the molt folemn oaths and proteftations, to himfelf and predeceffors, might have taught him that nothing but the fword, exercifed in the fharpeft manner, could give him fecurity of thefe parts of his kingdom. But, the chrifiian religion which teaches to for¬ give our enemies , and to do good to thofe that hate and defpitefully ufe us , was fo warmly placed in the breaft of this good king, as well as in fome others of his race, that to Hied the blood even ol pagan Danes was held unlawful. A few chriftnings ufually difarmed their fierceft anger; and to Hand godfather at the baptifm of a pagan prince, was looked upon to be more glorious than the conquering his kingdom. Nay fo far did their zeal ftretch, that they feemed to invite martyrdom at the hands of thefe heathens when overcome by them ; as in the cafe of St. Edmund , who might have efcaped from his cruel enemy Hin- guar , if he had not been actuated by this principle. A ltedfaft adherence to th eChrijlian religion when it comes even to a fiery tryal, is highly commendable; and one dying mar¬ tyr converts more than a thouiand living preachers. But to avoid fuch a fate as much as poflible, in an honeft way, is furely conlonant to the law of nature, and I am ignorant of any paffage in the law of God that puts us upon it. So alfo the deftrudtion of our own fpecies in war, is, molt certainly, cruel and barbarous in the execution, but yet to flay is to fave in fome cafes ; and Edred’s ill-timed mercy here with the Danes , as that before in Aurelius Ambrofius with the Saxons , when he might have extirpated the whole generation of his enemies from his own country, with all the jultice in the world, proved the lofs of thoufands of his own fubjedt’s lives and the kingdom alfo. To give Edred a fpeedy inftance what wonderful effedts his clemency had wrought on their minds, after he had fettled matters to his own, and, feemingly, to their contents, he took leave of them, and marched fouthward with his army, in a careleis and diforder- ly manner. Not dreaming of danger, nor keeping any guard againft a people he had jull then fo prodigioufly obliged. The Danes , taking notice of his negligence and diforderly march, (allied out of York in great numbers after him; and overtaking him at Cajlleford y (b) let upon his rear with fuch fury and refolution, that had not the king’s valour, con- (e) Speed. (f) Rapin. ({) Supin, Speed. (b) Lelanai coll, it appears by this rout of the army that they followed the Rv.’/ian roads in thole days. Chap. III. of the Cl TY of YORK. 81 dutt and management, in this nice juncture, been very extraordinary, he and all his army mull infallibly have been cut to pieces. Enraged at this black piece of ingratitude, he once more ordered his ftandard to be turned againll them. His chrijlian virtues of mercy, pity, (Ac. this lad attempt had quite druck out of his bread; and indead thereof came an¬ ger, fury and revenge; with which he advanced to the gates of York r, in order to make dreadful examples of thefe mifcreants to all poderity. At his coming to the city, they beheld him ready to take vengeance of them, and they not able to make the lead rc- fidance. In this extremity they had recourfe to their old fubtlety, but being fenfible their oaths and protedations would go for nothing with the king, they very humbly im¬ plored his pardon on what terms he would be plealed to give it. And to convince the king they were now in earned, they folemnly renounced Eric , and put him to death ; along with Amac, the fon of Anlajf, whom they charged with being the principal movers in this treachery. Then, fays old Simeon of Durham, regi’s injurias honoribus, deirimentd muncribus expleverunt ; ejitfque offenfam pecunia non modica placaverunt. Edred was pa¬ cified by thefe means, he fpared their lives, but took deep vengeance on their purfes; and alfo took from them the very power to rebel again, by placing drong Englifj garri- fons in their chided towns and fortreffes •, he likewife dilTolved their monarchical govern¬ ment, and turned the antient kingdom of Northimberland into a province. What became of Anlajf , the lad king, I know not, it is probable he died abroad ; no author making any mention of him after Edred’ s lad expedition into the north. We now drop from a king¬ dom to an earldom, as Edred thought fit to alter the government ; the fird earl thereof, by his own appointment, was one Ofulpb, an Anglo-Saxon or Englijhman. A. The alteration made in the government produced a very good effect •, for the turbulent and DCCL’cu, rebellious fpirit of the Nqrtbumbrian-Danes was fo continually awed by Englijh governours and Englijh garrifons, that during the almod condant wars betwixt the Saxon and Danjlo kings, for near an age after this, the northern parts kept quiet. And York continued with its carls, as Edred left it, till the divifion of the kingdom into /hires, and the vice- comes took place of the real one. A The Scotch hidorians, however, write, (l) that the total conqued over the Saxons by the MX, Danes was gained in a victory near our city-, by Swain king of Denmark, againd (m) Egelred king of England. The Danes had pitched their tents on the banks of the river Oufe not far from York, where Egelred with an army, drengthened with a number of Scots , marched to attack them. Swain fent an herald to warn the Scots from fighting, having fome obligation to their king 5 but they refufing, a bloody battle enfued, in which the Englijh and Scots were worded, great numbers flain, and an entire victory left to the Danes, Egelred himfelf, with fome few others got a boar, and pafiing over the river Oufe, fled dreight into Normandy, leaving his crown and kingdom to the conqueror. We now come to a fucceflion of the earls, or Comiles Norlhnmbriae, who had their refi- dence in York as well as the kings ; and had, under fubjedion to the univerfal monarch of England, the lame authority. We are told that Edred fird commiffioned (n) Qfulph, who in the fucceeding reign of Edgar had Ofac for a partner in the government. Ofidph took the more northern parts and Oflac had York, and the confines of the province on that fide, committed to his care. To thefe fucceeded in the whole Waltheoj , ufually called the elder-, whofe fon Ulhred, or Uhl bred came after him -, then 1 Uncus, or Yricus, made earl of Northumberland by king Canute. Eadulph, furnamed Cutel or Cudel ; to whom fucceeded Aldred, who being flain, Eadulph, the fecond, his brother, enjoyed it; to all thefe, hidorians have affixed nd dates; nor any particulars relating to their refpcdtive governments; till this earl was flain by A. C. MLIV. Shvard ; then fucOeeddd MLV. Yofy ; brother to Harold king of England. Slain at Stanfordburgh ; laflly came MLXV. Morchar ; which deduces the earls of Northumberland to the Norman conqued. An hidorical account of the three lad is much to my purpofe. Siward earl of Northumberland was the mod valiant man of his time, and of fnch un ¬ common fortitude and might, that the Danes, fays William of Mahnjbury, furnamed him (o) iDigcra, that is, the great. Brompton f\ ays, he was almod of a gigantick dature ; and tells an odd dory, that his father Bern was born of a young lady in Denmark, whom a bear met accidentally in a wood and ravified. The offspring of this extraordinary copulation (!) Holt. Scotch chron. H. Boot. (rn) The Englijh hillorians call him E theired. (n) Sim. Dunelm. (o) iDigcva, Danice, magnus. 3Hcraut>cv tugcra, i. e. Alexander magnus. Jacob. Serenii diclion. Ang. Saethic- Lac. Y had 8 z T)oe HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES 'Book I. had the cars of his father given him to {hew his breed (p). This Sward was fent by king Edward the confeffor, with an army of ten thou {add Englrfh foldiers into Scotland, to aid Malcolm agdinll the tyrant Mdcbeth -, him he flew and let Malcolm on the throne of Scot¬ land. His only fon was {lain in this expedition, which when the earl was told of, he llernly afked, whether he had received his death's wound before or behind? being told be¬ fore, it is well, anfwers he, I rejoice that my fen was thought worthy of fo honourable a death (q). Siward fell ill of the flux at York , and being brought to the laft extremity by that fil¬ thy difeafe, the warrior cried out, (r) Oh what a Jhatne is it for me, who have efcaped death in fo many dangerous battles, to die like a beafl at laft. Put mi on my impenetrable coat of mail , adds he, gird on my fword, place on my helmet , give me my fee eld in my right hand, and my (s) golden battle-ax in my left -, thus as a valiant foldier I have lived, even fo / will die. His friends obeyed him, which was no fooner done then he expired ; and was buried in the cloifter of his own monaflery at York (t) Siward left a fon, born after the lofs of the former •, but he being in the cradle (u) at his father’s death, Tofy or Yoflo, fecond fon to earl Goodwin, chief minifter of date to Ed¬ ward the confeffor, found means to procure this opulent earldom to himfelf. A man of the vileft charadter, in every point of life, that I have yet met with. Yofo ruled over the Northumbrians v/ith great cruelty and barbarity ; impofing numberlefs taxations on them for the fpace of ten years together. It was a long time for their flubborn fpirits to bear fuch treatment; at length being provoked, at his caufing certain noblemen of that country to be (x) murthered, in his own chamber, at York-, when he had allured them thither on pretence of eafing their grievances. As alfo another more fcandalous affair of making minced-meat of his brother Harold's fervants-, their hearts were fo much fet againft him, that they rofe with one accord in order to rid themfelves, and the world, of fuch a mon- fter. The Northumbrians came upon Yofo fo fuddenly, that he narrowly efcaped their fu¬ ry; and had juft time to fly from York with his wife and children to the lea-coall; from whence he found means to be conveyed into Flanders, and came no more into England du¬ ring the confeffor's reign. Miffing of their chief aim, the revolters took all the revenge they could on what he had left behind him. They fpoiled and plundered his palace, broke open his exchequer, took and converted whatever money was there to their own ufe, drowned two hundred of his fervants in the river Oufe , as Simeon fays, extra muros civita- tis-, and whatever horfes, armour, or houftioldfluff was in or about the palace was all car¬ ried off(zJ. Befidesall this, they obftinately refufed to lay down their arms, till the king fhould appoint another governor, whom they promifed punctually to obey. At the news of this infurrection, Harold the brother of Yoflo was fent to reduce them ; but he having had a fmart tafte of his brother’s cruelty, eafily gave into the juftnefs of their complaints (a). Efpecially when they told him plainly, that they being freemen born and bred out of bondage, would not fuffer any cruel ruler to lord it over them, being taught by their anccfors, either to live in liberty, or die in the defence of it (b). Upon which at their own requeft, and by the king’s confcnt, he affigned them one Morchard or Morcharus for their governor. Yoflo was now an exile in Flanders, but no fooner did he hear of king Edward's death, and his brother’s feizing the crown, than he prepared to invade him. He muftered a few forces and {hipping, with which he landed on the Lincolnfhire coaft; but Morchar the new earl defeated him, and fent him to fea again. After this misfortune he failed into Scot¬ land, in hopes to ftir up Malcolm the Scotch king to invade England-, but that prince dis¬ daining his caufe, he was obliged to put to fea again, where he purpofed to land fomc- where on the Englifh coaft, and once more to try his fortune. At fea he met with a ftorm which drove him into Norway, and here he accidentally Humbled, fay s Rap in, on what he had been feeking for fo induftrioufly. (c) Harold Harfager king of Norway had juft then fubdued fome of the ifles called Or- cades belonging to Scotland, and was fitting out a fleet more numerous in order to extend his conquefts. Tojlo being informed of this prince’s defigns, went direftly to him, pretending he was come on purpole to propole a more noble undertaking. He reprefented to him that a favourable opportunity offered to conquer England, if he would but turn his arms that MLV. (p) Brampton- (q) <$uere. Whether this fpcech, and unconcern for the ’death of an only ion, did not favour very much of the grandfather ? (r) Higdeni Policbrcn. (i) Sieuris aureus, or the golden battleax, was for¬ merly a mark of ibvereignty. (t) A. loq?. Strenuus dux Northanhimbrorum Si- wardus Eboraci deceit, et in m.nafterio Galmanho, quod ipje eonjhuxerat fepultus eft. Hovedcn. (u) Parbutus crat in euncis jacens. Polichron. ( x) The names of two of them were Gomel the fon of Ornus, and U/fus the fon of Delphian*. S. Dun. (z ) Chron. Sax. ( a ) Tdofto upon a quarrel with his brother went down to his country-houfe and flew all his fervants, who were preparing an entertainment for the king’s coming down there. After which he chopped them in pieces, and call into this hoglhead of wine a leg, into that barrel of cyder an arm, into this vefTel of ale a head, and fo be¬ llowed all the dead carcafies into what other hogfhead; of wine, mead, &c. that he could come at in the houfe. H. Hunt. M. Weft. ( b) Knighton. ( c) Rapin, Speed. way. Chap. lit; . of the CITY- of YORK. way. The better to perfuadehim to it, he told him there were in England two powerful faftions,. the one lor prince 'Edgar, the other for the duke of Normandy ;-and therefore the Englijb arms, being thuadivided, he would find it no hard matter to fubdueali. 'Addin" that' he himfelf had a ftrong party in Northumberland, which would much forward the bufmefri In fine, he brought him tb believe that the king his brother was extremely odious to the Englijh, andwouldcertainly.be deferted by them, as fo'on as they fhould 1 find in England ' a foreign army ftrong.enough to fupport them. Harfager, greedy of fame, and already devouring in his imagination lb glorious a prize, wanted little follicitation to draw him to it. ...■•• The king of Norway and' Tofto having got all things in readinefs for their intended inva- fion, let fail for Enghmi-ytnh a' fleet of near-fix hundred fail, fays Simeon of Durham ; fome call them five hundred great fhips, others only, two hundred, whilft others have railed them to a thouland, fays Milton , With this mighty fleet they entered the (e) Humber and brought their fhips againft the ftreanr of the river. Oufe, as far as-Kitfeall or tticljTjall within fix miles of York. Here they landed and moored their veffels. It- is certain io vail and nume¬ rous a fleet, containing fucll a great number of land-lorces on board, could come no nearer York-, and it is wonderful at this time a day how they could advance'fo high. Having landed their forces, they marched diredlly againft York, which, fays Simeon “they took by florin, after a fore confiift with Morcbar the governour, and Edwin carl of Chejttr, his brother, who had haftily raifed a few forces to intercept them '(/). This defeat happened on the eve of St. Mathew, A. 1066, at jfloulfojD, a village a mile fouth-eaft of the city, where, fays H. Huntington, the place of battle is yet fhewn. The laid named author, with others, alledge that the city was not taken by ftorm, but the two generals bein" worded, and their fmall army being either drowned in the river Oufe or cut in pieces, the city fur- rendered on terms; the inhabitants wholly unprovided for a liege, chofe rather to try the victor’s.clemency, than expofe themfelves to certain ruin. Harold king of England was no ways backward in his preparations, to flop the progrels oi this dangerous invaflon s buc brought down to York a. puiflant army, immediately after the enemy had taken it. Ai his approach they withdrew their forces from the city, takino- with them five hundrechhoftages of the principal inhabitants, whom they fent under a ftrong guard on board their fhips, and left, fays Milton, one hundred and fifty of their own in it. They entrenched themfelves in fo extraordinary a manner, that it feemed a thing im- poflible to diflodge them. For they had the river Derwent in their front, and on°their right-hand, not fordable, with only a wooden bridge to pais over by ; their left was flanked by the river Oufe-, where lay their navy ready to retire to in cale of neceffity; and their backs fecured by the German ocean. In this fituation they thought themfelves fafe from any human force diflodging of them. But Harold, notwithftanding the great difadvantace, was rcfolved to attack them in their trenches; and the event fhews that nothin" can be too hard for valour joined with condufl:. The fight began by day break, and theatreropt fo defperate to pafs the bridge, that one Angle Norwegian, for which our hiftorians have juftly made his fame immortal, flopped the pafTage to all//Wd’s army for three hours to¬ gether; and flew forty of his men with his own hand. At Lift this hardy fellow bein" flam, by a dart flung at him, fay fome, or, as others (g ) write, by one in a boat, who got under the bridge and thrufl him into the body with a fpear, the Norwegians gave way, dilruayed with the lofs of their champion, and retiring to their trenches, buffered all Ha¬ rold's army to pafs the river. The extraordinary valour of this hero that flopped the bridge, will hardly be cretlited by pollerity, fays William of Malmjbury, for ftanding in the midft ot it, he fullered none to pafs over, and flew all that attempted it, or came within his icach (h). Being defined to yield himfelf up to the Englijh king with large promifes of reward, adequate to luck mighty flrength and valour, he fternly fmiled at the profer, and defpiled both it and the weaknefs of thofe that let one Angle man refill them all (i). The champion being flain, as I faid, and the Englijh army pafied the bridge, Harold drew up his men, and attacked the enemies trenches fword in hand, where a mod bloody and obftinate fight enfued. The aforementioned hiflorian writes, that there had never been feen in England an engagement betwixt two fuch armies, each containing fixty thoufand men ; fugna ingens, adds he, ulrifue genlibus extrema mlenlibus. This battle lifted from feven in the morning till three in the afternoon, with all the fury imaginable ; no quarter being either afked or received during this dreadful confiift. The viftory fell to Harold the Englijh king; the king of Norway and Yofto were flain, with the deftruftion of almoft them whole army. For of five or fix hundred fhips that brought them to England, twen¬ ty ierved to carry back the miferable remains that were fpared from (laughter ; which the 8'3 A. MLXVI-. A. MLXYI. (d) Humbram ingrediuntur et per Oufe fiuviolum, f f ie ad Eboracum, omnes puppet .idvehuntur. Ingul- jphtis. (f) Chron. Saxon. (?) H- Hunt M. Weft, and Knighton write, donee unui