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ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 IONIC TROPHY MONUMENT 
 
 EXCAVATED AT 
 
 X A N T H U S. 
 
 15 V 
 
 SIR CHARLES FELLOWS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN MURRAY. ALBEMARLE STREET. 
 
 MDCCCXLVIII. 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2009 witii funding from 
 
 Researcii Library, Tine Getty Researcii Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/accountofionictrOOfell 
 
THE 
 
 IONIC TROPHY MONUMENT 
 AT XANTHUS. 
 
 We learn from Herodotus* that the people called by the 
 Greeks Lycians, were by the early inhabitants of the 
 country known by the name of Termelse, and that even 
 in the time of that historian; 450 b.c, the people were 
 called Termilians by their neighbours. Other ancient 
 authors t call them Termilae and Tramilee. The name 
 of Lycia was applied by the Greeks to the country, and 
 that of Xanthus designated the chief city ; but both 
 names seem to have been unknown to the people of 
 the country. In the numerous inscriptions found on 
 the monuments, the chief city is called Arinaj, and the 
 country Tramelse^. To this earliest people are to be 
 attributed the rock-tombs, which are of the same suc- 
 cession of dates as the detached architectural monu- 
 
 * Lib. i. cap. 173; lib. vii. cap. 92. 
 \ Stephanus Byzantinus. J Ibid. 
 
 § This name is seen in almost every inscription in the early lan- 
 guage. 
 
 B 
 
ments, the sculpture and the language, — all character- 
 ized as peculiar to this country ; the coins, sculptured 
 legends and mythology all belong to the same people. 
 These are the earliest works seen in the country*. 
 
 The ancient city of Arina stood principally upon a 
 bold rock rising abruptly from the river Xanthus. It is 
 upon this Acropolis that we find exclusively the ruins of 
 the monuments of the early inhabitants. The walls, the 
 towers, the peculiar stelef, the gothic-shaped tombs, and 
 tombs sculptured to imitate wood-work, are all still to 
 be seen on this site. It is surprising, and highly in- 
 teresting, that we should have been made so well ac- 
 quainted with the appearance, character and architecture 
 of the cities of this early people, by the numerous views 
 of the ancient cities of Pinara, Tlos, and even of Arina 
 or Xanthus itself, sculptured in bas-relief; from the 
 sculpture we also learn the costume, — the loose robe, 
 the beard, the short sword, the bow-case, the construc- 
 tion of their chariots and peculiar trappings of their 
 horses ; we have also jjresented to us their poetic le- 
 gends, recorded in the poems of Homer, and the often- 
 repeated mythological allusions in the funereal ceremo- 
 
 * The rocks of Lycia are scaglia or Apennine limestone, extremely 
 hard and flinty, and diflicult to cut; but when sculptured they retain a 
 sharp edge for an interminable period. Many of the earliest sculptures 
 retain their painted surface to the present day. It is therefore impos- 
 sible to conceive the works of a former people passing entirely away, 
 when those of twentj'-five centuries ago appear as of yesterday. 
 
 t ' Lycia,' p. 104. 
 
3 
 
 nies. A knowledge of the peculiarities of this people, 
 obtained from a close examination of their works, will 
 throw much light upon the subject of these pages. 
 
 Early in the reign of Cyrus the Great, and during his 
 conquest of the northern provinces of Asia Minor, his 
 general Harpagus was employed in subduing Ionia and 
 the southern provinces. Having conquered the mari- 
 time cities of Ionia, Harpagus landed at Halicarnassus, 
 and proceeded to attack the Pedassians*, who in their 
 fortified city, situated at the foot of Mount Lida, were 
 the only Carians that opposed him : they at length sub- 
 mitted, and Harpagus, having incorporated the lonians, 
 iEolians and Carians with his forces, proceeded against 
 the Lycians. I shall here quote the words of Herodo- 
 tus f : — 
 
 " When Harpagus led his army towards Xanthus, 
 the Lycians boldly advanced to meet him, and, though 
 inferior in number, behaved with the greatest bravery. 
 
 * On my first arrival at the large towTi of Moolah, noticed in my 
 Journal of 1838, I approached it from the south-east, having laid down 
 my track over a great extent of unmapped country. My position thus 
 obtained for the town being more than thirty miles from the coast, was 
 declared by those most learned in ancient geography to be too far inland 
 for the city of Pedassus, as that was known to be but six miles from 
 the coast. The recent coast surveys, having carried the Gulf of Cnidus 
 twenty-five miles further inland to the eastward, confirm the position 
 I laid down for Moolah, and my idea of its being the ancient Pedassus, 
 situated on the western termination of the range of Mount Cadmus, the 
 last mountain of which range must have been Mount Lida. 
 
 t Beloe's Translation, lib. i. cap. 176. 
 
