FRANKLIN INSTITUTE LIBRARY PHILADELPHIA Class^.'^ .':^.... BooKl^n^ ^lAccEssiONA ^^ ^ ^ REFERENCE Article \ . — The L.ibrary snail De aiviaea mio two uL,A>sh;» ; xiinat comprising such works as, from their rarity or value, should not blent out, all unbound periodicals, and such text books as ought to be md in a library of reference except when required by Committees cthe Institute, or by members or holders of second class stock, whoave obtained the sanction of the Committee. The second class shall irade those books intended for circulation. Article YI, — The Secretary shall have authority to loan to Meters and to holders of second class stock, any work belonging to the sdnd CLASS, subject to the following regulations : Section 1. — Xo individual shall be permitted to have more thzfwo ^ooks out at one time, without a written permission, signed by atast two members of the Library Committe : nor shall a book be kejout more than two weeks ; but if no one has applied for it, the formoor- rower may renew the loan. Should any person have applied for the latter shall have the preference. Section 2. — A fixe of tex cexts per week shall be exacted fthe detention of a book beyond the limited time ; and if a book be n re- turned within three months it shall be deemed lost, and the borver shall, in addition to his fines, forfeit its value. Section 8. — Should any book be returned injured, the borroweriall pay for the injury, or replace the book, as the I^ibrary Committeeiay direct : and if one or more books, belonging to a set or sets, be loahe borrower shall replace them or make full restitution. Article YIL — Any person removing from the Hall, without pois- sion from the proper authorities, any book, newspaper or other prcrty in charge of the Library Committee, sh:.ll be reported to the Commee, who may inflict any fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars. Article VIII. — No member or holder of second class stock, -^se annual contribution for the current year shall be unpaid or whf in arrears for fines, shall be entitled to the privileges ot the Libra or Reading Room. Article IX. — If any member or holder of second class stock, all refuse or neglect to comply wiih the foregoing rules, it shall be theity of the Secretary to report him to ^le Committee on the Library. Article X. — Any Member or holder of second class stock, deted in mutilating the newspapers, pamphlets or books belonging to the -Jti- tute shall be deprived of his right of membership, and the name the offender shall be made public. PRESENTED BY S.Mo: ^ 189^. IMPROVEMENTS IN FOR ROVING, REELING,- SPINNING, WARPING, TWISTING, DRESSING, SPOOLING, WEAVING, That we may know our hook reaches you, please acknowledge receipt by postal card or otherwise. GEORGE DRAPER AND SONS, HOPEDALE, MASS . Copyright, 1881, By GEORGE DRAPER AND SONS. Cambridge Frinted a\ ttit Rizmtdz Press. iH£ GETTY CUtiui LIBRARY -.^ To OUR Customers, THE COTTON MANUFACTURERS OE THE UNITED STATES, WHOSE ENTERPRISE IN TESTING AND ADOPTING VALUABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY HAS STIMULATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORTANT INVENTIONS, THUS IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND DIMINISHING THE COST OF THE FABRICS PRODUCED, 2rf){0, our JFiftf) ©cscn'ptifae (CataloQtte, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. INTRODUCTORY. For about sixty-five years our firm and its predecessors have been engaged in the manufacture, introduction, and sale of improvements in cotton machinery. In 1816 Ira Draper, father of our senior, obtained a patent for a fiy- shuttle hand-loom, which had decided advantages over those then in use. Not long after he invented the well-known Revolving Temple, which was extensively adopted on looms both in this and foreign countries. In 1825 James Draper, then of Wayland, Mass., his oldest son, succeeded to the business, which he followed until 1838, when bought out by E. D. Draper, of Uxbridge, Mass., another son, who had had many years' experience as overseer of weaving. In 1842 he moved to this location, and in 1852 the firm of E. D. & G. Draper was established. In 1868 E. D. Draper retiring, Wm. F. Draper was admitted to the copartnership, which continued under the style of George Draper & Son until 1877, when, with the admission of G. A. Draper, the present firm name of George Draper & Sons was adopted. In 1880 a fourth partner, E. S. Draper, was admitted. Our business, thus begun in a small way, has been grad- ually increased, until it has included improvements in nearly or quite every branch of cotton manufacture. Many of the most important improvements in use have been introduced by us ; and we have undoubtedly owned or had the man- agement of more useful patents on cotton machinery than any other concern in the country. Among such inventions are the Draper Revolving Temple, the best of its day ; the Dutcher Temple, which has since superseded the above, and is so much superior to every other that we have practically the entire market of this country ; the Parallel Shuttle Motion, on which we have owned about a dozen patents, in- cluding that of W. W. Dutcher, the original inventor ; the vi INTRODUCTORY. Thompson Oil Can, which has sustained its supremacy over numerous rivals for more than twenty years ; the Evener for Railway-Heads, which has been universally adopted ; the Shuttle Guide, Let-OfF Motion and Thick and Thin Place Preventer for Looms; the first Self-Oiling Steps and Bol- sters for Spinning ; the Sawyer Spindle, proved by actual tests, and acknowledged by competent judges, to be the best of its class in operation, of which at this writing about a million and three quarters have been sold ; the wonderful New Rabbeth Spindle, recently introduced, but already selling in great numbers ; Draper's Filling Spinner, which is rapidly superseding mules for weft spinning ; the Double Adjustable Spinning Ring, already sold to the number of two millions ; improved Spoolers, with the Wade Bobbin Holder and Laflin Thread Guide, and the Sawyer or ele- vated bolster for their spindles ; Twisters, with the Sawyer or New Rabbeth principle applied to their spindles ; Slasher Warpers with rising or falling rolls, Walmsley's matchless Stop Motion, and an unrivaled Slow Motion ; with many others as widely known. The description of these and our other improvements is the principal object of this book ; but we have added to it tables of much value to the practical manufacturer, which have been carefully revised, corrected, and enlarged from former editions, and other useful rules and information. We believe we are justified in saying, also, that the reader will find herein much sound advice upon the topics of which we treat — the fruit of a large experience and an exten- sive acquaintance with the best cotton machinery build-ers and operators of this country. This book is intended for distribution among treasurers, agents, superintendents, and principal overseers of factories ; and to any such who do not receive it otherwise, a copy will be sent by mail upon application to us. Care should be taken in writing us, to give the name and address of the applicant clearly ; and three letter stamps should be in- closed for postage. We append to this introductory chapter a brief account of our works and the village in which they are located, with directions for reaching us by rail. INTRODUCTORY. vii Hopedale is situated in the southwestern part of Milford, Mass., and comprises some six hundred acres of land along the valley of Mill River, one of the tributaries of the Black- stone. It was settled about the year 1700 by John Jones of Mendon, and remained for over a century the property of himself and descendants. In 1841 it was purchased by Rev. Adin Ballou, in behalf of the then recently formed Hopedale Community. The valley was at that time known as the Dale, to which, as suggestive of great anticipations, the word " Hope " was prefixed. The society was a joint-stock organization, the individual property consisting simply of homesteads and some few personal investments. In March, 1856, after a practical experience of nearly fifteen years, the community, as an industrial institution, ceased to exist, by vote of its stockholders, the smaller ones being reimbursed to a large extent by those better able to bear their losses. At this time its manufactories comprised a one-story machine shop, 20X^0 feet, and a two-story cabinet shop, 40X30, with sheds and outbuildings. The business of the former was continued by E. D. Draper, Geo. Draper, and J. B. Bancroft, under the name of the Hopedale Machine Co., William F. Draper afterwards succeeding the first- named, and by them the present stock company was organ- ized in 1867. Having outgrown their old accommodations, they now occupy in addition a three-story building, 66X 195, besides boiler-house, blacksmith shop, erecting shop, and annealing house, in all 40X220 feet. The Hopedale Furnace Co., consolidated with the Hopedale Machine Co. in 1880, occupies a foundry building 100X70, with wing 20X42, and various pattern houses, etc. The cabinet shop was purchased by W. W. Dutcher & Co., comprising W. W. Dutcher, Geo. Draper, and E. D. Draper, for the manufacture of Dutcher's Patent Loom Temples, the inventor of the same having moved here in May, 1856. This building has been enlarged to nearly double its original capacity, the business being now con- ducted by the Dutcher Temple Co., incorporated in 1867. George Draper & Sons' Spinning Ring Works are located near by, as well as a commodious counting-house occupied viii INTRODUCTORY. by all the companies, and several store-houses and miscel- laneous buildings. At this writing two large brick shops are in process of erection to make room for the extensions demanded by the increase of business in this year of pros- perity. Power is supplied in part by two falls in the Mill River, aggregating about twenty-live feet. At another fall, upon the same stream, and about a mile below, is located the Spindle Manufactory of A. A. Westcott. This is the only other establishment of the kind in the village ; in all the shops of which are employed about three hundred and fifty persons. Hopedale has communication with Milford by coach and by telephone line, the distance to the centre of the town being about one and a half miles. Our post-office address is Hopedale ; but Milford is the nearest telegraph and rail- road station and postal money-order office. The town is the terminus of a branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, connecting at South Framingham with the main line of that road, and also with the Northern Division of the Old Col- ony Railroad. We have also the Hopkinton, Milford, & Woonsocket Railroad, connecting with the Boston & Al- bany Railroad at Ashland, and with the New York & New Enorland Railroad and the Providence & Worcester Rail- road at Woonsocket. The time-tables at present show four trains daily each way on the Milford branch of the B. & A. R. R., and three each way on the H., M. & W. R. R. A coach for Hopedale connects with most of these trains. We may add that our works are but about eight miles' drive from the Whitinsville station on the Providence & Worces- ter Railroad, so that parties can easily reach us from that point. We have been thus explicit in describing our railroad facilities because of the occasional complaint of strangers of difficulty in reaching our works. Mr. Warren W. Dutcher's name was so familiar to the manufacturing community through his various inventions, and he had also so large a list of friends and acquaintances INTRODUCTORY ix among manufacturers, and had been so long associated with us in business, that we feel constrained, in closing this some- what personal chapter, to revert briefly to his lamentexl de- cease, which occurred in January of 1880, after a long il ness. Mr. Dutcher was the author of num.- « inventions which have gone into almost universal use, sue as those embodied in the several forms of loom temples bearing his name and the admirable special machinery for making them, the parallel shuttle motion, and others. His ingenuity, en- ergy, and skill brought him deserved success in business, and in social and domestic life his qualities were such as to command the affectionate esteem of all who were brought into contact with him. With thus much by way of preface, we recommend to our customers and all interested in the cotton manufacture a careful perusal of the succeeding pages. GEORGE DRAPER & SONS. March 1, 1881. CONTENTS. Paqb Spinning 1 The Sawyer Spindle 1 The New Rabbeth Spindle 33 Draper's Filling Spinner 38 Tables, Rules, etc., for Spinners 58 Double Adjustable Spinning Ring .... 71 Doyle Separator 7.5 Weeks Banding Machine 77 KiLBURN Contractor 78 DuTCHER Loom Temples 80 Let-Off Motions 82 Loom Protector 83 Shuttle Guides 83 Stearns' Shuttle Motion 84 Damon's Cut Marker for Slashers . . . .84 Wade Bobbin Holder 85 Laflin Thread Guide 86 Spoolers 87 Skein Spoolers 90 Reels 91 Warpers 92 Twisters 95 The Foss Improvements in Speeders 104 Thompson Oil Can 105 Cotton-Bale Shears 106 The Stanyan Bread Mixer 106 Advertisements 108 So far as we are aware, no manufacturer purchasing our patented improvements has ever paid a dollar to any other party for royalty on any one of them, or to defend himself against claims of infringement. CAUTION. George Draper & Sons and the several companies for whom they are agents, are owners or part owners of about — 9 patents on carding and drawing; • 96 '* " spinning ; besides 21 " " rings and ring-holders ; 13 " " spooling and twisting ; 14 " " warping ; 4 " dressing; 37 " " weaving ; besides 60 " " loom temples ; and 13 " " various other subjects. SPINNING. THE SAWYER SPINDLE. In writing for American manufacturers it is no longer necessary for us to treat of the Sawyer Spindle as a promising experiment, or to print the many testimonials of its value which could easily be accumulated ; and for those who have given it a thorough practical test, a rehearsal of its advan- tages, even, would be superfluous. At this date a million and three quarters in round mnribers i are in use in this country, and daily demonstrating their own superiority. We regard the Sawyer Spindle as by far the most important improvement introduced into the cotton manufacture for many years, considering the effect of its use upon the quantity and quality of product and the cost of operation, and remembering also the importance of the department of spinning in re- spect to the amount of space and power required, the number of operatives employed, the first cost of machinery and the expense of running it, and the influence upon the quality of the finished goods. The advantages gained by the use of the Sawyer Spindle, concisely stated, are as follows: — 1st. An increase of speed is obtained over prior structures, varying from twenty-five to fifty per cent., and averaging, probably, about thirty-five per cent. 2d. Such an increase in speed involves an increase in production per spindle in the same proportion, of course. But as a matter of fact the increase of production is greater than the increase in speed, because of the better opera- tion of the improved machine, it making less breakage and waste and requir- ing fewer stoppages. 3d. As a result of the above, fewer spindles are required for performing a given amount of work, and thus the amount of power required is I'educed. But from the fact that the power per sj)indle is also reduced, it follows that a reduction of say thirty-five per cent, in the number of spindles required for a certain product brings about a reduction of more than fifty per cent, of the power consumed. 4th. A decreased number of spindles to a given product results in a corre- sponding decrease of the number of operatives employed. 5th. A decrease in amount of floor space is, of course, consequent upon in- crease of production per spindle. 7th. The product is evener and stronger yarn, making evener and better goods, and also resulting in a perceptible increase of production per loom and improvement in intervening processes on account of reduction of breakages and knots. These statements are logical and correct. They are not based upon theory, but upon actual comparison of the average performance of common spindles at the date of the introduction of the Sawyer Spindle with the results obtained by the latter at the present day. 1 See list of Sawyer Spindles in use, following this article. Including unfilled orders at this date, and the commoa Rabbeth Spindles in use, swells the number to considerably over two millions. 1 2 THE SAWYER SPINDLE. w 1 Since the issue of our last handbook in ]87fi, a very important improve- ment has been made in the form of the spindle tip (or part above tlie bol- ster), which has added creatly to its" capacity for runniiin; without vibration at hi^h speeds, and brouN AND THE MODIFIED SAWYER SPINNING FRAMES. Revolutions of Revolutions of Hanks per Pounds per Front Roll Spindle Spindle per Day Spindle per Week per Minute. per Minute. of 10 hours. of 60 hours. Com- Sawyer Com- Sawyer Com- Com- mon Spindle. Sawj'er mon Spindle. Spindle. mon Spindle. Spindle. mon Spindle. Spindle. Spindle. 116 130 4600 5100 6.35 7.12 5.442 6.102 114 129 4800 5400 6.24 7.06 4.680 5.298 112 ^ 128 5000 5700 6.13 7.01 4.086 4.673 110 127 5200 6000 6.02 6.95 3.612 4.173 109 126 5400 6200 5.97 6.90 3.258 3.764 108 124! 5600 6400 5.91 6.79 2.856 3.395 104 122 5600 6600 5.69 6.68 2.664 3.084 100 120 5600 6700 5.48 6.57 2.346 2.816 97 117 5600 6800 5.37 6.41 2.148 2.563 97 114 5800 0800 5.37 6.31 2.016 2.367 94 112 5800 6900 5.20 6.20 1.8-36 2.188 92 110 5800 7000 5.09 6.09 1 .722 2.030 89 108 5800 7000 4.93 5.98 1.554 1.888 87 107 5800 7100 4.87 5.92 1.461 1.777 85 106 5800 7300 4.75 5.92 1.3.56 1.691 83 105 5800 7400 4.64 5.87 1.266 1.602 83 103 6000 7400 4.70 5.76 1.224 1.503 82 102 6000 7500 4.59 5.71 1.146 1.427 80 101 6000 7500 4.52 5.65 1.086 1.356 79 100 60,10 7600 4.47 5.65 1.032 1.305 77 98 6000 7600 4.35 5.54 0.966 1 .232 76 96 6000 7600 4.30 5.43 0.924 1.163 75 94 6000 7600 4.24 5.31 0.876 1.100 73 92 6000 7600 4.17 5.20 0 834 1.040 72 91 6000 7600 4 11 5.20 0.798 1 .007 71 90 6000 7600 4.06 5.14 0.762 0.964 70 89 6000 7600 4.00 5.09 0.726 0.925 69 88 6000 7700 3.94 5.03 0 696 0.887 68 87 6000 7700 3.89 4.97 0.6G6 0.852 68 86 6100 7700 3.89 4.91 0.648 0.819 67 85 6100 7700 3.83 4.86 0.618 0.788 66 84 6100 7700 3.77 4.80 0.595 0.758 65 83 6100 7700 3.71 4.74 0.571 0.730 64 82 6100 7700 3.69 4.69 0.553 0.703 64 81 6200 7700 3.69 4.68 0.540 0.084 64 80 6200 7700 3.69 4.62 0.527 0.660 63 79 6200 7700 3.63 4.56 0.506 0.636 63 78 6200 7700 3.63 4.50 0.502 0.614 63 78 6300 7800 3.63 4.50 0.483 0.600 62 78 6300 7900 3.58 4 50 0.466 0.586 61 78 6300 8000 3.52 4.50 0.449 0.574 61 77 6300 8000 3.52 4.44 0.4.39 0.555 60 76 6300 8000 3.46 4.38 0.424 0.536 59 75 6300 8000 3.41 4.33 0.409 0 519 )e case of a mill running eleven hours per day, of course the produc- "en above would be increased one tenth. table may serve, also, to indicate the speeds at which we would recom- unning the Modified Sawyer Spindles on various numbers, under fairly le circumstances. Of course some discretion is to be used in consider- 8 THE SAWYER SPINDLE. m^r this matter of speed, and the wide variations in the twist of warp yarns intended for different purposes must be taken into account. Upon the coarser numbers of yarn, say up to No. 25, the large spindles, carrying a 7^ inch bob- bin, should be used; on finer numbers, or where economy of power is an object, the smaller spindle is advisable. For numbers coarser than lO's we suggest a 2-lnch ring and G or inches traverse; for ]0's to 15's, 1^ inch ring and the same traverse; for 15's to 2()'s, 1| inch ring and the same traverse; 20"s to 30's, 1| inch ring and 5^ to 5^ inclies traverse; and for 30's to 40's, a inch ring and 5 inch traverse. The gauge or distance between centres of spindles, should be, we think, as follows, if tlie highest profitable speeds are to be attained: For warp yarns coarser than No. 35, 3 inches; Nos. 15 to 30, 2| inches; and for finer num- bers it may be 2^ inches. Frames on any of these numbers, with a less gauge than that assigned, should have the Doyle Separator, or Kilburn Thread Contractor to keep con- tiguous ends from striking or '-whipping together," which will otherwise happen when the bobbins are full and the ring rail at the lowest point, if the most profitable speed is to be run, and a traveler as light as is advisable is used. We recommend for warp spinning the common "warp wind," as it is called, from long to short, instead of a filling wind. Although the latter method has its advantages, and is in favor in some mills, the former is prefer- able on account of the greater economy in spooling, as the state of the art now stands. 