Anglin naviculam ingreffus ipjum Noricum per fo¬ ramina pant is lance a perfodiftet. [h) Gul. Maltnf (i) It Teems by this that there was no bridge over the Derwent at Kexby when this battle was fought; die Ha¬ rold might have paiTed over his army at that place, and have attacked them in flank, being only two miles beiow the other. victor The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. vidlor fuffered to depart with Olaus, the king of Norway's fon, and Paul earl of Orkney, who had elcaped the battle by being fet to guard the fhips. Harold however made them deliver up their hoftages fafe, the citizens of Tork, and take a folemn oath never to di- iturb his dominions again. The king of England fliewed great magnanimity in this battle, and, if we may credit our writers, (k) flew the Norwegian Icing with his own hand. Tofto his brother, beino- fought for amongft the dead bodies, was at length found ; but fo mangled, that had not a remarkable wart betwixt his lhoulders difcovered him, he might have ferved to fill a pit with the commoneft foldiers (/). He was carried to Tork , and there, ignominioufly enough, fays my authority, interred. The booty which was found in the camp was fo great, that Aimund Bemenfts writes, they took fo much gold, that twelve young men could hardly bear it on their lhoulders (m). This account, lince no hiftorian of our own confirms it, I muff beg leave to difient from •, unlefs we fuppofe that the city of Tork had afforded them in plunder fucli a vafl treafure. For it is not to be imagined, that after fitting out fo great a fleet, fo much fuperfluous gold fhould be brought along with them. However it is agreed on all hands, that the fpoil was great, which Harold , contrary to true policy, his natural temper, which was efteemed generous, and the common cuftom of thole times, kept to his own private ufe •, and did not reward the foldiers as he ought to have done, after fuch a fignal proof of their courage and bravery. This condudt is looked upon by our hi- florians to be one reafon the foldiers did not exert themfelves fo heartily in his caufe, in the fucceeding battle with the duke of Normandy. This battle was fought within fix miles of Tork, eaftward, at a place now called (n) Stanfordbridge , on the 23 d day of September , A. 1066. The Saxon chronicle calls this place Sfcceng pojibeji-bpyege, Higden in his Polychronicon £>tcimfojtljTurgg •, but after the con- queft the village had the name of Pons-belli , or Battle-bridge , given it, to perpetuate the memory of this great overthrow, However it now retains its antient name, and no re¬ membrance of the fight, except a piece of ground on the left-hand of the bridge called 315 atflc-flatt 6 at this day. In the plowing this ground have been, of late years, found pieces of old fwords, and a very finall fort of horle-lhoes, which could only fit an afs, or the leaft breed of northern horfes. I mull not forget that the inhabitants of this village have a cuftom, at an annual feaft, to make pies in the form of a /will, or fwine-tub which, tradition fays, was made ufe on by the man that ftruck the Norwegian under the bridge inftead of a boat. This may be true, for the river being but very lately made navigable up here on the Derwent , a boat was not eafily to be had to perform the exploit in. The bridge alfo continued to be a wooden one, till falling greatly to decay it was taken down, and a new one begun and finifhed, about a hundred yards below the old one, at the county charge, A. 1727. But to our hiftory. Harold's, great joy for the gaining of this fignal vitftory was of a very Ihort date return¬ ing to Tork that night, he gave orders for folemn feafts and rejoicings to be begun the next day with all the magnificence imaginable (0). Our city may be well fuppofed to have a real fliare in the general joy, as not only being relieved from foreign fetters, but fecured from the juft fears of Tofto-, who, no doubt, would have taken ample vengeance on his enemies, as foon as his conqueft was compleat. But Harold had fcarce begun his triumphs, when a meflenger arrived from the fouth, who told him, as he fat in this city in great ftate, at a magnificent entertainment, that duke William was landed with a mighty army at Pevenfey near Haftings in Sujjex. Theobftinate battle at Stanfordburgh , where Harold muft have loft a great many of his choice men, as well as the diftafte his foldiers took at him, for not dividing the fpoils, are reafonsgiven, as I laid, for his ill-fortune in Sujjex. For here his whole army was cut in pieces, and himfelf fliot into the brains with an arrow, left his crown and kingdom to the conqueror •, who fhortly after took pofleflion of both. This fight and tragical event hap¬ pened only nine days after the former victory; and gives us a fmart inftance of the extream mutability of all human affairs. I have now brought this chapter to its period ; to recapitulate what has been faid in the briefeft manner, I am fure would feem tedious. It has been fmall fatisfaftion to me, in this nice ferutiny, to endeavour to put things together fo as to make them appear tolerable; and I am afraid it will be much lefs to the reader, unlefs he be fo much a mafter of Englijb hiftory, as to know how difficult a matter it is, even in a general way, to fet off thefe af¬ fairs in pleafing colours, and yet flick to the originals. The writers of thefe dark ages, we have now pafled through, Sir William Temple ftyles poor , jejune , and obfeure guides not worth the minding. But herein I differ from his opinion ; for let their ftyle and compofure be never fo mean, the hiftorical facls may be true •, and it would be as ridiculous in us to quarrel with thefe, when we can have no other affiftance, as for a man to fend back a guide, who came to meet him with a lanthorn in a dark night, becaufe he did not bring him a torch. (>i) This name his lead fomeof our modern hiftorian* to fix this battle at Stanford in L.ncolnjhire. ( 0) Gul. Malmf. {/•) Ft* liau's chron. from Guido. ( /) Gul. Malmf. ( m) Cambdtn. Chap. III. . of the CITY o/YORK. 8j It is very true the monkijh hiftorians are fo fluffed with vifions, miracles, and their own monaftical affairs, that for the firft two no kind of popijh legend can outdo them ; and for the latter it takes up three parts in four, almoft of their whole performance (p). But ftill they are our only directors; the only men of that age, who had either learning or curio- fity enough to enquire into and hand down to pofterity, in a ilyle and didtion fuitable to the times they lived in, the memorable events that happened in their own or forefather’s days. I am told it is ftill thecuftom in the monafteries abroad, to keep one of their order par¬ ticularly to be the hijloriograpber , both of the publick as well as their own private affairs ; and can we blame them for being circumftantial enough in the latter ? no furely, proximus fum egomet mihi. How happily, lays the author of the life of Mr. Somner , would it lpread the glory of the Englifh church and nation if among divines, addicted to thefe ftudies, fome one were preferred to a dignity in every collegiate church on condition, to employ his talent in the hiftory and antiquities of that body, of which he was a grateful and an ufeful member. Monfieur Rapin Tboyras , the late celebrated Englijh hiftorian is no friend to the monks •, but, on the contrary. Hips no opportunity to laffi them, and fays, that they could never find in their hearts to let any extraordinary event take place without afcribing it to fome fupernatural caufe, by way of miracle. But I would afk that gentleman, were he alive, to whom was he obliged for materials in compofing that fine part of his hiftory, the ecclefiaftical and civil affairs of England, during the Saxon government, but to the monks? And as it is natural for every man to praife the bridge he goes over, though a mean one, fo it can never feem well in any author to fall upon his only guides, and abufe them for telling him now and then a diverting ftory by the way. The only guides I call them, for excepting Roger de Hoveden , or Howden, our countryman, who was a layman, the priefts and other ecclefiallicks were the foie chroniclers of the laft and fome fucceeding ages from this period. The common fort of laity were entirely ignorant and illiterate •, and by what they have left us relating to the affairs of their country, it is very probable, few of the nobility were bred up to the ufe of any other thing than thefword. I beg pardon for this digreffion •, and to conclude this head I fhall only take leave to put the reader in mind, that our city was reduced by Edred the IVcfl-Saxon from being, as Alenin ftyles it, caput totius regni , i. e. Nortbanhumbrorim , to be only the capital of an earl¬ dom. This ftate it remained in to Edward the confeffor’s days-, in whole time it fuffered a much greater revolution. For though it is faid, that (j) Alfred the great firft divided Eng- gland into counties, * 3 >l;ireS, or Jfmevealties. and appointed a chief officer to govern each, called a ^Ijti'c-rchc, or /heriff, inftead of the earl or comes ; yet I cannot find that this was done in the north till the time above mentioned. And now the capital of the Roman pro¬ vince in Britain , the Saxon kingdom, and the earldom of Northumberland , which laftantiently contained all from the German to the Irijh fea in breadth, and from the Humber to the Tweed in length, was fplit into fix or feven diftin< 5 t Jhires or counties ; with each a city or chief town at the head of it. So that York, from the command of the whole, was now, in civil affairs, only metropolis of fomewhat the largeft ffiare ; called, in Domefday-book, Curctoic* feire •, in which lot it has continued ever fince, and in all human probability ever will do. Shire comes from Scypan, Sax. to divide ; and this large Saxon diftritft was then fplit in this manner, fays R. hoveden, C-beriutcUfrirc* KtcijmunBefctre* ^loncaftrefctrc. CoplanDc, fince called the bijhoprick of Durham. ftCUftmcrtlonCe. CtimhjelonDe. (p) In a l.Iank page of Eadmer's hiftory in our church library are thefe lines, wrote by an old hand, but a true prote/lant one no doubt. Quanta vetuftati reverentia debita, fi nan Redderet infulfos fabula mult a libra? Tibia nigra calamo fratermque (omnia dele, Et totum potsris dicere deinde bonttm. Eere , dedi tenebris; lege nunc; concede, fed illud Pnginn jam fafla ejl quad fail ante liber. R. Godfrey, i654- In Engl pa by the fame hand thus: How greats the honour due to eld, Were not their books with fables filled ? Thofe old wives tales and fryers dreams Wipe out, and then commend their themes. ’Tis done ; now read, I yield, but look Here’s but a page which was a book. Humiliur mtliar. (q) Spelman in vita Afredi mag. Z C H A P. 8 6 /^HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. CHAP. IV. The hiftorkal annals of the city continued from the Norman Conqueft , to the uniting of the two houfes of York and Lancafter. a. MLXVI. \t r H AT has preceded this period of time, has been a feries of uncommon events and yV turns of fate, which our city has fuffered during the Saxon , Danijh , and other fo¬ reign invafions. Fire and fword in the hands of the mod inhuman barbarians, have fo often fubverted its walls and bulwarks, that I have been forced to feek for it, as it were, in its own dull and rubbifh. One might imagine that after fuch an extrordinary revolution in favour of the duke of Normandy , who knew as well how to make the bed of a victory as to gain one, our harrafled city might have enjoyed that calm, which the red of the kingdom had from the conqueror’s fird a< 5 ts of clemency. But, fo much to the contrary, I dull fhew under the reign of this chrijlian tyrant, its dedru&ion and defolation furpafied whatever had been done to it before by the mod wicked pagan princes. No fooner was the duke of Normandy , thoroughly, edablifhed on the Englijh throne, than he fhewed the principles laid down by Matchiavel , fome ages after, to be his l'ole rule and guide (a). That able politician teaches the prince who conquers a kingdom, to de- llroy and root out as much as podible the antient nobility of it; and reduce the com¬ monality to as low an ebb of beggary and mifery as they can pofllbly live under. Keep them poor, and keep them honejl. This maxim the conqueror duck clofe to, and foon let the poor Englijh underdand that he would rule them with a rod of iron; and fince he ne¬ ver expected them to love him, he refolved they flhould have caufe enough to fear him. His title to the crown was by the longed fword, and he well employed the fharped in the fullaining of it. It is fomewhat amazing that after one has read the hidory of his reign given by the bed hidorians, we diould find in the lad age fo great a man as Sir William Temple arife, and write a panegyrical account of his life and a&ions. A true Briton mud dartle it the bare mention of fuch a tyrant, who without any right, or colour of right, fird in¬ vaded, poffefied, and afterwards maintained that pofiedion, by the mod horrid aids of cruelty imaginable. Hidory does not want numberlefs indances of this ; and if an altera¬ tion of the antient Englijh laws, cudoms, fafhions, manner of living, language, writing, and, in fliort, every thing but religion, can be called a thorough revolution , here it is beyond contradi&on exemplified. But I dull confine myfelf to what our city and country about it felt from him; which, I believe, without mentioning aught elfe, will make the name of A. fuch a conqueror odious to all poderity. MLXVIII. York had dill earl Morchar for its governour, William had not yet changed any thing fo far north; he and his brother Edwin earl of Chejler , could not bear to fee their country fo miferably enflaved, and therefore refolved, if pofiible, to throw off the yoke; for they foon found, by William’s proceedings, that the greated flavery was hadening down to them. As thefe Saxon lords had a very great intered in the kingdom, they quickly raifed forces, which were augmented by Blethwin king of Wales their nephew. The conqueror’s policy made him fear that this revolt would be general, if he did not nip it in the bud ; he there¬ fore hadened down into the north, but not fo fad but he took time to fortify the cadle at Warwick , and gave orders for the building a new one at Notingham , by way of fecuring a fafe retreat in cafe of the word (h). From thence he proceeded either to fight the rebels or to befiege York , which had fided with them. At the beginning of this infurreCtion William had difplaced Morchar from his government, and made one Robert a Norman , for his cruel and audere nature, earl of Northumberland. This man he fent down to Durhatn, fome time before he came himfelf, with a guard of feven hundred, others fay nine hundred, Normans to exercife what cruelty hepleafed, provided he kept thofe turbulent fpiritsin fubjeftion ( c). The dout Northumbrians could not bear this ufage, but arming privately, they came up¬ on this new made governour in the night, at his quarters in Durham, and with fire and fword dedroyed both him and his Normans to a man. The fword drawn it was not to be Iheathed again in hade. Earl Gojpatrick their commander, and Edgar Atheling their lawful prince, who was come to them out of Scotland , where he had fled for protection from William’s conquering fword, immediately marched at the head of the Northumbrians towards York. Here they were received by Morchar , Edwin , and the citizens of York , with all the joy and triumph they could poflibly tedify on thisoccafion ( d ). But this laded a very fmall time ; for William came on apace; and the generals being as yet in no condition to with- (a) Matchiavel s prince. (b) S. Dutiil. (c) Wat. Hemingford canon of Gijburgb. (d) Annales lYaverlacenJes. dand Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. 8 {land his numerous army, confulted whether they fhould fly the country, or yield them- felves up to the conqueror’s mercy. The lafl was agreed on, and having taken care to fend back prince Edgar into Scotland , they voluntarily fubmitted themfelves to the vidlors clemency. This method was right, lays Rapin , for how cruel foever William was in his na¬ ture, he had policy enough, adds he, to pardon thefe earls at this time, with a view to re¬ claim the Englijh , and give them a better opinion of his merciful temper. The inhabi¬ tants of York had the lame political mercy extended to them ; for when they faw how well the generals were treated, and knew at the fame time they were in no condition to Hand a fiege , they came out of the city to meet the conqueror, delivered him the keys with great fubmifiion, and were feemingly received into favour. This gained them a remiflion of cor¬ poral punifliment, but they were obliged to pay a large fine; and moreover had the mor¬ tification to fee two cajlles fortifyed in the city, and ftrongly garrifoned with Norman jfoldiers (e). William’s mercy was foon found to be a copy of his countenance; for at the fame time that he pardoned fome, he not only puniflied others who were lcfs guilty ; but he impri- foned feveral who had no hand at all in the revolt. This gave occalion to the leaders to look about them, and pilt them in mind what they were to expert as foon as opportunity would permit. The three earls Morchar , Edwin , and Gojpatrick , fled into Scotland to Mal¬ colm the Scotch king •, who very generoufly gave them his protection. Malcolm had lately married Margaret the eldeft filler to prince Edgar-, from which conjunction a long race of Scotijh kings, and fince of Great Britain are lineally defcended. The Norman, fays Bucha- nan , puft up with the good fuccefs of his affairs, fent an herald into Scotland to demand Edgar Alheling (f), and the Englijh lords; but Malcolm looking upon it as a cruel and faithlefs thing to deliver up his fuppliant gueff and kinfman, and one, adds my author, againjl whom his very enemies could object no crime , to his mortal foe to be put to death, re- folved to proteCt him, and fuller any thing rather than do it. He well knew that Wil- liam would be fpeedily with him for this refufal, and confequently was not flow to provide for his reception. A confiderable league was now formed againfi; the conqueror (?); Edwin and Morchar were fent into Denmark , who perfuaded king Swain that it would be an eafy matter to conquer England at this junCture; and the Danijlo king came readily into the propofal. Being allured of a powerful army of Englijh and Scotch to join the forces he fhould fend over, he difpatched away OJbern his brother, the two fons of Harold , a bifhop, called Chrijiiern , earl T'urkyl , or ' Turkelyh with two hundred and fifty tall Jhips , which all entered the Humber in fafety. At their landing they were immediately joined by the EtigliJJj malecontents, and the Scotch auxiliaries ; which, when united together, compofed a formidable army, fuf- ficient to have lhaken William’s crown, had they all aCled as they ought to have done. It is certain the news of this alarm fo {truck him, that he thought proper to fend his wife and children into Normandy , as a better place of fecurity; before he undertook to lay this {term, which looked fo black upon him from the north. OJbern the Danijh genera], at the head of the confederate army, marched direCtly towards York (Jo), where, we may imagine, they were not unwelcome to the citizens. The Norman garrifon in the caftles were refolved to hold out to the lafl: extremity, not doubting but their king would fpeedily come to their affiftance. Making all things ready fora fiege, the Nor¬ mans fet fire to fome houfes in the fuburbs, on that fide of the city, left they fhould ferve the enemy to fill up the ditches of their fortifications. This fire fpreading by an acciden¬ tal wind, further than it was defigned, burned down great part of the city, and with it the cathedral church •, where that famous library, which Alenin writes of, placed there by archbifhop Egbert , about the year Soo, to the unfpeakable lofs of learning, was entirely confumed in the flames. Divine vengeance, fays Hoveden , foon repayed them this injury •, for the Danes taking the advantage of this confufion, which the fire muff; neceflarily oc- cafion, entered the city without oppofition ; and then the confederates dividing their forces attacked both the caftles at the fame time ; the Danes one, and the Englijh and Scotch the other. This charge was made fo vigoroufly on both fidcs, that they beat down all before them, and entered the caftles fword in hand. A miferable daughter enfued, for all the Norman garrifon was cut in pieces, and every one elfe that was in them, except, fay our hiftorians, (i) William Mallet then high-fheriff of the county, his wife and two children Gilbert de Gaunt and a few others. [e) Rex autem Willielmus Snotingham venit ubi ca- Jello Jirmato Eboracum perrexit, ibidemque duobus Ca- ftellis Jr mat is quingenos milites in eis pojuit. Hoveden. Hoc anno, fed. 1068, rex Jrmavit ntium eafirum apud Snotingham eff duo apud Eboracum. Bromp. Duobus caftellis, &c. Sim. Dunel. {f) 3 kl;jltng, a b A. S. AE^Seling, quo nomine re- gius J/ius, regni baeres, primps juventutis olim appel- labatur, ab AEtiel nobilis, q. d. Nobilium primarius, om- nivo ut in Graeco Romano imperio nobiiijpmus. Skinner. did. rtyruol. ( g) S. Dunel. ( h ) R. Hoveden. ( i) This Williatn Mallet or Mulct came in with the conqueror, and was with him at the famous battle of Haftings. In the 3 J year of the conqueror’s reign he was conflituted high -Jberiff of Torbjhire. Dugda/e'a baron. 