 B 2 
 
Being defeated, and pursued into their city, they col- 
 lected their wives, children, and valuable effects, into 
 the citadel, and there consumed the whole in one im- 
 mense fire. They afterwards, uniting themselves under 
 the most solemn curses, made a private sally upon the 
 enemy, and were every man put to death. Of those 
 who now inhabit Lycia, calling themselves Xanthians, 
 the whole are foreigners, eighty families excepted ; these 
 survived the calamity of their country, being at that 
 time absent on some foreign expedition. Thus Xanthus 
 fell into the hands of Harpagus, as also did Caunus, 
 whose people imitated, almost in every respect, the ex- 
 ample of the Lycians." This was b.c. 547. 
 
 I shall now proceed to the immediate subject of these 
 pages. In my travels in the spring of 1838, I disco- 
 vered the city of Xanthus, the ancient Arina, the capital 
 of Lycia. To the east of this city*, upon a prominent 
 rock about half a mile from the Acropolis, I found the 
 base of an important structure formed of massive blocks 
 of scaglia, the stone of the country, each weighing from 
 six to ten tons ; this base measured thirty-three feet in 
 length by twenty-two in width : the accompanying view 
 may give a better idea of its position, — one end facing 
 the city conquered by Harpagus and his followers, the 
 other facing nearly due east. Amidst the thicket of 
 vegetation surrounding this base, I was led by a Turk to 
 see the end of a slab of white marble, upon which were 
 
 * A ground-plan of the city is published in my ' Xanthian Marbles,' 
 1843. 
 
sculptured some small figures in procession. This was 
 the only trace of any fallen ruin at that time visible, and 
 I have mentioned it in my published Journal*, at the 
 same time suggesting that a temple must formerly have 
 occupied this cliff. My further researches in Lycia in 
 1839, and again in 1842 and 1843, aided by the powers 
 of the Government, brought to light the whole ruins of 
 the Monument which had surmounted the existing base. 
 
 After puzzling for a long time over the fragments, 
 and reasoning upon various monuments in other parts 
 of Asia Minor, I piled together the Ionic building repre- 
 sented in the frontispiece to these pages, which is drawn 
 from the model presented by me to the British Museum. 
 My reasons for this reconstruction I shall give in de- 
 tail in the latter part of this account, not wishing here 
 to interrupt the narrative. I may observe that all the 
 fragments excavated from around the base are required 
 for this reconstruction, and that two whole stones only 
 are wanting to complete the Monument ; on drawing 
 together these fragments, no other sculpture of similar 
 art or age is found amidst the ruins of this city, all the 
 rest being either the peculiar art of the early inhabit- 
 ants, or the well-known sculpture of the imperial Roman 
 and the Christian aera. 
 
 In order to carry out the ideas which suggest them- 
 selves to me in considering this Monument, I shall as- 
 sume positions perhaps too bold for the archaeolo- 
 gist ; they must however be judged with a regard to the 
 
 » ' Asia Minor,' p. 233. 
 
unchanging nature of mankind, and the study of the 
 evidence given in the sequel. 
 
 The first impression in viewing this Monument in 
 Lycia, is its being composed in a style and adorned by a 
 character of art foreign to that country. The marble is 
 also foreign, probably from Paros : it is the on/^/ building 
 of the kind I have seen in Lycia. From my observations 
 and sketches during previous travels, I at once recognised 
 the peculiar form of its massive pedestal, surmounted 
 by a temple-like structure, as similar to those which I 
 have only seen in Caria in the ancient cities of Alinda, 
 Alabanda and Mylassa. The style of architecture is well 
 known as that of Ionia, the same country. The sculp- 
 ture, though evidently earlier, is of the same school as 
 the remains of the tomb of Mausolus (353 b.c.) from 
 Halicarnassus, now in the British Museum. The build- 
 ing has been erected as a trophy and tomb : it cannot 
 have been a temple, for in that case the bands of sculp- 
 ture would have been cut into by a flight of steps, and 
 the statues between the columns would prevent access. 
 The cella will also be seen to be a tomb. 
 
 There is no site at Xanthus so well suited for a 
 trophy, commanding the conquered city, as this. It has 
 a fine view of the Acropolis of the Xanthians, from 
 which it is separated by a ravine : the cliff upon which 
 the trophy is placed appears isolated, and affords space 
 for this Monument alone. The existing base, as I have 
 stated, is constructed of massive stones, and may be of 
 a verv earlv date : it resembles the works of tiie earliest 
 
TOMBS IN THE NORTH OF CARIA. 
 
monuments in the country. In the centre of one end 
 of the superstructure, the end facing the ancient city, I 
 conceive the whole history of the Monument to be told. 
 We see on two stones a continued view of an ancient 
 city, apparently depopulated, a sentinel only being seen 
 on each of the gate-towers. In this represented city I 
 at once recognise the walls and battlements of a Lycian 
 fortification, and within the walls is a stele, one of those 
 monuments almost peculiar to the city of Xanthus*, 
 where four are still standing. Upon the stele, seen over 
 the walls, is placed an emblem, — a sphinx seated be- 
 tween two lions. At the foot of one of these steles, still 
 existing within the walls, I found a seat formed by two 
 lions, which from the tenon under it and the mortise 
 upon the capstone of the stele, must evidently have 
 fallen from it. The walls of this city are represented as 
 surmounting a rock. These combined circumstances 
 leave no doubt in my mind that the city represented is 
 the acropolis of Xanthus. 
 
