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Drawn Fratf*. 
 
 EiLgraveil'hy Hem^’Moses. 
 
 MEBAJLLIOS (D)F 
 
 SYMACrrSE. 
 
 seeFa^f 'fj 
 
 ZoTidcn Fuh'^fy Semimus Frowett. 23. Ol^LMond Stre^tJ.326. 
 
SPECIMENS 
 
 OP 
 
 ANCIENT COINS, 
 
 OF 
 
 MAGNA GRyECIA AND SICILY. 
 
 SELECTED FROM THE CABINET OF 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD NORTHWICK: 
 
 DKAWN BY DEL FRATE, 
 
 A DISTINGUISHED PUPIL OF ANTONIO CANOVA, 
 
 AND 
 
 ENGRAVED BY HENRY MOSES. 
 
 THE TEXT 
 
 BY GEORGE HENRY NOEHDEN, LL.D. 
 
 OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY SEPTIMUS PROWETT, 23, OLD BOND STREET. 
 
 W. NICOL, SHAKSPEARE PRESS, CLEVELAND-ROW. 
 
 1826 . 
 
•15 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 T. o form a just estimate of the work, now laid before the pubhck, it is necessary to 
 bear in mind the purpose, with which it was originally undertaken. It was not intended 
 as a mere numismatick production, that was to exhibit any thing particularly rare and 
 curious, any coins before unedited, or whatever gives value to a publication of that 
 description: its object was of a far different nature, and lay entirely within another 
 sphere. It was to illustrate, by some striking examples, the sculpture of the ancients, 
 as manifested in the engraving of their coins. 
 
 When Lord North wick, during his residence in Italy, between the years 1790 and 
 1800, became acquainted with Antonio Canova, this great artist often dwelt with 
 delight, in his conversations, on the beauty and excellence, with which some of 
 the ancient coins were executed. His Lordship’s exquisite collection furnished 
 abundant examples; and it was Canova’s opinion that some of these smaller works of 
 sculptirre possessed a merit, not to be surpassed by the greatest performances. The 
 idea suggested itself of making drawings of some of the finest coins, and thus to set in 
 its true light the excellence of Greek workmanship. Del Frate, an able pupil of 
 Canova, was fixed upon for this employment: and a certain number of coins, from 
 Lord North wick’s cabinet, were drawn by him, a part of which forms the substance of 
 the present publication. 
 
 To show sculpture of this kind in perfection, and to do justice to the workmanship, 
 it is almost indispensable to make the drawing on an enlarged scale. Tliis is the 
 method adopted in the representation of gems,* and it is by no means inconsistent with 
 fidelity and accuracy: truth of proportion and effect may, by a skilful hand, be pre¬ 
 served with the greatest nicety. As it is thought unobjectionable with regard to 
 gems, no good reason can be alleged against it, when applied to coins, with the 
 same view. But it is obvious, that such a work must be distinguished from a mere 
 numismatick publication, where a correct outline is all that is required, without any 
 consideration of the beauty of the art displayed. 
 
 The drawings have been executed by Del Frate in a masterly style; and it will be 
 acknow ledged, that the artist to whom the engraving has been committed, has acquitted 
 
 * I need only refer to Eckhel’s beautiful work Choix de pierres gravces, to the Marlborough gems, 
 Devonshire gems, Stosch’s gems by Winckelmann, and others. 
 
himself in a manner equally creditable. It can scarcely be doubted that a work, pre¬ 
 sented to the publick with such advantages, will be acceptable to persons of taste. 
 How far the text, or illustration of the coins, may claim approbation, is a different 
 question. Perhaps the classical scholar, as well as the learned numismatician, may 
 meet with matter not entirely unworthy of attention. The descriptions, in a work of 
 this kind, could not be dry and meager, as those in a mere numismatick catalogue, but 
 required the assistance of classick lore, to expand and adorn them. 
 
 According to the original project, the work was to have been carried to a greater 
 extent, and to have contained Forty, instead of Twenty Plates; but circumstances 
 have induced those engaged in the publication, to bring it to a close now. It forms a 
 whole, and though of small circumference, will not be deemed to be without some 
 intrinsick value. 
 
 As a Frontispiece to the title-page, the obverse of one of the beautiful Sicilian me¬ 
 dallions is given, which forms a supernumerary Plate. This plate was engraved by 
 Mr. Moses, as a specimen, at the first outset; and no better use could be made of it, 
 than that of converting it into an additional ornament. The medallion to which this 
 obverse belongs, is mentioned p. 47. 
 
 G. H. NOEHDEN. 
 
 British Museum, 
 December 16, 1825. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1N introducing the present work to the publick, we might take occasion 
 to descant on the beauty of the coins of Magna Gnecia and Sicily, as produc¬ 
 tions of the most exquisite art: but the specimens we shall exhibit, will 
 speak more eloquently, than any eulogy we could pronounce. There¬ 
 fore, waving this topick, we will solicit the attention of the reader to a few 
 remarks on the name of Magna Gracia, which, we conceive, are rendered 
 necessary by the vague notions that are entertained, by many persons, with 
 regard to that denomination. It appears not to be sufficiently understood, 
 what the ancients meant by that expression, what was the origin and pur¬ 
 port of the name. We shall show that it belonged exclusively to Italy, 
 and did not comprehend, as some have supposed, the Greek settlements in 
 Sicily. Such a disquisition may not be attractive, but it seems indispensible, 
 if we wish to arrive at clear and distinct ideas upon the subject. 
 
 The south of Italy was, in early times, peopled by colonies from Greece, 
 while the north was occupied by other tribes, chiefly Gauls. The former 
 settlements progressively increased to an extraordinary degree, so that the 
 collective population seems to have exceeded that of the mother country, 
 and to have given the name of Great Greece, or the Greater Greece,^ to the 
 new establishments. They had possessed themselves not only of the 
 coasts, but also of the interior country, from Etruria to the utmost point of 
 
 MiytxXri 'EAAaj, Magna Grcecia, Major Grcecia. The last expression. Major Gr. is very 
 frequently used by Latin authors, and more pointedly conveys the original meaning of the 
 term, than the other, implying a comparison of magnitude, between old Greece and the colo¬ 
 nised country. 
 
 B 
 
« • 
 
 11 
 
 the south. Such is the information we derive from Justin, the historian, 
 and from Strabo. The testimony of the latter will be acknowledged as 
 unexceptionable, and that of Justin is equally entitled to credit, in as much 
 as it is the same with that of Trogus Pompeius, a writer of high authority,^ 
 whose great historical work Justin abridged, and has thus, in substance, 
 transmitted to posterity. Justin, in the passage to which we allude, is 
 speaking of the elder Dionysius, the despot of Syracuse, who having made 
 himself master of the whole of Sicily, by the expulsion of the Carthagi¬ 
 nians from the island, determined to find employment for his troops, when 
 Sicily no longer afforded it, by undertaking foreign expeditions. “ His first 
 enterprise,” Justin says,^ “ was directed against the Greeks, who inhabited 
 the neighbouring coasts of the Italian sea ; and when these were conquered, 
 he attacked the settlements of the interior, and, in short, made war upon 
 all that bore the Greek name, as settlers in Italy: for this people had pos¬ 
 session, at that period, not only of a part, but almost the whole of Italy. 
 Even now, after so great an interval, many towns show traces of Grecian 
 descent. For which reason, that part of Italy was called the Greater 
 Greece." 
 
 What Justin says of the occupation of Italy by Greek colonies, and the 
 great extent to which these settlements had spread, is confirmed by Strabo, 
 an author esteemed both for his accuracy and learning. “ The Greeks,” 
 this writer observes,“ also took possession of a great part of the interior, 
 from the period of the Trojan war; and increased to such a degree, that 
 the country was called Great Greece.^ At present, however, all is sunk 
 
 Trogus Pompeius, or, as others give the name, Pompeius Trogus, was a cotemporary of 
 Julius Csesar and Augustus. He wrote a great historical work, in Latin, the chief object of 
 which was to illustrate the achievements of the kings of Macedon : thence he called it His- 
 torice Philippicce; but it is, in fact, a general, or universal, history, beginning from Ninus, 
 and terminating with Augustus. 
 
 * Lib. XX, c. 1. Prima militia adversus Grcecos, qui proxima Italici mavis litora tenebant, 
 juit: qvibus devictis,Jiniti7nos quoque aggreditur, omnesque Greed nominis, Italiampossidentes, 
 hostes sibi destinat: quee gentes non partem, sed universam ferme Italiam, ed tempestate occu- 
 paverant. Deniqiie multce zerbes adhuepost tantam vetustatem vestigia Greed moris ostentant. 
 He then enumerates many Greek settlements in Italy, beginning with the Tuscans and 
 Veneti, and adds, c. 2 ; Propter (juodomnis ilia pars Italiee Major Greecia oppePata est. 
 
 Lib. VI. p. 389, ed. Almeloveen. p. 2.53, Casaubon. 
 
 * MiyuXit 'EWxf, 
 
Ill 
 
 back into barbarism, with the exception of Tarentum, Rhegium, and 
 Neapolis.” 
 
 Two points are thus established, the vast extent of Greek colonisation 
 in Italy, and the origin of the name, designating the collective magnitude 
 of those settlements. Athenaeus adduces a similar reason for that appella¬ 
 tion. Having spoken of the extreme luxury of the people of Siris, he 
 subjoins these words.® “ But to the luxury and prosperity of all this tract, 
 the extraordinary population mainly contributed: whence almost the whole 
 inhabited part of Italy was called Great Greece."' 
 
 In the same spirit, Ovid sings,“ The land of Italy was the Greater 
 Greece.” 
 
 All the authors that make mention of the name, apply it to Italy, or to 
 some part of that country, especially the western coast. Festus says,® “ Italy 
 was called the Greater Greece, because it contained many, and large, 
 colonies, derived from Greece.” 
 
 Livy understands by it the settlements on the coast and so do Seneca,^® 
 and Plinyto whom may be joined Servius.^^ 
 
 Ptolemy again, not only refers the name to the coast, but also to the inte¬ 
 rior;^® and assigns it to certain parts of the present kingdom of Naples. 
 
 ‘ Deipnosoph. Lib. xii, c. 25. p. 523. ed. Casaub. (T. iv. p. 445. ed. Schweighauser.) 
 
 ’Ou)t oXtyov TTfiog t^v rpv(ptiv Tnv ivSxty.onoi.v (rvfXTrxvTOi tovtov xAtjixaTOf xa» to irA»i3’0f eyii/iTO ruv ctv^fWTTwV ho 
 xx) MeyxXfi 'EXAaj exXvS'tj ttxtx (rp^cJoi/ t? xxtx rriv IrxXtxv xxTclxriTtg. 
 
 ' Fast. IV, 65. 
 
 Itala nam tellus Groecia major erat. 
 
 The poet then recounts seteral Greek settlements in that country. 
 
 * Under the word Major, Lib. xi. Major Groecia dicta est Italia—quod in ed multoe mag- 
 nceque civitates fuerunt, e Grcecid profectce. 
 
 ® Liv. XXXI, 7. Nec Tarentini modo, oraque ilia Italice, quam majorem Grceciam vocant. 
 
 Consolatio ad Helviam, vi. Totum Italice latus, quod infero mari alluitur, Major Groecia fait. 
 
 “ N. H. in, 15. Vol. I, p. 236. ed. Bip. A Locris Italice frons incipit, Magna Grcecia appel- 
 lata. By Italice frons Pliny means the coast of Italy,’ what in the following passage he calls 
 Italice ora. Ibid, xxxvi. iv. 13. p. 344. Vol. V. Bip. Natus hie in Grcecid, Italice ord. He takes 
 the name in a very limited sense, as appears from in, 6. (Vol. I, p. 220 Bip.) where he deno¬ 
 minates Magna Grcecia ‘ a small portion (quota pars) of Italy.’ Ipsi de ed {lidWa.) judicavdre 
 Greed, ge7ius in gloriam suam ejfusissinium, quotam partem ex ed appellando Grceciain Magnam. 
 
 " Ad Virgil. ^Ln. i, 569, to the words, Hesperiam magnam: Meyclxr) enim 'Exxx^ appellata est 
 (Italia), quia a Tarento ad Cumas omnes civitates Greed condiderunt. 
 
 ” The name MiyxXn 'Exxx( occurs twice in Ptolemy, Geograph. Lib. in. p. 62 (ed. Montan. 
 Francof. 1605) where an extent of coast, along the Adriatick, is marked with it, MtyxXm 'ExxxJo; 
 TTxpx TO 'ASpiXTtxev TTiXxyoi —and p. 67, an interior district, MeyxKm'ExxxSof iJ.£<royuot. 
 
IV 
 
 This difference, in the acceptation of the term, is to be accounted for 
 from its having fallen into disuse, at an early period of the Roman Repub- 
 lick. As the Roman name prevailed in Italy, the Greek seems to have 
 vanished. Cicero speaks of Magna Grcecia^'^ as long gone by, and only 
 remembered as part of former history. It is, therefore, not to be won¬ 
 dered at, that later writers should have used that appellation, in a varying 
 and undetermined manner. In this, however, all agree, that it is confined 
 to Italy. 
 
 But we have now to revert to the passage in Strabo, which was before 
 only partially quoted. This author, according to the present reading of 
 the text, seems to include Sicily in the name of Great Greece. For the 
 whole runs thus \ ^ “ Subsequently, the Greeks also seized upon a great 
 part of the interior of Italy, from the time of the Trojan war downward, 
 and they increased to such a degree, as to give the name of Great Greece 
 to this country,' and to Sicily: but it has happened, that all the tract, with 
 the exception of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Neapolis, is again sunk into 
 barbarism.” The passage, as it here stands, is opposed to all other ancient 
 authorities, by its including Sicily in Magna Graecia; which circumstance 
 must render it suspected. And when the whole context is considered, 
 that suspicion will be augmented. Strabo, for example, at the close of that 
 passage, excepts some places in Italy from the charge of barbarism, into 
 which, he says, almost the whole of Magna Grascia, in his time, was fallen; 
 
 and one might expect that he would have also added some town in Sicily, 
 
 * 
 
 for instance Syracuse, to that exception, if the island alluded to had, in his 
 mind, constituted part of Great Greece. The words, and Sicily fxoti rrir 
 Iimlki’), have all the appearance of an interpolation, the marginal appo¬ 
 sition of some ignorant person, foisted afterwards into the text, by one still 
 more ignorant. Whoever is familiar with the text of Strabo, will know 
 how incorrect and faulty it still remains : there is hardly a classick author 
 
 Cicero de Oratore iii, 34. —totam illam veterem ItaVue Greeciam, quae quondam magna 
 vocitata est. And in Laelio c. 4— eorum, qui in hdc terrdfuerunt,niagnamque Greeciam (quae 
 nunc quidem deleta est, turn Jlorehat) in^titutis et preeceptis suis erudierunt. 
 
 Strabo, Lib. vi, p. 389, Alineloveen. p. 253, Casaub. vripov [t.lv yi xx) tv? [xta-oydix? TroWriv 
 
 dtpvfiviro, dno ruv Tpuiauu dp^xy-ivoi ^poi/uv, xasi Itt) totovtov vv^vi^to ufi tvv MiydXvv 'EWxSx txvtvv 
 iXiyot/ Kai Tvv Xixi\tccv. wtit vAvv Txpcci/To? x«t 'Fvyiov xxl Nix-voXscj? ixSiSxpSxpuaSxt <rv[u.QiQvxcv 
 
 
V 
 
 that stands so much in need of a critical revision, The whole passage is in 
 a defective state, and the words, ‘ and Sicily,’ are unquestionably spurious, 
 and ought to be ejected. Then, if this be the case, we come to the con¬ 
 clusion, that the name Magna Gracia solely appertained to the Greek setde- 
 
 ments in Italy, and that it is a misnomer to comprehend under it those in 
 Sicily.^^ 
 
 If the uncertainty concerning Magna Gracia, which existed, has been 
 removed by the foregoing discussion, it is hoped that the reader will pardon 
 the length of it: it was desirable that a term frequently used, and em¬ 
 ployed also on our title-page, should be well ascertained. 
 
 We will farther subjoin a short observation on the technical meaning of 
 the words right and left, as applied to coins, since we may have occasion 
 to make use of them. They are by most numismatick writers understood, 
 with reference to the coin itself; and that appears to be the just and proper 
 signification. It rests on the same principle as the dexter and sinister, in 
 heraldry. What to the person, who looks upon the coin, is the left hand, 
 is to the coin itself the right; and again, his right is the coin’s left. Some 
 have prefeiTed to call right, what is on the right hand of the person who 
 handles, or views, the coin ; and left, what is to his left. If this is more con¬ 
 sonant to the popular notion, it is certainly less scientifick, wanting that 
 unvarying correctness and precision, in its application, which, as much as 
 possible, should mark science. Instances will occur, in which the right or 
 left of the coin will be in contradiction to the right or left of the person; 
 and thence confusion and inaccuracy must arise. We, therefore, not only 
 from deference to the highest numismatick authorities, but also from a con¬ 
 viction of its utility, adopt the former mode of expression. 
 
 G. H. NOEHDEN. 
 
 “ Cluver, who, in general, practises no great reserve in correcting the text of Strabo, was 
 not aware of the defect that existed, in the passage above quoted. He seems to have been 
 struck with the singularity of Strabo’s standing alone, according to that passage, in the asser¬ 
 tion that Sicily was included in Magna Grsecia; and, therefore, looks for arguments to 
 support it. He refers to the viith Book of Livy, and wishes to make out, that by Greed the 
 inhabitants of Sicily are to be understood. This may be granted to him, without the least 
 advantage to his position. For supposing the Greed, there mentioned, to be Sicilians, yet 
 there is nothing intimated oi Magna Greeda. See Cluver. Italia, Lib. iv, c. 10. p. 1.‘323. 
 

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SELECTION 
 
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 BRH'jrTlIll. 
 
 
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 ^ublijhfd bs , S^ptimuj Tfoweft 253JiranJ id 2 'f 
 
1 
 
 1 . 
 
 GOLD COIN OF THE BRUTTIL 
 
 Front: A head of Neptune, with a band, or diadem ; behind, the trident; below, an 
 ox’s head. 
 
 Reverse: A Nereid, mounted on a sea-horse, which is in full motion; a Cupid, with a 
 bow, standing- on her knee, and supported by her right hand ; a horn of plenty, towards 
 the head of the horse.—Inscription : BPETTIXIN, that is, Coin ‘ of the Brettii.’ 
 
 Most of the emblems, on this coin, bear an allusion to the sea, denoting the maritime 
 situation of the people, and their naval pursuits. Neptune, the trident, and the sea¬ 
 horse are sufficiently inteUigible: they signify mastery over the sea, and navigation. 
 The female on the sea-horse, is a nymph, or Nereidshe has been mistaken for a 
 Venus, on account of the Cupid; but there is no trait, or characteristick of that god¬ 
 dess in the figure. The Cupid does not necessarily convert it into a Venus. He is 
 found, as a companion, in a variety of scenes, which he animates and embellishes : 
 among others, in representations that relate to the sea ; but where no Venus is thought 
 of To see liim riding on a dolphin, or otherwise playing with this animal, is a com¬ 
 mon picture. Millin, in his Galerie Mythologique,^ has inserted a bas relief,^ on which 
 a group of Nereids, Tritons, and Cupids is represented : there are five female figures, 
 and no less than eight Cupids. It would be preposterous to give to the former the 
 name of Venus, on account of the latter. The contrast produced by this little being 
 with the objects to which he is joined,^ has of itself a pleasing effect, and may some¬ 
 times have sufficed for the artist, though the beholder might afterwards attach a parti¬ 
 cular meaning to the combination. 
 
 The ox’s head, on the front, or obverse, of the coin, below the neck of Neptune, is 
 a type of agriculture, and, as such, frequently occurs on coins.* The ox is the animal 
 that was exclusively appropriated to the plough, and the purposes of husbandry, in the 
 ancient world.—Agriculture is likewise indicated by an ear of corn, and this emblem 
 also is found on coins of the Bruttii.* The head of Ceres, on these coins,^ is obviously 
 
 * One of the Ko'pxi ^rifios uMxi, as Pindar calls them, Olymp. ii, 52. ^ PI. lxxii. 
 
 ^ From Bouillon’s Musee des Antiques. 
 
 * We may, for instance, recollect, Cupid mounted on a Lion; or a celebiated group, in maible, by Arce- 
 silaus, mentioned by Pliny, of a Lioness with Cupids playing around her—lea;?iam aligerosque ludentes cum 
 ed Cupidines. N. H. xxxvi, (iv.) 13. Vol. v. p. 344. ed Bip. 
 
 5 See coins of the Bruttii, with this emblem, in Magnans Bruttia Numismatica, Tab. 7. 8. 9. 10. 
 
 * See Beger’s Thesaurus Brandenburgicus, Vol. i, p. 340, where a coin is figured, having the head of 
 Jupiter on the obverse, with an ear of corn placed behind it. In the same work, p. 328, is a coin of Meta- 
 pontum, with the ox’s head on one side, and the ear of corn on the other. 
 
 Beger, ib. p. 342. A coin, on the obverse with a head of Ceres, crowned with ears of corn ; behind the 
 head, an ear of corn by itself: on the reverse with a cral), and the inscription, BI ETTI12N. 
 
 c 
 
2 
 
 to be interpreted in the same manner. Lastly, the plough itself is expressed upon 
 them.®—These are so many proofs, that the Bruttii cherished agriculture. They com¬ 
 bined it with their naval and commercial occupations. On a coin, figured by Prosper 
 Parisius,® Neptune is represented, on the reverse, with the right foot placed on the ox’s 
 head; which intimates the union of a sea-faring life with the labours of agriculture. 
 
 To those resources of industry, navigation and agriculture, were to be ascribed that 
 prosperity and affluence, which from several circumstances we are justified in conclud¬ 
 ing, that the Bruttii enjoyed, in an eminent degree: and which, in our coin, are marked 
 by the horn of plenty. The ant and bee, probably betokening industry, are sometimes 
 added to the other symbols.^^ 
 
 And who were these Bruttii, or Brettii ? A Greek colony, said to have been 
 founded by Brettus, a son of Hercules.^^ They were established in the present 
 Calabria. According to Stephanus Byzantinus,^^ there was a town Brettus, but of this 
 we know nothing farther. In Greek, the name of the people is Brettii (BpETXio/), and 
 so they designated themselves, as their coins demonstrate : in Latin, they are called 
 Bruttii. The vowel u being substituted for e arose, without doubt, from a similarity of 
 sound between those two letters. Appian^^ transfers the Roman into Greek ortho¬ 
 graphy, by \mting Epurnot, for Bperr/oi. Commonly, the people are named, instead of 
 the country, especially by Latm authors, according to the practice of that language: 
 yet in Greek, BpsTr/a is not unusual,^^ though the Latin Bruttia is only to be met with 
 in later waiters. Their country being on all sides surrounded by the sea, except where 
 a neck of land joined it with the rest of Italy, on the confines of Lucania, the present 
 Principato and Basilicata of the kingdom of Naples, their w^orship of Neptune was 
 natural, as that of a protecting deity. 
 
 Though they flourished by agriculture and commerce, and cultivated the arts of 
 peace, they w^ere not destitute of warlike qualities. They are frequently mentioned in 
 the Roman wars, particularly the second Punic, by Polybius, Appian, and Livy.^^ 
 Their coins bear witness, that the fine arts were not neglected among them.^® 
 
 This is a beautiful coin : our figure, though considerably magnified, is faithful, and 
 does it perfect justice. It corresponds with one described by Mionnet.^^ A coin very 
 
 * See Beger, ib. p. 343. and Magnan, Tab. x, n® 10. xi, 4 and 5, xviii, 17. 
 
 ® Rariora Magnae Graeciae Numismata, Tab. i. No. 9. 
 
 In the gold coin of the Bruttii, in the British Museum, one of the objects on the reverse is a bee, as 
 stated in Vett. Regg. et Populorum Numi in Museo Britannico, p. 40. It seems to be the same coin as that 
 described by Wiczay, in Museum Hedervarium, Part I, p. 38, n° 1009; but this author mentions an ant, instead 
 of a bee. 
 
 “ See Stephan. Byzant. de Urb. v. BpIxTOf. Ihid. vni, 47. 
 