2 This 88 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. A. This conflict happened in our city September 19, 1069. The number of the flain is vari- MLXI.v. oufly reported by hiftorians (k), but is much fuperiour to the garrifon, which Hoveden, &c. write, William left in the caltlcs to keep the city in awe, which was no more than five hun¬ dred men. Here they all agree were flain three thoufand Normans at leaft, and William of Newburgh writes that connivenlia civiirn plufquam quatuor millia Normannorum trucidamur ; Camden fpeaks of decimating the pril'oners they had taken afterwards. Now how five hun¬ dred could grow up to five thoufand imperceptibly, I cannot conjecture, unlefs that the editors of thefe antient gentry, or the authors themfelves, have omitted a numeral in the firft account. For five hundred men can never be called a fufficient garrifon to man two caftles. anil keep a city and country in fubjeCtion, that heartily detefted the Norman in perfon as well as government; and which he was not unacquainted with. The Danijh general, by confent of all, made Waltheof\ the fon of the valiant Shoard, before fpoken of, governor of the city •, with a flout garrifon of Englijh and Scotch foldiers under him. After which the Danes retired and entrenched themfelves in a convenient place, betwixt the Humber and the Trent ; waiting the coming of the Norman king (/). William was not flack in his proceedings againft them, for when he heard ol the deftru- Clion of the No-man garrifon at York, he fpurred on to take vengeance with all the fury imaginable. It was now, fays Rapin, that he had opportunity to put forth his natural tem¬ per, he was often heard to fay in his march to the north, that by God's fplendour , his ufual oath, he would not leave a foul of them alive ; and he began to put his threats in execution, as foon as ever he arrived in the country, with great pundluality. At his coming before the city he fummoned the governour with terrible menaces of fire and fword, if he refufed, to furrender. Waltheof fet at nought his threats, for being well garrifoned, and excellently well furnilhed with all neceflaries for a fiege, and moreover fa- tisfied of a Alliance from the Danijh army, he fent him a brave defiance. William faw plainly thefe obflacles were invincible, and that he could never reduce the city at fuch adifadvan- tage •, neither durfl he attack the Danes in their entrenchments, the two armies were fo polled to fuccour one another. In this exigency he had recourfe to policy, and tried how far the dint of money would operate on the Danijh general. The affair fucceeded (m) beyond his expedition, for the faithlefs Dane made a fecret compaft with William , receiving a round lum of money in hand, and leave to plunder the fea-coafls at his going off, he pro- mifed to depart as foon as the fpring would permit him. OJbern kept his word, embarked his forces, and bafely left his allies to the mercy of the Norman ; for which, fay hiftori- ans, he was feverely punilhed by his brother at his return. This defertion of the Danes caufed theutmoll confirmation amongll the citizens and gar¬ rifon of York. They had now nothing but their own valour to trull to but being encou¬ raged by the bravery of their governour, who was the foremoll in all dangers for their defence, they were refolved to fell their lives at as dear a rate, to the conqueror, as 4 pofllble. MLXX. William now eafed of his fears from the Danes , pulhed on the fiegewith double vigour, and with his engines made a large breach in the walls. Through this he attempted to take the city by llorm, and made a fierce attack upon it, but was repulfed by the garrifon with great lofs. The governour himfelf, fays William of Malmjbury , a man of prodigious might and flreno-th, Hood Angle in the breach, and cut off the heads of feveral Normans, that attempted to enter it, with his own hands. How long this famous fiege Jailed, no one hillorian I have yet met with is fo particular as to mention. I can however compute it to be about fix months; for from the i7 :h of September , the day the caftles were taken by the Danes, &c. to Ofbern’s going back, which was in the fpring, and the city’s holding out fomewhat longer, it may "be faid that William fat down before it about Michaelmas , and the fur- render happened about Lady-dry. This oppofition makes it evident, that had the Danes kept faithful, William mull have divided his forces; and then, in all probability, the city had never fallen into his hands. Leland has given us a copy of an act of Hate which the con¬ queror did when he laid before this city ; which was a grant to his nephew Alain earl of Brit any, afterwards of Richmond , of all the lands of Edwin earl of Chefler, who was then in York againft him. The ftyle of which donation, as well for brevity as llrength, is very remarkable ; and is an inftance that large eftates were formerly conveyed in very few words. I offer it to our modern lawyers as a fpecimen. Cgo Gulielmus, rognontine SSaffarDus, Do ct conccDo tibi Alano, nepott meo, Britanie coniiti, et IjcrcDibus tuis tn perpetuum, omnes tllas tiillas et terras, tjtic nuper fucrunt comitis Edwini in Eborafciria ; cum foeDis militum, et cede- fltis, et aliis libcrtattbus ct confuetuDimbus, ita libere ct fjono^ificc ficut tDcm Edwinus ga tcmut. £>at. tit obADione co;am abitatc Eboraci. ms. Dune/. R. Hove den, W. MalmJburj, W. New- (/) H Hunt, lur&b. H R - Hoveden. This 4 Chap. IV. of the CITY of Y ORj£. 89 This abfolute confifcation of the large eftate and poffeffions, no Ids than near two hum dred manors and townfhips, as appears by the conqueror’s furvey, then of right belong¬ ing to an ancient Saxon earl, was a tafle of his cruelty; and was fufficient to let the be- fieged know what mercy the reft of them was to expeft when he fhould have them in his power. But as this arbitrary grant is very particular, as to the form of them at that time; and is befides a fingular teftimony of this famous fiege, the annexed plate, which is printed in Mr. Gaits* s furvey of Richmondjhire , and which, by that gentleman’s fa¬ vour, I have procured, will give the reader a better idea of the conqueror and his chief officers, then with him at the fiege, than I can pretend to. And ferve to hand down yet to pofterity an adlion very memorable in its kind, though attended with the utter de- ftrudtion of a noble earl and all his family. William of Malmjbury mentions a battle which the conqueror gained agninft a powerful army lent to the relief of the city. Thefe I prefume were Scotch and 'Northumbrians , for the Danes had deferted before that time. It feems by it that this laft ftruggle for liberty was very great in the north, and all pofllble efforts made to fhake off the Norman yoke; nor was this attempt made to raife the fiege eafily fruftrated; the aforefaid author tells us that the battle was terrible and bloody ; nor did he gain the vidtory without a very confi- derable lofs of his own men (n). Earl Waltheof , the governour, rendered alfo the fiege of the city exceeding difficult, merely by his courage and condudl, infomuch that ^Y//tfv*almoftdifpaired of going through with it. But being now freed from the fears of any other enemy, he drew down the whole ftrength of the kingdom againft it, and beleaguered it quite round ; refolving to ftarve them into a compliance, fince force would not prevail. I muft here obferve that his army muft be very numerous tofurround this city, and begirt it fo dole that no provifion could be thrown into it. In the laft civil war fifty thoufand men, the number of the Engli/h and Scotch forces that befieged York , were infufficient; and could not wholly prevent it. However this method took, and famine began to rage fo violently within the walls, that it obliged the befieged to try thevidlor’s clemency. William greatly defirous to furmount this difficulty, ftuck at neither oaths nor promifes to obtain it; the articles (o ) of furrender were as honourable as poffible, confidering the circumftances the city was in ; nay after the A lurrender, he feemed fo charmed with the valour and condudl of the governour, which he MDLXX. had perfonally beheld in the fiege, that he gave him afterwards in marriage his niece Ju- clethy daughter to the countefs o {Albermarl and firft made him earl of Northampton and Huntington ; and afterwards earl of Northumberland. Whatever favours William conferred upon the governour, it is certain the city felt none of them. And fo great was the difference in this cafe, as renders the earl’s character but very fufpicious. To make the belt of it, it can only be faid, that, when the governour £aw the affair defperate, he made the moft advantageous terms he could for himfelf, as well as the city. William ’s profound policy obliged him to keep fuch a man as Waltheof in his intereft at that time, but he trufled him no farther than he could fee him ; and in a fmall time let him both fee and feel his error, for he took oft'his head on account of a confpiracy which Waltheof himfelf firft informed him of (p). Thus fell the laft of the Saxon earls of Northumberland , with the honour of being the firft nobleman that ever was beheaded in England. Morchar and Edwin not caring to truft the conqueror’s mercy, found means to efcape out of the city before the furrender; but be¬ ing hunted from place to place by this infatiable blood-hound, the two brothers at laft met the fame fate, and had the misfortune to be both murthered in a mutiny of their own men. Prince Edgar likewife efcaped into Scotland (q). Whatever articles the governour had ftipulated for in the furrender in behalf of the city and citizens, they were little regarded by the conqueror. Malmjbury fays, that he looked upon this place as the only neft of rebellion in the kingdom ; he fuppofed them abettors in the deftrudlion of the Norman garrifon, and therefore they were to feel his fierceft ven¬ geance. He razed the city to the ground, and with it fell ( r) all the principal nobility and gentry, and moft of the other inhabitants •, the few that were faved, were forced to purchafe their lives with fuch large fines, that they were reduced to the utmoft penury to difeharge them. Th e Engli/h and Scotch garrifon, notwithftanding the articles, all pei ifhed ; and thus, fays my author, was this noble city wafted by famine, fire and fword, to the very roots. Nor did his implacable malice flop here, but, left the country fhould be capable of fupporting the city in this dreadful calamity, he laid all wafte betwixt York and Dur- ham ; deftroyed or drove out the inhabitants, and made the country fo defolate, that for nine years after neither plow nor fpade was pur into the ground. If any of the wretched people efcaped the fword, they were but referved for a much worfe fate, being forced for (//) Urbem metropolim, quam Angli cum Danis et Scotis obftinate tenebant, in deditionem acccpit ; civibus longc inedia confumptis. Maximum qitoque bcjtium nu- merum , qui obfejjis in auxilium ccmvencrant , it;genii et 'gravi proelio Judit; ncu incruenta fibi victoria r.ultos Juorum amittens. Gul. Malm. (0) M. Paris. (p) R. Hove den. (?) dngulpbus. (r) Et tune quidem cum civitate omnis nobilitas pe‘ pularis emarcuit, false belli dsmtffe- Gul. Maim. A a fuftenance 3 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book l fuftenance through famine to eat dogs, cats, horfes, and even human flefh, to preferve their fniferable lives. Thus v/as our city, and even our whole country, lb v'holly waited and deftroyed, except the lands belonging to St. John of Beverley , (s) which the tyrant thought fit to fpare, that my own words can neither come up to the defcription, or if they did, would they find the leaft belief in the recital. Hear then the hiltorians, who wrote the neareft thefe times, in their own phrafe and diction. And firft, William the librarian of Malmfbury (/), who, though a Norman , has not ex- cufed his countryman the conqueror; but has done him ample juftice, as the following quo¬ tation will teftify. Eboracvm urbs ampla et metropolis eleganliae Romanae praeferens indicium , a duabus parlibus Hufae fluminis aedijicata , includit in medio finus fui naves a Germania et Hibernia. Denientes. Furori aquilonalium gentium prima femper obnoxia , barbaricos Danorum motus, toto tempore quo dominati flint in Anglia, excepit et ingemuit. Ultima pefte fub Gulielmo rege concidit , qui urbanis iratus , quod Danis adventantibus receptui et confultui fuiftent , prius inedia , mox flammd civitatem confecit. Regionis etiam totius vicos et agros corrumpi , fruftus et fru- ges igne vel aqua labefaft ari juft. It aprovinciae quondam fertilis nervi , praeda , incendio , [an¬ guine fucciji. Humus per fexaginta milliaria omnifariam inculta , nudum omnium folum ad hoc ufque tempus. Urbes olim praeclaras , turres proceritate fua in coelum minantes, agros laetos paf- cuis , irriguos fluviis , fiquis modo vidit peregrinus , ingemit \ fi velus incola , non agnofcit. What Simeon of Durham , Roger Hoveden , William of Newburgh , Knighton , &c. write of this tragedy, may be all comprehended in old Simeon's (u) words. Normannis Angliam vajlantibus in Northimbria, et in quibufdam aliis provinciis anno praecedenti , praefenti et fubfequenti fere per tot am Angliam, fed maxi me per North ymbram et per contiguas illi provincias adeo fames praevaluit, ut homines humanas , equinas , caninas , et catinas carnes , et quicquid ufus abhorret , cogente inedia , comederent. Alii vero in fervitutem per- petuam fefe venderent, dummodo qualitercunque miferabilem vilam fuftentarent , alii vero extra pa- triam profefturi in exilium , medio itinere deficientes animas emiferunt. Erat horror ad inluen- dum per domos , plateas et itinera cadaver a diffolvi, et labefcentia putredine cum fcitore horrendo fcaturire vermibus. Neque enim fupererat qui ea humo cooperiret , omnibus vel extinftis gladio vel fame , vel propter famem pater num folum relinquentibus. Inter ea it a terra cultore deft it ut a, lata ubiquefolitudo patebat per novem annos. Inter Eboracum et Dunelmum nufquam villa inhabi- tala , beftiarum tantum et latronum latibula , magna itinerantium fuere timori. I believe I may venture to fay that no hiftory whatever can parallel thefe accounts •, nor was there ever a tyrant in the chriftian or pagan world, that exercifed his power fo much to the deftruftion of his fellow creatures, before or fince. A farther account of this great devaftation may not be unacceptable to the reader in old Engliflj rhymical verfe ; taken out of Peter Langtoft's chronicle publilhed by Mr. Hearn. Now William has fojourned and flayne alle his enmys , And to pe fouthe is turned , als king ]>ot wan pe pris. Tidings cam him fulle flout , pat agrete ofte and ft ark , With Harold and with Knoute, pe king's fonnes of Denmark, Were aryved in Humbere, and an earl Turkylle, With fouIk withouten numbere pe Norreis felle pam tille , Comen to pe earl Edgar, with all pos of his kinde. Sir Walthof he is thar , po with that he met finde Marlfwain Turkyl fon, ond Swayne a doughty knyght ; Of Scotlande Gofpatrick, with pam at all his myght. The Normans in the fouthe , were in foe grete affray , Of kaftells and of tounes , they com oute alle day. To York ran ilk a man , to refcet in that toune , That no Danes man pe walles to breke doune. Sir William Mellet was warden of pe cuntres , Sibrigh pe gaunt was fet with to kepe pe pees. Thife tuo brought lydyng , pei were comcn by pat cofte Tberfore William pe king , did turne agayn his hofte , And fwore a grete othe , pal he fuld never fpare Neiper lithe nor lofe , Northeren whut fo pei were. William turned agayn , and held what he had fworn , All mad he wafteyn , pafture , medow and korne. And ftough both fader and fonne , women lete pei gon Hors and houndcs pei Of gode men er non lefte , but Jlayn er ilk one. Grete fin did William, j nit fwilk wo did werk , Soe grete vengeance be nam , of men of holy kirk , Yhat did no wem till him , ne no trefpafs , Fro York unto Durham, no wonyngjlede was , Nien yere, fayes my buke , lofted fo grete forrowe , Fhe bi/hop clerkes tuke , lyves for two borrowe. The fubjetft is too melancholy to dwell any longer upon, or trouble the reader with any more proofs to make good my alTertion. I fhall only fay, that the ufage William gave our city is felt yet; having never fince his time Ihewed half the fplendour that it did before, and humanly fpeaking never will again. The city ot London , though now fo overgrown and mighty, was not to be compared to the capital city of the Northumbrian kingdom in thofe days •, fctyaul unDctrffaimD, fays J. Hardy nge, (x) tljat tn tljofc Dapcs tl)C cpfG Of Lon¬ don IjaDmucjj butlDing from Ludgate totoarDD Weftminfter, ano litle o? non tuljcc tljectjcfc o; liarte of tljc cpte ps nolo, except ttjat tn Dibcrfe places ftooDc Ijoulpng, buf tfjcp aoocc cute of OjDerc. manpfotoncs 0 J eptesas York, Canterbury, anD Dibecfc otljcrc tit Englande, paffeb London foj buptopng tn ttjofe Dapc*. 