 At the gates, and upon the centre stone of the frieze, 
 is an oriental chief, dressed in a Persian costume and 
 seated upon a Persian throne. Over his head is held 
 by an unarmed attendant an umbrella, the emblem of 
 royalty. Behind his throne is a body-guard of soldiers, 
 in Ionian costume. Before the king, who must be Har- 
 pagus, are two unarmed, loose-robed, bearded men, ap- 
 parently pleading before the chief, whose uplifted arm 
 and general attitude indicate the despotic feeling of a 
 
 * One other is seen thrown down at Pinara. 
 
conqueror. Behind these suppliants are assembled the 
 leaders of the Lycians in quiescent attitudes ; differ- 
 ing in this respect from the sculptures upon any other 
 stones, excepting those used to represent the scene de- 
 scribed at this end of the Monument ; and each of these 
 stones were found at this, the west end of the base. 
 But we must read this sculptured history more syste- 
 matically. 
 
 On all the four sides of the lower and larger frieze we 
 find a contest between parties, some on foot and others 
 on horseback ; in many figures are recognised the loose- 
 robed, bearded Lycians, with their peculiar arms, their 
 bow-cases, and the leaders or heralds with curtained 
 shields. This I conceive to represent the brave resist- 
 ance in the plains recorded by Herodotus ; it is evident 
 that the Lycians are generally the vanquished. I shall 
 not here dwell upon the style of art in this frieze, but 
 follow the history. 
 
 Upon the smaller and higher sculptured frieze on the 
 south side — for in this frieze each side forms a distinct 
 picture — we find groups of bearded soldiers hastening 
 forwards ; there is a tree, probably to signify the flight 
 as through a forest ; then a jaded horse, clothed with an 
 oriental saddle, and led by a chief in oriental Phrygian 
 cap. The armed soldiers are seen passing behind a 
 bastion, with hands uplifted, and in a supplicating 
 attitude asking refuge within the city, whose portal is 
 guarded by a sentinel. A man is leaning over the tower, 
 evidently inquiring their business. The next stone con- 
 
tains a crowded city, with manned walls ; within these 
 are embattled towers, where females are seen with ex- 
 tended arms : the continuing stone shows the men at 
 the walls, each hurling a stone at assailants at an oppo- 
 site gate, whence two men, one with the curtained shield 
 of a leader, are making a sally upon assailants in the 
 Ionic Greek costume. 
 
 A second picture at the east end represents the mode 
 of attack on another gate of the city. A group of loose- 
 robed, bearded, unarmed and bare-headed peasants tied 
 together are led away captive. These, I think it pro- 
 bable, were spies, or perhaps peasants who had been 
 made to point out a weakly defended part of the city, 
 for which we have precedents at the taking of Sardis 
 and other sieges. They are at all events being led away 
 prisoners from the city, while the lonians are hastening 
 stealthily, and led on by signs from their leaders, toward 
 the walls of the town. On approaching they crouch 
 down and take off their shoes ; a ladder is placed against 
 the gate-tower, and held with ropes by two men sta- 
 tioned beneath. The Ionian soldiers are seen ascendins 
 cautiously and with bare feet, and one of them has 
 arrived at the top of the gates. The architecture of the 
 city again shows a Lycian fortification, and from the pa- 
 nelled windows are seen several heads of the surprised 
 and unarmed people. The north side represents a varied 
 and confused scene, probably the end of a battle after 
 the sally from the city : one group, including a wounded 
 hero led away by a youth, is extremely interesting and 
 
10 
 
 beautiful ; several figures are seen pointing, as if giving 
 commands, and the combatants are turned and engaged 
 in difierent directions, — not advancing in order, as seen 
 upon the other sides. One figure is carrying a stool 
 or throne, and another an umbrella inclined over his 
 shoulder. This may represent the removal of the em- 
 blems of Persian royalty into the conquered city. The 
 fourth and last side facing the west shows the conquered 
 city, at the gate of which Harpagus is seated upon a 
 throne, and canopied by the royal umbrella, as before 
 described. 
 