 See Stephanus Byzantinus before quoted; also Polybius, ix, 6; and Strabo, Lib. vi, p. 392, C. ed. 
 Almeloveen. 
 
 •s Justin, XXIII, 1. speaks of their military power in earlier times :—jinitimos arniis subegerunt, tantasque 
 oj^es brevi consecuti sunt, ut perniciosi regibus etiam haberentur. 
 
 Neumann, in Populorum et Regum Numi Veteres Inediti, Part i, p. 27, observes: Artibusperinde atque 
 armis excelluisse, testantur elegantlssimi eorum numi. 
 
 Description de Medailles Antiques, T. i, p. 179, n** 760. 
 
3 
 
 nearly resembling it, though of inferior execution, is to be found in the collection of* 
 the British Museum. It differs in some particulars, on the reverse: the Cupid is in 
 the very act of shooting his arrow—in our coin, he merely holds the bow ; he evidently 
 stands on the tail of the seahorse—in ours, he appears to be placed on the right knee 
 of the nymph; our coin has a horn of plenty, whereas that of the British Museum 
 exliibits a bee, in its stead; and farther, under the horse, the crab, the marine emblem 
 of the Bruttii, may be recognised, which our coin has not. The coin figured by 
 Magnan,^’^ may be said to be like that of the British Museum, though not entirely so : 
 for, instead of the bee, on the reverse, it has a shell, or conch; and on the other side, 
 under the head of Neptune, is the figure of the dolphin, instead of the ox’s head. That 
 described by Wiczay^^ varies from the one in the British Museum only in this, that, 
 instead of a bee, it has an ant on the reverse, if the description is accurate. 
 
 Bruttia Numismatica, Tab. iii, no° 2. 
 
 •» Museum Hedervarium, Part I, p. 38, n° 1009. Caput Neptuni diad. dn\, po7ie tridens, infra caput bovis. 
 )( BPETTIilN. Dea velata msidens equo in piscem desinenti d. apprehendens Cupidinem sagittaiium, mfra 
 formica. 
 
I>ra\NTi "bv Del Frate 
 
 fw Hmrv 'Kosps. 
 
 rOIlT OF THE 
 
 BKH'TTH 
 
 ?iiha-.^heJbySi'ptimn.^Hrwett. 26 ^. ■ itr.mdiSs-f- 
 
5 
 
 II. 
 
 GOLD COIN OF THE BRUTTII. 
 
 Front: Bearded head of Hercules, so covered with the lion’s skin, as to appear enclosed 
 in the lion’s jaw ; the claws of the animal tied under the chin. Behind, the club. 
 
 Reverse : A winged female figure, that is, a Victory, driving a chariot with two horses ; 
 she holds the reins, together with a rod, or goad, in the left hand, the right is unoccu¬ 
 pied. Under the horses, a Serpent in motion.—Inscription : BPETTIXiN, that is. Coin 
 ‘ of the Brettii.’ 
 
 The worship of Hercules was prevalent among the inhabitants of Magna Grrncia; and 
 the Brettii owed to that hero a particular veneration, from gratitude to his son Brettus, 
 their supposed founder. It is the bearded Hercides, or Hercules advanced in man¬ 
 hood. He is represented, on coins, with the lion’s skin in tliis manner, both in that 
 stage of hfe, and beardless, as a youth he has commonly his attribute of the club. 
 This object is not every where expressed with equal truth, and correctness; in our 
 coin, for instance, it might be taken for something else, yet we should be wrong in 
 giving it a different interpretation. 
 
 The Reverse may relate to some victory, gained by the Bruttii; and the serpent that 
 is seen under the horses feet, may be intended to particidarize the place where, or the 
 people over whom, it was obtained. 
 
 There is reason to think, that the Serpent was occasionally used as a type of the sea : 
 whether the sea-serpents, of which the ancients speak, the hydri marini of Pliny,^ or 
 some incident, founded on remote history,^ or fable, led to this representation, we need 
 not take upon ourselves to conjecture. It is sometimes found, where the dolphin, the 
 most common of marine emblems, might have been employed. The latter occurs on the 
 coins of Rhodes, as an accompaniment to the Rose,'^ and jointly with this flower, gives 
 in figurative language, the island of Rhodes. For the Rose expresses the name, 
 
 and the dolphin shows, that the place, or country, to which that name belongs, is 
 maritime, or an island. But on a certain coin of that island,^ a Serpent is seen joined 
 
 * See Magnan, Bi’uttia Numismatica, Tab. x, n° 10. xx, 9. xl, 2. xliv, 12. xlvii, 7. LViii, 9- -17. lix, 5. 6. 
 cxxii, 7. 8. Compare farther Beger, Thesaur. Brandenb. Vol. i, p. 365. D’Orville, Sicula, Tab. iii. Sup¬ 
 plement III au Recueil de Medailles (Paris, 1767), PI. in, n” 5. 6. Vett. Pop. et Reg. Numi in Mus. Brit. 
 Tab. Ill, n°5. v, 16, 24. viii, 9, 23. xi, 22. 
 
 ^ N. H. VI, 26. Vol. I, p. 387, infra, ed. Bip. and xxix, 22. Vol. v, p. 23. 
 
 * There existed traditions of some islands having been invaded, and troubled, by serpents: they were 
 thence called 'O<piov<rai ; for instance Tenos, one of the Cyclades—see Spanhem, de Prmstant. et usu Numism. 
 Diss. IV, 12. Tom. 1, p. 225 (ed. Lond. 1706); and Rhodes—see Begei’, Thesaur. Brand. Vol. i, p. 415. 
 The snakes that came over the sea to destroy Laocoon (Virg. yEn. ii, 203) must, according to the poet, ha\e 
 been marine serpents. 
 
 * See Beger, Vol. i, p. 412. 
 
 * Ibid. p. 415. 
 
6 
 
 with the Rose, apparently equal in meaning to the Rose with the Dolphin. And Span- 
 hem‘^mentions some insular coins, in which a serpent encircles the trident of Nep¬ 
 tune, in the same manner as the dolphin is frequently seen winding around it. He is 
 perplexed at this representation, and at first thought that the person, who had thus 
 described some coin, had not viewed it accm’ately, and had, by mistake, substituted a 
 snake for the dolphin. But he was afterwards convinced, by accounts given of other 
 coins, with the same figure, that there was no errour in that description.—The matter 
 is quite plain, if we admit, that the serpent belongs to the marine emblems, as much 
 as the dolphin, the fish, and the crab, though it is less frequent. And hence it is 
 obvious, why the serpent occurs on the coins of Rhodes. It is also to be met with on 
 other coins of the Bruttii, one, for instance, figured by Beger,^ which has, on the ob¬ 
 verse, a female head covered with a crab; and near this crab is placed a serpent, 
 which latter, so combined, can have no other meaning, it would seem, than to indicate 
 the sea. In fact, the Crab is found in conjunction with the Serpent, just as it is with 
 the Dolphin.^ 
 
 From what has been alleged, it is hardly to be doubted that the serpent should be 
 reckoned among the types of seas; on which supposition, our reverse exhibits Victory 
 riding, in her chariot, over the sea. This may either point at some particular exploit 
 achieved; or it may have a general, and allegorical signification, importing the rule 
 and sway which the Bruttii had acquired over that element.^ I have no hesitation in 
 preferrmg tliis last construction. 
 
 Our coin, though very small, is, in a high degree, beautiful: at the same time, it is 
 extremely rare. There is one, exactly similar, in the Museum at Vieima,^” which 
 Neumann classes among the most precious objects of that coUection.^^ Another is 
 described by Mionnet a third both described, and figured by Wiczay and a fourth 
 is given by Magnan but in this, the serpent is omitted. 
 
 ® Tom. I, p. 228. ’ Thesaur. Brandenburg. Vol. i, p. 340. 
 
 * See Paruta’s Sicilia Numismatica, Tab. Lxxix, n° 12. Tab. lxxx, n° 29. Goltz, Sicilia et Magna Greecia, 
 Tab. X, n® 10. 
 
 ® On a coin described by Wiczay (Museum Hedervarium), p. 39, n® 1015, the serpent is placed near a 
 Victory. “ Victoria, pone serpens.” 
 
 See Franc. Neumann, Populorum et Regum Numi Veteres Inediti, Part i, p. 26. It is there described in 
 the following manner : Caput Herculis harhatum et rictu leonis tectum: a ter go clam. )( BPETTI12N. Vic¬ 
 toria in citis bigis: subtus serpens. 
 
 " Ib. En unum de prcecipuis liujus Musei cimeliis. Afterwards he says of this coin, p. 27, quo vix pulcri- 
 orem desideres. It is engraved. Tab. i, n® 12. 
 
 T. I, p. 179, n® 756. 
 
 Museum Hedervarium, p. 38, n® 1010. The description is: Cap. Hercul. barbat. in rictu dm. pone clam, 
 )( BPETTIi2N. Victoria s. virgam et habenas sm. sollicitat; sub equis serpens. Though he mentions the 
 serpent, it is left out in his figure. Tab. iii, n® 5. 
 
 ** Bruttia Numismatica, Tab. iv, n® 2. The serpent is not expressed on the reverse, but there is something 
 indicated under the horses’ feet, which one does not know what to make of. 
 
Pia/e J. 
 
 Dxa'.m'bj Del Frate. 
 
 Fugravedlw Ileiirjl'lDses. 
 
 siLYEiR ro’irr of 
 
 AO!R]I'G]E>TTl'M. 
 
 ftcdiished b}'SefJtmiu.i Stra/ul. id2/f.-, 
 
III. 
 
 7 
 
 SILVER COIN OF AGRIGENTUM. 
 
 Front: A monster, having upwards the form of a woman; below, divided into two dogs, 
 or wolves, which terminate, behind, in a fish’s, or dolphin’s, tail. This monster is 
 Scylla. Over the head of it, a Crab.—Inscription : AKPAFANTINON, that is. Coin ‘ of 
 the Agrigentines.’ 
 
 Reverse : Two Eagles, standing on a Hare, which they have killed.—Inscription : AKPAF, 
 that is, Acrag (Acragas, Agrigentum.) 
 
 Agrigentum, sometimes called Agragentum, in Greek Acragas (^Ayt^xyag), to which 
 this coin belongs, was a town in Sicily, on the south coast of that island. It was built 
 on mount Acragas, about two miles from the sea, with which it was connected by 
 means of its harbour.^ In ancient times, it was a place of considerable renown : ^ the 
 ruins, which stiU remain of it, show its great extent.^ The modern Girgenti is placed 
 on the dechvity of the mountain, not far from those ruins. 
 
 Scylla, the notorious monster, represented on our coin, was, as is well known, frxed 
 in the Straits of Sicily, or, as they are now called, the Straits of Messina. The de¬ 
 scriptions which the ancient poets give of it, are familiar to the reader. That of Virgil 
 so strikingly corresponds with our coin, that one might imagine, the poet had had this 
 coin before him, when he wrote his verses."* “ Above, a human face, fair woman’s 
 breast; at the extremity, monstrous tails of dolpluns, joined to the former by inter¬ 
 vening wolves.” This differs widely from the description of Horner.^ The noise that 
 proceeded from Scylla, was likened to the barking of dogs, or the howling of wolves : 
 thence by some she was said to be composed of dogs, by others of wolves. Om’ coin 
 evidently exhibits wolves, with which Vfrgil’s account agrees. Other poets speak of 
 dogs.^ 
 
 The Crab is a production of the Italian and Sicilian seas, and is assumed as a type, 
 by the maritime places, m that quarter.^ 
 
 * To sTTtveiov. See Strabo, Lib. vi, p. 272, Casaubon. (p. 417, Almeloveen). 
 
 * Refer to the history of Agrigentum, in Goltzii Sicilia, p. 122. ^ See D Orvilles Sicula, p, 89. 
 
 /En. Ill, 426. 
 
 Prima hominis facies, et pulchro pectore virgo, 
 
 Pube tenus; postrema immani corpore pistrix, 
 
 Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. 
 
 * Odyss. M, 85. ® Ovid. Am. iii, 12. 23. Propert. iv, 4. 41. 
 
 ^ See Beger, Thesaur. Brandenburg. Vol. i, p. 376. Burmann, ad D’Orvill. Sicula, p. 352. 
 
8 
 
 Tlie Eagle was in ancient, as it lias been in later times, much used as a badge, or 
 ensign. As such, it is frequently to be met with on the coins of Agrigentum.® The 
 Hare is less common: it is found on the coins of Messina,^ and of Rhegium.^^ 
 
 Now taking all those emblems together, viz. Scylla and the Crab, the two Eagles 
 and the Hare, what is their meaning ? It is probable that they relate to some occur¬ 
 rence, or historical circumstance. There is no denying, that the ancients made their 
 coins commemorative of events, whatever may be said of their only having struck them, 
 for use as money but even so, they formed historical records. The fact which his¬ 
 tory presents in illustration of our coin, is the battle of Himera, gained by Gelo, the 
 ruler of Syracuse, and Theron, the chief of Agrigentum, over the Carthaginians, and 
 theu' ally, Anaxilas, or Anaxilaus, the lord of Rhegium and Messana.^^ This man had 
 chosen the hare for his ensign: and it is thence seen on the coins of Rhegimn and 
 Messana.^'^ He w^as, first, despot of Rhegium, on the Italian side of the Straits, and 
 afterwards made himself master of Messana^^ wEich lay opposite, in Sicily. This was 
 probably the ground, on wliich he was said to have imjiorted the hare into Sicily : it 
 cannot be miderstood of the animal itself, though it has been so interpreted; for that 
 appears to be an absurdity. The Eagles, then, will signify the leaders of Agrigentum 
 and Syracuse (Theron and Gelo), and the Hare will denote Anaxilas and his aUies, the 
 Carthaginians. Scylla seems farther to confirm this explanation : for as it appertained 
 to the Straits of Sicily, on which both Rhegium and Messana, the possessions of 
 Anaxilas, were situated, an additional mark is thereby fixed upon the enterprise of 
 Anaxilas, which ended in his defeat at Himera. 
 
 The battle of Himera was fought, according to Diodorus Siculus,^^ who gives an 
 account of it, in the first year of the 75th Olympiad, that is, about the year 480, before 
 Christ. It is mentioned by Herodotus,^’^ who observes, that it happened on the same 
 day, on which the Greeks obtained their glorious victory over the Persians, at Salamis. 
 Theron is said to have died in the first year of the 77th Olympiad,^®^ about 470 years 
 before Christ, and Anaxilas in the 76th Olympiad.^^ The two eagles, as has been 
 said, represent Theron and Gelo; but on many coins of Agrigentum, only one 
 
 ® See D’Orville, Sicula, Tab. viii. Beger, Thes. Brand. Vol. i, p. 373. Paruta, Sicilia Numismatica, Tab. 
 78—82. Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum. Vol. i, p. 192. Wiczay, Mus. Hedervar. p. 48. Mionnet, 
 Description de Medailles Antiques, T. i, p. 211—216. 
 
 ® See D’Orville’s Sicula, Tab. iii, n°2—5; and compare Burmann’s Commentary, p. 294—296. 
 
 See Prosper Parisius, Rariora Magnas Graeciae Numismata, Tab. ii, n“ 4. 
 
 '* It was the opinion of Mr. Payne Knight, that all the ancient coins we have, however beautiful, were cur¬ 
 rent money. See his paper on the Large Silver Coins of Syracuse, in the Archaeoldgia, Vol. xix, p. 369. 
 
 The credit for this explanation is due to Beger, though I confess, I entertained similar ideas, before I 
 consulted this author. See Thesaur. Brandenburg. Vol. r, p. 375. 
 
 Refer to Burmann’s Illustration of D’Orville’s Coins, in his edition of the Sicula, p. 294. 
 
 See Spanhem. de Prmstant. et usu Num. T. i, p. 554. Havercamp. in Parutae Numismata, p. 150, D. 
 and 154, D. Compare Diodor. Sic. Lib. xi, Tom. i, p. 461, ed. Wesseling. 
 
 See Pollux, Onomast. v, 12, 75. Lib. xi, T. i, p. 419, ed. Wessel. vii, 166. 
 
 See Spanhem. p. 552. Ib. p. 554. 
 
9 
 
 eagle, destroying a hare, occurs. In these, it must be supposed that Theron alone, 
 without his ally, is exhibited.^® 
 
 It remains to add a few words on the inscriptions. One side contains the name 
 of the people, and the other that of the town. This is not unusual, particularly on 
 the very ancient coins of Sicdy.®^ That which we have called the foreside, or front, 
 has the name of the people AKPAPANTINON ; it is the genitive plural, the same as 
 AKPArANTIN«QN, Coin ‘ of the Agragantines.’ The O, at the end, stands for fi, the 
 coin having been struck, before the Omega came into use. Though the long vowels 
 eta and omega (H—fi) are said by Pliny to have been invented by Simonides, at an 
 earlier period than that, of which we are speaking, a long time elapsed, before they 
 were generally received. It was not till the 2nd year of the 94th of Olympiad,^^ in the 
 Archonship of Euchdes, that they were sanctioned by pubhck authority, at Athens.^^ 
 Our coin must have been struck between the 75th and 77th Olympiads, that is be¬ 
 tween the battle of Himera, and the death of Theron : which would place its date 
 above 470 years before our era. The inscription, on the reverse, gives the name of 
 the town abridged, for AKPAPAS. 
 
 This is a rare coin: it is quoted by Miomiet,^^ from Prince Torremu%%ds Veteres 
 Numi Sicili(E, where it is figured on Tab. v. That of which Beger speaks,^® has, 
 instead of the Scylla, a chariot with four horses, an eagle hovering over the horses’ 
 heads, and a crab being under their feet.^’' That engraved in Paruta’s work^® likewise 
 presents a chariot with fom' horses, and a Victory flying towards the conqueror with a 
 wreath in her hands; the crab is in the exergue. 
 
 See Beger, Thes. Brand. Vol. I. p. 375, below; and the figure p. 73. 
 
 See Havercamp. Commentar. in Parutas Numismata, p. 413, D. Eckhel also notices the circumstance, 
 Doctrina Num. Vett. Vol. i, p. 191. 
 
 N. H. Lib. VII, c. 56. Vol. II. p. 57. Bip. This would answer to the year 402 before Christ. 
 
 See Corsini Fasti Attici, Tom. iii, p. 276, and the authorities, there quoted, especially the Scholiast to 
 Euripid. Phoeniss. 688. 
 
 Description des Medailles Antiques, T. i, p. 213, n'’37. 
 
 » Thesaur. Brandenb. Vol. i, p. 375. Ih. p. 373. 
 
 Sicilia Numismatica (ed. Havercamp.) Tab. lxxix, n" 19. Compare Havercamp s Comments, p. 42u. 
 
 D 
 

 
 [l 
 
Drawn'by Del frate. En^-avedWHeiiry'Moses. 
 
 SILT IE K COIN OF TAM AM IN A. 
 
 FubUsh^J by Froweit 2 ff^..'itr( 2 /idjd 24 f. 
 
11 
 
 IV. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CAMARINA. 
 
 Front: A youthful head, with much hair, from which shoot out two short thick horns. 
 The head is presented full face. On each side of it is a fish. The whole surrounded 
 with an undulating, or curling, border. 
 
 Reverse: A female sailing on a swan, her veil, or the upper part of her robe, swelled 
 with the wind. A dolphin follows her. The feet of the swan concealed in an undu¬ 
 lating margin, or border, indicating water. Inscription : KAMAPINA, ‘ Camarina.’ 
 
 Camarina, the town, at which this coin was struck, was situated on the south-coast 
 of Sicily, to the eastward of Agrigentum. It was a colony of Syracuse,^ said to have 
 been founded in the 45th Olympiad, nearly 600 years before Christ. The Syracu- 
 sians destroyed it in the 57th Olympiad, and it was rebuilt in the 82nd.^ In the first 
 Punic war the people of Camarina took part with the Carthaginians, and the town was 
 stormed by the Romans. In the time of Strabo, there were scarcely traces of it re¬ 
 maining ; ^ yet even now, some ruins are pointed out, under the name of Camarana, 
 said to be the remnants of that ancient place. In its days of glory, it must have been 
 great, and opulent; of which the beautiful coins that are preserved, seem to afford a 
 proof. 
 
 The situation of Camarina was peculiar : it abounded in water. Near it was a lake, 
 also called Camarina; and the river Hipparis, flowing thi-ough the lake. More to the 
 eastward was another river, named Oanus.^ Those waters, it may be presumed, were 
 copiously stored with fish; and probably adorned by that beautiful bird, the swan, 
 which was, generally , frequent on the south-coast of Sicily.^ 
 
 Our coin represents those localities. On one side is the Hij^paris, pictured as a 
 young river-god. We know it to be the personification of that particular river, from 
 other coins, exhibiting a similar head, with the same emblems, and the name Hip¬ 
 paris inscribed.^ The horns mark the genius, or divinity, of the river; th(j fishes the 
 
 ‘ Strabo, Lib. vi, p. 272, Casaub. Ka/xap^va uTtotxog ^upocKoua-tcuv. 
 
 ® These dates are furnished by the Scholiast of Pindar to Olymp. v. Vol. ii, p. 276, in Heyne’s edition. 
 Compare also Heyne’s notes to that ode. 
 
 3 Strabo, Lib. vr, p. 272, Casaub. 418, Almelov. Twv 8e Xo/ttcov Tr"f TrXevpMV ij (jXv utto toO n«;)(^t;voy 
 
 Trpoc TO AfXuSaiov di^xovca IxXsXsmTat TsXewg, rivoi <rou^ou<rct tmv oipx»lcov xxtoixicov, wv xoii KotpMpivu, limixo; 
 
 Supaxoutriwv. 
 
 Pindar. Olymp. v, 25—28. 
 
 TOToijxov Ts “Q.a.vov, ly- 
 Xoopioiv TS Kip.va,v, 
 
 Ka» (rsfivoug ox^tous/'Itt- 
 Tccptg oiciv apSei ig-pctTOV, 
 
 * See Beger. Thesaur. Brandenburg. Vol. r, p. 379. 
 
 * In those coins, with the name Hipparis, the head is exhibited, with the side-face, or in profile : but still it 
 
12 
 
 productions, in which it abounds; and the border is intended to express the water 
 itself, by its undulations. 
 
 On the reverse, appears the Swan, the bird of Camarina,’^ as it was that of other 
 towns in Sicily,® The female, whom it carries, is probably meant for Leda, since this 
 heroine is most readily associated with the Swan, and it is known that the Tynda- 
 rid«, that is, the children of Leda, nominally the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) with 
 their sister Helen, were objects of veneration in several places of Sicily.^ It seems less 
 applicable to call this female a Venus.^® The imdulating border, or margin, below, 
 clearly denotes the watery element. The dolphin, if the figure may not be taken for 
 another fish, being a type of the sea, would appear rather to point out the dominions 
 of Neptune, than those of the Hipparis : the representation would then be, the Swan 
 sailing with Leda on the sea ; unless the dolphin were merely to signify the vicinity of 
 the sea. 
 
 Our coin is figured in D’Orville’s Sicula,^^ and described by Burmann.^^ 
 
 is the same object. See Eckhel’s description of such a coin, in Doctrina Numorum Veterum, Vol. i, p. 199 » 
 and Mionnet, in Description de Medailles Antiques, Tome i, p. 222, n° 119. 
 
 ’’ See Beger, Thes. Brand. Vol. i, p. 378. Paruta, Sic. Num. Tab. cxxiii. cxxiv. 
 
 * For instance, at Tyndaris. On a coin of this town, figured by Paruta, Tab. cxviii, n“ 1, a female is repre¬ 
 sented, seated on a swan ; but this swan is standing, not sailing, like ours. That female unquestionably is 
 Leda. See Havercamp’s edition of Paruta, p. 727, and 731, 
 
 ’ See the foregoing note, respecting Tyndaris. And the worship of the Tyndaridae seems also to have 
 prevailed at Agrigentum, as may be inferred from the following lines of Pindar, Olymp. iii, 1 — 3. 
 
 Tyv8«pi5a»j re uMv, 
 
 KaXAfTrAoxa/xo) ^ ' EXsvri, 
 
 KAeivav 'Axpayuvrci yspoc'ipcov, su^ 0 jj.cti. 
 