15ut after tye conqucttc it tncrcafeD anD Ip afterc pafiTcO all otljcres. Johannes Severiano fpeaking of Fork, and the troubles in the heptarchy , has thefe words (y), praefatum vero oppidum in id virium et temeritatis temporis pro- ceffu excrevit , ut urbibus antiquis audeatfe conferre. For though we have often feen it fuffer grievouily under the Saxon , Danijh , and other invafions; yet it always returned, in any recefs, to its former greatnefs. William *s barbarity {truck at the very roots of it, and his malice went fo far as to eraze as much as pofiible, all the noble remains of antiquity it could then produce; for, fays Leland (z), haec clades deturpavit, ant potius penitus ab- rafit, quicquid erat monumentorum aut antiquae nobilitatis a Romanis reliffae Eboraci. And Maimfbury writes, as if he faw this defolation, in aliquibus tamen parietum minis , qui femi- ruti remanfere videos mira Romariorum artifeia. What wonder then that, we have fo few Roman antiquities to produce ? The fuburbs of the city, before the conqueft, according to mlxxh Leland (a), extended to the towns a mile round it, conftans fama eft aliquot villas effe uno ab Eboraco milliario , ubi, ante tempora Gulielmi nothi, termini erant fuburbanarum aedium. To conclude this whole affair, the author of the Polychronicon writes, ( b) that York feemed as fair as the city of Rome, before it was burnt by William the conqueror ; and what was juft- ly enough by William Harrifon ftyled Altera Roma, from the beauty and fine buildings of it (c), and by Alcuin Caput totius regni , at this period was nothing but a heap of ruins. £h(is, talia fando , Ycmperet a lacrimis ? We have now a gap of time which is impofTible to fill up with any materials to the pur- pofe. Our city lay dead, as it were, after William's, cruel ufage near an age for few ligns of life can I meet with in hiftory about it. The contefts betwixt the two metropolitical archbifhops excepted, which concern another part of this work. However we may ima¬ gine it had crept out of its rubbifh in king Stephen's time, and had once more reared its MCXXXVIJ head, when another unhappy accident befel it. A cafual fire burft out, and burnt down the cathedral church, St. Mary's flabby, St. Leonard's hofpital, with thirty nine parifii churches in the city, and Yrinity church in the fuburbs. Mr. Camden writes that the famous library in the cathedral, mentioned above, was deftroyed by this fire ; but R. Hoveden dates its deffru&ion more juftly, from the former conflagration. The hand of fate was fb'll heavy upon us, and this repeated blow was fenfibly felt by the inhabitants ; who were reduced fo low by it, that their churches, efpecially the cathedral, lay a long time in rubbifh for want of means to re-ere6t them. In Stephen's time, befides the bloody wars that occupied his whole reign, England may be faid to be all in a flame •, there being no lefs than twenty cities and chief towns cafually burnt in a very fhort fpace •, amongft which ours had the misfortune to be the greateft fufferer. Mcxx David king of Scotland knowing the nation was divided into two great parties, and a bloody civil war begun betwixt Maud the emprefs and Stephen ; took this opportunity to enter England with a powerful army, (e) and fending his horfe abroad into the country com¬ manded them to wafte and fpoil all before them. In the mean time he purpofed to befiege Fork, which if he could have taken, he determined to have made a frontier town on °it againft Stephen and his adherents. Wherefore calling in his horfe, he marched towards the city, and fat down before it. In the mean time archbifhop Thurftan , whom Stephen had made lieutenant governour of the north, called together the nobility and gentry of the counties, and thofe adjoining to (*) J Hardynge floruit temp. Hen. V. (y) Let a net's coll. ( z ) Ibid. coll. (a) Ibid. coll. (b) R. Higdeni polychron. (c) Defer! ption of Brit. (d) Stein, See. (e) Hollingflpc'd. the 91 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. the city of York ; whofe names I find thus recorded by Richard , prior of Hexham (f\ Wil- liam (g) de Albemarl-, Walter de Gant, Robert de Brus, Roger de Mowbray , Walter'Eftec Ubert de Lacy, William de Percy, Rich, de Curcy , William Fojfard, and Robert de Stouteville all antient barons ol this county, with William P seer el and Geofrey Haifa line of p c t,„a’ ijamfljirc, and Robert de Ferrers of SDarb^fyirc. Thefe barons inraged to fee their country lo miferably wafted by the Scotch , railed forces, and being encouraged by an oration the archbifhop made to them, marched againft the enemy with great bravery. The king of Scotland did not wait their coming, but drew his army from before York, and retired north¬ ward with fome precipitation. The Englijh lords came up with him at ftojtljalcrtoiT, where a terrible battle was fought, and where the Scots were entirely routed, and ten thou- fand of their men llain upon the fpot. This battle is called by hiliorians bellum Jlandardi , or the battle of theftandard; whence, lays the prior, Hugo de Sot av agin a, archdeacon of of po;tt, at that time, wrote the following diftich on the enfign eretted in the field of battle, Dicilur a ftando ftandardum, quod Jlelit illic Mililiae probit as vincere five mori. Standard from ftand this fight we aptly call, Our men here flood to conquer or to fall. And now, inftead of terrible wars, fire, famine, murders, and deflations, which I h..ve been all along obliged to flick to in thefe hiftorical annals for many ages laft pail; the tables are turned to give an account of parliaments, conventions, coronations, royal mar¬ riages and interviews, which our city has been honoured with, in fome fucceeding years from this period. Blood and fire will fora time be ftrangers, except in fome matters of much lefs moment, to my fubjetfl; and mull give way to a more pleafant recital of the pomps and ceremonies of our former Englijh monarchs, difplayed in our antient city, on fieveral occafions. This will require the lkill of both the politician and courtier, to fet them forth in the colours they deferve ; for want of which abilities, I mull be obliged to wave a great many flourifhes naturally arifing in my way •, and the reader mull be content wi h a plain relation of matter of fa) Daniel. ( c ) Wttljingham. ( d) Will, de Melton. (e) Buchanan. [/) Hoi lingfl-cd. which io r Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. which were upon the place; the fmoak- of which driving with a brifk wind in the faces of the Engl'fh, ,is;they paffed the river, fo blinded them that they could not fee the enemy who came down in good order upon them, and without any great refinance entirely routed them. There were 11 .in and drowned of the Englifb above two thouflnd, home lay, four thouland, the reft with their generals made great liafte back to the city. In this conflict fell Nicholas Flemming, then mayor of York, who had headed up his citizens to the battle ; there were taken prifoners Sir John de Pabeham, Knt. lord William Ayrmine , and feveral others. Here was fuch a fall of the priefthood, that the Englifb, lays Buchanan , called this fight, for a long time after, the white battle. This battle was fought Oklober 12, 1219. The archbifhop had bufinefs enough to fill up vacancies in the church at his return. But in an cfpecial manner, he Ihewed his gratitude to the mayor, his body was honourably buried in the parilh church of S. Wilfrid , and an indulgence granted of forty days relaxation of fin to all parilhioners thereof (g), who be¬ ing truly contrite, penitent and confelfed, fhould fay for his foul the lord’s prayer, and the lalutadon of the bleffed virgin. For him all'o in the fame church was a chauntry found¬ ed (g). King Edward hearing of this overthrow, as he lay before Berwick , raifed the fiege and retired to York. Whatever were the misfortunes in the reign of this king, they were chiefly owing to the civil diflenfinns in England, betwixt this Edward and his uncle I homes carl of Lancafier , with other great lords of the realm ; which gave the Scotch fuch extraordinary advantage over the Englifh at that time. For had this king been followed with the fame zeal his lather was, he might not only have Hemmed the tide, but, perhaps, have had it in his power to have turned it againft his foreign enemies (b). We mull; allow this to be a reafon fufficient to ac¬ count for moil or all of his mifearriages, as thofe who will confult tiie hiftory of thofe times may find. After various difputes and feveral bloudy battles betwixt the king and his A. barons, he at length entirely fubdued them. For at the battle of Bumugh-bridge, ThomashlCCCXXl. earl of Lancafier was taken prifoner by Andrew de Harclay ; Humphrey 'de Bohun earl of Hereford (lain, and their whole army cut in pieces. With the earl was taken many more barons who were all brought to Turk to the king. The barons were tried by judges ap¬ pointed for that purpofe, condemned and fentenccd to be hanged and quartered ; and by the mitigation of the Spencers, lays Knighton , the fentence was executed upon feveral of them in different parts of the kingdom. John lord Clifford, Roger lord Moubraye, Sir Joccline D’eivill fullered at York. The earl of Lancafier, out of regard to his blood and near al¬ liance to the king, wasfentenced to be beheaded ; which was executed upon him before his own caftle at Pontfrele. Andrew de Harclay for this great piece of fervice was made earl of Cnrlijle ; but he did not enjoy his new dignity long, for hatching an invaflon with the Scotch, he was i'eiztd at Carlifle, tried, condemned and executed ; and one of his quarters placed upon the bridge at Fork (if. The next year, about afeenfion-day, king Edward called another (kf parliament at York- r r-xxrt wherein he exerted the regal power to fome purpofe. The whole decree which had been^ palled at London againft his favourites the Spencers was thoroughly examined and entirely difani,ailed, and the Spencers reftored toall their lands and offices. The lord Hugh Spencer the father, was made earl of Winchejter-, the lord Andrew Harclay, as I mentioned before, earl of Carlifle. In this parliament was alfo difinherited all that had bore arms againft the king, and fided with the barons. Here alfo the king made Robert Baldock, a man very ill beloved, lord chancellor; and laftly the king’s eldeft Ion Edward was, with great folemni- ty, made prince of Wales and duke of Aquitain. At this parliament, the king caufed all the ordinances made by the barons, to be examined by men (killed in the laws ; and fuch as were thought neceffary to be eftablilhed, he commanded lhould be called ffatufCB A oreat lubiidy was now granted to the king by the temporality ; and the clergy of the province of Canterbury gave five pence out of every mark ; thofe of this province four pence . W “, h thls lu PP'y Edward raifed fo great an army, that he thought nothing could refit! it, and marched into Scotland. But his ill-fortune ftill purfued him, for meeting with no forage to tupport his troops, which had been purpofely deftroyed, he was obliged to retire into England. Robert the Scotch king, perceiving this, watched his motions fo narrowly that lie furpnzed him at dinner, fome lay, in Byland abby, about fourteen miles from York and foiling upon his forces unawares, they were eafily routed and put to flight (m ' The Scots took feveral prifoners, among!! whom was John earl of Richmond, and the kin our brother and Jiifers (z) abide in the fame, to be more fafely kept and guarded-, leaf any fudden danger fro?n our enemy’s approach fcould happen to the /aid city ; or fear or fright to our mother, brother and fifters , which God avert, for want of fufficient munition and guard. We flridtly command and charge you, upon your faiths and allegiance, and on the forfeiture of every thing you can forfeit to us, immediately at fight of thefe prefents, without excufe or delay , to infpelt and overlook all your walls, ditches and towers, and the ammunition proper for the defence of the faid city ; taking with you fuch of our faithful fervants as will be chofen for this purpofe ; and to take fuch order for its defence, that no danger can happen to the city by negleft of fuch fafe- guards. And we by thefe prefents, give you full power and authority to di/train and compell all and fin- gnlar owners of boufes or rents in the faid city, or merchants or Jlrangers inhabiting the fame, by the feizure of their bodies or goods, to be aiding towards the fecurity of the walls, bulwarks or towers ; as you in your diferetion Jhall think fit to ordain, for the making other ufeful and neceffary works about it. Fumfhing all thofe that are found to contradict or rebel againft this order by imprifonment, or what other methods you think fit. Study therefore to ufe fuch diligence in the execution of the premijfes, that we may find it in the ef¬ fect of your works ; and that we may have no occajion from your negligence, fhould danger hap¬ pen, to take fevere notice of you. Dated at Durham , July 15, A. 1327. By the KING. (t) Froifart. («) J. Barnes's Edw. III. (v) Cljc ^enaunevs auu tljc dEnglifbtuen faute b*» cljauncc on Crnutc 5>unHat'cat S’ojU, inhere cigh= tt> iUttcolnfrrirc men mere Ccpne anu burtcB unDcc a (tone in &>. Clement cyirch trofc in ^roffgatc* Leland coll, out of a cbtonictuc m f->ctcr col lege I IU tojarp. { y) Rymer's Foedera fub A. 13 27. (z) Prince John of Eltbam, and the princefles Joan and Eleanor. See Speed's chron. This 10 + 'the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. This fpeci.il mandate ftnfibly fit ws that the king and his counfel were in great fear of the fr ;. at that time; lead whikl he was hunting them.more northward they iliould flip him ane attempt fomethiog upon diet, as they had done in the former reign. I Ihall tollow Edward no (archer in this expedition, than juft to hint that the Scotch army was at length overtaken, anti being cooped up bj the Euglijh in Stanhope park for fifteen days, were almoft famifh’d, and upon the point of iurrendring ; when, by the treachery of lord Mortimer as is fait!, they flipped thioogh Eiiwemts fingci , and (hewed that they were really what Bt, chanan calls them, light horfemen , by an expeditious march into their own country The young king, fadly chagrined at the mining his prey, when it was already n, net re- turned back to Yorl:, and went from thence to London. Lord John of Hainauit was bourn, oufly rewarded by the king notwithftandint the difap pointment, .mu honourably Cent b.ck into his own country. Th next year T returned " ith his ni.ee Philippa daughter to W'i :am earl of Hamault his brother s and vhh a great retinue conducted her to 1 ork , where the court then was, in order fur tier marriage with the king of England in that city. Be.on I enter upon a defeription of the ceremony of this grand affair, it will be neceffa ry to pr. mile lomewhat relating to this princefs, who is fpoke o.f by all hillob as the moll cekbi.1t. . beauty ol the age (he lived in. Philippa was the youngell daughter to 11 ilium carl ot Hamault and Holland, and Jane de Valois ; fiie was, fays J. Barnes, -a mod beautiful lova ly creature, the mirror of her ex, and was then fcarce tourtcen years old l'jie perlons lent about this treaty of marriage were Dr. Roger Norilsk; bifliop of Litchfield and Coventry, two knights bannerets, and two other gentlemen learned in the laws Thefe perfons had commiffion to treat with the earl, and chufe a wile lor ti.eir king out of his live daughters. The amb.ilfado s, attended with an honourable equipage, came to Valenciennes the chief city ot Hainauit ; the earl William aj t : is counters received them very gladly a.,d enterai ,’d them with great fplendour and magnificence. Upon a lit day’ the earl brought out Ins five daugi.cers before them, to take their • lice of; at the fight of Jo much beauty and delicate Shapes, they all flood amazed, not I nowing to which to give t h c pre fei\nee. Till the piercing eye of the bifhop, lays my ..uthor, obferving with .rood heed tlie lady Philip-a to be the heft limit about the hips, and of a good fanzine complexion, ,n>n-inr cc.ih I he king’s-, he fccretly advifed his colleagues that file was the lady, amongft them ill mold likely by her fwcet .iifpofition, to pleafe the king their mailer, and alio to bring i a numerous and hopeful progeny. Tiffs-obfervation in a bifliop, fiysMr.Hearue(a) w fe order was noc then allowed to marry, gave occafion of much mirth to the reft How, ver the judgment prevailed, and madam Philippa, though the youngeft of the ladies was pitched upon tor their quien. This ftory of the penetrating bilhop, and given by a grave divine, I thought not impro¬ per to introduce the following marriage. Nor was the prelate wrong in his prolifick notion ot the lady, for fhe bore king Edward feven fons and three daughters, almoft in the fpace of as many years. ccexxvm. The king kept his Chri/lmas at York, A. 1328, in great flate and magnificence*, and be- fore the folemnity of the teftival was ended, lord John of Hainauit arrived with his beauti¬ ful niece and a very numerous attendance. They were received by the young and amorous king, whofe blood had been fufficiently fired by his ambaffadors defeription, with all the pomp and ceremony fo great a monarch could pofiibly fhew on this extraordinary occafion All the jufts, tournaments, triumphs, plays and paftimes then in ufe were exhibited, in or¬ der to teftify his joy, and do the greater honour to his charming bride. On the twenty fourth of January, being Sunday, the eve of St. Paul’s converfion the marriage was publlckly lolemnized in the cathedral; at which folemnity the molt reverend Dr. JVilliam Melton, archbifhop of York, and the right reverend Dr. John Hotbam, bilhop of Ely , fang the mafs. Upon thefe happy nuptials the whole kingdom teemed with joy^ and the court at York expreffed it in a more than ordinary manner ; for there were nothing lays Froifart, but jufts and tournaments in the day time, mafkings, revels, and interludes with fongs and dances in the evenings; along with continual fealting for three weeks toge¬ ther. 6 During this great concourfe at York, the Hainaulters Hill bearing malice in their hearts, fet fire to and almoft confumed a whole parilh in the fuburbs of the city, by reafon of i difference railed betwixt the inhabitants and them. The caufe was no mean one, for the ft rangers had made bold to ravilh feveral of the others wives, daughters and maid fer- vants. The fuburbians fcandalized at fuch outragious proceedings challenged the Hainaulters to fight them and a feleft company of each well armed, one Wednefday before fun-rifino- dormiente tola even ate , fays myaurhority (b), met in a ftreet called OTaflingatC and fought their quarrel fairly out. In this conflift were (lain and drowned in the river Oufe of the 'Hainaul¬ ters 527, befides thofe who were mortally wounded and died foon after. Of the Engli/h fell likewife 242. 