 For many suggestions in explanation of the next 
 portion of the structure, I am indebted to a learned 
 and ingenious paper read before the Royal Society of 
 Antiquaries in London, in February 1848, by my friend 
 Mr. Benjamin Gibson of Rome. He tells us that ten 
 cities of Ionia supplied Hai-pagus with troops. Here we 
 have between the columns ten statues, apparently of 
 the same female figure, — perhaps Venus, the popular 
 deity of Ionia ; each of these statues is borne up by an 
 emblem beneath its feet ; and these emblems Mr. Gibson 
 detects as being the same as those seen on the coins 
 of the maritime cities of Ionia, — the crab of Cos, the 
 dove of Cnidus, the snake of Miletus, the dolphin of 
 Myrina, the phoca of Phocsea, and the shell of Pyrnus. 
 The other statues are too much mutilated for us to 
 determine their emblems. The four lions at the angles 
 are supposed to represent the whole country of the 
 Milesians. We thus have registered, as it were, the 
 
11 
 
 arms of the different cities engaged in this conquest, 
 surmounted by the tutelary deity of the country. 
 
 On the sculptured architrave of one end is seen a pro- 
 cession carrying offerings usually made by the Greeks, 
 while at the other end is a procession of figures in the 
 loose trowsers worn by the Persians, and carrying the 
 offerings peculiar to that nation. On one side is a 
 hunting-scene, upon the other a battle of equestrians. 
 We have only half the tympanum of the west end, con- 
 taining beautifully sculptured figures on foot, who have 
 contended with others on horseback : the fore-leg of the 
 horse is seen crossing the shield of the foremost figure. 
 On the tympanum at the east end we have a male and 
 female deity seated opposite to each other, with their 
 attendants, and in the angle a crouching dog. Sur- 
 mounting the apex of this pediment is a group of three 
 boys, which Mr. Gibson suggests may represent Cares, 
 Lydus and Mysus, the legendary founders of the pro- 
 vinces of Caria, Lydia and Mysia, — thus giving nation- 
 ality to the whole Monument. The frieze of the cella 
 represents the usual sacrifices and funereal feasts of the 
 Greeks, but none of those ceremonies sculptured on so 
 many of the Lycian tombs. 
 
 Had Herodotus of HaUcarnassus sought the most na- 
 tural and legitimate source for this part of his history, 
 he could not have done better than visit and describe 
 the scene represented upon this Monument ; and I do 
 not think it improbable that we have in Herodotus a 
 recital of the events recorded in these friezes, rather than 
 
12 
 
 in the latter an illustration of the historian : we must 
 bear in mind that the conquest was made about a hun- 
 dred years before the time of Herodotus. 
 
 When I consider the situation, the foreign character, 
 the evident object, and the graphic detail of all the parts 
 of this Monument, — the represented architecture, cos- 
 tume, mode of attack, almost the portraiture of the peo- 
 ple, all apparently fresh in the mind of th.e sculptor, and 
 more particularly the unchanging character of human 
 nature, ever prone to flatter the feelings and vanity of 
 the living, — I cannot but attribute the erection of this 
 structure to the followers of Harpagus, commemora- 
 ting his victory and serving as a tomb for his heroes : its 
 erection during the lifetime of some of the conquerors 
 would probably not be later than 500 b.c. I shall con- 
 tinue the history of this Monument from observation 
 and reasoning, and again refer the reader to the sequel 
 for my authority. 
 
 After its conquest, Xanthus was occupied, I believe, 
 by a people who continued the use of the same archi- 
 tecture and language as their predecessors ; and there 
 is no trace, except in this Monument, of the continued 
 residence of an Ionic Greek population, — scarcely a 
 Greek inscription referable to an earlier date than the 
 age of Alexander (355 b.c). I find however almost 
 continuous monuments, inscriptions and coins in the 
 Lycian art down to that age, — from the tomb of the son 
 of Harpagus, to the decree of Pixodarus, king of Caria, 
 340 B.C. 
 
13 
 
 I find no work of art remaining at Xanthus, refer- 
 able to the next two centuries : the well-known Greek 
 coins of the Lycian league, found so abundantly in the 
 other cities of Lycia, are not met with here ; but we 
 have the coins of Claudius, Trajan, the Antonines, Com- 
 modus, Severus, Gordian, Aurelian, Constantine and 
 Julian. I therefore believe Xanthus to have been but a 
 small city, scarcely issuing coins for a period of several 
 centuries, while the other cities of Lycia seem to have 
 risen into greater importance. A little before the Chris- 
 tian fera, Xanthus seems to have revived under the 
 auspices of Roman protection, and to about the time of 
 Vespasian (a.u. 80) I attribute many of its most import- 
 ant buildings, the materials of the ruins of which are 
 still found in abundance. During the next three cen- 
 turies Xanthus became a great Christian city. Many 
 buildings of the time of Vespasian seem to have been 
 pulled to pieces and reconstructed for other purposes : 
 the seats of the theatre are piled up into walls and bas- 
 tions, and for the first time united with cement. An 
 extended city is walled in with blocks and pedestals, 
 the work of the Greeks, inscribed in honour of their 
 victors in the Roman games. Numerous churches and 
 religious establishments are built of the same materials. 
 I have seen no stones re-worked by this later people ; 
 but columns and doorways, varying in dimensions, are 
 used in the construction of the same Christian church. 
 The tombs of this age seem to have been more respected, 
 and still remain in several directions near the citv. This 
 
14 
 
 age of architectural transformation continued until the 
 fifth century of our ?era, when we find Xanthus still 
 celebrated for its schools*. 
 