 Consult Heyne’s notes to this passage, in the last edition. 
 
 Which Havercamp does, in his edition of Paruta’s Sicilia Numismatica, p. 781, and 784. 
 
 Tab. XIV. 
 
 ** In his edition of D’Orville, p. 434, n** 4. Caput cap)illatum et cornutum, a fronte conspiciendum, ad cujus 
 dextram et sinistram partem est pnscis. 
 
 R. KAMAPINA. Leda a Jove sub forma cycni, cui insidet, rapta, manu nimhtim supra caput expansum 
 tenens. 
 
r' 
 
 
 5 ":* 
 
 ; (. , 
 
 I “ 
 
 4 
 
 # 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 
 W 
 
 v* . 
 
 T ...• V<- • / V 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 % 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 i- 
 
 -i* 
 
 k • 
 
 I 
 
Dra-wn D(?l Frate. 
 
 EB.^'aved’bv Heury yLoses 
 
 SILLY KM rOlLN OF 
 
 0 AM A HIM A. 
 
 PuhlLthfJ hv A^fpiinuiS J*rcwt'it 2 ffS.Stra/t/i 2824. 
 
V. 
 
 13 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CAMARINA. 
 
 Front : Head of a youthful Hercules, without beard, covered with the lion’s skin, so as 
 to appear enclosed in the lion’s jaw. Before, the bow. 
 
 Reverse: A chariot with four horses, running full speed, guided by a female figure, who 
 holds the reins in her left hand, and the rod, or goad, in the right. A Victory, flying 
 through the air, advances towards her, with a wreath in her hands. Below, in the 
 exergue, two amphorce, or jars ; and the inscription : KAMAPINA, ‘ Camarina.’ 
 
 There can be no doubt, that a victory at Olympia is represented on this coin. The 
 head of Hercules, the founder of those games,^ whose worship, besides, prevailed in 
 the Greek towns of Italy and Sicily,^ was a very appropriate emblem. Such a victory 
 is sung by Pindar.^ It was gained by Psaumis, a distinguished citizen of Camarina. A 
 prize, so obtained, formed a boast for the people, to whom the victor belonged,^ while 
 the meed of praise due to liim was not withheld.® If it were the victory of Psaumis, 
 which the coin commemorates, we should know its age: for that victory, with chariot 
 and four horses (TgS-ptVTrw), took place in the 82nd Olympiad, as the Scholiast of Pindar 
 informs us.® That Olympiad would answer to the year 348 before Christ: so that the 
 coin might be supposed to have been struck, more than 340 years before our era. 
 
 The bow was a weapon that Hercules wdelded, as well as the club : ^ it is, therefore, 
 assigned to him as an attribute, on the obverse of the coin. The figure driving the 
 chariot, on the reverse, we have declared to be a female: so it unquestionably 
 appears; and, if we are not mistaken, we must take her for a personification of the 
 town of Camarina. Though Minerva was worshipped at Camarina,® the figure would 
 hardly suit that goddess. If it were male, it would be obvious to think of the victor 
 himself. The two amphoree may relate to the festive banquets, vsdth which the vic¬ 
 tory was celebrated. 
 
 Similar coins are figured by D’Orville,^ and Paruta,^® and described by Wiczay,^^ and 
 Mionnet but not one of them exactly agrees with ours. 
 
 * Pindar. Ol. ii, 5. 
 
 ’OXu//,7r(«S« 8’ eVa- 
 (Tei/ 'HpaxXer]f. 
 
 * See Paruta, Sicil. Numism. ed. Havercamp. p. 779. ’ Olymp. iv. 
 
 * Pind. Ol. IV, 18. , ^ „ 
 
 'Pavfj^ios yap rjxei 
 
 'O^ewv' o; Ikala s'S(pavwSe)f 
 n«r«T(Si, xu8of opirai 
 ^ttsvSei Ka/xapiva, 
 
 ^ Pindar, ib. 22. ^ , 
 
 sTre/ /x»v 
 
 ’A(vea), p-aka p.iv 
 
 h’OljXOV (TTTTWV. 
 
 ® Olymp. IV. Vol. ii, p. 263, in Heyne’s last edition. 
 
 ^ On a coin of Camarina, in Paruta (Tab. cxxiii, n° 6) the figure of Hercules, both with club and bow, is to 
 be seen. ® See Schol. Pind. Ol. v. Vol. ii, p. 277, ed. Heyne. 
 
 9 Sicula, Tab. xiv. Sicilia Numism. Tab. cxxiii. 
 
 " Mus. Hederv. p. 49, n'’ 1346. “ Descr. de Med. Ant. T. i, p. 223, if 121. 
 

 Pi 
 
 <r\ 
 
 
 
 R- - i 
 
 VI . ’.• 
 
 
 
 * * 9 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ■ r 
 
 .r» 
 
 ' *. •" A < 
 
 ‘O l!:CVJI..^ 
 
 JJ 
 
 . ». • 
 •'4- 
 
 t I- 
 
 .'^^r 1%, 
 
 aa 
 
 ¥ 
 
 • . 
 
 ^ < 
 
 iu . - 
 
 *» ‘ • 4 
 
 •1 
 
 • t 
 
 t 4 ; ■ r.-."’, i ’ ■' i.‘iuv ci : 4 *w i*l 4li«K 
 
 !*r ' •; ’•* -fT fj t‘' • 1 
 
 .•■ r." a. 
 
 -.'* - .a«[ ^1 j;divui ‘'i;?'' * t - u ; 
 
 -r,>- IT* • 
 
 4 -* 
 
 i ■' «^.*' ^ ^-: 7; 7 -0. ■ >>T ^ *' ' 
 
 )' *, t«.\-' 
 
 .f 'MimI 
 
 '•’ V-.'-i 
 
 I 
 
 ' • ; i 
 
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Fl/Ue S. 
 
 : 
 
 DrawE bv Del rrate. 
 
 EngT’aved^y Henry ‘M'lse.s. 
 
 SILYEK rOIK OF CAMAMINA. 
 
 ^ S^nmifj J^n'ww iV>l?. id2/f. 
 
15 
 
 VI. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CAMARINA. 
 
 Front: Head of a bearded Hercules, or Hercules in advanced manhood : it is covered 
 with the skin of the lion’s head, in such a manner as to appear to be enclosed in the 
 lion’s jaw. Inscription : KAMAPINAION, Coin ^ of the people of Camarina.’ 
 
 Reverse: A chariot with four horses, at full speed, driven by a female figure, in a 
 helmet: a winged Victory is flying towards this figure, in the act of placing the 
 triumphant wieath on her head. In the exergue, the Swan, in the attitude of 
 swimming. 
 
 After our comments on the two coins of Camarina, next preceding, the exposition 
 of the present one need not be much extended. It is unquestionably again a victory 
 at the Olympic games, won in the chariot-race, that is commemorated. Pindar, as 
 was observed in the explanation of the 5th coin, has celebrated a citizen of Camarina, 
 Psaumis, as conqueror at these races.^ If we were to suppose this coin to be a memo¬ 
 rial of a second victory, achieved by the same person,® after an interval of some years, 
 the lapse of the intervening time might be supposed to be indicated by the represen¬ 
 tation of Hercules, more advanced in years. A similar progress of age is also to be 
 remarked in the appearance of the lion’s skin, of which the mane is more shaggy, than 
 that which covered the youthful Hercules.® 
 
 It has been stated before,^ that the towns gloried in a distinction, so obtained by 
 one of their citizens, and appropriated the honour to themselves. This is again 
 exemplified, by the coin before us. For it was struck, as the inscription shows, by the 
 people of Camarina, in record of a victory, represented on the reverse. The personi- 
 
 ‘ Olymp. Od. IV. 
 
 * The 5th Olympic ode of Pindar was written on another victory of Psaumis, but, as appears from verse 6, 
 
 a victory won with mules. It seems, however, that this man was successful several times, and in the different 
 modes of racing, namely the chariot and four horses or reSpmTrov, quadriga), with the mule-car 
 
 and the single horse (xlxi;?). The poet (Ode v, 15) expresses it, Tthtoj?, rjix.iomg ts, ]u.ov«/x7rux/« re. It is not im¬ 
 probable, that he may have gained two prizes at the chariot-race. ^ Compare Plate V. 
 
 * P. 13. Several passages in Pindar bear upon this point. One (from Olymp. iv, 18) we have quoted p. 13. 
 to which may be added Ol. v, 7. 
 
 "Of, Tuv adv ttoXjv dv^wv, 
 
 Kctjjioipivu —&c. 
 
 Pyth. I, 71, where the poet says of Catana: 
 
 Aoittov sTO'strSat g-sipccvoi- 
 
 (Tt TS (Wo<J TS XXVTUV 
 
 Kai (7UV srxpwmg ^otXicng 6voix,xs-xv. 
 
 Nem. XI, 24. 
 
 'Apifxydpav 
 
 ’AyXaai vlxxi wxTpxv t Iowvu/x.ov 
 ’Es-6^«va)cr«v. 
 
 Pellerin (in Recueil de Medailles, T. in, p. 35) has adverted to the same circumstance. Let me add that 
 
 E 
 
16 
 
 fied Town drives the victorious chariot: for the female figure is no other than the 
 Town, so exhibited.^ There is reason to think, that it was not unusual to represent 
 towns by a female figure, covered with a helmet.^ In subsequent times, Rome was 
 always so portrayed. The Swan, in the exergue, designates Camarina : for this bird 
 was the emblem of the town.^ 
 
 The coin, then, records a victory, at the Olympic chariot-races, gained by Camaiina, 
 that is to say, by an inhabitant of that city. The people were called KAMAPINAIOI,® 
 ‘ Camarineans,’ of which the inscription KAMAPINAION is the genitive, for KAMAPI- 
 NAIXIN, ‘ of the Camarineans,’ the XI not yet being in general use, when the coin was 
 struck. This was previous to the 94th Olympiad,^ at wliich time the adoption of this 
 letter was sanctioned by public authority at Athens.^” The date of the coin, there¬ 
 fore, is to be referred to the 5th century before our era. 
 
 In the delineation of the horses, a character is found, which marks the period of 
 genuine Greek art. It consists in the mane, which is cut short, according to the 
 custom that seems then to have universally prevailed, among the Greeks. The same 
 is to be observed on coins II and V. 
 
 Our coin belonged to the cabinet of Prince Torremuzza, and came, by the purchase 
 of that collection, into the possession of Lord Northwick.“ It is figured on Tab. xviii, 
 n° 1. of Torremuzza’s work, and described p. 17. 
 
 the name of a conqueror was never proclaimed, without that of his country. Thus Sophocles (Elect. 693) states 
 Orestes to have been announced, at the Delphic, or Pythic games, as a native of Argos: 
 
 ToyTcuv Ivfyxujv holvtol rkummu 
 
 'Aqyiio{ jxh avaxaAoUjUevof, 
 ovojjt.u 8’ 'Ogeg-rig, See. 
 
 And so throughout Pindar, as appears from the title, or superscription, of every Ode. See also Pyth. i, 58, 
 a passage on which we shall, in a future page, dwell more particularly. 
 
 ^ Refer to p. 13. It is there intimated, that Minerva was worshipped at Camarina: she was the protecting 
 deity, or patroness, of the city. Pindar (Ol. v, 22) addresses her, in reference to Camarina, w ■TroXtuoxs Ila.XXu;: 
 and she is distinctly represented on some coins of that town; see Beger, Thesaur. Brandenburg, T. i, p. 328. 
 Paruta, Tab. cxxiii, 5. cxxiv, 11 (the same coin as that quoted by Beger). And not only the goddess, but 
 also her owl, occurs on several coins; see Paruta, Tab. lxxiii, 8. 9. 10; and Torremuzza, Tab. xix, 6 —10. 
 Notwithstanding this, the female figure, both on this, and the foregoing coin, cannot be Minerva. It is not in 
 the character of that goddess ; nor would the task of driving the chariot of an Olympic victor be suited to her. 
 
 ® The very coins, of which we have been speaking, seem to prove it. 
 
 ’’ See p. 11. ® Herodot. vii, 156. Thucyd. vi, 75. 76. ® See p. 9. 
 
 See note 24 to p. 9. Simonides, who invented the four double letters ZH'kfl, died in the 78th Olympiad. 
 
 ** A similar remark we ought to have made to our 3d coin, p. 9; but we have to confess, that we were not 
 then aware of the circumstance. 
 
* 
 
 % 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 • « 
 
 
 
 
 
rutf. 7 . 
 
 \ 
 
 Draw; by Del fratr. 
 
 Engraved by iieiiiry l.Ioses. 
 
 SILYER COI^T OlF EGESTA. 
 
 
 ^Sepdnw.^ yrawei/ 26 .‘f. Jtta/ui-1^24. 
 
17 
 
 VII. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF EGESTA. 
 
 Front: A female head, in profile, with the hair plainly, but neatly, arranged. Behind it, 
 a heart-shaped leaf; before, the inscription: EFESTAION, Coin " of the people of 
 Egesta.’ 
 
 Reverse: A quadruped (undoubtedly, a dog), gnawing, or biting, the head of a stag. 
 Above, in the field of the coin, a small female head, with the hair loose, or disordered. 
 
 Ancient Egesta, called in Greek and ’Aiye^oc,^ —the inhabitants 
 
 '‘kiyzgouoi^ —was situated in the north-west of Sicily, near mount Eryx, at a short 
 
 distance from the sea, with which it was connected by means of a port® {li/,7ropeiov,^ or 
 IpcTTo^iov^.) It was said to have been founded by Egestes^ (Egestus^®), or Aegestes,^^ or, 
 according to Virgil, Acestes,^^ a man of Trojan descent, and cotemporary of Aeneas.^^ 
 The story of this person was as follows His mother, Egesta, was the daughter of a 
 distinguished inhabitant of Troy, in the time of Laomedon. When that town was 
 afflicted by the monster, sent from the sea by Neptune,^® in order to punish the per¬ 
 fidy of that treacherous king, the father, to save his child from destruction, put her on 
 board of ship, and sent her away, leaving her preservation to chance. She was carried 
 to the north-west coast of Sicily, and landed near the river Crimisus.^® The river-god, 
 being captivated with her charms, approached her, in the shape of a dog: and from 
 this intercourse sprung the founder of the town Egesta.^^ His mother, whom we will 
 call the nymph Egesta, remained an object of grateful recollection with the people, 
 and the dog became the badge, or emblem, of the city. 
 
 It may not be amiss to add a few short notices concerning this town. It has become 
 
 * Thucyd. VI, 2. 46. 
 
 * Strabo, xiii, p. 608, ed. Casaub. 905. Almelov. Lycophron Alexand. 968, to which see the scholia of 
 Tzetzes, and hkewise to 953, and 964. Virgil gives it the name of Acesta, Ain. v, 718. 
 
 ’ Thucyd. VI, 6. 8. 10. 11. Aehan, Var. Hist, ii, 33. 
 
 ^ Strabo, vi, p. 266, and 272. Casaub. (408 and 418. Almelov.) 
 
 * Where this port was, there is now a place, called Castellamare (see Biisching s Geographie, Vol, 4, 
 
 p. 528, German ed. 1789); or more accurately Gastello a Mare (see Torremuzza’s Sicilim Veteres Numi, 
 p. 61.) ^ Strabo, vi, p. 272. Casaub. 418. Almelov. 
 
 * Ptolem. Geogr. Lib. iii, p. 70, ed. Montan. Francof. 1605. ® Tzetzes in Lycophr. Alex. 963. 
 
 '® Servius in Virg. Ain. i, 550. p. 208. ed. Par. 1600. 
 
 “ Strabo, vi, p. 254. Casaub. 390. Aim. Tzetz. in Lycophr. Alex. 953. 
 
 Ain. V, 710, 758. '5 See Dionys. Hal. i, 52. Virg. Ain. v, 710. 758. 
 
 It is to be met with in Lycophron’s Alexandra, 961—964; and in the scholia of Tzetzes to that poet, 
 953. It is twice told by Servius, the commentator of Virgil, viz. to Ain. i, 550, p. 208 (ed. Par. 1600), and 
 to Ain. V, 29, p. 362. See Apollodor. Biblioth. ii, 5. § 9. ed. Heyne. 
 
 The name is differently written, Crinisus, Crimnisus, Crimissus. Crimisus is perhaps the most correct. 
 See Cluver. Sicilia, p. 66. 67. 
 
 *7 Virg. Ain. V, 38. 
 
 Trdia Crimiso conceptumjiumine mater 
 Quern genuit. 
 
 % 
 
18 
 
 remarkable, in history, from being the cause of that ruinous expedition, which the Athe¬ 
 nians undertook against Sicily, under Alcibiades, Nicias, Lamachus, and Demosthenes.^^ 
 The Egesteans, being at hostihty with their neighbours, the Sehnuntians, implored 
 succour from the Athenians: who, being secretly actuated by ambitious views on 
 Sicily, availed themselves of this opportunity to invade the island. After the destruction 
 of the Athenian army, the Egesteans being hard pressed by the people of Selinus, called 
 in the assistance of the Carthaginians. The Sehnuntians were subdued, but Egesta 
 itself fell into subjection to Carthage. Timoleon, the deliverer of Sicily, rescued it 
 from this servitude, and restored it to independence. Subsequently, Egesta was 
 seized upon by Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse', who, having put most of the inha¬ 
 bitants to the sword, filled the town with a new population, calling it, from the act of 
 justice, which he pretended to have exercised, Dicceopolis. When ultimately Sicily 
 came under the dominion of the Romans, Egesta recovered its prosperity.^^ It had 
 then changed its name to Segesta, of which we shall treat more fully, in the descrip¬ 
 tion of the next coin. 
 
 Considerable ruins of that ancient town are remaining— insignia antiquitatis vestigia, 
 as D’Orville, who gives an account of them,^*^ expresses it.^^ The site is, at present, 
 called Pileri di Barbara^^ and is not far from the town Castello a Mare^^ which was 
 the port (empm'ium) of Egesta. 
 
 We now proceed to the illustration of the coin itself, which will be aided by the early, 
 or fabulous history. The female head, on the front of the coin, is that of the nymph 
 Egesta, the mother of the founder. The leaf, behind the head, resembles, in shape, 
 that of the poplar. The tree was sacred to Hercules and this hero, as he was an 
 object of veneration, generally, in Sicily, so he seems to be connected with Egesta, by 
 some particular circumstances. In the vicinity of Egesta, his conflict with Eryx^^ 
 took place : and it is farther said, that the warm springs near Egesta, were produced 
 purposely, by the nymphs of the country, that they might serve him as a bath, in 
 which to refresh himself from his labom’s.^^ It is thence probable, that the poplar, or 
 the fohage of this tree, might be adopted, as an emblem, by the people of Egesta. 
 This foliage occurs on several coins of that town; and Hercules himself is also found 
 represented.^^ 
 
 The origin, progress, and end of this unfortunate enterprise are admirably related Jby Thucydides, in his 
 6th and 7th books. 
 
 See the history of Egesta in Goltzii Sicilia, p. 100—104. D’Orvillii Sicula, p. 53. 
 
 ** Ib. p. 47. See Torremuzza’s Siciliee Numi Veteres, p. 61. Mentioned before, in note 6. 
 
 Populus Alcidce gratissima, Virg. Eel. vii, 61. See Servius to this passage, and to JEn. v, 134. Popu- 
 lus Herculea, iEn. viii, 275. See Apollodor. ii, 5. § 10. 
 
 AoDrpa ’Eyss-aja. Diodor. Sic. Lib. iv, p. 268. T. i, ed. Wesseling. 
 
 Ibid.— Sis^lovTOf 8’ ixvTou t^v TrapaAiov vrj<rov, jiAu5oAoyou(r» tus uveivai Xourpu. wpof xrjv av«7rau(nv 
 
 x«T« T>]V oSoiTTOplotv ysv 0 jU,lv»]? auTcu KctKOTTx^sla;. toutmv 8’ ovtwv 8(ttwi/, Tct 'lp,spa.~ict, rd 8s ’Eysfata TrpocrayopsusTai. 
 
 ** See Paruta, Tab. cix, n” 9. cx, 14. 
 
 See, for instance, Paruta, Tab. cix, n" 7. cx, 13. Torremuzza, Tab. lxii, n® 6. 7 .8 ; and compare the 
 text of Torremuzza, p. 62, 
 
19 
 
 The inscription, EPESTAION, ‘ of the Egesteans, or people of Egesta,’ has the omi- 
 cron (O), instead of the rniega (Xl), which places the coin in the fifth century before 
 Christ, as has been before observed.^® 
 
 To decipher the Reverse will be a matter of difficulty, in which we can only exer¬ 
 cise remote conjecture. There can scarcely be a doubt that the representation alludes 
 to some event, in the history of Egesta; but what event, that is the question. Little 
 can be expected to be fomid on record, relative to the histories of these small commu¬ 
 nities, except when they are interwoven with the transactions of other nations. They . 
 were often at war with one another; and perhaps the success of Egesta, in one of 
 those contests, may thus have been typified. The Dog (for the quadruped is nothing 
 but the dog), the representative of Egesta, is in a position of victory: he stands on his 
 vanquished and mutilated enemy, figured by the stag; and is beginning to devour, or 
 tear, the head. Thus Torremuzza^^ has furnished two brass coins, on which the dog 
 is represented as destroying a hare. What people, or town, it was that was signified 
 by the emblem of the Stag, or Stag’s head, my researches have not led me to discover. 
 The sm.all female head is a repetition of the nymph Egesta; but she appears in loose, 
 or dishevelled hair, as suited to the turmoils of war. 
 
 Prince Torremuzza speaks®^ of a similar coin, which he had seen,^^ and which he has 
 caused to be engraved but it seems to have been in an indifferent state of preser¬ 
 vation, so as not to afford a distinct view of the subject on the reverse. For what we 
 plainly discern, on our coin, as the antlers of a stag, he took for the branch of a tree; 
 and the stag’s head, which we see clearly, was so obscure, that he could not divine, 
 what this object meant.^^ 
 
 P. 16. 31 Siciliae Num. Vett. Tab, lxiv, n° 15, 16. Auctarium ad Sic. Num. p. 15. 
 
 33 Eum (numum) vidi penes Antonium Astzito, ibid. Auctar. Tab. vi, n° 1. 
 
 33 Torremuzza’s words are : Canis super arhoris truncum deamhulans, et aliquid, quod non bene dignoscitur, 
 ore appetens. 
 

 « 
 
 * f 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 r 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 r 
 
 0 
 
 « 
 
 •i.. 
 
 
 % 
 
 * 
 
 
 % 
 
.P!atf S . 
 
 Drawn Ijy De^ Fratc. 
 
 Engravrdl^ Hrnry Moses. 
 
 .SILYEK ConN OF vSEOEFTA. 
 
 ftMishn/h'Sfplinuis J’rimrII i'ti.v, Jtranti /*/ 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
21 
 
 VIII. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SEGESTA. 
 
 Front: A handsome female head, in profile, elegantly attired, and adorned with neck¬ 
 lace, and ear-ring. Behind, an ear of corn; before, the inscription: ^EFELTAIIA 
 Reverse: A naked man, standing in a state of repose, with his left foot placed on a stone, 
 or rock. On his left shoulder he rests a staff, or branch of a tree, to which is fastened, 
 at the end, a cap, or helmet: a light cloak, or garment, is thrown over the left arm. 
 A strap, or belt, passes over the chest, and right shoulder : the right hand is supported 
 on the right hip. He is accompanied by two dogs. Before him, fixed in-the ground, 
 is a male herma, or terminus, covered with a cap, or helmet. 
 
 This coin belongs to the same place as the preceding: for Egesta and Segesta are 
 synonymous terms. The former name was probably changed, when the people of 
 Egesta came into contact with the Latins, or Romans : Segesta, therefore, is the more 
 recent appellation, which invariably occurs in Latin authors. The Latins prefixed the 
 letter S to certain Greek words, which they received into their language. This seems 
 to have arisen from a pecuharity in their organ of speech, and to have been applied to 
 words, beginning with vowels that were aspirated, or marked with the Aeohc digamma. 
 We will quote instances in the note.^ Such is the simple reason of Egesta being 
 changed into Segesta. That which Festus alleges, is extremely absurd: he will have 
 it,^ that the name was altered, for the purpose of avoiding an ill-omened sound, namely 
 egesta, which signifies poverty and distress. But nothing is more ridiculous than the 
 hallucinations of these old etymologists, and grammarians. 
 