'Jo get the most yarn on a bobbin, the traverse motion must be so timed as to wind the coils of the first layer of yarn as close together as possi- ble ; as with the ordinary mechanism they will necessarily be laid farther apart as the bobbin fills. THE MECHANICAL SUPERIORITY OF THE SAWYER SPINDLE. We wish to call the attention of all who have any interest in the subject to the fact that the Sawyer ring-spinning structure, viewed wholly from a me- chanical standpoint, presents features of radical diflerence from all other spinning structures; and these differences constitute it in every particular the best among all those which, like it, run in bearings held rigidly in the irame. A few words as to the reasons which support this statement. The most prominent feature to strike the attention in the Sawyer Spindle is the elevation of the bolster, or upper bearing far above its old place in the rail, by means of a supporting tube which carries the bolster at its upper end, and well toward the middle of the bobbin. In the bobbin, of course, a change was necessary to adapt it for this modification, and accordingly we find it counterbored from the bottom nearly or quite half its length to a size sufficient to enable it to drop over the upward extended bolster, and revolve freely about it, thus retaining its former i)Osition relatively to the other parts of the frame. In order fully to appreciate the important results which are attained as a consequence of this elevation of the bolster bearing, it is necessary to consider what work the spindle has to perform, and the different causes which interfere to prevent it from operating well unless they are provided against by a proper construction and combination of all the parts. (To prevent misapprehension, let us repeat here that we exclude from consideration in these remarks the New Kabbeth Spindle, because its theory and construction constitute it an ex- ception to many if not most of the rules which govern the operation of spin- dles supported in rigid, unyielding bearings.) The otiice of the bobbin and spindle as a combined instrument, when in operation, is to give motion through the thread to the traveler, and thus put the twist in the thread and wind it upon the bobbin as fast as twisted. The spindle must sup{)ort the bobbin in proper position with relation to the guide- wire and the traveler, and must give it lotary motion. The bobbin nnist give motion to the traveler by means of the thread, so as to do the spinning, must receive the thread as it is spun, and retain a con- siderable quantity of it until it is removed by spooling. It would be a waste of labor to proceed here with an argument to convince practical men that in MECHANICAL SUPERIORITY. 9 performing these duties the united spindle and bobbin should liave the same axis of rotation, and that that axis should alwaj^s remain in the same ver- tical line; in other words, that the bobbin should neither move nor be bent upon the spindle, nor the spindle be cramped or bent, nor should the two in running gyrate or wabble al)Out at any point, more especially at the top, when put to the severest practical tests. All intelligent manufacturers understand the consequences of such gyra- tion. Heating and rapid wear, excessive consumption of power, uneven and poor yarn, are but part of the evils which ensue, and which set a limit to the quantity and value of the work which may be produced on any but the best spindles. Having defined with sufficient clearness what is to be expected of the spin- dle and bobi)in in operation, let us see how the Sawyer invention resulted in the production of a structure which more nearly fills these requirements than any other of its class. ]. In the first place, the Sawyer structure resists the tendency to gyra- tioii better than any other. To make clear the reasons why it does so, con- sider what forces principally operate to make a spindle bend or gyrate. One of the principal ones, and perhaps the most important of all, is the severe strain brought upon the free end of the spindle projecting above the bolster by the unbalanced centrifugal forces which are developed if the spin- dle is not round and true, or if it is bent or sprung in any way, or if the bobbin is crooked or defective, or the yarn load not evenly and well laid on. In considering this cause of deflection it must not be forgotten that the true test by which to try the endurance of a spi^idle is to put it ai a liujli speed. Almost any will run well if run slowly enough, but centrifugal forces increase not in direct proportion to the speed, but as the square of the velocity, that is, at double the speed the centrifuoal furce is quadrupled. When the speed of the spindle is increased from G,000 to 8,000 revolutions per minute, or one third, the disturbing effect of any want of trueness or balance in spindle or bobbin is increased seventy-seven per cent. This is a sufficient explana- tion of the fact that some of the forms of common spindles yet extant can be made to run at a low speed so as to present a very tolerable appearance while they remain new and well fitted in their bearings. Put them at speeds for which the Sawyer is adapted, and their weak points become apparent at once, especially if they have been run long enough to get down to ordinary working condition. Another agency liable to cause gyration or vibration in a spindle is the side pull of the band which drives it. In ordinary cases the tension of the driving band depends upon the discretion — or rather want of discretion — of some small boy, or other person exercising no judgment in the matter, except to get the band tight enough. We have found bands on connnon spindles pulling as much as sixteen pounds. Such undue tightness is liable to bend the spindle between its bearings enough to cause it to vibrate badly. Each time the knot strikes the whirl, which happens several hundred times a minute ordinarily, a jar is communicated to the spindle, sufficient, if other things cooperate, to throw it into a state of vibration. If the spindle is not strong enough to resist this band strain it camiot run steady when subjected to it. A third cause of unsteadiness in tlie running of a spindle is the pull of the yarn, which will be unequal and unsteady at best, and still more so if the rinofs are eccentric or improperly adjusted. This cause of deflection is of course limited by the breaking strength of the thread; but it is sufficient to start a gyration of the spindle tip, sometimes by itself, and again by acting in con- junction with one or more of the other causes named. This can be demon- strated satisfactorily by simple experiments. Again, it must be rememl)ered that this pull operates with increasing leverage as the wind nears the top of the traverse, so that in a common spindle it will have six or seven inches of leverage through which to act. Tlie same is true of a "Pearl" spindle, so called, and it has a more disastrous effect on such a structure than on any other, because the upper half of the bol)bin is left unsupported by the spindle, and the tendency is not only to bend the bobbin but to loosen its hold on the spindle. 1* 10 THE sawyi:r spindle. These and other kindred causes of fryration are resisted by the Sawyer Spindle, 1 ecause by canyinjr up the bolster the sniiport is practically brought nearer to the load; or. to stiite it in another way, the leverage of the bending force is reduced. How important this change is in enabling the spindle tip to resist bendinf; can hardly be realized without considering the fact that the tendency to bend of. for instance, a cylindrical rod fastened at one end and weiizhted at the other does not increase or decrease in direct proportion to a chance of its length, but varies as the cube of its length. For example, if the length of such a rod were halved, it would bend, theoretically, only one eighth as much as before. This is substantially what is accomplished in the Sawyer as compared with the common spindle, and the reason why it so successfulh' resists the forces which in other spindles cause excessive gyration at lower speeds. 2. At the same time that the elevated bolster of the Sawyer Spindle affords such advantages as have been descril ed in oflering increased resistance to deflection of the spindle from ifs proper position, it operates in at least three ways to reduce the causes of such deflection or bending. In the first place, when a spindle whose bobbin is supported entirely above the bolster betrins to bend away from its vertical position, there will be a cer- tain part of the weiirht thrown to one side, tending to cause more bending from unbalanced centrifugal force. But in the case of the Sawder Spindle, such a bendiiitr would throw the upper part of the bobbin to one side of the axis, and the lower part to the opposite side: the trouble tending to cure itself from the very nature of the structure. Ane to sixteen pounds pull to do the same work. Just think of ap|)lying sixteen times as much power to one spindle as to another in the same frame! Spindles witii small bearings like the Saw\er do not need tight bands to drive them. A band pulling one pound upon the whirl will drive a Sawyer Spindle up to speed, as we know by experiment. This is perhaps too low a PO WEK — D YNAMOMETER TESTS. 13 figure to be practical, but the average tension of bands on such spindles should not be above two pounds. But what is the custom generally pre- vailing? We find in various mills Sawyer Spindle bands pulling on an aver- age five or six pounds, and frequent single instances of bands at a tension of ten or twelve pounds, which is more tlian is required by the old common heavy spindles. No doubt even this is exceeded; since we hear stories of bands being tightly tied on the spindles and pried on to the whirl with a screw-driver or other convenient implement. True, there are instances where the overseer appreciates the matter and gives personal attention to securing as nearly as possible an even and proper tension, but these cases are by no means universal. In order better to appreciate the importance of this matter of banding, let us look for a moment at its effect upon power consumed : — Suppose a frame of Sawyer Spindles running at a speed of 7,000 revolutions per minute, with an average band pull of two pounds. A fair estimate of the power for the frame is 4.400 foot pounds per second per spindle. Of this, about 60 per cent., or 2.640 foot pounds, would be due to the cylinder and spitidles. If now the band pull were increased to three pounds, we find by computation that the power required would be increased about 0.350 foot pounds, or 13 per cent. If increased to 4 pounds, the increase of power li 5 " " " « 6 a n u u 7 u u 8 u tiling was completely out of order, the water-wheel not ex- cepted. I commenced helping balance the water-wheel. I worked some in the repair shop, and I personally helped start every machine in the mill, from the picker to the loom, with my own hands. We started the mill up to make the same numbers of yarn and the same kind of cloth made at the Crown and Eagle Mills I have before mentioned, the proprietor being the same. This was a hard thing to do on the machinery we had, and was the best school to learn to get along under difficulties I ever encountered. At the age of seventeen I had charge of the looms and the dressing and preparing tlie cloth for the market. " My next place of residence where I went to work in the mill was at a place called Three Rivers, in Massachusetts, a mill owned by the Palmer Company. This mill was then one of the most prominent mills in the country for its size and the character of the work produced. It contained two hundred and fifty looms or thereabouts. The warp was No. 42, I think, and the filling No. 50. I shortly became ovei'.«eer of weaving, and remained there about five years. The agent was one of the most promiLient and best practical manufacturers of that day. He used to discuss with me every point in the economy of cotton manufacture. " While there I made my first invention on which a patent was secured, it being an improvement on the revolving temple, so called, of which my father was the original inventor. That patent went into the hands of my brothers, and hundreds of thousands, or more than one hundred thousand pairs were sold, and the inven- tion was worth not less than $^50,000 to those who controlled it. Not long iifter that patent was granted, my brother came to see me and got me to take hold, with him, of some improvement in what were termed jaw temples, and I made an ar- rangement with him to leave the mill and travel among manufacturers, to intro- duce the different kinds of temples that he and I were interested in. I spent about a }ear, as I recollect, in that way, and not having an interest in the revolving temple which was established, I sunk all the money I had previously laid aside, and got into debt some besides. I then went to work in the Massachusetts Cotton Mills at Lowell, as fourth hand in the weaving room, at five shillings a day. Alter working awhile at that rate, I was able to rent a tenement belonging to the corpo- ration, at the rate of 8r25 a }ear, in the second story of a brick block, and while at work under these circumstances, my oldest son and present partner, A\illiam F. Draper, was born. I worked there for about a couple of years, never having re- ceived during that time over SI. 25 per day. "I next went to work, in 1843, for Edward Harris, at Woonsocket, R. I. My work there was to kt-ep the fancy looms and other looms for weaving fancy cassi- meres and other cloths in order, lie made mostly woolen goods, fancy cassimeres ; he also made nther goods, cotton warjjS and woolen filling. "I next went to work to superintend a single cotton mill belonging to the Otis Company at Ware, Mass. The mill at that time was making denims, blue warp and white filling, the yarn being about No. 12. They were building two new mills at the time, one to contain two hundred and the other two hundred and seventy- five looms. As soon as the one containing two hundred looms was completed, or soon after it was completed, I was given charge of that also. After working a year or two, or I think it was three or four \ears, 1 left for about a year, during which time I again traveled among the various cotton mills of New England and the Middle States, to introduce various improvements. I returned then again to Ware, and took charge of lour mills, all belonging to the Otis Company, on various styles of goods, and containing in all about thirty thousand spindles. I dou"t know the exact number. I continued in that employment till some time in the spring or summer of 1852, when 1 left and took hold with my brother, E. D. Draper, of the business of in- troducing such things as he tiien had among manufacturers, and in 1853 I moved to Ilopedale where I now live, and since that time I think I have spent more than half my niglits, and I know 1 have more than half my days, in the different cot- ton manufacturing establishments in New England and in the Middle States and on 1113' way to and from them, and in other ways connected with the business of im- proving cotton machinery. I think since that time I have secured more than forty patents on inventions of my own in endeavors to improve such machinery. I think I have paid nearly hall a million dollars to inventors for their different in- ventions aud royalties on them, and spent neaiiy or quite as much more on ex- periments and expenses in introducing the various inventioi;s that I am and have been interested in. My ambition and aim has been to so improve the cotton ma- chinery of this country as compared with others as to enable us to compete with 16 THE SAWYER SPINDLE. foreign nations, in spite of a higher cost of labor, for tlie markets of tlie world, and I believe I could get a vote of the treasurers and superintendents of the cotton mills of New England that the improvements I and chose associated with me have introduced and the efforts we have made have raised that standard more than twenty per cent. " 1 find in all cases, almost without exception, that all of the principal machine shops are opposed to the introduction of improvements, for the reason that it is very costly for them to make the necessary changes, and it takes the personal atten- tion of the leading men to the details that are required, and every point has to be considered ; while in order to duplicate machinei-y they have only to give the order, the patterns and the drawings and everything being ready for it and their hands being accustomed to do it. Int. 3. Who have been your partners and what the styles of your firms since 1853, and what classes of^cotton machinery have you principally manufact- ured since then ? " Ans. We have done business a portion of the time under the firm of E. D. & G. Draper ; a portion of tlie time under the name of George Draper alone, I be- lieve ; afterwards, under the name of George Draper & Son, and now under the firm name of George Draper & Sous. " 1 have also been connected with other partners in manufacturing some ma- chinery and am connected with three or four corporations formed under the gen-, eral laws of Massachusetts for manufacturing machinery now. Among those cor- porations are the Hopedale Machine Company, the Sawyer Spindle Company, the Ilopedale Furnace Company, and the Dutcher Temple Company. We have not engaged in making new machinery generally, though we build new machines in various departments. Our principal work has been in making the necessary parts to adapt our improvements to machinery already in use. By this means we get the manufacturers acquainted with the operation of the improvements ; then when they order new machinery of the principal shops they will demand that those improvements be incorporated in the new machines. For instance, in in- troducing the Sawyer Spindle we have made the parts necessary to take tlie old spindles out of the frames and put the Sawyer in their places to the number of over four hundred thousand spindles,! nearly as many as all the principal shops have built in connection with new machinery. We don't build new frames to compete with them in the market and take away their business, because we want them to adopt our improvements. We build, however, for looms nearly or quite all the tem- ples used in tlie country and have done so for years. I think we have built more warp- ing machines than all other shops put together for the last five years. We are also building twisters, spoolers, and various other machines and parts of machines u.«ed in cotton manufacture, and we have now on our account books the names of al- most all the cotton manufacturers of the United States of any prominence. " Int. 4. When did you begin to engage in the manufacture and introduction of the Sawyer Spindle, and what efforts did you make and cause to be made to pro- mote its adoption by the cotton mills ? " An':. I began to make the arrangements to build and introduce Sawyer Spin- dles in the month of February, 1871. I had previously seen the Sawyer Spindles running in a frame in the Appletoo Mills at Lowell not long before. I was invited to see this frame by Mr. Jacob II. Sawyer, agent of the Appleton Company. He had invited me to see the frame, as he told me, with the intention, if I approved of it, of getting me or my firm to take an interest in its introduction into use. I went into the mill to see the frame ; I did see it, and was astonished at what 1 saw. I did not fully understand its construction, but to see so small a spindle carrying so large a bobbin with such a heavy load of yarn upon it seemed almost incredible. I went to the frame, and the first thing I did was to put my thumb-nail under the bottom of the bobbin as it was running on the spindle and lift up tlie bobbin about half an inch, then take my thumb away from it and it dropped down into place again. I then raised it up still higher and repeated the operation several times, and in all cases it settled back to its proper position, and continued doing its work well and properly. From that moment I had as full faith that a spindle constructed sub- stantially like that would take the place of all other ring spindles, as 1 have to-day after having sold a million of them, and seen very few sold in this country or any other that do not have the principle of raising up the step bearing and bolster beanng to keep a suitable distance between them in proportion to the distance of the top of the bobbin above the bolster, and at the same time reducing the bolster and step bearings to the smallest size consistsnt with properly supporting the bob- bin and its load of yarn, which both spindle and bobbin are made to carry. I imme- diately entered upon the matter of making an arrangement with Mr. Jacob II. Sawyer above spoken of, then went to work with all my mind, might, and strength 1 This was in 1878. ACCOUNT OF ITS INTRODUCTION. 17 to get these spindles, bobbins, bolsters, and steps in the best form for practical use, and also commenced showing the new spindle to the principal cotton mill engineers and all the principal manufacturers of machinery, as well as all others interested in cotton manufiicture. Such an interest was created in the matter that I think about the first of March the board of government of the New England Cotton Manu- facturers' Association had become so interested in the matter that they invited Mr. Sawyer and myself to prepare some matter on the subject of spinning, having ref- erence to the new spindle with proper steps and bolsters, to be put before the meet- ing of said association to be held on the 19th of April of tliat year. They also sent notice to all the members of said association, which consists of a large number of treiisurers, agents, and superintendents of cotton mills in Xew England and the Middle States, and even quite a number from the South, and when the meeting took place Mr. Sawyer made an address, which has been put in evidence as Exhibit 94. This discussion, and what I and my associates had previously done, excited such an interest in the Sawyer Spindle as I had never seen in the case of any former im- provement. It was universally admitted to be of the utmost importance. " It would be tedious for me to undertake to detail all that I did diu-ing that February, March, April, May, June, July, and August, but I did all that I was ca- pable of doing to introduce the spindle properly into actual use, and to call people's attention to the advantages to be derived from it. I will state, however, that I first went to an experienced spindle maker of good reputation ; I told him that I wanted he should prepare to make a million spindles ; I told him I should n-t want them all at once, but I was sure that I should want them sooner or later, probably faster than he could make them ; but first I wanted a few samples, and as soon as I got them I should order several thousand spindles. I told him that I wanted them made of the best steel that could be procured, and in the best man- ner. ^Vhen we got the spindles, I made up my mind to test them by running them nine thousand turns a minute, some fifteen hundred or two thousand turns faster than we intended to run them in actual use, and I told him that all that would not bear that speed and run steadily would be rejected. I tliink I was the first to introduce that way of testing spindles, and that it has been quite generally adopted by the best spindle-makers in this country and in England. Their cus- tomers require tests to be made in this way. I know they do in some instances. " My next endeavor was to secure good bobbins, one of the most diflBcult things to procure compared with the best possible, that there is used in connection with cotton machinery. I went to Messrs. Parker & Cheney, of Lowell, Mr. Cheney hav- ing been superintendent of the Merrimack Mills, and au old acquaintance of mine. I told them I wanted to engage a hundred thousand bobbins ; I did n't want them all delivered at once, but I wanted them to understand that they would have an opportunity to make enough for me to pay them well for making such new tools as would be required, and for getting a suflicient amount of stock on hand as would enable them to fill orders promptly. 