 At this period our Trophy Monument stood in ruins 
 upon its cliff, with the statues mutilated by the sur- 
 rounding iconoclast inhabitants ; the heads were broken 
 from the statues, the roof had fallen in, the cella mostly 
 removed, but the pediments and columns were stand- 
 ing. Mr. W. W. Lloyd f ingeniously suggests that it 
 was probably seen in this state by Proclus, a.d. 412, and 
 supposes that Proclus describes the sculptures of the 
 eastern pediment. At this time there wei-e a number 
 of small houses, occupied by Christians, at the foot 
 of the cliff upon which the Trophy Monument stood ; 
 into some of the walls around these houses the stones of 
 the cella were built, but the temple-like Monument still 
 towered above them. At this period an unforeseen and 
 awful visitation awaited this and many neighbouring 
 cities of Asia Minor : earthquakes, shaking even the 
 massive monuments of the early Lycians, threw down 
 and destroyed every building of the Greeks and Chris- 
 tians, and the whole city of Xanthus lay in ruins ; not 
 a marble fragment of the superstructure described in 
 these pages remained upon its base, and the ruins buried 
 the houses below ; these ruins have perhaps never been 
 visited, certainly they were never moved, until I dis- 
 covered them in 1838. 
 
 * Proclus. t 'Xanthian Marbles,' W.W. Lloyd, 1845, p. 12. 
 
15 
 
 I feel that this is a daring and perhaps incautious 
 sketch, involving many highly important points in hi- 
 story and in the liistory of Art ; but I am anxious to 
 register my evidence, derived from observation on the 
 spot, and to court discussion upon the various subjects 
 involved in the inquiry. If my position be admitted, 
 the evident similarity of the sculpture of many groups 
 in the larger frieze, as well as in the treatment of 
 the statues, to the Athenian and Phygalian sculptures, 
 must convict these later workmen of plagiarism, and, as 
 hinted by Pausanias, lead us to suppose that Pericles, 
 wishing to adorn Athens, sent to Asia Minor for work- 
 men. This Monument would indicate the employment 
 of lonians as the designers of the finest of Athenian 
 works. 
 
IG 
 
 FURTHER DETAILS RESPECTING 
 THE TROPHY MONUMENT. 
 
 The following pages are extracted from a paper pre- 
 sented, with the model of the Monument, to the Trustees 
 of the British Museum in May 1845*. 
 
 "The stoa, or base of the Monument shown in the 
 view upon the pedestal of the model, the site of which 
 has been already described in my paper, given in to the 
 Museum, of the Xanthian Expedition, consisted of masses 
 of scaglia, the stone of the country, weighing from six to 
 ten tons each ; these so far remain in situ, that we ascer- 
 tain the precise size of the base to have been thirty- 
 three feet long by twenty-two feet wide : the stones of 
 the upper course now remaining are set-in three inches, 
 reducing the area to 32-6 by 21 '6 ; this supplies us with 
 the form of the Monument and the maximum limit of 
 its scale. I must mention that no other base is to be 
 found near, and that the sculptures from their position 
 must all have fallen from this by one sudden convul- 
 sion ; the small fragments lying with the slabs from 
 which they have been chipped, and the bronze ties, 
 run-in with lead, still found in the blocks of marble. 
 
 " I must now refer to the ground-plan upon the other 
 
 * In giving these pages to the press, some slight verbal alterations 
 have been made, in order to render the statement more clear. 
 

 >< 
 
17 
 
 side of the pedestal, showing the fallen sculptures and 
 their position as exposed by excavation : the reasonings 
 from this are also borne out by the position of the un- 
 sculptured fragments which are not noticed in this plan. 
 
 " In viewing this plan, the first striking feature is 
 the presence of four distinct friezes or bands of sculp- 
 ture, each having right-angle stones with the bas-reliefs 
 upon the exterior. To place these all upon one small 
 building appeared at first impossible, but their position 
 showed that they had fallen pell-mell, and I had simply 
 the fact to deal with, without regard to precedent : the 
 width of these friezes respectively was three feet three 
 inches, two feet, one foot seven inches, and one foot 
 five inches ; the two former being decidedly too wide 
 and heavy to have been supported by the fluted co- 
 lumns, only one foot two inches in diameter, found 
 amongst them. 
 