 Coins fi’om this later period, with the name Segesta, are common.^ Not only the 
 town, but also the nymph, the mother of the founder, is thus denominated. The 
 appellation of the people then is and 'Leyz^avoi,^ Segestani.^ 
 
 * The Latin sal comes from the Greek sedes from s8oj, semis from sex from e^, septem from ottiz, 
 serpo from serpyllum from spmXXov, sub from vttq, super from uTrsp, sylva from uA>i, sus from v^. All these 
 words are aspirated. In Egesta, ’EygV«, the Aeolic digamma, with which the natives may have pronounced 
 it, probably occasioned the change. Some Greek words beginning with y, followed by a liquid, A or p, have 
 been subjected to a similar transformation, when latinized. TKafM is become scalpo, yXw^M sculpo, ypa.<^w 
 scriho. 
 
 ® His words are, in Segesta :— prceposita est ei litera, ne obsceno nomine adpellaretur. 
 
 ^ See Paruta, Torremuzza and others. 
 
 ^ See the inscriptions on coins, for instance in Torremuzza’s Sicilias Numi Veteres, Tab. lxii, n"3. Auc- 
 tarium. Tab. vi, n° 3. Beger, Thesaur. Brandenb. Tom. i. Tab. xii. Paruta, cx, 13. 
 
 * Ptolem. Geogr. Lib. rii, p. 70. 71. ed. Montan. Francof. 1605. This form seems to be of later date, in 
 imitation of the Latin Segestani: yet Torremuzza has given some coins from the earlier period, in which the 
 same form is applied to Egesta, viz. ’Eylj-avoi, see Tab. lxiv, n'’^. 3. The question only is, whether this is 
 accurately given. 
 
 * Tacit. Ann. iv, 43. Cic. Verr. ii, 65. Cicero also has the form Scgestenses, Verr. iii, 36, which seems 
 to answer to the ’Aiysrelf, mentioned by us p. 17, note 5. 
 
22 
 
 The inscription upon our coin, LErESTAllA, might at first view, if read Segestania, 
 be taken for the appellation of the nymph Egesta, whose head we beheve to be that 
 represented. It would be an easy step to derive it from Segestani. But besides its 
 not being evident, that the character I is the same with the letter N (Z), though it is 
 so supposed^ there arises a difficulty from other coins of this town having different 
 letters after the sign I, for instance IB (EErESTAIlB),® IE (EErEETAIIE),^ II (lE- 
 rESTAIIiy® and simply I (SErEETAIl.)^^ Now it would seem that between all these 
 signs, IIA, IIB, HE, III, there must be some analogy and connexion, the meaning of 
 which has hitherto eluded the acuteness of antiquarian research, and that we should 
 not be justified in reading our inscription, straight forward, as Segestania. These signs, 
 or ciphers, if I may so call them, are, as far as I know, only found attached to the 
 name Segqsta, not to Egesta, and therefore seem to appertain to the later, or what we 
 may call the Roman, period. Onfe of them IIB has been attempted to be explained,^^ 
 by being read Tih, and thouglit to contain the name of Tiberius, as if the coins, that 
 have it, had been struck under the auspices of, or in comphment to, that emperor. 
 But this is a clumsy sort of interpretation, destitute of all probability, and for this very 
 reason inadmissible that it does not bear upon the corresponding letters, which 
 we have adduced. What those letters signified we have it not, for the present, in our 
 power, to explain: we must wait, till some unexpected light may break in upon us. 
 Perhaps they were, as Prince Torremuzza seems to suggest/^ chronological designa¬ 
 tions ; but how to be understood, is beyond our ability to declare. 
 
 It is to be hoped, that we may be more successful in expounding the type of the 
 coin, though tliis also will rest on mere conjecture. The beautiful femcile head, in 
 front, we assume to be that of the nymph Egesta, or Segesta. She appears in a higher 
 state of ornament, than in the preceding coin, which may be characteristick of the later 
 period, to which the present coin belongs. The ear of corn denotes the fertility of the 
 country, around Segesta, and the pursuit of agTiculture, in which the people of Sicily, 
 generally, were more or less engaged.^^ 
 
 The Reverse seems to present an allusion to the founder of Segesta. It is related 
 of him^^ that, though his mother had fled from Troy, Egestes was encouraged to return 
 to it, as to his native place, under king Priam: but on the fatal catastrophe of that 
 city, he again became a fugitive. He had the good fortmie to reach Sicily, and the 
 
 ^ See Torremuzza, Sic. Num. Vett. p. 64. 
 
 ® Torremuzza, Tab. lxiii, n°3. 5. 6. 12. Paruta, Tab. cix, n°6. 10. D’Orville, Tab. xi, n° 10. I will 
 here remark that is often written, on coins, instead of Seyf'ra. 
 
 ® Torremuzza, lxiii, 8. Ib. n° 7. '* Ib. n° 10. 
 
 See the comments of Havercamp to Paruta’s Table cix. Burmann’s exposition of D’Orville’s coins (at 
 the end of the Sicula) Tab. xi; and Torremuzza, p. 64. 
 
 Sic. Num. Vett. p. 64. Quce notarum diversitas ad jirmandum me impullt, signari in his numis aliquarn 
 Segestanorum epocham nobis forsan ignotam. 
 
 Thence Ceres was generally worshipped in Sicily, and also at Segesta. See D’Orville, Sicula, p. 53. 54. 
 '5 See Dionys. Hal. i, 52. 
 
23 
 
 very spot where he had been born: there he settled, and built a town. I conceive, 
 that the landing of Egestes is intended to be delineated, on our reverse. The two 
 dogs, that accompany him, point out the son of Crimisus and Egesta. His appearance 
 is that of a traveller: he is furnished with the travelling cap (pileus, or galerus), the 
 staff, and a light garment. He is in the attitude of a person, that has just put his foot 
 on teira jirma. The terminus, or herma, indicates the land of which he takes posses¬ 
 sion, where he afterwards settles, and builds a town. There is great beauty in the 
 group, and a happy combination of the different objects. 
 
 This coin was formerly the property of Prince Torremuzza: he describes it as rare, 
 and extols the merit of the workmanship.^^ It is, indeed, a fine coin, and well pre¬ 
 served. Its outward condition (I speak of the individual piece in Lord Northwick’s 
 collection) has a very antique appearance, more so than the one, which we have before 
 illustrated : but it is, unquestionably, less ancient than the latter, as the internal 
 criteria, viz. the inscription, and the adornment of the head demonstrate. It is figured 
 by Torremuzza, Tab. lxii, n° 2. A similar coin was in the collection of D’Orville,^^ 
 but being without an inscription, he erroneously referred it to Cephaloedium.^*^ 
 
 Sic. Num. Vett. p. 61. Sicula, Tab. ix, n® 5. 
 
 See Burmann. ad D’Orvillii Sicula, p. 358. Torremuzza, p. 61. 
 
 F 
 
^ # 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
Dravm-bv Del frate. 
 
 SlILVER 
 
 Engraved ^ Ifemy Mo ses. 
 
 cdkn of Catana. 
 
 ^ Sep(i/rtiut /^r^wu/ J'd .'/.. '^erand 
 
25 
 
 IX. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CATANA. 
 
 Front: Head of Apollo, represented with the side-face, or in profile, looking to the 
 right, crowned with laurel; before it, the flower of the wild pome-granate (halaus- 
 tium), at the end of a young branch, or shoot, of that tree; behind, a testaceous fish, 
 the prawn (cammarus). Above, the inscription: KATANAljQN, Coin ‘ of the people 
 of Catana.’ 
 
 Rever'se : A chariot with four horses, running full speed, at the close of their career ; a 
 winged Victory, flying towards the person that drives them, holding in her right hand 
 a wreath, in the left a tablet with the inscription: ETAIN. In the exergue, the Crab. 
 
 The memory of a victory, won at the chariot-race, is, in this coin, perpetuated by the 
 people of Catana. 
 
 Catana, Karat/i?,^ by Latin authors generally called Catina^ in modern times Cata¬ 
 nia —the people anciently YLxTccvam,^ Catinenses ^—was situated on the eastern coast of 
 Sicily. It was, in the ancient world, a place of considerable importance,^ and is so 
 now, being, in our days, reckoned the third town in the island.^ Through the town 
 flowed the river Amenas,^ or Amenanus.® Its situation, near the sea, gave it great 
 commercial advantages, and the land, surrounding it, was very fertile.^ But these 
 favourable circumstances were balanced by the calamities it repeatedly suffered from 
 the eruptions of the neighbouring mount Aetna,^® and from earthquakes. So late, as 
 the year 1693, it was totally overthrown.” 
 
 The foundation of Catana, by a Greek colony, goes far back: it is nearly coeta- 
 neous with that of Syracuse.^^ It enjoyed, for a time, like most Greek settlements,- 
 a government of its own, or what may be called an independent constitution. The 
 elder Hiero, the sovereign, or, as the Greeks would say, the tyrant, of Syracuse, 
 brought it into subjection. This was between the 75th and 78th Olympiad, that is 
 
 * Thucyd. vi, 20. 49. 50. 
 
 ^ Cic. Verr. ii, 75. iv, 23. Thus the Romans changed Massalia (Maacrax/a) into Massilta. 
 
 ® Thucyd. vi, 50. 51. * Cic. Verr. ii, 49. 
 
 ® Cic. Verr. iv, 23.—oppidum locuples, honestum, copiosum. In that light it appears, at the time of the 
 Peloponnesian war, when the Athenians, under Nicias and Alcibiades, landed in Sicily. See Thucyd. vi. 
 
 ® See modern geographers, for instance Busching, (Vol. IV, p. 534. ed. Hamburgh, 1789). Compare Toi-^ 
 remuzza. Sic, Vett. Num. p. 61. ^ Pindar calls the river Amenas, ’A^ev«f. Pyth. i, \o2. 
 
 ® Strabo, v, p. 240. Casaub. 367. Almelov.— tou ’Ajasvavoo— tou 8(« Karavijs psovTos. The river is now called 
 Gtudicello, see Torremuzza, Sic. Vett. Num. p. 19. ® Pind. Pyth. i, 57. lux«p7ro(o yutx; ^erwTrov. 
 
 Strabo, Vl, 268. 269. Casaub. 412. Almelov.—xwv Trep roug xpar^pug waSwv—xa» yup oi puaxeg hg rrjv K«t«- 
 valuv eyyvTUTcti xoiTafspovTcu. ” See D’Orville, Sicula, p. 210. 
 
 ‘2 Thucyd. VI, 3. GooxX^g 8e XuXxMg, ex Najou opp-ri^evreg, Uei TrepTtrcp ^vpaxovcrug 6ixi<r^el<rag, 
 
 AeovTiVovg TB, TroXegco Tovg ^ixsXoi>g e^eXxcuvTsg, mxlKowi, xcCi p-er uvrovg Kut cuvriv. 
 
26 
 
 between the date of his succeeding to the government of Syracuse, and that of his 
 death.^® Having taken possession of the town, by right of conquest, he exercised that 
 right, in all its rigour. He displaced the old inhabitants, whom he sent to other parts, 
 and nominally to Leontini; and settled, in their abode, a new colony, collected from 
 different quarters, among others from Peloponnesus. He even changed the name, 
 calling it Aetna, instead of Catana'A‘^ and becoming very partial to his new estabhsh- 
 ment, he was proud to assume the appellation of an Aetnean, or a citizen of Aetna.^^ 
 His predilection continued to his death: for it was in this place that he expired. The 
 new inhabitants returned his affection, by their attachment, during his life, and a 
 grateful memory after his death. They erected to him a splendid sepulchral monu¬ 
 ment.^*' But no sooner had he breathed his last, than the former people, whom he had 
 banished from Catana, collected together, with a view of retaking their ancient city. 
 They succeeded in the enterprise, drove out the intruders, and revenged themselves 
 on the memory of their enemy, by destroying his tomb.^’^ The Cataneans now re-esta¬ 
 blished their former institutions, and became again an independent community. In 
 this condition they were, when the expedition of the Athenians, under Nicias and 
 Alcibiades, to which we have before adverted,^® arrived in Sicily. By a stratagem of 
 Alcibiades, the Athenian forces entered the town, and made it their place of arms, 
 during their stay in the island.^^ With the rest of Sicily, it became, at last, subject to 
 the Romans, under whom it seems to have enjoyed a high degree of prosperity.^® 
 
 This brief historical sketch will be sufficient for our purpose. It appears that the 
 elder Hiero was, in a particular way, connected with Catana, and upon this circum¬ 
 stance the illustration of our coin depends. The whole type of it represents a victory 
 of the chariot-race, at the Pythic, or Pythian, games. These games, celebrated at 
 Delphi, were under the protection of Apollo, as their patron, and supposed founder 
 and in the same manner as the head of Hercules is justly combined with a representa¬ 
 tion of an Olympic victory, the head of Apollo was a proper designation of a Pythic 
 achievement. It is crowned with the bay-leaf, or what is commonly called the 
 
 Diodorus Siculus places the capture of Catana, by Hiero, in the 1st year of the 76th Olympiad, or the 
 year 476 before Christ. Lib. xi, p. 441, ed. Wessel. According to the same author (xi, p. 434) Hiero suc¬ 
 ceeded his brother Gelo, in the sovereignty of Syracuse, Ol. lxxv, 3, that is, in the year 478 before Christ; 
 and he died Ol. lxxviii, 2, or 467 before Christ. See Lib. xi, p. 454. 
 
 These transactions are related by Diodorus Sic. xi, p. 441. Strabo, vi, p. 268. Casaub. 411.412. 
 Almel. See also the Scholiast to Find. Pyth. i, 120. 
 
 With that epithet he caused himself to be proclaimed at the Pythic games, when he had won the prize 
 in the chariot-race. This is beautifully recorded by Pindar, Pyth. i, 57—64. See the Scholiast to the 
 lieginning of that ode. And in the 3d Pythic ode, 123, the poet again calls him 'AiTvouog ^evog. 
 
 Diodor. Sic. XI, p. 454. Wessel. ‘llpcov Ss 6 tu>u ^upaxovs-i'cov ^ua-iXsvg STsXsuTrjasv sv rf Kcctocvy], TijJ-wv rjpco'i- 
 XMV (Tu^ev, cog dV x.Tifv]g ysyovcog r^g 7to\scog. 
 
 '' Strabo, Vl. p. 268. Casaubon. 412. Almel. Kara Ss Trjv tsXsvtyiv toD 'Ispcovog xctTsk^ovreg ol Karavaioi, roug rs 
 svOiKOug s^s§ct\ov xal tov Tocfov avscTKCf^ocv tou Tvpavvov. 
 
 P. 18. Thucydid. vi, 51. Compare with the account we have given, Gollzii Sicilia, p. 63. 
 
 See the introductory scholia to Pindar’s Pythia; and Corsini’s Dissertationes Agonisticse. 
 
27 
 
 laurel/^ as being the foliage of the tree, sacred to that deity: with the same the con¬ 
 querors at the Pythic games were honoured.^® 
 
 Pindar has immortalised three victories,gained by Hiero, at the Pythic games, two 
 with the quadriga, or chariot and four horses {apf^xn, tb^pUttu), and one with the smgle 
 horse (neXTiTi). They are said, by the Schohast, to have occurred between the 74th and 
 78th Olympiad.^^ Whether this be so or not, so much is certain, that the first victory, 
 sung by Pindar, had taken place, after Hiero had changed the name of Catana into 
 Aetna: for he was proclaimed as an Aetnean, or citizen of Aetna, at those games, as 
 has been before mentioned. My opinion is, that all his victories must have been sub¬ 
 sequent to his accession to the royal authority at Syracuse, where he succeeded his 
 brother Gelo, in the 3rd year of the 75th Olympiad.^® Considering his relation to 
 Catana, we may be permitted to say, that it does not appear improbable that those 
 honourable exploits of Hiero were commemorated on coins, struck by the inhabitants 
 of that city. But there are some circumstances, that may be associated with this coin, 
 which seem to strengthen that probability. 
 
 Hiero, and his brothers, came to Syracuse from Gela, where their family had been 
 settled.^’^ Gela was a town, on the south-coast of Sicily, founded by a colony of Rho¬ 
 dians, from Hindus.^® This colony had been joined by an ancestor of Hiero, who, 
 though, strictly speaking, not a native of the island of Rhodes itself,^^ was so near a 
 neighbour of it, that in the colony he could be considered no other than a Rhodian. 
 The family of Hiero, therefore, came originally from Rhodes to Sicily. The Scholiast 
 of Pindar incidentally informs us, that Hiero was a great pretender in matters of gene¬ 
 alogy, in other words, that he was proud of his descent.^ Now his origin was from 
 Rhodes, and he might perhaps be gratified by any allusion to that island. Such an 
 allusion, I imagine, we can trace on our coin, in the object, in front of the head of 
 Apollo, which we have above described as the flower of the wild pomegranate,^^ 
 called by the ancients halaustium.^ 
 
 It seems, that this flower was used for producing a scarlet, or crimson, die, and that. 
 
 ^ Laurus nohills, Linn. 
 
 2’ ^Te<f 0 VTi)ci Be 8«<pv>] o» v^)iwvT£^. Schol. ad Find. Pyth. in. p. 448, ed. Heyne. Pyth. Od. i. ir. in. 
 
 To state the periods accurately, the first, with the chariot, is referred by the Scholiast to Olympiad 
 Lxxiv, 3. that with the single horse to the following year, and the second with the chariot to Olymp. lxxvii, 3. 
 See Heyne’s edition, Vol. II, Part II, p. 488. Olympiad lxxiv, 1. answers to 484 before our era, Olymp. 
 Lxxviii to 468. See Blair’s Chronology. 
 
 Diodor. Sic. xi, p. 434. Wessel. Olymp. lxxv, 3. corresponds with the year 478 before Christ. 
 
 ^ Herodot. vii, 153—155. Herod, vii, 153. Thucyd. vi, 4. 
 
 Herodot. VII, 153. ToO Ss FeXsoi/oj toutou Trpoyovof, oiKrjTiup Icuv PlXr;?, i^v lx vr)<rov TjjXou Tr\g siti TpiOTriai xeif^ei/rjr b; 
 XTi^opisvrj; FIXjjj otto AivS/wv ts twv Ix’PoSou, xa» ’AvTKprjjxov, oox sKsKp^rj. 
 
 ^ Schol. Find. Olymp. i, 22. Vol. ii, p. 178, ed. Heyne. The Scholiast, speaking of Hiero, quotes Syne- 
 sius to this effect: <pri<r) yup 6 Suvscnoj* T« /xlv aXAa <Jw(ppcov xa* iJ.erpio; ev tw ectVTOV ^icp yevop-ivo^, «XA lm£p Trj; euy;- 
 vdus tco Klxpox-j dteTsXscre. 
 
 P. 25. Punica syhestris, a variety of Punica granatum. 
 
 33 Plin. N. H. XIII, 34. Vol. II, p. 385. Bi^.—Punicum malum.—aliqui granatum appellant—Flos halaus- 
 tium vocatur, et medicinis idoneus, et tingendis vestibus, quarum color inde nomen accepit. 
 
28 
 
 with such a qualification, it formed an article of commerce. The Rhodians, in parti¬ 
 cular, ajDpear to have employed it in their manufactures.^^ If this be so, it is not un¬ 
 likely, that this flower, as a sort of staple commodity, became the emblem of Rhodes, 
 and as such was struck on their coins, for which emblem the rose has been mistaken. 
 This is the opinion of the learned Spanhemius and it certainly is true, that what we 
 see on the coins of Rhodes,®^ far more resembles the flower of the pome-granate, than 
 the rose. The common notion, that the Rose is the sign of Rhodes, rests, as Spanhe¬ 
 mius observes,®’^ on no sufficient authority:®^ and seems chiefly to have obtained cur¬ 
 rency, from the resemblance between the word Rose and the name Rhodes— \o^ov and 
 
 That flower of the wild pome-granate, I conceive, is to be discerned in the object, 
 which has greatly puzzled the antiquaries,^® on the front of our coin. The form agTees : 
 for the flower of the pome-granate is bell-shaped, like that object. That to which it is 
 attached, I take for a young branch, or shoot; so the flower grows, as botanists know, 
 namely at the extremity of a shoot, produced the same year. The small excrescences 
 on the shoot, as the coin represents them, are young leaves. 
 
 Thus a remarkable connexion has been estabhshed between a certain emblem, on 
 our coin, and the island of Rhodes, farther between Rhodes and the elder Hiero,^^ and 
 lastly between Hiero and Catana: and if the conclusions, which we have derived from 
 grounds of probability, be admitted, the type of the coin imports, that it was struck by 
 the people of Catana, in honour of their patron, or founder, as he was denominated,^^ 
 to preserve the memory of a victory, obtained by him, in the chariot-race, at the 
 Pythic games. In consequence of this, we can fix the date of the coin, which falling, 
 as it must do, in the hfe-time of Hiero, or rather in the period of his reign, is to be 
 placed between the 75th and 78th Olympiads, or between the years 480 and 468 
 before Christ. 
 
 ^ I will here quote Spanhein. de praestantia et usu numismatum ant. Tom. I, p. 315. 319. cd. Lond. 1706, 
 who furnishes the best authorities. 3® Ibid. p. 317. 
 
 Refer to Spanhem. p. 319. Pellerin, Recueil de Medailles, PI. evil. Tom. Ill, p. 93. Beger. Thesaur. 
 Brand, Vol. I, p. 410. 412. 415. 
 
 ^ P. 319. 320. The opinions quoted by the Scholiast of Pindar to Olymp. vii, 24. 
 
 Eustathius, who had adopted the notion, states this as a reason (ad Odyss. E, p. 1527) >) ‘PoSoj rj v^o -05 Sjct 
 T^v Ttpoi TO av$os See Spanh. p. 321. 
 
 Torremuzza says, Sic. Vett. Num. p. 18.— quod ante caput est, alii florem, alii candelabrum dicunt; nihil 
 de eo statuere securius est. D’Orville thought it a flower, as Burmann informs us, Sicula, p. 313. Caput 
 Apollinis—ante vultum floris genus mdehatur Cel. Dorvillio. 
 
 From the connexion of Hiero with Rhodes, Goltz (Sicilia, p. 63) accounts for the radiated head of Apollo 
 —such as this deity was represented at Rhodes—appearing on the coins of Catana. See Paruta, Tab, xxxir, 
 n“ 67. 68 . The words of Goltz are these: Quumque idem Hiero originem suarn a Lindiis, Rhodi q^opuUs, 
 repeteret, ipsique Rhodo caput Solis, radiis cinctum, pro insigni f uerit, vero simile est, hinc et Catanensium 
 numos parte adversd caput Solis exprimere. 
 
 Krffcap ’AlrvYj;. Pindar. Fragm, Epinic. v. p. 13. (Vol. Ill, Part I, ed. Heyne). This passage of Pindar 
 is quoted by Strabo, vi, p. 268. Casaub. 412, Aim. Compare the Scholiast to Pindar’s Pyth. i, in. and to 
 Olymp. I, 35. p. 182. (Vol. II, Part I, ed. Ileyne). 
 
29 
 
 We have now to direct our attention to the remaining details of the coin. On the 
 front, or fore-side, the head of Apollo, and the balaustium have been sufficiently com¬ 
 mented upon. Behind the head, is a testaceous fish, probably a squilla, the prawn, 
 which is very frequent on the sea-coast, near Catana.'^ This fish is in Greek called 
 in Latin cammarus, and sometimes gammarus.^^ It here designates Catana, 
 near which place it is found in abundance: it is one of the ensigns of Catana. 
 
 The inscription will require a few remarks. The first letter of it, K, is on our coin 
 worn away, or effaced. It will be observed, that the omega (Xl) is used in the genitive 
 plural, KATANAIXIN, though the coin is of a much earlier date, if our conclusions have 
 been correct, than many others, which still have the omicron (O) in that case of declen¬ 
 sion.^ But in the same manner the Syracusian coins, which bear the inscription of 
 Hiero’s name (^lepuvog), have the omega, and they are of the same period, to which we 
 have assigned this coin of Catana. The reason seems to me obvious. Simonides, who 
 had invented the double letters Z h enjoyed the protection and favour of Hiero, 
 
 and lived much with this prince.^® It is, therefore, probable, that Hiero was among 
 
 Torremuzza, Sic. Vett. Num. p. 18. —miroe magnitudinis sunt earnmari, quibus Catanense mare usque 
 liodie ahundat. 
 