1 told them that I thought the bobbins as usually made were entirely unfit for the use the}- were intended for, and I asked them what proportion of the whole number they made would need to be thrown out upon being tried on a single spindle running nine thousand turns a minute, in or- der to have those not rejected run properly. They told me they thought twenty- five per cent., and they said they never couid afl'ord to do it, because people were bound to buy bobbins at the lowest price. I told them the bobbins that would not run true were worth far more to them for fire-wood than they would be to their customers to use upon spindles. I told them to add twenty-five per cent, to their prices, have a spindle put into their shop, test every bobbin themselves before it left the shop, at nine thousand turns a minute, and 1 should instruct our custom- ei-s to order their bobbins with the understanding that all that would not bear that test would be rejected and returned to them. ''I then, feeling it in my bones that this thing had got lo come into general use, reflected upon the best size to m.ake, lor instance, the step-bearing. I alteied the form of the step-bearing by making it what I teimed a jcmxal bearing, so as to bear the side pull of the band upon the spindle, small as the step bearing is. I had also to consider the size of the bolster bearirg to have that sufliciently large to support the spindle, with all the contingencies it vv::s suljected to, without being so large as to consume an unnecessary au.ount of power. I established the size of this step tearing against the protests of such machine builders as the superinten- dent of the Whitin Machine Woiks ai.d William H. Thcn pson, who bad teen at the head of the Saco Water Power and Machine Crn pan}, and various others, I might say almost all other machine shops, and neither the size of the bolster or step bearing as established for spindles carrying bobbins for a five-inch traver.'e has been changed from that day to this, and Mr. Taft, superintendent of the 'Whitin Machine Works, who has put in hundreds ot thousands of these spindles for his 18 THE SAWYER SPINDLE. customers, told me within a fortnight that he opposed my introducing the step bearing as small as it is in my interest, believing it would not work well, but that it was now proved that I was right and he was wrong. " I also fixed the position of the step rail with reference to the bolster rail just so as to enable the spindles to be properly supported, and taken out and put in con- veniently, and th:it standard has been adopted and adhered to on Sawyer frames generally, and others, seeing the advantage, have copied it and profited by it. I also fixed and had steam gauges made, plugs for the sizes of the holes in the bolster and step rails ; and I did so many things that I shall not try to tell all ; but one thing I am sure 1 did : I succeeded in attracting the attention of cotton manufacturers to the advantages to be derived from having an extended bolster, a bolster extended upwards from the bolster rail, and the bringing up the step bear- ing as near as possible to the whirl, leaving the step and bolster bearings as far apart as was necessary to steady the spindle and bobbin at their tops, and at the same time have the bolster bearing in such a position that it would not communi- cate heat to the bolster rail, and both bearings so small that when the spindle was run at a high rate of speed the amount of friction was too small to generate heat to any injurious extent."' Int. 6. Of what manufacturers of cotton machinery did you call the atten- tion to the Sawyer spindle during the early part of the year 1871? Ans. I understand this question to call for those that 1 called the attention of it to outside of the meeting of the Cotton Manufacturers" Association. I called the attention of Amos D. Lockwood to it, I think ; at any rate, I consulted him about it. and he ordered two frames to be built by the Saco ^\'ater Power Company shop early in April, 1871. if I now recollect : it might have been earlier than that. He is one of the most prominent cotton mill engineers in the country. I have en- joyed his acquaintance for about forty years. I consider his judgment excellent ; his experience as a practical manufacturer is second to none that I know of, and I counseled with him about the success of the spindle. He ivent to Lowell to see the frame that was running in the Appleton Mills. He has since built a large mill of about 30.'X)0 spindles, called the Lockwood Mills, at Waterville, Me. He adopted the Sawyer Spindle. lie has just finished building, I think, one or two mills in the South, one of lO.OiX) spindles, and he has adopted the Sawyer Spindles for warp and filling both. ■' I saw Mr. George Kilburn, the superintendent of the Lonsdale Company, and also his son, Mr. Edward Kilburn. They were having at the time frames built for 4,000 spindles or thereabouts, — 2.CiO0 for the Ashtou Mill, by the Whitin Machine Works, 2,000 for their other mill, the Lonsdale Mill, by 3Iessrs. Fales, Jenks & Sons. I understood the question to call for the manufacturers of cotton cloth, as well as machinery, up to this time in my answer, but my attention being called to the exact question I now answer it. ■■ I called the attention of the Whitin Machine Works or the managers of the Whicin Machine Works, of Messrs. Davis & Furber, of North Audover, of the Lowell Machine Shop, of the Saco Water Power Machine Shop, of what was then Marvel & Da vol. Fall River, of Fales, Jenks & Sons, Pawtucket. R. I., of the Lanphear Machine Company, of Phoenix, R. I., of the Franklin Foundry and Ma- chine Company, ot Providence, R. I., of the Mason Machine Works, of Taunton, Mass. I think every shop mentioned has built more or less Sawyer Spindles since that time, or frames to contain Sawyer Spindles, except Mason, of Taun- ton. " Int. 7. Besides calling the attention of manufacturers of cotton machinery to the Sawyer Spindle, and the attention of the oflBLcers and employees of cotton mills at the meeting of the New England Cotton Manuf icturers" Association, as you have mentioned, what further efforts did you personally make to spread the knowledge of the Sawyer structure among those most likely to be interested in it? I speak of the early period between February and August. 1871. '■ Ans. I had some small frames made that would represent the position of the bolster and step rails, so as to cont^iin a single spindle with its step and bolster. I am inclined to think that one of the first made was used by Mr. Sawyer to explain the Sawyer Spindle at the meeting of the Manufacturers" Association. April 19, 1871 ; I think it was made long prior to that time. I had one made for my own use, somewhat similar, which I carried with me wherever I went, into the cars, into the offices, into the mills, and into machine shops. I called the attention of all likely to be interested in it to the arrangement of the spindle in season, and. I am afraid, sometimes out of season. I also procured, as soon as possible, an old ring spinning frame, and had it sent to our shop, and had it fitted up with the NUMBER IN OPERATION. 19 Sawyer Spindles ; and we ran it ^here, and spun yarn on it. We (meaning; I and my associates) called the attention of all the leading machinists and manufacturers to the fiict that we had such a frame, fitted up with the Sawyer Spindles, in oper- ation there, and invited them to call and see it in operation. Quite a large number of the leading machinists and manufacturers came to see it, including some from a greater distance. We sent the frame to the Thorndike Company's mill, at Thorn- dike, Mass., about the 22d of May, 1871. We then invited those that felt an in- terest to call there and see it in operation. I think by the 1st of July, 1871, we had a frame running at the Appleton Company's mill, in Lowell, Mass. ; a frame ruaning at the Thorndike Mill, at Thorndike, in the town of Palmer, Mass. ; one, if not two, I think two, at the Quinebaug Company's mill, at Dauielsonville, Conn. These last were ordered by Amos D. Lockwood. We had nearly 2,000 spindles running at the Ashton Mill, Ashton, 11. I. ; about 2,000 spindles running at the Lonsdale Company's mills, Lonsdale, R. I. ; T think we had one frame running at the Social Company's mill, Woousocket, II. I. ; also one frame running at (i. Bal- lon & Son's mill, at Woonsocket, R. I. ; and 1 think we had quite a number of frames running at the Pontiac Mill, at Pontiac, R. I. " I remember saying so much about the matter that Mr. Goddard, of Providence, who represented the firm of Brown & Ives, said that people told him I had a bee in my bonnet on the subject of spindles : and even Oliver Pearl, one of the com- plainants in these cases, told me he would give me the credit of having stirred up the manufacturers, and convinced them, many of them, that they could not afford to use the old form of spindle. " SAWYER SPINDLES IN OPERATION JANUARY 1, 1881. Lonsdale Co., Lonsdale, Ashton, and Hope, R. I., and Blackstone Mass Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. Boott Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass. Harmony Mills, Colioes, N. Y. Tremont & Suffolk Mills, Lowell, Mass. Social Manufacturing Co., Woonsocket, R. 1. Coclieco Manufacturing Co., Dover, N. H. . Union Cotton 3Ianufacturing (jo.. Fall River, Mass. Hamilton Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. . B. B. & R. Knight, Pontiac, White Rock, and Fiskeville, R. I., and Readville, Mass. ..... Grosvenordale Co., Grosvenordale, Conn. Wampaiioag Mills, Fall River, Mass. Stark Mills, Manchester, N. H. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., Manchester, N. H. Pocasset Manufacturing Co., Fall River, Mass. Chicopee INIanufacturing Co., Chicopee Falls, Mass. Lawrence Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. Hill Manufacturing Co., Lewiston, JNIe. Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass. Appleton Co., Lowell, Mass. King Philip Mills, Fall River, Mass. Newmarket Manufacturing Co., Newmarket, N. H York Manufacturing Co., Saco, Me. . William S. Slater, Slatersville, R. I. Nashua Manufacturing Co., Nashua, N. H. Barnard Manufacturing Co., Fall River, Mass. Everett Mills, Lawrence, Mass. Cabot Co., Brunswick, Me. .... Boston Duck Co., Bond's Village, Mass. Lockwood Co., Waterville, Me. Washington Manufacturing Co., Gloucester City, N. J. Flskdale Mills, Fiskdale, Mass. Kearsarge Mills, Portsmouth, N. H. Renfrew Manufacturing Co., Adams, Mass M. Gaiubrill & Co., Wilmington, Del. Falls Co., Norwich Conn 20 THE SAWYER SPINDLE. Clinton INIaiiufacturiiig Co., Woonsocket, R. I. . . . . 11,688 Newburgh Steam Mill, Nevvburgh, N. Y. 11,520 Warren Cotton Mills, West Warren, Mass. .... 11,370 Atlantic Mills, Providence, K. I 11,328 Boston Manufacturing Co., Waltliani, Mass. .... 11,264 IMassachusetts Cotton Mills, Lowell, Mass 11,258 Jackson Co., Nashua, N. II. . . . . . . . 10,960 Poneniah ]Mill, Taftville, Conn 10,880 Troy C. & W. Manufactory, Fall River, Mass 10,400 Grauiteville IMaiuifacturing Co., Graniteville, S. C. ... 10,344: AVillianisville iManufacturing Co., Killingly, Conn. . . . 10,149 Peabody IMills, Newburyport, Mass. ...... 9,984 Kobeson Mills, Fall Kiver, Mass. ...... 9,947 H. N. Slater Manufacturing Co., Webster, Mass. .... 8,544 Cronipton Co, Cronipton, K. I. . . . . . . 8,512 Bernon Manufacturing Co., Georgiaville, R. 1 8,447 Albion Co., Albion, R. 1 8,208 Pequot jNIanufacturing Co., Montville, Conn ' 8,004 Lawrence Duck Co., Lawrence, Mass. ..... 7,936 Powhatan Mills, Putnam, Conn 7,840 Forestdale Manufacturing Co., Forestdale, R. L . . . 7,680 David Trainer & Sons, Lin wood Station, Pa. ..... 7,680 China Manufacturing Co., Suncook, N. H. . . . . 7,552 Quinebaug Co., Danielsonville, Conn. ...... 7,424 James G.^Shaw, Philadelphia, Pa. . . . . . . 7,392 Palmer Mills, Three Rivers, Mass. ....... 7,392 North Povvnal jNLanufacturing Co , North Pownal, Vt. . . 7,344 Richmond Manufacturing Co., Newport and Bristol, R. L . . 7,312 Saratoga Victory Manufacturing Co., Victory Mills, N. Y. . . 7,200 Bartlett Steam IMills, Newburyport, Mass 7,104 Shetucket Co., (Jreenville, Coim. ...... 7,072 Chace Mills, Fall River, Mass 6,720 Dwight Mainifacturing Co., Chicopee, INIass. . . . 6,656 Fitchville Manufacturing Co., Fitchville, Conn. .... 6,578 Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Augusta, Ga. ..... 6,560 Freeman INIanufacturing Co., North Adams, Mass. .... 6,490 Williamstowu Manufacturing Co., Williamstown, Mass. . . 6,480 Harris Manufacturing Co., Phoenix, R. I. .... . 6,353 Oriental Mills, Providence, R. 1. ..... . 6,273 Monument Mills, Housatonic, Mass. ...... .6,260 Gates Brothers, Charlotte, N. C 6,240 N. D. White, Winchendon, Ma.ss 6,004 Wauregan Mills, Wanregan, Conn. ...... 0,010 i^vansville Cotton Maiuifacturiiig Co., Evansville, Ind. . . . 5,888 Providence Steam Mills, Providence, R. L . . . . 5.798 Border City Mills, Fall River, Mass 5,788 Han)ilton Woolen Co., Southbridge, INIass. .... 5,776 Robert Adams, Birmingham, Coim. . . . . . .5,616 A. A. Van Alen„Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y 5,504 J. P. Crozer's Sons, Chester, Pa. 5,208 Willimantic Linen Co., Willimantic, Conn. .... 5,200 Uncasville Manufacturing Co., Montville, Conn 5,140 Greenville Manufacturing Co., Florence, Mass. .... 5,008 R. & H. Adams, Pattrson, N. J 4,992 Atlanta Cotton Factory Co., Atlanta, Ga. .... 4,952 Moss Manufacturing Co.. Westerly, R. I. . . . . ." 4,730 Ocean Mills Co., Newburyport, INIass. , . . . • 4,592 lloiyoke Warp Co., llolyoke, INIass. ...... 4,576 Union INlanufacturing Co., F^llicott City, Md. .... 4,480 Central Mills Co., Southbridge, Mass. 4,376 Woonsocket Co., Woonsocket, R. I. ..... 4,368 Osborn Mills, Fall River, Mass 4,352 NUMBER IN OPERATION. 21 Monadnock Mills, Claremont, N. H 4,22+ Santiago Stephens, Tepic, Mexico ...... 4,224 G. W. Chadwick, Chadwick's Mills, N. Y 4,108 Charles Wild, Valatie, N. Y 4,016 Yale Mills, Nashua, N". H 3,844 Montauk Steam Cotton Mills, Sag Harbor, L. T. . . . . 3,840 Merchants' Manufacturing Co., Fall Kiver, Mass. . . . 3,837 West Bovlston Manufacturing Co., West Boylston, Mass. . . 3,744 Thomas Si. Holt, Haw Eiver, X. C 3,516 Flint Mill, Fall Kiver, Mass. ....... 3,486 Uxbridge Cotton Mills, North Uxbridge, Mass 3,424 Charles Albro, Taunton, Mass. ....... 3,376 Piedmont Manufacturing Co., Piedmont, S. C 3,376 J. P. & J. G. Ray, Woonsocket, R. 1 3,120 Arkwright Manufacturing Co., Arkwright, R. L . . . 3,072 E. W. Hoi brook, West Boylston, Mass 3,040 W. C. Pluukett & Sons, Adams, Mass 2,960 Quequechan Mill, Fall River, Mass 2,912 L. Briggs, Son & Co., Haydenville, Mass 2,864 G. W." West & Son, Ballston Spa, N. Y 2,864 Annisquam Mills, Rockport, Mass. ...... 2,-592 Yermont Mills, Noi'th Bennington, Yt. ..... 2,592 Alanson Steere, Rockland, R. 1 2.560 Clinton Yarn Co., Clinton, Mass. ...... 2,500 Harris Woolen Co., Woonsocket, R. 1 2.424 Quidnick Co., Arctic Mill, Riverpoint, R. 1 2,304 Danielsonviile Cotton Co., Danielsonville, Conn. . . • 2.216 Jackson Mill Co.. Fiskville, R. I 2,192 L. B. & L. S. Holt, Graham, N. C 2,160 Manchester Mills, Manchester, N. H. . . . • . . 2.048 Hold, White & Williamson, Graham, N. C 2,016 Matoaca Manufacturing Co., Petersburg, Ya. . . . • 2,010 J. F. Slater, Jewett City, Conn 1,920 Hampden Mills, Holyoke, Mass 1,872 Lowell Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. ..... 1,872 H. D. Hall, North Bennington, Yt 3,872 Woodlawn Mills, Pin Hook, N. C ^ . 1,840 New Hartford Cotton Manufacturing Co., New Hartford, N. Y. . 1,836 Kinderhook Co., Kinderhook, N. Y. . . . . . . 1,536 Central MauHfacturing Co., Central Yillage, Conn. .... 1,536 Sagamore Mills, Fall River, Mass 1,536 J. A. Hovey, Ballston Spa, N. Y 1,504 Narragansett Mills, F-Al River, Mass 1,440 Columbian Manufacturing Co., Southbridge, Mass. . . • 1,409 Newton Mills. Newton Upper Falls, Mass. .... 1,408 Macon Manufacturing Co., Macon, Ga. ...... 1,235 Canada Cotton Manufacturing Co., Cornwall, Ont. . . . 1,233 J. William Lewis, Chester, Pa. 1,232 Plymouth Woolen and Cotton Co., Plymouth, Mass. . . . 1,152 Houston Factory, Houston, Texas ...... 1,050 M. Gambrill, Sons & Co., Baltimore, Md 1,008 Davidson & Grant, Gibsonville, N. C 1,008 Warren Manufacturing Co., AYarren, Md 1,0U8 Sample frames and lots under 1,000 ...... 32,582 Total 1,715,58G 22 THE PEARL- SAWYER PATES T SUIT. THE PEARL-SAWYER PATENT SLIT. As a matter of substantial interest to manufacturers, we reprint the opinion of his honor. Judge Lowell, in the equity suits brought by Messrs. Pearl and Battles against the Appleton Company and the Hamilton Manufacturing Com- pany, of Lowell, in which certain Sawyer and other structures were alleged by the complainants to infringe the Pearl reissue patent of September 1, 187-4. A few words as to the circumstances of these suits. The ordinary Sawyer structure used by the companies named was sold under the guaranty of the Sawyer Spindle Company, so that this company was the real defendant, and the defense was in our hands. The claim of in- fringement included, in addition to the ordinary Sawyer warp and filling structures, two or three special forms of bobbins which extended above the tops of their spindles and were not included under the guaranty given to the Appleton and Hamilton companies. For convenience' sake, however, the de- fense included these special forms. The suits were brought on the 12th of July, 1877, by Oliver Pearl and Joseph P. Battles, for alleged infringement by the manufacturing companies above named of reissue letters-patent Xo. 6036, granted the complainants September 1. 1874. for improvement in spindles and bobbins for ring spinning. The taking of evidence before an examiner was begun on the first of January, 1878. and concluded in July of 1870; and the arguments were made in Feb- ruary of 1880. The evidence, briefs, and arguments aggregated nearly forty- five hundred printed pa^es ; which made the task of the learned judge, to whom this mass of matter was submitted, no trifling one. The counsel for com- plainants were D. H. Kice of Boston and Benj. F. Thurston of Providence; for defendants. Messrs. George L. lioberts and Chauncey Smith of Boston. Drawings of the Sawyer structures referred to in the decision will be found upon the next two pages. It will be seen that the special bobbins above re- ferred to, which were not included in the guaranty of the Sawyer Spindle Company, are held by the court to infringe. These bobbins are shown in section in the illustrations, marked respectively Exhibits I, H and J, and M. The regular Sawyer structure, however, as illustrated by the drawings marked respectively Exhibits B and K. is declared not to infringe; neither does the structure represented by the drawing on the same pajre marked Ex- hibit E (which was also before the court), infringe: the decision being that the extension of the bobbin above the top of the spindle must be counter- bored so as to produce " a chamber of some substantial lenfrth,"' in order to constitute infringement of the Pearl patent as defined by this opinion. A hole through to the top of the bobbin, if it is no larger than the tip of the spindle, does not constitute '"a chamber,'' as we understand it. INFRINGIN G STRUCTURES. INFRINGING STRUCTURES. Exhibit I. Exhibits H a>d J. Exhibit M. 24 THE PEARL-SAWYER PATENT SUIT. STRUCTURES DECIDED NOT TO TNFRTXCxE. Exhibit B. ExriiBiT E. 0 0 0 I I I I 0 JUDGE LOWELVS DECISION. 