 "My first experiment was cutting, to a scale, pieces 
 of wood resembling each part of the friezes. I com- 
 menced by what I have called, from the subject of the 
 bas-reliefs, the City Frieze, two feet wide : of this I 
 had the four corner stones, and on placing them I 
 observed that the subject of the sculptures varied on 
 each side, suddenly changing at the angles and forming 
 four distinct views, each side complete in itself: the 
 stones are of two lengths, four feet eight inches and 
 four feet three inches, or varying slightly from this. 
 After shifting these stones repeatedly, I succeeded in 
 arranging them in a parallelogram, nineteen feet nine 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 inches wide and twenty-eight feet long, when the view 
 on each side became complete in itself, one end repre- 
 senting quiescent objects, none of the stones of which 
 could be used in the tumults seen on the other sides : 
 this gave me confidence in my arrangement, which was 
 entirely confirmed by considering that, if I were called 
 upon to use one more of even the smallest stones, the 
 frieze must have been too large for the base upon which 
 it certainly stood : I thus learned that I possessed the 
 whole, and at once obtained a girth or band giving me 
 the exact size of the building. I proceeded with the 
 larger frieze, and by careful combination, aided by three 
 of the corner stones, I arranged a parallelogram pre- 
 cisely the size of the former : in this frieze one of the 
 angles and one of the side stones are wanting ; I have 
 therefore supplied their places by stones of a similar 
 size to those we possess, thus taking a liberty which 
 makes this band less valuable as an evidence of the size 
 of my building than the former ; but abundant proof of 
 this will be repeated when I come to the superstructure. 
 From the nature of the subject in the bas-reliefs upon 
 this frieze, one stone is not so evidently united with the 
 other as in the former frieze. 
 
 " I next observed a cornice composed of blocks of 
 egg-moulding, on the upper surface of which were the 
 marks of columns and holes for the plinths of statues 
 or objects placed alternately with the columns ; the 
 depth and singular forms of these cuttings corresponded 
 with the plinths under the statues lying around. Al- 
 
19 
 
 though prepossessed with the opinion that this descrip- 
 tion of cornice should be supported by columns, instead 
 of itself forming a base for them to stand upon, I yielded 
 to facts, and had long to consider how to pile these 
 into a single building. 
 
 ' ' Thinking over my various sketches made in other 
 parts of Asia Minor, I observed those of the monuments 
 of a city in the north of Caria, which I discovered to 
 be the ancient Alinda; here I found large pedestals and 
 evident marks of their having had superstructures. At 
 Mj'lassa, twenty-five miles distant, a pedestal of simi- 
 lar construction has its superstructure remaining ; and 
 again, at Alinda, is one on a scale nearly as large as 
 the Monument now under consideration. These are all 
 finished with handsome broad cornices, not a fragment 
 of which architectural member is found in the ruins at 
 Xanthus. It occurred to me that the two large friezes 
 might supply this deficiency, and by placing them upon 
 the given base, always keeping in mind the larger pede- 
 stal at Alinda as my guide for proportions, I produced, 
 by adding the egg-moulding (a depth of one loot two 
 inches) to the two-foot frieze, a harmony of proportion 
 in the width of the two cornices which I do not think 
 unpleasing. With regard to the blank stones placed 
 between the friezes I am not quite confident, and am in 
 some degree guided by the common remarks of the 
 sailors, who, after having worked for some time to get 
 out a block of marble, which resembled in every respect 
 the large sculptured frieze, reported, ' that it was again 
 
 c2 
 
20 
 
 a blank, and they thought we had two blanks to one 
 prize.' I myself think that the plain blocks exceeded 
 in number the sculptured ones ; and from their being 
 the most serviceable to the wants of the succeeding 
 inhabitants, they are the more likely to have been 
 diminished in number ; the number cannot have been 
 increased. By the introduction of two courses I have 
 the proportions of my type at Alinda, and thus is formed 
 a pedestal with unbroken bands of frieze, which there- 
 fore cannot have had any approach by steps ; nor do I 
 conceive it possible that the frieze would have been ab- 
 ruptly broken through by a doorway. I mention this, 
 as the vacant space of one stone may be supposed to 
 have been left to form a doorway; but we have, I think, 
 fragments even of this sculptured stone. The following 
 argument however is in my opinion conclusive on this 
 point. In the view of the base, massive stones are seen 
 still remaining above the level of the upper course upon 
 which we place the friezes. Time and Turks, and from 
 my own experience I must add English sailors, roll down 
 such stones, but these agents never raise them up ; the 
 pile has no doubt been higher, but surely not lower than 
 at present. Again, each of the stones of the friezes 
 used are left rough within, and not squared at the inner 
 angles ; while the other friezes, of which we shall speak 
 hereafter, are finished inside with a smooth surface and 
 moulding ; I therefore conclude that this pedestal was 
 solid, and thus adapted to support the structure we are 
 about to place upon it. 
 