 ** Athenaeus, vn, c. 75. (T. Ill, p. 120. ed. Schweigh.) Ka^/*opo( —Efi Se nupldcov yivog, xa.) (mo 'Pai/*«iwv 
 
 QUTcog xaXouvTai. 
 
 Casaubonus to the foregoing passage, in Athenaeus, remarks: Notum est, cammarum, vel gammarum 
 Latine did. See p. 9 and 16. 
 
 Plin. N. H. VII, 57. Vol. II, p. 57. Bip. Utique in Grceciam intulisse e Phoenice Cadmum \literas^ sede- 
 cimnumero. Quibus Trojano bello Palamedem adjecisse quatuor, hac Jigurd ©H^X. ■Totidem post Simo- 
 nidem Melicum, ZH'1'12. 
 
 Hiero loved and cherished men of genius. Pindar, Ol. i, 22, expresses this beautifully ; 
 
 ’AyX«i?eT«» x«» 
 Moucrixaj ev oc'mtm. 
 Old ncti^oiJ.sv <p'i\ixv 
 
 TpxTTS^dV. 
 
 His liberality (fiXoSwp/a) towards them was boundless. Thence Simonides, who was of a covetous disposition, 
 a as Athenaeus calls him, particularly attached himself to him. Athen. xiv, c. 73. p. 656. Casaub. 
 
 (T. V, p. 389, ed. Schweigh.); and compare the note of Casaub. to this passage (in Schweighaeuser s edition, 
 T. XII, p. 656). Aelian, Var. Hist, ix, 1. gives a distinct account of this connexion between Hiero and 
 Simonides: 'lepcovx ^d<rt t'ov ^vpaxov<nov (piXeWriVd yeve<r^di x«* T./xJjtra. TratSeixv dvdpstdTXTX—then he proceeds in the 
 delineation of Hiero’s character, and among other things speaks of his generosity, adding: Tovrcp,^<pdd, x«. 
 
 ffunSivore xx) Ulvdxpos. K«'» 6vx wxvrid ys ^xp'vg otto y^pcnc, np'o; xvt'ov i<p,xi<T^xt. ’Hv fJ-h yxp xa. 
 
 <p6(rs, ftXxpyvpos o Kiior -^pouTpsTts 8s xvt'ov xx) ttXsov ^ rov 'lepcnvo; (piXodxplx, fxd. It is thence not to be wondered 
 at, that the poets, and men of genius, towards whom Hiero showed so much kindness and liberality, should 
 have entertained the highest admiration of him, and covered him with eulogies. An effusion of this kind, 
 nobly expressed, is to be seen in Pindar, Ol. i, 16-which ends with this general description of his character. 
 
 dpSTTMV p-h 
 
 Kopvfxg dpSTXV XTTO TTXTXV, ^ 
 
 Compare Pyth. iii, 123, and 151. History, however, does not quite concur m these splendid encomiums, at 
 least not, if Diodorus Siculus is entitled to credit. For this author (Lib. xi, p. 454, Wessel.) represents him as 
 avaricious ((piKxpyvpog), cruel ((Sixwg), and as any thing but amiable. 
 
30 
 
 the first, who adopted the improvements, which Simonides had made in the Greek 
 alphabet. And if this be so, the circumstance of the fl being employed, strongly 
 confirms what we have asserted concerning the relation, in which our coin stands to 
 Hiero. 
 
 The elucidation of the Reverse will next occupy us. To begin mth what is easily 
 explained; the crab in the exergue, is another designation of Catana, as a maritime 
 place, where that fish abounded. The four-horsed chariot is driving full speed, and 
 while clearing two posts, between which it has to pass, a vanged Victory flies towards 
 the charioteer, holding out, in her right hand, a wreath, as with an intention to place 
 it on his brow. But we must particularly advert to the two posts, or pillars, wliich 
 we have mentioned. They seem to answer to the Latin meta, the goal, and what, in the 
 modern language of racing, would be called the winning post: whoever first passed, or 
 cleared, that mark, was the conqueror. In the ancient chariot-race, dexterity seems 
 to have been required to avoid coming in colhsion with those posts, which would not 
 only have frustrated the attainment of victory, but have also been accompanied with 
 danger to the driver. These circumstances are strikingly set forth, in a beautiful 
 passage of the Electra of Sophocles,in which the old and faithful companion 
 ycoyog) of Orestes, deceives Clytemnestra by a fictitious narrative of the death of her 
 son. He perished, he tells her, at the Pytliian chariot-races, at Delphi, when at the 
 point of victory, by unfortunately striking against the post and being violently 
 
 thrown out, by the shock, from the chariot, and dragged by the horses. Those pillars, 
 or posts, therefore, were at the end of the course and to have, at the close 
 
 of the race, first reached, and safely cleared them, was to have gained the prize. It is 
 at such moment that our coin represents Victory approaching with the laurel wreath. 
 The conception as well as the execution are admirable. 
 
 Verse 743, and the following: 
 
 eTTSiTct \u(OV r]vlctv ocpigspav 
 x«/x7rrovTOj (Woo, AavSavei axpav 
 7r«(cr«j* e^pautre S’ u^ovog /xsaaf ^vo«f, 
 ocvrCycuv oo\Krbs' avv S’ sXia’csTctt 
 
 Tjj^YiTois 
 
 In this passage, one post only is mentioned ; and one pillar is seen on some coins, for example in D’Orville’s 
 Sic. Tab. IV, n° 2. Paruta, Tab. xxvii, n" 8. Goltz. Sicil. Tab. xi, n° 7: whereas our coin evidently shows 
 two. The Scholiast to this passage renders by X/Wj xctp,7rTyip, the bending or turning stone, because the 
 chariots had more than once to pass it, before the race was decided. Electr. 725— 
 
 ex S’ UTrafpofiji 
 TfXotJvTSf exTOV eSSopi,ov t >^Sr) lpop.ov. 
 
 From the epithet uxpctv, which Sophocles joins to s'rjXriv, it may seem, that the poet had an object less high in 
 view, than what the coins in question exhibit: “ striking with the wheel against the top of the stone,” 
 
 XoivQocvsv ^xpav 
 
 TraiVaj. 
 
 The narrative begins v. 698. 
 
 Thence Sophocles seems to call it El. 720. 
 
 KsTvoj S’W «uT^v fijXrjv e;;^coy 
 
 expij^Ttr «£( (j-vpiyyu. 
 
31 
 
 With her left hand Victory holds up a tablet, inscribed with the word ETAIN : it is 
 perfectly legible on the coin,^^ and the question only is as to its meaning. I conceive 
 it to be an acclamation of triumph, as if to say, ‘ Hail the conqueror !’ But how is 
 this to be made out ? Not having any positive information to aid us, we can only 
 proceed by inference. It can hardly be intended for any thing else, than such an ac¬ 
 clamation. To suppose that it were the name of some person, thus held up to view, 
 would be supposing something in very bad taste, quite destructive of the poetry of 
 the representation. The word maybe the imperative ’Eua/verre, ‘praise him!’ from a 
 verb ’EvoctveTv ; or a case of the adjective ’Eua/vijro?, either the dative, ‘ to him that is to 
 be praised, to Imn that deserves praise,’—or the vocative, ‘ thou that art justly praised, 
 thou that deservest to be praised.’ It may, in progress of time, have been abridged 
 into Evoitv, and have become, by usage, an interjection, with which the victors were 
 saluted similar to the Bacchic acclamation ’Euor, ’EuaV. 
 
 For the verb EvoaveTv I have no authority; but the adjective ’EvoclvriTog occurs in 
 Pindar.^^ "^Aivog and ’Aivea are common terms, applied to the victors, and as such made 
 use of by Pindar.^^ 
 
 The researches which the illustration of this com required, have been somewhat 
 intricate, and laborious : it will be well, if the result appear satisfactory to the reader. 
 
 The coin came into possession of Lord Northwick, with the collection of Prince 
 Torremuzza. It is engraved in the Prince’s Sicilias Veteres Numi.^^ A figure, resem¬ 
 bling it, is also to be seen in D’Orville’s Sicula, Tab. iv, n°3, but there is this differ¬ 
 ence, that the Victory, on the reverse, holds a palm-branch in her left hand, instead of 
 the tablet. 
 
 Torremuzza, however, has not stated it correctly : for he reads (Sic. Vett. Num. p. 18) EYAO, which 
 certainly is not on the coin. 
 
 The interjections ^Et«,’'Eoa,’^Ey«j, which are not uncommon, express joy and exultation. As to Evxtv, I 
 have reason to think that'it is to be met with on other coins, which would at once do away the notion that, on 
 ours, it meant a proper name : for this name could not well belong to other times, and other places. Bur- 
 mann, in commenting on a coin of Syracuse (in D’Orville s Sicula, p. 330. Tab. v, n 1), which he is not very 
 clear in explaining, has among his diffei’ent conjectures the letters YAIN, which was probably near the truth, 
 only that it should have been ETAIN, our acclamation. His words are : R. Quadriga;, ah aurigd incitatre 
 qui d.flagrum, s. habenas tenet. Supra advolat Victoria alata, qu(S laminam, a lemniscis dependentem, manu 
 tenet, in qua litercc, hie ita expresses, tamquam TIM, vel TAIN, vel TAH legeretur. The right reading, I 
 presume, is ETAIN. ^y^h. iv, 315. 
 
 See Ol. n, 173. iv, 23. vii, 30. ix, 7. Pyth. i, 83. Isthm. v, 75. Nem. i, 6. xi, 22. 
 
 Tab. XX, n“ 4. 
 
 G 
 
% a 
 
 
 , i 
 
 .'A* >*4 ?fll«l,^' 
 
 :i4. *•'■■'■» *■ A* 
 
 
 'SWi .ii‘‘Vr 
 4 ^• A 
 
 ,->'*0'T 
 
 * I - 
 
 
 
 > ,1*1 
 
 ? ’Hj litff ■ 
 
 A- I ffij of ariTf 
 
 ^ ' -• .viii§ 
 
 *'I 
 
 \. 
 
 
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 ■ 4 '»••*. 
 
 i;i 
 
 j . 
 
 ‘ -1 
 i ^ 
 
 j; - f-v' 4 /I, 
 
 '^‘"> :/*•■*'• ' ->r .. ■* . 
 
 ■o ^ "*t ' / 1 -i ■’ . j 
 ; i*V'- 
 
 i 
 
 .t 
 
 
 fr" *■ 
 
 i 4^,^ . w%r Jl, ^ ^ ^ ,‘, .,V 
 
 i ', '*'a4->; ^ ■'•» \cTi 
 
 * * *■-; 
 
 »■ »j 
 
 '<j ' JJW- ‘* ' “' 
 
 
 
 « 'M 
 
 .•jiit’*-"i4 
 
 •f 
 
 4 
 
 jO 
 
 4 V 
 
 r f 
 
 i: 
 
 t • |( ia 
 
 i^'^V ■;, #(*.#» % 9 j. 
 
 , . Jihy i4 Ao . 
 
 ■t.; 
 
 1 , ' k 1 ■■» 
 
 ^ J'- ‘»I '9. ■’ .-4,' * 
 
 
 r.^ 
 
 *■• -■ 
 
 J. 
 
 »I'*►» 
 
 
 • J4 
 
 'I 
 
 ' **'T 4iwpi^«v■* '* 
 
 - ‘"* -‘ ' »' 'ji > ,. 
 
 ♦ v^l.’ >'’,' \«t , »'li' V7^* ^ ' ..'\ , , 
 
 • I \»9 
 
 ♦ * 
 
 • » • ^ » 
 
 
» 
 
 . * 
 
 f 
 
 
 
I 
 
 JO. 
 
 liravm Vy Del Frale. 
 
 Eii<^aved by Henry Woaen. 
 
 j^i’L'VEiR coirf (,);f C’atana. 
 
 
 bySi’pUrrut.^ oTra/i^f 
 
X. 
 
 33 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CATANA. 
 
 Front: Head of Apollo, represented full face, thickly covered with hair, and crowned 
 with laurel. Inscription : HPAKAEIAHS. 
 
 Reverse : A chariot with four horses ; and a winged Victory, meeting the successful cha¬ 
 rioteer, with a wreath in each hand. Inscription, in the exergue : KATANAIXiN, Coin 
 ^ of the people of Catana’— ; underneath, a fish. 
 
 This coin again celebrates a Pythic victory, at the chariot-race; and from the two 
 wreaths that are offered, it may perhaps he concluded, that a second victory, gained 
 by the same person, is intended to be recorded. Why should it not be the second vic¬ 
 tory of Hiero, sung by Pindar!^ The poet, indeed, does not introduce Catana, or 
 Aetna, as he had done in the first Pythic ode, but addresses himself distinctly to 
 Syracuse: this circumstance, however, will not preclude our supposing that the people 
 of Catana might have struck a coin, to glorify, by such a memorial, as they had done 
 before, a second victory of their patron, and benefactor. 
 
 The head, on the obverse of our coin, is very fine : it has all the ideal expression of 
 divinity; there is nothmg human, nothing of portraiture in it. -It is the head of Apollo. 
 The name HPAKAEIAHS has no connexion with what is represented. It is probably 
 the name of a public officer, either the chief magistrate of Catana, under whose- 
 auspices, or the superintendent of the mint, under whose dnection, the coin was exe¬ 
 cuted. Such names very frequently occur, which, being unconnected with the sub¬ 
 ject, are not to be otherwise explained.^ Thus, at a later period, the names of the 
 Triumviri monetarii^ were inscribed on the Roman coins. The fish, in the exergue, on 
 the reverse, under the inscription KATANAIUN, either merely denotes the maritime 
 situation of Catana, or it may have a reference to the river Amenanus, which, as before 
 mentioned,"^ flowed through that city. 
 
 A com, like this, is figured in Prince Torremuzza’s Siciliae Veteres Numi,^ and in 
 the Museum Hunterianum,^ but in both there is a variation from ours. Torremuzza^ 
 reads the inscription, on the front, HPAKAEIAA, and Charles Combe, in the Museum 
 Hmiterianum,^ HPAKAEIAN : on our coin HPAKAEIAHE is sufficiently legible ; and in 
 both those works, a Mercury-staff, or caduceus, is placed in the left hand of Victory, 
 instead of a second garland. There are other coins given by Torremuzza,^ and also 
 by D’Orville,^^’ Goltz,^^ and Panita,^^ which bear a general resemblance to ours, but 
 differ from it in some particulars, upon which it is not our province to enlarge. 
 
 ^ In the 2nd Pythic Ode, which is thus superscribed : 
 
 nu.&(a, iiSoj |3. Tw auxw'IepoJVt, upfictTi. 
 
 * Numerous instances of such names might be quoted, with which, however, I will not weary the reader. 
 He may refer to Pellerin (Recueil de Medailles Antiques), Tom. I, p. 3. 4*. 6. 41. 65. 67. 71. 109. 111. 118. 
 119. 121. 129. 133. 144. 151.155. 156. 163. 191. Tom. II, p. 30. 41. 44. 67. &c. 
 
 3 See Eckhel, Doctr. Num. Vett. Vol. I, p. xni, and lii. “ P. 25. “ Tab. xx, n» 1. 
 
 * Tab. XV, n°22. ^ Sic. Num. Vett. p. 18. ® P- 87. “ Tab. xx, n® 2. 3. 
 
 Sicula, Tab. iv, 2. Sicilia, Tab. vi, n® 1. 2. ** Sicil. Numismat. Tab. xxvii, n® 7. 8. 
 


 9 
 
 
 
 • % 
 
 « 
 
 
 
1 
 
 
 Prawn "by Frate. 
 
 Engi’avedly Hemy Mose.s. 
 
 SIIIL'VEM r OIKf OF CAT ANA. 
 
 Puh&i/ied ^ S^dmu.s- I^rowfU.z^.Old Bo/ui 182^. 
 
35 
 
 XI. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CATANA. 
 
 Front: The head of the river-god Amenaniis, in profile, looking to the right of the coin, 
 marked with a short thick horn ; behind, a fish ; before, a fish and a prawn. Inscrip¬ 
 tion : AMENANOS. 
 
 Reverse : A chariot with four horses, at extreme speed, directed to the left of the coin, 
 and driven by a female figure, who holds the reins in her left hand, and the goad in 
 the right. A winged Victory flying towards her, in the act of putting a wreath on her 
 head. Inscription, in the exergue : KATANAmN, Coin ‘ of the people of Catana.’ 
 
 The representation of river-gods occurs on several coins of Sicily: ^ we had one of 
 this description before, on a coin of Camarina, namely the river Hipparis,® exhibited 
 full face, but with the same accompaniment of two fishes. The Amenanus, or Amenas, 
 as Pindar calls this river, flowed through Catana: its present name is Giudicello? 
 Whether the fish, accompanying the head, be meant as a species, peculiar to this 
 river, w^e cannot presume to say: it is different, in appearance, from that assigned to 
 the Hipparis."* The cammarus, or prawn, we have before observed,^ particularly be¬ 
 longed to Catana. The whole representation characterises that town. 
 
 The Reverse then says, that a victory was achieved by the Cataneans: and taking 
 the type hterally, a victory with the racing-chariot, at the public games. That such 
 achievements were commemorated on coins, as honourable to the towns and countries, 
 with which the victor was connected, is an opinion, which we have maintained in the 
 former pages.^ There is no circumstance, in the present case, which might be sup¬ 
 posed to point to any individual, and we must consider the victory as claimed by the 
 people of Catana generally. This, however, does not imply, that the race was won 
 at the public expense, that is to say, by horses, trained and kept by the city, which is 
 not known to have been the practice : but merely that the town honoured itself in the 
 
 * Eekhel (Doctrina Numor. Vett. Vol. I, p. 185) remarks: Amahant SicuU in moneta sud propo7ierefluvi- 
 orum suorum no^nhia et effigies. Eorum octo sunt comperti: Acragas Agrigenti, Amenanus Catance, Are- 
 thusa Syracusarum, Asine Naxi, Chrysas Assori. Gelas Gelce, Hipparis Camarince, Hypsus Selinuntis. 
 Eorum effigies sunt forma liwnand. 
 
 ^ See our ivth Plate, and the text, p. 11. 
 
 ® See p. 25. ■* See Plate iv. P. 29. 
 
 ® The breeding, and training of horses (jTnrorpoipt'x), for the purpose of obtaining prizes at the races, was ac¬ 
 counted worthy of great and distinguished persons, and meritorious towards their country. Pindar (Ol. i, 35) 
 calls Hiero hTroxdpiJ.xv /SacriA^a, to which the Scholiast remarks, xxXm; to Itt/ScTov tw SxcriKet Six to iitnoTpofiiv. It 
 is mentioned by the poet, with commendation, in other places, namely, Isthm. ii, 55. iv, 23. Nem. x, <6. 
 Thence is illustrated a passage in Isocrates, where eulogizing the ancestors of Alcibiades, the orator extols 
 one of them for having been the first Athenian, who gained a victory at the Olympic cliaiiot-races. Oiat. de 
 I3igis, p. 692. ed. Paul. Stephen. iWwv yxp TrpwTog 'AXku.xIcov tmv otoAitwv OXvjj.TrtxO'iv syixijo’i, 
 
 II 
 
36 
 
 victory of one of its citizens. Another mode of interpreting the subject has been sug¬ 
 gested namely to regard the type as that of victory generally, applied perhaps to an 
 advantage, gained over some enemy in the field, and not to a prize, won at the public 
 games. In comparing probabilities, this last notion appears less admissible than the 
 other. The racing chariot would not be a very appropriate representative of a warhke 
 exploit; and besides, these exploits must have been of such rare occurrence, that they 
 would not at all account for the frequency of the representation, as it is to be met with 
 on Sicilian coins. It would be more reasonable to say, that the type was altogether 
 / without meaning, and that it was only adopted as an ornament. 
 
 This coin belonged formerly to Prince Torremuzza, in whose work it is engraved,® 
 and described.^ Lord Northwick possesses another, with the Amenanus represented 
 full face; and a similar one is figured by Torremuzza.^® 
 
 ^ See Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vett. Vol. I, p. 184. 185. Obvius etiam typus in numis, prcecipue tetradrach- 
 mis, bigce, trigce, quadrigce, Victoria plerumque habenas moderante, ant advolante desvper, et aurigam aut 
 equum solum coronante. Qui in numos Siculos commentati sunt, eo ajunt indicari solennes Grcecorum ludos, 
 et relatas in his victorias. Verisimile istud videatur, prcecipue cum, ut dixi, plerumque in his numis aurigam 
 advolans Victoria coronet, quern honor em r ever a Olympionicis tributum novimus,—Ceterum cum typus hie 
 compareat in numis plurium Sicilice urbium, et quidem antiquissimis, acfere tetradrachmis tantum, videri possit 
 usu potius conseeratus quarn esse victorioe in ludis reportates prceconium. Vix enim credam, Philistidem 
 reginam, in cujus numis idem est typus, aliquod sibi ab his exercitiis decus queesivisse. This last addition, 
 about Philistis, does not strengthen the argument. 
 
 ® Tab. XX, n" 8. 
 
 ® P.18. Octavus inter prcBstantiores servatur penes me. Conspicitur in eo caput juvenile cornuium, inter 
 duos pisces et cammarum; et ab averso equorum sunt quadrigee, supervolante Victoria. Caput est fluvii Arne- 
 nani, hodie dicti Giudicello, qui Catanensium alluebat agros, prout designatur ex ipsa inscriptione. 
 
 Tab. XX, n° 9. 
 
o 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ^ t 
 
 S 
 
 4 '\ -^V 
 
 ♦ « 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 r ‘'41 
 
 i- t 
 
 " 4 
 
 4 
 
 V0 
 
 (» 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 «' 
 
 ii 
 
 f 
 
 « » I 
 
 
 m 
 
 , • • • I • 
 
 ! • # 
 
 # ’ 
 
 • . . 
 
 r 
 
 « 
 
 4 
 
Flatf 12 . 
 
 Dra-wa "by ’D^.. Tratc*. 
 
 En^'aveti 'iW Heni"' Mo. 
 
 SlIlLVEM COIIT OF CAT AN A. 
 
 F-jhihh(/i fy .V<y ‘imas ^Yowen (V^Borul St 183.] 
 
37 
 
 XII. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF CATANA. 
 
 Front: A male head, in profile, crowned with laurel: unquestionably the head of Apollo. 
 A laurel, or bay-leaf, before it. An imperfect inscription, beginning with an indis¬ 
 tinct A, and ending with ON. 
 
 Reverse : A bull, with short horns, in the act of striking at an object. Underneath the 
 bull, in the exergue, a fish. Inscription, in the field of the coin, over the bull: 
 KATANAinN, Coin of ^ the people of Catana.’ 
 
 This coin seems to contain merely a local representation, without allusion to any fact, 
 or event. Apollo was among the divinities, that were worshipped at Catana; his 
 head is to be seen on many coins of that city.^ His usual costume of having the hair 
 long, Phoebus intonsus,^ diceipoKoixoig, is here departed from, in the hair being short: 
 but, nevertheless, the head cannot be otherwise interpreted. He is found with short 
 hair, also on other coins.^ 
 
 The Reverse seems figuratively to exhibit the river Amenanus, of which we have 
 spoken in the foregoing pages for the bull is the type of a river, which, combined 
 with the inscription, KATANAION, and the species of fish that belongs to the Ame¬ 
 nanus, must, according to all probability, be meant to designate, in this instance, the 
 particular river of Catana. 
 
 Homer was the first who likened a river to a bull, when, in describing the conflict of 
 the Scamander with Achilles, he said of the former, that he roared like a bull, 
 
 ‘^vTs TcnZpog.^ The poets after him, caught the image,^ diversified, and embellished it. 
 It led perhaps to the fable of the combat of Hercules with the river Achelous; the 
 latter changed himself into a bull, in which form he was vanquished by Hercules, 
 and lost one of his horns.^ It was not only the roaring, or bellowing of the bull, that 
 
 * See Torremuzza, Tab. xx, and Lxxviii; Paruta, Tab. xxvii—xxxii. 
 