6 J (a) Hearn's gloflkry to Pm r Lmgttft't chronicle. ( UUnas coll. This IOJ Chap.IV. of the CITY o/YORK. 1 his account I look to be true, notwithftanding that I have no other teftimony than the colleStanea to Support it. Theconteft m the preceding year was ftill green in the^r memo nes, and fuch a freft provocation would eafily ftir up a refentment. The affair miX be fo huffed up, out of re/pcft to the queen’s countrymen, that few hiftorians of dm -u, e could come to the knowledge of it, and there is no circumftance in the relation which can make it be taken for the tumult before mentioned. It is certain thefe foreigners behaved very infolendy and iauc,ly to the Englijh at both times of their coming to Yorf,which our anuent B, itifi fpirit could ill bear, without endeavouring to retaliate die affront The for mer conteft ffews a juft refentment of injuries in the EngUJh in general and fe latter is an Kinl P ^' ' 7r P 7 CltlZ c nS ’ ° f ' the f P irit and vaiour *eir anceftors. ,1 t ?u d f u,nm ° ned a parliament to meet at York. Where the kina’s fecial affairs A that fliould have been done at it, were fruftratcd by the fquabbles which happened betwixt »ccci»u the two archbiffops about the bearing their croffes in each other’s province (d) betwlxt '' CCCXWI ' The king m h,s march to Scotland ftaid and kept his Cbriftmas at York. From thence he A ?et 0 urn^1o°tht’crXL ; id an l 'f- ™ S TO"Xi ad J ufed ™“rs -id, king bZ, h -ccct„,v; fummoned to meet here on the r hl°fcr Ba T S h ? S colle with then, leaving Xlords PeLy and L London carrying her royal prifoner along with her to prefent to htr huffand f*! retU “ conlefeng ^uTfnd ?T T* ° f WW r Ch Were of war * x;Xe nd immunities were ^ us - onlf memXMetr^l^troTffe lor n d X * But* r 0 s Stow and Hollingjhead, and therefore unneceffary here. ’ ‘ matterS lnferted at large 111 rences* winch” had ariftn^betw^xt'the^atchbiffop^^'the^ea^n an^chap^b^n'd'the mt^o^atKl* A. MCCCLXXXV. “ m cccxxxiXi {L 7 Bur ms. (*•) AH. p u b. (/) J. Burns. [g) Froifart. \h) Holltr.gjbtad , OSi. (/) Holliugfbead. (i) A. 1348. began a great mortality in the city of °rk, which continued to fpread with great violence from Zfrz LfX* of s - ,he aponk ' ^ (/) Speed. (m) Knighton. Ee common- 10(5 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. commonality of the city. The affair was of great confequence, but the king by excellent management perfectly fettled it (n ; ; and, as my authority (peaks, was fo favourable to the citizens as to tyrant them afmoft all they defired of him. It was at this time that our own records Speak king Ricb'ird took his Sword from his fide and gave it to be born before Wd- li,;m lli Selby as fir ft lord mayor of York. A. A. 1390. A contagious diltemper began in thefe northern parts, and fwept out of 71, .1 in a MCCCXC. very final 1 time eleven hundred perfons (0). But in the next year the fame kind of peftilence, I luppole, broke out with greater violence, all over England, and, as my authorities tefti- fy, then; died in tire city of York only, eleven thouf.md in a (liort fpace. . 'pj- ic ;: . r of King’s-bcncb and Chancery were removed from London to York , at the infti- \;coc y ,ci 1. o-ation hCYbomas Arundel then archbifhop of York, and lord chancellor of England. This wa : d,-f for the benefit of the city, but they did only remain here from Midfummcr to Cbriim 5 and then returned. In this year king Richard prefented the firft mace to the city to be born before the lord mayor thereof. And, 1 I,, the • ieteenth year of his reign he appointed two fherifFs inftead of three bailiffs, which ■d.LV.cvi made it a county of it felf. Which, with fcveral privileges and large immunities, recited in tire charter granted by this king to the city and citizens of York , prove that he paid an extraordinary regard to it. Nor were the inhabitants unmindful of thefe royal conceffions and great benefa&ions, but took the firft opportunity to teflify their loyalty and gratitude to Richard, even after his depoiltion and murder. This, though it coft them dear, yet, deferves a perpetual memo- 1-i.1l, Li i rule the effort they made proceeded purely from the principles above. The fubjetft of the depofition of this prince, and his moll execrable murder, is a theam lb melancholy that I am glad our city, and confequently my pen, has nothing to do with i,. It cannot be denied by a reader of Engtifi hiftory, that the natives of this illand are prone to rebel, fond of novelty and change, and, without ever confidering the confequence, 1 . the cry that is fet up, and purfue it with eagemefs. Thh they have often done till tired, out of breath, and loft in numberlefs mazes and uncertainties, they begin toconfider at laid, and would then fain tread back again thofe fteps they have taken ; which contrary motion, is always attended with fo much danger and difficulty, that many thoufands have perilhed in the attempt. Fucilis defeenfus Averni; Setl revocare gradual, Isle. A Pot- inftance, Henry the fourth having, by the afliftance of his friends, the male-contents MCCLXCIX.of England, depoled his lawful fovereign, mounted his throne, and imprifoned him in Pont- e caftle, where he was, foon after, molt inhurnanly put to death -, found it irkfome to owe ’]o high an obligation to his fubjefls. And they, by whofe help he had acquired that gran¬ deur, had fo high a notion of their fervices in this affair, that if he had ihared his crown and crown-lands amongft them, it would not have fatisfied all their cravings. Me grew un- L-. iV at feting lb many mouths gaping about him which he was obliged to fill-, and they h - aw jealous of him and even of one another. Difcontents from hence quickly arofe in thtir minds, which were for fome time fmothered and kept down by the help of that court virtue, hypocrify; but at laft it broke out with all the fire and flame, that their pent-up malice’could enforce. Thefe terrible, inborn, contentions lafted for near an age together, with home intermillion ; and did fo weaken and (hatter this kingdom, that our own hiftori- ans all a‘>ree, were not our ancient enemies the French and Scotch, either bufy in the like work themfelves, or careledy fupine at home, this nation muft certainly have fallen a prey to the firft invader. I (hall enlarge no farther about the battles and events, which this firft re¬ bellion produced, than is confident with my defign ; nor in the continuance of the civil war b twixt the Louies of York and Lancajier, will I ftep out of my bounds, except to Yo-aiton, whole bloody and ever memorable field, called by fome flojls jfielD, being in the neighbour¬ hood of us, deferves a very particular defeription. Henry Party, earl of Northumberland, the chief inftrument of king Henry’s exaltation, MCCCCV havin' 1 loft his brother and fon flain at the battle ol Shrewjbury (p) -, the archbifhop of A' k, Richard Scroop, whofe brother the king had beheaded, and Thomas MmAray earl marfhal, \vuo had likewife loft his father, who died an exile in Venice, all mortal enemies to Henry, confpired his ruin. The lords Falconberge, Bardolf, Hajlings, and many others did join in this confpiracy. The order they took was to meet all at a time and at an appointed place, which was York-, and the earl of Northumberland to take the fupreme command of their uni¬ t'd forces. The archbilhop’s impatience broke the neck of this well laid defign, for being retired from court to his fee, together with the earl marfhal, he thought to facilitate the en- terprife by giving the caufe a fanftion of religious juftice. And having framed fcveral arti¬ cles againft°he king, and fent copies of them into other counties, he caufed them to be (n) C’tih'i igit'tr bujufmdi cum lucultnto con 11 Ho ad pie- { ) Stowe. HSMegp.cS. r.n'"i re^tiliter Jmfi, reddidit rex civibus, quafi in omai- (p) Biondi. bu; :-otum juum- Knyghton. fixed 107 Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. fiMed upon the church doors of his own city and diocefe. This was to invite the people to take arms in order to reform abufes introduced by the ill management of the prefent go¬ vernment. The archbiihop was of an amiable countenance, of great learning and vir¬ tue, and having till this prefent lead a blamelefs life he was far from being fufpefted for any evil intentions fo that when he was pleafed to declare his mind to the people in a fer- mon which he preached to them in his cathedral, full twenty thoufand men fuddenly rofe and came to Iris itandard at York which ftandard was painted with the five wounds of our ouuiuur {uj. This diligence was unfeafonable both for the archbiihop and his confederates^;; tor Hen- yy, by this^mearis, having early notice of their intentions had levied thirty thoufand fight¬ ing men, and lent them, under the conduCt of the earl of IVefimor eland {s), and hisownfon jThn ( !), a gain ft thefe northern malecontents. At their coming to York the earl found the archbiihop encamped in a place juft out of'the city, on the foreft ol < 2 nlltlT 5 , fo advantage- ouily, that he did not think fit to attack him, though the archbiihop was much inferior in forces ; but encamped his army right over againft the other. And now the earl changing the lion’s Bern for'the-fox’s, and following the French adage a defaut de la force il faut em¬ ployer le rufe , lent the archbiihop word that he -wondered a man of-'his profefion, fhould be found- in fuch a pofiure , fince he could not ffjew any reafon why he fhould arm the king j people con¬ trary to the king's peace. To which the archbiihop mildly anfwered, that he was fo far from infringing the king's peace , that all which he did tended to the prefervation of it. Upon this, en¬ tering into the merits of the catife on either fide, a treaty was begun, and the articles of grievances fliewn •, which tor the earl’s better fatisfaftion the archbiihop thought fit to fend him by a gentleman of his own. The earl, though he was determined what to do in the cafe. Itemed to reft fitisfied with the juftnefs of them •, but faid that a bufinefs of this high nature being in qiufion, it was requifile they foould meet together and treat thereof which might eajih be done , each of than bringing a like number of men betwixt the two camps (u). There is no net, fays the polite (x) Italian from whom I quote, fo fecure as that which is fpread in commendation of him who is to be deceived. For the good archbiihop, mealuring other mens confciences by his own, hearing his actions applauded by one he thought his enemy, was confident he could bring the earl over to his intereft, and therefore made no difficulty to give him the meeting-, and, which is more, brought the earl marffial, reluftant enough, along with him. For he, being of a deeper reach in politicks, long withftood it. At this meeting, with e- qual numbers betwixt the two camps, JVeftmoreland, after fome ffiort difeourfe, feemed per¬ fectly fatisfied, and profefied that in fo juft a caufe, he himfelf would fight to the laft of his life. The generals then fhook hands in fight of both armies ; wine was called for, and drank a- bout in token of friendfhip and mutual love. And now the earl laid to the archbiihop, that their differences being ended in a joint confent , it was not expedient to detain any longer fo many people , with fo much inconvenience to themfelves , from their houfes and fops -, but that being fuel - da.lv difbanded , it was but reafon they foould together with them enjoy the fruits of the eftablifioed reconciliation. The archbiihop believed the earl, and his people him, who immediately broke up their camp and returned to the city; joyful enough, no doubt, to avoid a battle, and go back to their Iliops, from which they were moft of them taken. The bowls of wine in the mean time went brilkly round ; whilft the earls party, fcattered at firft, impercepti¬ bly gathering one by one together, grew to'fuch a multitude, that he, having now no caufe of tear, arrefted the archbifhop ot high-treafon upon the fpot -, as alfo the earl maiffial. Notwithftanding this he plighted his faith to them that they fhould not fuftei in theii lives ; but meeting the king at Pontfrete as he was haftening to York , he brought back with him the prifoners, who, fays Biondi , much commiferated and bemoaned, were adjudged to dye and were forthwith beheaded. There fell along with the archbiihop and earl marffial Hr John Lamplugh , fir Robert PIumpton, with feveral others. The earl’s body was by the king’s permiflion, fays IValfing- ham , fuffered to be buried in the cathedral. But his head, fixed upon a flake, flood long on the walls of the city expofed to heat, wind and rain. Which, when the king at length granted fhould be buried with the body, was found, fays my author, neither fallen, nor wafted, nor fcarcely difcoloured, but kept the fame comlinefs which it had when living fy;. I fhall not flop to make any reflections on the courfe of this event, the ftory fpeaks itfelf. Whatelfe is particular in the ftrange tryal and barbarous execution of the archbifhop will be found in his life. _ _ . And now Ifenry took ample vengeance on the citizens of York for fiding with their arch- biffiop -, for firft I find in the publick a< 5 ts a mandate directed to two of his captains, I fup- pofe, immediately to fieze the city’s liberties to this purport. (q) Tho. WalfiVgbam- ( r) Hotting fed. (f) Ralph Nevill car] of Weft moreland. (t) John carl of Lane after ; afterwards duke of Bed¬ ford. (u) This whole coutroverfy is elegantly deferibed in Sha/cf/pear's hillorical play of Henri IV. (x) Sir Francis Biondi knight, an Italian and gentle¬ man of the bed-chamber to king Charles I. wrote an e,e- gant hi ftory, as bifhop Nicholjon juftly calls it, in his own language of the civil wars betwixt the houfes of York and Lancafler ; trar.flated into Bn gift by Henry earl of Mon¬ mouth. This book deferves a more modern tranflation. fy) Caput in nullo fittxum, in nullo marcidum, net pe- nitus decoloratum, fed eundem praetulijfe decorem, litem vi- vens obtinuerat. T. Walfmgham. (z) The 2 io8 The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. (z) The king to his chofen and faithful fervants John Stanley and Roger Leeche, greeting. J£NOW ye that for certain fpecial caufes, intimately, concerning us and the ft ate of our king¬ dom of England, we do affignyou , together or feparately, to our city of York together with all andfingular liberties, franchfes, and privileges to the citizens of the faid city, by our pro*e- mtors or predecejfors fometime kings of England, or our felf, before this lime granted and con¬ firmed, to take and feize into our hands-, and the faid city thus taken and feized, till further orders from us , in our name to keep and govern. And therefore) we command you, or either of you, diligently to take heed to the premifes, and that you Jhould do and execute them in the manner aforefaid. Al f° we command all andfingular high Jhenffs, mayors , bayliffs and their officers, and all other our faithful fubjefts, as well within liberties as without, by the tenour of thefe prefents ftr icily to aid and ajjift you, or either of you, in the execution of the premifes, being helpful , advifin? and obedient to you as they onght. 6 In tejlimony of which, See. mtmfs the king at his caftle of pountfrc?ff the third day of June, A. 140?, in the fixtb year of bis reign. By the K I N G. This fevere mandate from Henry fell like a clap of thunder on our city, and was lent before him as a tafte of what they were to expedt at his arrival (a). What followed were tryals, executions, pains, penalties and grievous fines, which he impofed and exadled with great rigour on all the citizens who had followed the archbilhop ( b ). After which he maiched northward againft the earl of Northianberland, who hearing of the fate of his con¬ federates had retired to his government of Berwick. But Henry not thinking it poli¬ tick to leave fo many vexed fpirits behind him, who might expedt worfe treatment at his return, by the advice of his council fent back a general pardon, dated from Ripon(c), and directed to the high-fheriffs of feveral counties, for all the archbilhop’s adherents; amon^ft thole our city received the fame favour-, which, though thinned in its inhabitants, and A. icripped of its treafure, yet was now reinflated to its former privileges. MCCCCVIII King Henry made York another vifit on much the fome errand as before; for we are told f*- a f a i Cer i he difcomfiture °f earl of Northumberland's forces, by Sir Thomas Rokefby high fherift o tYorkJhire, on Bramham-Moor , where the old earl was flain ( d ); the king came tolork, where what he had left undone before was nowcompleated in the executions and con- fifeat 10ns of feveral citizens, though I do not find they had aided the earl in his enterprife. Amongft thofe that fuffered death was the abbot of Hales, who beino- taken in armour at the battle was here executed. The earl of Northumberland, the chief inftrument in depo¬ ts. Richard and raifing up this Henry, after having the misfortune to live to fee molt of his family cut off before him, he, the flock and root of the name of Piercy, was milera- bly flain at this battle (e). His head, covered with filver hairs, being put upon a flake, was carried, in a kind of mock proceflion, through all the towns to London, and then placed on the bridge, where, fays my author, it long flood as a monument of divine jujlice (f). I have gone through all that I can find in our chronicles, relating to our city, in Henry the fourth s reign. Except I fhould take notice that in the fecond year of it, at his return out of Scotland, he came to York, and faw a duel, or martial combat, by challenge fought there betwixt two foreign and two Englijh knights, in which the latter prevailed. 