21 
 
 " I have stated that upon the upper side of the stones 
 of the cornice of egg-moulding are seen the marks of 
 alternate statues and columns. From a corner-stone 
 of this we obtain the exact position of the base of the 
 column upon it, and are enabled to measure the space 
 between the columns, thus ascertaining the intercolum- 
 niation. Having the bases and capitals of the columns, 
 it is easy to raise the building as high as the archi- 
 trave. At this stage I observed that the next frieze or 
 sculptured architrave, having both the inner and outer 
 sides finished with a cornice, was composed of four 
 distinct subjects : one a battle, of which we have four 
 stones ; another a hunting-scene, also of four stones ; 
 a third, representing a Persian offering, consisting of 
 three stones only, the figures being half upon one 
 stone and half upon the adjoining one, and each of 
 these showing a groove or cutting on the lower edge, 
 ceasing abruptly nine inches from the ends, and thus 
 forming a square solid bed of eighteen inches to rest 
 upon the capital of the column beneath ; there were 
 three more stones of a similar form, the bas-reliefs 
 representing a Greek offering. These again give the 
 intercolumniation, which agrees with that of the bases. 
 The length of the stones requiring support at their junc- 
 tion also fixes the number of columns upon the ends 
 and sides. 
 
 " In the excavations we found seven regular Ionic 
 capitals, and only a fragment of one with a horn or 
 volute projecting from the angle ; this one necessarily 
 
22 
 
 implies the existence of four, making eleven out of 
 fourteen required for the model : eleven would be too 
 many for the porticos only, and I have therefore placed 
 columns at the sides, concluding that the three capitals 
 are missing. The next stage of our building is not a 
 matter of doubt, but of unaccountable singularity : we 
 have only two small fragments of one or two of the 
 dentils which must have surrounded this part of the 
 Monument ; the marks made by the dentils on the 
 under side of the cornice which rested on them is the 
 evidence upon which I rest my introduction of them : 
 above this portion of the cornice is its crowning mem- 
 ber, having lions' heads to spout the water from the 
 gutter within. The angle-stone of this is important, 
 as it shows upon its back the inclination and width 
 of three successive tiles, which were of white marble, 
 and in this case of the same piece as the inclining cor- 
 nice of the pediment : near the lower part is also seen 
 the cutting to receive the pedestal of a statue which 
 stood at the angle, the acroteria. Another stone of 
 this cornice is equally important as showing the angle 
 of the pediment ; it formed the keystone or saddle, 
 and had upon it the hollow to receive the pedestal 
 of a statue on the apex of the pediment. The ridge- 
 tiles of marble apparently covering the junction of the 
 flat tiles, and the crowning ornament upon the ridge of 
 the roof, with the dipping ridge-tiles projecting from 
 its opposite sides, complete the covering of the Mo- 
 nument. We found beneath each end the sculptured 
 
23 
 
 tympana, the angles of which, carried out, exactly fill 
 the pediments, and confirm the dimensions afforded by 
 the various friezes and the standing base. 
 
 " We have still our frieze left, with four sculptured 
 angles, the subject of the bas-reliefs representing the 
 funereal ceremonies. One stone of this, eight feet nine 
 inches long, forming with the sculptured angle of the 
 side-stone a length of nine feet six inches, I place as 
 the frieze of one end of the cella of the Monument, rest- 
 ing the two ends upon the capitals of pilasters, which 
 from their form must have been those of the antse 
 of a cella : of these I found three. Of the side- stones 
 of the frieze I contrive suitable subjects, guided by the 
 sculptures, and form lengths of fifteen feet, making 
 a parallelogram fifteen feet by nine feet six inches. 
 Placing this in the centre of the building, I find that 
 the stones of my ceiling, each with two panels or 
 coffers, exactly reach from the architrave to the cella, 
 resting upon each of the friezes; this again confirms my 
 arrangement. The entrances to the cella — in this case 
 probably a sepulchre — are shown by the discovery of a 
 stone of this form : 
 
 1 
 
24 
 
 We also find an ornament or mantling which was over 
 a doorway. I must remark that we saw only a very 
 small portion of the plain stones required to form the 
 walls of the cella ; but being plain and not very large, 
 they would have been, as before observed, more desirable 
 for the use of succeeding inhabitants. We have frag- 
 ments of the bases of the pilasters. 
 