 ^ Propert. in, 11, 32. Pindar, Isthin. i, 8. 
 
 ^ Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Vetex’um, Vol. I, p. 245. Caput Apollinis laureatum, jam curtis, jam pro- 
 missis capillis. Compare Torremuzza and Paruta, as before quoted. '* See p. 35. 
 
 ® II. <p, 234. 
 
 6 S’ gTrlcrcruTO ojSjU.«T» Sucuv* • 
 
 7ravT« S’ ojsivg ptiSpot nvKwixsvoc,’ coo's Sg vsxpoug 
 oroAAouj, pu xxt mitov aXig t(ruv, bvg xtxv ' 
 rovi gxSaXAg -^upcn^g, /xgjW-oxcof, rjijTS Txupop, 
 
 ^spo'ovSs, 
 
 ® The Venetian Scholiast, in Villoison’s edition, thus views the matter. In commenting on that passage, he 
 observes : gvTgi33gv Sg xivrjdgvTgf 6i jag5’"O/xtjpov TroojTat, Tuopoixopfob; Agyouctv slvui touj TrcTocfoouj. A & B. And again . 
 gvTgO^gv Qpp.rji)irsi tov 'A^eKaiov eTxvpcocrxv, HpxxXii «ycovt?ojagvov. 
 
 7 Apollodor. Biblioth. ii, 7. p. 215 (ed. Heyne, 1803). 'HpaxAtfj Se 'jrapxyevbfj.svo^ hg K«AuScov«, Oivecos 
 
 ^vyuTtpct A»]V«vgig«v ep.vrjaTsvo'CiTO, x«» Sia7raA«(cr«5 itwep twV yxp.ctiV ocVTrjs npo; ''AyeXwov, K%uxx<T^iVTX Txvpcu, 7repiexXa<rs to 
 
38 
 
 entered into their imagination, but also his impetuosity and violence, carrying every 
 thing before it.® When these notions were once mixed together, various forms were 
 produced. The human figure, which was the original personification, was in different 
 ways joined with the animal. The simplest, and least offensive combination was that of 
 adding the bull’s horns to the head of a man, and thus the rivers are frequently repre¬ 
 sented. In other instances, we find the head of the bull put on the body of a man ; ® 
 
 Irepov Twv xepuToov. In Sophocles, Trachin. 11, Achelous is described in one of the appearances he assumed, as 
 fotTcuv evapyrji raupo;. Ovid (Met. IX, 81) Tauro mutatus membra. But Sophocles represents him, not only as 
 having metamorphosed himself into a bull, but as having also taken the compound form of a man with a bull’s 
 head. Deianira (Trachin. 9) says: 
 
 /xv>is^/5 yip )}v [xoi 'Korap.oi, ’’A^sXmov \syco, 
 o; fx.’ hv Tpi(Av fxopi^xla-iv, s^jirsi ‘TrcuTpos, 
 fotTcav empyrj^ roLvpog, oiKKor' iioXog 
 dpixajv sKixTog, «AAor’ xvdpsica xvTst 
 ^onTTpoopog. 
 
 * This impression is given by a well known passage in Horace, Od. iv, 14. 25. 
 
 Sic tauriformis volvitur jiufidus, 
 
 Qui regna Dauni prcejluit Appuli, 
 
 Quum scevit, horrendamque cultis 
 Diluviem meditatur agris: 
 
 Ut harbarorum Claudius agmina 
 Ferrata vasto diruit impetu. 
 
 The same violence is attributed, by the poet, to the Tiber, in the 2d Ode of the 1st Book: Vidimusflavum 
 Tiberim, &c. and similar conceptions pervade these passages of Virgil: Georg, i, 481. 
 
 Proluit insano contorquens vortice silvas 
 Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes 
 Cum stabulis armenta Uilit. 
 
 And Georg, iv, 371. 
 
 Et gemina auratus taurino cornua vultu 
 Eridanus : quo 7ion alius per pinguia culla 
 In mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis. 
 
 The noise and roaring of the stream remained, however, a prominent characteristic: thence we have in 
 Horace (Od. iv, 9. 2) longe sonantem Aujidum, as in Homer (II. <r, 576) rroTup-ov xeXaiovrx. The Scholiast of 
 Euripides (to Orest. 1371) explains the assimilation of a river to a bull in this manner, on TrapxTrXrjtrKx tm 
 pvxrjp-enTt ra>v Txupwv rj ot7rYj^ri<Tig tov SSxrog ttoisT ev toI; (npolpx ploun ’noTXfj.olg. This is also the notion of Strabo (Lib. 
 X, p. 458. Casaub. 795, Almelov.), though he adds another ground of the comparison, namely, between the 
 curvature of the bull’s horns and the flexuosity of the river, which does not appear to be entitled to equal 
 commendation :— raupcu p^ev soixorx Kiys^Sjui tov ’A^sKujOV (Suet xuSiuTrsg xai rob; uKkou; TOTup.ob; airo re rmv ^■)(_uiV, xal 
 rmv xxra. to. pe't^px xxp-TTMv, x; xxKoun xspxrx. The Scholiast of Sophocles (Lrachin. 13) giving the roaring as 
 the first reason of the representation, adds two other explanations: oi ttotxu.o) rxupoxpxvot dieruTovvro, i) on /xuxij- 
 SfL'M kt<rt 7rxpx7tXrj<rtoi Ttep'i rx; exSoXa;. ''Ojj.T^po;‘ rob; eSxXXe Supx^e, |U.>jju,yx«)V rjbrs rxbpo;' \ on e^i^ovcrt r^v w; 6t ^os ;. ^ 
 TO rx; vop.x; Ttxpx rob; TTorxjj.ob; elvxt. 
 
 ® To this mode of representation the term rxvpoxpxvo;, as before quoted, or ^ouxpxvo;, as it occurs in Sopho¬ 
 cles (Trachin. 13) according to the common reading xvlpelcp runw ^oCxpxvo;, v'hich Brunck, on the authoi’ity of 
 Strabo, (Lib. x, p. 458 Casaub. 703 Aim.) changes into ^oCwpcopo;, thus— xv^pelca xurei ^ovirpoopo;, pi-operly applies. 
 Neumann (Populorum et Regum Numi Veteres Inediti, P. i, p. 8) speaks of a silver coin of Metapontum, de¬ 
 scribed by Magnan (Lucaniae Numismat. Tab. xxxiv, n” iii), of which the obverse exhibits a human figure 
 with a bull’s head, and explains, it, as signifying the river Casuentus, on which Metapontum M"as situated. 
 The figure is standing, and holds a reed in its left hand. From this accessory (the reed), Neumann draws the 
 
39 
 
 or, what is most common, the horned head of a man, united with the body of the 
 animal/® 
 
 There seems to me no doubt as to the signification of our reverse, namely, that it 
 designates the river of Catana : nor of the whole configuration of the coin, which ex¬ 
 presses nothing more, than that ‘ this is a coin of Catana.’ For on the obverse is 
 exhibited a local divinity; and the reverse presents, under the emblematical form of a 
 bull, one of the particular features of the place, namely the river Amenanus}^ 
 
 The defective inscription on the front of the coin is somewhat embarrassing. The 
 traces of the first letter seem to indicate A ;—the ON, at the end, may be sufficiently 
 discerned. We have, therefore, A and ON, to build a conjecture upon. I should not 
 think it improbable that it might have been KATANAION, for KATANAinN, ‘ of the 
 Cataneans,’ were it not that this inscription, in the latter form, stands on the reverse. 
 It is not uncommon, as we have elsewhere remarked, especially on the very ancient 
 coins of Sicily, to see the name of the town on one side of the coin, and that of the 
 people on the other: but it is extremely rare, though not without example,^^ to have 
 the name of the people twice inscribed. And what here would cause still greater per¬ 
 plexity, is that the same name, on the same coin, should be written in two different 
 styles of orthography, in one instance with the XI, for the genitive plm’al, and in the 
 other with the It would hardly solve the difficulty, to say, that the O might have 
 its origin in a mistake, or, on the other hand, that the coin was struck, before the XI 
 was thoroughly established. Such assumptions would be too vague to entitle them to 
 credit. 
 
 conclusion, that the figure can mean nothing hut a river: and on a similar inference we have proceeded, in 
 regarding the fish as an elucidatory accompaniment of the bull. Neumann’s words (p. 9) are these: Argti- 
 mento est evidenti calamus, quern vir rixvpoxs(px\og sinistra tenet. Is ubi nullo qmcto cum Minotauro (some had 
 supposed the figure to he the Minotaur) componi potest, ita fluviis familiaris est et proprius, ah usque reapse 
 in mille numis gestatur. Profeeth id attrihutum non fortuito, sed industrid et consilio monetarii crediderim 
 adjectum, ut hue notd characteristied moneamur, Jluminis, non Minotauri simulacrum adesse. 
 
 This association occurs veiy often. See Torremuzza, Tab. xxi. Paruta, Tab. xiv. xxxri. lxxv. xcix. 
 c. cii. cm. CIV. cxx. &c. In this form also, the type is sometimes accompanied with a fish. Torremuzza, 
 Tab. XXI, n° 4. 5. In speaking of those coins generally (14), Torremuzza says : Numismata hrsc ad quoddam 
 e proximis CatancB jluminibiis referuntur, ob Tauri cum facie huniand simulaerum ; and in a similar way, 
 Neumann (p. 11. 12. 15) interprets the type of a Neapolitan coin, as relating to the river Litoims, or the more 
 celebrated one, Vulturnus. 
 
 11 'J'oi’i’ejjmzza (Tab. xxiii. n® 13) has engraved a brass coin of Catana, which has, on the foreside, a head 
 crowned with laurel, and, on the reverse, a bull with a mans face : which latter he, at once, pionounces to 
 denote the I’ivei’ Amenanus. The head, on the obverse, he considers as female, in which I believe him to be 
 mistaken: for it appears to me to be a head of Apollo, and the representation altogether to resemble that of 
 our coin. P. 22 •. Decimutn tertium cum capite mulieris et figura flmninis, ad forniam semibovis viri protulit 
 
 Paruta, eumque pluries in Siciliee numophylaciis vidi. P- 
 
 On a Syracusian coin, figured by Torremuzza (Tab. lxxi, n® 7), the same inscription, 2TPAK02lf2N, 
 
 stands on both sides. 
 
 Coins of Catana, on which the inscription is KATANAION, instead of KATANAlflN, are not scaice. Loid 
 Northwick has some of them, and there are several in Mr. Payne Knight’s collection. See also Tonemuzza, 
 Tab. xxr, n'’ 7. 
 

 I J c*- ^ -- If . 
 
 •* t -iff • 
 
 if r 
 
 h i- ^ ^ ^ ^ * r 1^1 
 
 i • «rr ■ -..^i^'i 
 
 - ’-4|im sIj -i? 
 
 . ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 I • ’ 
 
 r-. 
 
 ■^i-r: 
 
 
 I? ■ 
 
 »» ;-v^ 
 
 ' ' l| • . ♦• «mSn'* • YffM 
 
 'l'3|. f - '-^ '''^f ^i^- 
 
 ■?■ . *" ^ ' 
 
 -- • " ■»'.* ■... pi, 
 
 ' '•' •#■>■•■ TA>ljPI 
 
 — *'^*' 
 
 . ff^iiil 
 
 '' -r» 4j » 
 
 ? ^ . ’TT" 
 
 4 . 
 
 %' 
 
 
 
 
 
 . « \ ^■■- 
 
 II - 
 
 ■« 
 
 .n 
 
 M 
 
 •«» 
 
 F «'” 
 
 I 
 
4 
 
 r 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 I V 
 
 • • ^ I 
 
 • ~5l 
 
 # i # 
 
 %• f 
 
 t • afc 
 
 
 C 1 
 
 t% 
 
 >1 
 
 . ♦ V • 
 
 » • 
 
 * . 
 
 • » • 
 
 4.S 
 
 4 
 
 • 0 •• 
 
 • *• * rf 
 
 • • — # 
 
 4 * ^ 
 
 •M 
 
 .v« 
 
 r ' 
 
 .If-' 
 
 ♦ .• 
 
 t i 
 
I 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 riat^ 13. 
 
 ]>c2rwii "by Del "Frate. 
 
 £ ligravedly TT*)urj l^^ses. 
 
 SILVER Coin of SYKACITSL 
 
 tuhtL^hfd bjr ScfttiffUiS Trow&lt 23. Old JScnd Street i$ 2 ^. 
 
41 
 
 XIII. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: A beautiful female head (Arethusa) with the hair elegantly arranged, encircled 
 with a band, or diadem, and gathered behind, in a net. Upon the diadem, on the 
 forehead, is the letter K. The ear adorned with an ear-ring. Four dolphins are placed 
 around the head, namely two before, one behind, and one below the neck. On this 
 last the name KIMfiN is engraved. Inscription of the coin : STPAKOEIUN, Coin ^ of the 
 Syracusians.’ 
 
 Reverse: A chariot with four horses, at full speed, driven by a female figure, who holds 
 the reins in her left hand, and the goad in the right. The chariot is on the point of 
 passing the post, or A winged Victory, with a wreath in her hands, is flying 
 towards the charioteering figure, with the design of crowning her. In the exergue, a 
 suit of armour, a panojiUa, consisting of a coat of mail (thorax), helmet, shield, spear, 
 greaves (or covers for the legs, ocrece). Underneath the thorax, vestiges of the letters 
 ©AA, which are the remains of A0AA. 
 
 WE are now arrived at that beautiful class of Syracusian coins, or medallions, which 
 has ever been the subject of high admiration. The late Mr. Payne Knight has given 
 a paper, upon these coins, in the Memoirs of the Society of Antiquaries of London,^ 
 which much deserves to be read. It sets forth, in lively colours, the merits of that 
 art, and that taste, by wliich such beautiful works were produced. 
 
 These coins exist in considerable number, so that they cannot be called scarce. 
 There is hardly a collection which does not possess one, or more. Mr. Payne Knight’s 
 cabinet, now transferred to the British Museum, contains no less than Eight, Lord 
 Northwick has Four, and in the original collection of the British Museum there are 
 Three. The general effect of all is similar ; but there are variations in the detail: they 
 have been executed from many different dies.-—In all of them, the front side, or ob¬ 
 verse, exhibits a female head, and the reverse a victorious quadriga: but there are 
 diversities both in the heads, and the reverses. In some the head of Ceres, or Proser¬ 
 pine, is supposed to be expressed, in others that of Arethusa; in some, it is not 
 improbable that Diana was intended to be portrayed, while there are others which 
 distinctly bear the image of Minerva. For these goddesses were principally wor¬ 
 shipped at Syracuse.^ Four dolphins are the usual companions of the heads, on the 
 
 ' Archaeologia, Vol. XIX, p. 369. 
 
 - Cic. Verr. Act. ii. Lib. iv. c. 23, mentions their temples : In ea (Ortygia) sunt cedes sacrce complures; sed 
 duce, quce longe cceteris antecedunt, Diance ima, et altera, quce fuit ornatissima, Minervcs.—Quarta autem est 
 urhs, quce quia postremo cedificata est, NeaqjoUs nominatur : quam ad sunimam theatnini est maxitnuin ; prce- 
 terea duo ternpla sunt egregia, Cereris unum et alterum Liberce. Diodorus Siculus, Lib. xiv, c. 63. p. 691. 
 T. I, ed. Wessel. mentions the temples of Ceres and Proserpine—rouj re Arifirjrpoc, xca Kopr;;; but seems 
 
 to place them in that quarter of Syracuse, which was called Achradine, whereas Cicero puts them in Neapolis, 
 There might, however, be such temples in both quarters. 
 
42 
 
 obverse; whether it be the head of Ceres, Proserpine, or Arethusa, or that of Diana, 
 or Minerva. The dolphin signifies a maritime place ; and the number jFour seems to 
 particularize Syracuse, which was composed of four towns, or divisions.^ 
 
 The inscription, STPAKOZIUN, is in the Doric, or Peloponnesian, dialect: for Syra¬ 
 cuse was a colony from Pelopoimesus, namely from Corinth ; and the language of the 
 people was, for this reason, Peloponnesian.^ According to the Ionic dialect, the 
 inscription would have been^ 2TPHKOT2I«QN ; and according to the Attic,^ STPA- 
 KOTSIflN. Thus the name of the city, which in Doric would be ’^STPAKOSAI, is in 
 Ionic rrPHKOTSAI, and in Attic STPAKOTSAI. 
 
 The Reverse, as has been stated, exhibits a victorious quadriga; and in most of 
 them, the exergue shows a suit of armour, or panoply {TravoTj-xlcx), consisting of the arti¬ 
 cles, above specified. Frequently the inscription A0AA, written underneath, accom¬ 
 panies it. (in the Doric dialect, the same as the aeSxa of Horner^) means the 
 
 reward of victory; and connected as this is with a racing chariot, it would be natural 
 to infer that those objects constituted the prize for a victory obtained, at the chariot- 
 race. But it is remarkable, that in no ancient author any mention is made of such 
 gifts having been bestowed upon the victors, at the Olympic, or other public games of 
 Greece. It can hardly be conceived, that Pindar, for instance, whose Muse is entirely 
 
 ® These four towns were combined into that large and magnificent capital, of which the ancients speak with 
 such high admiration. Pindar (Pyth. ii, 1) calls it ju-syaXoVoAfej '^upanoua-ut, and the Scholiast, to this passage, 
 adverts to the four towns in question. Ausonius (xi. de claris urbibus) comprehends them in the term Quad- 
 ruplices Syracuse^: 
 
 Quis Catinam sileat, quis quadrupUces Syracusas ! 
 
 and Cicero (Verr. Act. ii. Lib. iv, c. 53) speaks of them in this manner: Ea tanta est tubs, iit ex quatuor 
 urbibus maximis constare dicatur. The names of the four towns, w'ere, Achradine, Ortygia, Tyche and 
 Neapolis. There was subsequently a fifth town added, by the name of Epipolcc (’ETriTroAai'), or the Upper 
 Town, from being built on very high ground ; but this is only to be considered as an appendage, connected, 
 in particular, with Tyche. Strabo, however, thence calls Syracuse risvTXTroMi. Lib. vi, p. 270, Casaub. 415, 
 Almel. nevT«7roAij yap ro ttxXchov, etiarov Kca oyhrjMVTa ^aSlwv e^ov(ru to rel^og. Thucydides (vi, 96) pointedly 
 distinguishes Epipolag from the rest of the city: 'EiTtwaXm—ypopiov anoKp^iivou re xa) vnep ttoAswj sv^vg xsipAvou. 
 — xa) wvoptaj-ai vtto tmv %upaxoucr'ioov, iioi to IttctoA^j tou «AAou ehxt, ’ETTinoXcd. The division of Syracuse into four 
 towns seems to be very distinctly indicated on the reverse of a small brass coin figured by Torremuzza, Tab. 
 Lxxxvi, n° 23, and likewise, though less sti’ikingly, on the reverses of coins 24, 25, 26. 
 
 * This is expressed, with great humour, by some women of Syracuse, in the Adoniazusae of Theocritus, 
 
 Id. XV, 90: 
 
 'iSiupaxoTiuig smTUTosig ; 
 
 'Slg hd'pg xot) touto, Koptv^nxt hp-sg clvw^sv 
 
 fig xa) 6 BsWspotpuiv. nsA07rovva(r(r» kaksup-tg, 
 
 AojpiVSev S’ ipeg-i (Soxw) TOtg Acupdscro'i. 
 
 ' Herodot. vn, 154. 155. 156. 
 
 * Thucyd. vii, 2. 3. 4; and in many other places of the 6th and 7th books. 
 
 ^ Pindar, whose dialect is not the ancient, or original, Doric, but a modification of it, softened by the Ionic, 
 gives the name of the city '^vpaxodcrat, Ol. vi, 8. 156 ; but also '^vpaxoTai, Pyth. ii, 1 ; and 5up«xo(ra-«i, Pyth. 
 Ill, 124. The adjective, however, which forms the name of the people, is always ^vpaxoTiog, with him, Ol. i, 
 35. VI, 31. Pyth. iii, 129: and it may hence be doubted, whether the reading "^vpaxomat, as the editions have 
 it, in the two passages, first adduced, be correct. 
 
 « II. 4', 259. 
 
43 
 
 occupied with the celebration of those victories, should not have once alluded to such 
 rewards, if they had existed. The ^e(pocvog, or wreath, and the verb ^‘(pxvovv, to crown, or 
 cover with a wreath, often occur, and we therefore know that the custom of adorning 
 
 o 
 
 the brow of a conqueror with a wreath, at those games, prevailed: but the reward of 
 the panoply is nowhere noticed by the poet. It is true, that the word ^A^Xa, in the 
 sense of prize, reward, is to be met with in Pindar; ® but it is with a general import, 
 without the slightest intimation of particular objects. If from this silence of Pindar 
 we are to draw a negative conclusion as to the existence of any reward of the victors, 
 at the public games, besides the wreath, that conclusion must be considered as 
 strengthened by the silence of other writers. The wreath is the only thing that is 
 mentioned. This certainly seems to have been a very unsubstantial compensation for 
 the efforts of a great contest, and the more to be wondered at, when it is recollected, 
 that, in early times a very different custom prevailed, as described by Horner,^® and in 
 imitation of liim, by Virgil.^^ According to this ancient practice, the successful com¬ 
 petitors, at the games, obtained valuable donations. Now it is strange that a custom, 
 which was in being at a remote period, and which, from its nature, must have been 
 popular among those, who were most interested in those exhibitions, should have been 
 subsequently discontinued, when wealth and luxury had increased, and when the 
 games in question had become objects of importance to a whole nation. The empty 
 honour of being presented with the branch of a tree, bent into a wreath, could hardly 
 have been regarded as an equivalent for the sohd articles that were formerly bestowed. 
 Virgil, in the passage, below quoted, also speaks of wreaths (virides coronce etpalma), 
 but they only are superadded, and the essential prizes consisted of materials of very 
 different substance: sacri tripodes — armaque, et ostro petfusce vestes, argenti aurique 
 talenta. 
 
 When the subject is thus considered, the question arises, whether the type of these 
 coins may not be admitted as evidence, to prove, that wreaths were not the sole 
 reward of victors, at the public games; but that other c^\x were given. Extraordi¬ 
 nary valour in war was sometimes recompensed by the boon of a wreath, and of a set 
 of annour. Such an honour, Isocrates relates, was conferred upon Alcibiades; and 
 
 » Ol. IX, 162. Pyth. I, 191. The Scholiast to 01. i, 5. remarks: VSXov xal gpagsTov to awro* wj 
 
 SUTWV, SpxSstOVf UTTO Ss TCOV CC^XOUVTCOV, «SXOV. 
 
 vrjouv 8’ ex<peg’ asSXa, t=, rpmolag re, 
 
 IWouf •&’, fji^iovov; TE, | 3 o« 3 v t Kupr^vx, 
 
 ^Ss yuvalxaj ttoXiov ts (riSrjpov, 
 
 iwoov, XTTO jj-lv ttdoVTWV UVTO SpxS 
 
 >0 II. % 259—261. 
 
 " Mn. V. 109—112. 
 
 Alunera principio ante oculos circoque locantur 
 In medio : sacri tripodes, viridesque coronce, 
 
 Ef palmce, pretitwi victoribtis, armaque, et ostro 
 Perfusce vestes, argenti aurique talenta. 
 
 Isocrates de Bigis, p. 695. ed. Paul. Stephen. 1604—x«» /xet« toJtov fpxrsvirxiimu romros r 
 wfs s-e^avcoS^va» xal TravoTrAiav XxSelv Trapci too fpxrriyov. 
 
 ev Totj x)v8yyo»>', 
 
 I 
 
44 
 
 it may perhaps be suggested that this mode of distinction was borrowed from the 
 public games: and that the panoply represented on our coins, under the victorious 
 chariot, shows the practice at those games. It does not seem so probable, that an 
 event of rare occurrence, such as the act of rewarding valour in the field, should have 
 been made the subject of constant representation on these coins : nor that, if a fact of 
 that kind had been so commemorated, a racing chariot would have been chosen as an 
 appropriate emblem. Victory and valour must not be confounded: for though the 
 latter leads to the former, yet victory is not always to be considered as the test, and 
 consequence of valour. This may be displayed in the highest degree, even where 
 success does not attend its efforts. It has been acknowledged on several occasions, 
 and by good authorities, that the silence of ancient writers upon any particular point, 
 by no means absolutely demonstrates its non-existence, and this observation may per¬ 
 haps be here applied. 
 