25 Following is the full text of Judge Lowell's decision : — CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS. In Equiti/. NO. 885. — OLIVER PEARL etal. v. THE APPLETON COMPANY e« aZ. NO. 8S3. —OLIVER PEARL ft al. v. TtlE HAMILTON M'F'G COMPANY efaZ. OPINIOX OF THE COURT. [July 17, 1880.] Lowell, J. The length of this record of more than three thousand printed pages, besides the labor involved in its examination, makes it not improbable that I may have overlooked, or forgotten, some evidence which one party or the other may consider important. I have studied it to the best of my ability. The contest is mainly lietween the Pearl and the Sawyer spindles with their bobbins, as patented and used in ring spinning. The former, patented in reissue No. 60-3G, September 1, 1874, was sustained by Judge Shepley in Peai^l V. Ocean Mills, 11 Off. Gaz. 2. The same learned judge afterwards granted an injunction in Pearl v. Coventry Company^ in Rhode Island, and a copy of the arguments, with the judge's full running commentary, has been furnished me. From these sources we can discover wliat a judge of great experience in patent cases, as well as of great natural aptitude for such investigations, thought of the validity and construction of the plaintiffs' patent. The issue of in- fringement is wholly different from any with which he was concerned. Pearl's original patent, No. 102, .587, May 5, 1870, was entitled an Improve- ment in Bobbins for Spinning, which is shown by the specification to be ring spinning, and it descrilies the old form of bobbin as being made with a single chamber, or bore, extending through the bobbin, with bearings to grasp the spindle, called in the record "adhesive" bearings, at either end. Pearl in- serted a bearing in the middle of the bobbin, which enabled him. as he said, to make a bobbin both light and strong, and one which could be employed with a short spindle; because tlie spindle might be cut off at this central bear- ing, " thus dispensing with much of the spindle which tends to cause vibration while it may be in revolution." If Pearl retained the old upper and lower beai'ing, or ljushing, of the bobbin, his bobbin would have two chambers; but when his spindle was cut off and came to an end in the middle bearing, the upper bearing became a mere plug to strengthen the bobbin, and had no necessary connection with the spindle, or with any combination of which the spindle was a part. The state of the art, and the acts of the rival inventors, have been gone into at very great length. A ring spindle, though made of one piece of steel, is properly enough described as consisting of two parts, because it has a bearing in the middle. The lower bearing, or step, supports the spindle at its lower end, while it is revolved in an upright position with great rapidity by the pull of the band which is passed round the "whirl," or double ring, which forms part of the "but" of the spindle. The upper bearing is in the "bolster," and tends to keep the spindle firm and steady in its rotation. The part above the upper bearing is called in the record the tip or blade, and that below, the but. The ol)ject of both the inventions in controversy here is to obtain a spindle and bobbin which can be run at a maximum of speed by a minimum of power. Not long after Pearl's patent had been obtained. Sawyer applied for and received one, No. 113,575, April 11, 1871, for improvements in ring-spinning machines. He says that the olyects of his invention are, — First, to reduce the weight of, and consequeatly the power required to drive, the spindles ; secon f^ to secure greiter stexdiaess of rotation for the spindle, thus eaibling it to run at a higher speed thau is customary, or to ruu more satisfac- torily at any speed ; aal, third, to reduce the cost of constructing the machines." 2 26 THE PEARL- SAWYER PATENT SUIT. He then says : — " The upper bearings of spindles, as now generally constructed, extend but a short distance above the bolster rails in which they are fixed. Now, as this rail must be placed far enough below the lowest point at which the yarn is wound upon tlie bobbin, to allow the ring-rail to pass helow that point, a large part of the spindle must necessarily extend upward beyond its upper bearing, and is, con- sequently, even when made of large size, subject to considerable vibration when running. It is also necessary in the ordinary construction, in order to secure a proper distance between the two bearings of the spindles, to extend the spindle downwards for a considerable distance below where it might otherwise terminate ; and this increase in length requires a corresponding increase in diameter beyond what would be required were a shorter spindle used. "My improvement consists in certiin details of construction and arrangement, whereby I am enabled to remove most of that part of the spmdle which ordinarily extends below the whirl, and to leave only a small part of the spindle exposed above its upper bearings, so that it is rendered possible to reduce its diameter, and, consequently, its weight, and at the same time to insure for it greater steadi- ness of rotation." He then describes liis spindle; the governing principle of wliich is, that in place of the short holster helow the bobbin he makes a tubular bolster which is carried up into the bobbin, which is enlarged, or chambered, at its lower part so as to revolve freely about the tube. Only enouirh of the spindle re- mains above the top of the bolster to hold the bobbin firmly in its revolution with the spindle. In consequence of this change, as he says, he may make his spindle with a short " but,"' and very light throughout. Sawyer's spindle was broujiht to the notice of manufacturers, and was tried in continuous operation at a mill, some time before he obtained his patent. Soon afterwards I'earl adopted the short but for his spindle, and has always made and sold it in that form. He reissued his patent with claims in- tended, perhaps, to cover Sawyer's spindle. The defendants contend that Pearl derived his short but directly or indirectly from Sawyer: and the plain- tiffs contend that the idea of lightening the spindle was borrowed by Sawyer from Pearl. The evidence tends to show that spindles of various sizes and weights and lengths had been made and used before either Pearl or Sawyer made theirs: that Sawyer was the first to bring the short but into general use: that he was the first to introduce the raised or tubular bolster in ring spinning, though one had been used in a throstle or flyer frame; that both Pearl and Sawyer have made and sold spindles in large quantities, which have been found valuable. It is further proved, to my satisfaction, that Pearl believed from the first, that by lightening the tip, or upper part, of his spindle, he could lighten the lower part, though he unfortimately neglected to mention it in his original s{)ecification. His spindle, filed as a model, was somewhat lightened by diminishing its diameter; this, however, was not obvious on inspection, and is not shown in his drawings. When he had learned that the best way of lightening the lower part of the spindle was by shortening it (whether he learned this from Sawyer or not, I do not need to inquire), he was of opinion that he might properly, and within the scope of his original plan, lighten his "but" by shortening it as well as by diminishing its diameter, and he ob- tained the reissue in suit, in which he says : — By thus dispensing with the length and weight at the top of the spindle above the bolster, while the length of bobbin and traverse of the frame remain as before, I am enabled to lighten the lower part of the spindle and whirl below the bolster, D, many times the weight taken from its blade above, without destroying the proper balance of the spindle and its consequent steadiness of rotation, and by these means I accomplish the ultimate effect, which is the purpose of this im- provement, of enabling the spindle to be run steadily at high speed with much less power than heretofore, thus diminishing the expense and increasing the power at the same time." This statement was not in the original patent. In the drawings of that patent, the length of the but is not given, and its diminution in diameter is JUDGE LOWELUS DECISION. 27 not shown or referred to. In the new drawings he reduced the length of tlie hnt; and this is insisted upon by the defendants as a fraud, which ren- ders the reissue void. Tlie statute declares that in a machine patent the model, or drawings, shall not be amended, except each by the other (Rev. Sts. § 491G); and it is true that these drawings are not amended by the model, but vary from it in this very important particukir. When this fact was called to the attention of Judge Shepley, in the Khode Island case, he said that it was not illegal to change the drawings in a matter which did not affect the claims. I see no reason to change the ruling of the court upon this point. The modification of the drawings undoubtedly tends to show that the importance of the short but was discovered by the patentee after 1870, and it was, perhaps, morally speaking, objectionable, because the value of his spindle depends very much upon the short but; but as that feature was not claimed in the reissue, the change was held to be, technically speak- ing, immaterial. As a question of intent, it is mitigated by the considera- tion that Pearl truly believed that the value of the short but, by whomsoever introduced, was nuich increased, if, indeed, it was not wholly due to a short- enijig and lightening of the upper parts of the spindle. Upon this point the opinion in the Ocean Mills case appears to agree with that of the pat- entee. " Without a knowledge of the results acconiphshed by these changes," says Judge Shepley, referring to the cutting off of a piece of the blade of the spindle, and placing the upper adhesive bearing at the middle instead of the top of the bobbin, " they might, at first glance, appear to be merely structural changes," but he adds that the injproved results attained by the invention prove it to have a higher character. His meaning is that the proof of invention is found in the improved working of Fearl's spindle, as actually made and sold, shortened below as well as aliove, and that the shortening below, though not described or claimed, was rendered possible by the shortening above. It is proved in this case that Pearl was not the first person to make a ring spindle with a short tip. Such an instrument was made and used for years before his time at Middlebury. So far, therefore, as the possibility of lightening the lower part of a spindle depends upon cutting oflT a piece of the upper part, it does not flow from any invention of I'earl's. When this fact was shown to Judge Shepley, in the Coventry iMills case, he was still of opinion that Pearl had a combination of sufficient utility to support a pat- ent, and he granted an injunction to restrain the use of a spindle and bob- bin, which clearly contained the invention. This conihination, as I under- stand it, is of a spindle with a shortened tip, and a bobbin witli a central adhesive bearini:, the Middlelun-y bobbin having siicli a bearinii oidy at its lower end. Prom the remarks of the judge wlien the Ashton spindle, which is somewhat shorter than its bobbin, was piodnced in court, I should under- stand that the bobbin of Pearl must have two chambers, that is to say, it must be reamed out above as well as below, so as to make a bobbin at once liglft and strong. If it has no upper chamber it would seem to be antici- pated by the Ashton. I do not venture to reverse the decision of Judge Shepley, in upholding the patent of Pearl, as thus understood; a decision which he assures us was ar- rived at after very careful consideration. The spindle and bobbin of Sawyer do not infringe this combination. The theory of Sawyer's improvement was, that a saving of power would be best ob- tained by a change in the bearings of the old spindle. The disturbing forces, according to his view, are, the pull of the belt on the whirl, the pull of the yarn on the bobbin, and the centrifugal force of the whirling structure, which includes the spindle, the bobbin, and the yarn on the bobbin. Sawyer's opin- ion is that the obstructing force of the pull of the belt is diminished by shorten- ing the but; that the other two forces are diminished by shortening the bob- bin and spindle together, and very slightly, if at all, by shortening the spindle within the bobbin ; that the shortening below is made practicable by a change in the bearing or bearings above ; that the true relation between these parts, above and below, is one of length between bearings, and not of weights. This theory I believe to be true in the main. The evidence seems to me 28 THE PEARL- SAWYER PATENT SUIT. to prove that there is not such a close relation between the weight of the spindle above the bolster and its weight below, as the patent of Pearl as- sumes; though there may be a little; and that there is substantially such a relation between tlie length of the bearings as Sawyer assumes. While, there- fore, I am not prepared to say that there is no value in Pearl's combination, and am siu-e that tlie Pearl spindle, as made and sold, and the Sawyer spindle, as made and sold, are both valuable, I have no occasion to ascertain their rela- tive value, because I find them to be distinct structures, aud to occupy inde- pendent positions in tlie art. The first of Pearl's claims is: — The described ring spindle, having its blade from the bolster, D, upward, shorter than the bobbin, and combiaed witti the bobbin, coustructed substantially as described, by means of the adhesive bearings, as and for the purpose set forth." This claim is not infringed, among other reasons, because the Sawyer bob- bin has not the two adhesive bearings described in the Pearl patent. The Commissioner of Patents, in dissolvuig the interference between Pearl and Sawyer, said : " How the invention of a Ijobbin with an intermediate bearing and an upper bushing can be held to include a bobbin having intermediate and upper bearings, is a problem I am unable to solve.'' I find a similar diffi- culty, because the upper busliing of Pearl is merely a plug, and has no true part in the combination, and his lower bearing is not the equivalent of Saw- yer's upper bearing. The principal argument has lieen addressed to the second claim: — The combination of the bobbin, the intermediate; adhesive bearing, /, and the blade of the spindle made shorter than the bobbin from the bolster, D, upward, substantially as described." The Sawyer contrivance may infringe this claim in words, but it does not in fact. The comljination of bobbin, bolster, and spindle are essentiaHy different in the two. The true meaning of the claim, construed by what Pearl did, is that the bol)l>in projects beyond the tip of the spindle. With a bobbin thus projecting, no advantage is gained in resisting the pull of the yarn, because that pull is against the outside of the bobbin, which is as high as ever; and the gain in diminished vibration is very small, if any. Sawyer's spindle goes to the top of his bobbin, and his advantage is gained by elevating the bearing of his bolster, Which affects both the outside and the inside of the bobbin, and whatever advantage Pearl had was a different one and was made on a different theory, that of lightening the spindle within the bobbin. The blade of the Sawyer spindle is not shortened, except upon the assumption that carrying up the bolster is the same thing as cutting off a piece of the spindle; which, per- haps, it might be if Pearl hud cut off his bobbin, too; as Judge Shepley said to the defendants in the Coventry case, "cut off your bobbin, and you will not infi inge," or to that effect. But the organization of Pearl would not admit of this change. The plaintiffs argue, and, indeed, rest their case ujion the argument, that the tubular bolster of Sawyer was well known in 1870, and may, therefore, be substituted in Pearl's combination, by mere construction, leaving it the same iis before. There is no doubt that such a form of bolster and bobbin was known be- fore, in some other kinds of spinning, but it is not proved that it had ever been used in a ring-frame; that it could be so used without invention; that any such bobbin had been made with adhesive bearings; or that it was so well known that it had become a mere question of construction which form should be adopted. Indeed, the contrary of all this may be fairly inferred from the evidence. Therefore, when the plaintiffs" invention has been reduced to the narrow combination, which is all that the evidence now permits, they cannot fairly claim to embrace, as a known substitute, a bolster and bobbin so dif- ferent from their own. lam much inclined to consider this combination a different one, mechanically speaking, however well known the Sawyer bolster aud bobbin may have been; but tliis need not be decided. While I am thus of opinion with the defendants in the most important part TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. 29 of their cases, it seems to me that they have added the Pearl combination to that of Sawyer in tlie use of certain spindles and bobbins, which the evidence declares them to have used to a orcater or less extent. The bobbins, in the instances referred to, have a chamber of some substantial length above the upper end of the spindle, so that tlie combination of Pearl's second claim ap- pears to be present, of the bobbin with two chambers, the intermediate adhesive bearing, and the blade of the spindle made shorter than the bobbin. These bobbins are represented by the Exhibits II, I, J and M; a))d are said to have been used with a spindle substantially hke Exhibit G. Upon the best consideration I have been able to give to the contradictory evidence in respect to the Wauregan bobbin, I am of opinion that Atwood did ream out the top of his bobbins before the date of Pearl's invention. I agree with the plaintiffs' counsel that this fact only affects the third claim, and does not prevent a recovery for infringing the second. It mny eventually have a bearing on the taxation of costs. Interlocutory decree for the comjylainants. CAUTION TO MANUFACTURERS USING SAWYER, OR RABBETH SPINDLES. Messrs. George Draper & Sons desire to caution maimfacturers against the use, upon either of the above-named spindles, of bobbins extending above the tops of the spindles and containing a chamber or counter-bore in such extension " of some substantial length " and larger than the tip of the spin- dle, as shown in the foregoing illustrations, marked Exhibits I, H and J, and M (see page 2-3). They have never recommended such bobbins or guar- antied customers in the use of them; neither has the Sawyer Spindle Com- pany, — nor will any guaranty of such structures be hereafter given. The shallow cup at the top of ordinary Sawyer bobbins, intended to facili- tate the clearing of waste from the bore of the bobbin, was included in struct- ures recently decided by the United States Circuit Court not to infringe the Pearl patent. This cup is shown in the drawings "Exhibit B" and "Ex- hibit K," page 24. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. As agents of the Sawyer Spindle Company we desire to call your careful attention to the following statements, and the drawings which illustrate them : — In the drawings, which appear on the pages 30 and 31, Figure 1 rep- resents certain parts of a common spindle, bolster, and bobbin, in proper position for use; Figure 2, the spindle, bolster, and bobbin used by the Ocean Mills, and declared by his honor, the late Judge Shepley, to infringe the reissue patent of Oliver Pearl and Joseph P. Battles, No. G03G ; Figure 3, the Birkenhead structure complained of in the cases of Oliver Pearl et al. V. Coventry Company and other defendants; and. Figure 4, the ordinary Sawyer structure. In the opinion of Judge Shepley, in the Ocean Mills case, speaking of the structure shown in Figure 2, the following language occurs : — " And the defendants have none the less availed themselves of his invention, .al- though by adding another change (whether structural merely or functional) by bringing the upper bolster nearer to the bobbin, they have still further improved upon the old device." At the hearing of motions for preliminary injunction in the cases of Oliver Pearl et al. v. Coventry Company and others, also before Judge Shepley, the following colloquy occurred in the course of the argument of Chauncoy Smith, Esq., for the delendants; the structure under discussion being that shown in Figure 3 : — " May it flease your Honor, — I was .^ajing that I thought that upon^ the true construction of the two claims for the combination referred to in the'first and second claims, we did not infringe ; that we were entitled, in the construction of TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. 32 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. those claims, to measure the leogth of the spindle as compared witli the bobbin from the position in which Pearl himself left it, and from vfhich he measured ; that if there had been a structural or functional change subsequently to his inven- tion by such a change in the position of the bolster itself, he was not entitled to take advantage of that improvement as the measure of the improvement which he had given to the spindle, or as a test whether or not his invention had been in- vaded. I thought I was justified in assuming that this might be the construction which your honor would put upon the claims in question by this statement in the opinion in the Ocean Mills case. Speaking on the question of infringement, the court says : • The df/tndants have none the less avaiUd thimsflvfs of the mvention, ahhou^hby adding another change, whether structural or functional, iy bringing the upper bolster nearer to the bobbin, they have still further improved vpon the old d< vice.'' I assume, therefore, that you regarded, as we did. that the elevation of the bolster itself might be as substantial an improvement, to be treated as an invention, as lowering the bearing in the bobbin, to say the least. Sheplet, J. — I do so regard it now. ilr. Smith. — So I regard it. " Sheplzt, J. — Because the elevation of the bolster brings into operation an- other element in the relation of the parts from what it would by depressing the bob- bin. " Mr. Smith. — Yes, sir ; changes the whole relation. " Sheplet, J. — It might, as you say, change the whole relation. Mr. Smith. — Now, there is a further observation to be made : that if we were driven to an account, and the plaintiffs were to prove what advantage, under the rules laid down by the Supreme Court, they were entitled to lay hold of as the measure of their profits, they would be bound, as I understand it, to exclude from the advantages any advantage which arose from elevating the bolster. "Sheplet, J. — Yes, sir; they might be obUged to account to somebody else for that." We think that these remarks of Judge Shepley show clearly that he deemed such an elevation of the bolster and chambering of the bobbin as appears in the Ocean Mills and Birkenhead spindles (Figures 2 and 3) an infringement of the Sawyer invention. At any rate, we so consider it; and we hereby forbid any person making, selling, or putting into use, hereafter, any such elevated bolsters in combination with bobbins chambered or counterbored at the bot- tom, as in Figures 2 and 3 of the preceding illustrations. THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE. 33 THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE. This novel form of nii2:-sp indie, shown in the accompanyitig illustration, was first brought to the public notice in 1878. The name of its ingenious inventor, Mr. F. J. Rabbeth, was alread}^ applied to a variety of the Saw- yer Spindle which has been sold in this country to the extent of about a quarter of a million, but which is now little made, except in England, On this accoiuit we name the later invention the "New" Kabbeth; though it has also been widely spoken of as the " Top Spuidle," on account of its pe- culiar construction and operation. In the foregoing pages referring to the Sawyer Spindle, the New Rabbeth has been spoken of as an ex- ception to ordinary ideas and iill'flll! rules concerning spindles, and in foct it involves mechanical principles not found in any other spinning structure with which we are acquainted. Those who have not already acquainted themselves with it will find the following ex- planation of the engravings useful. They are about one h;df actual size. That here given shows a side view of tlie spindle as it appears when in position in the rail, and having a warp bobbin upon it. 