 " The building being now erected, I proceeded to the 
 arrangement of the statues, for which I had no theoi-y, 
 but began by placing each above the position in which 
 I found it in the earth. The statues are of two sizes : 
 the smaller, of which we have six, from their attitudes 
 as well as their lying at both ends of the building, 
 had evidently fallen from the top of the pediment ; and 
 on examination I observed that they were w^eather- 
 beaten all round, showing that they had filled an ex- 
 posed position. I can have no doubt of the correctness 
 of this arrangement. The next figures are lions, one of 
 which had fallen from either angle of the west end : I 
 replaced them in that position between the columns, and 
 found that their projecting noses alone have been sub- 
 jected to the corroding action of the weather, and that 
 their bodies within the colonades are uninjured. At 
 the east end I found the paws of one lion and the 
 flanks of another, which doubtless filled the spaces 
 corresponding with the western end. I then raised the 
 several statues to the vacant spaces between the columns 
 nearest to them, and again found that those parts alone 
 of the bodies and drapery which would have projected 
 
25 
 
 from between the columns show the effect of the rain 
 and wind, the rest of the figures retaining the smooth 
 surface of the marble. Each of these statues is borne 
 by an emblematic animal, and the drapery is blown vio- 
 lently by the wind. The Monument now put together 
 requires but two whole stones to complete the larger 
 frieze, and one to complete the west tympanum. We 
 should then have the whole of the four friezes, the 
 pediments and necessary architectural members, and 
 every niche and pedestal for the reception of statues 
 occupied by the fragmental representation of such 
 statue." 
 
 My reasons for placing the pavement around the 
 Monument at the level represented, concealing a con- 
 siderable portion of the massive base now exposed, are 
 the following : — 
 
 At the assumed level, in excavating on the north side, 
 "we ceased to find the fallen fragments of the building, 
 and soon afterwards lost all trace of the chips of broken 
 marble ; we then came to a dark-coloured native earth, 
 on the surface of which we found several bronze and 
 bone pins, arrow-heads, &c. The cisterns found at the 
 east and west ends of the base of the building have been 
 arched over ; the crowns of these arches forming the 
 same level, which corresponded with that of the dark 
 earth on the north side. The level adopted has also 
 the advantage of placing the eye of the spectator on 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 a line willi the lower part of the sculptured frieze ; 
 whereas, had a lower one been chosen, the set-off in the 
 massive base would have intercepted a perfect view of 
 the sculpture. 
 
 During the whole of the excavations, although we 
 found the limbs, feet, fingers and drapery of the statues, 
 we never discovered a fragment of the heads, — not a curl 
 or feature, not an ear, a nose, or any chip of the heads 
 of the statues, notwithstanding a careful examination of 
 the earth surrounding the ruins. The reason for this 
 did not occur to me at the time, and I urged the men to 
 persevere until they should lay bare the rock ; thinking 
 it possible that the heads might have first fallen, and 
 their broken fragments have been shaken down among 
 the blocks, and that they might still lie concealed below. 
 Instead of finding the expected pudding-stone rock, we 
 came upon small irregular stones, artificially cemented 
 together ; and on advancing, we found regular walls 
 forming a series of small houses ; in these, near the 
 o])enings left for doorways, were decayed iron hinges, 
 bolts, rings, and numerous nails ; in the houses, 
 weights, scales, and broken pottery. Upon the tiles of 
 the floors were imprinted patterns, and amongst them 
 the Cross of the early Christians was conspicuous ; 
 whilst upon some of the walls the Panagia of the Greek 
 church was still to be recognised. This circumstance 
 is interesting, as aftbrding relative dates for the exist- 
 ence of the various buildings, and a probable explana- 
 tion of the absence of the heads of the statues, as we 
 
27 
 
 know that during the third and fourth centuries the 
 Greek Christians generally were iconoclasts. In the 
 spring of 1 846 upwards of thirty heads of statues were 
 discovered in a well near Smyrna, doubtless thrown 
 there from the same religious motives which caused the 
 mutilation of the statues in this Monument. The hatred 
 seems to have been limited to the heads of statues ; the 
 limbs are not injured, nor were the heads of the figures 
 in bas-relief ever destroyed. There is one head of a 
 boy in the group on the apex of the east pediment 
 which has escaped, possibly from its high position upon 
 the Monument. The incidents which occurred whilst 
 I was engaged in watching with care the progress of 
 these excavations, have afforded me the means of rea- 
 soning and drawing the conclusions offered in the early 
 part of these pages. 
 
 THE END. 
 
PRINTED BY 
 
 RICHARD AND JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, 
 
 RED MON COIIIIT, FI.KF.T STREET. 
 
' XANTHUS. 
 
WEST SUD. 
 
 s^W--^^,i;„ id,'L 
 
 
 SOUTH aiDB. 
 
 c 
 
 EAST BND. 
 
 imi 
 
 NORTH SIDE. 
 
 THE UPPER FRIEZE OF THE IONIC TROPHY MONUMENT AT XANTHUS. 
 
 JOHN MOnHAY, I.OKnON. 
 
GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
 
 ill '■ 
 
 3 3125 00786 4552