 We are not enabled, with any sufficient degree of accuracy, to define the age of 
 these coins. They unquestionably belong to a time, when the art of sculpture had 
 attained the highest perfection, in Sicily. This period may be reckoned from the 
 reigns of Gelo, and the elder Hiero, at Syracuse, or even from an earlier date, and ex¬ 
 tended beyond the reigns of the Dionysii. Mr. Payne Knight has put some argu¬ 
 ments together, to make out, that they were struck by the elder Dionysius : this 
 opinion, however, is not founded on any thing like proof, but rests merely on imagi¬ 
 nary grounds. 
 
 As we are speaking generally of these coins, it will not be amiss to advert to ano¬ 
 ther point of inquiry, namely, the purpose for which they were executed. Were they 
 struck in honour of some events, as medals, or were they nothing but money ? The 
 type would seem to intimate, that they were issued as memorials on some interesting 
 occasion, as monuments of a victory achieved, and a prize obtained. There are those 
 who deny that the ancient Greeks were acquainted with the use of commemorative 
 coins, or with what we know, in later times, under the name of medals}^ This is an 
 assertion which the beautiful objects before us, would almost alone appear to contra¬ 
 dict : we can hardly conceive, while we view and admire them, that they were pro¬ 
 duced with no other intention than to serve as the ‘ common drudges of retail traffic.’ 
 
 ArcliEeologia, Vol. xix, p. 374. ‘ To this combination of power, skill, wealth, liberality, and ambition 
 
 [in the Dionysii], Mr. Knight says, ‘ it is that we appear to owe the coins in question; for there is no other 
 period in the history of Syracuse, except this half century of the reign of the two Dionysii, to which they can 
 with any reasonable probability be attributed: and with the circumstances of this, they, in every respect, 
 accord.’ 
 
 This is Mr. Payne Knight’s opinion. In the treatise quoted, he says, p. 369, ‘All the coinage of ancient 
 states, whether republican, or monarchical, was solely of money, none having ever stricken what are now called 
 medals, in honour of particular persons, or in commemoration of particular events: and when we consider the 
 smallness and insignificance of many of those states, scarcely known to the historian, or geographer, with the 
 exquisite beauty, elegance, and costly refinement, displayed in the money, the common drudge of retail traffic, 
 in the lowest stages of society, we must admit that there is scarcely any thing more wonderful in the history 
 of man.’ Words used by Mr. Payne Knight, in the foregoing passage. 
 
45 
 
 It would seemingly be more rational to presume that they were struck, to solemnize, 
 if not to record, certain facts, relating to Syracuse : and if the type may be literally 
 interpreted, it was the equestrian achievements of that city, or its inhabitants, at the 
 public games of Greece, which they celebrated. But even were we to suppose that 
 these precious monuments of ancient art had been used as money, in the transactions 
 of commerce, and that so much skill had been lavished upon a purpose so ordinary, 
 this would not do away the notion, that the types had some historical meaning, and 
 that the coins weie commemorative,^^ in a manner similar to the Boman coins, in times 
 subsequent. AVe will not enter more minutely into the discussion of this subject, nor 
 dwell upon the different arguments of various writers,^^ relative to the question whe¬ 
 ther the ancient coins were money or not: but at this result we do not hesitate to 
 declare ourselves to have arrived, that many ancient coins, and among them, those of 
 Sicily, were commemorative. 
 
 It is now time to recall the attention of the reader to the coin immediately before 
 us. The head, on the obverse, we have called Arethusa : for this nymph, presiding 
 over a celebrated spring,^® near the city, was one of those female divinities, who were 
 
 On this conviction we have proceeded in our comments on the coins we have hitherto described, and no 
 good reason presents itself to induce us to depart from that opinion. Mr. Payne Knight, as we know already 
 from the passages, before adduced, holds a contrary doctrine. P. 370, in speaking of the coins, in question, 
 he expresses himself thus: ‘ If, thei’efore, commemorative, they must be of victories more momentous and 
 important, than the Olympic. But besides that no such means of commemorating victories, or public events 
 of any kind, were ever employed by the Greeks, their abundance, and their similarity, in weight and value, to 
 
 other coins, of other pei’iods, other states, and with different devices, clearly prove them to have been money,’ 
 Mr. Knight justly confines his assertion to the Greeks: for it certainly could not be applied to the Romans; 
 and if we were to admit it, with regard to old Greece, we cannot make the same concession, as far as the colo¬ 
 nies are concerned. Above all, we protest against that notion, in the case of the Sicilian coins. Let us even 
 allow, that these coins were nothing hut money, yet this would not prevent their types from being considered 
 as commemorative. Such were the coins of the Roman Emperors, which though used as money, served, at 
 the same time, as records of certain transactions : and what is it that can persuade us, that a similar practice 
 did not exist, at a much earlier date, in Sicily ? It is remembered that, in later days, an attempt was made in 
 England, by the celebrated Dean Swift, to render the copper coin of this country subservient to historical 
 purposes, by means of commemorative types; see Ruding’s Annals of the Coinage of Britain. And though 
 it is probable that this idea was borrowed from the ancient coins, yet it was of itself sufficiently obvious, and 
 came recommended on the ground of its utility. 
 
 Eckhel, in the Prolegomena to his Doctrina Numorum Veterum, Vol. r, c. v. gives a full account of 
 these authors, and their opposite modes of reasoning, some maintaining that none of the ancient coins pre¬ 
 served in our cabinets were money, and others asserting, as positively, that all were money, and nothing else. 
 Both these opinions are extremes, and equally ill founded. Though most of the ancient coins were money, 
 yet some pieces, of which we are in possession, have evidently the character of medals. 
 
 The poetical fame of that spring, together with its real properties, rendered it a remarkable object. The 
 fable of the nymph Arethusa flying from the amorous pursuit of the river Alpheus in Arcadia, is well known ; 
 see Virg. iEn. in, 694. Ovid. Met. v, 573. The spring was in the little island Ortygia, and abounded in 
 fish. Cic. Verr. Act. ir, Lib. iv, c. 33. In hac insula extrema estfans aquce dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, 
 incredibili magnitudine, plenissimus piscium. Strabo in mentioning this spring, adverts to the fable of the 
 nymph Arethusa, Lib. VI, p. 270 Casaub. 415 Almel. 'H ’Oprvyla. cma.'KTei yst^uoa. -nphi rrjv ^Trstpov, ^rpotrysioj 
 
 oucrct. Kp^vrjv 8’ s^st TrrjV ’ApE^oucrixv, i^isl(Ta.v Trorapiov sv^iig hg 5ukccrrciV. MuSeJouct 8e xov 'AXfsiov Eivat tovtov, 
 
 IJ.SV 0 V [Av uTTO rieXoTTOwri^rot:, dux 8e tou zsXxyovg utto yrjj ro psl^pov e^ovTX ’Ape^ov(rxv, sit exSiSovra TraXiy 
 
 hg TrjV 5 uXxttxv. 
 
46 
 
 particularly honoured at Syracuse. The others were Diana, Minerva, Ceres, and Pro¬ 
 serpine, as has been intimated before. Since our head has none of the attributes, or 
 characteristics, by which it might be referred to any one of these four, the name Are- 
 thusa, which we have given it, may not appear misplaced. There are, indeed, Syra- 
 cusian coins,^^ representing a female head, with the inscription APE0O2A,^° by which 
 that nymph is distinctly declared, and others with exactly the same head, without the 
 inscription so that it is evident, the representation of Arethusa on the coins of 
 Syracuse was familiar. These heads are all exhibited full face, and though ours 
 differs from them, by being in profile, and may otherwise not be thought precisely to 
 resemble them, yet the peculiar style of our coin, and its superiority over the former, 
 in point of beauty and magnificence, may account for that deviation.^^ Arethusa is 
 always called by the ancients a spring, though from the expanse of water, and from 
 the quantity of fish, with which it was stored, we should, in our language, perhaps give 
 it a different denomination. From this piece of water a stream, or river, issued; which 
 flowed into the sea: it was tliis that gave rise to the fable of Alpheus and the 
 nymph. 
 
 On the dolphin, which is placed below the neck, the name KIMXIN is written; and 
 the first letter of this name is also distinctly seen, on the forehead, upon the diadem. 
 From the half concealed position of the name, it appears not unlikely that it was that 
 of the artist, who engraved the die; and to judge by the exquisite workmanship he 
 displays, this Cimon must have been as distinguished among his cotemporaries, as the 
 artist in recent times, who is almost his namesake.^^ The hair of the head is very 
 
 Such a coin is in the cabinet of Lord Northwick. Torremuzza has figured two, viz. Tab. lxxii, n° 5 ; 
 and in Auctarium Secundum, Tab. vi, n° 3. One is to be seen in Mionnet’s Description de Medailles, Planche 
 LXVI I, n° 4. 
 
 APE0O2A is the Doric for 'Aps^ovca. Pindar, though writing in that dialect, has ’Aps^ovcrx. (Pyth. iii, 
 122) according to the present editions, which, if correct, must be put down to the modified Doric, of which 
 that poet made use. Compare note 7. 
 
 See Torrem. lxxx, n° 3. lxxiii, n° 9. 
 
 22 It deserves to be noticed that in one of the coins which we have quoted from Torremuzza (Tab. lxxii, 
 n® 5), the name of the artist KIMilN, who executed our coin, as we shall see presently, is indicated by the 
 letters, KMN, placed on the bandeau of the head. Torrem. p. 75 — suntque in ejus fronts consonantes Uteres 
 KMN, quibus congruis additis vocalibus nomen redditur Cimonis. It is easy to be conceived, that the artist, 
 representing the same subject twice, might vary his design. Prince Torremuzza, to whom our coin formerly 
 belonged, and who has caused it to be engraved in his work. Tab. lxxii, n“ 1. unhesitatingly pronounces the 
 head to be that of Arethusa, p. 75. Caput habet eleganter exornatum Nymjjhce, she Fontis Arethusa, qua 
 apud Syracusanos divinos habuit honores. 
 
 22 Cic. Verr. Act ii. Lib. iv, c. 5S—fons aqua dulcis, incredibili magnitudine, plenissimus piscium. Strabo, 
 VI, p. 270, Casaub. Kprjv^v Ttjv'Api^oua-civ. Pindar. Pyth. lii, 122. ’’Api^outruv Itti 
 
 2^ Strabo, ib. e^isla-av ■KOTUjj.ov eu^v; sig t^v 5«AaTT«v. 
 
 2* Thomas Simon, the celebrated engraver, or die-sinker, in the time of the Commonwealth, and of 
 Charles II; who has immortalised himself by the famous Tryal-piece, or Petition Crown. The similarity of 
 the two names was remarked by Lord Northwick. That Cimon (KlMflN) was the name of the Greek artist, 
 of this there can be no doubt, though Havercamp, in his comments on Paruta’s Sicilian coins, thinks, that it is 
 the name of a magistrate, p. 307— eo potiits inclino ut credam, magistratus fuisse nomen. But the judgment 
 of this author is not entitled to much deference. The place which the name occupies, is not calculated for a 
 
47 
 
 elegantly attired: the net which upholds it behind, might, if such an allusion were 
 not too far-fetched, be supposed to have a reference to the multitude of fish, with 
 which Arethusa abounded. 
 
 Of the Reverse we have said enough; but it remains to be mentioned that the 
 front and reverse of our drawing have been taken from two different coins, in which 
 there is a slight disparity as to magnitude, that which has furnished the head, being a 
 httle smaller, in circumference, than the other. The type of both is the same. The 
 head of the one, from which our reverse is borrowed, shows besides the K, vestiges of 
 other letters.^® Lord North wick combined these two coins, with a view to produce a 
 very perfect representation, choosing the head of the one, as the most beautiful, and 
 the reverse of the other as the best preserved. It must, however, be acknowledged, 
 that the head of the latter is also very fine. It has been engraved separately, by 
 Mr. Moses, and will be inserted in our work.^^ 
 
 The British Museum possesses both the coins, which are the subjects of this de¬ 
 scription. Those of Lord Northwick are perhaps in a somewhat superior condition. 
 The inscription KIMXIN, in that of the British Museum, is not legible; only very faint 
 traces of letters, that had existed, may be perceived; the K on the diadem is quite 
 obhterated. On the reverse of this coin the word A0AA, at the foot of the exergue, is 
 perfectly discernible. 
 
 A coin with the same head (Arethusa), and the same reverse, (the victorious quad¬ 
 riga, with the panoply, and the word A0AA underneath,) is to be seen in Mr. Knight’s 
 collection. A slight difference may be noticed in the head, which makes it evident 
 that it did not come from the same die, as ours. The name KIMXIN, on the dolphin, 
 is almost extinguished, but the K on the diadem is well preserved. 
 
 person, ■who would have been brought forward to the eye, as a public character: on the other hand, it suits 
 an artist, who would be thought, through modesty, to retire from view. Mr. Payne Knight, without hesita- 
 tation, takes KIMi2N for the name of the artist. Archaeologia, Vol. xix, p. 375. ‘ In some instances, the 
 
 letters KIM, or simply K, are inscribed on the front of the diadem of Proserpine, which are the initials of the 
 artist KIMfiN, inscribed in others at length, on the dolphin under the head; and it is remarkable that these 
 letters are found, in precisely the same forms, on those which differ most in style and manner of finishing from 
 each other: a confirmation of what has been before observed, that this difference is not greater than what 
 reasonably may be admitted to exist in different works of the same period, and even of the same hand, adapt¬ 
 ing itself, with the skill of a great master, to every variation, in the taste of its employer.’ 
 
 Mr. Payne Knight, in the passage last quoted, mentions the letters KIM as being inscribed on some 
 coins, instead of the simple K, on the front of the diadem. 
 
 ^ It is the same which is given by Mionnet, in Description de Medailles, PI. Lxvn, n® 3; and by Torre- 
 muzza, in Auctar. Secund. Tab. vi, n® 2. I must observe, however, that in these two engravings, the reverse 
 varies, in some minute particulars, from that which we have exhibited. 
 

 
 
 
i 
 
 ■f 
 
 
 
 If. 
 
 - rs ' 
 
 
 
 
 -n 
 
 V 
 
 ■ - ' • ^1" -'^W Bon/i 
 
 
49 
 
 XIV. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: A beautiful female head (Diana), with the hair simply, but neatly, arrayed. On 
 the fore part of the bandeau, or diadem, which encircles the head, the letters jn 
 (probably meaning jnSION) may be distinguished. The four dolphins, the symbol 
 of Syracuse, encompass the head, two of them being placed before, one above, and 
 one behind. Inscription : 2TPAK02I0N, Coin ^ of the Syracusians.’ 
 
 Reverse: A chariot with four horses, at full speed, driven by a female figure, who holds 
 the reins in the left hand, and the whip, or goad, in the right; the chariot is just 
 passing the rrA»i, or post. A winged Victory, with a wreath in each hand, flies towards 
 the charioteer, as if to crown her. In the exergue, two dolphins. 
 
 The head, on the obverse of our coin, has that character, in point of form and beauty, 
 which renders it not unlikely to be intended for a representation of Diana. This 
 goddess was held in particular honour, by the people of Syracuse, as has been already 
 mentioned. It seems that they considered themselves as owing to her some great act 
 of favour and protection, which caused them to celebrate her as their saviour, or deli¬ 
 verer, under the appellation of Swreipa. Upon this subject something more will be 
 said in the description of another coin, which we will not here anticipate. The letters 
 2X1, which are seen on the bandeau, might be thought to refer to 2X1TEIPA, but we 
 have already declared them to be part of SXI^IXIN, which we presume to be the name 
 of the artist, who engraved the die for the coin. Whenever the letters 2 XI occur on 
 coins of Syracuse, it is probable that the name of the artist was meant who engraved 
 them. In some instances, those letters are inscribed near the figure of Diana; ^ but 
 this does not entitle us to read them 2X1TEIPA. They are also found, where there 
 is no Diana.^ We rest the probabihty of our opinion, that this goddess was here 
 
 * I refer to a coin, where Diana is represented, on the reverse, accompanied by her dog, and in the act of 
 shooting an arrow. It is engraved in the works of Paruta, Torremuzza, and Goltzius; also in Mionnet, 
 PI. Lxxvii, n° 6. Near the figure of the goddess, in the field of the coin, are the letters 2i2, of which Golt¬ 
 zius (Sicilia ; in the short explanation of the coins, which he has given) s,dtys,forsan SXiTEIPA; but they cer¬ 
 tainly are not meant for the epithet of the goddess. They indicate the artist’s name, which may be inferred 
 from other letters, marking a different artist, being found with the same figure, and in the same situation. 
 Such an example may be seen in Paruta, Tab. xxxvii, n° 1, where the letters HA occupy the place of 
 that is to say, the artist, who engraved that particular coin, began his name with H A (perhaps HavSo?); and in 
 another instance, on Tab. xxxvii, n° 2, the letters MI are seen, unquestionably designating another artist 
 (perhaps MixuAAo^). The letters MI are also found on coins, attributed to the first Hiero, see Paruta, Tab. 
 cxLVii, n° 1, and 10, which so far deserves to be noticed, as it establishes the probability that those letters 
 rather signified the name of the artist, than of a magistrate, because the magisti'ate’s name would hardly be 
 put on the coin bearing the king’s image. 
 
 * Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vett. Vol. i, p. 247. No7i raro in Syracusarum numis reperies saiptum solitarie 
 quod cum plerumque adstitutum sit imagini Diance in parte aversd, visum plerisque indicari deam hanc, 
 
 plenius in aliis numis dictani SfiTEIPA. At video eas ipsas lileras scrihi juxta Pegasum, item eas obvias esse 
 
50 
 
 intended, on the form and expression of the head, which suit that of Diana, and on the 
 ground of its having no characteristic nor attribute, which would render it more 
 proper to be called Ceres, Proserpine, or Arethusa : and one of these it must be, if it 
 is not Diana.^ 
 
 The inscription STPAKOSION, for ZTPAKOnxiN, which is to be met with on the 
 very ancient coins of Syracuse,^ would make our coin anterior to the reign of the first 
 Hiero, if the reasoning, made use of upon a former ’^ occasion, be correct, and conse¬ 
 quently place it in the 5th century ® before Christ. 
 
 The horses of the quadriga, on the reverse, seem to move at a more steady and 
 regular pace, than we have observed them, on other coins. The female figure that 
 drives them, and wliich also occurs on the reverse of the preceding coin is, doubtless, 
 a personification of the city of Syracuse. The or post, by which the chariot 
 passes, is here lower, and of smaller size than we have seen it. Whether there be a 
 meaning in the double wreath, which the winged Victory holds up, is not to be ascer¬ 
 tained. The exergue partially repeats the emblem of Syracuse, by exhibiting two 
 dolphins. 
 
 in numis Tarenti et Corcyrce. The coin to which he alludes, as having inscribed near the winged horse, 
 is engraved in Torremuzza’s work, Tab. lxxxii, n° 18. This is quoted by Eckhel. 
 
 ^ Havercamp, in commenting on a coin in Paruta’s work, which seems somewhat to correspond vdth ours, 
 takes the head for a personification of the city of Syracuse, but we have already intimated, that the judgment 
 of this author is not much to be relied upon. P. 306. Caput muliebre, Syracusas denotans, cum solitd inscrip- 
 tione et quatuor delphinis, duos portus et totidem maria signijicantihus. 
 
 Many instances may be seen in the w'orks of Torremuzza, and Paruta: we will, however, not load our 
 page with superabundant quotations. A few examples from the former may suffice; see Tab. lxxvii, n® 
 
 5. 4. 9. Lxxviii, n° 2. 3. 4. 11. 12. ® P. 29. « See p. 28. 
 
T 
 
 riate IS.^ 
 
 ] 
 
 Drawn by Del frwte. 
 
 Enf'r.ived hy Heniy Ivtjses. 
 
 SILVEIR €01IN OF SYKArFSE. 
 
 Sfptimuj Prc>yvf!f. 23 . PfJ Mcnd 1821,' 
 
 ' * 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
51 
 
 XV. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: The head of Minerva, full face, covered with much hair, and a richly ornamented 
 helmet. On the forepart of the helmet, the letters ETKAEIAmay be discerned. The 
 head is surrounded by the four dolphins. Inscription : STPAKOIIXlN, Coin ‘ of the 
 Syracusians.’ 
 
 Reverse: A chariot with four horses, at full speed, driven by a female figure, who holds 
 the reins in her left hand, and the whip uplifted in her right. A Victory, flying 
 towards her, presents a wreath with both hands. In the exergue an ear of corn. 
 
 Minerva, as has been before remarked, was one of those divinities, who enjoyed 
 particular honom’ and worship at Syracuse; and her image is found on very many 
 coins of that city. She was brought there from Corinth,^ the mother country, where 
 she was celebrated as the protectress of Bellerophon, the native hero^ of that city. By 
 her assistance, he possessed himself^ of the winged horse, Pegasus, and was enabled to 
 achieve the dangerous exploit against the monster Cliimcera. Hence the head of 
 Minerva appears on many coins of Syracuse,^ which have the winged horse on the 
 reverse. The earnest and severe countenance, and the helmet, establish the character 
 of the goddess. The form of the helmet is rather peculiar, but the same occurs on 
 other Syracusian coins.^ The letters ETKAEIA I refer to the artist, who engraved the 
 die for the coin : it was probably Euclides. The artist’s name was suited for the 
 place, where we discover it, whereas that of a public officer, or magistrate, would per¬ 
 haps have been seen in a more conspicuous position.^ 
 
 * Syracus© was a colony from Corinth, founded by Archias, one of the Heraclidas. See Thucyd. vi, 3. 
 Strabo, Lib. vi. p. 269. Casaub.—413 B. Almelov. The date of its foundation is recorded in the Parian 
 Chronicle, and seems to correspond with the year 760, before Christ. See Marmora Oxoniensia (according 
 to Roberts’s edition) p. 14 of the Greek text; and epocha 32, p. 110 of the Latin version. Eckhel calculates 
 the year 757. Doctrina Num. Vett. Vol. i, p. 241. 
 
 * Homer, II. 152. ^ _ , p> 
 
 ’Er< TToAff ’E<pyp»], ’’Apysoj 'nmoboTOio, 
 
 ^Icrvfo^ eaxe, o; ylvrr’ av^paiv, 
 
 'Aio\lSr]g . 0 S’ EAauxov rexs^ utov ' 
 
 aVTUp TXCWXOi STiXTSV CCl^CflOVlX. BsAAspO(pOVTr)V. 
 
 Apollodorus (Bihlioth. Lib. i, c. 9. sect. 1. p. 66. ed. Heyne, 1803), gives the same accoimt. ^i<rvfo; 8e 
 ’AioKou XTl^cis’E^6pavTiivmvXeyop.ivriv Ko'pivdov, yotp.e'i Mep^mv r^v^ArAamf. I? uurm 7r«Ij y.'vexa. EAauxoj, Z 7r«.f BsA- 
 X;po(povTrii ex ’Evpvp.e^Yi; eysvvri^Yj, og exreivs Ttjv TrupiTTVOvv Xipcaipav. ^ 
 
 3 Minerva instructed him, how to bridle the wonderful steed. This is poetically detailed by Pindai, 
 XIII, 89. There was a temple at Corinth dedicated to ’A5>iv« ;)(;;aAiviTij, ‘ Minerva the bridler (lepov r^g Adrimg rng 
 
 XaXivludog. Pausan. ii, 4) which owed its origin to that circumstance. 
 
 * I need only, in general terms, refer to the works of Torremuzza, Paruta, and D Orville. 
 
 ® There are several of this description in Mr. Payne Knight’s collection. See also Torremuzza, ab. 
 
 « Thus, in our Xth coin, the name Heraclides, which wc have considered as that of a public officer or 
 magistrate, occupies a prominent situation. See p. 33. 
 
The female charioteer, on the reverse, holds, in her right hand, an uplifted whip. It 
 is a in the strict sense of the word,’' an instrument with a lash, or thong. In 
 
 other instances, merely a stick, or rod, which, in the former pages, we have denomi¬ 
 nated the goa(P (icevrpov), is to be discerned. 
 