'J'he one on the following page shows the same in sec- tional view excepting the steel part of the spindle and the step, which do not appear in section. The distinguishing pecul- iarity of this s[)iudle, as com- pared with others in common use, is the foct that the foot of the spindle is not confined in the usual way, but rests upon a flat surface on which it may move laterally in any direction; and this freedom of lateral motion extends to the bolster, which is surround- ed by an elastic packiug, and located at the lower end of the spindle. As a result of this arrangement the spindle runs steadily and without jar un- der all ordinary circum- stances, finding its natui centre of rotation, even wi an unbalanced load of yarn or a slightly defective bol>bin, very much as a top will when spun with such velocity that it "goes to sleep." In the case of the spindle, its velocity is so enormous, and its ordinary load is so nearly balanced, that the small amount of liberty allowed by the elasticity of the packing is sufficient for the purpose. 2* 34 THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE. In the sectional view given, A represents the spindle; B, the cup, which receives the tapering lower end of the bobbin, and drives it f'rictionally. There is not, and should not be, aji adhesive bearing at the top of the bobbin. C is the whirl, which is so located that the pull of the driving band comes op- posite the middle of the bolster bearing; D, the packing of braided woolen fabric surrounding the bol- ster; E, the cast-iron base; F, the step, having a neck at its lower end around which the packing is secured; and G, the oil chamber, covered by a brass thimble, and com- municating directly with the packing and the bearings of the spindle. Other details are sufficiently apparent to need no explanation. The spindle is adjusted in the rail if desired, though in prac- tice it is found easier and better to adjust the rings. In oiling use Downer's light spindle oil, or some oil hav- ing substantially the same qualities. Sperm oil or any other animal oil will not an- swer. In starting new spin- dles the tube should be filled daily for a few days until the packing is fully saturated. After this is done, once in from four to six weeks is often enough to oil them, if regu- / rr 1 \ ii^M^ife. ^'^^^^ '"^'"^^ properly done. ( I' ' j| 4 iwf^W name as the most IL il^ ^miWa Prominent feature in which ^^•l i Is TJ ma^ma the NewEabbeth Spindle ex- cels, its copaciUj for running at a speed only limited by the capacity of other jiarls if the frame^ or by the ability of the spinner to piece up the ends. As a matter of fact, this spindle runs most satis- factorily at the highest prac- tical speed, and that it should do so is perfectly consistent with the theories of its oper- ation. Heretofore the pro- duction of the ring frame, especially when spinning the finer yarns, has been limited by the speed which the spindle was capable of bearing without injurious results from vibration, striking together of ends, or otherwise, but this limitation no longer exists. The importance of this point should be fully understood. Other less striking but still valuable advantages of this spindle are, its cleanliness — all oil being confined where it is wanted ; the length of time it will run without fresh oil, thus economizing in labor as well as oil; its perfect steadiness in running, lessening wear, and communicating no jar to the frame; and its economy of power, as compared with any other spindle except the Sawyer. The New Eabbeth Spindle is well adapted for the spinning of filling as well NUMBER IN OPERATION. 35 as warp yarns, and a large number are already in use in Draper's Filling Spin- ner. We are prepared to alter old frames, or furnish spindles to builders of new frames, and coiTespoiidence is solicited on this point. We have already put a large number of spindles in old frames with most excellent and satisfactory re- sults. NEW RABBETH SPINDLES IX OPERATION, JANUARY 1, 1881. Lawrence Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. ..... 44,220 Wilhmantic Linen Co., Willimantic, Conn. .... 40,232 Amory Manufacturing Co., Manchester, N. H. . . . . 23,1S2 Atlantic Mills, Providence, R. 1 18,200 Durfee Mills, Fall River, Mass . 12,208 Hamilton Woolen Co., Amesbury, jMass 10,000 Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., Manchester, N. H. . . . . 8,089 Pepperell INlanufacturing Co., Biddelord, Me. .... 8,000 Victoria Mills, Newburvport, Mass. 7,044 Hamlet Mills, Woonsocket, R. 1 6,400 AValcott & Campbell, New York Mills, N. Y. .... 6,168 Bozrahville Co , Bozrahville. Conn 5,473 Boston Maimfacturing Co., A\'altham, INIass 5,280 Conant Thread Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 4,608 Groton Manufacturing Co., \\'oonsocket, R. I. .... 4,320 Providence Steam Mill, Providence, R. 1 3,880 Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass 3,200 Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass 3,120 H. Ross & Co., Providence, R 1 3,072 Quidnick Co., Quidnick Mill. R. I., and Baltic Mill, Conn. . . 2,440 Conanicut Mills, Fall River, Mass 2,048 Sutton Manufacturing Co., Wilkinsonville, INIa.ss. . . . 1,984 Ira G. Briggs & Co., Voluntown, Conn. 1,952 Bates Manufacturing Co., Lewiston, Me. ..... 1,680 Houghton & Allton, Putnam, Conn. ...... 1,536 Danielsonville Cotton Co., Danielsonville, Conn. .... ],536 J. L. Peck, Pittsfield, Mass 1,415 Annisquam Mills, Rockport, Mass. ...... 1,380 Morse Mills, Putnam, Conn. ....... 1,184 II. B. Parker, Yernon Depot, Conn. . . . . . 1,156 H. Adams, Rockville, Conn ],086 Wm. E. Hooper & Sons, Baltimore, IMd 1,080 Sample frames, and lots under 1,000 10,273 In builders' hands . 14,128 Total 261,584 Tn addition to the abo\e there are ordtred at this writing over two hundred thousand New Rabbeth S[iindles, not yet delivered. IT DOES NOT PAY Any manufacturer, in these times, to buy or use any spindles but the best. We have often said, and proved it, too, to the satisfaction of the great majority of our customers, that the small sum which the Sawyer Spindle, or the New Rabbeth Spindle, costs more than the various inferior structures in the market, is utterly insignificant in view of the great advantages to be secured by their use. We ask your attention, particularly if you are about to buy new or re- organize your old spinning frames, or are running common spindles, to the fol- lowing statements of fact: — 1. In the large majority of cases the Sawyer or New Rabbeth Spindles re- quired for a given production can be had at a considerably less original outlay than conimon spindles to do the same work. For example, take the case of No. 30 yarn, and assume that a product is re- 36 THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE. quired for whicb 10.000 conmion spindles must be bought. Experience shows that they cannot be run economically (that is, to do good work, carry a profit- ably large load of yarn, and ]irove durable) at a higher speed than 0,000 revo- lutions per minute. But Sawyer Spindles are running to-day successfully on this number of yarn at from 7.500 to 7.800 revolutions per minute: and the New Kabbeth may be run at 8,500 revolutions, or hiirher. With this state of things, and with new frames of common spindles at S i. 50 per spindle, it does not need much arithmetic to show that enoufrh Sawyer or Eabbeth Spindles for the same work, at fifty cents more per spindle, will cost from ten to twenty per cent, less at the outset. With the above speeds. 7,700 Sawyer, or 7.100 New Rabbeth Spindles (in round numbers), will do the work of 10,000 com- mon, and cost from $4,000 to S7,000 less. We tabulate these statements: — Common Spindles. Sawyer Spiudles. New Rahbeth Spindles. Speed Number of spindles Cost of new frames, per spindle "Whole cost 6,000 10,000 S3. 50 $35,000 7.800 7,692 S4.00 $30,768 8,500 7,059 S4.(H) $28,236 2. The Sawyer or New Rabbeth Spindles at the hicher speed will take on an averaije from one fourtli to three eisrhths less power than the common. Su])- l)0se the 10,000 common spindles require 105 H. P., which is much less than the majority of them would take at 6,000 revolutions per minute; the saving would be. under the above circumstances, at least twenty-five per cent., amount- ing, in a mill of this size, to SI, 300 per annum, reckoning the cost of one horse-power at the customary figure of $50 a Aear; though under the most favorable circumstances perhaps a somewhat lower sum than this should be as- sumetl. These facts may be tabulated as follows : Common Spindles. Sawyer Spindles. New Rabbeth Spindles. Speed of spindles .... Spindles driven by one H. P. at above speeds .... Number of spindles "Whole power 6,000 95 10.000 105 H. P. 7,800 102 7,692 75 H. P. 8,500 85 7,059 83 H. P. Saving, average, 2G H. P. @ $50.00 = $1,300. The above is a liberal statement of this point in the argument. We know whereof we affirm in this matter, having lately spent several thousand dollars in tests and experiments previously referred to, in which over thirty different kinds of spindles with forty varieties of bobbins were subjected to careful com- parison to ascertain the power required by them under uniform circumstances. 3. The spinners can (and do, as a rule) tend as many Sawyer or New Rab- beth Spindles on medium or fine work at their increased speed, as they can of the common, because the better spindles do better work, with less breakages per pound of yarn spun. Here, then, with the number of spindles reduced as above, is at least twenty-five per cent, saved in cost of labor for tending. At thirty cents per spindle per annum for tending, there would be $750 saved each year with the state of thinrrs assumed above. 4. In the same proportion is the reduction in the amount of floor space oc- cupied. Ten thousand spindles, in frames of the average size, would occupy, with alleys and other needful space, about 10,000 square feet, worth, say, COMMON SPINDLES UNPROFITABLE. 37 eighty-five cents a foot. Here is another saving at the outset, in the case sup- posed, averaging over $2,200, computed as follows; — Common Spiadles. Sawyer Spindles. New Rahbeth Spindles. vSquare feet of floor space occupied Cost, at 85 cents per square foot Saving over common spindles . . 10,000 $8,500 7,692 $6,538 $1,962 7,059 $6,000 $2,500 5. The less cost of lighting, heating, and supplies for a reduced number of spindles nuist be included in the estimate of saving. 6. With regard to the Sawyer Spindles we speak with certainty (and that the same will prove true of the New Rabbeth we can hardly doubt), when we say that they are more durable, as actually run, than common spindles; the more conspicuously so, when the attempt is made to run the latter at compet- ing speeds. Of course, if spindles are not run at all, they will be very durable indeed. 7. The Sawyer and New Rabbeth Spindles will run more steadily, and hence do better work than any other. This results, directly or indirectly, from the patented peculiarities of their construction, which caimot be had, to any profitable degree, in any common spindle, without rendering the user liable for infringement. To recapitulate the above points, let us state: The advantages to be derived from the introduction of Sawyer or New Ralibeth Spindles instead of common, in a mill which would require 10,000 of the latter, are: — 1. Saving in first cost of spindles, average .... $5,498 2. Animal saving in power, average ..... 1,300 3. Annual saving in attendance, avenige ..... 750 4. Saving in cost of needed floor space, average . . . 2,231 5. Saving in cost of light, heat, and supplies. 6. Increased durability. 7. Better quality of work. While we do not claim that in all cases all the advantages above set forth will be secured to the same degree, we do not hesitate to say that in the ma- jority of instances they may be. In view of these facts, which have been demonstrated over and over again, is any manufacturer justified in buying at the present day any spindles but the best? We say, No! Manufacturers are rapidly conung to the same conclusion, as the very large sales of Sawyer and New Rabbeth Spindles the past year attest; and self-interest should induce those who are in the market to purchase to make careful investigation of all the facts before ordering common spindles, in the present state of the art. We have taken out and sold at two cents a pound as old steel tons of com- mon spindles just as good for use as new ones. The advantage gained in putting more yarn on warp bobbins by increased speed is seldom spoken of, but we believe the gain in spinning and spooling both would pay a good percentage on tlie cost of changing to the Sawyer or New Rabbeth Spindle, even if nothing else were gained by the operation. On an average, we put about 20 per cent, more yarn on a bobbin than was done on the same frames, with other spindles, in 1871. By this, in proportion to the yarn spun, we save first in importance, in the time of the spinning machines; second, in the labor of doflfing; then transporting and distributing the yarn to the spoolers; then in the cost of spooling and the labor in gathering up the empty bobbins and getting them back to the frames; also in the waste made in doffing, and much more than 20 per cent of the waste made in spooling, because the increased speed always winds the yarn more compactly on the bobbins, which tends to prevent their becoming snarled. All these facts are plainly to be seen by those who will carefully examine for themselves, yet very few have felt their full significance. 38 DRAPER'S FILLING SPINNER. DRAPER'S FILLINCx SPINKER. Since the issue of our last book, which was published in 1876, we have made what we consider a very important invention, by means of which the spinning of filling on ring frames is advanced from the condition of a doubtful experiment to assured success. Filling of a certain sort has always been spun on ring frames, but it had to be spun too hard-twisted for most purposes, or wound too slack on the bobbins to weave off without making waste, or wound on to a bobbin so large and heavy as to be objectionable, and in either case too little yarn was wound on to a bobbin to make it desirable to use in weaving when good cops made on mules could be procured. The best thing to weave from hitherto in use has been wound filling, i. e., filling spun first and then wound on to light, small bob- bins very compactly. This pre})aration of filling would last longer in the shut- tle and make much less waste than either mule cops or yarn spun directly on to bobbins. We spin directly on to bobbins similar in size and form to those used in winding filling, and just about as much is put on, and that too in just as good shape for weaving off without waste. We claim for our invention that we can spin filling yarn as slack as it need be for any purpose; also, that we can spin and wind it in such form as to put more length of yarn in the same size shuttle than by any other mode of spin- ning. We also claim that we can spin it on to a bobbin in such shape as to save substajitially all waste in w^eaving; also, that we can spin a given number of pounds of yarn with less power than it can be spun on mules; also that it can be spun at much less cost per pound for labor: also, that the machinery for spinning a given amount will occupy less than one half the room required by mules to spin the same. We shall also save one department, namely, mule spinning, and get rid of employing a troublesome class of help. In addition to all the foregoing we should be able to furnish niachinery and room to do a given amount for less money than the mules and room cost to do the same work. Every inteUigent person acquainted with ring spinning knows that every time the yarn is wound round the bobbin it loses a turn of twist: consequently more twist is lost when Minding on a small bobbin than on a large one. Now suppose the outside of a filling bobbin to be 1^ irclies in diameter, and the small part one quarter of an inch ; then one turn of twist is lost in 3^ inches on the outside, and one turn of twist is lost in each three fourths of an inch on the small part of the bobbin. This shows that five turns of twist would be lost in windini; 3| inches of yarn on the small part of the bobbin, while only one turn of twist is lost in the same length of yarn wound on the outside. This shows an absolute loss of four turns of twist (in less than four inches) more on the small than on the large part of the bobbin. Now you want filling slack twisted: yon al^o want it wound tightly upon the bobbin so that it will weave off without waste, and you want as large an amount as possible put in a iriven space so as to save frequent doffing in spin- ning, and frequent chantjing of shuttles in weaving. In order to do this you must have a strong draft on the thread in spinning as it is wound on the bob- bin. You also want to have the frame run at a good speed to secure produc- tion, and above all things you want to have the work run well in spinning in order to make yarn chea])ly and ^ave waste in spinning. Can this be done on an ordinary frame? 7/' nof, why not? The strength of a chain is the strength of its weakest part. It is evident that when making slack twisted ^arn the weakest place is where there is the least twist, consequently the weakest yarn will be made when winding upon the smallest diameter. Now, in ring spinning the strongest draft upon the yarn by the traveler occurs when it is being wound upon the smallest diam- eter. This brings the stronnce for a filling spinning frame, taking less room, that will put more yarn on a bobbin in a given sized shuttle. This is not a question of a few cents extra cost on a spindle in mak- ing of the frame, or in royalty: it is a question of dollars a spindle in a filling spinning frame, as well as in a fly-frame. This fact is soon to be demonstrated to those intelligent practical manufacturers who have favorable opportunities for observation. As a matter of fact, enough of the mamd'acturers see it more or less clearly now, and in consequence the sale of mules has been seriously checked in this country. Don't think, however, that I am advocating the use of ordinary ring frames to spin filling on : for between these and the mule, for medium numbers, if I wanted slack-twisted yarn, I would prefer the mule. It is only with the im- proved spindles, rintis, and other improvements to equalize the size and strength of the yarn on the barrel and outside of the bobbin, that I would recommend spinning slack-twisted yam on a ring frame. III. Much is said about spinning, but the weaving question is far more impor- tant, and the two depend upon each other very closely in some points, as I shall have occasion at some time to show. Many months ago I considered a question, I think, somethins: like this: "What is the most profital>le speed, all things considered, at which to run print cloth looms? In discussing this question I make no allowance for being short of room or short of looms, or other exceptional circumstances. Suppose you could have a full supply of yam for l.COO print cloth looms, what would be the most profitable speed to run them, the object being to weave the cloth at the least cost, all things con- sidered '? Weaving in print cloth mills costs about as much for labor as all the other processes put together. I have been told for years by various manu- facturers in this country that the English manufacturers run their looms much faster than we run them in this country. I think this is true, and hope for one it will continue to be ti ue, for the reason that I know it would cost us far more per pound for labor to weave our cloth in case we so constructed our looms as to enable us to run them at as high a speed as they do. I think the redeeming thing in our manufacturing of plain cloth in com- petition with the English has been in our low cost for labor in weaving com- SPEED OF LOOMS. 