0 One of the Englijh, Sir John Cornwall, fo pleafed the king by his valour fhewn in the combat, that A ie S ave him his filler the widow of John earl of Holland and Huntingdon to wife (g). MCCCCXII. Henry V. began his fhort, but glorious reign, which may aifo be called a politick one; for by amufing his people in carrying on a profperous war in France, he kept them from prying into his title at home. Our chronicles produce very little to my purpofe durino- his time i but our city’s old rcgii'ters gives a mandate from this king to the lord-mayor of lork (h), to fieze and confifcate the eftate and effeas of Thomas lord Scrope of Maffam, beheaded for high-treafon at Southampton in the firft year of his reign. His head came along with the mandate, and was ordered in the lame to be placed on the top of SpiclicU Iptlj bat". This lord Scrope was lord treafurer of England, and had married Joan duchefs dowager of Tork. After the mandate is an inventory of goods, plate, &V. delivered by indenture to the faid duchefs as part of her hulband’s effeds s the whole I have thought curious enough to place in th t appendix. The earl of Cambridge, who had married the heirefs ot the houfe of Tork, with Sir Thomas Grey, was beheaded at the fame time with lord Scrope And this, fays Rapin, was the firft fpark of that fire, which almoft confumed, in procelsof time, the two houfes of Lancafter and York. Moft of our hiftorians are fo buty in attending this monarch in his hrench wars, that a progrels he made to Tork has (z) A it. pub. tom. vn. (r) Hulinjhed. f) Bbnd:. (f) Act. pub. (J) Sis:,,. (t) Dug. Bar. (f) Hollinjbed. (&) Speed. (h) Regif. ant. fuper pontem Ufae. I0£ Chap. IV. of the CITY ^ YORK. efcaped their notice. TValftngham writes that Anno 1421, the ninth of Henry V. after the coronation of Catherine of France at tVeftminfier , the king and queen made a progrefs through the kingdom to Fork. From thence they went to vifit the flirine of St. John of Beverly. Jt was at Fork that the news came to him of the death of the duke of Clarence his brother, flain in France. There had been a ftrong report that the tomb of St. John of Be¬ verly iweat blood all the day that the famous battle of Agincourt was fought. And it be¬ ing imputed to the merits of that faint, that this great victory was gained ; Henry , a zealous catholick prince, thought it his duty to make a pilgrimage to the ihrine. And this is all that I can learn of this great monarch’s tranfadions at Fork-, or in thefe parts. But we come now to a feene of mifery indeed, fuch as this kingdom never felt, either be¬ fore or fince; and it ought to be every Englifhman's hearty prayer, that it never may again. All the foreign invafions this nation had fuffered never fpilt half fo much blood at a time as this molt unnatural inteftine war. The whole kingdom was divided into two fierce parties or fadtions, and fuch an implacable fury and revenge reigned in their breads, that nothing but the utter extirpation of one could fatiate this extravagant third of blood. In the fpace.'of thirty fix years twelve fet battles were fought within this kingdom, by na¬ tives only ; and above fourfeore princes of the blood royal of England fell by each other’s lvvords (i). And it is worthy obfervation, fays Sir John Habinglon, that in this lono- and cruel conflid betwixt the two houfes, never any dranger of name was prefent at our battles j as if we had difdained, adds he, to conquer or peridi by other weapons than our own. Henry VI. the very reverfe of his father, was fitter for a monadick than a regal life. His weak and undeady hand, made feebler by the murder of his uncle Humphry duke of Glocefter , was by no means fit to guide the helm of government in fo turbulent a feafon. The houfe of Fork laid hold of this opportunity to aflert their title to the throne; and wading through a fea of blood at length obtained it. It is not my purpofe to deferibe thefe melancholy times at length; who will may read them elegantly treated on by Sir Francis Biondi , an Italian writer, who mud fhew the lead partiality to either houfe; and therefore what relates to my fubjed is chiefly copied from that author, u ^ at ^ e °f Wakefield, where Richard duke of Fork met his fate ; his head, which MCCCCLX. had boldly afpired to a golden diadem, was crowned with paper, in dirifion, put on along pole, and placed on the top of Micklegate-bar , with his face to the city ; as Shakefpear makes the haughty queen Margaret, opprobrioufly, fpeak that York may overlook the town of York. For company, with the duke’s were l.ikewife placed the heads of Richard earl of Saii/hury, Sir Richard Limb rick. Sir Ralph Stanley, John Harrow , captain Hanfon, &c. all taken pri- fonefs at the aforefaid battle and beheaded at Pontfrete (k ). But this fuccefs of the red rofe party laded not long; for, upon the death of his father, Edward earl of March waved the title of duke of Fork, and got himfelf, almod every ; where, proclaimed king of England. After which came on the mod remarkable bloody battle ever fought, perhaps, in the whole world. It was truly the Pharfalia of this nation, and deferves a pen equal to Lucan's to deferibe it. . Edward, after the death of his father, being received for king, and as fuch £roclaimedi immediately left London (/). The condition of his affairs being fuch, as would not differ him idly to enjoy that dignity, the duration of which could not be hoped for but by the utter ruin of his adverfary. Fie eafily gathered together a great army, for being a prince, lays Ilollingjhead, highly favoured of the people for liberality, clemency, upright dealing and extraordinary courage, each man made an offer to him of all he had ; fo that his forces were very foon forty nine thoufand ftrong; with which lie encamped at Pontfrete-, himfelf refiding in the caftle and his army round him. It was then thought proper to fend the loid Fitzwater , with a detachment, to guard the pafs at Ferrybridge ; to prevent any fudden furprife from the enemy. Henry, his queen and their army lay in, and about, Fork-, to the number, as moft ac¬ count, of fixty thoufand fighting men. The command of this army was given to the duke of Sornerfet, the earl of Norlhuinberland, and the lord Cifford-, all mortal enemies to the houfe of Fork, and whofe fathers had all perifhed in this unhappy quarrel at the battle of on. Alban's. Thefe generals fet forward from Fork with their forces, leaving Henry, his queen and fon in the city, as in a place, fays my author, of greateft fecurity to their per- fons. Underftanding that Edward had gained and guarded the pafs at Ferrybridge, they made a halt, and fent the lord Clifford with a body of light horfe to diflodge them. Clif- fo, d made fuch hafte, that, fetting upon the bridge by break of day, he eafily won it, the guards being all afleep, and not dreaming of an enemy fo near them. The lord Fitzwater awaked by the noife, fuppofing it to arife from fome tumult amongft his own men, jumped out of bed, and unarmed, with only a battle-ax in his hand, went to appeafe them. Bur, too late aware of his miftake, he was there flain, together with the baftard of Sali/bury, (i) Dantd, Kennel's hift. of England. (I) Biondi. ( k ) Hoh'ing/bed. F f 2 brother 1 IO 7 "he HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. A brother to the .famous earl of Warwick. This young gentleman’s death did fo much grieve MCCCCLXl. t j ie f a id earl, as well as the unhappy fuccefsof this firft encounter, which he thought might difmay the army, that riding full fpeed to Edward to inform him of this crofs event, he lighted off horfeback and thruft his fword into the horlc’s belly, faying at the (lime time, fly who will fly, I drill not fly, here will I flay with as many as will keep me company, and killing the crofs on the hilt of his fword, by way of vow, put it up again. Edward who did very much resfcnt this misfortune •, not that it was of fo great confequence in itfelf, but that it being the firft encounter an ill omen might be drawn from it ; made proclamation that it fhould be lawful for any man that had not a mind to fight to depart •, he promifed large recompences to thole that would tarry, but death to thole who ftaid and after fled, witTi reward and double pay to thole that fhould kill them. No man accepted fo ignomi¬ nious a leave, but allchofe rather to die then declare themfelves fuch bafe cowards. The lord Clifford' s fticcefs was in the mean time of no long continuance; for the lord Falcon - berg had pafied the river Aire at Caflleford , three miles above Ferrybridge , accompanied with Sir IFalter Blount and Robert Horn , with an intention to furprize him ; whereof Clif¬ ford being ap.prifed drew off his. men and retired in great hafte to the main body. In this retreat he fell in unawares wath a party, and having his helmet off, either tor heat or pain, was fhot into the throat with an arrow, as fome fay, withounahead, and inftantly fell down dead. A fate too good for fuch a monlter, who, in cool blood, had fome time be¬ fore murdered an innocent child of ten years old, the earl of Rutland, Edward's youngeft brother; whofe moving interceflion for mercy from him, might haye extorted compaflion from the rougeft barbarian. When this conflict was over Edward's whole army marched to meet the enemy, and in the fields betwixt 'Towton and Saxton, two miles weft of Yadcafter , found them drawn up ready to receive them. The number of forces on the Yorki/l's fide was then forty thoufand fix hundred and fixty men; the other exceeded, being full fixty thoufand. The right wing of Edward's army was commanded by the carl ol Warwick ; the left by the lord Falconberg ; in the abfence of the duke of Norfolk who was fick; the main body was led by Edward himfelf, and the rearguard committed to the care of Sir John Venloe , and Sir John Denham two valiant commanders. The Lancaftrian generals I have mentioned. Be¬ fore the battle joined, Edward commanded that this dreadful proclamation fhould be made betwixt the two armies, that no prifoner fhould be taken but all, indifferently, put to the fword ; which was anfwered by the like proclamation from the other fide. Edward did not do this out of cruelty, fay hiftorians, but that his army, being much inferiour in num¬ bers, might not be incumbered with prifoners. And now on the 29 th of March , being Paltn-funday, early in the morning the fight be- cran; firft with a flight of arrows from Henry's men 5 which by reafon of a fhower of fnow which blew with the wind full in their faces when they fhot, were of no execution, but all dropped fliort of their mark. This when Falconberg perceived, he ordered his men to ihoot one flight, then to retire back three paces and ftand; which they did, till the Lan- caflrians had emptied their quivers in vain. The Yorkifls then advanced upon them, and, not only fent their own arrows, which, aided by the wind, came full againft them, but alfo picked up the fhort arrows of the enemy in their march and returned them to their mafters. All hiftorians agree, that this conduct of Falconberg' s was a great help to the victory. The earl of Northumberland and Sir Andrew Frolop, who lead the vanguard, feeing this difad- vantage, pufhed their men as faft as poffible to handyblows. And now began a battle in¬ deed, each man ftood his ground till flain or knocked down, and then another took his place. The proclamation for not giving quarter feemed to be needlefs, the extream hatred betwixt the two parties called for nothing but blood and death. Ten hours this direful conflidt lafted in fufpence, and victory fluctuated from fide to fide, till at length it fettled in the houfe of York ; in a great meafure owing to their king and leader. Edward was an cye-witnefs of his foldier’s valour, and they of his captain-\\kc courage ; a fight which ra¬ ther made them chufe to die, than not to imitate him. In fhort, the Lancaflrians gave way and fled towards York , but feeking, in a tumultuary manner, to gain the bridge at Tadcafler, fo many of them fell into the rivulet Cock, as quite filled it up, and the Yorkifls went over their backs to purfue their brethren. This rivulet, and the river Wharfe , into which it hereabouts empties itfelf, were died with blood; and there is no wonder in this, if the number which hiftorians give of the flain is to be credited. Thirty fix thoufand feven hundred and feventy fix Engljhmen , here fell a facrifice for their father’., tranigrefilons; -and the wounds they died on being made by arrows, battle-axes or fwords, would bleed plentifully (m). The blood of the flain, fays an hiftorian, lay caked with the fnow, which at that time covered the face of the ground, and afterwards, diffolving with it, ran down, in molt horrible manner, the furrows and ditches of the fields, for two or three miles together iff). Not one man, except the earl.of Devonjhire , was taken prifoner, and (n) Sir J. Hath Edzo. IV. fulcos ft lacunas borriSiJiter decurrit. Hilt. croy cont. (nj Occijorum nempe cruor cum nive jam commixtus, Fire-arms were in ule before this battle, but I do not y,u at am tunc temper is operiebat terrae juptrjiciem, p»/t- find that any were made ufe on ar it. Jum usque duo vet tria miliaria cum rave rcj'sluta per he Ill Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. he feemed tobefavedwhen they were weary with killing. The dukes of Somerfet and Exeter fled the field, and brought the fatal news to Henry, and his queen at Tork ; whom with all fpced they perfuaded to fly with them into Scotland. Nor was their hafte in vain, for victorious Edward was clofc at their heels, and they had fcarce left the city before he en¬ tered it in hopes to furprife them. Mining of his principal aim, the firft thing Edward did was to take down his father’s head along with the others that had been placed on the bar, and had them buried with their bodies; and then caufed Thomas Courtney earl of Devon, the earl of Kyme, Sir William Idill, Sir nomas Foulford to be beheaded and fet their heads in the fame place Jp). The names of the nobility which fell in the battle are thus recorded'by Stowe, Henry Piercye arl of Northumberland, the earl of Shrewjbury, Jute lord Clifford, the lord Beaumont, John lord Nevill, the lord Willoughby, Leonard lord 'Wells, the lord Roos, the lord Scales, the lord Grey, Ranulph lord Dacres, the lord Fitzhugh, the lord Molineux , lord Henry Beckingham. Of knights, twobaftard fons of Henry Holland duke of Exeter, Sir Richard Piercy, Sir Jo&i Heyton, Sir Gervafe Clifton, Sir Edmund,Hands, Sir Thomas Crakenthorpe, Sir William Ha- ryll. Sir' John Ormonde, Sir Andrew Trolop, Sir Roger Molytie, Sir Radulph Pigole, Sir Henry Narbohew, Sir David Trolope, Sir John Burton, whom -Stowe -calls captain of Tork, I fup- pole he means governour, with many other-knights too tedious to mention. The (lain were buried in five great pits yet appearing, adds Stowe, in the field by north Saxton church ; but, fays he, Mr. Hungate caufed them to be removed from thence, and to be buried in the church-yard of Saxton ; where the lord Dacres has a mean tomb 'erected to his memory. This tomb is a flat marble Hone, now much broken and defaced ; but round it may dill be read this imperfect infeription, lijic facet liamilfiljus Dts. oeSwItrc cf --- fpflts ct ocrita crat tu hello jmndpe Ifemtco Vp Jinno Dom. m,cccc,lxi. xxix hie q&artii Wocltcjrt. Dominica Dtc pal mantm. Cujub amme pjopitictiic E'eus, ®njn. The pits which Stow fpeaks of could not contain one hundred part of the flain, but they mil have been buried in feveral other places of the field, and indeed the plowfliare oft dis¬ covers their miferable remains in almoft every part of them. At Towton king Richard the third began a great chapel, as Leland lays (o), over the bodies of the Torkjfis flain in that battle who were buried there ; which lie intended to have endowed as a chantry chapel, but lived not to fee it finiflied. His fucceffor, we may fuppofe, had no inclination to carry the work on, and now no remains of the building appears, nor any memorial of it, faveapiece of ground on the north fide of the village called Cljapclsgartlj. It may not be unacceptable to the reader to add that, aboutayear or two ago, two gentlemen and my felf had the curio- fity to go and fee a frefh grave opened in tliefe fields. -Where amongft vaft quantities of bones, we found fome arrow piles, pieces of broken fwords, and five very frefli groat pieces of Henry the fourth, fifth, and lixth’s coin. Thefe laid, near all together, clofe to a thi day of September, 1478, made a progrefs into the north accompanied with a very numerous fuit of dukes, marquifles, earls and barons, and a great croud of other courtiers He was met m his journey by all the gentry and publick officers of thel'e parts, and amongft the reft by (c) John herriby then lord-mayor of York, who, accompanied with many of the richeft citizens, went as far as IVentbridge to meet him, and efcorted him to Pontfrete. Upon the mayor’s taking his leave, the king allured him that he intended to vifit his loving iubjects the citizens of Fork. In a week’s time the king with all his nobles came to the city i he was met at fome diftance by the lord-mayor, aldermen and commonality on horfe- back ; and by the reft of the better fort of citizens on horfcback or on foot, who conduced the king with loud acclamations into the city. He made the city a prefent of a fum of money as is apparent, fays the regifter, in the city’s book of that year, but the particular fum is here, either by time or wilfulnefs, obliterated. The king llaid a few days in Fork, and then let forward for London. On the 9" 1 day of April , 1483. died Edward IV; his brother Richard , whom he had lerc protector and guardian over the young king and realm, was then in York ( d ); and here had a folcmn funeral requiem performed in the catheral for the repofe of his brother’s foul. It was here alfo that the duke of Buckingham fent a trufty fervant, one Percival , fays Hall to inftill thofe notions of ambition into him, which afterwards proved of fuch dire effect to his nephews as well as himfelf. But it is plain that Richard had laid his fchemes for obtaining the crown even before his brother’s death ; and fome of his evil machinations, affedling our city in particular, I lhall beg leave to give them, as a talte of thofe times, from an old record not yet delivered down in print by any hiftorian that I know of(e). By a depofition taken the i4 ,h of February , 1482, it appears that his proie&s were work¬ ing in our city, the fubftance of which is as follows, (f) “ Memorandum that the 14'” day of February , in the twenty fecond year of kino- “ Edward IV. came afore (g)John MarJhalL lieutenant, Robert Rede Gyrdewlcr , unto the council chamber with odyr perfons with him ; and then and there Ihewyd, how that Wil- “ ham Welles carpenter ihould report, that the laft day of January laft paft, lytyn^ at the “ Al J at Edcn Ber J s Gotbery rugate, that one afkyd and laid emong the fellifhip fitynl Hodgfon, fyrs methyng, and it pleafe the commons, I wodd we had matter IVrangwiJh , for he is the mair that my lord of Gloucejler will do for, &c." The whole depofition is too long to infert, but it is obvious by this part of it, that there were fome underhand dealings in the city in Richard's favour, as the confequence will fhew ; an take notice that this Thomas