 The ear of corn is a favourite badge in Sicily, and of Syracuse in particular, alluding 
 to the fertility of the country, the attention paid to agriculture, and the worsliip of 
 Ceres. 
 
 A coin, the same, I may say, as ours, is preserved in Mr. Payne Knight’s collection; 
 and another, besides, very like it. Two, resembling it, are published by ToiTemuzza, 
 Tab. Lxxv, n° 8. 9. 
 
 " The whip, was furnished with a lash, or thong. Horn. II. 362. 
 
 '0( VoLtJiOt. TraVTgf l(f rnTTOKTi otupav, 
 
 ’TrsTTKrj'yov •&’ ip.ao'iv, 6iJ.6Kkt]<7av t i7rss(r(nv, 
 ecrcrujU-gvcuf. 
 
 ® The goad, xsvrpov, was an instrument with a sharp point, to urge to speed, where occasion required. In 
 the Electra of Sophocles, it is said, ‘ they spared not their goads.’ 715. 
 
 6jj.ov Sg -TTuvre; avaj«,g|x»yjU.gi/0( 
 
 ’<petdovro xsvrpcov ouSsv. 
 
 Pindar extols the horse of Hiero as being, by nature, so fleet, and spirited, that it required not the goad. Ol. 
 I, 33 — Sgjaaj cMsvTYiTov kv dpo'ixotai Traps^wv. Homer perhaps used the word Kevrpov in a general sense, compre¬ 
 hending the /x-arif under it. He speaks, for example, of some mares that ran, without needing the goad, 
 aviv H^rpou (II. 'k, 387), though the instrument that he commonly mentions, is the 
 
*s 4 
 
 If). 
 
 Dravn. Ijt Del Prate. 
 
 Pn^aved >y Hraxy "Mf'ses. 
 
 ■tJ'-OLD COINS OF SYEACFSllC 
 
 Li?nd4>7i Pci^lisked by SeptUnus 7^ov\e4t f'U3ond dU'i'-’t. 
 
XVI. 
 
 GOLD COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: The head of Diana in profile, looking to the left of the coin. The hair simply 
 arranged : an ear-ring in the ear; a string of pearls round the neck. Behind the 
 neck, a quiver, and a lyre. Inscription : snTEIPA, ‘ the Preserver.’ 
 
 Reverse: The head of Apollo in profile, looking to the right of the coin ; encircled with 
 a wreath of laurel: the hair hanging down in long tresses. Inscription: 2TPAKO- 
 2IX2N, Coin ‘ of the Syracnsians.’ 
 
 We have called this a gold coin, though the metal is what the ancients call Electrum, 
 a mixtirre of gold and silver, in which, however, the gold predominates. The two 
 metals are thus sometimes found combined in nature;^ and it appears, that the 
 ancients artificially imitated this combination. Pliny states the proportion in this com- 
 j)osition at 4 parts gold,^ and 1 silver. The colour resembles that of pale amber, 
 whence it had unquestionably the name ^electriim. Among other uses, this metal 
 
 ‘ My friend and colleague, Charles Konig, Esq. informs me, that it occurs in thin plates and scales, (rarely 
 with traces of crystallisation) on a grey hornstone, and also on compact sulphate of barytes, of a greyish white 
 colour. 
 
 “ N. H. XXXIII, 23. Vol. V, p. 195. ed. Bip. Omni auro inest argentum vario pondere, alibi dena, alibi 
 nona, alibi octava parte — Ubiciinque quinta argenti portio est, electrum vocatur. Another writer, Isidorus 
 (Isidor. Origin, xvi, 23), gives the proportion, 3 parts of gold, and 1 of silver: and in a modern analysis, by 
 Klaproth, who examined this metal, found at Smeof, or Schlangenberg, in Siberia, the proportions appeared 
 
 64 gold 
 36 silver 
 
 100 , 
 
 which makes the silver more than in the foregoing statements. 
 
 3 Electrum (^XsKTpov) is mentioned in Homer; and, according to Pliny, in the passage, before quoted, this 
 is to be understood of the metal, alluded to. Et electro auctoritas, Homero teste, qui Menelai regiam auro, 
 electro, argento, chore, Julgere tradit. If this metal be admitted among the substances, which, according to 
 the poet, adorned the walls of the palace of Menelaus, I should be more inclined to think ofambei, when he 
 speaks of a gold necklace, set with pieces of ^Asxxpov: the alloyed and baser metal would have formed a very 
 poor ornament to a gold necklace. The passage is, in Odyss. <t, 294. 
 
 "Op/xov 8’ ’EupviJi,ux^ TToAuSa/SaAov uvtix' sveois 
 Xpuasov, ^ AexxpoJtrJV lep/xevov, ^sAiov wj. 
 
 I do not, however, deny that the metal, electrum, was known, in very early times, among the Greeks, and 
 used for ornamental workmanship. For Hesiod certainly designates the metal, in his description of the shield 
 
 of Hercules, 139—142. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Xepcl ys jjisv cruMg eiXs 'wavcnoXoV ou8s xij auxo 
 
 OUT sppri^s jSaAwv, our e^Xc((rs, ^ctufiu iSscr^ui. 
 
 TTccv jasv ydp x’jkXco tituvco, Xeuxcp x sXsfuvTi 
 
 ■fjXsxrpoj 5’ uTtoKoL'y^nec er]V . 
 
 A«ju. 7 ro/jt.svov • xuxvou 8s 8(a Trxup^^sj :5 A>;A«vxo. 
 
 Amber, under the name of riXexrpov, was also familiar to the ancients. It occuis in Apollonius Khodius, i;, 
 606; and Dionysius Periegetes calls it ^Xzxrpov 
 
54 
 
 was employed for coins, though not very frequently and such coins were struck at 
 Syracuse: ours is one of them. The use of this metal originates undoubtedly from 
 the time, when the process of purifying the gold ^ was not understood: but, as we 
 have intimated, it was afterwards also artificially composed,^ on purpose to employ it 
 for certain objects. 
 
 The type of this coin, representing, on one side the head of Diana, and on the other 
 that of Apollo, must relate to some event, in the history of Syracuse, in which both 
 deities were supposed to be interested; but of which we have no record. Diana 
 seems to have acted the prominent part: she bears the epithet the Saviour, 
 
 or Preserver. She saved the people from some great calamity, which probably was a 
 pestilence. As the arrows of Apollo and Diana were supposed to cause sudden and 
 overwhelming destruction, when those deities were provoked to anger,^ or, in other 
 %vords, as plague and deadly disorders, were attributed to their wrath, a conception, 
 founded on the presumed influence of the Sun and Moon, on animal life: so, in con¬ 
 sequence of supplication to both, or either, the affliction might be stayed.^ This was 
 the popiflar notion. In the present instance, Diana was the saving divinity, as the 
 epithet,^ given her, declares; and the image of Apollo being added, it is the more 
 
 ■* Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vett. Prolegom. Vol. i, p. xxv. specifies the ancient coins that exist, in this metal. 
 Besides those, however, which he mentions, the small pieces, called hemistaters, should have been noticed, 
 but they were, in the days of Eckhel, more rarely seen in cabinets, than they now are. Some of them are of 
 pure gold, but the greater number, perhaps, of electrum, whence the hemistaters are sometimes altogether 
 called electrums. In the great collection of Mr. Payne Knight, as might be expected, they are to be found; 
 and Lord Viscount Strangford, who is in possession of many valuable Greek coins, collected by him with ex¬ 
 quisite taste and judgment, has among his hemistaters, which amount to near forty in number, no less than 29 
 that are of electrum. With that liberality and condescension, which are peculiar to his Lordship, these were 
 communicated to me for inspection. 
 
 ® Strabo, in speaking of the metals, that were found in Spain, mentions the electrum ; but his information 
 is not very accurate. He says, he has heard, that it is the scoria, or residue, left in the operation of purify¬ 
 ing the gold; which is certainly erroneous. Lib. iii, p. 146, Casaub. 217, Almelov. 
 
 ® Pliny, in the passage, before quoted: Fit et curd electrum, argento addito. Isidorus, as above:— alte- 
 rum metallum, quod naturaliter invenitur, et in pretio habetur; tertium, quod Jit de tribus qiartihus auri, et 
 argenti una, quas partes etiam, si naturam resolvas, invenies. Unde et nihil interest, natum sit an factum; 
 utrumque enim ejusdem naturce est. 
 
 7 This is illustrated by the w'ell knowm description of the plague, in Homer, II. a, 44. and by the destruc¬ 
 tion of the children of Niobe, so fully detailed by Ovid, Met. vi, 165. The males were supposed to fall by 
 the arrows of Apollo, and the females by those of Diana. This distinction, which Ovid makes, is to be met 
 with in Homer. The Grecian soldiery perish by the hand of Apollo; and it is said of Hector (II. w, 758) that 
 he looks like one, slain by the arrows of that god: but when Ulysses asks his mother, in the shades below, in 
 what manner she died, the expression is (Odyss. A, 170), ‘ Has along illness caused your death, or has Diana 
 with her gentle arrows killed you V 
 
 ® Thus Apollo was appeased by the supplications of the Greeks. II. «, 442. 
 
 ® Similar epithets were bestowed upon other divinities, probably from various reasons. The Arcadians, 
 Pausanias informs us, worshipped Proserpine under the appellation of Scuxeipa. viii, 31. Kop)jv Se ’^.wTsipuv 
 xaXoDtnv oi 'ApTicih;. And Strabo observes, that the people of Miletus and Delus had an Apollo ’’OvMoc, that 
 is, a healing Apollo, in which quality, he says, Apollo and Diana w'ere cojoined. Lib. xiv, p. 635 Casaub.— 
 942 Almelov. ’'OuAtov SUAttgAAcoviX xaAoD(r» xtva x«t MiA^trtoj xdi AtjAioi, otov uyiaiix-ov xcc) 'ncx.iwvixoV to yap ouAsiV, 
 vyi«(vs(v.-—’laxixof yap o ’AttgAAcvv, xdi fj ’'ApTsp.i kno xoO apTiiJ.ia; Troiew. xa) 6''HA(0f xa) ri ^eArjvYi <rvvoixsmvTai tovtoi;. 
 
obvious what visitation it was, from which the people were thought to be rescued, by 
 the interposition of the goddess. To both deities the emblem of the lyre is attri¬ 
 buted, which, it is probable, was intended to have a reference to the soothing power 
 of music, and its reputed wonderful effects in curing diseases, to which even the 
 plaguewas supposed to yield. Diana is, besides, distinguished by the quiver; but 
 it is closed, to show, that the ravages of the deadly arrows had been put an end to.“ 
 The countenance of Apollo is placid : it is not the angry god that wields the bow, 
 or exults over a destroyed enemy ; the expression corresponds with the soft charms of 
 music, indicated by the lyre. The laurel wreath, and long tresses are suited to the 
 god, in that character. 
 
 Similar coins are to be found in other collections,^^ though not, in every particular, 
 exactly the same as ours. 
 
 CT» Tlji TTSp'i TOO5 asgocj kl)xpct(rlcci UlTtOI • KM Ta KOtfJilKtK 8s TTCi^r] KCit TOUf CtUTOp-CtTOU^ ^UVUTOl/g TOUTOIJ aVaTrTOUtrf TOlf 
 
 The Latin word Sospita, sometimes written Sispita, seems to answer to the Greek Under that epi¬ 
 
 thet, Juno was worshipped at Lanuvium, and subsequently at Rome ; but what was the origin of that deno¬ 
 mination, we do not know. 
 
 See Plutarch Trepl Mouo-ixljj, 42— ©aXJjTav rbv Kpr,Ta, ov (paa) xari ri -nv^o^pfi^ov AaKSOMixovlov; TrupuyEVOi/.mv hx 
 /xoocrocijj \a(TX(T^M, cacaXKcl^xi ts toD KXTX(Tp(OvrQi Xoifx,ou t^v ^rxpTrjv, KX^MKsq (prjo-i UpuTivu;. 
 
 “ The closed quiver appears to be the particular attribute of Diana ^a>reipx, "Ihus it is seen in the coins 
 of Agathocles. Torrem. Tab. ci, n° 14. 15. 
 
 tSed tu jam mitis, Apollo. Tibull. ii, 5. 79. 
 
 *ExX«yf«v 8’ up' oifo) btt’ y^woiJ.svoiQ, II. u, 46. 
 
 —— longce comae. Tibull. n. 5. 8. Cithara, hitonsoeve coma:. Tib. 11 , o. 12. 
 
 See, for instance, Paruta, Tab. xxxiii, 3. Toi’remuzza, Tab. lxviii, 3. 4. D Orville, Sicula, Tab. iv, 
 9. 10. 
 
{ 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 4 
 
jPlafe 17. 
 
 'r’OLD COIN OF SYMACI'^SE. 
 
 % 
 
 L.'nJun Publu'7fie4l bv SvnUffUi.^: H-ow'tt ^.'r Ol/f Strg^iSs^. 
 
 \ 
 
XVII. 
 
 5 / 
 
 GOLD COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: A fine male head, with a laurel wreath ; behind, an ear of corn. 
 
 Reve7'se: A chariot with two horses ; under the horses’ feet, the Three cojoined Leg,s, 
 the type of Sicily, the three-cornered island. Inscription: STPAKOSIflN, Coin ‘of the 
 Syracusians.’ 
 
 The head, on the obverse of the coin, is evidently the portrait of some illustrious 
 individual, probably of one of the princes of Syracuse: but we do not presume to con¬ 
 jecture, of whom, since the coin itself affords no clue. Though crowned Avith laurel, 
 it is not the head of Apollo, as some appear to have supposed. It has not a single 
 expression of that divinity in its features: and the laurel was assumed by the kings of 
 Syracuse.^ The ear of corn was one of the prominent emblems of the agricultural 
 island, where the coin was struck. 
 
 The Reverse exhibits a victorious biga, which is just clearing the post. The Three 
 Legs are the type of Sicily, the Triquetra, or triangular island,' which terminates in 
 three projectmg extremities, namely, the promontories Pelorus, Pachynum, Lilybseum.^ 
 The two emblems (the ear of corn, and the three legs) which are represented on our 
 coin, but distinct, on the opposite sides, are sometimes found connected together, ears 
 of corn being, as it were, interwoven with the legs.^ 
 
 In the British Museum there is a coin, similar to ours; ® but of smaller size; and in 
 Mr. Payne Knight’s collection there are four, still more resembling it, but every one, 
 apparently, from a different die. In none of these coins, the ear of corn, on the 
 obverse, is added. 
 
 * It is to be seen on coins, on which the name of Hiero, IEPX2NOS, is inscribed, for example in Paruta, 
 Tab. cxLViii, n° 18. cxLix, 23. Torremuzza xcviir, 10. xcix, 6. 7. 
 
 ^ It is thence called Tpivaxpi'x, or Tpimjck, by the Greeks, and described as Tp/ywvoj, or triangular. Strabo 
 begins his account of the island (Lib. vi, c. 2. p. 266, Casaub.—408, Almel.) thus : "Efi 8’ fj 2(xeA/a rpiywvo; tm 
 crp^^fxxTt ' Kx) Sid TOUTO TpivxKpix [J.SV TrpoTspov, TpimKi; S’ viipov TrpoirriyopsvbYj, g,£rovog«(r.&6i(r« evfcavoTspov. In Latin, 
 Tpivaxplx is rendered by Triquetra. Plin. N. H. iii, 14. T. i, p. 233. ed. Bip. Sicilia, Sicania Thucydidi 
 dicta, Trinacria plurihus, aut Triquetra, atrianguld specie. Horace, Serm. ii, 6. 55, has Triquetra proidia, 
 that is, Sicula prcedia, estates in Sicily. 
 
 ® See Strabo, and Pliny, in the passages, just quoted. 
 
 * So they occur on coins of Agrigentum, laeta, Panormus, and those that relate to Sicily generally. See 
 Torremuzza, Tab. xxxviii. XL. 3.4. i, 3. 6. vi, 11. 12. 19. Auctar. Prim. Tab. iv. Paruta, Tab. i, n“ 8. 
 10. II, 12. 14. 16. 20. Ill, 22. 24. 28. iv, 34. 36. 38. 
 
 * It is that, which is described in Mr. Taylor Combe’s Numi, p. 76. n” 3. The head, there, is taken for 
 that of Apollo : Caput Apollinis laureatum. 
 
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 ,x ■*>, vr'-?-,'; „ ; rtj 
 
 Q 
 
 Engraved hy Henry Ma-^es. 
 
 SIILVEM 
 
 COIIT OF SYIRACUSE. 
 
 s 
 
 L^jndon.. PuJ>li<ifi^J hv Septimus Pravt-Jt OUBonAStr<f4tt i8z^. 
 
59 
 
 XVIIl. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Fro7it: A female head, in profile, with a helmet (Minerva) : the hair long, loosely tied 
 together behind ; a plain ear-ring; by the crest of the helmet, a griffin. 
 
 Reverse: Diana, with quiver, and bow, in the act of shooting an arrow; she is accom¬ 
 panied by a dog. Inscriptions : behind the figure, STPAKOSinN, Coin ‘ of the Syra- 
 cusians before, the letters TA 2A. 
 
 We have, on former occasions,^ adverted to the veneration, in which both the god¬ 
 desses, represented on this coin, were held at Syracuse. They are strikingly marked 
 by their attributes. The long hair, and ear-ring distinguish the head of a female, on 
 the obverse; and the helmet declares that female to be Minerva. The griffin, on the 
 helmet, still more defines it: for this fabulous animal is among the accessories, made 
 use of in the representation of that goddess. Thus there were two griffins wrought on 
 the helmet in the celebrated statue of the Parthenon, by Phidias, having between 
 them a sphinx,^ which served for the crest. 
 
 The types afford no historical illustration of the coin; they only signify that it 
 belonged to Syracuse, as the inscription declares. 
 
 The letters TA and S A are the initials of two names; but what these names were, 
 and to what persons they belonged, is not obvious. They may have designated two 
 magistrates, or public officers, under whose authority, and direction, the coin was 
 struck. 
 
 In the collection of Mr. Payne Knight, there is a coin like ours, but not so well 
 preserved : and another somewhat varying in the dress of Diana, and having, instead 
 of TA and 2 A, the letters XAP, as the initials of a different name. Similar coins are 
 to be met with in Paruta, but none with the same initials of the names in question. 
 One has XXl," another HA,^ and a third MI.® And neither these, nor those in Mr. 
 Knight’s collection, exhibit the griffin, on the helmet of Minerva. 
 
 * See p. 41. 51. ^ 
 
 ® Pausan. I, 24. Meo-O) fj-lv ouv eTrlxeirxi o» tco xpuvsi %(pt'yyo; sixmv. — IxxTspov Se rod xpdvovg, ypime; striv srsip- 
 
 yxa-iJisvoi. The griffin occurs on other coins of Syracuse: see, for instance, Torreniuzza, Tab. xxr, n" 9. 11. 12. 
 16, though these engravings do not very distinctly represent it. The bird’s head, on com 19 of that table, is 
 probably meant for the head of a griffin. This attribute of Minerva is also found on gems: see Eckhel, 
 
 Choix de pierres gravees, Plate xviir, and the text, p. 45. 
 
 2 Tab. XXXV, n’ 28. “ Tab. xxxvii, iiM. ^ lb. n" 2. 
 
 L 
 

F/ate 7 /^. 
 
 Hemy Muse*' 
 
 SIILYEIR COIN OIF SYRACUSE. 
 
 LcruJ'^n. Fti^'lisfo^d hv zf-iimu-i T^i>we<( -'V7. Otd Bond. 
 
G1 
 
 XIX. 
 
 SILVER COIN OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Front: A female head, unadorned, wreathed simply with ears of corn. Around the 
 head are placed the four dolphins, of Syracuse, namely, two before, and two behind. 
 Inscription : EYPAK02inN, Coin ‘ of the Syracusians below the neck, the letters 
 ETM. 
 
 Reverse : A chariot with four horses, at speed, driven by a winged male figure, on whose 
 head a winged Victory, flying towards him, is in the act of placing a wreath. She 
 holds, in her left hand, something resembling a staff. The driver keeps the reins 
 with both hands, instead of having a whip, or goad, in the right, as is usual. In the 
 exergue is a head, being probably the remains of the figure of a Triton ; before this 
 head, the letters ET0. 
 
 The head, on the obverse of the coin, is undoubtedly that of Proserpine, who by the 
 ears of corn is distinguished, as the daughter of Ceres. Its youthful appearance 
 declares that it is the KOPA, the daughter, and not the mother. In some Syracusian 
 coins, for instance those of Agathocles, the inscription KOPAE, generally, accompanies 
 the head.^ 
 
 The coin affords no means of forming a conjecture respecting its history: for the 
 letters ETM on the front, and ET0 on the reverse lead to no conclusion. They are 
 the beginnings of two names, which we may guess at; but having so guessed, we have 
 gained nothing : for we remain in ignorance who the persons, signified by those 
 names, were, and when they lived. ETM may be the initials of ETMENHS, and ET0 
 of ET0TMOi:,^ or ET0TAHMOL, or any thing else: but we are not advanced a step, 
 by our supposition. We may assume, that one was the name of a magistrate, and the 
 other that of the artist, who executed the coin: all, however, remains doubtful, and 
 brings us no advantage in our explanation. The winged figure, that drives the cha¬ 
 riot, and which occurs on other coins,'^ must be understood to be an allegorical being, 
 or what is called a genius. 
 
 The figure in the exergue is imperfect: it was that of a Triton, of which now the 
 head only remains. It is seen complete in the coins we shall quote from Torremuzza, 
 and Paruta. The Triton is to be considered as the type of a maritime situation, such 
 as belonged to Syracuse. We have had various emblems of this description, for 
 instance, the water-serpent,^ the dolphin,® the crab,® and prawn. 
 
 Coins, similar to ours, are found in other collections. One, figured by Torremuzza, 
 
 » See Torremuzza, Tab. ci, n° 3. 6. 7—12. Paruta, Tab. clii, m 3—7. 8. 10. 
 
 * Torremuzza says, p. 75:— quae initiales stmt forsaii hominls Euthij7nii. 
 
 ^ See Torremuzza, Tab. lxxii, n° 8. 9. Paruta, Tab. xxxix, n 29. 30. xl, 31 
 
 * See our Plate ii, and p. 5. ® PI. iv, p. 11. ® ft p. .-9. oO. 
 
 7 Tab. LXXII, n® 10. 
 
62 
 
 seems almost to be exactly the same, only that there is something peculiar in the 
 appearance of the winged charioteer, who looks as if he were bearded : but this is 
 probably a defect in the engraving. It is the coin, which is also given in Pellerin’s 
 work.^ Torremuzza has some other coins,^ that resemble ours, but with more devia¬ 
 tions, in some particulars, than the former. In Paruta there are three ; which, how¬ 
 ever, seem to differ somewhat more. They all have the winged charioteer, and the 
 Triton; but in one of them, the letters ET0, on the reverse, are wanting. 
 
 ® Recueil de Medailles, T. iii. PI. cxi, n® 64. * Tab. lxxii, n“ 8. 9. lxxiii, 7. 
 
 Tab. xxxix, n'>29. 30. xl, 31. 
 
Fla/4 20. 
 
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63 
 
 XX. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 This plate exhibits merely the fronts, or obverses of two coins, of which the reverse 
 is the same, namely, a victorious quadriga, the one slightly differing from the other. 
 
 We will distinguish these coins, in speaking of them, the one on the left (as you look 
 at the plate) by the letter A, and that on the right by the letter B. B has the inscrip¬ 
 tion : LTPAKOnON; that in A is partly worn away. We cannot say whether it was 
 the same, as the former, or £TPAKOSIXlN. The O argues a very ancient date.^ 
 
 They represent two female heads, without any attributes, except the four dolphins, 
 the general type of Syracuse. That in A has an ear-ring, which marks it distinctly as 
 female; and the general appearance of the other justifies us in referring it to the same 
 sex. But to neither can we assign a name, from the absence of such characteristics 
 as would serve us for a guide: and we must leave it doubtful, whether they were 
 intended as the ideal representations of divinities, or designed for portraits. 
 
 * See p. IG. 29. 
 
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