57 pared with theirs. The reason why they should run their looms faster than we do is obvious enough to those who investigate. The Trades Union, as I understand the matter, fixes tlie number of looms tliat can be tended without a liel{)er at a far less number than our weavers tend. It lias also fixed the nuniber of hours to be worked at considerably less. Now if I were in England, and were not allowed to have a weaver tend over two looms, and then were not allowed to run them over fifty-four hours per week, I should study all means to get those two looms to run as rapidly as possible and do good work. Our case is entirely different. We can have weavers tend four or six looms if we run them more slowly and make the work go well. See how this works in economizing labor. AVhen a weaver has but two looms, all the time that that weaver is at work piecing up ends or changing shut- tles, half the production is stopped, whereas, in case a weaver is tending six looms, all the time the weaver is mending ends or changing filling, only one sixth part of the production is stopped. This advantage is too obvious to be concealed. I think no print cloth loom, under conditions above stated, should run over 100 jnoks per minute. Suppose the English loom to run 220. If two Eng- lish looms run all the time at that rate of speed, they would produce 440 picks a minute, while, if the American looms run all the time, six of them would pro- duce 9G0 picks a minute. This shows that three of the American looms might stop all the time, and then produce more than two English looms run- ning all the time. Now I assert, that the liability of stopping a larger per- centage of time for any purpose, except waiting for the weaver, is greater in each of the P^nglish than in each of the American looms. No man capable of managing a cotton mill ought to be made to believe that either warp or filling will break more when running 160 than when running 220 picks a minute, provided the looms are properly consti'ucted for the lower speed. But this is not the worst of the difficulties. In order to make looms run at extreme high speed you must make short shuttles : then these short shuttles must below and narrow, in order to get them through the shed in the short time allowed, without breaking the warp threads or pulling apart the filling cops. Erom this there is no escape. Then these sliort, small shuttles inevitably call for short and small cops in order to be woven successfully in them. The absolute necessity of this is also apparent. I would recommend, as a proper size of shuttle for an American print cloth loom, 14 inches in length, 1| inches wide, with proper depth. This shuttle, with a bobbin filled by Draper's Eilliug Spinner, will weave twice as much cloth as can be woven from any cop suitable to run in any English loom which can be properly run at a speed of 22) per minute. This saves at one stroke one half the labor and time of machinery and operative in changing shuttles for a given amount of cloth woven. Let us suppose that it tak^s 5 per cent, of the time of an English loom ruiniing 22.) per minute, 10 hours per day, to chani^e shuttles, then 30 minutes of time and 6, GOO picks per loom per day would be lost. Now if the American loom ran just as fast and only changed the shuttle one half as often, only 3,300 picks would be lost, but making allowance for the slower speed, only 2,400 picks per loom per day would be lost in changing the shuttles. The same argument holds good to a less extent about all necessary stop- pages. With facts like these plainly seen, does it need arguments to convince practical men that they don't want high speeded looms for weaving plain cloth till they have Trades Unions or some other stupid thing to go with them? It costs more to repair looms doing a given amount of work when run rap- idly, than when run at a more moderate speed ; no sensible man having had experience in such matters will deny this. The moral of all this is : build looms with a capacity to carry a good-sized shuttle, and then run them at a moderate speed. AVe have American looms that weave 90 per cent, as much cloth as they would if run all the time with a constant sup[)ly of filling. Suppose each of two English looms to be stopped 10 per cent, of the time, then 23 per cent, of the weaver's time only would be 3* 58 RULES AND TABLES FOR SPINNERS. occupied while the looms were stopped; the most of the balance of the time the weaver must he waitiiier of yarn. To find the size of lap required to produce a given number of yarn, and also the weight at any given point, the draught and doublings being known : — Example : Suppose the draught and doublings the same as in the preced- ing, and we wish to produce Xo. 32 45 yarn. 70U0 -i- 32.45 = 215 71 grains per hank. 215 71 ~ 70 = 3 081 grains per 12 yards. 3.081 X I"! X =22.39 grains per 12 yards after leaving fine frames. 22.39 X If X -^ 2 = 70.49 grains per 12 yards after leaving interme- diates. 70.49 X II X 5i 2 = 187. 78 grains per 12 yards after leaving slub- bers. 187.78 X X ^ 12 = 60.63 grains per 1 yard after leaving second drawing. 60.63 X ^5 -i- 3 = 90.95 grains per 1 yard after leaving first drawing. 90 95 X 4 -f- 3 = 121 27 grains per I yard after leaving railway-head. 121.27 X -1 -T- 14^ = 34.65 crains per 1 yard after leaving card. 34.05 X 100 X = 3937 5 grains per 1 yard of lap. 3937.5 437 5 = 9 ounces per 1 yard of lap. Rule: Divide 7000 by the number of yam desired, and that quotient by 840 to give the weight of one yard; multiply by the drauirht of each ma- chitje and divide by the doublings; for spinning, fine, intermediate, and slub- bing frames multiply by | L to allow for decrease in weight l c ti .id c o ? JO si 2 . at Inch. £ 'P c> = o a. c V K« = 1 •~ *^ H p. 'i = o 400 00 .25 .5oe ..60 111.11 .90 .949 1.14 47.62 2.10 1.449 1. 1-1 384.61 .26 .510 .61 109.89 .91 .954 1.14 47.17 2 1'' 1.456 1.75 370.37 27 .520 .62 108.70 .92 .959 1.15 46.73 2'l4 1.463 1 TC 357.14 !28 .529 .63 107.53 .93 .964 1.16 46.30 2.16 1.470 X.IO 344.83 .29 .539 .65 106.38 .94 .970 1.16 45.87 2.18 1.476 1.77 333.33 .SO .548 .66 105.26 .95 .975 1.17 45.45 2.20 1.483 1.78 322.58 .31 .557 .67 104.17 .96 .980 1.18 45.05 2 2"^ 1.490 1.79 312.50 .32 .566 .68 103.09 .97 .985 1.18 44.64 224 1.497 1 en I.SU 303.03 .33 .574 .69 102.04 .98 .990 1.19 44.25 2.26 1.503 I.oU 294.12 .34 .583 .70 101 01 .99 .995 -1.19 43.86 2 28 1.510 1 01 285.71 .35 .592 .71 100.00 1.00 1000 1.20 43.48 2.30 1.517 1 CO 277.78 .36 .600 .72 98.04 1.02 1.010 1.21 43.10 2.32 1.523 1.8-3 270.27 .37 .608 .73 96.15 1.('4 1.020 1 22 42.74 2.34 1.530 l.ol 263.16 .38 .616 .74 94.34 1.06 1.030 l'24 42.37 2.36 1536 l.o4 256.41 .39 .624 .75 92 59 1.08 1.039 1 25 42.02 2.38 1.543 1 OK 250.00 .40 .632 .76 90.91 1.10 1.049 1.26 41.67 2.40 1.549 l.ob 243.90 .41 .640 .77 89.29 1.12 1.058 1.27 41.32 2 4'> 1.556 1.87 238.10 .42 .648 .78 87.72 1.14 1.068 1.28 40.98 2.44 1.562 1.0/ 232.56 .43 .656 .79 86.21 1.16 1.077 1.29 40.65 2.46 1.568 1.88 227.27 .44 .663 .80 84.75 1.18 1.0S6 1.30 40.32 2.48 1.575 i.oy 22 .45 .671 .80 83.33 1.20 1.095 131 40.00 2.50 1.581 1 on i.yu 21 7^39 .46 .678 .81 81.97 1.22 1.105 1.33 39 68 2.52 1587 1 OA 212.77 .47 .686 .82 80.65 1.24 1.114 1.34 39.37 2.54 1.594 i.yi 208.33 .48 .693 .83 79.37 1.26 1.122 1..35 39.06 2.56 1.600 204.08 .49 .700 .84 78.12 1.28 1131 1.36 38.76 2.58 1.606 1 QQ i.yo 200.00 .50 .707 .85 76.92 1.30 1.140 1.37 38.46 2.60 1.612 1 no 19S.08 .51 .714 .86 75.76 1.32 1.149 1.38 38.17 2.62 1.619 i.y4 192.31 .52 .721 .87 74.63 1.34 1.158 1.39 37.88 2.64 1.625 I.yo 188.68 .53 .728 .87 73.53 1.36 1.166 1.40 37.59 2.66 1.631 i.yb 185.19 .54 .735 .88 72.46 1.38 1.175 1.41 37.31 2.b8 1.637 1 oft I.yo 181.82 .55 .742 .89 71,43 1.40 1183 1.42 37.04 2.70 1.643 i.y < 178.57 .56 .748 .90 70.42 1.42 1.192 1.43 36.76 2 7*^ 1.649 I.yo 175.44 .57 .755 .91 €9 44 1.44 1 200 1.44 36.50 2.74 1.655 1 (lO i.yy 172.41 .58 .762 .91 68.49 1.46 1.208 1.45 36.23 2.76 1.661 169.49 .59 .768 .92 67.57 1.48 1.217 1.46 35.97 2.78 1 667 2.00 166.67 .60 .775 .93 66.67 1.50 1.225 1.47 35.71 2.80 1.673 ^.Ul 163.93 .61 .781 .94 65.79 1.52 1.233 1.4S 35 46 2.82 1679 .i.Ul 161.29 .62 .787 .94 64.94 1.54 1.241 1.49 35.21 2 S4 1.685 «> no 158.73 .63 .794 .95 64.10 1.56 1.249 1.50 34.97 2.86 1691 O (iQ 156.25 .64 .800 .96 63.29 1.58 1.257 1.51 34.72 2.88 1.697 2.04 153.85 .65 .806 .97 62.50 1.60 1.265 1.52 34.48 2.90 1 703 151.52 .66 .812 .97 61.73 1.62 1.273 1.53 34.25 2.92 1.7' 9 2 05 149.25 .67 .819 .98 60.98 1.64 1.281 1.54 34.01 2 94 1.715 147.06 .68 .825 .99 60.24 1.66 1.288 1.55 33.78 2.96 1.721 144.93 .69 .831 1.00 59.52 1.68 1.296 1.56 33 56 2 98 1.726 O AT 142.86 .70 .837 1.00 68.82 1.70 1.304 1.56 33.b3 3.01 1.732 140.85 .71 .843 1.01 58.14 1.72 1.311 1.57 32.26 3.10 1.^61 <> 1 1 ^.XX 138.89 .72 .849 1.02 57.47 1.74 1.319 1.58 31.25 3.20 1.789 O 1 ^ 135.99 .73 .854 1.02 56.82 1.76 1.327 1.59 30.30 3.30 l.el7 0 la ia5.l4 .74 .860 1.03 56.18 1.78 1.334 1.60 29.41 3.40 1.844 9 91 133.33 .75 .866 1.04 55.56 1.80 1.34V! 1.61 28.57 3.50 1 871 9 n± 131.58 .76 .872 1.05 54.95 1.82 1.349 1.62 27.7S 3.60 1.897 9 9« 129.87 • 77 .874 1.05 54.35 1.84 1.356 1.63 27.03 3.70 1.924: 2.31 128.21 .78 .883 1.06 53.76 186 1.364 1.64 26.32 3.80 1.949 126.58 .79 .889 1.07 53.19 1.88 1.371 1.65 25.64 3.90 1.975 2.37 125.00 .80 .894 1.07 52.63 1.90 1.378 1.65 25.00 4.00 2.U0O 2.40 123.46 .81 .900 1.08 52.08 1.92 1.386 1.66 24.39 4.1( 2.015 2.^3 121.95 .82 .906 1.09 61.55 1.94 1.393 1.67 23.81 4.2f 2.(!49 2.46 120.48 .83 .911 1.09 51.02 1 9o 1.400 1.6b 23.26 4 3( 2.074 2.49 119.05 .84 .917 1.10 60.51 1 98 1.407 1.69 22.73 4.40 2.098 2.52 117.65 .85 .922 1.11 50.00 2.00 1414 1.70 22.22 4 5C 2.121 2.55 116 28 .86 .927 l.ll 49.50 2.02 1.421 1.71 21J4 4.6C 2.145 2 57 114 94 .87 .933 1.12 49.02 2.04 1.428 1.71 21.28 4.7< 2.168 2.60 113.64 .88 .938 1.13 48.54 2.06 1.4.35 1.72 20.83 4.80 2.191 2.63 112.38 .89 .943 1 13 48.08 2.08 1 442 U3 20.41 4.9( 2.214 2.66 VSEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. 63 ROVING TABLE. — (Continued.) bL ■« ■5.'i> bio « S ^-; 00 H- bi es O KP3 Sea "is EH p. C p. .5 o KcS s c Sea '£ H p. OP tuta " o 20.C0 5.00 2.236 2.68 14.08 7.10 2.665 3.20 10.87 9.20 3.033 3.64 19.61 5.10 2.258 2.71 13.89 7.20 2.683 3.22 10.75 9.80 3.050 3.66 19.23 5.2(1 2.280 2.74 13.70 7 30 2.702 3.24 10.64 9.4(' 3.066 3 68 18.87 5.30 2.302 2.76 13.51 7.40 2.720 3.26 10 53 9.50 3.082 8.70 18.52 5.40 2^324 2.79 13.33 7.50 2.739 3.29 10.42 9.60 8.098 3.72 18.18 5.50 2.845 2 81 1316 7.60 2.757 3.81 10.31 9.70 3.114 3 74 17.86 5.60 2.366 2.84 12.99 7.70 2.775 3.33 10.20 9.80 3.130 3.76 17.54 5.70 2.387 2.86 12.82 7.80 2.793 3.35 10.10 9.90 8.146 3.78 17.24 580 2.408 2.89 12.66 7.90 2.811 3.37 10.00 10.00 3.162 3.79 16.95 5.90 2.429 2.91 12.50 8.00 2.828 3.39 9.09 11.00 3.317 3.98 16.67 6.00 2.449 2.94 12.35 8.10 2.846 3.42 8 33 12.00 3.464 4.16 16.39 6.10 2.470 2.96 12.20 8.20 2.864 3.44 7 69 13.001 3.606 14 00 3.742 4..38 16.13 6.20 2.490 2.99 12.05 8.30 2.881 3.46 7.14 4.49 15.87 6.30 2.510 3.01 11.90 8.40 2.898 3.48 6.67 15.00 3 873 4.65 15.62 6.40 2.530 3.04 11.76 8.50 2.915 3.50 6.25 16.00 4.000 4.80 15.38 6.50 2.550 3.06 11.63 8.60 2.933 3.52 5.88 17.(0i 4.123 4.95 15.15 6.60 2.569 3.08 11.49 8.70 2.950 8.54 5.f6 18.001 4.243 5.09 14.93 6. 70 2.588 3.11 11.36 8.80 2.966 3.56 5.26 19.00 4 359 5.28 14.71 6.80 2.608 3.13 11.24 8.90 2.983 3.58 5.00 20.00 4.472 5.37 14.49 6.S0 2.627 3.15 11.11 9.00 3.000 3.60 14.29 7.C0 2.646 3.17 10 69 9.10 3.017 S.62 64 USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. TABLE For numbering Yarn by the weight, in grains, of 120 j ards or one skine. 15 J 65.57 Ibh \ 64 52 63.49 ♦ 2.5U 61.54 60.61 59.70 58.82 57.97 57.14 56.34 55 56 18^ 54.79 18i 54.05 183 53.a3 19 i 52.63 51.95 5128 5n.63 50.00 49.38 48.78 20| , 48.19 21 47.62 211 47.06 21i ' 46.51 214 45 98 '22 : 45.45 22 L 44.94 22J ! 44 44 223 i 43 96 23 43.48 23i I 43.01 23i i 42.55 233 I 42 11 24 1 41.67 241 41.24 24^: 40.82 24| 40 40 25 40.00 25^ 39.60 25^ 39.22 25^ 3S.83 26 38 46 26 1 38.10 26^ 37 74 26| 37.38 27 37.04 27V 36.70 27^ 36.36 27i 36.04 28 35.71 281 35.40 35.09 28| 34.78 29 34.48 29i 34.19 29^ a3.90 293 33.61 30\ I 33.06 304 32.79 30| 32.52 31 32.26 31i 32.00 31i 31.75 31| 31.50 32 31.25 •6'Z\ 31.01 m 30.77 •o2i 30.53 33 30.30 33i : 30.07 33* 29.85 33| ! 29.63 34 1 29.41 34 i 29.20 34i 28.99 34i 35 28.78 28.57 35i ! 28.37 35i 28.17 35| 27 97 36 I 27.78 36i ■ 27.59 36^ 1 27.40 361 27.21 37 I 27.03 37i ' 26 85 37* 26.h7 37i , 26.49 38 ' 26.32 38i ' 26.14 38* 25.97 38| 25.81 39 : 25.64 39i 25.48 39* 25 32 39| 25.16 40 25.00 40^ i 24.84 40^ 24.69 40i 24.54 41 i4.39 41 V 24.24 41* 24.10 413 23.95 42 I 23 81 42^ 23.67 42* ; 23.53 42| 23.39 43 23.26 43i 23.12 43* 22.99 433 22.83 44 22.73 22.60 22.47 22.35 22 2*^ 22;i0 21.98 21.86 21.74 21.62 21.51 21.39 21.28 21.16 21.05 20.94 20.83 20.73 20 62 20.51 20.41 20 30 2021 20.10 20.00 19.90 19.80 19.70 19.H1 19.51 19.42 19.32 19.23 19.14 19.05 18.96 18.87 18 78 441- ^^ 443 45 45i 45* 45i 46 46i 46* 46| 47 471 47^ 47^ 48 481 48* 483 49 491 49* m 50 501 50* 50| 51 511 51* M» f f m 54* 54| 55 551 18.G0 18.52 18.43 18.35 18 26 18.18 18.10 55* i 18.02 55| 17.94 56 17.86 561 1 56* 17.70 17.62 57 i 17.54 571 I 17.47 57i I 17.39 57i 1 17.32 58 I 17.24 b^ 17.17 581 ! 17.09 b^ I 17.02 59 I 16.fi5 591 16.88 59* 16.81 59| 1 16.74 60 16.67 601 16.60 601 I 16.53 mi ! 16.46 61 I 16.39 611 i 16.33 61* 16.26 16.19 16.13 16.06 16.00 15.94 15.87 15.81 15.75 15.69 61i 62 621 62* 62^ 63 631 63* 63i 64 I 15.62 641 15.56 64* I 15.50 64| i 15.44 65 I 15 38 651 I 15.33 65* i 15.27 65| I 15.21 66 I 1515 661 : 15.09 661 I 15.04 66| i 14.98 67 14 93 14.87 14.81 14.76 14.71 14.65 14.60 14.55 69 69 \ 69* 69i 70 70* 70| 71 711 71^ 721 m 731 73* 73i 74 741 74^ 74| 75 751 Ibh 75i 76 76i 76* 76| 14.49 1444 14 39 14.34 14.29 14.23 14.18 14.13 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.94 13.89 13.84 13.79 13.75 13.70 13.65 13.61 13.56 13. .'SI 13.47 13.42 13.33 13.3;3 13.29 13.25 13.20 13.16 13.11 13.07 13.03 12.99 12.cn 12.90 12.86 12 82 12."78 12.74 12.70 12.K6 12.62 12.58 12.54 12.50 12.42 12.35 12.27 12.20 12 12 12.05 11.98 1190 11.83 {Ste last paragraph, page 61 ) USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. 65 TABLE For numbering Yarn by the weight, in grains, of 840 yards or one hank. u a3 P. a, a; P< U. a. Cu p ^ umbei ' Yarn c ^ S d -g ^ umbei ■ Yarn i c c ^ 2§ = t =t g a c W 0 W Z 0 cB Z 0 Z 0 oa 9 777.78 ZU oou.uu 31 OOK 01 ZZD. SI /lO 4Z 1RR R7 iDD.b/ 53 ]o2.C8 7R 09 1 yz.i 9i 756.76 201 o40.Do "It 224.00 421 42^ 165.68 531 131.46 1 7 yu.y 736.84 91 1 Olty 1 R/1 71 104. / 1 531 1 QA 0/1 I0U.04 78 1 0 OQ 7 8y.< n 717.95 QQ7 q-i3 0-L4 220.47 42| 163.74 533 130.23 7Q 1 y 00 R 08. b 10 700.00 01 Zl 000.00 32 91 0 '"p; /IQ 4o 1 RO 7Q iDZ. 1 y 54^ IOQ RQ izy.bo 8(1 OU 87 K 8 ( .0 101 682.93 QOQ A1 O^y .'iX 321 01 7 Zl < .Uo /1Q1 1 R1 OK IDl.oO t^Al 129.03 81 01 OR A IQi 666.67 01 1 QOr, r;Q 0^0. Oi5 .991 01 K QO Zln.oo /I Ql 4o^ 160.92 128.44 00 8Z OK A 105! 651.16 01 3 ZIJ Q'JI 0/1 Oi±.c4 01 0 7/f Zlo. (4 43J 160.00 54=* 127.85 OQ 00 QA Q 84. 0 11 f 36 36 00 Q1S 18 S3 01 0 1 0 ZIZ. IZ 44 159.09 55' 107 07 OA 04 OQ Q 80.0 622.22 001 Q1 /I Rl 331 01 A CLO ZlU.oZ 441 158.19 551 126.70 OK 80 09 A 8Z.4 608.70 00 1 Q1 1 11 oil. 11 331. OAQ OR zuo.yb 44i 157.30 55I 126.13 OR 80 01 A 81.4 595.74 003 --4 '.^07 RQ 333 0A7 /II ZU( .41 44^ 156.42 553 125.56 87 8 ( OA K 8U.O 12 583.33 OQ oyji. 00 34 OAK 00 ZUO .00 45 155.56 56* 125.00 08 88 70 K 12', 571.43 OQl QA1 AC oUl.Uo 204.38 451 154.70 561 124.44 OQ 8y 70 7 560.00 OQl 0Q7 Q7 Zy / .Oi Ot5 OAO QA zuz.yu 45^ 153.85 565 IOQ OQ QA 77 8 ( ( .8 12^ 549.02 zdj OQ/l 7A Q4.3_ 201.44 45| 1 r,o Ai loo.Ul 5g3 100 on IZo 00 Ql y 1 7R 0 1 D.y 13 538.46 24 OQl R7 zai .0 ( 35 OAA AA zuu .uu 46 1 KO 17 57 1 00 01 IZZ 81 00 y^ 7K 1 131 528.30 OAl Z45 OfiS RR 351 1Q0 KQ lyo.oo /IR ] 4d^ 1 K1 QK lol. 00 or, TOO 07 IZZ.Z/ QQ yo 7fi Q to.o 13i 13^ 518.52 0/1 1 ^45 OCr; 71 Zoo. 1 1 00 5 353 1Q7 10 ly ( .Jo 46^ 150.54 57A 101 7/1 IZl. (4 QA y4 7A K (4.0 5('9.09 0/13 080 SQ Zo^. 00 IQr, OA lyo.ou 46j 1 AQ 7Q 14y.io ^75 1 01 01 IZl.Zl OK yo 7Q 7 14 oUU.UU 25 OBA nr> 36^ 194.44 47 1/10 0/1 l4o.y4 58 1 OA RQ izu.oy OR yo 79 Q /z.y 141 491.23 ^04 977 0^! ^ < < .zo 0U5 1QQ 1Y* lyo.iu A71 4^4 47- 1 AO 1 K 14o.lO 581 ion 17 07 y ( 72 2 I4i 482.76 Zt)2 07/1 t^l 365 1 Q1 78 lyi. / 0 147.37 581 OOt 110 RR iiy .00 OS yo 71 d. 14| 474.58 01^3 ZO5 071 OA Z/ l.O'i Ouj 1 QA /I 0 iyu.4o 47 1 146.60 11Q 1 K iiy.io QQ yy 70 7 1 1 03 *i 9 *'S ^ 2 s , V — 5 ^ es£ £" Extra lie Warp Twist. rdinary nlo Warp Twist. Mule Filling Twist. 1 1.0000 4.75 4.50 4.00 3.75 3.25 2 1.4142 0.71 6.30 5.65 5.30 4 60 3 1.7320 8.22 7.79 6.92 6.49 5.62 4 2.0000 9.50 9.00 8.00 7.50 6.50 5 2.2360 10.62 10.06 8.94 8.38 7.26 6 2.4494 11.63 11.02 9.79 9.18 7.96 7 2.6457 12.56 11.90 10.58 9.92 8.59 8 2.8284 13.43 12.72 11.31 10.60 9.19 9 3.0000 14.25 13.50 12.00 11.25 9.75 10 3.1622 15.02 14.23 12 64 11.85 10.27 11 3.3166 15.75 14.92 13.26 12.43 10.77. 12 3.4641 16.45 15 58 13.85 12.99 11.25 13 3.6055 17.12 16.22 14.42 13.52 11.71 U 3.7416 17.77 16.84 14.96 14.03 12.16 15 3.8729 18.39 17.43 15.49 14.52 12.48 16 4.0000 19.00 18.00 16.00 15.00 13.00 17 4.1231 19.58 18.55 16.49 15.46 13.40 18 4.2426 20.15 19.09 16.97 15.90 13.78 19 4.3.588 20.70 19.61 17.43 16.34 14.16 20 4.4721 21.24 20.12 17.88 16.77 14.. 53 21 4.5825 21.76 20.62 18.33 17.18 14.89 22 4.6904 22.27 21.10 18.76 17.58 15.24 23 4.7958 22.78 21.58 19.18 17.98 15.58 24 4.8989 23.26 22.04 19.59 18.37 15.92 25 5.0000 23.75 22.50 20.00 18.75 16.25 26 5.0990 24.22 22.95 20.39 19:11 16.57 27 5.1961 24.68 . 23.38 20.78 19.48 10.88 28 5.2915 25.13 23.81 21.16 19.84 17.19 29 5.3851 25-57 24.23 21.54 20.19 17.49 30 5.4772 26.01 24.64 21.90 20.54 17.80 31 5.5677 26.44 25.05 22.27 20.87 18.09 32 5.6568 26.86 25.45 22.62 21.21 18.38 33 5.7445 27.28 25.85 22.97 21..54 18.67 34 3.8309 27.69 26.24 23.32 21.86 18.95 35 5.9160 28.10 26.62 23.<;6 22.18 19.22 36 6.0000 28.50 27.00 24.00 22.50 19.50' 37 6.0827 28.89 27.37 24.33 22.81 19.76 38 6.1644 29.28 27.73 24.65 23.11 20.03 39 6.2449 29.66 28.10 24.98 23.41 20.29 40 6.3245 30.04 28.46 25.29 2:{.71 20.. 55 41 6.4031 30.41 28.81 25.61 24.01 20.81 42 6.4807 30.78 29.16 25.92 24.30 21.06 43 6.5574 31.14 29.51 26.22 24.59 21.31 44 6.6332 31.50 29.84 26.53 24.87 21.55 45 6.7082 31.86 30.19 26.83 25.15 21 80 46 6.7823 32.21 30.52 27.12 25.43 22.04 47 6.8556 32.56 30.85 27.42 25.70 22.28 48 6.9282 32.90 31.18 27.71 25.98 22.51 49 7.0000 33.25 31.50 28.00 26.25 22.75 50 7.0710 33.58 31.82 28.28 26.51 22.98 USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. 67 TWIST TABLE— {CoiUmued.) Counts or Numbers. Square Hoot. Ordinary Frame AVarp Twist. David Whitman's Frame Warp Twist. Extra Mule AVarp Twist. Ordinary Mule AVarp Twist. Mule Filling Twist. til / .i4I-i OQ no oo.yz 32.14 20.00 Oft TQ 20. 4o4: 34.90 33.07 on QO 2y.oy OT f;^; 2 < .00 OQ QQ 2o 00 00 7 (KM 35.22 33.37 on (Id 2y .00 07 8 1 0 ( 1 A 24. 1 U 00 7.4833 oo.o4 33.07 2;J.yo OQ Afl 2o UO 24.32 ^^7 Ot / .5498 35.80 33.97 OA on 08 Q 1 20 01 01 n-i 24. Oo oo / .010/ oO. 17 34.27 ^0 If! 08 '-i^i 20. 00 0 1 T."i 24. i 0 0!i 7 1 1 ^1 .Ooil 36.48 34 50 •K\ TO oU. / 2 OQ 80 0 1 OP 24. y() Art *7 T 1 .\0 < . / 4oU 30.79 34 86 Qrt CIQ oU.Uo 0 1 ni 21. U4 0;; IT 2o. 1 / Ox 7 Q 1 no 37.09 00. lo ^1 01 01 08 Ot QQ 2.3 Oo o^ / .8/ 4U 37.40 35.43 01 1 Q 0 1 . 4y Oil tO 2-7 . i)2 25. 59 oo 7 Qr TA 35.72 "il 71 ol. ( 4 03 7f^ O^ TO 20. 1 y 0-t o.UUUU 38.00 36.00 Q.O AA QA A(^ OW.UU or» AA 20. UU 00 Q nn.").T o.UOZ^ 38.2.Q 30.28 QO 0 1 o2.24 Qrt OQ OU 20 Of 00 2b. 2U oo 8 1 oin o. i Z4U oa.oo 30.50 "iO 10 o2. 4y QA Ifi OR 1 (» 20. 4U D 1 8 1 8 ^ o. 1 <5-30 36.83 ^iO 71 02. ( 4 Qrt no OU. O.J Oi; fin Oo 8 OJRO 39.10 37.11 '^•0 OQ o2. yo Qrt 00 0U.y2 Oft QA 20. oU Of o.oUOO oy.4o Qt .30 0/ .00 •i'i 00 oO. 22 '-? 1 11 0 i. l-i Oc 00 20. yy o.OOOO QO T ( oU . / 4 01 .00 'i'^ in 00.4:0 Ql Q7 07 1 0 z t . ly 71 8 lOfl 1 o.4iiO 1 40 02 37.92 TA OO. / U Ql fiO 01.0.J OT QQ 2/ .00 79 8 18 ^O 40.30 38.18 "^'^ 01 oo. y4 Ql 81 0 I.O i OT tk7 2/ .0/ 7'^ O.044U ,t A rco 4U.0(5 38.45 Q 1 1 T o4.1 / QO OQ OZ.VO OT TR 2/ ./O 74. o.0U2o 40.80 38.71 "ii in QO 0^ 0^ ZO OT or; 2< .yo / 0 o.0l)U2 4i.l.j 38.97 Q 1 1 O4.04 QO 17 02.4/ OQ 1 1 2o.l4 7R / 0 o. / I / / 41.40 39.23 Q 1 QT o4.o/ QO /'Q 02. oy OQ QQ 2o.oo 77 a 77 10 11 f 0 41. Oo 39.49 tK AO oo.uy QO on oz.yu OQ 1 2o.01 78 8 8 "i 1 7 /II AK 41. yO o'J. / 4 ^fi "JO 00.02 QQ 1 I 0 0 . i L 08 7n 2o. f U 7Q 8 888 1 o.ooo L 10 0 1 1 A AA 00.00 '^1 QQ 00.00 08 88 2o. 00 p. 00 00.22 Q Q 0 OO.yo ou 1 .1 83 oil ni y . 1 L\)-k ,1 Q OT 41.00 QR 11 00.44 Ql 1 a o-i. 1 0 OU f!A 2y .OU 84 0 1 HtI y . 1 0 0 i /I Q 'to. 00 ,11 Ct i 41.24 00.00 Ql QR 0 * . 0 0 ou 78 OO 0 o 1 o ,( 0 TA 40. /y 41 .49 Qf: QT oO.o/ Ql 5^7 o4.0/ ou OR 2y.yo 86 0 07 '^ft y.Z( oo ,1 1 A ( 44. U4 41.73 QT /^O 0/ .Uy Ql 77 04. / / QO 1 Q ou. lo 87 9.3273 44.30 41.97 37.30 34.97 30 31 88 oo y .ooUo 44 00 42.2 1 QT RO o/ .02 Q^ 1 7 00. 1 t Qn 1 Q oU. 4o ^3 9.4:«9 44.81 42.45 37.73 ■ 35.37 30.00 90 9.4808 45.00 42.09 37.94 35 57 30.83 91 9.5393 45.31 42.92 38.15 35.77 31.00 92 9.5910 45.56 43.10 38.30 35.90 31.17 93 9.0436 45.80 43.40 38.57 30.16 31.34 94 9.0953 40.05 43.03 38.78 30.35 31.50 95 9.7407 4->.29 43.80 38.98 30.55 31 07 90 9.7979 46.54 44.09 39.19 30.74 31 84 97 9.8488 40.78 44.32 39.39 36.93 32.00 98 9.8994 47 02 44.55 39.. 59 37.11 32.17 99 9.9498 47.26 44.77 39.79 37.3 1 32 33 100 10.0000 47.59 45.00 40.00 37.50 32.50 68 USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. ENGLISH TABLE, Showing the quality of warp yam by the weight that one seventh of a hank or eighty turns of a yard and a half reel from one bobbin will bear before break- ing, given in pounds and ounces. CRniNARr QCiLIXr. FAIR QUALITY. GOOD QUALITY. ixtIia QUALITY. SUP. EXTRA QUALITY. c Breaking i Breaking Breaking 1 U Breaking Breaking Weight, Weight, i 1 >^ Weight. a Weight. Weight. o lbs. oz. o J? IDS. 1 oz. . 1 d IDS. oz. 1 i2; lbs oz. 6 IDS. oz. 10 115 10 10 120 8 10 125 6 10 130 4 i 10 m 3 11 102 4 11 104 7 11 106 10 11 108 14 ! n 111 2 12 96 15 12 99 2 12 100 5 12 103 8 ' 12 105 12 13 91 14 1 13 93 15 13 96 0 13 98 2 i 13 ipo 4 14 89 12 14 91 12 14 93 13 14 95 14 14 97 15 15 83 12 1 ' 15 85 10 \ 15 87 8 15 89 7 15 91 6 16 81 11 1 16 83 8 i 16 85 6 1 16 87 4 16 89 2 17 76 14 17 78 10 ! 17 80 6 ! i 17 82 2 17 83 14 18 72 10 ! ' 18 74 4 , 18 75 14 18 77 8 18 79 3 20 67 14 1 20 69 6 , 20 70 14 £0 72 7 ; 20 74 0 22 61 11 i 22 63 1 22 64 7 22 65 14 22 67 5 24 58 10 24 59 15 24 61 4 24 62 9 1 1 24 63 15 26 54 10 1 26 55 13 26 57 1 £6 58 5 26 59 9 28 50 4 i 28 51 6 28 52 8 28 53 10 1 28 54 13 .30 48 11 30 49 12 30 50 13 30 51 14 30 53 0 32 45 9 1 32 46 7 32 47 5 32 48 3 32 49 2 34 44 6 ' 34 45 6 34 46 6 34 47 6 34 48 6 36 41 14 j 36 42 13 36 43 12 36 44 11 36 45 11 38 39 11 38 40 9 38 41 7 , 38 42 6 38 43 5 40 38 15 1 40 39 13 40 40 11 1 40 41 9 40 42 8 42 37 13 42 38 10 42 39 8 42 40 6 42 41 4 44 35 7 1 44 36 3 44 37 0 44 37 13 ! 