Wrangwijh was made mayor the year after, and aflifted at Richard's coronation in York. Soon after his brother’s deatli Richard began to fhew himfelf more openly ; and by takinc from about his nephews their furell friends, the queen their mother, and her brethren! made way for his own ambition. At this time he thought it his intereft to cajole the whole kingdom with kind letters, fair fpeeches and promifts, in order to bring them the more leadify over to countenance his defigns. I'ork and the northern parts were his ftrongeft (a) Ex regift, in cuftod. civium Ebor. (b) The regiftrarian gives the king this pompous title, MuflriJJimus , ac utl fama omnium fert mctuendiffimus, ac chrijiianijjimui Edfvardus rex, fee. (c) A. 1478, John Ferriby mayor, cat. of mayors. A obi/is hujufee alrnae urbis fa vice major. Regift. Ebor. (a) HoUing/head. (e) In the chamber on Oufcbridge. (f) Ex chart, in cullud. com. Ebor. (g) Deputy mayor, I fuppofe, for he had been lord- mayor two years before. Cat. of mayors. attach- Chap. IV. of the Cl TY of YORK. nj attachment, and in order to make the city more in his intereft, a remarkable letter was A. fent from him and delivered in great form to the lord-mayor, by 'Thomas Brackenbury , one of his creatures, which I lhall give from the manufeript, as far as it is legible, verbatim. (b) “ The duke of Gloucefter, brother and uncle of kings pro!eclour and defenfour , grett chamberleyne , conjlable, and lord high admiral of England. “ Ighttrufty and well beloved, wee grett you wele. Wheras by your letter of fupplica- ci tion to us, delivered by our fervant John Brackenbury , wee underftaund that by reafon “ of your great charges thatyee have had and fufteined, as well in the defence of this realm cc again ft the Scottes as otherways, your worlhipful citty remains greatly unpaid for, and “ the which yee defire us to be gud mover unto the king’s grace, for any eafe of fuch charges as yee yerely bere and pay unto his grace’s-highnefs. Wee let you wott that “ for fuch great matter and buifneffes, and wee now have to doe for the wele and ufeful- << nefs of the realme, we as yet ne can have convenient leifure to accomplilh this your be- “ finds, but be allured that for your kind and lufyng difpofition to us at all tymes (hewed, “ which wee never can forgett, wee in all gudly hafte lhall fo endeavour for your eafe in cc this behalf as that.yee lhall veryly underftand we be your efpecial gud and “ lufyng lord, as our faid friend lhall fhew you; towhomeit wod lyke you hym to give “ further credence to, and for your diligent fervice which he hath done to our lingular “ plefure unto us at this time, we pray you to give unto him laud and thanks, and God “ keep you. “ Given under ourfignet at the tower of London this 8 ,h day of June. Superfcribed. il To our trufiy and well-beloved the many aldermen , fherifls and commonality of the city “ of York.” This letter was artfully contrived to curry favour with the citizens of lork , at a very critical juncture ; and it was foon followed by another of a different nature which the lame record gives in thefe words. , “ Memorandum the 1.5 th of June in the firft yere of the reign of Edward V. Richard “ Ratcliff, Knt. delivered to John Newton mair a letter from the duke of Gloucefire , the “ tenour of which enfueth. (i ) “ The due o/Glouceftre, brother and uncle ofkinges proteElour, defenfour, gret chamberleyne, “ conjlable, and admiral of England. R ight trufty and well beloved, wee greet you well. And as you love the wele of us, and the wele and furety of your own felf, we heartily pray you to come up unto us “ to London , in all the diligence ye can poflible, after the fight hereof, with as many as “ ye can make defenfibly arrayed, there to aid and affift us againft the queen, her bloody tc adherents, and affinity, which have entended, and dayly do entend, to murder and ut- “ terly deftroy us, and our coufyn the due of Buckingham , and the old royal blood of this « realm ; and as is now openly known by their fubtle and dampnable wais forecafted the “ fame, and alfo the final deftrudlion and dilherifon of you, and allodyr the enheritors and “ men of honour, as well of the north parts as odyr countrees, that belongen unto us, as tc our trufty fervant this bearer lhall more at large fhew you, to whom we pray you to “ give credence, and as ever we may do for you in tym comyng, fail not but hafte you to “ us. “ Given under our fignet at London the io Ih of June. The reader may obferve that this letter is dated but two days after the former, fo that the proteftor’s danger came very fuddenly upon him, if he did not know it when he wrote the firft; but his fallacy and policy is now eafily feen through (k). Sir Richard Radcliff , had brought the queen’s relations down to Pontefraft-caftle and imprifoned them, from whence he came to Tofk and delivered this letter to the mayor, and my manufeript fays* that it was agreed betwixt them, that fuch forces as the city could raife, of fuch a hidden, lhould be on the Wednefday night next at Pontfrete , where the earl of Northumberland waited for them to condudt them and others to London. I find the proclamation for railing them in thefe words, (l) “ Forma proclamat. faSfae in chit. 19 die menfis Junii anno regni regis Edwardi quinti tc primo. Sequitur in his verbis. tc 'Diehard brother and unkill of kinges, due of Gloucefire , proteftour, defendour, gret “ V chamberleyne, conftabill and admirall of England , ftraitly charge and command “ all manner of men, in their bell defenfible array, incontenent after this proclamation « made, do rife and come up to London to his highnefs in company of his coufyne the earl 8 . (b) Ex libro chart, in cuftod. corfi’. Eber. (:) Ex eodem. (k) Ex eodem. ( l ) Ex eodem. “ of 11 6 A. .483. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES BookI. o, ..orivumherland ,1 the lord Kuril, and odyr men of worlhip by his highnefi appointed „ ', l t0 Jld and affift h ‘ m t0 the fubdewing, correfting and punnifhing the qu-ne her „ blo , de,an , d odyr hyr adherents, which hath intended and dayly doth intend m murthu? and utterly dekroy his royal perfon, his coufyne the due of Buckingham, and odyr of old royal blode oi tins realm; as alfoe the nobillmen of their companys; and ask is no tably known by many fubt.ll and dampnabill wais forecaked the fame, andalfo the final .. dcil ™f 1 °. n and didierylon ot them and ol all others the inheritors and men of honour as we 1 ot thefe north parts as of other cuntrees that belongen them. And then-lore in H and come up as yce love you°r honour, weles and furetys and the luretys of yourfelf and the commonweil of this realm.” ^ s What effeft this proclamation produced hiftory informs us, which, though not much to the credit ot my fellow citizens, mult be given. It is true that George Buck Efq' who “T" panegyrical account of this king’s reign, calls them four thoufand genttmm of the who came up to affift at ^ArJ’scoronati 0 ,, p m) Hal j a[)d G>a/«/fay there were urld f iv the'v "hf lk / °PP ro . Dri “ I1 y of our countrymen, evil apparelled and veorfe bjr atthis dm e h lot u were ° f,he id,Mers - I") F «K»* who lived • ‘ P r ° babI y |JW th,s armament, being a / . niter, has left this account of t l ‘ m * ! 1 ,I0 f to fruff tljc Londoner fo> f car of thg nticcncs Mnnn a,,?, oflicrt: ofuitnr!) l;c hao jeloufpe, ijc lent foj a ffrcntlj of men out of flic no’tli tzh e tthirh r,an LL « a l T tef02c l)!S aim mutter* in the M „ .,mt foti, tijoufanti men tn their beff jacks am rutty fallctts: luttli a fetu in tuhite harnrfTc isi’ssfxsi.ffess:;" - *» »• This place he feemed, if the hypocrite could ever be fm- 5 P*y n extraordinary regard to, though, according to Rapin, his pretence of o- 0 hi!no°rr n T,r. t0 juftice every where; nor could he help executing fome^f 7, , j In , °,. lels ’ who in their march back from London had committed great outrages made ,1, progrefs by Wtndfor, Oxford, Coventry to Nottingham-, during this 1 he rable murder of the two young princes was perpetrated in the tower ; a fail fo horrid S,; :o "g“ e m “ ft fal f er > and every hand tremble that either fpeaks or writes of k From Nottingham l find a letter m the fame record, wrote by his fecretary to kir up a zeai , he at,zens Of Tort, towards his better reception there. The letter is an original mdeed and proves the fecretary worthy of the maker. g inaeed, (0) “ To the gitde maftert the main, recorder, and aldermen, and Jhcrifs of the cite of “ York. J recommend me unto you as heartyly as I can. Thanked be Jefu the king’s -race is „ - „ •“ g ° od beilltn ’ “ f llkewlfe the qoeenes grace, and in all their progrefs havebyn worfhipfully refeyved with pageants and odyr, He. And his lords and judges in every .. a P ]ainkTfaw^Th^r f ““P k ynt«,of pore folkes with due punicionof offenders „ . , hwe j- The £ a P fe 1 writ to you now is, for fo much as I veryly know the rir . 8 S r mlnd a " d ent,rc that hls grate beareth towards you and yJut worfhipful h ;’t ma f 0,d yOU f klnd andlov y nd efynings to his grace, (hewed heretofore, which „ , ■ 0 . 1 ntvcr and mtendeth therefore foe to doe unto you, that all the « L S , ’ ever re,gned be flpwed upon you did they never foe much; doubt not hereof „ " raak P ne manner of petition or defire of any thing by his highnefs to you to be “ him 11 " 16 /'] BUt thlsIadVlfc y ° U ’ as laud ably as your wifdom can imagin/to receive « J ? d ? C qUeen at th T com '"g' dlf P0fe you to do as well with pageants with fuch “ fomis'mff’ as “ n gudely, this fhort warning confidered, be devifed and under fuch “ ofmv m^f i e k c ng C0Uncdl thisbr y n g er fliall fumwhatadvertifeyou “ l7r„m h 1 b f half; , aS m han §y n S the ftreeKS through which the king’s grace “ fo*ern lords and C O h “f ° f ta I’P c / lre work and other; for there comen many lt ? e n lolds \ nd me " worlhip with them, which will mark greatly your refayvincr - Me , naded , no ; thus to udfife you, howbeit many things I ftew y0 J thiS „ “11 other ' eJ Y an d fortI ;o Angular zele and We which I beer to you and your cite afore a11 , other - 1 e fta11 wel1 kn °w, that I (hall not forbere calling on his grace for voir i rraS’fctrh^o" r “ , mafer fhall fhew you which in part hfard the kfng’ f l V P k h d a ’ 7 7 h T touchin g the premiffes it may like you . . in hake the 23 day of AuguJUt Nottingham, with the hand of your friend and lover, John Kendale , fecretary.” (n) Kennel's hid. of England. p u rrr t n nr - , W R ‘ bm FM ‘" ^ hi. chronicle the I,ll of * W ^ T This Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. 117 This letter needs no comment; it mult produce an extraordinary emulation in our A. us-, citizens tooutvy other places, and even one another in the pomp and ceremony oi'the king’s reception ; but I cannot meet with a particular account of it in our records. Mr. Buck, whom I have quoted before, lays, that Richard coming to the goodly and antient city o, Tork , the fcope and goal of his progrefs, he was received with all poffible honour and fe~ ftivity. And now all things are preparing for the coronation, in order for which the king lent from Tork , on the laft: day of Augujl , to Piers Courteis keeper of his wardrobe this order following (jp “ By the KING. “ ittE wol and charge you to deliver to the bryngers hereof for us the pnrcells fol- vV “ lowing. That is to fay, one doublett of purple fattin lined with Hollai .<• “ cloth, and enterlined with bufke. One doublett of tawney fattin, lined in likewife. Two “ fhort gowns of crymfyn cloth of gold; the one with drippis, and the other with netts, “ lined with green velvet. One cloak with a cape of velvet ingrayned; the bow lined with 11 black velvet. One ftomacher of purple fattin, and one ftomacher of tawney fattin. One t£ gown of green velvet lined with tawney fattin. One yard and three quarters courfe of “ fike (filk) medled with gold, and as much black corfe of filk for our fpurs. Two yards “ and Half and three nayles of white cloth of gold, for a crynelze for a borde. Five yards “ of black velvet for the lining of a gown of green fattin. One plakard made of part “ of the faid two yards; and one half and two nayles of white cloth of gold lined with “ buckram. Three pair of fpurrs, fhort all gilt; two pair of fpurs long white pafcell gilt. “ Two yards of black buckram for amending of the lining of diverfe trappers. One ban- “ ner of farfanet of our lady ; one banner of the trinity; one banner of St. George ; one “ banner of St. Edward ; one of St. Cutbert ; one of our own arms, all farcenet. Three coats “ of arms beaten with fine gold for owr own perfon. Five coat armors for heralds lined “ with buckram. Forty trumpet banners of farcenett. Seven hundred and forty penfills “ of buckram ; three hundred and fifty penfills of tarter. Four ftandards of farcenett with “ boars. Thirteen thoufand quinyfans of fuftian with boars. And thefe our letters, & fc.” How this cargo of extraordinary garniture was ufed is not fo particularly known ; but we may fuppofe that the coronation was performed with great magnificence. Hall indeed tells us, (q) that Richard was received at Tork with great pomp and triumph, by the citizens^ That at the day of his coronation, which by proclamation he had invited the whole coun¬ try to come to, the clergy of the church in their richeft copes, and with a reverend cere¬ mony went about the ftreets in procefiion. After whom followed the king with his crown and feeptre, apparelled in his furcoat robe royal, accompanied with a great number of the nobility of the realm. Then followed queen Anne his wife, crowned likewife, leading in her left hand prince Edward her fon, having on his head a demy crown appointed for the degree of a prince. In this manner they marched to the cathedral, where archbifhop Ro- thoram fet the crown on Richard's head in the chapter-houfe (r). On the fame day was Edward his fon, a youth of ten years of age, inverted with the principality of Wales by a golden rod and a coronet of gold, and other enfigns. The king now knighted Gaufridus de Safiola ambaffador from the queen of Spain, being prefent at this folemnity, by putting a collar of gold about his neck, and ftriking three times upon his Ihoulders with his fword ; and by other marks of honour, according to the Englifh cuftom, with agreeable words added (s). In teftimony whereof, the king gave him his letters patents dated at his court at Tork. He all'o here knighted Richard , furnamed of Glocejler ( 7 ), his bajlard J'on ; and many gentlemen of thefe parts. The lords fpiritual and temporal of the realm were pre¬ fent on this folemn occafion ; and indeed it was a day of great ftate, fays Pclidore Vergil * there being then three princes in Tork wearing crowns, the king, the queen, and prince of Wales. And now followed tilts and tournaments, mafques, revels and ftage-plays, with other triumphant fports, with feafting to the utmoft prodigality. In which was fquandered away all that treafure, which his glorious brother had for many years been collecting with great lkill and induftry ; and being left by his laft will to the dilpofition of his executors, was fnatched up by Richard at his intrufion into the kingdom, fays my authority, which runs contemporary with thefe times, and wafted in this manner (u). (p) Kcnnet's notes on G. Buck, Efq; (q) Hull's chron. (r) September 8, 1483. (s) Kennet on Buck. (t) This Richard of Gloucefler, baflard fon to king Richard, who is no where elfe, that I know of, men¬ tioned by hillorians, nor is his mother taken notice of at all, has a very odd account given of the courfe of life, he was driven to take after his father was flain. It is laid he bound himfelf apprentice to a bricklayer, and actually worked at that trade for levera] years. Till at length being :mind out, a gentleman took pity of him, andfuflered him 1 • build a houle in his park, in which he lived and died. '1 lie Kory at length is given in the reverend Mr. Peck's dejiderata curiofa v. 2. Some better memorials of it may be had from the right honourable the earl of IVinchelfca; in whofe noble park of Eajituell in Kent, this Richard P/antagenet, as the parilh regifter calls him, reftded and ended his days. (u) Non deer ant tunc thefauri ulli quibus tarn ele- vatae mentis fuae propojiturn adimpleret ; cum ea quae gloriojtjjtmus rex Edwardus frater fuus, fummo ingenio, Jummaque indujlria multis ante ahnis collegerat, quaeque ad complimentum fuae ultimae voluntatis fuorurn executo- rum difpofitioni commifferat, ijle quant prirnum de fua in- trujione in regnum cogitavit, omnia airipuit . Hilt Croy. cont. H h Before nf! A. 148 the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. Before Richard left York he did not forget the promife, made by him and his fecretary to the city and citizens, for old fcrvices and new ; and willing to do fome extraordinary- bounty to them, I find this, imperfect, memorial of it. 44 Memorandum, That the xvii ;h day of the month of September in the firft yere of the 44 reign of king Richard the third, John Newton then being mair of the cite of York , our 44 liiid fovereign lord the king, ot his mod fpecial gude grace, remembring the gudefervice' 44 that the fa id cite hath don to his gude grace.made to 44 defray and fitt in the yorney made in the fame yere to Edenburg and. “...to London to the coronation of his gude “ grace •, callid afore his gude grace the laid day to the chapter houfeof the cathedral church 44 of S. Peter in York , the laid mair, his bredyr the aldermen, and mong other the commons 44 of the fiid cite, and then and there our laid fovereign lord openly reherfed the laid lervice “ to his gude grace don, and alfo the dekay and the great poverty of the faid cite, of his “ mod fpecial gude grace without any petition or afleing of any thing by the faid mair “ or any odyr, our faid fovereign lord only of his abundant grace molt gracioufly and ha- 44 bundantly granted and gave in relief of the faid cite in efyng of the gCoIIS, Outage, li5u* 44 cfjcr-pcnnvs and fgifeaitgtlD of the flidcite yerely xxiii /. xi s. ii d. for evyr, that is to fay “ for the murage xx/. and the refidue to the Iheriffs, fo that from thence forward it Ihold 14 be lefull to every perfon coming to the faid cite with their guds and cattell, and them 44 freely to fell in the fame without any thing gratifying .... or paying for toll or 44 murage of any of the faid guds; and his grace.molt gracioufly 44 granted to the mair and commonality of the laid cite yerely xl/. for ever, to the behoof “ of the commonality and chamber of the faid cite; and yerely to the mair for the tyme be- 44 ing, as his chief ferjeantat ayrms, xii d. of the day, that is to fay by the yere xviii/. vij. (y) It is a true though a homely proverb, that it is an ill wind brings no body -profit. Richard's munificence to our city at this time, whether it proceeded from gratitude or policy, was a truly royal gift: I never found him, amongft all his other vices, taxed with covetoufnefs; and he had many reafons, both on his own and family’s account to induce him even to do more for a city, which had always fignalized itfelf in the intereft of his houfe. Every one that is acquainted with Englijh hiftory mult know, that there is hardly any part of it fo dark as the fliort reign of this king. The Lancafirian party, which deftroyed and fucceeded him, took care to fupprefs his vertues, and to paint his vices in the molt glaring colours. A countryman of ours has endeavoured to vindicate his memory from the load of black ca¬ lumnies thrown upon it; but in this I think the herald has far overlhot his mark. How¬ ever, what opinion our citizens of York had of king Richard at that time, will belt appear by their own records ; in which they took care to regifter every particular letter and mef- fage they received from him. And as his fate drew nigh they endeavoured to Ihew their loyalty, or their gratitude, to this prince in the belt manner they were able. Some more letters which were fent to the mayor and citizens when the commotions begun, as likewife their daily orders in council, about the ftate of affairs, to the king’s death and after, may not be unacceptable to the reader in a literal extraft from the city’s regifters as follows (z ): Very foon after Richard had been crowned at York , the duke of Buckingham took up arms againft him ; of which infurretftion the king fent notice to the citizens of York. A memori¬ al of it I find entered in the records as follows : 44 Mem. 13 OB. 1 Rich. III. John Otyr yeoman of the crown brought the following letter 14 to the lord-maior, aldermen, Iheriffs, and comunality. 