44 38 10 46 33 13 i 46 34 9 46 35 5 46 36 1 1 46 36 14 48 32 3 1 48 32 14 48 34 9 48 34 5 48 35 1 50 32 2 1 50 32 13 50 33 8 50 34 4 50 35 0 55 30 8 : 55 31 3 55 31 14 i 55 32 9 55 33 5 60 27 10 60 28 4 60 £8 14 1 60 29 8 60 30 2 65 25 8 65 26 1 65 10 1 65 27 • 8 65 27 13 70 24 6 70 24 15 70 25 8 1 70 26 1 70 26 10 75 22 12 75 23 4 75 23 12 ' 75 24 4 75 24 13 80 22 0 80 22 8 80 23 0 1 80 23 18 80 24 0 85 20 4 85 20 13 85 21 6 1 85 21 15 85 22 8 90 19 8 90 19 3 90 19 14 1 90 20 9 90 21 5 95 18 8 95 18 14 95 19 5 1 95 19 12 95 20 3 100 18 4 100 18 10 100 19 0 100 19 6 100 19 12 110 15 10 110 16 0 110 16 5 110 16 11 110 17 0 120 15 8 120 15 13 120 16 2 120 16 7 120 16 13 130 14 4 130 14 9 ISO 14 14 130 15 3 130 15 9 340 13 10 140 13 15 140 14 4 140 14 9 140 14 14 iro 12 7 150 12 11 150 12 15 150 13 4 150 13 9 160 12 4 160 12 8 160 12 12 lt:0 13 0 160 13 5 170 i.i q 170 2j 1Q lo 170 19 ]^ 1170 5 170 12 9 180 10 M 180 10 13 180 11 1 180 11 5 180 11 9 190 10 ili.0 10 12 190 11 0 190 11 4 190 11 8 200 10 \ 2C0 10 2ro 10 11 2( 0 10 15 2C0 11 3 210 9 13 210 10 0 210 10 3 210 10 210 10 11 i20 9 13 220 1 15 220 10 1 220 ■10 I •520 10 7 2."0 9 £30 6 230 9 9 230 9 12 230 10 0 240 8 i5 240 9 1 240 9 4 , 240 9 240 9 11 250 8 10 '250 8 13 250 9 0 ■250 9 3 250 9 7 260 8 8 260 8 11 260 8 -.60 9 1 260 9 4 270 8 3 270 8 6 270 8 'I 270 8 12 270 8 15 280 8 1 280 8 4 280 8 280 8 10 280 8 13 290 7 12 290 7 lo £90 8 2 290 8 5 £90 8 8 300 7 11 SCO 7 13 SCO 8 8 300 8 3 300 8 6 310 7 7 310 9 310 12 310 7 15 310 2 320 7 6 S20 8 320 10 320 7 13 3£0 I 0 330 7 2 330 4 330 17 .330 7 10 330 13 340 6 15 340 1 340 3 340 7 6 340 9 350 6 14 350 0 350 2 350 7 5 350 7 8 USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. 69 BREAKING WEIGHT OF AMERICAN YARNS. Tlie foregoing English table is apparently made up by grouping together a large number of results from actual tests of yarn in different mills ; at any rate we see no other way of accounting for its irregularities. Thinking to meet the demand for a table better adapted to the wants of spinners in this country, we recently sent out to about one hundred and fifty of the leading mills the following circular : — " Dear Sik, — We are endeavoring to collect sufficient data for the prep- aration of a table showing the breaking weight for American ring-frame warp yarns, to take the place of the English table conmionly printed, which is of little value in this country. To this end, we desire to ascertain the standards used in our principal New England factories, that we may deduce a reliable average. Will you assist us by answering the following queries with regard to the mills under your charge ? " No. of warp yarn spun? [If several numbers are spun, state with regard to each.] Kind of goods woven? " Standard breaking weight of one skein, or 80 turns of a 1^ yard reel? " Any further facts or suggestions bearing on this matter will be gladly received. " Yours truly," etc. Somewhat to our surprise we received answers from but thirty-one parties. In preparing a tabular statement from these returns we have thrown out five for various reasons as unsuitable for our purpose. Six more were from print- cloth mills, and these we have not used. (The numbers of yarn in these six ranged from 27 to 21), and the breaking weights from 48 to 65 pounds, aver- aging 55^ pounds). The reujaining twenty mills gave returns covering thirty-five different num bers of ring-frame warp yarns, mostly used in various grades of sheeting, shirt- ing, and cambrics, or sold in the skein. These we have used in the prepai ation of a diagram giving an average line from which the following table is deduced. The statistics do not justify extending the table to yarns coarser than 17 or finer than 50 ; and as the greater part of them were for yarns numbering be- tween 20 and 30, the average shown by the table is most reliable inside those limits. TABLE Showing the average breaking weight of American warp yarns, per skein. Weight given in pounds and tenths. Number. Breaking Weight. Number. Breaking Weight. Number. Breaking Weiglit. 17 108.0 28 57.8 40 40.6 18 102.8 29 55.3 41 39.6 19 97.8 30 53.3 42 38.5 20 92.9 31 51.6 43 37.5 2L 87.9 32 50.0 44 36.4 22 82.8 33 48.7 45 35.4 2:j 77.9 34 47.4 46 34.3 24 73.3 35 46.2 47 33.4 25 68.9 36 45.0 48 32.5 26 64.8 37 44.0 49 31.7 - 27 61 1 38 42.8 50 31.0 39 41.7 i A comparison of the above table with the English table, taking, say, the colunui headed " Good Quality " shows the American yarns coarser than 30 considerably stronger. Erom 30 to 40 the difference decreases, and the case is gradually reversed. We have so few returns to work from on the finer 70 USEFUL TABLES FOR SPINNERS. numbers, however, that we consider it unsafe to build any theories on this fact. We are informed that it has been found in several mills to be the case that for a year past tlie average breaking strength of yarns has fallen ofi' very ma- terially, in consequence of the various misfortunes attending the raisinu; of recent cotton crops, by which the quality of the staple has been injured. This should be taken into account in the consideration of the above figures. Before dropping tlie subject we print part of a letter received from a promi- nent manufacturer in response to tlie call of our circular for suggestions: — " I cannot help thinking it would be a good plan for the New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association to cause to be made in this country the necessary apparatus for yarn testing, and establish that as a standard at the office of its secretary. To these instruments the manufacturers of America should conform. We should then have an American standard of our own to guide us in discusshig such questions of manufacture as hinge upon identity of number, etc." STATISTICS OF TUE COTTON MANUFACTURE. Preliminary report upon the cotton manufacture of the United States, exhibiting the number of looms, .«pindles, the number of bales of cotton consumed, and the number of opera'ives emploved, Jis reported by Edward Atkinson, of Boston, Ma^s., Special Agent of the Tenth Census on Cotton Manufacture. states. Looms. - • >pmdles. Bales Cotton Used. Persons Emploved. Alabama .... LOGO 55.072 14,887 1,600 Arkansas 28 2.015 720 64 Connecticut 18,036 931,538 107,877 15,497 Delaware 823 48,858 7,512 095 Florida .... 816 350 33 Georgia 4,713 200,974 67,874 6,678 Illinois .... 24 4,860 2,261 281 Indiana 776 33,396 11.558 720 Kentucky 73 9,022 4,215 359 Louisiana . 120 6,096 1.354 108 Maine .... 15,978 696,685 112,-361 11.318 Maryland . 2,325 125,(114 4H,947 4,159 Massachusetts . 94,788 4,465,290 578,590 62,794 Michigan 131 12,120 600 208 Mississippi 704 26,172 6,411 748 ^Missouri . . ■ . 341 19,312 6,399 515 New Hampshire 25,487 l,0r8.521 172,746 16,657 New Jersey . 3,344 232,305 20, .569 4,658 New York 12,822 578,512 102,767 70,014 10,710 North Carolina . 1,960 27,508 3,428 Ohio .... 42 14;328 10,597 563 Pennsylvania 10,541 446,379 86,355 11,871 Ehode Island . 30,274 1,649.295 161.694 22.228 South Carolina . 1,776 92,788 33,099 2,195 Tennessee 1,068 46,268 11,699 1,312 Texas .... 71 2,648 246 71 Utah .... 14 432 29 Vermont 1,180 55,088 7,404 735 Virginia .... Wisconsin . 1,324 44,336 11.461 1,112 400 10,240 3,173 282 Totals 230,223 10,921,147 1,586,481 181,628 The above does not include the ho.- Place Preventer, when applied to this or to the Banlett let-off motion, is the most effective arrangement for pre- vention of those unsightly blemishes known as thick and thin stripes. "We think this combination the best let-off and take up mechanism for all kinds of goods. The Youxg Escapeme^sT is being extensively adopted. It is especially adapted to common prints and other light goods. Looms with this motion will not make a smash if the shuttle stops in the shed and the loom does not protect. "When the escapement motions are arranged to hold at the beat, as pat- ented in various forms by George Drapei', the heaviest goods may be woven successfully, Kouse's Let-Back Motion is a cheap and effective device for prevent- ing thick and thin stripes. It operates by unwinding the cloth when the filling gives out and may be ajtplied either with our let-off motions or a common friction. PATENT PROTECTOR FOR LOOMS. 83 PATENT PROTECTOR FOR LOOMS. This applies more particularly to looms built within the past ten years by Wm. Mason, and others of similar construction. The part shown is in nearly the usual form, with the exception of the movable steel piece, A. The im- provement consists in substituting that for a projection upward of cast iron for the dagger of a loom to strike against when the shuttle does not enter the box at the proper time. The brake rod is attached at C, and at D a finger is fastened on that projects forward to disengage the shipper-handle. In prac- tical use the cast iron projection is usually about five sixteenths of an uich high, and, being stationary, the dagger soon rounds off the corner and renders the loom lial)le to make a smash, as it is termed, i. e., break out the warp, and sometimes the shuttles, temples, and reeds. With the improved protector, the piece of steel receives the blow of the dagger, and it is so formed and placed that the instant the dagger touches it, it riles up in its way about three sixteenths of an inch. This makes it abso- lutely sure to protect, if the dagger touches the steel. In consequence of its rising up it is not necessary to have it project above the bed more than one eighth of an inch at the most. This is really a very important matter in running a loom, because the binder does not need to project in the box one half as^much to hinder the shuttle or turn it out of its course. A loom with the improved protector will not stop one fourth as often unless it needs to stop, nor make one fourth as many smashes ; besides it is kept in repair at much less expense, as the hardened steel pieces, made in this form, do not give out, while the ordinary cast iron ones are a constant source of trouble and expense. • PATENT SHUTTLE GUIDES. For many years we have sold shuttle guides among manufacturei'S and their use has become almost universal. The increased speed at which looms are now run makes it both unsafe and expensive to do without them, as they save weavers from personal injury, besides preventing damage to warps, reeds, shut- tles, and temples to an amount far exceeding their cost. In ordering, give thickness of hand rail and distance between swords. 84 SHUTTLE MOTIONS — CUT MARKERS. STEARNS'S PATENT SHUTTLE MOTION. if The accompanying cut is a good representation of the Stearns motion, ex- cept that the staff A is not shown the full length. B is the rocker, with a hole through the top for a guide, which extends up- ward from C. C is the bed -piece which is usually slipped on to the rod which sustains the bottom of the lay, and fastened with the set screw, as shown in the cut. E is a piece of cast iron, passing down between the shaft and the rocker; it passes through the bed-piece, C, also, as shown in the cut: it is curved forward at the bottom, which prevents its rising. By means of this, and the set screw, F, the point at which the shuttle strikes may be adjusted at will. D shows the pulley and the sprinor, and G the strap which serves to connect the pulley and the staff. We consider this the best shuttle motion in use. It has been applied in many of the largest establishments in the country, and has been found to be of ; very great advantage, especially to looms running at high rate of speed. As now constructed, it requires no oil, and does not easily get out of order. We are prepared to apply this motion to any pattern of single shuttle-box loom now in use. DAMON'S PATENT CUT MARKER, FOR SLASHERS. The old marker, by printing on the dry yarn and winding on the beajn while wet, often colored several layers and practically made a number of marks instead of one; warp in this condition was readily tampered with in the weave room, and the common result was a great lack of uniformity in the length of cuts. The improved marker prints on the wet yarn in the rear of the drying cylinders; the mark is therefore dried in with the sizing so that it will neither rub off nor stain other layers on the beam. It produces a neat and well de- fined mark, leaving the weaver no excuse for short cuts. From reports re- ceived concerning the advantages of the Damon marker, we are satisfied that it is worth many times its cost. WADE S PATENT BOBBIN HOLDER. 85 WADE'S PATENT BOBBIN HOLDER FOR SPOOLERS. Of all the improvements in machinery with which we have had to do, this is one of the most widely adopted and appreciated. In the common form of spooler, the quill is placed upon a spindle with two bearings, which must be nicely adjusted and kept carefully lubricated, as the operation depends wholly upon the strength of the yarn to turn the spin- dles, often at a speed equal to that of the spinning frame. The unsteady motion, together with the constant change and frequent wrenching of bob- bins from the spindle, tends both to injure the bearing surfaces of the former and bend the latter. As successful spinning depends largely upon the bob- bins running true, if their bearing surfaces become defective and they are not at once laid aside, inferior work will be produced and additional power re- quired. Large numbers of the Wade Holders have been put in operation, and, as far as we know, are giving universal satisfaction. Among its many advan- tages we call attention to the following: — Requiring no oil, it saves this expense with the attendant labor and special care of spindles, bolsters, and steps. It prevents all liability of staining the yarn by oil thrown from the spin- dle. Keeping a constant strain upon the thread while in motion, it cannot kink. 86 THE LAFLIN THREAD GUIDE. The change in tlie angle of the sides as the bobbin is reduced in diameter helps counterbalance the effect of increased speed and gives a more uniform tension. When we consider the difference in strain on the thread in turning the spindle when the point of drauglit is from tlie snrfi^ce of a full bobbin and when nearly empty, adding to the latter the effect of increased speed required to deliver the same amount of yarn from a surface reduced more than half, it is easy to account for the common remark among spooler ten- ders using these holders, that the " bobbins run oft' cleaner." More yarn can be spooled per spindle, with less knots and at a lar^e sav- ing in labor, as with the bobbin holder the spooler can be run at a higher speed. The friction of the sides loosens and throws off superficial substances, giv- ing the yarn a much cleaner appearance. The bobbin holder never injures the bobbins internally: the spindle does, materially. The bobbin holder never wears out; the spindle does. It can be applied to any pattern of upright spooler, being specially adapted to quill bobbins where the ordinary wind is used — from long to short — although some parties have used them in spooling from headed bobbins. Those M inding from short to long would do well to change in order to reap the benefit derived from its use. LAFLTN THREAD GUIDE FOR SPOOLERS. 1^ This invention has met with much favor, and large numbers have been sold. It is now made in the form wtW shown above. The yarn enters between the blades about opposite 13, and runs over a haidened steel stud THE HOPED ADE MACHINE CO.'S SPECIALTIES. 87 which holds the blades togeth- er. By means of the nut on the end of this stud at A, the distance between the blades may be easily regulated with a key, to suit the size of the yarn. As the traverse causes the yarn to continually change its position between the blades, the latter do not wear mate- rially. An idea of the interior construction is afTorded by the annexed outlines. The yarn cannot jump from the guide and wind on the spindle; and the difRculty of removing the yarn without breaking practi- cally prevents the passage of objectionable bunches. By re- placing worn studs, at a tri- fling cost, the guide will last as long as the spooler, with fair usage, and will produce better work both at the warper and the loom. The Hopedale's Machine Company's spoolers are furnished with this guide. Its price has lately been much reduced. THE HOPEDALE MACHINE CO.'S SPOOL- ERS, REELS, WARPERS, AND TWISTERS. The illustration on the following page represents one of the Hopedale Ma- chine Company's improved spoolers. It has an iron frame throughout, a feature which was original witli us, but which has since been copied by other leading shops. It also has our positive traverse motion; the Sawyer prin- ciple applied to the bolsters of its spindles (an advantage to be had with no other machine); and the best spindle step made. It has the Laflin Guide and the Wade Bobbin Holder, heretofore described; the bobbin holder being mounted on a round red, as patented by us, making it much less liable to displacement and more easily adjustable than on a flat rail. And in addition to all these desirable features, it has symmetry, strength, good workmanship, and durability. Great numbers of these machines are in use, giving perfect satisfaction. No other parties can build spoolers combining so many valu- able improvements. The driving pulleys are made with 2 inches face, and either 9 or 12 inches diameter. Width, outside of boxes, 4 feet. For length of machine, add 20 inches to distance from centre to centre cf end spindles. This distance is easily computed, when the number of spindles and the gauire or distance be- tween spindles are known. For spools having heads of 3^, 4, and 5 inches diameter, respectively, the corresponding spaces between spindles would be 4^, 4|, and 5| inches. We recommend for coarse yarns, say up to No. 11, a G-inch traverse, and a spool with 5-inch heads; from ll's to 20's, the same size of head, and a 5-inch traverse; 20's to 30's, a spool with 4-inch head, and a traverse of 5 inches; and for 30's to 50's, a spool with 3-|-inch head, and a traverse of 4-^ inches. For convenience of reference we present a table shewing the performance of our spoolers with different speeds and nuniLers. As a matter of fact, their actual product in some of the best mills is considerably in excess of that shown by the table, but we have put the figures down to conform to the average accomplished with ordinary circumstances of speed and traverse. (See page 89 ) THE HOPEDALE MACHINE CO.'S SPOOLERS. 89 TABLE Showing the number of pounds per spindle Fpooled in 60 hours on the Hopedale Machine Co.'s Spoolers, vith different speeds and numbers of yarn. (See Explanation, page 87.) No. of Yarn . Eevolutions per minute of the No. of Sawyer (spiuning) !-pin- dle.s to 1 spooler spiudlCj with the latter at 825 revolutions per minute. Cylinder, 200. Spindle, 750. Cylinder, 220. Spindle, 825. Cylinder, 240. Spindle, 900. 8 64.3 70.7 77.1 13 10 51.4 56.6 61.7 12 42.9 47.1 51.4 14 14 36.7 40.4 44.1 16 32.1 35.3 38.6 15 18 28.6 31.4 34.3 20 25.7 28.3 30.9 16 22 23.4 25.7 28.1 24 21.4 23.6 25.7 17 26 19.8 21.8 23.7 28 18.4 20.2 22.0 29 17.7 19.5 21.3 18 30 17.1 18.9 20.6 32 16.1 17.7 19.3 34 15.1 1G.6 18.1 19 36 14.3 15.7 17.1 38 13.5 14.9 16.2 20 40 12.9 14.1 15.4 44 11.7 12.9 14.0 21 50 10.3 11.3 12.3 I'he illustration on pjige 90, follcwiiiff, gives a gcod view of our skein spooler, and renders an exfjnded description uimece^fary. It includes se^eral or the best features of the lolibin spooler, and is a first-class machine in all respects. On the next page (91) is another illusi ration showing one of cur reels. These last two machines we have but recently introduced, but so far as we learn they are doing well. Those in need of an} thing of the kind will find it profitable to correspond with us on the subject, as we apply all valuable and practical modifications to our machines whenever they can be had, makiijg it our study to keep in the front rank. The fact that we limit our productions, building only such machines as are needed in spooling, warping, and twisting, enables us to give such attention to details as would be impossible should we attempt to furnish the great variety of machines made by many of the large shops of the country. In calling re- newed attention to our improvements in spooling and warping, we point with pleasure to the vtry large nunilier of our machines in use, and to the fact that the cheapest warping and spooling in the country is done on them. THE HOPED ALE MACHINE CO.'S SPOOLER. 92 THE HOPED ALE MACHINE CO.'S WARPERS. WARPERS. ^ From the first oi,r warpers have steadily gained in the public esteem, as our increasing sales sufficiently indicate. AVe have sold, up to 1881, some 1,300 machines, ^^e incorporate in them all valuable improvements, and several ot tJie most valuable are held exclusively by us. The cut below represents our latest pattern of warper, which includes, among other excellent points, — ' 1st. The slow- starting motion, by means of which all the threads are brought to an even tension before the machine comes to fuU speed, thus sav- ing much strain and breakage of yarn. 2d. The ^^ilmsley stop'^niotion, which is the most positive known, is lightest on the yarn, and with which the warper cannot be run with threads out. This is the only adjustable stop motion in use that has this feature. 3d. The rising roll for taking up the slack thread, bv which one knot can be saved every tune a broken end is to be pieced up, and which keeps the varn up instead of letting it down into the dirt under the machine. (We "also build drop roll machines, but do not advise their use.) TABLES OF PRODUCTION. 93 We apply to our creels glass steps when so ordered. For fine n nbers we especially recommend tliem. One of our warpers occupies a space 7 feet by 3 feet 6 inches. Creels vary somewhat in size and position. A V creel for 400 spools occupies 8x8 feet; with the warper, about 8 X 13 feet would be required. Tlie pulleys are 10 inches diameter and 2 inclies face, but require a driving pulley of 6 inches face. The gearing requires the speed of pulleys to be a little under 5.