44 By the KING. ■ • and right wel-beloved, we grete ye wele, and let ye wit that the duke of Bucking - I 44 ham traiteroufly is turned upon us, contrary to the dute of his legeance, and en- 44 tendeth the utter diftrudtion of us, you, and all other our true fubgietts that have taken 44 our part; whofe traiterous entent we with God’s grace entend briefly to refill and (x) F.x chart, fupra di£t. (y) To give the reader a better notion of the value of llide royal gifts take this computus from the Chronicon pre- l. s. d. A. 1463. at London wheat was by the quarter 00 02 00 barley per quarter do 01 10 peafe the quarter 00 03 04 oats the quarter 00 01 02 So that the value of one (hilling, even in the time of the civil wars, bought one quarter of barley or oats, which t iakes the donation very confiderable. ) Thcfe regilters are to be found according to the tiefum of b\(hop Fleetwood, of what price corn bore, in the fouth of England, An. 1463. juft twenty years before this. /. i. d. At Norfolk the fame year, wheat per quarter 0001 oS barley - 00 01 00 malt -• 00 01 oS oats, Mr. Stow, 00 01 00 date of the year in the chamber on Oufe-bridge. What regifter the following is chiefly collected from, is marked ab anno 1479. ad 1485. R. but it is imperfedt towards the end. 44 fubdue Chap. IV. of tie CITY of YORK. “ fubdue. We defire and pray you in our hearty wife that yee will fend unto us as ma- “ ny men defenfibly arraied on horfeback as ye may godely make to our town of Leicejlre “ the 21 day of this prefent month withouten fail, as ye will tendre our honner and your “ own wele, and wee fhall fo fee you paid lor your reward and charges as yee fhall hold yee “ wele content. Geving further credence to our trufty purfuvant thisbercr. “ Geven under our fignet at our cite of Lincoln the xi th day of October. Superfcribed, 11 To our trufty and right well beloved the maire , aldermen , fheriffs and communal; ie of tie “ citie of York. A proclamation under the privy feal dated at Lincoln OElober 15, declaring the duke of Buckingham a traitor, was proclaimed at York Oftober 16, fays the record', but the diftance makes it feem fcarce pofiible. In the fame records I find another letter dated April the xi' h , which mull be in the year 1484, when the tide was beginning to turn againft king Richard , giving an account of the number of lyes, as he exprelfes himfelf, and contumelious fpeeches which were then fpread abroad againft him. Requiring the magiftrates of this city to fupprefs all fuch flanders, and to take up the fpreaders of it. The letter is a very particular one ; and fliews the depth of policy in this king’s reign more than any thing that I have yet leen publifhed of it. I fhall give this, alfo, verbatim. 44 Rufty and welbeloved, we grete you wele. And where it is foe that diverfe fedi- -*■ 44 tious and evil difpofed perfonnes, both in our citie of London and elfwhere, with- 44 in this our realme, enforce themfelfs daily to fowe fede of noife and difclaindre agayneft 44 our perfone, and agenft many of the lords and eftates of our land to abufe the multitude 44 of ourfubgettsand alter there mynds from us, if they could by any meane atteyne to that “ there mifchevous entent and purpofe ; fome by fetting up of billes, fome by meflage and 44 fending furth of falfe and abhominable langage and lyes-, fome by bold and prefumptu- 44 ous opene fpech, wherthewyth the innocent people, whiche wold Jive in reft and peas, 44 and truly undre our obbeifiance as they oght to do, being gretely abufed, and oft tymes “ put in daungeresof there lives landesand goods, as ofte as they folowe the ftepps and de- 44 vifes oi the faid feditious and mifchevous perfones, to our hevynefle and pitie. For re- “ medy wherof, and to thentent the truth openlye declared fhuld reprefle all fuehe falfe and 44 contrived inventions, we now of late called before us the maire and aldermen of our ci- “ tie of London , togidder with the mooft fidde and difgrete perfones of the fame citie in 44 grete numbre, being prefent many of the lords fpiritual and temporal of our land, and the 44 fubftance of all our houiholde, to whom we largely fhewed our true erltent and mynde 44 in all fuche thinges which the faide noife and difclandre renne upon, in fuch wife as we 44 doubt not all wel difpofed perfones were and be therwith right wele content. Where we 44 alfoe at the fame tyme gafe ftraitly in charge as well to the faid maire as to all other our “ officers, fervants and faithfull lubgettes, wherfoere they be, that from hensfurth as ofte as 44 they find any perfone fpeking of us, or any other lord or eftateof thisoUr land, othcrwayes, “ then is according to honour, trouth and the peas and ritefullnefle of this our realme, or 44 telling of tales and tidings wherby the people might be ftirred to commotions and unlaw- 44 full aifembles, or any ft rife and debate arife between lord and lord, or us and any of the 44 lords and eftates of this our land, they take and arreft the fame perfone ufito the tyme he 14 have broght furth hyme or them of whom he underftode that that is fpoken, and fo pro- “ ceding from oon to other unto the tyme the futft auftor and maker of the faid 1 feditious “ fpeche and langage be taken and punyfhed according to his deferts. And that whofoever 44 fur ft finde any feditious bills fet up in any place he take it downe and without reding or 44 fhewing the fame to any other perfone bring it forthwith unto us or fome of the lords or “ other ot our counfaill. All which chargesand commandements, foo by us taken and geven 483- Veneris I 20 Book I. A- i+Sj. Jul, 8 . the HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES “ Veneris poft feftum S. Thome Marcyris, viz v;ii° < 4 V Julii an. rq.re’U R. III. ’ey :a. Augujl 16. PJicbolaus Lancajtre , ‘ Thomas JVrangwiche. ‘ JVilliehnus Snawfell. ‘ Johannus Tong. ‘ JVilliehnus Chymney. ‘ Thomas Fynch. XXIV. ‘ Thomas Ellay. Vic. c Williehnus Spence. ‘ JVilliehnus Tayte. 1 Ricardus Clerk. ■ Johannes Hay. JVilliehnus JVhite. Milo Grenebank. Martis pojl fejlum affumpt. Nicholaus Lancajlre JVilliehnus Snawfell , M r . ) Johannes Tong , JVilliehnus Chymney , • > de xii. Johannes Gylliot , i Vic. Thomas Fynche , Thomas Cator , ’ JVilliehnus Spenfe , JVilliehnus Tayte , f Ricardus Clercke , ' } Johannes Hay , ( JVillielmus JVhite , Ricardus Hardfang ,. ^ XXIV ) Wer afl'embled in the counfail chambre within the Guild¬ hall ol this citie, where and when it was thought by the counfail that fuch bill oi proclamation as was then fhewed by the maire, delivered unto hym on the king’s behalve by the fheref of the fhire to be proclamed thrugh out the citie, fhould be fhewed unto the ferchers of evere craft within this citie, which fhall have in commaundement by the maire that evere man of any craft within this citie forfaid, being francheft, be redie defenfibly arrayed to attend upon the mayre of this citie and his brethre tor the favegard of the lame, to the king’s behove or otherwayes at his commaund- ment. beate Marie Virg. viz. xvi did Augufti an. reg. regis R. III. terlio. Wer aflembled in the counfail chambre upon Oufe brig, where and when it was determyned by the fame that John Spon fergeant to the Male fhuld ride to Nottingham to the king’s grace to underltaund his plelure in fending up any of his fubgettes within this citie to his faid grace, for the fubduing ot his enemies lately arrived in the partes of Wales or otherwife to be dilpoled at his moll high plefure. Alfo it was determyned that all fuch aldermen and other of the counfail as was fojournyng, for the plage that reigneth, without the citie Ihuld be lent for to give their belt advifes in fuch things as concerned the wele and favegard of the laid citie, and all othyr inhabitauts of the lame. —— Alfo that every warden of this citie ferche the inhabitants within his ward that they have fufficient wapens and armes for their ' c defence of the wall of this citie. — Alfo that ther lliall proclamations be maide thrugh out “ this citie that evere man frauncheft within this citie be redie, in the moll deienfible araye, “ co attend upon the maire lor the welfare of this citie within an owres warnyng on payne “ of imprifonment.” Augujl 19 . “ Veneris pojl fejl. ajjumpt. &c. viz. xix die Augufti an. v.t fupra. “ Ficbclaus Lancajlre , M r . Wer aflembled in the counfail chambre, wherand when “ &c. N° 17. it was determined upon the report of John Nicholfon , who was comen home from the king’s grace fro }]5ccf»ll)00D that “ iv c. men of the citie defenfibly arrayed, John Hajlings gentleman to the mace being cap- “ tayn, Ihuld in all haft poflible depart towards the king’s grace for the fubduyng of his e- " nemyes forfaid. Wherupon eche parifli in the citie was felled as it appeareth hereafter. And that eche fougior fhuld have xr. for x days, being furth xii d. by day. — And alfo that the counlail Ihuld meet at ii of the clock at alternone the fame day at the Geld-hall “ ther to poynt luch perlonnes as fhuld take wages and there to receve the fame.” .'...gujl 23. “ Martis vigil. S. Bartholomei, viz. xxiii 0 die Augufti an. isle, vacat. regal, potefl. “ Nicholaus Lancajlre , M r . Wer aflembled in the counfail chambre, wher and when “ & c ’ N° 15. it was fhewed by diverfe perlonnes, elpecially by John Span fent unto the fclD of KcDemo.IC to bring tydings from the “ fame to the citie that king Richard late lawfully reigning over us was thrugh grete trealon “ °1 the due of Northfolk , and many othyr that turned agenft hym, with many othyr lords “ and nobilitie of thes north partes, was pitioujly Jlane and murdred to the grete hevynefs of “ this citie, the names of whom followeth herafter. “ Wherfore it was determyned for fo much as it was that the erle of Northumberland 11 wa s comen to IVrejfel that a lettre fhuld be conveyed unto the faid erle, befeching hym to “ give unto them his beft advile how todifpofe them at this wofull feajon , both to his ho- “ i lor and worlhip, anti well and prouffit ol this citie. The tenor wherof followeth: “ Right potent and right noble our moolt honorable efpecial and Angular good lord in “ olir mooft humble wife we recommend us unto your good lordfhip, loving almightie god “ of your home enduryng at this wooful feafon, befeching your good lordfliip to be towards “ us I 21 Chap. IV. of the CITY of YORK. “ us and this citie as ye have ben hertofore right good and tendre lord, and fo to advertife A. 1485. “ us at this tyme as may be to the honor of your lordfhip as well and prouffit of us and “ fauffegard of this faid citie, wherunto we fliall applye us both with bodie and goods, and “ to owe unto your lordfhip our faithful and true Further we befeechyour “ lordfhip to geve full faith and credence unto our fervant John Nicholfon the berer hereof in “ fuch things as he fha.ll fliewe unto your lordfhip of our behalve j and the bleffed trini-* 44 ty, £ ' 3 c. 44 Yours, (Ac. 44 Maire , aldermen , Jheriffs , xxiv of the counfail of the 44 citie of York with thole communalitie of the fame. To , See. the erle ^/"Northumberland. 44 Mercurii feflum S. Bartholomei, viz. xxiili 0 die Ailgufti, Anno &c. Vacat regalis potejias. 44 Nicholaus Lancajlre , M r . Wer affembled in the counfail chambre wfier and when it 44 (Ac. N° 13. was determined that the maire with his brethre fhuld attend and mete fir Henry Percey at ii. o’ the clok at afternone, at 44 the miln in the firete without Wdlmgale-bar , ther to underftand how they fhall be difpofed 44 enent the king’s grace Henry the fevent, fo proclamed and crowned at the feld of Rede - 44 more. 44 Alfo it was determined that oon fir Rbger Cotarn knight unto the faid kings grace* now 41 comen to this citie toproclame the faid king Henry , fhuld be prefented with ii. and 44 ii. gallons of wyne at the chambre coft. 44 A 1 fo John Nicholfon which was lent to Wrcffcll to the erle of Northumberland with wri- 44 ting, appered in the counfail chambre, and fhewed how it was fhewed unto hym by fir 4t Henry Percy being ther, that the faid erle was with the king at Leicefire for the well of 44 himfelf and this citie, and that the laid fir Henry wold be at the milne without the bar as 44 above. "Wherfore it was determined to meet with hyme ther. “ Alfo the fame day forfomuch as the forfaid fir Roger Got am durft not for fere of deth 44 come thrugh the citie to fpeake with the maire and his brethre, it was thought that they 44 fhuld goo unto him, wheriipon the maire and his brethre went unto the fign of the boore 44 and ther they fpeak with the faid knight, which fhewed unto them that the king named 44 and proclamed Henry thevii. grete them well, and wold be unto them and this citie as 44 good and gratioufe foveraign lord as any of his noble progenitors was before. With o- 44 tliyr words of comforth. Wherof the maire and his brethre thankes him moch and foo 44 departed. 44 Alfo it was determined that fuch fogiers as Wentfurth of this citie having wages for x. 44 dayes, xii d. by the day, and was furth but iiii dayes and a half, fhuld have wages for vi. 44 dayes and no more, and the refidue of the money to be repaid to the chamberlaynes to 44 pay to fuch parilhes as paid the fame. 44 Jovis pojl feft. S. Bartholomei, viz. xxv° die Augujli A. dont. m.cccc.lxxxv. 44 Nicholaus Lancajlre , M r . Wer affembled in the counfail chambre, wher and when 44 (Ac. N° 11. it was determined that William Wells , William Chimney , Robert Hawk aldermen, William Tayte and John Hay of the 44 xxiv, fhall ride unto the kings grace Henry the vii. in the name of th’ole bodie of this 44 citie, befeching his grace to be good and gracious lord unto this citie as othyr his noble 44 progenitours hath ben tofore* and to confirme of his moft habundant grace all fuch fran- 44 chifes, liberties, fees and freedoms as hath ben granted to the faid citie hertofore by his 44 faid noble progenitours •, and that ther be feveral letters made as well to the erle of 44 Northumberland as the lord Stanelay for the good fpeed of the premifes. Alfo that the 44 faid aldermen and ii. of the xxiiii. be accompanyed with xv. yomen and horfes, and have 44 gownes of muff DCfotlcs, and ther gownes of othyr color convenient for them. And 44 that Alexander Daufon chamberlayn, ride with the fame perfonnes and bere all cofls pro- 44 vided of the chambre. 44 Alfo, that ther fhal be a proclamacion mad thrugh out this citie, which proclamacion 44 was delivered unto the mayre and his brethre by one of the kings herolds called Wyndfore 44 in the counfail chambre, having upon hym a cote armor of the armes of England and 44 Fraunce ; which herold fhewed unto the mayre by mouthe, that the kings grace grete 44 hym and his bredre wele, and would be as good and gracious lord unto this citie as any 44 of his progenitours were before him, with othyr moch wordes of comforth, wherfore 44 he defired hym on the kings behalve to make a proclamacion after the tenor that folow- 44 eth. Copia Ii 7he HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES Book I. Copia proclamations Henrici regis Ang. VII. tc JffENRF by the grace of God, king of England , and of Frauncc , prince of JVales , c< and lord of Irland ftritftly charges, and commaundeth upon peyne of deth, that no “ manner of man robbe nor fpoyle na manner of commons corny,ng from the feld ; but fuf- “ fre theme to pafie home to ther cuntrees and dwelling places with their horfes and har- “ nefie. And morover that noo manner of man take-upon hym to goe to noo gentilmanz “ place neither in the cuntree nor within cities nor borows, nor pike no quarells for old or for new matters, but kepe the kings peace upon payne of hanging, fsfr. And morover “ if ther be any man affered to be robbed and fpoyled of his goods, let hym come to mailer “ Richard Borow , the king’s fergeant here, and he fhall have a warrant for his bodie and “ his goods, unto the tyme the kings pleafure be knowne. — And morover the king afler- “ tayneth you, that Richard due of Glouceflre, late callid king Richard , was flayne at a “ place called Sandeford , within the fhyre of Leicejlre , and brought dede of the feld unto the “ towne of Leicejlre , and ther was laide oppenly that every man might fe and luke upon “ him. And ail'o ther was flayne uppon the fame feld John late due of Northfolk , John late “ erleof Lincoln , Thomas lateerle of Surrey , Fraunceys vicount Lovell , fir IValter Reveres, “ lord FerrereSy Richard Ratcliff knight, Robert Brachenbury knight, with many othyr “ knights, fquires, and gentilmen, of tufjofc foulcs 4 £oD Ifdtoe merev. “ After which proclamation made, the faid mayre and his brethre comyng to the qham- te bre agayn, determined that the laid harold for his mefiage and comforthable words fhuld “ have in reward of the chambre vi. marks iiii. aungclls. “ Copie of a letter directed to the erle of Northumberland for the good fpedeforfaid, “ Tj IG H T potent and right noble our mooft efpecial and fingular good lord in our mooli LV “ humble wile we recommend us unto your good lordfhip, loving almighty God of “ your profproufe lif the which Jefu continue in felicity both gholtly and bodily, thanking “ your good lordfhip of your tendre luff" and favor which your lordfhip ever hath borne to- “ wards us and this citie, whom we befeeche you continue and in efpecial at this feafon, in