^ times the desired speed of cylinder. Our beams ai-e 54 inches between heads, with 9-inch barrel. For yarns up to 12's we recommend a beam witli 2G-inch heads; from 12's to 30's, 21- inch heads; 30's to 40's, 22-inch heads; and for numbers finer than 40's, 21-inch heads. The following tabular statements will be found very nearly correct, and handy for reference in this connection. Weight of yarn on a spool with barrel 1^ inches in diameter: — With 5-inch head, G-inch traverse, 1.9 lbs. u 5 a u 5 u u i.G u " 4 " "5 " " 1.0 " u 3L a a 4| u u 0.7 - Weight of yarn on a beam, 54 inches between heads, and with a 9-inch bar- rel:— With 26 -inch heads, 420 lbs. " 24 " " 350 " 22 " «' 285 " » 21 " " 255 " We also present for reference the following tables showing the number of pounds per week of sixty hours warped on a Hopedale Machine Company's Slasher Warper, at different speeds of cylinder and for different numbers of 6nds and sizes of yarn. In these tables the actual amount warped is assumed to be two thirds of the theoretical amount. WARPER TABLES. I. REVOLUTIONS PEIl MINUTE OF CYLINDER = 30. No. of Yara. Pounds Warped in Sixxr Hours. Number of Ends = 260 300 320 340 360 380 410 440 8 4,179 4,821 5,143 5,465 5,786 6,107 6,589 7,071 10 3,343 3,857 4,114 4,372 4,629 4,88G 5,271 5,657 12 2,786 3,214 3,429 3,643 3,857 4,071 4,393 4,714 14 2,388 2,755 2,939 3,123 3,306 3,490 3,765 4,041 16 2,089 2,411 2,571 2,733 2,893 3,053 3.295 3,535 3,143 18 1,857 2,143 2,285 2,429 2,571 2,714 2,929 20 1,671 1,928 2,055 2.186 2,314 2,104 2,443 2,636 2,829 22 1,519 1,753 1,870 1,987 2,221 2,396 2,571 24 1,393 1,607 1,714 1,821 1,929 2,0:56 2,197 2,357 26 1,286 1,483 1,582 1,681 1,780 1,879 2,027 2,176 2,02L 28 1,194 1,377 1,469 i;561 1,653 1,745 1,883 1,818 29 1,152 1,330 1,418 1,507 1,596 1,685 1,950 30 1,114 1,285 1,371 1,457 1,543 1,629 1,757 1,885 32 1,044 1,205 1,285 ],346 1,447 1,527 1,647 1,768 34 983 1,135 1,210 1,286 1,361 1,437 1,551 1,664 36 929 1,071 1,143 1,214 1,286 1,357 1,464 1,571 38 880 1,015 1,083 1,150 1,218 1,285 1,387 1,489 40 836 964 1,029 1,093 1,157 1,221 1,318 1,414 44 760 877 935 993 1,051 1,110 1,198 1,286 60 669 771 823 874 926 977 1,054 1,131 94 WARPERS— TABLES OF PRODUCTION. WARPER TABLES.- (Contivued.) IT. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE OF CYLINDER =: 33. No. of Yarn. Pounds Warped in Sixty IIours. Number of Exds^t 260 300 320 340 360 380 410 440 8 4,597 5.303 5,657 6.011 6,365 6,718 7,248 7,773 10 3,677 4,243 4,525 4,809 5,091 5,375 5.799 6.223 12 3,065 3,535 3,771 4.007 4,243 4,479 4,832 5.185 14 2,627 3,030 3,233 3.435 3,637 3,839 4,142 4,445 16 2,298 2,652 2,829 3,006 3.182 3,359 3,624 3,889 18 2,043 2,357 2,514 2,671 2,829 2.985 3,221 3,457 20 1,839 2,121 2,263 2,405 2.546 ' 2.687 2.899 3.111 22 1,671 1,929 2,057 2,186 2,315 2.443 2,635 2,829 24 1,532 1,768 1,885 2,003 2.121 2,239 2.416 2,587 26 1,415 1,631 1,740 1,849 1,958 2.067 2,230 2^393 28 1 01 Q J , O J O J,OlO 1 fti ft l.bib 1 T1 7 1,1 H 1,81» 3.939 29 1,268 3,463 i;560 1.658 3,755 3.853 2,000 2,146 30 1,225 1,414 1.509 1.603 1,697 1.791 1,933 2,074 32 1,149 1,326 •3,414 3.503 1,591 1,679 1,812 1,945 34 1,081 J. 248 1.331 3,415 1,497 1.581 1,706 1,831 36 1,021 968 1,179 1,257 1.335 1,415 1.493 1,611 1,729 38 1.117 1.191 1.265 1.340 1.414 1.526 1,637 40 919 1.061 1,131 1.202 1.273 3,34:3 1,450 1,555 44 836 964 1,029 1,093 1,157 3.221 1,318 1,415 50 735 849 905 961 1.019 3,075 1,159 1,245 WARPER TABLES — {Conti'nuetl.) III. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE OF CYLINDER = 33. PouxDS Warped in Sixty IIodrs. Number of Ends = farn. 260 300 320 340 360 380 410 440 8 5,015 5,785 6.171 6,557 6,943 7,329 7,907 8,485 10 4,011 4,629 4;937 5,246 5,555 5,863 6,325 6,789 12 3,343 3,857 4,181 4,372 4.629 4.885 5,271 5,657 14 2,865 3.305 3,527 3,747 3,967 4.188 4,519 4,849 16 2,507 2.893 3,085 3,279 3,471 3,664 3,953 4,243 18 2,229 2,571 2 743 2,915 3,085 3,257 3,515 3,163 3,771 20 2,005 2,315 2,468 2.623 2,777 2,931 3.395 22 1,823 2.104 2,244 2,385 2.525 2,665 2,875 3: 085 24 1,671 1,925 2,057 2,185 2,315 2,443 2,636 2.829 26 1,543 1,780 1,899 2,017 2,136 2,255 2,433 2,611 28 1,433 1,653 1,763 1,873 3,983 2,094 2,2.59 2,425 29 1,383 1,596 1,703 1,809 1.915 2,021 2,181 2.341 30 1,337 1,543 1,645 1,749 1,851 1,955 2,109 2,263 32 1,253 1,447 1,543 3,639 1,736 1,832 1,977 2.121 34 1,180 1,361 1,452 3,543 1,633 1,725 1,861 1,997 36 1,115 1,285 1,371 1,457 1,543 1,629 1,757 1,885 38 1,056 1,239 1,299 1,380 1,461 1,543 1,665 1.787 40 1,003 1,157 1,235 1,311 1.389 1,465 1,581 1,097 44 912 1,052 1,123 1,192 1,262 1,332 1,437 1,543 50 806 925 987 3,049 1,111 1,171 1,265 1,357 THE HOPED ALE MACHINE CO.'S TWISTERS. 95 WARPER TABLES.— (Concluded.) IV. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE OF CYLINDER = 40. No. of Yarn. Pounds Warped in Sixty Hours. Number of Ends 260 300 320 340 360 380 410 440 o O 5,571 6,428 6,857 7,286 7,715 8,143 8,785 9,428 10 4,457 5,142 5,485 5.828 6.171 6,515 7,028 7,543 1 o 3,715 4,285 4,571 4.857 5, 1 43 '5,428 5,857 6,285 14 3,184 3,673 3,918 4,163 4,408 4.653 5,020 5,387 Id 2,785 3.214 3,428 3,043 3,857 4,071 4,393 4,713 1 Q lO 2,476 2,857 3,047 3,238 3,428 3,619 3,905 4,190 20 2,228 2,571 2,742 2,915 3,086 3,257 3,515 3.771 oo 11 2,025 2,337 2,493 2.649 2.805 2,961 3,195 3,428 1,857 2,143 2,285 2,428 2,571 2,715 2,929 2,703 3,143 Jo 1.715 1,977 2, 109 2,241 2,373 2,505 2,901 £6 1,592 1,836 1,959 2,081 2,203 2,326 2,510 2,694 29 1,537 1,773 1,891 2,009 2,128 2,246 2,424 2,600 30 1,485 1,713 1.828 1,943 2,057 2,171 2,343 2,513 32 1,393 1,607 1^713 1.821 1,929 2,035 2,196 2,357 34 1,311 1,513 1,613 1,715 3,815 3,916 2,067 2,219 36 1,238 1,428 1,523 1,619 3,714 1,809 1,952 2,095 38 1,173 1,353 1,443 1,533 1,624 1,713 1,849 1,985 40 1,115 1,285 1,371 1,457 1,543 3,628 1,757 1,885 44 1,013 1,169 1,247 3,324 3,403 1,480 1,597 1,715 50 892 1,028 1,097 1,165 1,235 3,303 3,405 1,508 TWISTERS. The Hopedale Machine Company is the only concern building Sawyer and Kabbeth Spindle Twisters. Manufacturers do not need to be told that the same mechanical features which place the Sawyer so high among ring-spiu- ning structures are equally applicable to a twisting sjiindle and operate in the same way, giving all the advantages had in spinning, — allowing it to be run at higher speeds, with greater steadiness, and a less expenditure of power; also reducing, of course, the cost of production. Very much of what has been said in the preceding pages concerning the Sawyer and New Rabbeth Spindles for spinning is directly and equally applicable to our twister spindles in which the same principles are embodied. That they will accon)plish all that we claim for them has been fully and repeatedly demonstrated by the test of actual use. Summed up as briefly as possible, the advantages of these twisters over any and all others will be found to be, — 1st. The Sawyer or New Kabbeth principle. 2d. Adjustable rings on all, and the Double Adjustable Rings for the small sizes, for dry twisting. 3d. A great saving in power, and 4th. Largely increased capacity, on account of the improved spindles. 5th. A reduced cost for attendance. The following are useful details concerning these machines : Width, 39 inches; for length, add 2 feet to the distance between end spindles, which may be computed from the number of spindles and gauge. The gauge (or distance between spindles) is usually one inch more than the diameter of the ring. The pulleys are 2 inches face, and run by half inches from 8 to 14 96 THE HOPEDALE MACHINE CO: S TWISTERS. inches in diameter. The (computed) weight of yarn which the various bins or spools will hold is as follows : — bob- ^ If 2i 4i inch b: rel, inch trav( 0.07 11) O.U " 0.17 » 0.33 " O.OD " 0.80 " 1.20 " The above illustration will serve to cjive a general idea of the build and appearance of one of these twisters. The one on the following page gives a sectional view, on a reduced scale, of our No. 2 Sawyer Twister Spindle, and shows the details of construotion. The SawA^er principle has become so well known on spinning frames that it hardly needs explanation, but it is applied somewhat differently on the twister, as shown in the cut. As a straight-bore headed bobbin is generally used on twisters, we have, to support it, attached to the upper part of the spindle a shell which runs outside the long bolster, but does not come in contact therewith. The shell is enlarged at its base (B) THE SAWYER TWISTER SPINDLE. 97 THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE FOR TWISTING. Since tlie invention of the New Rabbeth Spindle, we have adapted it for light twisting in the form shown by the cut on the next page, and are now prepared to build twisters with such spindles. One of its most conspicuous advantages is, as stated with regard to the spinning spindle, its capacity for running without gyration or jar at a very high speed. As at present advised, however, we do not reconunend its use in any case where a traverse longer than five inches, or a ring larger than inches in diameter, are necessary already in operation on fine work are, we understand, doing extremely well. We solicit correspondence on this and kindred subjects, and shall be glad to give any information desired which is not af- forded by the data given in this book. TWIST TABLES FOR TWISTED YARNS. i and forms a surface on which the bottom of the bobbin rests, and in which are driving pins by which the bobbin may be driven positively. It is fitted to the spindle by a tapering fit at the top as shown at A. The bolster is lubricated in the same way as in the spinning spin- dle. C is the oil-cup, consisting of an up- ward extension of the whirl D, which is screwed against a shoulder in the spindle. For different grades of work we make three sizes of Sawyer Twister Spindles, two of which vary somewhat in details of con- struction from the illustration given, but have the same advantages of the extended bolster and thorough lubrication. Over a hundred and fifty of our twist- ers are now in operation, giving excellent satisfaction. 1^ Those The matter of twist is one in which the practice in different mills differs greatly, there being no established rule. Several leading manuHicturers, we find, have lat- terly adopted as a proper twist per inch, four times the square root of the number of the yarn turned off by the twister. To facilitate the adoption of this standard we have prepared the following twist tables,' showing the twist by this rule for all num- bers of yarn up to 80's, from two to six ply. The square root of the number of the twisted yarn is given, so that the twist with any other number than four as a multiplier may be easily figured if desired. (For tables see pages 93 to 102 inclusive.) 5 THE liEW RABBETH TWISTER SFJJS'DLE. THE NEW RABBETH SPINDLE, FOR LIGHT TWISTING. {See remarks on page 97.) TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTED YARNS. 1.05 2.30 2.83 3.28 3.64 4.00 4.33 4.6L 4.90 5.17 5.41 5.66 5.89 6.10 6.32 6.54 6.73 6.93 7.12 7.30 7.48 11 JO -OM •ua«A JO -ON i 5-Piy. ii JO -o.v 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.(0 1 4.20 •aat..iJ0-0K ryi 0^ i 2.00 2.83 3.46 4.00 4.47 4.90 5.29 5.66 6.00 6.32 6.63 6.93 7.21 7.48 7.75 8.00 8 25 8.48 * 8.72 8.94 9.16 i 11 JO -OK 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1 75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3 75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 •uaT^xJo-oN ^ 1 2.30 3.28 4.00 4 61 5.17 5.66 6.10 6 54 6.93 7.30 7.66 8.00 8.32 8.64 8.94 9.24 9.52 9.80 10.06 10.33 10.58 3-Ply. li iiliiliiiiiiil JO -Oil 1 mmmmmmsmm s ii 0.707 1.000 1.225 1 All 1.414 1.581 1.732 1.871 2.000 2.12L 2 236 2.345 2.450 2.550 2.646 2.739 2.828 2.916 3.000 3.082 3.162 3.240 JO -ox •QIBAJO OK n ^ ^ CC ^. ^ Oi ^ x TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTED YARNS. 1 1 m^mmmmm * I « II immmmmm JO OK MKfeKlLjlSb'blTi? HrH'ri' i!lJ 1 (1 immmmimmMi d ?i ?i 5^ ?i ^ ?i c4 c'i ?i ^ ?i ?i -^i ^\ ^\ JO -ox 4.40 4.00 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.80 (J. (10 (i.20 0.40 0.00 0.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.00 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.i0 •aac \ JO -ox { i 4 JO ox •ojBijo ox 1 W JO ox ■ujUAJo -ox 1 i i >> 11 i JO ox ■ uiKX JO -ox TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTED YARNS. 101 mmmMmimmmmM mmmmm mmmimmmMMMmmM iifiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiiilliil! iiiiiiiiiiijsliailiiiiilgaiii mmmsmmimmmM msmmmmmmmm 102 TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTED YARNS. j mm ■ Squaro Root. iiiil JO -on 12.G7 12.83 13.00 13.17 13.33 •nivx JO -OM i iilli s © II 3.890 3.924 3.950 1.000 . JO -ox Ilii •aivx JO OK i 17.43 17.55 17.G6 17.78 17.89 4-Ply. 4.358 4.387 4.41G A AAA 4.472 •UJBipajSIAil JO -ON liWi •naT^A JO -ox Twist. 20.13 20.27 20.40 20.52 20.G6 3-Ply. Square Root. iSal! •uiBipajsiMX JO -OX Hill •njEA JO -oy i iiiil 1 6.104 6.205 0.244 6.285 6.324 JO -OK •OJBi JO -OiJ 76 38.0 77 38.5 78 30 0 79 39.5 80 40.0 PRODUCTION OF TWISTERS. 103 4^ in. Ring. 2,000 Revs, per Min. of Spindle. 6-Ply. •sjnoq 09 a? paonpojd 'sq'^ 189.68 84. -28 52.14 _ •p3;siAi} aq 0} ujvX JO CM CO I 1 1 1 1 1 •Sjnoq 09 "I paonpojd 'soT 129.57 52.14 29.15 •pa4S!A\} aq o; ojbX jo "0^ > 1 •SJnoq 09 ni paonpojd "sq'j 6.27 4.58 4.02 3.58 3.22 2.91 ■pa(>STMj aq 0? njBA" JO 'o^i O » 1 •SJnoq 09 nt paonpojd 'sq^J 1.69 1.29 1.03 0.84 •pajsiM^ aq oj uj^bX JO •on O O O O I 1 1 1 »f5 CD 00 ' ' ' ' 104 THE FOSS IMPROVEMENTS IN SPEEDERS. THE FOSS IMPROVEMENTS IN SPEEDERS. \f/a2 [1 INIr. John F. Foss. whose name is already well known to the manufacturing public in connection with the under-flat card, has invented an important im- provement in f;peeders, winch we are now preparing to introduce, and which we believe is destined to conie into universal use, effecting as it does a great increase in production — as high as sttevtij-Jire per cent. — with an im- portant reduction in power, and a very perceptible improvement in the quality of the roving. The modification relates only to the spindle and flyer. Instead of car- rying the bobbin on the free end of a spindle extending nearly through it, and having its bolster or upper bearing far l)elow the load, this in- vention provides a slotted tube or quill (Fig. 2), which is furnished with suitable bearings {a and c, Fis:. 1) :it the top and bottom of the flyer. Within this quill the new spindle traverses as before, a toe or lug at the top of the spindle projecting out through the slot in the quill (as at 6, Fig. 1), and servhig to hold and drive the bobbin. It will be seen that the quill effec- tively suj)ports the bobbin and its load against any tendency to lateral or vibratory motion, having a bearing at each end. The spindle is short- ened, so much of it as formerly ex- tended into the bobbin being now dis- pensed with ; and as all lateral strain is removed its diameter is very much reduced. The upper end of the spindle is so formed (Fig. 3) that when it is at the lower limit of the traverse the quill njay be released by lifting the bolt (at a, Fig. 1), and may then be swung freely toward the operator, the full bobbin doffed, and an empty one substituted. "With the aid of the cuts this ex- planation will make the oi^eration of the new device sufficiently plain. It has been found by actual experiments, of several months' duration, upon a coarse speeder, that seventy-five per cent, increase in speed was easily at- tained, and the vibration was so much reduced from what it had been with the old arrangement at the lower speed that the roving produced was evener and better. The power re- quired is largely diminished, both on account of the absence of vibra- tion, and the reduction in diameter of the spindle. It is expected that with this improvement the speeder Fjg.3 FiG.I THE THOMPSON OIL CAN. 105 will fully equal the fly-frame as to quality of work, and greatly excel it in pro- duction. We are now making active preparation to alter old speeders to this system, and invite correspondence on the subject. Parties buying new machines can have them built on this plan at the Lowell Machine Shop and probably by other builders, though no arrangements have yet been made with any other shops. Speeders with the Foss improvements are now running at the mills of the Hamilton Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass., where those interested will doubt- less be allowed to examine their operation at pleasure. THE THOMPSON OIL CAN. B a This is the most practical, neat, and economical in use. There can be no leakage from the vent, and the oil that runs down the tube is saved, running back into the can through the vent tube. It may lie on its side or be rolled on the floor without wasting a drop of oil. No boiling out in potash is needed when stopped up, as it is easily cleaned by run- ning a wire into the vent and chamber through the mouth of the can. We call special attention to our improved tube shown in the cut. The oil delivery is regulated by the hole a, and this is so far from the end as to prevent the help from changing its size. There is less delay in oiling with these, and they are more easily cleaned, if the whole be- comes obstructed, than tubes having a bushing in the middle; again, our tube is made in one piece, which all will recognize as an advantage. The Thompson oil can is well known to manufacturers as the best in the market, and has been made by us the past twenty years. Up to January of 1881 we had sold over 450,000. Parties ordering Thompson Oilers will please consult the following, by which we distinguish the different sizes. Largest Cans, 31 in. high, 2|. in. in diameter, called Large. Medium Cans, 3 in. high, 21 in. in diameter, called Common. Smallest Cans, in. high, 21 in. in diameter, called Small. We distinguish the tubes by the size of the hole, — that is. No. 19 has a hole No. 19 wire gauge; No. 20 tube, hole No. 20 and so on. Those most frequently wanted are Nos. 19, 20, and 21 ; but we make any size of hole to or- der. The number does not refer to the can, but only to the hole in the tube. Our common length of tube is 31 inches ; but tubes of greater length we make to order, at proportionately higher prices. Our tube is the best, cheapest and surest to fit our can. 106 THE STANYAN BREAD-MIXER. COTTON BALE SHEARS. These shears will be found very useful in opening bales, being especially adapted in form for cutting hoop iron with ease. We have sold a great many. THE STANYAN BREAD-MIXER. Departing somewhat from its usual line of business, the Dutcher Temple Company has acquired an interest in the above-mentioned very useful domestic implement, and has begun its manufacture and sale. It has been very greatly improved in form, efficiency, and workmanship, and is one of those neat modern labor-saving utensils which no housekeeper will do without, after once giving it a trial. Send for a circular containing description, prices, testimo- nials, etc., if you do not find the machine on sale by the nearest dealer in kitchen furnishings. In C0mpl{cateti Irgal questions, a wise man would seek counselors at the head of their professiofi. En serious illness, he would send for a physician of known professional skill. En purchasing gootis, he would patronize reliable houses with large facilities for supplying merchatidise in their line. ^nti in ftugmg patenteti articles, he would deal with par- ties of established reputation^ who can discriminate bet^veen real and pretended improvements^ and who have the capital and honesty to guarantee customers against claims of other patentees. GEORGE DRAPER & SONS, HOBEDALE, MASS. MANUFACTURERS AND AGENTS FOR The Sawyer Patent Spindle for Ring Spinning. The New Rabbeth Patent Spindle. Patent Double Adjustable Spinning Rings. Doyle Separators and Kilburn Contractors for Ring Spin- ning. Houghton Traveler Brushes. Weeks' Patent Banding Machines. Spoolers with Improved Steps and Bolsters. Skein Spoolers and Reels. Laflin Patent Spooler Guides. "Wade's Patent Bobbin Holders. Slasher Warpers. Warper Creels and Beams. Patent Cut Markers for Slashers. GEORGE DRAPER & SONS, HOPEDALE, 3IASS. MANUFACTURERS AND AGENTS FOR Copper Rolls for Slashers and Dressers. Twisters, with Sawyer or New Rabbeth Spindles. The Foss Improvements in Speeders. Patent Let-off Motions for Looms. Patent Shuttle Motions for Looms. Patent Picker Bolts, Screws, and Collars for Looms. Patent Loom Protectors. Draper's Thin Place Preventer for Looms. Dutcher's Patent Temples for Looms. Kayser's Patent Temples for Looms. Murkland's Carpet Temples for Looms. Draper's Revolving Temples for Looms. Shuttle Guides for Looms. Thompson Oil Cans, with Improved Tubes. Patent Cotton Bale Shears. HOPEDALE MACHINE COMPANY, HOJPJEDAZi:, MASS. MANUFACTURERS OF Improved Cotton Machinery. Patent Warpers, with Walmsley's Stop Motion. I Spoolers, for Bobbin or Skein. Twisters, with Sawyer or New Rabbeth Spindles. Reels, Banding Machines, Warper Beams and Creels, Slasher Rolls, Cut Markers, Centering Machines, etc. tTob Worh to Order. GEO. DRAPER, Pres't and Agent. WM. F. DRAPER, Treas. J. B. BANCROFT, Sup't. HOPEDALE MACHINE COMPANY, SOJ^BDALE, MASS. FOUNDRY DEPARTMENT. Iron Castings of all Descriptions. Particular attention paid to Small Soft Work. Castings JPickled, Tumbled, or Annealed if desired, GEO. DRAPER, Pres t and Agent. WM. F. DRAPER, Treas. J. B. BANCROFT, Sup't. DUTCHER TEMPLE COMPANY, MANUFACTURERS OF Dutcher's Patent Temples, Kayser's Patent Temples, AND MUEKLAND'S CARPET TEMPLES, HOPEBALE, MASS. The above Trade-Mark has been duly registered at the Patent Office, and will be found stamped upon all rolls made by the Ddtciier Temple Company. GEORGE DRAPER, President. F. J. DUTCHER, Agent and Tkeasurkr. GEORGE DRAPER & SONS, Selling Agents, MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA MEMORANDA, MEMORANDA MEMORANDA, MEMORANDA MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. i MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA.