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No. 9. 
 
 Price 35 Cents. 
 
 Frank Leslie, Publisher, 537 Pearl Street, New York. 
 
Frank I.eslie’s 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Centennial Exposition. 
 
 THE EXHIBITIONS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ■|HFi intiTnatioiml expositinu nf niir 
 time is tlie euhuiimtiuii of a long 
 Rprios of stops in couiiJntitivi* ox- 
 liihition. The Lest jnethoJ, there- 
 foiv, of nmviiig at a jnst conelii.siou 
 as to the merits of oiu- own labors 
 ill this (lire<‘tioii i; by eoinpaiisuu, 
 
 !■ j( 'I ami we pnrjiose for Ihi.s reason to 
 
 lay before onr readei's some exanii- 
 uatitin of the history mid progi-e.ss of 
 inteimatiomd exhibitioms from fii-st 
 ibjtH't of eompotitive exhibitions is 
 ono nut unworthy the consideration i>f Ihe reader, and, 
 as it seems not iua 2 )l)roi)riatc at this tiuu' to extend even 
 further om- investigations, we will seek to traei' the 
 record of such exhibitiuas from the most recent inter- . 
 
 to last. The wholo f 
 
 national examples, away back to the more remote and 
 simple illustx'ations among the ancients. 
 
 FAIRS. 
 
 The word “ fair” comes to u.s either from the Latin 
 /orum — a market-iilnce, or feriw — holidays. The Romans 
 established such maids ns these in all their ]irovinees. In 
 those days the diflicultie.s of transportation jirecinded fre- 
 (jneut markets, Riioh ils are obtained in onr time with 
 perfect facility; and, fiirthermoixs these institutions were 
 deemed sei'Niceable in the earlii'r stiges of society, and 
 in nide and inland countries, A\diere. in the abseuct* of 
 shoiis, it was ueces.sniy that somedhiug of this character 
 •shoidd be established for the benefit both of merchants 
 and of the general iiublic, In fact, so generally wuls the 
 usefidnes.s of fairs admitted, that it boeaine customary 
 
 for Governments to grant ceidain privileges to them 
 and sjiecial facilities were aftbrded tlnmi for the dis^iosal 
 of jn'oiierty. To give them still gi'cater iiupoitunee, and, 
 as it were, to “kill two birds with one stone,” these 
 W(‘re originally lussoeiated xvith religious fe.stivaLs or 
 holidays. 
 
 This praetieo has come down even to our day, the fairs 
 of Enroix' being commonly fixed for some saint's day or 
 other religions festival. In England, no fair or market 
 eonld be luld in ancient times but by a gi-.mt from the 
 crown, with the jirovisiun, also, that no two faii-s should 
 iuk'rfere with or iiuiiede each other. 'N’avions laws ami 
 enactments were made in reforenee to fail's. One of these 
 was jieeuliar. A hnnn-ji'h sale made in the f;dr on market 
 day tiimsfem-d the jirojierty to tlie vendee, no matter how 
 vicious or illegal the title of the vendor might be. 1-iuler 
 
 DlilD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, 1S51. 
 
HISTORIC. II REGISTER OF THE CEHTEHM II E.YPOS/T/O.V. 
 
 .ii;\vj;ls bi-;LOX(iix<i to thi: ixiha oumpaxy displaykd at thk i.oxdox iixiniiiTiox. i>oi, 
 
 niiv tlu' i-liiiin of tlic- Inivi'r was gooil jigiiinst j 
 
 any uiii- < till' kiiiK- Ami the better to exehule [ 
 
 iiiju.stiee ilnviii^' these gatheriu^'s. a cotirt was cniiiiiioiily ' 
 helil at the -.aine tune and jiLu-e with them, this enurt 
 being called ill allusion to the dusty feet iif the 
 
 suitois. 
 
 At this court, aecoiints as to contracts, jmrchasc, and 
 sale — were coiisidenvl. a.s also the jii.st weight and moa.snre 
 provided. .V very iiujioi-taut sjuvies of these fail's in 1 
 England, and, indeed, on the Continent, was the cattle- I 
 fair, of which instances ui'ciUTcd at least oneo a year in ^ 
 dift'ercnt plaee.s — Exeter, Xon^ieh, Norfolk, Carlisle, for I 
 
 instance. The great St, Hurtholoinew Fair was formerly 
 one of great importance, and was on<> of tin- nio,st interest- 
 ing features of London life. As early as the time of 
 William the Conqueror, there was established at St. Giles's 
 Hill, near Winche-ster, England, a fair Avhich was apparently 
 in.stituted fur the puiqio.se of adiling to the revenues of 
 the Bishop of Winchester. In the time of Hemy III. 
 tlii.s fair extended to sixteen days, and its jurisdiction 
 covered a space of seven miles. The law concerning it 
 provided that within the fair district any one who sold 
 goods individnallv forfeited their price to the bishoji ; this 
 continuing :us late as 1012. 
 
 The most iniportaiit fair on tin- contiiH'iit of Europe wa.« 
 formerly that of Beuiie.iiiv. iu France, So highly wa.s this 
 market considered that, in Fill. Philip of France coiii- 
 plaiiuHl warmly to Edward II. that the merchants of 
 England liad desisted fr<nn frequenting them, to the gi'cat 
 ln.s.s of his subjects, and entreated his brother-monarch to 
 persuade the merchants of his dominion to retiu'u to their 
 former custom. 
 
 The most important Gcnnan fairs have been those of 
 Frankfort - on - the - Main, Frankfort - on - the - Oder, and 
 Li'ip.sic, the latter being more ])artienlarly a book-fair, 
 and very cclebrati'<l. The East'r fair at Leiii.sic has been 
 
 CAXAblAX XJliBEh lltOPHY AT THK KuXbuX KXHIhlTIOX, ISOl. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OE THE CEXTEHXLU. EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 3 
 
 LOKDOSr EXHllllTION, 1S51 — Til 
 
 commonly by the eutiri.* book trade of Germany, 
 
 and sometimes contimn-d throe weeks. 
 
 In Italy, tlie most noted fair is that of Hinijjfagliii. ii sea- 
 port in the provinee of Aneona, at the inoutli of the Misn. 
 Tiiis fair still exists, lasting from the 20th of .Inly until tlie 
 10th of August. It is atteudinl by English, French, (hu- 
 mans, and othei’s. In Hungary, the most important fair is 
 that of Pestli, which i.s the centre of Hungarian c<munorce. 
 
 Hut undoubtedly the most remarkable fair known to us 
 is that of Nijni-Xovgorod, the foremost commerehd and 
 manufacturing town in llussia, at the eonllnenee of the 
 Oku and the Volga, seven hundred and fifteen miles from 
 8t. Petei’sburg, \dth whieh city, since lS(i2. it lias lunm 
 oomu'cted by railway. Here i.s coiulueteil a great annual 
 fair, ollicially opened on the 27th of July ; but, owing to 
 the .slow arrival of goods, it is generally delayed in regard 
 to its actual bnsinc-ss for sevi-rnl days. ,U tl«‘ time of this 
 fair, the different nations are elivssifted in shops, on the 
 plan of the Oriental bazaar. Thus, Chiiu‘se, Persians, 
 meniuus, Euroiieau.s, and others, are found in their re- 
 spective quarters. Many of the trausaetions here are 
 conducted by barter. Tea is perhaiis the chief artiele of 
 commerce, being brought from Kiuchta ; silks, etc., from 
 China and India; and cloths, hides, innroeeo, eh*., fr<uii 
 Rirssia, Imligo, jewels, and innumerable other artieles of 
 luxury and for common use, are reiiroseuted. 
 
 Meanwhile, huge craft throng the rivers, betwci*ii whieh 
 the town lies, varying from the gi'cat, Ori(>ntal-looking 
 barges to the little canoes whieh eonvi'v imsseugers aeros-s 
 the river. The little steamers hnv long strings of barge.s 
 after them. The close of the fair is proclaimed by the 
 lowering of the flag over the governor’s residenec, and a 
 proecssion of cccle.siastics, in long robes, bearing banuei’s, 
 etc., marehiug through the streets, proclaiming their 
 blessing on the l)u.siiu*s.s that has been done and on the 
 tradespGophi iuterc.sted. Tlie strange conglomeration at 
 this scene of the natives of all countries, and the votaries 
 of all religious, forms a scene not to l»e met with in any 
 other part of the x\'oi*ld. The \-alue of the gnod.s disjiosed 
 of during this fair is gi*eat, and seems to bo eojitinuallv on 
 the increiuse. In IfiDT it amounted to illl.OOr), One humb-ed 
 and sixty years later (1S57), it had increa.sed tt) .£14,000,000. 
 In 18G3 the value of sides amounted to £10,700.000. The 
 town where this fair takes place is ^•el•y ancient, liax’iug 
 been founded in 1221 as a stronghold against the Bul- 
 garians. Its prosperity dates from the year 1817, when the 
 great fair was removed thither from SInkarief, x\’hen a fire 
 broke out in the Litter pliu’e and destroyed the greater 
 portion of the stores. Tlio population of the town is 
 about 50,000, but during a fair it iuerease.s to upward of 
 
 2,000,000. It is of considerable imporhiucc to the rest of 
 the world that from these ••twelve yeai-s’ fairs ” u.sually 
 dat<* the most serious rtsitntious and epidemics of the 
 Asiatic cholera, which wiU be found in their appeamueo in ■ 
 tlie Unitoil States to appear at this distance of time from 
 each other: as, for instance. 1832, 1843, 1854, and 18(30. 
 
 The ancient Greeks held fairs in conjunction with 
 popular assemhlagcs for political puiqioses, as was the case 
 in llmne. They were introduced into France as early u.s ; 
 the fifth century ; the great fair of St. Denis being insti- 
 tuted by Dagobert in G20. that of St. Lazare by Louis VI. . 
 anil those of Aix-la-('hapelle and Tmyes about 800 ; in 000 ' 
 they were established ill Flaiulei-s. Fairs for the sale of j 
 slaves were quite common in Germany, and in the north of 
 Europe geueiiilly, in 1071, and were I'ven eiieniu-aged in i 
 England by William the (‘ompieror. Slaves were also sold 
 at the fair of St. Denis, in Fnince, and French children 
 were taken away to foreign countries in exchange. This 
 trade, however, m'us prohibit«*d througli the influence of 
 Batliilda, a wealthy freed-woman. This fair of St. Denis 
 was coutimu*d till 1777, and was made attractive by the 
 exhibition of a piece of wood taken from the ••tine crass,” 
 whieh, of com-se. all Paris went to sec. 
 
 In the year 1780 most of the great fail's in Finnce were 
 ubolishcil, and permanent markets took their jilaoe. But 
 the fair of Beaiicuire still coiitiimc.s, its .sales amounting to ^ 
 four or five million dollam niuiually. This fair is lu>ld 
 from July 1st to July 28tli, and iiierchaiit.s come to it c\-eii 
 from so far lus Persia and .bimeiiia there being os many as ■ 
 1011,0(11) people sometime.s hi attendance. Here the chief i 
 article.s of commerce arc silks, wines, oil, almonds, luid i 
 other fmit, wool, and cotton, In Holland there arc annual ' 
 fail's of importance at Ainsterdani, Ilotti-vdaiu, and other | 
 cities, A.s 1ms always been the case at ail of these gather- ■ 
 iugs, they are the scene of a vast variety of side sliow.s, ' 
 •spectacles, cheap theatrical representations and jugglery ; 
 exercises, and other amusements for the edification of tlie 
 visitors, wlio thus combine business ivitli pEmsurt*. Fairs 
 are less frequent in Italy, Spain, and Portugal than in ■ 
 other ]>arts of Europe ; that of the 15th of May. howeviT, ' 
 at Sail Isadru del Campo, is still of importance, being held | 
 
 at the period when the annual pilgrimages draw crowds to 
 that locality. 
 
 The fairs cf Lcijisic date from the twelfth ceutui'y, and 
 ai-c the most frequenteil of any in Germany. The prin- 
 cipal articles, of trade are sillv, cloth, cotton, china, glas.s, 
 earthenware, dnigs, hides, leather, breaiLstuffs, dyestutfa, 
 colora, oils, alcohol, coal, and paper. Easter is the cus- 
 tomary .season for the booksi-llers’ trade-sale and settling 
 of accounts ; but the exhibition of books formerly ccu- 
 ucc'ted with fairs has fallen into disuse. 
 
 AIMEIIICAN FAIBS. 
 
 On the American continent fail's date from an early 
 period. In imeiciit Mexico, where there were no shops, 
 they vei-j' frequently attracted large crowds, and a par- 
 ticular quarter of the city was allotted to each trade. 
 The traffic at those faii-s was earned on iiartly by barter, 
 and ])artly by meaii.s t>f a currency comprised indifl'er- 
 ently of quills filled with gold du.st, bits of tin, T-shaped, 
 and bags of cacao, each containing a specified immber of 
 grains. Faii-s were regularly held at Azcapazalco, near 
 the capital, where slaves were sold, and at Tascala were 
 held gi-eat pottery fairs. The most important fair, hox\- 
 evev, was held in tli.' city of Mi'xico, the number of 
 visitors being estimated at 40.UG0 or 50.0110. 
 
 In Peni the Ineas iii.stituted fairs for facilitating agi'i- 
 eiiltnral exchange. They took place three times a month 
 in some of the most populous places, tlio trade being 
 altiigetlier by barter. 
 
 At Puerto Bello, imw a Biiiall seaport town on the 
 ni^rthern shore of the isthmus, four miles uoi'Hi of the 
 towu of I’uuama. was fornu'riy held n gi'eat fair under the 
 Sjiauish rule. The }>roduec of the west coast wa.s stored 
 at Panama until the Spanish fleet was due at Puerto Bello, 
 when a remarkable scene occun’ed at the latk*r pLu'e, to 
 wliieh these weri* then trau.sportcd. Tints and huts were 
 erected, and the place was at once transformed from ii mud 
 village to an enormous camp. 
 
 Among the goods exposed, the jiroduet.s of Spain were 
 oil, wine, cloths, silks, etc., whicii were exchanged for 
 gold, silver, logM'ood, and other articles, wliich Mere sent 
 back to Spain on the vessels xvlien they I'cturneil. In 173U, 
 during the war betwi'cu England and Spain, the lueality of 
 this fair ivas stormed by Admiral ‘N'eruou, and has since 
 fallen into decay. 
 
 BAZAAU. 
 
 The bazaar of the East is essentially a fair, where articles 
 are placed in practical competition. The u’ord is derived 
 from the Pei'sian, and means murkel. Li Tiu'key, Egyjit, 
 Persia, and luilia, portions of toM-ns are exclusively nxipro- 
 priated to the bazaars, M-liieli consist of a connected series 
 of streets and lane.s, sometimes vaulted, ivith high brick 
 roofs, domes, or cupolas. Tlie porches of these vast mar- 
 kets are commonly lined with small .shojis, in xviiich goods 
 of little value are exposed for sale. Thu shops of tho 
 bazaai's ai'e nothing more than little closets, six feet square 
 and eight or ten feet high, entirely open in front. The 
 OM'uer usually sits cross-legged on the floor or counter, 
 ivitli his goods about him. aiTanged for his convenience as 
 to movement. It is .s;iid that the Persian, Anneuiuu, and 
 •IcM'ish shopkeepers of the bazaar are more obliging than 
 the Turks, and more anxious to obtain custom : but the 
 greater iiortion of customci’s prefer to di'ul with the latter, 
 who seem to be more honest in their business methods. 
 Trade commences here with daylight and ends at sundown. 
 The bazaars are well 'watched and genei-.dly secured hy 
 lucau-s of strung outer gates. Larcenies in these c.sttd)lish- 
 mciits are almost unknoivu, and shopkeepei's do not hesitate 
 to lea\'c their places unguarded during bi'ief absences. 
 Various portions of the hazaur oi'e as.signed to different 
 
 200,000. 
 
 In 1873, during the progress of the fair, the place -was 
 visiU'd hy tlie Duke of Edinburgh, mIio reiiiaiucd one 
 week, and 'M’ss entertained by the govcmor-gi’neral of the 
 prortuce.s. The duke is the first member of the royal 
 family of Engliuid ivho has penetrated so fur into the i 
 interior of Russia. 1 
 
 Among Eastern fairs the most important lia.s been that ! 
 held at Mecca during the sea.son of the pilgi-iniage.s. Of i 
 lati* tins fair has declined in importance, but is still eou- 
 aidcrablc. At Hmilwar, on the Ganges, a locality chiefly 
 imporiaiit for the nnmml Hindoo pilgi-iinnge for tlie ]>nr- , 
 po.se of ablution — the season compri.siiig tlie end of j 
 March and the beginning of April — a great fail- takes place ■ 
 at this time. In ordinary years the attendance here 
 amou,its to between tM’o and three hundred thousand ; but 
 on the occasion of every twelfth year, -viliich is for some 
 reason of special importance, the visitors number about 
 
 LOX'DOX EXHIBIl'IOS, 1951--EXb VIEW. 
 
4 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 trades. Xearly all the bazani's are supplied with khims, or 
 coffee*hou.sea, to which the mcrehaiits re.sort ai'ti-v ciich 
 trade {a fiushiun uot laitircly uukiiowii even in Europe and 
 this coimtiyi. It is said that in Cunstantinople ladies 
 sometimes provide for their private jjiu'se 1>\ embroidering 
 liandkerchiefs and other neeiUework, the result of their 
 labors being sold in the bazaur.s. Wonieu, however, are 
 rarely seen in the bazimw, except those of the lower class, 
 Jleu resort there for oouvei'siitiuu, and to pass away the 
 time, us well as for actual business. 
 
 manufactures of Great Bi-itmn has been enormous. 
 Bv a judiciou.s syste-ni of i)rize.s, native ingenuity and 
 inventions were eueoimiged, and .some of the most 
 prominent ai-tist-s and othere in England owe their rise to 
 such eucom'UgcUicut on the pui-t oi the Society of Aits. 
 
 eaiTiestly the impi-ovement of the fishery hnde and com- 
 merce in the British colonies, beside.s uD kimls of arts, 
 sciences and manufactures ; and to this course London 
 owes at present its magnificent daily supply of fish. 
 
 A fact iutcrestiug to Americans, in connection -with the 
 etuly histoiy of the “Society of Arts," is given in its re- 
 cords, to the effect that, on November 27th, 1755, Benjamin 
 'Fra nklin wrote a letter from Philadelphhv to the society, in 
 Avliich he remarkwl that be W(jnld esteem it a gTeat honor 
 to be admitted a coiTcspouding memher of the society, 
 and, though it wius uot re<pm'ed that coiTospondiug mem- 
 bei-s slioidd bear imy part of the expenses of the society, 
 yet he desired that he might be i)ennitted to contribute 
 twenty guineas to be apphed in iireniiunis. 
 
 In 1849 the S<xiety organized an iimmal exhibition of 
 articles of utility, invented, registered, or patented during 
 the jn-evioiLS twelve mouths, and the.se exliibitions have 
 been continued ever since, "^liile this was being done in 
 London, a simiku' movement wa.s being made in the city of 
 Sluuich, Bavaria, where an Lidnstiial Exhibition was 
 conceived in 1840, hut wu.s kej)t back by political dis- 
 turbauct's until 1854, when it took place. To tliis any 
 coutiibtition.s wei-e inrited, the exhibitors being pi-iniiiiuUy 
 from Au-stiia, Pin.ssia, ftaxnin*, luid other coimtries. The 
 building \\hich conhiimsl the exhibition was in the foim 
 of a ci'o.ss, constmeted of inm. glass and u’ood. The length 
 of the ]miin bnililiug wa-s 800 feet ; the main transejit 280 
 feet, height 87 feet ; .space occui>i<-d. 244,814 square feet. 
 There were 6,800 exhibitoi-s, and the cost of the building 
 wa.s 880,000 florins, But if the Industiial Exhibition, as 
 an institution, proliably owes its existence to the valuable 
 influence of the London “ Society of Arts,” it is to France 
 that we must look fur the first actual illustiiitiou of this 
 idea of public competition in manufactures ami arts, 
 
 The fii-st Industrial Exliibitiou, in fact, was held in Paiis 
 
 National and Stai‘e industrial 
 Exhibitions. 
 
 Fnosi the idea of the gi'cat f-.iii- undoubtedly spruug that 
 of the Lidu-strial Exhibition. The fii-st being held for ])rufit 
 only, and being, in fact, only vast periodical markets for 
 Ittiitcr and exchange, it iKJt nnuutnndly eumc to be thought 
 that the same ])rix-e.s.s coulil b(> made use of for exhihitive 
 and competitive jiuiposis. It was not. however, until a 
 com])ai-atively recent period that this idea was ])ut into 
 actual working ordt-r. and for inm’h i>f the use to whii-h it 
 has been applied, and for the chief advantages which have 
 been derived from it, we are indebted to the “London 
 Society of Arts." This society was uvg-.uiized in 1758 
 by one William Slu'plev. an English drawing-master, a 
 brother to the Bishop of St. Asai>h, and its tirat ineetiii'; 
 was hekl in March, 1754. at a eoftee-housi? in t' event 
 Gai'deu, and coutinned to bo held at such places for twenty 
 years, when a building was creeted for it in the Adelphi, 
 on the site of the paluee of the Bishuj> of Durlium. From 
 its inception this society was patronized by tin- nobility of 
 England, some nobleman of high rank being iJw-.iya ele<-ted 
 president; and this continued until 1845, when l*rinc<- 
 Albert took the chaii'. 
 
 The influence of this stieiety upon the arts and 
 
 .\mnng thc-so may be mentioned the names of Fluxmau, 
 Landsi-er. .;Ulau {'lumingham. Mulreadv, Millais uudothei's. 
 In particular. c\ ery effort was made on the part of the 
 society to »nicoiuiige invention in its a])plieation to the :uts 
 mal iiiaiinfactirres. Among other means for advancing 
 ch'ilization, it may bo mentioned tlrat the society jjromoted 
 
 XLW XOlOk EXHIBIIIOX, 
 
 in 1798, and coinpi-isi-d. chiefly, specimens of arts and 
 mannfixchuvs loaned by theii' owner’s. This display led to 
 another during the same yeai', and the appoi’cnt utility and 
 <‘\ideut SUCCCS.S of both thest' pvomjjted the more extended 
 exliibitions vuidtT th<‘ Consulate, in 1801 luul 1802. There- 
 after it was intended that these I'xhibirioiis should be tri- 
 ennial, baton account of iuteiTuptioiis from political caii.ses 
 tlu-y Were iiTcgnlar. In England local cxliiliitions were 
 held in Manchester, Leeds. Birmiughimi, and other cities, 
 in 1828, 1887, 1839 mid 1849. In Ireland the Koval So- 
 ciety of Dublin bepui a series of triennial exhibitions of 
 Irisii manufactures in 1829. Similar representations were 
 held ill Ghent in 1839. iii Berlin in 1832. and Vienna in 
 18!i5. In 1852 a particularly successful cxhiihtion of Irish 
 arts and mauufuctiu’es was laid at Cork, and in 1861 a very 
 imjiortivnt exliibitiou of the industries of Holland was held 
 in Haarlem, beside.s othei-s at Nantes, in Fniuce, and Flor- 
 eiiet', in Italy. In 1863 an Tiiteniational Exhibition was 
 held at Constantinople for the disjilay of TuvlcLsh products, 
 and, tiiongh tliis was not important in the general sense of 
 the woi-J, it was rendered attractive by tlii' display of beau- 
 tiful jewels from the imperial paluee and si-i-.iglio. In 1864 
 there was an exhibition in Amshu'dani for the display of 
 Dutch industries, ami in the .same year local shows of this 
 chiu’acier were held at Malta, Calenttu and Lucknow, ua 
 also a combined Spanish and Fivneh exhibition at Bayonne, 
 The South London and North Loudon ^\ orking Classes 
 Industi'iiil Exliiiiitions began in 1864. One of these was 
 very important, liartng 934 exhibitoi's and 200,000 rtsitors 
 dm’ing the eighteen days in which it was open. It netted 
 a cleiu- jn’otit of £4,000. In 1865 there wa.s an industi-ial ex- 
 hibition at Oporto, confined to I'ortugne.se manufactures ; 
 and the same year New Zealand contributed an exliibitiou 
 at Dunedin. 
 
 .\t about this time, also, there took place at Cologne a 
 combined exhibition by Gennaiiy, Holland, and Belgium, 
 
j/fSTORTCAL REGIRT/iR Of THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 6 
 
 Mr-Nic'H ExniniTios. 
 
 principally agricultural ; ami alsn an interesting <lispluy nf 
 tishing-taclde, and iniiilcmcnt.s, at Bmilogup. Meanwhile, 
 exhibitions wore being liclil at Binningliani, Nottingliaiu, 
 Presh)ii, Manchester, mnl other English t<i\vns, -wliile in 
 '^'ienna G13 priz<‘s were distributisl among l,()2n exhihitoi-s, 
 and a clear profit avus nnuln of 2,000 llorins. Tlio idi>a con- 
 tinued to spread, and. in 1H(JG, Sweden, Xonvay. Denmark, 
 and Finland combined in a competitive display nf HciUidi- 
 navian industry. This exhibition took place at Stockholm, 
 thejuuncipnl manufactures shitwu being those in iron, steel, 
 Avool and earthenwan'. The same year thei'c oecuiTed an 
 e-.iiibition at Melb(«rne, where H.GliO exhibitors offered 
 articles from South Australia, A'i<'t >ria, New Zealand, New 
 Sontli “Wales and Queensland. The BiAiicilian Exhibition, 
 which took 2 >lace first at Peniambuco, and afterward at Itio 
 •Taneiro, consisted mainly of mw jmiduets. In 18G7. a A'eiy 
 curiinis cxliibition was iinuh; at Havre, xvlierc everything 
 concerned in the fi.sheiies was exhibited, ineluiling fishing- 
 boats and all airidiances for eming fish, making fisheniicn's 
 elothes, etc. A still more imiioitaiit one was held there in 
 18()S, comprising the ilisiday of marine engines, nautical 
 instruments, etc. Similar exhibitions took jdace during 
 1867 and 1868 at Agm, in India, at St. Petei-sbnrg, Ghent, 
 and Berlin, wliile, in 1870, another was given at St 
 Petei’sbnrg, disjilaying Bussian iirogi-ess in the manufacture 
 of sk'el guns, annor-jilate, mils, locomotives, etc. During 
 this year, also, jui lutereoloniid Exhibition was held at 
 Sydney, New South Wales, which wjis iiiijiortaiit for its 
 diHjilay of raw imiduids and preserved meats. In 1K71, a 
 series of annual exhibitions was eonmn-need by the •• Italian 
 ludustiial ,i.ssocLitioii " at Milan. This year, also, there 
 Avas an exhibition at Lima, in 1’i‘im. of tlie industries of tin- 
 South American Pacific States, mnl one at CordoAii, of 
 Argentine, iiuln.stries, ami of fondgn impli'meuts adapted 
 to dcA-i'lop local ri'sonrees. A similar disjday took ])laee at 
 Bogota ill the folloA\-iug year. 
 
 In the t'nited States. Indn.stihJ E.xhibitions hiiA-e long 
 been a feature in the progTc.s,s of State industrA'. The most 
 important of the.se> being tlirise of the American Institute, 
 
 INTERNATIONAT, KNEOSITIGNP. OR 
 WORLD'S I'.URS. 
 
 RETrnsiNr. to the A-aliiable serviee.s of the “London 
 Society of Arts” to the cause of imlu.stry. Ave find that the 
 fiiut “’World's Fair,” Avliieh took jilaee in the Ciystal 
 Palace. London, OAved its exishaiee to the efforts of that , 
 society. Wi> luiA-e Indore alluded to the election of the 
 Prince Consort h' the Presidency of this Society, and it a\:is 
 by his laboi-s ehiefiy that the exhibition. AA’hieh aac liaAc 
 uoAA' to de.scribe. aa'us made the eroAA'uing featiu'e of the 
 career of this orpuii/.atioii. In an adilre.ss before the ■ 
 society, in 1840, Prince Albei-t declared that the time had 
 noAV come for a great exhibition, “not merely national in 
 it.s SC011C and benefits, but eomin'eheiisi\-e of th(> aaIioIc 
 world.” In aeeonlanee AAith tliis -suggestion. I'lfiad; Avere 
 made in the direction indicated, and, a-s a result, a Eoyal 
 Commis-siou wa-s is-sned .Tanuary 6d, iS.jl'. and th > (>ui’en 
 headed a sub.seriiition-li.st with tM.noi). The building, poji- i 
 nlarly knmA-n a.s the Ciystal Palace, aaais ereetisl in Hyde , 
 Park, from designs by Sir Josejili Paxton, being com])(3sed, 
 exeejiting the tlooiing and joists, Avholly of glass and 
 iron. This aa-us in 18.ol, the fimt i<lea of tin* <‘xhiliilion 
 ImA-ing been broai'hed by the Prims' Conscu-t at a meeting 
 of several gentlemen, members of the “ .Society of Arts,” at 
 Buckingham Palace, tAvo yearn 'before. The I’rinee then 
 laid before his liearei-s the jilan of a gi'.iud eoUi-etioii of 
 A'arious iirodncts, to take jilace in London in 1851, for the 
 iniqiose of “exhibition, eomi>etition, eonijiarison, iustrue- 
 tion and cncoiiragemeiit." H<3 als>> suggested that eontri- 
 Imtioiis .slionhl be elassi'd in four gi'eat groniis or divisions ; 
 raAv materials, inaniifaetiire.s, inerehandise and nie<dianie;il 
 inventions, Avorks of sciiljitnre and idastie art. These sug- 
 g<>stioiis AA-ere afterward mnieil out alninst to the h'tter. , 
 The Society of Arts adojjfi’d the seheiiie, aiul jmshi'd it foi- 
 AV.ird Avith givat eaiiu>stne.s.s. Visits A\-ere made to many 1 
 
 di.stricts at home, and inquiries among foreign coimtries, 
 looking toward the gi'eut result desii-ed. Impoiiaut meet- 
 ings AVer ' held in Loudon, and the most eonlial spiiit Avas 
 disjilayed by the mcrehiuits, baukera, and tradera of the 
 metroiiolis, while in the iiroA'ineea the same sentiment pre- 
 A'ailed to an iincx2>ected extent. 
 
 Subsoriiitions were raj)iilly offered, and the entire nece.s- 
 sary guarantee fund Avas soon eoiitrilaited. The main 
 ditlienlty aaIucIi iioav jireseiitt'd itself Avas \A ith rch'reuce h' 
 the eliaructer of the Imiiding required. Conceniing this, it 
 may be remarked, that Paxton’s model Ava.s, in fact, a mo.st 
 felicitous inspiration, the general eharaeteristics of which 
 haA’c goA'i'nied the eonstvnetiou of all exhibition Imildings 
 ever since, I’axton’s i<lea aa us founded on that of a .siileiulid 
 eonsi'iwatory. Avhieh he had recently erected at CliatsAvorth 
 for the Duke of DeA-oiishire. His itlaii took the commis- 
 sioners by storm, and Avas at once adoiiteil, and t.lu‘ IniiUl- 
 iiig erected in aeeordanee AA ith it. This building AA'as 1,851 
 feet long, and 4<lS feet AA-hh-, A\ith an extc-iisioii on the north 
 side I'dfi feet long and 48 feet Avidt'. The height of tlio 
 central iiortiou aaus 64 feet, ami that of the trausejit in tho 
 centre lits feet. Tin* i-ntire area Avas about nineteen acres, 
 ami the sit<> chosen— Hyde Park avus fortunate in eveiy 
 jiailienlar, of jio.sition. aeees.sibility ami loeulify. Tho 
 materials in the Imiiding aa'ci'c iron. glas.s and A\'uod. The 
 (jiiantities euqiloyed A\-ere : AATonglit-iroii, 550 tons; o:ust- 
 iron, 8.500 tons ; glass, 000,000 siiiieiTieial feet ; A\ood, 
 600.000 feet ; total area of grimnd covered, 772,784 square 
 feet, and that of the galleries. 212,100 in addition. The 
 galleries Avere nearly a mile in length, and the tohd cubic 
 ecjiiteiits of tho building 88,0O0,l)(H) fi'et. The building 
 Avas eommeiieed ,S<‘ptember (ith, l.SuO, and aaus conqiletod 
 Febniary Od, 1851. It eo.st .i:l7(>,THt0. and avius opened 
 Jlay 1st by the Queen in iieraou. The Exhibition clo.sed 
 October 11th. the number of visitors amounted to 6,107,000, 
 aA-eragiug 48,506 daily. The gi-eatest immber on any one 
 day was October 81h, 10‘.».760 — 08,000 being present at one 
 time. 
 
 After the payment of all ex]ienses, the sniqilns fund from 
 the exhibition Avas .i!15O,O()0. The nniulH>r of exliibitni-s 
 exceeded 17,000, of AAliieh 6,566 AV<Te foreigiioi's. The 
 building aa-iua sold after the eh>se of tho exhibition for 
 £70,000. No record Avas kejit of Ihe sirtieL's exhibited. 
 
 Tlie foreign exliibitoiu oeeniiied tAvo-fiftbs of the s]>ace, 
 and took uAvay three-fifths of the honora. In merclimidiso, 
 metul, glass and porcelain Grc’ut Britain took the lead : in 
 miseellaiieons mamifactures, textile fabrics and fine arts, 
 foreign exbibitoi-s led. In ruAV materials fonlgliers took 
 nearly four times as : uiny prizes as the nath'e.s. One of 
 t!i(> ]iriiieii>al attraetioi.s Avas the Koh-i-noor, the gi’Cat 
 croAvn diamond of England. This exhibition demon- 
 strated one important fact. AA-hi<-h A\-as that the gi'cat mas-s 
 of the i)oi>nlation, e\'cn iuelnding the eilueated, AA'cre in 
 ignnraiiee of the tme character and importance of the 
 relations of the arts t<i nianufaetiu'e.s. 
 
 The Crystal Palaei> Avas jmndiased by a comjiaiiy, and 
 transferred to Syili'iihani, Avhere it avms ereete<l on an en- 
 larged plan, and reopem-d by the (^ne<>n. June KHli, 1854, 
 siiK'e A\-hieh time it has been devoted to liurticuJtural shows, 
 monster concerts, etc. 
 
 DVBLIN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1853. 
 This exhibition oAVed its origin to lilr, William Dargan, 
 Avho adAUiieed £80,()on for exjienses. The building avus 
 125 fiH-t long, loo feet A\-ide. 105 feet high, and, Avitli 
 adjoining .smaller halls, cost .£48,tK)0. It Avas oiiened by 
 
 in Ncav York, fuimded in 1828. For many yeai's the an- 
 imal exliibitious of tlie Institnti- Ai’ere in jiart agrieultiiral 
 and p.artly hortienlturnl ; but lately tliey have been ehiefiy 
 devoted to the industries and arts, iind ojien to exliibitors 
 from all parts of the Union. These have constantly in- 
 creased in magnitude and imiiortaner'. and have ac(inire<l 
 the large.st aiailidile Ineulity in the city of Ncav Y'ork for 
 their display, iuelnding Castle Garden and the Crystal 
 Palace, the latter of Avhieh AViw burned, in 18.58, during tlm 
 jirogi-ess of one of the American Institiib> Fairs, and all its 
 eoiit(>uts <lestroyed. Of late yeai's the exhibitions liaA'e 
 been hi'ld in the ])i'emi.ses knoAvn as the “Rink." near 
 ‘'Centnd Park.” Avhieh has been pureh ised by the Insti- 
 tute. This as.soeiation lias a fund of 875.()00 in Govern- 
 ment Imnds and loans and city real estate, with an annual 
 rental of 8l2.0tHI, These fail's are generally jmifitable. The 
 Franklin Imstibite. of Phi!adel]>hia, Avas founded at about 
 the same time. Avitli tlii' Ameriean Institute, and publishes a 
 valuable jonnial. In Cinciiinuti, the local as-swiatioii has 
 held five ummal exhiliifious, and the “ Medimiies' Institute, 
 of ban Franeiseo. ' ten : Baltimore. Boston and Buffalo 
 have also had sneeessfnl local Industrial Exhibitions, and 
 for many yeai's nearly all the Comity and State Agricultiu'.il 
 Societies havi> lielff fairs and oftt-red jirizes. 
 
 It is undoubtedly to tli(> I'nteiqirise and sucei'ss noh'd in 
 tliese exhibitions, that the disidays on n gi-ander scale to 
 wliicli Ave may iioav diivct atU-ntion, owe their origin. 
 Tims, by snoeeeding stejis of eni'rgy and originality, the 
 present olas.s of Exposition has been nmde practicable. 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 I'AUIS EXPOSITION, ISjj. 
 
fi 
 
 HISTORICAL REGIS FER OF 
 
 THE CEXTENST. IL EXPOSITION. 
 
 thi' Lnrd-Lu-iitiniiUit of TivlaixT on IJtli. and 
 
 TpniiiimMl npMi until Oftoln-r 2'Jlli. The value rjf its enn- 
 tonts at the lu-i"ht of the exliibitii m was estimated to be 
 i!unn,(HV), of wliieh the fine arts ivjtreseiib-d £2fM,MM)l). X'p 
 to that x>erind no liner colleffinii of paiutin<js had everlieeii 
 gathered together in the kingdom. Tlie exhibition xvas 
 exceedingly {’oinilnr. being visited by l.l.'iO.OOO i>eople : 
 but it was not financially sneee.ssfnl. Tliis failuri- is believed 
 to hiive been oiTiVsioiied by the eiivinnstanco that the jire- 
 vailiug ehiunieter of tile exhibition m’.w too liigti for that of l 
 the i)coj)le, It was neither national nor representative in , 
 its nature, and, therefore, it did not arouse Iiisli symiiathy, i 
 nor stimulate Irish industry, since it iifither xiortieipated 
 in the one, nor represented the other. 
 
 XEW YOllK (TIYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION'. 
 
 IS-jIl. j 
 
 The AmcricMn Industrial Exhibition of was x>mvly I 
 a luivate enteipiisi'. whereas that of London, in IHdl. had 
 been indursL'd and snst. lined by the Ooverument, court, and I 
 ari.stoeriicy. while the (^>ueen in jiei'snu took in it tlu' live- j 
 liest inteivst. and the Prinee Consort was its technical head. 
 The “ Xew York Exhibition." on the eontr.uw. received no 
 indnlgenci- from any source. (‘Xcei>tiug that tin? Cry.stol 
 Palace was made a bonded warehouse, arid no duties were 
 cluirged on goods imi»orted for the exhibition. On Jainnu'y 
 
 IVTElitOH -\-TFW op TWE PP’-ott T\-\Trc .\QrATU|->C AT TH 
 
 3d, 1852. the Coi-x>oiMtion of the City of N'ew York gi-antcd 
 ir lease for five ycara of the jaece of ground known as 
 •‘lte.servoir Srinave." on two couilitioiis. First, tied the 
 building to be en-cted th •ivon .should be coiupased of iron, 
 glass and wood : secondly, that the entnmce-fi.*e to the pro- 
 posed exliibition should not exccsl fifty cents. ( )ii March 
 the 2d. a charter of incorporation was granle<I for the 
 •• As-sm-iation for the Exhibition of the ludustiies of all 
 Nations." this being by enactment of the Legishdiire. Tire 
 main provisions of this charter .«s-t forth that the c.ipital 
 should be f?2<K.l,lH.Nt, with i)ermi.s.sion fo iianvase t" sdno.iMHi. 
 jMiwer to award ])rizes. authority to iK-enpy any iv.il estate 
 granted to the eompany. <.te. As au ilhistratioii of th" 
 naiTow-iuiiided ide.r and jioliey of legislators, it may be 
 remarked tlud this <-liai-ter wa.s not i-.Lsily obtiined. objec- 
 tion being nmde to it. as it was "liostilc’ to doiiie.stie in- 
 dustry," The following w.es tin- Boarl of Directors of the 
 .•ompaiiy : Moi-tiurore Liviiigstom-, Alfre.l Pell. Aitgrrst 
 Belmont. Alexander Hamilton. .Tr.. George Seliiivler. 
 Alber-t .T, Anderson. Henry B. Dimhanr. M', C. M’ardell. 
 .Tacob A. M esttawelt. Jam,'- A. Haiuiltou, Sanurel Nichol- 
 son, Philip BrtrTowes. Johrrstorr Lixingstnue, Charles W. 
 Foster. TlrtHidore Sislgwiek, XVilliam W, Stone. M'ilJiani 
 MTietteu. John Dunham. 'Williaiu Kent. XVatts Shemiatt. 
 J. W. Edmunds, J, J. House volt. Of this Boirrd, Theo- 
 
 ilnre Sedgwick was elected 
 jrresident, aird M'iilianr M'het- 
 terr hecretuy. A call for 
 srrhscriirtions to stock being 
 issuwl. the latter was taken 
 up by rriirre tliari 150 iinlivi- 
 dirals nrrd fir-nis, Nle.ssrs. 
 Duncair. Sherirrati A Co., 
 beiirg the agents. The co- 
 (pendion of Eiu-nireau nra- 
 iiufactirvei-s wo-s obt.dued by 
 i.)>l>oiirting pnrircr agents; 
 and Sir .Joseiih Paxton, rvlro 
 bad designed the London 
 Crystal I’alaee. was calli'd 
 itjHiii to funiish the iilans 
 for that of New- York. The 
 fonii of the groiuid selected 
 . pri'veritirrg the adoption of 
 this jilait. orre w;us selected 
 from a number ofleivd. The 
 orre st'lected was desigircd by 
 Messi's. Ciasteiiseii A Gilde- 
 meister. M'ork wiLs commenced the latt»?r ])art of Airgnst. 
 On October 30tli, 1«52. the fii-sst cohurm of the buililing 
 WO.S jilaced with approjrriate 
 cercnrniiies. in the jrresence 
 of the Governor of the State 
 of New York, atrd other uo- 
 tabilitie.s. This huildiirg wa.s 
 two stories in height, the fir^st 
 being in the form of au oc- 
 tagon. arrd the secorrd that 
 of the Greek ero.ss. In the 
 centre was a dotrre ITS feet 
 high. The four comers were 
 octagon - .s1ai]H'd. ami each 
 front laul two Iowit< seventy 
 feet liigh, sni'portiug tall 
 tlagstatis. The coustnrctiori 
 of irorr <-olninii.s. girders, 
 etc., was .similar to that of 
 the Loudon CrystjJ Palace; 
 but the plan of the dome 
 was original with the ar- 
 
 cluteet.s. The jnaiii building 
 
 covi-red 170,000 sc|nare feet, .^.m; 
 
 and an additional one 33,(HIO 
 
 square feet. This latter building was composed of two 
 stories, and Avas 21 fept broad and 45(1 feet long, 
 lighted from above, the sides 
 being i'lotS’d U]>. It was 
 used for pictures, uiid was 
 eoimeeted with tlii‘ main 
 building by two tme-.stoi-y 
 wings, in A\liieh were re- 
 frc'sliment-rooins. The I’eil- 
 ings of this building were 
 of gla.s.s, snstiviimd by iron 
 jiillars, there being 4.5,0()() 
 square feet, each xvav being 
 1(1 by .38. The prevailing 
 style of nrehitceture Avas 
 Memrish ; the deeoi-ations 
 Byzantine; the ceilings 
 Aveve jiainted in blue. Avhite. 
 red and cream-color. There 
 Averc tlirce eiitnmces 147 feet 
 AA-ide : the (•(‘iitral aisle was 
 forty-one nnd the side aisles 
 fifty-four feet in A\idth. The 
 d.iine AA'ii.s one hundred fe<-t 
 across. The Crysbil Palace 
 Avas fonnally oitcned on .Tidy 14th, 18.53, but was not them 
 entirely conijileted. and only a few of its cmniilenient of 
 articles Avi-vi' in. In the im- 
 mediate vicinity of the local- 
 ity AVere found the usual 
 Cl unjilii-atii >n of side-slu iavs, 
 spciMilatol-s. croAvds. etc., 
 throughout the 2"-'i-iod of 
 the r'xhibition. Among the 
 notables Avho were ]u-esent 
 at the ruumiiig, a fcAv may 
 be mentioned as follows: 
 
 Ih'esidi-iit ITercc ; .Tellersou 
 D.iA-i.s, then Seeretan- of 
 \Var; Caleb Clashing, the At- 
 torney - General ; Honorable 
 S. P. Chasi' : Nlajijr-Geiieral 
 Scott ; John C. M'lJl : Com- 
 modores SteAvart and Boor- 
 man; Hoi-atio Seymour, 
 
 Go\-enior of Ncav Y'ork ; 
 
 George F. Post, Governor 
 of New .lersev ; HoAvell 
 CV)bb, Govern.)!' of Georgia ; 
 
 Arehbishox) Hughes ; BishiAxi 
 
 Waiiiright ; Judges Bott.s. Edmunds. Oakley. Roo-ses-elt 
 and others. Lord and Lady Ellesmere and (hiughters ; 
 General Almonte. Minister from Mexico, and NI. De Sar- 
 tiges, French Minister ; Senor Deosma, PeruA-iim Jlinister ; 
 Jlayor Westoiwelt and otliei-s. On the evening of the day 
 it oi>cued, a grand banijiiet was given at the JIetix)politan 
 Hotel, Avliich Avas attended by the President of the United 
 Stute-s and membei-s of his Cabinet, and about six Inuidred 
 imited inie.st.s. The olas.sificatioii of ariicles iii the Cn’stul 
 Palace was in four .'••cHoiis. (.)ne in niAv materials, Uie, 
 second in njachiuei-y. the tliii'd in inanufaetuves. the fo\irth 
 in fine ai-ts. The Crvstal Palact' was imiployed for various 
 uses after tlm closing of the industrial exhibition, until 
 1858, Avheii. on the oeca.sion of an exhibition by the; 
 Amerii'au Institute, it took fire, and aa-ius totally dt'stroyed 
 with all its eontent.s. The fire beg.m in the lumber- 
 room. u.si'd for the stor.ige of lumclies and other fur- 
 niture. and although it might, at lii-st, luiA-e been extin- 
 guished AA-ith a jateluT of Avater. yet, in le.s.s than half an 
 hour, the thmies had reduced the eiitii'e building to a 
 .shapeless nmss of rains. Once. start<-d. the fii'u inn along 
 the piU'h-pinc lloors as though they were so uuieh tinder, 
 lUid scarcely alloAved time for the throng of visitors, who 
 wore xATesent, to saA'c themselA‘e.s, before the aa'IioIc buil!l- 
 ing fell into rains. 
 
 PALIS INTEHN.mON.VL EXPOSITION. 1855, 
 This exhibition, Avhich avus foundi'd on the plan of that 
 in London, in 1851. aams organized Aritli the undoi-standiug 
 that the Gmenmumt avus to bear the <mtire cost oAvr rc- 
 ceqit-s. and have the api»iintnamt of the Commission. The 
 building aa'ius civcted in the Chanq's ElyscT'S, of glis.s, .stone, 
 and brick ; it Avas 81'0 feet long, 35(t feet Avide, and eom- 
 jirised, also, other adihtioiial buildings for machinery, 
 jiiiinting. etc. In the main buililiug goods Avere an'ang<-d 
 and clas.sifi.-d according to the countries from Avhieh they 
 came, on the plan of the London exliibition. Niunerons 
 small structures Avere erected for spwial artieles— as i-ar- 
 riagi-s, agi'ii-ultural iniiileraeuts, i-tc. The siiaci's in the 
 oiK-n gi'ound about the buil.ling AVi-re also devoh-d to ecr- 
 taiii articles. The cost of the buililing Avas S5,00U.(XH) ; 
 the opening eeremony took I'lnei- 51;. y 15th. and aa'u.s 
 
 I>resi.Ied ovi-r by the Emperor Napoleon and EmprifW 
 Eugenio. The building remained open until NoAcmbev .5th, 
 being A-isited at one time by Queen Victoria and Prince 
 Albert -this lu-ing the fii-st A'isit of an English soA'cr- 
 eign to I’aris since H.mrA- V.. avIio pa.s.sc.1 Christma.s therji 
 in 14'22. This exhibition Avas k.-])t open on Sundays, an^ 
 the enth'c number of Avsitors aaus 4,5:33.4('i4. The number 
 of exliibitom from France and her colonies Avas lO.OlU ; of 
 foreign exhibitors, 10,008. rcpre.seiitiug nearly 53 countries 
 and 22 colonies. The exliibition A\-as vei-y successful as a 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Y 
 
 THE (JillME ur BELLS IN THE PABK AT THE I'AKIS EXIOMlllOi; 
 
 Ri-aiiil illspliiy, an<l of pours*' a vast amount of money iviis 
 expcuilecl in Paris by tlu? strangers wlio came tlicre, and tliis 
 may be reasonably consiilereil to have been umpk- eom])eii- 
 satioii for the financial failure of the exhibition itself. Of 
 the medals awarded, France took the hugest nniidKT, 
 
 9,790; Engkud next, l.OfiS ; then Austria, :S(i2 ; the 
 smallest number being awarded t<j the United States, 140. 
 
 These awards were for industry, arts, and misci'Uaneoua 
 nmuufuctures. Of the medals awarded in fine arts, 1,000 
 were taken by French aitists. the larger number of the 
 remainder g<.*iug to England. 
 
 LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, lSf',2. 
 
 It was originally iutendeil that the f'rystal Palace Exlii- 
 bition, of 1K51. should have been the first of a deeeiininl 
 series, but the It dian War ])ostpo!M‘d the next exhibition 
 for a year. As early as ISOO. a ChariiT of Incorporation 
 was issued by the Crown an<l Royal t'ominiH.siunei-s, under 
 the Presid’'iiey <if the Prince Consort, a guaranti'e fund of 
 i!451,000 was readily fonued, tin- Prince Consort himself 
 HUbseiibing ,t!10,000 of this nniouiit. 
 
 Tlia death of Prince Albert, which occum-d December 
 14th, IHOl, besides being a profound blow to England, and 
 a loss felt by the whole civilized world, w.is a most serious 
 and deplorable oceuiTcnce in its relation to the forthcniuing 
 exhibition. To Prince .Albert, entivi-ly. the scheme of in- 
 ternational exhibitions, in its final nuinifestition, is un- 
 doubtetlly owing, and he, more than any otlu'i' peison in 
 Englmd, ha»l labored for the advancement of imlustry and 
 for the interests of th(' laboring eliw-scs. The loss of his 
 counsel was sadly felt by the Royal Commission ; but the 
 progress of the exhibition Wius not detained — tlu' building 
 wiw erected at Smith Kensington from jdans furnished by 
 Captain Puwkes, Royal Engineer, con-sh-ucted of briek, 
 glass and iron, and covering an area of 1,4011,000 square 
 feet, or sixteen a<‘ves <if gi-ound. The stnictnre -was 1,200 
 feet long and oi>0 wide. Mith additional annexes. Com- 
 ))ared with that of Sir Joseph Paxton, this liuilding i.s sidd 
 to have been a wTetched shed. The exhibition was opened 
 with due oerciumiy on May 1st. lS(i2. tlu‘ Dnlu' of Cam- 
 bridge jiresiding. It eoiitiiined ojieu 177 day.s, during 
 whieh lime there wi-re 0.211. Infi visitm-s, the largest nnm- 
 b.T on any one day being 07, SOI, on Oetober fiOth, and 
 till' daily average 110.320. The eiitii'e sum reeeived by 
 the Cmnini.s.sionei's was .WoO.OlU, whieh was entirely 
 absorbed by the expenses, leaving a slight defieit to be 
 eovered. This loss was wholly due to the gi'cat cost of the 
 buikbng, wliich wa.s intended to be penmmeiit, but Wius 
 subsequently demolished, and the material used in the 
 coiistmction of the Alexandra Palai'o, whieh was destroyed 
 by fii-e, -Time 9th, 1S73. There were at this exhibition 
 17,801 foreign exliibitora. who took 9,344 prize.s ; of the 
 balance, British and Goloiiial exhibitors took 4,071 prizes. 
 
 PARIS INTERNATIONAL 
 EXPOSITION, 1807. 
 
 This exliibition wa.s ori- 
 ginated by an iuii>orial de- 
 cree of June 22d, 1803. in 
 wliieh was amiounceil the 
 fact that an cxliibition would 
 be held in 1807, at Paris, 
 and that it was desigin'd to 
 be more completely univer- 
 sal in its character than any 
 of its predi'ce.sHiii's. 
 
 With a riuw to this in- 
 tention, notice was given 
 far in advance of the time, 
 to give iimiile opportunity 
 for mature considi 'ration and 
 ii'rtection, ami for the ar- 
 rangement and parrying out 
 of the m'ce.s.suy i>rcpara- 
 tions. A second decree 
 followed ill 1805, aiipointiug the Iinpeiiid Commission, 
 and forming agmii-ies at home and abroad. The Commis- 
 sion con.sisted of sixty members, including three fi'om 
 England— Lord Cowley. Earl Granx-ille. and l^Ir. Richard 
 Cubdeii. The Champs de JIara was placed at the disiiosal ' 
 of the Commissionera by the Government, and thereni>on 
 wa.s erected a one-stmw building, of oval shape, in which 
 the entire exliibitimi wius included. This building eum- 
 pri.sed vast aeries of coiieentrie ovids, inclosed xritliiu the 
 main outer building, and lanung within the innermost of 1 
 the serie.s a pavilion ojien to the air, eneireled by a eoloii- I 
 iiade. The main Imildiug was l,o50 feet long, and l,2o0 
 fi't't wide, eovering eleven acres, while the I'litiiv area built 
 upon w.is thirty-five acres, and sevi-uty acres suiToundiiig 
 were partly laid out a.s a gardi'U, sprinlded with all sui't.s of , 
 small 1 luildings, iui'hiding 
 modi'l eottages. restaurants, 
 theatres, and even jiLices of 
 worahip. The clussifii'ation 
 was as follows ; Firat floor, 
 works of art : second, models 
 of the liberal arts — such as 
 j)riuting, Hurgii-al, si'icutifie 
 and other iuHtnuncnts, ek\ ; 
 third to hmischold goods ; 
 fourth, clothing; fifth, raw 
 materials ; sixth, machineiy : 
 seventh, cereals. From the 
 centre, aveiiue.s radiated like 
 spokes ill a wheel through 
 the ovals, aud spaces be- 
 tween tlu'se avenues were 
 iussigued to the difi’ereiit 
 eountrie-s, so that visitora 
 making a tour of each oval 
 could compare the produc- 
 tions in ciieh class of thi' 
 diffi'i'cnt countries. The ex- 
 hibition was fonnally oiiened by the Emperor Napoleon, 
 Ai>ril 1st, 1867, and elo.sed in liki> inamier October 31st. 
 There were .30, 226 exliibitora and 10,200,000 x'Lsitoi's ; 
 12,944 medals and grand prizi's of honorable mention were 
 given, of whieh the United States exhibitoi-s received three 
 grand prizes, seventeen gold nn'dals, sixty-six silver, and 
 ninety-four bronze. The exhibition building cost about 
 $4,00(1,000, uf whieh the tiovernmeut paid $2,500,000. 
 The receipts for admission, etc., were $2,000,000, mid 
 there ri'sulted, as was elaimed, a jir.ifit of $600,000, 
 
 LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1871. | 
 
 This was the third of the originally prnjiosed decennial ’ 
 series of English exhibitions, and the tirat of a newly inn- i 
 posed annual .serie-s, each to be devoted to specified branches i 
 of industiy. It was opened ! 
 on May 1st, 1871, and elost-d I 
 September 30th. One million ! 
 one hundred and forty-two 
 thousand pei-soiis risited tliis , 
 exhibition, there being 4.000 
 fine art, and 7,000 industrial, | 
 entries on the part of exhib- ! 
 itors — thirty -thrae foreign '' 
 eouutrii's being represt'uted. | 
 There were im prizes, and ' 
 the reeeiiit-s of the exhibition 
 equaled its expen.-'cs. The ' 
 second of the new series took 
 place in 1872, and was de- 
 voted to luis eomii'cted with 
 printing, paper, music and 
 limsieal instnunent-s, jewehy. 
 cotton goods and tine aiks. 
 This was foUowi'd by tin- | 
 third ammul exhibition in 
 1873, wliieh made a feature ’ 
 
 of cooking. And its apparatus. A school of eookci'j' was 
 opened in the exhibition, and lectures given. The ex- 
 hibition remidned open from Api-il 14th to August 15th, 
 aud was attended by 31,784 persoms. 
 
 MOSCOW EXHIBITION, 1872. 
 
 The groat Russian exliibitioii was organized by the 
 Jloseow rolyk'chiiie Society, under the patronage of the 
 Rus.siiiu Government. It was on a large scale, and admir- 
 ably managed. Its variou-s buildings ueeiiiiied a space of 
 two English miles. In its ammgement the greatest .skill 
 was slituni ; its classifioatiou is .said to have been the best 
 and most scientific whieh has ever yet been attempted. 
 Each .speeiid gi'oup of objects had sejiaratc buildings. 
 
 VIENNA INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1873. 
 
 This, the grandest exhibition of the kind over yet at- 
 temi)t*'d {to be excelled only by the United States Centen- 
 nial Exhibition of 1876), was oiH’iied May 1st, 1873, by the 
 Emperor of Austria, in the PratiT of Vienna. The jmzes 
 were distributed August 18th, aud the exhibition closed 
 October 31.st. It should be obser\-ed, uith regard to this 
 pxliibitiou, that its iirogress was marked by unforeseen 
 difficulties of a most serious nature — the prevalence of a 
 severe cholera cjiidemic aud a financial oiisis ojicrating 
 together to militate' against its suecoss. The main exhibi- 
 tion building was constructed of brick and glass, and was 
 2,085 feet long, 82 feet xride, and 521 feet high to tlie 
 central dome. Opi'niiig from this were 32 transverae gal- 
 leries, 250 feet long and 49 feet wide — the entire stnictnre 
 presenting a form not unlike that of the spine of a fi.sh 
 witli its lateral jirojectiug bones. Tlieve was beside this a 
 machinery annex, built srith briek. 2,614 feet long. 155 
 feet 'nide, bi'siiles a large fiue-Qvt hall and muuevons smaller 
 buildings. TIk' tniiLsverae soelious were devoted to the 
 
 iliffereut countries in the. order uf their geographical posi- 
 tion. About sixty acres x\‘ere covered by the buildings; the 
 average of daily \-isitovs was 40.000 ; the main building, with 
 the court between, and gaUeiios, covered 230,000 square 
 yimls. In its cla.ssifieation this exliibitioii followed, nearly, 
 till' plan of those of London and Paris. There were 643 ex- 
 hibitora from the United States, and the.se took -349 prizes, 
 of whieh the Inteniatioiial Bureau at Wariiington, the 
 Lighthouse Board nf the United States, the State of Ma.s- 
 .saehusett.s aud city of Boston, for si'hool sy.stem, and 
 the School of the Smithsonian Institute, uf Washington, 
 received grand diplomas of honor. The entire number of 
 <'xhibitm-s was about 42,584. this being exclusive of Orien- 
 tal countries, the total number of visitora to the exhibition 
 being 7,254.687. The cost of the exhibition was more than 
 $12,006,000. The original Govenuneut aiipvopriatioii was 
 $3,000,000, with the piDvision that it i\'uuld not be ex- 
 ceeded, uu<l, as the veceii>ts barely paid nimiing expenses, 
 there was a deficit of about $9,0(tO.OU0. Ailih'd to the eauses 
 of this failiue, to ivhich we have already alluded, should 
 be mentioned tin' inadeijnate iieennunodation fnnii.shed to 
 visitor.s by the city of Vienna, and tlu' extravagant cast of 
 lixfing. The ‘\'ieunese seemed to tliink that the entire 
 world was ubont to risit their city for the jnuqMsc of being 
 plucked, and acted accordingly. The rt'sult of this gi-eed 
 and rapacity wiD probably deter other localities from a 
 similar eoiu'se in the future. 
 
 This ehxses our brief abstract of the histoiy of iudustiial 
 effort in the direction of public exhibitions. In xwefacing 
 this with a .sketch of the entire history of exhibitive iiro- 
 gi'e.ss ill the world, we hax-e desiml to indicate what seems 
 to havi' been a natural drift of iirogi'oss iu tliis direetion. 
 
 From the public markets, fairs and bazaara. whieh date 
 back among aneieiit times, and whieh weri' designed in tlie 
 period of dillieiilt tran.sportation to facilitate barter aud 
 exchange, down to the international exhibitiun of uiir day. 
 wliieli is jiuvely exhibitive and not of a trade character. 
 w<- find a series of legitimate stejis, always advancing in the 
 
«Jv#r 
 
mSTORFCAL RF.arsrF.R -OF TIIF CFXTFXXIAL EXPOSmOX. 
 
 same direction and teiuling to'waxd the same 
 gTiUid result — the spread of knowledge 
 among the different peoples of the eai-th 
 cf>neeniiiig the inh'iuieenient made- hy i-tieli 
 in iinlustiiid lalKir. in the arts of design, 
 and in the cultiuv mid u<liiptution of the 
 t“arth‘s jirotlucts to the invessitios of inaii- 
 kind. In the eavlii-r stages of this jiro- 
 gl’ess it was neee--.iiy to offer iudneeineilts 
 to enalih'tlie gatlieiiiig of large iminlters of 
 peo])le from ilistmii'es wide aivart, and then'- 
 fore the jmrehase and xde of goods ex- 
 hihited were particularly a feature of the 
 • Kvasioii, But as the world heeanie rielu-i'. 
 transportation freer, and tlie mind- of men 
 more wide'preading in the aml'itions thiist 
 for knowledge, the necessities t<H' tliis fe,'- 
 tniv no longer existed, and it was fmuul 
 tint vL'itoi-s, liy nasou of this, wonlil tra\el 
 va.st distances only to see and not to pnr- 
 elutso the products u£ the ingenuity and 
 eoiistnietive skill and indastry of their i:a;ru:v 
 
 frliow-nieii. In the (.'eiitennial Exposition 
 of iHTh. it is to he Imped that we shall witness the eiil- 
 minatiou of all the better featiu'es of iuteruatiunal ex- 
 
 ^^ith a view to lay before the Amrrieau pinple and the 
 world in geueml a eomi'lete and authentic record of the 
 
 in importance to none of tlie same character 
 wiiich the world ha.s c“ver witiiDs.scd. "With 
 this design, wo shall liisit proceed to offer a 
 history of the Centennial Exposition from 
 it.s iiK-eption to the time of thi' jireseiit pub- 
 lication. .Snell a histoiy. ns will be seen, 
 offeiN a libend (luaiitity of matenal. and, as 
 well, immerous subjects full of interest for 
 detiiUsl illn.strution. The gindnal stniggli' 
 into being of an eiiteiprise .so vast, affords. 
 I'veji in it.s most minor iniitieulm's, indica- 
 tions of the idnio.'-t Miiieilmmaii elieigy exer- 
 ei.sisl in it.s coiidnet. In the episodis and 
 ineideiit.s eonneeti'd with this liistoiy uill 
 111’ therefore found a fund of pleas.mt fact 
 for the eonsideiiition of thereadi r. From 
 this ]H>int it is inb’iided to eomiili’te the 
 liistory of the rnited States Centennial 
 Ex]>o.sition by a •• Historical ilegister" or 
 •■Reconl" of the result of its efforts, to 
 lay before the world, at a glance, a com- 
 plete panorama of Anu-rienn iudustiial 
 progi’cs.s dunng the pa.st centmy 
 As early as tlie year 1800 occun-ed the lirat sugge.stion.s of 
 an Amerieau celebration, to take place in 187G, "witli a ^ iew 
 
 THE EMPBE.SS EUOEXIE’S PAVILION ANli OllAXl) COXSEUVATOUY i. 
 
 liibitive effort, and while presenting all the best features of I 
 jirevions exliibitious, avoid flit* errois and imperfections i 
 whic-h liave too freijnently detracted from 
 their sucee.ss. 
 
 CKN'TENNI.VI. ExroSITIOX. 
 
 Tiir. hUtury of this cnteiimsi' is that of 
 a gigantic imdert.-iking. whose origination 
 is attrilmtable to no one mind, but was 
 seemingly the outgrowth of the .spon- 
 biueoiis •• liapjiy thought " of the entire 
 Ainc-ricau people — an undertaking com- 
 menced and pnraued in the face, not only 
 of inniuueral'le difficultic-s reasonably to be 
 expected, but also against veiy many which 
 were totally niiforespcii -an undertaking 
 wliieh met with a degree of opposition on 
 the I'.irt of the i>re.s.s, and in many other 
 inrinential ipiartera which had been cer- 
 tainly nnlooked for — an midertaking, fin- 
 iiDy, wliieli, desjiite all the imtagonism it 
 has avonse-d .and nil the obstmctix'c elements 
 by which it wits met, has been pursued to 
 eomplete fniitiou \utli unexampled excel- 
 lence of judgment, fertility of resource, and energy of ; 
 jiatiiotie determiiiatiun. 
 
 origin and jirogress of this magniffeeiit conccjitii.m. it is 
 designed to collate from the olHeial autlmritie.s everv fact of | 
 
 of commemorating the fir-st centennial of Ainerienn free- 
 dom and national unity. Iii this conneetion we may jirop- 
 rrly give the following extract from the 
 Ib’jiort of the X'nited States Centennial 
 Commission to Congi’eR.s Febninry. lS7d: 
 
 “I'lirly in IHlIG, Geiienil Cli.ii’les 15. N-Tti ii, 
 a I’liili'il States (’ominissji.ui'r to tlie Paris ex- 
 liiliitinii, ]>uMislicil an iiiiiele in (lie .UiQln- 
 Aiiii'i-ifitii Tinn's nnd dmi-llP. ill 
 
 wllieli lie stri'ngly I'eenmilielnli'cJ tlie n’lel'lll- 
 tien i.f till- line liiiiulreilth aiiiiivei-sary of our 
 iiiitepeiuieiK-e l»y ail iiiteniatioiml I’xliiliitinn. 
 These vii’ws of (ieiiiTiil Nnrlou were jiresi’iiteil 
 lo the Anierieim Institute. Mew York, by Hon. D. 
 S. Gregory, but no immciiiale action was taken. 
 
 ’’ Profe.-isor Joliii L. t’amiil"'ll, of tVabasli i 'ul- 
 b'ge, Crawfonlsvilb’. Iinliaiia. inbire-se<l an in- 
 teresting mill sugge.-tive . oniiiiuiiiealiini ..n the 
 subject to the Hon. Morton .■HcMielniel, at the 
 time mayor of Plilla<!cl|ihia. 
 
 -In lKf.O. ('obuii’l .M, Itiehiinl’- Mtiekle, of 
 Philiiileliiliia, ndvnnei.'il the suggeMion iluil a 
 gnuiii imisieal festival shnuhl be tic.' distin- 
 guishing Katuie of the cek'bnUion." 
 
 Occasion! J hints toward some national 
 display to commemorate onr Centennial 
 apl>eared in the newsjmi'ora of the day; 
 importiuice bearing thereupon, and nswell to !5ct domi each I and, at la.st, oven tlie character nf the jiroposed celebra- 
 detail which shall ,secm to In- illustrative of an event sccoinl 1 thni wins dimly iinlictited. Wiieh nllnsions began gradually 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTEIt OF THE CEXTEHKIAI. EXPOSITION. 
 
 11 
 
 to fastiui tliemselves upon the miuilsj of tljiuking men 
 something of a definite nature ; and, in 1871, the 
 Franldin Institute of Philadelphia concentrated the various 
 crude notions ivhich ^'ere afloat conccniing the ndiolc 
 matter in a petition to the muuicipal authorities of Pliila- 
 tlelphia for the use of Fairmc>nnt Park as a hx'iility wherein 
 tocelcbrah.- our national ceutemiiul. The result of thispeti- ^ 
 tion was the appointment of committees from the Phila- ' 
 dclphian Councils to entertain the proposition ; and this 
 w.us Kpeedily seconded hy the Pennsylvania Legislature. ; 
 which mi'inorializcd Congi-i'ss to the following otYcot : '‘To 
 take such a]>propriate action as will carry into <-fTcct the 
 celebration of the centennial annivei'S.'U'y of American in- 
 de|iendi'iicc at the city of Philadc-lphia. . . . by an ' 
 
 international exhibition of ait.s, inanufaetiircs and i>roducts 
 of the soil and mind.” This memorial was duly placed be- • 
 fore C- ingress, and the schtunc generally 
 advocated by committees from the Penn- 
 
 sylv.iniii Legislatun'. tlie Philadelphia Coun- • . 
 
 eil< and the Franklin Institute, with tin- 
 mayor of Philadelphia. 
 
 At once opposition was mad<> to the ]ihui 
 sugge.sted, on the part of representatives 
 from other localities, who aflected to con- 
 Kid'-r the claims of these for .selection, in 
 place <if PhUadelphia. ns ccpially good at 
 least with those of the latter city. But on 
 .Tmie Ititli, 1870, the Committee on Jlanu- 
 fiM.“tnres and that on Foreign Affairs, of the 
 House (jf Kepresentutives, visited Phila- 
 delphia. Here arguments were adduced, in 
 favor of the proposed choice of locality, 
 sufficient to iminx'ss the minds of the.so 
 represcutistive.s with the views cntciiaimsl 
 by those who had made the suggestion; 
 and the committee returned to Washington 
 ^\ ith a report in favor of the advantages of 
 Philadelphia for the 2>uip)03c, and recom- 
 juended it being made the scene of the 
 l^roposed exhibition. 
 
 It was not, however, until JIarch 3d, 1871, that Congi'ess 
 ]'!issed the following Act, creating the United States Centen- 
 nial Coinmis.sion ; 
 
 • lu ,l('/ Id pyoi'iilr fur rflflirdllng the One IfHihlrrillh Jiiuivrmari/ 
 Ilf AiiirririiH liulrpfii'lriicr, hij hiildiug oa lulrninlii'iial Kahili- 
 Ihii «f Arts, ^[t^ltllflU•h^rrx and Products of the !>Dil awl Miiir, 
 111 the L'lli/ of Pliihldelphia, ami Slate of Penns’jlvania, in the 
 gear eUjhteeii find seveitlg~dx. 
 
 WiiK.fKAS, The Declaratiua of ImlciienJence of the United 
 Stall’s of America wa.s iircparod, sigm-d, ami iiromulnutcd ia the 
 yi'iir .seventoon Inindred and seventy-Bi.\, in the City of I’lnlailcl- 
 I'liia ; and whereas it liehooves ttie people of the United State.s to 
 celebrate, Ijy appropriate ceremonies, the centcnniul anniversary 
 of this memorable' and decisive event, which constituted tlie 
 fourth ilay of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and .sev- 
 
 enty-sis, Iho birtliday of ttie nation; and wiiorea' it is iloi’med 
 fitting tliat tho comiitetion of the Ilrst century i >f our national I'x- 
 istonco shall bocommemomted byarv exhil)ition of the natural re- 
 sources of tho country ami their development, and of its j>r<igre.ss 
 in tlioso arts which beiiellt mankind, in comparison with those of 
 older nations ; and whereas no place is so appropriate for .such an 
 exhibition ns the city in which occurred the event it is designed 
 to commciuonitc ; and whereas as tlie exhibition sliould li.'ana- 
 tional eolebrution, ia which tin- people of tlie whole <.Hintry 
 .--liould participate, it -slioiilci liave tlic suiiction of tlie Congress of 
 the United State.s : therefore. 
 
 .Section 1. J/e it enacted hy the Senate and House nf Uepresen’n- 
 th-esnf the I'nited States nf Aiaeriea in Congress asseinh'tsl. That an 
 oxliibitinn of American and toreign aits, jiroduets. and maniifae- 
 turus, sliall lie held, under tlie au.spk-es of the Ooveriiniont of the 
 United Suites, ill the City of I'hiladeljiliia, in the year eigliteen 
 liundred ami acveiity-six. 
 
 Sec. 2. Tliat a Commission, to consist of not more titan one 
 delegate from each State and from each Territory of the United 
 
 States, whose functions shall continue until the elose of the lyx- 
 liibilioii, sliall be constituted, whose duly it slnll 1 k> to prepare 
 and superintond the execution of a plan for holii.ng the I'xhibi* 
 lion; and, aftiT eunferenci' willi the authorities of the City of 
 riiiladelpiiia, to fix upon a suitable site wilhiii tin rporati' lim- 
 
 its of tho said city, where the I'xliibition shall bo heM. 
 
 Sec. 3. That saiil Commissioners shall be appointed within one 
 year from the pas.sage of this Act, by tlie President of the United 
 States, on the nomination of the governors of llm Stat'-s nnd Ter- 
 ritories n-spectively, 
 
 Sec. 4. That in tlie .same manner there shall be appointed one 
 Commissioner from each State and Territory of the United State.?, 
 who shall u.ssiime the place ami perform the dutie.s of sueh Com- 
 missioner and Commissioners as may Ik; unable to attend the 
 meetings of the Commission. 
 
 Sec. 5. Tliat the Commission .shall hold its meetings in the City 
 
 of riiiladelpiiia, and thiil n majority of its members shall h.avo 
 full power to make all needful rule.s for its government. 
 
 Sec. 6- Tliat tho Commission shall report to Congress, at the 
 first session after its appointment, n suitable date for opening and 
 for elo.sing the, exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies 
 for opening or dedicating the same ; a phui or I'lans of the build- 
 ings ; a complete plan for tlie iveoption and ela-sslileation of arti- 
 cles intended for exliibitiuii ; the reiiuisito cu.stoni-liouso regula- 
 tions for the iiitroduetion into this country of the articles from 
 foreign eoimtries inti'iided for exhibition ; ami such other matters 
 I as in tlieir judgment may bo important. 
 
 i 8ec. 7. Tliat no eompeiisatiun for services shall be paid to llie 
 . Commissioners or ntlier officers provided by this Act from the 
 ] Tn-iisury of the United States ; and tho Uiiiti'd States shall not bo 
 ! liable for any expenses attending sueh exhibition, or by reason of 
 I the same. 
 
 I Hec H. That whenever the I’residc'iit shall be informed by tlie 
 I (ioviTiiorof the State of Peiinsylvmiui that provision has Ih'cii 
 made for the erection of .suitable buildings for tho purpo.se, and 
 for tlie exclusive control by the Cnmraission 
 herein provided for of the }iroposed exhibition, 
 the President shall, tlirmigh the Department of 
 
 State, make proclaniatioa of the same, setting 
 
 forth the time at whieh the exhibition will npini 
 nnd till' place at whieh it will l>e lield : ai d lei 
 shull eommuai'-ate to tin- diploniatic ivpre.seiita- 
 tives of all antioas eojiies of llie same, togethi'r 
 with sueh regulations us may bo adopti'd liy tin' 
 t'ommlsbioners, for publication in tlieir re- 
 spective countries. 
 
 Ill aeeonlaiU'i' ivitli this Act, the Com- 
 mis,sio]i -wa.s at mice aiijiniiiteil hy the Presi- 
 dent of the United .States njion the nmni- 
 natimis of the governors of tlie sevei-.il .States 
 and Territories — the following being tho 
 
 United States Centenniai. Commissuineks. 
 Alahania, Jamo.s L. Cooper; Ariznnn, Piehanl 
 MeCormick, John t\'a.sson; Arkansas. Geo. 
 AV. Lawrenee, Alexander McDonald; Califoniia, 
 John Dunbar t'reigh, Benj. P. Kooser; Colorado, 
 J. Marshall Paul, M. ('. Meeker; Cnnnerlic"l, 
 Joseph 11. Hawley, AYm. Phipps Baker; Jiakota, 
 J. A. IJurbank, Solomon L Spink; Iielairare, 
 II. F, Askew, J, H. Rodney; Jiislrict if Cotniubia, 
 J. E. Dexter, Lawivneo A. Oobright; Florida, 
 .r'lliii S. Ailams, J. T. Bernard ; Georgia, Gooigo Hillyer, Biehard 
 peters, Jr.; htah«, Thomas Donaldson, AV. Moore; Illinois, 
 Frederielc L Maltliews, Lawreiico AA'ehloii; Indiana, John L. 
 Campbell, Fninklin Johnson; lou-a, llolx'rt I.owry, Coker F. 
 Claiksnu; A'<in.ni.“, John A. Martin, George A. Crawford; Ken- 
 Inrky, llolM'rt Mallory, Smith M. Hobb.s; Lanisiami, John Lynch, 
 Edward Peiiington; J/aiup, ,JoBluia Nye. Clmrle.s P. Kimball; 
 Maryland, James T. Earle. S. M. Shoemaker; Ma.s,sachnsetls, 
 (ieorgo B. Loriiig, AA'illiam B. Spooner; Michigan, .Tames Biraey, 
 Claudius 1!. Grant; J/btinwihi, J. Fletcher AA'illiimis, A\'. AA’. Fol- 
 well; O. C. French ; Missouri, John MeXeil, Samuel 
 
 Hays; Montana, J. P. AA’oolmiui, Patrick A, Largey; Xehraska, 
 Henry S. Moody, U. AV. Furnas; Aerada, AA'm, AVirt .Mei’oy, 
 James AA'. Haines; Xeio llanipshire, Ezekiel A. Simw, Asa P. 
 Cate; A'eie Jersey, Orestes Cleveland, Jolm G. Stevens; A'ci'' 
 Me.rh'o, Ehlridgo AA'. Little. Stephen B. Elkins; Xeic York. N, M 
 
Ol-KXIXfi OF THE I'ALAI.S ]>Ji I. ' J X DE ST T. I ]■ 
 
14 
 
 IIISTORrCAL REGISTER OF THE CEh^TENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Bmnirs of ADjnNiHTitATiiis. 
 
 — Direction ol th« forei^'ii reiiresenUi- 
 tion; Director -Gbxer-vl. 
 
 — Classillention of fipplications fiT 
 space — allotment of space in >fiiin buildiiiK- 
 su|HTVision of s{ieciiil structures ; Hesry 
 
 I’ETTIT. 
 
 TrattspiirUiUoii — Foreijrn transportation for 
 {{ooils iuiJ visitors — trans[jortiUion tor (jouds 
 ami visitors in the United States— local trans- 
 portation — wareliousiiig ami customs r*i>;uUi- 
 tiona : DoLPHCs Torret. 
 
 Miirhiiifiri/ — Superlntendonoeof the Maeliiucry 
 l)i-partnient and buildieiu, including allotment of 
 space to ZxhiWtgrs; JoHS S, Albert. 
 
 .t^nVidnirp.— Sui>eriiitendenee of the Agri- 
 eultiinil Department, building and grounds, 
 iiichvliiig ull‘)tment of space tu Exhihitors : 
 DuRSET Laxdreth. 
 
 Horlirnllnrt^ ^uiH-rintendenec of Horticultur- 
 111 Departmeri!, Conservalorv' and grounds, iti- 
 < lading ailotmeiit of space to Exhibitors: 
 Charles A. Miller, 
 
 L’SE at TRF. PARIS EXPOSITION. 
 
 ill th>: your eighteen hundred and seventy-six,” 
 approved Mnn-h third, eighteen hundred and 
 seventy-one, for the appointment of eoramls- 
 sioners to promote and control the exhibition of 
 the niitiomd resources and their development, 
 iiml the iinticm’s progress in arts which benefit 
 mankiml, and to suggest aud direct appropriate 
 eeivmouics by which the people of the United 
 States may eomniemorate that menioroblc and 
 de,-i>ive event, tile- Declnnition of American 
 Independence by the Congress of the United 
 Cnlonies, iLSseinbled in the City of rhiliidelphia 
 nn the fourth ilay of July, Anno Domini seven- 
 teen Inindred and seventy-six: and whereas, 
 .sui'h provisions should 1h- made for procuring 
 till’ funds reiiuihitc for the piirjioses aforesaid 
 as will enable all tlie people of the United 
 States, who have shan.'d tlie commou blessings 
 resulting from national iiulcpendence, to aid in 
 the jm'panition and conduct of said interna- 
 tional exhibition and memorial ceifbmlion under 
 the direction of the coinmisbioners of the United 
 States : Tlierefore 
 
 Bp it ptiacted bij the Senaip and House of Be- 
 prespiifatii'SR of the United .‘‘fates of America 
 m Co/tyresi assembled, That there is hereby 
 
 Ili'i-kwitli.Cliarles H. Mars hull ; Xni’lh f’aro/iim, SamiU'l F. 
 Jonathan W. AlI.eitsoii ; 'll, in, Alfred T. Goshorn, Wi 
 Urifllth: Ore‘jon. J.irm-- M'. Virtue, Amlivw J. Diifiu 
 ^yh-a,iiii. Daiiiol J. Morndl, Asa I’ack.-r; Bhode JAiml. 
 
 H Corliss, Samuel Powel; S’wllt JN'illiam (!uriioy 
 
 ehibald Cameron: Teimeejee, Thomas H, Cold- 
 well, William F, I’ro.ss.r: Terns. WMliam 
 
 Heur>’ Parsons, Jolin C. Chew; L'liih, John H. 
 
 Wiektzer, William Ilaydon ; rivmmit, Middle- 
 ton Goldsmith, Henry Chase; Walt'-r 
 
 W. Wood, Edmund H. Bagwell; inuvA:-i:y/.o, 
 
 Terriloni. F.lwood Ev.an.s, An-xandiu- S. AImt- 
 nelhy; HV.-'t nv^iaid, Alexamier li. BotelrT. 
 
 Andrew J, Sweeney; ICi.s'coiuiia, Daviil 1, 
 
 Eihvard D. Holton; li'^o/aiuy, Jusepli M.Ciir''\. 
 lloliert H Lambi’rii- 
 
 Froin these appointments tho foUowing 
 orgauization w;u. eompleted: 
 
 Organization. 
 
 BresidenI: JOSEPH R. Hawley. Uice-Pi'r.o- 
 deii‘s: Alfred T. Goshorn. Orestes Cleve- 
 land. John I). Creigii, Robert Lowry, Robf.ut 
 Mallory. Duvetor- Gramif .• .Alfred T. tlos- 
 HORN. i-i-cretury : John L. C-impuell. Assi-^i-n.l 
 t>eiTfliie;i : Dorsey Gardner. < 'oniuicl or .ii.d 
 Solicilnr: John L. shoem.vker. 
 
 Ecpeutife Daniel J- Mox;r.ni.i., 
 
 rhainuaii, I’etnisfcauiii : .Alfred T. Goshorn, 
 
 Otiio; E. -V. STR.tw, Xeir /Amip.s/nVp; X. M 
 Beckutth, Xe'p Y'lrk; James T. Earle, Mary- 
 laiii.1; Georoe II. Corliss, lilmde I.dnnd: John 
 G. Stevens, .Vcic ./cr.«ei/.- A R. Boteler, He.st Virgiuiai R.C. 
 CoBMiCK, Aruoiia ; John Lynch, Louisiana ; James Birney, A 
 tjai.; Chas.P. Kimdall, Maine; Saml.F. Phillips, A brtA Can 
 
 Secretary: Myer Asc h, Bliiladelphia. 
 
 riiiilips, I Bine .Ic/.s.— Superintoiidimee of the Fine .Art Depiirtiii 
 Isoii AV. j buildiue, inclmliug all'dmeiit of space to Exhilntors: 
 r; Pi'Ha- I A. T. Goshorn. 7b'ivclor-b’ 
 
 !, George John L, Campdeli.. Sevrefary. 
 
 I 1‘HiLADEi.PinA. MareJi. ls7,>. 
 
 I In view of the fact that only annual meetings of the mem- | 
 ' bevs of the Centennial Commission were ileemetl advisable, j 
 I it was provided that the prosecutioit of the detailed work of | 
 
 the exhibition shtmld be in charge of the Exeoutive Com- 
 mittee mentioned above, and vvliieh should hold monthly 
 meetings. Further, n subdivision of Ltbor wa.s jiulieiously 
 efleeted bv the organiz:ition of “bureaus of adniinlstra- 
 tion ” ; thus simplifying and sy.stemntizing 
 all tho manifold duties of preparation and 
 organization. But the Act of Congres.s, 
 incoiponiting the Centennial Coimnissiou, 
 cxphcitly lu-ovided that no expenses should 
 be ineunvd for wliich the Govemment 
 should be held responsible. It therefore 
 booanie neees.siiry to orgsmize a qu:dilieil 
 body, in whose hands all tho finmieiiil con- 
 I'enis of the general organization should 
 bo plucod. and which should bo .sufficiently 
 omiiowerotl tt) enable the ooUeetion of the 
 necossaiT funds for the projjer cnnyiug out 
 uf tho •• Contenniiil " idea in such w;iyR and 
 by sneh jirovisions lus .should .“oem host 
 Cidenlated to answer tho piuposo. .Accord- 
 inglv, on June 1st. 1ST2, Congress pas-sed 
 the following : 
 
 .b( A'i )-Wot/)V to /’eiihuiiial Lilenialinnat 
 r.shihiUoii In be held in the I'ity of 1‘hiladel- 
 jihia, Stale nf rennsylvania, in the year 
 ei;j/itp<->i handreil and seve)dy-sif. 
 
 Whekear, Congress did provide tiy an Act 
 entltli'd ' ‘ An Act to provide for the celebrating the one hundredth 
 anniversan- of American Independence, by holding nn intenm- 
 tiim.al exhibition of art.s, manufactures, and product of the soil 
 ami mine.s, in the City of Pliiladelphia. and State of Pennsylvania, 
 
HrSTORrC.U. recjstf.r of the centennial enposition. 
 
 15 
 
 t'rwvt-'il a liody noriJoruU*. to ho known by ilif 
 luimu of tlie Centennial Board of Flnancf, and 
 by that name to have an Incorporate existence 
 iinlll tlu; object tor whicli it is furmod shall huvn 
 bei-n aecom|ilisliecl ; iind it shall be eoinpcdent to 
 sue and bo sued, plead and )>■' impleadecl, dcteinl 
 and bo defondud, in all eniirts of law and isiuity 
 in tho Uniti'il Slates; and mny make and liavi'. 
 
 H eorpuratn seal, ami niay pitrehiise, take, liave, 
 uinl hold, and may b'l'ant, sell, ainl at pleasure 
 dispose of all sueh real and personal estnti- as 
 may bo reiiuin'ci hi eai ryiny into i-fTeet the pro- 
 visions of an Aet of Cuiii'ri'ss, entitlecl *',vn 
 bi provido fur eelehniling lie' one hundrodlh 
 auiiiveisary ut Amerienn Indeiiemlenco, by 
 lioldiiiK an iiiteriiational i xhibition of arts and 
 luariutaelni'es. and products of the soil and 
 mine, ill tim City of I’hilnileljihia. and Statu of 
 ri-imsylvania, in the year ei),dilei'n liuiuln-d and 
 .seventy-six," approved Mareli tliinl, eighteen 
 limidred and seventy-one, and all a<‘ts supple- 
 nmiitary thereto; ami said Centeiinhii Board of 
 Finaneu shall eoiisi.si of tlm followini;- named 
 ]iersoiis. their associates iiud successors, from 
 tho States and Territories as herein set fonh. 
 
 Kec. 2, Tint tlio said corporation shall have 
 authority, and is liereiiy empowered, to sceiiro 
 Rubseriptiuns of eaintal stuck to an amount not 
 uxccediiij' ten million dollars. bi lie divided into sliares of ton 
 dollars each, and to Issm-to the subscribers of .said stock certi- 
 (leates therefor under tin' corporate seal of said corporation. 
 
 subscribed for stock, to be held in the city of 
 Philadelphia, for tho purpose of electing a board 
 of directors to consist of twenty-fivo stock- 
 holders, whose term of oflice shall be ono 
 year, and until their successors shall ha\<> been 
 ipialifled ; at whieh meeting those who may bo 
 present in person or by proxy, of whom onu 
 hundred shall eonstituti; a quorum, shall l>c 
 competent to oriomize and elect said officers. 
 Tile said board of dir<‘cturs, and every subse- 
 quent board, sliall b<' ehuseu by tin' stock- 
 Imlders out "[ a list of oin- hundred stock- 
 holders, sc.leeteil and iiuminaU'd !>y the United 
 States rentennial Commission. Nine members 
 of the board of directors shall eunstituto a 
 ([iiorum for the transaetiou of busines.s, but no 
 electiou or change of offieers sliall take place 
 unless at a meeting of tlm boanl of direetors, 
 at whieh a majority sliall be present. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the s.iid board of dircetors shall 
 elect, from Its own number, a jn'esident and two 
 \ ii r--presidents, wln so term of office shall be 
 one year, and until their successors shall have 
 lii'cii duly qualillej, and slnill appoint a tn-a- 
 soivr, a secretary, and such other officers as 
 may be retpiiied to carry <iut the purpiscs of 
 the corporation ; which elected and u[ipointeii 
 officers shall hold their respective offices during 
 tlie pl.'iisuro of thelHiavil. receiving such compensation as tlio 
 board may prescribe. And the board shall also adu)»t such by- 
 laws, rules, and regulations fur its own guvernnient and for tli» 
 
 OIIIENTXI, DmSION, PARIS EXPOSITtOM- -OENEI!.\L VIEW OP THE .lAP.VNESE SECTION. 
 
 I quota, according to its population; after which period of one 
 I liundr>)d days, stock iifit taken may bo sold to any person or 
 I persons or eurpuration willing to purchase the same. 
 
 VIEW flF THE CHINESE QCAIITEU IN THE I'.UiK OF THE P.tRLS EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE SP.tNIMt P.VVtl.inN AT THE r.UlIS EXPOSITION. 
 
 which certillcati's shall bi;ar tim signature of tho president and 
 Iro isurer, and be traiistermble under such rules and regulations 
 o-s may Im made for tho purpose. And it shall bo lawful for any 
 municipal or other corporate body existing by 
 or uailer tho laws of the United States, to sub- 
 seribn and pay for shares of said capital stock ; 
 and all holders of said stuck shall become 
 associat-'s in said corporation, and .shall 'bo 
 entitled to ono vote on each share. Amt it shall 
 be the duty of the United States Centennial 
 Commission t > )ire<eril>o rules to oiiable absent 
 st*ckholders to vote by proxy. Tho proeeeds 
 of s.iiil stork, together witli tho receipts from 
 all otlier .sources, shall be useil by .sahi corpora- 
 tion f ir tho erection of sui:al>le buildings, witli 
 their a]>propriaU> llxturoH nnd appurtenane.'.;. 
 and for all other expemlitun'- l•l•■luirl'd ia carry- 
 ing out tim oljeets of tlni said net cjf Coiigre,.s 
 of Jfareli third, eighteen hundred and sevent.v- 
 une, mid which may be incident thereto. And 
 tho .said eor[ioxation shall keep regular mhi- 
 utes of its proceedings, and full accounts, 
 with the vouchers thereof, of all tlic receipts 
 and expenditures, and the .same sliall bo always 
 open to tlie inspection of tho United States 
 Contennial Commission, or any member tliereof. 
 
 Sec. 3. That books of sub.scriptioii .sliall be 
 opened by tho United States Centennial Com- 
 mis.-<ioii, under such rules ns it may prescribe; 
 and an opportunity sliall be given, iluriiig a 
 period of Olio luimlred days, to tho eitizens of eaeli .stati- and 
 Territ'iry to subscribe fur stock to an amount not c.xceeding it.s 
 
 Sec 4. That after tlie expiration of' said period of ono hundred 
 days, the United Stales Centennial Commission shall issue a call 
 fora meeting by publication In ono or ni'in' newsp.apor.-s published 
 
 at the eapital of each State and Territory, not less than thirty day.s 
 prior thereto, of tin.* corporators and all others who may then have 
 
 govt-riiment of its officers as lauy be doumed expedient : PeorbW, 
 Tliat tho same shall not be inconsistent with any act of Congress 
 or tho rules adopted by tho United States Contennial Commission. 
 
 Sec. C. That as soon us the board of directors 
 ! .shall have been duly organized, a.s prnvidi'd for 
 - _ in Section 5 of this net, it shall bo tho duty of 
 
 till) United State.s Centeimia! Commis.sion to de- 
 liver-to tho said board all slock sub.seriptlon- 
 bonks, witli tho papers and records of any kind 
 in its possession pertaining to tho same. 
 
 Sec. 7. That the groniols for the cxliibiliim 
 shall bo jirepareil nnd buildings orected byllie 
 paid corporation in aeconlanci- with tho plans, 
 which shall have been previously adopted bythc 
 United Slates Centennial Commission, and the 
 rules and ri'gulalii|iis of said corporation, g'lv- 
 cniiiig rate.s fur " entraiu'i' '' and " iulinlssion " 
 fi'c.s, nr olliiTwi'-i' alTi'i'tiiig the lights, iirivilege- , 
 or inli'l'ests of the exiliiiiturs, or of tlie plllilie, 
 sliall le llxed and establish*'d iiy tin- Uiiiled 
 States Centennial Commission ; and no grai.t 
 conferring rights nr privilegi's of any deserip- 
 tion eouneeted witli the said grounds or laiild- 
 iags. or relating to said exliibitiuu or celebra- 
 tion, shall lie made without tlie cuiiseiit of the 
 I'nilcd States Centennial Coinmis.sicni ; uii'l 
 said Ccumuissiou shall have power t‘i con- 
 trol, ctiangi! or revoke' all sucli gnint.s, ami 
 shall aiuioint all judges and examiiuTs, and 
 award all jiremiums. 
 
 Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall liave au- 
 thority to issue bonds, not in excess of it.s capital stock, and 
 
i)ISTKlJ;UTION OF PHIZES THE PALAIS DE L'TXLX^STHIE. PARTS. 18f>7. 
 
HISTORICAL RRGISTF.R OF TIIF CENTF.XXIAL FXPOSITIOX. 
 
 Reouro tho pnympnt r>f thf> sump, prinnipal iina 
 .itcT..-a, by mortgage upon its propurly iiml 
 liri)spCL'tlv<; income. 
 
 Heo. [). Thut it Hiiiill !.»> the duty of tliu Swrft- 
 iiry of the Treasury of the United States, us soon 
 a.s pmctieablo after the piis.sage of this Act, to 
 emi«e I" !"• pri-iMired, in aeconhinec witli ii 
 d'-.sign approved liy tin- United States t'luiten- 
 iiial Comitiisswii iiud the Secretary of tlu‘ Trea- 
 •Hiiry, a siiniideut niimher of eertilloates of 
 stock to meet tlie n>i|uiremimts of tins Aet ; ami 
 any persuii found guilty of eounti'i-feiting, or 
 attempting to pountitrfeil, or knowingly cir- 
 culating false <’LTtifli'Uti‘s <if stock, herein au- 
 thorized, shall 1)0 subject to tho sann' pains and 
 peaaUles as am or may be provided by law for 
 counterfeiting Un!te<l States currency; but 
 nothing in this Act hlmll Is) so construed ns to 
 create liny liuhility of tlie United Suites, dirc'ei 
 or imlirect, for any debt or obligation ineurn'd, 
 nor for any claini, by the Oentennial Inti-rna- 
 lional E-’Uubltion. or the corporation hereby 
 created for aid or pecuniary assistanco from 
 Uongress or tho Treasury of the United States, 
 in support or lii|Uidation of any debts or 
 obllgatloiw created hy tlm corisiration herein 
 
 
 il 
 
 
 ' ' 1 ! t!' 1 kr 
 
 Ip 
 
 |c_ 
 
 
 THE viriTEP 8TATK.R SECTio;.' AX THi: PAi’i-i i;.:re.UTio:i 
 
 holders, pro rata, in full .satisfaction and dis- 
 charge of its eapitul stock. 
 
 TJiulor the above Act the “Centennial 
 BoarJ of Fiiiiuiee " was organized, and, us 
 now constittiteil, is as follows ; 
 
 ('ENTESNIAIi lloAltl) OP I'lSAXCK. 
 
 Prrui'lt'Hl : John Widsli, /Vo/in/i fp/iai, Ui'iv* 
 
 William M\rrs, Iliiliul'-ljiliia; Jolm 
 S. lliirbolir, Vir'jiiihl. .sVovbiiv/ aint IVeuxurt-r : 
 I'n-diuick Frab-y. .Ucliln,-: H. S. Lansing. Fi- 
 ,c./,c/.d Ajt-nl: William liigicr, 
 
 /)bvc/i»-.«; Samuel L. Fc-lton, Datiicl M. Fo.v. 
 Thomas rochran, fleinent .M. Uiiiillc, N. Parker 
 Shortri.lgc-. .Tames M. linlA, KdWard T. Steel, 
 .bdm Wunamaker, Jolm Price WiUhi'i'ill, Henry 
 Wiii'or, Anioi 11. Litlli', Jolm iJaird, I’hihuM- 
 pl.ut: Th.eniis H. Innll.'v, .V.-c J. ; A. S. 
 Hewitt, William I- Stmng, .Vc<c Vnrk- ; John 
 ('imimitigs, .Vus.siic/m.vW/,s ; John (lorhmn, UU'uIr 
 Ishii'l : Cliarli'> W. UiHijier, William Iiigl<'r, 
 l’niiix;ih<uiia: Itobcrt M. Patton, .Uubimiii; J. 
 
 15. Drake, lUniuix; Georgi' Bain, Mixx"itri. 
 
 authorized : Auif profiilnl, That nothing iu this Act shall be so 
 construed as to override or interfere witli Hie laws of any 
 State; and all contracts made in anyStati- for the purposes of 
 the t'outonniul Intoruationiil Exhibition shall be subject to tho 
 laws thereof; .Did prorWof fio'llirr, That no membi’r of said 
 Pontemilai Board of Fiiuuiee assumes any personal liability for 
 
 any debt or obligation which maybe created or incurred by 
 the corporation authorized by this Act, 
 
 Sec. 10. That ixs soon a.s pra^ticablo, after the said exhibition 
 shall have been closed, it shall be the duty of said corporation 
 to convert its jiroporty into cosh, and, after the payment of all 
 li8 liabilities, to divide it.s remaining assets among its stuck- 
 
 ()f course, the first nud more imini diutely iiiiportaut 
 duty of the “Board of Finance "was to conclude, after 
 c.-ireful computation, on an estimate of the sum of money 
 necessary to ciiitt out the intentions of the " Centennial 
 (.Commission,” The coucliLsion reached fixed upon the 
 
HISTORICAL RKGISTER OF THE CEXTF.XXLAI. EXPOSITTOX. 
 
 sum of -^in.OOO.OOO as adoqnato for all tlu> i>uri>ose.s of the 
 fxliibitiou. lu acrordiiiioi' with this estimate, lUiJ ^vith a 
 vii-w to ginng eveiy eitizcii of eveiy State an oijportiiuity 
 to lieeome iuterested iu aud coiiiieete<l with this gieat 
 national exhihitimi. a quota was now established of a ratio 
 of subscription for the several 8tiiti-s, aud ever}’ effort was 
 made, through tlie public pre.ss, speciid circiilaiN, and 
 selected agents, to biing about such an interest its would 
 lead to a iiopulur subscription sutticieut'y large to absorb 
 the capital stuck, the ratio of each State being fixed its 
 follows : 
 
 V,. sea.„rT,.r,-,i..,v 
 
 I'.i|iill;aiii||. 
 
 III -S|i:u i'-, 
 
 gmii.i 
 111 lii.il.n-. 
 
 lX.'svV..fk . 
 
 4.382.7.71) 
 
 113.000 
 
 $l,l:t0,0l’iO 
 
 2 Peiiimvlvaiiia . 
 
 . 3,.721,97l 
 
 91.341 
 
 913.410 
 
 3 nhio . 
 
 . 2,0(i5,20) . 
 
 . 09,12.3 
 
 091.2 iO 
 
 4 Illinois . 
 
 . 2,.73‘i.S<)l 
 
 07,871 
 
 078.710 
 
 5 .Miss.mri . 
 
 1,721.21)7 
 
 . 44,041 
 
 440,410 
 
 fi Iiidiaiiji , 
 
 . l,(isi.ii(7 
 
 4i„787 
 
 . 437, .8-1) 
 
 7 .7fjis.-.aeliiiselts . 
 
 1.4,77,371 
 
 37,790 
 
 377,900 
 
 H Keiitiii-ky 
 
 . 1.321,(111 
 
 . 34,201 
 
 342,000 
 
 !» Teiiiie.,-.,... 
 
 1.238, .720 . 
 
 . 32,039 
 
 . 320.390 
 
 10 Virginia . 
 
 . l,223,l«l 
 
 . 31.774 . 
 
 317.740 
 
 11 I.ova . 
 
 U‘)l,i)20 
 
 .30,907 
 
 309,070 
 
 12 tieorgi.a . 
 
 , 1.184,1(1!) 
 
 . 30,710 
 
 . . 397,100 
 
 13 .Mieliigim 
 
 1,184,0.7!) , 
 
 . 30.708 
 
 307,080 
 
 14 North Carolina 
 
 . !.071.3tiL 
 
 27,787 
 
 . 277,850 
 
 13 Wisconsin . 
 
 1.0.74.070 
 
 27,3.73 
 
 273,530 
 
 10 Alabama . 
 
 . 990.092 .. 
 
 25.854 . 
 
 . 258,540 
 
 17 New Jersey 
 
 90G.09C . 
 
 23,499 
 
 - 234.960 
 
 18 Missi.s.sipia 
 
 . 827,922 . , 
 
 , 21,472 
 
 . . 214,720 
 
 19 Texas . 
 
 818,370 
 
 . 21.233 , 
 
 212.300 
 
 20 Miirylnmi 
 
 . 780.894 , 
 
 20,2.72 . 
 
 - . 202,520 
 
 21 Loiiisianiv . 
 
 720,917 . 
 
 18.8,72 
 
 . 188,520 
 
 22 8.iiifh Candjiiii 
 
 . 705,007 . , 
 
 18,300 . 
 
 183.000 
 
 23 Maine . . . . 
 
 020,91,7 
 
 10.2:1.8 
 
 102,580 
 
 24 California 
 
 . 700,247 
 
 14..7.30 
 
 145,300 
 
 25 Coiiui'i-tii.iit 
 
 5.37.4.74 
 
 13,939 . 
 
 - , 139,930 
 
 21) .irkaiisa- 
 
 484,171 . 
 
 12,.7(i3 
 
 . 12.7.050 
 
 27 iVest Yirgiiiiii 
 
 442,014 . 
 
 11,404 
 
 ,. 114.040 
 
 28 .Minn, ..s,, til . 
 
 439,700 . 
 
 11,41)4 
 
 . 114,040 
 
 2!> K;i lisas 
 
 304,399 .. 
 
 9.430 
 
 94,,7()0 
 
 30 ViTlliout 
 
 3.30,,77l .. 
 
 . 8, .773 
 
 85,730 
 
 31 New Hampslm-,. 
 
 318,:J00 
 
 . 8,2.77 
 
 82,550 
 
 .32 Rliod.' Island 
 
 217,373 . 
 
 . 5,037 
 
 50,370 
 
 33 Florida 
 
 187,748 
 
 . 4,809 
 
 48,090 
 
 34 Distriet of ('olnnibia 
 
 131,700 
 
 3,417 
 
 34.170 
 
 3.7 Deliiwai'e . 
 
 125,015 
 
 3,242 
 
 32.42(1 
 
 ;«i Nebraska 
 
 122,993 
 
 3.190 
 
 31.900 
 
 37NowMeue., 
 
 91,874 
 
 2,383 
 
 23,830 
 
 23.51KI 
 
 3.8 Oreguu . 
 
 90,923 . 
 
 2,359 
 
 39 rtah .... 
 
 80,780 
 
 . 2,2.71 
 
 22.510 
 
 40 Nevada . 
 
 42,491 
 
 1,102 . 
 
 11.020 
 
 41 Colorado 
 
 39,801 , 
 
 1.034 
 
 10,31(1 
 
 42 Wusliiic.;t>m . 
 
 23,973 . . 
 
 021 
 
 0.210 
 
 43 .Montana 
 
 20..797 
 
 534 
 
 5.340 
 
 44 Idah.. . 
 
 14,!K«i 
 
 3.8!) , 
 
 3,«!)(l 
 
 45 Dakota 
 
 14.181 
 
 308 
 
 3,08(1 
 
 40 Arizona , 
 
 . 9.0.78 
 
 270 
 
 2,500 
 
 47 'Wyoming 
 
 0,11s 
 
 230 . 
 
 2..3O9 
 
 Hs,5-)8.a7i i.fioa.oau siii,o<io.(Mto 
 
 Up to December Lo, 187;', the actual amoimts snb- 
 sciibed for the imiq>os»-s of the Centennial were as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 T"t;il stock siiliperiijtioas (ivlinWei .... S2,;k)7.7.'iO 
 III wliic’li an- iiwludcd 
 
 N'ew Jersey SlOil.OOO 
 
 D*-lawiire lii.OiJO 
 
 Connc-cti.iiit lU.Oi'h) 
 
 N'ew Hamiishlri' .... Ki.itiiit 
 
 Wilmiiigtoii, Del .7.11:1.1 
 
 j;i;J7.(M)ii 
 
 Oifts. eoacessions. and iiiterest .... $230,000 
 
 Farther from coueessiuiis . . . lOO.ilOil 
 
 Api.i-niiriutinii tiy I’cunsylvaiiia l.OiXI.OlH) 
 
 Aiqiro|)riiitiim liy Pliilad'clptiiii .... 1..70U.0II0 
 
 #3,137,7.70 
 
 .\iiinuiit still reiiiiirc'd tn iirc|iare f. >r Openinj; up to 
 
 May 10, l.S7i: 1,537.101) 
 
 SO,724,».70 
 
 By which it will be .seen that the original i-stimate of 
 ?1(),000,000 was found to be iinu'h more thiiu Hufficiont for 
 the neces,sitics of the Exhibition. 
 
 The following table will disjjlay the cost of other intcr- 
 
 national exhibitions ; 
 
 77ar, 
 
 
 Cost. 
 
 Lnndiin . 
 
 1871 
 
 20 
 
 $!,404.0iK1 
 
 NewYiiik . 
 
 18.73 
 
 5'^ 
 
 700,000 
 
 Paris 
 
 18,55 
 
 , 30 
 
 4,000.000 
 
 Lomlun 
 
 1862 
 
 .. 24 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 Paris 
 
 1807 
 
 40', , 
 
 . . . 4, .790,70.) 
 
 Vieana 
 
 1873 
 
 70 
 
 9,8.70,000 
 
 riiiladclpliia . 
 
 1870 . 
 
 >'•» 
 
 0,724,350 
 
 Tlie following nations have 
 
 appropriated the sums 
 
 ttgainst their names for defraying their own expenses at the 
 
 t'enttmnia] : 
 
 Onait Britain, with Australia and Canada fguldj. 
 
 $250,000 
 
 France and Algeria .... 
 
 . 12U.000 
 
 tlormany ...... 
 
 171,000 
 
 Austria ...... 
 
 75.000 
 
 Italy (Gnveniment, $3S,fKVi; Chaniber <•! ('cmimerec 
 338,0001 
 
 70,000 
 
 Spain ...... 
 
 . 150,000 
 
 ■Tuiian ....... 
 
 (loo, IKK) 
 
 Belgium 
 
 40,000 
 
 Denmark ...... 
 
 10,500 
 
 Sw'xlcn ....... 
 
 125,000 
 
 Nurway 
 
 44,000 
 
 Netherlands (anqile provislnni. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 150,000 
 
 Venezuela lull exponfies). 
 
 Eeiauhir ...... 
 
 10,000 
 
 Siam ....... 
 
 lOO.OOU 
 
 Argouline Cmif'-derutiun i owns all goods e\hitiibsl) 
 
 (10.000 
 
 \ pnmary difficulty, which at once iireseuted itself in 
 
 the way uf cnllectiug .subscriptions fur stock 
 
 , was the 
 
 nnaneial crisis of 1S73 ; and this, with the difflciiltv of 
 
 carrying nut a working systeui tlirough the 
 
 agency of 
 
 I the bank-s. induced the adoption of a different plan, and 
 I the following “Board of Revenue" was establi-shed, 
 j with a vi»‘W of operating through the labor of vnhmtary 
 . auxiliary boai'da, organized in different aeetions of the 
 States and Territories : 
 
 Ci.EMEXT M. Diddle, < Vei/ncaa. I'liiliidciphia ; 'Wii.li.vm Ditti.En, 
 FiiiiiiirUil -Infill, Pcimsylviiiiia ; Eumcxii SrEEi.. .tMOs I!. 
 biTTLE, John W.vnam.oceu. D.rxiEL M. Fox. J.ames M. Robb. 
 .loHX B.ubd, Pliiliiili-qiliia; Tiios. H, Dcui.ev, X.-w .T.-iscy; 
 .foHx Ci-MMixos, Miissachiisclt^,; 7 Vili,i. 4M I.. Sritoxo. Xcw 
 York; Oeouoe D.iix, Missouri: 0. D, XonTOx, .VccWncy. 
 
 Chiefly through tin- medium of the cnevgi ti<’ and eomjuv- 
 lu-nsive action of this Board, the entire aggi-cgate of tlie 
 sums snbsi-rihcd for carrying on the laboi-s of the "(Vnten- 
 uiul (’ommis.sion" wius accuniulatcd. But. ns wc have ah'cadv 
 obs«-rved. the labors of these and other agents operntiiig 
 for the (!cntcimial were rendered especially arduous and 
 diilienlt on luvount of the ojipusition whieh the enterprise 
 j met A\ith in ihfl’ereiit quarters iu the tii-st years of tire 
 undertaking. This oj.position at first took the form of 
 objection to the locality elms.'u for the exliibition. Jeal- 
 ousies on this acooirnt sprang nii. and very somi manifested 
 thcm.selves through the Piv.ss ami other^vis^.‘. Bo.ston, New 
 York, and other eitie.s hiid elaint to the honor of seleetion 
 for the putqiose in hand, aud for a time this claim was 
 nrgut-d with considerable determinatiuu and such force as 
 could be gained for it through the occuiTencc of historical 
 events or other incidents. It was tiiially, however, corr- 
 ceded that the seleetion of Philadelphia as the scene of 
 I our Centennial meiuorinl was just, wise, aud propitiim.s. 
 
 But this conclusion did not allay the slight iiiitvtiou 
 ' x\’hieh had been manifested, but whieh now direch-d itself 
 toward other objections. One of the mo.st proniiiituit of 
 these regm-disl the ])ropo.sed iirk'ruatiniml elinracter of the 
 exlribitiou, and was geueridly bu.sed uirou the idea that, for 
 one reason or another, foreign nations would vefus<. to com- 
 pete with Americans in the exhiliitiou of theii- products 
 and inanufuctnres ; while, in the ease of Great Britain, it was 
 esproially alleged that the circmnshinces conoemiug British 
 comieetion -with our mitiunal brotherhood were tif a chaiiic- 
 ter to i)reelude the hearty co-oi>eratiou of that nation in our 
 proposeil jubilee. These lattc-r objections, liowau'er, soon 
 fell to the gi'ound in the face of the almo,st uimnitmms ac- 
 cei>tfUK'e by foreign powem of the inrihitioii ot the I’l'c.si- 
 dent, as offered iu his proelamation, and iu the subsequent 
 note to foreign mini.stei-s, wliicli doemneuts were eoiielicd 
 as follows : 
 
 PHOCL.VMATIOX 
 
 Dv THE PBEBIDEXT OF THE UXITEU HtATER. 
 
 DVerpii?, by the Act of CongresR approved Marcli tliinl, ciKli- 
 t<-ea Jmndred aad seventy-one, providing for a Xationnl Celelira- 
 tion of the one Imndmlth anniversary of the Imlepehdence of tlie 
 Unitinl States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of 
 
 Fowl hol'se. uvixea fio caoe, and sheep house at the mohll t'.h.u, fakis expositioh, 
 
 MODEL COW STABLES AX THE PAKIS EXPOSITloX, 
 
HISTORIC. i'L REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 1» 
 
 Arbi, itamifautun's, iiml Prodiii'ts of tlia Soil nml Minf‘, iti fho 
 Cily<jf P!iilii(lL-li>hia, iei the ywir figliteoii limidrcil auil scwnty- 
 bIx, it is provided «s follows; 
 
 “That, wh«DOVf)t the President shall he in formed hy the OoVit- 
 nor of Iho btato of 1'umiBylviniia that provision inw hoeti made 
 for tho eroetion of suiUihlo huildings for the purpose, ami for l!io 
 exclusive control by Ilia Comujission heroin provideil for of tho 
 projiosed Exhibition, tho President Hhiill, through the Department 
 of State, maico proclamation of the. same, setting forth the time at 
 which tho Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be 
 liehl; and ho sliiill communicate, to tho diplomatic rejiresenta- 
 tivus of all nations copies of the same, pig.'llier with such regula- 
 tions as may hoadoided by tlio cumiulBsioners, fur publleatkm in 
 Ihelr respective countries 
 
 .Imi TW/cecn.*, Ilis Exeelloncy tho (loviwnor of tho .said Shite of 
 Peimsylvanhi did, on tlm twenty-fourth day of Jiim', eighteen 
 
 whieh idreaily tiappily sui>sist between tho. Govemmeiit and 
 p(,'uph' of and those of tho United States. 
 
 I have the honor p j be, sir, 
 
 With the highi'-st eonsnb'nilieii, 
 
 I'our ubedieol servant, 
 
 111 response to tlicse domiments, whieli were eiivtilatotl 
 tliroilgiiont all eivilizeil emintrics by means of onr olUeijil 
 agents, the foUotving uninecl emintries aeeepteil the in- 
 vitation of the President: 
 
 1. .Africa (Ornng(‘ Freo Shito) ; 2, Arg<mtine Confederation; 
 ■i Austria; 4. Lelgium; 5. JJrnz.ii ; 6. China; 7. Eeuador; 8, Egypt; 
 
 I'ruuee ; lu. tiermaii Empire ; 11. Great Britain and Colonies ; 
 12. Canada; 1-1. New South Wales ; 11. Sioitli Atisirulia ; 1.7, Vie- 
 
 HoyDCKAS : Governor Don Francisco Bardab-s; ( ienern! Don 
 E. do Siilignae; Don Jose Maria Fiollos; Don Junii llauion 
 Yalanzuein. 
 
 .Iap.vs: (iiru Yauo, -Iffcnf, Japanese Legation, Wn-slilngt on. 
 
 Liberia: J. L. Payne, Ea«p. Munrovia; Edward U. M"iTis, 
 Esq., Consul, Philiidcl|pliia. 
 
 Mexico; Don Uoiiuto llubio, /VfWK/c?</; Eduardo E, Zarolo, 
 .‘Wretai-y ; Gabriel Mancera. And nine Commissioners. 
 
 N'ETHERLAXns ; Dr. E, H. Yon Baumliain'r, /Ve^idm/; Mr. C. 
 May.skeii, Hiuirh'iu, ,‘<Ve;vf(iry ,• Mr. L. W<'.stiTgaiird, Consul, Phil- 
 adelphia; Mr. U. C. Burlage. Coasul-Qeneral, New York. Ami 
 idevcn Commissioners. 
 
 Norway; Herman P.iuirs ; Wm. C. ChrlstoplnTSon. 
 
 Peru: Ibni. Mauaid Fr>'vri', Minister Pieiiiputentiary. Wash- 
 ington; Fred, L. Barreda, E.iward Yilbuia, Chnrb's Naey. 
 
 Sweden : A. lii'rgsii-oiu,/Vf.-/piej/f .- C. Jiihlin Daiuifi‘ll..s'mv/ari/ 
 
 .SOUTH KENSINOTON ! LONnON I 
 
 hundred and sevi'iity-tliriv, iiiform nu; tiiut j*rovjsion has t)een 
 maib- for the erection of snil Imiblitigs and for tliii exelu.sive con- 
 trol by the Commission provided for in tile said .Act of the pro- 
 posed Kxhiliitioii ; 
 
 .led irhi'rriiD, the Pri'siileiit of the Unitp'd Slah‘s Centennial 
 Commission has .>m.dally informed me of Ihi' dates fixed for tho 
 opening and elosiug id the said Eixhlbitiuii, and the jilaee at which 
 it is to he held; 
 
 Now therefore, he it known that I, Ur.YiisEn S. Grant, iTesident 
 of the United States, in conformity witti tlie provisions of tho Act 
 of Congress aforesaid, do lii'rehy declare and proclaim that there 
 will be hidd. at thi‘ City of Philadelphia, ia tho Sbito of Pennsyl- 
 vania, an International Exhibition of .Arts, Maiinfnetures, and 
 Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on the nineteenth 
 day of April, Anno Domini, eighteen hiindn'd and Beyi'uty-.six, 
 and to he closed on the nineteeuth day of October, in the same 
 ye.-ir. 
 
 And in the interests of pem-e, eivllb-'ition, niid domestic and in- 
 ternational friendship ami intereourse, f eommimd the Celebra- 
 tion and Exhibition to the people of tli(‘ United States ; nud, in 
 belialf of this Government and people, I cordially commend thorn 
 to all imtion.s who may hi‘ pleased to take part therein, 
 
 In testimony whereof I havo hereunto set my Iniiid ami caused 
 the si'al of tho United States to ho nfTlxed. 
 
 Dono. nt tlio City of Washington, this third 
 dayot July, one tliousand eight hundred 
 'venty-three, and of the Inde[ieii- 
 of the United States the ninety- 
 
 , Salviidoi 
 
 CnS.mONAL EXniRITlON, 18(1. 
 
 . Japani'.-e | 
 
 ry. And nine Commis- 
 
 17. Hnndnr.is; 
 
 Ibnpire; I'J. Liiieria: 2i. Mexii’o; 21. Netherliiml.s ; 22. Norway; 
 2:1. Peru: 21. lliissia; 2.>. Samlwieh Islauds; 2(J. Siam; 27. Spain; 
 2>^. Sweden: 20. Swilzerland; 3a. Tunis; 31. Turkey; 32. Yeiie- 
 ZUela. 
 
 Fi.lli.wiiig, wo give u list of the Culimiissionei-s aidmiiiteil 
 l>y tlio resjKvtive (lovermnents of these emititries : 
 
 Ar.(iEXTlNE CONFF.llEll.VTION, South Aim 
 
 derff, J’rr.ti’leiit : Julio Yietoriea 
 sloners. 
 
 Australia, YicTOniA, tH'EENSEAND, New Zealand, Etc.; Sir 
 Redwood Barry, .1. Collins Li'vey, Ksq,, .sVeeWu/--/. Ami 
 
 eleven Commissioners. 
 
 Africa. On.ANiiE Fuee St.vtf, ; Charles W. lliley, Coiisul- 
 (teniwal. 
 
 Hei.oium : Alfred Simonis, Member of tiic House of Represen- 
 tatives and MamiCaetiirer; E. Sadoine, Geneml Director of the 
 Ironworks; Cli.Do Smet, Maiiufuetun'r ; President of tbe In- 
 (lustriul and Couimereial Society. And fourti-eii CominissiemTs. 
 
 UnAZtL: Gaston d'Grleans, Condo d'Eu, ; Viscount de 
 
 Jugimry, 1st Vire-J'rssi'h-nr: Yi-e.mnt de Bonn-ltetiro, 2d I'er- 
 I'ri'siilriil. .'ifsiiibers: Viscount do Souza Franco; Joiiquin An- 
 tonio do Azevedo. 
 
 Sio<‘kho!m ; L. We^ 
 thirt.>en Comiiiissio 
 S.INIIWK'U IsL.lN 
 Ibm. J. r. Kawjliini 
 snl-Geiieral, New V 
 Spain: Don Km 
 Santos, General Commission, 
 tilla, Minister I'lenipotojitiar 
 mino, Coiwul, Phitadeliih 
 
 .-lye, If, Consul. Pliil.idelpliia. And 
 
 ; lIun,S.G. Wilder, Minister of tlieluter 
 S. U. F. Odell. Charge d'Affairi's and l 
 
 ) Ca.stcd 
 
 • Emilio do 
 
 I Itieardo 
 
 [SF.AL1 
 
 ,-enth. 
 
 By the President ; 
 
 Ha%ultos Fish, 
 
 ,S’ce,'('f(irp o/,SVilfC. 
 
 U. S. Grant.) 
 
 (For. 
 
 1 "/ Xoli- .ifut h;/ ihi> SwehV'j of Slulr ((• 
 F'lri'iijii Vinislsrs.) 
 
 Dkp.uitment of State, 
 
 11 (wfo'ii'/foii, Jiily 5, 1873. 
 
 Sin; I havo the honor to iiielose, for tlm in- 
 formation of the Government of - ,n copy of 
 the Pri'sldent's Proelamalion, anieiuneiiig the 
 time and \ilaeo of holding an Inti'riiational Kx- 
 hibitioii of Alls, Mannfaetures, and I’ro.liiets of 
 till- Soil and Miim, proposed to he held in the 
 year hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 The Exliibitiuii is de.signed to eommemorato 
 the Deelanitioii of the Inde[ielldenei‘ of the 
 I’nib'd States, mi tin) one hundredth aiiiiL- 
 vorsary of that interesting and historic national 
 event, and at tlie same time to present a lltting 
 opportunity for sueli di.s;ilay of the results of 
 Art and Industry of all aalions as will servo to illustrate the 
 great ndvaiiees attained, and tin' saeeesses iiehieved, in the in- 
 terest of Progress and Civilization, during the eentiirywliiehwill 
 luive then closed. 
 
 Ill the law providing for the holding of thi' Exhibition. Con- 
 gri-s.s direeti'd that copies of the I’roelamution of tlio President, 
 setting forth tlie time of its oponing and the place at wliieh it wa.s 
 to hi; held, together with such ri'gulations as might he adopted hy 
 the Commissioners id the Exhibition, slimdd be comimmieated to 
 the Diiilomatie llepresontuUves of all nations. Copies of those 
 ivgulations are herewith tnuisinitted. 
 
 The Pri-siileiit indulges the hope that tlieGovernment of 
 
 ipUI he yteast'.l lo iictice the siihjerl. owl nui;/ deem it jiivyer In hriiif} 
 Ike F.fhihiUon (uid Us nhjerls to the nllenlioii of Ihe i>cot>'e tf tlmt 
 eowilnj. and iJms euennrnge their co-opernlion in the 2‘>'Oiifise(l rele- 
 Iralion. Awl he further hopes thni (he opi'orl'imly (ijt'urded hy (he 
 E/hihition for the iiiterch«ii<ie of nalioiial seiilhneul <ind friendly 
 xuleriwirse behreen the iieojile of both nations may result bi neie and 
 siiS greater adoantages to Science and Industry, and at the same 
 time serve to strengthen the bunds of Peace and Friendship 
 
 EXPOSITION OF ART AND INDUSTRY 
 
 MADRID, SPAIN, 1S71. 
 
 Pe; 
 
 'eiiati 
 
 on, I.iie. I.i'tellier de St. Just, Minister of Agri 
 Hubert D. Wilmot, Senator; Hon. Edward G 
 r; F. \V. Glen, Esq., Ottawa; T. I'ormiilt, Esq. 
 
 China; Edward li. Drew, Gustav. Dietring, J. L. Hammond. 
 Commissioners of Customs; Charles Hannen. 
 
 Ecuador: Edward Shippen, Esq,, Coimul, Pliiladelpbia ; Ga- 
 briel obarrio, J. J. llihon, J, M. Mufioz, J. B. do La EsprielUi. 
 New York. 
 
 I'liANUE : A. L. De la E’orest. Consul-General, Ni‘w York; 
 Bavin d'KIiieux, Vice-Cuusiil. Philadelphia ; Cat. Apnfrye, French 
 Legation, Washington. Frencr Local Committee in Paris; 
 Oscar di‘ Lafayelte. P)-esidenl : Lahoulayo, Wolowski. Dietz 
 Mmiin, Viee-l‘residenls ; Fbiturd, Bonnet, Secretaries; A. Caubert, 
 Ageul. 
 
 Germany: Dr. Jacobi, Government Counsellor, President, And 
 nine CommiRsioners. 
 
 Great Britain; P. CtinlifTo Owen ; Colonel Faiiford. 
 Guatemala, Salvador ; Don Vincente Dardon, lliuidter Pleiii- 
 potentiar), Washington. 
 
 r.Presidnd; 1 
 , I'hiladrdphia; 
 
 Washington; 
 
 Xni Julian Alfredo PriiieiiiP, Yiee- 
 , Philadelphia. And fifty-eight Commissioners.' 
 
 Venezuela: Leondc la Cova, Consul, PhiladL-lphia; Dr. Adol- 
 phus Ernsst, Professor, University of Cumen.s. 
 
 It will thiLS bo seen that the inniii objectious to the Cen- 
 tennial tveve met by the iiiexoinble logic of events, and 
 shown to be without just fotuuliitioii in fact. \ Tliis import- 
 ant battle ha\-iug been won. it beoame, nevertheles.s, ob- 
 vious to tho •‘Board of Finuiu'e" that ninch difHenlty 
 would I'omaiu in 'the way of gathering together the eiior- 
 mmi.s sum of money required for the organization of the 
 exhibition. With a degree of fidelity to their own idea, 
 however, Avhieh is unexampled, and with a lavish gener- 
 osity (Hptally imcxpeuteil, the State of 
 Beunsvlvania and the City of Philadelphia 
 gave earnest of th<‘ force of their lanqxwe, 
 and the inteii.sityof their determination to 
 achieve sneeess in tlu' fa<-e of no matter 
 what obstaeles, by at once driiwing with 
 fxtruordinury libeiidity upon their own re- 
 sonrecs, iiiid thus jilaeiiig before tbe Amer- 
 ican people an example most praiseworthy 
 in itself, and which eei'tuiuly .should havo 
 been more generally followed than was 
 nnfortuuately the ca-se. 
 
 With a design toward the eneottrage- 
 ment of the collection of sonvenira of the 
 Centennial, the ••Board of Finance" is.sued 
 a hamlsome medal of bronze and silver, 
 with an appropiiatcly ooimnemorativi' in- 
 scription, and also an claboratidy cngTaved 
 ccrtiticatc of stock subsenption. it Ix'ing 
 conceived tliat both these articles wimld 
 be eagerly sought for by the public in 
 general, and their remunerative sale would 
 add sometliiiig to the fund for general 
 expenditures, and so, by tho diflerent 
 means adoph’d for theiuivjm.se, the ••Board of Finance" 
 .succeeded in eollecting very nearly the entire amount 
 required for the exjicuses of the (Viitoniiial. 
 
 The niamier in whieh this large fmul was exjicndod 
 should i>roperly come next under onr oimsidejution. By 
 the original system of organization, tbe government and 
 direction of the Ceiiteiuiial were vested in two Boards, as 
 has already been mentioned. Tliese were the “C’entennial 
 C'oiniuis.sion," and the "Centennial Board of Finance.’’ 
 The division of duty, and its idlotineiit lu-twedi these two 
 botlies, were as follows: The "Centennial Commission" 
 had entire charge of <‘verything eoneerning the exhibitive 
 character of the Exjin.sition. They conducted all coiTC- 
 spondence with individuals, organizations, and Goveni- 
 ments, at home and abroad, looking toward the exhibition 
 by these of all jiroductii, works of art. or manufactured 
 articles, when the buildings should be comiileted. Here 
 
EXHIBITION’ 
 
 also WHS placed the duty of allotting sj)nce, assigning each 
 exhibitor to liis appropriate department, and, in fact, gen- 
 erally superintending and sni)er\-ising the Exposition as 
 such, The “Centennial Board of Finance" had charge of 
 all interests involving expenditures of money, as well ns 
 all the plans and amingeinent.s for collecting the same. 
 
 Tims, in the hands of this latter important body WiW 
 placed the duty of directing the coustruetion of the braid- 
 ings neoes.s.ary for the exhibition ; and to a description of 
 these magiiitieent stnietnros, erected npnn a seiile of nn- 
 preecdc-nted grandeur even in buildings of this character, 
 we will now proceed to ilirect the attention of the reader. 
 
 As lias been heretofore remai-k.-d, the land obtained fur 
 the jmiiioses of the Cenhnmial Exposition is coiajuised 
 in Fairmouiit Park, the largest public park in jiroxiniitv to 
 a great city in the world. This jiark contains 3,100 acres, 
 of which 450 were enclosed for this exhibiti<ni, besides 
 M-hich allotment iirovLsion was made for the exhibition of 
 6t<x-k. and a farm of forty-two a -res, armuged for the test 
 of 2'lows, mowers, reaiiers, and other agricultural machin- 
 ery. The Ccnteunial grounds, lying on the west bank of 
 the Schuylkill liver. exten<l ot<t elevated land, while 
 “George's Hill,” at one extremity, otl'ers not only a mag- 
 nificent view of the entire exhibition territorv, but also 
 an admirable presentation of the great city hevond. Con- 
 cerning the locality, it may be obsen-i'd that in the opin- 
 ion of Baron Schwurz-Seuborn. the Direetor of tlie Tii-nnu 
 Exiio.sition, this is larger and better adai>ted for the pur- 
 pose in every particular than has been tlie case with regard 
 to any former exhibition. The exhibitive space of the Ex- 
 position proper comprises five buildings : 1, Main Exhi- 
 bition Building ; 2. Art Gallery ; 3. Machinery- Hall ; 4. 
 Hortieultuiid Hall ; 5. Agricultural Building, lint, bi'side 
 these, there were erected numerous other and .similar 
 buildings by State direction, or on the jmrt of foreign 
 and other exhibitors, of which description will be given 
 hereafter. 
 
 I. M.us ExHinmoM Brinmyo. 
 
 This building is constructed in the form of a parallel- 
 ogram, extending ea.st and we.st. l.vStU) ft, in length, and 
 north and south, 4i>4 ft. in width. The larger portion of 
 the structure being one story in height, .showing the main 
 comice upon the outside at 4JI ft. from the ground, the in- 
 terior height being TO ft. At the centre of the longer sides 
 of the huildiog ai-e projections 410 ft. in length, and in the 
 centre of the shorter .sides are al.so ja’ojection.s 210 feet in 
 length. In thes^- projections in the i-eutre of the four .sides 
 ai'c located the main entrances, wliieh are jiruvided with 
 arcade.s upon the gronnil floor, and fai;ades extending to 
 the height of 00 ft. The east entrance fonus the jiriiicipal 
 approach for curriages, the south entrance being the prin- 
 cipal aijproach for street-cars, the ticket -offices being 
 located u]Km the line of Elm Avenue, with covered ways 
 proviiling for entrance into the building itse-If. 
 
 Tli« main poiial on the north side is arranged to com- 
 
 municate directly with the 
 Ai-t Gallery ; and the main 
 portal on the west .side givc.s 
 the main jias-sage-way to Jla- 
 chinerv and Agricultural 
 Halls. U])ou the comers of 
 the building are four towers, 
 each 75 ft, in height ; and, 
 in order to obfiiiii a centi'id 
 feature fra- the- building as a 
 whole, the roof over the 
 central pai-t. 4fsl ft. .stjnnre. is 
 raised above the sutroimding 
 portion ; and four towei-s. 
 48 ft. square, and ri.sing fi) a 
 lieight of 12U ft., have been 
 introduced at the corners of 
 the elevated roof. 
 
 The areas covered are as 
 foDows : 
 
 The general annugemeiit 
 of the ground jJun of this 
 building dcveloj)s a central 
 avenue or nave 120 ft. in 
 width and extending 1,832 ft. 
 in length, this being the 
 longest avenue of tlnit width 
 ever introduced into an ex- 
 hibition building. On cither 
 side of this nave is an avenue 
 KK) ft. wide by 1,832 ft. in 
 length, and betwei-n the nave 
 and side avenues are aisles 
 48 ft. wide, and oii the outer 
 sides of the building similar 
 aisli’s 24 ft, in width. 
 
 There ai'c al.so three cros.s avenues or tninsiq)Ls, viz. , a 
 centriJ transept 120 ft. in width by 41C ft. in length, and 
 one on either side of lOO ft. by 41(j ft., and aisles between 
 of 48 ft. , 
 
 The main i^romenaih'S through the nave nod central 
 ' transejit are each 30 ft. in width, and those through the 
 I centre and -side avenues and tran.sejits, 15 ft. each. All 
 I other walk.s are 10 ft. wide, and lead at either end to exit 
 ^ doors. 
 
 The foundations con.sist of piers of masonry. The 
 .sui)erstructure is conq)osed of wronght-iroii columns, siq;- 
 jiortiug wronght-iron roof trusses. In the entire structure 
 there are 072 columns — the shorte.st 23 ft. and the longest 
 ■ 125 ft. ill length. Their aggre- 
 
 I gate weight is 2,20l).u0() jtes. 1 
 
 j The aggregate weight of iron 
 I in the roof tru.s.ses and girders - 
 
 1 is 5.000, ODOlb.s. A ix-culiarity . 
 
 , of the building consists in - — 
 
 I the fact that the columns and . ~ ~ 
 
 I tni.sses arc so dc.signeil as to ' 
 
 1 be easily taken down, and - ' 
 
 ' erected again uixiu another 
 site. The sides of the build- 
 ing. for the height of 7 ft, 
 from the gi'ouud, arc finished 
 with brickwork in jianeis 
 between the colnmus; and 
 at the vestibules viuiegatcd 
 brick and tOe have been iu- 
 froihuvd. 
 
 Tile building standing 
 nearly due cast and west, 
 the light is obtained iJmost 
 entirely by .side-lights from 
 the nortli ami .south sides. 
 
 Small balconies or galleries 
 of ob.S(>rvutiou are provided 
 in the four central towei-s 
 at the height of the different 
 storii's, these being attractive 
 places from which excellent 
 views of the interior can be 
 obtained. 
 
 A coiujilete sysUmi of water 
 sujqily for the jirotection 
 against fir<‘, and for sanitary 
 liurjiuses, has been introduced 
 into the .structure. Tlie offices 
 for foreign commi.s.sions are 
 arranged along the .sides of 
 the building in the side 
 aisles. The design of this 
 building is to enable all ex- 
 hibitors to have an equallv 
 tiir uiipurtu.iitj- „t ..sl.ibitiug 
 
 their goods to ndvankage, the light being uniformly dis- 
 tributed. and each of the simces devoted to the exliibitiou 
 located ujiou one of the main thoroughfui’es. 
 
 This building cost Si, 000,00b. 
 
 ^ IT. The Art ClAnnERY and Memorial Hall. 
 
 I This building, which was designed from the first to he a 
 i iieruiaiieiit ajipendagc to the (.'ity of Philiuhdphia, in which 
 j .should be .stored its art trciusnre.s. has been located with 
 i admirable de.sign on an emiueuec in the great “Laus- 
 downe Plateau," and <-onimands a magnificent view of the 
 city, looking toward the .south. As this eminence is 110 ft. 
 above the surface of tlie Schuylkill river, vi hich lies a short 
 I distance from it, a chamiing jirosiiect of the beautiful 
 I stream and idso a fine view of the building from tlie river 
 itself, are among the advantage.s of its situation in Fair- 
 mount Park. 
 
 ( The biulding is elevated on n terrace 0 ft. above the gen 
 eral level of the Plateau, and is built in the modem Benais- 
 sance style of ai’chitectnre, the materials being gi-anitc, 
 gla.s.s, and iron, Xo wood has been used in it.s constmetion. 
 and it is thoronglily fire-proof. It is 305 feet in length, 
 210 ft, in width and 59 ft. in height, over a spacious base- 
 ment 12 ft. in height, suriuimntcd by a dome. The main 
 front look.s southward, on which side is the main entrance, 
 con.sisting of three colos.sal arched d<ioi’\vuvs of eiiual di- 
 mensions ; there is a pavilion at each end, and two nrendes, 
 each 90 ft. long ami 40 ft, high. Tlie doora uro each of 
 iron, and are relieved by bronze jiauels with the eoats-of- 
 ann.s of all States and Territories. The main cornice is 
 surmounted by a bidustrade with candclabras at either end. 
 The dome rises from the centre of the .stnictm-e 150 ft. in 
 height, built of gla.ss and iron, and of unique design, with 
 a eolos.snl bell, from which the figure of “ Columbia” risi s 
 with iirotecting hands. 
 
 A figure t>f colossal size al.so stands at eacli ofimer of the 
 base of the dome, tvqiifying the four quarters of the globe. 
 The main eiitnincc ojieiis on a hall 82 ft. long, 05 ft, wide, 
 and 53 ft. high, decorated in the modem Rciiaissaiiee style. 
 On the farther side of this hall, three doorways, each 10 ft. 
 wide and 25 ft. high, open into the central hall, S3 ft. 
 square, and surmounted by the dome rising to a height of 
 80 ft. From its eastern and we.stern sides extend the gal- 
 leries, each 98 ft. long, H4 ft. wide, and 35 ft. high. These 
 galli-rics ailmit of temiiorary divisions for the more advan- 
 tageous diS{>laY of }>aiu(iiigs. 
 
 The centre hall and galleries form one grand hall, 287 
 ft. long and 85 ft. wide, cajiable of h-.lding H.iMlO pci-sou.s— 
 nearly twice the dimcn.sions of the largest hall in the 
 country. From the two galleries doonvay.s 0])cn into two 
 smaller galleries, 28 ft. wide and 89 ft, long, thc.se again 
 oiH'uingiuto ja-ivutc apuriment-s on the north and south, 
 fonuiiig two hide gaUi'ries 210 ft, long. 
 
 Ail the galleric.s aiul the ci'iitial hall are lighted from 
 
 r ■ uil jii iii>< i— 4 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CF.HTEHKIAL EXPOSIT/OM 
 
tnsrORTCAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 21 
 
 ubdvc. the pavilions an<l ceulrn! Imll bi-iiig dosifeoual especially for the exliiliitioii of 
 sculpture. Tliis building cost #1,5(X),0(X). 
 
 HI. Macuixkhy Hall. 
 
 T!iu iirnuigi'iiu'ut of tin- Imildings lia-ab’d this structure west of tht' iutersectimi 
 of Bi'liiiont 1111(1 Kim Avrimcs, at iv distance of feet from the west front of 
 the Main Exliihition Buildiiifi, and ;174 ft. from the north side of Elm Avenue. 
 The north front of the building being iiimii the same liue lus the lilaiii Exhibition 
 Building, already descnbeil, a frontage is thu.s jireseiited of 3.HL14 ft. from the 
 east to the west ends of the exhibition buildings, n]ion the principal avenue, in the 
 grounds. 
 
 This building is arranged to consist of a main liall 1500 ft. wide by 1,402 ft. long, 
 with an iuuk'X on the south side of 20S ft. by 210, the entire area covered by the 
 main hall and annex being .'i.W. 440 wp ft., or 12.H2 acres. Including the upper 
 lloors, the building, as completed, provides fourteen acres of floor space. 
 
 Tim arrang(‘nient of the gi-uinid-])lan of this building comprised two main 
 avenues, 00 tt. in width by l.OOO ft. in length, with a central aisle between and an 
 ^lisl(^ on either sid". At tho centre of the building, a transept extemls ‘JO ft. in 
 
 COMPARATIVE SIZE OF BUII.DIKOS. 
 
 uidth. forming an annex fur hydraulic machines. The foundations of this building 
 I'onsibt of jiiers of masoury, the su]H'rstructuro of s<jlid timber coliumis supporting 
 Voof-tnissi's, the outer walls being built of miusoiiry to the height of 5 ft., aud above 
 that composed of glaz<‘d sash jdaeed between the columns. 
 
 The constmetion of this building admits of the most complete sluiftiug, the 
 facilities in this respect being very sui'erior. In tin' annex for liydranlie maehines 
 is built a tank (JO by lOO ft., allowing for a deidli of water of 10 ft. At the south end 
 of this, arrangi'ineiit is made for a vvater-fall 05 ft. high by 40 ft. wid('. 
 
 1'liis building cost s7;)2.(M)0. 
 
 .\ few tigures luiviug rcfeveiiee to the mah'rial used in the construction of th ■ 
 Machinery Hall will not be uninteresting to the reader, and uill give some faint 
 idea of the vast riuantity of inateiial absorbed in the bnililings of the Exposition. 
 There were used in this Imilding ,u. 000, 000 ft. of lumber; 500,000 tt>s. of east iron ; 
 750,000 Itis. of wrought iron; 20. ((00 O's. of nails and spikes; 7(Xl,0()0 s<i. ft. of 
 tin roofing; 175,000 sij. ft. of Amenean gla.ss, weighing 150, 0(X) tt>s., the iiveiuge 
 size of imiie being 24x22: 15.000,000 ftps, ..f sbme ; 225 men were employed daily 
 mi the erection of this building, M'liieh was isimuicnced on Apnl 13th, lS7o. aud 
 tiuished iu about live months. 
 
HISrORIC.^L KF.GISTF.R OF FIIF CFXTFXXIAL FXPOSmOX. 
 
 22 
 
 >DEUTSCHEi 
 
 IV. IIoRTKTLTfRAL HaU* 
 
 T'l tlip City nf Pliiliidfli)!!!;! is tin.- siurLil instance 
 
 of libomlitA*. wliicli providiaf that the HurtienltuKil BniM- 
 ing nf the exhiliitimi shniilil be .so c‘>nstincte<l as t<> ri’iiuiiii 
 a permanent feature "f I'ainnoiint Park. It is Im ateil on 
 the Laiisilowiie Titokt. a shi'Vt ilistaiiee iiniih of tlie Art 
 (tallery. ami has. like the latter, a comniauding Aiew of the 
 Schuylkill Kiver and a portion of the city. The dcsiyn is in 
 
 .\1.\('lllM'.l:i H.VM. .VT J'HK VIKNNV KXrosTTTuN. 
 
 th' !Mam'i sc|iii' style of avehite<dnn' of tin' twelfth eenimy. 
 till' pi'iiu'ipal uiaterials, externally, being iron and ghuss. 
 The length is liK! ft., tln' width ft., and the height to 
 the top of the lantern 72 ft. 
 
 The main door is occupied by the ceiih'al conserratorc, 
 2T(I V Sfl ft., and n.7 ft. high, sunurmnted by a lantern 170 ft. 
 long. 2'i ft. wi<le. and 14 ft. high. Ibinning entirely around 
 thi.s conservaton', at a height of 20 ft., is a gallery .j ft. in 
 width, f)n the north and south sides are fotir foreiug- 
 
 hous<‘s for the jiropagatiou of young plants; each houws 
 is 10(1 by 110 ft,, and eewered with a curved roof of ii'on and 
 gliuss. From the vestibules, at tin- ctuitre of the east and 
 west ends, ornamental .stairways leail to the mtennil galler- 
 ies of the con.seiwatoiy. as well as to the four <-xternal gal- 
 leries, each HX) by 10 ft. , which simmnmt the ro<;fs of the 
 forcing-hoiis«.s. The.se external galleries are connected by a 
 tine I'romenade, fonned by tlie roofs of the rooms on the 
 ground tlnnr, and having a snj)crtieial area o| I .sno s<j. yds. 
 
 LM KltX.VTIU^'.lL I.NDlVriU\L T.'niDlTXUX kX JiUFi’.VkU, -N. V-, UCTOBEU Urn, l^UU. 
 
HISTORICAL RliGISTHR Of THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORIC. U, RRG/STRR 01 
 
 IXTKniOK VIKW UF TIIK M A (' II I X K R Y lU' I L D I X G , W II 1 L K IN FROCKS 
 
 V 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 i'' ■' r P 
 
 : a //> w /^ . A r^c\i^r,T: 
 
 MccLARhnoN ^0 T ^cep£noe:ncl\ 
 
 muClRV) 
 
 C ARREN'fi Kt HALL 
 
 
 Yi'G.MILLE 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL— SOJIE OF THE OROANIZEES OF THE CELEBRATION, 
 
28 
 
 HISTnniCAL RFGTSTF.R OF THE CENTENFflAL EXTOE/TIOiV. 
 
 TIh’ I’iist aiiil wst entnuicos am maclird 
 by fiiKlito (if blue aiarblc stcji-s from tt-r- 
 nu'vs H0x2i> ft-, ill tlic (•.■iitm of ciicli ..f 
 Mliii.-li stands an ojaai kinsqna 21) f(. in 
 diameter, M tlie angles .if the main e..n- 
 sen-atnry are eiebt nrnameutnl fimntaiiis. 
 Beside this ).rinei]ial tmiMinc. a iminbi r 
 (if stnietnre.s Ima' been erected fnr vnri<ms 
 lioi-ticiilturul jmriinses. while the snrrniind. 
 ins promidii arc aiTaiigcd for ontdcinr 
 }'limtinc. 
 
 Tliis Imildiiig cost ??2.)l,ildT. 
 
 V. Aiiiiirt-T/rrn.vn Jlrii.njNo, 
 
 This stmetuiv. standing iioi-tli of the 
 Hoi-ticultiu-al Building, and nn the easteni 
 side of Behnnnt Av-aine. lias been built 
 on a ]'hm illustrating a novel combination 
 of materials, the latl.'r being wood and 
 glass. Thi.s eoinbination eon.sists simply 
 of a long nave, crossed by three tnmsc2>fs. 
 nave and traiisejU being coiiij'osed of Howe- 
 tmssed arches of a (tothic form, the nave 
 being t<20 feet in length and 100 ft. in 
 width. 
 
 The ground-j'laii of this bnildiug fonns 
 a ]>aralIelogTani, tiiii by lidO ft.,eoveriug a 
 space of seven and a quarter acn“,s. In 
 its iinincdiat'' \4ciiiity provision is made 
 for sjiacc for the cxliibition of horses, 
 cattle, sheej', swine, jxailtn-, etc. The ar- 
 rangement of the groiuid-plau of the Agri- 
 cultnra] Building includes four main ave- 
 nues ; one ninning north and .south throngh 
 the centre, 7H(i ft. long by 70 ft. wid.', the 
 remaining three miming cirst ami west, each 
 472 ft. li.ing. By these nvennes the building 
 is divided into four .sections, the four main 
 avenues witli 12 aisles forming an a<bnir- 
 able arr.iageinent for exhibition, each sec- 
 tion containing four spaces. 184 ft. long and 
 42^-ide, fur the exhibition of goods, making 
 sixteen in all, covering 117, 7(10 sq. ft. of 
 gTi Hind. 
 
 The ground enclos»Hl for the .site of all 
 the exhibition buildings coniprisi-s 2dG 
 acres, the bomuLirics of the enclosure being 
 as foUowa : 
 
 (.iiiMr.MraAn (UMMIn>J(.>w aT THE ACADEMY Ul M.L-8IC, I'mLADELPHI.l, 
 
 THE -STATLE Of COI-C.MBUS AT fAIIiMUL-NT PARK, Pmi.AUELPHIA 
 
 I'EBUrAItY i-,TK. lS7;i. 
 
 South, Kim .V venue from Forty - tir-t 
 Street to Fifty-second Street; west, tlm 
 Park Ihive to (teorge’s Hill with th.' con- 
 course ; north, Bchnont Avenue Drive from 
 George's Hill to tin- foot ->f Belmont; 
 ami east. Laus.l.o\iie Drive from Belmont 
 to Forty-tii-st Street. Tln> whole of the 
 exhibition being enclose.], thirteen en- 
 tiiince.s ai'e established along the bonudary 
 itrix'c. 
 
 The following figures are of inh're.st in 
 conneetion with the situation plan ; 
 
 Ar.'U -if m'-iiiial'-. 2ai)aeres; liiieii) f---t en- 
 el.-.-'l, 10,(111(1 ; iiiimii,.|- ,,f .■iitmiiee-, D : .iim.-ii- 
 si-'ii' Ilf Main Building. 1.H8D ft. Gy IIU ft. 2n 
 aer-s; Art (iall.-ry. 2Hl ft. by 303 fi. 1 '; 
 ii.-r.-s; Xacliiiiery liaildiin;, 300 ft, ly 1.402 fi. 
 
 11 Ill-res; Hortieultural Hall, Kia ft, liy 3, 'll) ft. 
 — ID iht.-.s : Agrir-iiltmnl Htiildiiia, .')40 ft, l,y 
 820 ft — 10 iier.,'1.: I'nHeil Stat.-.s Gnvi-nimeiit 
 Buii.Iiiig, 300 ft. liy 3iM) ft. 1> , ai-res ; Oniees nf 
 the -bliniiiistnitidii. 8ii ft. ly ,32t ft.- a. -re; 
 Iiveinies and wulUs, 7 Tni|e>. ; length nf horsa 
 railway, 4 lail. l.-iig11i of railmad tnn-ks inside 
 the grnaii.ls fnr iho (.leliverv of luateriul and 
 gniids, 3D mil--.. 
 
 Among onr illustrations M ill be fomid one 
 showing, by a .simple system of diagrams, 
 the comiiarative size of the inteniatioiial 
 buildings of the world, by which it will be 
 seen that the Centitniiial Exiiositimi Iniild- 
 ings rover a veiy nmeh larger area of 
 gromid than any other, 
 
 As u general rule, the various Slule.s or- 
 ganized local Centennial commissions, tho 
 better to enable the in-oiier reiireseiitation 
 of State products and niannfactiires. S<-imi 
 of tlie.se Commissions obtained jienni.ssion 
 to erect btiildings for their own use ni>ou 
 the Centenniul grounds; ami we shall have 
 weasion to describe ami illustrate certain 
 ■ >f these hereafter. The duty of these local 
 Commissions, as defined by the Centennial 
 Commis-siou, appears to be ns follows; 
 first, to dis-seminate information regarding 
 the exhiliition ; .second, to suenre the co- 
 operation of industrial, scientific, agrienl- 
 tnnil, and other assooiation.s in their dis- 
 tiicts; thii'J, to apvoint cu-oi>ei-ative local 
 
HISTORICAL RF.GISTF.R OF THF CFNTFHNIAL FXPOSITIOH. 
 
 cnramitt^pR rojirosonting the imlnstrios in tbnir 
 
 districts; tomth, to stiiimlati- loi-nl ncticni on all meafiuivs 
 iiiti-inliHl to muki- tin- cxhUjition successful aiul a Mortliy 
 rcproseiitiifioii ; Hftli, to eiiconi'sigo tlie dispLiy of all 
 articles siiitalile for the pxliil'ition ; sixth, to tlistnlmte 
 iloeiiniejits, issneil liy the Coininission, to niiinufacturors 
 and otlieis ill their districts interested in the exliihition ; 
 s<‘venth, to render assistaiici* in fiirtliering the tiiiiineiul 
 and other objects of the exhibition, and to furnish in- 
 forniutioii on subjects rcfeired to them. 
 
 With a vii'w to the bettor oucouragemeiit of exhibitors, 
 
 bers of this body will be appointed by the Commission of each 
 Country and in cunfcirmity with the ilistribiitiua and allolinent t<i 
 each, wliieli will bn hcreartei' annoiineod. The Jud(*(-i friuii tiie 
 United Stales will be appointed by the Centennial C(»mmissii<n. 
 
 r/iiVd.— The sum of uni) thousand dollars will be paid to e.ich 
 commissioned Judgi) for personal oxpeiises. 
 
 FonrOi. - Rejiurts and awards shall be based upon merit. The 
 elements of merit shall be held to iiicludo coiiHideralion relatiiiK 
 to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work- 
 manship, fltiiess tor tile puriioses intended, adaiihition to imblic 
 wants, economy and cost. 
 
 /•,yi/,,_Eiich report will be delivered to tUo Centennial Com- 
 mission as soon as completed, for final award and publication. 
 
 GENT.TIAL niRECTIOXS FOR EXHIBITORS FROM THE 
 UNITED STATF,S. 
 
 1. Tlie Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the City 
 of Pliiladelphia. and will bo opened on the loth day of May, 1870, 
 ami closed on the 10th day of November following. 
 
 2. A]iiilieations fur s]>ai‘e and negotiations relative therebi 
 shuuld be addre.ssud to the Directur-Oeiii'ral, lutenuUiuiml Kr- 
 liiliilion, Philadelphia, J’enn. 
 
 8, Exhibitors will not be charged tor sp.ice. 
 
 A limited uuantity of steam and water iiowerwill Iw supplied 
 gratuitously, The quantity of each will be settled definitively at 
 tho time of tlie allotments of simcc. Any power required by the 
 
 TUANSFJIH, IIV THE PHII.ADKLPHIA AU'l’HUlUTll'.S lo 'Illl. I'l'.MENNlAL CU.M.MlSHltiN, J I i,Y 4, ls?e. OF THE tiJlULftDS AT TAlllMul'NT I’AliK. 
 
 the Dircctor-Ocncral of the Ceutcmiial is.siictl a system of 
 invurds. which, tvith the geiii'r.il divcetimis for exliibitors 
 from the ‘Tniti'd States, may properly find place hero : 
 SYSTEM OF AWARDS. 
 
 -Awards shall be bnsi d uiio)i written reports alteste.U)y 
 till' signaiiire.s of tlieirautliors, 
 
 .s'ei'cKid Two Imuilred judges shall be appointed to make suidi 
 viiporls, one-halt of whom shall be foreigners and oue-balf eiti- 
 zeiis of the United States. Tliey will bo se]eete<l for tlioir known 
 qualifications and eliaractor, and will be exiierls in departments 
 to whiL'h they will be respectively assigned. The foreign mem- 
 
 - .Awards will 1«' finally decreed by the ITiit.'d States 
 Centennial Commissiun. in complianee with tlm .Act of Congress, 
 and will eonsi.st of a diiiloma with a uniform Bronze Meiial and a 
 special re]sirl of the Judges on the siilijeet of the Award. 
 
 SA'rnlh. Kjlc'h exhibitor Will hlU’e tile right to reproduce 
 and luiblisli the report awarded to him, but tin' C. S. ('enlennial 
 Commission reserves the rigdii to piibli-h and dispose of .all 
 reports in the manni'r it thinks liest for jniblie information, and 
 also to embody ami distribute tlie reports as records of the 
 Exhiliition. 
 
 A. T. CiOSHORX, 7hV,rt'f«c-frV(i«-u?. 
 
 John' L. Campbell, .''VirWuci/. 
 
 exhibitor in e.xcess of tli.at allowed will be rurnislied by the Com- 
 mission at a fixed I'ldee, Demands for siieli excess of j>ower 
 must also be settled at tbe time of the allotment of space, 
 
 4. Exhiliiti.irs must provide, at tlieir own cost, all show-cases, 
 shelving, counters, llttuigs, etc., which they may require ; and nil 
 eountershafts, witli tlndr pulleys, belting, etc., for the tnuismis- 
 '' sioii of ]'Ower from tlie majn sluitls in the Maeliinery Hall. All 
 I arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity 
 ' with the general plan adopted by tin- Director-General. 
 
 I Special I’onfitruetions of any kind, whctlior in tlie buildings or 
 I grounds, can only be made u[ion the written apiirovul of the 
 I Director-General. 
 
so 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 VISIT OF NEW VOUK AND NEW ENGLAND NEHCHANTS TO THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS AT ITIILADELTHIA, JIAY 11th, 1871, 
 
 : S/u/rr.s /. _ 
 
 irmUS (TEIRTHFIHES TMA T 
 
 > ^ ' //•( f/ 
 
 r///u y/- y///,_ Cf.nrenniui yoard .Fincmcp / v. 
 
 HTYf/J 
 
 
 Cas»jlsil §1®.{)00.©00, 
 
mSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 31 
 
 NKW YORK STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD AT EAIBMOUNT rARK, THILADELPHIA. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS OF THE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^11 
 
 Ir 1 
 
 
 
 
 ILIMI 
 
 
 
 
 5. Tho CommisHlon will tako prpcautlnns fnr tho safe presorva- , 
 Hon of nil oSjocts in the Exhibition; but it will in noway bo re- 
 Bponsible for damlV^^o or loss of any kinil, or for accidents by Are 
 or othonviso, however originatinj'. 
 
 Favorable facilities will bo arrant'cil by which exhibitors may 
 insure their own Roorls. 
 
 6. Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to 
 Kuanl their (roods ilnrinK tho hours the Exhiliition Is open to tho 
 public. Appointments of such watchmen will bo subject to the 
 approval of the Director-General. 
 
 7. Exhibitors, or such agents ivs they may desiRnate, sludl bo 
 responsible for tho reeclviug, unpacking, and iirmiiKing of objects, 
 as well as tor their removal at tlm elo.se of the Exhibition. 
 
 S. Till' trunsjiortation, reeeiving, nnpneking, and arnuiging of 
 till' produets for exhibition will be nt tlio exi>enao of the exhib- 
 itor. 
 
 t). Tlie installation of heavy artlelc.s ro<iuiring foundations 
 should, by special arraugoment, l>e licgun as 
 soon as the progress of the work upon tlio 
 buildings will |ierinit. Tlie general reception 
 of articles at tlic Exhibition buildings will be 
 commeneed on .Tanimry 1, 1S7(I, and no articles 
 will bo ndmitteil after ilarch 31, 1S70. 
 
 m. Space 
 l«7C,will 
 ns.sigame 
 
 11. If )>roductrt are not intended fur competi- 
 tion, it must be so stated by the exhibitor, and 
 tlteywlll be excluded from Hie examination by 
 the International .Turies. 
 
 12. If no authorized person Is at hand to 
 receive goods on their arrival nt the Exhibition 
 building, tliey will be removed without delay, 
 und stored at the eo.st and ri.sk of whomso- 
 ever it may concern. 
 
 13. Articles that arc in any way dangerous 
 or offensivi', also patent medicines, nostrums, 
 and empirical prepni-ations whoso ingredients 
 are oonconled, will not be admitted to the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 U. The removal of good.s will not Ire per- 
 mitted prior to the eloso of the Exhibition. 
 
 la. Sketehes, drawings, photographs, or other 
 reproiluctlons of articles exhibited, will only bo 
 allowed upon the Joint assent of tlie exhibitor 
 and tho Diri'etnr-Genernl ; but viow^of portions 
 Ilf the building may bo made upon the Director- 
 General’s sanction. 
 
 16. Tminediat 'ly after the closi' c f the Ex- 
 hibition, exhibitors sh-all remove their ell'cets, 
 und complete sueli rcmovnl before December 
 31, 187C. Good.s then remaining will be re- 
 moved by the Director-General and .sold for 
 expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the ] 
 direction of the Commission, 
 
 17. Eiich person who becomes an exiiibitor 
 thereby acknowledges and undertukes to keep 
 
 tho rules and regulations established for tho government of 
 tho Exliibition. 
 
 Special ragulutinns will bo issued eoneerning the exhibition of 
 flue arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, 
 the sale of special articles within the building.s, and on other 
 points not touched upon in these preliminarj- instructions. 
 
 Irt. -An OfRciiil Catalogue will be imblishcd in four distinct ver- 
 sions — viz., English, French, German, und Spanish, The .sale of 
 eatilogues is reserved to the Centennial Conrmission. 
 
 19. rominuiiieations eoncorulng tlu\ exhibition should bo ad- 
 dressed to “ The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1S76, 
 Philadelphia. Penn.” 
 
 Tho Centennial Commission resen’es th» right to explain or 
 amend those regulations, whenever it may bo deemed neecssar>- 
 for tho intere.sts of the E.xhibition. 
 
 A. T. OoSHOBN, DirertnT- f? encraf. 
 
 /’?iifu(fc(pAiu,./idi/4, ls74. John L. Campbell, i<ecreto.r<j.\ 
 
 In the meautinie, it became obxious tlmt cei’tuin further 
 action on the part of the Executive Department of the 
 United State.s Government would be fniitful of gottd ser- 
 rtce to the Centonnial Ex])ositiou ; and. accordingly, and 
 •aith a ]mrticiilur view towards a representative exhibition 
 of the Govornmont in the Exposition, the Presidtuit is.sued 
 the ueoes-sary orders and made the requisite ai>poiutmeiits. 
 The document-s which follow will be fouml to contain these, 
 as also the Act of Congi'cS.s authorizing the President to 
 extend a cordial invitatimi to the Goveniinents of foreign 
 nation.s to be reiiresented at and bike iiart in the Interna- 
 tional Exposition ; the Act authorizing the preparation, at 
 the United State.s Jliiit, of medals eommemoi’ating the one- 
 hundredth amiivoi-sary of the first meeting of the Conti- 
 nental Cougi'ess. and the Deeliuiitioii of Independence ; the 
 Act aihnitting free of duty articles intended 
 fur the Literuational Exhibition ; and the 
 regulations governing the importation of 
 this cliLss of goods, issued by the Secretary 
 of tlie Treasury. 
 
 EXECUTIVE ORDER 
 By the Pkesident of the United States. 
 
 brought to the imtieo 
 of the Uniti'il States that In 
 the International Exhibition of Arts, Manu- 
 factures, ami products of the Soil and Mine, to 
 he held in the City of Philadelphia, in the year 
 1876, for tho purposo of celebrating the lum 
 hundredth anniversary of the Independence of 
 the United State.s, It is desirable that from tliu 
 Executive Department.s of tho Government ut 
 tho United States in which them may be ariiclcM 
 .suitable for the purpose intended, there should 
 appear such articles and materials ns will, when 
 presented in a coUeetivc exhibition, illustrate* 
 the functions and adininistrativo faculties of tho 
 Government in time of peace, and its resnurcos 
 as a war power, und thereby serve to de- 
 monstrate the nature of onr institutions ami 
 their adaptation to the wiuit.s of the jicoplo. 
 Now, fur tho purposo of securing a oompleto 
 and harmonious arrangement of the arth'lc.s 
 and materials designed to bo exhibited from the 
 Executive Department of the Government, it is 
 ordered that a Board, to l>e eompo.sml of one 
 person to be named by the head of each of tin: 
 Exceutivp D<-partmcnts which may have articles 
 uiiil materials to bo exhiliited, and also of one 
 person to lie named in behalf of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, ami one to be named in the behalf 
 of the Department of Agriculture, be charged 
 with the preparation, arrangement, and tafe- 
 keeping of such articles und muterlaU as the 
 heads of the several Departments and tbu 
 
msrOKICAL RF.CISTRR OR THR CRNTRNNRIL RKPOSIllON. 
 
 .13 
 
 C immiHKionrr >if Agrii’iilturf' oml Uif Din'clornf llif Hmithsi^niim 
 lufititiiUnn may rosiipftivoly denidn bIiuII bn nmbrannil in llm cn|- 
 lontinn ; tliat nnn of tlm pnrsons thus iiiimnd, in )m' (Insifinalnd by 
 tho rrnsirl(fnt,8hiiU bn chairman of siicli LManl.mid lliiit tin- lioanl 
 appoint from tlmirnwii numlnT siiiili nihcr onicnrs iis they may 
 think noec8H:iry, ntul Hint thn Hiiiil Hoard wlum organized slinll 
 bo aiilhori-/.'‘il iindi'r Hm diro"iluu of the I’reKidt-nt In eonferwilli 
 tile c‘Xi enhve oflleiTS of tile Ci'iilciitiial Hxlilbilioii ill relation to 
 siioli niatleis eounc-eted witli thn Mulijcct ;uH may pertain to lie' 
 respi'iitive departments liaviiit; iirlici<‘H and mntiTialH on exliiiii- 
 tion, and liiat the names of tin' pm sons tlius selected )>y Hie lnMds 
 of thn Rovcral de|iarlments. He' Commissioiinr of AKrienltiire, and 
 I lie Director of thn Smithsonian Iiislitiitiuii, sliall bo Bubmitled to 
 Iho 1‘residont for desinimlion. 
 
 By order of tho rresidont ; Damii-ton I'lsn, 
 
 [Sif,'iied) Rcn-(-t(v-j of Stntf. 
 
 WARlllNdTOS, Jannnrii 211, ItlTt, 
 
 III aecordanen witli the ahovn order, llm President appointed a 
 Hoard eoin[iosi'd of a represeiilativc' from caeh of tiic Kxeeutivo 
 Departmonls of tho auvonimeiit, r'xenpt thn Dc'partin''iit of Slain 
 and the Atloiney-tiennral'.s Di'iiartiiient ; but iiiebelitiK He' lle- 
 partment of Ai-rii'iiltiire ami Hie Smithsonian Institution. Tlin 
 Hoard is eomposod as follows; 
 
 liar DryiaWmeat. — Col. 8. C. LTFonn, Chairman, Ordnaurfi 
 Ihii-iwi. 
 
 r.xposition to lie held at riiiladelphia, under tho auspices of the 
 Oovernim.'nt of the United States, in tlie year cit;htoon hundred 
 and seventy-six ; Prrtridi'il, hn’ri-rn-, Tliat lie' United State'.' .sliall 
 not he liable-, directly or indirectly, fur any expenses attending 
 such Exposition, or hy roasnii of the sumo. 
 
 Jiiw j. 1S71. 
 
 AfT ItEL.ATING TO CKNTENNIAI/M EDALS. 
 
 ,Vs Act to authorize medals eommemorating the One Hiiiulredtli 
 Anniversary of Hie first mooting of thn (Vintiiieiilal I'oiigrc.'ss, 
 and tlio Declaration of Independence, jirovides a-s follows : 
 
 Hr it riiofird by Ihr Srnnlr and Hotoir <f ItrprcKrnlnth-r.t nf Ihr 
 Uidird .Vntiw <f Aimfica in ConyrrxK onxpinhlnl, That medals with 
 appropriate devices, emhlems, and iiiKeriptions, commemorativo 
 of tho Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Iiidejiendenco 
 he pre[iiired at thn Mint iit Philndcdphia for the Centennial Board 
 of Finanoo subject to the provisions of tho flfty-sccoml section of 
 the CoinnKc Act of ciglitccii liiindrc<l and aevcnty-three, upon tho 
 payment of a sum not less than the cost tlicrc'of.and nil tlio provi- 
 sions wlii-'tlier penal or otherwiso of said Cuinago Act against the 
 counterfi'iling or imitating of coins of thi' United States shall 
 apply to tho medals struck and issued under tho provision.s of. 
 this Act. 
 
 Aj’iyrovrd, June Ui, 1874. 
 
 tij admit free of duly articles intended for the Intomatfonnl Ex- 
 hibition of Eighteen Hundred and Seventy-six, ’ I'rovldcs as 
 follows: 
 
 '• Jlr it Piifirlrd hy Ihr ftprmtp mid /foiup rf Hpprpsentatires of the 
 rnih 'i HI den of Amprini in C'liiyrpxn nxspmhlnl, That all articles 
 wliich shall lie imjioiti d for tho solo purpose of exhibition at the 
 International Exhibition to bo hold In tho City of Philadclpliiaintho 
 year 187G, .shall lie admitted without tho payment of duty or of cus- 
 toms fees or charges, under sucli regulations as the Si'cretaryof 
 the Tri'iisury sliall pre.seriho : Pforided, That all sucli articles as 
 sliiill be solil in the Uiiiled Stiite.s or withdrawn for consumption 
 tlicrcin at any time after such importation shall ho subject to thu 
 duties, if any, imposed on like articles by the revenue laws in 
 force at the dato of importation : And provided firlltpr, That in 
 case any articles imported under tho iirovisions of this Act shall 
 be withdrawn for eoiisumplion, or shall bo sold without payment 
 of duty ns required bylaw, all tho penatties proscribed by tho 
 revenuo laws shall be applieil and oiifnreed .against such articles 
 and against tho person who may bo guilty of such withdrawal or 
 sale.” 
 
 In pursuance of tho provision.s of thm Act the following regu- 
 lations are prc?scribcd : 
 
 FirM. No duty or cust'ims h e.? or charges being required on 
 any such importations, a m-w form of entry i.s pre.-cribi'd, whieh 
 will bo employed in all cases at the port whero such goods arc 
 roc-ivod. 
 
 HEVDIll-UiTEllS <IF THE WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL ENE.HITIVE COMMITTEE, 90S WALNUT STBEET. IHIILADEH.IIIA-MKS. E. D. CILLLSKE IIECEITISG 
 ' llEl’OHTS I'KOM 8UH-C'OMMITTEES. 
 
 Tno.oiry Peparfmcid.-lluii. H. W. Tavi-f.k, Irt Omtrotltr of the 
 Trras'iry. 
 
 A'avy Jiriiarhornl. Admiral TuonXTos A .Teskiss, J'. S. Xary. 
 
 Iidn-iof ]irpnfhnenl .Tons E.tTox. 'Vmimi.s.'iomr <f Fduralion. 
 
 rosl-Ojlirr lirparfinpid. Dr. I'livs. F. MrDoNALli, Chirf of 
 Afnnry -Orihr IirportoiPiit. 
 
 A'lrindliirnl /»e,icirtiaeiif. — IVm. S.vfXDEUS, Snpirininidrnf of 
 !'ropn'jnlii"j (iorden. 
 
 Sinith’!o,ii'm In.-ililulion I’roC. S. F. Hur.l', .Usi.stim! Srrrdory 
 
 ofl'ic ymi(7i.<om'(i)i Inslihitio)i a ,<! f. ,s. Fialory l ’onnoi>si"uer. 
 
 Wm. .V. Dk Caixuhy, Si-n-rlory >f Jloonl. 
 
 This Iloaid lum been cliarg 'd with the duty <it perfecting a 
 collective Exlii'iilion that sliall illustrate the funetioiis and 
 admliiislr.itive faeullii's nftlie (iovcrniiicnt in time of peace and 
 iis rcsuurecs as a war power. 
 
 INYtTATIoN TO FOHEIGN GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 H7i<rea.«, at various International Exliiliitions wliieh have 
 been held in foreign countries, the United Slates have tieen repre- 
 sented in iiiusuaiiei' of invitations given liy the Governments of 
 those count l ies, and accepted tiy our (foveniment, therefore, 
 
 Itp it eniu-lrd hy Ihr Srnnlr nirl Ifoii.tr .f llrj.rno'iilnlivr.'i of Ihr 
 Fnilrd .‘•Vidc.i q/'.limrieii i;i ('ouyrr.t!> nrariidihA, That the pro'idi'iit 
 be requested to extend, ill Hie name of Iho Unili'd States, a re- 
 spectful and cordial invitation to the Governments of other 
 uaUons to bu ici>rcsciiteJ and take part in tho International 
 
 .ACT REEATING TO DUTIES ON FOREIGN ARTICEES. 
 
 Ax Act to admit frooof duty articles intended for Iho Interna- 
 tional Exhibition of Eighteen Hundred and Suvonty-six, 
 provides as follows; 
 
 Bp it enartpd hy Ike Srnnlr mol Ifonrr of Brprrrrninlivrs of the 
 I'nilrd AVn/fti of .Imenm >n Conyrrfr asspnihtrd, That all articles 
 which shall he'imported for tlio -sole purpose of exhibition at tho 
 Internatioiiiil Exhibition to bo lic'ld in the' City of rhiladolphia in 
 tho year eighteen liuiidred and seventy-six, shall b-i admiltcd 
 without the p.ayment of duty or of customs fei'.s, or ciinrges. under 
 such ri'guhitions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prcscrilio ; 
 Provideil, that all sudi articles a.s shall be .“old in tho United 
 States or withdrawn for consumption therein, at any timo after 
 such importation, sliall be .subject to tin' dutic.s, if any, imposed 
 on like arlieles by the revenue laws in force at the dato of impor- 
 tation ; And proviilfd fnrlhrr, That, in case any articles import' .‘d 
 under the provisions of this Act, shall b" withdrawn foreonsump- 
 tion or shall bo sold without I'liymcnt of duty, as rcquin.-'l l«ylaw, 
 all the pcnaltie.s prcserilied liy tlu' revenue, laws sliall lie applieil 
 and enforced against simh artidi'S iiiul again.st thu persons who 
 may bo guilty of such willnlrawal or -sale. 
 
 Approved, June IS, 1874. 
 
 REGUEATinNS 
 
 novrrniny thr Frrr Iinpnrlntion of tiondi fnr the 1-nirrnnlionid 
 EfhihHion of F.i'jhWrn llnndrrd midSrrrniy-F,r, at PhilwMphia. 
 
 TuE.XsrnY DEPAnTMEXT, 
 
 Wiirhinylnn, P. U, Oct. 3, 187-1. 
 
 An Act of Congress approved Juno IS, 187 $, I'utitlcd “ An A''t 
 
 Sreniul. The ports of New York, Boston, Bortlaiid Bur- 
 
 lington <Vt.), Suspension Bridge (N.Y.), Detroit, Port Huron 
 (M?oh.), Chicago, 1‘hiladolphla, Bultimorc, Norfolk, N'-w Orleans 
 and San Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which 
 imjiortalions for said Exliibitionwill tie made free of duty. 
 
 Thivl. All articles designed for such Exhibition must bo for- 
 warded, accompanied liy an involeo or schedule of tho numbers, 
 character, and commercial valuo of each sliipment, which state- 
 ment shall be attested before a Consul of tho United Htates, nr a 
 civil magistrate of tho country in which they are produced or 
 from which they aro .shipped to the United 8tates. Kueh vcrilled 
 bill of coiitoiiLs and values will bo traiwmitti'd in triplicate, one 
 copy to tho Collector of Customs at the port whore it is desired to 
 make entry, which will bo retained for tlu' files of his ofllce ; one 
 copy to somo duly authorized agent, either of Iho owners, or of 
 tho Foreign Commission of tho country from whicli shipment 
 was madi', wliidi agent must in all cases ho recognized by tho 
 Dir.'Ctor-General of Iho Exhibition, who will, by virtue of that 
 authority verify the goods and make entry ; and ono copy to tho 
 Collector at tim port of riiiladelphia, and all paekages and 
 enclosures containing gooiEs destined for .such Exhilotion must 
 bo plainly and conspicuously marked with the words “For tho 
 International Exhibition of 187H, at Philadelphia.’’ 
 
 Fonrlh. All goods arriving so nmrko'l and represente'l. ciHier 
 utthe time of arrival or at any time while remaining intheeus- 
 t"dy of tho CoHeebir of Customs at the port of arrival mi general 
 order will will'll cntored at the port of iin ival, bo dcliverad with- 
 out examination to su.-li recagiiiz.n'l agent or arn'iits, to be by him 
 or them R.rward 'd from tho port of arrival by bonded line Ol 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 
 transportation to Philad^phia, thorp to bo dolivorod to the cus- 
 tody of the Collector of that port. 
 
 Fifth. Entry for warehouse will be made for nil such tran.s- 
 ported pa-'kages on arrival at the .said port of rhiladolphia, and 
 original entry for warehouse will be made for all goods directed 
 by flr.st shipruent to riiiladeiphia. Warehouse entry having been 
 made, the packages will tje held in the custody of tho said Collec- 
 tor until tho Exhibition building, or some building erected by and 
 in the custody of tin' offleors controlling tho said Exhibition, and 
 suitable for secure custodyas a warehouse under tho authority of 
 llie United State.-*, is ready to receive them. 
 
 SLrilt. St-parato and complete rocord.s of all packages so 
 transmitted and rcccivod by tho Collector at Philadelphia will bo 
 made by thi; Storekeeper at tho port of Philadeljihia in a book 
 prepared bjr the purpose, in which will be entered, so far ns 
 known, the owner’s name, tho agent’s name mpresenting the arti- 
 cle.-!, tho Country from which shipped, the date of such shipment, 
 iho name 'jf the importing vessel, and tho date of arrival, the gen- 
 eral description and value of the goods, and tho specific marks 
 and numbers of the packages. Such record will also bo kept in 
 duplicate by a Special Inspector of Customs who, under the direc- 
 tion of tho Secretary of the Treasury, shall bo appointed to iden- 
 tify, forward, and care for packages so properly marked, and 
 iiitendetl in good faith for the E-xhibition, but which may not bu 
 pro£ierly representcil by an owni>r or agent. 
 
 A'»‘rc!4//i. When tho said E.xhibition building, or a warehouse 
 BuitaUo for secure cii.stody of articles intended for the E.xhibition, 
 duly authorized for n'oeiving bonded goods, .~l>all bi< ready to 
 receive articles tlmn in the custody of the Collector of ilic |n>ti of 
 Philadr‘l|)hiu. descriptive i)ermits, in duplicate, shall be issued l>y 
 llin said Collector to the Storekeeper of tho port, directing tho 
 ilelivcry of packages iis n'fiuired by the owner or 
 agent, or by tho oflleer.s of tho said Exhibition- - 
 Olio cojiy of which ]>ermils shall bo preserve*! by 
 the* said Storokcep'T, tho second copy to be deliv- 
 ered Avith the goods to ii proper offleer of tlio 
 customs stationed at the said Exhibition buildiii'g 
 or warehouse., to Ix' there k.-jit as a record of goods 
 entered for such Exhibition in addition t.> the 
 duplicate rciiuired to bo kept in a book of proper 
 form ;us before referred to. And all packages shall 
 be oiiened in presence of an officer of the customs, 
 who shall verify the contents from and upon such 
 deseriptive list, correcting and completing It as the 
 facts may rc'[ulre. 
 
 Ki(jhlh. In ease of receipt by the Collector at 
 I’liiladclphin of packages imperfectly described or 
 verified, or in regard to whieli information may he 
 received questioning tho good faith of the persons 
 forwarding the same, ho said Collector may direct 
 an examination, in proper form, for the purpose of 
 deteniiiiiing the question, and if, on conference 
 with the Direetor-Gonenil, tho goods are found to 
 have been (orwardo.l not in good faith for said 
 Exhibition, tliey will 1x3 charged with duty according 
 t.i tlifir vuluo anil classification, and held by the 
 said < 'ollect.ir. subject to appeal to tho Secretary of 
 the Trea.sury, to await proper claim and payment 
 of duty by their owners. 
 
 Xinth. All charges for transportation, drayage, 
 a'lil freight, aceniirig on goods arriving for the 
 sni.l Exhibition, will be required to be paid by tho 
 ewner or agent at tho time of their delivery Into 
 tho custody of the Collector of Cu-stoms at Philadel- 
 phia, or if on pa.'kages of small bulk or weight, not 
 accompanied by the owner or agent, or consigned 
 to a Foreign t'oimnissioncr, and not exceeding !?.5 
 In am. Hint, will be charged against the goods as 
 
 iloliven-d into the custody of the C.>lle<.tor at 
 I'hilndelpliin. to lio paid with other eliiirges sub- 
 !=.' (iicntly .aci-ruing before llie permit is Issued f..r 
 liii'ir il.'liv.T}- to the Exhibition Imilditig: and on 
 all pjickag.-' csc.-.llng fitly jioiinds ill weight, half- 
 storage, as iirovidi'.l by regulati.jii for tlio storage 
 of ordinary merehandiso in the public warehouso 
 at tlio ]>ort of riiiladeiphia, ivill 1>3 charged against 
 tho goods received and stored therein from the 
 timo of receipt to the time of delivery to the Ex- 
 liibiti.-jii building. Xo fees for entry, jicniiit, or 
 other official act, and nh duties will bo charged 
 upou or against such packages until aft-ir their 
 withdrawal from such Exhibition, f.jr sale, at Its 
 close or during Its continuance. 
 
 Tfuth. -Ml articles received and entered lit such MR.S. e- 
 E.xhibition in tho manner hereinbefore provided 
 may, at any time con.sistently 3vith the regulati.jns controlling 
 said Exhibiti.in.bi. withdrawn for sale or delivery to other parlies 
 than the owner or agent concerned in their importation, .»n pay- 
 ment of the duties j.roperly iiceruiiig on said goods aeording 
 to tlw laws in foree at the time of th.' inip.^rtatioa thereof; ami 
 for the purpose of lussossment and detormiiiation of such dntic.s, 
 and for prop.-r irlenfiflcation of th- urtieles, an nflloer of the 
 Appraiser’s B.'partmont of th.' port of Phihidelphia shall be 
 detailed to miiko due e.xarainutioii of tho articles so withdrawn 
 or sold, verifying them by tho record of their introduction, and 
 charging upon a pDper form, to be pn-pared for such purpose 
 the said rate luid amount of duty ; and on I'liyment of th<3 duty 
 .so chan?.,'ii. but without f.-e „r other expHinse®. the owner o'r 
 agent shall receiv.' a permit tor their removal fnmi tlio Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 Arlicle.s dosigned to lie rcturne.l to tho f.ireign 
 country fr .ra which the same ivoro imported, or to be removed 
 from tho United States, will, .at the close of th- Exhibition, or at 
 such timo ns ...ihaU be direet-d by the oOlcers of such Exhibition. 
 
 1)0 verifi-d by tho customs officer in cliarg.3 m the Exhlbitinu, r.- 
 cuclos.-d, duly marked, and forward.-.!, midor p.-rmit of th.' 
 l.-ctur at I’hilndelphia,to any otli.-r port f..v exj.ort, or may b- 
 directly MXported from riiiladeliihia. Export entries for such' ns.- 
 will be j.reiiared, correspunding to the import entries uuder 
 p-hieli the gooils were originally received. 
 
 Tire'jVt. A Special Iii.s(M'ctor of (’iistoms will, imiler tli.' dir.-.- 
 tion of th.. Soert'tary of the Treasury, nq.ort at intervals to tin- 
 Collect.-irs of the ports of Philadelphia uud of Xew Y.,.rk or of 
 Bueh ..ther j.orts a- he may lx. dir.’cfed to vis t. for the purpose 
 Pf applying the ii'eiilation- h-iviu pr..vM-l, 
 
 GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS. 
 
 1. Tho Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the Pity 
 of Philadelphia, and will be opi'ned on the 10th day of May, 1S7G, 
 and clo.sed on the lOtli day of November following. 
 
 2. All Governments have been invited to aiqioint ( 'i.minissions 
 for the imrposc of organizing their departments of thn Exiiibition. 
 The Director-General should !>.' notified of the appointment of 
 such Fon-ign rommissions beforo January 1, I.S75, 
 
 Full diagrams of th.' tmildiugs and grounds will 1»? turnishe.l 
 t.» the Foreign Commissions on or before February ] , 1S7,*), indicat- 
 ing Ihe localities to be occupied by ouch nation, subject, Imw- 
 '■ver, to revision an.! naidjustmi-iit. 
 
 3. Applications for si«»co un.l ii.'gotialiniLs relative thereto 
 must be conducteil tvitli llio Commission of tho country where 
 the article is produced. 
 
 4. Foreign Commissions are requested to n.'tify the Direetor- 
 Genorol, not later than May 1, FS75, whether they desire any 
 increase or diminution of the apueo offered them, mid the 
 amount. 
 
 5. Ih-forc December 1, 1S75, the Fori.-ign Commissions must 
 fumisli tho Dlroctor-General with apiiruxinmto plans showing 
 the manner of allotting tho space assigned to them, luid also ivith 
 
 ; lusts of their exhibitors, and other inforiimtion necessary fortlK3 
 ' preparatii'n of tlie Official Catalogue. 
 
 Products brought into the United States, at tlio jKirts of Now 
 Y.>rk, Boston, Portland (Mo.), Burlington (Yt,), Su.sponsion Driilgo 
 (N. Y.), Detroit, PnrtHuron (Mich.), Chicago, Philadelphia. Balti- 
 more, Norf.ilk, New 0rle.ans, and San Francisco, iiileiidod f..r 
 display at the International Exhithtion. ivill bo allowo.l to go 
 forward to tho Exhibition buildings, uuder proper suporvlsion 
 
 GILLESPIE, PBESIDEXT OF THE WOMEN’S CEXTENN 
 
 of customs officors, witlioiit examination at such port.s of original ' 
 cntiy, and at the clos.' of th.' Exhibition 3vill ho allowed to go for- 
 ward to the port fr.im 3vhich they are to 1x3 expeeted. No dutio.s 
 will b'j levied upon such goods, unless entered for consumjai.in 
 in the Uiilt..'d Stat-s. 
 
 0. Th" transportation, receiving, unpaeking. and arranging .d 
 till' products for exiiibition 3vill be at tin' expense ."'t the exhibitor. 
 
 1. The iii.stalliition of heavy articles requiring special foundu- , 
 tions or adjustment sh'3uld, by special arrangement, begin as soon I 
 as the progress of tho work upon the buildings 3vill permit. The ! 
 general reception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will com- 
 meiico r>ii .January 1, 187G, and no articles will be admitted after 
 Man'll 31, ls76. 
 
 8. Space assigned to F.'reign Commissions and not occupiird 
 oil th.' l.st of A].ril, 1B7G, will revert to the Director-Goneml for re- 
 assignment. 
 
 9. If jiroducts are not intendcii for comi'Ctition, it mii-st be so I 
 
 stated by the exhibitor, and they will lx- excluded from the exam- 1 
 illation byihe International Juries. i 
 
 HI. All Official Catalogue will be piiblishoil in four distinct vr- j 
 BioRs— viz., Engiisli, French, Gcnnan, ami Spani.sh. Th" sab' "f i 
 Catalogues is reserved to th" C'cnteiiiiial (’ommissioii. 
 
 Th.,- seven departmneU of th.- elassification 3vliieh ivill detcr- 
 iiiiiie the relative location of articles in tho Exhibition— except in 
 su.'h collcctivu exhibitions ns may rceeivo special sanction— and 
 also the arrangement of names in the Catalogue, are ns foll.iws;- 
 I, Mining. II Maiiufaetures. Ill, E.lii'-aU..in and Heience. IV, 
 Arl. V, Machinery. VI. Agriculture. VII. Horticulture. 
 
 11. For.'i'gn Commissions may jiublisli Catalogues of their 
 
 [liitjn.."!,] 
 
 .\ limited iiuaiitil.v <jfa?l. 
 
 charge. I- f'.r -p.e'". 
 uii and water puwe 
 
 gratuitously. The quantity of each will lie settled definitively at 
 tho time of the allotment of space. Any power required by the 
 exhibitor in l■.xc■^'.ss of that allowed will be furnislied by the Tcn- 
 t-nnial rommission at a fixed price. Demamls for su.-h exenss 
 .if power must also bo scttl.-d at the timo of the allotment of 
 sjiacc. 
 
 I. 3. E.xhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-casa>, 
 shelving, counU'rs, fittings, etc., 3vhich they may roqiiiro ; and all 
 I'oimtershafts, with their ]niHeys, belling, etc., for tho transmis- 
 sion of poivcr from Iho main shafts in the Machinery Hull. All 
 iimuigement.s of articles and decorations must bo in conformity 
 with the general j.lan adopted by the Director-General. 
 
 Special c.mstructlons of any kind, whether in the buildings nr 
 grounds, can only bo made upon tho written approval of tho 
 Director-General. 
 
 The Centennial Commission wilt lake prceaiitions for the .safe 
 preservation of nil objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no 3vay 
 be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by 
 fire or otherwise, however originating. 
 
 II. Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or 
 Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods. 
 
 15. Foreign Commission-s may employ ivutchmen of llieir own 
 ehoiec to guard their goods during the Imurs the Exhibition is 
 open to tho public. Appointments of such 3vatchnicn will bo 
 subj.-ct to the approval of tho Director-General. 
 
 Foreign Commissions, or such agents ns they may designate, 
 shall Ikj responsiblij for the receiving, iiiijinokiiig. and arningc- 
 ment of objei'ts, as wdl as for their removal at the close of tho 
 Exhibition ; but no jhtsou sliail be ]icrmitti'd to act as such agent 
 until lie can give to tho Dir.'ctor-Gi'iicial wrilti'ii .-videneg of his 
 having been ajiprovi'd by tho proper Commission. 
 
 IG. Each package must 1"3 addressed “To tho 
 Commission for [Anme <>/ rnwUn/} at the Inter- 
 national Exhibition of 1876, Philudclphia, United 
 States of America, ’’ami should have at least two 
 luijcls aifixed t'l diff-Ti-iit but not oppo.site .si.lcs of 
 each ease, nnd uivjiig tho following iiif.>miation : 
 17.(1) Tim "oimtry from which it comes; (2) 
 name or firm of tlu- exhibitor; (3) rcsideimo of tho 
 exhibitor; (4) department to which objects belong; 
 
 (5) total number of packages .-a-nt by that exhibitor; 
 
 (6) serial number of that partiiuilar package. 
 
 1.8. IVithin each package should be a li-f of nil 
 
 object.®. 
 
 19. If no .authorized pers.ui is at hand to rceeivo 
 goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, 
 theyrvill be removed witlmut d.-luy. nnd stored at 
 the cost and risk of 3vhomsoover it may eoncom. 
 
 20. Articles that are in any way diingcrou.s or 
 offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, ami 
 empirical preparations whose ingredients are con- 
 ci-alcil, will not be admitted t.,. the Exiiibition. 
 
 21. The removal of goods will not be permitted 
 I'rior to the close of tlu' Exhibition. 
 
 22. Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other 
 reproductions of articles exhihited, will only be 
 allowed upou the joint ass.-nt of tho exhibitor and 
 the Director-General; but views of p.irtions of tho 
 building may bo made upon tlm Director-General’s 
 Banction. 
 
 23. Immediately after the elosn of tlio Exhibi- 
 tion, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and 
 complete sueli removal before Deei.mbcr 31, 187G. 
 Goods till'll remaining will im ri'inoved by llm 
 Direetor-G.'iieral ami sold for expiuisns, or otlier- 
 wiso liispos.'d of imd.'i- tho dircetioii of tho ('..-ii- 
 t.-nniul Commission. 
 
 24. Eiich person who an exh bilor 
 
 tlir'i'i'by aekn<)wl"dg.‘s fui.l uiuli'ilak'-s 1o kep Iho 
 lilies and regulations estabiisli.-.l for tho govern- 
 ment of the Exliltiilioii, 
 
 Spi-i'iiil regulations will be issu.'.l e. -iii-eriiiug 
 the i xhibition of Hue iirl.-, tlu' .n-gaiiiziit on of jn- 
 leniatioiiul jiirii'*, awuni.s "t priz.'.-., and sale.', . f 
 special ai1i.*les witliii; the buildings, ami .>n .itlier 
 I'.'iiits not touched ui.on in these preliiiiiunry 
 instructions. 
 
 2.5. C.iramunieations eoncerning tho Exhiliition 
 should be uddre.ssed to •• The Director-Geiu'ral , Inter- 
 national Exhibition, 1870, Philadelphia, Pa.. U. H. A." 
 
 Tho Centennial Cominis.sion reservi.-s tho right 
 to exjilnin or amend these regulations, whenever it 
 nuiy be deemed necessary for tho int-rests of tlio 
 Exhibition. 
 
 A. T. GojHOhn, Jlirorl'ir-fieiural. 
 
 John L. Campbell, .s'ccrrtury. 
 rhilndrhihia, Jni'j 4th. 1874. 
 
 Folluwiiig tlie.se wo give an official list of tlireptions to 
 foreign cxliiliitor.®, as issneil by the Director-General of 
 the Exiiositioii, aiul also the siseciiil regulations governing 
 the Exhibition of Fine Arts : 
 
 SPECIAL REGULATIONS • 
 
 G’ormiiTij the Krhit’Uion nf Fiit- .Iris o( the Inleniali'tnal Krhihilinn 
 nf Kighleen Ilnwlred mi.( at Phitad.dphic. 
 
 Fir.d. Tho Exhibition will Im opened on tho IGtli day of May, 
 187G, and closed on tho 10th day of Noviinber following. 
 
 .‘•'ccom/. Works of Art will be admitted for exhibition, whether 
 I n-vioiisly exhibited or not. 
 
 Third. A). plications for space .and negutiatinris relative '.hereto 
 must be eoiidueted with the Commission of the country of which 
 the applicant is a citizen. 
 
 Filirth. No cluirge 3vill be mnile forspaci' 
 
 Fifth. Till' udniissiou of foreign works of Art to th" Exhibi- 
 tion, i-xcejit those referred to in Rule IN., ivill be left to the Com- 
 mission appointed by the rcsi'ective Goveniment.®. 
 
 .‘-■|>//i. Foreign packages for this department must b" iiuirkcd 
 •• .\rt r’"partmi.-iU.’'imd addressed to- the rommission bir [A'luic 
 <‘f Tiit'-riiationul E.xhil.ilion, I'liilad"lpliia, U, S. A. 
 
 fHTriilh. Tlic works of foreign !irti.--ts ivill b<- [ilaccd in Ihe 
 ear" of tlic Coiiimissiou of the counlty to ivhi"h they Iw'long 
 Kl^hih. Work -7 of b-reign artists, belonging to resident-* r,f th" 
 Uiiiloii Stat'-*, V. ill b«' admitted on tin- approval -i the Coii'nihree 
 of S"lcction, fur e.xhibition in a special gaih-ry. 
 
i’AYINd OFF WOKKHEN AT THE 00 N Til A CTOllH ’ HUILDINO, UN THE CENTENNIAL GliOUNDS, IN FAIIOIOUNT PAKK 
 
36 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE PENS 8IAT0E FOR FAIRMOUST PARK. 
 
 Xinlh. PoreiRn Commissions will transmit to tlio Diroctor- 
 Oononit prior to March 1st, 1876, information coneoriilnR tho 
 works of Art to bo exhibited by their citizens that may bo neces- 
 sary fur tho preparation of tho OlBcial Catalogxio. 
 
 Tenth. Tho installation of works of Art admitted to the Exhibi- 
 tion will bo under the supendsion of tho Commissions of tho 
 country to which they bclonR. 
 
 Eleventh. All works of Art must bo of a hiRh order of merit, 
 and those pniduecd by citizens of tlie United States will \tc ad- 
 mitted to the Exhibition only on tho approval of tho Committee 
 of Selection. 
 
 licelflh. Packages forwarded by exhibitors in tho United 
 States, tor admission to this department, must 1>o marked "Ait 
 Department, International Exhibition, rhiladelphia." There 
 must bo also nltached to tho outside and inside of each package 
 a label giving tho name and address of the exhibitor, and tho 
 title and iiiimbor of articles in tho package. 
 
 Thirleenih. All pictures, wlicther round or oval, should bo 
 placed ill squart' frames. Excessive breadth in frames or pro- 
 jecting mouldings should bo avoided. Shadow tK)xes will not bo 
 allowed to project more than one inch beyond the frame. Gla.ss 
 over oil paintings will not bo permitted. 
 
 Psnrleeit/h. Works of Art intended for sale will lie so desig- 
 nated in tho Official Catalogue. 
 
 Fifteenth. All works of Art must bo in rhiladelphia prior to 
 April 1st, 1876, and, after liaving been admitted under the rules, 
 shall not bo removed before the close of the Exhibition. 
 
 Sixteenth. Eaeh person prosonting works of Art fur admission 
 thereby agrees to comply with the special rules established for 
 this department and tho general rules for tho government of tho 
 Exhibition. 
 
 A. T. Goshors, Director-General. 
 
 John L. CAStPUELL, Serretnrj, 
 
 March U, 1875. 
 
 Tlie stock certificate of tho Centemiial Exposition, to 
 which we have already rcfeiTotl, or an apjiropriate ttourenir 
 of tho occasion, was oiifpmved in tho United States Treasury 
 Engraving Department, and is n remarkably fine specimen 
 of that class of work. The de.sign is pyraniiilal, America 
 forming tho apex, with Fame and Art, porsoiiified, sitting 
 at her feet. The busts of Wa.shingtt)U and Grant on cither 
 side, typical of the commencement and end 
 of the centnry. America is rc]>rcscntod ns 
 xvelcoming the representatives of foreign 
 nations, who bear -samples of their national 
 industries and resources. Indcpondenco 
 Hall and the National Capitol are in the 
 background. Eencath the former stand 
 Fulton and Fitch, with thoir steamboat 
 models, and under the latter, Franklin 
 and Morse, with electricid and telegraphic 
 instruments. On the right, facing the 
 figure of America, is Howe ofl'ering his 
 sewing-machine, abo a shipwright with a 
 model of a clipper. The Freedman, Con- 
 tinental, and Federal soldiers and mechanics 
 form a group on the right, and a farmer, 
 miner, trapper, and Indian, with evidences 
 of their labor, on the left. In the crtitre 
 of the base is Trumbull’s i>aiiitiiig of “ The 
 Signing of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence," on the right of which is exemplified 
 Progress — a bn.sy manufacturing city in 
 contrast with a neglected R-indmiD. To 
 the left of tho base is represented Cixilizu- 
 tion — combining the railroad, telegraph, 
 steamship, and reaping-machine, in con- 
 trast with a Conestoga wagon, mail-rider. 
 
 sailing -vcs-scl, and a laborer with a sickle. The 
 legend in the body of the certificate wn.s cngi-aved 
 by a new and ingenious process, and is most cre- 
 ditable, as is also the j)rinting, the Dcpartmcait 
 evidently being determineil to make the work 
 worthy of the nation and the grand commemorative 
 occasion. 
 
 ■\Vith tlii.s illu.striitivc memorial niay properly be 
 cla.s.sed the Centennial Medal, struck at the Mint 
 at Philadelphia in accordance with the A<d of 
 Congi'ess alre.ady given. The diescription of this 
 medal b as follows : Tho design of the obverse 
 represents the Genius of American ludepeiidence 
 rising from her recumbent position, griisping with 
 her riglit hand tho sword with which to enforce 
 her demand.s, and raising her left to the thiitceu 
 stars, which, indicating the original colonies or 
 States, are blazing in the firmament. Beneath is 
 the date 177R. The reverse displays the Genius of 
 Liberty, with the now ornamental sword buckled to 
 her giriUe, the Stars and Stripes at rest in her right 
 hand, while with the other she extends a hand to 
 the Arts and Sciences to do honor to tho date 187G, 
 which is inscribed upon the platform. These 
 medals have been struck in bronze, silver, and 
 other metals. 
 
 The clas.sification of articles to be oxliibited at 
 the Centennial Exposition is simple and comiire- 
 hcusivc. It embraces tho following ten depart- 
 ments : 
 
 1. Itaw Material.?— Minerals, VeRPtalile and Anim.al. 
 
 2. Materials and Manufactures u.'.ed fur Food or in 
 tho Art.s, tho ro.sult.s of extractive ur comhiniiig processe.?. 
 
 3. Textile and Felted Fabrics — Apparel, Costumes 
 and Ornaments for tho person. 
 
 4. Furaituro and Manufactures of general uso In Con- 
 struction and in Dwellings. 
 
 5. Tools, Implements, Machine.? and Proci?s.si's. 
 
 C. Motors and Transportation. 
 
 7. Ai>panitus and Methods for tho Increase and Difru&ioti of 
 Knowledge. 
 
 8. Engineering, rublic Works. Architecture, etc. 
 
 9. Plastic and Graphic Arts. 
 
 10. Objects illustrating tho cfTorts for tho Improvement of the 
 I'hyslc.al, Intclloctunl and Moral Condition uf Man. 
 
 These departments are subdivided into groups and clas.sc.s, 
 to facilitate tho an-nngemeut and di.siilay of the various 
 articles placed on exhibition. 
 
 A still more comprehensive classification than this Is 
 fininil in the following table of seven grand divisions : 
 
 Acres 
 
 OepartmentB. Buildings. covered. 
 
 1. Mining and Metalhii^’. \ 
 
 2. Manufactures.. t Main Building 21.17 
 
 3. Education and Science. ) 
 
 4. Art Art Gallery . 1.5 
 
 5. Machinery Machiin^ry Building, . , 11 
 
 G. Agriculture Agricultural Building . 10 
 
 7. Horticulture . . Horticultural Building .. 1.5 
 
 Total 48.47 
 
 The li.st of special buildings croch'd onbide of tho.se 
 belonging to the Centennial Exposition proper is led by 
 that of the United States Government, which covera fmu' 
 and a half acres, and in which space will be occupied by 
 rcjirescntative exhiliitions from tlie Wai', Treastu-y, Nax-y, 
 Interior, Post Ofticc, and Agricultural Departments, and 
 the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 ITie ‘Women’s Centennial Executive Committee — an off- 
 shoot of the Contonnial Ooimnissiou, comprising lady 
 members from all the difl’cveiit State's — raised S30,000 for 
 tlie erection of a special pax-iliun in which to exliihit 
 w'omcn's work as a specialty. It should bo here recorded 
 that the labors of the iailies xvho liave interested themselves 
 
 GICSEri’E DAhSI, ITAI.IAN {'OMMISRIONER TO THE CENTENNIAL 
 l.vrtU.SATlONAL EXHIBITION AT THILAPELPHIA. 
 
 in the Centennial have been unremitting, judicious, and 
 ai'duous, xvhile their result will nmiucstionably reflect credit 
 111)011 their taste, euergj', and iudustiy. 
 
 Besides tho United States’ national buildings, other 
 nations liave erected similiu- stnicturos, prominent among 
 these being those eonstnieted by tlic Governments of 
 Ihiglaud, Gei-many, Au.stria, France, Egj'pt, and Japan. 
 Finally, many of the StuU's have followed this example, 
 notably : Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, 
 Imliana, Ifiinoi-s, Michigan, Massachu.sett.s. Connecticut, 
 New Hami)shire. jlIi.><.souri, K.aii.sjus, Yii-pfinia, West Vir- 
 ginia, Nevada, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Delaware. Still fiir- 
 tlicr, many trades and industriid 'a.ssoeiations and special 
 indiistriiil intere.sts are jirovided for in separate buildings. 
 Among these are the jihotographers, the carriage-builders, 
 the glass-makers, crncker-bakera, boot and shoe mamifac- 
 tiu'crs, besides a number of individual cxhiliitoi's. 
 
 Altogether, the U)t;d number of si>ecinl buildings may 
 probably bo set down at from two hundred to two liuiulrcd 
 and fifty. As an evidence of the eageniess xiith which 
 space was applied for, it may be mentioned that 333,300 
 sip ft. bad been demanded a,s early ns the 1st of October, 
 1S7.J. by American cxhil.iitors only. In the machinery 
 building alone there wei’C 1,000 American exhibitors, 150 
 English, and 1.50 from other European conntrics, being 
 about two bimdred and fifty more than enh'red the Vienna 
 luachineiy exliibitiou. For the art exhiliitioii tho sajio 
 earnest desire for space was manifested from the fir.^t ; 
 apjiheations from abroad calling fur inoi'c than four times 
 the exhibiting area afTordi‘d by tlie gi’cat Memorial IfiiU. 
 One vciy generous and lulmirablc aniingement was that of 
 the Secretarj' of the Naxy, by wliich a United States war 
 vessel called at convi-nient Eimj|>ean 2‘'nrts to collect and 
 tran.?2iort to the exliibitiou the ivories of American arti.sts 
 resident in Europe. ^\jnong the jioiia designateil were 
 Sonthanipton for England, Havre for France, Bremen for 
 Germany, and Leghorn for Italy. 
 
 A iic'onliar feature of tlie Exposition 
 Iieriod may be noted in tlie promised 
 gatliering of numerous Orders and Frater- 
 niti(‘s .at Philadelphia at this time, jimong 
 these may be mentioned the Grand Lodge 
 of Pennsylvania, Indeiiendeiit Order of 
 Od<l Fellows ; Grand Eneami>nient, ludo- 
 Iiendeut tlnkT of Od<l FOhnvs ; Grand 
 Lodge. United States, Indejieiiileiit Order 
 of Odd Fellows ; Clrand CommandeiT, 
 Knights Templars ; Grand Army of the 
 Reimblic ; Presbyterian Synod ; Caledo- 
 nian Club ; Portland Mechanic Blues ; 
 Welsh National Eistedfodd ; Patriotic 
 Order, Sons of America ; a National Re- 
 gatta ; the Life Insurance Companies; 
 National Board of Undem riters ; Agri- 
 cultural Societies ; 2nd Infantiy Ri'ginient 
 N. G. of California; Philadelphian Society; 
 Methodist Ejiiseniial Church ; Cincinnati 
 Society ; California Banner Society ; Ame- 
 rican Dental Convention ; Catholic Total 
 Abstinence Union of America; Lidcpen- 
 dent Order of B’nai Beritli ; National 
 Alumni A-ssociation ; Salenieii’s Associa- 
 tion ; 5th Maiylaud Regiment ; American 
 
 NEW JERSEY STATE BCILDINO. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEmiAL EXPOSITION 
 
 INDIANA -STATE BUn-DINO. 
 
 Pomolngical Society ; Jlaltsters As,sociation of the United 
 States; Army of the Cumberhmd: Humboldt :M..mimeut 
 •Assocititiou : Ciiristojihor Columbus ISIonumeut As-socia- 
 tion ; B.javd of Tmde ; Couveutiou Intemational Typo- 
 graphical Corps ; Life As.sociution of the United States 
 Centennial Legion ; National Medical Congress ; Old 
 VohuiU'er Fire Depaiiment of Philadelphia : and nmnv 
 other.s. 
 
 The arrangements on the pai-t of the C^'iitenuiul mauage- 
 nii'ut for tho exhibition of live stuck and general agi’icnl- 
 tural iinprovenients disjday careful thought and judgment. 
 This cxhiliition is set down to occ\\]>y the months of Sep- 
 tember and October. IHTC, fifteen days being devtjted to 
 each chi-s-s. Horse.s, nniles, and as.ses from Sejitcniber 1st to 
 tlv' loth; horned cattle from Seidember 20th to October 
 utji : sheei), swine, and goats from October 10th to the 
 25th ; the animals, except breeding ,stt)ck and fat and 
 drafting cattle, to bo of ]mre blood and highly meritorious. 
 It is, of cour-se, impcjrbint that the world should see the 
 be.st we can show, while it is probable the eompetitiou mil 
 be between some of the finest specimen.s c)f stoek in tho 
 ■world. 
 
 temporary exhibition of ijoultiw is ,'irrniiged from 
 Oetibcr 25tli to November 10th in the coops and boxes 
 in which they are forwarded. They must be fed and 
 attended by the exhibitors, pure breeds only being 
 accepted. Concerning this, it is desirable to csbiblish a 
 permanent exhibition lasting during the six mouths of the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 The arrangement for the exhibition of agricultural I 
 machinery contemiilutcs a separate dciiartmcnt from that I 
 of other nmchinery in a section of Agricultural Hall of ten | 
 ^■res. Here are to be displays of mechanical device-s and I 
 implemeut.s used on the farm. Cotton gins, sugar presses, ^ 
 thra-shers. fanning mills, plows (both for animal and steam ' 
 power), reapers, mowers, and hay r.skes are to be tested in j 
 the field, Tho elements of merit are to consist of origin- | 
 ality, utihty, iju-ality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the 
 pur])ose intended, adaiitatiou for jniblic wiuits, and 
 economy in cost. 
 
 In addition to the ordimuy live stock, it has also been 
 concluded to hold a show of siiorting and nun-sporting 
 dogs from October 1st to loth, the .animals to be of pure 
 blood and high merit. Exhilhtors to prorido food and 
 attendance. 
 
 Fish, and all the processes used in their propagation 
 and culture, are also 
 among the articles to he 
 exhibited, the Commi.s- 
 sionera of Fisheries of the 
 various States being re- 
 quested to take such con- 
 cert of action as slnrll 
 secure a full exhibition of 
 this now and iniportunt 
 national industry. 
 
 Coiiceniingfinit, the fol- 
 lowing circular disiUays the 
 intention of the Com- 
 mis.riou: “The display of 
 pomologioal jiroducLs will 
 cover the entire period 
 during which the Exhibi- 
 tion will be ojiencd, though 
 varying in iinjioilance and 
 extent. For instance, 
 b.Trio.s and other small 
 fniits will be include,! in 
 this department, and of 
 th.‘se there uill be certain 
 claa.sc.s, as strawberries 
 
 j from the South, ready for exhibition on the opening day, 
 
 1 and a variety and quantity will be presented. 
 
 I “It '\rill bo ]}crceived that the most important di.splnv -will 
 j be made during Septcml>er and October. The da.s.sificution 
 ' of fruits will be according to their species and variety, all 
 of similar character being assembled together, that a more 
 s.itisfactory conclusion may be reached as to their respect- 
 •j ive merits from difl'crciit -soils and States- All grajics will be 
 in one position : the sjime with apples, peara, and the cntiri' 
 
 , list cjf wild fniits and nuts. :^rany being i>crishuble fniits 
 —as the products of the tropics, such molded in wax and 
 j plaster, will be .acceptable. Exhibitur.s may be assured 
 I that the proper amuigeiueut udll be made for the uuiti'd 
 I interests of pomological science. It is lioiKal that th - 
 l>omological societicu of the several States, and individual 
 cultivatoi-s generally, will co-operatc. with a riew to jihice 
 before the world a creditable evidenc.' of the? resource and 
 caijucity of our country in respect to fniit enltnrc and jiro. 
 ducts.” The .space set apart for the pomologiciil contribu- 
 tions is the centre hall of the Agiicultural Building, and i.s 
 the most prominent in the wliole building, 
 
 A bird’s-eye view of the entire Centennial gi-onnds, tiiken 
 from the summit of George’s Hill, presents a ihctiive of 
 such magnificent jiroportions, and representing .siu-h a tre- 
 mendous development of energv- and iuchi-sti-y. as to create 
 in the miml of the beholder a ri'asonably fair estimate of 
 the exjireFisiou of the.se (jualities which he beholds spread 
 out before him. 
 
 Immediately beneath him, .and on his right, extend.s the 
 great machinery building, running from the extn-me west- 
 em end of the gi-ounds to the point Mhere Belmont and 
 Elm Avenues nearly nuite. 
 
 Following on the 1.4fi2 ft,, -whieh represent the length of 
 the building, the eye next meets the even gi-auder ]>ropor- 
 tions of the Main Exhibition Building, wliich completes, 
 with its 1..S80 ft,, the almo-st unbroken line of exhibition 
 space of d.S24 ft. A little to the kit .if this, again, tlu-' 
 obsi>n-er sees the .superb Art Building itself, an arcliiti'ct- 
 mul stnu’tnre iinexcellcil in the beauty of its lines and the 
 general character of its execution ; and r.s an cxeentii'c 
 effort offering a most praiseworthy and crcditiMe exam- [ 
 pic of the architectural tvste and capacity of this country. ^ 
 I'urther north of the main bttilding, and to a point about 
 opposite to its extreme westera end, standing on the ea-st- 
 em extremity of Fountain Avenue, is the beautiful Mau- 
 resqmi sti-ucture. Hortieultiirui Hull, -whieh, with the Art 
 
 SWEDISH 8CHOOL-HOVSE. 
 
 Building, is destined to give permanent ^•alne and beauty to 
 this portion of Fairmomit I*ark. North of the H.n-ticul- 
 tiiral Building and nu tlie cjLstom side of Belmont .A.venue, 
 and about midway between the rcseiwoir and tho river, -we 
 piTceivc the oddly -shaped Agiiculturul Building, with its 
 surrounding grounds, Scattered about among these mam- 
 moth stnictures are the minor buildings of tho Exposition, 
 while the gi'oimd-s, intevsecti'd with l>r(;ad avenues, and 
 beautified by shado-trce.s. iire.seiit. in ev.-ry ]na-tieular, a 
 most charming and inU‘r.'stiiig seeiie. 
 
 On Fel.mary llth, the United States S.'iiate iwsaed th.* 
 TToiiHe Bill ai.pr.ipriating .Sl.'iOO.Ddi) f,,r 1h.- iis.-s of the 
 Uniti‘d Stiit.'s Centi'nnial C’.inimi.ssinij. for the cxpen.ses 
 of the Exposition; on tho Idth the Bill wies signed by 
 the rrc-sident. By the prori.sioii of thi.s Bill the United 
 States becouK* prefem-d erislitora of the Centennial 
 Commi.s.sion. 
 
 HKADlSrARTEBS OF THE JAPASE.SE COMMISSION, ERECTED BY X.ITIVE WORKMEN. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE EARLY HISTORY 
 OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY. 
 
 Be%-erley, in his “ History of MYginia,” in 1705. refers 
 thus to the dependence of the colonists upon other nations 
 to supply their wants : “They have their elothing of all 
 •sorts from England, ius linen, woolen, and silk, hats, and 
 leather; yet fiax and hemp grow iiowhen* in the world 
 bett.'i' than here. Their sheep yiel.l good increase, and 
 l>cur go(,.l fleeces, but they shear them only to cool them. 
 The mulberry-tree, whose leaf is the proi>er food of tin; 
 silkworm, gi'ows there like .a weed, and silkworms have 
 been observed to thrive extremely, and without hazard. 
 The very furs that their hats are made of. jievhaps, go first 
 from thence. The mo.st of their hides lie and rot, or ni-e 
 made use of only for covering diw-goods in a leaky house. 
 Indeed, some fe;v hides, with much ado, are tanned and 
 made into seiTants’ shoes ; but at so careless a rate that 
 the famers do not care to Imy them if they can get others, 
 and sometimes, perhaps, a better manager than ordinary 
 will vouchsafe to make a 2 >.iir of breeches iff .Icerskiu. 
 They are sneh abominable ill-husbunds, that though their 
 eountrj' be overrim with wood, they have all their wooden- 
 WiU'e from England ; their cabinets, chaii's, tables, stools, 
 chests, boxes, cart-wheels, and all other things — e;-en so 
 much as their bowls and birehen-brooms — to the eternal 
 reproach of their lazi- 
 
 Tho firat vessel ever 
 constructed in North 
 America by Enropeau.s 
 ■was called the Omw/, and 
 was built ill 101-1 at Man- 
 hattan Itiv<‘r. She was 10 
 tons burthen, with 38 ft. 
 keel, 44) ft. in length, and 
 11) ft. wide. In her, Cap- 
 tain Wilkinson, in 1016, 
 discovered the SchuylkOl 
 River, and explored nearly 
 the eutii-e coast from Nova 
 Scotia tr. the Cajies of 
 Tirginia. The lilassachu- 
 setts colony built their 
 first vessel at Salem. She 
 was launched, curionslj 
 enough, on the 4th of 
 •July, 1031. and christened 
 hy Governor Wihthrop, to 
 whom she belonged, 27i3- 
 Bkssiiir/ of the Bo>j. 
 
historical register oe the centenstal exposition. 
 
 IN'TKKTOU OF THF CF.NTKN'N'I \T; HI'HKAU OF INSTALLATION— ALLOTTING SPACE TO LXHIBITOHS. 
 
 The want of money so great in the cnluny that cum 
 vius miiile a legal teuiler for <lebts. 
 
 In 1G4‘2 tlnn-o arriveil at Plymouth a ciiriienter ami suit- 
 maker, who hail been sent out by the Plymouth Company. 
 This salt-maker maile .several iinsnccessfnl attempt.^ at his 
 business of Si\lt-jnaking at Cape Ann ami at Cui>o Coti ; 
 while the ship-carpenter dieil, after building only two .small 
 vesseLs. ^ 
 
 Tlie Siiw-inill is said to have been iutr<}dueed into Massa- 
 chusetts in 1G33. some years before it was used in England. 
 Even as late ns ITGT, a saw-uiill was destroyed in the latter 
 country by the mob, because it w;is supposed to be de- 
 structive to the work of the sawyers. As late as 
 England depended chielly upon Holland for its sawn lum- 
 ber. Ill 1641 the Ceueral Court of Massachusetts pas.sed 
 an Act to the effect that there ‘ ■ should be no monopolies 
 but of such new iuvention.s a.s were profitable to the coun- 
 try, and tliat for a short time only." Uuder this provision 
 sauung came in and paid a certain royalty. Saw -mills were 
 erected by the Dutch in New York os early as 1633, and 
 were also used there for gi-indiug-mills. Of course, the in- 
 troduction of saw-mills gave a great impetus to house con- 
 
 struction. Wheren,s, liefore this, buildings were, men' lints 
 or wif^wains, now they began to be more carefully fash- 
 ioned. These two important industries, house-lmilding 
 and ;;hip-buildiug, had ah-cady been established as early as 
 b;:}:!. Hut honse-bnilding thus far was only by means of j 
 wood ns a material. The first brick-kiln in New Eng- | 
 laud was set up in Salem, Ma.ss., in 1G25K Before this. , 
 even the chimneys had been made of wood, coated with 
 clay. In the first year of the settlement of Jamestown. 
 Yii.. the fort, storehouse, with all its surplus Knpjilies, 
 and most of the rest of the town, were burnt douii by fii-e, 
 originating in a wooden chimucy. The same fate, from the : 
 same cause, befell, in Plymouth, the storehouse within a 
 month of its being finished. In Boston, a fire in 1(j41 was 
 occasioned by the same cause, and thereafter the use of 
 wooden chimneys and thatched roofs was forbidden 1 y 
 Governor Ihidh'y. The first brick house built in Mas.su- 
 chusetts is .said to have been erected in 1628. lu 1692 all 
 buildings of a certain size were ordered by the JIassaelm- 
 setts General Court to be built of stone or brick, and to be 
 roofed with slate or tiles. 
 
 In New York, bricks uero early imported from Holland, 
 
 mid the style of the hnnscs was in imitation of those of 
 Amsterdmn. Brick-making was introduced by Governor 
 Stuyvesant. Bricks were made at the Van llcimselaer 
 estate, below Albany, before they were at New York. 
 Between 1030 and 1640, bricks were sold at fifteen llorius 
 a thousand. 
 
 Eaiihenware. which was said to equal that made at 
 Delft, was early miunifactnred <m Long Lland. The daily 
 wages of carpenters was about 80 I’cnts, and those of day- 
 laborci'H 40 ci'iits a day. Nails were woi'th about 16 to 20 
 cents per fti of 100 nails. At the beginuingbf this century, 
 a house was still stiuidiug in New C.'astle. iu which Gover- 
 nor Lovelace entertaiiu'd Fox in 1672. The Manor House, 
 built by ■\Villiain Penn, near Pennsborough, was cou- 
 stnicted of bricks lirought from England. This house 
 cost its owner £o,000. 
 
 In the Southern cities, wood was the material chiefly 
 used in domestic architecture. 
 
 Ill a w-ork called “ Wonder- workings,” published in 16ol, 
 the industries of the New England colonies are referred to, 
 the author mentiouiug the trades of tanning and shoe- 
 makiug. and the gn-iit aliility and industiy iu the latter. 
 
 QrAKTERS or THE SPANISH CORPS OK ENaiSEERS. 
 
V 
 
JIISTORICAL RRGTSTER OF THE CEJVTENN/AL EXROS/T/OjV. 
 
 11 
 
 WuiiKMKN'd 'i'K.MlvKAllY CjUAltTMU.' 
 
 II;' iil.st), imiuiig cither trades, cavtiiiukers, 
 
 glnvci'8, fuvriera, and tillers. In the Assc'mhly of the 
 IJmted t'olunie.s of Coimoolieut i>xssed laws lixing tlie 
 prices fur tanning and fur liides, ns also tlnxse for which 
 shoeuiakei’s were permitted to inalc(‘ shoes. 
 
 Tlte first cattle ever brought to .\inerica arc said to have 
 been iiitrodnccd by Culunibns in his s.^con<l voyage in 
 M'.KJ. In lo,i3, cattle were carried by the Portuguese' to 
 Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and are said to have in- 
 creiLSod tlu'l'C very rapidly. In lOOh, hogs, giiat.s, .sheep, 
 und horses were introduced into Virginia; and the follow- 
 ing vear another stoelc of cattle wu.s brunght tliither frenu 
 the West Indies. In Kith, the cattle ofVirginia, including 
 bulls, cows, and calves, were estimated to imniber 20,00if, 
 with 20n horses and h,UlH) sheep, o,0()0 goats, and many 
 swine, many of wliieli were exported to New Ilnglaiid, where 
 the diver.sitifs of industries made them more valuable. In 
 Lb ' Fhiinonth the fu-st cattle wore iutrodueed in 1(124. In 
 1{)2(1 twelve cows were sent to Cape .Aim, and in 1(120 
 thirty mure were sent. The Indians and the wolves 
 were Very destructive to In.' aiiiiuals of the colony, 
 and yet tho increase of 
 this stock was very ra^iid. 
 
 Ill New York domestic 
 cattle were imported from 
 Holland by the West Iiidi i 
 Company in 11525. In 1(527 
 a eow was worth there 
 .COO, and a yoke of oxen 
 £10. Now Jei-sey was 
 provided with cattle from 
 Ni’W York, and tlieh' in- 
 crt'iU50 here soon made 
 this province one of the 
 storehouses for the snpidy 
 for the States of Penn- 
 sylvania. Di'laware, and 
 New Y'ork. In 1(527 Penn- 
 sylvania was supplied with 
 neat eattle by the Swedish 
 West India Company. 
 
 Ill Pennsylvania, in 
 l(lb7, among tho tnah's in 
 vogue, were tanners, 
 glovers, Blioeinakers, 
 bookbindei's, und car- 
 ri.igcmakci's. 
 
 Stone was not used a.’ a 
 building material in the 
 colonies until 1752, when 
 
 King's Cjijt.'l, i:i Poston, was built of a Braintree granite. 
 The Hiiteh of New York put stone on tlu' free list in KUO. 
 to encourage it ; iutrodnotion from abroad— when it might 
 have been had for tlic (inanwing clo.so by, in New Jersey, 
 (^nan-ying at (^iiiuey, JIa.s.s. . begin early in the lu-csciit 
 eeiitury, and the first railroad in the coimtry was built 
 from these iinarrie.s, three miles from the Nepouset Riv.'r, 
 in 1827. It was a horse-railroad, designed for the trans- 
 purtatiim of this stone for shiimieiit. Anu'ncan marbles 
 were first usi'd for making Imsts in Philad'.'liiliu in 1 n 04. 
 The Portland, Conn., ipiany of brown fivestune or ailul- 
 stonc lias been worked for more than a century, ami 
 stone is now taken from that quany at a depth of more 
 than two hundred feet below the Conneelicut River. In 
 these quaiTies were often set-n fossil footprints of gigantic 
 birds, .some with the footpnnts mea.suring sixteen inches in 
 length and tc'ii in widtli, and the tmeks from four to six 
 feet apart. The .stone fiom here is extensively used in 
 New York, whole streets of residences in the npix’r part of 
 the eity being built either of the solid stone or of briek 
 faeed with stone veneering. 
 
 lUK uumsu tiOVKUSMCin' Dl'IiaUNUH- 
 
 lii 180.5, a eoinpany was incoiporaR il in I'eunsylvama fer 
 obtaining sl.ite sui'plies in Norlhimiberlmid Comity. Since 
 then other companie.s have been iiieorpomteil in Pennsyl- 
 vania. New York, and iMavyland, Tim <iuarvic's on the 
 Piscataipia River, forty mile.s above Bangor, in Maine, were 
 opened in 1830. 
 
 CLOTHS. 
 
 In regard to the mamifactnre ofeloUis. in lla- ('ally day.v 
 1 of tlie settlements of the colonists, the di.stafV and spiiidl ' 
 
 ‘ njipear to have been used, though these were soon sni)ev 
 seded by the spinning-wheel. In those days. England 
 sought by every means in her power to suppress the nidns- 
 h-ies of 'li.'i' colonic'.s. But. despite tin' ivstrietions she 
 placed upon the exportation of cloths made in America, tli.' 
 manufacture continued. In the early jiart of the last een- 
 tmy, a pnblie meeting was held in Bciston. at which a com- 
 mitte.' wu.s aiipninted lo report upon tho propriety of estab- 
 lishing spinning - schools for the instvnetioii of ehildii n 
 in the town. This resulted in the ereetimi of a larg>' 
 briek buildin;; upon Tr. niont Stiwt, eml Ic'matieally de- 
 eorated with a figure 
 iqion its fa(,-ades of a 
 woiiiaii spinning. At its 
 ( ipi-uing an immeiise cr< iwd 
 gathered, the women of 
 Boston coming in large 
 numbers, eaiiying their 
 1 pinning- wheels, und dis- 
 playing their dexterity in 
 using them. In 1837, a 
 tax was laid niion prii-ato 
 eaiTiages and other ln\- 
 iirie.s, for the bi'iiefit of 
 this s]iiiming-sehool. 
 
 During the War of In- 
 depeudeiiee the poiiulatiou 
 was dependent for snpplic s 
 of clothi s upon home i x- 
 evtions. After the inven- 
 tion of the spiiininc;- 
 jeiiny by Hargiuves, and 
 of the spinning-frame by 
 Arkwright, it was for a, 
 long time impof5.siblo to 
 obtain these implement.^ 
 iu America, so joidously 
 did England i> r e vent 
 tbeu' exportixtion. It has 
 bi'eu said that models of 
 
42 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OE THE CEHTEHXIAL EXPOSITIOA'. 
 
 1 Japoutee wurkoiea prcpanog tlieir 
 
 1 Il« ,b,.t U - aaimn, n,„ tlmb,r from H.ll 
 
 6, Sa«i,g 7. L'sing the adz. 8. Around the Cre. 
 
 EEECTION OF THE JAPANESE BUILDINGS ON THE CENTENNIAL GKOUNDS, IN FAIEMOUNT 
 
 4 Erecting the Jaji 
 
 dwelliog-bouae. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 4.T 
 
 niiidiinw, simvll rjiimgli to bo cnueealoil in 
 n tnink, wrvo sci7;i'd by thr Customs aiitUoritios ami con- 
 liHcatoil. Dospitc tlioso jirroautions, however, to prevent 
 the spread of the use of Ihu maehiiiei-y. the business was 
 promoted in the United States by the establishment of a 
 cotton factory at Beverley, Miuss.. in 17S7. Some of the 
 handkerchiefs made here wiTO still in existence a few 
 years ago, and were of a remarkably fine and solid texture, 
 Possibly specimens of these may turn u]> at the Centen- 
 nial. Of Ark %\Tighfs machines, the first used were in a mill 
 at Pawtucket, li. I,, which commenced o]x?rations in 1700, 
 
 Plymouth is still extant. Indeed, the quantity of chests, 
 bedsteads, chairs, and bureaus which are .-co'/ to have been 
 brought over by the .Voy/fm/'c/-, would load a fleet of full- 
 sized steiimship.s. For the first few years after the settle- 
 ment of the colonies, all the best furniture — chiefly of 
 mahogany, tliough sometimes of oak — was imporUxl. 
 Among the first jiieces made in this country were ccoiiom- 1 
 [ ieal ai-ticles, such as tables bung against the walls, which, 
 when not in use, might be timicd down, thus saving con- 
 siderable siiaeo. These, of course, were made of native 
 woods. After a wliile onr “West India trade led to the im- 
 
 try people, in JIassachusotts for instance, to erect forges in 
 chimney corners, and in ^ intt'i'. in the ovoiungs when little 
 work conM be done, to mak<' quantities of nails — even tlm 
 cliildren taking paid in this industry. These maimfae- 
 tnrera took the rod-iron from the merchant, nJid returned 
 him the nails. 
 
 , About 177(1. Jeremiuh Wilkinson, of Cumberland, 11 I,, 
 engaged in mamifaeturing band-cards used in si)imiing, 
 found tbe price of tacks so bigli. <<wing t(» t\u‘ llevolutiou 
 and to the tiiiu* and labor necessiiry to their maimfai'tnro 
 by the hand proees.s, invented a process for cutting them 
 
 PLACING COLOiSSAL STATUES AT THE E.VSE OF THE D03IE OF MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 In ISIO, such a mill, supplied with cotton machinery, wa.s 
 erected near I'hiladelphia. The first cotton-mill ever built 
 in the world, Avliieh combined all the requisites fur making 
 finished cloth from raw cotton, is said to luiva becu erected 
 in Waltliaiii, JIa.«s., in 1813. 
 
 FUR XI TV HE. 
 
 Our ancestors obtained the most of their house firnii- 
 tuve, iiatnvidly enough, from England : and some of the 
 furnitiu-e brought over by the settlei-s at Jamestown and 
 
 I portution of mahogany, which was worked up solidly and 
 ^ in veneers into high-bai-ked, uncomfortable chairs, tall lied- 
 ' .steads, hugebnrean.s, and side-boards, containing enormous 
 I closets, etc. Afterward eamc ro.sewood from tbe West lu- 
 I ilies and South America, and fimiitiire beg.an to be made, 
 
 I for those who cunl>l aflbrd to purchase it, from this beauti- 
 I fill material. 
 
 I NAILS. 
 
 I The first nails made in the United States were raaunfac- 
 ) tured by a hand 2 >rocess, imd it was common for the couu- 
 
 with a pair of sheai-s, and the heading them in ft xfise. A 
 machine for cutting and heading nails was invented about 
 17S10. bv Jacob Perkins, of Newbnryport. It was iiatented 
 in 17J'), and is said to have been able to tum out 10,000 
 nails a dav. In 178G a machine was invented by a citizen 
 of Bridgewater, Muss., for cutting taek.s and nails. This 
 macliine made, in 181o, 150,000,000 tacks. A son of its 
 inventor patented, in 1807, a machine for making and 
 heading tacks, which turned them out at the then very 
 wonderful .siieed of 00,000 jicr day. 
 
DKCLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AT rATEMOUNT X’ARK. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
insrORICAL Rf.GJSTJiR OR rilF. CENTRNNIAL EXPOSmON. 
 
 
 ArPEAEANCE OF AGHICULTUUAL JIALL WHILE IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Vt 
 
 
 
 
 ■1® 
 
 w 
 
 U ill 
 
 
 W<- 
 
 In 178J1, Samuel BriR^s, of PIiilaAi'liiliia, memorialized 
 tliG State LoRinliiture of I’ennsylvania and General Con- 
 gress on the subject of a maeliinc for making nails, screws 
 and gimlets, an<l deposited with them, in a box, a model of 
 his nail-machine. In August, 17fU, he, wifi i his son, reooived 
 the first patent for a nail-making machine issued by tho 
 ITnited States. A second patent of tho same kind was 
 granted in rebruary, 17'J7, to Thomas Perkins, in Phila- 
 clelidiia. 
 
 GLASS, 
 
 Tim introduction of the. manufaeturo of glass in tho 
 United States was oontcmporuncous with the settlement of 
 the country. 'With the establishment of the lirat colony in 
 Jamestown, in U»07, some of tho colonists brought over 
 with them “ trials ” of pitch, tar, glufw, fmnkinccnse, and 
 soup ashes. Tho first glaas manufactory was set up in the 
 woods about a mile from Jamestown, Va. 
 
 Ill 1021 a fund was subscribed to establish a factory of 
 glass beiiils, to bo used as cuvreney in the trade with the 
 Indians for fiu-s. 
 
 In the scttlomcutu of Minwachnsetts, the first o.stablish- 
 ment of a gla.ss maiiufac.toiy is s.aid to have been made at 
 Germantown, near Braintree. Glaas bottles alone were 
 said to hnvo been made here, and the business wa.s earriej 
 on until tho Revolution, when the buildings were destroyed 
 1)Y fire. Ill H>39 a gla^s-house wiw established at Sidem, 
 and the Court gi-antcd aeverid acres of gi-ound adjoining the 
 liou.se for tho purpose of aiding tho cuteipriso. In 1G41 
 tho Court fmrlher authorized tho authorities of Salem to 
 lend tho proprietor £30, to bo deducted from the next 
 town-rate, and to bo paid by tho bon-ower if tho work 
 succeeded. Bottles and inferior kinds of glas.s wero made 
 here. 
 
 The use of glass was not common in tlio old cmmtry, and, 
 of course, not in tho colonies. In 1752 the General Court 
 of Ma.s.sacbusett.s pas.scd nii Act granting the sole privilege 
 of making glas.s in tho province to Isaac C. Wesley. In 
 New York some little glas,s was manufactured, and a 
 glass-house is named ns existing in Philadelphia in 1683. 
 The biisiupss did not, liowevor, nssnmo any importaucc in 
 the country before the Revolution, although glass was ouo 
 of the articles taxed by tho mother country. Lord Shef- 
 field, writing to England, says, “There are glass-works in 
 Pennsylvania, and glass is made in New Jersey ; but there 
 is no quantity of ghiss made in America as yet but 
 bottle.s.” 
 
 In 1788 tho New York Legislature voted a loan of £-3,000, 
 for eight year, to the proprietors of a glass factory near 
 Albany, wiiicb, in 1797, beenmo the Hamilton Glass Fac- 
 toi'y, and was exempted from taxation by the State for five 
 yeai-s. In Pittsburgh, which is at present tlic mo.st impor- 
 tant centre of the production of glass iu this country, tho 
 first factory was begun in 1795. Among the papers of Gen- 
 eral OTIiira, whoso name was given to the gi'cat O'Hara 
 
 THE MAIN BL’ILniSCJ. 
 
 ADORSISG THE TO^STIBS 
 
 Glass-works at Pittsburgh, was found at his death a mem- 
 orandum, “To-day we made tho first bottle, at a cost ol 
 S30,000.” 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 In colonial times, wooden dishes and pewter jilntters were 
 used ahnost entirely; and the grandmothers of the present 
 generation t<iok as gi'eat a pridii in keeping their pewter 
 dishes brilliantly polished as is now felt in having gold and 
 silver in the same condition. Iu fact, it i.s only within this 
 cciiturj’ that chiua and porcelain have come into general 
 use. Potters, however, came out from England with tho 
 fii-st settlers, both with tho Plymouth ami Virginia colonists. 
 The Dutch, too, in their .settlements in New York and the. 
 adjacent conntiy, introdne«'d tlie making of pottery; and 
 such manufactories were cstablisluxl in the different colo- 
 nies. All extensive be<l of kaoline was discovered in 1810, 
 and a company was organized for tho puipose of making 
 liorcelain. In 1819, the manufaohire of fine pnreebin was 
 commenced in New York, mid in 1S27 a manufactory- in 
 I’oimsylvania brought this industry U> nil extensive and 
 successful iioiut of development. 
 
 The first factory iu this country of Anu'rieaii <^)necn's ware 
 was set up in 1«25 ; and even at that time our manutaeture.s 
 were claimed to be second only to those of Frimcc. 
 
 HATS. 
 
 Among the industries of America, the manufacture of 
 hats has always held a prominent position. As early ns 
 lfi()2, the colonial government of Virginia offered a pre- 
 miiun of ten pounds of tobacco for every hat mado in the 
 pnmneo, In 1672, some liath-i-s iu Slasyicluisotts attempted 
 to obtain from the General Court the oxclmsivc privilege of 
 the nianufaeture. Protection wius early applied to the raw 
 material of thi.s manufacture. In 1675, the exportation 
 ■was prohil'ited, and. in l/O-i, the liat-iiiakei-s were giviai 
 leave to introduce a bill for the prohibition of tlie exporta- 
 tiou of goods for tho manufacture of felt ; and, in 1731, the 
 felt-makers of London complained to Parliament that the 
 foreign markets M ere supplied from America, and therefore 
 they petitioned to have the export of hats from America 
 into foreign markets iirohibited. In consequence, a special 
 committee M-as appointed to examine the .subject, an<l re- 
 ported that in Ncm- England and Now York as many as ten 
 thousand hats were weekly made and exported to all parts. 
 Parliament enacted that “no hats, or felts, dyed or nn- 
 dvL-d, finished or milinished, shall be put on board any 
 vessel, or in any place for oxpoi-tation from thi'iioe to any 
 other jilace M-hatever, under pain of forfeiture thia-cof," and 
 the offender -was likcM-ise to im- £500 for eveiy such offence. 
 This remained in force until abrogated by the Revolution. 
 Its effect, however, though intended to ho the de.stmction 
 of tho niannfactuii' .J hats iu the colonics, failed iu that 
 direction, as largo niauufiictories ivoro still maintained and 
 the gooils importt“l. 
 
II/STORICAL REG/ST/iR (V- THE CEXTEXXI. \L 
 
 47 
 
 Exposiriox. 
 
 Aftov the succus^^fn] torminiili>m rjf the Ki.'vnlutkm, the 
 Jmainess increasril steiuhly. iunl before l^iOO was eaniod on 
 in eveiy State of the 11111011. By the census of 181(1, 
 returns were made of the iiiannfiieture of hats to the viiluo 
 of Sl.;i2:i,711. In a enuventiun estimated the bat 
 
 niamifactiiro at fifteen millions yearly. 
 
 SILK. 
 
 Silk cuUnre was jn-oposed by Janies I. on the settlement 
 of Virf^iiiia. and that monareh scut supplies of silkwonns' 
 eggs from his privati- stores to the colony. Tliis indii.stry 
 
 another to Lord Chesterfield, and the third wa.s the dress 
 of Mra. Ilun-ey. 
 
 In 1837. in a report of the Congre.ssioiial C'onnnittce on 
 Mannfaetures, it was stab'd that it laid been found pme- 
 ticable to raise' mulberry -trees and silkwonns in the 
 United States. (Jia' .spoeimen of (he umn's mnllfioiUs 
 would .su.stain suffieieiit .silk-worms to raise 120 lbs of ' 
 silk, worth §G10. The Xew England States were nil of 1 
 them engaged in the manufacture, and the Governments of 
 the.se encouraged the industry by bounties. In all the 
 States miieli interest wiw felt in the subject, 
 
 THE EXrilESS BUSINESS. 
 
 One of the must remarkable iinlustrics ever prosecuted 
 in any country — of neither an agricultural or a nianii- 
 factiiriug character - certainly deserves a jilace in tin';; 
 sketch. 
 
 The exjire.ss business i> a va.st tmnsportation agency, 
 which, from the smalli'.--t po.ssible beginning, has in less 
 than halt a century extendeil its Bnareaii aims (O'cr this 
 cntii'c country, and laus even ii-aelied across ocean.s to 
 most distant lauds, pro-;'eiiting with jierfeet .safety, ccler- 
 
 ri,.^riNa THi; a 
 
 was lint, liiiwevei', eoiiriiied to ^ irginia : but evisy oiio of 
 the colonk's boemne interested, ninl mori' or l>'-s silk was 
 raised in all. from iilas.'sachusetts to Georgii. I11 17SH, 
 the Presidi-nt of Yale College wore at the commencement 
 of the college a silk ovn iinde from materials raised nnd 
 woven ill Coii’v-tient. Various siiocimcns of silk were 
 raised, one of wliieh is .an entir.' dres^ in tie po.w.s.sion of 
 Tilm. Harvey, of South Carolina, \Giirli wa-i niaile from a 
 piece of silk inaimfactuivd from .silk raised near Chuiieston 
 ill 1755, aud from which tluve ib'ossos were made, one of 
 which was present’.-l to the TYinofsa Dowager I'f 
 
 iLOSSAt. BltONZl' ST.U'UES OF PEGASUS IN FltONT UF 
 
 I In 1838 t’l • specnlatiuii in mulberry-trees eulmin.ted, 
 the excit 'i.ient in this hortienltiiir.l 111 mi,: haviiej; risen to 
 i a lieight never before cqiuded, except by that of the John 
 ' Law INIis-sis-sippi s-'Iieiue in Fraiiee, or the givat ■' Tuber 
 ■ cxcitcmimt in England and Ilollaiil. Single mulberry- 
 j trees .sold at -■Un ( ..eh, and everybody went vvild over the 
 ! businew. A grand revulsion followi'tl. and most of the 
 I iiursc-ries were abandon. .1 or ilestroye.l. Two years 1 it' r, 
 
 I /(loc/'s trees, hi-altliy and well bram-lied. weV" 
 
 offered at three cents eaeli, aud even at that price found 
 ' no buyere. 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 itv, and economy a tr.ide of the greatest po sib! ■ iini'ort- 
 .auee to eoininerec aud ' ivili'atioii. 
 
 In 18^1’. AViUnun F. Harndrii, of Boston, at the iiist.iiuM of 
 some friends, advcrtisi'd that he would make ri-giilar tri]u 
 as' a me.s,sciigLT between Boston aud New York, by tie' 
 Frovideni' ll.iilruud, and the steamboat from tbere toNeiv 
 York, aud would t.ike personal eliargi. of sueli .'.mall pack- 
 age.s nr orders us .should be entrusted to liim. In aeeonl- 
 aiiee with this ainiuunoement, Hurndeii made his first triii 
 on the 1th of Jrarch, 1830, being freighted ^\ith a few j'ack- 
 Pgpa of book" fum; booksell'.'V • ■'iiV' "Vd'.-i'. (uid e"'tain 
 
HISTORTCAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 grank’J him a loan of for foiiryears. In 1777, Oliver 
 Evans invented a machine for manufacturing cards, u hich 
 is said to ha^•e produced them at the rate of three hundred 
 a minute. In 17SS, a firm in Boston commenced their 
 manufacture with nmcliinery. u hich it is said was invented 
 liy Evan.s. In 1784, a niiU'hiiK' wa.s invented which cut and 
 I'cnt the tirth, and was capable of produehig 80,000 in an 
 hour. 
 
 At timt dog-j>ower was used for cutting the teeth bynia- 
 ehinery. The dog mn six maehiue.s. each of which cut 
 twelve pounds in a day. The.so teeth were put up in boxes 
 and distriluited among many pci-sons, who stuck the teeth 
 into the caixli anil rcturntsl them complete. 
 
 amounts ol money from th breikera, in Southern and 
 Wesh-rn bank-notes, to exchange and deliver. Prom tliis 
 time Mr. Hamden found hiinsi'If engageil in a conshmtly 
 increasing ami lucrative business. He undo contracts with 
 the. railroatl and steamboat companies, incrcascil the fn- 
 fpiency of hia trijis, and. with a masterly disjilay of .shrewd- 
 ness, at once gained the favor of the I’rcss by bringing them 
 inattcr in advance of the mail.s. Tlio advantage.s of thi) 
 system were promptly recognized by the mercantile inter 
 ests of the two cities, and soon hi.s bttsiness increased to 
 such an extent that it became necessary to organize it on a 
 larger sixUe. 
 
 About the s.ame time that l\Ir. Ilarndon started his enter- 
 prise, a similar express was commenced by ..Uvin Adam.':, 
 and another, designed to connect Boston and Xcw York by 
 the Xorthom and Western lines. In the beginning of this 
 undertaking, a carpct-b.sg was sufficient for the nccomnioda- 
 tioni of the entire Imsinc.ss ; .and from this has grown the 
 ■vast Aihims Expres.s busines-s s\dth ita immen.se cai)il;il, its 
 tr.iins of cars, armies and rclay.s of assistants, and wid-.dy- 
 1‘xtended businc.sa connections. 
 
 The foreign express bnsine.ss was established in 1.841) by 
 an agent visiting England. The following year it was ex- 
 tended to Philadelphia and Albany. A year or two later, 
 the line was commenc.'d betwoeu Philadelphia and 'Wash- 
 ington, and a third exprc.s.s from Bo.ston and New Y’ork by 
 the Xcw York and Full Biver line. From Albany to Buf- 
 falo, thence to other cities of the West, express lines were 
 established by the different firms of Wells k C<>., Wells, 
 Fargo k Co,, etc. In 1.840. Adorns A- Co. extended their line 
 to California, and, in 18511, Wells, Fargo A Clx, tlieirs. In 
 1854. Adams A Co., Hamden Exprc.ss Co.. Kinsley A Co., 
 and Hoey A Co., were consolidak‘d in the Adam.s Expri'ss 
 Co., -whose capital wa.s $1,200,000. At present, the entire 
 capitirl invested in the business is siipjawod tj be hi the 
 neighborhood of thirty million dollars. 
 
 . LADIES’ SHOES. 
 
 Tlic manufacture of ladic.s' shoes in tlii.i country began 
 early in colonial time.s, and the town of Lynn, in 5Iiussachu- ' 
 fictt-s, has been distinguished for this brmieh of industry 
 almost from the landing of the Pilgrims. Tlic first .shoe- 
 makers in Lyim ai-e said to have been Philip Kertland and 
 Thomas Bridges, in 1035. At first, women's shoes were 
 m.ide in Lynn of woolen cloth or neat leather only. A pair 
 of -white silk wore made for the wedding-day and jirescn-od 
 afterward. Li 1750, the report of the oxcelleiice of Jh / 
 shoes made gave an impetus to the business, wliich soon 
 became the most important indnstiy in the town. I'ntil 
 quite recently, shoes, liotli fi->r men and women's wear, ivciv 
 made euthely by hand, and generidly by indivhlual work- i 
 men. working indr]n-iidently of one another. The shoes I 
 were m:ule witli sharp toes and wooden heels covered -u'ith ! 
 l eather. These were made uutil about 1800, -when they ! 
 were discarded for Ic.ather heels. ' 
 
 The shoemakers' shop of tlie olden tiiu' was generally 
 from four to twelve feet square, and was occupied by berths, 
 j the space for tho workmen was called, these berth i beiu", 
 in fact, shoemakers’ beuche.s. 
 
 The first invention of any imjiortanee in this bi-aneh of 
 iadustry was the pegging-machiiio. Pegged shoe.s, made 
 In- liaud, wore maimfachu-ed in large quiuitities a long tiiii-.‘ 
 before the invention of this m-iehino ; but the machine was 
 confined to coarser work. Tho next im]«oi-t;mt iiiveiition 
 was the last-machine, which svas invented lo- Elias Howe, 
 and pateiiteil in 1846. Prior to this, hidies’ sliocs were 
 bound by hand; but thes.- iiujiroveinents revolutioni-^ed 
 this dei>artmeut of indiustty. Another important invention 
 w.vs the McKay aewing-miichiiie, an invention for Htiti-Iang 
 tiie upiiers and soles together. 
 
 In 1870, Lynn produced 187,530 cases of boots and .shoes, 
 
 of ;,i:ay jiairs cadi, being lI,2.'jn,niK) paim, valued at 
 $17,000,(100. 
 
 COMBS. 
 
 Tho mnnnfacfuro of comb,s is one of more imjinrtanoe 
 than might at fimt besuppn.sed, and has bi'eii aconsideniblc 
 iudiLstn-in the L'nited States for more than a century. The 
 colonists imi>ortcd their combs from England, but in 1750 
 tho first iron comb manufaotoiy in the country was in ex- 
 istence af^l’est Xewbmy, in JIas.sadiusett.s, where the biisi- 
 nc.ss is still extensively can-iiHl on. In the aamc yeai', a 
 manufactory in I’ennsylvania ad^•ertised combs at whole- 
 s;ilo and retail. In 1703, there was a comb factor^" in 
 Bosbm, and two or three in Leominsti‘r, Mas.s. The fti-st 
 machine for making combs was pakuited by Isiuic Tiyon in 
 1708. As the imiiortation of comb.s almost entirely ceased, 
 th” domestic manufacture was ])ro]iortionaU‘ly increased. 
 In 1809, three manufactories were csti\bhshed in Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 At first the teeth were cut singly by a fine .sk'cl saw; but 
 in 1814 one of the Leominster miinnfuetnrcrb seeuroil a 
 .liatout of u siiw that -I'-ould cut all the teeth at one opera- 
 tion. Another i>atont was granted to a PluKuleliihia mami- 
 hu-fcmvriu 1.818. 
 
 The invention of \'ijleauized ladia-nibber, and experi- 
 ments in hard rubber, ro.sulted in the discovery that tliis 
 was ouc of the ]>est and I’heapest materials for making 
 combs ; luid very .superior and highly-finished combs are 
 now made extensively of this material. 
 
 CAB I)S. 
 
 The construction, by machiuerj-, of cards used in the 
 manufacture of cotton and woolen cloths is one of the nov- 
 elties of modem rudustrx-; and the maohine with ^\■]ueh this 
 tlifficidt and delicate process Is performed i.s an American 
 contributiim to iudustriiil iirogteas. During the colonial 
 period rtf our histoiy, these cai'ils were manufnctiu-ed by 
 hand-labor, aaul were an im])ortaiit branch of industry, con- 
 tinuing in use uutil this centmy. In 1775, Anthony Xiles, 
 of Xorwich, Conn., set up a manufactory fur maldng wires ! 
 to be used in the mauufactme of cards, and the Assembly 
 
 ABTILLEBY. 
 
 The manufacture of artillery had oommonced in the colo- 
 nies ns e:u-ly its 1661, when cannon and Ciinmm-balls were 
 cast in Ma.s.sachu«'tts. In 1748, a factory at Bridgewater 
 made guns of from 3 to 12-pouudei-s. During the Revolu- 
 tion, caimcm, cannoii-lnills, and .shell were made in Ma.ss.a- 
 chusetts, Rhode Lslaud, (.'omu'eticiit, Xew Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Maryland. IVilliam Domiiiig made a very 
 effectivo wruught-irou gim of iron staves, lioo|)ed and 
 boxinl :aul breeched like other cannon. In 1810 there avere 
 several factorie.s in the eonnt;y which cast .shot and sliell, 
 and in Richmond, Ya., three I'.stablishmcnt.s were ' con- 
 stnacted, each t>f them id>lo to turn out i>iecc.s of artillery 
 at the rate of three hundred a year. In 1813, a bra.ss 
 foundry at Wjitcvvliet made camion by contract. I'p to 
 1857, about 3(H),()00 cannon and other implements of war 
 had l>een cost in this conntiy. 
 
 '^’ALL-PAPER. 
 
 The first mention of Wiill-jnqicr manufactured in this 
 country was in 17(>5, but within ten years of that date there 
 were manufactories of wall-jmpcr in Xew .Tci-scy, Pennsvl- 
 vniiia, Mn.s.sachusetts, and other States. In 1780, the man 
 ufacture of this article in riiiliulelpLin had reached the 
 production of 16,000 pieces a month — a quantity which 
 n-ould scarcely be a day’s work in some establishmenta 
 now. The paper of dome.stie manufacture, lioAvevcr, was of 
 inferior ijuahty, 
 
 The first patterns with glazi'd grounds -were made in tho 
 1 nited Statc.s in 1824; and soon after tliis the very best 
 French designs began to bo imitated hc'rc. 
 
 At fii-st the paper was made in sheets, not more than 30 
 inches in length, and the printing wa.s done by hand, block 
 after block, each of the diircrcnt colors used being printed 
 in succession. Tho introduction of now jiajier-making ma- 
 chines, however, gave the rolls a length of from 1,000 to 
 2,000 y.ards, and from 20 to 40 inche.s in width. In 1843, 
 an American machine was invented for printing in two 
 colors ; and, ten years later, one for six colors ; while niiw 
 there are machines that will print twenty and more colors 
 at one operation. 
 
 JEWELRY. 
 
 Providence is the chief sent of this great industry, al- 
 though it is prosecuted vi‘ry heavily iu a number of other 
 towns in Connecticut and Rhode Island. 
 
 As early as 1810, a jewelry manufacturer, of Prn-vidonce, 
 was reported as cmiiloying over 100 workmen, with an an- 
 nual production of $100,000. At present that city gives 
 employment in this business to nearly 2,000 men and 
 women. 
 
 IIIOX. 
 
 The manufacture of iron in the colonies dates from a 
 period very soon after the first settlements. In 1C.20, 
 there were iron-werks at Falling Creek, in the Jamestown 
 
niSTORICAL REGISTER CE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 40 
 
 WiUicT.Jitnnii Mi.numi'nt. 1 Sutuc ut WilUrr^puon. 4. onitum ol' Rev. Mr. AilJtrw. in Madiinery BuiMiiii;. 6. Painlinu Ibc falvutiizcJ iruu I'aylos fur lUo curiii rs of Mcmorl.il Hi.ll, 
 
 SCENES ANE INCIDENTS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, EAIRMOUNT PARK, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 15ru, 1S75. 
 
mST0R/CA7^ REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 AliCHITECTS I'llEPAKING PLANS AND DKAWINGS OF CENTENNIAL lIUILDINfiS AT THE AllCHITECTS' HEADQUARTERS, 
 
 RiTer. In the following year the entire company were 
 massacred hy the Imlians, except a young boy and girl, 
 who managed to escape. This unfortunate event stopped 
 the manufacture of iron in that locality, and it was not 
 there revived until the year 1712. 
 
 In 1GG3, the General Court of Jlaasachusetts granted cer- 
 tain persona the sole right and privilege of making iron for 
 twenty years, allowing them the use of ceiiain lands on 
 which to set uji their furnace.s and forges. It is stated that 
 the first factory established in that State was erected in 
 Lynn. The -village about the works was called Hammer- 
 smith, after the place of the same name in England, and 
 from which many of the workmen here had emigrated. 
 Operations were eoutinm'd here for more than a century. 
 The first article of iron said to have been cast in this coun- 
 try was made at these works, and was a small iron put. 
 capable of holding about a quart. 
 
 In 17 .j 0, there were in existenoi- in this country tlu-ec 
 iron-mills and one furnace. Piulliug-mills were chiefly eni- 
 jdoyed in making imil-rods to be worked iij) i>y hai*d. The 
 deseri))tion of a funiai-e 
 erected iii ITuT, in the 
 town of Carver, i\Iass,, 
 mentions that ten forges 
 were there employed 
 for making bar-iron from 
 scnips, to the extent of 
 200 tons annually. The fur- 
 nace was 20 ft. high and 
 8 ft. wide. The bla.st was 
 produced by two bellows, 
 o.ich 22 ft. long aud 4 ft 
 wide, and driven by uwater- 
 vvliCL-l. Ev'ery six mouths, 
 two or three blasts, eon- 
 tinning for sixteen or 
 eighteen weeks, were ma le, 
 e.ach producing about 1,000 
 tons of hollow %vare ami 
 other articles. This furnace 
 produced, in addition, iron 
 cylinders for slittiug-mills, 
 potash-kilns, stoves, large 
 hammers, cannon-balls, aud 
 a great variety of machinery 
 for mills. 
 
 During the continuauLV 
 of the Revolution, the in- 
 creased demand for iron in 
 the maniifactureof wt-npous 
 
 of all kinds and for domestic consumption, together with 
 the total stoppage of all foreign supplies, caused an enorm- 
 ous increase in the ijroductiou of this commodity . ' 
 
 CORDAGE. 
 
 The manufactime of conlage was one of the first industri<-s 
 that early engaged the attention of the colonists. In the 
 occupations laid out in Londcui, in 1620, for the Vii'giuia set- 
 tlers, e.speeiul mention is made of the manufacture of cord- 
 age from hemj), flax, and especially from “ .silk - gras.s, " 
 which was aaid to be superior for the purjjose ; and, by 
 enactment, every family wu.s nvpured to cultivate it. The 
 thin hi-mp of New England, whii-h the Indians used, soon 
 attnicted the atteutiun of the Puritiu .settlers, who cm- 
 jfioyed it; and, in the year 1020, hemp-seed for cultivation 
 was received from the mother country. It was, however, 
 thirty years later before the colonists of ^Iiowiichusetts and 
 Conuectieut took any decided step in the mutter of raising 
 hemp, c.speciaUy for cordage for ship-rigging, although John 
 Han-ison had made cordage in Boston as early ua 1031, aud 
 
 John Heymau was authorized to make ropes and lines in 
 Charleston in 1G62. The bn.siness soon spix-ad i-apidly 
 through the colonies, and, in the yeiu' 1G08, there -were 
 .seveiiil ropewidks in Philadeljdiia. 
 
 Providence and Newimil were also early engaged in the 
 mannfiieture of cordage, and in 17:10 liad several manufac- 
 tories in operation, In 1704, ^'irgiuia, as-wcll as Mai-ylaud. 
 Inul more rop<-walks than any two of the Northern and 
 Ea.stem States, 
 
 A si)iiining and twi.sting mill f<ir inukiug cordage was 
 pah-nted in the ljnit«-d States in 1S04. In ISOM, the Jlassn- 
 chnsetts mannfaetiirei-s i)etiti<nied Cungreas for dutv on the 
 importeil articles, though imi.li of the flax wurked into 
 cordage came from ain-ouil. In 1810, the domestic manu- 
 facture of cordage <if all kiud.s was claimed to be fully equal 
 to the home demand ; and, l)eside.s the many manufactories 
 oil the Atloiitie const, Kcntiieky had ut that time fifteen 
 I'opewalk-s. In 1811, though the eountiy -was still import- 
 ing immense quantities of henq) from abroad, and princi- 
 pally from Kn.ssia. tin- Seeivtary of the Navy, in a report. 
 
 ndrised nn annual npjiro- 
 pi'iation for hemp for the 
 use of the navy. 
 
 There wa-s in use at this 
 time, ill this eountiy, a 
 111 a chine in which the 
 threads were iiassed 
 through jierforated iron 
 pliib's, and through iron 
 tnln-s, of ditt'i rent dimen- 
 sions. for Yiirions sizes of 
 rojies. In 18:!4, a new ina- 
 chiiip was introduced in 
 New York, which spun 
 iv)pe-yani from hemp, 
 without the usual 7(o/(7Wf«{7 
 jirocess, and thus saved 
 from 8 to 10 jier cent, of 
 the niaU-riil. And so. from 
 till- earliest mai-ufactiirc of 
 ctu'dage, rujiid progi-ess 
 1ms been made — from the 
 use of hoi-se-2Jo-tter to that 
 of steiun-])ower — until the 
 lab-st iniin-ovcments enable 
 the largest ropes to be made 
 U8 well as the smaUfst twine, 
 ami a single e.stablisliment 
 can make all the rigging foi 
 the use of the largest ship. 
 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 r.i 
 
 PAPEE, 
 
 Tlu‘ first pfipfv-uiill in AuipriL'ii, of wliieli we liave any 
 account, was orected at Roxborougli, near Germantown, in 
 Pennsylvania, as early as tlic year lG9:i. Tliis was fifty 
 years after printing liail betai introduced into the colonies, 
 but only five or six years after a proclamation hud been | 
 i «ued by the English Government for thi' eshtblishnu’nt of , 
 the first munnfaetory of white paper in England. This »‘S- I 
 t.iblishnient was built by an ance.stor of David IUtt<-nhouse | 
 — whose family in Hollaiiil had long been i'ngaged in the I 
 inanufactnre of paper — and William liradford, the tir.st | 
 printer in riiiJudel])hia. All papei-s were made here until 
 the i)ai)er-inill was cai'ried away by a freshet. In 172S, 
 Bradford, when Government printer in Xew York, owuisl a | 
 paper-mill in Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, A\hich was , 
 probably the second of the kind erecUal in th<“ colonie.s — ; 
 unless the one upon Chester Crwk, in Delaware County, i 
 Penn., .should be so claasi'd. This mill in Delaware County j 
 shortly afkw came into the posses.sion of Idr. Wilcox, and j 
 his descendants continued the manufacture of i)api’r by the I 
 old hand-proces.s. From this mill the press of Benjamin | 
 Franklin was supplied with paper ; and, during tln‘ Bi'vohi- [ 
 tiun, all the bank-note ijajjer n.sed for the printing of tlu' . 
 Continental currency was made here by the haud-proce.ss. 1 
 In 1829, the old mill was taken down and n-plaei‘d by an- ! 
 other, in which i)aper has continued to be made in the 
 same way. ' 
 
 Bcnjiunin Franklin himself, as wa-s natural, wa.s always . 
 gi'catly interested in the establishment of paper-mills ; and I 
 after the Revolution, in 1787, he stated that he had been \ 
 
 {HTSonally concerned in the erection of eightaen of them. | 
 In 17G9, Pennsylvania, New Jera-y, and Delaware are said 
 to ha\’e had, together, 41) paper-mills — (5 of these being I 
 within the i)rest'nt limits of the city of Philadelphia— and 
 the entire number producing annually !<liH),000 worth of 
 paper Ilf various kinds and ipnilities. 
 
 In 1787, there were C3 mills in operation in all the Stata.s. 
 Forty-eight of these v\vre in P«'nusyivania, producing, alti>- 
 gethcr, paper to the viJue of S'iotl.CKHJ annuidly. 
 
 Tlu- first jiak-nt for improvement in the jiroces-s of pnpe-r- 
 making, in the United Stak-.s, wius granted to John (.'arues, 
 Jr., of Delaware, in April, 1793. f<ir an improvement con- 
 nected with tin- molds. The .St-coiid, in March, 1794, was 
 gimited to John Biddis, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is stah-d that the fii-st jiaper-mill in Mas.sachu.setLs was 
 Imilt in 1717, and that, three yeui-s later, the cpiantity of 
 papi-r manufactured there wtus estimated to b<- worth i!20ll. 
 Another statement madi- is, that tlu- first pap<*r-mill in 
 Mu.s.siiclmsetts was Imilt in 173H, by Daniel Henchniau, a 
 booksf-ller and jmblishcr in Boston, Beiij-amin Fancuil, 
 Thonuts Hancock, and others, A\-i-re imluci-d to ent<-r into 
 this industry, by being speeially eiu-oiuaged by the- terms 
 of the license, which wa.s grantinl tlu-m by the Geneiwl 
 Court. As was the co.se with nearly all colonial interests, 
 the English papi-r merchants, leaniing, in 1732, that this 
 mill w;us in successful opemtion, complained to tiie British 
 Board of Trade of it, as being an infringi-nieiit of their busi- 
 ness. This mill was built at idilton, a town about seven 
 miles from Bu.stou, and ooutiuued in snecessful operation 
 until the time of the Revolution, though with one or tuo 
 interruptions from lack of cxja-rienccd workmen, 
 
 The manufacture of jiaper during the last centuiT. how- 
 ever. although it constantly and steadily increas«‘d, never 
 e(jualed the di-maiul. Oiu- of the cau.se.s of this was the 
 ilifticnlty of olitaining tin- iu‘ce.s.saiT supply of i-ogs. In 
 order to stiinnlate the industry, tlu- American gompany of 
 booksellei-s, in 1.H04, uffi-red g<ild and .silver medals for the 
 greatest (pmntity and best ijiialities of printing and wap- 
 ping i)a]iers made from other material than ing.s. 
 
 Meunwliile, in New York and New England both, the 
 people wt-rt- urged to prt-seiTC their rags, by adveriisemt-nts 
 and jiatriotic apju-als in both prose and ver-si- ; added to 
 which iudneeiucnt.s, a considerabli- price jier pound had 
 doulitli-s.s wmu-tliing to do with the math-r. 
 
 SU-am-powev was lirst applied in the Uiiite-d Sbites to the 
 manufacture, of pain-r in iKlli. The introduction of the 
 l\mrdrinicr nmchitu-s ha.s greatly facilitated the manufac- 
 ture of pa]xT, and made the jirndnctum <>f modem times 
 iprite able to .siitisfy the inerea.setl d«-mand caused by the 
 \vond(-rful industrial demands of this ceiitnry. 
 
 i STOCKINGS AND KNITTING-MACHINES. 
 
 Felt, ill his •‘Annuls of Salem, ” gives a list of articles 
 to In- exported to New Englaiul in 1029, among which 
 are i-ight hundre-d jiaii's of stockings, two hundred of which 
 Were to be Irish, and one limidivd pairs of knit stockings. 
 The jirohiliitiou of the exiiortatiou of knitting-frames from 
 the mother country forced the colonists to depend entirely 
 ' upon luuul-labor for stockings and otlu-r articles of hosiery, 
 j Naturally enough, this labor fell to the women; and ni) to 
 1 the present century the chief sillily of hosiery for the 
 
 WOMEN'S P.IVILION, ON BELMONT AVENUE. NEAR THE HORTICULTUR.AL GROUNDS. 
 
.>>2 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTEHNIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 inland population of flip coniitvy wa-s produced by women’s 
 fingei-s in sueb moments of leisure os they could tind diiiing 
 the long Winter evenings. In the year 1062, the As.st*mbly 
 of Virginia voted a prciuimu of 50 His. of tobacco — at 
 that time .seiring ns legal oiuTeucy in the colony — for every 
 dozen pail's of woolen or womted stockings. Ju.st before 
 the Revolution, the .same Stiito offered 50 Iti.s. for every 
 five lumdi'ud jiiiirs of men’s and women’s stoi-kingH pro- 
 duced. The knitters of coarse woolen shickings in Peon- 
 sylvunia received, us a ])remium, in 169S, half-a- crown a 
 pair, But, not-withstandiug the jirohibition by the English 
 (iovernment of the e.vijortatiou of stocking-frames — wliich, 
 by the way. were invented by Williiim Lee. in England, in 
 the sixU^enth century — knitting by their aid was intro- 
 duced into the colonies a considerable time before the 
 Revolution, the inaoiiiue being probably brought ovi-r by 
 the Germans. 
 
 The earliest mention of them i.s found in the Ami^rlcin 
 d/ercary for 1723. In 177G, the Committee on 
 Safety, in Maiyland, approjiiiated the sum of £^100 to the 
 establishment of a stocking manufiictory. Before this, 
 however, the “Society of Arts,” in Xew York, offered a 
 prize of £10 for the fir.st three stocking-looms of yam set 
 up that year, £5 for the next tlu'ee, and £15 for the first 
 stockiug-loom mmle in the province. In 1794, a Newark 
 man petitioned Congi-e.s-s for a higher duty to be imposed 
 on hosiei'y, or for some other jn'otectinn to tlint indnstiy. 
 
 In the cen.sus, taken in 1810, the returns from ten States I 
 and Temtoiic.s rep<u'ted a manufacture of 481,399 pairs of j 
 stockings, vidiied at S572.742. Of this quantity, Virginia I 
 had made idmost one-half, the bahince being di^^ded be- I 
 tween the other Stab's. ' 
 
 In 1831, Timothy Bailie, of Albany, succeeded in apply- ; 
 ing ijower fi-) the old stocknig-fnimc, by thi.s means making . 
 it a ixjwer-loom. This had been repeatedly tried in Eng- I 
 laud, but had bei-n as often abandoned as an impos.sibihty. I 
 Prom tills time the indiisti-y became changed fnim a 
 domestic to a factory manufacture. 
 
 BOOKBIXDIXa. 
 
 The first bookbinding ever done in the colonies was done 
 by John Ratliffe, an Englishman, who Ls said to liave come 
 over for the expres.s pmpose of biiuliug Ehofs Indian 
 Bible, printed at Cambridge, M:iss., in KiGl and lG(i3 ; and 
 liathffe was able to bind only a single copy in a day. 
 
 The fii-st Ixiok printed in Boston wa.s 2 ’rinted in 1(')7G. 
 Tilt eai'ly provincial goveraoi-s geuendly iirohibitcd iji-int- 
 iug, os the art, even at that time, wn-s looked uj>oii as a 
 means of dis.semiuutiug hcre.sies and libels. Prom ltl84 to 
 1G90, sevend books were published in Boston ; iu 1G8G. 
 publications were made iu PhOadelphia, and, in 1603, in 
 New York. 
 
 I Previous to the iasue of Eliot's Indian Bible, eojiies of 
 the Psalms bound iu iiarchmeiit had ai>pcared in Boston 
 as early as the year 1G47. Up to the time of the Rtn-o- 
 hition there had been thirty binderies in Boston, New 
 York liad one in 17()8, Benjamin Franklin's bindei-y, in 
 Market Street, Pliiludelphia. was iu niH'vation in 172*9, and 
 two booksellers iu Charleston, S. C., had binderie.sin ojiera- 
 tionin 17G4audl771. In 1808. “ Barlow's C'uliimbiad” was 
 iusued in <]uarto form, with fine jdates — then the finest book 
 {uiblished in the comiti'y. Two yeni-s later. “Wilson’s Or- 
 nithology, " iu folio, with colored jdates, was published in 
 Philadelidiia. 
 
 MANUFACTURE OF SALT. 
 
 It lias been stated that this manufacture was the earliest 
 in American history, since the colonists of Jjmie.stowu, Va., 
 established s:dt-works in 1G20. and n.s early as Ki33 began 
 to send salt to JIas.saclm.setts. In 1G89, sjdt was made iu 
 South Carolina, and, iudi'cd, since tlu' earliest settlement of 
 the country, it has been ])rodue<>d all tdong the Atlantic 
 coo.st from sea-water, iu large quantities, by boiling, or nat- 
 ural evaporation — esiiecially during the Revolution, and 
 during the war of 1812, when foreign imiiortations were 
 difficidt. 
 
 After the Revolution, salt-making by solar evaporation 
 liecame a verj’ iuqjortant business on CajK* Cod. No less 
 than thirty of the States and Tei-ritories ai'e beliei-ed to 
 have salt springs. Those of Southern lUiuois were worked 
 by the French and Indians iu 1720. The Kentucky sidt- 
 works were used before 1790. Tlie first salt manufactm-ed 
 in the State of Ohio m os iu 1798. and the first in Western 
 
 Pennsylvania in 1K12. It is .said that the State of New 
 York now produced more than one -half of the entii-e do- 
 mestic suiqdy of this article. 
 
 PLOWS. 
 
 One of tlie first i)ersons to make a jdow in this country" 
 was Thomas Jefi'erson, who attempted to solve the mathe- 
 matical iiroblem of the true surface of the mold-hoard. 
 In the year 17i)3, Mr. Jefferson hiul several plows made 
 after his patterns, and used them on his estates in Virgi nia 
 The first American aftt'r Jlr. Jefl’erson, who made jilows for 
 common use, wius a farmer, living in New Jersey, by the 
 name of Charles Newbold. He invi'uh'd the first ca.st-iron 
 l>low made in America, ilr. X'ewbold is said to have siient 
 upward of S30,00() iu trj'iiig to introduce his jdow. but was 
 foreinl to abandon it on account of the objection made by 
 fiu-mers, at the time, tlmt the ca.st-irou jilow iioisoneil the 
 land. It is, perhajis, not generally known that, in about 
 183G, Daniel Webster invented a iJow 12 to 14 inches deej), 
 cutting a furrow 24 inches wide. This jilow is still in ex- 
 istence. It is 12 ft. long, the mold-board being of wooil, 
 
 VlfieONDE DF, BOX-UETIRO. SECOXU VTCE-PRESIDEXTE. 
 
 fitted with thin iron .strips. Tlie beam is 28 iiiche.s from 
 the ground. C'onceming thi.s 2 j1ow. Mr, Webster re- 
 marked : 
 
 “ When I liavc hold r.t ilie hamlli'fl nt my j>lnw, with four jiair 
 of rattle to pull it timmgh. and hear tin- rool.s creak and the 
 stumi>9 fall under tlie gi-ound, and observo the eleim, mellow 
 surface of the jilowi-d land, I fi-el iiinrc eiitliiisia.sm over my 
 achievement than comes from my cucountei-s in imhlic Hfo at 
 Woshiiigtoa.” 
 
 GRIST AND FLOUR MILLS. 
 
 It is said that the fii-st mill iu New England was a wind- 
 mill, near Watertown, Mass., wliich was takeu dovni in 
 1G32, aud was rebuilt in the vicinity of Boston. Thi.s mill 
 wa.s removed from its original po.sition bccan.se it would not 
 grind but with a westerly wind, aud it wa.s therefore set up 
 iu the lix-ulity knoMui a-s Copp's Hill, iu 1G33. The first 
 wind-mill set iqi in Rliode Island amis built, in 1G63, at 
 New 2 >ort. In Ni-w Y'ork, the first wind-mill Avas a hoi-se- 
 mill, Avliich was built, iu 1G26, ou the site uoav occupied by 
 Trinity Chnrcli. A hoi'se-mill also stood for miiiiy yeara 
 on the north side of South William Street, neiu' the comer 
 of Broad. 
 
 A A\iiid-mil! once stood in the locality nmv occn2>ied bv 
 the present Hall of Records, in the New York City Hall 
 Park. 
 
 The Swedes had a Avhid-niill on the Delinvare in 1043, 
 but it ap 2 >eavs to have been conqiaratively little used. This 
 was in the vicinity of Philudel 2 )liia. In Virginia, in 1649, 
 were in operation four wiiiil-mills and five Avater-mills. The 
 fir.st water-mill known in New England is su 2 )i)osed to linve 
 been built in 1633, in Dorcbestcr, Ma.ss,, and the secimd, in 
 the same year, ut Lynn. The first water-mill erected iu 
 the Plymouth colony ai'us 2 )iit U 2 > in January, 1G33, and A\-aa 
 engaged in giiudiug corn for the whole colony. Tlie first 
 grist-mill in o 2 )cratioii in Pennsylvania avos built by Colonel 
 John Pointz, the Governor of Ni-w Sw'edcn, iu 1G43. This 
 was the most ancient Avater-mill — earlier than any other in 
 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, or Deliuvarc — aud .stood near 
 the Blue Ball Tavern, Avhere tin.' holes in the rock which 
 sn 2 )ported the 2 >osts of the framework are still to be seen. 
 The stream on Avhich it Avas built is Cobb’s Creek, a tribu- 
 tary of Darby Creek, Avliich em 2 )ties soutli of Tinicum, of 
 which place Colonel Pointz had a gi-aut from Queen Chi'is- 
 tina of SAveden. A fcAv yeai-s folloAving, a number of corn- 
 mills were erected, at Wis.snhickou. by the German and 
 English familie.s Avho had settled iu Germantown and 
 Roxborough. 
 
 BREWING. 
 
 Wine and beer making were among the earUe.st in- 
 dustrie-s in the colonial 2 )art of our history. At the time 
 of the settlements of the American colonies, tea, coffee, 
 
 CISCO ANTONIO <aiNZALA'F>4. CON'S" F. 1. M.Uli' HOMES HE MEI.LO. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSION TO THE i 
 
 L EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORIC.ir. REGISTER OE THE CENTEXNIAI^ EXPOSIT/OX. 
 
 53 
 
 anil cliocoliite wltc almost nnUiKimi in Eiifilaii-I, tlicir 
 place being supplied -with fermented liquors. 
 
 Ale (uid beer were nriginiilly made without hops, whioli 
 were first raLsed in England in 1-Vil. Of course, the early 
 emigraut.s to AiiuTica followed the t«.ste.s and desires of 
 their ancestors, and brought their im-vimis habits with them. 
 The Court of Assistance, in Kl'iD. mindfid of this fact, sent 
 among the outfits to New England, in addition to four him- 
 drod-weiglit of hops, forty-live tons of beer to the Plymuntli 
 colony. John Yeniiy, who came to Plymonth in IG‘23, was 
 
 >Ia.s.saehu3etts. set up a malt-hoiisG in that State. Tlie 
 practice of using Indian corn was doubtless of American 
 origin, and was jirobably derived from the Indians, who 
 made artificial drinks from several native products, in- 
 cluding maize. 
 
 Beer, in 1667, was sold in Now England at one penny* 
 ha’penny per (juart ; and, not very many years after this, 
 beer and clistilleil spirits were made and exjiorted from New 
 England to the ^^■est Indie.s, Newfoundland, and other of 
 the Cuutinental colonies, in considerable quantities. In 
 
 cipal authorities took measures to prohibit the tapping of 
 bi'cr ilnring service, under penalty of £25 for each offence, 
 and of confi.scation iimler the Schoutfucnll. Besides, the 
 offender was not aUow-ed to tiqi Ix'er again for three months 
 following. 
 
 In 1644, when New York was haras.sed by wars with In- 
 dians, Jolm Jvieft and his council imposed a tax of two 
 guililers on i-aeh barrel of Vilst tajiped by the tavem-keep- 
 er.s, and four stuyvers on each cpiart of Spanish wine. The 
 Swede.s, who were among the first settlers in Pemisylvuniu 
 
 fi'iiiilIB 
 
 HIM!!®®!' 
 
 THK ••I’lMKMX SYI.VEsTiaS," OU HAST INDIAN WILD DATK I'ALM. AT HORTICl'LTOAL HALL. 
 
 .UHUVVT, nl-' A LAKCtE SrECLMEN OF 
 
 a brewer by trade, and a pvojiriotor of one of the early i 
 established corn-mills. In lixib, the Genei-al Court of IMas- | 
 saclmsctts decided that no pemou should brew beer, malt, <^r ’ 
 other drink for siile at wholesale or retail, unless .specially 
 licensed by the Coiut and on payment of £160. By the 
 sjime Aet. the Court licensed Cnptaiu Sedgwick to brew 
 beer during the pli'usiiro of tlio Couri. This seems to be 
 the carlic.st mention of brew-hon.se. 
 
 Ten yeai-3 later, there were six ]inblic beer -houses in Vir- 
 ginia. In 1610, John Appleton, one of the finst settlers in 
 
 New York, in IGOO. the Dnb'hAYi'st India Company, tlirough 
 their dii-ector, AVimter Van Twiller, caused the erection of a 
 brewerx' upon a farm, which extt'nded from the present 
 AA'iill Street limits westward as far as Hiulson Street Its 
 site was the north side of what i.s now known iis Bridge 
 Street, betwemi Broad and AVliiPliaU. 
 
 The distillation of brandy eonnnenced in 1640 — probably 
 the first instanee of its manufacture in the colonies. In 
 the following year, dnmkards had become so alarmingly 
 prev;ilent, particularly uii the Sabbath-day, that the muni- 
 
 aiid IVlawaro, made beer and brandy, and idso brewed smidl 
 bi'or from Indian ciirii. The brewing was done by the 
 women mainly, as i.s customary in Sweden and in other 
 jiarts (>f Europe. 
 
 The Dutch had several breweries in 1662. William Penn 
 built a splendid innnsion-liouse on liis manor at Penns- 
 borough, attached to wliieh wn.s a malt-house, brew-house, 
 and bakery, all uudiT one roof. Tins brew-house was 
 sbiuding not many years ago. About the first brewery in 
 Baltimore was set up in 1744. In A'irgiuia, as has already 
 
H/SrOR/CJL RF.GISTF.R OF THE CENTFNN/AL JiXPOFr^IO^\ 
 
 54 
 
 HEAI»yU.VUTKU.S Ol' THE I'ENXSVJ.YANIA 
 
 b'i'Al’E t'OM.M ISSK IXEliS. 
 
 bcru mciitionoil, tlit>re were six public brew-liouses in l(34i). 
 but most of the families breweil their in\ n beer. Tlie okl 
 custom of hin-ing the beer for the hoiisehohl brewed by 
 the women appears to have been brought over by the 
 colonists. 
 
 Poach bnuuly wa.s. during colonial times, a household 
 munufactmv of considerable value, and much of it wa.s ex- 
 ported. J3rewerie.s were e.stablished in the CaroUna.s. and 
 distilleries were conmioji. Tlie niauufaoture of beer was 
 also common in all parts of Virginia. Pale ale and imrtcr 
 were first made in this country about the vear ITTi, 
 
 MANUl'ACTUKK OF VINE. 
 
 Tlie cai-ly roloiiist.s found the vine growing wild in the 
 woods, often climbing the loftic.st trees. Even the earliest 
 narrative.? of the Norse voyngcu's to Aiiieric'a sjieak of the 
 quantity and variety of the vines; and a portiim of the 
 contiuent wius called by them ••Vineland." As oarlv us 
 1(510. however, immtioii is madi' of the Frcneh sent over to 
 ^ irginia for the sole ]miq)ose of making iire2)amtirm.s to 
 plant viuc.s, whieh Were there as eoiiunon as brambles in 
 the woo<ls, A sanijile of ■wine made from native gi'.qies was 
 aent over in 1(512. In the year 1(521. a company .sent thither 
 nmimber of French vine-dre.ssei-s, with a large supply of 
 lilants anil enttings from Euroiiean -vines. They reported 
 the locality as far excelling their cnmitrv. the vines gi'owino- 
 in great variety and abimduiu-e all over the laud. These 
 Frenchmen were not. liowever, successful, although, pre- 
 vion-s to the inas.sjicre in 1C22, they succeeded in nmidng a 
 small (jnantity of wine. 
 
 Vine of good quality was made in Virginia in 1(54',). or 
 earlier, by u member of tin' Cmnieil. In X.-w England. 
 Governor 'Winthrop iilanted a vineyard bv 1(5:50; ami the 
 use of Governors I.slaiul. in i5o.don Harbor, avus gi-auhnl in j 
 1(53:1, on condition that the granh'e plant tliiTc ii vineyard— j 
 which he did in l(5;51_and pay a hogshca<l of wine yearlv. I 
 Vinos were sc-ut in the year K542 to the New Netherlands, I 
 by Van Keus.se1acr. for the n.sc of Ids colony on the Huds<-)n. ' 
 but they Avere all of them killed hy the frost. In the Caro- I 
 linn,s, tho cultivation of the Avim'-gr.ipi: was 
 a prominent object in the settlements 
 about the year 1(570. under a grant from 
 Charles II. to the Earl of Clar.-ndon and 
 others. The pvoprietoi^s of these .sent over 
 Aune.s and ct>mi)ctent ])erson.s to uiTauge 
 them. This attcmid. IjoAAVver. avas nn.snc- 
 ees.sfnl ; as avu.s also the .second atteiiqd, 
 inatle in l(57!l. Ataait the year 1{>!K) King 
 ■\\illiam s<mt large nnmbei-s of i>ci-seented 
 French refugi-es into ‘Shi-ginia. Tlu-se at- 
 tempted the mannfactniv of Aviue, and A\-erp 
 partially snecessful. '\VhereA-cr the Hngm- 
 nots settled in America they planted A im - 
 yiU'ds, 
 
 Villiam Penn seems to have cherished 
 very Avunnly the hojie of intisidneing tlio 
 niimufaetm-e of wine into his State, and mi 
 a ixirtion of hLs oaa-u I'roperty in (hi- 
 iiurthwe-sterii iwrt of the citv "of Phih;- 
 deliihiu. toAA-urd the Sehuylkill Fiver, a 
 vineyard Avas planted hy his direction on 
 the luomitaiii known as ‘•Vineyard Hill." 
 
 In order the bettor to conduet the Imsi- 
 lies.s, he imixirt.-d a coinix-teiit person from 
 France, and susfitined him at considerable 
 expense. It is geueiAiUy beliewd that he 
 was not rewarded by any .success in the’ 
 
 A’eiiture, and he abandoned the I’nti-iqirisc 
 in 1695. 
 
 Uu the settlements in Gts>rgii, the la.st 
 
 colonists of the original tliii-tceii Slates, in 17:12 attempts 
 AAi-re made to produce AA-iiic, and a number of foreign 
 vine - dre.s.sers Avere sent thither by the trustees of the 
 proA-inces. The project Avas, hoAAA'A-er, at h-ngth abuiidoued. 
 
 It Avill thus be seen that the eft'oris to introduce snc<-ess- 
 fnl Aviiie manufacture in the cohmics Avere regarded Avith 
 interest abroad and at home, and the di.sappoinfmeut at 
 the Avaiit of success foiloAving cacli attempt avos serionsh- 
 felt. 
 
 C I. O T H M . V N U F A ( ' T U K E . 
 
 Owing to the difficulty in the avuv of a contiuiK-d and 
 steady intercoiu-.se Avith England, and there being twenty 
 to thirty thoasjuid iieoide inhabiting the coloui<-s to be 
 clothed, the attention of the colouLst.s aaius turned at an 
 early jK-riod of their settlement to the luaunfiictun- of their 
 oAA-n Avoolen and linen cloths. The earliest order of the 
 ('onrt. Avhidi Ave find, avius made by the ^fa.ssjiehnsett.s 
 .Assembly ill 1(540. Avhen the magistrates and deputies of 
 the several tuAvnsAVc-n- required to investigate the facilities 
 exi.sting for .spinning and Aveaving, ami Avhat cmii-se it 
 might be aa cII to take for teaching boys and girls in the 
 si»iimii)g and Aveaving of yarn, and of carding avooI. A 
 deseriidiou of cloth, for the manufactiirii of -which this act 
 of the Court Avas designed to jn'tqmve the way, avos a mix- 
 ture known a.s fustian, dimity, etc. In tlie same vear, li540, 
 an order of the Court offered a bounty mi even- .shiUiii"'s 
 worth of linen, AvooUen, and cotton cloth made in the 
 colmiie.s. I iider this order, in 1041, certain jici-sons aa’ci'c 
 gi-iuited a bomity for their luannfaetm-e, Avhich ajqiears to 
 have been the fimt sample of doth ever made in the 
 country. This Avas jirobably a coai-se dcscnjition of linen, 
 In 1(542 the diffemit towns of New England agi-ecd to take 
 cottoii-AA-nol in certain (piautities, and the price Avas fixed In- 
 tAvo insi)ect<ii-s iu each town being iipiiointed to nrnmge 
 tin-s. In 11544 the fimt regular or .systematic attempt at the 
 inaimfaetnrc of doth, iiarticnlarly Avooleii, Avas made by a [ 
 coinpimy of Yorksliiromen, Avho were .settled at PoAvley, iu 
 :Ha.>vSiidinsrtt.s, betAA'een IpsAvidi and Ne-wbnry. Here was ■ 
 bnUt the first fulling-mill erected in the colonics, and thi.s ' 
 
 apjieurs to have been the fii-st jilace in AA-liidi AVOA.k-u cL ith 
 was made in New Eugluml. 
 
 At this time cotton aa-iw <ibtiiiiied from Barbadnes, aa'IuIc 
 hemp and llaxA\-erc giAiA\ni native. This very early c-ffurt 
 of the yming coiiiinniiitv to become independent in the 
 manufacture of dothiiig derives peculiar incident from the 
 fact that it im-olvt-.s the cin-lie.st luentioii of the use by 
 the Eimiiiean ixApnlatimi iu America of the material euttoii. 
 C lofhing manufacture. lioAveA'cr, made but .slow progi'ess in 
 the other eolmiics. In 171:3 there wa.s but one dotbier 
 (-.stiililished in Coniu-cticut. ami much of the doth avus Avorii 
 mi.shearcd ami nnpre.ssed. Among the scttlei-s of Ncaa’ 
 Sweden fairs Avere establi.shed in KWrt. AA-heve wool,-n and 
 linen prodnet.s are said to have been exhibited ami sold; 
 and three yeiu's befon- this. 'William IVmt, in a letter to 
 the "Free Society of Traders," ref<-rs espei-ially to the 
 maimfaefnre of linen in the State of PemisylA-unia. A 
 variety of linen and Avoolen stuffs are mentioned us the 
 mamifaetnres of the Genmms in Pi-jm.syh-aniii iu 1(598, 
 such as druggets, serges, etc., and it is stated that the jiay 
 of fJennaiitoAvn tailoi-s Avas tAvdve .shilhngs i)ev Aveelc ami 
 their diet. 
 
 In 1(1.50. iu Virginia, a {'qitaiu HatthcAAs avus u great 
 eidtivator of heni]) and Hax. Avhidi he also mannfaetnred 
 into doth. Silk and cotton had also aln-adyheen uttemiited 
 there, and been recommended to the attention of the jdaiit- 
 ei-s. Si-A-eiAil vegetable dye-stuffs had all been tested. In 
 1(5(12 the As.sembly of Virginia enacted seveml Iuavs for the 
 promotion f>f all indnstrie,s, ami iiarticnlarly iu the i-clatioii 
 of doth. Flaxseed aa'us ordi-red iini)orti-d from England to 
 be ilistribnted to each nmiity, Taa-o ponmls of toba<-co Avere 
 offered for every ]>oimd of llax or hemp jn-epared for the 
 spindle : three pounds for every article of linen doth : 
 and live iaouiuIs fur every article of avooIcu doth. Every 
 titheable person aa'us reipiired to produce here two lAonnds 
 of dressed flax or hemj). Al'ti-r the year 1G84 another 1 ;ia\- 
 -\va5 euaeti-d in Virginia for the em-onnigcment of the niann- 
 faotnre of linen and woolen doth. .The Ih-st fulling 
 is erected iu Vii-giiiiii in 1G92, dm-ing tlie 
 JuTministration of Andrus, aaIio particnlnrlv 
 riH-ommendeil the encouragement of the 
 groAvth and manufacture of cotton. His 
 succes.sor. lioAA-eA-cr, ojijioserl the raising of 
 cotton, mul asked Parliament to prcA'cnt 
 it. This fact AvaiTanis the presnmj>tion 
 that at this time the aimmiit of mtmnfue- 
 tiu'ed goods in the colouu'S Avius .such us 
 to injuriously affect the importation nf 
 English goods. 
 
 In 170M a member of the ('oinieil of 
 Ncav York AVTote to the Britisli Board of 
 Trade that he had labored to divert the 
 Americans from going on Avith their linen 
 and woolen niannfactnre.s. He said, further, 
 that they were all so far advanced that 
 three-fonrths of Avhat they n.scd AA-ere made 
 
 among them — c.spceially the coarse sort 
 
 and if some cffechinl nu-an.s of stoiqiing 
 it be not found, they Ai-ill cam- it on a 
 gi-cat deal fm-tlier, ami perhaiis in time 
 produce our niannfactnre.s ut home. 
 
 Ill 1 1 06 it AViis stated that the great 
 •scarcity, in the colonics, of as’ooIcii gooils, 
 which then sell at 200 per cent, advance 
 on the cost, had forced the colonists to 
 .set nji a A-erv- considerable mannfactorj' 
 for .stuffs, kerseys, linsey-Ai-oolseys, flannels, 
 buttons, etc., by Avhieli the imiiortatioit of 
 these goods was soon decreased £50,000 
 l>er annum. The de.seriiitions of cloth 
 
NTEEIOK OF THE MAIN BUILDING SHOWING THE YAKIOUS PAVILIONS AND SHOW-CASES CONSTP.DCTED AND IN PROCESS OF ERECTION 
 
I 
 
 iJ L •> Itli UiBULl,AU liAILWAY, 
 
 made at tlii-. tiini’ in Aim-nca were chiefly those meii- 
 tioiiri] iitmvr. iiiicl Ki'nemlly they were the convser kinds. 
 Cottiiii wii.s I'ennlai'Iy impovtcd in sniiill quantities, <-hieflj- 
 froni the Barluidnes. and occasionally, also, from Smynm 
 and other places to 
 whii-h trade had I'X- 
 tended, ami M-as madi' 
 int<i fustians and other 
 similar stuffs. But 
 linen then suh.seiwed 
 nearly all the jatr- 
 poses for wliieh cotton 
 is now em]>loyed. and 
 lienee the attention 
 {riven to till- cultiva- 
 tion of flax ami hcniit. 
 
 The linens made at 
 that time were for the 
 most part of a very 
 coai-se texture. The 
 koi’sey.s, linsey-wool- 
 seys. serges, and 
 druggets comsisteil of 
 Wool eondiined with 
 flax and tow, and 
 these fonned the outer 
 elothiiig of a large 
 part of the i>opiila- 
 tion of the country. 
 
 Hempen cloth and 
 linen of different 
 giwde-s of fineness, 
 from the coarsest tow 
 cloth to the iinest 
 Osiiahurg of Holland, 
 eonstituhsl the jiiin- 
 eijiiil weanng ap])arel, 
 outward and inward, 
 at most film's. The 
 und<>r gannenks and 
 tile table-linen were 
 
 almo.st entirely supplied from the serviceable products of i 
 the hou.sehold industry. As the implement.s of mauu- | 
 
 facture then in use were comparatively rmle, and many 
 modern iiroee.s.sos of manufacture and finish were as yet 
 unkno^ui, the fabrics, whether woolen or linen, were nmn' 
 remarkable for scr\-ice than for elegance. The mateiial 
 
 COUNTIU' VlblTOllS— THE-XOON LO'CH. 
 
 was tisually grown upon the fnniis of the jilaiitors ; and 
 the breaking and hackling being done by the men, while 
 the carding, spinning, -weaving, bleaehing 
 and dyeing were ]>erfonned by the wives 
 and <laughters of the planters, these use- 
 ful jirodiii'ts of the household wt‘r<‘ all 
 object of ]>ride aiul emulation with all 
 thrifty families, 
 
 Ihe dress of the ajijuvntiees ami laborers 
 in tile last century almost invariably com- 
 prised .shirts of Ozeubrig, made of liemj) 
 ami flax, and vaiying in jirice from one 
 shilling to one shilling and sixpence per 
 yard, and vests ami breeches of the. same. 
 
 ('oats, or doublets. I, ml biveehes of leather 
 or bm'k.skin, ami coats also of kei'Si'y, 
 dingget. frieze, etc.; felt hats, coarse leather 
 slioes, with laiekles of brass and wooden 
 lieel.s, and eom-se yarn or worsted .stockings, 
 were the eimimon outward habiliments of 
 that ela.s,s of home manufneture. The dif- 
 feivnee.sof rank were pretty clearly defined, 
 and the (lres.s*>s of the midtUe and wealthier 
 cla-s.ses generally eoiTes])onded with the 
 tjustes of i-ach. 'With the former cLuss. 
 doine.stk- fabrics M'ere much worn, and par- 
 tieulm-ly the finer ehuss of Osnalmrg ami 
 HolLiml, and ch)ths of mixed and unuiixed 
 wool, siieh as tlu'V ])os,m-s.sed the nu'ans 
 eitlicr of making or of purcha.sing. Tliey 
 also frcpieiitly used imported br..a<i- 
 clotlLs, wliieh. h.iwever, wer<‘ often worn 
 white or nndy<-.l. The dre.ssi'S of the ri<-h 
 consisted of the woolen iiiannfaetnres of 
 England, and the linens of Irelmd, Scot- 
 
 land, and the Continent. Even silks, wliidi were flioii 
 nnicli in vogue, formed (|uit<' a considerable part of 
 their clothing, where it wius jiennitted ; ami the price of 
 ii good fann was sometimes jiaid for a fashionahle outfit. 
 
 Cottons and cali- 
 coes, introduced into 
 America about the 
 latter part of the 
 seven teeiith century, 
 were for a time ren- 
 dered very ehea]' here 
 by an .Act of Parlia- 
 ment passed in the 
 year 1721, at the in- 
 st«iic(f of wool maiiu- 
 facturers, by whieli 
 the wearing of painted 
 or lived cotton goods 
 was prohibited — ex- 
 ee])ting blue cloaks, 
 muslins or fustians. 
 
 About the year 
 171il a considerable 
 iiniirovcment wa.s 
 made in the maiin- 
 faeture of linen in 
 this country, by a 
 number of Protestant 
 people from the north 
 of Irelaml, TIu> priii- 
 cijial body of these 
 emigi-auts were from 
 the rieinity of Lnn- 
 domlen-y, in Ireland 
 — to the mini her of 
 .sixteen familie.s — ami 
 they settled in Xew 
 Hampshiro, where 
 they <-ommenecd the 
 raising of flax and the 
 manufacture of linen. 
 
 In 1728 fSir William Keith i>resented a plan of govern- 
 ment for tlie colonies to the lung, whi<-h was referred to 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 KACTION. 
 
HIDE IS THE ELEYATOl! OS BELMOST HILL, FAIE5IOUSI PAP. K — TAKING A BIED’S-EYE YIEW OF THE EXPOSITION BUILDING. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OP THE CENTEXHlAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 5n 
 
 nix ••oiuiiii.s.siniier.s of trmlo. Aft4*r rei-omnu'inliiig tbo sanie 
 oxdnsivc policy iis to the conjineiw of the country, lie 
 points out the lulvnuhigc-s derived from them, He «ho\vs 
 that tlu! luxuricH of the colonists are daily increased, they 
 consmning great <(Uiiutities of English silks, haberdashery 
 and printed and voveii goods of all sorts, atid a consider- 
 )ible cpiantity of I'litst India good.s. A report made to the 
 House of (’ominous by the Board of Trade on Colonial 
 Industries, in 17:11, stited that in the American cohmics 
 the settlci's had fallen into the manufacture of woolen 
 cloths and Hiieii <doths, lait for tlie use of their own famihes 
 only; that tlic very high price of labor rendmvd it im- 
 practicable' for thrall to manufacture such aiticlcs at le.s.s 
 than twenty jaa- cent, dearer than that cxpoited from 
 England ; that the greah-r jiart of the clothing worn in the 
 jirovincc of Massachusetts Bay was imported from (freat 
 Britain, and sometimes from Ireland; that thia'e wer<- a 
 few liat-imikia's, only in tho inaritimi' towns ; that then' 
 were no manufactures in Xcw York worth mentioning, nor 
 in New .Tei-sey; that the chief tnuh' of Pennsylvania lay in 
 the importation of ]'rovisious, no manufactures being e.stab- 
 lishcd, and tln*ir clothing ami ntonsils for their houses 
 all im]>orted from England ; that in Massaclm, setts Bay 
 .some mannl'aeturi's were cavrierl on, as brown hollaiid for 
 ''\'oinen's ware, which lessens the importation of cloaks ami 
 some other sorts of East Imlia gooils. 
 
 l’i.>neeraing the woolen manufai-ture, the I'onutry people, 
 who used to imdie the most of their elotliing out of their 
 wool, did not then make a third part of uhat they wore, 
 hut they were mainly clothed with British manufactures. 
 It is believed, hou’ever, that this report fell considerably 
 short of a eoiTect statement of the extent to whieli domestic 
 manufactures wei'e c\en at that time cairied on in the. 
 colonies. There were excellent reasons 'why the truth 
 nUoiild not lia\e been made known in England, and it is 
 
 alleged that it was with the gi-eatest difliculty tiuit the 
 ollieei's of the (rovcrnmeiit were able to procure tnie infor- 
 mation eoucerning the trade and mannfaetuve.s of the 
 American colonics. 
 
 Meanwhile, in the Southern St.d<'s of Carolina and Vir- 
 ginia, scarcely any progi-ess had yet been made to'wainls tho 
 
 ! supply of tiicir own elntliiug ; while (ieorgia made sc-arcely 
 any progiTss in the meehimical arts before tlie Bevolutiou. 
 In Vii-ginia it is stated that the 2 >roflts of the tobiieco 
 culture were exe(!ediugly large, wliile all theii' clothing was 
 rcci'ived from England. Hides were veiy plentiful, and 
 wiTc suflered lie and rot — and that man was considered 
 a rare economist who made a jiair of leather breeches fujiii 
 the duel-skins which abounded. 
 
 There is mention maih*. liowever. in 17‘21 of a coarse 
 stuff for sen-ants' wear, known by tin- name of Virginia 
 cloth. An article of tliat name is mentioned a.s having 
 Ix'cii brought to great is'i-feetioii in that Stab- afb-r the 
 war. It was gem-rally woven by the women of the countn.-, 
 and being brought to town, it was iimeh sought after f<u- 
 the u.se of slaves, it being eoiisidered nmcli superior to 
 anything of the kiinl inijwrted. 
 
 Vj) to 17()ll it does not aiJjn'ar that any material udvancis 
 were made towards the introduction of the nmiiufiictiu-e of 
 cloth, liroat Britain and her colonies were then i)rincii)ally 
 occujjicd with wai-s with the Ereneh and Indians ; and, 
 while commerce and the lishcries gi-ew. tliis industry was 
 totally uegleeb'd. The im 2 >oi-tiitions of English mamifac- 
 tm-cs continued to augment Arith the eonstantly gi-owing 
 Avealth ami luxm-y of the 2 >eo])le to the full extent of their 
 ability to 2mreh;use. Large (inantities <if AAOolens, druggets, 
 serges, llaimels, Seoteh 2'laids, and hosiery Avcrc imported, 
 AA'ith linens of English. Scotch, L-ish, and Diitcli manufac- 
 ture, ami India good.s. including .silk.s. The cheaper and 
 coai-scr liinds, 2'’ai-ticu!;u'ly of Avooleiis, Avere for the Imliaii 
 trade and for ucgi'o A\car. Gold and silver, and fine 
 Flanders lace.s. French cambrics and chintzes, for the use 
 of the jilaiiters' families, .sAvelled the importations to a 
 large sum. 
 
 Some efforts were continued to be made to Avork up 
 the wool Avliich the sheep supplied, but not in sufficient 
 
 TUE JUDGES’ PAVILION, 
 
CENTENNIAL WORKMEN AT DTNNEIL 
 
THE TKASSPQETATION OF FOKEIOX GOODS TO THE MAIN DUILDISG. 
 
LNLOADIN'G. TBOM: THE V.VTERL.VKD,” OF A PORTION OF THE MACHINERY FOR THE BELGIAN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CEXTENXIIL EXPOSITION. 
 
 HUimtitics for home coiisumptiun. Although in the main, 
 the colonists were simiile and fragal iu their habits, j’ct 
 the progi'ess in Inxiuies of. all kinds wils siilticient to 
 cause a rapid hierease in general trade and coumierce. 
 In 1741) a society was fonni'd iu Boston for promoting 
 industry and fragality. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Cotton seeds were fir.st planted in the American colonie.s 
 in Ill the provinces of C;nrolina the gi'owth of the 
 
 cotton plant was introduced in IGCG. Li 1736 it was gi-ouii 
 iu Maryland, and fouryeai-s aftenvards it was cultivated iu 
 Cape May. It was, howe\-er, not cultivated, excejjt as a 
 garden jdaut, until after the lU-volutionaiy war. although at 
 the commencement of the war one party is sjiid to have had 
 thirty acres under cultivation, A .small Rhipment of cotton 
 was made in the year l“o4. and iu 1770 three more, amount- i 
 ing to tt'ii bale.s in the aggregate. In 17.S4 eight boxes, | 
 about to be shijjped to England, were seized on tin' gi-ound I 
 that so much cotton could not be produced in the United [ 
 States. By .some parties it was thought that thi.s came 
 from the West Indies, and that the first Aiutnaean cotton 
 a\us exijorted in 1790. It is, however, known that Sea 
 Lsbiud cotton was raised in Georgia, and the fiisit successful 
 crop of this famed vaiiety was luised in Carolina in 1790. : 
 The excellent ipiality of thi.s cotton enabled it to command 1 
 much higher prices than any other. In 1«36 it sold at 36 | 
 cents i>er ]5i>und, whUe other cotton brought only 22 cents, j 
 
 The success in thi.s ■N'enture can.sed many to engage in it.s 
 cultivation, and some of the l.argi-st fortunes in South \ 
 Carolina were then rapidly nccunmlated. The ivgion 
 adapted to it wa.s, however, limited, and the amount mi.sed 
 iu 1805 was not exceeded by the crops of 1S32, bi-ing eight ' 
 million pounds. 
 
 Itwas not until the year 178l! that expcchitionswure held 
 of the United .Shik-s becoming cro long a great cotton-])ro- j 
 diiciug <-ountry. To encourage the iiroduction of the ! 
 artich'. which promised soon to become a soui'Ce of revenue. ' 
 Congi'cs.s was induced iu 1789 t<i imjiose a d«ity of tlu:ee ' 
 cents a j)ound on foreign cotttms then obfinued from the i 
 "West Indies and Brazil The '•gin " invented by Wliitney 
 in 1793 gave an impidse to the cultivation of cotton, and 
 conferri-d on the plantatioji .Sfiites a benefit scaively to be 
 estimated in money. This enabled the pkntei-s to clear 
 for the market, by the labor of one man, 30,000 Iti.s. of 
 cotton. 
 
 On the 22d of Febniai-y, 177o. a company, ciJled the ; 
 “United Company of Philadelphia for Promoting Mauii- ' 
 iuctures, ' was foinied, and books were upeued for snbscvip* i 
 
 tions. The fii-st geueinl meeting was held at Carpenters’ 
 Hall on the IGtli of March, and Dr. Rush wa.s elected 
 president. The object of this organization was to establish 
 Aiuei-ican manufactures of woolens, linens, and cottons, with 
 a ^•iew to the exclusion and superccdure of British goods, 
 The managers of the corajiany established a raannfactory 
 at the corner of Market and Ninth Stret'ts, Philadel]>hia, 
 where they hail a spinning-jenny then ne-wly imjiorti-d from 
 England, and employeil in spinning mid other work four 
 hundred women. Two years later this company contracted 
 with Congress to make woolen cloth for the army. 
 
 It is related as an incident showing the condition of 
 clothing among the soldiei's of our army at this period, that 
 General Lafaytte. being at Baltimore, was invited to attend 
 a ball there. He went as requested, but instead of joining 
 iu the amirsemeuts of the evening, he addres.sed the ladies 
 jiresent as follows ; “You are very handsome ; you dance 
 very prettily : yonr hall is veiy fine ; but my .soldiei's have 
 no sliirts. " The ajjpeal was irresistible : the ball broke up ; 
 the ladies went home and to work, and in a few ibiys a largo 
 number of shirts were jireparcd by tlic fan liaiuls of Balti- 
 more for the gallant defenders of their <-oiintry. 
 
 The increasi'd attention which had been given to wool- 
 growing during the war and to cotton iu the South, created 
 ii dcsii-e to secure the improved machinery by which 
 England was being nii>idly enriched. By 1780 spiuning- 
 jennys were beginning to be imported by .subscription : and 
 on the 30tli of A])vil of tliat year, in the AYircestev (Mass.) 
 
 it was aunounced ; “ On Tue.sday last the first piece 
 of col^lnray manufiietnred in this town was taken from the 
 loom.” Shortly after fliis cotton mauufactoi-ies began to 
 make their np{)earanee iu various parts of New England, 
 and the indnstrj- of eluth inanufaetnre may be said to have 
 become fairly established iu the United Stat*>s. 
 
 CENTENNIAL REGATTAS. 
 
 It is believed that the Schuyllvill will iiresent at different 
 jieriods of the Exliihition the most remarkable disifiny of 
 boating ever uitues-seil Nearly all the cliief organizations 
 iu the United States will participate, and clubs are cx- 
 pecUnl from Eugluid, France and Canaihi. Among the 
 races are : Firat, the Inteniational Race, open to all regu- 
 lai'ly organized boat-clubs throughout the world, to be 
 rowed in accordance with the lules of the "Inteniational 
 Amateur Rowing Association of the United State.s " ; the 
 prizes to be a piece of jilate each for foms, for ])aii-s, double 
 and for single sculls; and, iu addition, medals to be pre- 
 
 sented to eacli man ro'wing iu the race, to be all gold for 
 the winning crew ; for the second crew, silver ; and the 
 remainder of bronze. Second, the luteruationid Club 
 Race of four-oar sheU.s, the prizes to be a piece of plate, 
 with a gold medal to each member of the winuuig crew ; 
 open only to imdergi-aduates. Tim'd, the International 
 Graduates’ Race, for four-oar shells, open only to gi'adnates 
 of colleges or universities, the piizes being a pi(*ce of plate 
 and a gold medal to each member of the winning ci'cw. 
 No iiei-son will be allowed to row in both the Int<a'uationul 
 Club Race and the Intcraational Graduates’ Race. 
 
 ILLUSTR.-\T10XS 
 
 III I UK 
 
 CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 CeXTEXNI.KL Te.V P.UtTY IS- THE NaTION.^L C.^ETTOL. 
 
 One of the fii-st and most impoi-tant Centennial anui- 
 vei'Siuies was that of the destmetion of tea iu Boston 
 harbor, December 16th, 1773, which was celebrated by a 
 gi'imd tea party in the Rotunda of the Capitol at ■Washing- 
 ton. Congres-s, at the previous ses-siou, had i»asscd a joint 
 resolution of both houses giving to the Centennial Tea 
 Party As,sociatiou the use of the Rotunda for the occasion. 
 Of com-se the novelty of devoting tin- Government build- 
 ings to this jmipose attraeted general attention, and the 
 plaee was erowded with ladii-s and geiitlemeai, elad in tiie 
 ]iictiu'esiiue cu.stnme of a hundred years ago. 
 
 The Capitol Rotinubi wa.s origiiudly designed for public 
 ceremonials, but was never before u.sed for the i>uri>o.se, 
 cxcei)t once, under the presidency of John Quiney Adams, 
 when tliera was an exhibition of American miuinfacturcs 
 held in it. For the occasion of which we speak it was 
 tastefully decorated, and ciuiuiiied with flags extending 
 from the dome. 180 feet above the ]iaved floor, down to 
 the series of historical i)ictm'es which adcirn the walls. In 
 the centre was a large American flag, made of Culifoniia 
 silk, which was displayed at the ^’iemia Expo.sition. 
 Around the Rotunda on the floor were tables, above which 
 were bannera displaying the ni-morutl bearings of the thir- 
 teen original States, and small silk flags with the names of 
 aU the States and Ten'itories decorated the walls. On one 
 side was a i-mid temple for the .sale of American fi-uits. 
 dowel's, and wines. A miniature ship, managed by .small 
 boys in siiilov costumes, who sold packages of tea, atti-acted 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 oonHicTi-mble attontion. Tin* ladies in attendanoe at the 
 tables disposed of large (jiiimtities of tea at one dollar a cnp 
 — the purchaser having the privilege of retaining the cup 
 and saucer. This was the th-st of these gatherings, which 
 have since been <inite freijnent all over the country. 
 
 Tiie 9Dth 4th oi^ Ji'ly. 
 
 Oil till' 4th of July, 1H75, the Philadelphians celebrated 
 the clo.se of the h'.itli year since our national independence 
 by a grand celebration at I'uirmouiit Park, wlu-n it wius 
 e-stiniiited that uv<‘r 2CMI,0(f() jieoplc piirticijiutcd in tin.- cere- 
 monies. The day oiieiu'd \^•ith n salute from the buttery on 
 George’s Hill, followed by a re\icw of the first diNisioii 
 National Guard of Peiinsyh-aiiia. After this the gi'oiiiid 
 was broken for the Jewish monument to “ Keligious 
 Liberty,” which was followed by the iinvuiling of a statue 
 of America, wliich now sunnoimts the dome of Memorial 
 Hall. After this there was a concert by 3,500 school chil- 
 dren ill Machinery Hall, each of the singens holding a 
 bouquet and a Hag, while the hall was jnagnificently deco- 
 rated with bunting. Later, the gi'ound was broken by the 
 Italians for their monument to (Christopher Columbus. In 
 the aftcnioon, a celebration with addre.ases, etc., took place, 
 followed by breaking gi'omid for the Catholic Teiniieruncc 
 Fountain, and that by a giund vocal and instnimenhd 
 concert in Machinery Hall. The ceremonies of the .day 
 closed with a re^•iew of the Schuylkill navy, and in the 
 evening there was a tine disjilay of fireworks. Three 
 balloon ascensious were made during the day. 
 
 Invidi'sts is Tiir. 
 
 ON.STKI'CITOS 
 
 liriLiuNos. 
 
 OK THK CeSTESSI.VIj 
 
 Of couiNc thi' cmjiloyment of thousands of men at Fair- 
 mount in the con.structimi of the Centennial builtlings 
 couhl not be di'void of incidents of interest, and many of 
 these have been found .sulliciimtly inqiortant for illustiw- 
 tion, Tho very avocations of the workmen, tiie maimer 
 in which they pia'form their duties, are instnietive, and 
 even at times amusing. Here we see hundreds of ear- 
 peiiters seattercnl like Hies about tin- Jloor of tlie main 
 building, jilaeing boards and nailing them ; tlieiv, paintei-s, 
 mounted on scalTohling. arc decorating the eeiliugs and 
 widls, or sending jiails of paint ii]> and down by ropes; 
 again a monster gun is arriving, and being i>laeed in 
 po.sitiou. The labor of lioisfiug one of tlu- great girde'.s 
 of the main hiiilding, employing a immbev of men. is 
 plainly displiyed by the artist, as also that of rolling tlie 
 roads ou the Centennial grounds, also done by workmen. 
 Tlie manner in wbieh the workim-ii come down from the 
 labors on tlie si-allbldiiigs to cjbtaiii their diimer, by 
 
 .sliding down ropes, is a somewhat amusing incident, wliile 
 tlie jiicture of a Centennial boss will he recognized as a 
 not unfamiliar figure on the gi-oumls during the jiast 
 few yeai-s, 
 
 A gi'onp of men with large wooden implements, .sodding 
 the gi-ouuds around Horticultural Hall, and another gTunji 
 canying one of the iron girders from one point to 
 iinotlier, will be fi.und in our illustrations. 
 
 The Pe::s Statiie. 
 
 One of the mo.st important of the statue.s to be placed in 
 Fairmoimt Park is that of William Penn, by Itlr. Bailie, of 
 Philadel])liia. It will be of bronze, thirty feet high, the 
 Quaker being reprc.seuted in the act of explaining the 
 original plan of the city, which rests upon the stump of a 
 tree at his left hand This statue will be jilaced in the 
 park, and there remain until the ]mblic buildings ou Broad 
 and Market Streets are completed, when it is to he ]>emia- 
 ucntly sot upon the dome. As this will he 500 feet above 
 tlu- sidewalk, this figure of W. Penn will be the liighest 
 specimen of terminal architecture in the world. 
 
 Tin; "Wateb Baiue.s. 
 
 A very charming piece of sculpture to be exhibited at 
 the Centeimial is by Marshal G. Gould, a young sculptor 
 not yet of age, wlm has been for the last threi? years 
 studying with his father Thomas B, (Jould. in Florence. 
 Tho design of the work presents two nnk(‘d children, who 
 have hiken .shelter in a shell. One of them is a.sleep, 
 and is clasped in the anus of the other, who appeai-s as its 
 protector. The figures are the size of infant life, and the 
 whole is being seulptnred out of a single block of marble 
 in Floreuee. The work is desi-rihed by those who lui\‘e 
 seen the original de.sigu in plaster a.s i>resenting the mu.st 
 ehurming illustration of the subject .selected, 
 
 The Buaziu-\n Com-missiox, 
 
 Bmzil nas taken a lively intere.st in tin- Ceiitemiial from 
 its inception. Ou , September Htith last year the S^iiiaim 
 IH’ixlraihi, a paper published at Bio de .Taiu-im, devoted its 
 entire .space to the illustvatiuii, (-xjilanation. luid advocacy 
 of tho Exposition at Philadelphia, urging the Brazilian 
 peoiHe to iiitcrc-.st themselves in it, and uthei-wise indi- 
 eating the prevalent favomble opinion of the enterprise 
 in Brazil. From this paper we obtain the portraits of 
 the Bmzilian Coiiimis.sionei-s, lu'esentiug tho following 
 distinguished personages ; His Higlmes-s Gaston d'Or- 
 leans, Conde d'Eu (President of the Commis-sicuil. Yis- 
 eonde do Jaguary. Visconde de Bon Betiro, F. J. Mare 
 
 Homem de Jlello, Comniendador Frauci.stK) Antonio Goa- 
 ^•ales, Commendador J. A. de Azevodo. 
 
 The Centexn'i.vl New Ye.vk’s. 
 
 Spoeial relehvatioiis of New Year's Day, 1876, occuiTeJ 
 in all parts of the eomitiy, The ringing of bolls and 
 filing of cannon in all the great i-ities ushered in the 
 Centeimial yi-ar in most imiiseworthy maimer. In Plii- 
 ladelphia. howi-vi-r, the event was held witli more than 
 ordinaiy entlm.siu.sm. On the night of the la.st day of the 
 year 1875, by special reepu-st of the Jlnyor, the houses in 
 Philadelphia were illuminated, and, de.spite the fuet that 
 the weather wa-s dark, stonuy, and disagreeable, the city 
 presented a most hrilUant appem-auce. The streets were 
 thronged with jieoiile until a late hour of the uight, while 
 the illuminations made a complete blaze of light t-very- 
 where. Eveiy huikling in the city conueotc‘d with re- 
 \-ulutioiiary histoiy was appropriately illunuuatcd. At the 
 southwest corner of Seventh and Market Streets staiuVs a 
 brick building which, in 177G, was a fushiouable boardiug- 
 hoiLse, and when' Thomas JefTei-son wrote the Declaration 
 of IndeiH-iidence. On this occasion it was blazing with 
 light and covered with njipropriate iuscrijition.s. Caiiienter's 
 Hall, where the first Continental Coiigi-ess met, was also 
 illuminated, and inscribed “The Nation's Birthplace,” 
 in gas jets. Christ’s Church was lighted from hasc'ment 
 to steeple-top, while its hi-Us mug out a meriy welcoming 
 peal — the same bells that ushered in tlie fir.st year of the 
 century. Independence Hull was the great scene of at- 
 traction, the .streets in the vicinity being jammed witli 
 pcojile. during the whole evening, and until after midnight. 
 Mascjiu-raders, in gi-oups and singly, threaded tluir way 
 among tho crowd ; drums, life.s, horns, and trumpets 
 sounded; proce.s.sions of clubs and miliUu-y paraded, and 
 at precisi-ly twelve o’clock the Mayor rai.scd the old 
 Cohiiiial Hag at the head of the Hagstaff of Tndejiend- 
 ence Hall, amid the cheers of a humh-ed thonauml jieople. 
 The Stit*‘ House bells struck 1.7,7.H, then 1,H,7,H and then 
 100 tii])s ill quick succession. The WtaU' Feiicibles fired 
 thirteen rouiul.s from ludepeiidcnce Hquiire, which wa.s 
 succeeded byrajiid Hle-firiiig from another regiment, con* 
 tinned for tifti'eii minutes. Bed and blue light.s were 
 bimied by hundreds, and ealeiiun lights and liveworks 
 from the State House completed the celebration. 
 
 The Y'omes’s Pavilion. 
 
 A noble monument of the eiierg;\- and jiatriutisii’ of the 
 women of America is the Women ’.s Ceiitemiial Piuilion in 
 Fainiiouiit Park, which was built under the supervision of 
 the Women’s Centennial Committee. The ]ia\-ilion is 
 
 lihChl'TlON ANB UF J.U'Ah'kSE GBUBS LY (.UilUX-IlUl'iSi: OFFICULa. 
 
HfSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 loeate<l on Rc-lmmit Avemip. npar the Horticultural 
 grounds, and covei-s an urea of 3(t.(tno sijiiarc feet. It i.s 
 formed by two uavi-s intersecting each other, each f>4 ft. in 
 ■«-idth and 15'2 ft. lung. At the end of these there is a poivli 
 8 bvll2 ft. The cornci-s formed by the two naves are tilled 
 by four pavilions, each 48 ft. square. The whole structure 
 is built of wood, in a niodern and ornate style of architec- 
 ture, and is roofed over by segmental tnis-ses. In the 
 centre, which is mised 25 ft, higher than the rest of the 
 
 immediately stop the car and hold it in ]>o.sitiou. To the 
 east the Pelawute lUver is seen ending its way along the 
 borders of Pennsylvania and Xew Jersey, with the Dida- 
 ' ware Buy Iving far away in the di.stunce ; north ujid west 
 ! one sees towns and villages, fields and meadows, Closer at 
 ; hauil the entire city of Piiilailclphia is .spn'nd out like a 
 I bird’s-eye \-iew, while, immi-diately beneath, Fainnount 
 I Park, with the elegant Centenniid buildings, appeam like 
 I a chumiiug garden. 
 
 lie ft. On the side of the building are seven commodious 
 committee rooms, and in the front are three other spaeioiia 
 rooms. Two staii'ways give aceess to a gallery 10 ft. wide, 
 rumiing round three sides of the main hall. 
 
 Thi’ Phcesix SvnvnsTKis Palm TjiEi’.. 
 
 A speeimeu t)f the Eiwt India wild date pjilm.^or Pheenix 
 Sylvestris, oii exhibitiou at Hortieultural Hall, twenty feet 
 in width by thirty feet in height, will he one of the 
 
 
 building, is an obsc-iwatory. with a cupola on top, making 
 the entire height of the building 90 ft. 
 
 The Centessial Elev.vtor. 
 
 On Belmont HiO, in Fairmouut Pai-k. stamla the Sawyer 
 Obsen-atory, 185 feet high in itself, and 410 feet above the 
 h-vel of the’ SchuylkUl River. This obs,Tvator>- is a straight 
 shaft, tlie snmmit of which is reachc<l by an elevahir car, 
 which i.s raised or lowered by eight wire cables, and this is 
 prevented from falling, should the cables give way. by 
 steel eulmnus acting on XK'iqieudicidur rods, which would 
 
 The Ji noEis' P.mLiox. 
 
 This bnil.ling, which is intended for the use of the 
 judges ami committees who are to award the j)rizes at the 
 Exposition, covei-s a space of 152 by 113 feet, is Imilt of 
 wood and jduster. and highly oniaiuented. In the centre 
 is a large hall. 59 by 78 ft,, containing a platfonii and 
 8i>t‘aker’s de.sk. A corridor, 10 ft. wide, runs enUrely 
 around this, and separ.ites it from aiiotlu-r hall 28 by 59 ft. 
 By an arrangement of partitions rendering them movable, 
 these two rooms can be thrown into one large hall, o'J by 
 
 curiosities of the Exhibition. It belongs to a clas.s of hardy 
 palms, similar to that from which the ilates of commerce 
 are obtained. It is a native of Africa and T’ropical Asia, 
 and is common throughout the East Indies. The sjiecimen 
 in question is said to be one of the most magnificent ever 
 brought to this country, 
 j LoAiiixa THE Bm Grx. 
 
 .kn interesting incident in connection with the Ceiiten- 
 I niid furnishes a good subject for illastratiou. (.)ne of 
 ; the gi'eat guns funning a portion of the display of 
 
 1P\.NEHE WORKMEN LAYING THE FOUNDATION OF THE JAPANESE BUILDING. 
 
HISTORICAL RHGISTHR OF THE CFXTFXXLIL FXPOS/TIOX. 
 
 rtrilnuiifc of tlir riiilocl States is reprcseuUnl liu\ing an 
 iiifiuit in its mn/./.lc, lanyliiiig gleefully at the 
 
 group of Imlics and gentleinou who have j)laced her there. 
 
 Tin; rnxxsYnvAxiA Statf; Br-innixc!. 
 
 This building, which is located on Belmont Avon no, 
 near the I'liited ^Ifatea Imildings, was built by the State 
 for the hcjiihinartors of the Pennsylvania State Commis- 
 sion inider an approiiriation of Slo.ODO. It is a wooden 
 building, in Gothic style, 98 by ft. in dinieusinus. It is 
 
 active labor and etirnest enthusia.sm during the past three 
 ycaix. The Women's Centeniiiul Committee was organized 
 I'Vbruary loth, 187d. with Mrs, Elizabeth Duane Gillespie 
 a.s its jirc.sideiit. The original nnnibi>r o£ this eommittei' 
 was thiiieen, synibolieal of the original JStak'.s. Sub- 
 eoinmittecs were organized in every ward in the city, while 
 proininent ladies in other States were adde-d to the original 
 organization, forming a most ellicieiit body, exhaiding 
 throughout the entire country, and whose work has been 
 mo.st important and etfectnal. 
 
 tapering points with wing-shaped heads. These they carry 
 in small wicker baskets, Imng to a sash worn around thn 
 waist. Their plane is a flat tool, an inch and a half thick, 
 which they <h'aw towards them, instead of pushing from 
 them, as with us. The saw is shaped like a cleaver, with a 
 thill Made, and with small and shuiii teeth. The adz dif- 
 fers from our own in having a peculiar twi.st to the handle. 
 The chisel i.s a short piece of steel of a semi-tircular 
 shape, with a short handle. The Japanese show great 
 facility in handling these tools, and ar<! by no uie.ans 
 
 -Mivromided by a fiiazza, 0 ft. wide, and is onianicntcd with 
 a central tower, and two smaller octagonal towers. The 
 height of the top of the central tower is 05 ft. The main 
 hall is o9 hy .50 ft,, on the right of which are two rooms 
 intended for ladies’ and gentlemen's parlors, being fixed up 
 with ilrcs-sing-rnoms and other I'onveniences. 
 
 The Women’s Ccxtexxlal Committee, 
 
 The hcadqunrtei’s of the Women’s Centennial Committee 
 at 903 Walnut .Slreet has been the localitv of considerable 
 
 Japaxe.se Tools. 
 
 The Japanese arc iiuite aa peculiar in their hiols and 
 implements as they are in everj’ other incidental of their 
 life. They use an ink lino instead of a chalk line, for 
 instance. The apparatus for tliis is a case, in the centre of 
 which is a sponge, which may be saturated with any color. 
 The line is mail • to pass through this, and a pointed peg at 
 the end holds it in place. The Japanese seldom use nails, 
 and those they do use are of a pecnli.ar constinction. having 
 
 such climisy workmen as theii- inplemeuts might load 
 n.s to suppose. 
 
 Tue Gre.at Coblis-s Exoixe. 
 
 The gi-and power which is to keep in motion the me- 
 chanical part of the Exjiosition is the Corliss engine, 
 situated in the centre of Machinery Hall. This engine is 
 of fifteen himdred-horse power, but is capable of doing 
 the work of twenty -five hundred hoities if necessary. It is 
 from Pi’ondence, Rhode I-'^Iand, and weighs some seven 
 
 liRAND TROrHY IN THE E.AST END OE THE MAIN lUJLDING, ILLUSTRATING THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN FL.AG. 
 
hundml tons, Sixty -five cars were re- 
 quired to traus 2 >ort it, aucl some of its 
 sections were so hear’y that the cars on 
 whicli they weiu placed bad to be of extra 
 strength. For many weeks pickax men and 
 masons were employed upon its deep, 
 cemented foundation, while the strong, firm 
 timbers, by which its seveml parts were 
 boisteil in 2 >hice, swarmed with workmen 
 nearly to the ceiling. This engine fiumislies 
 power to all the maclrinery in tlie building. 
 
 Miles of shaft lend awaj' from it down 
 along the aisles from end to end. Of the.se 
 are eight main lines, four on each side of 
 the contra! transejit, wliere the engine 
 stands, extending lengthwise. Seven have 
 a sjjced of 120 revolutions, and one a siiocd 
 of 240 revolutions a minnto. Counter -shafts 
 are introduced into the aisles at different 
 l>nint8. The power is transmitted by the 
 spur-genr fly wliot'l, 30 ft. in diameter, 
 waighing 5(» tons ; the jack -wheel, 10 ft. 
 in diameter on the mam shafting, which, 
 being run under the floors to the iniUeys, 
 the power is transmitted thence to the 
 eight main linos of shafting above the 
 floor, aggregating one mile in length, 
 from wliieh the machiuer\- of the Exhibi- 
 tion derived its i>owcr. Tlieso made about 
 35 revolutions per minute, and for driving them tliere 
 were 20 Corliss boilers, caj^ablo of developing 1,400 
 horse-power, and of stamliug a pres-stuo of 100 i)oimds to 
 the square inch. 
 
 PROGKESS OF CONSTIIUCTIOX. 
 
 The appropriation by Cougi'css of one and a half milbon 
 dollars to tlie pmq^oses of the Exposition gave frc.sb inij>u- 
 
 tion of the Government, the schoolhouses 
 of Sweden are more cal-cfuUy cun.structed 
 in a sanitary point of riew than are those 
 of any other country. At the Vienna Ex- 
 po.sition, a Swedish schoolhouso was erected 
 which cost 6,000 crowns. That at Fair- 
 mount cost 25,000, and the building, al- 
 though plain and simifle in npiJearancc, is 
 a most intercstiug featui-c of the Exposition. 
 It has been erected between the Jury Pavi- 
 lion and Jlcmorial Hall, neiir the west end 
 of the Main Building, and is a fac-simile of 
 the best common .schoolhousc of Sweden, 
 except that it is not divided into two rooms, 
 ijs is citstomary, but is fonned in one in 
 order to obtain advantages for displaying 
 school-funhtnre, apparahis, etc. It is ono 
 and a hidf storie.s in height, constiaicted 
 of native wood, and erected by vSwedi.sli 
 workmen. A peaked roof everhanging the 
 sides is a feature of tlu; method of con- 
 struction ; the entire? building is carefully 
 fiui.sliod, all the wood being either oiled or 
 l)olislied, and no nails being cxjioseil. T!ic 
 windows arc arched, tho sashes swinging 
 upon liiugcs. It is one of tho luettiest 
 buildings on the grounds. 
 
 The last days of con.structivc cffoi-t on 
 the grounds at Fainnount, lu'ior to the opening, <'ontinued 
 to be marked by the same energy and indu.stry which laid 
 characterized the jn-oceedings from tho beginning. On 
 er’ery side, companies of brawmy men liaving the word 
 “tennimrl” marked on the bands of their cajis, wore 
 busy unloading goods — these embracing cases and crates 
 of all size.s, hogsheads, machineiy, etc. — placing them on 
 trucks, rolling the varioirs package.s into the Inuldiug, and 
 disposing them in the respective sectiou.s. In some in- 
 
 SrAXIbU SOLDIEItS PAIXTIXU OiiNAaiESTS rOH TUEIIl PAYILIOS. 
 
 Sp.AXUSH BtlLDISG. 
 
 The Spanish Pavihon in the Iil;un Building, situated 
 about half-way between the centre transept and the west 
 entrance on the centre nave, has been from the moment 
 of its commencement on object of interest. Emblazoned 
 and very ilaborately omamouted, the inclosure is 4G ft. in 
 height, constructed of wood and canvas, })aiuted, carved 
 and gilded in rich and oniatc style, having n grand 
 doons'ay in the centre, and two grand 1)014018 hanilsouiely 
 decorated. The central entrance, snnnountcd by a massive 
 Ijediment broken in the centre, is ornamented iritli a 
 painting representing Spain in the act of disclosing the 
 V'estern Hemisphere to the assembled nations. Below 
 this, the iiortraits of Culinubns, Isabella, Coriez, Pizarro, 
 De Soto and other jn'orninent personages in the liistory 
 of Sjianish discoverv’. The doorway is hung nitli heavy 
 folds of .silk enriains, displaying the Spanish nationd , 
 colors— red and yellow. These, surmounted by a grand ! 
 trophy of shields, helmets, and standards, lu’eseut a veiy 
 neat and elegant aiipearanec. 
 
 Indlvna St.vte Bun^nixo. 
 
 THE TEnillXALS. 
 
 tus to tlie work upon tlie gi'onnds at Fail-mount Park, 
 and this was rapidly displayed in tlie completion of tho 
 erection of the mimeroiia minor buildings devoted to the 
 objects of the display. 
 
 Meanwhile, the city began i-ajiidly to n.ssnme a more 
 varied and cosmopolitan a.spect than it had ever before 
 presented. Tlic arrival of the membera and emidoyes of 
 the different foreign missions— including the British, Bel- 
 gian, Siianish, Swedish, French, Gci-man, Japanese, Turk- 
 ish, etc. — inh-odneed neu- element.s among 
 the pronienaders on Chestnut Street, oc- 
 casioning that thoroughfare to i)resent daily 
 an appearance of renewed brightue.ss and 
 ritality, while, at Fninnonut Park, the new 
 nmvals were constantly seen engaged in the 
 erection of the various National Buildings 
 and in other necessary avocations. 
 
 New Jeiwey St.vte Builuiso. 
 
 This building is 34 ft. long by 57 ft. 
 wide, two stories in height, with attic and 
 obseiwatory. It lia.s been erected on a vgit 
 l)Ieasing model, presentiug many gables 
 and ornamented with red tiles, Built of 
 cross-beam tiinbci-B, tlie firat story is lilled 
 in with iiancling jiainted a hght color, the 
 rest of the exterior being covered with 
 tiles. It hiis a square tower, 85 ft. high, 
 and jiorches, verandas, balconies, gables and 
 dormor-wiudows immmerable, the whole 
 arranged in a most jiictnrcsqne manner, 
 and de.signed to offer the most iiloa-sing 
 appearance. "Within, the .arrangements are 
 made in the most eonveuient and admir- 
 able manner, including a fine stairway lead- 
 ing to the tower, from which an excellent 
 view can be liad of Fail-mount Park and 
 its dehghtful cnvii-ons. 
 
 The headquavtcra of the State of Indiana, located on 
 State Avenue, near Belmont Avenue, is peculiar and 
 original in its coustnietiou, 05x65 ft. in dimensions, with 
 nu extension iu the rear of 33x14 ft. The front build- 
 ing is 30 ft. in height to the top of the Imiten). It is 
 octagonal in .shape, and built of oniamental woodwork, 
 inclosing largo itlatc-glass, a portion of nliieli is said to 
 be the largest in America, being IS ft. liigli by 8 ft. 
 2 inches iji width. A tasty voramla is built .oi'ound three 
 sides of the .stnicturc. The intei-ior, handsomely fini.shed 
 with wain.scoting and imncling, contains committee-rooms, 
 jiarlora, post-office, telegi-ajih and other offices. 
 
 TifF. SnT.DISH ScHOOLHOrsE. 
 
 Sweden, being noted for her educational facilities, and 
 particularly for the admirable construction of her scliool- 
 liotiscs, has alwiiy.s, in iiiteniationnl exhibitions, made a 
 siiec-ial point of tliis si>ccies of exhibit. Under the direc- 
 
 A CAUTIOUS ExinDiion. 
 
 stances, the exhibitors, feeling annoyed by the premature 
 inspection of their wares, screened themselves behind canvas 
 coverings, while an-angiug then- gootls for public display. 
 
 Of course, the oi>crations of the foreign mcchnnica 
 attracted much attention and interest, these being specially 
 directed toivard the French workmen, on account of tho 
 peculiar character of tlie tools which tlioy employed, and 
 al.'iO toward the SiianisU dejiartmeut, where soldiers were 
 engaged iu various uuuiiinilatious coimcc’ted 
 i\ith their duties. 
 
 A rather amusing and certainly usc-fiil 
 feature of the Exjiosition was the “broom 
 brigade”; a &<](iad of men and boys kei>t 
 constantly emiiloyed in tlii- buildings, 
 swccinng iqi the lUhris after the workmen, 
 cleaning the windows, carryiiig off the 
 refii.se in huge wheelbaiTOWS constructed 
 for that p.artienlar purpose. 
 
 The arrival of goods at the Exiwsition 
 Buildings aM-akciicd much interest, and 
 aroii.sed the curiosity of all those who were 
 permitted to be i)resent and observe it. 
 Cou.siderablc amusement was occasioned 
 among the bystanders on the uncovering 
 of the statuary intended for the Art Dc- 
 liartment, as the figures were gi-udiuiUy 
 iiuvailed. 
 
 The transportation of heavy boxes of 
 goods, and tb.at of immense masses of stone, 
 as dis 2 >layed in our illustrations, was also a 
 never-ending fund of interest. A jirocess 
 which cbd not fail to attract a crowd wa.s 
 the erection of the interesting model of 
 the city of PiirLs. This remarkable minia- 
 ture stnictm-e presented the topogi-aphy 
 of the famous city, with the Seine, bridges, 
 jiublic buildings, hotels, Are de Triomplie, 
 
 HTSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 67 
 
 Place do la 
 Concorde, Co- 
 lo n n e V e n- 
 dome ; in fact, 
 a in inia tui'c 
 fnc - simile of 
 the beautiful 
 city. Another 
 object of in- 
 terc.st was the 
 Centennial 
 liCtter Box, by 
 in e a 11 3 of 
 which i>repa- 
 rations we re 
 made fur the 
 convenience of 
 all nations in 
 the matter of 
 Iiostal comuiu- 
 nication. 0 u 
 this lettci'-box, 
 inscriptions in 
 
 all langnaf^es explained the iimiiose of the recejitaclo in a 
 manner easily to be understood. Such boxes, distributed 
 throughout the grounds and buildings illustrate the cure 
 which wa.s taken by the Ceiitenuial authuritie.s to oiler all 
 the facilities po.ssiblo. 
 
 MASSAOHrSETTS STATE BliILDINCi. 
 
 This fine striicturo occupies one of the most prominent 
 positions within the inclosure. It is built after the style 
 of houses common in colonial times, and of course presents 
 a rather (luaintdooking appear- 
 ance that could not fail to 
 attract general attention. A 
 steep roof, tlio rear twice as 
 long as the front, is a peculiar- 
 ity making tho rear wall con- 
 siderably .shorter than the front 
 one. Tho building i-s one and 
 a half storie.s in height, Avith 
 (hirnior - windoAvs, and light 
 fancy verandas over tho en- 
 trance. OA-er the main entrance 
 there is a .shingled covering. 
 
 The btiildiiig is liithod and 
 plastered outside and in, tho 
 tinrber.s painted a deep-broAvn, 
 giving an api)jurauce of i)ancl- 
 iug. 
 
 Chilian Coukt. 
 
 Each of the different foreign 
 nations devoted time, labor and 
 expense in iitting up res- 
 pectively their quarters in the 
 Mahi Building hi a stylo at 
 once commodious and iileasaut. 
 
 Tho Cliiliun Government has 
 not fallen short of tho others 
 in this regard. The jiortiou 
 inclosed and devoted to the 
 uses of that South American 
 State is situati'd near the Avost 
 entrance of the Building. It 
 is nirangi'd in tAvo roAA-.s of 
 handsome cases, having a pa- 
 vilion at each cud in ornamenhil Avoodwork, attractively 
 jiainted and decorated. This is naturally one of the most 
 l)Ica.siug departments of the E.xposition. In all former 
 exhibitions and iiitcaiiatioual display.^, Chili has made a 
 creditable shoA\-ing, but inferior to Avhat has been done in 
 connection Avith the Centennial. 
 
 TritKisu Coffee House. 
 
 Near the bazaar of the Syi’ians from Jenusalem is erected 
 the Turkish “Khave,” or Coffee House, Avhere two Con- 
 
 stantinople citizens du-eet smoking and coffec-ilrinking in 
 genuine Ottoman style, A’isitore being ser\-ed by legitimate 
 Turks in full costume. Tlii.s building has been erected 
 by American cai-peutem, under the dii-ection of Turkish 
 overseers. 
 
 Kansas State BinujiNG. 
 
 The State of Kansas has erected a largo stnicturc? near 
 the “Women’s PaAnlion ” and tho Ngav Jersey Building, 
 occupying a spot of gi-ouud 132x123 ft. Elaboiatcly de- 
 signed, tliis building is an honor to the State which directed 
 its construction and to those engaged in building it. In 
 form it is an ornamental cottage, having a largo circular 
 hall in its centre. From tliis radiates commoilious ajiart- 
 ments, attached to AA’hich are muncroas large rooms in- 
 tended for private ofBces. 
 
 SITE OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 A vicAV of 240 acres, more or less, occiipicil by the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition, as it appeared at the time of the ojicn- 
 ing, was certainly calculated to impr(?ss the eye-witnc.s.s 
 AvitU a just idea nf tlie immensity of the undertaking 
 which has been carrird tliroiigli by flic Centennial Coni- 
 iuis.siou. Standing on George’s Hill, Avhrrri perhaps the 
 iiio.st comprehciLsivo view can be obtained, tho eye fimt 
 meets the magnificent proportions of Machineiy Hall, run- 
 ning east and Avest, extending nearly from the extreme 
 Avestcru end of the grounds to the point A\hero Belmont 
 and Elm Avenues intersect each other. Carrjdng the eye 
 beyond this point — and at this distance the line seems un- 
 broken — stretches tho vast length of the Main Exhibition 
 Building, giving an entire and nearly unbroken covered 
 siiace for exhibition of 3,824 ft. in length, and between 
 
 400 and 500 iu breadth. Yet this lino is not in the least 
 monotonous, as the tall towers in the centre and at either 
 end of tho IVIaiii Exhibition Budding produce a striking 
 and effective interruption of the distance, without interfer- 
 ing AA-ith its continuity or magnificence. Both these 
 buildings lie betAveen the two main thoroughfares of the 
 Ceutcimial Gromuls, the Avemio of the Kepiiblic and Elm 
 Avenue. 
 
 As the spectator on George's Hill caiTies his eye a little 
 to the northward of the Main Building, and at about its 
 
 centre he sees 
 the beautiful 
 structure 
 knoAvn as Me- 
 morial II all, 
 and which is 
 really the Art 
 Gallery of tho 
 Exposition, 
 built iu the 
 modem Rc- 
 uaiasauce style 
 of architec- 
 ture, and ad- 
 mirably pro- 
 p(irtioued aud 
 surmounted 
 by a beautiful 
 dome, from 
 Avhose a p e x 
 rises the en 
 lriSS.’ll ,sf;itiK' of 
 Columbia. 
 
 springing IjO ft. from tho ground. This building is, 
 iu the ehast<nics.s and symmetry of its architecture, an im- 
 mediate relief from tlio move formal lines of the Main 
 aud Macliiuery Buildings. Situated on a considerable 
 elevation in the LansdoAA’ii Plati'au, ovi'rlooking the city in 
 the distance aud the beautiful river at its feet, no more 
 charming .spot could have been chosen for this prominent 
 building. 
 
 Gazing still further north, and at a point about opposite 
 tho extreme western end of tho Slain Building, the eye 
 noAV meets tho Horticultmul 
 Buildiug, also designed to re- 
 main a pennaneut ornament to 
 Fairniount, aud Avhich, being 
 built in the Ylaure.squo stylo of 
 architecture of the tAvdftli cen- 
 tury, is still more ornate and 
 piet\ires(jue than those strnc- 
 ture.s already seen. Nearly 
 400 ft. in length. 200 ft. iiiAvidtli, 
 and 72 ft. in height, this little 
 and beautiful edifice, devoted 
 entirely to x'lants and flowers, 
 i.s one of the most interesting 
 and pleasing featiu'es of tho 
 entire atcav. 
 
 Finally, tho chief system of 
 structures is comxilcted by the 
 Agricultural Buikling, north of 
 the lust-mentioned and on tho 
 eastern side of Belmont Ave- 
 nue. Midway betAveeu this aud 
 Machinery Hall is the building 
 for the Exliibition of the United 
 States Govcmineiit. 
 
 The eye, taking in the numer- 
 ous smaller edifices erected for 
 the use of the different States, 
 for the exliibition of special 
 tradi-s and manufactures, for tho 
 cimveiiienco andaccommodation 
 of the visitoi-s to the Exposition, 
 or for tho di.sjjliiy of jirivato 
 euteiqiriso, industry and energy, 
 is filled Avith a vision of architectural exercise and iu- 
 diistrial excellence which has probably never been exoclJed 
 in any one locality iu the Avorld. 'Tlio speeinl jiurposo 
 aud character of those minor buililings m-e described clsc- 
 Avhorc. Of those not thus specifictl, there slioidJ bo 
 mentioned the foiloAving.*' 
 
 The C,veria<ie and ■\\’agon Building. 
 
 This building is located northwest of Memorial Hail. It 
 is built of wood and ii'on, aud lighted principally by 
 
 the fiest german arrival, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENXIAL EXPOSITIOH. 
 
 nR 
 
 ‘'kyliftlits, 34.^ ft. 
 long and 23nwifl('. On 
 each of the four sides 
 are ontraiice.s, with 
 fiffices attached to 
 cneh entrance. One 
 side of this stnicture 
 is dt'voteJ entirely to 
 carriages, r a i 1 w a y 
 cars, omnibuses and 
 •wagons. Till’ exliibihs 
 in this de]mrtment by 
 American inanufac- 
 turcr.s number more 
 than 100 ; tho.se of 
 the English nearly 50 ; 
 of Prance 30 ; Ger- 
 many and Italy also 
 exhibit. 
 
 This hnilding is 
 2(>n ft. by 80, arid con- 
 tains all the ma- 
 chinery n.scd in brew- 
 ing, with samples of 
 lager -1 lier, Rochester 
 and Milwaukee bier, 
 English pall? ole, stout 
 and poilvr, I’liiladel- 
 pliia and New York 
 ales, with a large ex- 
 hibit from the be.st 
 breweries in Eiu'ope. 
 
 Aitx.\xs.\s State 
 Bl'ildiso. 
 
 This building is oc- 
 tagonal in s ha pc. 
 covering an area of 
 5,0U1) square ft., the 
 columns being jilaced 
 in a circle of 82 ft. in 
 diameter, the ceiling 
 s])licrii'a]. with an octagonal dome overall, the top being 
 5n ft. above the iioor line. 
 
 The Cextenni.vl PnoTooRAi-Hn’ Comi-axy's BriLiUNO. 
 
 CCNSTHCCTIXCi THE CUILIAX COUET IX THE M.UX BUILDISO. 
 
 the Exhibition, ha'vc a building on the east .side of Bel- 
 mont Avenue, just north of the western end of the Main 
 Exhibition Building. It is built of \vood and plaster, 
 highlv decorated, is one story high, and situated on a ter- 
 race 3 ft. above the ordinary grade, has a vestibule. 
 
 The Centennial I’hotographic Company, which has the 
 conce-ssion of all photographs made within the precincts of i rcccptioii-room, g.allery 2‘2 ft. square for the exhibition of 
 
 photographs ; public 
 cud private offices, 
 dressing-rooms, etc., 
 are included in its 
 scope. 
 
 Glass JlANUTACTfHE. 
 
 IVIessrs. GiJlender it 
 Sons have erected a 
 handsome building 
 wherein will be re- 
 presonted, in actual 
 working order, this 
 highly interesting and 
 impoi-tant industry, 
 and all the processes 
 of gla.ss melting, 
 blo-wing and manu- 
 faeturiug will be cx- 
 liibited in all their 
 various branches, in 
 active operation. 
 
 Shoe and Le.4ti!eb 
 Building. 
 
 This building is 
 160 ft. wide. 314 deep, 
 foi-niing a pamllelo- 
 prnm, constructed of 
 •wood, gliu«s and iron. 
 The interior presents 
 an open .space, 250 ft. 
 long by 100 wide. The 
 roof is suppoiteil by 
 columns, 10 ft. apart. 
 The central sectinn is 
 a cmve 80 ft. wide, 
 of the Howe - tmss 
 j'lattcrn, over which, 
 5 0 ft. above the 
 ground, is a LoinTC 
 ventilator, 20 ft. 
 wide, running the 
 entire length of the 
 building. The ffiig-stalTs .ivc 80 ft. high, and the pa•^•iI- 
 ion'", respeetivclv, 20 and 30 ft. in height, llithin. an 
 aisle, 15 fi. wide, runs through the centre of the building 
 from end to end, having on either side two aisles, 10 ft. 
 wide, running parallel with it. Aeros.s the centre is an 
 aisle’ 10 ft. wide, ending in sliding-doors, which lead to 
 
 PRErTIN'G THE C0RLIR.3 F.N'GISES IN THE SOUTH TRANSEPT OF MArHINERY HAU. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEHNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 69 
 
 Muchiiioi'j Hall oil tlip north, and to Klin Avoime mi 
 the Kouth. The east anti west soctionH of the groimtl- 
 rtoor liave aisles 14 ft. wide. ( )ii the right and left of the 
 main entmuee, stairways lead to the second-flonr, in front 
 of which are galleries 8 ft. wide, which give an nnoh- 
 stnu'ted view of the lower floor. A hall, IG ft. wide, 
 dividi‘s the second story into two iwi-ts, and leads to the 
 hideony facing Belmont Avenue, giving a cornmaiuling 
 view of all the Imildings on the gi'ouuds. On either side 
 of the hall arc ladies’ and gentlemen’s parlors, and on the 
 
 ft. each, and 8 sjiaces of I'H) .stjiiare ft. each. The -walls 
 of the l.iiilding furnish ft. more, making in all 
 
 18,rjG() square ft. Thu entire oxhibitive space is 20,000 , 
 square ft., furnishing an opportunity for the exhibition ! 
 of iihotograjihs such as has nevi-r before been witne.sscd. 
 
 Dklawaiii: State Boldiso. 
 
 This is located on State Avenue, north of the Britisli 
 Government Buildings, and opposite the New York State 
 Commission Building. It is built in the Swis-s Gothic 
 
 I and High Schools, with their furnitiire. fittings, apparatus, 
 ete. ; academies and seudnories with jiicturcs of buildings, 
 cabinet collections, etc.; normal schools ; views of build- 
 ings and grounds, models and charts ; institution for the 
 blind, iqtparatus for teaching; orjdian schools; mii.sic 
 buildings, ebart.s. etc.; Sunday-schools, with materials, 
 maps, charts, forms and mndels. 
 
 New York Ht.^te BiuldinUt. 
 
 This buikling i.s (iO ft. long and two stories high, with 
 
 TURKISH COMMISSIONERS AND THEIR GUIDE INSPECTING THE UNLOADING 
 
 OF HEAVY MACHINERY. 
 
 first fioor various rooms for the accommodation of exhib- 
 itoi-s and those employed in the building, 
 
 Photookaphehs’ Hauu. 
 
 The photogi-apbie ])rofession throughout the Uniti-d 
 States have combined to procure the erection of this 
 Buikling, -which will contain the specimeirs of photographs 
 'exhibited by the difl'erent nations. The building occu- 
 pies a space 258 ft. long by 107 ft. -wide. The interior 
 furnishes 28 hanging screens, 48 sx)aces of 240 square 
 
 style of architeoture, and entirely of woods native to the 
 State. The firet floor is used for recciJtion-rooms, the 
 second floor being devoted to business x)uiq}oses. 
 
 Pesshvlvania Em-c'ATiosAL Hall. . 
 
 This building is situated north of the Art Gallery, 
 fronting the Laii.sdownc Drive. It is octagonal in sliaiJe, 
 148 ft. by mo ft., and contains 32 alcoves for exhibitive 
 purposes, a large aasembly-room and reception-room. The 
 exhibits will include liinder Garten ; Primary, Grammar 
 
 ii Prench roof, ha\-iug in the centre a graceful tower, from 
 the top of which a ohai-nriug view of the grounds can be 
 enjoyed. Around three sides tjf the building is a tasteful 
 I)iazza, 15 ft. -wide. Within are offices for the State Cen- 
 tennial Board, recexjtion-rooms for visitora from New 
 York, juivate rooms for ladies, and all modem improve- 
 ments for the comfort of exhil>itor.s and guests. This i.s a 
 beautiful sjjccimen of modern ai'chiteetnn-, designed and 
 constructed under the direction of skilled artists. The fol- 
 lowing arc the Commissioners for the State of New York ; 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
TO 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 area of ovn' 4,000 
 square ft., is three 
 storio.s in height, 
 and is carefnlly 
 adapted to the pur- 
 pose it is intended 
 to subsoiTO. It is 
 located at the west 
 end of Machinery 
 Hall, and will con- 
 tain, among other 
 interesting exhibits, 
 the press on which 
 the Declaration of 
 Iiidopcndcnce was 
 first printed. 
 
 The Newspapeh 
 
 DriLUING. 
 
 On a line betwcou 
 the ITnited States 
 Government BuOd- 
 ing and Machinery 
 Hall is the struc- 
 ture devoted to the 
 exhibition of news- 
 papers and perio- 
 ilicals. eaiii exhibit 
 
 A CESTESNIAL LETTEK-BOX- 
 
 no additional fees, 
 all the buililings 
 being free for the 
 entrance of any visi- 
 tor. A force of 000 
 unifomred jr o 1 i ( i' - 
 men, carefully or- 
 ganized and well 
 disciplined, is dis- 
 tributed throughout 
 the gr'ound.s to pre- 
 serwe order and pro- 
 tect the buildings 
 and exhibits. There 
 is also a large and 
 efficient Fire De- 
 partment, provided 
 with steam fire- 
 r ngiiu's, and ready 
 at a moment's 
 notice on an emer- 
 gmicy. Besides this, 
 the telegraphic and 
 postil comiminioa- 
 tiou system of the 
 Exhibition has been 
 perfected under the 
 most excellent and 
 
 atoaiviM 
 
 MOVIKG UEAVT CASES IN THE MAIN BUILDINQ. 
 
 Frank Leslie, PnsUkut ; John :Murdoek, Alonzo B. Cor- 
 neU. Felix Campbell, Jackson S, Schultz ; and Thomas 
 McElrath, Secrciar'j. 
 
 • Miemo.rx State BrinDiKO. 
 
 This structure is built in a highly ornamental style of 
 architecture, finished in the most attractive and liberal 
 manner, and nj well worth the examination of visitors. 
 
 The M'oiild’s Ticket and Inqi'IKY OtTiCE of Cook, 
 Son Jenkins. 
 
 It is erected on a triangular piece of ground, on Belmont 
 Avenue, near JIachinevy Hall. In the centre is a hall GO ft. 
 in diameter, and there arc also numerous offices and wait- 
 ing-rooms fur the accommodation of visitors. Here also 
 will be found a staff of officials in the employ of the ex- 
 liibitors. 
 
 C.>iMPBEi.ii Pke-ss Bvilding. 
 
 In this Imihling, erected in the interest of the press of 
 the country, wiU bo seen the process of ninning a com- 
 plete newspaper, a job-printing office, os well as the vaiiona 
 articles manufactured by the exhibitors, whose liberality 
 has procured the iirectiou of tlft' stmeture. It covers au 
 
 being presented in an alphabetical arrangement of partial 
 files, and bearing suitable labels. 
 
 The Daibymen's Aksocevtion Bcilding. 
 
 Located near the Horticultural Hall, under the shade- 
 trees of this peculiarly attractive structure, modeled after 
 the favorite resort of Maria Antoinette, the Petti Tna Xon 
 is a most pleasing object. It is 50 ft. wide, 100 ft. long, 
 in the midst of the ground, prettily laid out aud onm- 
 mented with fountains and Rtatues. 
 
 The American Restaurant, Paris Restaurant. Singer 
 Sewing Jlachine Building and othera, complete the pri- 
 vate aud State structures, 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 The uniform imee of admission to the Centennial Expo- 
 sition is 50 cents. The seemingly unnecessary exaction 
 that this sum should be paid in each case in a single stamp 
 hu-s been abolished, and hereafter the ordinary- custom will 
 be obselTod. 
 
 There arc thirteen entrances to the Exposition, and the 
 admission foe once paid and the grounds entered, there are 
 
 judicious management, and will bo found entirely com- 
 petent to all tlie necessoiy uses of those who may have to 
 employ these inqiortant facilities. 
 
 The restaurants, including the Amei-ican, Routhera, 
 German, Rudreaux, Trols Frere.s, Hebrew, Vienna Bakery 
 and Coffee-hoiEso, and Turkish Coffee-house— all these, 
 aft(>r the first vagaries as to charges, -will be found to have 
 settled doim to n set method of compensation and u suita- 
 ble cuisine. 
 
 The facilities for transportation to the Exjiositiou have 
 never been equaled ou any jirevious oeco-sion of the same 
 charai'ter. Being connected with Philadilphuv by three 
 lines of stcom-railway, four linos of horse-cars, and a line 
 of omnibuses, Fainnount Park has peculiar advantages. 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad are 
 constantly disi>atching tmins from tlu-ir chief terminal 
 stations, while the strcebcar lines are running their vehicle,? 
 without cciwation. As all roads are said to lead to Paris, so 
 ill Philiidelphia and the snri'onndiiig coimtiy all road.s lead 
 to the Centennial, while each road is utilized to the fullest 
 extent of human skill in the matter of tnvnsporting the 
 I large.st number of human beings in the shortest pos.sible 
 I time. ‘Within the ground.? a double navrow-gaiige railway 
 
 TKCOKD’O UEA\y BLOCKS OF STONE. 
 
 MACUINEBY HALL ON A KAINY HAY. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 1 
 
 malcos thr> olrmit of tlio inrlomro, having statiniis adjoiii- 
 iug all tlio imiu-ipal Imihliiigs. Tlio cars arc njwn at the 
 Kicks and arc drawn hy dummy-engines. Passengers i)ay 
 five cents at the gates leading to the station-platform, and 
 can ridu the entire length of the line, about four miles, or 
 get ofl' at any stopj)ing-place. 
 
 The transfer cenupanies nin omnibuses to Chestnut 
 Street and the principal hotels, fare •'30 cents ; while another 
 company niii.s vehicles between Fairmouut Park and the 
 foot of Marked Street for 2.3 cents fare. 
 
 of the numerous hotels which have beni recently erected. 
 It should be generally understood that the Ceutenniul Ex- 
 position cannot be seen without time and sonie exercise of 
 judgment. It is estimated tliat a week is the least time it 
 shunld be allowed, wliile two weeks is only a fair period to 
 devote to a thorough examination of all the features of the 
 Exposition. Ordinarily speaking, an allowance of So a 
 day may be made to cover all exix>nses of visiting the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition. Uf eoiirsi' there are moau-s of econo- 
 mizing on this, while those with more extravagant bvste.s 
 
 the latter in i xtent being a.s iai'ge a.s the other two, and this 
 by AiLstralasia, India and the other oolonies of Croat 
 Britain. Next is the department of Canada, ami then that 
 of Cri'ut Britjiin itself, which brings one to the centre of 
 the tmnsept. Proceeding, we come now upon the space 
 allotted to France and her erjlonies, following which are 
 Switzerland and Belgium ; then B^izil, the Netherlands, 
 Mexico and a portion of the United Stsites of America, 
 which, however, occniries the entire opposit(.‘ sidi! from the 
 eastern end up to the centre of the transept. On this side. 
 
 SCENES AND INCIDENTS OF THE EXPOSITION PllEPAliATIONS. 
 
 Tlio Pennsylvania Kailvoad put in operation a new 
 schedule oil the opening day of the Exposition, By this 
 the comiiany runs ckily (Suuduy excepted) from New York 
 to l’liDiuleli>hia nnmovous express and accommodation 
 trains direct to the grounds and return. A uniform reduc- 
 tion of ■Y3 per eeiit. below the regnhir rates has been made. 
 
 In sivuving lodgings in advanee tlivongli the ageiieies, 
 a friend should be employed to select a locality in order to 
 be neiu' the Exposition. Those intending to remain only 
 u few days will promoto theii' comfort by sojoiu-uing at one 
 
 can exceed the amount to their full de.sii'e. Hotel board 
 rates from 62 to 63 per day. Board ean be obtained in 
 pri\'ate houses all the way from a dollar a day up. 
 
 THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 I\ST.\LLATtOK PuAX. 
 
 The visitor entering the iVIain Building from Machinery 
 Hall liiuls on his li-ft, next to the entrance, the .space 
 allotted to Italy. This is followed by Norway and Sweden, 
 
 I the sonthern, following th(> United States toward the Jla- 
 ehinery Hall, is : fii-st, the space of the German Empire ; 
 ' next, that of Austria and Hungary ; then Russia, Spain and 
 I’ortugal ; next, EgA-jit, Turkey, Tunis and the Saiulwii-h 
 I I.slaiids, with an additional allotment U> Sweden and Den- 
 mark. Following this are Japan and China, which bringH 
 ns to Chili, Peru and the Omuge Free State.s of Africa, 
 when we have made the I'litire circuit of the building and 
 find onrstdves again nt the entrance •facing the eastern 
 end of Machinery Hall. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER C 
 

 
 The priiu’ipiil iipin'oiicli for carriages to tlie j\[iiiu Btiilil- 
 ing is at the cast entrance ; that at the south entrance 
 being mostly nsoil for visitors an'h-ing by the street-cars. 
 T!ie north entrance leails to the Art Gallerie.s of the i\Ie- 
 morial Hall, and annex. 
 
 The JIaiu Building ijresents the display of the various 
 mannfac'ture.s, and the nations exhibiting are repre- 
 sented here, ^\■ith the exception of Tunis, the Sandwieli 
 I.slands, Peru and the Orange Free States, the dill'erent 
 nations have exhibiting space on the ecntral aisle, and this 
 pronu'nade, of course, affonls the most attractive treasures 
 in the collection. Some of the departments have been 
 handsomely ornamente.1 with architoctund fronts, or are 
 entirely inclosed. In the centi'e of the transept is a 
 circular music-stand, wink- in \-arion.s i)avt-s of the hiiilding 
 are showy structures devoted to soda-water. 
 
 The entire number of buildings on the Ceutcimial 
 Grounds, as published in the list of the ulhciul record 
 of the Commission, and inelndiug soda-water stands, ])op- 
 corn stands, restaurauks, wind-mills, cloak-rooms, and all 
 other structures for accommudatiou or display, is iSlh 
 
 OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 OPENING 
 
 The morning of May 10th— the day most important in 
 the annals of the Centennial Exposition — opened gloomily. 
 The air waa damj) and the sky was overcast, but a little 
 later on, in time enough before the hour fixed for the cere- 
 monies at Fail-mount Park for eveiy one to be apprised, 
 the sky brightened, and by eight o'clock the clay was In-il- 
 liant and beautiful. 
 
 Tlie grounds were opened at nine o’clock, and even at 
 that hour the neighborhood of the gates was crowded with 
 thousands of persons 
 
 awaiting admission. 
 According to the 
 progi'amme of the 
 Commission, the fii-st 
 admitted were the 
 invited guests, mid 
 these entered at the 
 southern eutianco of 
 the Main Building. 
 The guests were there 
 ill large nunihers, 
 and on entering these 
 passed through the 
 Main BuiUliiig and 
 out at the northern 
 side, under the gi-eat 
 platform i;rected for 
 the use of the or- 
 chestra and clionis, 
 and thence to the 
 l>latfni-m in front of 
 Memnnal Hall set 
 apart for them. Each 
 guest was provided 
 •ivith a diagram of the 
 platform, on whieli 
 was indicated, in red 
 ink. the iiosition as- 
 signed to every lujlder 
 of a platform ticket. 
 Vpon the latter there 
 was a p 1 a n of the 
 grouuils, and also a 
 programme of the <‘X- 
 evcises. These 
 uTangements avoided 
 confusion, and great- 
 ]v lulded to the com- 
 fort of the visitors. 
 Afti‘1' the guests cnnic 
 the crowd, and soon 
 their number in- 
 creased by thousands 
 
 in the space hctweeii the two halls, and outside of that 
 framed in by rope.s for the accommodation of the imme- 
 diate ceremonies of the occasion, until the as.s(niibied muss 
 was estimated by careful observers to roach as many as 
 2lX),0l«) persons, indused in the space of nearly a half of 
 a mile in length and 7d0 ft. in breadth. Even the two pede.s- 
 tals and the bronze figuri'S ^\hieh supported the Pegasus 
 statues were crowded over, each by 30 or 40 jftTsons, ^\■ho 
 had diinbed on the bronze backs of the horses and clung 
 to their wings, or perched upon the heads of the figures. 
 The number of guests upon the platform -svas eousidered 
 to amount to as many as 4,000 persons. They included 
 the liigh ullieial dignitaries of the comitr.-, members of 
 the Cabinet, Senators and Congre.s.smen, Supi-i-me Court 
 Jiulgi's, all in full dre-ss ; general officers of the Anny, 
 and Admirals and Coiumodore.s, .sulKU'dinatc officers, statl- 
 olfieers, eh'., in unifonii ; the diplomatic em-pA, in full 
 <-onrt-dress, their breasts covered with decorations; and 
 nnmeruns ladies elegantly eostunied — the whole creating a 
 varied and vivid inetnro of humanity in its must atti-aetive 
 phases. 
 
 On the arrival of popular pei'snnages aim those well- 
 known to the assembled crmvd, loud cheers n-iit the air. 
 T!ii.s hiipiK'iied in the cases of General Shennaii. Genend 
 Hancock, General Philip Sheridan, Hun. J. G. Blaine, 
 Si‘cretai-y Bristow, and many othci-s. At a little past ten 
 o'clock the Emperor and Empress of Brazil an-ived at 
 the iilatfomi, Dorn Pedro hi-ing l<->udly cheered on his 
 way, an attention which he repeatedly acknowledged. The 
 apiieai-ance of the soldioi-s amas.sed in the crowd, as occa- 
 sion reciuired, hi restrain the latter from inroads upon the 
 roi>e which separated them from the inclosed space, gave 
 color to the ilark picture of the human beings without. 
 
 The ecrcnionies commenced by the perfomiaiice at the 
 hands of Tlieodoro Thomas’s magnificent orcheatiu of a 
 series of tliii-teeu national uii-s : 
 
 . The Wasliiufftuii March. 
 
 . .\rgeiitiiio ro'[iu1)lie (Marche de la Repulilica). 
 
 - .\.u,stria. Gott erhaltn Franz, den Kaiser. 
 
 . Ifelgium. La Brabam-onne. 
 
 '. Brazil. Hymiio Brasileira N;a?ioiml. 
 
 '. Denmark. Yulkslied— den luiinre Land.soldat, 
 . France. La Mai-seillaiso. 
 
 :. Germany. Was i.st dcs Deutchen Yaturland ? 
 t. Groat Britain. God Sjivo the yuceii. 
 
 I, Italy. Murcia del lie. 
 
 , Xi'therliiiids. Wie neorlaiidsch blued. 
 
 1. Norway. Natioiual Hymn. 
 
 !. Ihi-ssia. N.atiimal II\mn. 
 
 At eleven o'clock, foUowiug the completion of the inter- 
 national niusie, the orchestra pertormed the “ 'SVagner In- 
 auguration Marcli,” writh-n for the occasion Jiy the cele- 
 biutetl Gi-rman composer, of wliich the capable musical 
 critic of the New York Tribune says: “No praise which 
 has been lavished upon this noble compo.sition overstate.s 
 its merit, tnid we are gi-eiitly disa})j»oiiited in the taste of 
 our oonntiymeii if it do not .soon hecoine one of the mo.st 
 popular of 'riiomas's concert pieces.” And again : “ It is a 
 imrely original work ; perhaps one of the most originid 
 things Wagner has written since Tri.stan.” 
 
 After the performance of the Wagner March, Bi.shop 
 Simp.son arose and offered the following jirayer, the vast 
 assemblage Hsteiiing with uncovered heads : 
 
 Almighty and everlasting God, our Hi'.-ivenly Father. Heaven 
 is Thy throne ami tho earth is Thy funtstool. Befure Thy majesty 
 and holiness the angels vail thoir faces, and llio spirits of the just 
 made perfi'ct bow lii 
 liumblo adoration. 
 Thou art tho creator of 
 all things, tho preservoi 
 
 of all tliat exist, whether 
 they bo thrones, or do- 
 minions, or principal- 
 ities, or powers. The 
 minute and the vast 
 atoms and worlds alike 
 attest tho uiiiqiiity of 
 Thy presence and the 
 omnipotence of Thy 
 
 Thou alone art tho 
 sovereign ruler of na- 
 tions. TTiou raiseth up 
 one and castoth down 
 another, ami Tliou 
 givest tho kingdoms of 
 tho world to whomso- 
 ever Thou wilt. Tho 
 past with all its records 
 is the luif'ildhig of Thy 
 counsels .and the reali- 
 zation of Tliy gr.ind 
 designs. We hail Thee 
 as our rightful ruler, 
 tho king eteraal, im- 
 mortal, and invisible, 
 tho only true God, 
 ble.ssod fori-vermore. 
 
 We eome on this glad 
 day, (triiou God of our 
 fathers, into these 
 eourt.s with tlianksgiv- 
 ing, and into those | 
 guti-s with praise. Wo 
 bles.s Thee for Thy 
 wonderful goodness in ; 
 the past, for tlio land j 
 which Thou gavest to ' 
 our fathers, a land 
 vailed from the ages, 
 from tho ancient world, | 
 but revealed in the full- ' 
 ness of time to Thy 
 chosen people, whom 
 Thou didst lead by , 
 Thine own right liand 
 through tho billows of 
 the deep, a land of vast "j 
 
 , ti 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 in tlic highPBt. |ir,ap<' nn parth and fjoocl will tn man,’' co to latest 
 time may the misBion of Anicriea, uruler divine* iusjiiralion, bo 
 one of affection, brotherhood, and love tor all our race. And may 
 the coming conturio.B bo lllli'd with the glory of our Christian 
 civilization. 
 
 And unfo Thee, our Father, tiirough Him whoso life is the 
 light of men, will we a.soribe glory and ]>rui.se, now and foiover. 
 Amen. 
 
 Wlieii tlie prayer was oiuletl, the following hymn, by 
 John Grcenlcaf Wliittiev, the music by Julin K. Paine, of 
 Mfissaeliasetts, wa.s sung, with organ uml orchestral accom- 
 paniment, with magnificent etfect : 
 
 Our fathers’ Gi‘d : from mit whoso hand 
 Tho centuries fall like grains of .saiul. 
 
 We meet fo-Uay, united, free, 
 
 And loyal tu our land and Thee, 
 
 To thank Tlo'e for the era done, 
 
 And trust Thee fur tho mjening one. 
 
 Here, where of old, by Thy design, 
 
 Tho fattier.s spake that word of Thine, 
 
 Whoso echo is the glad refrain 
 Of rendc-d Imlt anil fulling chain, 
 
 To gmeo our fesUd lime, from all 
 Tho zones of ourth our guests wo call. 
 
 lie with us while the new world greets 
 Tile ohl world thronging all its streets, 
 
 Unv.ailing .-ill the triumphs won 
 liy art or toil bi-neath tho smi; 
 
 And unto common good ordain 
 This rlvalsliip of hand and bniin. 
 
 Thou, who hast liere in concord furled 
 Tho war flags of a gatliercd world, 
 
 Beneath our Western skios fulllll 
 The Orient's missinn of good will, 
 
 And, freighted with love’s Golden Flcnco, 
 
 Kond back the Argonauts of peace. 
 
 For art and labor met in truce, 
 
 Fur beauty made tho bride of use 
 We thank Thci*, while, withal, wo eravo 
 The austere virtues strong to save, 
 
 Tho honor proof to place nr guld, 
 
 Tho manhood never bought nor sold. 
 
 0 1 make Thou us, through centuries long, 
 
 In peace secure, in justice .strong; 
 
 Around our gifts of freedom draw 
 Tile saCegiianls of Tliy rigliteous law; 
 
 And, cast in some diviner mold. 
 
 Let the new cycle shamo tin.' old I 
 
 Prtskntation' RrEEcri nv jrit. Jons Welsh. 
 
 Wr. John "WcLsh, Presidont of the Centennial Board of 
 Finance, then presented thu buildings to the United States 
 
 Mtcnt, of towering mountains and broad plains, of uiuiumbered 
 products and iiiitold ireasurc.s. 
 
 We thank for the fathers r.f oureountry, men of mind and 
 
 fif might, who eiiduivd privations and saeriflees, wlio braved mul- 
 ti plied dangiTS railier than detllo their conscii'iices, nr ite untrue 
 to tholi Goil, men who laid on tho bioad found.ations of truth and 
 justieu the grand strueturo of civil freedom. 
 
 We prai.se Thee fertile dosing eentury, fur the fouiidurs of tho 
 Itepubli'-, for the immortal Wiisliingtoii and liis grand .as.soeiatcs ; 
 for the wisdom with wlii'-h they planned, and thu llnmiess and 
 horoism wliieli. under Tiiy ble-.sing, led them to triumph.ant suc- 
 cess. Thou wjLst their shii'hl in hours of danger, their pillar of 
 cloud iiy day, and thdr pillar of lire by Jiight. May we, their 
 sons, walk in their footstep- aii'l imitate their virtues. 
 
 Wo tliaiik Thee for social and national prosperity ;iiul |iro- 
 grc.ss, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for 
 labor-saving m I'-hinery relieving tiie toiling masses, for schools, 
 flee as the morning light for the millions of the rising generation, 
 for b.„iks and periodicals seatteri'd like leaves of Atituinn over 
 the land, for art niid si'ieiiee, for freedom to worship God neerird- 
 iiig to llie dietrles of eouseieiicc, for a eliurdi unlettered by the 
 traiiimels of Stale. 
 
 Bless, we pray , tin' Presiileiit of tlie rniled Stales and his 
 
 coiistilnliorial .advisers, tlie Judge-, of the Siipri'iiio (.'ouit. tho 
 Senators iiiid Uepresentative.-. in Congress, tliu Governors of our 
 sever, il Coimiioiiwi'aliiis. tlie omccrs of tho army and navy, and 
 all who are in oflli-ial iio.-iiiou thrmigliout om- land. Guido them, 
 
 we pray , willi of wisdom, and may they ever nilo 
 
 ill righteou.siiess. We ask Tliy Messing to rest upon tho Presi- 
 dent iiiiii members of the Ceiitoimial (’omnii.ssion, anil upon 
 those a.saociated with them in the various departments, who liave 
 labored long and I'arnoslly, amid nnxieties and diflleullicB, for the 
 .success of this enterprise. 
 
 May Thy sjiecial lilessing, o Thon God of all tho nations of tlii 
 eai'lli, rest ui>ou our Natioii.il guests, our vi.sitors from distant 
 lauds. We wi'leomo them to mir .shores, and we rejoice in their 
 pie-ence among us, wliether lliey represent thrones, or culture, 
 or leseareh. <ir whetlu'r they come to exhibit the triiimph.s of 
 genius ami art. in tho development of industry and in the pro- 
 gress of i-ivilizatam. Pre.sorvo Thou llicm, wo be.soeeli Thee, in 
 lieallli ami safety, and in duo time may they bo welcomud by lovn] 
 ones again to their own, their native lands. 
 
 I.e‘ Thy blessing rest richly on lliis t'entennial eelol<raliim. 
 jMay tliii lives and health of all interi'stc'd lie precious in Tliy 
 sight. Preside ill ils as.scmblies. Grant that tills association in 
 efTirt may bind imire elosi'ly togidher every part of our great 
 Itepublie, so that mir Union may bo perpetual anil indissoluble. 
 Let its inflimiin; draw tile iiations of cartli into a. hapiiier unity. 
 Hereafter, we pmv Thee, may all disputed (piestinns bo .settled 
 liy arliitralieii, nml not liy the sword, and may wars forever cease 
 among tlie .ion.s of men. 
 
 M.iy the new eentnry bo belter than the past. More r.adiant 
 with the light of true iiliilosophy, wanner with tlie emanations of 
 a W'U-ld-wiile sympathy. May cajiitai, goniiis, mid labor bo freed 
 fi- iiii all antagonism by the establishment nnd application of such 
 lirineiph- : of justice and ecpiityas shall reeoneiie diver.silled in- 
 terests and bind in imperishable laands all parts of societj-. 
 
 OES’EnAI. T. SAICO, CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONER FIIOM JAPAN. 
 
 Wi! jiray Thy benediction especially on the women of Americ.a, 
 who for the llr.st lime in tho history of our race take so conspic- 
 uous a place in a national celebration. May the light of their 
 iiUcllignnee, imrity, and enterprise shed its bcam.s afar, until in 
 distant lamls their sisters may realize tho beauty and glory of 
 Christian freedom and elevation. Wo beseech Thee, Almighty 
 Father, that our beloved Itupublio may be strengthenud in every 
 element of true greatness, until her mis.sion is accomplislied by 
 presenting to tho world an illu.stration of the happiness of a tree 
 lieojile, with a, free* ehurcli in a free State, under laws of their own 
 enaetmeni, and under rulers of tlieir own selection, ackmiwledg- 
 iiig sui»romo allegiance only to tlm King of kings and Lord of 
 lord-S. And as Tlmu didst give toone of its illustrious sons first 
 to draw experimentally the electric spark from heaven, which has 
 since girdh'd tho glolio in its celestial whispers of “ Glory to God 
 
 VISITORS P.ASSINJ THROUGH THE TURNSTILES. 
 

 HISTORICAL REGISTER. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 KECEPIIOX, AT PHILADELPHIA, OP GOVEIKOU PICE OF. MASSACHUSETTS, OS MAV Oih.-TIIE PIIOCESSIOS LEAVI.NG THE PEEKS STI.EET DEPOT. 
 
 C'nminis^inii ni'ing frc(|U(.'iitly appliUKTed i 
 
 speaking. HA‘>aiil: ' 
 
 Mr. rKESIl.EST .\S-|> nENTREMEN- "F THE TsITEn STATE.S 
 
 TEXTESNIAL rOMiCLs'-lnS : Ilitlh I' if tin • IrilVi'rilllU’Blt ut 
 
 llie Tuitc.’d Stfiti’d, and nf the ' ■! lingui-hed Iwnlits hy 
 
 whom w.; tire siirruimdi-.l. am! i:. If the •■■•nt-iiriial liiarJ 
 
 ..f Fiiianee, I gr.-et you. 
 
 In r>.'adiue-.s at tho niijioiiifed time, I )i;iv” tin' lioin'r to aii- 
 nouDCO to yuu that, uniler your supi.'rvi.''iuii. and in aeeordiuiee 
 with the [ihins llxed and «'Stablidhed liy you, wo Iuim- • i-.\ t -d tie* 
 ImildinRS belont'ing to ti’. and have made till the arraiit;o- 
 inents devolving on nee.'-^ary for ila> oiieniiig of tin- - Inter- 
 national rxhiliition." We liereby now formally apiToin-iato thc'm 
 for tlic.-ir intended oceupation; and we hold onrs-dves ready to 
 make all further .'mangement^ that may In- needed for carrying 
 Into full and complete effeei all the reiiuirements of the aets rif 
 Congress relating to the Exhiliition. 
 
 For a like jiurpose, we also appropriate the huildinc.s belong- 
 ing to the State of I’onusylvania and the City -d riiiladclphia. 
 erected by us at their bhiding, to wit : Memorial Hall, Maehinery 
 Hall and Hoi-tieuitiiral Hall. Tlie-o' aud other ,'Uib.stjmtial offer- 
 ings stand a-s the evid- vi - of their patriotic co-opemtion. To the 
 United Stat.-s of America, through Congress, wc are indebted for 
 the aid which criwned our - o- . 
 
 lu addition lo those to wliieh I liaNejusl reforred, tbae are 
 
 other lieaiitiful aim eonveuiont edillce.s, which have been eri'oted 
 bv ihi' repre.BenlaliM - of toroign nation.s, by State authority, and 
 by iiniividuiits. wlnctU are also d.'voted to the purposes of tin- 
 Exhibition. 
 
 Ladiosainl Oentli'mcn : If in the pa.st wo have mot with dis- 
 appoiiitiuonts, liifn.'illtios and trials, they lane bemi overcome by 
 a eoiisoiousnesa that iio snerillcR can bo too groat which is made 
 to honor tin- mmuorios of those wlm lirought our nation into 
 being. Tills eommemoration of tho events of 1770 excites cur 
 pri'seut gratitude. The assemblage here to-day of so ninny 
 fondgiircpresenudivep. uniting with u.s in this nwreiitiid tribute 
 is our reward. 
 
 We coiigriitiilato you on tlie urrenee of this ilay. Many of 
 
 tin' nations liav.' gathered here in peaceful co!iii>etition, Ivich 
 mav profit bv tin' assoeiiition. This .-xliibition is but a school; 
 tho'morc thoroughly its lessons are learned, tlm gn'atiT will be 
 the gain; and, when it shall have closed, if by that i^tudy the 
 nations engaged in it shall have learned iT.sjieet for each othi-r, 
 then it may b.- hope.l that veneration for Him who rules on high 
 will b come universal, and the angels' song once more be hearil : 
 "Glory to God In the lilghcsi, 
 
 .tiicl on earili, peace, go-id will I'-ward men.” 
 
 1 tlcnenil Hawley then iiro.so, ami saiil tlmt the Pn-siilent 
 I tif the Centennial C'omniis.sii>n uiTepteJ the gi'eat trust 
 amtiiU-il hy the Bnavil of i’inance. 
 
 Tmi L'-tN’i'.tT.v, 
 
 At 11.3o the following cantata hy Siilm-y Tmnier. 
 Georgia, wins reiKleri'd with vi-ry gi’eut cth-ct : 
 
 Eroiii tills hundreii-terrac.’d height 
 Sight more large with imbler liglit 
 Ibiiiges down yon t-iwerlng yeans; 
 
 Humbler smib's and lordlier leans 
 Shine and fall, shine and fall, 
 
 While oM vices rise ,,„d eall 
 
 Yonder where tho to-aiid-fr>i 
 Weltering of my Loiig-.\go 
 Mod-, about the movelo.ss base 
 Ear below my n-sting-place. 
 
 .Viiif/foirci'. slowly hither flying, 
 
 Trembling westward o'er yon balking sea, 
 
 Hearts within Farewell dear F-nglatid sighing, 
 Winds without But dear in vain replying, 
 i:ni\-li]ip'd wtives about thc'se shouted, erjing 
 No I It shall not b.; I 
 
 .lamestown. out of thee- 
 Plymouth, thee, tln-e, .Ubtuiy - 
 M’iuter cries Ye freeze ; away 1 
 
 at 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 Ffivpr oriofi, Yo luirn ; awuy! 
 
 HiiiiRfr criw, Yi' »tarvc: nwayl 
 Vengi'ance pries. Your Rnivcs shall stay: 
 
 Thru f>ld Khiips's ami Masks nt TliiiiRS, 
 Fniraed Ifko Faiths or clotlieil like King.s 
 tihosts of floods otico fli'slied and fair, 
 
 (irown foul Bads in alien air- 
 War, and his mo.st noisy lords, 
 
 Toiigucd with lithe and poisoned swords - 
 
 Error. Terror, nage and Crime, 
 
 All in a windy iiiglil of time 
 Cried to mo from land and sea. 
 
 No! Thou shall not lie! 
 
 Hark! 
 
 Huguenots whispering ye.a in tho liark, 
 Puritans answering yea in tho dark! 
 
 Yea, like an arrow shot truo to his mark, 
 I'arts tlirough tho tyranmnis heart of Denial. 
 I’atlonoo and Labor and Bfilemn-souleil Trial, 
 Foiled, still lieginniug, 
 
 Soiled, but not sinning, 
 
 Tnil through the stertorous death of tho Night, 
 Toil, when wild lirollier-wiirB now dark the Liglit, 
 Toil, imd forgive, and kiss o’er and replight. 
 
 Now Praise In God’s oft-gninted grace, 
 
 Now Praiso to Maa’s tiadaunted face, 
 
 REGISTER OF . THE CENEENXIA 
 
 tion of tlio natural resources of tho country and their develop- 
 ment, and of iis progress in those arts which benefit mankind," 
 and ordered that an exhibition of American an 1 foreign arts, jiro- 
 dui'ts,aiul manufactures sliouUl be hold, undiT tlio auspices of 
 the Government of the United States, in the City of Philadelphia, 
 in the year 1876. To put Into effect tho several laws relating to 
 the Exliibition, the United States Centennial Commission was 
 constituted, composed of two Commi.ssionors from each State ami 
 Territory, nominated by their resjR'Ctivo Governors and appointed 
 hy tho I’resident. Tho Congress also created tmr auxiliary and 
 associate corporation, the Centennial Board of Finauee, whoso 
 unexpectedly heavy Ijurd'-ns have been nobly borne. A remark- 
 able and prolonged disturbance of the flimiiccs and industries of 
 tlu! country has greatly magnifled tho task: hut wo hope for a 
 favorablo judgment of the degree of success attained. July 4, 
 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-ono 
 months ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All tho other 180 
 buildings within tho inclosuro have been erected within twelve 
 months. All tho buildings embraced in tho plans of tho Commis- 
 sion itself are llni,-.lied. Ttio demands of applicants exceeded 
 the 8] acc. and strenuous and continuous efforts havo been made 
 to gi'l every exhibit ready in time. 
 
 By general consent tho Exhibition is appropriately held in tho 
 City of Brotherly Love. Y'ondcr, almost within your view, stand 
 tlm venerated edifice wherein occurred tho event this work is 
 designed to commemorate, and the hall in which tho first Couiiu- 
 ental Congress assembled. Within the present limits of this 
 great park wore tho homos nt eminent patriots of that ora, where 
 ■W.a^hingtou nml his associates received generous hospitality and 
 
 ■77 
 
 General Grant Declares tue Exiiirttios Open-. 
 
 At ll;5.j A. M,, amiil prc.at npplmise, Presidoiit Gnmfc 
 ncoepteil the trtist eonluled to him by the authurities of 
 the Ceiiteunial in tlie following speoeh : 
 
 Mt Cocntrtmen- : It has been thought appropriate, upon this 
 Cenleniiial oeeasiun, to bring together in Philudeljiliia, for popu- 
 lar inspection, specimens of our uttainmeiit-s in the industriui 
 and flue arts, and in literature, .science and philosophy, us well 
 as in tho great business of agrieulturu and of cummerce. 
 
 That wo may tho more thoroughly appreciate tho exceliences 
 and deficiencies of mir nchievoraents, and akso give oinphaiie ex- 
 pression to our earnest desire to cultivate tho friendship of our 
 fellow-members of this great family of nations, the enlightened 
 agricultural, commercial aii.l manufacturing people of the world 
 liavoboeu invited to send hither eorre.spruiding specimens of their 
 skill to e.xhibit on equal terms in friendly competition with our 
 own. To this invitation they have generously responded ; for so 
 doiug we tenilor them our hearty thanks. 
 
 Tho lieauty ami utility of tho coutributloim will this day bo 
 submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhibition. 
 We are glad to know tliat a view of specimens of tho skill of all 
 nations will affonl you unalloyed pleasure, as well as yield to you 
 a valuable practical knowledge of so ninny of the rcmarkablo 
 re.sults of the wonderful skill e.xisting in enlightened communi- 
 ties. 
 
 Om- liumlred years ago our country wu.s new and but partially 
 
 niE-SIDENT GK.OT AND r.UiTY LEAVINO THE llESIDENCE OF GEOEGE W. GIIIEDS, ES^., TO ATTEXD THE OPE5ISG CEI1EJIO.NIE3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Despito the land, despite tho ^o;i, 
 
 I was : I am ; nnd I shall be- 
 Hiiw hmg, Good .\iig('l, 0 how long? 
 
 Sing m.' from Ib'avmi a man’s own song! 
 
 ’• Long as tliiuc Art .slinll lovo tnio love. 
 
 Long as thy Scieueo Inith shall know, 
 
 Long ns thine Eagle harms no Dove, 
 
 Long as thy Law by law shall grow, 
 
 I.niig as thy God is God above, 
 
 Thv brothiT every man below. 
 
 So long, ilear Limd of all my Inv.-, 
 
 Thy name sliall .sliino, thy fame .shall glow!' 
 
 0 Music, fr.nn tliis height of time inv Word unfold: 
 la thy large signals all men’s Imarts’Maii’a Heart behold: 
 Mid-heaven unroll thy chord.s as friendly flags unfurled, 
 
 I Ami wave Urn world's best lover’s welcome to the world! 
 
 PliESENT.VTln.S- TO THE pKlvSIOENT, 
 
 At 11 ;48. A, M., lii'gan tho iwoseiitation speech by General 
 • Hawley, turning the Exliibition ihiildings over to the 
 I President nf tlie United States, General Hawley said : 
 
 Mh. Pkesident: Five years ago tho President of the United 
 I States declared it fitting that “ tlio completion of tho first centurj- 
 I of our national existence should be commemorated by an exhibi- 
 
 able counsel. You havo obsiTved the surpassing beauty of the 
 situation placed at our ilisposul. In harmony willi all this fitiieps 
 Is tho liberal support given tho eutiTprl.so by tlm State, the city, 
 and the people iiulividually. 
 
 In tho iiaiiio of tlio United States you r.vtcmled u respeetful 
 and cordial invitation to tho Govemiuents of other untioms to bo 
 represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You know the 
 very acceptable terms in which they responded, from oven the 
 must distant regions. Their Commissionei-s nro hen>, and you 
 will soon soo with what energy and brilliancy they havo eiitereil 
 upon this friendly comjietltiou in the arts of peace. 
 
 It ha.s been tlm fervent hope of the Commission that diiriiig 
 this fc.stiviU year tho people from all States nnd sections, of all | 
 I eiveds and churches, all parties ami chusses, burying all rcsout- 
 nienLs.woulil come up together to thi.s birtiipluco of our libertii's, 
 to study thu ovidcuce of our resources ; to measure the progress 
 of a hundred years ; ami to examine to our profit the wonderful 
 products of other lauds ; but especially to join hands in perfect 
 fraternity, and promiso tho God of our fathers that tho new cen- 
 tury shall surpiias tho old in tho true glories of eivilizatioii. Ami 
 furthermore, that from tho association hero of welcome visitors 
 from all nations, there may result not alone great benefits to ih- 
 veution, manufactures, agriculture, trade ami commerce, but also 
 stronger international friendships and more lasting peace. 
 
 Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under thc> laws of the 
 Government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of 
 tho United States Centennial Commission. I present to your view 
 the International Exhiliition of l3i6. 
 
 settled. Oiir necessilir's have compelled ns to elii'ifiy expend our 
 meiuis nml time in felling forests, subduing prairies, building 
 dwellings, factories, ships, doeks. warehnuROR. roads, canals, 
 inaehimTv, eti.-,, I'te. Most of our schools, churches, libraries 
 and asylums have been established within a humired years! 
 Burdened by these, givat primal work.s of necessity, which could 
 not be delayed, we yet havo dnim wluil this Exliibitiuii will show, 
 ill tho direction of rivaling ol.ler ami more iidvaiieed nations in 
 law. medicine and theology; in science, literature, philosophy 
 and the fine arts. While proud of what wi- havo done, wo rogn-'t 
 that wo have not done more. Our neliievemeiits have been groat 
 imough, however, to make it easy for our pi-ople to acknowledge 
 superior merit wlicruver found. 
 
 And now, fellow-citizcus, I liopo a earidul examination of 
 what i.s about to be exhibited to yon will not only inspire vou 
 with a profound i-csiiect for the Rkil! ami t.isto of our friends 
 from other nations, but also satisfy yuii with tho attainments 
 made by our own people during the past one hundred years. I 
 invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commis- 
 sioners to secure a brilliant success to lliis International Exhibi- 
 tion, and to jiuikn tlm stay of our foreign vi.sitors-ln whom wn 
 c.xteml a liearty wuleomo— l-olli profitable and jileasaut to them. 
 
 I declare the Inlcmatiomil Exhibition now open. 
 
 Tho Prosiilent. was loinlly idiocmi. the Empornr ,,f 
 Brazil rising in his seat ami joining in the domoiiRtratioii 
 by waving his hat. 
 
historical: register ok the centenniae exposition. 
 
 OFFICIATj ToI'R of the BtHEDINU. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, nt a signal from Gouenil Hawley, the 
 American flag was unfurled from the ilaiu Building, the 
 HaUalujah Chorus was rendered with orchestral and organ 
 accompaniment, and a s-alute nf 100 guns was fired from 
 George’s Hill, together with the ringing of chimes from 
 different parts of the ground. During the performance of 
 the chimes the Foreign Commissioners passed from the 
 platform into the ilaiii Buililing and took places in the 
 generid aisle before their respective departments ; after 
 which, President Grant, accompanied by the Direetor- 
 Genenil, Gosliorn. followed by the guests of the day, also 
 pa-s-sed into the ISIain Building, and thence to iMachinerj- 
 EaU. and from there to the Judges’ quarters, where a 
 reception by the President wiW held. The procession, 
 headed by the President, after passing through the Main 
 Exhibition Building, passed to the Machinery Hidl, where 
 the President assisted by Dorn Peilro, at 1:22 p. M., put 
 in motion the great engine, thus starting uU the machinery 
 in that building. This closed the formal ceremonies of the 
 day. The, following was the order of the procession a-s it 
 passed through the Main Building : 
 
 The rresident of (lie Tnited States 
 and Alfred T. tloshorn. Director-General. 
 
 The Chief-Justice of the United States. 
 
 The President of the Senate. 
 
 The Governors of States, and Territories. 
 
 The Senate of the United States. 
 
 The House of lloprosentatives. 
 
 The General of the Army, and Stall. 
 
 The Admiral of the Navy, and Staff. 
 
 The Lieutenant-General of the Army, and Staff. 
 
 Thu Vice-Admiral of the Navy, and Staff. 
 
 The General Officers of tlio Army, and Staffs. 
 
 The Bear-Admiral and Commodores of the Navy, and Staffs. 
 Officers of the Army and Navy. 
 
 Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Government. 
 Consuls-General and Consul of Foreign Govemments. 
 Judge.s of the United States Courts and Officers of the 
 United States Esecutivo Bureaus. 
 
 Officers of the United States Coiust Survey. 
 
 Offieers of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 '.The Boards of Judges of Award.s of the Exhihitiun. 
 
 The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Legislature of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tho Judiciary of Ponn.sylviinia. 
 
 The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Boards of State Bevenuo of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Mayor of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Mayors of Cities. 
 
 Tho Select and Common Couneils of Philadelphia. 
 
 Tho Statu Centennial Bourd.s. 
 
 The Women’s Centennial Commis.sion. , 
 
 The Advisory and Co-operating Conimittues, and Boards 
 Commissioners. 
 
 The International Regatta Cymmissioners and the Cumniiltue ■ 
 the International Rifle Association. 
 
 Officers of tho City Department of Phil.adeliihia. 
 
 i Mls-s Lilly wa-s born in 1702. The doU’s cyc.s .still move, 
 and it continuea to wear the finery in wliich it cros-sed 
 the ocean, to show the ambitiou.s dames of the young 
 Repubhc how their Ptuisian sisters tlressed. 
 
 TEXTILE FABRICS: 
 
 Theik OKKiiN .\Ni) History, 
 
 Tm: imogrt's-s of the .arts and iiiiumfaehireM as displayed 
 ill the exhibits of textile fabrics in the Centennial Exposi- 
 tion is a subject of interest to the world at large. . Fur 
 this reason, and before cou-sidering the aetuid display of 
 these exhibits at Fairnunmt, we devote some .space to tho 
 eoiisideratioji of the past history of this important hraueh 
 of nianufaeturc. 
 
 SILK. 
 
 Mdiilc there :u-e many references in the Seriptiu'cs which 
 have been taken by different triUislators mid comineutators 
 to have the meaning of sills, there is yet no ah.solute ac- 
 count of any use of the article, or any dear moiition of it, 
 
 ' in the Bible. In rortaiii Hebrew books, the " Tavguni " for 
 instauee, this fabrie seems more elearly designated, but it 
 ' hius beeu decided by some of the be.st scholars that thero 
 1 is no ineutiou of silk in the Old 'restaiuent, and that it was 
 
 BISHOP SIMPSON INVOKISO A BLESSING UPON THE 
 
 The Speaker of the House of Repre.senfatives. 
 
 J.'.seph R. Hawley, President n[ the Centennial Commission. 
 John ^Yelsh, President of the Board of Finance. 
 
 Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman t.f tiie Executive Commitee 
 of the Commission. 
 
 John L. ramphell, .Seerchiry of the Commi.ssion. 
 
 I'rudurii'k Fniley, Heerotary of the Board of Finance. 
 
 The Cabinet. 
 
 Thu Sii|>remu Court of tho United State;,-.. 
 
 The Diplomatic Corp.s. 
 
 Till' Foreign Commissions, 
 
 (wlileh suceosslvely toiJi iiositluna Immediately .ifler llio 
 nplomallc Corps, as tho latter pa.ssed Iho foreign 
 sectlona of the Main nulldiiig.] 
 
 The Centennial Commission. 
 
 Chiefs nf Burc.aus of tho Administmtion. 
 
 The Board of Finance. 
 
 Henry Petit .and Joseph M. Wilson, Engineer and Arc.-hlleet 
 of the Main Building and Machinery Hall. 
 
 ]I. J. Hchwartz. Wood Architect of Mumurial Hall and 
 Horticultural Hull. 
 
 J..M-iih II. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall 
 and of the Government Building. 
 
 Kii-hurd J. Dobbins. Contniclor for thi' Main Building 
 and Memorial Hall. 
 
 Philip tiuigley, Contractor for Macdiinery Hall and 
 Agrieuitund Hall. 
 
 Aaron Dixine, Coiitnietor for tho Government Building. 
 
 The Board id the United Stales Executive Dpjsirtment. 
 
 The Women's Centennial Executive Commitleo. 
 
 Tho Falrmount Park Commission. 
 
 During the tlay the ilisplny of flags throughout the city 
 was magnifieeut^ m^arly every house 1-eing ornamentca to 
 some extent in this mauuer, while mauy were completely 
 covcreil from roof to cellar with bunting. The principal 
 busiiicfss streets of the city v-ietl with each other in their 
 1‘fforts to display the largest number of flags of all natnm.s, 
 Chestnut being conspicuous in this particular, while the 
 display at Independence HaU was really superb, mid the 
 PuhViC I^fhjor Iniilding exhibited flags from every one of 
 its innumerable windows. Throughout tho princi[ial 
 street.s were to be seen legimeuts and companies of sol- 
 diers, while throngs of gayly-dres.sed ladies and children 
 made the scene exceptionally charming and beautifid. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL DOLL 
 Newport, H. I., contributes to the t'eutennial a dull 
 believed to be the oldest in the eountiy. It is made of 
 wax, is about ten inches high, and has grown yellow with 
 age, until it looks frightfully like a corpse. It boasts of 
 the following history : It was imported from Paris as a 
 model of the fashions of the day, and was bought in 
 Phihulelpliia by the Hon. Benjamin Bourne, of Bristol, 
 who was a Mi-mber of Congress from 1700 to 1706. The 
 doll was given to liis niece, !Mis.s Lilly C. Turner, daughter 
 of Dr. Turner, a suigcon in the Revolutionary Army. 
 
 ments worn were, imdoubtedly, made from tho leaves of 
 trees and vegetables. After this the sheep furnished the 
 fii-st fabric, 113 theru is mentioned in the. Hebrew books a ( 
 dress manufaetiired from wool, called the Simla an upper 
 garment consisting of a pii-ec of cloth about six yards long, 
 and two or three -wide, in shape not unlike our blankets. 
 
 In the course of time various other garments came., into 
 use, as mentioned in several other parts of Scripture. The 
 materiids of which these garmeuts were usually made seem 
 U) liavi- been linen, or -wooleu, or tho natural sldn of ani- 
 mals. The first reliable mentimi of tho manufacture of 
 silk is found in the Chinese records, and a-scribes it to the. 
 period of 170:i n. r., which would make Hoong-Ti, -who 1 1 . 
 alleged to have beeu the inventor tn- discoverer of this cul- 
 ture, eontemporarj' with Joseph, when Priun.' ^liiiister o\er 
 the Land of Egypt. In a Chinese work upon the cnlturo 
 of the mulben-j-\iud the rearing of silkwonns we read a.-; 
 foDows : 
 
 - Front the tran.slation of M, Stanislas Jnlieii, the lawful 
 wife of the Emiieror Hoong-Ti. named Si-Liiig-Clii, began 
 I the culture of silk. It was at that time that the Emperor 
 i Hoong-Ti invented the art of making ganiieute. This 
 great prince was desirous that Si-Ling-Chi, his legitimate 
 wife, should contribute to the happiness of his people. Ho 
 chargi'd her to examme the silkworms to test the practica- 
 bility of using the thread. Si-Liiig-Chi had a large quan- 
 tity of these insects collected, -which she fed herself in a 
 
inSTORrCAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 pl/iop proptiroiT for thiit p«ri)OHC, ami <liscovcTcd not only 
 the, means of i-aLsing, but also llu; immiitT of reding, the 
 silt, and of employing it to muki' garments. Tt is tlimugh 
 gratitude for so great a benefit that po.sterity Inw deificsl 
 Si-Ling-Chi, and rendcui'd her particular honoi-s under the 
 name of ‘ Tlic Goddess of Silkworms.’” 
 
 Tile first ancient author who alfords any evidence respect- 
 ing the use of sUk is Aristotk-, who r<-fei-s to I’anjihile, 
 (Imghter of Plates, na reported to Inu-e fii-st wown in Cos ; 
 but a.s, long before the time of .Vristotle, a regular trade 
 
 the world’s liistor^-. Tliey cddently existed in Egypt at 
 the time of Jose])l4 1,700 yeare before the Christian era, 
 and two centuries later the Hebrews eanied idth tJiem. on 
 their deiiarture from that aiu'ient seat of civilization, tlie 
 arts of spinning, dyeing, weaving, ami embroidery. The 
 women of Sidon, befrjre tlie Trojan ’War, were e.speciallv 
 celebrated for their skill in embroidery; and Homer, who 
 lived ;>0U n. c,. mention-s Hilen as being engaged in em- 
 broidenng the combats of the Greeks and Homans. Ac- 
 cording to I’liny, .Semir.iiuis, the Hyrian (^iiecu, was bc- 
 
 a distaff and spintlli“, and tn the prc.sont day the distaff is 
 used in India, Egj-pt, and other Eastern countries. Spin- 
 ning among the Egyptians, as among our ancestors of no 
 verj- <listiuit age, was a domestic occupation in whi<di ladies 
 of rank did not liesitak> to engage. The term ••spinsters” 
 is yet ajiplied to immarrie.l ladies of e\-ery rank, and there 
 are iiersons yet alive mIio remember to have .seen the .spin- 
 miig-wlieel as an ordinary piece of furniture in domestic 
 economy. In Homer’s pietnres of dome.stic life m-g find 
 tlic lady of the mansion superintending tin.' labors of lier 
 
 .\m ■ 
 
 
 
 rEESIDEi-l GKAST ASD THE EJIPEllUI! OE BEAZIL STAIIIISG THE GEEAT COllLIBS ESGIAE IS mIoIISEEV HALL. 
 
 aad be-'ii established in the interior of Asia, bringing its 
 most \ alnable productions, and especially tliose wliieli were 
 l-nost Oiisily transported, to the- shores opposib- this lloiir- 
 shmg island, it is quite proi>abl<> tliat the raw silk was 
 Drought to the coast from (he interior of Asia, and there 
 naimfaetiired. 
 
 The arts of spinning and weaving, which rank next in 
 mportaiice to iigrienltiuv. liaving been foim.l among aImo.st 
 •U the nations of the old and new continents — even among 
 iliose little removed from barbarism— are not unreasonably 
 'iipposcd to have been invented at n very remote period of 
 
 lieved to have been the inventor of the art of wcavimr. 
 IMinorva, in some ancient statue.s, is representisl with a 
 distill, to intimate that she taught men the art of spinning 
 This lionor is given by the Egyptians t<. Isis ; by tlie Mo- 
 hammedans, to the .son of Japheth ; by the Chinese, to the 
 cousort of their emperor, Yao ; and by the Peruvians, to 
 Ylamaela, wife of Mane Capae, their first sovereign. 
 
 PaintingM rejiresenting the gathering and preparation of 
 flax have b(*cn found on tin.' walls of ancient sepulchres at 
 Eleithiiis and Beuihassan, in Upper Egypt. The iiistnimeiit 
 used for spinning in all countries, in the earliest times, was 
 
 ; servants, and using the distaff liei-sdf. .H,.r spimUe, mada 
 of costly material and richly ornamented, ami the wool 
 dyed of some la-ight hue to render it capabh- of being 
 touched with ari.stoei-atic fingci-s, remain an ap]iropriute 
 present which the Egyjjtiiui (,)ueen, ./Yle.andra, made to the 
 Spartan Helen whose .skill in embroiilery and iwerv speeic.s 
 of ornamental work wa.s ns inneh celebrated as her beauty. 
 The distaff was generally ulamt three feet in lengtli, com- 
 monly a .stick or reed, with an expansion near the top for 
 holding the ball. It was usually held in the left arm, and 
 the fibres were dniwu out from the projecting ball, being jit 
 
OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 3IAY lOin BY PEESIDENT OP.ANT — SCENE IN HIE KOTVNDA OP AIE.IIOKIAL HALE. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 81 
 
 :T 
 
 the sanip time spiru!. uiul t-wisted by tin; 
 furefiuger uud tliuinb. The tliveucl so pro- 
 duced was wound upon tlie spindle until 
 the quantity was as giunt ns it coirld cony, 
 
 Tlie spindle was made of some light wood 
 or reed, and was generully from eight to 
 twelve indies in length. At the toji, ii slit 
 or eiik'h, to which the thread wa-s Jixed so 
 that the weight of the spindle might cany 
 the thread down to the ground as fust as it 
 wius timshed. Its lower extremity was also 
 inserted into u wheel made of stone or 
 metal, nr of some heavy material, which 
 both sewed to keep it steady and to pro- 
 mote its rotation. The spiiinev everv now 
 and then gave the spindle a fresh gynitioii 
 liya gentle touch, so as hi increase tlie twist 
 Ml’ the thread. ’Whenever the spiiuUe 
 veaehed the ground, the tlmaid spun was 
 then taken out of the slit or elasp, ami 
 ivoimd upon the siiindle. The elasp was 
 then closed together, and the spinning of 
 11 new thread commenced. In India, women 
 i>f all castes ]>repari-d the tlmunl for the 
 •w^■a^•or, spinning on a piece of wire or a 
 very thin rod of polished iron, with a ball 
 ol clay lit. one end, 
 
 Tlie Partliijiu war. and the iiicronseil 
 intereourse between the Bointm Empire 
 and till- kingdnni.s of tlie East. wen> the 
 means of introducing every kind of silken 
 giiods into more general use. In the time 
 of Horace silken webs were worn at Home 
 only by women ivlio aimed at being no- 
 torious. The Emperor Caligula had silk 
 eiirtaiiis attached to Ills throne, and wore 
 silk as a part of his dress u’heii he U 2 >peared 
 in public. Under the early einjierors it is 
 probable that silk was obtained in con- 
 siderable ipiantitie.s for the wardrobe of 
 the emperoi's, where it was jiresen-ed from 
 one reign to another, until in the year 17<> 
 
 IVIarens Aurelius Antoninus, in eoiisi-- 
 queiico of the exhaasted state of hi.s trea- 
 sury, sold at xuiblie auction in the fonnii 
 <<f Trajan the imiierial oriianients, togetlua' 
 
 •with the golden and silken robes of the 
 < iiilicrors. 
 
 The use of shawls and tunics of silk 
 was, except in the ease of extravagant 
 Caligula, eonflned to t)ie female sex. As 
 to this emiieror, Suetonius tells us that he often went 
 into imblio wearing bracelets and long sleeves, somctime.s 
 in the garment of silk. At a very early jH-riod tlie iis<' 
 of dyeing hud been eaiTied to a gi'eat degi'ee of jierfci’- 
 lion in Phumicia. The method of dyeing woolen elutli ol 
 jnuple was, it is stated, at fii-st discoiiu-ed at Tyre. This 
 art, the most celebrated among tlie aneient.s, ajii'f'ai-s to 
 have boon brought to a degi-ee of excellence of which we can 
 form but a veiy faint idea. It is mentioned by Byzamiun 
 liistoriauK that before silkwonns were lironght to Coii- 
 stantiiio^jlc in the middle of the sixth oentniy, mt ]ie)-son 
 ill that capital knew that silk was produced by a worm, 
 which is considered good evidence tliat none were reared 
 .so near to Constiuitinoplo as the i.slaiid of Cos. -Toseiilnis 
 say.s tliat the Emperoi's Titus tiud Yesjia.siaii wore silk 
 dresses when they celebiiited at Rome tlieh' trinmiili 
 over the Jow.s. Pliny dis-suiules the viriuons and jmidont 
 wife from wearing .silk, and Martial allude.s to the employ- 
 incut of iiemons for iircsorviug the garments of silk and 
 other precious metals belonging to the emiierors. Pausa- 
 niu3 mentions nn interesting eircnmstuuoe 
 — the bleeding of silkworais within dooi's, 
 in houses adapted both for Summer and 
 Winter. It is remarkable that in China 
 the worm.s arc now reared in small houses, 
 a xu'iicticc which long i>revailed in that 
 country. 
 
 Among the valuable and curiou-s effects 
 of the Enqieror Commodus, which, after 
 liis death, -were sold by his succes.sor, Per- 
 tinax, wa.s a ganneut with a woof of silk 
 of a bright yellow color, the materials of 
 ■which are more beautiful than if the ma- 
 terial liad been interwoven with thi-eads 
 of gold. In about the tim'd century silk 
 became exceedingly dear, owing to the 
 victories of the Pereiaua, which at that 
 time cut off all direct comnuinication be- 
 tween the silk-jiroduciug countries uud the 
 Western World. In the fum-tli century 
 the art had been acquii'ed of preparing 
 silk by covei'iug the thread with gold, and 
 with this gold thread a woof was made 
 Irom wliich robes for impoi'tant puiq)o.ses. 
 as instalktions, were made. In India, silk 
 was more common. The article in its 
 itvw state, as well as woven, was conveyed 
 down the Indus to the coast of the Ery- 
 
 tlii'can Sea. and also brought to the great mart <>t Rary- 
 giicii, oil till* Gulf of Cambay, lU'ur the niodei'u Siii'at. 
 Tjtc njiiicai's to have been the only city of antiquity 
 •which made dvc'iug it.s chief occui>ation and the stiqilc of 
 its conmierce. There is little doubt that imrple, the sacred 
 symbol of royal dignity, was a color disi'oviU'ed in that city, 
 and that the’n.se of the dye omitrilmted to the city's ojm- 
 leucc and grandeur. The Tyriuu dye wius u.sed to stain 
 both wool and silk. The intioduetion of silkworms in 
 Em’ojie, took plaee about .i. )>. mIiiUi two monks, 
 
 arrived from India, learning that .Tustinian was desirous 
 that hi.s .subjects .should no longer inirdiiise raw silk from 
 the Pei'sian.s. went to liim and iiifonned him as to the 
 nature and proces.s of .silk manufaeture, offering to furni.sh 
 him with eggs of the silkwonn, The Emperor haring pro- 
 niisi'd the monks a reward, they returned to Iiuliu and 
 brought the eggs to Byzantium, where, haring hatehed them 
 by bnn'ing them in warm soil, the monks fed the silkworms 
 with the leaves of the black mullieiTV, and thus enabled the 
 Romans henceforth to obtain raw silk in their own country. 
 
 Silk .shawls had long been manufactured 
 in the PhoLUiician cities of Tyre and Bety- 
 tus. During the Pei-siun •«'ai's the manu- 
 facturei-s put up the prices of their goods, 
 when it was determined by the Emi>eror that 
 tlie silk-mamifactnre slmnld be earned on 
 thereafter solely by the iinixwial treasurer. 
 By tliis means the Emperor and Ein]n'es.s 
 amassed gi'eat wealth, while the silk trade 
 WQS inin.-d in ByzjtiiHum and Tyre. By 
 the middle of the sixth century silk was 
 n«>d ill adorning olmrch vestim-nt.s, and is 
 mentioned specially in connection with the 
 olmrch of St. Sojihia, at Coiistaiitinojile. 
 It is uneei'tiiiu when silk was fii'st intro- 
 duced into England, though existing docu- 
 ments jirove it to have existed there by 
 the end of the sixth ecntmy. The usual 
 di’es.s of the earliest ITcneh kiii^ seems 
 to have been a linen shirt, and drawers of 
 the same material, next to the skin. Over 
 thes.--. tunics, iimbably of line wool, which 
 had a border of silk, omaniclited some- 
 times with gold or jirecious stones. Chni'le- 
 luagiic, ive are infonned. wore such a tunic 
 or vest, -with a silken border, about the 
 year 970, wlieu silk was in common use 
 in England or in Britain. Kenneth, King 
 of Scotland, jiaid a risit in Lundou to 
 Edgaj', King of England, and the latter 
 king, to evince his friendship, bestoweil 
 iqjon his illustrious guest silks, rings and 
 gi-uis, together with 100 ounces of gold. 
 
 The breeding of silkwonns, however, in 
 Euvoiie, iqipciii-s to have been confined to 
 Greece from the time of tlie Enqieror 
 .Tustinuin until the middle of the twelfth 
 century. The manufacture i >f silk was 
 also vei-y i-are in other iiart.s of Euroix', 
 being ju-obably iwacticed only a.s a re- 
 creation and ail accoiiqilishment for ladies; 
 but in till' year 1148. Richard I.. King of 
 Sicily, li.aving taken the cities of Corinth, 
 Tliebos, and Athens, thus got into bis 
 jiower a gi'eat number of silk - weavei's, 
 took them away with the iinplennnits and 
 materials necessary for the exercise of 
 their art, and forced them to reside at 
 Palennu. In twenty vein's from tins for- 
 eible establishment of the manufacture, 
 the silks of Sii'ily are described as having 
 attained a dt-oided excoUenee ; as being of di\'ei-sified 
 ]iattenia and colei's, some fmicifui, interwoven with woolen 
 tastefully embeUished M-itli figures, and ntliei's adorned 
 with gold. From I^vleiTiio tin' mamifaeture of silk ex- 
 tended itself throughout nil iiarts of Italy and into Siioin. 
 By the fnnrtcenth century it had been carried into 
 Venice, Florence. Milan, ami even into Gcntiiiny. France, 
 and Great Britain. Although tliis was the fii-st silk 
 manufactured in thosi- countries, there is ample evidence 
 tliat silk was known to the inhubitaut.s of France and 
 England n-s early a.s the sixth century. Thi.s is manifest 
 from the use of words for xilk iipix-aring in .sevi-ral of the 
 northern languages at this tiin<‘. The Danish lungs began 
 to usi' .silk in appending the waxen seals to their chiirtei-s. 
 Silk, in till' fonu of velvet, may now be seen on some 
 ancient armor in the Tower of London. As early as the 
 fourteenth eeiitury silk was list'd iu the binding of books, 
 •while the ancient C'litlmlic vestments were embroidered 
 iu silk -with oxtronie beauty. The art of embroidery seems 
 to have attained a higher degree of periectiou in France 
 than in any other couuti'v- in Europe. 
 Embroiderera formerly compo.sed the gi'eat 
 jxirtion of the working xiopnlatiou, and laws 
 were sjiceially confii'med for theii' jirotec- 
 tion. They were fomicd into a company 
 lus early as 1272. Since it.s introduction 
 into EiU'ope, silk-culture has always formed 
 a great branch of industry in Italy, Tiurkey, 
 and Greece, and it ha.s continued to be cul- 
 tii'ntcd to some extent in France, Siiain, 
 and Portugal. 
 
 The introduction of silk into France is 
 assigned to Louis XI.. who in 14^0 obtained 
 workmen from Genoa, Venice, and Florence, 
 and established a niauufuctory at Tours, 
 which did not prospf'i'. so that in tlic 
 reign of Francis, a ue-w impoi-tiitioii ol 
 workmen had to be obtained from Milan. 
 These, alxnit the year 1521, were estab- 
 lished at Lyons, which has ever since been 
 the scat of silk manufacture in France. 
 The increased siqiiily and more general 
 use of silk in England which followed on 
 the successful progi-ess of the manufacture 
 in France, seem to have awakened the 
 alarm of the rulers iu that countiy lest the 
 silk trade should suffer from the importa- 
 •tiou of goods. In the reign of Mary, 1504, 
 
1;1;AZILIAX AM> NKTHI-JILANDS Dr.PAUTMEXTy. 
 
UrSrORICAL register of the centehxial exposition. 
 
 that -whoevei* shonlJ wear silk in any form alionld be 
 imprisoned during three months and forfeit ten pounds. 
 In the first year of .Tames I. this law was repealed. The 
 trade in silk carried on by the merchants of Antweri? wa-s 
 very extensive, yet none of the costly goods were retained 
 for their own wear. They sold the finest of tlicii- own 
 cloths to France, and bought coarse cloth from England 
 to wear themselves. On the taking of the City of Aut- 
 werj] by the Duke of Parma, in 1585, the commerciiU Law 
 of the coimtry was almost destroyed, and about one-third 
 
 meucement of the eighteenth centuiy the silk machinery 
 of England wa.s stiU very defective, the best machineiy 
 being in existence in Italy. lu fact, this machinery 
 w.as introduced into England by the ilishonorable bribing 
 of workmen connected with the mill at Piedmont, to 
 allow an emissary secretly to make an inspection. The 
 information was brought to England at the risk of the lives 
 of the conspirators, who obtained it ui 1717, when a famous 
 silk-mill wa.s erectetl on the Deiwcnt, at Derby, which ex- 
 cited great astonishment at the time. It was five stories 
 
 A-alue of about 116,500,000 .sterling. It requires 1,600 
 worms to raise a pound of silk. The silk manufactories of 
 Great Britain are cliiefly locsited in Spitalfields (London), 
 and Macclesfield, Coventry, and Derby. The dveiug is 
 done cliietiy at London, at Xottingham, and at Man- 
 chester, and cou.siderablc qnaiititie.'S of silk goods are 
 sent from India, to be printed in i>atteiu.s at Loudon and 
 other pails of Englimd. 
 
 Conceniing the introduction and progress of this in- 
 dustry in America, an account lia.s already been given on 
 
 THE CHINESE COURT-CELESTI.VL EXHIBITORS EXPL.UNING THEIR ‘WARES. 
 
 part of the manufacturers took refuge in England, and 
 gave u powerful impulse to manufacture there. In 16GG 
 it wa.s stated that no fewer than 40,000 iudiriduals in 
 England were engaged in this trade. Thus the EnghVli 
 manufacturers thn.s steadily progre.ssed, notwithstanding 
 the fact tliat the importations of foreign silk, with oc'oi- 
 .sional exceptions, were quite free, lu 1C85 the evocation 
 «Jiet of Pnmee drove hiinch-etls of thousands of the in- I 
 dustrious people of France to seek protection. in. other i 
 countries. Some 50,000 came to England. At the com- 
 
 high, and oue-eightli of a mile in length. ihq)id imj)rove- 
 meuts were made in the English machinery and mumifac- 
 ture, ;md in the year 184ll the value of British silk gocals 
 exported to France amounted to ulront 81,000,000. The 
 great Exliibition in Loudon, in 1851, ilisplayed the viist 
 advance made in that country in this manufaetme. 
 
 The quantity of .silk rai.sed in the world is euonnou.s, 
 Great Britain impoiis, in the unmanufactured state, 
 alrout 12,814,700 ])ound8, valueti at XIO.000,000 sterling, 
 and, in adilitiou to this, manufactured .silk gocals to the 
 
 page 38, iu the ‘ ‘ Sketch of the Early History of American 
 ludnstiT.” 
 
 WOOL. 
 
 Of the materials employed by the ancients for making 
 cloth, by far the most important wa-s the wool of Euroiie. 
 In examing the hiskiry of this industry we are first stnick 
 with the fact, as u result of careful re.seareli, that the sheep 
 is not a native nf Eiurope. but b.sfi been introduced there 
 by miur. In fact, it i.s generally conceded by zoologists 
 that the whole race of domesticated sheep found their 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 origin in the elovutinl rcgiipiis of Central Afsin, ami we an: 
 tlmroforr not Hurju'iseil to I<.-arti that from tlio earliest times 
 the inhnlhtaiits of Tartiivy. I'lTsiii. Mi-soiiotiimia, Syria luirl 
 Palestine, niiil North Araliia, have been adilieteil tojta.sto- 
 rid employments, The tribe of waiulering Arabs whieh still 
 frc(inent those eonntries an‘ de.seeiulant.s of jn-ogeiiitors who 
 led the sjime lives years ago, and whose habits and man- 
 ners art; prt-served to the. i>resetit day, with scureely the 
 slightest change. Herodotus, Strabo and othci's speak of 
 sheep, and other early ^^•ritel•s refer to shepherds tiud 
 herdsmen wandering through nneiiltivated lields ciupluyed 
 in atti-nding herds and fioeks. Thi‘so. however, were 
 strangers to the use of woolen garments, being clothed in 
 skins and fnist. Dannusens supplied the materials of wool, 
 and Syria was generally noted for its breeding of sheep 
 and wool products. The .\mbs appear from tln' t‘arlie.st 
 times to tlie present day to have be.stowed no less jtttenrion 
 upon shoe}) than upon their lior.scs. The PlKenieians, how- 
 ever, did not employ thcnisclves in breeding and pasturing 
 sheep. TJie narrow etrij) of tenitory wliieh they oecu- 
 j)ied at the axstimi extremity of the lileditcmineau was in 
 generiil too densely populah-d to be a<lapted to this pur- 
 pose. Their activity and enterprise were directed toward 
 commc.Tce ami otlu>r channels, and they supplied them- 
 
 werc forluilden to be buried in woolen eloth. or to use it 
 
 ! in the temi>les, yet Herodotus states that on ordinary I'C- 
 ' elusions they wore a garment of white wool over their other 
 , linen shirt.s, and also used wikiI for embroidering. At the 
 snntlieastcni cxtreniityof C'iveiussLi, <m the nortlieni de- 
 clivity of Mount Elborus, there still e.xists a uuiuntaiii elan, 
 
 I consisting of rather more than 2.i0 familie.s, wliich retain 
 : the inaiinei's and habits of their ancestors 2,o00 years ago. 
 j It is said of them that they are the most cultivated in Cau- 
 I ea.sus, and surims.s their neighboi's in rctineinent of mnn- 
 I nei's. Their dress is childly made of woolen goods, which 
 they di'ftly weave from the ])roduce of their Hocks. The 
 region they occui>ied was at a distance of from 40 to 80 
 miles from the ooa.st. to whieh they always resorteil for 
 eomineivial pnipn.s.'.s. Tln-s<' jieciple. in the earlie.st times, 
 were nnleil for their line wool and for the «-avpets and 
 •shaiyls whieh they produced from it. Their valleys are 
 distinguished by beauty and fertility, and are still oceu- 
 liied by numerous herds of cattlejiiul viust llneks of sheep 
 and goat-s. Iii fact, there can be no doubt that the use and 
 management of sheep were known from the earliest times 
 in nearly the whole of ,;V.sia Elinor, and that the woolen 
 manufacture, in a primitivi' way. m'os emried on by the in- 
 habitants, and to a vei^’ large extent. From Asia Minor, 
 
 Romans during their domination, and. finally from Africa, 
 by the IMoora, who luiiintaineil a footing for nearly eight 
 centnricH. The large sheep of the plains liave long wool, 
 often of a browni or black color. The .sheep of the moun- 
 tains, downs, and arid j)lains have short wool, of ditfereut 
 ilegi-tH-s of fineness and diftcrent coloi-s. The most imjrort- 
 aut of these hitter breeds is the Merino, now the most 
 esteemed and widely difl’used of all the fine-woolcd breeds 
 of Enrope. Pliny mentions a breed of sheep ^\•ith red 
 wool, produced in the district adjoining the River Gaudal- 
 quiver. Maitial, a Spaniard by birth, fvcipiently alludes' 
 to Spaui.sh shei'p, and especially to the various natural 
 coloi-s of their wool, which was much esteemed, as it was 
 manufa<‘tured without dyeing. Seven of his ei>igrtinis 
 refer to this subject. Estramadmu is still famous for it.s 
 woi.l. There the S])anish Hocks hyberuate. and are con- 
 ducted every Spring to pnaturi: in the mountains of Leon 
 and A.sturias. It may be remarked here that sheep have 
 always been bred piinciirally for the weaver, not for the 
 Inrtcher, and that this hius becu nrore esirecially the case in 
 ancient times and in Eastern countries, where the act of 
 killing a sheei) for food, except on solemn or exti-aordiuary 
 occasion, was regardrnl with feelings little short of aversion. 
 Tiro Arabs rarely diminished their Hocks by using them for 
 
 solvi‘s from foreign c-onutrii'S with wool for theii' celcbrati‘il | 
 manufactovres. Ort the other hand, tirr' Hebrews, who | 
 wen; the inrnrediutc neighboi's of the Phienii'iairs. wi-rc ■ 
 altogether an agrienltural and pastoral jieople. It is im- | 
 lK)s.sible to eorreeive a nrore striking dift'ererrcc iir nianiters I 
 and iustitntions tharr that which must have presented itself I 
 to the traveler irr very arii'icirt times, whetr In- passed frmn | 
 the desevt.s of Arjibia and Idirmiiida to the richly populated ] 
 and cultivated jHaurs of Egypt. The wandering tribes of : 
 the fonner li'eality vu've forbidde-n by a positive law to till !. 
 the gi'ound or to corrstnret settled habitations, and tiny 
 lived on the prcidirce of their Hoeks, which they corrtiirn- 
 ally led from place to place, in tiro pursuit of pasture 
 adapted to the season of the year. The Egvqitiairs, on thi' 
 coutr-.rry, appear to h.are beeir originally under a prohibi- 
 tion of cxai'tly tire o 2 ''posrte kind, since they cultivated the 
 grourtd uith care, cxi-clled most other nations in all the arts 
 of life, and xirodnceil tin* most sjjlendid proof of thuir iirehi- 
 teetirr*! skill, but weiv not allowed to keej) Hocks of sln-ep 
 and gtrats. Although it is shown by early 'Miters that 
 sheej) were bred irr Egyqrt, it is also in evidence that their 
 number was very limited. What was in'odr\ce<I must have 
 been consumed in the countr'v. For although the cheap 
 jantcrial for the clothing of Egyptians was linen, and they 
 
 .slnvp-hcrdtng and witol-growing arrd manufactrrre spread 
 into (Irceec, from Athi'ii.s iirto Itrly. and so into Central 
 Enrope. There is no reason, however, to sniq)o.se that the 
 arrcieiit Germans hail airy gi'oat .skill irr .sheep-breeding. 
 Irr Fr'iurce, too. the wool, wlierr* it is urentioircil, is bjiuken 
 of as of a coai'se kind, more like hrrir tlurn wool, and chiefly 
 jn'odirced iir Provence. 
 
 Cccsar relates that the ancient inhabitants of Britaiir bad 
 catth*. which is lu'csrnncd to iuchule shcci', the breed of 
 whicli was improved gi'catly by both tlu' Belgians and the 
 Saxons. The jieoi>lc of Kent, who wis'i' of Bclgic origin, 
 and more relitied than the or'iginal Britains, attained earlier 
 great excellturce itr the arts of spinning and weaving, 
 altliough their jivoductrons were only of a coarse descriji- 
 tron. Of all the countries in Eiu'ojie, Sjiain has been the 
 longest distiugui.shed for the excellence of its wool. This 
 fine country, more viu-icd in its surface and natural pro- 
 ductions thiUi any other regnou of like extent in Eiu'oirc, 
 jirodiices a gi'eat varii'ty of breeils of sheep from the larger 
 of the richer plains to the smaller races of the higher 
 mnnntains. and more arid. The different races of sheep 
 were introduced into Siiain firat from Asia by the early 
 PhamiciiiD culouist.s : then from Africa by the Cartliagcn- 
 ians during their brief possession ■. next from Italy by the 
 
 fooil, but lived cliieHy fi'om dates, bread, milk, etc., or 
 whatever they received in exchange for their wool. A lamb 
 or kid, roasted whole, is a favoi'ite at Alejipo, but seldom 
 eaten except by the rich. Slany Arabs have a sheep-sheur- 
 iug, and perhaps kill a lamb and treat their relatives and 
 friends with it, together with new cheese and milk, and 
 nothing more. Among the Mohammedans, sheep aro 
 sacrificcil on certain <lays, lus a festive and at the same 
 time a religious ceremony. These ceremonies aro of great 
 antieputy, and derived from Arabia. On the 2 >ilgrimage to 
 Mecca, every <me is required to saoriHci* a shccji. The 
 spinning ami weaving of wool was well-known in the time 
 of Closes, and was extensively jniicticed by the ancient 
 Greeks and Romans, and when tlio latt<T iieojilc made con- 
 que.st of Britain, they iirobably introduced these ai'ks into 
 the island. The Romans arc .said to have had a factory :it 
 Winchesb-r for sujqilving cloth to tin- Roman army. It K 
 ri'latcil that the mother of Alfred the (irent wim skilled in 
 the sjiinning of wool, and instmefi d her ilaiightei's therein , 
 but the origin of woolen manufacture, as a national employ- 
 ment, is sniiiiosed to date in England from the time of Wil- 
 liam tlie Conqueror, when a number of Flemings, being 
 driven out of their tciritoiy by the incursion of the sea, 
 came to England and endeavored to obtain the iiatronage 
 
to Cologne to rodyein King Philip’s rrown, whieli Tvas 
 pmvnoil there for .£2.500. The long-woolcd shoi'p of Eng- 
 land soon bcc-ame ceU-hrateil. and the fleece -wn-s in large 
 request throughout Em-ope. Th<> system of monopolie.s es- 
 tablished in the reign of Henry 'NTri., which restricted the 
 inoJUifacture of certain articles to particular toums, was 
 very injurious to the woolen trade. However, at the end 
 of thi.s reign, tlie introduction of the spinning-wheel, about 
 the year 1530. caused some rc\-ival in the manufacture, and 
 in the reign of Ehzabeth it shared in the general prosperity 
 of tlie country. Although the English were skillful in the 
 weaving and dres.sing of cloth, yet the art of dyeing and 
 finishing, once well-known to thenu had been lost amidst the 
 de.stmetions of the kingdom. It was. therefore, the custom 
 to send white cloths into HoUnnd to be dyed and dressed. In 
 the year 10(37, however, a dyer came from the Netherlands 
 with his workmen, and under the patronage of the Govern- 
 ment, instructed the English manufacturers in its art, so 
 that they soon became indei>eudent in this rcsi>ect. In the 
 year 1685, at the revocation of the etlict of Nantes, among 
 the many thousand workmen who sought refuge in Eng- 
 
 I S 2 »rnug from three merino lambs and five ewes taken out 
 j in 1767. The most costly of all wools is ol.dained from the 
 j Thibet goat, and is found next to the skin, under the thick 
 I hair of the animal, and from it the far-famed C'a.shmere 
 ' shawls are made. There arc two great cla.sses of manufac- 
 torie.s using wool as a raw material. In the one. where 
 carded wool i.s emifloyiHl. the goods are called woolen 
 ' fabrics ; in the other, whore combed wool is used, the 
 I goods are called worsted fabrio.s. In all the manufactures 
 of wool they have received the greatest advantage from the 
 j spinning-jeuuT. the mules and the power-loom. The term 
 ; worsted is said to have derived its origut from a tillage of 
 j that name in Norfolk, where this ninnufaeture wa.s first j 
 ; carried on. Stufts under this name sire classified accord- ^ 
 , ing to the materials of which they arc compo.sed. viz.: 
 
 1. Fabrics comi>oscd entirely of wool ; 2. Fabrics com- ’ 
 posed of wool and cotton ; 3. Fabric's composed of wool 1 
 and silk, including the rich Irish i)oplius, cobnrgs, dam- 1 
 asks, etc. ; 4. Fabrics composed of wool, silk, and cotton, | 
 such as vestings, cravats, shawls, scurfs, bareges ; 5. Fabrics 
 composed of alpaca and mohair, mixed ^sith cotton or silk, I 
 
 the bottom of the ravine. From end to end of the latter a 
 stream of clear water, having its source in Centennial Lake, 
 descends in alternate Ciuscadcs and gentle falls, being iiiso 
 fed by rills leaping do^m the nigged, but verdaut and 
 thickly-won<lpcl, liillsides. Just beneath a jioint near the 
 central bridge, and on the northern bank of the stream, is 
 the Huntera' Cal.iin, which is among the mo-st attractive 
 novelties of the Exhibition. It is built of logs, in the 
 “siilt-box” style, and entirely open in front. Not only is 
 it a fac-siraile of the abode of a'W’esteni hunter or trapper, 
 but within and around it arc all the paraphernalia that a 
 pu-sliing and ingenious pioneer would be likely to provide. 
 Inside, .standing ngiiinst the walls, or hung on pegs, aro 
 fi.shing-t.ackle. a panther’s head, the honis of Hoeky Moun- 
 tain raiu-s. hides of huge blnek bear.s, biiekskiu coats, leg- 
 gins and moccasins, captureil from Indians, a snow-whito 
 hide of a jiolecat (the only one of .such a color knoivii to 
 have ever been seen in the United ritaU*s). .stufl’ed iirairie- 
 chickens and ducks, auJ a score of other curious trophie.s. 
 There are also several .stalwart fellows — jiractical hunters — 
 in the buckskin garb of their profession. They lounge on 
 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTEKATAL EXPOSIT/O.V. 
 
 of the queen, who was a native of their country. In this 
 (hey were successful, and were e.stablislied in their trade ns 
 weavers under royal jiutronoge. By the close of the reign 
 ■>f Henry II.. the manufacture of wool had been extended 
 to many parts of the kingdom, and several compiuiies of 
 weavera were formed in vari<ms counties, ])aying to tin- 
 king for the junvilege of canw'iug on theii' trade, Under I 
 tliis reign the use of Spanish wool was prohibited under 
 pain of I'orfeitiu'e of the goods. In the reign of Eilwaril . 
 Ill,, numerous Fh?uiisli wool manufacturers were imited 
 to Englaud, and, as a result, followed the production of | 
 wool fustians, baizes, l.'i'oadclotlis, kerseys, friezes, and j 
 .-ergesin large fiuantities, 'The cnielty of the reigning Duke ' 
 rlrove from the continent a number of industrie.s. whieli 
 increased the prosperity of the woolen trade of Eng- 
 l iud. Wool soon became .so much esteemetl that it .sold 
 at a verj' high ])rice in foreign markets, and was often iisisl 
 instead of money ; and it is related that in 1342, when gold 
 was scarce, the king sent a Lirge number of sack.s of wool 
 
 laud, numbers were skillful in the manufacture of wool and 
 improved lighter textures ; a large sujiply of fine cloth was 
 produced ; a greater number of sheep were bred ; :uid the 
 trade generally ri'vived. 
 
 The total annual importation of wool into England in 
 1872 was 137,507.126 pouncis. The estimated produce of 
 home-grown wool in 1»71 was 144.985,712. The introduc- 
 tion of cotton machinery in a modified form became of 
 gi-eat imi'ortancc to nianufuctiiriug jirocesses. The chief 
 scat of the woolen manufacture in England is in Yorkshii-e. 
 though it is idso carried on to a considerable extent in 
 other parts of the kingdom. Woolen cloth, fonncrly woven 
 by hand, is now manufactured chiefly by jiower-looms. 
 Some of the British colonies are veiy important wool-pro- 
 ducing countries. Australia, in this respect standing far in ' 
 advance of iJl other coimtries whatever, though Ciihfornia 
 is not far behind. The Austrahau wool is in general a 
 beautiful, shori, silky staple, well adapted for the manu- 
 facture of soft, pliable and elastic fabrics. The breed has ; 
 
 including alpaca lustres, umbrella aud parasol cloth.'^, mo- 
 hairs. lustres, etc. In 1865 the exportation of worsted 
 stufl’s from Englaud was valued at £13,361.000. of whicli a 
 veiy considerable amount wi'iit to France. 'The worsted 
 manufacture has incrcascil rapidly of late years, and this 
 may be iwcribed to the greater simplicity of the jiroeesscs, 
 to the recent iutruductiun of combing machiue.s, and 
 e.s])ecial]y to the introduction of cotton warps in 1835, 
 wliich nut only cheupeued the gooils but vastly increased 
 their variety. 
 
 THE HUNTERS' CAM!'. 
 
 H-ini'-w.vY between Memorial and Horticultural Halls is a 
 l>icturcsque rarinc. the most romantic spot within the Cen- 
 tennial Grounds. It begins near the centre of the latter, 
 and nin.s east, growing broader and deeper until it ojiens 
 out upon the SchuylkiD. It is crossed within the gi'ounds 
 by tliree bridges, of which the ccutrid one is 90 ft. above 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 87 
 
 the rough log couch, famoke, dress skiu», cook and eat. 
 thereby illustrating their manner of living in the est. 
 Just outside the cabin is a campfire, kept constantly burn- 
 ing ; a rough table, upon •which the frugal repast is spread ; 
 and a cord hammock, hung from two trees. Occasionally il 
 hunter springs into tliis, to sliow how he can sleep out of 
 reach of snakes and vermin. Xear by ni’c some deer and a 
 black bear, tethered to trees ; and in the stream below a 
 dam is constructed, upon tho waters of which float several 
 canoes. In these the men in buckskin pnicticc rowing, 
 ;md sho-w how fi.sh are gulled and tho beaver caught. 
 
 JOHN WELSH. 
 
 Chairman of the Board of Finance. 
 
 Mk. JoiiN Welsh is a native of Pliiladelpliia, and now 
 about seventy year's of ago. He wo.s for many years a 
 member of the firm of S. & W. Welsh, general shipping 
 and commission merchants, Dolawai'e Avenue, near Walnut 
 Sti-eet. His reputation as a business man and executive 
 officer was, at the time of hi.s election, of the highest char- 
 acter, and during his service, now almost three years 
 extent, ho has proven himself eminently 
 qualified for the responsible position. On 
 the 3d of March last, in hi.s capacity as 
 Chainuiui of the Board, and with PIr. 
 
 Fraley, the Treasiirer, he signed a bond of 
 j?500,OOU for the faithful cbsbursenient 
 of tho Congre.Vjionol appropriation of 
 $^1,500,000. Tho best evidence of the 
 high esteem with which both liimsdf and 
 Mr. Fraley ai'c held by their fcllow- 
 citizens was sIiom'U in the eugemess of 
 the mo it proiiiiucut and wealthy men to 
 affix theii' names to the bond as sureties. 
 
 The services of oui' hundred gentlemen 
 were aeoepted, iiiul the bond, as now filed, 
 represents security at least ten times 
 greater than the aiuuuut up])i'opriated. • 
 
 THE CHINESE COURT. 
 
 The Chinese section is, next to tho 
 Japanese, the most curious in the Main 
 Building. Its attraction, however, is owing 
 more to the extreme gmuliiiess of the 
 stmcturi' wliieh inelo.ses it than to any 
 oxti-aordinary interest posses.sed by its 
 contents. The section is 118 ft, in length 
 and 38 in width, the strnetiU'o inclosing 
 it being of tlie pngc>da stylo of uvehitee- 
 ture. and evidently its Mongolian deeom- 
 lors firet used up all the eolovs of a 
 peacock’s tail and of the minbow, and 
 then, us tliongh regi'etting that tliey hud 
 not ten or eleven moiT ditfi-reiit styles of 
 ruinbovi- to imitate, had recourse to their 
 fertile invention for other shades, Tho 
 pavilion (if it may be so called) was con- 
 structed in Canton in sections, and is, 
 doubtless, to-day. the most gaudy building 
 betweeu Hudson's Bay and Capo Horn. 
 
 Tho structures foi-niing the entrances— of 
 which there are three : one in front on the 
 gntnd nave, mid two on the western side 
 — rise high above tho rest of the pavilion, 
 and are overtoiiped only by the jiagoda or 
 joss-hemse. ’ and the towei-s seen inside. 
 
 All these are of the pagoda style, wliich 
 is familiar to oveiw one who has seen a 
 ten-caddie painting. The showcases are 
 .arranged in circles, their contents being 
 principally pottery, porcelaiu, bronzes, caiwed wood-work, 
 obasing.s on silver, inlaid-work, and silks. In appem-nuce, 
 tho showcases ai'c in keeping with tlie curious pavilion 
 inclosing them. 
 
 ENGLAND KITCHEN. 
 
 Between Hortienltuval and Agricultuml Halls is u deop 
 and wooded valley, which lacks only ruggeclness and skii'- 
 piug streams of water to be fully as picture.sque as Lnus- 
 dowiio Bavine. Neiu' the summit of the hill, on the 
 southern side of this valley, ami snugly nestled among 
 the tall trees which are now in the freslmess of renewed 
 life, is n quaint structure of that style of architecture 
 which characterized the baekwoodman's cot in Vennont or 
 Connecticut one hundred years ago. It is called the New 
 England Log Caliin. In comiection with it is a build- 
 ing of familiar lU'L-hiteeture, and called the New England 
 IModeru Kitchen. Taken together, they are designed to 
 exhibit n compai'ison between the maniiei' of carrying on 
 culinai'y opevations and attending table a century ago, and 
 that of doing the same things at present in the Eastern 
 States. A combination of quaint arcliitecture, anticiuated 
 furniture, aud tho epochal costumes of the attendants, 
 gives one a pleasing -view of life in New England a century 
 
 in the southea-stevn corner of Uie building an elegant i>lat- 
 form about 75 ft. in length and 30 ft. in width, from which 
 arise iron piUars. supporting a second floor, corresponding 
 in every resjiect with the one below. The construction of 
 the ii'iiii stairways ascending to tho second floor is ex- 
 tremely elaborate, as is also that of the showcases on each 
 floor. The whole is divided into as many sections as there 
 are exliibitors in the Association, at the top of each section 
 being the name of the exhibitor in chaste gilt letter's. Most 
 of tin.; leading book firms in each city of the United States 
 are represented. 
 
 SWEDEN AT THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 The kingdom of Sweden has shown gi'cater hberahty in 
 regard to provitling for her Centennial show, in proportion 
 to her jxtpulatiou, than any other coimti'y. Parliament 
 liavuig voted the sum of 8125,000 for exirenses, exhibitors 
 iu Sweden have only hiul to deliver their goods at tho 
 nearest railviTty -station, and they were fonvavded to Stock- 
 holm, expenses of ocean trausiiortation to the coast and 
 show-coses being provided for by the Government. 
 
 The Swedish school-house erected on the Centennial 
 gi'onnds, near the Art Building, is a /«c- 
 simile of tlie best common school-houses 
 in the counti-y, and display.s all tlie 
 furniture and apparatus customai-ily used. 
 The Swedish school-house at Vienna cost 
 6,000 crowns, v-hile that at Pliiladelphia 
 will cost 25,000 crowns, or about $7,000. 
 In her art department, Sweden has 
 one hundred paintings by her best 
 artists. Tho machinci'y department 
 presents numerous recent iuvcntion.s of 
 value and importance, ineludiug the new 
 mitrailleuse lately adopted by tho Gov- 
 ernments of Russia, Italy and Denmark, 
 and also an ingenious machine for cutting 
 corks, two or three steamengincs, and 
 a I'ailway locomotive. 
 
 A small ii'ou steamboat, used for canal 
 navigation in Sweden, is exhibited. 
 The Swedish collection also displays 
 fann products, a beautiful Viudety of 
 fishes in glass jai's, and agi-icultiu-al ma- 
 chines and implements, including a reaper 
 of novel coustniction aud Swedisli jfiows. 
 The gi'ent iron and steel industries of 
 that coimti'y are fully represented, as 
 well as her woolen goods mid fabrics of 
 silk, cotton, and linen. In Iho maiiufac- 
 turo of matches there is an oxtensivi- 
 disiiluy, while the celebrated iiottcrics of 
 Gn.stafsverg and Roestand luu'c sent ud- 
 miruVjle specimens of porcelain and ma- 
 jolica ware. Paper and cardboard made 
 from pinewood are among the inter- 
 esting specialties of this country, wliile 
 peasant-life in the dift'orcut proviueos of 
 tho kingdom is displayed by means 
 of thii'ty costumed figiu'es of life - size, 
 modeled fi'om paintings by dill'erent 
 artist.s. Among tlie minerals shown are 
 a number of urtaTes of a fine red granite, 
 which material takes as high a iioUsli 
 us the well-known Scotch granite; the 
 maiiufactnre.s, too, of tlie beautiful jior- 
 phyry found in Elfdale, in tlie jirovince 
 of Dolame, ui'<‘ i'ei>rescntod by a table 
 belonging to the kingdom, which cost 
 810,000. 
 
 There arc also shown a number of 
 mre boulcs upon tlie CiU'ly settlement of 
 Amoriea, among which is one pi'inted 
 ’in Stoekhuhn, in 1696, iu the language of the Indian.s, who 
 inhabited this coimti')’ upon the Swedish settlement on 
 the Delaware. Finally, tho meteorite, weighing 10,000 
 pomid.s, attracts the notice of .scientific men. 
 
 In the Swedish Section, probably tli<' most .striking 
 objects of interest to tin; ca.sual observer are the iidmir- 
 able groups of eo.stuined figures illusti'iiting peasant life. 
 They arc models in plaster ; the faees and bands are 
 painted, so that they lU'e exceedingly lifelike. The cos- 
 tumes have all been actually iu use by peasants, having 
 been purchased directly from tho wearers. The artist who 
 maile the figures is Professor Lodennanu, of Stockholm, a 
 seulptot of gi'eat reputation. Such gi'eat c.ai'c has been 
 taken to secure absolute con'ectues.s iu detail, that when 
 the hand of one of tho figiu'es was broken in transit, it 
 •was supplied by a cast taken from the hand of a Sweibsh 
 gii'l iu the employ of the Commission. Most of the gi'oups 
 were made, up from paintings. The expression of the 
 countenances and the attitude of tlic‘ figures are remark- 
 ably uatiu'id. One of the most admirable of these groups 
 is that represented in our illustration, in which a Lap- 
 lander iu his sledge is shown. Tho sledge is drawn by a 
 reindeer, and the tb'iver is stopping to chat with n fur-clad 
 woman, carrj’ing a baby slung to her neck in a sort of 
 trough — a thorouglily national characteristic. 
 
 ago. There is a chair that -was brought from Old England 
 iu the second ship that landed on our coast ; and another, 
 niaile in Dunvei's, Mass., over 200 years ago. which has 
 descended from the family of Governor Eudieutt. Under- 
 neath a clock, said to have been made 108 veal's ago, is 
 John Alden’s writing-desk, which was brought over in tlie 
 Mni^jwer. Tlio fire-place is a glimpse of history iu itself. 
 Hanging over the lire on the crane are two of the udde.st- 
 lookiug kettles, said to have come from England iu the 
 Cunhc'ilL On the mantel are the tindcr-lwx, the crane- 
 lamp, and other ancient articles, above wliieh hung the old 
 flint-loek musket and powder-horn. At the side of the fire- 
 place is a small but neat siiiuning-wheel, which, according 
 to Mrs. General Cunningliuiu, was brought to this eountn- 
 iu the Mu^oiror. Years ago it was thrown aside as useless, 
 but when the Centennial movement began to extend its in- 
 fluence over the country, a Mis-s Tower took hohl of it, bui'- 
 niabed it up, and put it in condition to be operated on by 
 her, much to the amu-senieut of the visitors. Alongside of 
 the wheel is a chest of di-awers, said to be 200 years old, an 
 assertion its appearance fully justifies the truth of. At the 
 other side of tho liearth hangs a saddle, made 170 yeara 
 ago. and a sample of the kind used entirely by tiie gentility 
 
 JOHN WELSH, CHAIBMAN OF rHE BOAUD OF FINANCE OF THE CNITCU BT.VIEs CENTENNI-AL COMMISSION. 
 
 of that day. Against thewalls hangs a commission gi'uuted 
 to Lieuteuuiit-Coloncl Nathan Barrett, from J uhn Hancock, 
 first Governor of Massachusetts, in 1781. Also pendent is 
 a sword worn by Colonel BaiTott, iu the memorable Con- 
 cord fight of April 19th, 1775, when he was only a captain. 
 
 A iicwter platter, .■jaid to have been made a ceutiu-y ago, is 
 sus^iended beside u canteen of the Revolution aud aM'uudeu 
 plate, filled with murks of time, but M’hioh originally formed 
 a portion of a fashionable young lady’s wedding outfit. On 
 an old-fashioned sideboard is arrayed the china-ware in 
 vogue, during the Revoliitiun, with its peculiar figured 
 plates and many-colored cups and saucera. Here is a silver 
 teapot used by the. Marquis de Lafayette during Ms resi- 
 dence iu Boston, alongside of which is a saltcellar brought 
 to tliis country iu the Manfloxcur. 
 
 THE BOOK DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The American Book Association conceived and succe.'vs- 
 fuUy executed an artistic aud novel design for displaying 
 books of science, art, or literature, published in the United 
 States. Instead of arranging that each firm should exhibit 
 iu a separate showcase, as is done by exMbitors of all other 
 interests in the Main Building, the Association constructed 
 

 ///STORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION ?)1 
 
 M ISCEI.LANEOUS ITEMS. 
 
 Tin; Italian Eximur, 
 
 Italv's coiitiibutions to the Coiitomiiiil :ire iu diiirgc of 
 the Ccntml Coiumitteo fomu-d in Florence, the mcmhers 
 of which net iu concert with the ministei-s of iigricul- 
 tuve. indiLstiy, find commerce. This committee cousLstn of 
 the following gentlemen : Giiiseiipi Dnssi, Preshknl; 
 Professor Salvntore Mazzn, Vice-presiikul ; Fntncisco 
 Barzoghi, Veapa-siuno Bignnuic, Luigi Bianclii, Baron 
 Eugeni Cantoni, Giovani Spertini, Gincomi Cottuodoii. 
 S/vrrhtrirs. The articles exliilhted include, fii-st, repre- 
 Hontations of painting and scul])ture, of which there are 
 a large number. Tlien filigree work from Genoa, mosaic 
 from Rome, glass from Venice, lava from Pompeii, and 
 corals from Nnple.s; also oil, wine, bquoi-s. cheese, rice, 
 macaroni, dried fruits, iiorccluiu, and teiTacutta. 
 
 Nath-e P-iCTFio Coast Woods. 
 
 A tine collection of Pacific coast woods lias been made 
 for the Centemiial, and to these have been added .select 
 
 similar iu most respects to those wliich are contained in the 
 drifts of the Ohl World, embracing separate heads or 
 scrapers of paljcolitluc man. The order of the forerao.st is 
 thus given : Brick, earth, imd underlying, grayish clay, 
 nine feet ; seam of roimded gmvel of a reddish hue, four 
 feet ; deposit of fine bluislr sand formed from gravel, twelve 
 feet i a bed of gravel and bluish jicbbles, four feet ; alter- 
 nate scams or beds of comi>a<'t sand, gi’ay, and aa fur as 
 known, four feet. The flints from the lower bed of gi-uvel 
 appear to bave been worked cliicfly from tbe bluish-look- 
 ing iiebbles that lie so conspicuously in the sanre bed. 
 After being washed and drieil, they assume that glossiness 
 wliich, it is said, belongs exclusively to implements from 
 the drift. These ili.sco\’eries are considered at the Smith- 
 sonian as among the most important bearing upon tbe 
 pre-histoiic man of this Continent. 
 
 .Spain at- the Ckntennlal. 
 
 The Centennial Commission for Spain has charge of all 
 articles sent from Spain, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands. 
 The articles include ancient and modem paintings, manu- 
 factures of iron, wood, cotton, and wool, and the various 
 
 fautry (1703), North Carolina ; the Washington Light 
 Infantry (1807), South Carolina ; the Clinch Rifles (1836), 
 Georgia. Each company carried the colors of the State 
 it represented, and the whole command compri.sed a Light 
 Battery and Sqiiach-on (two companies) of Car-airy, and 
 ten companies of lufautrj’, 
 
 Al-stiullvn Fekns. 
 
 From California, the extent of whose variety in animal 
 and vegetable products is almost exceptional among coun- 
 tries, we have a collection of Austi-alian ferns, ranging from 
 three to eight feet in height — an evidence of the fact that 
 these delicate plants may be transplanted safely from long 
 distances. 
 
 North Caj!OLina as .vn Aqriccltt-ral State. 
 
 It is a fact little known to tbe general public, but which 
 ha.s doubtless been demonstrated in the courae of the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition, that North Coi-olina i.s the only State in 
 the Eniou iu which every article enumerated in the cen- 
 fruy’s statistics is produced. Her great divei-sity of soil 
 and climate enables her to yield a variety of productions 
 almost emlless ; among others are cotton, tobacco, rice, 
 
 specimens of Mexican w-oods, representing varieties, 
 all of which are exhibited under tbe allspices of the 
 Southeni Pacific Railroad Company. Among the simples 
 are w-hite, black, colored, aud gi-ay wahiut. .-Ul these 
 woods ai-e suscei^tibie of u very fine polish. There is also 
 a sample of ongravei-s' w-ood, called mim-la, a kind which 
 is exteiLsively nsed both iu this counfr-y and in Europe. 
 Then there is a clns.s of ship-lmililiug wood, called feeo- 
 mate, said to be cipial in strength aud dimibility in 
 water to the best live oak. Specimens of lince-wood, 
 formerly used for speju-.s by the savage tribes of Jlexico, 
 and now used in the manufacture of flutes and other musi- 
 cal instmnicnt-s, are exhibited. The collection also em- 
 braces unmy sumple.s of nesqute, liiiolu, blood-wood, ave- 
 lina, iiriuda vcreii, gi-andillo (or rosewvood), aiotispa (or 
 yellow- rosew-ood), cabano (malmgony for veneering), linolu 
 (scented), and hulagean, beautiful in gi-ain and susceptible of 
 the highest polish. 
 
 Geolook'al ExmiJiT. 
 
 In displaying the geological character of at le.ist a poiiion 
 of the United States, the ih'ift deposits along the north 
 side of the James river are shown from a bluff recently 
 laid open by excavation. 
 
 Among these, in the lower beds of giuvel, are war -flints 
 
 Icinds of wine peculiar to Spain, .si-gars and sugar from 
 Cuba, and, iu fact, all products aud munufactures illustra- 
 tive of the iKH.niliaritics of Spiuiish life and Spanish indus- 
 tiy. By these exhibits it Is hojied by the Spanish Com- 
 missiouers to show the world that the lute ciril w-nr in 
 Spain affected only the Basque provinces aud Catalonia, 
 and that all the other portions of the Spanish peninsula 
 m-e peaceful, industrious, and prosperous. 
 
 The Centennial Leoion. 
 
 This organization, wliich represents the oldest mili- 
 tary coqis existing iu tbe original thii-teeu States of the 
 XTuion, was oi^anizinl under three sections : From New 
 England, from the Middle States, and from the South. 
 The New England battalion was led by the Boston 
 Light Infaiih-y, prc.sided over by the Honorable Josiah 
 Qniuev, ius Pr''siilml. and the Honorable R. C. Winthrop 
 as Vk'!‘ I'lVAiilciil. Tbe Middle States battalion w-ivs led 
 by the Old Guard of New York, imiler Jlajor-Geueral G. 
 W. McLean, President of the New Y'ork Stock Exchange, 
 and the Southern battalion was organized by the MTush- 
 iugton Light lufuntiy. In the South the following com- 
 mands were duly enrolled : The Norfolk Light Artillery 
 Blues (1828), Virginia ; Fayett\-ille Independent Light lu- 
 
 ludiau corn aud w-ool, lye, barley, oats, potatoes, together 
 ■with all kinds of fruits (except the tropical), and grapes of 
 nil species, including the Scuppenong, Catawba, Lincoln, 
 Isabella, aud othei-s, 
 
 United St.vtes Government Exhibition. 
 
 Tlio buililing erected by the United States Government 
 iu the grounds of the Centennial Exposition covers two 
 acres iu extent, .and cost about 830,000. In this the War 
 Department alone occupies about 12,0(H1 square feet, 
 besides outside buililiugs. This department sends con- 
 tributions from its different bm-eaiis— the Engineers, Quar- 
 termo-stei-s, Ordnance, Jlcdicd, Signal. Tlie Engineer 
 Bureau exhibits maps, chai-ts and engnivings, illustrat- 
 ing the .system of river and hai-bor improvements, also 
 models of some of the works, samples of building-stone, 
 pontoon bridges and pontoon wagon-trains, mining tools 
 and models of lighthousi's. The Ordnance. Bureau ibaplays 
 a complete set of gim-making machinery in operation, aa 
 also the parts of tJie Springfield rifle and carbine, various 
 smn.11 arms, apparatus for determining the velocity of pro- 
 jectiles, and a twenty-inch Rodman gun, weighing more 
 than 100.000 pounds. Besides these, there is an immense 
 variety of projectiles, fuses, powdei-s, etc. A. peculiar 
 
 THE BANKERS' PAVILION. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 fciitiir.-' of the ordnance dhipliiy 
 consists of n Kcrics ftf lignres, 
 showing the iipiK'ftrance and dvesK 
 (t{ the American sohlitT during 
 tlie Itevohitionan- period, the 
 ^^'a^ of 1812. tlic !\Iexiciiu AVar. 
 the AVar of the Eebellion, and 
 at the present time. 
 
 The Medical Department 
 contributes a ]50at hospital and 
 twenty -four bctls ; one wing of 
 ^'hich has been fitted np for 
 actual ser^•ice, so that if neees- 
 sarj- it can be used as a hosihtul 
 rjf the Centennial Exposition. 
 
 There is nlsu pre.senteil a ^■e^J• 
 complete series of medical ap- 
 jinratns, as used in the aimy, 
 including medicines and metli- 
 cal and surgical iustinment.s. 
 hospital stores, hosjjital cloth- 
 ing, mih’oad-CiU's for the traus- 
 portation of the sick and 
 wounded. 
 
 In the (juai’h'rma.ster's l)e- 
 pariuu'ut may be seen the 
 clothing from everv- biunch of 
 the scr\-ice. from an early date 
 to the jirescnt time, all ariicles 
 I'f camp equipage, including 
 musical iustmments fixun each 
 arm of tin? service, army 
 wagons and hanicss, etc. 
 
 The Sigiud Bureau fimiishes 
 a full signal-train witli nine 
 
 wagons, a complete outfit of international and Oovi-niinent 
 signals, imd an assoi-tmcnt of thennometers, anemometers, 
 and all other meteorological apparatus. Tin: entire 
 juucliinen' of this uttice is exhibiteil, including its method 
 of making the daily weather maps, etc. 
 
 C.^THOLH’ For.NT.eiN AIed.u,s. 
 
 Besides the fonntuiu erected on the Centennial g\-onnds 
 by the Catholic Totd Abstinence I'nion, the same <ir- 
 pimizatiou ordered medals to be stnick, commemorating 
 the occasion and the gift. 'Xdiis medal is about the size i>f 
 the Fnited State.s silver dollar, and is stnick in cojiper, and 
 gilded. It has on the obvei-se a representation of the 
 fountain, with the inscription, ‘•Centennial Fonutain, Fah- 
 mouut Park. Dedicated to Americini Liberty, July 4. iHTti, 
 Pliiladelphia.’’ On the i-evei-se is the badge of the society, 
 with the insciiption, •* Erected by the Catholic Total Al.isti- 
 uenec Union of America.” 
 
 CEXTENNr.Ui Ii E-l!O.VTS. 
 
 One of the Ice-boat Clubs luis had constmcteil an ice- 
 boat fur exhibition at the Exiiosition. .She is sloop- 
 rigged, built of clean white pine, the sidc-pieccs being 
 caseil with black waUlut, oniamented with gilt beading. 
 The centre keelson is sricugthened with a black walnut 
 truss; the deck is of uaiTow, closely-jointed ships of red 
 i;edar and spruce, while the iron work througliout is all 
 laindsomdy nickel-plated. 
 
 TheAA'omms i>r .\Mi;moA .\nd thi; Exi-osiriov. i 
 
 The lilKU'ality, iudiistiy. ami ptTsoverance of .Vnieriean 
 women ill the canse of our Coiitcnnial Exposition are sub- . 
 jiX'ts of ju-st pride, to eveiy Americjiii citizen, not only in 
 Pliiladelphia. but throughout the cuiintiy. They have 
 maiiifested the most untiring iuteivst iii the occasinu. while ; 
 their devotion to the work w hkii they have set themselves I 
 has lu-en beyond xmiisc-, Not only ibd they readily sup- 
 ply the sum of fs30,UO(,i for the coiistriictiou of the woman's i 
 pavilion — for 
 which puiqiasc 
 
 coutiibiitions --- ; 
 
 were made by - - - 
 
 the women ' “ -j*._ 
 
 of Florida, ' ^ 
 
 Mas.siiehnsctts, — 
 
 Blunle Lslaiid, 
 fb)ii nectient, 
 
 Maine, Xew 
 .T. rsey, Dis- 
 trict of Co- 
 liiinbia, Ohio. 
 
 KaiiHas and 
 Pen iisylvaiiia 
 — not only 
 this, but, in all, 
 
 SlUll,()001iad 
 been contri- 
 buted from this 
 ■sonroo jnior 
 to D 0 c p in - 
 bpr 1st, 1ST.", 
 and added to 
 the funds of 
 the general ex- 
 
 hibition. The object of the women's depariment is to ex- 
 liibit the highest types of woman's work, and, if possilde. 
 to cubirge the sphere of her usefnlness and profit in 
 the futm-e. It therefore displays sevetal speeimena of 
 sculpture, piiinting, literature, eiigniviug, telegraphy, litho- 
 gniphy, education and invention, us also the liner kinds 
 of nee<llework, lacework, etc. Short biographical sketches 
 of cmiueiit women of the United States have hei-n <-ol- 
 lected in a volume, and a volume of American Coobaw 
 liiis been published, the women of eaeli State conlribiitiiig 
 receipts, Charitable institutions, uirricd on by women, 
 lire shown through the mc'Jinm of figures and historical 
 uamitivcs, 
 
 FROM NEW YORK TO THE EXHIBITION, 
 
 ScEXKS Along lui-; Ph.NNsvLVAM.v R.ulro.u). 
 
 The Peunsylvanift Bailroad Company, being the lead- 
 ing line for pas.seuger and freight trattic to the Exposition, 
 some account of its condition and facilities, as well as the 
 route over which it jiasscs. may not be nnintei'cstiiig. 
 
 This road has now under control uiilc.s of road, 
 
 being the best track-bed ill the United States. At the 
 mammoth depot at Jei-sey City nearly 200 traiiis im'ivc 
 and depart daily, about half of these being passenger 
 trains. 
 
 .Tei-sey City k a port ('f entry, imd has a iiopnliition cif 
 of which more thmi ,50,Ul)(l are natives, the balance 
 foreigners. AA’ithiu its limits arc located Tld niaiiufactiir- 
 ing establishments, em]iloymg a cajiital of sii.7l,'^,4(Hi, 
 and a AV'oi'kiiig force of J.G24 liauds, (lii this basis, tlie 
 animal receipts from maimfuctnres amount to nearly 
 .S25,U(K'.UOn. 
 
 The IVunsylvaiiiu Bailroacl Company, always progi’cs- 
 sive, is constantly derising and executing improvements, 
 many of these in Jersey City, along the river front and in 
 
 . Itsvicinity, being very extciisiva 
 and important. The new pas- 
 si'iigcr depot, complete in eveiw 
 detail, is (i'2l)x2’2S ft. in dimen- 
 sions. .\cccss from tin: ferry- 
 boats is gained by a passage of 
 40 ft. in width by 228 ft. in 
 length, from which open Hu; 
 geneiiil waiting-rooms, incltul- 
 ing tieket-otticcs and restan- 
 iiints. A fciTj'-hoiise, 40x120 
 ft., contains large luid comfort- 
 able rooms and oHiccs, and in- 
 cludes cvci'j' lUH'c.s-sni'y accom- 
 modation for the public. Over 
 these are the rooms devoted to 
 the uses of the superintendents 
 and other officials. AVithiu tho 
 ilepot, and exteiiiling tliroilgli 
 it, ai’e 1‘2 iniilway tnick-s fur the 
 use of pas-seugcr trains only. 
 
 The freight lmsines.s is con- 
 ducted at what is called Har- 
 simiis Cove, a short distance 
 north of the im-sseuger depot. 
 Here are stock-yards, 1,300x225 
 ft. in dimensions, attached to 
 whii'li is all abattoir 225x200 
 ft., and also a water slip 180 ft. 
 wide and 1,5(MI ft. long, a pier 
 200x1,500 ft., and at the rear 
 of the latter, a gi'.dn elevator 
 000x100 ft. There is also a 
 luv. water slip extending the entire 
 
 length of this pier, and freight 
 sheds 1,000x125 ft., a giniii pier and covered .shed 500x00 
 ft., -with rcsei’N'e places for WiU’ehnnses 500x25 ft.; tuid 
 besides all these, tracks conuected with floats on which 
 the cars are ti-aiisfeiTed to barges and earned across llu- 
 river, to and from New York. By this conveuieut device, 
 cam are loailcd at New York, and towed to the Jensiy City 
 tenniniis, where thc-y are landed and attached to the trains. 
 
 The eiittiug tlu'oitgh of an extra tiniucl in the Bergiai 
 Kill rocks wa.s a most important improvement, giving room 
 for the exclusive accoiinnoilatiuii for freight, leaving the 
 main tracks only for i>as.scngcrs. 
 
 'Tile traveler on lii.s ivay from Now York to the Ccnhai- 
 nial. by the I’eiiusylvmiia road, pas.ses through Newark, as 
 the first I'ity of importance, this bidiig miles from Jemey 
 City. Newark was originally settk-d by New Englanders, 
 who emigiittod from Coinicctieiit about IfiOti. biiiig invited 
 thither by the fii'st (4o^a-nior of the prorinec. It is related 
 that the site of the towiiwa.s originally purchased from the 
 Indians, who received therefor tho following articles: 3 
 trooper's coats, l.S.jO fathoms of wampum, 20 hoe-s, 5<t 
 double hands of powder. IdO bam of lead, 20 axes, 10 
 gnus, 'iO pistols, 10 kettles, 10 swords, 4 barrels of beer, 
 50 lcni\'es. and 10 pairs of Vireeehes. The name is sup- 
 posed to have been given to the city by the Bev. Air. Pear- 
 son, who settled in lOOT, being a native of Newark, Eng- 
 land. Its popiiliition is above 125,000. The Pas.sai(s 
 Biver iifionLs gi'eat facilities to the vast mauiifaetnriiig 
 interests of the city, wliich may be termed the Birming- 
 li-.mi of America. 
 
 Thirteen miles further on the traveler reaches Now Bruns- 
 wick. fonnerly the terminus of the old (!amdeii and Amboy 
 Ilailroad, which became a iiortioii of the great Peuusyl- 
 vaiiia Central, having consolidated in 1872. This city has 
 a population of about IT.otMJ, and n mamifactnring capital 
 of about 84,250,000 invested, auniuilly producing an ave- 
 rage of 85,375,000. New Bninswick is quite a thriring 
 city, and has a commuilious passenger and freight depot. 
 
 Nineteen 
 miles beyond 
 New Brnii-'- 
 
 N. : -ivick, the ti-.iiu 
 
 cuter.s the city 
 ot Piiucetoii, 
 
 - y-y jt:^’ ■ ' ■ - settled about 
 
 3700. Prince- 
 ton Is chieriy 
 noted for its 
 college, of 
 whicb the 
 main building 
 is called Nus- 
 snu Hall, and 
 i\’o.s erected in 
 1750. This is 
 an interesting 
 loc.ality in a 
 patriotic 
 seiLSo, as tho 
 Continental 
 C'oiigi-pq.s held 
 its Rcs-sions in 
 the library- 
 rooms of tliis 
 
 FKOX NEW VOliK 10 i'UE EXHIBmoN-SCE.SES ALUNU THE liOClL Ui 
 
 lii. l’ENN8YLVANI.V ISAILRU.AD. 
 
mSTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CEXTE.V.VI II. EXPOSITIO.V. 
 
 i^'hOM NKW VOJIK TO THli KXHlBlTTo.N - 
 
 college in 1783, wlien com- 
 pelled to leave Pbilndelpliin. 
 
 Trenton, the capitol of 
 Knw Jei-sey, situated on the 
 left bank of the Delaware, 57 
 miles from Jersey City, was 
 first settled about 1680, but 
 did not receive its present 
 name until nearly u hundred 
 years later, when it was thus 
 denoniinnti'd, in honor of 
 ColonenVilhiim Trent, at tliat 
 time Speaker of the Assem- 
 bly. In 1790, it was selected 
 ns the eax)ital of the State, 
 ajid tu'o years later incor- 
 porated. Trenton is mem- 
 orable for having been tlie 
 ficcnc' of the celebrated re- 
 treat of Washington with his 
 
 army, after tlio disastrous new uiiUSswicK, new jei-sey, 
 
 revci-scs on Long Island. 
 
 This occnired nu the 8th of December, 177(1, when, in the | wagon, and pedesti-iau uses. The imiirove- 
 midst of ice and in the depth of Winter, the rivgged j ments made by that Company Ihroughout 
 soldiery crossed the Delaware from Trenton to the Penn- : the entire length of their lines, and par- 
 sylvunia side, while the Hessians, unable to follow, went i ticnlurly at the Jersey City tcrminu.s, have 
 into camp on the Jei'sey shore. On the morning of the j been exceeded in liberality and impoitanre at 
 2Ctii, the Ameiicau troops recrossed, surprised, and com- j Philadelphia. Arri\'ing at the latter city, the 
 pletely routed their oi)))oiieuts. cajjtnring nearly 1,000 j traveler jjasscs over the mammoth and pit; 
 
 tui’escpie Girard Avenue bridge n'ossing the Schuyl- 
 kill, from which i>oint he obhiin-s an excellt'nt view 
 of the Exposition Ihiildings. while, on ilescending 
 from the train, he finds him.self faoing tin* entrance 
 to the grounds. Here a special branch line acconi- 
 iimdates the Ceutcnuhil tiiilllc, and still further 
 exhibits the enteri>ri,se and energj' of this remark- 
 able company. 
 
 The sytematie and jirdicions manner in which 
 this gi'eat railroad eoiiioriitioii have sja-oinlly catered 
 for the Centennial traltie is deserring of all i)raise. 
 S]K’cial Centennial (rains arrive and depart at almost 
 every Imnr in 
 the day, and 
 these being 
 designetl jrar- 
 ticnlarly for 
 the accommo- 
 dation of those 
 pei'stins w h a 
 desire to visit 
 the Exiiosi- 
 tion, no ])ains 
 are spared by 
 whieb this 
 desideratum 
 can be aeeoui- 
 pH.shtd. 
 
 1' u 1 1 in a n 
 Palace Cars 
 arc attached 
 to every train, 
 and the mere 
 
 •ETON COI.X.ECiR, NEW JElf^EY. 
 
 use of smokcl-s and cf>ffeo-di-inkers. Tire latter irortion is 
 fnniislicd with chair's and round tables, the walls being 
 hung with pipes, inchuliug the chibouques and irai-giles. 
 These are always ready for cnstomei-s. But the chief 
 attnrctioii of the irlace ia the cofleo — clear as amber, black 
 as ebony, and fiTignuit a.s the peilume of “Araby the 
 Blest.” The picturesque costumes of the country are 
 worn by the attendants, all but one of whom ai'e males. 
 Wren coffee is called for, one of the Tiu’kish attendants 
 places a lieuired spoonful of gi-ound and browned Sloclm in 
 a little sih'cr dipircr of about the capacity of a coffee-cup, 
 adds a little sugar, fills uji with hot water from a diminu- 
 tive boiler, stii-a the uiixtm-e, aud bolds it over the glowing 
 charcoal until it almost reaches the boiling-point. It is 
 tlu-rr ready for dinuking, and a more inrigonrturg beverage 
 could rrnt be desired. Our ilhtstration shows the irrauner 
 of cookirrg the coffee, luid of decanting it from the loug- 
 Irairdcled dipper-s into the customers’ cups. The tent in 
 the upper eonier of the page is the private apai'tment of 
 the ntteudaiit.s. On the lower portion are seen the cashier’s 
 desk and tin- Baziuir. 
 
 NATIONAL COSTUMES. 
 
 Tun different costumes seen at every point formed 
 a very atriactive ])art of the Exhibition. Here -n-e 
 uotiecd the pieturesqiu' attire of the Turk, the Chinese 
 of higher grade — which is quite different from the shin}' 
 sack and sabots of All Sin, the washeiman, that are 
 now so familiar to oui- eves. These satiouul costumes 
 
 THE DEEP COT AT BEKOEN HILL, NEAP. JEBSEY CITY. 
 
 men. During the iirevalcuce of yellow fc\'cr in Philadcl- | 
 lihia, in 1793. the Government ofiicci-s rcmoA cd to Trenton : ' 
 I mul in 1798. President Adams temporarily had his nfficial 
 I residence there. It has a population of over 23,000. Its 
 manufacturing establishments emi>loy about 8.J.OOO.OOO 
 invested capital, and 5,100 hands. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company have erected in 
 Trenton a commotbmis passenger and freight depot, and 
 have spanned the ri^•er with a bridge designed for railroad, 
 
 K n u wi cage 
 that the un- 
 wonted tourist can 
 he relieved of all 
 amioyancc of chang- 
 ing cal's, and be deposited at the very gates of the Ex- 
 position after a ra 2 >id and entirely comfortable ride, is one 
 of the most agreeable and satisfactory features of a visit 
 to the Ccntenuiul Exi>osition. In eveiy jiarticular of its 
 administration in this emergency — in its iirovlsion for 
 the comfort of its ijutroiis, in the lil>ei'ality of its reduced 
 rates, and in the 
 conscientious re- 
 gard which it jiays 
 t(.) spcinl and safety ' 
 combined, tus well ■ 
 a.s comfort, tliis 
 comjiany has | 
 given its aid in 
 making the groat 
 Centennial disjilay 
 at Faimioinit in 
 cveiy iK)s.sibli‘way ; 
 worthy of its oc- 
 ca.siou and .sen- 
 timent. 
 
 The Pennsvl- 
 vunia Railroad 
 Co mi) any have 
 also established a 
 regular line of . 
 steamslii])S, ply- ; 
 iug between Phi- j 
 1 a d e 1 p h i a aud 
 Liverpool, inelud- I 
 
 ing already four first-clas.s iron veiwels, built of American 
 materials and by American aitisaus. 
 
 THE TURKISH BAZAAR. 
 
 The romantic V)onks of the Centennial Lake are noted for 
 the cmious buildings clustered upon them. Of these, the 
 j most remarkable are the Syrian Bazaar and the Turkish 
 Bazaar and Cafe. The latter is a frame stincture, display- 
 , ing a rich variegation of color and a general appearance 
 decidedly Moorish. The interior accommodates the Bazaar 
 i on one side, the rest of the building being devoted to thu 
 
AVli-lO.N 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 MOukl liiivo been morf frcqiU'iitly scon but for tlio ox- 
 tremrly null' gazing -w liiob the w<-iircrs wove snbjectotl to 
 }>y tho envious eyes of the vulgar. That cnterinisiijg and 
 seusitive peoiilo, the Jnimiicsc, for instance, donned the 
 American fiushions — from ping hats to patent leather 
 boots ; and from n rear elevation the Japs might hav<‘ been 
 mistuken for gennini- Aincvieiin.s. This vulgar eurio.sity 
 prevented a great many foreigners from apjiearing in 
 their untioiial dress, and as a couse(inenee. the grounds 
 did not javsuiit that pietiu'cscpie appearance they should. 
 
 people, and is certuinly one of the most poi)ular of li\-iug 
 sovereigns. Xor do we think that lh.s popularity will he in 
 any way diminished when it is known that the government 
 defrayed the entire cost of the magnificent Russian display 
 at Philadelphia. The whole collection was arranged for 
 between October, 187'), and Febmiin', 187(1 ; nothing was 
 jn-ipai-cd for show, .and evcrj'tliing exhibited may be looked 
 upon as hiiving represented Rn.s-sia in her every-day dress. 
 To a citizen of the United States this display ought to h.ave 
 been specially interesting, for there is no country in Eurtipe 
 
 anticipated in making known to our citizeu-s what, under 
 the skillful guidance of wise men, lik<- Peter the Great and 
 bis successors, has been accomplished by the Muscovito 
 nation. Take, for iustmice, one branch of the display — the 
 specimens of the xjupils’ work in the StrogauoQ' Central 
 School of Technical Drawing, and the Art and Industiial 
 Museum of Moscow. This latter museum, opened in 18(38, 
 consists of an artistical, a historical, and an industrial sec- 
 tion. It received an honorable mention at the Vienna 
 Exhibition in 1878, and the gold medal at the Polyteclinical 
 
 THK RUSSIAN EXHIBIT. 
 
 The visitor to tln‘ Rus.sian s<>ction must be imiivessi-d 
 with the belief that no efil^rt hud been si)are<l to render the 
 oxliibit worthy of the mighty Enijiire it represents. BozIh 
 t.viruhrnini, “God save tlui Emi)evor.’' is the refrain of the 
 Russian national hymn, and well may every subject of the. 
 Czar desii-e for the present ndev of that vast Empire long 
 life, health, and happinc-s-s. Alexander II. , by his many 
 enlightened acts, has endeared himself to the hearts of liis 
 
 at all approaching Rus.siii in extent, luxl tlu> relations 
 between our owni vast Republic and the Empire nded over 
 by the Czar have, for many years jmst, been of the most 
 friendly character. 
 
 We venture to s;\y that the first iinpres.sion f)f the visitor 
 on entm-iiig the Russian deiDnrtment was one of mingled 
 sluprise and aebnimtion. No one who has not visiteil 
 Rus.sia would imagine that in tliat iiorthoru clime arts and 
 science, industry and mechanics were .so far advanced, but 
 from the display here made truly great results may be 
 
 Exhibition of Moscow in 1872. It scut to Philadelphia 
 a large collection of pottery from the studios for I'ainting 
 (in china and delf. 
 
 There were jugs, dishes, intehei's, vases for flowers, tum- 
 blers, Siilt-cellars, and flagons, all in true Russian style ; 
 then there were tiles of glazed clay, very creditably exe- 
 ented, and also some alabaster moldings, embracing the 
 Russian styles of the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, four- 
 teenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The books 
 published by the museum comprise histories of Russian 
 
 i.\rr.\.Ni)K]i IX HIS sLKndi;. in the Swedish dei'-vutment. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
B 
 
 TilE KAILItOAD lilllDGE A^■KO.‘^H THE SCHUYLKILL KIYEU AT WEST rHIL.YDELrHIA-THE FIKST GLIMl'SE OF THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. 
 
 tUe same institution. This institution has set itself the 
 task of reviving the ancient Russian art of ornamentation, 
 freeing it from all foreign materials, cultivating a taste for 
 the beautiful among the people, ami bringing back the art 
 of facial imago painting to that original, pure type token 
 from the Greek. In this task a largo measure of success 
 has already been att.iined, as every visitor to the Exhibi- 
 tion will probably acknowledge. 
 
 HIE bllOE .\ND LEATHER BUSINESS. 
 
 Extendino along the southern side of the machinery 
 building in an easterly and westerly tbrcction, and east of 
 the machinery annexes, is the building devoted to the 
 cxliibits of those in the shoe and leather trade. This 
 building is 560x314 ft. in dimensions, and hos the -a-idest 
 span beHeen post?, being 80 ft. of door space, of any 
 building on tho grounds. 
 
 Entering this budding at the western end, a verj’ bril- 
 liant and pleasant coup d'ceil is presented. Across the roof 
 are stretched tri-colored strips of canvas or muslin, while at 
 either end a trophy of flags is displayed. On the floor 
 
 olson, Caledonia. Wilcox, etc. There is, of coui'se, a con- 
 siderable sameness in the ibsplay of sole-leather with 
 wliich this portion of the biiikUng is filled ; but we now 
 presently oome upon cases containing other manufactures 
 and applications. Here ore specimens of split leather as 
 fine as broadcloth ; fancy colored enameled leather, com- 
 prising idl tho colors of the rainbow, grouped as prettily 
 as could bo dom^ with ribbon.s. Here arc cases containing 
 the different dressings used for leather, and here others 
 devoted to idligator skins alone. The cases them.sclves are 
 oiTiameiibil works, many exceedingly artistic. They are 
 in oak, 1>lack wuhmt and other woods, with plate-glass 
 fronts. Now we came upon fancy skivers for satchels and 
 trunks, buckskin for different uses, and even a case de- 
 voted to horse-hide leather. Then there are specimens of 
 bark, etc. , notably the exhibits from Cleeve W. Hooper k 
 Sons. Bermondsey luul Leadenhall Market, London. 
 One case displays mammoth specimens of boots, having 
 soles two inches thick. A few sole-leather trunks and 
 valises from St. Petersburgh, as well as some specimens of 
 stamped leather of very fine quahty from the same local- 
 ity, bring us to the extreme easteim end, and we bim and 
 go back. 
 
 I endless vaiiety, and of every style and quality Fancy 
 i shoes in difi'erent colored leather, enameled and stamped, 
 are a favored exhibit, and display the bc.st improvements 
 made in these goods of late j’ears. There are also, rather 
 • incongruously, displayed here a large exliibit of ten sol- 
 diers representing veterans of 1776, the New York Seventh 
 Regiment, and otlier varieties. Fancy satin shoes, in dif- 
 ferent color and of the finest make and fabric, are to bo 
 seen in numbers. There is also a liber.ddisiilay of infants’ 
 shoes, gilt and bronzed. Then there are shoes with tassels, 
 and .shoes with buckles, wooden shoes from Cliicago, 
 
 : gaiters in leather and other materials for cliildren, elegant 
 ! riding boote with spurs, and delicate bridal boots in white 
 1 satin, besides high-heeled shoes like those worn by our 
 [ grandmothers, ornamented with blight buckles. 
 
 Edinbui'gh and London both send fine displays of 
 tanned leather, and from Mainz and Bordeaux there are 
 .some specially excellent exhibits of fine work. A vciy 
 liaudsome cose in black and gold from Wilson, Walker iSr 
 , Co., Leeds, England, contains fine leather fabrics, and par- 
 ticularly binders’ materials, including Levant morocco, 
 which is made from sealskin. 
 
 Edwin C. Burt, the well-known manufacturer of ladies’ 
 
 THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 ornaments and decorations, Russian popular embroidery, 
 and tlic original fitroganoff book of image facial paintings. 
 The Btrogaiioff School of Technical Drawing was estab- 
 lished in I860, with r view of forming an intelligent class 
 of designers and oinamonters for the work of manufac- 
 tories uud iudu-strial establi.shmcnts. Two hundred scholars 
 are taught there in the j)reparatory and special classes, and 
 the whole course of study extends over five years. Among 
 the 710 jiupils taught there since the commencement, there 
 are many men who have become distinguished in their 
 profession ; and, commencing with 1861, the pupils have 
 received medals and honorable mention at every exhibition 
 at which theii' productions have been displayed. 
 
 Thc! collection of drawings sent by the Stroganoff pupils 
 on this occasion consists of linear drawings, perspective 
 sketches of flowers, Russian ami Greek ornaments, land- 
 scapes, and calligraphy. Thc student will here observe 
 specimens of every kind of ilrawing, from the elementary 
 exercises to ilrawing from ifiastor figures and from nature, 
 while drawuig os applied to commercial puiqioses forms 
 (luito a prominent feature of tho display. Let us, ere pro- 
 ceeding, state that the Stroganoff Central School of Tech- 
 nical and Drawing and thc Art and Industrial Museum of 
 Moscow are to all practical intents and purjioscs one and 
 
 elegant and costly cases of black walnut have been erected, 
 aisles between these giving ample opportunity for the vis- 
 itor to move al>out at ease imd examine their contents. 
 
 There are 595 cxliibitors in thi,s depaitraent, and the 
 display comprises evei-j'thing conceivable in leather, as 
 well as all the tools used in its manipulation. Tho 
 exhibits aro arranged in admiiuble order, being classified 
 systematically, and thus enabling the visitor to follow the 
 processes of tho manufacture from their very beginning 
 to their culmination in tlio most delicately finished work 
 ill the different deportments. 
 
 Commencing, then, at the western and following thc side 
 Ilf the south wall, we come first upon a few skins of imi- 
 inids haring the fur on, and designed probably only to 
 enable the spectator to commence at the vei-j' beginning. 
 Next nxipear the exhibits of sole-leiithcr, tliis imrticular ex- 
 hibition being said to be the finest ever made, and com- 
 prising 118 exliibits of three tbfl'erent proceases. Passing 
 slowly along, we jiresently come upon a disjilay offered 
 by Mt\s.srs. Schultz, ,Southwick k Co. , at thc centre of the 
 south side. 
 
 Here an ornamented stnictnro, having two horns gracing 
 its summit, contains specimens of sole-leather from eight 
 different tanneries, including the Keystone. Scotia, Nich- 
 
 Heri} are specimens of satchels, Russia leather jiocket- 
 books, diced and fluted leather, invcnt<.'d by a Philadel- 
 phian ; goat-skins for shoes, and in one case of these a fat 
 sheep, stuffed, and exhibiting a iieculioi-ly long and fine 
 fleece. Lynn makes a line disjilay in all departments, and 
 especially in goat-skins prepared in a superior manner. 
 
 Rubber goods are included among the exhibits, and 
 there are cases of rubber medical goods, gas-bags, rubber 
 bath-tubs, gloves, etc. The Goodyear Company make an 
 extensive di.splay, including such articles as have be< n al- 
 ready mentioned, and besides these, toilet cases, rubber 
 tubing, cuspidores, toys in gi-eat variety, cliest -protectors, 
 etc. There aro also rubber shoes and boots from Provi- 
 dence, R. I., rubber-cloth of the finest quahty, life-pre- 
 servers, babies’ teething-rings, and finally a specimen of the 
 caoutchouc tree, and some rubbcr-uiilk in a glass jar, pre- 
 cisely as drawn from the tree in Panama, Guiana and 
 Ecuador. 
 
 After examining an exliibit of mbbor-coata rs fine as silk, 
 we come back to leather, and the consideration of .some 
 magnificent specimens of hand shoe and boot making, 
 varied by embroidered work in gold and* silver thread. 
 Next to these ore heavy shoe-s and boots, with double soles 
 and uppers, and lailies’ gaiters and cliildren’s shoes in 
 
08 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 shoes, has t^^-o handsome eases, illustrating his specialty 
 and displaying very beautiful specimens in leather, satin, 
 and other materials. His exhibits are located in the centre 
 of the building, on the south side of the nave. 
 
 An intere.sting display of top-boots, prairie boots, and 
 other large wear is sent from Boston ; and a very showy case, 
 black and gold, filled -with fine work in ladies’ and child 
 ren’s wear, from Syracuse. Six exhibits, each under glass, 
 and placed on a ^ded pedestal, from a New York house, 
 include really superb specimens of manufacture in ladies’ 
 shoes, being »rin/lp of silk and satin, embroidered with much 
 gilding and gilt buttons, in all respects very beautiful. A 
 very rich display of fine ladies’ work comes from Moses 
 How, of Haverhill, JIassachusetts. As for slippers, there 
 are a sufficiency — slippers •nith rosettes and slippers with- 
 out rosettes ; gilt slippers, silvered slippers ; embroidered, 
 strapped and needle -worked slippers in all colors and 
 every variety of shape ; fine Quilted satin slippers in fact, 
 every imaginable species of the article. 
 
 On the northern side of the building we find exliibits of 
 shoe manufacturing goods, such as lastings, linen thread, 
 ilrilia, bindingsi'etc., a-s well as tools, button-hooks, orna- 
 ments, rosettes, buttons, heel-stifl’ening, resembling den- 
 tists’ plates for the jaws, etc. From Auburn, Maine, there 
 is a good display of fine work in heavy men’s wear. Newark, 
 New Jemey, has a very large display of 
 tlie best work, including everything from 
 top-boots to gold-embroidered slippers, and 
 :dl of the best quality, material and work- 
 manship. 
 
 And this brings us to the harness depart- 
 ment, which is extremely large and very 
 vtuied. Here Newark is also prominent, 
 exhibiting fine ornamental harness in gilt 
 and plated work, bridle-rings, fancy mount- 
 ings, gilt and plated collars, patent bits, all 
 very to-sty and ornamentid. Here are sleigh- 
 bells, in clusters and strings, and here an 
 exhibit of the enrions celuloid work from 
 the Newark factory, displayed in various 
 articles, iii harness material, haring much 
 tho appearance of ivory, and seemingly 
 well adapted to those purposes. Next wo 
 come upon heavier horue.ss, including col- 
 lars, blinders, traces and reins, also spurs — 
 some of wliich are of the Mexican species 
 and very dangerous-looking. Here are 
 harness -makers’ tools, files, various tools 
 for ornamental work, stamping, etc. 
 
 Entering again upon the shoe department 
 in our progres.s, wo come upon boot- 
 stretchers and lasts, these latter made of 
 metil or wood, in considerable variety, 
 some being presented in process of use in 
 tlie actnid boots themselves. A fine display 
 from Lynn offei-s every pn.ssible kind of shoe 
 and la-st materiiils, etc. The. New York 
 manufacturers arc lavish in heary hames-s, 
 saddles, colliu-s. traces, and complete sets, 
 many hearily mounted, embossed and 
 otherwise oniamonted. There is a larger 
 show of harness dres-sing from Boston, and 
 from Philadelphia a gooilly disjday of sad- 
 dlery, whips, etc. A vciy handsome fancy 
 set of lianiess from Wiushington occupies a 
 special case. Another contains elegant 
 whips, these being from Philadelphia, and 
 mounted in mother-of-pearl, gold, silver, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Shoe-making machinery from Boston, 
 
 Lynn, and elsewhere occupies a consider- 
 able space, and displays the processes of 
 manufacture in actual operation. 
 
 A fine display of haime.ss-makers’ tools, 
 beautifully finished, is cxliibited by New- 
 ark. A number of heavy seving-macliines for leather- 
 work, and rossing machines used by tho tanners in grind- 
 ing and cutting bark, with other mechanisms, bring us 
 back to the western end, and to the tmuk and bag depart- 
 ment, wliich is mainly by itself. 
 
 Here Is found every imaginable variety of trimk, satchel, 
 valise, toilet-case, portmanteau, etc., and those in morocco, 
 sole-leather, Eiisaia leather, enameled leather and oUier ma- 
 ti'riala. There ai'e traveling-bags with toiletrcases attached, 
 Saratoga tnmks, of the latest, loi-gest and most complete 
 pattern ; pocket-books in every kind of leather, sluiwl- 
 straps, all sorts of patent devices for fastening and locking 
 trunks, etc., and an especially excellent show of trunks, 
 satchels, valises and toilet-cases from New York. 
 
 The display of rubber goods is completed at one end of 
 this department by exhibits of rubber belting and hose ; 
 and among tho machines are power-punches, wax-thread 
 machines; sand-paper machines, shoe upper machines, and 
 
 fin. illy the entire exhibition concludes at the northeastern 
 end with a veiy large and brilliant exhibit of “ Challenge ■ 
 anrl other blacking, presented with artistic adjuncts of life- 
 size iUet.ll statuaiy and bas-reliefs. In fact,.tli6 shcjw of 
 blacking is one of the ’ most notable exhibits ip; the 
 building. 
 
 ART-POTTERY FROM ENGLAND. 
 
 Fnoii Lambeth, ncai' London, a remarkably fine exliibi- 
 tion of art-pottery may be seen at the Exposition, embrac- 
 ing, in round numbers, at least, a thousand objects. Many 
 jjieces are small, being seiwiccs and vessels for table and 
 household use, but all of them are examples t>f designs 
 made and executed by the firm which semis them. A new 
 api)licatioii of an old discovery in the art of glazing pot- 
 tery is exhibited in this collection. This process was ori- 
 ginally made in Flmulei-s .and Germany, and there i.s a 
 tradition that the first pieces were produced in the Low 
 Countries at the verj- beginning of the fifteenth centiiri'. 
 The principal centre of its production was, however, in Ger- 
 many, Bayreuth, Z^Iassfeld, Nuremberg, and Eatisbou, but 
 the best s;xmples were from the neighborhood of the Lower 
 I’hine, where the glaze most fit for that ckiss of pottery 
 was easily to be found. Hero, in fact, for the first time in 
 Europe, tlie body of the ware was produced, ritrified by 
 the liigh tempemtnro to wliich it w.is submitted, and also 
 with the reimukable peculiarity that it was glazed by vola- 
 tilization of common salt thrown into the oven when the 
 temperutiu'c had reached its climax, two processes the 
 combination of which had never before been prociured. 
 
 This ware varies in color, some being almo.st white, and 
 
 taken from child-life us associated with our Saviour. The 
 stone basin of this font is one of the largest known, having 
 upou its edge birds in the same material, the whole being 
 sustained by a central sliaft of stone, with figured panels 
 and painted polished stone iiillurs. 
 
 CONCESSIONS. 
 
 The sale of concessions — for the sale of rictuals. drink, 
 and other things on the Centenniid grounds — has amounted 
 to -SljO.OOO. The privilege of printing and selling the offi- 
 cial catalogue was sold for 8100,000. The American, 
 French, German and Hebrew re.staurants, and the T)-ois 
 F'-tres Provenceaiu:, each pay 80,000. Ten cn/es will bring 
 in about Sir>,000. MUk, Vienna bread, candy, and other 
 such privileges, bring from 83,000 to 85,000 each, and pop- . 
 com, 87,000. The sale of soda-water rights brought 852, 000 ; 
 cigars and tobacco, 818,000; rolling cliairs, 840,000. All 
 beer pays a royalty of tlrree dollars a barrel. The Depart- 
 ments providing comforts of toilet, etc., pay 816,000. 
 
 CIGAB EXHIBIT OF MESSBS. KEBBS 4 SPIE58, NO. 35 BOWEBT, NEW TOBK. 
 
 Other of a light -gray hue, tho Last being the most e.steemed 
 when the effect was heightened by bine or purple grounds. 
 Tho shapes were generally elaborate, adorned ^^•itll mold- 
 ings, and • nriched ivith embos.sed ornaments, some of 
 which were designed by distinguished artists. The 
 decline of this ware began with the seventeenth cen- 
 tiuy, since which time tlie material has been only 
 used for ware of the costliest kind. It is only re- 
 cently that it has oeen succe.ssfrilly revived at Lambeth. 
 
 Of this and other forms of pottery quite an interesting 
 coUecdon is jiroduced from this section, including cups, 
 vases, bowls, etc. Many of these arc ornamented by 
 etchings, the work of lady artists trained in the Lambeth 
 school. In such cases the choice of subjects is left entirely 
 to the artist, and these run through all classes of natural 
 history, chiefly liorses, oxen, dogs, cate, bird-s, and liuman- 
 ity. forming u broad variety of the exercise of the etching- 
 tool. Some of these illustrations present .subjects from 
 chilli-life, and are accepted to he exceedingly lieautifnl. 
 Besidc.s minor works, there are a number of choice exhibite 
 in ten'a-cotta. Prominent amoug these is a pulpit of stone 
 and’ terra-cotta, -with subject-panels' representing subjects 
 'from the Bible ; also a chorch-foiit of massive proportions, 
 
 I ttitli stotic-w'are panels on tho eight sides, with subjects 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 This building, of which a description will be found in 
 another portion of this work, and in illustvatioii of wliich 
 we give a inunbcr of cute, ba.s a central 
 nave nmning thronph it longitudinally east 
 and west, cros.sed by a transept nearest tho 
 eastern end. 
 
 Beginning at the west end and on the 
 north .side of the nave in our examination, 
 we find ourselves at first in a department 
 allotted to the <‘xhibits fnruished by tho 
 Smithsonian Institution, which lia.s been 
 enabled to make a very handsome exliibi- 
 tion l.iy means of its offer to take charge of 
 aidieles furnished by different states and 
 indiriduals, jirnridiug that at the close of 
 the Exposition these shall become the pro- 
 perty of the Institution. The first portion 
 of this di.splay is geological and min- 
 cralogical, beginning with n fine collection 
 of native marbl«--s, wliite and colored, a 
 1 .rge portion of which is from Vermont, 
 from Vest Entland, Eutland, .Sutherland 
 Falls and other places. From QuuiTyvilIc, 
 Haw'ldns Comity, Tennessee, a haucksome 
 exliibit is made in variegated brown and 
 white marble, very like the Italian. It may 
 be obsciwcd here that there ai-e 121 dift’ereut 
 kiiuls of marlilcs exliibited by Tenue-s-seo 
 alone. Here are also square blocks of 
 granite, shell, limestone, etc., and near the 
 wall a souiistoue model of the celebrated 
 Comstock Lode and hiiitro Tunnel of 
 Nevada. Vo now observe specimens of 
 mineral wool made from the slag of blast 
 furnaces, mid next a very hanilsome di.siilay 
 of exliibits of petroleum, coal aud coal 
 products, iucluiling crude oil, residuum, 
 gasnhue, naphtha, etc. 
 
 The cases along the wall contain siieci- 
 mens of minerals and ores in great variety. 
 The town of Roxburgh, Connecticut, ex- 
 hibits one case containing on exliibit of 
 iron ore. Along the floor by the wall are 
 ranged fq^ccimena of coal, large and small, 
 from Rhode Island and Vest Virginia, and 
 in the same vicinity is a considerable ex- 
 liibit of specimens of fire-brick from New 
 York. 
 
 Next, a handsome glass case contains a 
 fine display from the State of Pennsylvania, 
 including copper ore, magnetic ore, copper 
 sulpbui-ct, copper pyrites, copper-bearing 
 silicate, aud the same is treated with other products. 
 There are also malacliite, crystallized copper, cement cop- 
 per, and ingot copper. 
 
 Ve next come upon ponderous .specimens of zinc ore, 
 emery rock, and .samples of spelter from the State of New 
 .lersev ; and next, iron blooms and iron wire made by petro- 
 leum'fuel. A case of copper ores and large specimens of 
 sulphureted copper ore exliibited by Vermont, and speci- 
 mens of emery and emery-rock by the town of Chester, 
 Mass.ichusette. Newbnrj', JIassachusetts, sends specimens 
 of verd antique; New York State contributes bluestone ; 
 and Massachusetts sends specimens of new red sandstone. 
 
 A noticeable exhibit is a case containing fine polished 
 stones, agates, porphyry, etc. Connecticut display.s very 
 handsome specimens illustrating the manufacture of steel, 
 ax-heads, etc., while from New -Tei-sey we have zinc ores 
 in large specimens, and from New York gloss cases con- 
 taining iron ores, with charcoal and other materials used in 
 smelting and blasting. A large specimen of nickel ore 
 from Pennsylvania is particularly noticeable. 
 
 The next case in order contains a considerable variety, 
 including copper pyrites and other minerals, cobalt ore.s 
 and other products fi-om Pennsylvania, aud a beautiful 
 specimen of cobalt-ammonia-sulphate. Here are also Ger- 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTEHXIAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 an 
 
 nui] silver in wii-o, ete., fine specimona of crj’stallized blue 
 vitriol, Jiiokel in the rough ore, pure, wrought and cast, 
 Anth specimens of iiiclccl-platiiig. From Chester County, 
 Pemisylvaiiin, we have specimens of graphite. A fine ex- 
 liibit of tin-lined pipe is i)rominent just here, ranged in a 
 monumental cone on a pedestal. 
 
 Next, the entire half of the building north of the nave 
 is cro.s.sed by a mammoth exlubit from Tennessee. The 
 Tennessee display is entirely owing to tlie liberality of an 
 individual, the State not having contributed anything in 
 the way of an appropriation. 
 
 General J. T. Wilder, of Chattonooga, who sent a verj- 
 handsome exhibit to the Vienna Exhibition, is tho origina- 
 tor of the present disifiay. This includes iron-ores, red 
 hematite, brown hematite, magnetic iron-ore, A\’hich is man- 
 ufactured into iron in one process, and into Bessemer 
 steel in two ; also, hammered iron. A most interesting ex- 
 hibit is a specimen of meteoric iron found on a faiin in 
 Greeno County, Tennessee, and which weighs 293 pounds. 
 Another cuiiosity is a specimen of coni found at Rock- 
 T^•ood. Tennessee, and taken from a scanr 104 ft. 5 in. in 
 thickness. There are also specimens of native woods in 
 small blocks, including 52 different kinds, all found on one 
 farm in Greene Comity, Tennessee. The ores are from the 
 Chattanooga mineral distriet, ther(\ being -10 kinds of iron 
 ore. The loeiJity Avhero tills is found is 
 peculiarly fortunate, a.s it furnishes cal- 
 careous spar, carbonate of lime in largo 
 (piantities, Avhich can be used for flux. 
 
 It is stated that these ores can be trans- 
 ported to tho furnaces at the small cost 
 of Si. 75 per ton. 
 
 Pittsburg, Pcunsyh'auia, sends a fine 
 exhibit, illustrating tho mamifacturo of 
 eracible stool, indmliug pin wire, broom 
 wire, etc. Missouri furnishe.s cases of 
 iron, ziuo and lead ores, coal, limestone, 
 sandstone and other minerals, making a 
 very handsome ooUectiun. North Cai-o- 
 lina has a fine display of minerals in 
 small specimens in glitss cases. These 
 include soa])stone, marble, mica, cal- 
 cine, plaster, gA'p.sum and sandstone. 
 
 Virginia and West Virginia exhibit spe- 
 cimens of sandstcuie (fireproof), stalac- 
 tites from the “ Foimtain Cave,” gA’j>- 
 sum, iron-ore, and a peculiarly fine 
 display of West Virginia coal. South 
 Carolina exhibits a curious collection of 
 fossil teeth, including fossil hoi-se-teeth, 
 nud a tooth of a tipir bvken from the 
 Stouo River. Michigan is represented 
 by- a imignifieent collection. Here ai’c 
 lai'go spcciinen.s of specular iron-ore, 
 liard hematite mid granular ore, mag- 
 netic ore, beautifid specimims of copper 
 ores, and rock ahoii’ing the- ciystals of 
 copper, copper as extracted from the 
 ore, native silver and silver ore. This 
 display fills four {-ases. and is iutrodneed 
 at tho nave by a ponderous spc-cinien of 
 native cojiiier. 
 
 The ilispliiY fnisiished by Jlontaiia is 
 in a ease ornamented ivith deer-heads 
 and horns, and includes a large and 
 varied collection of minerals, compris- 
 ing crystallized ores and difl'erent kinds 
 of stone for building pni-poses. Oregon, 
 
 Arizona, and Utah cxliibit gold and 
 silver ores in a Luge variety of speci- 
 mens. Colorado has also a rich display 
 of these ores. An npriglit l.ilaek-walnut 
 case, labeled ‘'Neviida’' in gilt letters, 
 contains a most interesting collection, 
 including silicifled M’ood, chaleeJoue in 
 numerous specimens, .sandstone, silver 
 ore, lead ore, and gold ore, showing free gold — these 
 specimens being peculiarly rich. Idaho also exhibits 
 largely in gold and silver ores and products and ingots. 
 The Nevada exhibit is pni'ticularl}' rich in specimens from 
 the Comstock, Lode and tho Ree.se River district, and also 
 offers a very fine exhibit of native snlphurets, wulfenite, etc. 
 
 Four glass cases include tire contributions of California, 
 comprising gold and silver ores, with all the materiiils used 
 in their disintegi’ation — giant-powder, fuses, and other ap- 
 pliances and processes. 
 
 We now leave the mineral department, and enter that 
 devoted to the products of the sea — this, in fact, being the 
 marine display of the Navj- Department of the United 
 States Government. It commences with a collection of 
 specimens of from California, Colorado, Jlaasachu- 
 setts, Rhode Island and their waters, ranged on both sides 
 of a long screen and including the ordinary arol grass, as 
 it is called, kelp, and very mauy other interesting and 
 be.autiful spccic.s. Next are oa.sos containing seamen’s 
 clothing in oilcloth and rubber ; next to which is a case in 
 which are ranged a large munber of aiiieles illustrating the 
 habits and customs of the American Indians. Here 
 various Indian implements and weapons, game-bags, 
 
 Here are also representations of manufactures in whale- 
 bone, showing the hone-fibre, brushes, bed stuffing, corset 
 sticks, surgical inatrumenta, cancs, etc. There is also au 
 exliibit of Imishe.s, from the coarsest bristle to the finest 
 peacock toil, and there are feather-dusters, paint-brushes, 
 shaving-brashes, etc. 
 
 Returning northward to tho wall again, the screen is 
 seen upon which aic displayed various marine implements 
 and apinnienancc's, such as hnat-auchora, boxes, swivels, 
 tr.iwls and other articles in rvood and metal. Here we see 
 cofie.s containing shells of the Pacific, hawk’s-bill turtle, to 
 show the material of a liandsome set of tortoi.seshell jerr'- 
 chrv — ueckLice and locket, enriings, brooch and sleeve-but- 
 tons — to illustrate the manufacture. 
 
 Next is a case of horn for manufacturing purposes, with 
 combs, .sets of jewelrj' and other articles jrrepared from it. 
 Here are also fish-scale ornaments, caiwings from tusks, alli- 
 gators' teeth carwed and mounted, and other marine ivory, 
 painted and otherArisc onramented ; an elephant’s tusk and 
 a fossil tusk ; and this brings us to the magnificent display 
 of imitations of soltAvater fish — tliesc being in most cases 
 life-size and colored to perfection. 
 
 Here i.s the sleeper shark, 9 or 10 ft. long ; next the 
 gigantic butterfly rue, 4 ft. long ; the seine fish, an un- 
 sightly object, 5 ft. in length ; tho gr'eat tmiicdo or cramp 
 fish, 5 ft. lung and 3 ft. broad ; the 
 sting -rae, dog-fish, stmgeon, skate, 
 monk-fish, gar-pike, aword-flsh, paddle- 
 fish, mackerel, shar-k, cat-fish, dusky 
 shark, conger eels, shad, white fish, cod- 
 fish, drummer -fish, muscolonge, red 
 boivs, pomiiano, red snapper, angler, and 
 several hundred other's, large and small, 
 too uumerou.s to mention. In other 
 cases oi'e a fine collectioir of AA'ah'us 
 tusks, polished and scrimshnAved, as it 
 is called Iry the sailors. There ai'6 also 
 neat caiwirrgs from these in chains, cane- 
 handles, napkin - rings, sleeve • buttons 
 and shtds. 
 
 Six large case.s ai'c devoted to a quito 
 remarkabh? collectioir of oy.ster-shells, 
 inchidiiig pearl oystor-shelLs. showing 
 the formation of the pearl with the pro- 
 diict.s of pearl, shell, and mother-of- 
 pearl, niminfactured into buttons, studs, 
 etc. Hero is also a collection of speci- 
 mens of sponges. Quite an interesting 
 exhilrit is iiiade of river mussel shells as 
 used ill ornaiiiental Avork, mid there are 
 al.so specimens of small sea-shells used 
 in road-making. An interesting featui'e 
 is a coUeetioii of .specimens of ship’s 
 timber's, .showing tho ravages of the 
 ship-wonii. 
 
 Retiiniiiig north agitin, avo come once 
 more upon tackling for ship.s and bouts, 
 boat-hooks, boat - fittings, small fog- 
 horns, sailor’s 2 '"/»as or thimbles, nee- 
 dles, grappling -gear, and a eu.se of 
 decoy.s for invd-sliooting. 
 
 The articles from -Uaska lU'e quite 
 mruierous, including spears, nrroAA's and 
 other Aveairoiis used by the natives. Tire 
 fisliiug-gear for deep sea fishing in- 
 cludes traAA'I - hires, cod hand - lines, 
 mackei'cl lines, bone liaAi ks from Alii-skn, 
 and from these through CA'Ciy conceiA'- 
 ablc kind of fishing lino nud jrroduce, 
 fr-oin the finest to the largest, from tho 
 chinisy shark -hoolc and gear' to tho 
 smallest Limerick trout-hooks and hair- 
 lines, traAvliug-spooiis, A'cry hcautiful 
 fly-books of eveiy concei\’abIe species 
 of fly, reels of aU sizes and materiaK 
 After these is a collection of haiqroons 
 and spears from Alaska, seal’s bladder buoys, tlie curious 
 “throw stick” used in rabbit-hunting by the *1/071(1 In- 
 dians, which is, in fact, the boomerang ; rope and bide 
 Inrinto, hand-nets, harqroons of all kinds, haiiroon-lines 
 made from eikskin ; fish-speai-s, etc. 
 
 The collection of knives used by fishermen is in itself a 
 very curious cxliibit. It comprise.s broad knives for cut- 
 ting blubber, the throating or ripping-knife, liaUbut knife, 
 mackerel spbtting knife, clam knife, clam chopper for 
 bait, hand mince- knife for mincing blubber, and lances for 
 the pursuit of the swordfish, Avhale, and other large sea- 
 prey. 
 
 Next are cases containing stai-fisb, crabs, sea-urchins, 
 gigantio praxvns, clam-shells, mussel-shells, and th&cuViouB 
 hiqua shell strang and used as money in the Indiaii -'trade. 
 A large case contains bottles in Avhich are shrimp,' eraw- 
 fisli, the small octapoo.s or cuttlefisli, sea hair and 
 atioirs of Iceland moss and dye-stuffs from maiiire'-plants, 
 etc. Among the cmiosities at this point is a pair ©f boots 
 nia*le by a Broadway shoemaker, .and which claims’to be 
 manufactured from the skins of men. Here are alligator- 
 boots also, and boots from the boa, exhibiting the peculiar 
 marks of that, reptile. Then there are dressed rattlesnake 
 
 spears, dog-Avliips, .saddles covered with .skins, spears 
 from tho KiiV'ijofi, of Mexico, .siioav spectacles from the 
 Escpiimaux and other native.s of Arctic America, snoAv- 
 shues from Carrihoo, ^ ...k-satldlc, once the property of a 
 Sioux, shot-pouches heavily ornamented AAuth bead-work, 
 powder-horns and flaslcs from the Apaches, Comanches, 
 Sioux, etc. 
 
 The north Avail of the builthng at this point and for a 
 length of about 150 ft. is covered to a height of 8 ft. with 
 a splendid collection of framed photographs illustratiug 
 Americarr sea, river and hike fish tideen from actnid speei- 
 merrs. This is, irr all r'cspecta. a most remarkalile aird in- 
 teresting collectioir, arid it is doubtful if there has ever 
 becu exhibited one coiupiising so many difl'erent speci- 
 mens or so largely illustrating this branch of natural 
 history. 
 
 The next cases contain exhibits of 'V^'mcliester and Colt 
 arms, Maynard rifle, Remington fowling-pieces, six-shoot- 
 iug rifles and shotgun.s with poAvder-flasks, bullebmolds, 
 and all the paraphernalia of sport of this character. A cu- 
 riosity in this collection is a flint-lock gun, formerly the 
 property of Hir John Franklin. The next ca.se, properly 
 enough, illustrates the art of anghug, and contains angling- 
 rods of every conceivable variety, pickerel, gudgeon, sal- 
 mon and bass, doAvu to the most delicate and exquisite 
 
 trout rod. At this point we meet with a stuffed figure rep- 
 resenting a hunter clad in a waterproof suit, short coat 
 filled with pockets, breeches and gaiters, and having a pole 
 at his back and extending over his head, at the top of 
 Avliich is suspended n lantern, 
 
 The marine di.splay proper opens here with a case con- 
 taining models of fish-weirs, salmon-weirs, fish-slide.s, fish- 
 pots of -wicker-Avork, lobster-pots, etc. ; Avlnle contiguous to 
 it is a display upon Avbich are box-traps, Avoodelmek and 
 bear-traps, models of grouse-snares, bkd-traps, models of 
 gilnet, etc. The exhibit of models of boats in this depart- 
 ment is curious and interesting, comprising kijnks in large 
 variety, Chesapeake oyster canoe, birch-bark canoe, fore- 
 and-aft schooners, Nantucket hnrbor-boata, Adirondack 
 boats, model of Lake Erie Pound boat, fishing-schooner, 
 Cape Ann seine boat, Nantucket dory, Alexandria Bay 
 boat, Lake Pound steamer, portable boat, etc. Here are 
 also models of full-rigged ships, bai'ks, cUppers, steamere, 
 lobster-boats, 'Wlritehnll boats. New England surf-boata, 
 ship’s yaAvl, several wooden canoes of a kind used at >Sitloi, 
 and a raft of tule gi'ass. These exliibits are set off bv glass 
 cases containing specimens of beautiful feather-w<;rk in 
 fans and flo-a-ers, chiefly from the bfr'ds of Florida. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 fckins, sturgeon skins, and ladies' satchel, slippers, and , 
 iiigar case made from alligator hide ; a coil and rope inanu-i 
 factured from co-w-hide, a doll's head made of mw hide, and 
 looking quite equal to those made of cliina or papier- 
 mache. 
 
 Here is also ii saa lion’s throat manufactured into a 
 jiarcliment pouch designed for voliuiblo papers. The spe- 
 i-imens of fish-oils and glycerine are numerous, and include 
 black fish oil, menhaden, porpoise, sperm -whale, codliver, 
 shark, sunfish, grampus imd .seal, with spermaceti can- 
 
 gear, including coil of rope, harpoons, immense jaw-bones 
 of the -whfde, whale-lines, and specimens of -whalebone, 
 
 ■\\’e no-w come to a large and very fine collection of 
 skins of nnimnlfl These include buffalo-skins, mountain- 
 sheep (bighorns), bareback deer, caribon, mule deer, 
 marmot, deerskin and rabbit skins, specimens of dressed 
 skins of rattlesnake, sturgeon, eel, alligator and white 
 whale : the woodland caribon, peccari, prong-hom ante- 
 lope, blees-bok, duck tanned sheepskin, lambskin, imitation 
 buckskin from the American bison, etc.; moleskin, musk- 
 
 woK, covote, lynx, ocelot, panther, and even the common 
 house cat. 
 
 Next is a collection including stuffed animals, among the 
 larger of which are the Polar bear, American deer, puma 
 or cougai', broAra bear, grizzly, peccari, caribon, moimtain 
 goat, American elk, American mountain sheep, antelope, a 
 splendid j)air of musk-oxes, a group of fur seals, sea-hons, 
 harpy seals, hooded seals, eleplmut seal, manatee-leoiJard ; 
 and cases containing rabbits, horses, wild cats, lynxes, 
 1 foxes, squirrels, raccoons, weasels, minks, .skunks, wolver* 
 
 THE INDI.tN DEPARTMENT, IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT I3U1LD1NC 
 
 cUi-s, isinglass made from 'the cod, etc. The canned speci- 
 mens include lobster, clams, oysters, Pvussian caviar, 
 cturgeons, turtles, anchovies, eels ; and there are also spe- 
 cimens of smnkcd herrings, pickled herrings, and smoked 
 sprats. 
 
 Here are some more very handsome specimens of shell 
 >s-ork, including baskets and other articles, and a httle fur- 
 ther on. a display of biu-nacles, sea-snaOs. slugs, becke de 
 i.ter, oysters, ci-.ibs .-iiul a’ collection of sponges. Then 
 there are model- o{ fi^^h-tiays. and a ib-nliy i-if -cal fi-liiiv-'- 
 
 uit, black’ woodchuck, white bearskin vdth fur. an<l fine 
 specimens of other furs, including the black bear, grizzly, 
 common seal, hooded seal, harjiy seal, square-flapper, 
 banded, and other seals. Of the fur-seals there ore several 
 fine specimens from the North Pacific and South Sea.^ 
 
 There are also large robes made from the feathers of the 
 bro-wn peUcan, goose, swan, grebe and other birds. 
 
 Still other skins are the opossum, sea-otter, American 
 otter, skunk, wolverine. bro-\vui mink, fine marten or 
 Amc'ricau -ilver. black, red. and whit.' fox. black 
 
 incs, -woodchucks, aud many other small animals, all ad- 
 mirably prepared and placed in lifelike attitudes. 
 
 This brings us to the transept ; and the first article 
 -which -we observe is a ease containing a model of a whaler, 
 with whale fishery' illustrated by wliales diving, one ha-ring 
 a holt in his jaws, another being harpooned, while the 
 various processes of skinning, etc., are being conducted on 
 a miniature ship. 
 
 On a table near by ore specimens of hatching-cans, and 
 modpls of a lobster-hmisc, fishing-smack, and menhaden 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 KF.GISTER OF THF. CENTENNIAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 mi 
 
 oil factory, Xantucket salt mill and menhaden steamer, 
 seini'-boata, etc. 
 
 Next is a eullectiou of real boats nets, etc., including 
 Adirondjick boat, i>ai)er canoe, cmious Indian canoe — bul- 
 let-siiapcd — made of skins, a poilable folding-boat, wooden 
 ennoe, bark canoes, skin canoes, etc. Right here also is a 
 remarkable gi-oup of imitations of sea-fish, some of them 
 being life-size. These include black fish, striped poi-poise, 
 cow-fish, bow-head whale in miniature, sword-fish, life-size, 
 and others. Specimens of a bait-mill and fish-dresser 
 bring us to several refrigerators filled with large fish — stur- 
 geon, bass, etc. — eoneluding this portion of the exhibition. 
 
 Treasi’isy Departxiest. 
 
 Crossing the transept on the north side of the United 
 States building, we enter the United States Revenue Bu- 
 reau of the Treasniy 
 Dejiartmcnt. Here 
 are framed speci- 
 mens of all the cu- 
 gi’aved stamps used 
 in the Treasury De 
 partment, as also 
 specimens of nrticles 
 requiring Internal 
 Revenue stamps, 
 such as tobacco, 
 snuff, canned fruits, 
 etc., while several 
 large barrels of spi- 
 rits which have 
 passed the llevenue 
 officers arc exhib- 
 ited, having u p o n 
 them the necessary 
 official stamps a n d 
 brands. 
 
 There are ol.so ex- 
 hibited specimens of 
 hydrometers, show- 
 ing the specific 
 gi-avity of liquors, 
 and other instrn- 
 ment-s used iu the 
 Revenue service. 
 
 Next comes the 
 
 Bcbeau of Esorav- 
 INO AND Printing, 
 
 where are seen large 
 frames containing 
 specimens of Treas- 
 ury notes and bonds, 
 ranging nil the way 
 from 810,000 to frac- 
 tional currency. An 
 exhibit is also made 
 of proof impressions 
 of all the vignettes 
 used in thi.s depart- 
 ment. In a very 
 handsome case are 
 collected specimens 
 of the national med- 
 als and coins exhib- 
 ited by the United 
 States Mint, and 
 contiguous to theso 
 are framed illustra- 
 tions of national 
 architecture, as re- 
 presented in public 
 buildings such ns 
 post-offices, custom- 
 houses, etc., iu dif- 
 ferent cities, with a 
 large plaster model 
 of the iniblic build- 
 ings iu Nashville, 
 
 Tennessee, contain- 
 ing the po.st-offico, 
 custom - house, and 
 court-house. 
 
 Licinunrsii Defartment. 
 
 This brings ns to the Lighthouse Dc'partmeut, which is 
 exceedingly interesting and full iu its exhibits. The first 
 and most prominent objects which attract the eye are the 
 lighthouse lanterns, of which there are several, including 
 the first, third, and fourth orders. The largest of these is 
 a flash-light, revLilviug by clockwork. Lard oil is now 
 used exclusively iu tliis department, and speeimen-s of this 
 are given, as well os of the lumps used iu the lanterns, and 
 also smaller lanterns, including the river lights employed 
 on Western rivei-s, and a range of leading lights used in 
 channels where a ccitnin range must be kept. A large 
 map, about 14 ft. square, shows the United States lighthouse 
 stations, and there ore also framed illustrations, jihoto- 
 gi-aphic, etc., of the diftVrent lighthouses on tho coast. 
 Two models in wood display the foimdatioua of the South- 
 
 west Pass Lighthouse, Louisiana, and the Miuots Ledge 
 Lighthouse. There are also models of two lighthouses — 
 one being at Chicago — which are about five and eight feet 
 in height, respectively. Other smaller models display dif- 
 ferent styles of lighthouses, and there is a model of a coffer- 
 dam and caisson used in building them. 
 
 The Coast Service DEPAKTiiENT 
 
 to these cornea the Engineer Corps Department, in the 
 extreme northwest corner of the building. 
 
 Hero is a fine model of a sounding machino of Colonel 
 J. M. Macomb ; numerous specimens of buoys, as used 
 in actual service ; specimens of stone employed in military 
 engineering, being about 150 varieties ; model of a United 
 States steam-drilling scow ; models of military bridges — 
 some extended, some packed in wagons — 2 )ontoon bridges, 
 exhibits models of signols, sod also numerous mstraments, , ,-ery iuterosting model illualmting tlis operations of 
 
 including tlie theodoUto, vertical circle, synthetic telescope, General Newton at Hell Gate. Eva simple arrangement, 
 equation apparatus, hydrographic sextant, scH-registciaug 1 u,e exposed surface of tho rock uhicli is to be exploded at 
 tide-gauge, sounding -rods, specimen cups, thermometers this point is lifted several incites, showing the operations 
 
 ' for soundings, r-tc. 
 j War Department. 
 
 I We now enter tlic dix'ision allotted to the War Depart- 
 1 meut, and first expiloro that section devoted to the exhibits 
 
 SHOE .4ND LE.4THEU BUILDIN'G.-EXHIBIT OF SCHULTZ, BOUTHWICK e<s CO. 
 
 of the Signal Service Biut-uu, Here, as in the department 
 hist examined, we obseiwe numerous instruments, including 
 the nnemograidh, which gives daily record of the direction 
 of the wind ; the rain-gauge, wliioh gives the amount of rain- 
 fall ; the velocity anemograph, which rocortls the velocity of 
 the wind ; self-ri-gistering thermograph, etc. Here are 
 exhibited the jirocesses of printing the “Probabilities,’’ 
 and weather maps, copies of wliich are iirinted here daily 
 and given away to visitors. The various processes of giving 
 and obtaining signals lU'e fully illustrated in this depart- 
 ment, including specimens of heliographs for communicat- 
 ing signals by sun-flashes, signal rockets and pistols, an 
 entire kit or case for signal equii>inents, signal flags, mor- 
 tal's, foot torches, flying torches for night service, field- 
 glasses, etc. , xrith models of signal stations, battery wagons 
 for field telegraphy, cautionary sigual-lautenis. etf.-. Next 
 
 beneath, and clearly defining the methods to be used in its 
 destniction. Next to this arc seen tlie apiiaratus for field 
 photography, and an exhibition under water, illustrating 
 operations iu submarine mining. Then we come upon an 
 aiqmratns for ojie- 
 rating and testing 
 toiqiedoes, models of 
 gabions, etc., used 
 in harbor improve- 
 ment ; a lirge collec- 
 tion of w 0 r k i n g 
 models of crib.s, an 
 iron shiiqnng a n d 
 landing pi<‘r, and 
 the DelaM'aro break- 
 water; connteiiioised 
 gun-carriage, trian- 
 guhition station for 
 buiweying, sea-coast 
 batterywith counter- 
 poised gun-eavriugc, 
 dredge-boat used in 
 i in 1 ) r o V i n g the 
 mouths of tlie Mis- 
 sissijqn, dry dock 
 demek, etc. — all 
 models. 
 
 A collection of 
 handsomely bound 
 report, s of explora- 
 tions, commissions 
 to tho M'ar Depart 
 luent, models illus 
 tratiiig river im- 
 proveraent.s ; framed 
 photographs, ninii.s, 
 charts, etc., illn.s- 
 trating geogi'aiihical 
 and other suitcvs, 
 comiilete tlie collec- 
 tion exhibited 
 in this de2iartment. 
 
 Wo now encoun- 
 ter a large collection 
 of military saddles 
 and horse-gear, and 
 scattered about 
 among 1hc.se, and, 
 indeed, through all 
 tho Y/ a r Dejiart- 
 incnt, a r c figures 
 representing diffin-- 
 ent nnny costumes, 
 jncIiKling the Conti- 
 nental uniform ; that 
 of Morgan’s Lilies, 
 177G ; Y’ashii)gtou’.s 
 Life Cxuauls, 1770 ; 
 and all the costnme.s 
 from 1800 down to 
 the 2 ’resont time — 
 the.so being exhib- 
 ited on life -size 
 figures, and rc 2 >re- 
 sontiug all anus of 
 the seiwice, includ- 
 ing cavalry, and 
 even horacs without 
 riders. 
 
 There are also 
 models of army 
 tents, vai-iuu.s tools used iu cauqiaigns, and tho various 
 fabric.s em 2 )loyed in the manufacture of ai'iny clothing. 
 
 Here are two interesting machines, one being a stimdard 
 screw machine, which manufactures the screws used iu 
 Government shoes ; and A. Worth’s Inclosed Traveling Cut 
 Machine, for cutting out any kind of gaiinent or 2 >ortii.m of 
 it, the knife, wliich works on the jointed irnii, formed some- 
 what on the principle of the human arm, cutting through 
 twenty-six thicknesses of woolen cloth at once with perfect 
 ease and accui-acy, following a chalk-line di'awn for tho 
 2 iattem. 
 
 We now enter the exhibition of artillery, shell, and other 
 projectiles belonging to the Ordnance Department. Hero 
 are anny powder-wagons, caissons, cannon of all cali- 
 bres and of every make, as well as models of tho same, 
 from the Gatling gun to the mountain howitzer. A fine 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 oollpction of models of shells, nitiUen-, etc., will lie found 
 on a large table facing the nave. 
 
 It should be ob,served that all the departments of the 
 United States Government are ornamented by oil portraits, 
 many of them fine works of art. representing distinguished 
 personages connected with them — the ar Department 
 
 being thus illustrated by portraits of Secretaries of War 
 and prominent ui-my officers. 
 
 In the Ordnance Department is a model of a lo-inch 
 Rodman gun, accompanied by all the various appurtenances 
 for its use. Here may also be .seen a specimen of a sharp- 
 shooter’s rifle on a tripod, and near this every variety of 
 projectile, including shrapnel, gi'ape and canister, and from 
 these to a thotLsand-pound 20-iuch shot. 
 
 From this point to the extreme eastern end of the build- 
 ing the space is chiefly occupied with machiucry represent- 
 ing on one side the manufacture of guns ns conducted at 
 the Springfield Arnioiy; and on the other that of cartridges 
 frona the Frankfort Arsenal, Pliiladelphia. In this latter 
 depaidment some dozen maclunes placed side by side com- 
 plete the perfect cartridge through its stages, from the thin 
 disk of copper, with which the operation commences, to 
 the final placing of the ininring and bullet witliin it. As 
 
 Complete iu every particular, from kecd t ■ topmasts, with 
 her entire .armament and 22 miiriatuj'c gurr.s. The model 
 is about 35 ft, in length. Next is a model of the French 
 line-of-battle ship Bunte, birilt about the year IGOO — a very 
 admmrble representation of a class of ships in vogire at that 
 time. A scctiorr of a model of a double-bottomed irou-clad, 
 and oue of an irorr-clad ram, are the next in order. Also a 
 .small model of the French frigate Bidon, comprising the 
 hull tdone. This exhibit includes also a model iu frame of 
 the sloop-of-war Antietnm, showing the construction of a 
 sloop-of-war. Tlri.s is ruade to sc.ale, each par-t herug num- 
 bered. 
 
 This section closes with the model of a boat with appa- 
 ratn.s for lowering, hoisting, anil seem-ing, aud also for 
 detaching aud attncliiug. Two forma of hoisting-tackle 
 conclude this portion of the Exliibitinn. 
 
 A considerable space of this department is occupied by 
 sirecimens of naval ai-tillery and projectiles, eqrripmerits, 
 coi-dage. implements, etc., while racks along the wall are 
 filled with Remington carbines and other small arms, with 
 aud without single band, and revolvei-s are displayed ou a 
 shelf beneath. A miscellaneous and rather heterogeneous 
 collection of naval material of all kinds fills sevei-al tables in 
 
 of the Mis.sis.sippi, these being displayed on the wall, next 
 to which are various ca.ses containiug naval orduimce, 
 fuses, etc., flanked by u 3211) steel guu, moimted ou a 
 wooden cairiage. 
 
 It should be observed that the variotis uniforms ciuTcnt 
 iu the Xaval Depoi'tmeut at different periods are illustrated 
 here. a.s is the ca.se iu tlu' ^\'av Department, by stuffed fig- 
 ures upon which they are displayed. These include sailors 
 armed aud unarmed, aud iu position for the performance 
 of different duties. 
 
 Here arc also to be seen in gla.s.s-cascs, displayed on 
 bibles, the various iustrumeuts used in uavigatiou, includ- 
 ing sextants, compas.scs, .spy-gl.as.ses, binocular glasses, arti- 
 ficial horizons, aneroid b.arometers, etc., with head lanteftis, 
 cabin lights, sounding apparatus, deep s(>a leads, ship.s’ pin- 
 nacles, aud a curious .aiipamtus designed to illustrate the 
 action and the force of projection and gravity in determin- 
 ing the trajednry of the shot. 
 
 I More models of ships, dry docks, blocKS of wood mada 
 j from parts of different men-of-war, aud extensive collec- 
 I tions of blocks of variou-s designs, and very fine oil i>or- 
 I traits of different distinguished officers of the Navy, are to 
 I be found in this vicinity. A collection of ch.arts is next in 
 
 these machines are in operation at certain hours of the day, 
 this most interesting process can be witnes.sed by every 
 vi'itor. 
 
 number of ingenious and neatly-made models will be 
 821 'n ne.ar this point, representing the entire mechanism 
 trsed in gnnmaking. Near this are .some exliibits of ancient 
 artillery, including the breech-loading cannon of the six- 
 teenth centmy, a relic of the Spanish occupation of Mexico; 
 also several Revolutionary G-potmders presented by Lafay- 
 ette, a ■\STiitworth gun, Vavasseur gun, and Hotchkiss gtin. 
 
 After pausing to look at some more figures in uniform, we 
 examine a fine display of muskets ranged along the wall 
 and in racks, including every variety of gun known to the 
 service, breech-loading or otherwise, flint-lock, blunder- 
 busses and other quaint-looking old weapons. Behind 
 these, on shelves, are displayed small arms iu every variety. 
 This completes our examination of the northern side of the 
 United States building. 
 
 Navy Depahtme>t. 
 
 Commencing at the southeast corner, and working west- 
 ward. we first encounter a serie.s of models of ships, the 
 most important of which is a full-rigged and completely 
 equipped model of the United States sloo])-of-war Antiekim. 
 
 [ the centre, from metal cannon to gun-swabs, ship's lanterns, | 
 
 I sections of bridges, candle-molds, imd cartridge-boxes. A , 
 gla.ss-case contains a number of specimens of gun-locks of ' 
 
 1 various model-s, flint and others. A collection of curiosities 
 1 disjilays boarding-cajis, boanling-axes, bov\-ie-knives, old 
 Rom.au cutlasses, fmgment.s of shell. cntla.ss of Pa\il Jones, 
 used by him on the ship Bun Homme Richard, aud an En- 
 field rifle taken from the sunken monitor Keokuh 
 
 Here are al.so samples of powders, fuels, schooners, 
 
 ! rockets, submarine water-fu-ses, cartridges, etc. Here ore 
 idso two coses with verj' pretty models of gun-carriages, 
 gnus and mortal's, and specimens of tompions, v\itli shot of 
 various c.alibre. 
 
 This brings ns to the exhibit of the toiq^edo clejiartmei’t, 
 which inchide.s samples of the various materiiaLs used at the I 
 United States Station, Newport, R. I. FoDovifing these are 
 the electric machines and other implements used in dis- 
 charging toiq>edoes; and next, specimens of the torpedoes i 
 themselves, including the great “fl.sh'’ toiq^edo, about 12 ft. 
 in length ; the Hai-vey torjaedo, the spar toriaedo, and Bar- 
 bour's torpedo. 
 
 Contiguous to the torjaedo department are found several 
 sectional models of monitors, sloops-of-war, aud other 
 ■ armed ships, including one of the old .side- wheel .steamships 
 
 order, aud specimens of canvas flagging hung about .at 
 intervals. 
 
 A very interesting and complete collection is given in a 
 glass-case by itself, being that of Captain Charles F. Hall, 
 aud representing his tliree expeditious to the Polar regions. 
 This inelnde.s the log of the Polaris, Captain Hall's flag, 
 instruments, photographs, and Esquimaux curiosities. 
 
 Tlie remaining exhibits of the Naval Department ore 
 found displayed in a ease containing various books of 
 accounts, blankets, etc., used in the deijartmeut, with spe- 
 cimens of stationery, etc. Here are also exhibited all the 
 various medical stores and surgical instruments required on 
 sliipboard during long voyages, showing the entire fit-out 
 of a first-class man-of-war. Wiih these, and a very large 
 .show of cordage, cables of rope and ehain, heavy iron tack- 
 lings, and other fittings and furnishings for ships, ami with 
 an exhibit of marine galleys, etc., the display of the Naval 
 Department <'loses. 
 
 Post Office Department. 
 
 In this portion of the Exhibition is illustrated the entire 
 postal system of the United States, with all its necessary 
 appurtenances, methods aud processes. These commence 
 with the exhibition of a case containing mail-bags of 
 
 ARRIVAL OF THE K.MI'LOYES OF THE .NINGEU M.iNUFACTCRIN'G COMl’ANY AT THE SIN'GER JII’ILUING ON THE CENTENNIAL (iROl'NLS, JUNE 22n. 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 103 
 
 leather and canvas, ami samples of the fabrics nsed in the 
 manufacture. A large map on the wall, about 10 ft. square, 
 pre.sents the chief line of railway mail service, while sui iller 
 post-route maps illustrate other features of postal ser\ ice. 
 Specimens of marking stamps, mail-boxes, stamped envel- 
 opes, blank forms for postmastem, mail-locks, seah-s, mul a 
 collection of U. H. postage stamps of all denominations, are 
 seen. Hound volumes of post-route maps, jmstal cards, 
 registered packages and letter envelopes are iihso dis- 
 jilayed. 
 
 For curio.sities, there ai-e the commissinu of Dr. Benjamin 
 Franklin, finst Postmnster-Geueral of the. United States ; 
 and the journal of Hugh Finlay, ostensibly sent out by the 
 British Government in 1774 to examine into the post-routes 
 and post-offices of the country, but really, as is believed, 
 for the puiqmse of manufacturing evidence sufficient to 
 warrant the dismis.sul of Dr. Franklin from his jiosition. 
 The.se two volunie.s, both manuscripts, are exhibited 
 securely locked in cii.scs. 
 
 The dis])lay of the Post-office Department closes with a 
 full iiost-olliee in running order, including money-order 
 oflico, regi.stored letter department, etc., being duly author- 
 ized by the United States Government for use during the 
 coutinnance of the Ceiiteimial Exposition. 
 
 This brings ns to the transept again, ou the opposite side 
 of which, still turning westward, we enter upon the display 
 of the Patent Office, 
 beginning with the 
 Agi-icultiiral Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Commencing a t 
 the extreme south, 
 we find upon the 
 waDs various maps, 
 chniis, and tables il- 
 lustrating, by statis- 
 tic.s, the ngiicultimd 
 condition aud pro- 
 portion of farm ai'i 
 ju the United State.s. 
 
 Here tliere is a large 
 mid very e o m p r e - 
 licnsive exhibition of 
 various native 
 woods, cli.splayed in 
 sections, and includ- 
 ing numbers of 
 woods indigenous to 
 the ccjimtry, among 
 which are to be 
 found the aloe, jml- 
 nietto, agave, yucca- 
 tree of Arizona, Cal- 
 ifornia cactus, and 
 the pyitchnrdi", or 
 recently discovered 
 palm, from Southern 
 California. With sec- 
 tions of trees are 
 also given framed 
 specimens of leaves 
 aud fibrous growth, 
 these being 2 )rcs.scd 
 and dried. Drawings 
 of fungi, colored by 
 hand and neatly 
 framed, follow, 
 illustrating all o f 
 those of the United 
 States — and these, 
 witli magnified illus- 
 trations of fibre, 
 seeds, and otlui' ivuis of idauts, close this portion of the 
 disidav. 
 
 The mnsenm exhibit of the Agiicnltund Dejiartmcnt lu- 
 cliides cases of stuffed liirds, very handsomely jirejiared, 
 and .specimens rejn'esenting fruits and vegetables, with a 
 con.sidt*rablo collection com]irising many interesting and 
 some very valuable si>ecimen.s. SiX’cimen.s of the growtli i 
 of cotton, fiax, aud other librons jdants, witli samiiles of 
 manufacture of the same, fill some tall cases, as also itaiH'r 
 stock in various stages of preiinration, and giving illustra- 
 tions of the manufaetm’c of jiajicr. Here are also a collec- 
 tion of sijccimens of fruit, which is very large and vaiaed, 
 as M-ell as of verj' artistic manufacture, and which illustrate 
 all the difl'erent varieties of the indigenous tiviits of the 
 earth. 
 
 The wool exhibit is large aud varied. That of Indian 
 corn in the car is also considerable, and displays some mag- 
 nificent specimens. With this exhibit commences a general 
 display of giaiirs, which are shoAvn in glass jars, and evi- 
 dently cover the entire field of these ^irodnets. Witli 
 these are shown specimens of soU.s and .subsoils, illus- 
 trating their influence on the gi'owtli of jilaiits in dif- 
 ereiit localities. 
 
 This brings ns to the liquid products from vegetable 
 growths, including ales, beera, wines, cider, and .spirits — 
 also maiile sugar, beet sugiir, resins, gums ; and next, to the 
 exhibit of barlis, ferus, and other preserved leaves j and 
 
 ilnally, to the display of preserved fruits, (bied finrits, and 
 %'egetables. 
 
 With a small exhibit of tobacco, snuffs, and some few 
 si)eciin< as of oils, the Agi’icultural Dejiariment clo.ses. 
 
 Thk i\lE( ii.\Nir.vL I)ki’.\ktmi:xt. 
 
 The mi’chaiiU'al exhibits of the Pab-nt Office Dejiartmeiit 
 iuchule all patent iuveutifms in every branch of meclianics, 
 disjilayed in tlicir models. These commence with mcchan- 
 i.sms list'd in metal-working, of which there arc two large 
 ca.scs, midcoiitiniie through the deimrtmeuts of luetallurgy, 
 ])riuting and stationery, clay, stone, railways, pneumatics, 
 harvester, wood, civil enginciuing, electricity, navigation, 
 textile fabrics, ngi’icnltiirnl imjjlemeuts, architectiu'e, ice, 
 gii.s, guns, hydraulics, vehicli;.s, k'athcr. hoisting, and steam 
 — these being the iblYerent departments under which *he 
 artielcN jiuteiited are cla.ssified. 
 
 Of course, as every branch tif nianufaetnre and cnnstruc- 
 tive effort in mcelemism is illustrated in this disjilay, it 
 would be impossible, except on the basis of a mere cata- 
 logue. to give any idea of the articles, wliicli number 
 thousaiid.s, and include every imugiufdilc invention aud 
 imjirovemeiit which has been made in the XTuited Sbites 
 during the last eighty-six years in tlie various deiiariments, 
 till- first 2 >atcnt liaving been granted on July fflst, 1790, to 
 Samuel Hojikins, f(jr making pot and pcarl-asli. 
 
 In the centre of the coDcction of p.itents arc seen bound 
 I’olnmes of all the rei)orts. including that photo-litho- 
 gniphcd from the first vnlnme, and running from 1790 to 
 183(1. Among tlu: more enrioua exhilrits are the Howe 
 seiriug machine ; the Murae telegi-aiih, i>ateuted Apiil 10th, 
 184.7, and the model of that patented April 11th, 1846, being 
 an imiiruvenieut ; tlic original model i>f the Wliitney cotton 
 gin, jxitenttHl JInrch 14th, 1794 ; the firat .steam fire engine 
 invented in the United States, by Alexander B. Latta, pa- | 
 tented April lOth, 1853; the firat steam hammer, invented liy 
 James Xasmyth, and iwtented ou the 10th of Aj)ril. 1843 ; 
 mid the .\dams power printing press, one of the first to 
 ' which steam wa.s njiijlied, jiateuted Mm-ch 2d, 1830. As 
 1 nio.st of these models are manufactured by skilled me- 
 chanics, they represent in oveiy particular the exact con- 
 stniotiou and working of the articles themselves. TliLs 
 is iUnstrated paifficnlarly in the cose of a cotton-gin 
 wliich clearu? the cotton irith the facility and ])eriectiou 
 of a fnll-sized gin, although it is only a model about a foot 
 square. 
 
 Among the jratented macbiue.s list'd in wood construction 
 are to be found models of saws, planing machines, barrel- 
 making machiues, etc. Among those representing the 
 manufacture of textile fabrics are various sorts of cotton 
 mills, weaving nmcliines, power looms, spinning-jennies, 
 aud bounet-framc muclnues. In agriculture, the display is, 
 of courses endless ; plows, Iuutowb, rea|)ers, mowers, fences, 
 
 butter-workers, cheese-presses, cider-mills, feed-racks, sheep- 
 racks, and innumerable othei' ai4icles. The display in civil 
 engineering includes railroads, railway bridges, viaducts, 
 machinery for well-boring ; and in electricity, all kind.s i>f 
 batteries fnr telegraphy, with the various iiarts of the.se as 
 individually imtented. In navigituui there are models of 
 lK>ats and i>arts of boats, wlieels. sciews, capstans, and a 
 i-ariety of other things. In arehitectiive, every imaginable 
 form of building, aud material used in constniction. as 
 patented — mid curious features iu roofs, od<l inventions in 
 u-iudow and door-frames, stair-cases, locks, liinges, etc. 
 The improvements in the jirndnct of ice since the first ex- 
 ])i)rtation of that article from the lakes have been numerous 
 aud iuqiortant, and in many ways are displayed iu the col- 
 lection of jiatenti’d articles illnstrating this subject. The.se 
 iiiclnde machinery for getting nut ice, refrigeratora, ice- 
 cr<‘am frt^ozers, and machines for the manufacture of -ce- 
 civam by the use of steam artificial ice nuichines. And .so 
 on to the various other departments the ob.seiwcr can 
 wander, vicwiug at a glance the progress of niaiinfactiire 
 mid invention in each of them, incliuling everything simre 
 the firat patent was granted to Samuel Hopkins, iu 1790. 
 
 Inteiuok Dei'abtmekt. 
 
 The exhibition of the Interior Department commences 
 with that portion wliich is within the jiirisibction of the 
 United States Bu- 
 reau of Education, 
 mid begins with ex- 
 h i b i 1 8 illustrating 
 the Kindergarten .sys- 
 tem of object-tench- 
 iug, which occupy 
 several cases and in- 
 clude a large num- 
 ber of different ex- 
 hibits. The Wo- 
 man’s Ai-t School of 
 the C'ooiier Union, 
 Xew York, is hand- 
 somely vein-oaentcd 
 by a large collection 
 of drawings, paint- 
 ings in water-colors, 
 charcoal sketches, 
 majis, 1 a n s , me- 
 chanical drawings, 
 nrchitectnnd draw- 
 ings, etc. A collec- 
 tion of 2 >hotogra 2 >hs, 
 vcffiresenting differ- 
 ent collegiate insti- 
 tutions, is included 
 in tlii.s de 2 >artuient: 
 and this brings us 
 to the efforts made 
 towards the cducit- 
 tiou of the Indians, 
 a n d cs 2 iccially the 
 Wyaiidot.s, Here the 
 •siH'cimens of chi- 
 rogra 2 )hy, x^atcli- 
 work. and other ef- 
 forts made by the 
 Wyandot children, 
 display a very cred- 
 itable advancement, 
 and hold out good 
 encouragement f n r 
 the de 2 )nrtiiieut in 
 2 'rosecnting these 
 attem})t.s at Indian 
 education. Here the walls are lined with huge volumes cou- 
 taining the statistics of the United States, as given in the 
 different censuses of 1790 to 1870 — the.se being the original 
 manuscript returns of the counties of all the States fnr the 
 census of 1870, and comprising some seven oi’ eight hundred 
 volumes. The exhibits of the Interior Deiiartmcut include 
 S 2 >ccimeus of production of the United States useful for 
 food, mineral and vegetable, these being displayed in small 
 glass jiu-s, including productions of all the States. 
 
 The collection of Lidian curiosities is large, aud compre- 
 hends n verj' curious aud instructive exliibit, including 2 ^ot- 
 tery. bead aud wam 2 nim-work, emriugs, costumes, domestic 
 uteu.sils, and household implements of a very curious and 
 uncommon collection, illustrating games in vogue among 
 the ilifferent tribes of Indians, among wliich are to bo 
 found various gaming sticks, dice, and 2 >acks of quaintly 
 2 >aintcd cards. Some veiy handsome S25ceimcn.s of l>ead- 
 work are shown here. Indian masks, 2 ^ip'?s, tobacco- 
 pouches, the coUection of these last being large and most 
 iutere.stiug, in every variety of stone as to the pipe.s, orna- 
 mented with carvings, iu many cases quite artistic and 
 representing a rather high degree of art idea. Several 
 interesting specimens of basket-work, including water- 
 tight trays aud glasses, are exliibited, made by the 
 Pueblo and Navajo Indians, Also baks and cap.s of 
 different materials, the handiwork of the Imlian.s, and 
 leggins as well. 
 
HrsrORICAI. REGISTER OFt 
 
 
 V'lEW OF THE MAIN BEILDING. LOOKING DOM'N THE CENTI 
 
icxPi )s] Tiox. 
 
A siipfrb cnllection of arrows, aiul other ^^'en}lons 
 
 ,fif Will', some vcrv cnriiius wi'inden idols from British 
 Culmiibiii. heail-clreascs. jcwi-lry, ami ornaments; various 
 sldiis and robos mv inannfai'tinvil into garments ; buck- 
 ikin imntiii" -shirts, trimmed with wampum: women's 
 divss.'S of sheepskin and wampum; ax-heads and arrow- 
 heads of flint and other i-tom' — all form a perfect innseum 
 of American arclneologj-. A very curious exhibit is that of 
 models of the monmls of Wi'^eunsin, formed in the shape of 
 different animals. This Indian collection is one of the 
 ffnest which has been brought together, and will readily 
 repay the careful obseiwatifm of those who are inter<‘sted 
 iu the uianucrs, customs, and implcincnt.s of the aborigines 
 of America. ; 
 
 The collection of the Depurtment of the Interior ends 
 with a series of gigantic models presenting 
 the conformation of the land in different 
 parts of the country, notably in the Terri- 
 tories of till- ■\Ve.st — Arizona. Colorado, 
 
 ■Utah, etc, This completes the account of 
 the contents of the United States Govem- 
 meut Building, excepting the nave, in 
 which are placed large objects which conld 
 not be conveniently di.sposed of elsewhere. 
 
 Among those, the first exhibit represents 
 the manufacture of steel from the ore to the 
 completion of cnicible steel, and finished 
 boiler-idatcs, some remaikably fine speci- 
 mens of files, axes, ice-chisels, etc. 
 
 Next to these is an exhibit of Kanawha 
 Boal from the Kanawha County, "V\’. '\’a, 
 
 This i-s fallowed by a second iron and steel 
 exhibit from Troy, N. Y., and this by 
 gigantic specimens of silver and other ore.s. 
 
 Then comes a mammoth “dng-ont,” sixty 
 feet long and eight feet beam, made from 
 one log by the natives of British Col- 
 umbia. At the point of junction be- 
 tween the nave and the transept there is 
 111! exhibit of eoal, certainly the largest evt'r 
 made, being forty-three feet in height. 
 
 'Tlii.s is sniTonudcd by rnaible and other 
 minerals in large sjjecimens. boles of cot- 
 ton. and other .smaller cxliibits. 
 
 ^Vithout the UniU'd States Buildings are 
 several articles too large to admit of their 
 being placed within it. Besides numbers 
 of the larger c.mnon exhibited by the 
 Ordnance and Navy departments, there is 
 an iron tun-et, armed and eqniiiped, which 
 
 is ])laccd near the eastern entrance of the building, and 
 attracts considcrabh' attention, Tlierc is also a lighthouse, 
 with a flash (revolving) liglit, which is lighted up at night. 
 
 C 
 
 Imjian C'niiosiTiF-s. 
 
 Among the curious specimens from the National Museum 
 of the Smithsonian Institute exhibited in the United States 
 Guvenimeiit Building, and to which wo li;ivt; alluded else- 
 where, are the “totem jmsts." so called, of the Imlians of 
 the Northwest coast. These Indians inhabit that jiortion 
 of the Pacific Coast lying between Oregon and Alaska, and 
 the nule carvings, of which we give a full-iiage illustration, 
 and which will be doubtless mistaken for idols by most of 
 1 those who see them, arc really a species of genealogical 
 I work, the coraangs being designed to ]H-rj)otuate the jiedi- 
 
 gree of those using them. As is wcU-kuowu, it is a custom 
 among .all Indian warriors to take to themselves some nanui 
 indicative’ either of a trait of character or of some iucidiiit 
 in their lives. Such are Walk-in-the-M’ntcr, Sitting Bull, 
 White Antelope. Bed dog, Bed Tackit. Bl.iek Hawk. Spot- 
 ted Tail Bear Stand Up. Crazy Horse. Scabby Head. Black 
 Mocciu^in. Bed Cloud, Swift Boar. etc. It is. however, 
 jipculiar to the Indians of the Nortliwest Coa-st to keep a 
 familv record by cutting “ totems " iu tall posts of redaix 
 Thesi* posts are not worshiped as idols, though it is under- 
 stood that they arc iu some sense considered, from a super- 
 stitioiLS standpoint, as possessing snino power to protect 
 those occupying the honse iu front of whieh they stand. 
 
 The "totem posts” pictured in onr illustration belong 
 to the Mukab Indians, who are chiefly engaged in fishing. 
 
 These tribes are noted for their artistic 
 attainments, and are gi'eatly iu the habit of 
 tn.akiug such carvings i;s these, TIie.se spe- 
 cimens are furnished by J. G. Swan, a 
 lawyer belonging to Port Townsend, "Wash- 
 ington Territory, The Indian exliibit is 
 that of dr. Ban. 
 
 A CiG.^R Exhibit. 
 
 A very good specimen of the most artistic 
 designs in exhibition cases displayed in the 
 Centennial Exposition is repre-sented in our 
 illustration. It is that of the firm of Kerbs 
 & Spicss, cigar mannfacturoi-s, at No. 35 
 Bowery, New York City, and is in the Agri- 
 cultural Building. 
 
 This case is both elegant and solid iu 
 its design and striacture. Its fonn is hex- 
 agonal. It Ls constructed of ebony, and 
 stands eighteen feet in height and ton feet 
 in width. Within, it is lined throughout 
 with satin trimmings ; it is sunnounted by 
 an eagle and two handsomely wrought 
 fignre.s, while on either side are figures of 
 large carvings of dragons elaborately formed 
 of bronze, each of them holding in one of its 
 claws a handsome card-receiver. This work 
 was executed by a French artist, and is 
 highly creditable in its design and execu- 
 tion. The case contains boxes filled with 
 various brands and styles of cigars manu- 
 factured by Jlessrs. Kerbs & Spiess, these 
 being artistically arranged in order around 
 a circular' framework wliich supports 
 them. 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENMAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 \I.\NUFACTURING ARMS IN' TMK GOVERSMKXT Bril.DI.Nii-HURNI^HI.NO H.WONE'rs. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 107 
 
 CiisTiiAi- Transept of tiie Main Bitixiino. 
 
 A marked aud beautiful architectural foatm-e of the Maiu 
 Building of the Centenuial Exposition is found in its centre,, 
 where, for an area of 184 ft. square, the roof is elevated above 
 the surrouuding portion, and where four towers, 48 ft. 
 .square at the base, and rising to the height of 120 ft., are 
 promiueiit objects, and present, iu their eii'cular form, an 
 agreeable change from the strict parallel outlines of the rest 
 of the building. 
 
 In the double-page illustration by which we dejiict tliis 
 portion of the building, there is i)rcsciited a wide view. 
 Here are located the following departments : Northeast, 
 Franco ; northwest, Great Britain and Ireland ; southeast, 
 United States ; southwest, Germany. The open area made 
 by the space occurring where the nave and main transept 
 of the building intersect at this point contains in its centre 
 a circular platform 35 ft iu diameter, and raised 4 ft. from 
 the flour, designed os a music-.stand, and frequently occu- 
 pied by a band discounsing the latest and mo.st popular 
 musicid compositions. In the rear of tlie stand, as seen in 
 the illustration, is a German exhibition of pottery and 
 earthouwarc statuary. The French section at this point 
 presents a fine exhibit of silks. The United States depart- 
 ment is made prominent by exliibits iu gold and silverware 
 and jewelry, belonging to the Messrs. Tiffany k. Co., of 
 New York, and the Gorliara JIanufacturing Company. 
 
 Dibector-Genebal Goshors. 
 
 The Director-General of the Centennial Exposition, and 
 the master-spirit of the entire dis^jlay, is Mr. Alfred T. 
 
 The Turkish Baz.aaj;. 
 
 Behind the Pennsylvania State Building is a lai'ge octa- 
 gonal structure, having three entrances opening upon ver- 
 andas. This building is the Turkish Cafe and Bazaar, 
 and we give an illustration representing a scene within it 
 which will be recognized as characteristic by those who 
 have seen it. The interior of the buililing is furnished 
 with divans along the sides, covered wth blue and straw- 
 colored plush, having in front of them circular tables. 
 The windows are hung with handsomely embroidered cur- 
 tains, and in two of the comers of the room will be seen a 
 number of pipes, including the Turkish chibouque aud the 
 Persiau iiarqhile, or water-pipe. The estubli.shment is 
 served by native Turks, dad in their national costume, aud 
 these furnish visitors with coffee and pipes, the former 
 being served in small cups inclosed iu silver holders, while 
 the latter, supplied with Turkish tobacco, may be obtained 
 by those desiring them. 
 
 The entire scene, with its surroundings, is curious and 
 interesting. The picturesque costumes of the attendants 
 include the red fez caps, rod tunic, yellow sash, and blue 
 or browni silk trowsers. On one side of the apartment are 
 two waiting-rooms for ladies, which are furnished witli 
 lounges and ottomans and hung with Turkish tapestry. 
 At the sides are small bazaars, where are sold rich costumes, 
 carpets, pipes, swords, daggci-s, liilts, aud other oiiicles. 
 
 Washington Relics in the United State-s Building. 
 
 An interesting historicid feature of the exliibition made 
 by the United States Gove/umeut, and one to which we 
 
 gai'den engines. ])ump chains, hydrants, etc. Their works 
 were founded in 1832, and they have repeatedly obtained 
 the highest medals at public exhibitions, including the Uni- 
 versal Exliibition of Paris in 1807, and that of Vienna in 
 1873. The manufactories of this firm are at Middletown, 
 Connectient, aud they have branch warehouses at Nos. 85 
 aud 87 John Street, and 197 Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 The reiiutation of the Douglas Pump, on account of its 
 convenient form, its thorough adaptabibty, and its general 
 excellence for use either in domestic service or for factoi-ies, 
 railways, ships, steamers, quarries, or mines, is, beyond 
 cavil, the highest of auy. So much is this the ease, that it 
 i.s even alleged that foreign manufacturers do not hesitate 
 to foist imitations of this valuable ai'ticle on the public. 
 
 The Singer Building. 
 
 The great Singer Sewing Machine Manufacturing Com- 
 pany has upon the Centennijd Grounds a large and beauti- 
 ful building which attracts genei-al attention. This enor- 
 mous comjiany represents a capital of -■;?27,000,000, and 
 employs in the manufacture of its machines 4,000 pereons. 
 Desii'ous of afl'ovding their employes an opportunity of 
 witnessing the Centennial Exposition, the Singer Company 
 gave these an excursion to Philadeljihia on tlie 22d of 
 ' June, 1870. Six trains ou the Pennsylvania Railroad and 
 Centi'al Railroad of New Jersey, compiising seventy-six 
 cars in all, carried more than 4,000 persons in the eniplny- 
 of this firm, leaving New York, Elizabethport, and Newark 
 at various times between 5.30 and 0.30 a. m. The excur- 
 sionists reached Philadelidiia at half-pa.st nine o'clock, and 
 marched in a body, preceded by a baud of music, to the 
 
 HOWES, BABCOCK A CO.’S EXHIBIT OF GltAIN-CLEANINO MACHINERY. 
 
 Goshorn, who was boni in Cincinnati in 1834, graduated 
 at Hamilton College twenty years later, and who, prefen-ing 
 the profession of law, was admitted to the Bar in 1856. 
 Mr. Goshorn did not, however, continue iu his chosen pro- 
 fession, but entered into majiufacturing business, by be- 
 coming proprietor of a large white-lead establishment in 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Entering actively into politics, he was for some time a j 
 member of the City Government, and of the local Board of 
 Trade, and as a member of the Executive Committee of tlio 
 latter organization interested himself in the Industrial Ex- 
 hibition held in Cincinnati in 1870, of which he was made 
 president, aud of which, in its succeeding representative 
 exhibitions, ho continued to retain the management. In 
 1873 Mr. Goshorn was appointed to represent the State of 
 Ohio in the United States Centennial Commission ; and 
 immediately after was called to the general direction of the 
 Exposition. 
 
 During the year 1873 Mr. Goshorn repaired to Vienna, 
 and there devoted much time aud thought to the consid- 
 eraliou of the Austrian International Exhibition. On liis 
 return to America he entered actively upon the duties of 
 his imiJortant post, and soon displayed in his administrative 
 ability, his executive power, and the wisdom of his judg- 
 ment, as well as the comprehensiveness of his acquaintance 
 with the subject, a capacity which amply fulfilled the ex- 
 pectations felt iu his appointment. It is only justice to say 
 that to Mr. Goshoru’s admirable qualities are due very 
 much of the success of the exposition, and that to his 
 guidance is greatly owing its progress to the perfection 
 of excellence which it has certainly achieved. 
 
 desire to give special prominence, is a case wnich contains 
 the Washington relies. These relics have been collccte'd 
 chiefly from members of the Custis and Loo fmuibes. many 
 of them having been heretofore stored at Arlington, in the 
 old Custis mansion, over the Long Bridge from Washington. 
 One of our illustrations disjflay.s the contents of this case, 
 which include the actual wardrobe and sciwico used by 
 General Washington while occupying his position ns Chief 
 of the American Army. Here axe the coat, breeches, and 
 vest which the General actually wore when, at Annapolis, in 
 1783, he resigned his commission as General-in-Chief. 
 Here are also Wa.shington's dress-sword, his nide iron- 
 bound treasure-chest, his camp-chest, with its certainly un- 
 ostentatious sciwice of plate, spoons, ciq)8, cans, bowls, and 
 other articles for the table, a dinner set of china presented 
 to Martha Wn.shington by General Lafayette, a portman- 
 teau marked *• Yorktowu,” counterpanes worked by Lady 
 Washington iu her youth, and the compass used by the 
 General when he was a surveyor and before the Bmddock 
 expedition. There i.s certainly no exhibit in the entire 
 exposition which is so calculated to rouse our feelings of 
 national pride and to thrill our hearts with memories of 
 the days of 76 as is this one. 
 
 A Pump ExmiuT. 
 
 Our illustration presents a view of an exhibit of pumps 
 displayed in the pump annex of the Machinery Building 
 by W. & B. Dougla-s, of Middletown. Connecticut. This 
 firm is the oldest and most extensive establishment engaged 
 in Ihe manufacture of pumps in the world, their manufac- 
 tures Lieludlng, besides ordinary pump.s. hydraulic rams. 
 
 New Jersey building, where they were addressed by General 
 Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, and Mr. 
 Welsh, of the Board of Finance. Hero also Jlayor Towles, 
 of Elizabeth, presented the excursionists M'ith a banner iu 
 the name of his city, where the Singer Manufactiu-iiig Com- 
 pany's works ore located. 
 
 The entire body thou marched to the Singer Pavilion, 
 the moment of their entrance into which having been 
 chosen by our artist for his illustration. At noon a mag- 
 nificent banquet was given to the guests of the Singer 
 JIanufac-turing Company, at the Restaurant Lafayette — 
 this inchuling statesmen, editors, the Centennial Commis- 
 sion, and others. The total cost of the excursion was 
 815,6.32, exclusive uf the loss of the services of the em- 
 ])loyes. 
 
 No business conducted on a less enormous scale could 
 afford such a donation as this ; bnt the Singer M.^nufactur- 
 iug Company sold in the year 1875 nearly 200,000 ma- 
 chines, and pays dividends of 810,000,000 capital, while 
 the entire number of its employes amounts to upwards of 
 50,000 persons. It has 41 domestic offices, over 500 sub- 
 offices in this couutrv', aud 31 iu England, Ireland, Scot- 
 land, Germany, Russia, Spain, France. South America, 
 Cuba, Canada, and Australia. It employs more than 1,800 
 travehng agents in the United States, and Las 316 can- 
 vassei-s in the city of New Yoi'k alone. 
 
 The Eureka Wheat-cleaner. 
 
 The above illustration represents a scene in Machinery 
 Hub, displaying the powerful and beautiful mechanism of 
 the Eureka Grain-cleaning Machinery of IVIcssrs. IIowos, 
 
'•r 
 
 108 
 
 n/STO/^/C.!L REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Babcock k Co. The -wheat-cleaning machines of this firm 
 received the highest medal at Vienna, and have the honor 
 of holding the only gold medal given by the Royal Agri- 
 cultural Socie;yof England in 1S69. 
 
 AarnnirAS Fieeabiis. 
 
 The display of TJassra. Remington in the Main Building 
 i.s a very prominent feature of the locality -where it is situ- 
 ated. The frontage of their case is about twenty-six feet in 
 
 muskets. Below these arc sixteen different kinds of pistols examination It is located near the book publishers' stme- 
 of Remington manufacture. Another portion of tho ex- ] tiire. and comprises fine bronze inkstands, thermometers, 
 hibit presents samples of cveiw part of the military rifle in i and other articles, in whoso design elegance and novelty arc 
 
 .•axious stages of manufacture. Tho sign -which denomin- 
 ates this exhibit is peculiar and original in its design. The 
 board is three feet in height, and the uamo of tho firm is 
 displayed in nickel- plated revolvers laid upon purjDlo velvet. 
 The top of the exhibit is surmounted by an American 
 eagle, surrounded by the Hags of those government-! which 
 
 combined -with utility Our illustration gives a very good 
 view of this handsome exhibit in its massive case, sur- 
 mounted by a tasty monogram. 
 
 I Gold Pen Exhibit. 
 
 I A very beautiful exhibit in gold pens, pencil-cases, etc., 
 
 .VME]:lC’.iN VISITOIW SMOKIN'd CHIBOUQUES IN THE TURKISH BAKaAR 
 
 use the Reiuingtou rifles. This entire display of arms is | 
 arranged in tho most artistic manner, and is well worthy 
 tho consideration of tho curious in such matters for this 
 reason, and still more for the real beauty and merit of the 
 articles themselves. 
 
 AiiERicxN Bronzes. 
 
 A vers- creditable competition with European manu- 
 facturers iu the matter of bronzes is made by the Messrs. 
 N. Muller’s Sons, of No. 8 Cortlandt Street, Ne-w York, 
 whose exhibit in the Main Building w-ill be found to rep.jy 
 
 is nmle by Messrs. Aiken, Lambert k Co., of No. 12 Maiden 
 Lane, New York, and is illustrated m our engraving. The 
 exhibit is contained iu a graceful and elegant ebony case, 
 finished -with gold, the canopy of which is supported by 
 four massive pillars in the form of baiTcl-pcu.s, each being 
 clasped by a closed hand. Below is a combiuation of sho')-- 
 cases, surmounted by a pedestal, resting upon which is an 
 eagle. These show-cases contain specimens of the work- 
 manship of these mauufaeturei-s, including gold pen and 
 I>encil caa;: '^.^ed in Roman, enamel, carving, and red 
 
 length, comprising mi elegant show-case on a neatly car- 
 jieted ijlatforni, the whole inclosed by a bronze railing. 
 
 Here are to be seen a fine collection of the Remington 
 revolveis. sporting rifl.’s, military arms, a very handsome 
 Creedmoov rifle, beautiful specimens of their shot-guns, 
 long-range rifles, military i-ifles -with sabres, short black 
 rifles cnlleJ “civil guards," they being used by the muniei- 
 pol police of Spain and Cuba. Between the cribs of cases 
 is a Lirge star composed of Remington cartridges, having on 
 either .side trophio’ f: a-mod by a comhiuatiou of sabres and 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 199 
 
 gold ; sni'-ll pencils and toothpicks, of gold, pearl, ivory 
 and fancy woods, tipped with gold ; pens of all sizes, in- 
 clnding those under tho special terms of leviathan, mam- 
 moth, Spencerian, etc. The summit of the canopy of this 
 unique case is surmounted by a globe having a symbolical 
 purpose. The entire display, though comparatively small, 
 is very beautiful and interesting. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Chiefs of the E.\ecutive Bukeaux. 
 
 There are ten gentlemen comprised in tho heads of the 
 various executive bureaus of the Centennial Exposition, 
 and of these we give portraits of six, including Mr. John 
 Sartain, Chief of the Art Bureau ; Mr. David D. Yates, 
 
 UAVID G. YATES. 
 
 Chief of the Bureau of Admissions ; Mr. John L. Shoe- 
 maker, of the Law Bureau ; Mr. H. J. Schwarzmann, Archi- 
 tect-in-Chief ; Mr. Thomas Cochran, Chief of the Bureau 
 of Grounds, Plants, and Buildings j and Captain John S. 
 Albert, Chief of the Machinery Bureau. 
 
 Mr. Cochran has been connected with tho Centennial 
 movement from its organization, and to him is duo tho gen- 
 eral plan of the gi-ounds and buildings ; besides which, Lis 
 personal influence in securing legislation and donations has 
 been of tho greatest value nud importance. Mr. Cochran 
 was born in Mercorsburg, Pa, in 1S32, was a lawyer and 
 State Legislator, his specialty being the subject of Taxation, 
 concerning which ho has vTitten largely, his works being 
 translated into several foreign languages. For many years 
 he was Chairman ti the Board of Local Taxation at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Yates has had an arduous and most diflieult position 
 to fill in his charge of tho Department of Adnii.ssions ; and 
 that he has filled it with universal satisfaction is a high 
 compliment to his patience, judgment and courtesy. This 
 gentleman was born in Philadelphia, in 1835, and, after 
 studying tho art of portrait-painting, finally adopted that 
 of engraving, and established himself in this business in 
 New York in 185G. At tho beginning of tho war he ac- 
 cepted a position in the pay department of the United States 
 Treasury in Washington ; but after two yeai-s returned to 
 the business of engraving in Philadelphia. To Mr. Yates 
 we are indebted for the engravings of the .stnictnres wliich 
 
 JOHH L. SHOEMAKEi;. 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN S. ALBERT. | 
 
 i 1 
 
 I have become so pojmlur, and which were made before they ■ 
 were erected. 
 
 ; Mr. Shoemaker, the Solicitor of tho Commission and ■ 
 Board of Finance, has been devoted to the service of the • 
 Exposition from the beginning, and Ids influence and per- 
 sonal character have been important adjuncts in its success. 
 To him has been due much of the liberality afforded by 
 Philadelphia to the enterprise, whOe his legal judgment in 
 . his profe.s.sioual relations with the boards controUing the 
 I Exposition has been constantly relied on throughout the 
 I progress of the work. Mr. Shoemaker is a Pliiladelphian, 
 
 I about forty years of age, fmd is highly esteemed as a lawyer 
 I and as a man. 
 
 The Chief Architect of the Exhibition is Jlr. Schwarz- 
 manu, who was born in 1843, in JIunich, and is the son of 
 the celebrated Bavarian fresco artist. Educated at the 
 Munich militaiy academy, he seiwed in the Bavarian aimy 
 in 18G6, but in the following year came to this country-. 
 He was emifioyed as landscape ni'chitect in laying out Fair- 
 mount Park, the Zoological I^Iuseum, and other grounds in 
 Philadelphia ; and in 1873 visited the "^'ienna International 
 Exhibition, in behalf of the Fairmoimt Park Commission- 
 ers. Mr. Schwarzmann was the author of the plans which 
 were finally adopted for Memorial and Horticidtural Halls, 
 and also the designer of tho Judges' Hall, Women's Pa- 
 
 JOHN SABTAIN. 
 
 ! vihon, Pennsylvania State Building, German and Brazilian 
 I PavOions, the annexes to the Slain Building and Art Gal- 
 lery, the Photograph Building, and numerous other small 
 structure.^ on the gi'ounds. Ho has also had charge of the 
 water and gas supiily, laying out of the walks, and other 
 important duties. 
 
 Captain .;\lbevt, the able and reliable Chief of the Bureau 
 of Machiueiy, ha.s had a most important porition to fill — 
 j that of superintending and dnecting the orgtuiization of 
 the entire machinery, whose completeness and perfection of 
 I movement arc the pride of all those concerned in tlie Ex- 
 I position. Captain Albert was bom in Brooklyn, in 1836, 
 j and in 1855 was appointed third assistant engineer in the 
 \ United States Navv'. He was promoted rapidly, and in 
 1861 became chief engineer. During tho war he was with 
 the Gulf Squadi'on, and at one time in the blockade service 
 ! off Charleston, S. C. After the close of the war he became 
 j Inspector of Government work at New York, having under 
 1 his jurisdiction all the steam inachiuery, monitors, iron 
 
 vessels, etc. , located there. In ISCS and 1869 he was sent 
 by the South Pacific Siiuacb-ou as Fleet Engineer, and later 
 became a member of the Boai'd of Examiners for tho pro- 
 motion of navtd engineers. In 1875 he received leave of 
 absence from the Government service to accept his appoint- 
 ment as Chief of the Bm-enu of Machinery tendered liim 
 by the Centennial Commission, since which time he has 
 devoted himself with slull and judgment to the ai'duoua 
 duties of his position. 
 
 Mr. Sartain, Chief of the Art Department, was bom in 
 London in 1808. He studied engraring, and as early as 
 1828 began to devote himself to the development of tho 
 mezzo-iinto style of engraving, by which he is best known. 
 Li 1830, he came to Philadelphia, and some years later 
 started tlie Sartain Magazine, a monthly art journal, for 
 which he engraved the plates, and through which his name 
 
 U. J. SCHWARZMANN. 
 
 became known throughout the countiy. Mr. Sartain has 
 been long appreciated as a gentleman of fine art taste and 
 culture, and his appointment to his present important post 
 has been generally accepted as appropriate — a judgment 
 which the thoroughness of his work has fuDy confirmed. 
 
 The Old Windmill in Agricultural Hall. 
 
 Near tho western end of Agiicultural Hall a very inter- 
 esting rfiud quaint exhibit is made by Messra. George V. 
 
 ! Hecker & Co., the flour manufacturers of New York, which 
 ■ includes a collection of their various manufactures, ranged 
 about an antiquated stmeture attracting considerable atten- 
 tion. This is a reproduction of a gristmill in use among 
 our ancestors, and of which there me at present few, if any, 
 left in the countiy, The motive power of this machine is 
 the wind operating upon huge fans huug upon the outside 
 of the mill. Within is a small room where are the various 
 plans for making flour, similar in coustruction to those in 
 use a century ago. 
 
 Among the samples displayed in the Hecker exhibit are 
 the self-raising flour, extra Croton flour, Manhattan flour, 
 farina, American flour, cracked wheat, and numerous otJier 
 products of their mills. Another iileasant feature of this 
 exhibition is found in the actual use of the products hero 
 j displayed in the manufacture of gi'idclle-cakes on tho siiot, 
 j these being made and cooked in the presence of the visit- 
 I ora, who oi-e invited to partake of them. The cakes are 
 ' made from Hecker s self-raising flour. 
 
 THOMAS COCHBAN. 
 
 lilE i.i:NTl£N.VI.\.L ADillXISTB-VlTOX. -CHIEFS OF I'HE EXECUTIVE EUKEAUX, 
 
[lf> 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 ( Coniinued from page 109 J 
 
 Evfii after a rcasnuably complete examinntion of the 
 collection of exhibits iu the United Shites Biiilding, one 
 finds uunierons articles of iuiportanoc to have be<'n forgot- 
 ten, and is reminded of cognate things which are deserv- 
 ing of mention. For instance, as to the Lighthouse 
 Board exhibit, it is worth mentioning that there are 953 
 lighthouses erected on the Atlantic, Pacific and Lake 
 Coiists of the United States. Of these, 43 are of the firat 
 order ; 28 of tlie second ; (i7 of the thu-d ; 190 of the 
 fourth ; 125 of the fifth ; and 179 of the sixth order, 
 ranging according to size, the latter being the smallest. 
 Then tlieve are 3S reflector-lights, and 2S0 State-hghts, 
 beside 53 steam fog-signals. The steam fog-signal close 
 beside the United States Building makes itself heard at 
 various times diu-ing the iluy, producing a voluminous and 
 not very pleasing sound, which generally attracts the atten- 
 tion of all new-comers, and occasions considerable ques- 
 tioning iis to its nature and intention. Perhaps the 
 furthest distance a light can be seen is in the case of a 
 lighthouse on the Pacific Coast, which stands on a bluff, 
 about 480 feet above the sea. level, and ^v•hose light is said 
 to be seen at a di, stance of 28 nautical miles. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture of the United States 
 Building, of which we have already given 
 a description, is jnirticnlarly worthy of 
 111 itice, in that it displays by actual pre.sent- 
 ineiit the diftcreiit varieties of fruit and 
 grain, when,' thi'V attain the jierfect state, 
 and iu what sections the same me of in- 
 ferior quality aud gi'owth, thereby afford- 
 ing the farmer, or those wishing to emi- 
 grate, knowledge which it would be quite 
 iinpossilile to obtain but by years of i)er- 
 soiud experience. The coUectinu of mu 2 >s, 
 charts, and drawings exhibited by 5Ir. .7. 
 
 R. Dodge, C'liief Statistician of tills de- 
 partment, is very complete and inqxirtant. 
 
 By these charts the cxaid lu'oduction of 
 wheat iu each State. y"r mpitu, for instaiic-e. 
 is given, aud this is followed through 
 other grain.s and jiroducts. Another chart 
 shows the aggregate value of the cuqis iu 
 this country, the most valuable being corn, 
 and the least buckwheat. The total con- 
 snnii'tioii of eorii duriu.g the years fi-om 
 1870 to 1,874 is shown to have bc’en about 
 a thousand miUiou bushels. There are 
 also charts sliowin" the vahu- of farm lands 
 by counties iu tla X'nited States, the price 
 that is i.aid for farm labor iu the different 
 Slit. .-, the wiiie-^n-oduciiigStates, aud thosj 
 in which cotton, luaiqi, ilax, wool, and silk 
 are gi'own, with the amoiuit of <wh. Nearly 
 all the hemp of the country is raised in 
 K' litueky ; while T.’xas, New Itlexico, and 
 the We.st.U’ii States v.iise most of the wool. 
 
 In the collection of articles illustmting 
 the Deixirtmeiit of Nuturnl History there 
 is a ease exhibiting the difierent insects 
 which are injurious to plants, and includ- 
 ing th ‘ ins 'ct in all its various .stages of 
 develojmieiit, from the egg iqiwanl. Hciu 
 arc also .seen those insects which are hurt- 
 ful to 'orest-trees, aud the best modes for 
 their exti-rmination arc exhibited. Again, 
 the moth and other insects injurious to the 
 household are jiresented. Even the birds 
 m'."' classified with regard to their uses and 
 abuses as to the ugx-iculturist. A 
 sinqilc and ingenious method of 
 been adopted by iHiinting the perches 
 birds are be 
 
 the only method for disccm-riiig these fact.s, with regard 
 to birds, is by dissection, it is easy to see that much time 
 and care have been applied to this sciwice. The specinieiis 
 nf birds shown inuuber 500. 
 
 Tho disjilay of fruits is deserving of careful considera- 
 tinu. These fruits are made of idaster - of - paris, and 
 paiuted iu exaet imitation of nature. There are .3,000 
 specimens of fmit.s and vegetables. Emigmnte from 
 part of the countiy to another can iascertain, by examina- 
 tion of this collection, what is best suited to the climate 
 aud soil of that portion of the country to which they 
 intend to emigi-ate. It is noticeable tlwt from tliis collec- 
 tion the peach is absent, tlio reason being that specimens 
 of this fruit have not as yet beeu jirepared, owing to the 
 extreme delicacy of its color, aud the rapidity and care 
 necessai-v iu the worknumshijr. This fruit wUl, however, 
 be hereafter added to the collection. 
 
 In the collection of the tobacco exhibits, all varieties are 
 represented fi-oiu twenty States, some being of so fine a 
 quality as to be worth, -wholesale, 84 i^ev pound. This 
 gi-ade comes from Virginia, considered the be.st tob:tccO' 
 [irodiiciug State in the Union. There are 100 samples. 
 The light-colored is largely made into smoking tobacco, 
 the dark into cigar--wTappers and fine-cut chewing, and the 
 
 trees — such a.s birch, maple, and oak — are found in the 
 Eastern part of the United State.s, while the conifers, or 
 jiincs, iire the prevailing varieties in the Western i)art. Of 
 the thirty species of oaks, only about .six are fouud West 
 of the great 2 >liuns. Sections of the “big tree.s” of Cah- 
 foruin ai-e shown, cut wedge-sha 2 )ed, from four to five feet 
 iu diameter. Also s 2 Jecimens of the Californiu nutmeg tre<*, 
 of which only four B 2 )ecies are kno-\nj. Tliia tree is an. 
 evergreen, and is valued chiefly for its onaamcntal use. It 
 2 iroduces a nut about the size of a walnut, which resembles 
 a nutmeg, from which fact the tree derives its name. The 
 yuccu-tree is veiy abundant in Arizona, and one species is 
 thus described: “At the height of six or eight feet it 
 
 divides into a few long branches, each of which terminates 
 with tough, sharp bayonet-hke leaves, abi.nit nine inches iu 
 length. The wood of this tree is uiude into jrajrcr.” 
 Another variety of the yucca bears a cluster of fig-like fruit, 
 which is 2 deasant to the taste, aud, when fresh, is much 
 valued by Imiians, being dried by them turd irrtserved 
 in the form of cakes. The leaves are used for cordage. 
 The fibre is also woven by soma tiibe.s iirto stidiUe-blanketa, 
 and is even used in making clothing materials. Tins whole 
 genus is endogenous — that is, they atttiin tlreir growth by 
 accretions ratide witlrin the stem already formed, aud not 
 externally, as in all other tree.s except the 2 >alnrs ; .and there 
 is no XJtireeptible difference between the birrk and the insidtt 
 of the wood. With regal’d to the Iiuhaii 
 collection, it may bo reuiurkcd that a 
 stranger to the habits and customs of this 
 curious people can learn more about tliem 
 iu this section than he could iu any other 
 way, except by living with them. Hero are 
 concentrated the habit.s and tratlitious of 
 tribes scattered thousands of miles apart. 
 Every lurielc is carefully labeled, aud the 
 studious observer will hci-e find uruch to 
 repay him. 
 
 Tho photograxjliic collection rexu-eseut- 
 iug the Powell Expechtiou is very full, 
 displaying native village.s, inhabitants, 
 ruins, domestic avocations, etc. The social 
 economy of the Alaskan Iudmn.s is quitu 
 fully displayed by the collection illnstiut- 
 ing that nationality. 
 
 The United States Government Building 
 and contents have been contributed by tha 
 Government of tho United States at a cost 
 of about $500,000, its object being, in tlie 
 words of a writer on the subject, “to dis- 
 2 )lay such articles aud material a.s will, when 
 presented in a collective exhibition, 
 illustrate the functions and administrative 
 faculties of the Government iu time r>f 
 2 )’ace, aud it.s resourcc.s as a war x>owcr, 
 and thereby serve to deiuon.strate tlio 
 nature of our institutions aud their aikq'ta- 
 tious to the wants of the ptioph'- " The 
 .same writer further describes it as n “.scien- 
 tific xwnoiuma nf the Republic, beginning 
 with the flint arrows and stone im 2 )lemeiit.s 
 of Arizona, and running down to the mighty 
 ordnance which bids defiance to every foe. 
 There is scarcely a (luestiuii that c.ui be 
 asked of the United States ivs a nation 
 that cannot be answered here. Its fniits 
 aud fiovvers ; its tmimids ; its fi.sh : its topo- 
 graphy ; its agricultural resources ; its ma- 
 chines ; its system of education, x’o^hih 
 service, and military strength — all are 
 presented x>idx)ably to the eye aud touch.” 
 That thi.s is only a fail- delineation of the 
 fnllnes-s of this collection wiU be admitted 
 carefully considering it, while it will also be conceded 
 that the United States Govemmeni disxiluy i-s one of the 
 most interesting a.s wch ns the most important of any iu 
 the Centennial Exposition. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 This building runs novtli iind south. Entering the nave 
 at the southern end, and turning to the left, we find our- 
 selves in the German Department. Here, facing the nave, 
 a stupendous structure is devoted to the exhibition of 
 wines of Messrs. Solmlein k. Co. Surmounted by four 
 mammoth bottles as samples of the display, an artistic and 
 comprehensive arrangement presents to the gazer bottles 
 in dozens and hundreds of Rhenigan, Mosel, Baden, and 
 other districts. This whole presentment is grand, omato 
 and stupendous. 
 
 Moving toward the north we next have exhibits of Bava- 
 rian beer, representing different makers, of which there is 
 a suitable display in shelved ea.ses. Specimens of large 
 baiTels, labeled ■‘cheiry-juice’’ are next met, aud a fine 
 show of cordmls and hqueui-s from Breslau, Konigsberg, 
 Dautzig, Cologne, etc. One c.a.se oft’era a elioice collcetion 
 of presei-ved gingei-, and other condiments from the Ea>t 
 Indies, essences and extracts of different kinds in quaint- 
 looking jugs and bottles; another disxfiays tobacco and 
 
 very black, being sweetened by mola&ses and other foreign 
 substances, Ls made into X’h'g- 
 
 The display of cereal grains comprises 800 samx'les. each 
 kind of grain being ranged together so as to comxmre tliat 
 nf one with another. One himdred samples of Imliau 
 corn mre exhibited, one ear from New York State being 
 seventeen inches iu length. 
 
 Of wool there are 300 specimens, tho mo.st of it being 
 veiy fine and fleecy. The goods into -which this wool is 
 transformed by uiuiiufacture are also exhibited. Two 
 lumdred sx^ecimena of cotton from the South are shown, 
 -irith tlie sysk'm of raanufactui-e. aud a lumiher of miscel- 
 laneous fibres from the Far West, whicli have not yet been 
 utilized. Tlu'i-e ai-e also on exhibition fine lineu and other 
 kinds of imper. and the materials from -wliich they are 
 made. There are 100 .specimens, among -which is a wasjte’ 
 nest of genuine x>ax3er. 
 
 The 5,000 models in the Patent Office are picked speci- 
 mens from 150,000 at Washington, Applications are per- 
 petually being made there for x>«ieuts of the wildest 
 descrixition. Oue genius is said to have wanted a patent 
 for a machine to bore through the earth ; another for 
 a huge illuminator, -which, hung over great cities, shoidd 
 dispense with the gas and the moon ; aud a third for an 
 ux>x)aratns to make sxiuita — of the rapxiing kind— visible to 
 mortals. The Martha Wasliiogtou china, presented to her 
 
 very 
 
 XU'csentiug 
 white 
 
 icficial, and black if the 
 
 lu-so has ’ by Liifayette, Washington's camx)-sci*vice, aud a x^ortioii of 
 
 -hfi-c the j liis clothing, wore x»laccd in the Patent Office for safe-kec'X’- 
 are iiijiu-ious. As , ing, which -wiU account fur tlieir figuring iu the present 
 exhibition iu that dcxiai-tment. Fonncrly tho Patent 
 Office -wius the only firc-xiroof building iu M asliington. 
 
 ' One ai-ticle whicli excites considerable interest is a model 
 ' of a plan fur lifting vessels over shoals, w-hich was designed 
 ! by Abraham Lincoln. One of the most interesting features 
 in the Post (Office Department is the Centennial Envelope 
 Folding-press. This macliine is the same as is used by the 
 one ■ Uniteil States Stamxied Eni'eloxjc-works. It gums, prints, 
 j folds, and counts 2,500 envelopes per hour, being ojocrated 
 I by a lady, and apxiarently without either manual or mental 
 labor. 
 
 The collection of the woods of the United States in tho 
 southern -iving of the building is most complete. Each 
 tree is rexu'cseuted by a section of its trunk, about two feet 
 in length, sawed lougitudinoDy, tho imdcr surface being 
 X>laned, sho-wing the color aud density of the wood. In 
 the arrangement, one piece is x^l^^ced with the baik out- 
 wai-d, while the other is shown -iv-ith the phmGd surface out- 
 ward, with the leaves, flowera, and fruits of the tree placed 
 in a frame above. This collection embraces specimens of 
 all the princiiial varietie.s of tree.s, im-ludiiig some thirty 
 species of oak, about the same of pine, thii-teen of walnut 
 ami hickory, eleven of ash, nine of maple, seven of mag- 
 noUas, etc. It is a noticeable fact that nearly all deciduous 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEHNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 ciparcttPH of Gormaji miimifacturo. Now wo soe a mam- 
 moth trophy of Hcytlios. TIiIh in four-sided, about 15 ft. 
 high and (1 ft. septavc', and ha.s probably 200 ditferont 
 bliuh'S displayc<l upon it. Theso wythcs am mostly short, 
 aiifl very much broader tljan thowi in u.se in tliis country. 
 This c.xhibit is dnijbcated by another of the. same stylo, 
 bat lai'ger, u little distance from it. 
 
 Halfway down the doi)artmcnt w<? ctjmo upon tho ex- 
 hibits of Au.stro-IIungiU'y. Here art?, first, a collection of 
 HungiQuau wines, then a case of specimens of wo<il, very 
 fine in texttu-e, and .specimcirs of Hungarian woods, highly 
 l)(jlislu;il, .showing tho natural grain, and oft'ering a con.sid- 
 ablu viaiety. An exliibit of picldo.s, liqiieui's, essences, ] 
 and extracts, and wo come to a hiblo iq^on which an- 
 ilisplavi’d hops in glo-ss vases, rcpre.senting tho i>roduct nf 
 Styria, Moravia, Ilungmy, etc. Hero, is also a table cov- 
 ered with boxes of sardines or .some other i)rescrved fish. 
 
 A small case, with glass ti.ip, contains wool and .siieciniens 
 of potxsli gained from wool by washing. Various giain.s, 
 flour and meal, vineg.ir and extincts, are offered as exhibits 
 from lluda-Pesth. Tho Transylvania Wine Company ex- 
 hibit a good ilisplay of wines, and there are some flxjoci- 
 meiis of hemp and ll.ix, and some very fine specimens of 
 
 Fbaxck. 
 
 Next succeeding tin' German department is that of 
 France. Tliis opens on the nave \\-ith u display of Bor- 
 deaux and other wine.s. Immediately behind this, arranged 
 on the sides of a three-sided partition, arc? a a a-ie.s of 
 colored illustrations of French vegetation, including pic- 
 tures of vegetables of all species of the natui-al size. After 
 this comes an exliihit of Cognac, in bottles and barrels, 
 incliuling that of the celebrated firm of Ohird, Dupuy k 
 Co. A considerable show of dried grain and gi'asses, with 
 small bags of grain and beans, occurs here. Next, a series 
 of large upright cases 2 >ro.souts a very fine and elaborate 
 disj)lay of preserves in bottles, cams, and jars, including 
 fruit, mushrooms, and varioiw kinds of common vegeta- 
 bles, truflles, been/ a In morky jellies, confections, mustard, 
 sardines, and boxes of candied fruits, exquisitely jireiwred. 
 This ibs^jlay includes not only the usual articles of this 
 soii st'ou in our confectionery stf)re.s, but whole inusli- 
 melou.s and apples of the Largest size. The jireparatioii of 
 vegetables, such as beans, pea.s, nsporagu.s, and artichokes, 
 are veritable triumi)hs ; another French R 2 )eciiilty is seen 
 in the )>iekled meats, jnit uii in glas.s, with a variety of 
 
 of loaf-.sugar, refined, and near it a pretty .-hnw of fine 
 confectionery, from the old linnso of ••,1« Fulile Berber," 
 of Paris, founded in 1720. This biing-s us to the cxliibit 
 of the great house of E. Jlerc’ier k C?")., of Eia'i'iiay. sjieci- 
 mens of whose v\-ines (cham])agne) are exhibited, with the 
 meehauisni ibsitluying the various jirocesses enqiloyed iu 
 the manufaetttre, such as for unce)rkiug the bottles at the 
 stage of manufjicture when the seebmeut that settles on 
 the cork is blowm out by the force of the gas generated by 
 the wine, and for recorking, after filling uith a ijrtqiai-ation 
 of sugar and brandy — the final operutiqu in the i)rocess of 
 champagne-making. At this jmiut, revereing onr stejis to 
 return to tho nave, we obsei-vo various exhibits of cement, 
 hydriUilic lime, Portland cement, etc. Next ai'o si)ecimeiis 
 of wine of Amboise, and sundry small models of dill'erent 
 implements, and s^iecimeus of wooil-jjaviug ; after these is 
 a largo collection of grindstones, of different sizes, and 
 scales and steelyards of various models. A small sjiuce 
 contiiins paten and cogna<?, and two or three others are filled 
 with specimens of sijjhons for niinenil-waters, many of 
 them very beautiful. We now I'ome upon a large and 
 handsome disiday of maehines cinjiloyed in the mamifu<-- 
 ture of ga.s for soda and minend-waters, with various cou- 
 
 honoyoonib from near I’ragiie, in Bidieiniu, wiUi a hive 
 and breediug-boxos. 
 
 Fi'oin Ljo2>oU 1 .Sandjiickler, of Gij'rz, near Trieste, wo 
 hav(? a very brilliant dis 2 )Iay of preserved fruits — certaiidy 
 one of the finest wc‘ have ever seen — including numerous 
 varietie.s, many of them jireserveil whole. Here lU'C 
 mineral waters from I’uUna, Bohemia, and other places, 
 and curious exhibits of what is called “egg-powder jirc- 
 serve,” designed to take tho place of eggs, and sent by 
 •S. Berg, of Cracow, 
 
 A t-able next attmets our attention covered with BtDsiiia 
 prunes, uuts like EugUsli walnuts, a liqueur distilled from 
 prunes ; and curiously enough, a large ghiss-jar of cantha- 
 rides or Spanish flies, brilliant in their vivid green hue A 
 small e.ose of cigarettes from Dresden and Warsaw, and a 
 larger one, making a fine dis^jlty of cigar.s, from Rauen- 
 berg, arc tho next cxliibits, and next to these is a trophy of 
 sugar, and then a %‘cry liuo display of candies and eonfec- 
 tionniy, from Cologne, iu a largo upright case, the exhibit 
 of the Brothers Stolhverck. 
 
 A view of the exhibit of envied hair IVom H. Stein A 
 ( o,, Frankfort-ou-the-Maiii, and tho largo case.* coutiiining 
 a specialty of Rhenish mustard, from Theodore Moshopf, 
 of Fahi', near Neuwied. Germany, complete our brief glance 
 at this department. 
 
 THE OLD MILL IN AGRICULTURAL H.VLL. 
 
 ^■cgchvbles, iucludiug calf's head, crabs, etc. The wine.s of 
 Bordeaux, Burgundy, and the Chnmpagno country are 
 largely exhibited. Of champagne there are jiresent ex- 
 hibits from about twenty exhibitors. A large mai) nf tlie 
 Clnuniiagne country, with a border of pictures of wine- 
 sellci’s and wiue-e.stoblishments, is seen further on. Quite 
 a tlisplay is made r>f wines, brandies, liqueui’s, etc., of the 
 Sociite. Anonyms. .\ji intere.sting feature right here is 
 an ornamental exhibit of macaroni .and vermicelli, from 
 Messrs. JIarge Fils, of Lyons. Here, also, occurs the dis- 
 jilay of the i^roducts of Algiers, iucludiiig alfa, olive-oil, 
 ii'on-ore, vermicelli, and other i^astes, dried fruits, etc. 
 Next oomc more brandies and more ^\inc3. Vermouth, 
 champague, wiues from the Gironde, strops, pMi de foie, 
 canard, tnifDos fi'om Perigord ; “chambery" from Savoy; 
 liqueurs from Alsace, and "Strop d’oranyes rouges de 
 Malte. ” A case containing specimcn.s of enra^on and other 
 cordials is seen here ; and next to it cognac-brandies of E. 
 Dubois A CV>. Two large ca-ses represent tho manufactures 
 of a number of French houses iu jireaei-veK of all kinds, 
 being a very handsome and cveditaljle display, and ijeen- 
 liarly so iu candied fruits. The Compagnie Fran^aise 
 d' Alimentation exhibit a largo number of theh prepara- 
 tions in pressed and concentrated meats, fniits, v'egeta- 
 ble.s, etc., for soups, Directly behind this is a fine exiubit 
 
 tiivances ibr the better i)roduetii)u of cofVco n.s a bevemge. 
 This brings us to the outer Hue of the French exhibitiem, 
 where we are again met In- a disjday of wines, etc,, from a 
 number of manufacturers. Among the products should be 
 meutiom.’d sardines, sausage.s, Roquefort-cheesc, mustard 
 in gi'eat abundance, and beet-sugar. The well-known 
 chocolate estabUshment of Menier makes a himdsomr' and 
 at the .same time inshiictis'c disiday of the cocoa-bean and 
 the pod in all its various i)re{)amtinn.s, accomjmuied liy 
 lihotographs of exterior and interior view.s of their works. 
 Almost the only agricidtural machineiy shown is a number 
 of riddle-sorters for cleaning grain, These nic revohang 
 tubes of metal, perforated with holes of different sizes, set 
 at an inclination, and worked either by hand or i)Ower. 
 The riddle can be changed so as to adapt the machines for 
 fine seeds, for the Larger gi'aius, or for jicas, beaus, or 
 coffee. Among tho millstones, and ajiirarently a new 
 invention, is a bolting-stone, which is sai?! to effect acceler- 
 ation in grinding, avoiil exee.ssive heat, and groat economy 
 in raotive-powca'. Slates are out through the stouc, and in 
 them are inserted wire-holtiug cloths of about two inches 
 iu width. The Portland cement is oxliibited by two com- 
 2 >auies Here is seen a heavy aijpai-atus for testing the co- 
 hesive strength of the bricks made from the cement, which 
 are found to endure a direct strain of from 1,500 to 1,700 
 
U2 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTEHNIAL - EXPOSTTIOX. 
 
 ,'E AlbLE- 
 
 ISTEElOr. VIEW OF 
 
 rOST- 
 
 s 
 
 'It 
 
 
 
 
 vU j 
 
 
 
 poundb. There is also a large tank of cement, in which the 
 bricks are immersed, to prove that water has no effect upon 
 them, and a block which has been immeised sixteen ye.iri 
 in the sea is still solid. 
 
 Nethebl.vxds. 
 
 Intersecting the eastcni side of the French d''partuient 
 ij the portion allotted to the Netherlands. This com- 
 mences with a circular structure, in which is a collective 
 exhibition of winc.s, liqueurs, etc., chiclly from Amster- 
 dam. This includes Noyaux, Fleur d'Orauge, .Stoughton, 
 Club-house, Curucoa, Anisette, etc., and also Schiedam, 
 Geneva', and other gin.s. Next to this e.xhibit is another, 
 chieflv of gins, and beside that ii vciw large exhibition by 
 the I)uteh Agricultural Society, of grain-s of the Hague, 
 displayed in glass j;irs of different l izes, in all about 200. 
 Here are also fine specimens of wheat and other grains in 
 the stalk ; also peat or turf, and about twenty-five speci- 
 men.s of the differoiit hinds of native woods. A collection 
 of hyacinths, crocuses, and other bulbs, and some boxe-s 
 containing .specimens of native hemp are idso to be seen 
 hero. This exhibit concludes with a dozen specimens of 
 Dutch checso under 
 glas.s. Next is ipiite a 
 show of jircHcrvcd vego- 
 table.s, meats, etc. , in 
 cans and bottles, and a 
 number of large glius.s 
 jars containing beet-root 
 sugar. An exhibit of 
 licoswax and dried pea.s 
 comes next, and beside 
 this a handsome ca.se, 
 displaying fabrications 
 in chocolate confection- 
 ery, etc. A very hue 
 show of cigars follows, a 
 case of fine feathers from 
 Itotterdam, linseed - oil 
 and cakes from Dor- 
 drecht ; and next some 
 illustrations of the inunu- 
 fixture of bent wood and 
 cordage. A very jiretty 
 model of a schooner is 
 seen here, of which the 
 mainmaat is observed to 
 be very far astern, the 
 sails and flag being silk. 
 
 This is from Scheven- 
 ingen. A quaint and 
 clumsy square-built 
 'lioop is also shown in u 
 
 model. Nc.xt. there are specimens of manufactured cork, 
 lubricating-oil for sevring-machines, etc., and prejiarations 
 of chocolate confections from Amsterdam. More Dutch 
 cheeses, fine specimens uf blue Dutch flax and flaxseed, 
 t.jbacco in the. loaf, hops, specimens of native vegctablo.s, 
 wooden slices, etc., complete this dep.artmcnt. 
 
 lilt.VZIL. 
 
 Among the foreign nations repri.“aentod in the Agricul- 
 tiiiul Building, Brazil is justly credited with making one of 
 the finest and most intere.sting ili.splays, embracing all the 
 varied products of the country and its provinces, the 
 exhibits of coffee, sugar and cotton being c-specially large 
 and fine. It should be remembered that of the immense 
 ten-itory of Brazil, covering 3.200.000 square miles, barely 
 oue-fifth is cultivated, with only forty-six inhabitants for 
 each league, there being, according to the last censii.s, 
 17,45i agricultural cstiblishiueiits in thirteen provinces. 
 The space ucenpe'd by Brazil in the .\grieultural Building 
 comprises about 4,’2oU square feet, mid is inclosed by a low 
 oloorish railing, and overhung with a forest of the national 
 
 colors, interspei-sod vrith festooii-s from the hides of tliu 
 boa and other wild an 1 domestic animals, coiitra-sting 
 agreeably with the whitewashed root of the gigantic hall. 
 The fimt object which attracts .attention is a lai’ge temple 
 about twenty feet in hcii'ht, and as many square, formed of 
 sainjile.s of i-aw cotton of th.' imui.’ruiis provinces. The 
 efl'ect is quite pretty, and the design original. The cotton 
 is nnaiiged in a lattice of graceful arches, with hero and 
 there large tufts of r.iw manilla, hanging upon rods of 
 iron, made in imitation of. branches, giving the appear- 
 ance of huge wheat-blossoms. In the centre of the space 
 formed by the temple is a pyramidal stand, formed of 
 several hundred gkiss vases, containing over one hundred 
 siiecimeiis of coffee, in various stages of jn-oparation. 
 Forming a low wall around the base of the iuclosure nro 
 numerous packages of cotton, some of them of superior 
 quality and neatly exhibited. The exhibit of tobacco i.s 
 very full, embracing over thirty varieties, exclusive of the 
 manufactured cigars, snuff, etc. Hero are rolls of twisted 
 tobacco, tall coliiiiiii.s of cigaicttes in showy wrappers, 
 hundred-weights of cigars, and near these is the gi-cat 
 ampliithentre of long- 
 necked bottles of aguar- 
 diente, whiskys, braii- 
 dicB and wines. Im- 
 mediately in the rear 
 of the display of cotton 
 and coffee is an inclosuro 
 CO ft. long by 40 wide, 
 containing exhibits of 
 wooils and miscellaneous 
 goods. From the top of 
 the inclosure hang the 
 skins of tigei’s, leopurd.s, 
 deer, otter, lions and 
 serpents, giving the place 
 an attractive appearance. 
 The specimens of wood 
 coiiquise three or four 
 huiulrcd, and afford a fit 
 commentary on the value 
 and importance of the 
 BrazOian forests — an im- 
 portance not only repre- 
 sented by its gigantic 
 trees, but also by the 
 value which each of them 
 possesses in relation to 
 the oi'ts, to house and 
 ship-building, to f o o d 
 and to medicine. Among 
 the wfauD, uf course, art 
 
r 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 113 
 
 nialiogiiny. iron-wooil, ebony, aiicT ri A 
 iimnl'ei- of imniciise pim* nuts imi als > iueliuli'il ju the ool- 
 1 ('Hoii, together witli seViTal specimens of woods curiimsly 
 Viii'ieg.itcil. There are said to be over mic tlnmsand kinds 
 of wood in Brazil. Those exhibited are arranged so as to 
 sliow spceinieiis with the bark on, the natural color of the 
 wood, and also varnisheil. In extcmt and variety, they 
 excel any other collection in the exhibition, A large 
 upright cose contains the exhibits of silk-cocoons, some of 
 till- colors being very gorgeous, though the display is not 
 as full us that made by some otlnn- nations. The collec- 
 tion of sugars compi-ises about fifty varietie.s. contributed 
 by exhibitors from various lu-oviuces. The export of this 
 I'l'ndnct last year aggregate.! over Slo.OOn.OOll Indin- 
 rnlibcr and other v.ihiable products arc represented by 
 iMunerous exhibit. .,s in various stagc.s of manufacture, and 
 .if .lifleiviit .piulilie.. Then there arc exhiliits of Jlax, 
 Migar-canc, vcg. tahle-libivs, used for lilling mattresses, mid 
 jiumcrons .siteeiniens of fibres made of the bark of the 
 p.ilm and otl^.cr tree,s. Some of these libres are soft and 
 plcasiiut to the touch, and they are said to be. u source of 
 considerable revenue. Tlie exhibits of wine.s, li.pioi-s and 
 e.irdiids, with ruins and vinegai-s, are Im-ge, luid near these 
 are samples of iireserved fruits, sweet-meats, cliooolatc.s, 
 etc. Of lieiins, Brazil sends ninety varietic.s, of all colei's 
 and sizes, arr.mged in glass jars, and projicrly labeled. 
 Beside these are many specimens of wheat, flour, tapioca, 
 arrowroot, oatmeal, and rice-flower, The exports from 
 Brazil last year aniouiited to $118,207,041. Of this 
 iimouiit ill round .sums there were; coffee, $04,000,000; 
 .‘^llgar, $15,000,(11)00 ; cotton, $14,000,000 ; liidcs. $8,000,000 ; 
 india-rubber, $p'>,()t)0,(Xlil ; mate, a Idnd of cheap tea exten- 
 sively used throughout South America, $'2,000,000; and 
 .liaiiioiid-s, $1,000,000. 
 
 Tt,\ta‘. 
 
 Tlie Italian agri- 
 enUnral ilisjilay is 
 located ill the sunth- 
 eii.stern corner of the 
 structure, and is 
 tastefully arranged. 
 
 It includes exhibits — 
 the greater numbir 
 being wines and 
 liquoi-s — from about 
 300 cxhibitoi-s. The 
 space is partly in- 
 closed by gliUHS cases, 
 containing various 
 artielesou exhibition, 
 while in the centre a 
 iiiimhcr of staiid.s of 
 a pyramidal shape arc 
 filled with hundreds 
 of bottles of wines 
 milt liquors of every 
 kind. On the Ilnur 
 tmmiid the sides uf 
 the seetiim are the 
 plows, cultivators and 
 other farming implc- 
 iiieuts ill use anumg 
 the Italian fanners 
 — none of these, how- 
 
 rv.-r, eijiialiiig our own ni'mnfaetnres in this lin.‘. The 
 display of olive-oil and that of macaroni are, as might 
 be expeetc-d, very rich and full. Tliey im* shown in 
 various styles and ns laannfaetnred by ditl'ereiit firms. 
 Tliero are also full exliibits of dried and prc.served nn‘ats, 
 fish and fruits. In this department the preparation of 
 bologna-sau.sages ivill attract ntteiitioii as especially fine, 
 sonic samples being six feet in length. Tlieii cmiie the 
 oils of all kiiid.s, aiTang.-d in a high glas.s case, )ie;u' which 
 is a woollen stand, handsomely arnaniented in gilt, and 
 with bunches of nrtiflcuJ flowers, and upon it are placed 
 samples of the be.st of wines, lifpiors, etc. After these uro 
 drugs, chemicals, and pliariiiaccutical preparations and 
 cologne.s. The latter are conkiincd in fancy botth's, whose 
 varied colors make a very iittnK'tive. appeanuiee. lliuidreds 
 of jars I'oiitaiii .siiraplcs of wheat, rice, nuts, barks, etc., 
 while ill glass cases arc exhibited specimens of ditVereut 
 miiiei'ids, the largest being iron ores. The exhibits of 
 sumac are quite notiee.able, comprising a number of e.uses, 
 and near the.so are speeimcns of dye-stuffs, guanos, glues, 
 I'tc. There lU'c also several lai'go caies of castile soap, each 
 weighing hundreds of pounils, together with a iiumbiT of 
 boxes of famy soaps. The display of liidcs, leather, boots 
 and shoc.s, and belting, is large, as is also that of other 
 ornamental goods. The specimens of hemp and hcmiien 
 goods arc particularly fine. There ai'e also numerous 
 exliibits of eaiidied-frnits, confections, citrons, and other 
 similar goods. At different points of the section are shown 
 stalks of gi'ain of iliflerent kinds, and iiuinerous stalks of 
 corn, with the dry eai-s still attached. Tlio Italian Exhibi- 
 tion is a valuable and useful one, and doubtless gives a fair 
 idea of the agricultural products of that country. The 
 largest portion of tlic space occupied, however, is devoted 
 to u'iiies and liquors. Of the forest products, besides .sumac, 
 
 I already mentioned an in considerable quantity, there are 
 I miuiiia, swcet-idmoiids, hazelnuts, pistachios, mid nunier- 
 j mis other nuts ; in poiiiologj', olive.s, lemons and oranges, 
 
 I from .Salerno and Syracuse ; agricultural jiroducts, be.sides 
 I tlio.se already mentioned ; exhibits of riee from Modena 
 I and Movara. In fish, there are sardines, in oil, from 
 Leghorn, and cels from Bologna. The animal and vegeta- 
 ble products oi'c, of course, the largest. These comprise 
 articles not alreiuly nmued : cliee.se, glue and honey from 
 Bologna and Palermo ; wax from Venice and Jlilun ; 
 preserved and dried meats from Genoa and Milan ; paste 
 for soup from .Synicusc-and Leghorn ; tomato-sauce and pre- 
 served toniatoe.s from Bologna, Salerno and I'uniia ; dried 
 figs and candied fruits from Palermo ; flour-paste from 
 Xapli'R, and wine.s from Xaples, liCgliorn. Palermo. Brescia, 
 Syrm’use, .Sicily, Eloreiice, Jlod.-na ; vermnuth from Alex- 
 inidria, Turin. Marsala; c.xtract of taima-ind from Milmi, 
 and elioeolate and confectionery from Home and Turin. 
 From I’isiv we have biscuits, as well as cakes from Borne 
 and I’istoja. The agricultural machinery includes plows, 
 harrows, plowshare.s, liand-reaiung mai'liines, and bntter- 
 niaeliines, coming from Ancona, Cremona, Venice, Pis.a, 
 Parma, and Bologna. A very interesting exhibit in agri- 
 ciiltnral engineering is the 2 )lan of Genenil Garibaldi’s 
 system of irrigation relative to the river Tiber, wliich is 
 cxliibitod by Quirico Filopanti, of Bologna. 
 
 Sp.us. 
 
 The Spanish section, siirroimdod with a wall of yellow 
 wood, and entered under a lofty gothic iiortal, is a wonder- 
 ful museum of wine.;, oils, siiicc.s, fruits, grains, wood-s, 
 tobaccos, skins, and nuts — all from Siiain and her I'olonies. 
 On the floor lie Imge logs of mahogany and rosewood, 
 almost as heavy as so much iron. Festoons of tobacco- 
 loaves and .sheaves of 
 giuin .sni'i'.mnd the 
 j'illars. Viion shelf 
 rising above shelf 
 skiiid buttles and jars 
 in orderly aiTay, 
 flllod with every 
 imaginable article. 
 Among the wine.s arc 
 many excellent vari- 
 eties unknown out- 
 side of the Peninsula. 
 Cuba sends her 
 cigars and tobacco, 
 the Havana cignr- 
 niakera exhibiting in 
 a row of light maho- 
 gany eases mounted 
 upon standards. 
 From the I’liilippino 
 Ishunls eonio mmiilla 
 !U)d hemp ; and all 
 the provinces of the 
 luotlier country send 
 soiiietliiiigof interest, 
 
 Ai^oaria. 
 
 Among the many 
 attractive tlisplays in 
 the Agi'i e ul tnral 
 Biiililiiig that of the 
 
il4 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 collection of aqiiai'ia on the west side of the bniiding is 
 not the least interesting. Thi.s collection hsis l)een 
 arranged regard not only for the interest of tish- 
 
 breedei-s, but for the gratification of the public and the 
 study of the naturalist. The 
 collection is being constantly 
 changed by deaths and lu.*- 
 cessions ; but at tho time of 
 this ■writing is contained in 
 thirty-five large tanks . and 
 aquaria, one tank alone being 
 23 ft. long by 7 ^^•id6 and 4 
 deep. These are divided into 
 three classes : Those for salt- 
 water specimens, those for 
 fresh, and the third for cold- 
 water fish. To biqiply sidt- 
 water, a tank capable of 
 holiling some 10,000 gallons 
 has been built outside the 
 building, and water brought 
 from the Atlantic by rtiil. 
 
 Fresh water, of coui-se, is 
 plentiful, but to keep cold- 
 water Ashes properly the • 
 water, before reacliing the 
 aquarium, jjasses through a 
 coil of pipe packed in a 
 box of ice. Among tho spe- 
 cimens in one aquarium me 
 crabs, including the king- 
 crab, or horae-foot. Another 
 is filled with terrapms. Li 
 the largest tank were formerly 
 a number of green turtles, 
 
 the heariest weigluug over three hundred pounds. 
 These, however, died. About a dozen specimens of toad- 
 fish, some very fine fresh-water eels, drum-fish and rock- 
 bass are among the larger fish. Specimens of graylings 
 
 from Michigan, and the Oswego bass, or Southern chub, 
 will be intere.sting to the Eastern people. A curious-look- 
 ing creature is pleasantly entitled “a hell-bender.” and is 
 ugly aird repulsive-looking enough. Thi.s one is twelve or 
 
 black-gill sunfish, large black bass and moon-eye fish, or 
 lake herring. In one aquarium ore hundreds of spechneus 
 of httle California salmon, eggs of which were sent from 
 I California by the United States Commission, and hatched 
 at Marietta, Pennsylvania. 
 It is designed to increase tliia 
 collection from time to time 
 with fish from other waters 
 than our owu, including tho 
 Gulf of ^Mexico aud the Carib- 
 bean Sea. 
 
 Gloucester Fisherie.s. 
 The exhibit of tho Glorr- 
 cester fisheries is the most 
 interesting one of its Idnd in 
 the Exhibition, and contains 
 by far the most complete 
 representation of tho in- 
 dustry, inasmuch os it gives 
 a correct idea of tho growth, 
 from very insignificant pro- 
 portions to tlrcir- irresent gi- 
 gantic position, of fisheries of 
 thelar'gest fi.shiug-port in tho 
 world. Since 1830 there have 
 been lost out of these fl-sh- 
 eries 1,590 fishermen aud 333 
 ships. In 1873, 31 Glou- 
 cester vessels sailed out to 
 veturu no more, and 171 
 fishormcir were lost. 
 
 In the ricinity of the. 
 aqiuuial deportment, in a 
 corner of tho Hall, the town 
 
 . fifteen inches long, and has legs or fins, four in number, i of Gloucester has erected a tank 23 by 12 ft., filled with 
 I ha^•ing four fingers each. A peculiarity of the animal is ; water in wliich acem-ate models of tho fishing fleet of 
 ■ that these limbs may be removed and in less than a year I the old and new times are afloat, illustrating the different 
 ! will grow again. There are also long-finned chubs, suckers, I branches of the fisheries. In one corner is the old “ cob 
 
 I'NITKl' hT.VTES (. U \' £ U X il E N T 1! f I L 1' I X (i . 
 
116 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 ivharf of Ecvolutinniu-j years. v.iih its 
 )iriinitivo appliances, and tlic odd, qnaint- 
 lookiiig ‘ ‘ pinkies ” lying beside it. Opposite 
 it is a model of the massive and endurable 
 pi]e-s\ harvcs, such as are built in Gloucester 
 in 187G, ten times lus hu-go as tlic old ones. ^ 
 
 On this the fishermen are shown at work 
 packing mackerel. All the appliances of 
 fishing-wharves are exhibited, while ar- 
 ranged about in a little harbor are models 
 of all the various improvements in the fish- 
 ing craft, from 18(X) down to the present 
 time. One of these models is that of the 
 old .Vunch<‘!<l'i'. a famous Usher iu her day, 
 built about the beginning of this century, 
 and still in existence, and in the carrying 
 trade somewhere “ down Ea-st. The 
 “bankei-s” that go to George's Bank, tlio 
 ‘‘seiners” and the ‘‘market boats, are all 
 shown, while the sotting of the mackerel 
 seine is displayed in a practicable model. 
 
 In addition to the exhibit of this tank, there 
 is also here a very fine eoUection of objects 
 belonging to the iLsheries, and of curiosities 
 collected during voyages. There is also xue 
 
 on exliibition a curious substance resem- 
 bling bnmcli coral, said to have been fished np m 150 
 fathoms of watm- by a “banker.” Here, too, are to be 
 found all the appliances belonging to the fishing ves.sol of 
 the present day, fnniishiiig a contrast to those omph)yed 
 by its rade prototype of a century ago. Gloiiee.ster main- 
 tains her j'osition as first among the fishing purt.s. Every 
 year more and more direct trade comes to her, and she 
 still controls her market, even on the rueilie coast, seml- 
 ing great ipiantities of fish to Sacramento. This very year | 
 she luus even begun to exx’ort .fish to Sweden. A little 
 volume can bo had in which a full account of the 
 fislieries, dating from 1G23, is contained, at which time 
 an English comjiaiiy wmt out a ■\’essel with the mission 
 of founding a settlement on the rocky coast near Cape 
 Ann. This exhibit is altogether comi>lete and admiv- 
 ab]«‘, and does not appear to have been duplicated by 
 any other StnUe 
 
 Kansas anr C'oLOii.ADO Bvildino. 
 
 This is among the largest and most attractive of the 
 State buildings in the Centennial Grounds. Kansas re- 
 fii.sed to conform tti the rigid eliussifieation directed by the 
 Vnitad States Cenb'niiiul Conmiis.siou, and, failing to' 
 bccm-e space for her exposition in one of the main build- 
 ings. ereefi-d a separate one. Here Colorado, being dnly 
 julmitted a State, has been allotted one-fonrth id the entire, 
 exhibition spaia’ afforded. The two States — fnrnierly one 
 territory, separated now by only an imaginary lino— have 
 still intimab' commercial relations, Kaus.a.s iiroduciiig 
 breadstnffs anil meats 
 for consunqition in 
 the mining districts 
 of Colorado, in ex- 
 change for the gold 
 and .silver in the 
 1 itter. Colorado oc- 
 cui'ies the west wing 
 of the building ; the 
 Atchison, Topeka and 
 Santa Ee Kailroad 
 Company, sixteen 
 feet of the east wing, 
 while Kansas oc- 
 enpii'.s all the vest. 
 
 The building is in 
 tlie fona of a Greek 
 cross, in the centre, 
 and from the cupola 
 of wliieli is susjjended 
 a bell ingeniously 
 eunstructed out of 
 grains in the stalk, 
 grasses and bronm- 
 com brush, while the 
 tongue consists of a 
 bell-shaped gourd, 
 suspended at the end 
 of a longitudinal 
 club-gourd, over 6 
 feet long by .about 
 2 iiiehes in diameter. 
 
 This bell is 8 feet 
 inebes across the 
 bottom, and 8 feet 
 0 inches iu lie'ght 
 and is in the same 
 
 land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." (Lev. xxv.. 10.) 
 “By order of the A.s.sembly of the Province of Pennsyl- 
 vania, for the .suite House in Philadelphia.” There are 
 forty -two fiag-staffa on the bnikbiig, there bi'ing flags for 
 forty-one, which have been generously contributed by the 
 ladies of Leavenworth. These flags consist of the national 
 coloi-s of the Cnited States and those of foreign goveni- 
 luents exhibiting, the same to be added, at the clusi> of the 
 exhibition, to the Centennial collections, and ri'tnrued to 
 the SUik' House at Topeka, for preseiwation iu th.OIitscum 
 of the Statu Board of Agi-ieulturc, there to remain as a 
 souvenir of the kindly co-oxievation of the ladies of Lea- 
 v.-uworth. At the noitli end of the building, twonty-four fei-t 
 from tin; floor, is a tvansi>arency, “The great seal of the 
 State of Kansas," from which rays of golden grain radiate, 
 alternaUsl with a backgrmuid of cotton and liemp. the latter 
 a staiilo in Sonthevn Kansas. Immediately under this tlieru 
 is an attractive eolleidiun of vi'gitable-casts resting on a 
 projection. Su.si>cnded from this projection is a well- 
 drawn maj), in eolm-s, of Kansas, 24 by 13 feet. From the 
 lliK>r to the map is a receding gmin-.staud with ten shelves, 
 suppiirfing over l.bOO samples iu gla-ss jars, whieh contain 
 I 'an exhaustive disi>Iay of wheat, rye. corn, barley, oats, 
 
 1 Imekwlieat, sorghum, extraet of beans, and an oil manufae- 
 tm-ed from the same, and tobacco, the seeiLs of hemp. flax, 
 brooin-eorn, millet, Hungarian gras-s. timothy and red 
 clover, hazel, pecan, and iioannts, soils, fire-clay, yellow 
 aud red ochre, minonil-paiiits, plaster -of -parts, |X)tters’- 
 clav, hvdranlic cement, salt, etc. The labels on these jara 
 
 avs til ' 
 •ripti. 
 
 same in- 
 us the old 
 Liberty Bell in Indc- 
 X>cndcuce Hall: 
 ••Proclaim liberty 
 t'.’A’ouchont all the 
 
 CAZADE, CEOOKS i IXVNACU8 CXHtBlt OF OTAUU, DCrCX -• 
 
 give the names of the contents, and where 
 and by whom grown or coflected. By 
 reference to the large map the locality is 
 e.a-sily determined. The space of about 
 14 feet on either .side of the map, am] 
 between it and the two sides, is devoted to 
 com of wonderful growth. The stalks aru 
 from 15 to 18 fc-ot high, containing from 
 one to tlu-ee ears cacli, some of which are 
 lus much as 14 inches iu length. Arranged 
 along the walls on cither sidi' in glass eases, 
 will he seen an attractive exhibit of uild 
 and cultivated grasses and gi'iiins in the 
 stalk. Here are wheat cut from fields said 
 to yield from 40 to GO bushels to an acre ; 
 corn, from 40 to 100 ; oats, from 50 to 75 ; 
 timothy. 2J tons; clover and millet, 4; 
 blue-gi-ass, from ‘2 to over 3 feet in height ; 
 
 14 varieties of wild-grass, vaiwiug in height 
 between G inches and 10 feet. In one ease 
 there is a disi'lay of silk ribbons and silk 
 cocoons, the latter raised from eggs im- 
 pcii-ted from .Tapan, and exhibiting the 
 noticeable increase in size of the sneeeeding 
 geucras raised in the Kansas. Silk cnltnrc 
 in this young State has already reached a 
 Xirominent xiosition. The remainder of the disiilay iu 
 this building comprises a collection of valimblo building- 
 stone.s, sent from nearly every county in the SUite, beriveen 
 foi-ty and fifty different kinds of wood, a collection of 
 stuffed birds, iuclmling about 300 specie.?, a fine entomo- 
 logical collection, extensive exhibition of fossils, gold-ore, 
 coal. etc. AtUu'hed to the Imilding is a reailing-voom 
 provided with Kansas and Colorado pai>ers, and a Vnu-eaii 
 of information for the cuuveuieuec of the people of those 
 States. 
 
 ABOENTINE CoNFEDEIi.VTION. 
 
 The ajiacc idlottcd to the Argentine Confederation is 
 located about oiie-tbird of the way from the eastern end of 
 the building, on the .southern side, and between Cliili and 
 I’ortngal. It comprises 58 exhibits iu nrlxjrieultnve and 
 fnre.st products; ufl agi'icultm-al products; G3 in land- 
 imimals; G3 in water-animals, fish-culture, and aiqmratus; 
 
 G3 in animid and vegetable jiroduets ; G8 iu textile sub- 
 stances of vegetable or animal origin, and G9 agricultni'a!, 
 e!i"ineering and admiiiistvatinn. The eolleetinii of woods, 
 natural and polished, lUid of ornamental artielc.s manufac- 
 tured of. anil representing, native woods, is very large and 
 varied. Many of the different species are formed into 
 canes, frames, racks and othev pretty articles, idthough a 
 very large number of the exhibits are siniiily of .sections 
 of the wood represented. The proviuees from whieh 
 exhibits iiro gathered are San Juan, Santa Pe. Cordova, 
 Salta, Jnjni. Catamavea, La Bioja, Tuciunan, Jlendoza, 
 San Luis, CoiTioutcSj 
 Buenos Ayres, San- 
 tiago del Es tcro, 
 Entre Bios. The 
 woods include tho 
 carob- tree, c h i c a - 
 wood, lignum - vita*, 
 ]aurel-bur]\. and tan- 
 ning 111 a t e r i a 1 a ; 
 quina-qiiinn, Lata 
 incense -wi >nd, ya- 
 reta, viseote-wood, 
 c a c t ti .s, cebil - 1 lark 
 for tamiing, elianar- 
 chaiiar bark fm 
 eleaiiing cloths, en- 
 mpay giiazu, caa- 
 I'oba-wood. eniTom- 
 amuel-Avriod, black 
 acacia, cochiiu'al and 
 dyeing materials ; 
 tui'iicntine, carob 
 and maud ub ay- 
 wood, c ocoann t 
 bark, sacanza, jume 
 for making acaji, 
 indigo-xilant, mbni- 
 wood for dying silk 
 and wool, sar.sa- 
 imrilla, myiTh, tho 
 seed of yareta {i 
 resinous plant), ehe- 
 rimolia-seed, mi-stol, 
 m ali iigas ta-nu ts 
 and tnsca-seed.s. Thu 
 agiicultund iiroduet? 
 relireseiif, iiicludiug, 
 first : the iniucijial 
 grains, wheat, bailey, 
 rice, and corn ; lima- 
 beans, h ntils, maize, 
 grasses, straw, the 
 inate-herb. lucorn- 
 seed"-, camuy-seed, 
 
irisTORrc.w nnarsTER of tuf. cfktfxxui. fxpositiox. 
 
 pMs, mrltJiiH, Kugav-oanp, tobacco, oiiiuii-wcpil, potatoes, 
 wheat ill stalks, Spanish pons. TmTian paper iinmnfiietiireil 
 from tolmceo, eigurs, cte. ; sweet-potutoes, esparto-grass, 
 inuiidioca (for making stardi), elupa-l tread, tapoyna (used 
 JUS a food), mustard, beet-runt, caiTots, lettuce, cabbage, red 
 and sweet oea-oxalis, coffe(>, <‘umin and aiiioe ; mate-herb 
 packed in tapir-skin, pigeons stufted with niab', herbs 
 jtacked in wolf-skins, cluves, chocolate, annca (a sjtiee), 
 extrnet of benn.s, flax and spurge, seed of the .Terusidein 
 artichoke, seed of the pidmaehristi. The collection of pre- 
 pared land - anininl-s, iiusccts mid rejttiles, includes forty- 
 one, comprising several exhibits — of birds : the hawk, 
 woodpecker, wild saiidjtiper, the Imninnng-bird, the gull, 
 I'tc. : a miinbcr of jirepansl skins of the tm-n-tern, ostrich, 
 jmrtridgc, eliimango craw-birds, etc. ; nests of the liomero 
 and the boyero, a wild bird of (inalegnaelin. Theue are 
 also a stuffed wild-cat of llalcarcc ; a stuffed mmi.se, fox, 
 lynx; a number of vipei’s, rattlesnakes, coral-viper, and 
 skins of vipers; a dLssecteil giiniia (Soiitli American 
 lizard], and a number of insects; .spiders with their 
 silken cocoons, etc. 
 
 Then* are also exhibits of shells from Santa Fe, Cor- 
 rieiites, San .Tnim fishing lines, the b.iskels. etc. Tha 
 
 mc-stic cat-skill, said to be a cure for rheninatism; tanned 
 !ind colored kid skins for gloves, lizard leather for gaiters, 
 wild-boar skins, gojit. rienyiia and ai-ai skin.s, tiger, iJpitca, 
 grsiy fox, swan, fox, ferret, ampalagna, sea wolf, coatia, 
 hors<', rabbit, carpineho, lliiina, liiia, merino and nver wolf 
 skins. In fniits, nuts, and sweetmeats, there are onuigi’S, 
 peaches, plums, melons, watermelons, and (jninees; sweet- 
 meats, diicil peaches, jireserved lemons, jieeled rjiisins, 
 citron, eocoanuts, ginpe.s and (piinccs, iihnoiids, dried 
 a))ples itiul figs, musk gni]>e, raisins, preserved olives, 
 coyote .sweetmeat, eaiidied <iniuccs, and yatay palm cocoa- 
 nuts. There lua- a number of preserved meats, such 
 as piekleil jiartridges, piekled tongues, sidt meats, salt 
 tongues mid beef, dried muttuu and beef, mid gelatine. 
 Severid exhibits mv' made of Hour, bnm, niainlioea stuvh, 
 corn-meal, grits, macaroni, v.-nnicelli mid virinicclli chee.se. 
 Tliere is one exhibit of I’eruvian bark from the jirovince of 
 L;iIiioja. Thieiins Ayres sends biscuits and cnickei's, and 
 the iH-ovince of Santa Fe, i>eannt oil. 
 
 The ti'Xtile exhibits include cotton and cotton -pods, 
 cliagnar thread, and bark ; yiu-han fibre ; bristle-rope and 
 fabrics for sieves ; ropes made of ciiragnata-biirk ; featlicr- 
 gi-ass, chord thread, hmnp, spun flax and flax-straw, alpaca. 
 
 i\Iuuy of the woods exhibited are paiusites. From quite 
 a number various dye.s are cxtiiietcd. The oomimdif-guozai 
 is used in making caiiiiiges, and is very highly valued. 
 The pi'iee of these woods is about fifty cents pn* squari' 
 yard. Then there is canelon. A\’hose ash is used in soap- 
 factories ; the cliaiuir, which produces ;i fruit similar in 
 form to mi olive, and is iJso used in milking spirits ; the 
 espineUo, from which is made the guayaibi, a very 
 handsome \\'oud, the centre of wliich is of ji fine pniido 
 color, and is much uschI for I'nrniturc; the eeibo, wlioso 
 bark is uw’d for tanning hides. The exhibit of tapaclio- 
 wood is in the fonn of a book, containing sjimples of silk 
 mill woolen ti'xtnres, dyed with an extract from the wood. 
 Tliere is also a tablet in which are inserted several kinds of 
 wood, having iu the centre a pliotographie view of the 
 exhibitor's sU-am saw-mills. Twelve palms are exhibited iu 
 the form of roof-tile.s. The.se are nnieli nsi-d in the pro- 
 vince of CorrieuU's, and :ire very durable. They eo.st from 
 Slfi to 8‘2l) jier hundred. There are several woods, such us 
 quillay and tomatillo, which are used instead of soaj) fur 
 eleuning cloths. specimen of cebil-bark, n.sed for tan- 
 ning, meiusun-s two-uiid-a-half yards, bciii;; half the cireinn- 
 ferenee of the tree. A very interesting exhibit iillie yaivta- 
 
 CiVZADK, CROOKS 
 
 animal .and vegetable products furnish the largest list of 
 articles exhibited. The Pamna Foinnii.s.sioii, jmivinco of 
 Fntre-Rios, exhibit sponges, shad oil, leather skin.s, ostrich 
 feath(‘rs, sausage, domestic beer. Icinomide and wine. The 
 Provincial Coniini.ssioii. provincv' of Salta, exhibit cheese, 
 honey and wax, dried peaches and nuts, wheat flour, maii- 
 •diuea mid wheat starch, sugar-cane syrups, agnardioute 
 lii'andy, and a number of skins of the lion, ehiuchilla, vijier, 
 etc. Quite a number of pi'ivatc cxhibitoi's send speeimons 
 of cheese and skins of animals, tin- latter including linn, 
 hare, fox, buck, and otter, with heron skins, eondoi' and 
 ostrich feathers, sheep skins, wild boar, dc-er, weasel, wolf, 
 and other skins and hides. Of wines, there are cheny 
 liiiuenr and ehacoli, qnarii'ami liqueiu'.s, sngiU'-cane and 
 orange juices, white wine, Indian fig syrup, Querociila 
 nieail, auguv-caiie brandy, oogiuu*. orango wine, anisette 
 luid uouogasta syrup, carob nieiul, cognac bitters, gnipe, 
 lemon, i-un“ant, banana and jieach aynips. hesperedina 
 bitti“i-s, banana balm, bitter-sweet tonic, Chevilcoy beer, 
 Chartivnse and Kerman liijuor, Trinidad wine ; quiuee, gin 
 I and ratifia liquors; vanilla liquor, cocon cxtiuc-t, lime liquor, 
 sugar-cane brandy and vermouth. Besides the skins already 
 mentioned, there are those of the sea-lioii, ox, eolt, Imnb, 
 agunru, ^-enniiigo skin from Lalaguua de Los Ptuli'cs, do- 
 
 wool, fleece of Angora goat, fleece of Xegretti lamb, merino 
 wool, and silks spun and in cocoons ; horse-hair, cow-hair 
 and huir-i'ojK'.s. The iiroxiiice of Buenos .\yres funiishes 
 one implement, the model of a x>ump, and from the same 
 province- are several exhibits of artificial manure, charcoal 
 mid tjJluw. Among the curiosities of the Argentine Ro- 
 imblie e.xhibits are several walking-sticks, some of which 
 are made of different kinds of wood ; racks, one being 
 composed of twenty-live different siiecies of wood ; cigar- 
 cases of oak and chiea-wood. The number of the different 
 kinds of wood exhibited is very large, and the names of 
 most of them are not translated, and are unknown to us. 
 Of those with which we are acquainUnl, there are the. 
 Xwiffar, mulbeny, orange, X)e.ar, apple, jiiue, wahint, weei)- 
 ing-wUluw, ajnicot, eherrj', rosewood, cinnamon, acacia, 
 oak, jialm and lanrel. Some of the native woods are very 
 eurion.s and interesting, both in theii- axqieuranee and nsi*s. 
 The mandtqia xirodiices a fmit similar iu form to that of 
 a pear ; the tata-yuba is highly valued for furniture ; the 
 iiieienso and the iicrteribi are used for building pmposes ; 
 the quebracho is also employed m building and has the 
 pecidiarity of iietrifying on being biu'ied or placed under 
 water ; the xiolode de leche xirodiiced a substance like gutta- 
 Iiercha or india-rubber. 
 
 fungus, found in gi'cat quantities in several jdaecs among 
 the luountains of Rioja, and gi'ows to an enormous size. 
 It is very combustible, on account of the quantity of resin 
 it contaiij.s, and is also cla.ssitied a-s n mcdiciJ plant. A 
 curious exhibit is that of guano of the mountain bird 
 called guaucho. Tliis is comxiosed of a kind of gum or 
 resin, and is used by the natives in cases of broken or 
 fvactui'ed l.iones, being mixed with gi'ease when .sjffiuts are 
 required. The yerba-mate comes chiefly from the pro- 
 vince of Corrientes, and sells at about 82.50 per araba of 
 twenty-five tons. SjH-cimens of this herb are shown as 
 ju'epared for camxi-travelers. The tobacco exhibit comes 
 from six or seven different inovinces. 
 
 THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 A Retrospect. 
 
 The Centennial Exposition having completed the first 
 half of its period of existence, it may not be useless or 
 uninteresting to x^reseut such information ns will enable 
 our readers to draw a modified comi)arisoii ln‘tween its 
 results thus far and those of the Engli.sh exhibition of 
 1851. That E.xhibitiou, as has been heretofore stated. 
 
 k HEYNAUD'S r.XniDIT of FOIIEIOK CIJAMPAGNES, cordials, WIKES. ET{\ 
 
Till', l.NSTKUl/i'ION OF CIIILDllEN IN THE KINDEEOAUTEN COTTAGE. UNEEK THE AUSPJCB8 OF THE WOMAN'S DEPAIITMENT, 
 
msroRicAr. r/u,/s //■:/< or tur cf.mtrnnial rxpos/tjon. 
 
 119 
 
 npeued on the 1st of JIuy and closed on the loth of Octo- 
 ber, the time occupied being two weeks less than that 
 allotted to our own. The official catalogue of the London 
 Exhibition was not ready, in a perfect edition, until the 
 30th of April, notwithstanding 10,000 catalogues, properly 
 made n)> and stitchfd, were delivered at tlie Building on 
 the morning of the 1st of Jlay, together with two copies, 
 elegantly bound iu mnrocco, with gilt edges, and lined 
 with silk, for ]nvsentutiun tu Her Majesty the Queen and 
 
 nary Exhibition and social gathering, whih' famine and 
 pestilence wore confidently expected ns the iuc\-itable con- 
 sequence of the assembling of such vast multitudes in one 
 city. Quite the reverse of all this lugubrious condition 
 was, however, the cose. Loudon exhibited a wonderful 
 degree of order and good-humored accommodation for the 
 crowds, and power to provide for their wants. MTiile 
 the general health of the metropolis is said to have been 
 good beyond tlie usual average, it was fcjinnl that it was 
 
 poliei' were entirely unaided by .sohliery, and simply man- 
 aged, through the necessai-y increivso and discipline of their 
 own numbers, to keep the peace of the city. Enormous 
 excursion trains daily poured iu their thousands and tens 
 of thousands without disturbing tlie unanimity of the resi- 
 dents, It was .said that, throughout the seu.son, there was 
 moi’e unrestrained and genuine fellow.ship and les.s for- 
 mality and customary eeremnnial than had ever been known 
 in English sficiety. It wasliki‘ aJi !is.scnibling for a gigantic 
 
 'fIN 
 
 Prince jUbei-l. This official catMogiie consisted of 320 
 pages, ami was sold for one shilling. Translations in 
 French and Germav. were also sold at two shillings and six- 
 pence each. At the opening there were about 25,000 
 persons jirescut iu the Building. Throughout the whole 
 peritid of the gi'oat Exhibition the state of the metroiJulis 
 occasioned wonder and admiration on the part of all who 
 visited it. Previous to the opening there had been predic- 
 tions made that contusion, disorder and demondization, 
 even actual njvolution, would result from this extraordi- 
 
‘■‘"DES'COBiin 
 SPIEGEL MAhJ 
 
 ST cohaij 
 _>EILGELMAIIllEa rl 
 
 ’tCIREy" 
 
 tqf® 
 
 ENTRAL TRANSEPT, LOOKING SOLTli 
 
HIS TORIC. IL RUG IS TER 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 florgympiv As has been the case -with the Centennial Exposi- 
 tion, numerouslarge firms in the north of England sent the 
 people of their establishments to •view the Exhibition in 
 Hyde P;u-k. An eminent agricultural implement maker in 
 Suffolli sent all his people in two hired vessels, pro-^-ided 
 with sleeping-berths, cooking apparatus and every comfort. 
 These vessels, drawn up to the wharf at Westminster, fur- 
 nished homes to the excursionists during their stay in 
 Lr)iidoii, and strict nilcs were eiiforccil as to returning 
 
 school children visited the exhibition, of whom 2,700 were 
 in the building in one day. 
 
 This system and general sanction of the undertaking by 
 employers, with the gradual increase in the number of 
 general rfsitors, affected, of coui’se, in a remai'kable degree , 
 the railways throughout Great Britain. Trains contain- 
 ing 1,000 pereons were common. Trains of 2,000 and 
 3,000 were not infrequent, and one immense train from 
 Bristol brought 5,000 persons. Tlie total receipts of the 
 
 
 AT 
 
 IWLAJJD 
 
 signed in one vertical column to the Pacific Ocean, th*^ 
 dex>th of which is estimated at about six thousand 
 feet, the last edition would still have formed a lonely 
 l^eak, rising to the height of Chimboi-azo or Cotopaxi, 
 or eighteen hunied feet above the level of the sea. 
 Another very abstnisc calculation was to the effci't that 
 if the whole number of catalogues sold had been raised 
 into a vertical i)ile, it would have exceeded the height of 
 St. Paul’s Cathedral fifty timi'M. Tt was fiirtiicr diKeovcred 
 
 
 % 
 
 railways having their termini in Loudon, ore said to have 
 been j£800,000 more during the Exhibition than the cor- 
 responding receijits of the jTrevious yeai'. To meet the 
 wants of this array of visitors, a great munber of guides, 
 liand-books, etc., of the great Exhibition were brought out, 
 as has been the case in Philadelphia, aud those of London 
 met with remarkable success, as have our own. Several 
 curious calculations were made ou the sale of the official 
 catalogue. One was, that if all the editions had been con- 
 
 I that the number of catalogues sold was equal to about one - 1 
 I fifth of the estimated number of i>rintcd volumes i.ssued ’ 
 
 ! from the printing pres.s within the first three centuries after ' 
 the discovery of the use of imuting. The actual number 
 ! of catalogues really sold was ui)ward of 300,000, and the 
 paper required for their manufacture weighed 118 tons, 
 
 I and the type 70,000 pounds. Another eurioas suggestible '] 
 j fact connected ^'•itli the Exhibition is that the total num- 
 1 ber of lettera on the subject received by the Executive 
 
 ° i 
 
mSTORfCAL RF.GIRTF.R OF 
 
 TTIF CFKTFNNIAL FXPOSrnOK. 
 
 in:’. 
 
 Committee amounted to 
 37,000. During tlio 
 twenty-four weeks of the 
 KxhiOition more than 
 0,000,000 of persons 
 visited tiie buililing, the 
 numbers rising immensely 
 toward the close after 
 Homo previous fluctuntion. 
 The opening month did 
 not bring the amount of 
 provinc'ial and foreign 
 visitors exjK-eted, and at 
 the end of May the prieo 
 < if iidiuissiun ^^•lls lowered, 
 Avhen the uthaidance was 
 gr-eatly increased. The 
 daily average during May 
 wn-s ujiwards of 10,000, 
 but by the end of July 
 this iivemgc ha<l increased 
 to upAvard.s 50,000, and 
 tin; entire mean of tho 
 daily average was 43,311. 
 the liighe.st number of 
 admissions being in the 
 
 per diem. Some iutere.st- 
 ing figures are given of 
 tho provisions consumed 
 at tho several refreshment 
 stalls within the Exhib- 
 ition, as follows: Bread, 
 
 52.000 loaves; small 
 loaves, rolls and biscuits, 
 120,000; plain buns, 
 870,000; Bath buns, 
 930,000; cakes, 220,000; 
 cakes sold by the pound, 
 
 50.000 pounds; meat and 
 rolls. 80,000 ; ham. 70,000 
 pounds; beef, t<mgue, 
 etc., 200,000 pounds; 
 rough ice, 800,000 
 X^0U3ids; salt, 8,000 
 j>nuiids; milk and cream, 
 0.",000 quarts; ten, coffeo 
 and chocolate, 21,000 
 lionnds; lemoiiatle, sodn- 
 Avater and ginger-beer, 
 
 1.900.000 bottles. The 
 Exliibition had its own 
 post-oflicc, electric tele- 
 
 liLst week of the Ex- 
 hibition, when about 
 518,277 }> e r 8 o n H 
 visited it. The daily 
 iivei'nge for that week 
 was 86,379. It is 
 estimated that, allow- 
 ing for a fair average 
 of visits to each per 
 son, there were ac- 
 tually ujiwards of 
 I 3,000,000 of difterent 
 visitors tii the Great 
 Exhibition of 1851 
 I during its existtmee. 
 
 I As some guide for 
 I judgment concerning 
 I th(‘ Centennial Ex- 
 position it may be 
 remarked that, from 
 tho opening in Lon- 
 don on tho first of 
 'Muy, 1851, until the 
 middle of June, the 
 number steadily rose; 
 then some abatement, 
 but as tho closing 
 period apimoached, 
 the concourse became 
 as no occasion had 
 previously witnessed, 
 the four last shilling 
 days, October G, 7, 8 
 and 10, luvseutiug an 
 average of 100,000 
 
 THE CHAMPION REAPINU MACHINE IN OPERATION IS THE WHEAT-FIELD AT SCHENCE'S FARM, JULY GtH, 
 
 JO JU' ET I T I V E TRIALS OF T H K CllAMlMON MOWIN' U AND REAPING MACHINES. 
 
 gi-apli and branch 
 bank, its little army 
 of police, it? Cdfis and 
 tuhle iVhttes. There 
 were upwards of 900 
 l)crsons iu ofticiiil 
 emiiloy, and, ex- 
 <du.‘5ive of these, 264 
 attemlants at the re- 
 freshment stalls, and 
 (ibnut 1,000 oxhib- 
 itora' attendants. Tlie 
 liighi-st teiux>erature 
 Wivs oil the 2Gtli of 
 .Tune, when at 4 r.M. 
 the tliermometer 
 veached 97 degrees. 
 The gla-ss ends of the 
 building at the en- 
 trance were removed 
 on the 2d of July, 
 when t h e thermo- 
 meter came down 
 from 74.4 to 66. 6. 
 After that 73.4 was 
 about the niaxinmm. 
 The number of ex- 
 hibitors in the Lon- 
 don Exhibition of 
 1851 was about seven- 
 teen thou.saiul. There 
 were tli irty-f our 
 jinies, eachcon.sisting 
 of an equal number 
 of British subjects 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE. CENTEKXIAI. EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 aiul foiviRnoi'.^. pnipovi'VnT I" o:ill ia tlio aiil nf asso- 
 ciates, 'wlio acted ns advisoi's only, witlioiit a vote. 
 
 Each jury had its own chairman, deputy chairman, 
 and reporter. The chainmai of .several juries formed 
 the council, whose duties were to determine the con- 
 ditions upon which the dill'erent jirizes Rhuiild be 
 awarded. Two medals were awarded : one, n jirize 
 medal, beiiiy given wherever a certain standard of 
 excellence in j)roduction ami workmanship had 
 been attiiiiicd ; the other being eonfeiTcd for .some 
 improvement ill the value of an invention or applica- 
 tion, The former medal was awnrdi.'d by the juries; 
 the latter by the council of chairuicm uiion recom- 
 nieudatiou of the jury. The number of i>rize nudals 
 awarded wivs d.‘.)18 ; the number of council medals, 
 
 170 ; the total number, ineliuling a very extensive list 
 of houoral.ile mentions, wius 5,0^4. Of that grus.s 
 number, 3,000 distinetions wore gmntcd to foreign 
 exhibitors, and 2,030 to exhibitur.s from Great Britain. 
 
 This delineation of the statisties, and otliei-wist*, 
 results of the first gi'eat International Exhibition a 
 quarter of a century since, will fiiruisli food for in- 
 teresting and instrnetive retleetion as to the applieu- 
 tiou of I)ast expi-i'ieiiee to the .situation in I’lnladel- 
 phia. It is not unlikely that the gi-eat increase in the 
 bu.siiies.s of the London Exhibition, notieed as having 
 oeenri'c'd during the last three mouths of its existeiiee. 
 will be paralleled in the history of our own Cen- 
 tennial. _ 
 
 MONU:^IENT TO JOHN WITHERSPOON. 
 
 CoscERNixo the statue to the memory of John 
 Witherspoon, D.D.. LL.D., the corner stone of which 
 was laid November Wth, ISTo, the following will be per- 
 tinent: Dr. Witherspiajii was born in Scotland, Febru- 
 ary 5th, 1722, and dii-d iu rriiiceton. N. J., September 
 15th, 17h4. He is cliielly known as President of Priueeton 
 College in 17G8, and as one of the sigm>rs of the Declara- 
 tion of Imh-pendence. It lis also said that he was a lineal 
 descendant, on tlu' mother's side, of John Knox. 
 
 He was educated at the I’liiver-sity of Edinburgh, and in 
 1745 was ordained minister. He was )>reseut Jis a specta- 
 tor at th.' Battle of Falkirk, .Jc.nuary 17th, 174ii, and was 
 taken prisoner, but was released iiitvr a short eoDtineineut, 
 In 1773 Di‘. Withei-spoon was a member of the Provin- 
 cial Congre.ss of New Jersey, and of the Contineuhd 
 Congres.s at i’hiladelpliia. For .some lime previous to 
 
 W. F. IIL'RPHT’S 80KS’ BLANK BOOK EXHIBIT IX THE MAIN’ BUILIUNQ. 
 
 his death he was totally blind. An incident is related of 
 liiui which shows tlie influence of the man. W hen the 
 Declaration of Independence was on its passage in the Con- 
 tineiitd Congress, and the result was doubtful, the scale is 
 said to have been tni-ned iu a great measure by a speech 
 of Dr. Withei-spoou. In the course of that r]ip(*c1i he said: 
 ••There is a tide in the affairs of men— a nick of time. We 
 ]>erceivc it now before ns — to hesitate is to consent to 
 slavery. That noble instrument on your tihle, which 
 insures immortality to its author, should be subscribe*! this 
 verv inoniiiig by every pen in this house. I' or my own 
 part, of property I have some, of repubition more ; that 
 reputation is staked upon the issues of this contest, that 
 property is pledg»‘d, and although these gray hairs must 
 
 soon descend into the sepulelire. T had infinitely 
 rather thi'V should desi'cnd at the hands of the execu- 
 tioner than desert at this crisis the sacred cause of 
 mv counti^v. " The statue of Dr. \\ itlierspoou is of 
 bronze, 12 feet high, on a pedestal also 12 feet high, 
 coiLstriicted of Quiucy gTimite. The site upon which 
 it is placed is an elevated lawn, just cast of the Art 
 Gallery, including 475 feet north and south, and 325 
 feet east and west, around 'wliidi Lansdowiie Drive 
 sweeps in almost three -fourths of a circle. Thu 
 cost of this monument uill be about S25,000. 
 
 THE FLORAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Horticultural Grounds at Faimount comprise 
 foi-ty acre.s. covering the whole of a sugar-loaf- 
 shaped hill, situati-d near the centre of the Exposi- 
 tion inclosuve. The entire space, exclusive of walks, 
 iKjrders and Imildiiig sites, has been allotted to various 
 pai-ts of the world which make extensive exliibits iu 
 ornamental gardening, and of the tree.s, shrubs, and 
 l>lant.s of comuu-ree. Alaiiy of the trees indigenous 
 to Ihi' Vnit.’d State.s are represeut.al. a-s also plants 
 I'ccentlv iutrodueed into this country from Japan, 
 China, and other Oriental countries. In the place set 
 apai-t fur the display of orn-ameutal ganhaiing there 
 are several thousjinds of flowering, and perhaps as 
 many foliage plants, arranged in the different onia- 
 inental style-s of gardening- caipet, bed, ril;bon, geo- 
 metrical, etc. 
 
 The building, exclusive of the maiu hall and tlie 
 four gi-eeu-houses, is divided into compartments for 
 the individmd exliibits of florists and gardeners. On 
 the north and south sides are the two greenhouses, each 
 30 X 100 ft. in .size, heated by hot water, and specially 
 intended for the exhibition of choice plants of commerce, 
 trojiical and otluT exotic jiroductions. The Alain Hull 
 is 80 x 230 ft. iu size, and is ornamented by a haudsouio 
 marble f.mntaiii iu the centre, summuded by statuary 
 ami speeiiueus of ceramic art. This large building is also 
 heated by hot wuUt eouveyod through pipes, about four 
 miles of four-inch iron pipe being used. 
 
 A large number of the most attractive d.'cornlions of f, 
 the Conservatory have been received ;us duuation.s from the 5 
 Congi'cs-sional Joint Library Committee, the Agricultural 
 Department of the Govermiient, and from prominent j; 
 private citizens. [ ; 
 
 EXHIBIT OF GBEEXtTELD i blKAUsS, CO.SFECTIUNKBS, IN MACHINEKY HALL. 
 

 BY- JOAQUIN MILLER 
 
 Pcaco on earth and harvest time ! 
 
 Hail the day, Imt heal the sears! 
 
 1 leavens blue, yon bannered stars 
 Hk-nding in the tar sublime. 
 
 Sing Peace on earth and harvest time! 
 
 I’eal the cannon! clang the bell! 
 
 A\'ave the banners! How and pray. 
 'I’ui'ii in grathude to-day 
 '1^0 mighty nn_‘li wlm Ibught and It'll- 
 To Him who doeth all things well. 
 
 3 . 
 
 Peace on earth and harvest time! 
 
 The lai'inei- sings ; tlie battle-ticld 
 Hears on her lireast a gleaming shield 
 Ol' corn that clangs in rippled rhyme- 
 To! x>eace on earth and harvest time! 
 
 The Minsh'cl Singn : 
 
IIJC HISTORICAL 
 
 "The Uirhuleid soul 
 
 Of the -lruJ< Sheikh, Ihal ihjies conivL'l.'’ 
 
 Orator, pointing to the Flag : 
 
 I. 
 
 Yon stars stand sentrj’ at the door of dawji ; 
 
 Yon bars break empires. Kings in vain 
 Shall rave and thunder at froetlom'a funo. 
 
 Till the stars leave heaven and the bar-s be gone. 
 
 Then wave, O flag, like the waves of the sea ; 
 
 Cuxre as the waves curve, wild and free, 
 
 And cover the world. Exult in the sun, 
 
 But thunder and threaten where the black storms rim ; 
 .iind the years shall be yours while the eons roll ; 
 
 Ay, yours till the heavens be rolled as a scroll. 
 
 II. 
 
 O glitter bright harvest of stars and gleam 1 
 
 O rise in the heavens and run before 
 
 And bring us the Wise of the East a.s of yore, 
 
 When the good shepherds studied the stai-s in a dream. 
 O triumph, my beauty ! exult in the ah, 
 
 High-throned over all, while the brave and fair 
 Sit down by the rivers of peace to rest. 
 
 And scream, 0 eagle ! exult and scream — 
 
 O scream ns you never have screamed before. 
 
 And flutter your pinions from shore to shore. 
 
 Minstrel to the Peoj^le: 
 m. 
 
 Hark ! ho ! To the movement of men as when 
 Tho good shall gather on the judgment day ! 
 
 The world is astir ! The nide highway 
 
 Has blossomed with beauty and with manly men 
 
 Hark ! ho I Since an hundred years ago, 
 
 ’Tis the year of all yeare to be young once more : 
 
 To come to the front proud soul’d as of yore, 
 lu tho face of men, in tho sim’s full glow, 
 
 Hark ! ho ! To tho boom of gim and of bell, 
 
 And the bravo land answers us — All is well. 
 
 •' Come! sit b;j their rtcers irhere they ixsl.'tiul yo" 
 ,ShaS hear then sing from the sudden emoe.'' 
 
 iEGISTEK OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 rv. 
 
 'Tis the year of all years to bo young, O man 1 
 O man of South-land, or Alaska clan. 
 
 Wien Liberty keepeth her natal day, 
 
 ’Tis a time to feast, and to kneel and to pray. 
 
 'Tis the hundredth year of the Samson’s youth ! 
 Kow what do you bear in your brave, hard hands, 
 O men of freedom, of God, and of truth, 
 
 From the four far comers of the uttermost lands ; 
 From tho ultimate West and the uttermost East, 
 To grace in the tents at the world’s great feast 't 
 
 The Pergile: 
 
 Why, wo bring plenty, and wo bring peace. 
 Borne high in tho hand, blown far in tho air, 
 And fair as that banner of stars set there, 
 
 Are the signs we bear to the world. And these 
 Are the fruits we bring to the land’s gi-eat feast. 
 From the rock-buUt bank of the sea of the East, 
 From the great gold shore of the vast West sea, 
 Why, we bring love to the world, and we 
 Have spread in the tents by the rivers here 
 The full ripe fmits of an hundred year : 
 
 Ripe fruits of the bough, rich fiiiits of the bruin. 
 
 The South red rose and tho roses of snow ; 
 
 The fruits from the mountain, the fniits from the plain, 
 Red grapes of the North and Los Angeh.'. 
 
 Then ores that the gnomes of the earth conceal ; 
 
 Then iron things, and shar^j things of steel ; 
 
 Then the red-mouthed orators, men of war, 
 
 That mounted the bastions and battle car, 
 
 And tm'Dcd to the glittering face of tho foe, 
 
 And spoke, just an hundi'ed yeai-s ago. 
 
 vn. 
 
 Minstrel: 
 
 O good, fair women, are tho gifts ye beni". 
 
 0 sweet, brave men, is the feast in store. 
 
 And all is well and the world is fair 
 And a braver old world than ever before ; 
 
 But the great, grand things of the vast West land, 
 
 The glories that thrill and that stir the blood, 
 
 Tlie men of the land, the land, tho flood, 
 
 They come not borne in any man's hand, 
 
 Or image of them ; and of these I sing, 
 
 And these be the gifts of the feiist I biing. 
 
 \m. 
 
 A woodman’s mattock, his rifle, and then 
 A lone, low cabin, half hidden from view ; 
 
 Then a t )il-giimed face from the bowed-down few, 
 
 As they grappled the forest ! God, it was hard. 
 
 That strife on the border ; but this the reward ! 
 
 Lo ! these, O people, were the heroes when 
 The battle’s edge redden’d the whole east land, 
 
 And men held musket and plow in hand, 
 
 And watched the furrow and watched the foe, 
 
 The heroes ! an hundred years ago. 
 
 IX, 
 
 1 bring from the land of flocks and of herd.s. 
 
 From broad, fertile fields of measureless laud, 
 
 From lands of untamable beasts and of birds. 
 
 From lands of the Gulf and of Rio Grande, 
 
 The tall Texan Ranger, the mate of nild men. 
 
 With blade in his hand he is blazing the way 
 For the world to come after. He does not say, 
 
 Nor yet quite comprehend. But finally, when 
 The New World is finished, ’twill be written that he 
 Was no dull worker in its destiny. 
 
 X. 
 
 The Lone Star that rose from the Mexican seas, 
 
 And rode in the mom of the tropical West 
 Over gray San Jacinto, still sliines in the trees, 
 
 Where foliage is freshest, and fniits are the be.st. 
 
 Here i-oves the Ranger. He is strong, he is free. 
 
 As the storms of the Gulf. Lo ! the majesty 
 Of manhood is his. The turbulent soul 
 Of the Arab Sheikh, that defies control, 
 
 How it tides and swells in this half-tamed man 
 As he turns like a king or a Tartar Khan • 
 
 The Ranger': 
 
 “I'm one uv them fellers as fought with ole Hood. 
 
 I reckon, by golly, yer might recoleck 
 Them lean, ragged Rangers. . . . Not ’ligiously good. 
 They’d cus.s, and the like. So ? Then I speck 
 They’ve writ up a book ’bout that tussle with Hood. 
 
 '■ ’What ! you fit us ? you ! Lord ! Thar stood you’ns, 
 
 A long blue line uv blazin' red hell. 
 
 Then Hood gave a whoop, and down on the blue’ns ; 
 
 Then back rolled the gray'uus. then, God, sich a yell ! 
 And, cats and black dogs ! it was bot then for you’ns. , . . 
 
 EXPOSiriON. 
 
 • We won it that clay. Lord ! Every blue ci^. . . . 
 Shucks ! Let a man brag. That’s all that we’ve go \ 
 
 Yer needn’t to straddle and make sich a muss. . . . 
 
 The bare right to brag uv the fight that wo fought. 
 That’s all that we got Thor ain't much left to il-s. 
 
 “ . . . Centennial, eh ? Say! Tell ’em that fight . . . 
 W’y, uv course the rebs won. But then, don’t you see, 
 No matter who won, or, or which 'uns was right, 
 
 'Twas a reg'lar ole American victory; 
 
 And a reg'lai- ole he-Americau tight. 
 
 “ Me reconstructed ? Gen’ral Jackson ! save ua 
 From men you can lick like dogs till they love you. . . . 
 But thar’s the ole flag that our gran'fathers gave us, 
 
 And, never may other flag flutter above you . . . 
 Litjnor! Well, here’s to ole Abraham . . . Davis!” 
 
 XI. 
 
 I bring you a lofty and a lordly fir, 
 
 Unshorn of a limb, and mantled in moss 
 And the clouds that tangle his tops across. 
 
 From the north Columbia where the cyclones stir. 
 From the dark, from the edge of the world, I bring. 
 High borne in heaven on her seas of air 
 A wide-winged, dolorous swan to sing. 
 
 By the cloudy capes, you may hear her, where 
 She dwells in the clouds, as if riding on 
 The windy watem of the Oregon. 
 
 xn. 
 
 My dark-brow'd cedars of Ochoco 
 I bring you. Weird levels of shadowy land, 
 
 Lo ! endless lie upon either hand ; 
 
 The moccasined red men come and go ; 
 
 They gallop the watered and wood-locked laud 
 Below white columns and cones of snow, 
 
 That round and top to the arch of the skies. . . 
 Tho red man is looking liis last. He dies ! 
 
 The Saxon is sheathing his knife. The plain 
 Is fertile from blood, and wiU bloom again. 
 
 xm. 
 
 I bring you, from nearest to beaven ; I bring 
 From the bastion of Titans their cloud-set tents. 
 O whiter indeed than the swan’s white wing, 
 hlighty indeed as God’s battlements. 
 
 The snowy cones of mine Oregon ! 
 
 They break from the high-held crest of woods, 
 They start from the terrible solitudes 
 Where the dead nights lie. They do come upon 
 The edge of heaveu iu their awful grace, 
 
 .;bnd do make God’s portal their abiding-place. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 I bring you my people from the deejis of fir. 
 
 By the wide still watem and the windy vales ; 
 
 A pastoral people of dreams and of tales, 
 
 Of stories of wonder that thrill and stir 
 The blood as they sit by the bright cabin fire. 
 
 See ! They part the deep woods, peep forth, retir®, 
 Abashed, but with laughter, to the lovely bren.st 
 Of sweet Mother Nature, as her babes, to rest. 
 Come ! sit by theii' rivcr.s where they rest, and yi.u 
 Shall hear them sing fioui the sudden cauoc : 
 
127 
 
 ir/SrORICAl. RFGISrER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXEOR/TION. 
 
 '•A ghosihj I'ing 
 
 StretcheU forth a red hiuid to tho i>eaks of snow.” 
 
 Oregonian sings: 
 
 “ Mi-ka ti-ka elnch-a-man, 
 
 Ni-ka ti-ka cu-i-tan, 
 
 Live ! for life is but a span, 
 
 Love ! for love is life, O man, 
 
 Sailing on the Oregon. 
 
 “Hi! They say they liavo a show. , , , 
 
 Shall we rest or shall we go ? 
 
 They have not one peak of snow 
 Like yon seven in a row 
 Rounding in my Oregon. 
 
 “Go, exhibit if you will ; 
 
 Here, with howls on ev’ry hill, 
 
 Wo will rest ami feast our fill. 
 
 Cha-co mit-lite, ni-ka til. 
 
 Wood and wave of Oregon. 
 
 “Wave your banners, keep your feast, 
 
 Elder brothers of the East ; 
 
 Here is Lethe, hero is peace, 
 
 Lands and herds and fat increase, 
 
 Sku-knm tuni-tum, Oregon. 
 
 “Show your prowess, keep your feast, 
 
 Elder brothers of the East ; 
 
 Rest wo here ! Yet, sound the drum 
 When the days of trouble come, 
 
 And you shall hear from Oregon.'' 
 
 XV. 
 
 I bring you from regions bound round by room, 
 
 The Lord of the Plains — the buffalo bull. 
 
 His liorus fall a-rest. Hu stretches his length. 
 
 His high shoulders heave and his dark brows gloom 
 His sinews aro knotted. Hi.s brisket sweeps full. 
 
 His vast mane tumbles with gathering strength, 
 
 Hi.s black oyes blaze, His swift tail snap.s 
 As it whips in the air. His black hoof taps 
 Right light ou the sand. He quivers, and he 
 Is shaking the earth with his majesty. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 I bring you the rover of the vast, lone plain. 
 
 The skin-clad hero scarce keeps his sent 
 
 As his steed beats the air with his black bare feet. 
 
 Ho drowns his hand in hi.s flood <if mane ; 
 
 Tho wild .steed neighs to his mates in the wind ; 
 
 Ho vaults, ho plunges — the world is behind ! 
 
 Tim world it is his — space, room, are his own ! 
 
 His bright steel his sceptre — his black steed his throuo ! 
 The spurned dust rises, tho sharp hoofs ring. 
 
 He rides. As he rides you may hear him sing : 
 
 The Hunter sings: 
 
 1 . 
 
 “ I ride, I reign tho levek'd [)laiii ; 
 
 I chase the biift'alo. 
 
 CiiK)d-by — I give my steed the rein, 
 
 I ride as winds may blow. 
 
 2 . 
 
 “My mates are bold and bearded men. 
 
 My songs the tempest shrill — 
 
 The panther screaming in the glen. 
 
 The war-whoop on the hill. 
 
 3. 
 
 “ My bride my trusty rifle is, 
 
 My babe my bowie-knife- 
 'Ti.s but 'a copper’s toss if this 
 Be not my last of life. 
 
 4. 
 
 ‘ ‘ And yot I sleep with babe and bride 
 Below God’s rounded wall, 
 
 As soimdly and as satisfied 
 As if in guarded hall. 
 
 5. 
 
 “The mom may wake to mortal strife. 
 
 The day may lay me low ; 
 
 Yet I shall die with babe and wife — 
 
 Good-by — lift hands — I go !” 
 
 xvn. 
 
 I bring you tlie red man. Xay ! I bring 
 But the beck’ning ghosts of the waiTiors that were. . . 
 We stood ou the mountain of fire. The air 
 Was heavy with shadows. A ghostly king 
 Stretched forth a red hand to the jjeaks of snow. 
 Saying, “These are my monuments. These are mine, 
 Through ages that follow, to threaten and shine 
 And recall my achievements. The red man must go, 
 But Shasta remains.” . . . He turned from his post, 
 And moved down the land like a shadowy ghost. 
 
 xvin. 
 
 Despise not his story. The last of his race 
 Once stood in the twilight of wood, and told 
 j Of the molting of stars and tho making of gold. 
 
 As he gathered his blanket and looked in my face : 
 
 “In the days of my fathers, my mother, the earth. 
 
 Gave bii'th to the moon. She trembled abed. 
 And men were fearful to death and fled 
 In canoes to the sea. Then, after the birth. 
 Looking back as they rode on the sea and afar. 
 They saw flames leaping till they touched a star. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 “The flames touched heaven, and then leapt through 
 And melted a star into rain till it fell 
 And scattered a shower of shot as of hell, 
 
 And sowed tho land as your sowers do. 
 
 Ay ! Sowed it with death. Hist ! Listen to me : 
 The earth lay still lay in her lodge at morn. 
 
 And the flames drew back, for the moon was bora ; 
 But, oh, the plague as they rode on the sea ! 
 
 For the star that melted had made the gold 
 That led tho Saxon to our last stronghold.” 
 
 XX. 
 
 I bring from the mighty untracked domain 
 The Pimo palms that fan Mexico. 
 
 I bring you black steeds that do wheel aud blow 
 In clouds aud unbridled along the plain. 
 
 I bring you the ruins that wTcstlo with Time, 
 
 The gi-ay Casse Grande that rise sublime. 
 
 From burning red sands where the savage roams ; 
 
 A homele.ss people aud peopleless homes ! 
 
 The mild-eyed Aztec, his flocks of snow. 
 
 His arts of three thousand years ago. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 I bring the Sien-as, where the sunlight like gold 
 Sifts down through depression and high heaving wood 
 Behold the Vaquero ! How dashing and bold 
 In liis broad sombrero ! The sohtude 
 Of far forked heights is broken with song. 
 
 As he cheerily urges his train along, 
 
 Up ! up through the clouds, to the tmrbulent height 
 Of the lone miners’ town. Up, up through tho night 
 The brave mules clamber in line, and they chng, 
 
 And you hear him shout, as you hear bim sing : 
 
 The Muleteer sings: 
 
 “Uppa! uiula ! umcha, cain, 
 
 Senorita, monte, faro — 
 
 Nights must be, 
 
 But lights may burn 
 Oh, bide for me, 
 
 For I return. 
 
 “ Ki ! Muchaeo ! Y'aup ! Lolita! 
 
 Some cue’s waiting, Seuuriua— 
 
 Nights must bo. 
 
 And stonus must blow, 
 
 But love fears neither 
 Night nor snow.” 
 
 XXII. 
 
 I bring you the river of earth that divides 
 The wide middle-world ; aud the men thereon ; 
 
 The surly leviathan there that rides 
 The curled swift waters ; that turns upon 
 His keel as a strong man turns on his heel. 
 
 My whole soul thrills as I see the king 
 At wheel or fire. His arms are bare. 
 
 His breast is opened. It is black wth liah- 
 And the smoke of battle. Behold, I bring 
 This man to the feast, and I crown him king’. 
 
 xxni. 
 
 A new and black brother, half troubadour, 
 
 A stmy piece of miduight, comes gx-inniug ou deck. 
 
 Lo ! beauty aud valor ! The song of the shore. 
 
 The “ Hail Columbia !” hills faint and far. 
 
 We como upon night and her sentinel star — 
 
 Tho thousand biii^ht banners have dimmed to a speck. 
 
 The curled sicifl icaters.'' 
 
128 
 
 mSTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 
 
 
 -L'j! j'Ciittf on ecirtA,’' 
 
 The X>''jrn siu'js; 
 
 ” riwino (Town to ile Quaker liiiU, 
 "Wo white folks ami cle niggers all, 
 Gwinc to dftt Centeni-awl. 
 
 Oil, tight fur do Union ! 
 
 Chorus : 
 
 “Gwineto dat Ceiiteni-awl, 
 Ccuteni*awl, Centeni-iiwl ; 
 Gwine to dat Centeni-awl ; 
 To figlit for do Union ! 
 
 '* Don’t know jig whnt it’s all about, 
 I’se gwine down to see ’em out, 
 
 For I kin sliako a liecl an’ shout. 
 
 Oh, fight for dii Union ! 
 
 “Hat an' bonks I'sc gwine down 
 To dat ole Pensi-quaker town, 
 An’ camj5 upon do buttle-grouix’, 
 Oh. fight for do Union ! 
 
 Bully boy, wid hat bent in, 
 Lots o’ time an’ lots o’ tin, 
 Shoutin’ for do flag dat win, 
 Oh, fight for do Union 1 
 
 “ Stoga boots an’ stoTe*pipe hat, 
 Standin’ collar, an' jdeuty o’ dat j 
 Sweet potatoes an ’possum fat, 
 Oh, fight for do Union !” 
 
 From the salt-flood floors of the Gulden 
 Gate, 
 
 Where tho sea shows hi.s teeth like a 
 dog in wait, 
 
 I bring you for Commerce a handful of 
 sand — 
 
 A handful of sand that sinewy meu 
 Hare sifted from canon and gorgo and glen. 
 
 In thi.s was she nourished — grown kill and free, 
 Till her ships weut forth to the farthermost land, 
 And girdled the earth with golden estate, 
 
 And made or numuile the inuuarchs to be. 
 
 From the gold of the saml by the vast West sea. 
 
 Lo ! rock -rent Herada ! The beared land is sown 
 W'ith cinder and boulders. 'Tis tho torn battle-fii-id 
 Of the Titans of Saturn. Here ;ell the shield 
 Embossed in chascil silver, Yonder was thrown 
 Tile gold-headed javelin. . . Hark ! Engine and wheel 
 Behold ! from yon eiiiuiiieys roll columns of smoke. 
 The furnaces gleam. You may hear the stroke, 
 
 The clashing and clauging of jiiok and of steel — 
 
 The steel in the heart of the ribb'd earth hurled, 
 
 And a song sounds up from tho deeps of the world ; 
 
 It f tire baltlii'g with Ute gnomts, 
 
 Ilf /icive grqqied them in their hoinvs.” 
 
 Afiners sin^: 
 
 1 . 
 
 ‘ In tho r.arlh and underground. 
 Full a half a mile below. 
 
 When' tho day.s may never come, 
 Where tho night.s may never go, 
 Where the smoky gunnies are found 
 Just a level mile below 
 
 ai'c molcin2 through tho ground. 
 
 “Wo arc marching underground. 
 Full a hundred thomsuml strong ; 
 Y’ou may hear onr anuor soimd. 
 Yon may hear our battic-song. 
 There is cla.sh of pick aud tine. 
 There is movement in the mine, 
 We arc marching rmderground. 
 
 •• Wo shall conquer uuilergi'ound. 
 
 Wo shall pillage castic, palace. 
 
 Wo shall plunder plate and chalice, 
 Where the busy gnomes abouud ; 
 
 We shall rise with shouts of joy, 
 
 We shall come, like Greeks from Troy, 
 From tho battle underground.” 
 
 Orn/or i-j (he People : 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Oh, wondrous the wealth, protligioms the 
 powers ! 
 
 Unbound the dominion, and matchless the 
 love ! 
 
 And this the inhoritanco ! This, then, is 
 ours ; 
 
 Ileached down, as yon stars are reached 
 down, from above. 
 
 Then rise in your places. Bisc up ! Let us 
 take 
 
 great o.,tli tugethur u-s we gather us 
 here, 
 
 At the end aud beginning of an Imudrcd 
 year, 
 
 For the love of Freedom, for Liberty’s 
 sake — 
 
 To hand the Bepubhc on down, nndefiled. 
 
 As 1*0 have received it, from lather to child. 
 
 The black man h.a.s mountcil a keg. From 
 his throne 
 
 He thrum.s his banjo. Come ! let ns alone. 
 Ay, lot us be careless ! The next hundi-ed 
 yfar, 
 
 Wherever it brings us, will not bring us here- 
 
 •■A line awl bluck brulher, hut/ troubuilour, 
 
 A tiray piece of midnight coau'S grinning on deck.'’ 
 
 3. 
 
 “Wo aro fighthig underground. 
 
 How a thud, n smell of powder — 
 Louder now, and — louder, louder 
 Till tho dcejis be deaf with sound. 
 
 Wo are battling with tho gnomes, 
 
 Wo havo gripped them in their homes, 
 Wo ure bleeding uudergruiiud. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 The past is before us. Its lessons are ours ; 
 Tho cycles roll by, and beckon, and cry — 
 
 “ Lo ! there fell Babylon ; fell, eaten away 
 With lust and luxury. Her thousand towers, 
 Her temples, her gardens, are dust to-day, 
 And tlie wild-fox burrows where her portals 
 he. 
 
 Lo ! Greece ilied here, devoured by .strife 
 Of kings she hail craiUed and mu-turod to 
 hfo. 
 
 Lo ! there, proud Borne, in iuqioiiid flight, 
 FeU down from the sun to the darkness of 
 night. 
 
 xxi-nT. 
 
 Oh, let us live piue iu the flush-tide of life ; 
 Be patient in valor ns tho solemn years roll. 
 Oh, Jet us not strive too much in the strife. 
 But bridle ambition and invoke control. 
 Come, turn us from luxury, dash down the 
 wine, 
 
 And walk by tho waters. ,So hve, that men 
 Who shall stand where we stand, iu tho foot- 
 prints of Feun, 
 
 By the same broad city, in tho same sun- 
 shine, 
 
 Shall say of us all, just a century hence, 
 “They were worthy, indeed, tho inherit- 
 ance.” 
 
 The People sing u Song of Peace : 
 
 1 . 
 
 The gross is green ou Bunker hill, 
 
 Tho waters sweet in Brandywine ; 
 The sword slee^i-s in the scabbard still, 
 Tho fiumer keeps his flock and vine ; 
 Then, who would mar the scene to-day 
 With vaunt of battle-field or fray ? 
 
 2 . 
 
 Tho brave com lifts iu regiments 
 Ten thousand .sabres in the sun , 
 The ricks replace the battle-tents. 
 The bannered tassels toss and run. 
 The neighing steed, the bugle's blast, 
 These be but stories of the past, 
 
 3. 
 
 The earth has healed her wounded breast. 
 The cannons plow the field no more ; 
 The heroes rc.st ! Oh, let them re.st 
 In peace along tlie peaceful shore ! 
 
 They fought for peace, for i<eaee they fell ; 
 They sleep in peace, and all is well. 
 
 4. 
 
 The fields forget the battles fought, 
 
 The trenches wave in golden grain ; 
 Shall we neglect the lessons taught 
 And tear the wounds agape again ? 
 Sweet Mother Nature, nurse the land, 
 
 And heal her wounds with gentle hand. 
 
 6. 
 
 Lo 1 peace on earth. Lo ! flock and fold, 
 Lo 1 rich abundance, fat increase, 
 
 And valleys clad in sheen of gold. 
 
 Oh, rise and sing a song of peace 1 
 For Theseus roams tho land no more. 
 
 And Janus rests with rusted door. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSLTION. 
 
 129 
 
 AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 {^^onVinncd frOMi 117.^ 
 
 JaI'AX. 
 
 Thr snufcliwost comer of the Agricultural Building is dc- 
 r ited to Japan. This dcjiartmcnt, beginning with an ox- 
 Uibit of tobacco, in leaf, pressed and cut, i.s followed by a 
 frame of illustrations done in colors by hand, presenting 
 
 is unwle illnstriiting the niiinufacture of silk in cocoons and | 
 reel. A number of hide.s are displayed, dreaH'd A^th the I 
 fur on, ]u-esenting specimens of some twenty different ani- I 
 mills. From the province of Tntoiui there is a small ex- ' 
 hibit of fibn‘8 ; and from tlnit of Setzii an exhil lit of cotton | 
 in a raw st;ite and in all stages of preparation. A di.splay 
 of hemp, ramie, jute ami China gr.iss fibres complete.s this ' 
 poitiou of the Jajiaueso departuumt. A v<“ry jiretty exhibit : 
 is made of the different kinds of native dye-woods, number- ^ 
 
 withoirt the bark, in its natm'ul condition, and varnished. 
 The.se specimens number about one hundred. 
 
 ‘\‘';XEZt:KLA. 
 
 The Veneznola dei^artment includes a considerable ex- 
 hibitioji of native grain.s, including the coffee bean ; quite a 
 show of presciwed fruits ; bark.s used for medicinal pur- 
 poses and for dyeing; oils, bid.ssims, etc. Added to theso 
 are specimens of u ax, soaps, and natiA e wines and cordials. 
 
 JCI.Y to, 1876,-THi; CENTESMAL CELEBBAIIO.Y IN PHILADELPmA-KICHABl) HESEY LEE, OF VIEGINIA, HEADING THE DECLAllATION OF ISHEPENDENOE 
 I ’AT IXDbJ'EXUEXPE SQUARE JULY 1 th. 
 
 tile cultivation of tea, and the various growths of the plant. 
 At this point commences the exhibit of Japanese teas in 
 boxes and in jars of wood, metal, imd pottery, ^-ith a large 
 number of glass bottles filled with small samples of tea. 
 There is a small display of wicker-work, baskets, mats, etc., 
 fishmg-nets of (btTerent patt-rns, and fi.sJung-md.s of bam- 
 boo in a eon.sidcralile quantity, some of them being highly 
 decorated. A small collection of insects injurious to vege- 
 tation is displayed, with models of the mulbeiTv-tree, a 
 model of a Japanese house, etc. A very handsome display | 
 
 V 
 
 ing twenty cxliibits ; and next are several specimens of the 
 skins of fish, dressed after a peculiar manner. There’is a 
 small display of preserved fish and meat, the latter of hams. 
 There is an exhibit of isinglass, and a number of exhibits 
 of sugars, staix-h, Japanese c-anclies, 2 '>rc.served fruits, and 
 bottlesof mulberry wine, loinnnade imneli imd other nativo 
 driuk.s. Prom Tokio there is quite a collection of sauces, 
 for meat or fish, i)repared from fermented grain. The dis- 
 play of uatbv Jajiauese woods is quite full aud \ eiy h:md- 
 soinely presented, including specimens of leaves, of wood 
 
 The celebrated Angostura bitters are here in full force. The 
 textile fabrics are displayed to some extent, and there is a 
 very ingenious-looking piece of . meclianisiii for meastu-ing 
 I in the manufacture of clothing. Dyes, Wius-fruits, choco- 
 late, an exhibit of boots aud shoes of a very tasteful ap- 
 pearance, and a small cxliibit of blank books, complete this 
 collection. A compliment is paid to Amenca in the exhibit 
 of a large specimen of artistic work in human hair — a 
 • figiurc sujjposcd to rciu'csciit rjiberty atcomiJanying Wash- 
 1 ington, This is exhibited by EVntonio Giuniau Blanco. 
 
130 
 
 N/STOR/CAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEHXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 The department of Norway is situated immeiUately be- 
 hind that of Brazil, and its exhibits are presented in an 
 ornamental shape, the cases couhiiiiing the different articles 
 being very prettily constructed and artistically decorated. 
 In the centre is quite a show of confectionciy, bottles of 
 ])uneh and liqueurs. Next to this is an exhibit of native 
 woods, showing sections of tmnks of trees, planks, battens, 
 staves, cornices, etc. Behind this is a disjilay of gi’nins, 
 stuffed birds, canned meats, Norwegian p;ile ide, hides, and 
 condensed milk. The display of pale ulc of various inauufac- 
 t'lro is qtiite large. The Christiania Preserving Company 
 exhibits a large nnmber of speeinieus of preserved meat, 
 poultrv, game, fish, soup niiaits, etc. There is one ca.se 
 des'oted to tobacco and cig:u's, and several to aqua ritic and 
 other preparations of spirits. One custom of the country is 
 repre-sented by a stiilTed figure presenting a passenger on a 
 reindeer-.sledge, a man in life-size, being heavily cuati'd and 
 wrapped in furs, and a reindeer riither nn.lersized, in a very 
 n itm-al iio.sition. Btit decid-.Hlly the most interesting por- 
 tion of the Norwegian disi^lay is comprised in the exhibi- 
 tion of fish and of fislieiies. This is quite in the nni-thwest 
 corner of the building, and occupies a space of about fifty 
 fc.'t sijnare. Iii this arc a collection of glu-ss jars exhibiting 
 specimens of the ditferent fish native to the country, 
 models of some larger specimens, mndc-ls of fishing- 
 boats. boxes and jars containing preserved fish, and in- 
 cluding red herrings, cods, haddocks, white lierrings, 
 fish-oil. fish-roc.s, salted and dried cod. oy.stei-s, etc. 
 There are also exhibited fishing glue, enriar, fishin;; 
 oil, preserved salmon, lobsters, etc. A Nonv,-gian fi.shing 
 .sled with iniplenieuts is also disjilayod. There are se^•el■al 
 speeiniens of leather and belting, one exhibit of butter, and 
 one of preserved old eheesc. Fisb guano and Norwegian 
 artifieial manure arc also exhibited; and, in addition to 
 the models of fisliiug-boat-s, a inoTlel of a fisherman '.s Imt. 
 Besides these, there is a large eollin-tiou of fishing-tackle, 
 indndiug nets of the very larg<-st species, model of an ice- 
 house, salt herrings in boxes. In fact, a large and most 
 complete and instrnetiA'O cnllcetiun of articles, illustiiitiug 
 one of the most iiiiportuut iiidustrie.s of Norway. 
 
 lyin.v JlrBBKR Exhibit of Sovth .\xij CEXTit.vi 
 Amkhu'a. 
 
 A short distance from the department last desi'ribed, a 
 space of about twenty -five fi>et sipiare is given iqi to ex- 
 hibits of india rubber, ineludiug the nibbcr-tree in several 
 varieties, and the gmu in ditVerent eoiiditions. india rubber 
 milk, dry leaves, and various other products, those being 
 exhibiU'd by bickers in the South American traile. and in- 
 cluding exhibits from Criiayatpui. Panama, Cai-thageiin. 
 Hondimis and other South and C'entral Amei-ican countries, 
 besides specimens from iilexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, 
 and the western 
 countries of Africa, 
 
 As.sain. East Indies, 
 
 .te, 
 
 Poimo.vL. 
 
 T h c I’urtugne.se. 
 exhibition Is exten 
 sive and varied 
 Naturally it pro. 
 
 - -sent-s its chief foree 
 in it.s dis]>lay of 
 wines: muscatel, 
 grape, port, etc, 11- 
 sides tho wines, 
 there ai'e consider- 
 able exhibits of 
 brandies, litpieurs, 
 syrups, etc. , after 
 which come the ex- 
 hibits of grains and 
 •seed-s, beans of in- 
 numerable varieties, 
 the whole being 
 comprised in about 
 a thousand glass 
 jars of various sizes 
 ami shapes, making 
 a Very liand.sonn' 
 and oomjdete dis- 
 play of this elas-s of 
 agricultural pro- 
 duets. The display 
 of canned fruits and 
 ^•egetul^les is alsi > 
 uiiexpeetedly large 
 and full, and com- 
 prise.s.all imaginable 
 articles in tins lino. 
 
 There is also a eoii- 
 sidt'rabU* display of 
 I'heese, and a vei'y 
 full exhibit of olives, 
 as also of iudigen- 
 »us nuts, dried 
 fruits, honey 
 
 MOSfilEXT OF SCTTHE BLADES, 
 
 biscuit.s, The exhibition of confectionery is quite showy, 
 including dried fruits, candies and preserves of ^•a^ions 
 kinds. The Portuguese i-xhibition closes with an exhibit of 
 liides and a full representation of native seeds in bottles. 
 But the spac(> allotted toporiugal and filled by that ooimtiy 
 does not cud here. On tlu- southern Avail of tlm building, 
 east of the nave, and on a line with the .Japanese depart- 
 ment. is a very full display of fibrous materials, an'anged in 
 glass A’a.st‘s, and iiu-luding the produols of hemp, flax, aa-ooI, 
 eotti'ii and silk in cocoons and .skeins. Next to this Is a 
 lung line of bottles, iii.any Immlrcds in nnmber, containing 
 exhibits in olive oil. Fronting these exhibits arc tho.se of the 
 AAU-ious Portnguesi.’ colonies, including Goa, Mozambiqiu'. 
 St. Thomas. Priueii>e, Cape Verde, Macao. These I'xhibits 
 include the prodnetinn of the countries specifled. comiiris- 
 iug specimens of native Avoods, gums, gniins. st'eds. nuts 
 and tobacco. .1 trophy of arms.] axe-s, spcar.s, javelins, 
 cliAbs, etc., presents a bristling appearance. A number 
 of cocoanut.s, preserved fmits and vegetables, and a spi'ei- 
 men of a gigantic fungus groAVth, complete this di-partment, 
 
 Spain. 
 
 The depaiimont of Spain is next to that of Portugal, and 
 includes also the various colonies ; the West India Islands, 
 
 Philippine Islands, etc. The spectator is at once struck 
 Avith the largeness and Avealth of this department. Natur- 
 ally, the ilisplay of tobacco in its various form.s. and partic- 
 ularh' cigars of the finest inauufactnve, is large and 
 imposing. Thi.s would bo expected, but the surjArising 
 feature of the Si)aiiish department is the extent of it.s ex- 
 hibits in imexpceted direction.s ; as, for instance, in the 
 matter of grains and nuts the display far exceeds anything 
 elst'of the same character in the entire exhibition. In that 
 of fibres it is u<j less complete, the exliibits .shoAving un- 
 usual care and histe in their selection and ilisplay, In the' 
 products of olive, both in the fniit and the oil. there is a 
 full and handsome repiT'sentatioii. Wines and liqueurs 
 are represented to a considerable extent, although not in 
 comparison AAuth those of Portugal. It is to be ivgi'etted 
 that, no catalogue lamug been 2 >rcpared of tho SjAanish 
 department, the investigator is left to his oavu resources 
 in examining it. 
 
 IlrssiA. 
 
 Inunediately behind .SjAain. and extending to the Avest 
 Avail of the building, is the department of llnssia, -whose ex- 
 liibit.s commence with a number of a^-icnltural machinoa 
 and imiilements, ineludiug tho i-eai)ing-maeliino, thiTshiug- 
 maehine.AAinnowing and sortiug-niaehine, asiAaragns-diggcr, 
 etc. Beside these is a eonsiilerable ilisplay of soajA, inelud- 
 ing tAvo lirge ca.ses of Ciustile soap. Next to this, iu a 
 frame, are .si)ecimen.s of sealing-Avax, artistically arranged ; 
 also a case containing samples of Portland cement, and 
 some A-ei-y beantifiil SiAeeimen-s of cocoons, raAv and flo.ssed 
 silk. SiAecimens of mineral coloi-s and samples of iiottery 
 I come next, and in the centre u curious little roof-stnictnro 
 I is hung with a niiseellaneous collection of domestic articles 
 I in use iu Kus-sia, including lantenis, tea-m-ns, a cradle, har- 
 t ness, bruslies, toys, musical instruments, china-AA-arc, religi- 
 ! oii.s lAaintings on lAanel, and a gi'cat many other articles not 
 I peculiar to Kiissia. A large ea.se contains albumen, plios- 
 jiliates, snljAhate of <‘oj>jAer, and other chemicals, neatly jaix*- 
 [ .simted in gla.H.s jai-s. Next to this is a ca.se specially 
 I devote, 1 to an exhibit of ink of different oolov.s, and next a 
 ' very l>i'untifnl exhibit of r.'ftiied beet-root .sugar. Then 
 comes a fiuse containing chocolate and other confections, 
 
 I jiri'served fniits. mit-caiidies. etc. Next, lUiuther ciuse AAuth 
 ' exhibits of sugar in loaves, cut and gi-unulated. Near to 
 the.se exhibits last mentioned are a number of cases iu 
 which is disitlayiHl tobacco iu A-arious forms, the Avell-knoAvii 
 llu.H.sian cigarette being jAreseiit in large (piautities. There 
 are. also, hoAvever, exliiliits of aiAiKU'ently Avell-made cigars. 
 I’oUoAving these is a case containing Avax candles ami sjao- 
 cimeuH of aa-ux imitati,)ii fniits. Avhieli brings ns to .some 
 samiAles of manufactures in chiecory tuid wlieat flour. A 
 large case of liqueurs and extnicts next attracts onr atten- 
 tion. beside Avhich is miothev containing c<Anfecti<Ancry and 
 cakes. We then emue upon un exhibit of garments made 
 of various furs and skins, iueluding iistraklian, lamb s avooI 
 and others. The 
 disi>lay of avooI and 
 fi\)rons material is 
 v,'ry large, and in- 
 elude.s samples from 
 most of tho Avool- 
 groAAung districts of 
 Bnasia. There are 
 liere, also, speci- 
 mens of silk manu- 
 factured from the 
 Avonn and the co- 
 coon up to skeins 
 of ruAv silk, and 
 e.xliibits in flax and 
 lienqi innumerable. 
 In fact, the disiAlay 
 of Avool and flax, 
 staijlo products of 
 Russia, may be 
 con.sidereil one of 
 the chief iioints of 
 the agiacultui-al ex- 
 hibition of that 
 country. 
 
 Next to this, jAcr- 
 hajAS, the exhibits of 
 groins, seeds and 
 beaus are the most 
 extensive and I'e- 
 jAresentativf. Nearly 
 iu the centre of the 
 Russian deiAartmeut 
 is a gT'otijA of tninlcs 
 or boxes, a kind 
 ciAimnonly used by 
 the Russians, being 
 made of Avond and 
 metul, some of them 
 being coii-siderablv 
 larger than the 
 Saratoga trunk. 
 Something of a show 
 is made by the Eufi- 
 sians in basket- 
 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 work, blit cnnsiflrmbly 
 more in very jn-etty con- 
 Rtructioiis in birch 
 bark ; a few specimens 
 of native woods in tlie 
 form of bonks, backed 
 v.-ith the bark, and labels 
 thereupon, with the 
 name of the wood, 
 to be seen in a 
 facing the end of the 
 Spanish department, 
 next to which is a case 
 containing artificial 
 Jionoy and hnneycomb. 
 and next to that a bee- 
 hive. Rns-sia furnislu'.s 
 a very full show of pre- 
 sciwed fniit-s and berries, 
 dried, including straw- 
 berries, whortlebcmos, 
 ra-spbemes, etc., beside 
 whicli are some siicci- 
 mens of coffee in large 
 glass jai-s, dried peas, 
 lentils, anise, cedar-nuts, 
 walnuts, ftpaui.sli nuts, 
 filberts, jiruuc.s, more llon^‘,^■, more preserved fruits and 
 isinglas.s. This brings us to the display of canned meats, 
 fish, etc,, and of distilled brandies, liipicurs, wiue.s, balstim, 
 etc., to ^\’hich may he udtled mention of two citses which 
 occur here, containing samples i>f leaf tobacco, with two 
 casts containing specimens of leggins, over-boots, cajis, 
 and other fabrications in fidting, with a few scarf.s in funcy 
 cnlon-d materials. 
 
 Among the forest 2 >roducts are sxieeimens of various kinds 
 of trees gi'owing in the for<-sts and steiijics of Itus-sia. 
 yamijlcs of Iareh-wo(id, larch and cedar combs, gidl-nuts, 
 willow-bark fur tanning skins, fir and jiine seeds, and re 2 >ro- 
 duotions of sixty -two varieties of uiijile-trocs iieculiur to the 
 Isle of Waylaam, 
 products cxliibited consist of red wheat, rye, baidey, onts, 
 timothy -gi'nss, India millet, maize, buckwheat, vetch, red 
 clover, and luzeru. Concerning the cigarette mimufuetnrc, 
 one establishment is mentioned, situated at Rostov, ou tlio 
 Don, which cmiiloys 500 workmen, and manufactures 
 
 25.000. 000 of cigarette.s annually, of the vidne of 1,500,000 
 rubles ; but this is exceeded by n inaimfactorj' in St. 
 Petei-sburg and one in Warsaw, which cmidoys 1,(500 work- 
 jieoi)le, men and women, and whose iiiamifacture is •valued 
 lit 1,700,000 rnbles i)cr annum. The tobacco n.scd for 
 these cigm-fttes is Ress-Arabian, Virginian, Cunca.sinn, 
 C’rimeau and native. CUiiccoiy is mamifuetured to a con- 
 siderable extent in Russia, as is also fig-coffee and chocolate. 
 Among the seeds disjjluyed arc linseed, ^\•ild rajje-.sccd, 
 Odessa, beet-root seed and mustard-seed. Tlie Ru.s.siau 
 caviar is exhibited, and isinglass made from the sturgeon. 
 The sugar maniifuctoriea of Warsaw employ a.s many us 500 
 to 600 workmen, each manufacturing sngai- to the value of 
 2,500,000 rubles annually. One of these cmiiluys 1,000 
 ■workmen, and another makes to the amount of more than 
 
 4.000. 000 rnbles worth jicr annum. The 'wines exhibited 
 by Russia include -white grape-wine, .sweet muscatel wine, 
 Kakhetian wine, and others of better kno\ni brands ; corn 
 brandies of ilifforent kinds are exliibited, imd ijuiicb, im- 
 l>erial, raspberry and chen-y. One beer mamifactorv- at 
 St. Petersburg employs 250 workmen, and manufactures 
 beer to the amount of 600,000 nibles i>cr ammm. 
 
 jars and boxes under 
 glass. Following this 
 are exhibits of wool, and 
 next is a very interest- 
 ing collection illustrating 
 the entomology and or- 
 nithology of Canada. 
 The flora of Camula is 
 iUmstrated in dried s{>c- 
 cimens exhibited in imrt- 
 folios under glass. Here 
 iJso is a small exhibit of 
 C an a d a - manufactured 
 tobacco, canned meats 
 and fish, and an ex- 
 hibit of Canada salt 
 comes next, after which 
 is presented an exhibit 
 of macaroni from Mont- 
 real. and also from tho 
 same city a considerable 
 ilisplay of buckwheat, 
 o a t m e a !, wheat, and 
 craeked wheat flours. 
 The idontreal brewery 
 makes a fine show of 
 
 ales and jiorters, and 
 
 from Hamilton are several very fine fleeces, carefully pro- 
 l)ared and of beautiful texture. Hams and sides of bacon 
 come next, with more canned article.s, including every 
 imaginable eatable, game-i)ie, hunter’s-jne, venison-pie, 
 Oxford .sausage.s, boiled fowl, lamb-chojxs, curried fowl, 
 soups, tnifticd fowls, hashed mutton, 2 ’ig^ons, uuittim- 
 cho 2 >s, beefstcnk- 2 )ie, etc. From Victoria, British Co- 
 lumbia, are some exliibits of dried fish, crimbcrries, 
 different kinds of oil, boxes (>f wool, vinegar, "wooden 
 2 >ails, and nianufactiu'ed tobacco. Quite a 2 ^romiuont 
 
 exhibit in this dc 2 )avtmcnt is the tick - destroyer for 
 
 shec 2 ). Tho fisheries of Ciuiada are illustrated by dried 
 s 2 K“cimens in boxes and others in besides canned 
 
 fish in a variety. We now como u 2 )ou the dis 2 )lny of New 
 Bnmswick woods, arranged U 2 )on a high 2 'artition, topped 
 with a moosc-heatl and a 2 >air of snow-shoes, as an appro- 
 2 ''riat(! ornament. These woods include forest woods, 
 shrubs, etc., evergreen and dccidnons tree.s indigenous to 
 the 2 >rovince of New Bmnswiek, used for .shipbuilding, 
 constructional, cabinet, and ornamental 2>ur230ses. These 
 comprise sixty -seven specimens, accompanied -with foliage 
 and cone. Victoria anil New Westminster, British Colum- 
 bia, also exhibit cranberries. In Nova Scotia there are six 
 cases of stuffed birds, one 2 )air of cariboo, two cariboo- 
 heads, two moose - heads, and one black bear. From 
 Ontario there are stuffed birds. Ontario sends flax and 
 Victoria wool, and the Canadian Commission make a dis- 
 play of Indian wool from Britisli Columbia. The agricul- 
 tural machines and im 2 fiements include plows, a very fina 
 one being the Yeankle plow — almost entirely manufac- 
 tmed of steel— from Ontario. Ontario, in fact, sends tho 
 most agricultural implements, although from St. John 
 there ate a mower, bay-rake, thrasher, hay-cutter, and 
 potato-diggers. From Chm-lottetown, P. E. I., there is a 
 potato-digger, and from Halifax a horizontal churn. One 
 potato-digger has five rows of steel blades, nine in each 
 row. This, callcel the Dominion - Howe's mower and 
 reaper, manufactured by Sawyer Co., of Hamilton, 
 Ontario, discharges tho overflow of gi-aiii by tlie move- 
 ment of a lever under control of the driver, and seems 
 generally well-fitted to its pmpose. There are also grain- 
 
 1 the Ladoga Lake. Tin? agi-ieultund 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER’S PLOW. 
 
 confectionery in Sloscon-, which exliibits sugar-candy, 
 marble fruit, ])reserves, aiul gingerbread, cmiiluys (500 
 workmen, and its niaiinfaeture is worth over a million of 
 nibles 2 'cr aunnm. It shoidd be nientioued that a ruble is 
 worth about seventy-eight cents, gold. The Agricultiu'al 
 Jlnseinn of St. Petersliiirg exhibits a collection of sam 2 )les 
 of cotton and cotton .seeds from Turkestan. Tho flax and 
 hemp come from Biga, Kazan, and St. Petersburg. The 
 wool, which inelnde-s merino, S 2 )anisli. Eus.siau and Ne- 
 gretti breeds, is from Jloseow, I’oltova, Warsaw, Odes.sa and 
 St. Petersburg. The silk is from Kief and Moscow, 
 the niacliiues and im 2 )lemonts, the as 2 iaragus-digger, 
 vented by the exhibitor, Albert Benkowski, is from Warsaw, 
 as are also rea 2 )ing-niacliines, thrashing-machines, and win- 
 nowing and .sorting machines. The 2 >bosphatie and other 
 maimres come from St. Petersburg, from a manufactory 
 established in 1859, em 2 )loyiiig 100 workmen. 
 
 Esoland. 
 
 Returning now to the .southern end of tlie building, on 
 the eastern side of the navi-, wc enter the de 2 )artmeut 
 allotted to Great Britain and her colonies. Here we ' 
 begin with S 2 )cciinens c>f maniifaoture in iron wire, net- 
 ting, screens, etc., for fences and for mining and other 2 mr- 
 2 >osea. The next exhibit is Staffordshire ware, l.iotli 2 >lain 
 and ornamental. It is quite full enough to give one an 
 ade( 2 iiate idea of tlie 2 >eculiar quality and characteristics 
 of this nianiifucture. Some of the specimens are exceed- 
 ingly beautiful, very’ tastefully ornamented, as is the case, . 
 also, with saniple.s of toilet sets. Next are some burr mill- 
 stones for wheat-grinding, and smaller stones for fine- 
 edged tools, an exhibit of terra -cotta, chimney- shafts, 
 scouring - bricks, more manufactures in terra-cotta from 
 Sussex, England, some of them being quite ornamental ; 
 some specimens of pottery from Devonshire ; and this 
 brings us to an exhibit of sheep and gai-den-shcars from 
 Shefiielfl ; edgetools used in agriculture, from Mell’s Iron 
 Works, in Somersetshire ; an exhibit of Teiment’s ales, 
 and one of East India ale from the Pnujunb, are all the 
 British li(juoi-s that we meet here. The next exhibit is of 
 a filter a.s used in water-tiuks ; an<I the next a filter- 2 )re.ss 
 for clarifying liquids. The (li.s 2 fiuy now begins to be 
 exceedingly niisccUaneons, inelnding cement for glass and 
 crockery, etc. ; specimens of cocoa, linking - 2 >owders, 
 crackers, desiccated milk, extracts of meat from Australia, 
 Scotch oatmeal ; a S 2 iecial exhibit of the Loudon celebrated 
 chocolate menier ; a magnificent upright cabinet contain- 
 ing mustard from a factory established 134 years ago ; 
 more oatmeal, ginger-ale, cowsli 2 >wiue, Bindell it Co.’s 
 and C'oo]H' it C'o. 's ales from Burton-oii- Trent ; barrels and 
 bottles of 2 ’ale ale from Newark-upon- Trent, are cxliibited 
 by Richardson, Eari) it Slater. Wo como now to the 
 first transept, in tlio centre of whieli .stands Aveling k 
 Porter's road and farming locomotive and wagon, both 
 being exceedingly ponderous 2 >i<?ces of mechanism ; an 
 exhiliit of iron -wire from the Norfolk Iron Works. Nor - 
 wich, England, comes next, which com 2 )letes tho exhibits 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 British (!'olonie.s : Victoria, New ZealiVnd, New South 
 Wales and South Ax'str.uja. 
 
 Victoria displays ii large number of specimens of her 
 native woods. New Zeidand exliibits specimens of wool, 
 and the South Australia Commissioners at Adelaide send 
 a reaper, some ax- handles from South Australia, iron 
 ore.s, a model of an improved ore-dresser, ,-tud 'we no-w 
 come to the de 2 ">artmcnt of 
 
 Canada. 
 
 The Canadian agricultural exhibition begins with a very 
 full and A-aricd dis 2 >lay of grains, beans, peas, etc., in glass 
 
 E C T .S OF I y T F i; E 5 T IN A G H I C F I. T U R A L HA 
 
THE KANSAS AND COLOKADO DUILDING. 
 
mSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEHNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 133 
 
 erushcrs, fiiDning-mills, horse-rukea, root-cutters, both for 
 power and hand, cheese-presses, etc. From St. Cathe- 
 rine's there arc exhibited refrigerators, and from Barie, 
 Ontario, a sleigh and snow-plow. 
 
 Dkkmaiik. 
 
 Denmark occupies only a single space iii the Agricultural 
 Building, its ehii-f agricultural exliibition being in the Main 
 Building A small space liere, lying between Sweden and 
 
 these products to the Exposition. Beside.s these, there are 
 iron ore, logwood, robes of a native chief, a cauoe about fif- 
 teen feet long, and liammocks. Quite a thriving trade is 
 done in the building in coffee and palm soap. 
 
 Swedes. 
 
 The, Scandinavhm countries are allotted a space in the 
 Agricultural Building on the we.st side, about one-fourth of 
 the distance from the southeru end of the bnil<ling, with a 
 
 only a very short period of Spring and Autumn. The 
 packing is all done by hand. These anchovies iU'o ex- 
 ported from Sweden to Denmark, Germany, Eiissiu, and 
 Finland. The operatives engaged in the manufacture re- 
 ceive— men, thirty cents 2’’'-'^ women fifteen to 
 
 seventeen cents 2’fr day. The 2 ’i'oduction during 1874 
 amounted to §1,670 gold. The raw luateriaLs used for the 
 2 iroduction were G,000 firkins, of sprats. The refuse, .skin 
 aud bones, i.s composted and used a.s a fertilizer- Besides 
 
 
 
 THE STATUE OF “THE FREED SLAVE” IN MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 Norway, contains some exhibits of spirits, beer and bitters, 
 some canned butter, grains, and a model of a milk refri- 
 gerator. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 • Quite a little display is mmle by the fnr-off Republic of 
 Liberia, a territory comprising about GOO miles in length of 
 coast laud on the West C'oast of Africa, aud having a popu- 
 latiou of about 700,000, of whom about 20,000 are emigrants 
 from America. Liberia cxi)orts palm oil, palm nuts, arrow- 
 root, coffee, ivory, aud sugar, aud has sent specimens of all 
 
 small space at the extreme northwestern end devoted to a 
 fishery cxliibit. The first exhibits to which our attention 
 is drawn consist of gloss j!ir.s and bags of seeds, and grain, 
 some fisliing-nets, and some dried grain in small sheaves. 
 There ai‘e also to be seen S 2 >ecimeus of flour, and boxes of 
 2 >reserved anchovies. The oyster anchovies, which are to 
 be found here, unlike the common anchovies, m'c packed 
 with S 2 iice.s, aud have not before been exhibited at any In- 
 tematiouai Exhibition. The manufacture was first com- 
 menced in 1845. The time of catching extends through 
 
 anchovies, the fish exhibition includes mackerel of the fat- 
 test aud best quality, which are cleaned and then 2 )resciTed 
 with a mixture of sugar, salt, and wliite pe 2 )per, after which 
 they are smoked iu the smoke from jimi 2 >er-s 2 )rigs, when 
 they are cut iuto small slices and 2 >acked in sweet-oil. So 
 economical is tliis fish-presen-ation, that the head.'’, fins, 
 roes, etc., are sold chea 2 ily to the poorer 25023ukxtion. Be- 
 sides these, there aro boneless herring and Swedish .sar- 
 dines, also iHit up iu cans. The collection of fishes from 
 the fresh waters and coasts of Sweden is exliibited, 
 
134 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDISO. 
 
 iuclniliug £K>venty-spvcii species preserved in gloss jiu-s and I 
 spirits of Mnne. Of fisliing-nets there are those in use for ' 
 tlie capture of heiTings, mackerel, flounder, for salmon and 
 liike-fishiug, and for cod, of different models. Tliere are 
 also shown cod and flounder lines, and, indeed, a complete 
 collection of hook and fishing-gear, with graimols, buoys, 
 etc., as used by Swedi.sli fi.shennt'n when fishing on the 
 North Sea and the Cattegat. Sevend models of fishing 
 emfts are displayed, including the bank fi.shing-vcssi'l as 
 used on the banks of the North Sen, mackerel-boats, 
 hemng-bonts, skifl's for fishing in smaller lakes, and others 
 for transjiorting liring fish in Stoekholui, and boats used 
 for fishing and traveling on the L-nplaud rivers. From 
 Leideilorff, fishing imidement.s are displayed. They are 
 manufactured at Stockholm. The gi'eaU*r part of the 
 articles manufuetnred for thi.s estiblishment are made by 
 home-wiwk. Among the strictly agrienltiiral products of 
 Sweden are exhibited As-hcat, rv’c, barley, oats, including 
 specimens of these grains raised at Ava, the most uoitheni 
 agricultural school on the earth, located only forty-eight 
 English mile.s south of tlie North I’olar circle. Beans, 
 peas, and vetches, dried for food, are uLso exhibited. From 
 Stockholm is exhibited tobacco, gi-own near that citv. To- 
 bacco-raising in tlii.s loctdity was stiirtod in 1856. Sami)les 
 of snuff arc also shown, manufactured on the spot. Among 
 the specimens of native woods exhibited are sections 
 of fir-timber grown at 67 north latitude. Illustrating 
 the manufacture of Icjither there art! exhibited colf-skiu.s, 
 cow-leather, horse-leather, jiatciit leather leggiiis, patent 
 leather njijjcrs, etc. The raw materials used are Buenos 
 Ayres, Para, Pernambuco and Swedish hides, kid, calf, goat 
 and sheepskins. The exports go to Gcnnany, Silesia, and 
 the Netherlanils. There are some exhibits of confections 
 and preser\'ed fniits, and preserved vegetables. Of liqueurs 
 a prominent exhibit is Sweilisli j)unch. an article which is 
 consumed principally in the country, but .some of which is 
 exported to Germany, Denmark, Norway, Brazil, and tho 
 Southern State-s of North America. This imnch is manu- 
 factured from arrack, put up iu glass bottles. A novel ex- 
 hibit is that of spii-its manufactured fixjiu lichens. This 
 s^iecies of alcohol is manufactured from reindeer moss, 
 which gi-ows in immense quantities in the northern coun- 
 tries. The discoveiy which established the maunfactiire 
 was only made iu the year 1868. few specimens of bis- 
 cuit are exhibitvtl which cau be kept for half a year without 
 changing. The m;ichinery exliibit includes patent steel 
 plows, and plows Mith molded shares ami shafts of steel. I 
 There are also scytlie.s of different models, and one mower. [ 
 The collection of drawings, illustrating the construction of ■ 
 peasant-cottages and other dwellings fur workingmen’s I 
 farm-house.s, and banis, dairies, stable.s, pigsties, sheep- I 
 folds, tool-houses, etc., concludes tho exhibition of Sweden. i 
 
 United State-s, i 
 
 Althougii the agricultund exhibit.^ of the United States ^ 
 exhibitors occupy fully half of the Agricultural Building, | 
 the American public have been so familiarized with their ' 
 character through State and other fairs, that any precise 
 description of most of the articles would be u work of su- ■ 
 pererogation iu this phice, and we sliall therefore only refer 
 to these exhibits generally, and in accordance with the clas- 
 sification employed in the arrangement of the building. 1 
 Beginning with arbor culture and forest j^rodnets, we have 
 the fine collection of couifera of the Pacific Coast, illus- I 
 tratiug the native woods of that locality very fully. North [ 
 Carolina, Indiana, Pennsylvania, lowu, New Jei-sey ami ^ 
 
 Wisconsin have full cx- 
 liibits in this line. The 
 State of Michigstn offers a 
 magnificent ilisplay of native 
 woods, in sections of gigantic 
 trees and in specimens of 
 timber in the rough and 
 dressed. Ohio sends white 
 pine lumber ; Oregon me- 
 dicine-roots and barks ; Mas- 
 sachusetts offers bnrnetized 
 lumber for bri<lges, wharves, 
 railroads, and other po.sitions 
 where wooil is liable to 
 decay ; North C’arolina seud-s 
 cedar and cypres.s shiugle.s ; 
 Maine bn.sswood panels; 
 A’irginia ground sumac ; New 
 York various elastic gums, 
 and New Orleans southern 
 moss. The Michigan tlisplay 
 is a collective exliibit from 
 tho Michigan State Agri- 
 cultural College. Pomology 
 is the next subject in order, 
 and this at the present writ- 
 ing has not been very fully 
 illustrated, but will doubtless 
 be later in the season, a 
 building haring been spe- 
 cially constnicted and de- 
 voted to the purpose of 
 pomological exhibits. At 
 present there are wax models of apples, pears, and otlu-r 
 fruit from Iowa, cranben'ies from various poi'tion.s of New 
 •Jersey, apples from the Michigan Pomological Society at 
 Detroit, pecan-nnts from New Orleans, etc. 
 
 In agricultund products strictly, the display is, of course, 
 large and varied. Some exhibits, ns is the case in the State 
 of Mas.sachusetts, are collective and very largely represen- 
 tative. Besides com, wheat, V>arley, rye, oats, buckwheat, 
 peas, beans, gras.ses. and the various vegetables exhibited 
 by the diflerent States, there are also straw for the manu- 
 facture of straw-goods from Pennsylvania, field and gai-deii 
 seeds, grasses and tobacco from the seed-farms of D. laiu- 
 dretli k Sons, Philadelphia, the production of their seed- 
 famis in Penusylvanua, New Jei'sey, Virginia and Wiscon- 
 sin. The State of Oregon sends native and cultivated 
 grasses and grass-seeds, with grain in the sheaf and in the 
 sack. The State of West Virginia has a collective exhibit, 
 including gi-ass and ngiicultiiral jiroducts, tobacco, wheat, 
 corn,’ oats, barley and rye. From Georgetf)wn, South Caro- 
 lina, there is an exhibit of Carolina rice. From one estab- 
 lishment in New York there are 200 varieties of jiotatoes 
 exliibited. The display of tobacco is really superb, in- 
 cluding Perique from New Orleans, ping, leaf, and smok- 
 ing tobacco from Durham, North Carolina, and snnft’, cigar- 
 ettes and cigai's from all the other leading manufactories, 
 and including all tho prominent brands. Richmond (Vir- 
 ginia) and Louisville (Kentucky) are largely represented, 
 while the well-known house of Gail A- Ax, of Baltimore, 
 makes a luindsoiue display of smoking and fine-cut chewing 
 tobacco, snuffs, etc., in a pagoda-like structure. IMcssrs. 
 Kerbs A" Spies, of New Y'ork, have a verx' handsome ex- 
 liibit of cigars, which has been illustrated and described 
 in another portion of this work. From West Springfield, 
 JItissachusetts, we have ex- 
 hibits of Connecticut seed- 
 leaf tobacco, and from De- 
 troit, Michigan, cigars of 
 home manufacture. Tho 
 tobacco -growers of Penn'.s 
 Manor, Morrisrille, Penn- 
 sylvania, send an exliibit in 
 sweated tobacco. Tliis to- 
 bacco, known as Duck 
 Island, i.s grown in Bucks 
 County, Pennsylvania, and 
 adjoining i.slands, and is very 
 highly considered. 
 
 After tobacco, there are 
 exhibits of coffee, spices, 
 mustard, peas, field and 
 garden seeds, tree, shrub and 
 apple seeds from New Jersey, 
 
 New York, Connecticut, Min- 
 nesota, Mari'land and other 
 States. 
 
 The display of laud-animals 
 should appropriately com- 
 mence with mention of that 
 interesting relic, “ Old Abe.” 
 the live “war-eagle," which 
 was carried for three years, 
 during the war of the Re- 
 bellion, by the Eighth Regi- 
 ment of Wisconsin Volun- 
 teers. “Old Abe” occupies 
 a i>rmuinent position on a 
 
 perch set up on the .west side of tho nave, and is the 
 observed of all obser\’ers. He is perfectly tame, although 
 he has not in the least lost any of his fire, but overlooks 
 the sale of his photograph and biogi-aphy, which goes on to 
 a considerable extent beside him, with entire satisfaction 
 and equanimity. Next to “Old Abe," the mast interesting 
 exhibit is that of Ward's Natural Science Establishment of 
 Rochester, New York, which makes a very fine display of 
 skeletons, articulated and stuffed animals and reptiles, in- 
 chuling the giraffe, dromedary, moose, grizzly bear, Ameri- 
 can elk, wild cat, etc. . all handsomely preserved and placed 
 in life-like positions within gla.ss cases. The Slichigau 
 State Agi-icultural College of Lansing, Michigan, exliibita 
 a collection of useful and injurious birds and insects. 
 Philadelphia has (juite a display of stuffed birds, and the 
 land department of the Central P;icific Railroml Company 
 has also a simihir exhibit. A hixidenuist of Aurora, lUi- 
 uois, sends a coUection of stuffed birds artistically airanged, 
 representing the gathering of the nations at the Centennial. 
 
 Philadelphia house has an exhibit of stuffed Hamburg 
 fowls with their young. The Academy of Natural Science 
 of Allentown exhibits bird.s with their ne.sts and eggs, and 
 a fcAv (]iiadriipcds ; Wisconsin biriLs and animals ore also 
 displayed. From Delawai-e there conies a collection of 
 insects, and Jliss Nellie Brown, of Philailelphia, has an 
 e.xliibit iilu.strating tho process of hatching and rearing 
 silkwonus without mulberries. In this connection it 
 should be stated that the exhibits of live stock ut the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition occur as follows : 
 
 Horses and dogs from September 1st to 14th; neat 
 cattle from Sexitember 21st to October 4th ; sheep from 
 October 10th to 18th ; swine from October 10th to 18th ; 
 poultiy from October 27th to November Cth. The dis- 
 plays of competitive argricultural products were set do-wn 
 originally to occur as follows : Pomological products and 
 vegetables from May 16th to 24th ; strawberries from June 
 7th to 15th ; early grass butter and cheese from June 26th 
 to Jidy Gth ; early Summer vegetables from June 20th to 
 24th ; honey from June 20th to 24th ; raspberries and black- 
 berries from July 3d to 8th ; Southern i^omological pro- 
 ducts from July 18th to 22d ; melons from August 22d to 
 26th ; peaches from September 4th to 9th ; Northern pomo- 
 logical products from September 11th to ICth ; Autumn 
 vegetables from September 19th to 23d ; cereals from Sep- 
 tember 25th to 30th ; ijc)tatoes and feeding-roots from 
 October 2d to 7th ; gi-apcs from October 10th to 14th ; 
 Autumn butter and cheese fr<Jin October 17th to 21at; 
 nuts from October 23d to November 1st ; Autumn honey 
 and wax from October 23d to November 1st. In water- 
 animals, fish - cultui-e and apparatus, we have idteady 
 alluded to the ilisplay of aquaria, and that of tho Glou- 
 cester fisheries. Beyond these we have from Philadelphia 
 stuffed fish, .American and impoided leeches, fish-tackle, 
 aqnarium-tiuiks and glue, bamboo fly-rods, trout-rod and 
 case, and a {xarlor aquarium. San Francisco sends pre- 
 served .salmon ; Chicago glue and Russian isiugla.ss ; Mas- 
 sachusetts fishiug-liucs of linen, cotton and silk in aU 
 sizes ; New York a vciy fine show of fishing-rods, reels, 
 lines, flies and fishing-tackle ; New Jei'sey the combination 
 hatching-box ; Michigan fishing and hatching apparatus. 
 
 The animal and vegetable products, of course, compre- 
 hend a ven,' large variety of articles, and include exhibits 
 from eveiy State uud every jirincipal town in the Union. 
 Quite a .show is made in glue, gelatine, neat’s foot oil, lard 
 oil, refined lard, steaiinc and other .similar products, chiefly 
 from New Y’ork and Philadelphia. Honey, wax, and 
 
nSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 13y 
 
 off tlu-ec times tlic first year, 
 twice the secoiiil year, and 
 once only the thu'd year, 
 and always in Jaimaiy. The 
 third year- the is bottled 
 in the mouth of Febmary, 
 aud is not offered for use 
 until six mouths later, or 
 about Seiheuiber. lu order 
 to enable visituin to the Ex- 
 hibition to appreeiato the 
 qualities of the wine of Cali- 
 fciriiiii, an entcrprisiiifj Sail 
 Fruncifico inanufactnriiifi es- 
 tablishim-ut has a hmeh- 
 coiintcr near the north en- 
 trance, where a lialf-bottlo of 
 native wine u-ith lunch is 
 served up for one dollar. 
 Confectioneiy and chocolate 
 pri'parations rnahe a notable 
 show in the Exhibition. Piiil- 
 adelphia, Boston and N^ew 
 York eanying off tin.- jmhn 
 in thi-s display. The exhibit 
 of Henry Maillurd of bon- 
 bons, chocolate, aud orua- 
 meiihd confectionery should 
 be specially noticed in thi.s 
 connection. It is situatc*d 
 next to Ward’.s display of 
 stuffed animals, and makes a 
 very handsome presentation. 
 Crackers, cakes, biscuits, 
 .sliip-bread, etc., arc exhibited 
 from Philadelphia, Trenton, 
 N. J., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Heneca Falls, X, Y., Cant- 
 bridge, Mass,, and other 
 localities. 
 
 The disjilay of te.xtile 
 substance.s consists of cotton. 
 
 EXHIBIT OF DOMESTIC CHAMPAQNEH BY 
 BAltilONDSrOUT, N. Y., 
 
 candles are exhibited from Pennsylvania, Illinois, and New 
 Jersey. In hermetically sealed canned and preserved 
 fruits, vegetable.s aud meats, there are innumerable exhibits 
 from all parts of the country, including canned and pre- 
 sen'cd fruits and potted meats from Dover, Delaware, 
 which location is specially celebrated for these ai'ticles. 
 Baltimore sends canned oysters and vegetables ; New 
 Jeraey, preserved cranbenies and canned tomatoes ; New 
 York, condensed mOk, coffee ami cocoa, extract of beef, 
 canned fruits, flavors, tomatoes, walnut aud mushroom 
 sauces, desiccated cocoamit. From Chicago there are 
 pickles, preserved jellies, sauces aud canned goods ; from 
 Portland, Oregon, canned salmon, and from Portland, 
 Maine, canned meats, soups, fish and vegetables. Balti- 
 more aud New York exhibit hams, lard, .and lard oil, break- 
 fast bacon, and beef tnngue.s, shouldera, etc, ; Cincinnati 
 also makes a fine display of various preservations of pork. 
 New Jersey makes a speciiJ display of hominy, samp-corn, 
 flour from com grown on the Moumouth aud Princeton bat- 
 tle-fields, graham flour, wheateu grits, etc. Hecker i- Co., of 
 New York, exhibit their self-raising flour, farina aud wheaten 
 grits. Tlicir interesting exhibit of an old-hishioned wind- 
 mill, located in the nave of the building, has been already 
 illustrated and described. Stai'ch is exhibited by New 
 York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, aud Illinois ; maple sugar by | 
 Vermont ; and beet-sugar by Boston, Mass. A’inegar aud 
 cider from New York aud Pennsylvania are fully tlisplayed ; 
 a cider-mill in operation, manufacturing a very excellent 
 article, which is sold on the premises, being ti noticeable 
 feature. The exhibition of native wines is quite astonish- 
 iug when it i.s remembered that only a few yeiim ago n 
 bottle of good American wine wa.s a thing almost un- 
 known. The gi'and exhibition of this artide in the agii- 
 eultuml department is especially creditable. Culifomia and 
 Ohio are cliiefly remarkable for their exhibits in this dh'ee- 
 tiun, and the display of their wines is largo and varied. 
 Besides these, Hammondspovt, N. Y., sends champjigue, 
 still wines, and brandies. Detroit, Michigan, exhibits 
 native grape wines, curniiit aud elderberry witie.s. St. 
 Louis offers sparkling and still wines, and New Jersey and 
 Iowa native gi'ape wines. From Centre Lslaud, New York, 
 comes an exliibit of aiiplewinc ; and from Fremont, Oliio. 
 extract of barley malt ; rye anil bourbuu whiskies are 
 exhibited in a large vaiiety by viuious Stiites. Concerning 
 tlie California x-iutage, some intcresthig statements are 
 made, This mintage is always in October, from the 
 loth to the JOth, when the graxies, as soon as they 
 have been gathered and brought to the pro.s.s, are stripiied 
 from the stems, the stems thrown a.side, aud the grapes f;dl 
 from the stiipping-machine into a mill, which breaks the 
 grapes without crushing the seeds ; from this mill the gi'apea 
 fall on the press, fi-om which the juice passes du-ectly tlirough 
 india-iTibber pipes into the casks arranged on the lowest 
 floor to receive it. There the juice fennents and is drawn 
 
 hemp aud flax, oakum, wool 
 and woolen fabrics, chiua- 
 gruss, hair, mos.s, hor.sehaiv 
 and bristles. Riw and di-essed cotton and cottou-plant-s 
 are exhibited by the States of Georgia. Arkansas, Louisi- 
 ana, Tenne.ssec, JIis.sis.sippi, Missouri and South C'arolinn. 
 Wool is exlrihited from Vermont, Oregon, New Hampshh-e 
 aud Ohio. 
 
 Decidedly, the largest exhibition in the Agricultural 
 Building consists of machines, implements, and irrocesses 
 of manufacture used in agi'iculture. These include every 
 imaginalflc machine aud implement, and in them the 
 United StaU-s cerhimly excels nil the rest of the world. 
 Indeed, so far a.s the Centcuniirl Exposition 
 is concerned, the coinpetitioir iir this de- 
 l)ai'tmeut is h-oi'illy noticeable. Every 
 State send-s agricultirnil implements and 
 machines, inchrding shovels, sirades, plows, 
 hon'ows, cirltivator.s, hoes, rakes, sowei-s, 
 forks, faiTu engines, corai-shellers, root-eirt- 
 tem, hay-rake.s, grain - crarlles, hiu’ve.sters. 
 cotton-seed planter.^, cottmr gins, thrashing- 
 machines, etc., hio numerous to meirtion in 
 detail. Besides, there are machine.s for 
 stri2>ping tobacco, berry and fnrit baskets, 
 and a cultivator with on attachment for 
 cnuliouting jrutato-brrgs (rather a cruiorrs 
 e X li i b i t ) . wheelbaiTows, common secd- 
 I)luiiters, ehunis, drainage-tools, cider-mill, 
 incat-eirtter, irud a (curiosity in the way of 
 a .s|mde rrsed by ir soldier iir "Wivshington’s 
 army at ^'alley Forge, exhilrited by George 
 Gr-iflith, of Philadelxfliia ; aiiple-xiarers, 
 peach-pirrer-s, eheny-stonei-s, feod-cutter-s, 
 jiortablo eugiire.s, all sorts of agricnltru'al 
 knives, sickles, scythe.s, etc., are found here 
 withorrt turmber. The iiniilements on 
 exhibition are in all eases finished with 
 great bearrty aud elegaiR’C, and to the jirac- 
 tical fiu'iuer tlris jinriiou of the exhibition 
 cannot fail to jirove most interesting aud 
 instrrrctive. Tin' s])ace occiriried liy the 
 agrierrltuiTil iuqilenieuts and niachiiiery is 
 the largest devoted to any one bmnch ex- 
 hibited in the Exjiositiou. There is no 
 process irr the agr-iciiltimd or farming birsi- 
 ness which is not illustrated here by 
 speehneiis of actiral tools eiiqiloyctl in them 
 ixt the latest arid mo.st improved styles. 
 
 No amount of descrijition in a work of this 
 chiu-actev could do eciinJ justice to the 
 exhibitors in this deinrrtinent. ami it has 
 been deemed wisest to refrain from eom- 
 parative commendation altogether. It is 
 unlikely that any agi-icultnral district in 
 this country will fail to send its full quota 
 of visitors to the Ex2>ositiou, and to these 
 
 the farming classes must refer for information concerning 
 our progi'ea.s in this manufacture. 
 
 Agricultural engineering and administration comes next 
 in the classification. This deirartment includes such arti- 
 cles ns ditch-machines, sturnp-pnllers and rnek-lifters, road- 
 sempera, j)ost-holc diggers, rollei-s, and other similar 
 luachineiy, witli fertihzer.s, farm-carts, beehives, bii’d- 
 cages, windmills, poultry coops, kegs and ban-els, sugar 
 evai'orators, ornamental iron aud bronze work, etc. Phila- 
 deli'hia and New Jei-sey exhilht largely hi this line: aud 
 New York and Ohio are next in imijortance as exhibitors, 
 Under the head, Tillage and General Management of Farms, 
 a misceLLiueous collection of exhibits is made, including 
 horse and cattle food, di-vices for training and educating 
 horses, food for cage-birds, and a considerable display of 
 hoi-seshoes and nails, aud horseshoe machinery. A working 
 model for making horse-shocs 1 )y maehiuery is a irotablc ex- 
 hibit lurd well worthy of examination. In thisnraohitreabar 
 of mrnealed irorr is jias-sed thi-ongh two roUers, which act as 
 arrtonratic feeders, being licpt in constant iiressure on the bar 
 by an attachment to the acting lever, which, worlring on a 
 cam, cuts off tire bar just the necessary length of ii-on to make 
 <me horseshoe. At the moment of crrttiiig off, the bending 
 tongue catches the piece cut off aud carr-ic-s it into the first 
 die, B'hich gives the shaire aud form to the shoe. It then 
 imsses on to another roll orr a shaft called the crea.sing 
 shaft, on which is a die, to which the creases are attached, 
 and by means of which the creasing of the shoo is pro- 
 ilueed, while at the same time the holes for the nails are 
 jricrced. Here is therr a finished shoe for the horse or 
 mule, which is only to be heated and fitted by the local 
 blacksmith before being rrsed. One great advantage which 
 this machine jrossesses is, that any shoe of any shaire, size 
 or jiattenr can be made rrjiorr it. A irlaster-cast jrattern of 
 j the shoe is carofrrlly taken, and this plaster-cast is used iir- 
 ! stead of the ordinarj- woodeir jiattertr for inaldng the sand 
 i mold in rrlrich the iron die is to be cast. As soon as th ‘ 
 horseshoe comes from the second die nileirty of n-atcr al- 
 ways tlrojiiring from the machiire), it is carried oft' to the 
 storehorrse on arr emUess chain, and aborrt the time it 
 arrives there is coiniruratively cool. This conriiletes our 
 examination of the United States dejiartmeut and of thi- 
 Agr-ieirltnral Bnildirrg. 
 
 In many respects the American exhibits in tliis building 
 best express the progress of the United States in the past 
 ceirtury. "We have hitherto been a very jrractical jreople. 
 Indeed, it is only within a few years that we have, to any 
 great degree, cultivated re.sthetic tastes and begmr to make 
 our moi-k in the world of art. It is therefore that our ad- 
 vancement irr those directions, wlrieh are generally grouped 
 together iir orrr disiilay in the Agr-icultirral Brrilding, is 
 aetirally a fair exponent of oirr real irrogress. As already 
 remarked, wo have met with birt little comiretition at Phii- 
 adelifiiia irr the adjuncts of agriculture ; and, doubtless, this 
 is because the means for such competition do not exist. It 
 
HSTORICAL REGrSTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 137 
 
 will not be niiintercsting in this connection to view suc- 
 cinctly the statistics of the world in this great branch of 
 human effort. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 
 United States. 
 
 Theiie is almost no country on the face of the earth so 
 admirably adapted for agricultural purposes as the United 
 States. The area of the country in 1867 was 1,956,740,480 
 acres. This is exclusive of the Territory of Alaska, which 
 in itself comprises 370,000,000 of acres. The mountain 
 ranges, the Appalachian chain toward the east, the Rocky 
 Mountains in the centre, and the Sierra Nevada in the west, 
 divide the United States into four great regions ; the Atlan- 
 tic Slope, the basin of the Mississippi and Mi.ssouri, the 
 country between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierr.i 
 Nevada, and the Pacific Slope. The rivers of the United 
 State.s arc of vast magnitude and importance. Of those 
 flowing east and south, the principal aro the Missi.s.sippi 
 and Mis-souri, which, with their tributiiries, the Ohio, Ar- 
 kansas, Red, Yellowstone, and Nebraska, give to the interior 
 an extensive .inland navigation, and the facility of commu- 
 
 valuable timber still exist in the Eastern States, such as . 
 beach, birch, maple, oak, pine, spnicc, elm, ash, walnut ; 
 and in the South hve-oak, magnoha, palmetto, cypress, 
 etc. Apples, pears and plums flourish iu the North ; 
 peaches, melons and grapes in the Middle States ; pine- 
 apples, pomegranates, figs, almonds and oranges iu the 
 South. Maize is grown from JIaine to Louisiana, and 
 wheat throughout the Union ; tobacco as far North as Con- 
 necticut, and in the We-stem States .south of Ohio. Very 
 little cotton Is raised north of 37 degrees, though it does 
 grow as far north as 39. Rico is cultivated in South Caro- 
 lina, Georgia, Louisiana, and as far north as St. Louis, 
 Missouri. Sugar-cane grows as liigh as 33 degrees, but | 
 does not thoroughly succeed beyond 31. Vines and the i 
 mulberry grow in various parts of the Union ; oats, rye, I 
 and barley throughout tho North and the mountainous | 
 parts of tho South ; and hemp, flax and hops in the West- j 
 era and ^liddle States. 
 
 The following are a few figures from tho ninth census. 
 1870, giving some idea of the annual productions of agri- 
 culture: Springwheat, 112, .549, 733 bushels; Winter wheat, 
 175,195,893 bushels ; Indian com, 760,944,549 bushels; rice, 
 73,635,021 pounds; tobacco, 262,735,341 pounds; cotton, 
 
 regions. Gold and silver exist in the States and Terri- 
 torie.s west of the Rocky Mountains in large quantities. 
 Gold has also been found iu Virginia, the Carolinas, 
 Georgia and Tenne.ssee. Quicksilver, zinc, manganese, with 
 lime and building-stone, are the other chief mineral products. 
 The value of such products (1870), in round numbers, is as 
 follows: Antliracite coal, §39,000,000; bituminous coal, 
 335,000,000 ; copper, §5,000,000 ; gold, §10,000,000 ; quartz, 
 gold and silver bearing, §17,000,000 ; iron ore, §13,000,000 ; 
 lead, §736,000; petroleum, §20,000,000. The Ameri- 
 can manufactui-ing establishments of the Union in 1870 
 numbered 252,148, employing 2.053,996 hands; wages, 
 §775,000,000; total products, §4,232,325,442. The growth 
 of the railway system in the United States is from 23 miles 
 in operation in 1830 to 72,623 miles in operation in 1874. 
 The gross caruing.s iu 1874 of these roads wore about 
 §520,000,000, tho diridends paid, §67,000.000. The total 
 length of tho telegraph lines in January, 1875, were 75,000 
 miles; length of wires, 165,000 miles; number of offices, 
 6,172; number of messages transmitted during the year 
 1874, 13,700,000. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The area of Great Britain and Ireland is 78,411,520 
 
 NKW JERSEY.— THE NEW 
 
 LINE TO PHILADELTHU-THE bridge over the DELAWARE AT VARDLEYVTLLE. 
 
 nication includes tho entire continent The principal rivers 
 flowing into tho Atlantic are, the Hudson, Delaware, Sus- 
 quehanna, Potomac, Savannah and St. Johms. Into the 
 Pacific Ocean flow the Columbia, Sacramento and Colo- 
 rado. The area of the water basins is as follows : Rivera 
 flowing into the Pacific, 644,040 square miles; into the 
 Atlantic, 488,877 square miles; into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 1,683,825 square miles, of which three-fourths are drained 
 by the Mis.sissippi and Missouri Rivers. The coast-line on 
 both oceans is 13,200 miles in length, excluding the num- 
 erous bays and sounds ; on the great northern lakes 3,600 
 miles Of course in a country extending through 24 
 I degrees of latitude .md nearly 60 of longitude, tho climate 
 varies considerably. In the north, along the British fron- 
 tier, the Winters are very severe, and os far south as Penn- 
 sylvania and New Jersey the thermometer falls below zero. 
 Yet in these latter States it rises in Summer to more than 
 100 degrees Fah. , the mean annual temperature of Albany 
 being 49 degrees, of Philadelphia 54, of Natchez 65, and of 
 Florida 72. It is remarkable that the temperature along 
 I the Pacific is much iiigher than in coiTesponding latitudes 
 of the eastern coast, that of Sitka ranging at times as high 
 as at Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 The Mississippi Valley is very fertile. Vast forests of 
 
 3,011.996 bales; Irish potatoes, 143,337,473 bushels ; wine, 
 3.092,369 gallons ; hay, 27,316,048 tons ; wool, 100,102,387 
 pounds ; and sugiu' from cane, 87,043 hogsheads. Of dairy 
 products there are made in round uumbem, 514,000,000 
 pounds of butter, and 53,000,000 pounds of cheese. The 
 cash value of the farm.s in the United States in 1870 wa.s 
 §9,262,803,861 . of farm implements and machinery, 
 §336,878,429 ; of live-stock, §1,525,270.457 ; total esti- 
 mated value of all fanu productions, §2,447,538,658; the 
 value of orchard products, §47,335,189; products of mar- 
 ket-ganlening, §26,719,229. There were at tlie .same time 
 (1870), 8,690,219 horses, 28,074,582 cattle, 28,477,951 
 sheep, and 25,187,540 hogs. Antliracite co;d is found 
 most extensively in Pennsylvania, also in Western Vii‘- 
 ginia, and iu the eastern portion of Ohio and Rlinois. 
 The oil-wells of Pennsylvania contain inexhaustible stores 
 of mineral oil or petroleum ; salt-springs exist in New 
 York, Virginia, Pennsylvania and the Western States ; iron 
 is found in the coal measures of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee ; iron ore also abounds iu the North- 
 western States ; a large proportion of the ore found iu the 
 northeastern part of the United States is magnetic ; lead 
 is found in Missouri, Wisconsin and Rlinois, and large 
 deposits of copper in Michigan and the Lake Superior 
 
 acres. Excejit on the west and north, it is for the moat 
 pai't a level country, so cultivated as to be highly jiroduc- 
 tive. In the other districts its mineral wealth iu iron, tin, 
 j lead, copper and coal, makes abundant amends for their 
 jigricultural poverty. In the year 1874, the value of pig- 
 iron raised iu England was £16,476,372. The total 
 value of the metals produced amounted to £20,900,000. 
 The aggregate value of all the minerals and metals 
 obtained in the United Kingdom iu 1874 was £67,834,313. 
 The climate of Great Britain is mild and equable in a 
 remarkable degree. Tlie Winters are considerably warmer 
 and the Summers colder than in any other place of 
 equal latitude. The mean temperature of England is 
 49.5 degrees. Very few species of plants or animals 
 arc peculiar to Great Britain. The flora resembles that 
 of Germany. The soil of Great Britain is almost ex- 
 clusively devoted to the production of bread-.stufls, and 
 grass-roots, etc., as food for domestic animals. The total 
 extent of the land returned iu 1872 under all kinds of 
 crops was 31,004,773 acres in Great Britain; 15,746,547 
 acres in Ireland; 88,573 acres in tho Isle of Man, and 
 including the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, etc., 
 making the total of the United Kingdom 46,869.326 acre.s. 
 Tho number of horses was 2,715,000 ; the total number of 
 
Ze.\laxd. 
 
 cattle was 9,718,000; sheep, 32,246,000; pigs, 4.178,000. 
 In the textile industries iu 1874, there were 7.294 factories, 
 emplojing 1,006,675 hands. On the 1st of January, 1875, 
 there were 16,448 miles of railway open in the United 
 Kingdom. The total length of the postal telegraph wires 
 nt tbs end of 1874 was 107,000 mile.s. 
 
 Xew SoiTH Wales, 
 
 The total area of Xew South Wales is 206,999,680 acres. 
 This colony extends over 11 degrees of latitude, and its 
 climate is very various ; iu the northern districts, which 
 are warmest, its tropical or Summer heat occasionally rising 
 to 120 degrees. At Sydney, the mean temperatui-e of tho 
 year is about 65 de- 
 grees. The Summer 
 here lasts from tho 
 end of December to 
 the fii'st of Febniaiy. 
 
 Sometimes the ruin 
 almost fails fur fi\'e 
 or six mouths in suc- 
 cession ; at other times 
 it desceiul.s in con- 
 tinuous ton-ents, caus- 
 ing the rivers to ri.se 
 to an extraordinary 
 height. Cottou is pro- 
 duced as far south ns 
 latitude 32, beyoud 
 which the climate is 
 more temperate, and 
 is lit to produce all 
 the grain products of 
 E u r o p c . Immense 
 tracts of land, admir- 
 ably adapted for agii- 
 c ii 1 1 n r 0 , 1 i 0 in the 
 southwest, while in the 
 north tobacco and 
 sugar-cane are grown. 
 
 Piiie-apples, walnuts, 
 lemons, citrons uud 
 other tropical fniits 
 are also j>roduced. In 
 the cooler regions of 
 the south peaches, 
 apricots, oranges, 
 grapes, pears, pome- 
 granates and melons are grown in perfection, sometimes in 
 such abundance that the pigs ai'c fed with them. Wheat, 
 bm-ley and oats are also gi'own. In 1875 Xew South Wales 
 had 22,872,882 sheep, 856,609 honied cattle, 346,691 hoi-ses, 
 and 219.958 pigs. The total area of land under cultivation 
 at that date embraced 46‘.t,957 acres. In 1874 there were 
 twenty -eight coal mines working, the value of whose jiro- 
 duct was estimated at £786,152. 
 
 Tho total area of tire British 
 colony of Xew Zealand is 
 about 64,000,000 acres. It 
 consists of three principal 
 islands — Xorth. South, and 
 Stewart I.slauds, and several 
 small islets, including Chatham 
 Island and the Auckland Islands, 
 The mountains me mostly 
 covered with evergreen forests 
 of luxuriant growth, and oc- 
 I'asionally with treeles.s, gi'a-s.sy 
 jilains. Extemsive and rich 
 valleys uud sheltered dales 
 abound in the Xorth Island 
 and in the east of the South 
 Island, and there ai'e extensive 
 plains adapted for agriculture 
 and cattle-breeding. Water and 
 water-power are found in gieat 
 abundance in the colony. Its streams are short, and not 
 navigable for more than 50 miles above their month.s. 
 About one-fumih of the surface of Xew Zealand consists 
 of deu.se forc.st tracts, oue-hulf of excellent cultivable lauds, 
 and the remainder of waste lauds and rugged mountain 
 regions. The average temperature is remarkably even. 
 January is the liottest month, and Jima the coldest. All 
 the grains, grass, fniits and vegetables grown in EngLmd 
 are cultivated in the colony with perfect success, while 
 the vine is cultivated in the open air, and maize and .sweet 
 potiitoes grow successfully in certain portions. The entire 
 luea nudL-r crop in February, 1875, was 1,788.800 acres 
 ill wheat, onts, barley, potatoes and grass. The live-stock 
 
 The gold mines of Xew South Widea cover a va.st area. 
 The gold export of 1873 was valued at £773,439 in gold- 
 dust and bar, and £2,151,168 in gold coin. Xew South 
 Wales po-ssesses 436 miles of railway, and 8,000 miles 
 of telegraph wires. 
 
 of the colony consisted in 1874 of 99,859 horses, 494,917 
 cattle. 11.704,853 sheep, 123,921 pigs. In the year 1874 
 the value of the yield of gold was 87,526,655, the average 
 yield of the gold-fields since 1862 having been about 
 811.000.000 2 ’er anmuu. The princijml jjroduct of the 
 colony is wool, the exjiort of which in 1874 wa.s valued 
 at 814,173,475, 
 
 VUTORI.V. 
 
 The British colony of ^'ietoria comprises the southeast 
 comer of Austi-aliii, where its teiritory jirojects furthest into 
 the cool southern latitudes. Tlie area of the colony is 
 56,446.720 acres. The climate is healthful and agreeable. 
 The average temi)erature at Melbourne is 57.0 degrees — 
 about the same as that of Mai-seiUes, Xice, . and Madrid. 
 The. usual Summer heat is from 65 to 80 degrees, although 
 it occasioiiaUy rises higher. In 1875 there were 1,011,776 
 acres imder c-rojis of wheat, oats, barley, ijotatocs, hay and 
 forage; the total munber of horses was 180,2.54; milch 
 cows, 241,137 ; horned cattle. 717,251 ; sheej>, 11.221,236 ; 
 2 -)igs, 137,941. Tlie nianufactorie.s of Victoria employed 
 
 25,000 jjersons, and the number work in the gold-fields 
 December 31, 1874, wa.s 45,151. The total exisoiis of 
 wool iu 1874 were valued at £6,373,641. The export of 
 gold, exclusive of specie, was £4,053,288. "N’ictoria had, in 
 1875, 457 } miles of railroad open for traffic, and 427 more 
 in the course of construction. Iu 1874 there were 4,464 
 miles of telegraph wires. 
 
 SOTTH At-.STUALIA. 
 
 Thi.s colony embraces 25 degi-ees of latitude through the 
 centre of the continent of Australia from tho Southern to 
 the Indian Oceau, and is bounded on the east by the col- 
 onies of Victoria, Xew South Wales, and Queensland, uud 
 on the west by the colony of Western Australia. Its area 
 is 535,427,200 acres, being about oue-third of tho area of 
 the United States of America. Its chief exports are wool, 
 wheat, and copper. In 1875 the.se exi)oi-ts were valued at 
 £4,442,100, Tho colony contaims about 6.000,000 of sheep, 
 
 200.000 head of homed cattle, niimy thousands of horses, 
 aud a few huudred camels. In 1872 South Australia 
 erected 1,973 miles of telegrai>h wire across her tenitoiy, 
 and at the cost of £350,000 connected Australia with India 
 and Euro 2 )e. 
 
 QrEESSLAXD, 
 
 This colony occui)ies the whole of the northeastern por- 
 tion of Australia. It.s 
 entire ni-ea comprise.s 
 
 433,920,000 acres. Un- 
 like almost every 
 other portion of Aus- 
 traha, Queensland is 
 coiTectly described as 
 ‘•a laud of rivers and 
 streams." These rivera 
 find an outlet in the 
 many large and beau- 
 tiful bay.s and estua- 
 ries on the eastern 
 seaboard. One of 
 these, Moi'fton Bay, 
 receives the waters of 
 five rivers, which are 
 always navigable. The 
 longest tidal river in 
 Queensland is the 
 Fitzroy, which draii s 
 an area of not les.s 
 than 50,000,000 of 
 acres, and receives as 
 tributaries several 
 large streams flowing 
 for hundreds of miles 
 from the northwest, 
 west, and southwestern 
 parts of the interior. 
 The banks of the 
 rivers are usually well 
 suited for cultivation, 
 in many places cob' 
 si.sting of very rich 
 allnrium, brought down from the mountains. A gi-eut 
 mountain range runs north and south, parallel to the sea- 
 coast, at a distance from it of from 50 to 100 mOes. 
 Beyoud this diriding range the country presents features 
 of great beauty and fertility. Vast plains from 60 to 80 
 
 -.V ^ 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 139 
 
 atlire of the year at Cape To^m is about 68 degi’ees. 
 Amoug the articles of export, wool is the most important, 
 being valued at £3,600,000. Among the other leading 
 articles of export are copper-ore, feathei-s, and sheep- 
 skins. The sheep-farms ai-e of very gi-eat extent, and 
 comjirise each from 3,000 to 15,000 acres and upward. 
 Those in tillage are comparatively small. The number of 
 horses in the colony in 1875 was 207,318 ; ilraught oxen, 
 398,825; other cattle, 608,681; wooled sheep, 10,064,289; 
 other sheep, 944,050; angora goats, it72,733 ; common goats, 
 2,122,808; pigs, 110,489 ; o-striohes, 22,257. 
 
 Alps, and the Sardo-Corsictm range. The gi-and water- 
 shed of France is the Cevenno-Vo.sgian chain, which deter- 
 mines the course of the foiu great rivers — the Seine, the 
 Lobe, the Garonne, and the Rhone. The entire extent of 
 river narigation in France amounts to 5,500 miles, while the 
 99 larger canals extend over a coui'sc of 2,900 miles. 
 France is peculiarly rich in mineral springs, of which there 
 are said to be nearly 1,000 in use, and whose watera are an 
 impoj-tiuit element in the wealth of the eountrj". Nearly 
 fifty per cent, of the entire average of France is in arable 
 liuid ; four per cent, in rineyard ; eighteen per cent, in 
 meadow Inmls ; and ten per cent, in cultivated lands. 
 
 France possesses one of the finest climates in Europe, 
 though very considerable diveraities of temperature are to 
 be met ndth, ranging from an annual mean of 50 deg. at 
 Dunkirk to 62 deg. at Toulon. The following ai*e the statis- 
 tics of agiicultural production for 1869, in hectolitres of 21 
 bushels : TVTieat, 108,000,000 ; 
 rye, 24,000,000 ; barley and 
 o.at.s, 90,000,000; maize, 
 
 10.000. 000; potatoes, 
 
 100.000. 000. The production 
 of hcet-voot sugar amounted 
 iu 1872-73 to 418,000 tons. 
 Tlio average yeai'ly prodiieo 
 of the vineyards of France 
 is estimated at about 
 
 1.009.000. 000 of gallons, of 
 which onc-seventli is made 
 into brandy. 
 
 The piincipal forest-trees 
 are the chestnut and biri'h on 
 the central mountains, the oak 
 and cork-tree in the Pyre- 
 nees, and the fir iu the 
 Landes. About one-seventh 
 of tho entire tc’iritoiw of 
 France is still covered with 
 wood. Turf taken from the 
 marshy lands is extensively 
 u.sed, more especially in the 
 mral districts, for fuel. 
 
 According to the census 
 of 1866 — the most recent iu 
 rcganl to animals — there were in France 3,312,637 horses, 
 
 518.000 asses, 350,000 nuiles, 12,733,000 horned o.ittle, 
 
 30.386.000 sheep, 5,500,000 swine, and 1,680,000 goats. 
 There were 3,000,000 beehives, \'ulued at about $5,000,000. 
 Poultrj' is estimated at $9,000,000, aud tho eggs and 
 feather’s at $7,000,000 annually. 
 
 The chief mineral products of France are coal and iron, 
 and 250,000 men were employed in mining them iu 1868. 
 Tho yield of coal in 1868 was about 13,000.000 tons. Dur- 
 ing the .samo year there were about 150 ii’on mines in 
 operation. Other metals are worked, but to little advan- 
 tage. The annual produce of salt is about $1,250,000 ; 
 aud from its quarries of gi-anita and free-stone, marbles, 
 .sand.s, litliograpliic-stoncs, millstones, etc., France derives 
 about $8,000,000 annually. The value of the chief pro- 
 ducts of French industry is as follows (annual) : Linen 
 fabrics, $50,000,000 ; cotton fabrics, $130,000,000; woolen 
 fahric.s, $190,000,000 ; silk fabrics, $200,000,000 ; mixed fab- 
 rics, $60,000,000; jewelry, watchmaking, $7,000,000; gilt 
 wares, $2,000,000 ; minerals, mines, SiJt, etc., $120,000,000; 
 articles of food, as sugar, wines, etc., $73,000,000; skins, 
 leather, oils, tobacco, $110,000,000 ; bone, ivory, isinglass, 
 etc., $6,000,000 ; chemical products, $16,000,000; ceramic 
 ar-ts, $19,000,000 ; paper, pr-iuting, $12,000,000 ; forests, 
 
 France Proper comprises 129,024,000 acres of land. Her 
 foreign possessions, incliuUiig Algeria, cover 296,850,280 
 acres. In the present sketch we slnrll confine oirrselves to 
 the Republic of France. 
 
 There tire four great momrtain-clrains belonging to 
 France — the Pyrenee,s, the Ceveuno-Vosgiau chain, the 
 
 ■riles across stretch out. They are level aud rmlirokeir by 
 a single tree, birt covered with luxuriant gras-s, These are 
 well watered with a network of streams, which trickle 
 from tho slopes of the mountain range, The soil of this 
 locality is admirably a^lapted for tillage. The land is 
 lightly timbered, is cleared vith little labor, aud is pecu- 
 liarly adaptiid for a gr<rwth of wheat of tho finest quality. 
 The yield per acre has sometimes been as much as 59 and 
 even 69 bashels to the acre, of 63 iroimds to the bushel. 
 Indian corn and other cereals, as well as nil the Eirropean 
 fruits, grow here luxuriantly. The climate of Queensland 
 is said to closely resemble that of Madeira. The growth 
 of cotton ami of sugar has beeu attempted in recent years, 
 and both iudnstries are reported to bo rapidly advancing. 
 At the end of 1873 tliero were 9,663 acres under cotton, 
 and 14,495 acres under sugar-cane, tho entire acreage under 
 cultivation being 64,218 acres. Tho live-stock at the end 
 of 1873 numbered 99,243 horse.s, 1,343,993 cattle, aud 
 42,884 pigs. It is estimated that there ai’o at present about 
 
 17,000,000 sheep in the colony. The gold produce in 
 1873 was valued at X555.310. The pi-incipal articles of ex- 
 port of the colony are gold, 
 wool, tiu, ore, and raw cotton. 
 
 At the end of 1873 there were 
 218 miles of railway open for 
 traflic. There were also 3,609 
 milc-s of telegi-aiih wires. 
 
 The Dominion of C'auada consists of tho provinces of 
 Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Bnmswick, Manitoba, 
 British Columbia, and Prince Edward's Islsind. The en- 
 tire area of the Dominion is 2,230,129,280 acres. The St. 
 LauTcncc River driiins an area of 565,000 miles. The 
 pi’incipal rivers .are the Ottawa, about 450 miles long ; the 
 St. Lawreucc, nearly 400 miles in length ; and the Sa- 
 guenay. 225 milc.s long. A great part of Canada, more 
 especially along the Lake Superior shores, produces min- 
 erals, such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold, cobiJt, 
 manganese, gv’psum, granite, sand-stone, millstone, salt, and 
 marbles of nciu’ly every imaginable color. Considerable 
 portions ai’C heavily covered •with timber, chiefly Ts-ith pine, 
 and are but little adapted for cultivation. The neighbor- 
 hood of the Gulf of St. linwi’cnce is of importance for its 
 yield of fish, the land being comparatively wortliless. Thus 
 the area for profitable production of ordinary cereals 
 cannot materially exceed 25,000,000 acres. This cultivable 
 track increases regularly in width and fertility from its 
 commencement on the Lower St. Lawrence to the shores 
 of Lake Himon, Below Quebec is seen the primeval forest, 
 
 fiPINNISG SILK THUEAD. 
 
 The climate of Ctmndn is subject to great extremes of 
 heat and cold, the thermometer ranging between 102 deg. 
 above and 36 below zero. Tlie statistics of Canada which 
 we employ refer only to the province.s of Ontario, Quebec, 
 New Bnmsu’ick and Nova Scotia. In these provinces the 
 yield of coal in 1871 was 671,000 tons; of iron ore, 
 129,000 ; of gold, 23,000 ounces ; of silver, 70,000 
 ounces; of cnule petroleum, 13,000,000 gallons — all in 
 round numbers. The statistics of agriculture are as fol- 
 lows : "Wlieat, 17,000,000 bushels; oata, 42,000,000 bushels ; 
 h.iy, 3,818,000 tons; buckwheat, 3,800,000 bushels; com, 
 
 3.800.000 bushels; potatoes, 48,000,000 hmshels; tiu'nips, 
 
 25,000,000 bushels. The piiiicipal items of fur aro 
 600, (too muskrats, 150,000 minks, 50,000 beavers, 20,000 
 of moose, cariboo and doer, 18,tt00 martens, 37, 000 seals, 
 
 13.000 foxe.s, 6,000 otters, and 2,500 beara. In mamifac- 
 ture.s the total value of the jirodiicts was $221,617,773 ; the 
 number of hamls employed, 187,942 ; the amount of yearly 
 wages, $40,851,009. The statistics of the fisheries are as 
 follows; Vessels, 991; men, 6,984; boats, 16,876; men, 
 25,876 ; shoremen, 46,471. The lending items of the pro- 
 duct of the fisheries were 682,6.31 quintals oi coil, 120,213 
 quintals of haddock, 417,300 barrels of heiiing, 77,925 
 barrels of mackerel, 2,491 gallons of cod-liver oil, and 
 676,403 gallons of other fisli-oils. Tho exports for 1874 
 amounted to $89,851,528, chiefly to the United States and 
 Great Britain. At the end of 1874, Canadiv had 4,020 
 miles of railway, and 1,120 miles in course of construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Fii.asce. 
 
 Tasmania, foimerly Icnown 
 as Van Diemen’s liiuul, is an 
 island, 10(f milc.s southeast of 
 Australia, Its total aro.a is 
 16,778,400 acres, the total 
 area under cultivation being 
 320,486 acres. The most im- 
 portant articles of strictly ngri- 
 culturul produce is wheat, 
 which is produced for the 
 Enghsh market, and the ex- 
 port of tlii.s gi’.ain for the yeai’ 
 
 1874 was valued at about half 
 a million of dollars. Tho 
 number of horaes in Ta.s- 
 mania in 1874. was 23,208, 
 cattle 110,450, and sheep, 
 
 1,714,168. Most of the wool 
 produced is merino. Tho 
 export of this ai’ticlo during the year 1874 amounted to 
 5,050.920 pounds, repi’esenting tho valuo of £350,713. 
 Tho mining industrj- for many years was confiuetl to gold 
 and coal, but of late tin, iron, aud salt have atti-ncted 
 attention. The ijrincipol timber trees of Tasmania ai'e 
 blue-gum, white-gum, swamp-gum, and peppermint-tree. 
 Other u-seful woods are tho acacia, blackwood, myrtle, 
 sassafras, iron-wood, cherry, white-wood, pink-wood, and 
 native pear. Bark is largely exported. Hops are also 
 extensively cultivated. Tho principal animals are tho 
 kangaroo, wallaby, opossum, and bandicoot, the skins of 
 which are all valuable for tanniug purjjoses, tho fur being 
 highly esteemed as rugs, etc. The chief industries ni-e 
 brewing, milling, jam-making, burning and coopering. 
 
 Cape or Good Hope. 
 
 This colony lies south of the Orange Free States, from 
 which it is divided by the Orange River. On the south it 
 is boimded by the ludiaa Ocean, aud on the west by the 
 Atlantic, lbs area is 128,670,000 acres. The mean temper- 
 
 T n K 1$ R A Z I r, 1 A N S 1 1 . K \V 0 n If i: X H I h I T IN M A C H I N E E V 
 
 H A I. L. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OP THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 1 ,8, Xorge Cojtumf. 2 4. Wingaker Costume. 5. A LaylaoUcr, 6. Skooe CostoBie. 7. Orsa Costume. 8. Swedish Costume. 9. The Infant’s Death. 
 
 S'NVEDISH CHAKACTER CrROUPS IN THE MAIN BUILDING, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 in 
 
 fisheries, $10,000,(100, In 1H74 there were 12.a80 miles of 
 railroad in operation in France, and about 75,000 miles of 
 telegraph wire. 
 
 Gerjiany. 
 
 The area of Germany is estimated at 133,120,000 acres. 
 The country presents two very distinct physical formations 
 —first a range of high table-land, occupying the centre and 
 southern parts of the coiuitry, intersperwd with numerous 
 rimge.s and groups of mountains ; and, second, a vast, 
 Biuidy i)lain, which extends from the centre of the empire 
 north to the German Ocean, and which includes about 
 02,000,000 acres of land. Germany is ih-.dned by the 
 Danube, the Kliiuc, tlie Weser, the Elbe, the Oder, and the 
 Vistula. Numerous lakes occur throughout the country, 
 but none of great size, but the canids are both frequent 
 and important. Mineral springs are common, and many 
 of them very valuable. The climate of Germany is quite 
 cquabh', the mean annual temperature varying only be- 
 tween -43 deg. at Iviiuigsberg, and 48 deg. at Franlcfort-ou- 
 the-Midn. 
 
 Germany is rich in mineral j)roducts, among which the 
 most important are silver, iron, salt, and coal. The number 
 
 railways measured in 1871 about 13,310 English miles, and 
 the telegraph wires 80,040 miles. 
 
 AuSTBO-Hx;XG.iEY. 
 
 The Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hirngary com- 
 bined, and of which Francis Joseph I. is at once Emperor 
 and Iving, occupy an urea of 154,318,720 acres. Of this 
 tliree-fourths ore mountainous or hilly, being traversed by 
 three mountain chains, viz. : the Alps, Carpathians, and 
 Sudetes. The cliief plains of the Austrian Empire are the 
 great plains of Hungary — of which tliese in the eastern 
 part are traversed by the Danube and the Tlieiss — and the 
 plains of Galicia, The leading rivers haring navigable 
 tributaries are the Damibc, the Vistula, the Elbe and the 
 Dniester. The climate of Austria is generally favorable, 
 but from the extent and diversity of surface it presents 
 great varieties. In the warm southern regions, rice, olives, 
 oranges and lemons ripen, and wine and maize are pro- 
 duced anywhere. In the middle temperate region the 
 vine and maize tlirive to perfection. In the uorthcni por- 
 tion grain, fruit, flax, and hemp are raised successfully. 
 The mean temperature ranges between 44 deg. at Lemberg 
 
 magne, in which a crop of Winter wheat is followed by one 
 of Summer grain, and that by fallow. In Hungary tho 
 Magyar adheres to his primitive husbandry ; the German 
 and Sclave ai-e adopting improvedmethods. Eice is cuiivatcd 
 in the Bannat, but not enough for the consumption. Pota- 
 toes are raised everywhere, and in elevated districts are 
 often the sole subsistence of the inhabitants. Horticulture 
 is carried to great perfection, and the orchards of Bohemia, 
 Austria Ihroper, Tyrol, aud many parts of Hungary, jiro 
 duce a i>rofusion of fruit. Great quantities of cider are 
 made in Upi>er Austria and Cai'inthia, and of plum brandy 
 in Sclavonia. In Didmatia oranges and lemons arc i)ro- 
 diiced, but not sufficient for the requirements of the 
 country ; twice as much olive-oil is imported as is raised 
 in the monarchy. In the production of wine Austria is 
 second only to France. With the exception of Galicia, 
 Silesia, and Upper Austria, the vine is cultivated in all the 
 provinces ; but Hungary .stands first, yielding not only the 
 finest quality of wine, but four-fifths tho amount of tho 
 whole produce of the empire. The average entire product 
 of the empire is about 680,000,000 gallons. Flax is cul- 
 tivated almost universally, and white hemp in a numbL-r of 
 
 of persons employed in mining operations in Germany 
 in 1870 was 204,585 ; the yield of the dittorent miuiTals 
 Wius ; Coal, 35,000,001) tons ; imu ore, 3,000,000 tons ; zinc, 
 li'ud, and copper, 700,U()0 tons,’ 
 
 The value of the leading products of uidnstries in metals 
 was about $20,000,000. 
 
 The vegetable products of Gi'vmany include .all the nrdi- 
 nitrv cereals, wliich arc hirgdy imported. Hem]) and llax 
 arc also important products, while the vine is a still greater 
 element of the wealth of the country, being cultivated 
 chiefly in the districts watered by the Danube, Ehine, 
 Main, Neckor, and Moselle rivei-s. The hops of Bavai-ia 
 have a high reputation, and the chiccory grown in that 
 country, and in the district between the Elbe and the 
 Weser, finds its way all over Europe as a substitute for 
 cofi'ee. The average yield of tho cereids is as follows : 
 Eye, 200,000,000 bushels; oats, 240,000,000 bushels; 
 wheat, 100,000,000 bushels ; barley, 90,000,000 bushels. 
 The average potato cro}"* amounts to 90,(100,000 bushels ; 
 beets, 3,000,000 tons ; tobacco, 35,000 tons. 
 
 According to the last enumeration in Germany of live 
 stock, there were 3.500.000 lioi'scs. 1.5,000.000 cattle. 
 .■1IM)00,0U0 sheep. 8,000.000 swine, aud 2.000,000 goats. 
 The wool crop for 1809 amounted to 27,500 tons. The 
 
 in Galicia, aud 58 deg. at Trieste. In its raw products 
 Austria is one of the most favored coimtries of Europe, and 
 its mineral wealth is not surpassed by any other Euro])eau 
 coimtry : it is only recently that Eussia has exceeded it in 
 the production of gold and silver. Except platiua. none of ' 
 the useful metal.s are wanting. Clold is found chiefly in i 
 Hung-ary and Transylvania : quicksilver in Idria, Hun- 
 gary, Htyria, etc.; tin iu Bohemia aloi\e, coi)]>er iu many 
 districts, zinc in ('racow and (.'ariuthia, lead iu Cariuthia, 
 iron in«ahnost every province of the empire. Of metals 
 and minerals there were produced in Austria in 1867 : Coal, 
 108,000,000 cwt. ; iron, 5,000,000 cwt.; copper, 47,000 cwt., 
 etc. Many gems are found in various parts of the empire, 
 including the opal, garnet, CiQ-nelian, agate, berjd, jasper, 
 mby, sapphire, topaz, etc. 
 
 The annual product of rock-salt is above 3,000,000 
 cwt., and that from salt springs as about as much 
 more. Sixteen hundred mineral springs are enumer- 
 ated, some of them of European reputation. The vegetable 
 productions are exceedingly various. Grain of aU kinils is 
 cultivated most abundantly in Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, 
 Silesia and G.alioia. Agriculture is not, however, a.s yet fur 
 advanced ; the prevailing system is still what is called the 
 three-field system introiluced into Germany by Charle- 
 
 districts. Tobacco i.s raised in great quantities, particularly 
 in Hungary. Bohemia imses hops of the fii'st quality, and 
 the indigo plant has been lately cultivated .succc.ssfully in 
 Dalmatia. Austria produces about a ipiarter of a million of 
 sOk coeoous ainniully. The silk trade is \’ory extensive in 
 the Tyrol. 
 
 In 1851 the niimbei’ of linrsc.s iu Austria was estimated 
 at 3,300,000 ; eatth-, 10,410.484 ; sheep, 16., SOI, 545 ; goats, 
 2.275, 0()0; and swine, 7,401,300. Nearly threc-fourtiis of 
 the population are engaged in hn.sbandry. The cotton in- 
 dustry in Austria lias ihsen gi’eatly iu value of late ; tho 
 annual value of tho silk industry is about 60,(X)0,f)00 florins; 
 the manufacture of tobacco is a state monojily, iirodncing 
 a revenue of 58,126,000 florins per annum : the salt mono- 
 2 ioly secures about 19,000,000 florins, The length of rail- 
 ways in Austria at the end of 1875 was about 10,000 miles ; 
 that of telegraph wires iu 1874, 77,502 miles. 
 
 Netiierl.vnds. 
 
 The Kingdom of tlie Ncthcrhiud-s has an .Ti-ea of 
 8,721,280 acres. Tho laud is generally low, much of it 
 being under the level of the sea, rivers and canals, espe- 
 cially in Nortli aud South Holland, Zealand, tho iuut-hern 
 ji.art of Guelderland aud Frie.sland. Along the west coast 
 
 THE VICTOlU.-i. COUBT, IN THE BBITISH COLONIES DEi’AllTMENT, IN THE MAIN BUILOINO. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 HENRY PETTIT. 
 
 Hie loYvIamis ai-e protected from the sea by a line of sand- 
 liills or dunes, and ii-here that natural defense is u-anting, 
 strong dikes have been consfrueted to keep back the 
 watens, and tliese are maintained at great expense, under ' 
 the ibrcetion of special engineers -who have charge of them. I 
 A hilly district stretches fixjin Prussia through the eastern ■ 
 part of Utrecht into tlie country bet^i-een the Jliias luid 
 the mil. This tract is of a light sandy soil, and well 
 •watered. 
 
 The gre.iter portion of the north is very fertile, the lo-w- 
 lands and ZcaUind being lulajited for pasture and cattle, 
 and the light soil for cereals and fruits. 
 
 The chief rivers are tlie Ehine, Maas and Scheldt, which 
 have also important branehes. "^’uterways are more nu- 
 merons than in any other European couutiy, the immense 
 tracts of meadow land being girtUed by large canals and cut 
 in alt directions by siuidlor ones for drainage and com- 
 municatiou. 
 
 The climate of the Netherlands is variable, chilly cold 
 often succeeding high temperature, inducing vaiious forms 
 of fever and agues In Summer the thermometer some- 
 times rises above 80 deg. , and even to 00 deg, , in the .shade, 
 and a Winter of great severity usually occurs everj' five 
 yearn. 
 
 The farms are generally small and well cultivated. The 
 leiuling agricultural jiroducte of Zealand are wheat and 
 madder. In South Holland madder, hem]), butter, and 
 cheese. In North Holland butter and cheese ai’e exten- 
 sively made, and cattle, shec]) and pigs reared and ex- 
 ported. The horses of certain districts are of first-rate 
 cjuality Fruit is abmulant, and in several j)rorinces much 
 attention is jiaid to bees. In Huai'lera tulips and hya- 
 cinths are much cultivated, realizing a large anuuid 
 amount. i 
 
 Game is jilentiful, and forms an article of export, includ- I 
 ing deer, pheasants, ])uitridges, wild ducks, snipe, ])lover ! 
 ami himc. j 
 
 The chief manufactures are linen, woolen, cotton and ' 
 silk fabrics, jiapcr, leather, gla.ss, etc. Leyden and Tilburg j 
 are famed for woolen blankets, wool-dyed pilot, fine elotlis 
 and friezes. Linens and rich dama.sks are the speeiidtv of 
 one district, and calicoes, shirtings, drills and table-cloths 
 of others, tlood imitation Smyma and Hcotch carpets, 
 
 De.xmabk. 
 
 The area of Denmark is Si, 313,920 acres. The chief pur- 
 suits are agriculture, cattlc-breediug, navigation and fishing, 
 about one-fourth of the poj)ulation being engaged in those 
 industries. The annual yield of gi'tiin may be calculated at 
 about 100,000,000 bushels, be.sides 200 baiTels of potatoes, 
 beans, etc. About three-fourths of the whole coimtrj- 
 is under cultivation. 
 
 The raising of horses and cattlo is quite an important 
 industiy. The sUiti.stics of live stock are, in round unm- 
 ber.s, as follows : Horacs, 300,000 ; cattle. 1,250,000; sheep, 
 1,900,000 ; hogs, 450.000. 
 
 The exports consist mainly of grain, flour, horses, cattle. 
 
 CHARLES B. NORTON. 
 
 tiogs, pork, butter, wools, liidcs and skins, brandy, train 
 oil. etc. There are large mills, sugar refineries, iron fouu- 
 drie.s, macbine-sliops, distilleries, tanneries, etc., and flour- 
 mills can be found in all sections of the country. 
 
 Tlie length of railways in the kingdom at the end of 1874 
 •was about 800 miles, and of telegrapb wkes about 6,000. 
 
 FR.VNCIS W.YLKER. 
 
 Cattegat, the Skager-rack, the North Sea, the Atlantic and 
 Ai-ctic Oce.aus, and thus completely separated from the 
 maiuhuid, with the exceptiou of the northeastern part. The 
 entire peninsula embraces an area of 188,160,000 acres. 
 
 Sweden is generally Ie.ss mountainous thim Norway, 
 
 I about 8 per cent, of its area being considered to lie upwards 
 of 2,00O feet above the level of the sea. Of the entire area 
 of the kingdom, a third part does not lie 300 feet above the 
 level of the sea, and it is within the low-lying districts that 
 the cultivated piui-s of the countiw are found, as well as the 
 lai'gest plains. 
 
 Next to Finland, Sweden is the best irrigated conntiy in 
 Europe, as here lakes and rivers cover an ai-ea of 14,428 
 English square mile.s, with a seacoast of 1,500 English 
 miles. 
 
 The climate of Sweden is mild in comparison to its high 
 latitude, an effect attributed to the influence of the Gulf 
 Stream. There are dense forests, and barley and ryo 
 mature in the pro\ince of Nordlaml, while its most southern 
 part lies in the same latitude a.s the highest fields of Green- 
 land, and its northern in thatof ban'en Icehmd. Tlie vari- 
 ation of the mean annual tem])eratnre of the entire kingdom 
 is between 34 and 46 deg.s. The farmer’s "worst enenij' is 
 the frost, which in a single clear night, perhaps after a 
 warm Summer day, will destroy his brightest pro.spects ; 
 but it is hoped that the increase of tillage and drainage will 
 mitigate its severity, if not prevent it. They are very rare 
 in the central and southern parts of Sweden. 
 
 Mining is one of the most imiioilant depoi-tments of 
 Swedish industry, and the working of the iron mines in 
 particular is making constant progress by the introduction 
 of new machiueiy, 
 
 In 1873 there were raised about 20,000,000 cwt. of iron 
 [ ore, and the manufactured steel amounted to 1.290,907 cwt. 
 There wore also raised 1,660 lbs. of silver, 26,152 cwt. of 
 copper, and 645,631 cwt. of zinc ore. There are largo 
 veins of coiJ in various jiarts of Sweden, but no systematic 
 •working of them has yet taken ])laee. 
 
 The princi])al articles of cultivation aiv, in addition to 
 the various cereals, potatoes, hemp, flux, tobacco and hops, 
 which arc generally gi-owu in sufficient quantities for home 
 consumption. 
 
 The forests are .'"of gi'eat extent, covering nearly one- 
 
 S%VEDEN, 
 
 Sweden and Norway, united under one king, form the 
 Scandina"vian country, whose shores are "washed by the 
 waters of the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic, the Sound, the 
 
 and carpc'ts of hair and wool, are manufactured ; also varus, 
 dyed silks and silk stuffs, leather, glass and fireaims. 
 Sugar-refilling is largely carried on at Amsterdam. Rot- 
 terdam and Dordrecht, from all of wliich jilaces it is ex- 
 ported to Russia, the Levant and other countries of Enrojie, 
 Tlie chief motive power is the windmill, which forms a 
 never-failing element in the scenery, though of late vears 
 steam is liecoming more general. 
 
 Fi.shing in inland waters, and also on the coast of Scotland, 
 is rigorously pursued. In 1872, 108 vessels "were employed 
 ill the herring fishery in the North Sea, and the take -was 
 valued at about §400,000, that on the Netherland coast 
 at §250,000, while in the Zuyder-Zee, adilitional, about 
 180,000,000 heniugs were taken. The ancho\y take, 
 almost exchlsi^•t•ly in the Zuvder-Zee, amounted to about 
 §900,000. 
 
 At the begiiiuiiig of the year 1875 there were 1,200 miles 
 of railway open for traffic, the length of telegraph wires at 
 the same time being about 10,000 miles. 
 
HISTORICAL RRGISTRR OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 143 
 
 fourth of tho -whole Knrhico. tlio birch, tii', 
 pine anil beech being of gi-eat impoitani'e, 
 not only for the timber, tar anil iiitch 
 wliich they yiekl, but also for their supply 
 of charcoal ami firc-'wood. The common 
 fruit - trees— apple and pear — grow as far 
 north as liO deg. 
 
 Cranberries and oth.er berries abound in 
 all parts of tho coiintiy. 
 
 In 1870 there were in Sweden 428,440 
 horses, 1,905,800 horned cattle, l,780,(t()P 
 sheep and goats, and 354.3U.8 swine. 
 
 At tho cud of September, 1875, tho 
 - total length of railways open for traflie 
 was 2,237 English miles. All the tele- 
 graphs, mth the exception of those of 
 private companies, belong to the State, 
 the total length being 10,980 English 
 miles. 
 
 Nouway. 
 
 The area of Norway and Sweden is 
 about equally divided, that of Norway 
 comprising 77,938,550 acre.s. Only 1 5-10 
 per cent, of the whole area can he cul- 
 tivated, natural pastures occupying about 
 1 5-10 per cent., forc.sts about 20 2-10 per 
 Cent., mountiiins, ghicici’s, lakes, rivers, etc., 
 about 76 7-10 per cent. The Avhole of the 
 Peninsula consists of a coimected mimutain 
 ma.sH, u’hich, in the southern and western 
 ])arts of Nonviiy, eonstitutes a contiuuous 
 tract of rocky highlands, with steep de- 
 clivities dipping into the sea, and here 
 and there broken by narrow tniets of arable 
 land. 
 
 The peculiar physical character of Nor- 
 way ncoesHurily gives rise to givat varieties 
 of climate. The inriueiioe of the sea and 
 the Gulf Stream, and the peiiotration into 
 the interior of deep inlets, gi'eatly modify 
 the severity of the clunate of tho western 
 shores. In Norway Proper, the Wintei-s, 
 n-s a rule, are long and cold, and the 
 Summers, which rapidly follow the melting 
 of tho snows in the months of April and May, lu'e -warm 
 and pleasant. 
 
 The principal cereals cultivated arc oats, barley, com, 
 rye and -wheat. The yearly produce is about 11,160,000 
 Inislic'ls, be.sidc3 14,100,000 baiTcl.s of potatoes. The value 
 of the harvest amounts to about f?lG,000,tWO iier anuiiin. 
 The products of agiicultnre and cattle-hreedii»g being 
 insnflieii-nt to supjily the ^vmlts of the cmmtiw, consider- 
 able tpiautities of them are imported. 
 
 Tlie forests cover more tlian one-tit'th of the area. They 
 supj)ly considerable quantities of timber, the avemgc amiunl 
 exports of these being about $16,000.0(10. 
 
 The fisheries of Norway employ ahimt 27,000 men. and 
 yield about $16,000,000 per annum. They arc of great 
 imporhmoe, and not only yield one of the most valuable 
 lutieles of home consumption, but, at the same time, j^rove 
 one of the most profitable source.s of foreign exportation. 
 Fish are caught in almost every stream and lake of the 
 iutcrioi', n-s well ns in the fjords of the coast, and in the 
 bays and channels which encircle the numerous islands 
 about tho long .sea line of Norway. Tlic.se fish are princi- 
 pally cod and herring. Codfish and dried sidt-fish are 
 exported to Spain and Italy, honings to the Baltic ports. 
 
 The principal articles of exports were, in 1873 : tho jiro- 
 ducts of the fisherie.s, $11,600,000 ; of forestn*, $15,800,000 ; 
 of agriculture and cattle-breeding, $1,300,000 ; metals and 
 minerals. $1,800,000. 
 
 Norway had, in 1875, 150,000 hoi-ses, 950,000 oxen and 
 cows, 1,710,000 sheep and goats, 110,000 pigs, and 102,000 
 reindeer. The s’alue of the annual product is about 
 $2.5,000,000. 
 
 Norway has 304 miles of railways, and 147 miles of 
 canals. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The superficial area of Italy ia 72,113,280 acres, of which 
 57,542,740 acres ai-e productive soil. The ifiiysical aspect 
 presented by the surface i.s divemified iu the extreme. 
 Northcni Italy is, for the most part, composed of one 
 great plain — the basin of the Po, compiisiug all Lombardy 
 and a considerable portit>n of Ifiedmont aud Venice, 
 boiuidod cm the 
 northwest and 
 jiartly on the 
 south by differ- 
 e II t Alpine 
 brnnehes. 
 
 Throughout 
 Central Italy 
 the great Aiieu- 
 niuo chain gi^•oa 
 a picturesque 
 irregularity to 
 the country, in 
 the“highland 
 districts of 
 
 Naples reai.-hiug an axjpearunce of savage grandeur. 
 Along the extensive coast - plains, as well as in the sub- 
 Apemiine valleys, a brilliant flora aud vegetation impart a 
 noble chiu-acter of beauty to the scenery. Tlie great 
 plains of Italy arc those of Lombardy, of Piedmont, tho 
 Ycuetiau Plains, the plain of the Romiui Legations, the 
 liliiiu of the Campo Felice, on which stands Vesuvius, the 
 Apulian I*laiu. and the long, narrow Neapolitan Plain 100 
 
 “OLD ABE,’’ THE WISCONSIN WAR EAGLE, 
 inilc.s iu length and 24 iu breadth, strctcliing along the 
 Gulf of Torrente. 
 
 The great majority of the rivei's of Italy are only naviga- 
 ble for smail-boats or bajgcs. By fat the most important 
 is the Po, which liscs on tho borders of France, Hows into 
 the Adriatic, and has numerous tributaries. 
 
 The canal sy.stcm of Italy is most extensive iu the north. 
 Nine principtd canals in Loiubai-dy administer to the 
 imgation of the plains and to the purposes of commercial 
 communication, contribnliug in no small degree to the 
 prosperity of the district. Venice comprises 203 navigable 
 aud 40 minor canals. Piedmont is iiiti‘r,sei'ted by 2.53 canals, 
 extending over a length of about 1,000 miles. Tliis system 
 of water-communication -wa-s early carried to a high degree 
 of efllciency in Italy, aud is of incalculable service in the 
 agricultmul districts. 
 
 The mineral and thermal springs of Italy are innumer- 
 
 able, and possess a great variety of curative 
 and sanitary jirnperties. 
 
 In the northern provinces the climate is 
 temperate, salubrious, aud frequently .severe 
 in Winters. In the centre it assumes a 
 more genial and sunny character, while the 
 heat of the southern extremity is almost of 
 a tropical intensity. The drawbacks of 
 Italy’s climate are the tramontana or moun- 
 tain wind; the deadly s/rcx.'co, -which blights 
 all nature at seasons along the western 
 e< >ast ; and the malaria or noxious miasmata 
 which issues from the vinremma of Tus- 
 cany, the pontine marshes of the Venetian 
 lagoons, generating pestilential fevers aud 
 aguish diseases in the Summer season. 
 The mean annual temperature of the 
 country ranges between 55 at Jlilan and 
 6t) at Sarihnia. 
 
 Staple products of ItiJy arc corn, wine, 
 raw silk, rice, oli^•es and fmite. Hemp 
 flax and cotton ai'e also largely gi'own. 
 The sugar-cane is successfully cultivated in 
 the two Sicilie.s. Agriculture, except in the 
 north, is iu a very backwaixl condition. It 
 is calculated that only two-thirds of tlie 
 area of the Iciugdom capable of production 
 arc cultivated, and that tlie rest lies waste. 
 Of lands capable of cultivation, more than 
 ludf is devoted to the cultivation of cereals, 
 mainly wheat The average crop is insuffi- 
 cient for the supply of the country. 
 
 As to the. wines of Italy, those of Naples 
 are esteemed the best. Small quantities of 
 the famous L'lchryimc Christi are exported, 
 while the Sicilian wines of Slarsala form 
 a considerable item of export. 
 
 The best oil aud olives are furnished by 
 Tuscany, Lucca aud Naples. 
 
 I Silk is chiefly manufactured iu the north- 
 era provinces, the cultivation of the mul- 
 heiTV and the rearing of the silkworm 
 IS THE forming in Lombardy the main industry. 
 
 Oranges, lemons, almonds, figs, dates, melons 
 and the iiistnchio are gl•o^\•n aud largely exported. The 
 sea and fresh-water fisheries are considerable. The Medi- 
 terranean furaishos immense quantities of timny-fish, 
 anchovies, sardines aud mackerel. 
 
 The total length of railways open for traffic in 1874 was 
 4,(307 English miles. The length of telegraph lines was 
 12,622 English miles. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Japan Pi-oper comprehends four Lu-ge islands, viz. ; 
 Niphon (the Japane.se mainland), Sikok, Kiusiu and Yesso. 
 The empire, however, includes about 3,800 small islands 
 and islets, besides four larger ones. These islands appear 
 to be of volcanic origin, that part of the Pacific on which 
 they rest being affected by volcanic action, earthquakes oc- 
 curring very frequently iu Japan, although certain parts of 
 the eouutiy are exempt. Japan has been called the “Land 
 of ^Mountains” ; but although these are very numerous, and 
 many volcanic, they are of moderate elevation, and rarely 
 attain the limits of perpetual snu-w. The country generally 
 is of moderate elevation, -with fertile ^•alleys, picturesque 
 limdscapes, and a coast indented with magnificent und 
 commodious harbors. 
 
 The soil is jiroduetivo, rich iu mineral -wealth, and teem- 
 ing with every variety of agricultural produce. 
 
 June, July aud August are the months of rain in Japan, 
 this sometimes descending in torrents. The months of Oc- 
 tober and November are pleasant and genial. The Sum- 
 mera are veiy hot, and the Winters in the northern parts 
 extremely cold, the theirnomcter rising to 96 in the shade 
 in the former, and sinking to 18 below in the latter season. 
 Hun-ieaues and waterspouts m-c frequent, and about tho 
 change of the mousoous, typhoons and equinoctial galfs 
 frequently sweep the sea.s. 
 
 The countiy is rich in minerals, gold, silver, iron, sulpliur, 
 and especially copper, abounding. There are also large 
 quantities of coal. 
 
 Amoug.st the most remarkable of the -'.•egetable produc- 
 tion is the camphor-tree, the viumish or lacquer, the paper 
 mulbevry-ti-ee, the vegetable Avax-tree, the tea-shrab, the 
 tobacco-plant aud the rice-plant. The iniucipal manu- 
 factures are 
 those of silk 
 aud cotton. 
 
 The first line 
 of railway, from 
 Yokohama to 
 Yeddo, 17 miles 
 long. wiLS open 
 fi ir traffic on the 
 12th of Juno, 
 
 1875. Since 
 that time 20 
 more miles of 
 road have been 
 opened, and 27 
 
C'HAKAC'TEK SKETCHES IX MEHOllIAI, HALL AND THE ANNEX. 
 
EXPOSITION. 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 (h L'lOnOif, 
 
 
 /awj, r_ 
 
 <>‘jjonsH. 
 
 L Cosiack Ql Close Quarters. 2. 
 
 the FighL 3 Th> Skirmisher. 4. Attacked by Wolves, 5. The Falconer. 6. The JculoiLS fj5 
 
 THE HUSSIAN EKONZEB IX THE MAIX HriLEIXO. 
 
 r ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 H,w 
 
 wm 
 
146 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 FKANK LESLIE’S PAVILION ON THE LAKE. 
 
 nro in process of constmction. The length of tolegraph 
 lines open or in construction ■was 1,755 miles in 1873, and 
 3,5ir. in 1874. 
 
 BllAZIL. 
 
 The area of Brazil is 1.1*84,000.000 acres, while her coast 
 line is nearly 4.000 miles in length. 5Iuch of the temtory 
 inland i.s covered with mountain.^. The country is watered 
 by a number of rivers, particularly in the north and south. 
 The Amazon, Rio Negro and JIadeii'a are the principal of 
 these. 
 
 The soil i.s varied, and it is rich mth productions of all 
 kinds. Its ai-boiial vegetation, in particular, surpasses that 
 of the rest of the world. In 1807 there were exhibited in 
 the Paris Expo.sitimi 400 specimens of different kinds of 
 ■wood from Bnizil ; and Aga-ssiz related that he saw 117 
 different kinds of wood, all 'valuable, from a piece of land 
 not hiilf a mile sfxuare. There are uc-ai-ly 400 si>ecies of 
 palm alone, all valuable, and some necessary to the exist- 
 ence of the uative.s. The Indians obtain from them food, 
 drink, raiment, buildings, hammocks, cordage, cooking 
 utensils, tools, fishing tackle, hunting implements and 
 medicines. 
 
 Countless herds of wild cattle range the meadow land of 
 the southern provinces, wliilc horses, asses, sheep and cattle 
 multiply rapidly. 
 
 The ^-aluablc products include in the north coffee, cotton, 
 cocoa, cautchouc, sugar and tobacco ; in the south hides, 
 tallow, horn, etc.; and from the midtlle districts drugs, 
 diamonds, gold-dust, dyes, rice, manioc, tapioca, spirits 
 and rose-wood. Their total value in the three years from 
 1870 to 1872 average £34,000,000 pcrimnum. Besides these 
 l>roducts, the -wine and olive arc cultivated to a limited 
 extent in the southern provinces. Bice is an important 
 article of cultivation in several provinces, and is ea.sDy 
 Raised anywhere in the empire. In 1871 the value of the 
 cotton exported -was 824,000,000, Four-fifths of the coffee 
 used in the TJuited States, and more thiui one-half c»f that 
 in the entire world, comes from Brazil. Bidiia and Pernam- 
 buco are the great eaue-gro^ing provinces, and sugar-refin- 
 ing is carried on extensively there. In 1870 and 1871 the 
 quantity of sugar shipped from Pernambuco amounted 
 to over a million tons. 
 
 The best land in Brazil, especially that used for cotton 
 culture, is vei’y costly, and growing dearer every day. The 
 difiicidty of communication is a chief reason why thousands 
 of square miles of the richest soil have continued for ages 
 to rem;un imexplored and uncultivated. 
 
 The scarcity of labor in Brazil is severely felt, and inter- 
 
 feres with the production of its most important staples. It 
 is behoved that with a sufficient labor sj’.stem cotton could 
 be produced iu Brazil in succe.ssfxd competition with the 
 whole world. 
 
 The tea jilant of Cliina has been introduced, but hitherto 
 ^itli indifferent snccc.ss. 
 
 The I'lnjure posses.sed, at the end of 1873, railways of the 
 tot.ai length of 714 Engli.sh miles open for traffic. There 
 wiTc others of an .aggregate length of 337 miles in coui'se 
 of coustniction at the end of June. 1874. At tlu‘ beginning 
 of the year 1874 the telegraph lines extended to the length 
 of 3,375 miles. 
 
 Akgentin'e Republic. 
 
 Thi.s Confederation, formed by a federal union of fourteen 
 Provinces and three large TeiTitories, covers an iilmost 
 unbroken iduiu -with an .area of 708,000.050 acres. The 
 chief exx>ort.s are wool, hides, salt beef and tallow. Its re- 
 .source.s embrace all iiroducts of the trojiical and temperate 
 zones, Its may be seen by the description of its exhibits. 
 
 The farming stock of the republic is estimated at about 
 
 15.000. 000 honied cattle, 4,000,000 horses and 80,000,000 
 slice]), whose aggregate value cannot fall much short of 
 
 8200.000. 001* gold, yielding about 850,000,000 export pro- 
 duced per annum. 
 
 At tln‘ eml of the year 1873 there were 004 miles of r.iil- 
 way o])eii fur traffic and 042 mile.s in com-se (^f construo- 
 tii 111 , these 1 'dug mainly at the expense of the State. There 
 were, besides, at the end of 1873, railways of a totid length 
 of 1,907 miles sanctioned by the Government, inoluding an 
 iuternatiomil line from Buenos Ayres to Chili, of 894 ndles. 
 At the end of September 1873, the total length of telegi-aiih 
 wires in the repubbe was 8,2t>7 miles. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Tlic Republic of Liberia, which makes quite an enter- 
 ])ri.siug <bsj)lay in the Agi'iciiltural Builibng, is situated ou 
 the west coast of Africa, and exkmds along 520 miles of the 
 eoa.st. An English colony is on the Sierra Leone, at the 
 mouth of the San Pcilro, -while* it.s most interior settlement 
 is tliii'ty miles from the seaboard. 
 
 All tr()])ic;d I'roductioas are raised iu Liberia, many of 
 them tlu: entire year, being dug every month for use. The 
 Iima-b[-an and egg-i)lant ai'C indigenous, and of several 
 vaiieties. Fruits gi-ow in a wild shite and under cultiva- 
 tion. Oranges are e.speciaUy fine. Nowhere is a better 
 quality of sugar-cane jiroduced, and Liberian coffee is said 
 to be the richest kiiowni, always commanding the highest 
 market price. Ginger, ground-nuts, pepper and indigo are 
 
 j mainly raised by the settlers. Palm-oil is made \*y the iia- 
 ' tives; ivory, cam- wood, gums and hides are valuable articles 
 I for cxportiition from Liberia. 
 
 I The cUmate is uniformly sultry and moist, and the heat 
 j is not excessive, the themiomi'ter ranging between 71 and 
 ' 82 deg. lus the highest p"ints. 
 
 The manufacture ofpahn-oil, soap and indigo ha-s only 
 recently been commenced iu Liberia, and the introduction 
 of im])roved and jiatentcd luacliiiieiy, and that of a steamer 
 on the St. I’auTs River, have stimulated both the produc- 
 tion and transportation of article.s for export. 
 
 Sf.xix. 
 
 The Kingdom of >Spoin occupies an area of 125,459,840 
 acres, including the Balearic and the Canaiy Islands. An im- 
 mense plateau occuxiics the central regions of Spain, rising 
 to the height of 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and com])rising upward 
 of 90,000 square mile.s, or about ludf the entire area of the 
 country. Numerous rauge.s of mountains, including the 
 Pyrenees, the SieiTa Morena, the Sierra Nevada, and othei-s, 
 break the country in different directions. 
 
 The climate, owing to the superficial configuration, is 
 exceedingly i-aried. In the uorth-we.st provinces it is damp 
 and rainy dining the gi-eater jiart of the year. At JIadrid 
 Winters occur of great severity, while the south and east 
 Xirovinccs are warm in Winter and exjiosed to almost tro])i- 
 cal heat in Summer. 
 
 The vast moimtains of the eomitry, affording for the 
 most i>art only scanty crops of herbage, are utibzed as 
 pasture grounds, and diviiled into large farms ; but iu the 
 warm jilains, especially where water is abundant, the farms 
 are smaller. 
 
 A gi'oat advance has been made in the department of the 
 agrieultm-nl and mineral resources of Spain within the last 
 tc'ii yeaiN, and cliiofly in mining. Lead, copjier and tin , 
 are abundant ; there ai'c large de])o.sits of good cool and iron 
 ore. The quicksilver mines of Almaden have been long 
 celebrated and arc .still worked. 
 
 The i)rincij)al exports are wine, <lried fruits, flour, green . 
 fruits, olive oil, wool, grain, cork, seeds and salt. 
 
 The length of railways iu operatiouin January', 1875, wa.s 
 3,810 English miles, and 1.204 miles in coui'se of construc- 
 tion. The length of telegnqih ivire on the 1st of January, 
 1875 was 10,950 miles. 
 
 POKTUU.AL. 
 
 The area of Portugal, including it.s insuhu’ ai'peiulages, 
 is 23,900,400 acres. Its iirinciiial mountain ranges and 
 rivers are, with few exceptions, mere weatcni prolongations 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 of those of Spain. The valleys ate very unmerotis, and by 
 their great fruitfulness present a great eontrast to the Inu-ren 
 and rugged mountains which inclose them. The Iiu-gost 
 rivers are the Guatliana, the Jlinho and Donro, the Tagus 
 and the Mondegn. 
 
 Portugal has salt marshes on the coast, whence large 
 quantities of salt are immuilly obtained by evaporation. 
 Jlineral springs ai'e iibundtuit in miuiy piu't.s of the eountry^ 
 but hitherto these have been iilmost deserted. 
 
 The divemified conditinn.s of the surface of the country 
 produce enrresi)ondiiig diversities of chmate, so that while 
 snow falls ubundautly on tho mountains, it is never seen 
 in southern districts, where Hpring comes with the New 
 Year, and harvest is over by mid-summer. Rain falls abun- 
 dantly, especially on the coast, from October to Miuvh, and, 
 as a gnieral rule, the climate is healthy in the ch'vated dis- 
 tricts of the southern provinces, but mahuia and fevers 
 priwail in low flat lauds and near the salt marshes. The 
 mean annual temperature at Lisbon is 01 degi'oes. 
 
 The natural j)voduets con-espuud to the diversity of the 
 physical aud cliiuatic conditions ; for while barh y, oats and 
 wheat, mai;ic, flax and hi'inp are grown in the more elevated 
 tmets, rice is cultivates! in the low lauds, the oak in the 
 northern, the chestnut in the central, and the corh, date 
 and American aloe in the soutluTii parts ; while every si)ecies 
 of Euriipism sind \’arious kinds of semi-tropical fruits and 
 vegetables are grown in differcuit parts of the couutiy. The 
 B(»il is generally rich, Imt agiiculture is nearly everywhere 
 neglecti’d, being sc-ai'cely made subseiwicut to the wants of 
 the population. 
 
 Tho cultivation of tho vine and tho olive are almost tho 
 sole branches of iudu.stiy. I’rom the former is derivc-d the 
 rieh red wine familiarly known as port, from its being 
 shipped at Oporto, “the port.'’ 
 
 The niinerul products include gold, aiithufuiy, lead, 
 copper, marble, elate, coal, iron and salt. 
 
 The total length of railways in Portugal at thc‘ com- 
 meiic(‘meiit of lS7o wfus 52h English miles. There were in 
 1872, 1,P14 miles of telegr;qih wires. 
 
 lU's.sr.v. 
 
 The Empire of Russia, extending over a large i>ortion of 
 till' iicirthem regions of the globe', indudes 5,068,800,000 
 acre.s. European Russia consists of a vast plain bordered 
 with mniuituius. Tlio districts in tho .snnthwest of 
 Russia, between tlie Vistula and the Pruth, are covered by 
 hilly ranges from the l';nq)athiaii Jlountiiu.s. The pliiin of 
 
 European Rinssia naturaUy <livides itself into three tracts 
 or zono.s, each of which differs from the others in the nature 
 and ([iiality of its soil. The uortheni zone extends between 
 the Arctic Ocean and the Und Baltic table-land ; the middle 
 zone between th(' Ural Baltic and the Und Carpathian tdde- 
 laiid ; and the southern between the Und Carirathian td)le- 
 luud and the Blac'k und Caspian Seas. 
 
 The soil of the northern zone is marshy, and the climate 
 inclement. In the middl<“ part of the middle zone Uie soil 
 is pailly heavy, covered with mold, and toward the north 
 simdy. Beyond the Oka luxm-iant meadows abound, and 
 on tbe east beyond the Volga, this tract fonns an exten.sive 
 valley, covered with a thick layer of mold aud abundance 
 of woods. The southern zone consists of steppes extend- 
 ing along the shores of the Bhick and Caspian Seas. 
 
 The mean temperature varies between 32 aud 58 deg. 
 The chmate is in general heidthy. 
 
 Russia is an eminently agiieultural country, although 
 only a comparatively .small portion is under cultivation. 
 The system of husbaiulry in practice is what has idready 
 been described as the three-fallow .sy.stem. Li the south 
 and southeast, however, a system of agriculture pcctiliar in 
 Russia is in operation, called the fallow system, which etju- 
 si.st.s in raising three or four consecutive crops on the .Siimc 
 land, and ufterwiU'd allowing it to lie fallow for five or six 
 years, after which it begins to grow feather-grass, which is 
 considered a token of retm-uing fertility. The chief cereals 
 ai'e A\iieat, barley and oats. Buckwheat and 170 are 
 gi-own in the south, and from tlicse — especially frnn» lye — 
 the shiple food of the inhabitants is made. Hemp and flax 
 arc extensively cultivated, aud the oil extracted from the 
 seeds of the fijrauT is an iudcs2>cnsable article of the iJeus- 
 aiifs household, being used for food during the fasts, wiiich 
 exh'iid over about half the year. Tobacco croj)s cover al >uut 
 16,001) acres. Beet root iuul maize are also cultivated, and 
 there are numerous viiieyiuxls in the Crimea, Bes-sarabia ami 
 along the Dun. An area of 486.000,000 acres is covered 
 with woods. Timber is the chief article of internal eoiu- 
 nierco, and is floated down the rivers from the well-wooded 
 districts to tho.se which are destitute of wood. 
 
 There are about 30,000,000 head of cuttle 111 Ku.s.sia, 
 
 18.000. 000 horse.s, 10,000,000 sheej), nf whicli uiiward of 
 
 1.000. 000 are of the fine merino. Besides these aiiimals, 
 there are camels in the south of Ruasia, reindeer in the 
 north, aud hogs and iioultry are cveiywheru a!)uudant. 
 
 The fisheries of tho Caai>ian and Black Seas and the Sea 
 of Azov and their tributaries are importiuit. Thehenings, 
 
 codfish and Si\lmnn, canglit hi abundance in the "^Miite Sea, 
 con-stitute the ehit-f resources of the iuliabitants of tho 
 adjoining cli.sfricts. 
 
 B<‘<‘ culture is very genenJ in Russia. Silkworms are 
 reared chiefly in the (Caucasus. 
 
 The total length of railways at the end of tho year 1874 
 was 13,227 English miles. The length of telegraph _wirea 
 was 58,075 miles. 
 
 AMERICAN RAILROAD FREIGHT BUILDING. 
 
 North of tbe Avenue of the Republic, .and east of Pho- 
 tograph Hall, stands a building in which is fully illu.strated 
 the American system of fast freight lines. It is in a retired 
 situation, hedged around by the wire fences of the narrow- 
 gauge raih'oad, and therefore escapes tho notice of many 
 visitors, but it contaiu.s one of the most interesting cxliibits 
 on the grounds. The building is 45 ft. long by 22 ft. wide, 
 with two wings, each 12 ft. long and 10 ft. wide. It is 
 filled Avith models giving an excellent idea of the mode of 
 <jbtaining aud shipping petroleum, aud of transporting 
 and handling grain and other freights. 
 
 The building has the general appearance of an ordinaiy 
 roilro.od freight-depot — in miniature, of course, when com- 
 jiared with the mammoth edifices of our giant railroad cor- 
 l)oratious, but still retaining that locjk of jAracticability aud 
 substantiahty whicli characterizes such structures. Much 
 of tlie material employed in the building will hereafter be 
 used in coi’-construction. 
 
 In tho centre of the building a shelf or counter extends 
 entirely around the walls, on which the ingenious models 
 are arranged. On the counter lines of railroad-tracks are 
 laid, over Avhich run miniature Ciirs aud engines, fuDy illus- 
 trating tho methods of boarding, unloading, Aveigliiug and 
 traiisiiortiug freights. 
 
 The Em2>ire Transi)ui't:itioii Cominmy’s gi'ain-elevator at 
 Erie, Pennsylvania, is repivsented by a working model 
 that stands in the northeastern corner of the building. 
 Tliis uioilel is about (i ft, long, 6 ft. high, aud 4 ft. deep. 
 The compimy owns large elevators at Erie, the largest of 
 which hits a capacity of 250,006 bushels in 47 bins, and a 
 traiisfiT eaiKu-ity of 100,000 bushels in each 24 hours. Tho 
 one taken as a model iuts tm aggregate storage eai'acity of 
 100,000 bushels of grain in 31 seinmite bins, and a transfer 
 capacity of 75,000 bushels. A 0 ft. long rei>resentatioti of 
 the lake iiropellcr Jopnn, which is an iron screw steamer 
 of 1.421) tons freight capacity, and accommodatinns for 150 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 ]49 
 
 
 i 
 
 THE FIKHT HEAT OF SINGLES THE START. - 
 
 fir.st-cl;i.Hs iiDil ."(If) immigi-iiiit passiaigovs, oiui bp sivii at tlio 
 Avliitvf of till' iiioib'l oleviitoT. FroJii tho hold of tlip vessi‘1 
 the littlr i-lcvator its pargo of Hux.soed (ivprpsoitiiig 
 wlii'iit,), and transf.T.s it iiitotho frpiglit-cav.s on the trade 
 alongside. Xear by is a Fairl lank’s railroad .scale, on ■which 
 the cars ari‘ wi'iglicd befun' and after being loiulcd. Fur- 
 ther alcaig the track is also a working inndel of u railroad 
 track scali', with a • ' dcnd-rail ” rnmiing over it continually 
 witiumt affecting the running jjortion.s. At the other end 
 of the; countia' is .shown the method of transporting, hand- 
 ling and storing gaain at tidi'-wati'r. Here is a model of 
 the Fennsylvania Kailrcjad Conii>auy’s freight-depot at 
 Pier ns. North Itiver. N'ewlork. Barges for transferring 
 tming of freight-cars, tho wharves, buildings for storage, 
 and appliances for handling grain, are all repre.seated. 
 
 In th.' east wing of the building ar«' models showing the 
 method of obtaining and .shipihng petroleum. The oil Is 
 pnin])cd from tlie wc-11 into wooden tanks, from which it is 
 pmnjii’d or alhiwed to ilow into large storage tanks situated 
 at points conveniently sitiiate.l for collecting the oil from ' 
 
 :. ACKERMAN, ATALANTA, N. Y. ; a. U. HOIJIN.SON. UNION snuN.. .. N Y. ; 
 
 
 IIESCENT, miLADELPHU 
 
 a number of widls. From these tanks ))um])s forc(‘ the oil 
 tlu'ough “I'ipe-line ’’ to ircjii tanks, on the liui’ of the rail- 
 roiul. Tlie.se tanks are inised a sulKeieht tlistauce above the 
 level of the track to permit tlu' oil to rim from them into 
 iron ears. Tlie modi'l tank cars are beantil’nlly nickel- 
 plated. Tlie originals eonsist of a wrought-iron boiler on 
 trucks, each having a ea])aeity <>f n,(;0() gallons. The 
 boiler is fitted with a inan-liole, expansii m duine, valves, etc. 
 These tanks, n-s M’cdl as the pipe-lines, have to bo con- 
 strueted of the bo.st materials and in the most workinunlike 
 manner, to pn'vent leakage, as there arc few licpiids so 
 dilticidt to hold in any rceeptadc as petroleum and its 
 products. 
 
 A model of an oil-depot at C'ommunipaw is also given, 
 showing tho extensive warehouse.s provided for the storage 
 of barreled oil, and illu.stmting the manner of uuloiuling 
 buik-oil from the buik-cars and loading it into bulk-boats, 
 wbieli carry from 4S,Ul)() to 5U,OOl) gallons, or from l.(t00 
 to 1,50[) bairels each, by means of tlie boats between the 
 refiuerie.s and the yards. Large iron tinks are sunk in the 
 
 ground beiicatli the level of the railroad tracks. Between 
 the mils runs a trough, whieh hauls to the tanks. ,'’lio 
 train of oil tank-i-ars is nm over the troughs, and on tho 
 A’alves in the bottom of tlu‘ earn being opened, the oil in 
 idlowtsl to nm into the trough, and thence to the midei-- 
 ground tanks. From here it is pumped into largi t.ink.s 
 above gi-ound, from which it nins through hose into tlu 
 hoUls of the- bulk -barges which eiin-y it to the refinenes. 
 In the we.stern wing of the building is another Working 
 model, 10 by 12 ft. in dimeii.sion.s, by whieh is illnstruk-d 
 the method of obtaining and shipping petroleum. 
 
 It show.s a hilly countiy with a creek llowing th ongh 
 the centre, and flowing and pumping wells around it— tho 
 latk'r provided with a model pump at work pumping enule 
 oil, tho former discharging a stream of petrulenni into a 
 tiUilc. A Avell is also shown in 2)roces.s of boring, display- 
 ing the derricks, engines, tools, etc. In another jdace men 
 are seen erecting a derrick fur boring a well. There is also 
 exhibited a blacksmith’s shop, Avitli men at work reiiairing 
 tools, etc. In the front jjuiihm is shown the railroad 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ir. 
 
 ' - ^ 
 
 
 THE FINISH or THE FIRST HEAT OF FODES ATALANTAS, N. Y. CITY, FIRST; DEAVEEWYCKS, ALB.YNY, N. Y., SECOND; YALE COLLEGE, .NEW HAVEN, CONN., THIRD, 
 
 OPENING ItACES OF THE ItEGATTA UF THE NATIONAL AilAIEUIl ASSOCIATION. ON THE S C II U Y f. 1C 1 I. L UIVEU, AUGUST 22 d. 
 
 m 
 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CEHTEXHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 151 
 
 station at Fi'ankliii, Vonango County, PciiiLsylvania, with 
 the oil-worlcH, passenger-station, tanks with pipe aiuT racks 
 for loading petrolcnin into the cars, aiul tho railroad track, 
 
 ; witU a locoraotivo and train of cars. Tliere is a lai’ge 
 I nninhor of monug figures, about three 
 I inches long, of men employed in variona 
 I work about the oil-wells and buildings. 
 
 All the portions of this model ivork 
 perfectly by means of a small steam en- 
 gine, In addition to the working models 
 above described, thcro lu-e .shown speci- 
 mens of the oiinipment of oara. There 
 is a cnmjilcto freight track, full size, and 
 samples of car-wheels mndo by different 
 manufacturers : also axles lusit cold into 
 rai-ious shapes, to show the exi-ellence of 
 the material from which they are made. 
 
 Thero arc also complete models of cal's ; 
 the box or house-car for the transporta- 
 tion i)f grain, flour, boxed meats, wool, 
 cotton, etc. : the rack -car for the tnm.s- 
 pnrtatiun of oil iu banvls, lumber, railroad 
 iron, iron piiie, coal, and similar heavy 
 freights ; fho flat, or gondola car for tho 
 moveini''ut of heaiy stone blocks, iron 
 castings, etc.; and the butter and egg ear, 
 which is a box-cur ^^^th donble-lined toj), 
 bottom and side.s, and an icc-chest iu 
 each end for refrigerating tho conb.''nts 
 of tho ear. There ai-e also on exhibition 
 models of couplers, car-door.s and frames, 
 seal-locks, springs, bolts, etc., some of the 
 I 'utter being full - .sized sjiecimeus. Tho 
 I wall .sjiace abovi' the counter is occiiijied 
 ! on one side with an outline map show- 
 ; ing some of the principal mil and w.ater- 
 i routes between the Atlantic ami Pacifle 
 I seuboai'd I'ities. There is aV'O a map of the 
 pipe-hiiG system of Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 ; a map and i>roflle of a liiieiif levels through 
 I Butler, Cloi-ion. and Armstrong C'(jimtii'.s, 
 and a hirgo number of pliotogi'aphs. As 
 an annex, and adjacent to the IMain Build- 
 ing, several hundred feet of railway have 
 been laiil, on which a handsome working 
 model of a locomoti\1T oiginc, one-fonrth 
 size, {b-aw.s a train of similar iiroportioncd 
 model freight-cars. A neat, ornamental shod 
 protects the engine and train wlien not in 
 seiricc. Tho. locomotive is a beautiful 
 piece of stenni niadiinciy, complete in 
 j every ijortion, and works perfectly. 
 
 I IXTKRNATIONAL REGATTA, 
 i Thk boating season on the Sehnylkill 
 j River opened on the 23d of August, by 
 j the Annual Regatta of the National Amateur 
 I Association, the course being from the 
 j Palls Bridge to Rockland Landing, just 
 j above the Reading Railroad Bridge, a dis- 
 I taucc of exjrctly a mile and half, as 
 i measured on the ice. The course is a 
 I beautiful one, so firr as pietnresijue sceneiy 
 I si concern('d, and it has the sjrecinl merit wbitixo-ink exhibit of thaddeds davids a 
 
 more than three four-oared shells at once, '^licre there 
 are a number of competing ci-ews, it is, therefore, neces- 
 sary to I'ow in heats, the winning crew iu each heat ahmo 
 having place in the final decisive coiite.st. 
 
 In the Amateur races the Atuhmtas won 
 the fir-st heat and the Columbins the second, 
 placing thrill both in the flnal heat, which 
 was pulled brtwerii them on the 24th, 
 when the Coluiidiias won the heat. 
 
 These prebminary races having been won, 
 the next event in order was the Interna- 
 tional Rowing Regatta— four oara— the flrst 
 ever held, which commenced on the 28th . 
 The following is a list of the crews and 
 positions, the latter being drawn for by 
 lot, and forming the programme for tho 
 lirst day : 
 
 FinsT Heat. 2 o'cr.orK p. m,. -E ureka Hrut 
 riub. Newark, N. J,; Argrunutas Rowing Asso- 
 ciation. Bergen Puint, N. J. ; anil Duliiln Uiiivei-- 
 sity Boat Club. 
 
 Second Heat, 2;-15 p, m, Yesiir-r Boat 
 Ciub, Philadelphia; Yule College Crew; Cres- 
 cent Boat Club, Philadelphia. 
 
 Thied Heat, 3:30 p. m.— C oluml.iu College 
 Crew, New York; Elizabetli Boat Cluli. Ports- 
 moutli. Ya.; Quaker City Boat Club, Phila- 
 .lelpliia, 
 
 Foukth Heat, 4 : 15 p, M.-Beaverwyck Row- 
 ing C1 u!>, Alisiny. N.Y.; Faleou Boat Cliih, Bur- 
 lington, N. J.; Dmpiesne Boat Club, Allegbrnv 
 City, P.a. 
 
 Fifth Heat, 5 r. m. Pennsylvania Boat 
 Club, rhilaJi'lphia; Watkins Boat Cluii, Phila- 
 delphia; Malta Boat Club, Pliiladelpliiii. 
 
 Sixth Heat, 5 ; 4.5 r. m. - London Rowing 
 Cluij, England; Northwestern Rowing Cluli, 
 Chicago ; Atalanta Boat Cluli. New Y'ork. 
 
 8e\-entk Heat, G: 30 p, m. First Trinity 
 College Crew, Cainbridgi-. England; Oneida 
 Cliilj, Burlington, New Jersey. 
 
 In the seven heats seventeen erewa took 
 part, tlu-ee having withdrawn. The ■weather 
 was delightful, and crowds were assembled 
 to view the contests. Tlic re.sult <if the 
 first heat was ; Eureka 0;29J, Dublin 9:3(5j, 
 Argonautas 9:42; <jf the second, Vespers 
 9:43|. Crescents 0:401 : third he.at, Columbia 
 0:11, Elizabeth 0:2flJ ; fourth he.at, Beavcv- 
 ttycks 0:14; fifth heat, Vatkiiis 0:0Cb In 
 the sixth heat the Loiulou Rotving Club, 
 Siiid to be the best amateur crew in English 
 ■watera, was entered to iiull against the bc.st 
 two American crews, one of -whieh. how- 
 ever. tho Atalautas, withdrew at the last 
 moment on account of the illnc.ss of one 
 of the men, leaving only the N<jrthwestcni 
 crew of Chicago, holder of the -A.mericnn 
 championship, to race 'with the great Lon- 
 don four, This -was a ti-einendons raee iu 
 speed, i>ower, and intense interest, It was 
 won by the London crew : time, London, 
 8;u5; Northwestenis, 8:591. In the seventh 
 and closing heat, the Cambridge Lniversity 
 Crew (if England were matched with a raw 
 club from Burlington, New Jersev, .and 
 beat Civsily. The time was : Cambridge, 
 CO., OP NEW YOKH, IN THE Ji.UN BLULDiSG. 9;0fi} J Oueidas, 9:53{. 
 
 of lying low do\m in a valley, sheltered from the wind | 
 by b(.ild banks, so that the water is seldom disturbed. 
 It.s defects are a bend in the last half-mile, and the naiTow- 
 uess of the stream — the latter making it unsafe to start I 
 

THE JURY OP AWARD ON AN INSPECTION TOUR IN THE WINE VAULTS OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 Cambkidoe (Esglasd) <’nEW. 
 yjmr. Ayt. n'-lyht. }[■!■, ’.I 
 
 Close 23 153 5,10 
 
 l’>'iiro-e 22 150 5, 11 
 
 .liimison 21 1.52 5.00 
 
 ■Vann 22 10;1 5.11 
 
 Walk.-r .1 |i:; :,j , 
 
 Yale Chew. 
 
 -Vanii'. n-.!yhl. 
 
 Julian Kennedy 132 5.11 
 
 H. H. K<-lloj»g 157 5 . 111 - 
 
 M, M. I’olliii 170)/' 5.10’ ' 
 
 Fr-O.-i-i.-:: ■\V.,>u.t 151 5 . 10 *' 
 
 I "Watkins crew to row agaiirst the Cumhriilge (Trinity) 
 
 I boy.s. In this heat Cambriilge stujiix-il rowing, one of her 
 I men ln-ing taken ill, ami AVatkins rowi-cl on t-i the fini-ih, 
 
 ! making time. 0:OT|, beating their ouai time of the Jay 
 before. 
 
 I T]ie last ami givatc-.st race of the ilay, ami, iii fact, the 
 gi’catest of .all the fi mr-oare <1 contests, brought Yale in com- 
 ■ pi-titiou with the spleuJiJ Lomlon crew. The race was 
 j magnificently roweJ, though con-siderable dissati-sfactiou 
 I was felt with the London crew for using a system of jocki-y- 
 I ing, whii-h, although allowable by the strict rules, v.\i i ii.-i. 
 
 English oarsmen did not hesitate to .Siiy that the Sclmylkill 
 was the best water they had ever rowed in. And so the 
 third day was nsheri-d in amid a general feeling of Kttisfae- 
 tion, to which the fact that now M'as to oi-env one of tins 
 most interesting of all the events did not fail to add its 
 quota of iiiteri.-^t. 
 
 The .MUgh:->.cull heats did not attract lanch attention 
 throxighout the regatta, ami hast of all on this third day. 
 But when the Watkins fonr-oiii's ]jut in an a]'iiearauce and 
 pulled down to the start, followed hy the I/oiuloners niul 
 the iScavcrwyck.s, a Jcusc crowd had culicctcJ, and ewry- 
 
 REGISTER OF THE CENTENHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 ON'EIDA CKEW, RlT.I.IXGTOX, N. J. 
 
 Dow, R. N. w.->i..n, 
 
 N-.. 2. (i- A. Hunt. 
 N^, 3, J. 
 
 Stroke, J. H. Deacon 
 
 On the .second ‘'International " day, the fii-st heat was 
 won by the Beaverwy<-ks : time, Beavcrwyck.s, lb07 : 
 
 I’.m-ekas, Ibid. Tn the next he;it. the Colnnihias, who 
 were to have pulled, dn-w out of the race, leaving the 
 
 held to be finite libeiul on the ii.avt of gontleman-onrsmetu 
 This plan consisted in forcing the Yale crew to take the 
 London boat's water or risk a foul. The rc.snlt was that 
 till' Londoners won by about five feet. Time, London, 
 ; Yale. By this splendid inill Yale Ixjut the 
 
 j time of the Xnrthwesterns of the day before, and won 
 ' the right to being considered the best amateur four in 
 I America. 
 
 I By this time the Centennial Bogntfa had been acknow- 
 I ledg.'d goui'r.iHy to be a decided aucee.ss, and some of tlm 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 I.oxnos r.owixe. ('l.[•n. 
 
 Bow, B. I.ahatt.. 2‘^ 
 
 No. 2, r. Gulston .... 33 
 
 No. 3, A. Trowor.. 23 
 
 Stroke, J. Howell. ... 23 
 
 DrnLix UxivEr-siTY Crew. 
 
 .Vain' Ayf. 
 
 Bew, O, M, Ferffuson 22 
 
 No. 2. (<- II. Hickson 22 
 
 No. 3, C- n. Barrin^rton -- 
 
 Streka. Cniki'r narrin;;toii - 
 
THE I N T E r> A T I O K A L F O U E - O A E E U E E G A T T A ON THE SCHUYLKILL E I V E E . 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 body \vos ou tlip idf'i’t. Tbo positions : Beavcrwycks 
 at the west, London in the middle*, and \Viitkins en-st. The 
 race wa-s desperate from the start, the Watkins boat taking 
 the lead, Loudon next, and Beuverwwcks giadnally drawing 
 up, and at length reaching the lead, which tlu'y held to 
 the end, the ilistauce between theirs and the London boat 
 being only four feet, Watkins being about tinee lengths 
 behind. This race gave the Beaverwycks the gi’cat prize 
 of a handsome silver cup, valued at §1,000, while each 
 member of the crew received a gold medal, and each 
 member of the second crew (Loudon) received a sil\’er 
 medid. The time of this race was: Beaverwycks, 9:00; 
 London, 9:001 ; Watkins, 9:10. 
 
 The programme for Augn.st Olst was as follows : 
 
 At two p, M, the first trial heat uf single sculls between F. E. 
 Y.ates and C. E. Couit- 
 iiny, of till' Unioii 
 tl) wings, and H. (louvley 
 ami F. rioasiinton, nt 
 tin- Quaker City Club. 
 
 At a ([uarter to three' 
 the second heat, be- 
 twi-i-u W. G. Thomas 
 of tho Ponn-sylvaiiia ; 
 
 J. B. Mingus, of tho 
 Vesper: J. McCartney, 
 of tho Friendship ; and 
 Ed. Mills, Jr., of the 
 Atiilanta. 
 
 At half-past three, 
 first trial lu'iU for jiair- 
 oar.-d shells— (red) 
 
 NaiitihiB. W. Walsh 
 and E. D. Roaelie; 
 
 (white) Louden, ,1, 
 
 Howell tuid A. Trow.-r; 
 
 (blue) Ahilania, W. II, 
 
 
 At fifteen miimtc'.s 
 pa.st fear, seeon<f trial 
 heat (nr pair-narod 
 shells [rcil) N<>rth- 
 westi-i'ji. Corning and 
 Curtis; iwhite) Lim- 
 don, Lalnitt and Gul- 
 
 to be observed that while the building contains a very 
 largo tbsiday of needlework, ami what would be ordi- 
 narily anticiiKited from w'omcii. there is itlsn much more of 
 the artistic aud iitDitariau offered in various dircctious, of a 
 clrar'acter which woirld scarcely be looked for from this 
 source. A considerable collection of paintings in oil is 
 arraugod together, comprising many specimens of consider- 
 able merit, although i>os.sibly uoue of the very highest 
 clnmicter. The drii^tings tire, as a rule, urore deserving of 
 praise. The modeliug, of which there are several exlribits, 
 is creditable, and one iirstance iir this line is deservirrg of 
 high euconriirm. This is a medallion head in high relief, 
 modeled from common birtter, aud representing an ideal 
 subject, entitled “ The Dreaming lolauthc.” Iir consider- 
 ing this work, the (bfficulties attached to the emxdoynreut 
 
 Rinitii. 
 
 The international 
 regatta coirtimied 
 from day to day, tin* 
 siirgle scirll races 
 attracting littio atteu- 
 tiorr, comparatively 
 speaking, and eveir 
 the j)air-oared contest 
 rousing rro euthii- 
 siasm. The amateur 
 races concluded on 
 the afternoon of the 
 1st of Seirtember. 
 
 The day's racirrg 
 bcgair with double- 
 sarll corr tests, the 
 fiir;d heat bciirg wou 
 by tire Northwestern 
 Club, two selections 
 of the club lamuiiig 
 against two of tho 
 Abilauta’s. The i~aco 
 of this day was be- 
 tween the four-o.arcd 
 crews of Yale. Co- 
 lumbia, and Trinity 
 Collegi', Cainl >ridge. 
 
 Owing to various 
 misfortunes in the 
 C a m bridge crew, 
 their boat got out of 
 till- race, and Yale 
 won against Colum- 
 bia by three lengths 
 iu 9 minutes liij 
 .seconds. The re- 
 gatta closed on Scf)- 
 
 tember Cth, with the final heats for jmofessioual prizes. 
 Tho match between the Halifax lishermcn aud the famous 
 LotuIou Fom- wa.s coute.stcd with spirit, and the riicc w.os 
 awarded to London. The last match was for pair-oars be- 
 tween two cjf the London Four .md two Boston men, the 
 hitter winning. This dosed the .st-rics of contests. 
 
 w()M?:n's i’.utlion. 
 
 This building stands near the United State.? Government 
 Buililing. It is 208 feet .squ:irc, ami was originated and 
 paid for by the women of America, its co.st being §30,(X)0. 
 Its content.s are exceedingly vai'ied, all. however, po.sses.sing 
 the feature of liaiung been exdu.sivcly the contribution and 
 work of the women from different parts of the world. It is 
 
 THE CAXADI.IS LUMBElt EXHIBIT. 
 
 of such a material should be taken into .account, while it 
 must be eoneeded that, whatever material the artist employs, 
 the work itself is one exhibiting a high degi'ee of tilent, a 
 fim* ideal feeling, ius well as i-xceediug delieai'y and brilliancy 
 of manipulation. .\ii mu-xpecb-d exliibit is that of many 
 aiyicles of furniture, huge and small, iuchuhng bcdstetids, 
 .secretaries, etc., elaborately caiwed by hand by women. A 
 number of these ai'e from Cinciiimiti, the School of 
 Design of that city making quite a wonderful exhibition in 
 this ilirection, a pjtrticular instance being a ca.se which will 
 compare favorably with anything of this diameter in the 
 i-ntire exhibition. There are idso from thi.s same organiza- 
 tion a large number of exhibits in the decorative arts other 
 than carving, particularly in painted china, the subjects of 
 which are selected from flowers, leaves, single heads, gi'oups 
 of figures, etc., oil of them displaying remarkable taste. 
 
 A very beautiful carved bedstead is thus described “ Tt 
 is made of walnut, inlaid with ebony, the carving being the 
 work of two young ladies, the heail panels representing 
 Intiee-work. from which hang trnmpet-flowei's. On the posts 
 are carved lilies and puppies, and above tho cenrial decora- 
 tions, at the ho.id, ai'e two panels, upon which are painted 
 clastcrs of momiug-glories, dosed for the night. The foot- 
 board is oruameutod with ciu'ving of some flowei's opening 
 under the rising of tho morning sun.” It should bo 
 obseiTcd that the design is poetic, and symbolical us Aveii 
 as artistic. A diild’s bedstead uear this is made of Spauish 
 mahogimy, inlaid with ebony, aud beautifully caiwed, 
 having upon its fooHioard mirny amusing scenes from 
 “Olother Goose.” The Royal School of Needlework of 
 England has made many contributions, indiidiug work 
 dune by members of 
 the Royal family. 
 A .satin .sku't, closely 
 embroidered, from a 
 dc.sign by the Frin- 
 oess Louise. Avifo of 
 the Marquis of 
 Lome, is the property 
 of Queen Yietoria. 
 Near this is a cose in 
 which ai'e a con- 
 siderable number of 
 etchings from tho 
 hands of Queen Yic- 
 toria herself. Many 
 of these display voi-y 
 fine art-feeling and a 
 decided bilent. It is 
 noticeable, perhaps, 
 that her best rvork 
 displays itself iu 
 h o m e 1 y , domestic 
 and social scenes aud 
 incidents, rather than 
 Avhore she has at- 
 tempted more ornate 
 and sevc-re subjects. 
 The display of lace 
 and cmbroideiy is 
 large aud veiy valu- 
 able, The ladies of 
 Brazil have contri- 
 buted exk'usively in 
 this dii'cctiou. >Some 
 laccwork and certain 
 embroidered cushions 
 will well repay careful 
 observation. A home 
 piece of embroidery 
 is a quilt sent by a 
 Indy from Alabama. 
 It is white aud rose- 
 colored satin. Ou the 
 white ground arc em- 
 broidered 1,500 rn.ses 
 and rosebuds, iu 
 each of which there 
 arc from 500 to 900 
 stitches. Seven tlmu- 
 .saiid skeius of silk 
 were used in this 
 work, aud a lady wa.s 
 engaged upou it 
 eighteen months. A 
 very ideasing exhibi- 
 tion of wax flowei's 
 and fruits is made, 
 aud will bo found on 
 the eastern side of tho 
 building. Some re- 
 presentations of 
 forest leaves are ex- 
 quisitely natural. 
 Near these are speci 
 mens of real flowers, 
 ju' e s e r V 0 d under 
 gla.ss, aud seemingly 
 as i>erfect as when 
 they were culled ; and a very athw'tive case from Forida, 
 coiitaiuing nTcath-s and crosses, composed of gras.s and 
 lichens Avith red beiTios and pine cones interspersed. 
 Com husk aud iialmetto hats and southern moss ai'e a 
 liortion of this exliibit. A number of ludiau-made baskets 
 of straw are also exhibited, many of them being of the 
 very finest conceivable texture. Fish-scale jeweh'j' is 
 another attractive article on exhibition, the material used 
 being the Large scales of a certain fish found iu the South- 
 ern waters, these being bleached and made into eari'ings 
 and necklaces. The spccimems ahoAni were matle by the 
 granddaughtei-H of Thomas Jefferson, Avho ai-e now living 
 in Florida. The collection of preparations in m<iteri<t 
 meiUca, all of which were painted by students in the 
 "Women ’.s Medical College of .Pennsylvania, deserves exami- 
 nation. In one comer of the building are seen a number 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 157 
 
 CUIUOSIHES IX THE CHIXEHE DEPAlilMEXI IX THE JIAIX EUILDIXa. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 of carpet^wennng machines, presided over by ladies, and 
 where the processes in tliis mamifactnre may be duly wit. 
 nessed in full operation. Quite a number of labor-sa'ving 
 macliines of women’s invention are displayed near these, 
 most of them being for domestic use. The engine wliich 
 runs the machines for carpet-wea\-ing. as well as others for 
 spinning cotton and manufacturing worsted, is managed by 
 u woman engineer— certainly an anomaly in mechanics. A 
 life-preserving mattress, invented by a lady from the State 
 of New York, is an important exhibit. There are several 
 dolls exliibitcd, with doll-dresses and decorative articles, and 
 n large number of chililren’s garments, exquisitely embroid- 
 ered. Also bridal costumes of trousseaux, etc. This col- 
 lection, illustrative of woman’s work, has been decried by 
 many writers, yet on careful inspection it displays very 
 much that is worthy 
 of the highest com- 
 mendation, and in 
 its entirety will com- 
 pare favorably with 
 any other special ex- 
 hibition on the 
 grounds. It should 
 be considered with 
 regard to it that the 
 entire effort wa.s only 
 commonced at a very 
 late period, and that 
 it was prosecuted by 
 the women under a 
 good many disad- 
 vantages without 
 outside assistance. 
 
 Among the foreign 
 countries contribut- 
 ing to the collection 
 in this building 
 besides Brazil, is 
 Japan, which fur- 
 nishes a case contaiu- 
 ing a number of veiy 
 beautiful and iu- 
 torcstiug a r t i c 1 e .s, 
 and several exhibits 
 in painted ware 
 placed on the walls. 
 
 There are also ex- 
 hibits from the 
 Scandinavian coun- 
 tries, and a large and 
 very fine one from 
 Canada, containing 
 among other articles 
 a number of very 
 carefully and beauti- 
 fully made models of 
 public institutions, 
 charitable and others, 
 in the Dominion. A 
 novel and seemingly 
 important improve- 
 ment in the manu- 
 facture of women's 
 undergarments is 
 exhibited here, the 
 design being to re- 
 move the weight of 
 the clothing from the 
 bills and suspend it 
 from the shoulders. 
 
 The idea has been 
 heretofore explained 
 in public at certain 
 women's meetings in 
 . New Y’orlc and Bos- 
 t 0 n, and is c o n- 
 sidered by the me- 
 dical faculty vei-y 
 important in its re- 
 lation to health. An- 
 other interesting ex- 
 hibit in this con- 
 nection w that of a 
 
 number of articles used in electro-magnetic treatment for 
 chronic diseases, and which are exhibited by Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth J. French, of riiiladelphi.i, a pioneer of a iinarter of 
 a century ago in the scientific treatment of diseases by 
 electricity. 
 
 ThK “ IvJNDEUfi.MlTEN." 
 
 Close by the Women's Pavilion, and forming, as it were, 
 an annex of that building, is a little cottage, where are 
 sho\vn, under the auspices of the Women’s department, 
 actual methods of education in use in the infant school 
 system of Froebel, termed the *• Kindergarten." Here the 
 system is developed, luid can be seen on certain day.s of the 
 week, illustnitiug it.s working with eighteen little chihlreii 
 from three to six years of age, taken from the “ Northern 
 Home for Frieudle.ss C'liildreu. " The business of this 
 school is conducted by Miss Burritt, the furniture and 
 
 material being contributed by Mr. Steiger, of New York. 
 Jliss Burritt commenced her labors in this direction last 
 Winter in the Northern Home for Friendless Children of 
 Philadelphia, and by the suggestion of Mrs, Gillespie, the 
 heatl of the women's movement, the sum of Si, 500, mised 
 by the Rhode Island committee of the women's buildiug, 
 was devoted to the erection of this little cottage. Here 
 these little children go tlirough the regular daily exercises 
 of the Kindergarten system, and to those who may be inter- 
 ested in the novel and beautiful feature of a child’s educa- 
 tion nothing can be more charming than a visit to this 
 school. Friederich Froebel introduced this new method of 
 teaching into his native country of Germany in 1837, 
 giving it the name of Kindergarten (children’s garden), 
 certainly a most happy effort at nomenclature. The idea 
 
 THE JAPANESE TOILET MIREOR IN THE MAIN BL’ILDINO. 
 
 involves a large, wcU-ventilated, well-lighted and pleasant 
 room, opening upon ii garden where should be combined a 
 Iilaygroimd for general enjoyment, a large garden-plot, 
 .and smaller j’lots for each child old enough to cultivate 
 nu<‘. Hero the little ones sliould he taught to plant and 
 cultivate flowers, useful vegetable.s, and even trees, and to 
 surround these with such birds ns encourage a kindly 
 treatment, and which can be brought to make tlu-ir homo 
 there. Usually from three to five hours arc piussed in these 
 gardens. 
 
 Froebel’s system did not contemplate corj'-oral jiiuiisb- 
 ment, exclusion from a game or from the garden being 
 considered sufficiently severe treatment. He devised a 
 number of games and cxercise.s for use in liis course of 
 instruction, and nhxj six “gifts," which are now used in the 
 Kindergarten. These gifts consist of soft balls of iliffereut 
 
 colors — with strings attached to them — cubes, cylinders, 
 wooden balls, cubes divided for tbc construction of build- 
 ings and other objects, and many other articles, the whole 
 being intended to convey the meaning of form, color, 
 size, motion, individual and other qualities to the infant 
 mind. 
 
 Froebel (bed in 1852. During his life more than fifty 
 Kindergartens were established in Germany, Belgium, and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Although no government has yet introduced the system 
 in the public schools in the United States, these schools 
 have become quite numerous in New York, Washington, 
 Philadelphia and Boston, Miss E. P. Burritt having been 
 perhap.s more in-strumental than any other in popular- 
 izing them. It is likely that the exhibition of the Kinder- 
 garten at the Cen- 
 tennial will intro- 
 duce the system into 
 many cities where it 
 is at present im- 
 known. 
 
 THE BREWERS’ 
 BUILDING. 
 
 The Brewers’ 
 Buildiug stand.s in 
 the extreme north- 
 ea.stern corner of the 
 grounds, and directly 
 east of Agricultural 
 Hall. The .stmeture 
 is Ofi feet 'wide by 
 272 feet long, with a 
 centre tower haring 
 an elevation of 60 
 feet, and wings of 28 
 feet. 
 
 In addition to the 
 main hall a building 
 lia.s also been pro- 
 vided for the storage 
 of malt liijuor for 
 exhibition and com- 
 petition, 70 feet by 
 HO. with double walls, 
 the extension being 
 divitled in tliree com- 
 partmonts. One 
 compartment, 25 by 
 80 feet, is for the 
 .storage of ale in bulk ; 
 another of the same 
 dimensions for malt 
 hqnor on draft, and 
 the centre compart- 
 ment, 20 by 80 feet, 
 over which is an ice- 
 box to hold four feet 
 in depth of ice, is for 
 the storage of lager 
 beer. The uniform 
 temperature for the 
 middle compartment 
 is 45 deg., and of 
 the two side com- 
 piutments 56 deg. 
 In the centre of the 
 building is a brewciy 
 i n operation, and 
 near it are models, 
 one rejircsenting a 
 brewery in the olden 
 time, anil the other 
 one of more modem 
 style. Foniiing the 
 mechanism of brew- 
 ing as exemplified in 
 this buiKling are a 
 huge copper tun, im- 
 mense wooden vat, 
 with all the ma- 
 c li i ncry , pipes, 
 pumps, etc., attached, wliich usually appertain to the 
 manufacture. Arrangeii in different pail.s of the building 
 are exhibits of the different kiiuLs of mechaniani used by 
 the brewer, iuciuding patent rinsers, one of which is 
 represented in operation within a glas.s barrel ; and in fact 
 here can be followed ;dl the jirocesses of the beer manu- 
 facture from the actual gi-owth of the hops — that indis- 
 pensable plant being trained on the outside of the building 
 and cxhibiteil in it.s natural condition. There are, 
 according to the latest returns, in the United States, in 
 active oxienition, 2,(il)U breweries, producing amiually fur 
 consumption, in round numbers, 285,000,000 gallons of 
 malt liipiors, not iucluiling numerous private breweries. 
 By fur the majority of these e.stablishments have been 
 erected during the last twenty -five years. It is stated that 
 ' Jiot one of the present stmetures wa.s in existence in the 
 
 
IISrORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 159 
 
 fiVHt ypnr of our in- 
 Ai’pi-iidomu', iinil liiit 
 ono or two in l]v 
 first yo!ir of this cvu- 
 tiiry. 
 
 TIio hirgcst quan- 
 tity of mall liijimrs 
 proiluivil ill a yeur 
 by a singlo bniwory 
 is 4.2l'o,()0() gallons. 
 
 It is curious to 
 notice the number 
 of ti'iules more or 
 less (tejieiulelit lipou 
 bri'wiiig. I'roin the 
 nRricultnri.st tin; 
 brew.T obtains liis 
 barley for mult, ami 
 other cercal.s for 
 foihler, and hups. In 
 1871 tlK'i-e were 
 acres of 
 liuid under cultiva- 
 tion \\it!i barley, 
 producing n e a rl y 
 bu.slu'Is, 
 veined at about 
 S:il).0l)0,000; barl.-y 
 yielding, next to po- 
 tatoes au<l tubaeeo 
 the hi.ghest value 
 pel- acre, and being 
 the seventh agi'icul- 
 tural .staple article 
 of the. eountry, and 
 nearly tr7,WU,U0() 
 higlier in value than 
 tobacco. Of lioiw, 
 the liust agricultural 
 e.'iiHUs reports a total 
 proiliiction in the 
 United Htatos of 
 pmmd.s. 
 
 Uroiu the nrbori- 
 rulturist tho brewer 
 o Mains his oak, 
 cedar, and jiiiie for 
 barrels, vats, etc,, 
 and other timber for 
 building inu'iio.ses. 
 
 The bn.siiiess of the 
 maltster, .snpiilying 
 malt to the brmvera, 
 is extremely large, 
 
 :• cnqiloying a oa])ital 
 of about.'?! t, 000,1)1 10, 
 
 I and having under 
 ; operation nearly 400 
 1 m lUhoiise.s, valued 
 at m o r 0 than 
 • S10,(MM),()()0, cm- 
 I ])loying 2,p>00 men, 
 
 I whose annual wages 
 [ amount to more 
 j than 0 0 0,0 00. 
 
 I The entire capital 
 I inve.sted in breweries 
 I is about $80,000,000. The number of men employed 
 in brmveries and malthonse-s is about 13,u00, whoso 
 annual wages amount to nearly 87,000,(IOI), The process 
 of making beer is dcscribisl as follows: “A eertaiu 
 quantity of malt-barley is taken and gi-onnd. 
 maslied with hut water, the sweet liquor or 
 a ])roper amount of Imp.s being added. The 
 then boilcil until tiie pres, rsing quality, as well as the 
 aroma of the hops, is obt:uned. It is then allowed to cool, 
 ami afterward fermented Avith ye;ist to prodne.' tho small 
 quantity of aleohol it eontains and to give it life. Luger 
 beer eontains 01 per cent, water, ~i per eent. nnilt extract, 
 35 per cent, alcolml, the remaimler being carbonic acid, 
 etc. It is said that from ID loaves of fresh bread, weigh- 
 ing two pounds I'ach, alcohol equal to one bottle of port- 
 wine may be extiucted. 
 
 I CENTKVNIAf. ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I CiiiuKs OK Brnr.vrx. 
 
 j CuN’i'iNTiN'o mir .sketches of the oflieinl heads of tho 
 ' departments in the Centennial Administration, we will 
 proceed to give brief accounf.s of the chiefs of the folloAv- 
 ing bureaux ; Traiispoi-tation, Installation, Agriculture, 
 Hovliculture, Awards, mid the 1‘ress dei>artmeiit. 
 
 C:iptain Dolpiiiis Toiivy, chief of the Bureau of Trans- 
 port. ition. is forty-two years of age. a native of Central New 
 York and a citizen of Pliiladelphi;t, He was engaged in 
 tile wav, at first as a private soldier in the 2d Ohio liifaiitrv. 
 
 incut would liave 
 preceded the rqjen- 
 ing. For a month 
 before the opening 
 all the railroads lead- 
 ing to the Exhibition 
 were choked iqi Avith 
 laden car.s. The duty 
 of disentangling this 
 slough, and of fa- 
 cilitating and plac- 
 ing the goods, be- 
 longed to the Cap- 
 tain, and lie Avas so 
 successful in accom- 
 plishing his arduous 
 task that the Cen- 
 tennial Commission 
 passed a special vote 
 of thanks for his 
 efficiency. The best 
 confession of the ap- 
 preciation of Captain 
 Torrey's services is 
 found in the fact that 
 both the Pcnn.syl- 
 vania Railroad Com- 
 pany and the Pull- 
 man Palace Car 
 C o m p a u y have 
 availed themselves 
 of the.se. 
 
 Henry Pettit, 
 chief of the Bureau 
 of In.stallalion, an 
 engineer and archi- 
 tect of the l\fam 
 Building and lila- 
 cliincry II a 1 1, h a s 
 been employed as 
 engineer in tho con- 
 struction dc 2 >artmcnt 
 of the Pennsylvania 
 Ihiilroad Company, 
 and his talent as an 
 inventor hn.s been 
 made n.se of by that 
 conqiany in the con- 
 struction of their 
 bridgc.s. Mr. Pettit 
 studi.'d at the Uni- 
 versity of lA'iin.syl- 
 vania, and though 
 still a young man, 
 being only thirty 
 years of age, rank.s 
 liigh as an engineer. 
 In 1873 he Avns sent 
 to the Vienna Ex- 
 hibition by the Cen- 
 tennial Cumrai.ssioii, 
 with directions to 
 reiiort on its en- 
 gineering features. 
 It was only by re- 
 quest that Mr. 
 Pettit Ava.s pcmiiltcd 
 by the Pennsylvania Puiilroad Cnmjiany to accei>t tho 
 engagement Avitli the administration of the Centennial 
 Exposition. IltTC at once ho made himself felt, and 
 although in tho jilans for the Main Building and Ma- 
 eliinery Hull be had many com 2 >etitoi's, his were adojitcd, 
 and the erection of these tAvo jirincii'ul .stniotnres was 
 supciintendod by him. To Mr. Pettit, in his position 
 ivs chief of the Bureau of lushillation, is duo the admir- 
 able and sy.stematic aiTnngcment of the exhibits of all 
 eomitries in the Main Buihliiig. 
 
 Burnett Laiulreth, chief of tlu' Bureau of Agiiculture, 
 has a large lu'actical kuoAvledge of the agiiculturist's busi- 
 nes.s, being a member of the Jinn of Landreth it Sons, 
 Avidcly known as seed-raisei's. Mr. Landreth has exten- 
 sive farms on tin* UelaAvare and clscAvliere, Avhieh liava 
 acquhed a national reputation. He is a graduate of a 
 Polyteehnie CMUcge, served dining the Avar, and as ehief of 
 the Bureau of Agriculture is generally esteemed. 
 
 Charles H. l^liller, chief of the Bnre.au of Horticulture, 
 was born in London about forty years ago, and learned hi.s 
 linsiness as a scmiery and landscaiio gardener in his native 
 country. For the last twenty yeara he has been a resident 
 of Philiidel{ihia, and is a member of the firm of Miller & 
 Hayes, of GcmiantmAii. The condition of the grounds 
 about the Horticultural Buildmg, and tlie fine taste dis- 
 jilayed in the atrimgemeut AAitbin the Horticultural Hall, 
 are sufficient evidence of the administrative and jArofes- 
 sioiial capacity of Jlr. Miller. 
 
 (lenei'al Francis A. "Walker, chief of the Bureau of 
 Awards, is a general so distinguished as a statistician that 
 his name need only be mentioned to gi've testimony to the 
 qualification held by the oflicial in charge of the Bureau of 
 
 and afterward ns a cajitain in the 20tli Ohio Begiment. 
 HaHug been largely engaged in the railroad business, 
 
 It i.s then 
 L't extracted. 
 Avhole is 
 
 jiarticulaiiy in tho trausjioiiiition dejiartment. he avos 
 selected to take charge of tliis iiii])ortaut branch of the 
 Centennial administration. 
 
 It is a fact, in tliis coimcotioii, that .\ineriean exhibitora 
 di'layed sorting their goods so long that they endangered 
 their presentation at the time uiuli'rtakcu by the Centen- 
 nial Commis.sion. Had it not been for the udiniuistrative 
 ability and quick exoeutivo capacity of Captain Torrey, 
 llicre is no doubt that n very serious .state of ciubarras.s- I 
 

 
 
 HSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 , Awards. Tlii“ position involves no common acqnirements, 
 The responsibility of chief of the International Jury of 
 Awards, comprising 225 individuals — lialf Anierican-s and 
 half Etiropcnns — will be at once conceded. For this posi- 
 tion i)robably no more eligible person could have been 
 selected than Oencral Walker. Bom in Boston, July 
 2il. 1840, ho graduated twenty years later from Amherst 
 ' College with liigh honors. After studying law for a few 
 months, lie entered the army in 18()1, and served until 1865, 
 during the last two years as Assistant Adjutant-General, 
 At different times he was upon the staff of Generals Conch, 
 Warren and Hancock. For the next two years General 
 .. Walker was employed as classical instructor at W'illiston 
 Seminary. Mass., and during the year 1868 was connected 
 with the editorial .staff of the R‘‘pubUcan. In 
 
 the following year General Walker was appointed chief of 
 the Bureau of Statistics ; in 1870 he superintended the 
 cen.sus, and in 1871 wius Commissioner of Indian ,;\ffair.s, 
 in addition to the last-named position. In 1872 he 
 accciffcd the pi-ofe-ssorship of jjolitical economy and history 
 in the Rheflicid Scientitic School of Jlotallurgy, retaining 
 - the olHcc of superintendent of the census without salary. 
 General Walker has published three quarto volumes 
 toward the ninth census, and is the author and compiler 
 i of numeroiLs other important statistical works, his “ Statis- 
 
 been gained by any other similar exliibition, This has 
 been particularly the case in Europe, where these iUustra- 
 tions have been widely circulated. General Norton has 
 had charge of the issue of all the tickets to the Press, and 
 his kind and courteous management of this rather onerous 
 duty has secui'ed for him many friends. 
 
 OUR ILTX’STRATIOXS. 
 
 Model op the ExcAv.iTioKS at Hell Gate, N. Y. 
 
 In our dc.scription of the United State.s Government 
 Building wc made some allusion to the model there exhib- 
 ited, representing the excavations recently prosecuted 
 at that spot so dangerous to narigation known as “Hell 
 Gate,” off Hallett's Point, and opi^osite New York citv. 
 A more extouded description of our illustration of this 
 model will be in ordi’r. 
 
 The scale of the model is 124 feet to the inch, the model 
 being made of plaster, and topographically correct. It 
 presents a view of the bed of the river, rai.sed in such a 
 manner as to show at once the surface, the surroundings of 
 the laud and water, and the submaiine excavation.s, covor- 
 
 galvauic batteries, each of which would explode from 17 
 to 20 charges. Tlie.se batteries were to be operated from a 
 bomb-proof chamber at a distance of 300 feet southeast 
 of the main shaft. All the batteries were to be brought into 
 action at the same time by an ingenious method, and 
 when a complete circuit was formed, the entire 3,500 
 charges would be set off together, and utterly destroy 
 the great plateau of rock which has made Hell Gate 
 so dangerous to narigntoi-s. 
 
 Chinese Aeticles in the Main Bltldincj. 
 
 Several illustrations of articles selected from the Chinese 
 section in the Main Building include the following : A 
 carved representation of a pagoda, the tower in minia- 
 ture, is 44 ft. high, is made of ivory, and has ten stories', 
 each story’ suiTOtmded hy the peculiar and well-known 
 Chinese roof. The tower is hexagouid and slightly pyra- 
 midal. At each edge is a round support, running from top 
 to bottom. From the foiu: comers of each of the ten roofs 
 are saspended balls. The pagoda stands on the centre of 
 the ivory base representing a plot of ground inclosed by a 
 fence of ivory posts sujiporting can-ed ivory panels. In 
 the i»lot about it m-e forty trees, heavily laden with fniit, 
 while miniaturo Chinese are scattered about beneath them. 
 This piece consists of many pieces united by dovetailing 
 
 JAPANESE DEPAETMENT-TIIE (IRASSHOPPElt SCREEN, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 tical .Atlas of the United .Sbites,"of 1S74, being alone a 
 work of the highest grade in its line. Geuend Walker 
 roci ived a medal of the first ela-ss of the Geometrind (V)U- 
 gress. at Paris, in 1875, and is an honorary member of the 
 Statistical Society in Lmuloii. 
 
 General Charles B. Norton is chief the Bm-eau of the 
 Pre.ss Department. An official report of the United States 
 Centennial Commission has given to this gentleman the 
 credit of having, in 1866, first pnbhcly proposed the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition. In 1H53 Gcnend Norton was a juror 
 of the New York Exliibitiou, and in 1867 United States 
 Commi.ssioncr to the Paris Expo-sition, haring in these 
 positions gained a large experience in exhibition atbuiuis- 
 tratiun. He was called to Philadelphia by the Executive 
 Committee of the Ceutenuial Commission in 1873, and was 
 put in chiu-go of the Press, the entire publicity of the 
 lontciqu-ise being placed in his hands. Having a vide 
 knowledge of both the American and foreign Press, and a 
 largo administrative capacity. General Norton’s seiwicos 
 have been found to bo of the gi'cat&st value to the Centen- 
 nial Board of Finance, under who.se general direction he 
 has operated. His reports and suggestions have always 
 been considered with respect, and in many cases adopted ; 
 and the systematic plan conceived by liim of advertising 
 ^e Exposition by the publication of weU-desigued views of 
 lue buildings has been found to develop a better and 
 more extended knowledge of the enterpiise than has ever 
 
 ing an area of nearly three acres. The aiTangemeuts made 
 by (rcneral Newton to surmount the engineering difiiciiltie.s 
 which lu-esented themselves in imderbiking tlio enterjirise 
 of blasting out this enormous mass of solid rock were ; 
 Fii'st, he built the coffer, lus repre.seoted in the illustra- 
 tion, designed to cxehide the water ; next, a shaft wivs 
 sunk, tunnels from '\\hieh extended iu ratlial hues, these 
 being crossed at right nngle.s, by loaring at the i)oiuts 
 of action natural jullai-s of solid rock, of which there 
 were 172, each eight feet square, but vaiying in height 
 between 10 imd 20 feet. All the tunnels between these 
 piera were then cleared out, and in the surface of the 
 rock 3,500 hole.s, ranging iu depth from 3 to 11 feet, 
 of the uniform tliametev of 3 inches, were bored in 
 an upward directiou, Iu the.se holes were to be placed the 
 explosive materials— dynamite where the rock was hardest, 
 and vulcan powder where it was easiest to blast — iu 
 the explosion of which the grand result was to culminate. 
 As tho floor tunnel slopes upwiu-d from a depth of 32 to 40 
 feet below water, and the depth of the water required for 
 navigation is only 26 feet at mean low water, sufficient 
 room would be furnished, after the explosion and tho subse- 
 quent dredging, for the largest ships known on the voyage 
 to imd from Europe. It is estimated that there were about 
 70,000 cubic yards of rock to be exploded, each charge 
 bemg expected to break up about 20 cubic yards. The I 
 whole was to be exploded by means of about 200 of Grove’s j 
 
 .and other mediauical devices, but without the use of 
 uails, screws, or pins. Tho whole is exquisitely eugi-aved, 
 and its price, 86 G 0 , is certainly not unreasonable when 
 the time and labor of its construetioii are taken into con- 
 .sideration. 
 
 A bronze vase of porcelain, and standing 21 feet iu height, 
 is the next object which we illustrate. The design i.s 
 quaint, the bowl being supported on tho backs of threo 
 water-hens, each standing on a pohshed vessel of bronze. 
 This vase is said to be over 1, 100 years old, and its price is 
 31,250. 
 
 A bamboo rcclining-chair is' another curiosity. The 
 liack is movable at wiU, and vtu'ious dcrices for the con- 
 venience of the occupant exist iu this peculiar piece of 
 furniture. 
 
 A figm'c rivo feet iu height, caiwed in iron-wood, is worth 
 noticing. It roiircsents a man stamling on a tree-stump, 
 chuging to it with both hands. Thi.s piece of carving 
 is executed very carefully, uud is che.ap at S40. A .set of 
 ■wood canungs reprcscuts a procession supposed to bo 
 accompanying a Mandaiin, or high-casto Chinaman, who is 
 at the raar, being carried in a sedan-chair by four coolies. 
 The procession includes meu can-ying flags, drawn s^cords, 
 musical instruments, etc. An arched bedstead is shown, 
 iu which the support for a mattress is woven of cords made 
 from the inner bark of a native tree, and covered with 
 rattivn. Resting on the ends of the bed, and completely 
 
162 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 <iovcring the wlinlo, an arcln'il eaiioiiy, 
 
 ■whcrem u wooden ft'anio-work, ilabunitcly 
 carved, supports a silk giiuze cover, curi- 
 ously piiiiitod u-ith various figures. Other 
 interesting objects are two linely carved 
 ivory flower-beds and a bronze figure, sup- 
 posed to resemble a hideous species of the 
 dog. and of the kind of art-work executed 
 in C'hiiia over fifb'on iiuudred yeai-s ago. 
 
 Other .smaller articles in bronze and ]ior- 
 celain need no particular description. 
 
 Swedish Chaiuviteu Cthcit.s. 
 
 There is perhaps no special class of 
 articles exhibitisl in the Main Building 
 which ha-s bcL'ii more gener.dly iusiiccted 
 than the gi’onps of life-size figures ex- 
 hibited in the Swislish Department. These 
 figures illustrate jx'iusant life in S\\‘i'dcn. 
 
 They are the work of a noted Swedish sculp- 
 tor — Prnfe.ssor TDderinan — of the Itoyid 
 Academy of Fine Arts in Stockhohn. The 
 coloring and costuming of these figures are 
 admirably true to life, and their gioiiping 
 and attitudes artistic, and at the same time 
 natural. The iiecnliai' scene about the 
 httle cra<lle of the dead baby attrai'ts 
 special attention. The grouping which 
 illustrates the old-time jiliiy of pulling a 
 flower to pieces with some such refrain 
 as “He loves me, he loves me not,” etc. — 
 reniiniscence of Margirerite and Faust, by- 
 thc-way — Avill be found in the Women's 
 I’aviliou. 
 
 Ink Exuiu’ts of Thaduevs Davids k Co. 
 
 A veiw iuU'resting ami ehnraeteristie 
 display of stationery, and chiefly of ink, 
 luuciliigc, .sealing-wax, etc., is imuto by 
 the great hoasu of Thaddetis Davids k 
 Co., of Xcw York, in the Main Exhil)i- 
 tion Building. 
 
 The case cnnbiiuiug the exhibit is 
 constructed of native woods. The woods 
 employed are blai-k walnut and maple, 
 all highly polislu’d. Four sipiare col- 
 umns, rising on a ma.ssive base, support 
 the upper case, on each of whose four 
 topmost coraer.s is a griffin, carveil by 
 hand in bkick walnut and holding in its 
 mouth a gold (piill pen. Other graceful 
 columns, with carvcii capitals and veneer- 
 ing shafts, support the gables and pin- 
 mvclcs, iliviiling the front and reiU" into 
 panels. This case is inclosed in plate-glas.s. The interior 
 has gold-plated staudanks supporting shelves of highly 
 polished boarils of maple, on which ore placed the inks and 
 other articles exhibited. To the art-taste of its makers, 
 Messrs. William H. Ivirk & Co., of Newark, N, 
 every credit is due. In the centre and front of the case, 
 lying on blue satin, in BuAsia leather, arc seven .silver and 
 bronze medals, which have been obtiined by Me.ssrs. 
 Davids at previous exhibitions. Jugs of writiug-lluid and 
 black writing-ink ; copies of the history of ink, comi>iled by 
 the senior member of the firm ; eighteen different classes of 
 sealing-wax, beautifully arrangeil ; with lawyer's pounce, 
 wafei-s, mucihige, ink, jiapers, etc. — these represiuit the 
 exliibits of Messi-s. Davids A Co., wlio liave a high and 
 desen’cd reputation for the character of theii- goods, and 
 
 which are idiuitified with the situation. 
 The attitude is impressive and full of vital 
 fiirce. Th(‘ face shows exhilaration and joy 
 ill a liigh degree. It having been com- 
 ]i]aiiied that the marked protnisimi of the 
 che-st ill the figure i.s anatomicaUy in- 
 correct, the objirtion has been answered 
 ill the caUdogue of the Aii-striaii Art De- 
 p.artmenfc, by reference to a thcoiy of Less- 
 ing, pn-seiited in the present ca.se in the 
 following words: “That, a.s the slave i.s, 
 
 in this instance, supposed to lx- the 
 highest embodimeut of the feeliii,gs i>f all 
 otlur slaves, it was ncces.sary to expros.s 
 this by iuteiisifying the effect. Viewed in 
 this light, the height of the chest, although 
 not strictly in accoriluiieo uith anab^mical 
 truth, is justified in an artistic sense.” 
 
 UrssiAX BroxzE.s. 
 
 The exiiUutioii of bronzes by Felix 
 Chopin, of Wt. I’etei-sburg, should be care- 
 fully inspected. Tiny conipriso first, a 
 representation of a Cos.s!iek wiping his 
 sword on his liorse’s mane, after linving 
 just slmighteri-d a Turk. The second 
 ligure is a Cossack .standing in his stirnip, 
 firing backward, designed to display the 
 remarkable horsem airship of this pcoulinr 
 race. Next is a sledge drawn by three horses, 
 while limigry wolves watch them from the 
 road. The iH‘xt i.s a siiigh' figure uE a 
 hoisk*, cxcpiisiti'ly designed. ' ' The Jealous 
 Foal” is another, which repri sents a boy 
 milking a marc, while the ioal bites liim 
 vindictively in the back. Still another 
 shows a Ilus.siau fidcoucr, .sitting on liis 
 horse and letting loose a falcon from his 
 hand. 
 
 The Silkwokm Exhiiiit. 
 
 The silkworm exhibit in Machinery 
 Hall repr.seiit-s the progrefw of silk from 
 the eocooii to the finished thread, as di.s- 
 iflayed in the Brazilian Department of this 
 portion (if the Exhibition, and as eiiltiviitcd 
 under the auspices of the Imperial Agi-i- 
 ciiltural Institute at lUo Janeiro. The 
 moth of the silkworm i.s about an inch 
 long, of a palc-yellow color, and the fe- 
 males are inactive, and die a few hours 
 after deiiositing their eggs, which aro 
 about the size of a mustard-si'cd. In 
 warm, dry weather the young emerge from 
 these ill a few days, and immediately 
 begin to cat ravenously. ‘Wlicn full-grown they are three 
 inches long, of n light-green color. The jiroduct of an 
 ounce of eggs is said to eat upward of l,20fi pounds of 
 mulberry -leaves, and furnish 120 pounds of cocoons. The 
 various processes by which the silk is obtained from the 
 cocoon, and the methods used in preserving and caring 
 for the worm.s, are exliibitcd in our illustrations. 
 
 Yahdlevmlee E.ulro.vd Buidoe, on the New Line 
 
 15ETWEEN NE\1’ YoRK AND PhTLAPEEPHLV. 
 
 The lU'W railroad route t4> PhOadclphia. which opened 
 oil May 1st, and is known as the Bound Bmok Line, has 
 become (jiiite ixipnliU' during the Centennial excitement, 
 and will doubtless gain sullieieut favor in the present year 
 
 n. MAII.LABD’S EXUIBIT OF CONFECTIONERy, IN AORICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 whose display is in all respects a worthy and creditable 
 exliibit. 
 
 C.VNADIAN BriLIUNr.. 
 
 The character of this biiiUbug, which stands in front 
 J. , and a little at one side of the English Commis.sioncrs’ Build- 
 ings, is not only novel iti itself, but admirably character- 
 izes the chief product of the country to which it belongs. 
 Although symnictrieal in its outline, it is roughly formed of 
 boards, logs, anil in fact lumber and timber of every con- 
 ceivable shape, and so arrangeil ns to make a verv' full and 
 faitlifiil exhibit of the fore.st products of the Dominion. It ' 
 is certainly the most original stnicturc among all the indi- . 
 vidmJ builiHugs, and the one slioiriug most purpose and I 
 iuteiiUun in its mere design and construction. j 
 
 Tivou Beer. 
 
 The Berlin Tiv<ili Beer Company, whose exhibit in tlie 
 Agricultural Hall wo iUiistrak', is an immense e.stabli.shnieiit, 
 whose brewery manufactures about finfi.OdO barrels of 
 litjiior ill tile Winter numths only, while in its malt-kilns 
 2l),ni)n.()l)0 ixmiiils of barley are aumuilly prepared, lliis 
 beer Is well known iu America, mid has u high reputation 
 among those who chink imported lager. 
 
 The Jcdc-rs Te-stino Wine. 
 
 Till- scene illustrated represents the testing of wine in | 
 the French Deiiurtmeiit by the Judgc.s. Tlus illustration I 
 i[iiite reminds one of Ha-seiielcver’s celebrated lecture of I 
 lh“ Wiiie-taster.s.'’ whieh was exhibited in New York j 
 some years ago at the Diisseldorf (iailerj-, and formed a 1 
 part of the loan exhibition at the National Aeademy of ; 
 De.sign during the present Suniniev. Similar scenes might | 
 probably be iritiiessed cpiite freijneiitly iu the different 
 sections exliibitiiig in Agiicultural Hall, a.s the various 
 wines exhibited have all been te.sted pretty freely by the 
 Judges dining the continuance of the Exhibition. 
 
 The Freed Sl.vx-e. 
 
 FT1.VEK PRIZE CUP WON BY THE BEAVEIiWYCK CHEW, IN THE 
 INTERNATIONAL FOUR- OARED RACE ON THE SCHUYLKILL 
 EivER, AUorsT 30 th, 1876. 
 
 This illu.stratiou represents the life-size bronze figure 
 which faces tlic rear entrance of Memorial Hall, and whicli 
 is an ideal jueseiitment of a freedmau, made such by the 
 Eniiuicipation Proiiamation of Jamiaiy 1st. 18(53. The 
 work is V.y an Aitstrian artist, named Pezzieav, of Tiic.ste. 
 The figure is strongly characteristic, though a little exag- 
 gerated. in oixler to present more obviously the elements 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTENNIAI. EXPOSITION. 
 
 to bwimo pcnnanr-ntly Rncccssful. Tlii.s romi is graded 
 tlironghout for ii doublr' truck, luus siilxstjuitiiil iron bridges, 
 and is laid with steel rails and stone biilLvit. Its stock 
 cominiscs Jiew and iiowcrfuJ ciigiiios, eomforbible and con- 
 voiiiciit cars, finislied Mitli all duo elegance, and, in fact, 
 nil the applianeos Avliicli modem art and science liave 
 miido available fi;r railway uses. 
 
 Oiir illnstration presents a view of the bridge at Yard- 
 leyville, New Jersey, which is oiH! of tlie engineering 
 triumiihs (jf the country. This bridgr>. with its approaclie.s, 
 is -l.OOil feet lung, and was built by the North Pennsyl- 
 vania and the Delaware and Hound limok Ihiilrnad 
 Companies, the dividing line being tlie middh' of the 
 Delaware Kiver. It first eros-ses tlie Ilelvidere division of 
 file I’ennsylvanin Ihiilroad and the Huritan Canal foedc-r, 
 whieh lie lien- side by side, by means t>f two (>ll-feet spams, 
 and by a draw-span of feet, all made of wrought iron, 
 and ineiusuring li) feet between the trestles, lieyond tlie.se, 
 extemling we.stward to a di.stanee of (kl2 feet to the rivea-, 
 is a timber trestle. Ihi‘ bridge in turn being 1,44S feet long, 
 supported on eight sandstoiu', lushiar pillar.s, and two abut- 
 ment piers of eoinbined ashlar and rubble, of the pier.s 
 arc in the river, tlic re.st on a solid cobblestone sub.stratum. 
 
 vantages. At Bergen Point the road crosses Newark Bay 
 by a bridge, fully a mile in length, hi Elizabeth. A little 
 distance beyond this, the track of the '‘All Hail Line to 
 Long Branch” diverges from the main lino. 
 
 From Elizabeth the road pas.ses through pleasant villages, 
 including Iloselle, Cranford, Westfield, Fauwooil, and 
 Plainfield. From this point the .section of country tra- 
 verse-d by the road is full of Eevolntiouaiy ri-miuisccnces, 
 many marches, skirmishes, and battles having occurred 
 on this historic ground. Just beytind Plainfield is Wash- 
 ington Rock, !us.soeiated with the gixait chief whose nanii' it 
 bears, from having been the lookout sfcition used bv liiiu 
 during the campaign. On the i>!ains beneath this oc- 
 ciin-ed a skmni.sh between the troops of Sir William Howe 
 and Lord Sterling. A little further on, the roa.l pas.scs 
 through Bound Brook, diverges from the main line of the 
 Ckmtral Railroad of New Jersey, cro.s.ses the Raritan River, 
 and runs off southwe.sterly krihe Delaware River, a di.stauco 
 of twenty-seven mile.s. 
 
 Here is a fertile and well-watered farming coiiDtry, 
 pleasant to look upon, and intere.sting to one thoronghlv 
 acfpiainted with its history during the period of the Revo- 
 I Intiou. It WiW at Rock Hill, a few miles southeast of 
 
 w.is under tlm immediate supervision of the esmnnittee 
 selceted l>y the Agiiculturul Board, imil i\Ir. Coleman, a 
 prominent and practical agricnlturist of England, wa.s 
 clio.seu chairman of the committee. 
 
 All the celebrated nia<-hine.s of tla' coimtry were entered 
 for competition, anti the experiments were thewongh and 
 conpdctc. Eieli macliim! was submitted to the most 
 diflieult tests to which they are .subject in their ordinary 
 work. The implement known lus the “Champion” was 
 vietm-ions, drawing the reraarkalde light draught of HH 
 poiiml-s, the lightest on veeoril. M e have already illustrated 
 the seeiK' of this eoiite-st ami the victory of the ‘'Cliim- 
 ]jioii '■ mneliiiie, 
 
 This harvesk'r is the invention of Mr. W. N. Wliitely, of 
 Springfield, Ohio, and dates back to 1S52, wlien tlie inventor 
 receivcil his first patent. They are manufactured at Spring- 
 field, Ohio, at the factories of Warder. Mitchell \ Co., 
 “tfijampion" Macliiue Company, and Whit •!%-. Fa.s.sler and 
 Kc'lly. when.' nc'arly 40.000 were proiluced for the eeiiteii- 
 niij year. The factories cover tliirU'cn acres, and give 
 emiiloymont to 2.000 operative.s. One of the severe con- 
 tests was to cut rolled gnuss, ami the “Champion " succest:- 
 fully cut the 'ulled gra«.s from the heavy rain-storm of the 
 
 Tlie di.stanee from rail to li>M' water is 72 feet. The nine 
 Slums of which tlie bridge is made up measure in length as 
 follows, from the pier eentre.s. and commeneiug at the 
 eastern bank, viz, : One abutment span of GO feet, one 
 
 span of i;W feet, five spans of 200 fcH't each, one span of 
 120 f.'ct. and one abutment span of Go feet. Tliese are eu- 
 tiivly eoustrncted of wToiight iron, the chords being made 
 of angle iron, riveted luid Littieed. Tlie floor sy.stem i.s 
 made of built lateral beams, lied together longituibnally 
 by a serie.'. of built beams under each rail, and over the 
 centre of eaeli trn.ss. 
 
 This bridge, however, alfhoiigli a n-markable feat in 
 railway engineering, is but one feature of the road, whieh 
 offers many utliem of eouveiiienee and plen.sunible attri- 
 bute both a.s regards the eomstruetion of the road itself 
 and the advantages of its scenery. 
 
 ^ The Hoimd Brook Line .starts from the foot of Liberty 
 btivet. North River. N. \ the p;us.senger crossing the Hnd- 
 soii River upon one of the Central Raiboad C:ompany's 
 spacious and comfortable ferry-boats, and being landed at 
 the Jersey Centnd Station, where the Philadolphia train 
 is in waiting. 
 
 The fii-st six miles of road over whieli he iiasscs skirt the 
 western shore of the bay. and offer very pleasing scenic ad- 
 
 Hopcwcll, the next Jersey town, that Washington wrote 
 and is.su<'d his farewell addres.s to the American Anny in 
 1783. Crossing Stony Brook, the road entoi-s Pleasinit 
 Valley, pa.s.sestlirongh Pennington, and.so onto Yardleyvill<>. 
 a short distance above which town Wa.sliingtun crossed the 
 Delaware on the memorable Christmas in 177G, to attack 
 the British in Trenton, the aiiircs of which city can be seen 
 quite plainly from the railroad bridge. 
 
 This bridge, which -we have already de, scribed, was com- 
 menced December l.sf, 1874, and a tiuiii passed over it Jan- 
 Uiiry 10th, IS7G. The scenciw here is very charming, mid 
 the bridge itself, as well as being mechanically remarkable, 
 is to the observer on either slmro a most ornamental 
 stmctiu'c. After ero.s.sing the 1 iridge the road entci-s tlie 
 North Pennsylvania railroad division of the line, extending 
 a di.stanee of twenty-nine miles through a highly eulfivated 
 and beautiful fanning country. 
 
 Tlie Philadelphia dc])ot of the new line is at Berks Strci't. 
 with a branch nmning tlirect to the Centennial (.TromnLs. 
 
 HaEVESTIXU-MaCHINES CojITETnUVE EximilTIOX. 
 
 This exhibition commenced on the 5th of Jidy, at 
 Schcnck’s Station, on the Philadelphia and Treutmi Rail- 
 road, and the trials proved very interesting. The contest 
 
 previous week. The Champion Ciimiianies have in the 
 Agricultural Hall a mowing-niaeliiiie worth .SH,l)0(t. com- 
 posed of gold, -silver and rosewood, .saiil to rival in beauty 
 and finish any piece of machinery exhibited. 
 
 FiSHINU-CItAIT IX A(iltICrLTUltAL H.VLL. 
 
 Ill Ol'.r general de.seriiition of the artiek'S in the Agricul- 
 tiu-al Hnildingwe liav.' taken oec;ision to refer to models 
 of fishing-boats sent by iliffeiviit emintrii's. Oiir illustra- 
 tion .sliuws a number of tliesi-. One fruiu Nonvav is a 
 broad slm.p, without bow.sprit, and having a straight, high 
 .sternpo.st, and which carries a scpiare sail, the yard being 
 held :nvay from the ina.st by a eiiriotis collar. A smaller- 
 sized Norwegian boat offers a peculiar style of steering ap- 
 paratus, H i.s a solid pii-eo of wood, run out from one .side 
 of tlie iqiper part .4' tlie rinlder. fn tla- extremity of which 
 is made fast a pole by a movable joint. The rudder i.s 
 made to change its jio.sition by moving this jiok- bm-kwaid 
 and forward. 
 
 ^Vn open six-oared boat from Noru-ay Inus a high, upright 
 stem and steriipost and cuiwed mdder. and a sail like a 
 si]iiare sail, but -with a very short yard. The oars are fast- 
 ened by ropes to a .single thnie-pin. The Chebacco boat is 
 a two-ma.sted. full-bowed craft, having sails fore and aft. but 
 
164 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 no jib. The stem ri-scs }>eqx'mlicnliirly, the .stern beiii" 
 rJso carried up to form ii trinvling-pniut. .Snil-bnats like 
 these, the bows, however, shar])er, and the geueriJ beam 
 narrower, are ;-ti)l to be -sei u on <mr Iake.s. 
 
 (jRE(;oN I.\- Till-: AGRICIT.TI K.VI, IllTI.I )1\( .. 
 
 OsE of the most curious exhibits iu the .Agricultural 
 Building is comprised in the Ori-goii collection, but wa-s only 
 iwldcd to it during the latter p.irt of .August. This i.s n 
 chronological chart, about " 1'2 ft. long by ft. widi'. in 
 which is ])i\-.senh'il sysh-matically the entir<' histoty of the 
 human race, including, as far as is jii-.icticable. tlm record 
 of leading events of every nation from the- earliest time to 
 til-.' jirc'-eiit. lb-re arc M-cn miitntion.s of em))ircs, king- 
 doms. republic- aial -tates ; their matini-r.-., cnstoiii . ami 
 dress; Iheir j-n-.,,. in i i\ilizatioU and disi-ovc iy; tin- 
 invention.-' whieh h m- diangeil the face of natur.' and the 
 late of nations, sueh as the .steam-engine, electric telegra 2 >h, 
 etc. ; till- introdiieliim of letter.s ; the ]>rogre.s.s of languagi- ; 
 the si'fead of liU-ratiU'e ; the namc.s, nationalities, ainl dis- 
 tingnisliing cliaracteristie.s of eminent nn u ; the names and j 
 dati-s of all importiiut battles and other events ; :s)vereigns ' 
 and the dur.itioii of their authority ; the area and jioiaila- 
 tiun of cich country, t >gether with fac-simik-s of ancient 
 cuiii.s, niedids, illnstrations and nioinunents, obi-lisks and 
 iiupleiueuts of warhu-e ainl husbandry ; aliihabetical Ictb-rs 
 iuid hieroglyiihic.s ; 4>videuces of the stone age, the iron age 
 and thebriuss age; scenes dejneting the progress of invention 
 end the stractnro of shijis ; astronomy, and the sizi.-. 
 distance and number of heavenly objects. 
 
 This chiU't not only shows the periods of occurrence of 
 each event in hi.st-.>ry, but the relation of one to aimthc-r. 
 One of the ehief features of lh>- work is its sy.steniiitic ; 
 arningouient uii a synchronous b.asis. Thus it shows that j 
 the founding of Troj’ and Athena were contemijorancons | 
 with the Egyptian bondage, and the fonmliug of Thebes 
 by Cadmus, who tii-st introduced letters. Hcix! it is also | 
 displayed that when Solomon was writing his ••Provi-rbs,'' j 
 Homer was at work on th-' "Iliad’'; that while Lycnrgnsw.is 
 alive in Sl)art;», (Jnecn Dido existed iu Carthage, and Elijah | 
 was proiihesying ; that while Isaiah was cxhmt. Ttoumlus ' 
 wa-s founding Ronie— and st) on. This ehiirt is iu fact a 
 very useful Ulustration of objoct-teaehing, and i.s cei-hduly , 
 u credit to the distmt 8kit.* of Oregon, from whence it 
 
 ’HIE 13Ik; .and llnkaE ;'ll()\VS. 
 
 The competitive exhibition of dogs and horses ojiened at 
 the Live Stock Exhibition Groinuks on Belmont Avenue, a 
 short distance from the Ceutemiid Ground? propei'j on 
 
 September 4tb. Tor the accommotlution of the 
 dogs, nine kmg sheds, with double row.s of 
 stalls, were provided, and here about (>00 cauine.s 
 were exhibited ; while in the extensive i)lot of 
 gi'onnd within tho bai'ricr.4. numbei-s of horse.s 
 were shown, being ridden or driven in jjro- 
 cession evcj-y afternoon piust the Judges’ stand, 
 and otherwise under iusj)cotion at all houi-s 
 during the iLiy. 
 
 The aetuid number of dogs recorded in the 
 catalogue was 557, a large majority being English 
 and Irish setters. Next to these iu jioint i^f 
 numbers were pointers and terriers, I'lack-aud- 
 tm, Skye, fox, bull, Seoteh, etc. .A few fox- 
 hounds and beagles, still less grayhoumL, two 
 or three bloodhcjimds, siiaidels aiul imustift's, 
 three or four St. Bernards, u few Newfoundland 
 dog-s, half a dozen Siberian dogs, and as many 
 Dalmatian or coach-dogs, Pomeranian or Spitz 
 dogs, and poodle.'^, made up the gcneiiil eliussifi- 
 cation. 
 
 To the outside obseiwev there' were so inuiiy 
 setters, that the viniety seemed les.s than it 
 really was; yet tho exhibition, a.s certainly the 
 liu'gest ever held in this country, should bo 
 considered a successful one. Some of tho dogs 
 bear a very high valuation, certain Irish setters 
 of extraordinary blood being held at 200 ;niiueiis 
 in gold. 
 
 The eiitric.s of horses eoinpii.^ed 270. of which 
 113 were from the United States, and the balance 
 from C'ouada; of thoroughbred turf stallions 
 fourteen were exhibited by the United States 
 and five by Canada ; thoron-dibred moi'cs, six by 
 the United States, one by C.mada; trotting 
 shiUions, thirty-nine by th" Unit-ed States and 
 two by Canaila ; the remaining portion of the 
 .American exhibits included Percheron stallions 
 and mares. CTyilesdalo stallions and mares, 
 walking hoj-ses, match teams, iionics, one mnli' 
 from Tennessee, 2(H hands high, weighing 2.200 
 Ijoumls ; draught horse.s, and one imre bivd j i<'k, 
 four and a half year.s oM, 0; Inn Is high, Meigh- 
 ing 205 iionniks. Canada’s < xhibits inehnled, 
 beyond those mentioned, s:iddlo hoi-ses, agri- 
 cultural horse.s and mares, heavy ih-.iught sbJlioiis 
 and mares, road.ster stiillions and inar.-.«. carriage 
 stallions, canaage m:u-cs. and nmte’.i t.-aiin. This portion 
 of the exhibition was visited by from -1.01)1) to 5.000 
 I'Ci-sous daily during its continnanci-. 
 
 Ni-aiiy all the Canadian horse.s, .so-called, wen- im- 
 ixirted from England or Scotland, nr were tho iimm-diate 
 jirogeny of imjxn-ted .stock, Canada iimduciug no im- 
 jiortant distinctive breed. Ouc of the imjmrted stallims, 
 Mai'niiis, weighed 2,100 pounds, and another, Iinyal Tom. 
 wcigh<-d about 2,200. Among the ruadstei-s was one siiiil 
 to have been bred by tin- 
 Ennx-r<ir Na|K»leou III., and 
 a few of the aniiniJs came 
 frnni fine stock, one being 
 tlie .son of Yultigenr, and 
 another ii grandson of the 
 fa in on;; Kentnoky horse, 
 
 Tj •\iugtou. 
 
 .Among the Pennsylvania 
 Imrse.s the iirineijxJ animals 
 wen- impnrteil or of imporU-d 
 Im-ed. One Clydesdale shd- 
 lioii was 17 hanils high, and 
 weighed 2,200 pounds. A 
 enrio.sity of the American 
 exhibit was a beautiful Ar;ib- 
 iunj hoi-se, brought from a 
 tribe of Bedouins. He w.vs 
 fiftei'ii hands high, grayish- 
 white iu eol'ir, and very 
 gni<-i'fnlly formed. The great 
 Ni>nn;ai draught horse.s and 
 the littD Perehcrun breed 
 nil’ 'red a marked contrast to 
 each other. The show of 
 .Anicrictm horses jinre was 
 very slim. -All the noticeable 
 animals were of English or 
 Scotch birth. 
 
 Tin: I’linTOC.k.APHic 
 ENHIDITH IN. 
 
 NoKTH of the Main Build- 
 ing, and cast of the Tiloniorial 
 Hall, situated on the .-Aveinic 
 of the Bepnblie, is the build- 
 ing devoted to the exhibits i;i 
 l)hotograi>hy. It is a one- 
 story stnictnre, comiirising a 
 single large Imll, and having 
 screens projecting from tho 
 
 side walls, fonning alcoves for exliibition j-^uri^oscs. It 
 is of ample size and clegiuitly arranged, and on the walls 
 are specimens of ])liotogni 2 iliic art from nearly every 
 country where tin - art is jn-acticeil. 
 
 There are 287 exhibits in all, of which 13G are .American, 
 the remainder coniiirising specimens from London, Man- 
 chester, Leeds, Dublin, Tunbridge AVell.s, Leamington, 
 Lincoln, Aberdeen, Cardiff, and other places in Great Britiau; 
 Montreal, Kingston. Toronto in Canada, mid Piu-is, St. 
 Pctei-sburg, Berlin, Cobleutz, Vienna, Carlsruhe. Mainz, 
 Brcnu-ii, Munich, Frankfort, A’cnicc, Geneva, Doniach, 
 Brcsliiii, Hamburg, AVeimar, Christiana, Ghent, Stock- 
 hohn, Upsiilu. AA’ai-saw and Nice, on the continent of 
 Eurui)e ; also from Jai>an and from Bio de Janeiro, Para 
 and Buenos Ayres, in South America. American contribu- 
 tions include all tho more noti-d i>hotograi)hers in New 
 A'ork, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Sun Francisco, Baltimore, 
 AVa-shington, Cleveland, Ohio; Bochestcr, N. Y. ; Boston, 
 Ciueinnati, Chicago ; Helena, Aloutaua ; and other cities. 
 
 Besides the ordinary i^hotogruiihic aiiixinitus and views 
 wliich lU'i- exhibited, there arc articles wliich may be tenned 
 the curiosities of iihotogi-a^iliy, among which are photo- 
 grajihs in iiastelle, oil, and canvas, photograjihic traus- 
 purcucies for magic lanterns, gx-uphoscoiies, pyro-photo- 
 gi-aphs c)ii poiveLiiu, etc. Then there is a collection of 
 dagueiTootypes, 25 yeai-s old, exhibited by a St. Louis 
 2 )lu)togi-ai»her. Another exhibit is of chaiiicter i)hoto- 
 gi-aphs, reiu'csenting the seven ages of man ; also laughing 
 and crying babies, these being from Cincinnati. Then 
 then- arc jiurtraits of Induns, %-iews of Yellowstone Pm-k, 
 stcrcoscojiic vicu's of the Yosemito A'alley, views of tho 
 Holy Land, ori.ginal designs of ferns, feathers, and mosses 
 in photographic tnmsparencies for door and window deco- 
 ration, microsco 2 >ic iihotogi-aiihs for charm-., and many 
 others. 
 
 There arc also exhibits of article.? used i;i phntograjfiiy, 
 inchuling the dark tent, p'/.s-.-e'-p'-n-t.-a'/, 'in velvet case:', 
 siieciineiis of idbuminuus mid other I'ajx r, revolving stereo- 
 scopes, chemicals and leiist's, jjhotogi-aphic aii 2 )ui-atu.s, 
 camera-stands, glnco cnibossing-prcss, and ti very interest- 
 ing collection, from a Philadeliihia ifiiotograifiicr, of illuK- 
 (rations of ifiiotograifiiy from August, 1S3G, hi 5Iuy, 1H7G. 
 
 The leading .American exhibitors are Bradley and Bnlofson, 
 i>f San Francisco; Sarony. Kurtz, and Howi'll, of New 
 Y’ork ; AA'iitkin-s. of Sun Franciico ; Brady, of AVashington ; 
 Hiizzard. I^o^'ey, and liroudbent, of I’liiludel]>hia, and 
 uthci-H. 
 
 Th ‘ exhibits of Kurt:; and Howell are iiarticnlarly worth 
 nntice ; the elegant bhu-k-walnut c.ise exhibited by Mr. 
 Unwell being the same which lie rxhibitcil i.t the A’iemm 
 Exim.'iiion. Of the Enroiu-an jiliotogi-aiihs, jx-rhaps Ihose 
 cif A’ieiina and St. Pcteixlmig are the most interesting. 
 Annmg the i>hotngraphs from A’iemia tlicro ar.‘ nimiy 
 inirtmits of beautiful wnnieii, in tlio treatment of wliich 
 every att’ribnte and ipiality iJ the art se>cms to have bcini 
 eiuitlnyed with SUCCCS.S. .-An exceedingly handsome series of 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 IW 
 
 Ilmigavimi typos is cxliibitod in this cullection, and is woll 
 ^^'lJl•thy of considomtion and cavofnl study, From Ujjsala, 
 Swedon. thoro aro many boantifn! ^iows of inoimtain- 
 scenorj-, and a fmv studic-s fi-nin peas iiit life. There are quiti- 
 a nninbor of good Xnrwegiau ('xhibits; and although the 
 largest 2 ihotographio exhibition of Fraiu'e is in tlie Main 
 Biiilding, tlnu-i; are a immbev hero from I’aris wliieh are 
 very xtloiLsing. Among the ,Tai>anesi' i)ii'tun;s avi‘ some t>f 
 young 'women \rho cerbiiuly j)ossess elaini.H to beunty. 
 The majority of these iiietiu-es are imblished by the Japan 
 Photograpliie Assoeiation of Yokohama, and gave a veiy 
 dear repri'seiitation of the manners and customs of the 
 country. They iiieludo trooi).s of lu'ggars, proi'essiona of 
 soldiery, acrobats and jugglers, ihctures of old nu-n, views 
 of Jaiianesi' scem>ry. etc. 
 
 The IJiblo laml views jihotogTajdied in 1874 juerit atten- 
 tion. They itielude \’iews of llamascus, the Jordan, 
 Lebanon, Baalbek, the Sea of Galilee, Mt. Carmel. Sinai, 
 Moso.s' Rock, the Wells of i\Ioses, the Sjdiinx, the toinb.s at 
 Petra, Jern.salem and Gethseniane. There is also a colh‘C- 
 tion of Arctic view.s exhibited by a Boston firm. They 
 represent glaciers and ice mountains, a crew of Arctic 
 explorers hunting Polar beam, an Esiiuiinaux in his lodge 
 of skin.s, another in his kajah, or canoe, a steamer sur- 
 rounded by hummock ice. icc-fields, etc. 
 
 The. English i)hotograi)hie di.s|>lay includes both porti-aits 
 and landscai)c. Among the latter are a “Tiew from Drum- 
 inoud Castle," “Hertford, North Wides," “Scene in a 
 Highland Village," “ Killarney,” etc. One frame of por- 
 traits includes the Duke of Edinburgh, tlu> Priuc-o Iinjx*- 
 rial, Earl Rus.st‘11, the Duke of Connaught, the Dtike of 
 Norfolk, and other distinguished I'ersouages. 
 
 Of our own notixbilities there are represented the late 
 Senator Sumner. ‘Wendell Phillips, William Loyd Gar- 
 rison, Longfellow, President Grant, laucolu, the late Vice 
 President Milson, Prof. Morse, Daniel Webster, Brvant. 
 and many otliers. 
 
 Thu jjortion of the Hall occupied by Cauaila jirescnts a 
 verj’ A-aried and jilcjisiug selection of idiotogmphie work. 
 A great deal of it is iiclily colored, :md illusti'ates Wint<-r 
 S])oii.s. such as juask balls in skating rink.s, sledge i)arties, 
 marches on snow-shoes, and pictures representing the lives 
 of tmiJirers and hunters amid the northern .snows, Canntla 
 mokes a very large disjilay, which rrill com 2 ;aro favorably 
 with that of any coiintry. 
 
 Of American scenery, besides the numerous jjliotograijhs 
 of American 2 >ublie buildings and of iniportimt bridges — 
 one of these, bv-tho-way, being a remarkably fine i>ict>n'e 
 of the Portage bridge on the Erie railway — there are many 
 
 view.s of the Thou. sand 
 I.slands, and Northwestern 
 scenery, including some 
 eliiborate studies of Minne- 
 sota Iiulian.s, maile by a St. 
 Paul photograjiher, iileiusing 
 views of the valley (jf the 
 Saco and of Mt. Washington 
 and the coimti-y about it, of 
 Mt. Desert, or North Conway, 
 Cmwford Notcdi, Eclio Lake, 
 and Franconia, the canyons 
 of Colorado and California, 
 Lake George and tlie Fjipi'r 
 Hudson, and a sifiendid 
 disjfiay by Watkin.s, of Sail 
 Fiuueisco, of Pacific Const 
 ■\’iews. 
 
 Altogether, the ]>hoto- 
 gi’aiihic collection is remark- 
 ably represcntati\'«>, and may 
 be considered to nfibr 
 IX-rliniis as conijilete au ex- 
 position of the progress of 
 the art, both in its work and 
 in its meclianism, as could 
 be got togetliiT. The <-x- 
 lubition is carefully and 
 aitistienliy ariitnged, and the 
 whole disijlay is entii'ely 
 creditable to all who havi' 
 hecu concerned in bringing 
 it together. 
 
 liAl.TlMORE AND nlllM 
 I-()CO^fO'n^■ES. 
 
 Clo.se beside the Maryland 
 State Building ni'c to be .seen 
 two locomotive engines, 
 luuubercd G and GOO, r<-spee- 
 tively. These are exhibited 
 by the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad Company, and ix‘- 
 jm'sent the engine of 1^3,1 
 and that of to-day in juxtu- 
 jiosition. It is moat interest- 
 ing to view these two iiieees 
 of nieehaiiiam siile by side. 
 
 The old engine, with up- 
 right boiler, cylinders, and 
 ■vi-alkiug-boimi, is very little like the auiierb struetiu-e beside 
 it ; and here can be seen at a glance, better than almost 
 anywhere else, the vast iinijroveinents which have been 
 made in locomotive eoiistruetiou during the forty-one years 
 which have elajisc-d .sinee No. 6 'was built. The clas.s of 
 engiiie.s of wliieh th" latter is a siiecinien was designed and 
 coustriieted by one Davis, of Y'oi'k, Pa., after the firet jmi- 
 liosal ever issued in the. United State.s for locomotive 
 engines. It was only in 18*29 that Stovemsou's “ Rocket" 
 develoiied tlie germ of the modern high-si»eed engine ; and 
 on the* 4tli of Jaiiiuuy, 1831, the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Piailroad Coiuirany is.sued au advertisement offeiing to 
 jjay tlio sum of four thousimd dollai-s for the nujst ai)i)roved 
 engine which should be deli^•ercd upon their 
 road for trial within five months, sijecifying 
 certain conditions, such as that it should not 
 exceed thrt.'O and a half tons in weight, and 
 cai)able of drawing upon a level road 115 tons, 
 including tlu‘ weight of the -wagons, at the rate 
 of 1.5 miles jier hour. Four engines were pro- 
 duced ill answer to this jirojiositiou. one of 
 which was accejitod by the comi>aiiy, and this 
 engino was substantially like the exliibited 
 engine No. G, which aupemeded the othei’S, 
 and was known as the “ Grasshoiiper " engine. 
 
 Mr. Ross Winans. a well-knowm engineer of 
 Baltimore, aided in tlie construction of this 
 engine, and engine No. C has been at work 
 continuously from 1835 until it was sent to the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 The engino Nd. GOO, which has been selected 
 to rejiresent tln> iiractiee in locomotive construc- 
 tion at the i^reseut time, is a heaxy-grade j3as- 
 senger-engine, eombiniug gi-eat tractive force 
 witli high Sliced, Such engines ai'e necessaiy in 
 the difficult work of crossing the Alleghany 
 Mountains, where, there is a continuous gimleof 
 IIG feet per mile for a distance of 17 miles, upon 
 which there are numerous euiwes of GOO feet 
 radius. The fact that such a grade could be prac- 
 tically and economically overcome, without the 
 employment of stationarv' power, was firat de- 
 monstrated on thi.s road. The railway over the 
 Semmering Alp, from Vienna to Trieste, was 
 subsequently constructed of corresponding 
 grades, after the Austrian Govenimeut had sent 
 its engineer to America to investigate the subject 
 of steep gradients. 
 
 Engine No. 60U weighs 90,400 pounds. The 
 
 boiler is double-riveted, and lias a shell three-eighths of an 
 inch in thickneas, -aith steel fire-box. The cylindera are 
 iiiiieteeu inches iii diameter, with twenty-six inches stock. 
 It is capable of hauling a pa.s.senger-train of six ears, 
 including one PiiILnan car, up a grade of IIG feet to the 
 mile, at a speed of 18 miles per hour, without the n.s.“istance 
 of u lielpcr. 
 
 No better means of com])aring locomotive engines of 
 the past and present could have been devised than in 
 tills ver\‘ interesting exhibit. 
 
 THE WAGON AND r.\URIA(;E EXIfUSlTKiN IlUILDl.\( 
 
 The building dovote<l to the exhibition of wagons and 
 caniages lies a little north of the western end of the !Miuu 
 Building, of which it is. in fact, au annex. This annex, 
 although popularly recognized as the Carriage Building, 
 liius, ill reality, a very large proportion of its space devoted 
 to articlc.s orther than -would be signified l.iy this title, such 
 as funiiture, houseliold -nteusils, stovc.s, hardware, willow- 
 work, wooden-wiuv, etc. A ilisplay is made here of fur- 
 mu'cs, ranges, registera, and other aiiiianitus for heating 
 buildings and for cooking piivpo.se.s. There arc also 
 exhibits of refi-igenitors, oofiee-mills, liousc-fiu'i.isbing 
 wooden-ware, fruit-jars, railroad refrigerator-cars, water- 
 coolera, eoiiper-ware in kettle.s. etc.; w'ashiug-machincs, 
 wriiigei-s, and ironiiig-boanls ; smoothing-iruus. bath-tubs, 
 copper boilers, cabinet -woodeii-work, earth closets, .shuttera, 
 window-framc.s. doors, wainscoting, Venetian blinds, iron 
 railings, wire-work, and eiust-iron oinaiheutal work, venti- 
 lating apiuiratus, illuminating tiles, and, in fact, nJl article:; 
 comieeted with domestic use and houseliold fitting, except- 
 ing geiH'ral lioii.sehold furniture, of which the only exhibits 
 eontaiiK'd in tins building are mattresses, chairs, and a few 
 table-s. 
 
 One interesting exhibit found here is that of Ethelbur 
 Watts, of I'hihidelphia. andshows a porhibh- bath-trunk, of 
 -i^'liieli an illustration will be found elsewliere. 
 
 Tilt-- hardware display is chiefly can’iago hardware, 
 
 I iiieludiug some very lino exhibits of carriage mountings in 
 I silvi'i', oroiile and gold platc\ The basket-work and wicket- 
 ware comprise ba.skets, cradles, work-stands, etc. 
 
 ' Tlio cumage.s and other vehicles disiilayed include about 
 I 150 exhibits, of which about 40 are foreign, the remainder 
 being from all parts of the United States. Of these latter, 
 
 ' there lU'c pleasure-carriages, coaelie.s, landaiilets, pluietons, 
 cou]i«'s, roekaways, family, jiark and seaside emriages, 
 
 ! road-wagons, buggies, track sulkie.s, broughams, top- 
 ' wagons, dog-carts, and oven velocipi'des. Brewster imikcs 
 a fine .show, incliuling a landau, town-coach, coupe, 
 Mejoria, and llie ceh-brati'd Windsor wagon. There are 
 I also barouches, physicians’ plmctou-s, cabriolets, truek- 
 I M'agous, cliililren’s lain-iages, spring and leaping horses, 
 and an article from a Baltimore exhibitor which includes 
 a sleeping-coach with a walking and nuvseiy chaii- ;md 
 vehicle all in one. Evcai hem-ses are not ^'anting, and 
 I (jiiite a number <if fine sh-igh.s, particularly those from 
 ' Portland. Maine, m-e exliibited. 
 
 The railway i-oUing-stock includes ordinary and norrow- 
 j gauge pa.ssenger-cars, i>arlor-c.irs, combined locomotive, 
 
 I baggage and paaseuger car from Boston, freight -cars, draw- 
 I ing-room cars, a hotel car exhibited by tlie Pullman Palace 
 
CATAliACT IN MACHINEKi’ HALL. 
 
H/STOR/CAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 TUI'] VIENNA BAKERY, ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUND.S. 
 
 C.ir Ciimpiuiy, uiio and two-liorsL’ sli'oet-car.s, and iv lai't'o 
 nnnibi'V nf in car inatunal and medmiiism, indnd- 
 
 ing imtont ijlatfonns, IniinjK'r-springs, coiiplings and Inbri- 
 catnrs, brll-pnm-lu's iiml fmv-rogiators, ventilating appar- 
 atus, hubs fur whucls, etc. I’inally, a Plulad<‘lpliia Iiunsc 
 i'xliibita a nuuli'l of an icu-bnat. 
 
 Ainung tlio foivign exliibits, llmso of Great l>ritain are 
 the must uiimerons and tlio nn>st interesting. They eome 
 fn»m Luiidun, Nurwieli, jraiu'liester. LiMinington and Cuv- 
 entry, and inelmle landaiH, bavuiu-hes, coupes, bnmgliams, 
 park and mad drags, iilnietuns. Whitechapel earks, fuiir- 
 in-haitd drags, gig, eliar-.Vbane, wagonette, dog-earl, and, 
 Ihiallv, a child’s perambulator, and two I'xhibits of 
 bicycles. 
 
 llussia exhibits a Victoria from St. Petei’sburg, and a 
 drosky from Warsaw ; also a trotting-wagoii and sledge 
 with robe from JIo.scow. besides several exhiihksof luirne-ss. 
 Canada sends a cariole, idnmton, buggies, laudaulet, double 
 an<l othi'r sleighs, including cutter and adjustablu-lau’k 
 sleighs. From Italy there is an exhibit of street cabs, 
 Pi'om Vienna a Inniliiu, with harness and saddlery ; and 
 from Germany, material, inelnding axles, springs, etc. 
 
 .Tulin Uoberkson, of Sidney. New South Wales, makes the 
 only wagon exhibit from that country. It is a Conctird 
 box, with now front, the wuud-work and iron-work being of 
 New South Wales maba-ial. 
 
 Among this eolleetimi tlnuv arc certain noticeable 
 exhibits which we will indicate. One of these is a lady’s 
 brougham, lined with rich given satin. In the front 
 jiurtion is a toilet-ease of bird's-eye maple, ainl revolving 
 mirrors so arranged that the ivhole can bo drawn in out of 
 sight. A light sleigh is shown, weighing only 80 Ib.s. It 
 is colored in bhu'k, with line.s of gold, and tiiinmed with 
 dark-green velvet jilnsh, and is intended for but one jKH'Son. 
 Another, similarly linished, for two per.sons, hius dark 
 maroon trimmings. A ncM- feature is a small wire sieve on 
 tlu* dash-board to keep out snowlndls and drift snow. A 
 Camuliau sleigh is colored maroon, and lined with maroon- 
 colored cloth. It has bearskin rugs, and a novelty is an 
 (‘Xtension of the rnuner.s above the dash-board for 5i h'ct, 
 Tliese are surmounted with hor.s<.*hair plumes, dyed in aol- 
 terino. From the ends of the dashboard hang silver bells. 
 
 A (Uncinnati manufac- 
 turer exhibits a buggy 
 witli ! ide-siirings, by 
 which it is claimed that 
 the.se gi\'o givah'i' case of 
 motion than the elli])tic 
 spring, Avhilo eombining 
 the advantages of a sidi‘- 
 bar attichment, 
 
 Roche.stor sends an 
 claboi-atcl V linished heai'se 
 in ebony, with lich gold 
 mountings, and with the 
 border about the windows 
 inlaid witli gold and silver 
 plate. On either side, 
 near the top, are crest- 
 ings in silver. At the 
 top is a handsome railing 
 in gold and silver jdate, 
 divided into sections, and 
 fivui each I'iso urns in 
 gold i>lat elabonitely 
 decomted. On the toji. 
 in silver, is the ligure of 
 Faith, supporting hers<-)i 
 on a cross. The Hour is 
 
 covered \\’ith mahogany, silver mounted, and on either 
 side a niiling with vase.s holding urtilicial llowers, 
 
 Tlie road-wagon from Sidney, South Australia, which we 
 have mentioned, laus a body of unpainted wood, varnished. 
 On tme side? is i)ainted a kangiu-oo, and on the other a 
 picture of an ostneh. 
 
 The luilway carriag.'s art', some of them, the juost mng- 
 nificimt imaginable of such stmctiire.s. Tin* luuTuw gauge 
 (‘xbibit includes a boudoir and parlor car, called Dom Pe- 
 dro II., and Wius built for the Sau I'ahlo and llio do Janeiro 
 Railway, of Brazil, and is to be insed on state occasions. 
 It is constnu'ted in sections, so that it may he taken apart 
 aii.l .stowed in the hold of a vc.s.sel. It wa.s jiumufactiired 
 by the .Tac-kson it Sliai'iie Company, of Wilmington, Del., 
 and is furnished witli Miller pLitfovms and the Westing- 
 Innise brake. It will seat thirty porson.s. In the fnmt 
 portion of the car is a small boudoir. The carpet is di-ah- 
 eolor, with delicate llowers, aiiil tho winilow-eurtiiius of 
 iLirk-gr<‘cu and gold. Near the centre Is a hihle covered 
 with crimson rep. on which arc jdaced pictures of the 
 Emperor of Brazil and his daughU'r, the Princos.s Impe- 
 rial. There are also two liaudsome miiTor.s, and two 
 cabinets— one to contain books and the other meats and 
 fruit.s for Inneheon — on which are placed gold-jilated can- 
 delalnus holding wax candl-.s. Tlii> sides iirc inlai.l uith 
 different woods, ami the car is lighted from the top by 
 .small windows with staini'd glius.s. Adjoining the boudoir 
 are two other rooms, one a reading, and the other a writing, 
 room ; the oiii' lilted np in blue, and the other in I'rinison. 
 Next to these is the ordinary apartment, with walnut 
 I'liairs, caue-,seak‘d, and the sides beautifully inlaid with 
 gold, walnut, mahogany, and ebony. The doors have 
 jianels of walnut and rosewotjd. 
 
 The exhibits of the Pullman Palace Car (!ompany coin- 
 inis(! two very handsomo cars, combining all tlu‘ comforts 
 and conveniences for which they art' famous. A feature of 
 tho highly ormunentiil decoration nf these consists of inlaid 
 work of boiKinets nf llowers, inmle of picce.s of wo<»d shiined 
 ill different colors, and then inlaid, producing delicate 
 and beautiful effects. The ceiling is lined with cauvius, on 
 which are painted loavc.s and flowci-s. The berths are 
 niTanged as is customary in these cai-s, so as to be clo.sed np 
 
 in the <lay time and put entirely nut of sight, with tho 
 exception of tho portion of the frame which is shut np 
 agaiirst the side nf the car ; when let down for the night, 
 these are formed into eomforhible beds, in two tiers, 
 having rich hangings of ciimson, blue an<l gold. 'When 
 transformed into a dining-room, the apartmi'iit is broken 
 np ill little sections witli a table and scats for four in each 
 section. It is also fitti'd ni> with toilet-rooms ivitli a 
 nnmber of handsome niiiTor.s. 
 
 Tlie refrigerator is a sijnare box, hung underneath tin- 
 I'ar, Tho brakes are the WeHtinglums<i patmit, and on 
 eai.-h .side of the wheels is a large flange, whieli, should tlu' 
 ear rim off the track, will catch on the rail and prevent it 
 fnjiii going further. 
 
 An exhibit from an inventor of Lincoln, 111., illn.straU‘s 
 the working of a new invention for coniiliiig oars. It 
 consists of a model of a train of cai-s, the coupling being 
 done without the neci'.s.s'ity, on the part of the brakesmen, 
 of getting between the cam. Tho coui>ling niipaiiitus con- 
 sists (if heavy steel draw-bars with hooks, which, when tho 
 cars come tog<'ther, nnis into a sipiaro hitch in the iron 
 bnirs-iio.s<- on tlu‘ end of each of the cars. If it is so 
 de.sircd, by means of a veiy simple ammgenient, tlio 
 nppanitus ean lu- tlirown out of gear, and in .such a ease, 
 when the earn eome together they Mill not cmiple. No 
 spriiig.s are n.sed, sind tlu' incdianisni is at once simple and 
 ingenious. 
 
 TIIF. -STATE BUILDINGS. 
 
 AuKAXSAS BriLDTNO. 
 
 Tiif, Arkan.sa.s Building lies Avest of that of Maryland. 
 It is large, and contiina mneh that is intere.sting. On the 
 east and wi'st nf the* eutnuice, ranged against the Avails, are 
 sheaA'cs of AA-lieat and oats, Imndles of timothy and red top 
 gra.s.s, and stalks of corn measuring .six fi'et in height. 
 The grains are Avcll-fornied and of good AA’oight, Avliile the 
 hay and gTass are luxuriant. There are sections of tree.s 
 shoAving immense gi-OAVth of timber, specimens of pctrifii d 
 Avood, and large bolls of cotton. Near tlicsi' are two 
 counters containing 
 various exhibits, both 
 made (jf difl'oreut kind.s 
 of Arliansas Avnods, hean- 
 tifnlly inlaid, and hand- 
 some speeinieiis of cni" 
 pcut<>r’s Avork. One con- 
 tains gigantic cars of com, 
 bean-s, barley, oats, dried 
 grass, Avlieat, and oat- 
 straM-, raAv cotton, brooms, 
 speciraciis of Avork by tho 
 pupils of the State In.sti- 
 tntion for the Blind, Avincs 
 and loatliei's. 
 
 Stiuidiiig on the floor 
 behind the counter is a 
 box containing a ccjtton 
 bush Avith bolls of cotton 
 gi-OAving on it On the 
 otiior counter is a gi-eat 
 A-ariety of archicological 
 remain.s, as tomahawks, 
 stout' iicatles, daits, and 
 other Indian relie.s, some 
 of great antiquity. There 
 arc also specimens of 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 jeTrehy, made from smoked aud clear quartz, minends, 
 and a cravat made of silk raisetl in ^Vrkauaaa, and wliicli 
 ■was worn on the Fourth of July by Dr. G. W. La-wreuce, 
 the Centenuial Commi'wiouer from that State. Near the 
 southeastern section of the building, the St. Louis, Iron 
 Mountain and Southern Railway Company have erected 
 a case containing specimens of novaculite, argentiferous 
 Galena marble, magnetic iron, etc., found along their route. 
 
 COXNECTICIT BriLDIKO. 
 
 The large hall of this building, used as a gcnei-al recep- 
 tion-room, contains a fine old-fn.shioued fire-place, sur- 
 rounded -with painted tiles. Above the mantel is the gini 
 ■with which General Putnam is said to have killed tlie wolf, 
 beside the iiortrait of Putnam himself. On the mantel is a 
 portrait of Governor IngersoU. There is an old-fashioned 
 clock, and a sideboard Asith sjiecimens of silverware manu 
 factured in Connecticut. There is also a cottage organ, 
 also manufactured in the State. In one comer is a blue 
 banner, containing the names of the Presidents, the letters 
 being cut out of wood from the famou-s Charter Oak ; and 
 in the oppo.site corner is the coat-of-arms of Great Brituii. 
 which hung above the chair of the Speaker of the House 
 of Rpj»resentative.s. In addition to this is a section of the 
 Charter Oak, aud a wooden ham and wooden nutmegs t'f 
 the same tree, h'ear the fire-place is a spinning-wheel. 
 
 Indiana State Biildino. 
 
 This consists of three .sections. One of these is used a,s a 
 gein'nd recej)tiou-room, and contains, in mlditiun to slab.s of 
 native woods, a chair made of 100 pieces of wood from 
 Elkhart County. Back of this is a lady's recci>tion-room 
 containing, in addition to the furniture, a lai'ge painting of 
 the scenery of the SieiTa Nevada, and some pictures in 
 wor.sted-work. In the rear of the hull is a post-office and 
 bagg:ige-rooin, and on the right an office, in the rear of 
 which i.s a reading-room with files of papers, maps, etc. 
 The central hall ri.ses clear to the roof, aud on the walls are 
 pamds, on wliich are painted in large lettei-s statistics of 
 resources, population, etc-., aud the dift'ereiit counties and 
 large towais, 
 
 Maryl.vnd BnxjUNo. 
 
 The Maryland Buililing stands' north of the Kew York 
 State Building, and is a sinall stnicture, but contains many 
 very interesting articles. Among these are a collection of 
 models of Cliesapeake oyster-boafcs, with tongs and drags 
 used in catching oysters. In the rear is a model of a fish- 
 hatching house at Dmid Hill Park, Baltimore, in which 
 
 thousands of black bass, California salmon and trout are 
 hatched annually and placed in the rivers of Maryland. 
 Near by is a model of a Packing Houst-, with wharf, 
 boats, etc. 
 
 Arranged about the hall arc cabinets containing oysters 
 found in the Chesa]>enke and tributary waters. There is 
 also a very beautiful collection of ininends, handsome 
 marbles, sections of wood, and lui-ge pieces of eoid. At 
 each end of the ladl is the esenteheon of the Shite, aud on 
 the walls arc iiortraits of pers(juages prominently identified 
 •with the histoi-y of Jlaiylaiid, contributed by the Mary- 
 hmd Historical Society. Among these are C'lna'les CaiToU, 
 of Carrollton. Samuel Cliase. M'illiam Packer, Baron do 
 ludb, members of the Cidveid family, and others. The first 
 room on the left is an office, aud contains a register. X 
 piece of wood painted so as to clo.sely resemble marble is 
 here exhibited. In the adjoining room is a belt made of 
 wampum by the Indians, aud casts of the arms of Penn 
 
 and Lord Baltimore, m cut on the boundary stones of 
 Mason and Dixon's Line, aud a grant of land in Baltimore 
 County to the Taylor family, by Lord Baltimore. 
 
 MA.ssArnusETTS State Bitldinc. 
 
 Tlie constraction of this building has already been 
 described. The wainscoting is of unstained woods, and 
 the rafters supporting the roof are left imclosed. On the 
 right of the entrance is the Governor's reception-room, 
 richly furnished, with paintings on the walls, a .Japanese 
 screen, and a number of other uruamental objects. The 
 hall contains an organ, and a book-case filled ivith standard 
 works. At the north end is an office with a register and 
 post-office, and ueai- it a small room where pm-cels, etc., 
 may be left. 
 
 Mississippi State BriLDiNO. 
 
 This, although a small stnictiu'e. is one of the most 
 pleasing and original on the grounds. It is a log cabin, 
 every foot of the timber used in the construction of wliich 
 was sent from Mississippi, with cai-pentere to erect it. 
 'With its rough-hewn wood, its artistic windows. Gothic 
 doorway and hanging moss from its eaves, its balconies 
 foi-med of natural -wood, it is a notable one among the State 
 buildiugs. 
 
 There are comprised in this little building 68 different 
 kinds of wood, not including the door-panels, which include 
 48 other viuieties. The outside walls are of hickory and 
 split logs with the bark on ; the dooi's nud window-frames 
 are made of different varieties of laiic. the whole being 
 ornamented by naturul curinsities in u'ood found in Missis- 
 sippi forests, iuid the iimer walls made of finely polished 
 specimens of pine, .some of which are ijuite bcaiitifnl, both 
 in color and in marking. H.uiging baskets, luvlied veran- 
 das and mo&s-hung porticoes complete the ornamental 
 features of tliis characteristic .stniotm-e. 
 
 West '\Tboisi.a BriLDiNo. 
 
 Tliis i.s quite near the last -mentioned building, lying on 
 the ea-stem slojie of George’s Hill. It eovere about foiu 
 times as much ground as tluit of the Mississippi Building, 
 and, like tliat, is composed entirely of wood representing 
 m-any native varieties. All about the i>lot of ground sur- 
 rounding it arc large block.s and masses of bituminous and 
 other co.al, native to this region. Within the buildings are 
 found specimens of ijeti-oleum in various stages, sections of 
 timber, and some objects illusti-ating children's work, 
 including crayon drawings, comiiositions, etc. Contained 
 in the West '^’irginia Buildiugs ai'e a gi-eat variety of 
 
 '•MASsACHL'SETTS DaY." SEl'TEilEEU Uth— KECE i’TIOX CY GOVEEXOR RICE. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 specimens illustrating the timber produftion of the State, 
 also iron and copper ores, sjH'cimens of petroleum, wines, 
 agricultural i-)roducts, limestone, marble, woodwork in ax- 
 holves, crockery manufactured at 'W'becling, iiottor’s clay, 
 black flint, fire-clay, yellow ochre, mill-stone rock, etc. 
 Tlicre is also n shield cxliibited by George Jl. Crawford, of 
 Wellsburgli, whicli is made of a number of pieces of wood, 
 to show the great ViU'iety of timber in Ik-rks County. It 
 bears on its surface, cut in the wood, the names of the 
 Presidents of the United States, and of the signers of the 
 Declaration. There is also a gigantic maj) of Berks County, 
 maps of the State, and a map for the blind, prepared by 
 H. H. Johnson, teacher in the "West Virginia Institute for 
 the Blind and Deaf and Dniab. 
 
 Onto State BriLDism. 
 
 This State has ercctf’d a stmeture jiartly of stone, partly 
 of wood. There are rooms f>n both sides of the central 
 hali, occijpicd resjrectively as a general office, Clonimission- 
 ers' rooms, and ladies’ xmrlors. In the latter are iiui-traits 
 of the sniwivors of Peny's victoiy on Lake Erie, framed 
 with wood from the shii) -S'f. Lawrence. An extension is 
 
 Iowa displays some worsted-work rejiresenting “Henry 
 the Fourth on Slirewshury Phiin,” a “ Madonna,” “Abra- 
 ham and Hiigav,” and “Ilelwcca and Rowenn.” 
 
 The Xew York Statu Builtling is elegantly funiwh(.'d, 
 probably with more costly aidiclos than any utlier State 
 bniltbng cjii the groimds. It contiiinsa few fine paintings, 
 one of whit.di i.s the Centennial jiicture, painted by John 
 Phillij)S, of Chicago, rei>re.seiiting a ccnteiiai-ian telling 
 the story of the Revolution to a captiiin of the "War of the 
 Rebellion, and hi.s wife, who holils an infant in her arms, 
 cnmidetiiig tin' three generations. Thi.s is a notsible work, 
 and should have been in Memorial Hall. The New York 
 Building contains a register, furnishes unlimited su])i)lies 
 of stationery to visitors, and Iuls a post-ofliee. 
 
 New Haniiishire has a reeej)tion-hall where a registi'r is 
 kejjt, and the walls ju-c hung with views of New Hanii)shire 
 .sceneiy. 
 
 The Michigan Building is used solely lus headiinarters. 
 
 In the Wisconsin Bnilcbng is a portrait of Jiweph Croete, 
 who died at Poi-tagc C^ty, in 180(5, and who is said to have 
 been 141 years old ; also a j'ortrait of a squaw, who is .saicl 
 to have reached the asbjuisliiiig age of IGO years. 
 
 found elm, Hiuh>n, poi)lar, ash, black walnut and white 
 oak trees. The olimate is mild and healthful ; in the 
 northern eoimties, bordering on iMiunesota, the Winters 
 are oecnsionally very severe. The soil of thi.s State is 
 nnsurj)asscd for rielmoss and fertibty ; ‘Jo jicr cent, of 
 it i.s said to be tillable. 
 
 So niueh for the geneiul eliaracteristics of the Hawkeye 
 Shite. A spceiid feature of the disjday f>f Iowa in the Agri- 
 enltiiral Hall consists of specimens of its soil. These are 
 inclosed in glass tubes, each six feet der{>, tikon from a 
 number of counties in the State, and show the different 
 gi'iules. Thirty-five cuimties are rejuesented, and it is said 
 that one of these specimens has been selected by the 
 Swi.'dish Commis-sitm ti> be fom-arded to Sweden as a 
 samijle of the agrieultuml district where so many of her 
 IJCDifie have found a liome. 
 
 The great staiile croji of Iowa is Indian com, of whicli 
 the yield last year amomitad to mori- than 130,000,000 
 bushels. A most interesting ilisiilay is the magnificent 
 lioniological eoUca-tion in wax, embracing over one thou- 
 sand siiccimens of more than three hundred vaiieties of 
 fniit, which ai-e seen in the AgiicultiniJ Building. Speci- 
 
 NEW YORK.-MAYOE WICKH.AM RECEIVING THE .MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL lUFLE TE.4MS, SEPTEMHEK 4 th. 
 
 occujjied as a reading-room, and contains files of the Ohio 
 newspapers, register, etc. The stone nsi'd in the bnildiug, 
 gas fixtures, etc., were funiislied by Ohio finus. 
 
 The Remaindeu of the States. 
 
 The remainder of the States have erected buildings, most 
 of which are simply fur the necommodatiuii of residents 
 ■visiting the Exiiositiou. 
 
 Tennessee has not erected any building, but lias a large 
 tent, ill which she exhibits some fine siiecimens of iron ores, 
 coals and marbles of that section of the country. Tliis 
 tent lies between tlic Maryland and Ohio Buildings. 
 
 Tlic California Building comprises one large room, hand- 
 somely finished, and in wliieh is rejireseuted tlie native 
 growths of wood, by long jiancls of each sxiecies, fitted into 
 the walls. In the ri'ar of this apartment i.s a room devoted 
 tithe uin's of the State Commis.siouei's. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Bnikling is designed to aft'ord recep- 
 tion-room.s and a rendezvous for Pennsylvanians. Above 
 the doorway is akeystom' iu gold, with the word “Pennsyl- 
 vania" in black letters. 
 
 Tile Rhode Island Building is also intended simply as 
 headquai’tei's, and contains reception-rooms and a register 
 for visitoi-s. 
 
 Delaware uses her State Building as a rendezvous, and 
 offers flies of the Delaware papers and a register. 
 
 On the walls of the Uliiioi.s Building are views of Illinois 
 public buildings, and at each end are hainlsome mai-ble 
 fireiilaces. The register is for the visitors from Illinois 
 only. 
 
 The New .Jevstn- Building i.s in the old style of half- 
 tiniber and rod-tiled architeetiu'e. Besides a reception- 
 room. it contains a room for editors and rejiortei's. There 
 are no sjieeial exhibits in the New Jemey Building, but 
 the red tiles wliieh cover the extarior of the structure are 
 illustrative of that class of jiroducts of the State. 
 
 IOWA AND HER .VGRICUI-TURAL EXHIBITS. 
 
 The State of Iowa is ueivriy a figure i>f recttiignliu- form, 
 its length from eu,st to west being about 300 miles, ami 
 from north to south a little over 200 mile.s. Its most jirom- 
 inoiit cities .are Daveuiiort, Dubin]ue, Sluscutiiie and 
 Keokuk, on the Mi.ssis.sii)j)i, and Council Bluffs ami Sioux 
 C’ity on the JIis.souri. The area of the State is about 
 35,000,000 acres. 
 
 Iowa possesses an almost uniform altitude, haviug no 
 mountainous elevations. The most striking feature of its 
 topography is the predommence of prairies. Timber is 
 scarce, being only found skirting the stream.^ on the 
 bottom-lands, where in many j^ai'ts of the State ai’e to be 
 
 mens of the actmd fruits will bi> displayed in the Fall jjomo- 
 logical exhibition. Two hundred of these easts have been 
 seem-ed by the Jajiane.se Comuiis.siou, and 'ivill be sent to 
 Japan at the close of the Exhibition. Of ci^rn there are 74 
 varieties sho^ui ; of -wheat, rj-e, oats ami biuley, 80 ; 30 of 
 gi-as.H and field .seeds ; 200 of vegetable seed.s ; GO kinds of 
 gro.ss on the stdk ; and G-5 or 70 varietie.s of timber seeds. 
 All these exliibit.s su’c from one farm, and are intended as 
 a samxile of what may be grown on any farm iu the 
 State. 
 
 Iowa took the first jirize given by the Butter and Cheese 
 Association ; .and 8,000 pounds a week of this butter are 
 shipiied to Pliiladeliihia. An exliibit wliieh is a curiosity 
 is also found in the Agricultural Building, being a table 
 composed of 3,983 pieces of Iowa woods. The design of 
 the table consists of twenty-four arrows, the iiointa of 
 the six largest forming a .six-jioiutod star in the centre, 
 and six unstning bows iu the border, i>resenting a most 
 artistic suiTounding. Tlus work is the result of six 
 months' labor by a resident of Iowa. One hundred and 
 sixty varieties of Iowa woods arc disjilayed in this de- 
 partment. 
 
 It may us well be mentioned here that Iowa has a collec- 
 tion of specimens of her mineral and geological '\vealth in 
 the mineral annex to the Main Building, which is .said to 
 be one of the finest in the Exhibition. The geological 
 
CENTENNIAL EIFLE MATCH AT CHEELMO 0 H -THE FIKST DAY’S COMBINED PHACTICE OF THE FOREIGN AND AMERICAN TEAMS. SEPTEMBER «TU, 187G. 
 
UISrORICAL 
 
 Ktmtifioation is shnwn by sj>ccim(?tis of the various forma- 
 tiuus to tli(“ (loptli of 3,7(l0 feet, I'liibmcing sections of the 
 entire State. A Sitinpla of lead ore from tlie celebrated 
 mines of ].)nbn(ine is .shown, containinfi; 07 per cent, of 
 piiro lead. Iowa also setiils several samples of its coal, 
 whicli is jwiieticably inexhaustible, underlying, as is eom- 
 puted, four million acres of the Stati-. There are also 
 sainidcs tjf bnilding-stoiies, and relics of the inoiiml build- 
 ITS, completing the mineral and arehieological display. 
 
 FRENCH GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 A niTTLK to the west of Memorial Hall minex is a build- 
 ing erected by the French Goveniiueiit. and devotsl in its 
 contents to a display of models, charts, ct‘. . illnstrating the 
 ]Togress of engiucering and important government strnc- 
 turi-s in France. Tlie Imihliiig itself is made of a fvaiia-- 
 work of iron, with iron girders and raftm-s. and the w;dls 
 lilled in with brick. Some ornamentation has been made 
 by the aiTangeiuent of bliu‘k-fiu.-etl bricks in diaiuoml 
 shape-H. On eiwh side of the entrance on the south front 
 
 REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 viaduct of the Roequofavour. Undemeath this picture is a 
 model of the same, on a sciUe of oue-twenty-tifth of the 
 actual size. It represents the first four arelies of the 
 viailuct on the left bank. This is built of stone, with 
 double main nrchiss springing from the same jiiers ; and 
 above tlie upper one a smaller .span, sustaining the water- 
 way.s. On each side of the stnicture are cominudiou.s I'oad- 
 ways. The entire strnetnre is faced with ashlar niasoury. 
 and the arehc-s nri' somioirenlar. 
 
 On tlie east wall mv ]ilan.s, elevations, and di'tails of the 
 noted harbors of Mai-seiile.s, Bordeaux, Saint .T<‘.in de Lnz, 
 and idso elevations, plans and sections of lighthouses. A 
 fine view of the city of Marseilles is given, showing the 
 public dry-docks, breakwater and other works; a view of 
 Bordeaux, showing the public improveiiicuts, also veiy com- 
 plete. There is here, too, a jjIuu and elevation .showing 
 the iron jetties used in the improvoment of the* month of 
 the river A<lcmr, and also plans of the docks of S.iu .lean de 
 liiiz, showing the manner of dredging ; in both ciise.s 
 giving some of the more iiniiortant debiils. 
 
 On thenurtli side of the hall, besides the map of France, are 
 elevations, jdaus and sectional views of lighthouses. The.so 
 
 EXPOSITION. 171 
 
 material The whole is made to a scale of one-tenth actual 
 size. From the surface of the ground .springs a nuLSsive- 
 looking trestle, which sustains a road and tramway for the 
 lifting inmdiine.s, whieli lU'c worked by steam. From the 
 top of tlie unfinished piei-s a bridge of wood, braced by 
 saddle-briM'es of iron, is swung across. The maimer of 
 jilaeing the stones is clearly defined. 
 
 Till! 1 nidge of Areola is shown in a beautiful model, made 
 to a scale of oiie-tweuty -fifth iiatmul size. This Inidge, 
 which is of iron, Is of a very handsome design, and has u 
 .single broad .sjian. Tin- roadway Is supported by twelve 
 arched ribs, lirnily braced together. The abutments are 
 ma.s.sive, of .stone, imd on each einl of the bridge there is a 
 broiul I’oadwuy. though below tlu' roadway of the bridge. 
 
 Here are also three arelies of th<- riiuluet of Dinau, made 
 on a scale of one-tweiity-fifth iietnal .size. It represents a 
 a .stnietniv built entin ly of lua.sonry, Mitli .stone jumijicts. 
 The bridge of the Tariu«con, over the 1‘dione, on the Lyons 
 and Marseilles Railway, is very finely modeled. This is 
 an iron bridge, with double tiiieks, and has eight spans. 
 The ribs of the arch oi-e built solid, and the spuiuli'cls are 
 oiien-woi'ked. The iilmtiiieiits arc of massive masonry. 
 
 the wall is made of ornamental tiles, in white, bine and 
 green, arranged in figures. 
 
 Eiiti’riiig the vestibule, we find it inivcd with oiiemistii- 
 tiles, amuiged in a square pattern. In this ve.stibnle are 
 two lighthouse lanterns. The one in the right-hand corner 
 is a catoptric light, to show dill'crcnt faces in ditrevcnt 
 directions, so as to iircseiit the hearing to a ves.scl In the 
 left-hand corner is an electric light, with Fre.sncl glas.s. 
 
 The interior of the building' is one large hall, of which 
 the sides and ceiling lU'e jianeled mid elaborately painted. 
 The centre of the roof, mid from end to end, for a width of 
 eighteen feet, is open, the emivas covering being painted 
 in sipiiire panel-work designs. At the north end, facing 
 the vestibule or entrance, is u large map of Fiiince, show- 
 ing public roads and i-ailways. harbors and nnchoi-.ige 
 I groimds. the imm-ipal points being marked with brass- 
 headed nails. This is in a massive frame, and .sunnounted 
 hy a trophy of tlags. Oii the walls are hung jiictiires, 
 
 , plans mid elevations of importaiit public works, Imrboi-s, 
 cle., Arith di-uwiugs of details of eonstniotimi well ari'iinged 
 about the main hall, showing viiuhicts, iron and stone 
 , bridges, sections of engiiieeriug-work, etc. One of the 
 pictures shows the side elevation of the stone bridge over 
 the ycine, at Puiut-du-Jyur, Near this is a picture of tUo 
 
 I 
 
 .ai'c very complete, and comprise ])eiq)i-ndieular sections, 
 showing the interior iirrangements and the mode of cmi- 
 strnetion. The lighthouse of LaPahiiyre is on mi elevabxl 
 picc.‘ of gTouiid, coustnicted of iron, having three braces of 
 tubular iron firmly anchored. There are also elevation.s, 
 jilmis and dctiils <>f several vi.iduets ; mid on the west wall 
 arc a number of jiliiis, detiils and views of the ivseiwoir 
 St, C'heinond, and :i variety of maps. One of thcs<‘ latfiT 
 is a geological map of France. Tliere is also a map of 
 ,a portion of th ■ river Seine, and profiles of the Seine, mid 
 map of tlie Seine between Paris mid AsniiTCS. with details of 
 eonstriietion, locks and niaohiiiery, and a map of the canid 
 of the Lower IMariie, with details of maehiiiery used in 
 the same, mul also luunjung-apparatu.s. 
 
 Hi-re is a plan of the inmieiisc depot at Orleans, and 
 above, a number of views of lightliouse.s on the Freiieh 
 COlLSt. 
 
 On two long tables, imnniug the entire length of the hall, 
 are a number of remarkably fine exhibits of models of 
 bridges and other public works. Coiiiineueing on the 
 right, 0.H yon go in. is a uias.sivc model repr. suiting a 
 plan of the viaduct of Roequefavonr, in iiroces.sof eonstnie- 
 tion, and also repre.seutiug the varion.s maehiiieiT lused to 
 [tssist iu vnisiug and placing tho heavy stones and other 
 
 with sciuieirenlir enlargenicnt.s on each side. Through 
 these almtiii(‘iits are pius-sageways, arched and faced with 
 brick set in cement. 
 
 Tliere is also here u small model showing tho manner of 
 coiineetiiig the spandrels to the arelied ribs. On both sides 
 of this table mv armuged ii fine eollectimi of photogi-iiphs 
 of the dilleieiit public works of Fr.incc. Next we see ii 
 number of models, full and in section, of .some of tho priu- 
 cijial lightlion.ses, selected to show the viirions constrnetioiis 
 in stone mid iron, and also a line model of the port of 
 Marseilles, .showing tho public Imildings erected along the 
 shore, the extensive system of dry -docks, haring models of 
 ships M'ithin them, as also in tho main docks, and the rails 
 and tr.unwivys. Hito, ti.)o, lU'o five models of ililferent 
 styh's of buoys, some with beacons, and one uith bell 
 inside of cage-work. There .are also specimens of diflVrent 
 kinds of oil-luiqis used in the lighthouses, and the model 
 of an iron biioy-liout, with bell and l>eaeou. 
 
 Here m'c two models of iron lighthouses of Antioch mid 
 New Caledonia, made to a scale of oiie-tweiity-fifth, tho 
 hitter standing .six feet in height. By this are placed two 
 full-.sized lights, one a Fresnel light with three-bunier oil- 
 lamp, and on the opposite side of tho table a light with 
 clockwork ai'rwigeiueut for tiashiug, 
 
 TIIK INTEIIN.VTION.M, lIll’Li; I'ON’i'ESr, SlCl'TE.MUEK 12 th TfllO XilOllT U.\N'(!K .M.VIVU, TWO HIJXDUIOD VAliBS, STANOINO. Ol’EX TO Al.L CC.MEliS, 
 FIRST I’KIZE WON liV I’. J. HABIilG', OF I’ROVIDENCE, R. I. 
 
1T2 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENNIAL EXPOSITIOH. 
 
 Ou the long tible at tho loft, as vro enter tho hall, are 
 motlcls of tho viiuluct of roiut-chi-Joiir. a massive stone 
 structure about 100 feet in -n-idth, the upper part coutoiii- 
 ing the -tt-aterTOy, about thirty feet 'vviJo. This is repre- 
 sented ou a scale of one-twenty -fifth. The roadway beneath 
 is spanned by one broad arch of five centres, and tlie 
 superstructure has arches of s*'mii‘ireular form. There is 
 a smaller model of tliis viaduct, having a roadway ou eai‘h 
 
 kerque, with gate.? and iron .swing-bridges, gates to the 
 iLuu, and swing-valve-s. There are also two large models of 
 a siriug-bridgc at Brest, and the model of a canal bridge 
 over the Elbe. 
 
 On each side of the doorway as we enter the hall are 
 engineering instruments and viuious implements used by 
 the “Central Society for Saving Shipwrecked Persons,” in- 
 cluding guns for tiring rockets and lines, floats, etc. 
 
 of the different phases of education. One side of the 
 bnildiug is devoted entirely to a largo collection of books, 
 architectural designs and photographs, framed maps, charts, 
 jiLius. etc. Tlie collection of books is largely representa- 
 tive of recent Spanish literature in science and jirts, as well 
 as in historj', jioetry, the drama, theology, etc. Contigu- 
 ous to this collection is the cxliibitinn of the Spanish "War 
 Department, eompribing models of fortifications, of artil- 
 
 side of the superstructure. There is a model of two iron 
 tre.stle piers of a bridge at Brest ; a large model of another 
 viaduct on the Limoges Railrond, of which the foundation 
 courses are of stone, the piers being of tubular iron, braceil 
 with angular. The spans are made of iron triLsses of lattice 
 pattern. 
 
 On this table are models of a large siphon weir and dam 
 of a reseiwoir ; also a reseiroii' for the supply of water to 
 the town of St. Etienne ; sections of two tunnels of the 
 same, -with machineiy ; also a lock of the port of Dun- 
 
 This collection is exceedingly complete, and in its 
 particular depai-tment is unequaled in the Exhibition. 
 
 THE SPANISH BUILDING. 
 
 The Spanish Government Bulding is about 100 by 80 ft. 
 ill dimension, and is devoted to the exhibition of articles 
 representative of the Government works of Spain and its 
 colonies, with other exhibits illustrating the advancement 
 
 Icry, pontoon-bridges, ai-my-wagoii.s, etc., with specimens 
 of Spanish aims, cannons, sabres and small-irrnis. A very 
 liandsome steel model of liea\'y ordnance attracts consid- 
 erable attention. A few stuffed figures exliibit the different 
 costumes in use in the Siiaiiish army. These exhibits 
 occupy the entire centre nf the hall, the remaining side 
 being filled with specimens of Spanish woods, including 
 many liundred varieties, among which cork is prominent. 
 A collection of agricultural implements is ranged upon 
 the walls, and there are stuffed birds and animals, a small 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 colk'ctinn of iiisc’cta, sjx-oimens of fnmis, Inirks, a licr- 
 bariiun in six liirgo folios, and a fow ninsioal instnuneiitB. 
 Ikisiilus thesis there is ([iiite a tlisplay of inedidnul barks, 
 p;imis, resins, ami jireservisl fniits from thi' Philiiipinc 
 Islands. A rieh disjiluy of the celebrated sword-blades of 
 Toledo is to b.‘ scon hero, .as jiLso quite a line collection 
 of cngijiceriiij; and other iiiatheiiiaticid instniinents. A 
 nninbor of war-wenpou.s of the natives of the Spanish 
 colonud coimtrie.s may be also seen in this building. The 
 collection of models inehules also those of bridges and 
 aqueducts, ns well a.s quiti' a miniber of preparations in 
 or other similar material, illustrating the sub- 
 j 'ct of anatomy. Tln' walls all about are hung with photo- 
 gi'.ijOis and maps in large numbers. A few models of 
 boats, some with lateeu-sjiils from the I’hilippine Islands, 
 staml on a table near the centre of the hall. The army 
 exhibition iuehnles idso military (‘(luipments. army-ehests, 
 hanies.s, etc. ; also a v<‘ry ]>retty model of infantiy bar- 
 racks. Mod'bt representing the city and ]>ort of San 
 Sebivstian, with its fortifications, and those showing the 
 battles <if the Spanish forces .again.st the Moors in Itrorocco 
 .luring 1^50 and lM>b, are most interesting a.s illmstrating 
 military movements. Taken iu connection with the splcu- 
 
 Xatnral History, Maibid : Academy of Sciences, Havana, 
 Island of Culm; Royal Academy of Science and Arts, 
 Ikircelona; Society of Indastrisd Engineers, Barcelona; 
 Royal Academy of Seville; Uirection-Genewd of Cavalry, 
 Madriil ; Direction of I'ublic Instruction, Mailrid ; Direc- 
 ti(ju of Hydrograiihy, Mailrid ; L'niversity of Gniuada ; 
 Astronumicid Observatory, San Fernando, Province of 
 Ciuliz ; Horticultural Society, Barcelona; Direction of 
 Cii.stoms, Mailrid; High Xormal School, Salamanca; Cur- 
 j>oralioii of Barcelona ; School of Fine Arts, Yulladolid ; 
 Xatiiiiial Arclneologicul liluscuin, Jlailrid ; and Commis- 
 sion of Natnnilists fif the Piudfic. 
 
 The bixik exhibits conipri.se nearly 400 numbers, each of 
 which includes a selec.tiou of separate works, contributed 
 by publishers and authoix, besides the institutions and 
 Government dejmrtinentd alreaily mentioned. 
 
 (finite a variety of curious exhibits are made in decora- 
 tion, including an inlaid fcvble from Cuba, and S2>ccimens 
 of mo.sjiic.s in wood from Mailrid ; birds made with feathers 
 from the ]»ruviuce of Burgos, in Sjiain ; n jiietm'o made of 
 human hair, and another inaili‘ of wafers, and some jaqH’r- 
 work, made with scissors, from Havana. 
 
 Of the exhiliits of wooils, quite a number ,are from the 
 
 It is jirnjier to obser\'c here that the architect of Memo- 
 rial Hall is !Mr. H. J. Schwarzmaun. 
 
 In the instidlation 2iluii of l^Iemoriid Hall, the corridi'r 
 between the front and rear entrances is devoted chiefly to 
 the statuaiy of Italy, the United States, Givat Britain, 
 Germany and France. The eastern end of the building is 
 allotteil to the 2>ainting.s of France, Germany and Austria ; 
 western, to the United States, Great Britain, S2>ain and 
 Sweden ; the northeast comer is devoted to France, tho 
 sontheast comer to Germany, the sonthwi‘st to the United 
 States and Norway, ami the northwest to Great Britain. 
 The galleries in the rear of the building are iJlotted to 
 Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, France, and the United 
 States. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The larger 2>ortion of the art-exhibits of Itdy is 2'laci'd 
 in the iVrt Annex, and xvUl be referred to in detail in our 
 clescri2ition of that building. In Memorhd Hull there ai-e 
 something over 100 exhibits, com2>rising .sculpture imd 
 mosaic -work. The entire 2^reseutatiou of 6cul2)ture is 
 highly interesting, and in tliis way creditable to the 
 modern art school and genius of the country. In this 
 department, however, one is struck xsith the lack of tho 
 
 PUE.SKXTATION Ot I'llIZES TO TIIK AMEIIlCAN TEAM AT GILMORE'S GAUUEN,^ SEPTEMIIKU larn-CHEEtfl.VG THE FUHEION TE.VMS. 
 
 did exhibit' made by S2)aiii in the Main Building and in 
 Agi’icultural Hall, this (ollection truly remarkable, and 
 causes ii.s t<i r.'.gril exceedingly the absence of e. ccuiqilcte 
 catalogue of the S2)anish collection of articles iu the Fx- 
 2>osition. 
 
 The book exhibits from S2niin, besides n'i>re.scnting a 
 nnmbcT of 2'roiuinent 2*nblishing-]iou8es in Madrid and 
 other 2'rinci2ial cities, are idso in many instances from 
 noted institutes of li'aming and 2 ’r‘'*>»hi‘‘'it 
 •which the following ari' a few : His l\Iajesty the King of 
 
 S2iain. Madriil; the Liteniry I'niversity. Salamanca; the 
 Nantieid School, Biurcelona ; Fine .\.rt School and School 
 of Industrial Engineers, Barcelona ; National I^ibrary, 
 Madrid; Board of Primary Instrnetiou, Vitturia ; Royal 
 Academy, JIadrid ; Liti'rary I'niversity, Santiago ; Direc- 
 tion of Customs, Madrid ; School of Engineers, Madrid ; 
 ^'cterinaty School, Madrid ; High School of Areliitecture, 
 Madrid ; Arsenal. Jladrid ; Literary I'niversity, Granada ; 
 Board of Agriculture, Indiistiy and Ciimmerce, Oviedo ; 
 Normal Schools, Toledo, Valencia, Gundulajara, Cadiz and 
 Madrid ; Royal Academics of History and Fine Arts, 
 Madrid ; Academy (if Medicine, Madrid ; S2)ecial School 
 for Scul}iturc and Painting, T^Iadrid ; A-strf>noniical and 
 Meteorological Observatory, l\Iadiid ; S2>auish Society of 
 
 Iil'uid of Cuba, including dye-woods, ornamental-woods, 
 etc. Those from S2)ain com2)rise cork, 2'hie, yew, oak, 
 juni])cr, miulder-ront, saffron, nnis, n2)ricot-8ced, 2nnc-tree 
 cones, etc. Tlio I’hili2)i)iim Islands contribute quite a 
 number of books, sent from Manilla ; some human sknlb, 
 models of uegroc.s, S2>anish Mestizos, Indians, etc. 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 \Vn have already given a deacriptinn of Memorial Hall 
 on 2':ige 20 of this work, and a view of the building on 
 2>age 27 . 
 
 The universal critical verdict uimn this building j)laccs it 
 in the front rank, architecturally, among the more ornate 
 stnictures existing in this country. Erected at a cost of a 
 million and a half dollare, \\ith the design to afford a per- 
 manent .art-repository tor tho city of Philadel2)hia, Memo- 
 rial Hall is at once the best existing cxem2)lification of the 
 American art-idea in structure, and the most marked and 
 em2)hatio illustrution of the lilierality of the city it adorns, 
 and the State to whose generosity, conjointly with that of 
 Philadcli>hia, it owes its existence. 
 
 more exalted efforts of ins2)iration, and with the 2irominvnco 
 of simjiler and more homely exjiressions of art than 
 would pos.sibly have been expected from Itily. 
 
 .iV number of the works in scul2)ture rc'2)re.sent children 
 in various attitudes, and illustrating various infantile 2>ur- 
 L.uits. Tho mere uanies of them will convey tho idea we 
 are advancing, such as “After School,” “Sinqdicity,” 
 “ Biushfulucs-s, ” “First Sensation of Love,” “Study and 
 Work,” “Youthful Amusement,” “Tho Reader,” “Pea- 
 sant Girl,” “The Little Teacher,” “The Y’outh of Ylichael 
 Angelo,” Besides those, there arc “The Odalisque, ” of 
 Croff, Mihui ; “ The Coi2Uctte,” of Romani; “Dante, "by 
 Giln'rto ; ‘Lllcxander von ITnniboldt,” by Biganzoli ; 
 “Garibaldi,” by an unknown artist ; “A Vailed Girl,” by 
 Gain, of Milan; “The Bride,” by the same; and “The 
 Daughter of Zion Weeping over Jerusalem,” by Salomi, of 
 Florence. 
 
 The.se are all in Gallery A, at the entrance to the build- 
 ing. There ore two pieces of scul2>ture riquesenting Wash- 
 ington, one by Guarnevio, of Ylilau, the other by Gallandt, 
 of Rome. “The Vailed Girl,” by Brodzaki, of Rome, is 
 2iarticularly noticeable in the artifice displayed in the 
 treatment of the imirble. “Wearied with Play.” by 
 Braga, of Milan, and “The Sailor Boy,” by Trojario, are 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CENTENXIAL EXPOSITION. 1.75 
 
 MAJOn-OENEflAL THOMAS S. UAEIN- 
 
 COLONEL IIENIIY A. (ilLDEK-SLEEVE. 
 
 COLONEL JOHN BODIKE. 
 
 MA.IOn UENiiV FL'LTOX. 
 
 T II E A P: K I C A N T I-; A M . 
 
 ISAAC LEHOY ALLEN. 
 
 UENIIV DV.W. JIAJOIi AliTHUr. B. LEECH. JOSUVA K. Mi: NJIl. W. RUSSELL JOVNT. JAMES O. POLLOCK. 
 
 1V1LHAM RIGBV. EDMOND JOHNSON. V,'. O. D. UOFK. I.IEUTENANT GEORGE FENTON. 
 
 ■THE IRISH' TEAM. 
 
 THE IHISH AKD AiTEltlCAX TEAI^IS — THE EOEEHOST RIFLEZilEN OF ALL THE AVOELD. 
 
 
 
 
 w 1 
 
 Mm. w. . 
 
 L 
 
 
ljuth pleasing wvks of a :-implo cliar:u-t<i-. ‘-Thii Little 
 Savoyaril," by ( litlli, isolianu-teristic, ami "The Pmnpeiitui 
 W'niiiUi,” by Tuntanliiii, is a strongly i Miiei ived and care- 
 fully executed -wm-k. 
 
 In the rear of l\Iemorial Hall, and on tin* right jtassing to ; 
 the Annex, are three 
 
 engraved ^vith (‘arly I’omiui legends, these having been ! 
 found in the tombs of I’alestniia, near Home, i 
 
 In the .seroml room i.s a remarkable and highly interest- 
 ing coUwtion of majolicn-M-aro, comi)rising 350 jiieces, 
 
 2 'ioces in dark-blue and gi'uy, the 'work of (he .irab.s, niipeai 
 to be hamled down from the twelfth century. Above 
 these are some fine siiecimeiis illuatruting “lustre” made 
 >f clay. >.'ext we uotic-e the Delia Robbia ware c>f tht 
 
 arranged in chronological order. Of these, a few lai-gc , fifteenth century- -the manufacture of Luera and Andrei 
 
 Robbia, wlm, 
 
 ing, devot-d to Italian 
 exiiibits, mil <'oiiipri,. 
 iiig one of the most 
 interesting featun's of 
 the exhibition, They 
 eonsist of a collirtiou 
 of archieologie il curi- 
 osities, exhiliited by 
 Mr. Alessandrc < '.i - 
 tellani. 
 
 In the fir.st room i< 
 a rare collection of 
 antifiuc marbles, con- 
 siticuous among u-bich 
 are the “Indian Rae- 
 chu3,” a figure of 
 heroic size, which was 
 found near Naides. 
 The “ fjj) i n ar in,” a 
 Greek statue of the 
 school of I’erganio.s ; 
 heads of S a ]> ii li o, 
 Tiberius. Alexander 
 and Perseus, the latter 
 of the school of I’hi- 
 ilias, with the Einitcror 
 Augushm, and statne.3 
 of Cni'id and Psyche, 
 the kust two being i-f 
 the school i.if Pr.ixi- 
 teles, ore here. Iii tlm 
 same room are to be 
 scon twelve toiJet- 
 ca.skets in bronz.-. soni’/ 
 
 sni>posed, wo 
 first to disco 
 
 tlu 
 
 and 
 
 glm 
 
 Thes< 
 
 two 
 
 I'hew, ; 
 have 1 
 
 ' said tc 
 equal ic 
 point of excellence oi 
 workinan.sliii>, t h e i i 
 work consisting cliiefly 
 of earthenware medal- 
 lions and ba.s- reliefs 
 of whit»‘ glaze. These 
 medallious were used 
 in the exterior decora- 
 tion of churcht‘3 and 
 juiblic 1) 11 i 1 d i n gs. 
 Some idea of the dura- 
 bility of this nuitcrial 
 may be obtained from 
 the fact that a teiTa- 
 cotta medallion, eleven 
 feet in diameter, uliich 
 was fixed in an exteiior 
 wall ill the vicinity of 
 Florence fifty years 
 before the cbsco'V'cry of 
 Amenca, after having 
 endured the cbniutic 
 influences of four cen- 
 turies, was found to 
 rc'tain all its original 
 beauty, brilliant color 
 and fine .appearance. 
 Til is ware is n»w 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITLON. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 c'ctromdy ravp, Imt spvf>ral spocimons ai'o to l>o seen in 
 this rdllcciion. Uf these, peviiaps the most chai-aeteristic 
 is ;i has-ivlief representing the Virgin in an nttitiule of 
 iiih iiatiiiii. On a gi'omnlwork of deej) blue, tin- Ma- 
 iloiiiiii is prc’senti'd kneeling before the infant Christ, 
 with the Deity in a grouji overhead. The figures are 
 jiainted white, offering ii line contrast to tin* rich bine 
 of tlie baekgi'ound. Another s2)eeinieii of this beaulil'ul 
 ware is in Ihi' form of a ba[jtisinal font. 
 
 On a groundwork of antique blue is traced a delicate scroll- 
 work, toned off in some instances to a bluish-white, and in 
 the centre is usually to be found a coat-of-orms or some ■ 
 liistoric subject. I 
 
 Among the exhibits of majolica are found specimens of . 
 the famous lustre of the Itidians, by Georgio Andrioli. j 
 This is a most interesting collection, rejire-sentingas it does | 
 one of the lost arts of Italy. The manufacture was .short- ! 
 lived, extending only over the period between 152f) and ■ 
 
 A very valuable i)ieec in this collection is a jilate on 
 which is i)ainted the i)ortrait of Charles the Fifth of Sjjaiu, 
 the work of one of the best artists uf the manufacture, 
 Arazif) Fontana, Ou the absorjition of the Duchy of 
 I'rbino into the Papal domiuion, this factory was removed 
 to liome. The best artists, however, failisl to follow, and 
 the result was a visible decline in the style of workman- 
 slii]), as is shown by .some jtieces of this ware which were 
 luanufaotui't il after the reuiovul of the factorv to Home, 
 
 THE i!llE\T Bb.VST .VT HEM. (!ATE-CH-\liGINff THE ROCKS OC THE SUBAQUEOUS MIME WITH C.ARTRIPOES OE NITRO-OLYCERIN'E. 
 
 The pottery of the fourteenth, fiftemith and sixteenth cen- : 
 turies of the factories of Central Italy is repi-osented in Caf- 
 fagi‘ila, Faenza. Forli audl’isaromakc. One piece of the first 
 iiaiiii'd wan- is dated 14(>0, and is the oarlic.st known S2)cci- 
 meii of this mamrfaeture. Tlic mn.seum at Paris i)os.ses.scs 
 a ])ii‘oe dated 1477, eleven years later than the one in Mr. 
 C'astellani’s collection, wliieh has heretofore been sujqiosed 
 to ante-date all others extant. Among the Faenza speei- 
 nieiis are some wry beairtiful ineces. A eharaoteristie of 
 this ware is the iutistie blending of dili'ei-ent shades of blue. 
 
 I,')i0, wheu the secret died with its inventor. The chief 
 eharra of this work consists in its brilliant play of color, 
 which almost seems to change as one looks npon it. The 
 subjects are scriptural and mythological, but there are also 
 I'latcR which in those day.s lovers purchased as love-gifts. 
 Ou one of this ekiss there i-s a heart jnereed through with 
 Ckijiid'a aiTow, encircled with jets of flame, having above it 
 a pah' of clasped hands. The designs of Frbino, of the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, show trace-s of the 
 school of Jiuphael. 
 
 I and in which there is a marked inferiui-lty in drawing and 
 i fiiiisli. 
 
 I The Abrnzzo majolica brings us to the seventeenth and 
 1 ciglitoenth centuries. A number of {uCces of this are seen in 
 a glass ease in the centre of the room. Among these are to 
 : be especially mentioned a piece re.seml.>ling a Greek vase, 
 
 1 this haring foimed jjart of a blue-nnd-gold service presented 
 i to Pope Paul in. by the Duke of Urbiuo. There is also a 
 , piece of Medici iiorcelain, one of the earliest stiecimeus 
 ' knou'R. It is one interesting feature of tuio eollection that 
 
illK INlEHNATlOiNAL LIVE STUCK EXHlLITlU.N IX TUE EXEUSlTlUX S TUCK- 1' A iil)— I ii E AETEiiXuuX CAVALCAEE. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 179 
 
 mniiy of the pieeeg nre from servnces wbicli originally 
 belimgeil to the nobility of Italy, Hince they bear the anns 
 of many of them. The eoat-of-anns of Pope Leo X., with 
 it« six jiills and throe crowns, oconpios the centre of a very 
 large, plate, and proclaims the subjection of Sienna, since 
 liefore the conquest (jf Sienna tin- iMedici coat-of-arnis bon' 
 blit five jiills. These jnlls indicate the original profession of 
 the ^Ii.’diei family and we may as well intorjiolate hm-e 
 that this furnishes a well-founded theory of the origin i d the 
 three golden balls employed by pawnbrokers. Tlie Medici 
 became gTcat bankers in Florence, and wherever their 
 establishments wore located thc.se golden balls were exhib- 
 ited n.s a sign. As pawnbroking became an attribute of the 
 banking buainess during their time, it is not uiirea.sonable 
 to Buppose that later individuals in that Hue of business 
 adopted a sign which became familiarized in that eon- 
 ncctiou. 
 
 In the third room devoted to this exhibition is a coUcc- 
 tiim of jewelry and other ornaments covering a period of 
 
 collar being placed around the slave’s neck, to the end 
 that when found he should be restored to his owner. 
 
 Among the colleetinn of jewelry mentioned is that found 
 by Prineo Torlonia, :),jU n. c. The ornaments are in a 
 perfect state of preservation, and consist of necklaces, 
 chain.s, pins and earrings, wliieh evince a chasteness of | 
 de,sign mill .skill that may well challenge the admiration of ) 
 (he goldsmiths of the nineteenth centurj-. 
 
 {'iin.spieunu.s among the Homan ornaments of the first 
 and second eentnrio.s is a necklace of amethyst, the con- 
 ' ueeting links being formed of ciystaLs of beryl. Anotlier 
 necklace is formed of emeralds, crude iii finish, as the art 
 of cutting gems geometrically was not known at that 
 period. Among the early Gneco-Egj’ptian ornaments of | 
 the Ptolemaic ]ieriod is a golil bi’acelet formed of an ojien- 
 worki-d baud of leaves and tendrils, having a clas]) in the 
 j form of a vase, c>mbellishcd with a delicate wreath of gi-apc- i 
 j Iciive.s, and sed with emeralds. Prominent in the case of 
 i personal ornaments of Charlemagne's time is a silver buckle, 
 
 exaggerated or unnatiu'al. and the figures are full of vitality, 
 wliiie there is much in tlie eompusitioii of the work to 
 attract favorable criticism. This jiictm'e is numbered lOH 
 in the catalogue. 
 
 In thi-s galJeiw' is to be found a].so (Xo. 21C) Piothermel's 
 “Amy Kobsart Interceding for Leicester,’’ and Lcutze’s the 
 “ leoiiiH'la.st " (220], both well-known works. Here are 
 paintings by several of the earlim- American artists, begin- 
 ning with the “Ariadne’’ of Vanderlyu (No. b'>l)|, and 
 including Thomas Sully’s portrait of his wife. (100) and 
 “ Kenilworth Ca.st1e ” (210), by Cole. IMany of the be.st of 
 our later artists are represented here, and generally in cred- 
 ihtble works, 
 
 Here, for instance, is Ea-stman Johnson’s “ Catching tho 
 Bee ’’ (113). Here is the interesting portrait of Shakespeare, 
 by M’illiam Page, taken after the wax mask which was suji- 
 posed tf) have been made from tho face of the dramatist 
 after death. This is numbered 134. Edwai'd IVIoran has 
 1 two pictures, both of strictly American intere.st, the one 
 
 'THDRObCH'! 
 
 E>:AMIXATI0N’ of “ messenger’ stock houses at the JUDGES' I’AVILIUN, 
 
 IN THE STOCK-YARD. 
 
 more than twenty centuries. Con.spicuous among these is 
 a case of engraved gems from Nineveh and I’ersepolis, with 
 others, inehuling cameos, vepreseuting the art in thi.s direc- 
 tion of Etruria ami (hvece, and illustrating its risi‘, pro- 
 gi'c.ss and decline in those countries from its earlie.st incep- 
 tion to the fifth eentniy of tlie Christian era. Opposite 
 this case is one in which arc rings i>f gold, silver, amber, 
 bronze, glass, stone and ivoiy, representing the interval ' 
 between the earliest Tyrrhenian period and the end of the i 
 sixteenth century. Near these ai'c othi'r ca.ses, in which are 
 seen bronze and silver oruamouts which ■were used by the 
 Crusaders of the eleventh, twelfth and thii'teeuth centuries ; | 
 gold ornaments of the Lombard style in the seventh 
 century ; collections of cupellated and uueupeUated gold 
 ornaments of Etruria, TOO yeai-s before Christ. In this 
 collection there is a metal iilacque, which Ileal’s a I.atiu 
 inscription, ^^■hiL•h, trauslatt'd, reads : '■ Take me, and keep 
 me and send me back to the farm of Maximian, the anti- : 
 qunrian.’’ This placiiue is suppose-d to have been one j 
 of those which wi're used in those days attached to a collar I 
 fur the purpose of identifying jiri'perty in the slave, the [ 
 
 octagonal in shape, studded with jicarls, sapiihires and 
 nibies. 
 
 In (rallciy K, in the southwest comer of Memorial Hull, 
 is a collection loam-d by Pope Pius TX. It includes three 
 Ijieees in mosaic, the first a basin of Florence, the .second 
 a Madonna, and the third a mosiuc of Kaphaers " Madouna 
 de Seggiola.” Besides those, there is a piece of tapestry 
 representing the martyrdom of St. Agnes. 
 
 Tue X’xited St.\tes. 
 
 The American pictures in ^Memorial Hall arc divided 
 between the Central Gallciy, Galli-iy C, and Galleries X, 
 Y and Z. On entering the long hall at the left, called 
 Gallery C, one first notices Rothcrmel’s extensive canvas of 
 tlie “Battle of Gettysburg,” This picture ha.s been the 
 object of considerable severe and not a little hostile criti- 
 cism on the part of the Press; vet it is jierhaps the best 
 picture that Ilothermel ever painted, and certainly seen 
 und<‘r udvanhigeous circumstances, or at least fr.un the 
 pro])er point of view lus regards distance, it is not by any 
 means a discrctlitable battle-piceu. The comjiositiou is not 
 
 being (No. 103) " The Winning Yacht,” and the other (No. 
 233j “Moonlight in New York Bay.” J, H. Beard is repre- 
 sented here by one of his clever humorous creations. “ Tho 
 Attorney and his Clients" ; and W. II. Beard by his wcU- 
 kno'wu “March of Silcmis," now owned by the Buffalo 
 Fine Art Gallery. The first of these is uumbered 100, the 
 latter 202. 
 
 S. R. Gift'ord has here bnt one picture (178), “The 
 I Golden Horn.” McEntee is seen in his “ Saturday After 
 I noon ” (182), a characteristic work. 
 
 ! At the North end of tliis galleiy, directly beneath Hicks’s 
 well-known portrait of Generid Sleade, is a charming laud- 
 ■ scape by Keu-sett |231), and entitled “Conway Talley, 
 
 ' N. H.” This is a refreshing i>icture, with a peaceful river 
 ' llowiug through the .silent plain, upon which one gazes 
 from the mountains in the foregroimd among gray rocks 
 and noble trees. At the left, in the distance, ai’c seen 
 clouds full of promise of storm as they swec)) around the 
 tall summits of tiie momitains ; but below, the sunliglit stOl 
 lingers, casting caprieious gleams upon the grass»'s and tho 
 thickets, the winding pathways and rugged roads. 
 

 THE STATUARY I H THE A E T G A L L Ji E I E S . 
 
 mSTOR/CAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
II/SrORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 183 
 
 Krnr this 13 a pleasing litiulscnjx- l*y 
 Jumi-3 ?I. Hurt (23G), “A Simini.-r :M<>inorY 
 of Borksliirt',” the property of the Re- 
 pnblieuii ciiuclichito for the Governol-ship 
 of the State of New York, Mr. E. J). 
 
 Jlorgiin. This is a little pastoral, so 
 stamped with the peenliar atmosphere, of 
 Western Miissaehusett.s in Summer that it 
 could be readily piek<'d ont from a hun- 
 dred works n.s having been painted in that 
 section. No. '231> is a portrait of Haekctt 
 us “Rip Van Winkle,’’ by Henry Inman, 
 near which is F. A. Rridgenian’s “Nubian 
 Storj--teller ’’ (23H), This last-named paints 
 ing rej>rcs(‘nts the interior «.’f a Turkish 
 harem. Into the dull life "f the women 
 there, now has crept a ray uf light. Tile 
 story-teller — a fantistieally-dre.ssed Nubian 
 woman -hius arrived, and, s<‘ated in a 
 s(piaro in which a fountain plays, has com- 
 nienced a recital. In one corner, upon a 
 divan, near a low, latticed window, sits a 
 beautiful woman ov«*r an embroidery-frame, 
 and is listening inb-ntly ; another has 
 thrown herself back in luxurious (il'in- 
 i/nii on a couch, drinking in -with parted 
 li])s and moistened eyes the poetic legend 
 told by the mysterious wtmian. On the 
 floor is a child that has li'ft the toy camels, 
 and also listens, with fear and wonder 
 depicted on his infant features. A female 
 slave, standing ni'ur a )>ipe-rack, hears the 
 talc with an air of sti.'lid iiuTedulity. On 
 thi.^ right, on iUKither divan, is a group 
 of beautii's, one robed in green-and-white, 
 holding a rose to her lip.s, a second fondling 
 her child, and a third apparently off into 
 dnamland. 
 
 {•los<! byMcEutec’s 2 >ictuve hangs Darid 
 Johnson's "Old Man of the Moimtain, 
 
 Fraiiisniia Notch, N. H.” (221), a faithful 
 and I'urefully studiisl work. V . M hittredgo 
 exhibits his “Twilight on the Shawangmik 
 Momitiius " (2111), a picture somewhat 
 theatricid iu its manner of treatment, bnt 
 full of interest iu the composition, and 
 showing CiU'c iu the execution. Eastman 
 Johnson exhibits, besides his “Old Stage 
 Coach,” his painting entitled " Milton Dic- 
 tating to his Daughters ” (259), a very 
 eareful stmly, the grouping in which is e.X(piisite. The 
 bliial poet is shown seated in his aim-chair with one thin 
 hand iqilifted, as if to beat time to the measure of his 
 verse, which one of his daughters is transcribing, vvliilc 
 
 “ l'afbicaise." 
 
 the other, uith her arms folded across the chair, gazes 
 earnestly upon her inspired parent, seemingly eii- 
 rapt by the charm of the beautiful, mystical story 
 which he evolves from his vividly poetic imagination. 
 One of Johnson's best pictures is in tho 
 coiTidor, and is called “The Prisoner of 
 State.” The startling I'ffect produced iu 
 this jiicture is mainly due to the remark- 
 able manner in which the shadows in tlu' 
 backgrouml are handled. The jiictnre shows 
 a tall, robust man stiinding in a luisuii- 
 cell near a grated window, which is higher 
 than his ovni head. He supports himself 
 by holding on vrith one hand to a ring 
 suspended fi-om the duugeon-ceiliug by a 
 rope. He is dveased iu a long coat and 
 reddish waistcoat and dark trowsers. There 
 is uotliing picturesque or eecentiic or 
 unusual iu his attire to attmet notice. The 
 face, however, is so full of vitality and ex- 
 pression. that one seeks at once for its 
 immediate cause, finding it in a little bird 
 which has ju-st alighted on one of the 
 grate-bni's of the window. The simiilc 
 stoiy is told pathetically and -with true art. 
 
 No. 186, “ Fishing-boats of the Adriatic,” 
 by Hanford R. Gift'ord, displays the pe- 
 culiar ehium of the wonderful sea, -with its 
 fringes of high and nigged mountains, its 
 delicate effects of color, and its fleet of 
 boats with stained and painted sails. Among 
 Wateruiau's exhibits is “ Gulliver in Lili- 
 imt” (156), a pictm-c which was exhibited 
 at the National Aeadoiuy of Design, N. Y. . 
 some years ago. 
 
 Mr. J. 15. Ii'viug is represented by “ The 
 End of the Game.” a clever work, which 
 presents this artist in his be.st manner (187). 
 Biei-stadt exhibits the “Settlement of Cal- 
 ifornia. Ray of Monterey, 1770 ” (207). 
 Shatluck has a “Lake Chamiflain ” (223), 
 Sonntag his “Sunset in the 'Wildenie.s.s ” 
 
 (250), SehuAselc (252) "The Iron ‘Worker,” 
 and Irving “Cardinal Wolsi-y and his 
 Friend.s” (261). 
 
 In tho Central Gallery, west, arc found 
 quite a number of works by the early 
 .•^cricau jiainters, among which “The 
 THE STATUARY IN THE ART CALLER IE 
 
 Mountain Ford.” by foie (33), a portrait 
 by Gilbert Stuart (52), a laudscapo by 
 '^I'lishiiigtou Alston (60], and a portrait of 
 Alston when young, jiiiiuted by himself 
 (77), two portraits by Copley — one of theso 
 being John Aihims — numbered 83 and So, 
 respectively, and tho famous iiieturc by 
 Alston (86], “Sjialatro’.s Vision of tho 
 Bloody Hand.” Gillicrt Stuart is also 
 represcntcil by the portrait of Chief-Jxistico 
 John Jay (9). X inchirc deserving ex- 
 amination is McEntee’s “ October After- 
 noon” (128), a laiul.scapc tender in its 
 distance, rich and romantic in tho fore- 
 ground, and infused with the delicate hazo 
 so peculiar to our Autumn. This ])uinting 
 is absolutely faithful to Natiirc as exhibited 
 at this season in the Northern States. 
 
 Near this is “ Si)riug,” by Begis Gigiimix 
 (131), a landscape rejiresenting an orchard 
 close, with low trees laden with blossoms, 
 and happy, bni-ofooted oliiklren straying 
 over the green turf toward a low-roofed 
 cottage, fancifully set off by a broken 
 fence. Near McEutee's picture is R. Swain 
 Gifford’s “ Egyptian Fountain” (124). Some 
 Jloliammedan travelers have arrived at a 
 green spot where two palm-trees struggle 
 up irregularly before tho ba.sin of an 
 artistic fountain from which two camels 
 are drinking. In front of the basin stands 
 a figure dad in a long, red gown and 
 white turban, and near liim two Orieutjils 
 silently contemplating the scene in tho 
 distance. The cactus and a few stunted 
 bushes arc all tho vegetation exliibited. In 
 the distance aro two travelers mounted on 
 camels, taking their way toward another 
 village or fountain. 
 
 Just above this hangs one of Edward 
 Moran's marini; jiictures, ‘Oluiot Ledge 
 Light” (125). Dc Hiias exhibits a number 
 of pictures, the ehief of those, perhaps, 
 being bis “Moonriso and Sunset” (25). 
 This shows a headland, low and ragged, of 
 baiTcn rock, dun in color. At a littlo 
 distance from it is a single tree, upon 
 which the sea seems to have beaten until 
 all its frcslincss and verdure have died 
 out of it. Before us is the ocean, over 
 which linger the warm rays of the declining sun, while 
 in the still heated sky the moon is apparent, sur- 
 rounded by a tremulous hazo. Distant sails glide 
 away, looking like ghosts on the horizon. 
 
 
mSTORJCAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEAWTAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 (icurge Boutou's “ The Pilgrim’s Sunday ^MovniiiR " (‘lO). 
 the property of Mr. It. L. Stuiirt, of Xew York, is well 
 kllow^l tlu-ough engravings. The staigghiig procession on 
 its way to church througli the woods looks blciik atid 
 severe enough, Whittredge’s ‘-A Home hy the Sea " (lUf)), 
 represents a vast plain stretching away to the flat coast, 
 painteil with, gi-cat care and freedom from convcutionalitv. 
 On the left is a low-roofed cottage ; here and tliere on the 
 plain are patches of garden and green gras.s and tliicket. 
 Beyond, but dimly seen, white sails are gliding along. 
 T\1iittrcdge’s other pictiu'cs are “The Window,” “One 
 Hundred Yearn Ago,” “Platte Itiver," and “The Woods of 
 Ashakar.” 
 
 No. 110, “Boats at Boulah, on the Nile," by E. Swain 
 Gifford, a small Egj-ptiau study, i.s fidl of vigor and 
 t lought. Ill the distance are seen tlie Pyrnmids, silent, 
 colossal, incomprehensible. On the stream drift or skim 
 mcnily number.s of dakahinJis, while others crowd toward 
 the ship, carried in by the cniTentoi. 
 
 Further on i.s Edwin Wliite's “Sabbath of the Enii- 
 gi'ant” (105), and near it the very charming 2 >icture by 
 fe. R. Gifford, “A^iew on Lake Geneva.” Another good 
 pictiu-e is by Cropsey, “Old Bonchurch, Isle of Wight” 
 (39), an Eughsh landscaiie, in which theverj' gras.s is diifer- 
 
 the Annex, and where can be seen u number of ehromo- 
 lithographic reproductions of water-color .sketches by Mr. 
 Thomas Moran, illustrating the Yellowstone region and 
 that of the Colorado, ns also oil-paintings by the same 
 ai-tist. Among these arc view.s of the Hot Springs, Gar- 
 dener's River, the Great Blue Spiing, the Lower Geyser 
 Basin, the Castle Geyser, Upper Geyser Basin, Lower 
 Yellowstone range, Y'cllow.stone Lake, Lower Falls and 
 Sulphur Mountain, Head of Yellowstone River, Yellow- 
 stone National Park, the Mounhun of the Holy Cros.«, 
 Coloratlo, Summit of the Sierra Nevada, Valley of Bab- 
 bling Wak>rs, and the Great Salt Lake. The sketches ore 
 accurately executed and brilliant in color. The views of 
 Yellowstone Park are the result of the Hayden expedition 
 of 1871, which nuulc this section of country kmjwn, and 
 W!is followed by 3,000 sciuiuo niile.s being set ai)urt by 
 Congress as a National Park, Mr. Moran acconnianicd 
 thi.s expeilition, and bis x)icturc.s are faithful rejnodiic- 
 tions of some of the finest and most stiirtling of Nature's 
 works. In one of the.se. Tower FalLs, we have one <ff the 
 peculiar features of the scenery. Tower Creelc is a swift 
 mountain torrent, tribiitiiry to the Yellowstone. Within a 
 short distance of the river it breaks into raihtls, and i)xssing 
 between high masses of rock it falls 150 ft. into a basin cut 
 
 • .V broad river, smooth and minitilcd, flowing quietly into 
 I the middle of the scene, and then plunged into the' lahy. 
 
 rmth of rocks, tumbhug over a jireciince 200 ft. high, and 
 ' llowiug Avcst^voi'd in a slow, deep cun-ent. disa]q)car 3 
 behind a Wack prcjuioutoiy. Where it falls upon the 
 western i>romontory it is wholly in shade. A scanty 
 growth of coniferofis trees fringes the trunk of the cliffs 
 overhanging the river. BaiTcnncss is the whole sentiment 
 of the scene.” 
 
 In Gallery Cl tlure are four pieces of sculpture, “The 
 First Eo.se," by Roberts, of Philadelphia (139) ; “Spring,” 
 by Bailly, of Philadeli)hia (140); “Honor An-esting the 
 Triumiih of Death,” and “Ojihelia," by Connelly, of 
 I'loreuce (141 and 142). Besides these, there are a number 
 of important works in the Central HaU, Gallery B, where 
 I'll-. Connelly has no fewer than nine jiicces, iiiehuling the 
 luist of Charles Sumner, an.l his “Diana Tran.sforming 
 Acteon” (1192 and 1194, ve.spcctively). The more im- 
 IK.rtant works in this gidliry are Story’s "Medea” 
 (1184); Miss Foley's “Jeremiah” (1185), and “Cleopatra” 
 [UOiy. Story’s “Beethoven” (1200); Huzeltine’s “For- 
 tune” (1188), and “Lucia dc Lammermoor ” (1211). Mr. 
 Pidmer is rcprc.senk’d here by ii brouzc statue of Robert 
 Livingston (1213) ; Randolph Rogers by his “ Rutli " 
 
 ent from tliat of Aim'rica. being givcncr and riper. The 
 ol<l dilajiidatod elmreh stauils in a yard iiartially iijelu.sed 
 b\ a liigh stonewall, and filled with gr.Ls.s, jirohvted bv 
 till toiub.stoiiei eoveml with iiiscrijitious. Beneath .shady 
 trees a till cros.s looms n)> omin<m.sly. 
 
 Samit<'l (^^letnan cxhilhLs “The Mcrclumfs of Lagliouut 
 e« lietwecn T.Il and tlie De.sert, Algiria” (14); 
 
 Durand has .some “Studies from Nature” (19) ; Eugene 
 Beii-soii offers the “ Siro.-co. Venice” (22); A. F. Bellows 
 law one of Ins charming works, tJjc rc.snlt of lus English 
 stiidie.s. “Sunday in Devonshire” (20) ; Huntington has a 
 portrait CJlj ; Kens.4t a “ View nem- Nortlmmi.toii” (47) ; 
 “Tile Strayed Maskers.” by Benson (71). is a .stirtling 
 pietnre. and attracts nmeh attention. A ilever work bv 
 J. B. Irving i.s “Tlie Bo.ikworni " (101) ; this has been 
 eiigravi'd and is Well-known. Eastman Jolnison's “The 
 Old K.'ntueky Home ” (118), will he rm.gniz.sl as an old 
 favorite. It is n pietnn' full of gouumc interest to cverv 
 Aiimrlean, altJiough artistically it is hy no means uj) to tli'e 
 exei-lleiice of tin* artist s later w'ork ; tin- eoinpbsition is 
 faulty, the ])oint.s of interest being diffused in .several 
 directions instead of being concentrated in one. 
 
 \ isit'jr.s to Memorial Hall should nut fail to pass some 
 time in Gallery X, which lies very near the exit towoi'd 
 
 B E L O N T AVENUE ON “ P ]•: N N S Y L V A N I A D A Y ” - S C E N E 1’ U 0 
 
 in the solid rn<'Ics. Tln' pi.dure tvpiv;^mts one of tie- 
 towers at the brink of the f;, 11. It stainls like some gloomy 
 .sentinel, distantly fuithiH'd against the liiight background 
 of Hiilphiir Moiintjiin, while at it.s bas<> i.s tin' dark groinnl 
 of the rushing torrent. e,ip].ed with foam, wheiv lad.leii 
 ro(‘ks di.sjiute iG right of way. 
 
 Another imiwrbint and interesting inetnre is that of the 
 Hol\ t'ro.ss Mountain, the most northern jieak of the 
 \\as;ib-h range in Coiorado, and the only iiK>iuibiiii of the 
 Jtame in the world. Its eliaracb-ristie feature is a <to.ss 
 formeil by snow-tilled fis.snres ero.ssiiig at right angles on 
 tlii;fac<' of th-- mountain. It is of sm-h rcunarkable size, 
 ami of sm-h distinct eontr.i.'t. that it <-an he seen at a 
 distance of eiglity inile.s. The iieipendienlar arm of tlie 
 cro.ss is l.-oClO ft. in Luigth, the horizontal arm 800 ft. 
 
 Another inbu'esting view is that of the Cnvit Inilis of 
 Snaki- River. These cannot be sceii until within a mile of 
 till- biuse. when they suddenly bm-st into view with :iu 
 iudi's-erihable grandeur and magnificeuci-. Of those beau- 
 tiful falls, PrL»fes.sor King, the geologist of the cxi>eili- 
 ti.m, say.s : 
 
 “On all side.s we find the horizon is lUS level o.s the sea. 
 There we gaze upon a circukir well, whose shaiqv aides are 
 here and there battlemented in huge fortress-like mas.ses. 
 
 (12171 ; Vinnie Ream exhiliif.s her "Spirit of the Carnival.” 
 and -The We.st” (121S and I22i)| ; “Miriam’’ (1222|. and 
 the bust of Senator JlorriJl (1224). A <'harniing figure also 
 is Randolph Rogers’s “Nydiu, the Blind Girl of Ponqieii.” 
 
 In (ialhTV K, in flic smilhwest corner of the Imilding, 
 ar<- Some tvv< nty other works in .sculpture. Among these 
 is Jli.ss ]-MiiK)iiia Lewis’s ambitious effort, “Tin- Deatb of 
 I'leop.itra ' (1231) ; a .siiigli- jiiece by Cidwrly, a bas-relief 
 iikene'S of Peter t'oojier (12-30); two meiLillioii.s of Mary 
 ,ind William Hmvitt. by Miss Foley (12:!4) ; the bust of a 
 i-hiid. by ^ iuiiie Ream, and some portrait busts, and a 
 Jiu'tal modi'l of Imh'iieudenee Hall. There arc also 
 e-\hibite<l here some flue .speeiiucns of stained glass in 
 ai’alii'-siue de.siglis. 
 
 Ill till' West arcade, on the facade, arc six sculjihu-e.s by 
 liyre. of IToreiice, numbered from 12.‘1 to 125G, the .sub- 
 jeets being “Leda,” “Rebecca,’' “ IlLTeiile.s and Anta'ii.s,” 
 “Ruth, ' “Juno,” and ■'(letiins of the Vatiiviii. ” In the 
 cast areailc Mr. Eyre exhibits .seven othiT works, imiu- 
 beivil fi'oin 1257 to 
 
 It .should be mentioned bore that in the (’eiitval Hall, 
 Gallery B, is cxiiosed the original portrait by Gilbert 
 Stuart, from life, of Wiushingtou, painted in 1790. This 
 is the only picUu-e from life by Stuari, exceiit a portrait in 
 
Historical register of the centehnial exposition. 
 
 1S3 
 
 the Boston Atlionii'uui. IIito is iilso exhibited a memorial 
 alfcir by mi Ituliiui aidist 
 
 In Galh ry Z there are a number of drawings, etL-Uings, 
 cte., by Darloy, Thomas Jloran, Edwin Forbes ( 'Life 
 Studies of the Great Army’’), Swain, Fabroui«.-> and 
 others. 
 
 In Gallery Y there arc a few oil-iialiitings, of which the 
 most importaiit ai'o “Charity," by lilerle (129ti) ; the 
 “ Babbit-Seller," by Meyer von Bremen (1297), and J. H. 
 Beard’s “There'sMany a Slip,” cte. (1299). 
 
 The cnllootiou of works of art exhibited by the United 
 States in Meiinirial Hall is completed by illustrations of 
 art niiplied, which are dis[)layed in the second-story cor- 
 ridor, and Booms 1, 2, 9, 4 iuul 5. Here are exhibited 
 chromos, engravings, cameos, tine art works, frames con- 
 taining specimens of stone gems and inipre.s.sions of seals, 
 a curiosity in tlie way of a frame composed of lo.UOO 
 pieces of ivood constriieti’d without nail, sert'w or glue, 
 imitations of natural woods in wall-paper, and other lU'tistie 
 work in decorative paper, etc. In Boom No. 1 is to be 
 seen an inlaid show-cuHC composed of 12(',U00 pieces of 
 wood. In Boom No. 2 are painted imitations of woods 
 and of ruiu-blca, specimens of oak, walnut and rosewood 
 gmiuing, ehroiuo - lithographs designed for crochet and 
 
 Gnn.VT BitiTAix. 
 
 Hyiiercritieism lias been busy with the English art 
 exhibition as with other departments, and scarcely a just 
 estimate can be formed of the works on view from the 
 comments in the public pre.s.s. The fact i.s, that stay-at- 
 home Americans who arc at all familiar with foreign jiaint- 
 ings have derived that familiarity chiefly from experience 
 of the French, Belgian and German schools, there having 
 never been that interest di-spluyed by American collectoi's 
 in the works of British luiists that ha.s been shown with 
 re.gard to tho.si.“ from the Continiait, while but one repre- 
 sentative exhibition of English i>aintings has ever been 
 made in this country, and that wius nearly twenty years 
 ago, in New Y'ork, when we were jiermitted to sec some of 
 the works of a few of the be.st modern English lu'ti.sts. 
 Taking all this into consideration, with the fact that no 
 school of painting can more ^\■idely dill’er from another 
 than does the modern English from those with which we 
 lU'o familiar, it will be seen that no snap -judgment 
 formed on a cui'sory view of the i>re.sent collection can be a 
 just one. It is true that line cngi'avings have, of late 
 years, informed us of all that can be told in black and 
 M’hitc concerning the more prominent recent English 
 
 always oi'cnsions of interest, and in the euse of royal*y_ 
 become of universal inter<‘st. The present scene is spe- 
 cially attractive as remlercil by the artist, in that many of 
 the jiersonages di’iucted are iiortraits, including Queen 
 Victoria, who stands in a jiroininent position in a bidcony, 
 •with her maids-of-honor beliind Imr. though at some little 
 (hstauce. It is. in fact, this single figure of the then only 
 recently Ai idowed Queen which give.s a pathetic and almost 
 Bolomii intorc.st to the I'ieturo. Excepting this, and tho 
 geiamil atmosphere of aristocratic- position, there is little 
 in the work to attract fa\'orable comment. Having sacri- 
 ficed to the poi)ular tiuste, 'we may now properly turn t<> 
 the portrait of Sir Joshua Beynolds, by the gi'eat artist 
 him.self (14ti), which hangs in the corner of the opposite) 
 side of the galh-ry. Tliis p-iinting is familiar to most 
 through eiigi'iivings, and is certainly a most admirable 
 specimen of the artist’s style. The subject is dressed in 
 picturesque costume; the pose isea.syand unaffcccted, though 
 •aithal somewhat prouoimced ; and the face is jiortraycd 
 ; with the perfection of skill and care. Neiu' to the Beynolds, 
 
 I on the same side, is Gaiu.sborough’s portrait of the Duchess 
 j of Bichmoud (ol), loaned by Baron Lionel do Bothscliild. 
 
 I It is a full-length figure, cm-efully painted, but. cxcei)ting 
 I for the artist’s name and fame, is not attractive. A portrait 
 
 euibroiilriy. oruamental iniiuting on gla.ss, and pastelle ; 
 tlrawiug. In Boom No. 13 are specimens <if ohromo-litho- | 
 graphy, including a number of well-knowii ])ietnres, the , 
 “Old Oaken Bucket," the “Changed Crosa." etc., of some [ 
 of which the original oil-paintings are also exhibited. 
 Room No. 4 contiiins chromo - lithographs, painting and 
 inlaying in mother-of-pearl on glass, specinu’us of artificial 
 liox-wood for wood-ougra'i’ing, silhouettes, etc. In Boom 
 No. 5 are exhibited the competitive designs of the Centen- 
 iihd Buildings, HUd in the Gallery. 
 
 Vc cannot leave this department without referring spe- j 
 eiidly to the work numbered 202 in tho catalogue (Gal- \ 
 lery C), i-utithd only a “Portrait,” and painti-d by Jliss 
 Anna M. Lea, of Philadeljdiia. There is a degive of daring 
 in this artist’s work so far removed from the onliuary eon- 
 veutioual portraiture of the ]ieriod ius to be <iuite startling. 
 Thei'c is not tile slightest ell'ort obvious in her execution, 
 but there is such a defined purpo.se, and .such evidence of 
 grasp umnifi-st in the handling, a.s to evince the )'os,scssion 
 of absoluti' genius. Details are indieate<l in such wise as 
 to seem to be clearly defined, M'hile ruling everything there | 
 is a forceful mastery of technique which causes this painting I 
 to quiti> stand out from among tlic rest in special prom- j 
 ineuee. 1 
 
 works. It is also tnie that the stylo of coloring in vogue [ 
 in England ofVei-s a broad contrast frc(iuently to tho more 
 brUliaiit method of the Paris Kihm. Y’et tlu're is much to 
 be conceded, perhaps, to ditVerenec of climate, and still 
 more to difierence of temperament, and it is something. 
 
 1 .surely, to have the opportunity of .seeing the works of siuli 
 1 artists— if only for their names’ Siikc— as Sir Edwin Land- 
 j seer, Wilkie. Frith, Ansdell, Gilbert, Faed, Elmore and 
 Maclise, not to mention Sir Joshua Beynolds and Sir 
 Thoma.s Lawrence, who ai-c both represented. 
 
 Tho British colleetiou in M<'inorial Hall is contained 
 ehiefiy in Giillerie.s P>, D, Land Z, with tho water-colors 
 and engravings in tho rear rooms of the buililing, overh>ok- 
 ing the annex. 
 
 Of all of the.se galleiies, certainly the most interesting is 
 Gallery I:, in the extreme northwestern I'onicr of the build- 
 ing. Here are the inqiortant and valuable works loaned l>y 
 the (^bieeii of England and the Royal Academy, and to 
 these we Mill iii-st turn our attention. 
 
 The M-ork M-hieh ftr.st and ehiefiy attracts notice in 
 this room — although by no means tho be.st or mo.st import- 
 iiiit — is Frith's “ IMarriage of H. B. H. the Prince of 
 Wales, in St, George’s Chapel, Miudsur, Marili lUth, 
 18(33,” numbered 47 iu the catalogue. Weddings .are 
 
 of the (,)ueoti in her coronation robes, by Sir George 
 Ilaytcr (33), is interesting on account of the subject, depict- 
 ing her in the early bloom of her youth, mIicii she ascendc d 
 the throne, the idol of her subjects. At the left of Frith's 
 large paiiitiug arc .several M'orks dc.“cniiig of special notice. 
 Ouc of thcs(' is Benjamin Wc.st's “Death of (naicral 
 Wolfe (184), M'cll known by cngi-jivings ; another is the 
 “ Bai>c of Ganymede," by William Hilton (C7), which 
 hangs al'ove it. On the right of the Frith is “The Ban- 
 (juet Scene from Macbeth,” hy Daniel JIuehsc (107), 
 ri'inavkable iu tho attitudes and cxprc-.ssKiiis of fear and 
 surprise doiiieted in the faces id the various tigurcs, and 
 I particularly iu the iidmimble and efi'ectivc method of intro- 
 I dueing llu: ghost of Bamiuo, and iu the im-ideiit of the 
 spilled wine which ffiiws fi-em tic guMct drojiped from 
 the nerveless hand of Macbeth. The figure of laaly Yfac- 
 lictli is full of self-poise and cliaraetcr, and the gronpiug is 
 artistic and charged with pmpose and consistency. The 
 work hy Sir Thoma.s Lawrence, the great rival of Bcyiiulds iu 
 portrait-paintic.g, “The Three Firat Partuej-s of the Baring 
 Hou.se” (33), is specially of iiitiTcst to Americans from the 
 fact that a citizen of Boston was at one time a i>artnev in 
 this firm. 
 
 Other works deriving importimcc mainly from the names 
 
1813 HmTOIUCAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE STKEEI-UAR AUCOM.MOHATIONS. 
 
 ;NSi'LVAM 
 
 iirulu Aiimvi 
 
 ■il'pL'iuTcd to them are ComUiblc’s “The L<x'k " (23): a 
 ‘ L.intlsiMiH-,” by Creswick (231 ; Fiiseli'.-i “ Thor Battering 
 the Serpent <'[ Misgiird ” (33), though this desen’es atten- 
 tion on its merits ; “The Wood Banger” flOH), by ilaclise; 
 “Tilt! Village Buirunii” ( 118|, by Mnlready ; Opie’s “Por- 
 trait of Hannah More" (124| — a most estimable -work: 
 t'larkson Stanfield's “On the Seheldt” (137). Tiirnei-'s 
 “ Dolbadden Castle, Xorth AVales " (U>H| — very little, how- 
 ever. an exponent of Tnnier's mannerisms, whieh most 
 made up that artist ; and Sir Ihivid Wilkie's “Riuding the 
 ( razeth’," !Uid " Boys Digging for a Bat ” (1S(> -1H7 1, both of 
 whieh are clever paintings, and the latter an admimbly 
 ehametcristie work by a gi’eat and renowned artist. Here 
 may be concluded the survey of tliis gallery. 
 
 Beturuing to the coiridor and going e;istward. we .stop 
 at tho entrance to Gallery D, the nviin exhibition-room of 
 jjiigiish jiaintingsin this building— that is. .so far as the size 
 o' the ajiartment and number of M'orks* is concerned. Here 
 are gathered representative paintings by the more recent 
 artists of Great Britain ; and here, M’ith much that pos- 
 fteases little merit, there arc- not a few really fine and notc-- 
 worthy pictures. Among the more im])ortant of tlu-se w<- 
 may direct attention to the following: Alfred Elmore 
 exhibit.s three works, numberc-d 3H, and 40. These an- 
 •'Two Women slndl be Grinding at the Mill." a j-ather 
 clever work, but whieh aiiparently ott'ers no indication of 
 the; remaining and cmphiitic- wnrds of the- cpiotation '•Ih- 
 one shall bo takc-n and the other left." •'( In thc' Hou.se- 
 fo])s." by the Rtune artist, is a gi-ajihic .'md even dramatic 
 illusti-ation of the Ea.steni custom— of our owm days a.s in 
 ancient times-. of frequenting the fiat roofs of the hou.ses 
 in the cool of the evening, for rest, gos-si]). and evet) scan- 
 did — as is pretty plainly evidenced by tho gi-or.j> of dark- 
 skinned nmidons in thc foreground, who are obvioudy 
 
 I tearing a sister to pieces, after the amiable and still not 
 [ infrequent habit of the sex. This idea i3f introducing a 
 I “situation” into a picture otherwise only illustrative of 
 I the cushnns of a pi.*ople is a hiiiqiy thought, and in this 
 I instance is well cairied out. The la-st of Elmore's jiietures, 
 
 I “Lenore" is the most striking, aiul is so ])eciiUar in its 
 ' treatment as to chiim .special considcriition from the 
 I observer. ' It is thi' old balliul of Burger, illustnited in 
 weird and mysterious methods, and by a glnustliuess of 
 cohning pi-culiarly iidapted to the .subject. Two large 
 pictures by Edward William Cooke are worth notice. 
 One of these (24), is “The Goodwin Lightshij'," lent by 
 Thoniiis Bni.s.sey, Esep, M. P., tho celebnited English 
 engineer; the other rcpre.seuts “The Bc.seue of a Bark 
 on till- Goodwins," by a life-boat l2o). Both these are I 
 carefully luid strongly ]>ainted, ainl are excellent siicci- 
 niens of this class of marine subjects. Further, they are 
 imbued 'u-ith vitidity, and full of the representative qmdi- 
 ties which they should conhiin the one expres.sing u 
 graphic and comprehensive fact of general human inter- 
 est, the othi-r a melodramatic incMent of the mo.st marked 
 ami striking eharaeter- ,i re.scue from shipwTeck. 
 
 Frith's well-known ]>ieture. “The Bailway Stition." 
 hangs ill this room (4H), but is not altogether an attnu-tive 
 work, and is one of those paintings which most certainly 
 owe their fame and jiopularity t" the engraver. Be.sidc 
 Frith's iiii-ture is one by S. Lido- Fildes, “Applicants for : 
 Admis.-.i<iu ti> a Giusuul Ward." befon- which we may pro- | 
 jicrly pause for some degi-ee of analysis. This, too, lia-s , 
 been eugi-aved. but here the o.doring. though sombre .tiuI 
 low ill tone, harmonizes so consistently with the sentiment 
 of the subject, that we find nothing lacking in that : while 
 the composition and the delineation of iudix'idual chamc- 
 h-risti"s arc de.seiwing of thc most fax’orablc criticism. By [ 
 
 those who have read Greenwofid's “Experiences of a 
 Lambeth Ciusual,” or, indeed, by any one thoroughly 
 acquainted with Dickens’s writings, this painting will be at 
 once undcr.stood and appreciated. In the shadow of tho 
 coM. .sleety night, a line of famished an<l frozen creatures 
 waits bi-fore tla- door of the Casuid Ward of a London 
 “Fiiion." or ti niporary poor-lodging, each one striving, 
 with such jiaticiice u-s is practicable, to subdue for a 
 moment physical pain and mental anguish, in view of the 
 possible respite lu-ar them — if the ward be not over- 
 crowded. Here is p<jverty in its most sorrowful as well 
 i lus its most obnoxious shape. Honest, decent poverty, 
 ius well iis besotted and degraded poverty, both dependent 
 upon thc same fragile hope — the same dubious sheet- 
 anchor. A policeman, with lantern open, stands in the 
 centre of the composition examining a pa])cr which has 
 been offere<l to his inspection by a frozen, miserable 
 wrete'h, who has evidently jiusscd through that pleiusant 
 X>reparation tor his I'reseut situation termed “ seeing 
 bettor days," Bagged, curly -headed children, an hnne.st- 
 faeed mechanic and his sick and st.ivving wife, a .sot from 
 the gutters— the.se are .some of the other chaMctei's, idl of 
 whom art- jiitiubh: and hoart-rcmling objects enough. As a 
 linrtraitnre of one of the most disnud plutses of “real life” 
 in a gweat city, this j>ainting is an absolute success. 
 
 Three portraits by Sir Francis Griut, one of tho late 
 Viscount Hardingc, one of Earl Iliissell, lent by the illus- 
 trious subject, and one entitled “Mrs. iMarkham," should 
 be examined o.s speeimon.snf one modem English school of 
 liortvait-painting. They are numbfr.s 35). »>() and 01 in the 
 Catidogue. “Thelhipeof Ganymede,'’ by Willian Hilton, 
 R. A., is a rather noticeable work, being somewhat r-iclier 
 in color and less constrained in composition than arc many 
 in this collection. Holman Himt's portrait of hirast-lf also 
 
 •' 1' £ N Nfi Y L V AN I .X DAY’ ON THE E X P 0 i- 1 T I 0 N OKOUNDS, SEPTEMBER 
 
I/JSrORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 iittontinn. It rcpivscnt*? the iniiiiti-r of ‘'Tlic 
 Lif'lit nf the 'World” lus ix riipRed and iinciinvnitimial 
 floimge, lint having a face full of -strong chameteristioH, as 
 might he expected, fiir Edwin Ijnnd.seer is represented in 
 this room hy four works. Two of these [89,1)1)) are named 
 “Study of a Lion”; they hang far above the eye-line, 
 and might liave been painh'd by Hispham, for all of spi'chil 
 force displayed <m them— whieli is not by any mean.s 
 a.s.sex'ting that Bispham could not have j)ainted them better. 
 Blit ill “The Traveled INfonkey " and " The Sick Monkey ” 
 (St), H7), the trii(‘ genius of tin' greah'st animal iiainter 
 who ever lived clearly disiilays itself. The quaint humor 
 and even satire of “fho Trav.'led Monkey” is a h'S-son in 
 nionils and manners, ixs the cxcention of the work is a lesson 
 in art. This is one of the iiaintings in 'Memorial Hail which 
 it were worth a visit to Philadelphia— even from a goodly 
 distance— to have seen. “ Tlie Sick Monkey ” is quite of a 
 dill'erent ciust. If tliu other be caricature ami Siitin', this is 
 jnire nature. The marvelous nuderstnuding of the character 
 of his subject, the exquisite treatment of every incident of 
 composition and ilmwing. are qualities in which Ij;uidseer 
 stands nnecpialcd, and which are admirably illustrated in 
 til" painting before ua. Three ]>aintings by Frcilerii'k 
 
 Riviere, in his method of treating tliis subject, hius ju.stly 
 delineated the .sorceress as a woman of marked pel-soual 
 attniction, combined with a manifest force suggestive of 
 supernatural origin. She has siasnined a j'o.sition which 
 indicates languid indillercnct! and contempt, as the senti- 
 ments with which she contemplate.s the mass of hustling 
 Bwine, walking and tumbling in the basin on whose I'dgo 
 shi' sits, clasping her knees ami regarding them. Each 
 individual hog of the drove has a iH-rsomdity, and one can 
 fairly appreciate the liuniiui f«'cling.sof passionate attrac- 
 tion, rage, fear and .shame which seem to express them- 
 selves in the attitiuh's and movt'ments of the human 
 crealnres who have been thus Iranshirnied into these 
 disgusting beasts, y<-t without being relieved of then- 
 human souls. This is a quite extraordinary work, and will 
 repav stiidv. ( >ne other painting by RiviiTe in the colleo- 
 tion’is called “ War-Time ” iloi] Other works in this 
 gallery which should not bo passed without notice are 
 Wynfield’s -‘The Death of Buckingham” (190); “ .Rdian 
 the Apostate Br.'siding at a Conference of Sectarians ” iGi, 
 by F.dwai-d Armitage, lent by the Coqmration of Tdveiqiuol; 
 •‘The Siesta” (13), by Philip Calderon ; “The Lock ' (2.5), 
 liy L'on.stable : a “Lamlscape,” by Greswick l'29) ; “The 
 
 milking. She has gathered daisies on her way, und her 
 pail is half-filled with them. The figure is life-size and 
 half-lcngdh, and contains much in its handling that is clever 
 as well as grateful to the eye. illareus Stone's “My Lady 
 is a Widow and Childless” (lOD) is a work which tells its 
 story without need for analysis. A peasant group in tho 
 garden in the foregi-ound, occupied with impresaions of 
 family tics, and displaying these in plcasjiut little pixs.sages 
 of afl'ection, is seen by the stately and childless lady of the 
 manor passing by in the distiucc — ami thus the intention 
 of the picture is solved. 
 
 “Little Sunshine" iH'o. paintod by II. II. Canty, is a 
 large painting, representing a little child walking along a 
 I countrv roiiil, and cun-ying on her arm a basket of wild 
 , flowers. It is a pretty subject, .simply and isisily treated. 
 
 ' ■•('ouvale.seeue.'," by Alnxa-Tadc'imi (H>4), is ii Roman or 
 I Pmni>eian subji'ct. and is hamlled in this artist s eliaraeter- 
 J istie manner. A young girl n-elines upon a couch, to 
 I whom an aged woman reads froni a lengthy roll of munu- 
 ' serii)t, while the slave, on her Icnees. blows a fire in a mova- 
 ' bio fire]ilaei'. to warm .some broth or other decoction. In 
 I the Imekgi-onnd along flight of innrhlo stej's le.ids to a 
 I eorridor, and that to a conservatory behind. Four : ervunts 
 
 Uf\DtES 
 
 .TAXh hUlLUlNti 
 
 UliCEiaiO.'f Bl bUVUhNOll itAKiUA.Sl T l.N THE i'ENiiSi L\ AMA 
 
 PENN8VLVAN1A i)AV 
 
 Leighton, each widely dill'ering from tho other in char- , 
 ncter, next attraet our atteutmn : they urtx : “Smnmer 
 Moon" (Ufi) ; “Interior of a .Tow's House, Damascus 
 (97) ; mid “Eastern aiinger Scaring Birds in the Harvest [ 
 Time— Moonrisc” (98). This brings ns round to Geo. H. ^ 
 Bonghtoii’s “God-speed” (8), which may he properly 
 examined in comieetion with the portrait of the arti.st m 
 rather a theatrical co.stnme. hy John Fettie (Mo), which 
 hangs further along on the same wall. Near the former 
 of these }uctures is “The, Disputed Toll” (i'2), by Hey- 
 wood Hardy, wherein an elephant behind a tnll-g-ate con- 
 templates removing the obstruction with his trunk, while 
 hia keeper disputes th«' question of passage - money 
 with the old toll-taker. “The Ibis Girl," by Edward J. 
 Poyntcr (139), ri-prcsenting an Eastern maiden feciling a 
 group of the sacred birds, isxvorlh examination, biviere's 
 “ Circe and the Companions of Ulysses” (151), which ha- 
 only rcceutlv been engi-aved. Circe was a sorceress who 
 lived in the' island of -Eca. Wiien Ulysses land.-d there, 
 riveo turned his companions into swine, but I lysses re.si.stcd 
 this mehimorphosis by x-irtne of an herb called innh/ 
 
 •'Who knows not Circe, 
 
 Tho daughter ol tho Sun, whose eharmod cup 
 Whoever tasted lost his upright shape, 
 
 Aud downward foil into a groveling swine ? ” -Miltos. 
 
 Battle of ^'ascby” (53), a stiiring war i>iece by Sir John 
 Gilbert; Frederick Gooihdl'a “Cairo Fniit-girl” (56); 
 
 “ The Lord Gave, the Lord Hath Taken Away,” etc. (70), hy 
 F, Holl ; “Travelers ‘Waiting for the Darkness” (78), by 
 Colin Hunter ; “ The Unwelcome Gue-st,”by George Lance 
 (8.U), and -‘Early Days” by John Everett Millais. Sir 
 John Gilbert’s “Battle of Xo-seliy ” b<-ing for sale, it is in 
 order to hope that it may he purcha.sed for one of onr 
 gallevie.s — public or private. ^lillais's work is very little of 
 the charixctcr we should expect from the painter of “ The 
 Huguenot Lovers.” It represents a little girl, a portrait, 
 seateil on the gi-oxind iKikliug a kitten, in her lap. She 
 wears a bxiff overdrcs.s and light-blue skirt, and hms upon 
 her head a cpiaint little muslin cap. The expression of the 
 fiu'c is simple and childlike, the attitxido is easy, the color- 
 ing is only pa.ss:ible. There is nothing here to recall ■ 
 Millais. This artist's portrait, by George F. ‘^'utts (177) 
 w ill be viewed with inU'rest. Most nf the English paintings 
 are delineations of rnstie or <lomestie subjects. Mr. 1‘ihles s 
 •• Betty ” (Ri). relieves one pleasiuitly from the saddening 
 influences of his larger work, “ The Ca.sual "U urd ” aud its 
 painful grouping of “applicants.” Tliis represents the 
 tvi)ic.al English country maiden, hearty aud luuidsome. 
 with saucy eyes beaming with good nature, and her face 
 radiant xxith enjoyment, as she lingers on her road to her 
 
 cm-ry a litter filled with plants, ami two or three figure.? 
 standing about complete the composition, the acce-ssories 
 of wliieh ar<( a bronze shield upon the wall, a portrait of 
 Marins Pomponius, and a bust hung with a wreath of 
 flowc-rs. Indeed, from the prevaleuee of flowers in thi.s 
 : pietnv.'. one is led to believe that they are votive offerings 
 i intended for the re.stnnxtiou t<> health of the eouvaloscent 
 invalid. “The Stone-breaker," hy H. Wallis (170), is a 
 jiietim.' whii-h created in Loiulon c(jusider:ible talk when it 
 first made its appearance, and is a representation of a 
 niiuster of tlu* advanced iili-:us of the pre-Raphaelite school. 
 The subji'ct is simple enough ; the old workman, linriug 
 dropped his hammer, is represented us fiiUeix asleep xtpon a 
 mass of the fnigmeuts of a rock which he hixs been break- 
 ing. Ho sound is his x-epo.se that a stoat or weiusel steps 
 niiseared across hi.s limb. Tlxe merit of this work, accord- 
 ing to the .school to which it belongs, exists in the fidelity 
 and closi', almost microscopic, accuracy with xvliich each 
 iiidividnid tniginent of stone, each leaf and shoot of gras-s, 
 ; is delineated. There is evidence of hard and cousciention.s 
 work here, and in tho treatment of the background, where, 
 a (piitc Avoiiderful distance beyond, the i-iver is depicted, 
 di.splayiug a breadth of ability which might have more 
 worthily exercisi'd itself than in cumpo-ssing these minute 
 and fi'ivulous xletixils. Calderon's “ Desdemoua ’ 
 
fllSTnmCAI REGISTER CE THE CEIIJ EMHIAI. EXPOS/TIOE 
 
 IRR 
 
 
 BUimM-U 
 
 i’KNNSYLVANIA DAY 
 
 SCKN'P; IK THE LOBBY OP THE TR.WS-CONTINENTAL HOTEL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilsp'B 
 
 otW/'' i'-' - 'ilL 
 
 EN'?) i, r li 
 
 
 
 
 
 m!R Waa !"] 
 
 
 represents tlic heroine sciited iu :l chair hefore her mirror, 
 iinniecliiiU’ly after her first preparations for retirin'?. Tlie 
 figure is earofiilly ilrawn, aiul the exjire.s.sinii of langtihl 
 ri'Verie is well jmt. •'Baitli Fuither ami 3Iaither" (43), 
 hy Thonia.s Faetl, is u picture of elo(pieut pathetic senti- 
 ment. Tlie oM colibler drawing a glove on the h iiid of his 
 little motherless child, in preparation for her deiiarturc 
 for school, conveys in his own iiersoiiolity. as depicted hy 
 this artist, the fiill jueaning of the .situation. The little 
 child her.sclf h)oks on. half amused and half surprised, at 
 the clumsy though tender eirorts of tlie father to supply 
 l>y his devotion the attentions of the one who is lost, 
 lhri‘c little schuolfellow.s, who have come to aceonipany 
 her. stand a little behind the principal figures, and seiun to 
 appreei ite the position of things. A little hoy upon a .stool 
 liolds a puppy in his lap, while a hright-eyed, rough-look- ; 
 ing terrier sits beside him. The complement of rude i 
 i;cces.sorie.s about the cobbler'.s shop approjiriately com- i 
 plete the details of this very interesting work. ’•Out in ! 
 the Cold (Kl'.li, by ,T. MacWiirter, represents a belated 
 donkey shut nut in the snow, ainl is well known by en- 
 gravings, •• In Memoriain llfiSi. by Mrs. ,'\I. E. Staj'le.s, ' 
 a young in iid'Ui elad in black silk and lace, in an old- I 
 fashioned -style, with Monde hail- looped ii]) with u black 
 velvet band, is rejireseiitcd pre.ssing her lip.s to a name 
 carved in the bark of a big chciTy-trcc. wlios^' stem her 
 arm can only half encircle. The caressing attitude in 
 which -she stands, and the jiathetic ilhi.stratiou of fidelitv, 
 render this picture worthy of notice. Edward .1, Pt)yut'er 
 exhibits two jiaintings, ••The Golden Age” 1 140), ami 
 ■' The Festival ” (141), These are anti.pje subjects of tlie 
 clas.sica! age. rcin'eseiiting. the one. two half-nuked peasants 
 I'lueking pears from a ti< e, and the other, two females, in 
 the drapery of the ordinary Eonuin eostume. decorating 
 the walls of the room with wreath.s of flowers. ‘-The 
 \ iutage I'cstivul (lOo). is still another work bv Alma- 
 Tadeimi. ami one within the- last two or three ye'ai-s well 
 known through engra\iiiqs. It is one of the most elabo- 
 rate of this artist's elVorts at ilepietiug nutiipie subjects with 
 liLstorieal aeeiiraey. (^). ( )r<-hard.soii exhibits (wo jiuint- 
 ings (l-i.-j-Mii). the first being e , tith'd, ••1‘nnee Henry, 
 I’oins and FalstaftV' and the second. " i'looiilight on the 
 Eagoons, Venice. Both tho.se works show the iiiHiieiice 
 of the modern 1- reiich school of art, and ar*' in coiiseQUence 
 more iiiterostiiig than some of those whieh are more ex- 
 clusively British in treatment. 
 
 The collection of water-color paintings 
 exhibiud by Great Britain comprises 54 numbers, and ' 
 many of these works are the be.st, perhaps, of any that have i 
 
 j been exhibited in this country of the English si'hool of 
 - water-color paintings. No, IS, by 'Walter Goodall, '■ The 
 ! Lottery Ticket,” will attract attention for its excclleuce of 
 • coiniiositioii and force of character. The group of persons 
 , have intermitted their noonday meal to listen to the rcad- 
 I ing of tin.' list of the successful numbers drawn in a current 
 I lottery. The feeling of excit.'ment and coiieeiitvated inter- 
 I e.st in tho thenie-is well depicted in each of the faces repre- 
 j sented. '• iomig England ' (11), by A. D. Tri]>j), presents 
 , a little country l;wl, apparently of iuie of tlie Lake counties 
 I of Engl.uid. vho, in liis i-n.stie health and purpo.seful face, 
 
 ^ is a fair tyjie of the ehai-iieteristies of his nee. ••Winter " 
 
 I {'21), by .T, M. .Tiipling, is the picture of a pretty but serious, 
 and a little careworn, face, ehanningly lifelike, and pre- 
 senting a purity of color and riclines.s of tone ipiite ecjual to 
 oil-painting. .Another jiictnre by tho sanu' artist, entitled 
 ‘‘Flos.sy" liiG), is a delicious little presentment of a child 
 in full ball array, sitting in n rocking-chair, and holding iu 
 her arms a iiet dog. Slit; is ajiiiareutly waiting for, or lia.'i 
 just returned from, some festivity. Om* of the larger jiie- 
 tiiros iu the colk'ctinn is by Sir John Gilbert (14), and is 
 entitled, •• Vi-.it of King Fi'aneis the First of France, the 
 (^•necii of Xavam', Jiadame d’Estaiiipes, and the (,’ardinal 
 of LoiraiiU', to tlie A^orkshop of Beiiveiinto Cellini.” The 
 lieiK'il of this master is recalled in the marked dill'ereiiees , 
 of expression in the faee.s of the group, and iu the easy ! 
 grace with which the picture is composed. Mr, L. Alma- ' 
 Tadema has three paintings in this exhibition. ” The 
 Picture (43), is a powerful study by this original artist. 
 The jHises of the figures and the expression of i‘aj>t atten- 
 tion, iiLspired by the iwinting njxm whieh they are siip- 
 po.sed to be gazing, are admirably delineated. “The Three 
 Friends” (44), is one of this artist's eccentricities. An iiii- 
 g.dnly eliihl, a very natural dog and u lean and disrci-nta- 
 Me-lookiug cat, form the subjects of tliis jiainting. The 
 eliild reclines u]itm a couch and h'lldsadoll in its arms. 
 E.xeept that it is a fair exemplification of the iieeuliar 
 manner of .Altuu-Tadema. thi> painting is not of much 
 worth. ••The History of an Honest Wife" (4.')|. althungh 
 i]u.iiiil and eharaeteri'tie, is far more meritonon.s than ; 
 either of tlie.se otliei-s. It illustrates nu am'ieiit Freneh 
 legend, exjilauatory of a miracle sujijioseil to have occurred 
 iu th.' reign of King Chili'eric. This work is a sort of 
 triptych, the .story being toM in three divi.siou.s or parti- 
 tions of the painting. It is adminiMy illustrative of Alma- ' 
 radeina's style, and is altogether a most interesting work. 
 
 *• Stan-iiig in the Province.s " (1:1), by A. D. Trijip, repre- I 
 seuts an organ-grinder and monkey, who are making a sue- [ 
 eessfnl tour ihrongli a eouutiy village, and h;r%-c halted I 
 
 I iu front of a rustic cottage, where, accompanied by a 
 : sd.ssors-grinder and snrroniidcd by a grouj) of children. 
 [ thi'v recall the days “ when Music, heavenly maid, was 
 [ young. "A Study ' ("24|, by E. K. Johnson, represents 
 , a gnn-eful young woman, who stands in a fore.st of shrnb- 
 ; hery and dues, inhaling the scent of a wild rose with 
 1 every appearance of sympathy and .satisfaction in the act. 
 
 ' The figure is charmingly drawn mid pli'iusingly treated 
 ^ throughout, without the n.se of any brilliant coloring, ‘'.i. 
 
 Mova-ss ” (2!)], by J. Knight, vepre.sents a dull exp.iuse of 
 ; WilU'r and marsh ; the man pushing off a boat into a naiTow 
 creek, and dull, Icadeii-gray clouds hanging over all. jiresciit 
 1 a scene full of gloomy force, George (^.ittermole is repre- 
 sented by one picture, ‘‘The UA'atli of Duiieaii" ((5), which 
 , effectively illustrates the peculiar powers of this artist as .a 
 liLstorieal ]).uiiter. Perhaps the bo.st huid.scape iu tliii jiart 
 ol the Exhibition is by A. P. Newton, entitled “Momitai'i 
 Gloom, ftleneoe ” (35). It represents a pass or reef in the 
 nmmitsiins, full jtf interininiblo shadow.s, and oppressed 
 withu savage di'solation whieh fully eiititles it to its name. 
 
 ' Galleries Q, R, H an-l T of Jlemorial Hi'l are devoted t > 
 
 , the exhibition Ilf engr.iviiigs, drawings and ehromo-litho 
 gi-ajihs. Among the I'ligr.iviiigs are s<-veml noted pictures 
 ! as, Maelise's "Play S<-ene in Hmiilet.” Ro.su Bonlu-ur's 
 I ••Horse Fair, and •'Higliland Cattle,” and Riviere's 
 I “ Circe and the Fririids of Ulysses,” :us also Holman Hunt's 
 “The Light of the World.” and Riviere’s “ Daniel in the 
 Lions' Hen.” Sever, d frames eoutiiin ctehiugs, .some of 
 wliieli are by niemb 'r.s of the Eb-hing Chib ; j)i<-tures from 
 Pmnh, and .specimens of engraved book and inaguzine 
 illustrations. Gallery S is filli-d with ureliite<-tural designs 
 and reiire-stmtatioiis of illuminated work. A very excellent 
 colleetion is eontribnb'd by the South Kensington Museum 
 of the Seieiiee and Art Hep.irtment, and includes di-.iwings 
 by the pupils of the school in anatomy, fruit, flowi r.>, 
 portrait.s, arehiteeture, et<-. A very uotieealde seri"s ni 
 this p:,rt of tie' cilleetiou is that personifying the mouths 
 by feiindc fignrc-s in different attitude.s. 
 
 Sweden, 
 
 Tlie colleetion of art-works eontrilmted by Sivedeii is 
 plai'cd in Gallery H, at tlie we.stern end of Memorial Hall, 
 and eomiuise a siieeinicn of sfiituury by E. J. B'irjeson, of 
 Rome, entitled “ Thi> Ladie.s of the Lake,” and something 
 oviT iihumb-ed oil-iiaintings, of which fifty are iu ^lemorial 
 Hall, and the reimiiler in the Annex, Speaking of the 
 general Sweilish colleetion of })aiutiugs in Memorial Hall, 
 it is to be -said that they do not impress one as 2 )o.s.ses,sing 
 e.xtraurdinary merit, although certainly none of them arc 
 
H/STORICAI. RHGISTER OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXPOSmOX. 
 
 v<TylHul, while n few nre quite up to the OKtiunry ‘itiuuhinl 
 i.f tlie Exhihitiim. “ Ihi'eh Fi'ivst " (11 B), by E.hviU-.l 
 Bi'iV'h, is cleverly painted “ Market Day in Dilsseldorf " 
 A) is quite as good a repivsentation as such ])ictuvi-s 
 f'enemlly are. “A Jliither's (rrief," hy Miss M'. Lager- 
 liohn n'jn-esents n young mutlier weeping over her 
 
 (h-;ul iiirant, lunl is a imjst creditahle work. Tli<' .simple 
 ])()si. Ilf 111 .- tiioiu-ner on her knee.-- before the eiiulle of 
 111,' .lea.l ehiUl is full of pathos. Much I'arc is exhibited 
 ill this work in the 2 >ainting of the ta^iestry and anti- 
 qiiiit d fnniitiu'e, seiven, rug, etc., in the apartments 
 r.'pr •sente 1. A clever bit of coloring is stn-n in a .small 
 femdi- head, entitled •' Young (lirl with Cir.qn-s” (o4 A), 
 by Mis-. S iphie llibbiug, of London. The largest and 
 ni.Ht iiroininent jactur.' in the galh'ry, and one also very 
 meritorious in its cxi'cutiun, is Hochert's “ Burning of tlie 
 11 >yal Paliw,' in Stockholm during tin* Youth of Charles 
 Xfl." i:J2). The hurried and alarmed llight of the inhabit- 
 unts of the Palace before the hastening flames is reinvsciited 
 with marki'd iidelity t.) what we may imagine must have 
 been the situation. Tim massive c.irved work, which is 
 all that can be seen through the smoke and glare, is care- 
 fully executed in all its details. Partieular attention slumld 
 be ]).iid in this jiicture to tin' e.xaminatiou of the di'tailsand 
 t.'Xtiire in th.' garments of the difl'erent individuals. •'In 
 tUo Sjiring” (hi), hy C. E. Sluinberg, is a laiidscaiie with 
 t'.v.i figiire.s r.'iu'esentiug a gentleman and lady walking 
 through a forest. This work is executed with greater lu'eadth 
 than is altogether customary in landscajiework. Tlie snh- 
 diied efl'ect.s of light, liU.-riug, as it were, through the dense 
 foliage, is artistieally contrasted with the deeji shadows 
 h ■iieath. Anothc-r laiidscaj'.' by Edward B.-rgh 111 C), 
 represents a Swedish waterfall with a mill and rustic 
 bridge. This jiietur.- jire.seuts very decided marks of tident 
 The tumbling waters of the fall arc rei>rcsented with a most 
 just iilea of their natur.d api*earaue.‘. Tlie distance is well 
 m irked, and such foliage and grass as are seen are carefully 
 jiaiuted. The tliiek mist shrouding the summit of a hol.l 
 r.K-k i.i the middle distance, and the swift-flying storm- 
 clouds ahow, arc cxci-llcutly rci)vcscntcd. 
 
 Tin' Simiiish collection in Memorial Hall is contained 
 i.i the gallery with that of Sweden, and inclu<h-s “ The 
 Wonmh-d Bull-Fighter" (iilaster) by Nnlias, of Bareeloiia, 
 “The (Massacre of the Iimoeents," in terra-eotta. by Do- 
 mingo Taliivu, and forty-four oil-i)aintings. In the eoUee- 
 tion, however, there Is no ri'iiresentation of the modern 
 
 I .sehonl of Siianish art, of which Escosnra is the most 
 I notable master. These imintinga are full of interest, includ- 
 I ing, as tliey do, a veritable Murillo, a genuine Velasquez, 
 
 : anil several large compositions of decided merit and intere.st. 
 
 I (Jne of the mo.st remarkable works in this gallery is hy 
 A. Vera, and Is entitled “ Burial of Sail Lorenzo at Rome" 
 
 I (40 L), and is the jiroiierty of the Museum of Fine Arts of 
 I Madrid. The eoi'i>se of the dead saint is painted with an 
 j exactitude of aeenraey in the reiii'eseiitation of death which 
 ! is (piite startling. “ D.ivid'.s Victory over Goliah ” (.>0 A), 
 by Lucas .Tordau. is tlio work of a renowned artist, and 
 i ])o.s,se.s.si'S merits p.-ciiliar t.i this master. “ Tlu’ Landing 
 ’ of Columbus," by D. Piii'bl.i (4't (I), is a v.ither theatrical 
 I reiireseiitition of the event it illustrates, but dejiict.s tlie 
 ; generally neeeptediioimlar version. The "Velasquez "{:i04p 
 it a iiortrait. and is the jivinierty of *1110 Coimtess An- 
 I tonia Du Maznel. As we seldom sec a painting by tliis 
 ' artist, it is not easy to eritielso it in regard to his eus- 
 I tomary work. It is certain, however, that it passcs.ses ail 
 I the marks of genius in portraiture which are eommonly 
 I attributed to Veliusiiuez, with those .special (piiilities of 
 I coloring which were iiecnliav to him. In l.ind.sc‘ape — which 
 I cun be compared favorably with those of other countries 
 ' r.-pvesented in the Exhibition — is a jiaiiiting by D. Carlu.s 
 Iliie.s (41 B], and i-s entitled “ Reiuiui.si'ences of the Pyre- 
 ' uees." Wliile it pre.seuts a luxurious growth of verdure and 
 foliage, carefully painted, there is a sympathy and force 
 I in the combination, and a purity of tone and atnio-si>heric 
 effect wlueli aiv eminently oivditable. The scene repre- 
 ! scats the mountains in the distance, and in the foreground 
 the blank wall of a dwelling, embowered in foliage, beside 
 I which is a iiias.sive bridge over a single arch, the road 
 crossing which i.s aiiiurently a highway. A single figure 
 I 1,-aniug over the frail railing of the bridge is the only living 
 object in the scene. The subject of th.' Murillo (42 D|, is 
 t'a.- t'rucifixiom" Inun -dlit.-ly above it is “Th ‘Trinify,” 
 hy Alonso Cano (4‘2 C'l: and below a triptych on wood hy 
 an unknown artist, and two works by Divino Morales, 
 
 1 entitled “ Jliulonna and Cfliild." “Tli> Holy Mother and 
 ■ Child " (on wood— fiftecntli eeutnryj. ami " Saint Bruno," 
 
 I by an unknown artist, are in this immediate vicinity, and 
 eonqilete a collection of curious sjiceiiiieiis of S{ianUh art 
 of the Ciirlie.st iierioJ. Another American subject is the 
 " Landing of the Puritans in America," by A. Gisbert (51). 
 a large canvo-s jirescnting the .scene familiar to us by 
 paintings. Right beneath this work is •* Tli • Two Friend.s. " 
 hy Agrassut. It represents a little child who has fallen asleeji 
 beside a rock in a fl'ld. with law ]>et kid with bell and 
 
 ribbon beside her. Tliis is the only scene of this character 
 in the Spanish collection. It is a siiiqile, rural subject, 
 treated with genuine feeling. 
 
 Fr.\nce. 
 
 The collection of French jiaintings in Memorial Hall is 
 only vepre,seutative in one partienlur- -that is, of names of 
 wlik'li no one, in this country, at least, has ever heard. 
 Tliere are, in fact, hut one or two artists in the entiro 
 eulleetiou whose names are known to Amci-iean 2 >ietnre- 
 hiiyei-s, who in the Paris market arc certainly the moat 
 liberal and the most freipient of any in the world. If it 
 has been to introduce to our notice artists little known, 
 tills method of collecting the exhibition ofiered may be 
 considered to have been politic, or rather would have been, 
 had the .selection been of a tempting eluiraeter ; but, inas- 
 nnmji as there is not a single great picture in the entire 
 French colks-tion. there is little to be said for it on this 
 score. Neither the jireseut generation of French artists of 
 rejmtatiou nor the jmst is here illustrated. Not Jleis.sonier, 
 nor Frere, nor Rous,seau, nor Delanx'he. nor Hoinee 
 Vt-riiet — are any of them here : not any one, in fact, to 
 rejiresent the better art-work of France. Meanwhile, all 
 of this being tnie, and this being our complete judg- 
 ment with regard to the colleetion as a whole, there are. 
 iievertheles-s. a uunilier of jiietures which are inteve.sting. 
 and some of which iireseut to us artists which deserve to he 
 known. 
 
 Begiuningwith the central gallery, east, we first uoU‘ No. 
 ‘2. by Lc.srel, “ A Nobleman — Reign of Louis XIII." The 
 figure in this is carefully painted, the costume being elab- 
 orate, and delineated with every .attention to detail, ns 
 witness the fine lace of the broad collar and about the 
 wrists, A onllection of swords, and small arms, helmets, etc. , 
 engraved and damnsemicd, is jiresmited upon the table, 
 which is all the furniture of the room. These articles, n.s 
 M i'll as the I'labor.rie cloth which covers the table, are also 
 painted M’itli due proeisioii. “ Storm — Entraiieo to the 
 Harbor of Boulogne.” by Vevon (fij. is snceessful in cxim-ss- 
 iiig by broad, gcuernl effects, rather than in minute detail, 
 the sitnutimi suggested. The figures on the long pier iirn- 
 jectiug out into tlie avater are very cleverly portrayed. In 
 “ Floral Offerings to the Holy Mother, Naples," by 0. L. 
 Blanc (.")], there is some very excellent avork, the faces 
 being expres-sive and lifelike. “ Melnuelioly," by Feyen 
 I Perrin (Hi, a .solitary figure of n M-omaii standing on the 
 I margin of a i>oul in the shade of twilight. The sentiment 
 I and eiiloriniT of this jiainting are of a better character than 
 
190 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 is tlie <1rawing, •nliir-h. to ‘•ar the Iwust. i'; not esaet. 
 “Evi'iiingin tlio rTarlior of Vruic-.- " hy A. lu)'=irr. a 
 luooiiliglit scene, -witli the imlac.' of yt, Mark oil tin' right, 
 a large ship at anchor, ami a -olitary goiitlola gliiiing across 
 the reflection of thi- moon on the scarcely-rijiplcil ivaters. 
 F. A. IhirthoMi exhibits two pictures of Ainei-ic.ln subjects 
 (11. •• Oia California" aii.l ‘-New California,- In o,,.’ 
 
 we have ri i>ri'si'iiteil a ..roup eiieng.'.l in washing for goM. 
 .Vllab.iiii the sc. 'll. Ty is M.mU aid ■li'iiut, the ji.issjonale 
 
 ' artist of Xo. 8. already noticed, contributes another ivork i 
 entitled “ Aiitiipic D.iiicc llii). In this a group of nude ^ 
 fciiiale.s are represented in saltatory attitmle.s, one of these 
 having fallen to the earth cither by reason of the ecc’en- 
 trieity or the r.ipidity of her movements. There is pood 
 oxGcntiou in this work, but a sameness of cxinv.s.sion, and 
 that of so serious a caste as to mar the geiii'ral edict. 
 Mil'll. '1 exhibits a j'aintiiig entitled Di'cam.'roii " ejli, the 
 j M'-'ii" and oostuiiu's being Italian of the period of Doc- j 
 
 by means simply of water, rocks and the stranded figure of 
 a dead girl llnng loosely upon the latter. Fniuet-Hiaiard 
 contributes the picture of a miniature traveling circus ChiJ, 
 consisting of a wagon drawn by a large dog, containing a 
 number of other dogs and monkeys, .and bc.set by a follow- 
 ing of altogether cxtnineons dogs of various breeds, which, 
 by loud barking and geiiei-.d contemiitnons behavior, 
 cxjm'ss their distaste of this partieiihir class of peripatetic; 
 exhibition, a'c a sort of rcllection niiou dog aristocracy. A 
 
 I’ENX.SVI.V.vNI.v P.IY,' SEPTEMBKR 
 
 2STH-THK •MSI'L.IY Ob’ FIKEiVOUK8 UN UEORUK'S HILL THE ('.EOUHE WASHINCTON lifST. 
 
 thirst for weiilth lu.ing symbolix.'.l in tli " i.ager ellbrts of i 
 the goM-scekers to gatiier it fioni th- vishings of tin- 
 mirifcu'uns caith. In tin- conij..mi.ui piel.n'c we have what , 
 is possibly the same jiarty. now extensive f.irm.-rs. whose 
 grain e.weis tin- land to the distant font - liilK and 
 about ^^hnse life is to be witn."•^.■,l the euntrast fur- 
 nished by calm, douiestie s.-nuify, jn ),p„. . of the coii- 
 rcnti-at.'d anxiety for gol.l depleted in th-. f. inner pictnr.'. i 
 both the,,, works are more notubh' for their expression 
 tli ui for tlcir exeentioii, althonph there is .snui" good work j 
 ill both, the l.iudscajie rather tliau the lipures. The I 
 
 oaecio, A young man i.s apjiarently declaiming to an in- i 
 tcrest'cd gatlii'ring of listeners some of the interesting tide.s j 
 of the great .story-teller. Hanotean hasacajiitiJ ])ietnre of a 
 girl feeding hens ci4) ; the time is Winter and the gnmiids 
 snow-clad. Eicrythiiig in this work is carefully and well 
 done, from th- peasant girl in her wooden-shoes to the 
 poultry about her, the traini>led snow nn'l generally dismal 
 wintriness of the scene. .Vutigna contributes a work en- 
 titled “ The yiiipwi'. eki-d " i2fi). in which with exceeding 
 force and concentration of pui-pose he has, us it were, focal- 
 ized the centra! interest which hangs about wrecked ships 
 
 picture by T. Gide, cntitlcil “Studying” I4l)i. is a small 
 /•/car.' ])ictnre of the school of Meis.sonier. and is i)aintcd 
 with care and skill, •• ncl'-ne at the Fountain," by A. 
 Maiguau (.3.8), represents the partially nnde figure of a girl 
 seated on the brink of a foimtaiii basin, having beside her 
 a little rejia.st of fruit and wine, and engaged in •watching 
 the magnificent peacock standing before her. F. M. Ley- 
 I cuJecker, one of the few names in the colli-ction at all 
 I familiar to ns, is represented by a ijicturc, “ Still Fife"— 
 I game-birds hung against the wall. The chief collection of 
 I French pictures is contained in Gallery E. a large room 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 stnili' by tlio antics nf Home 
 performing ]>igs, Two monks 
 
 praying 
 
 bv the- fire, imcl ii 
 
 " PENNSYLVANIA DAY" — THE PYKOTEC HNIC AL NIAGARA. 
 
 next adjoining the central gallery. Sehcnck’s “ Sheep in 
 a "Snow-stonn” and "Sheep on the Heath” (44,49), two 
 companion piotnres. are specimens quite up to the usual 
 mark of the work of this excellent arti.st. Between these 
 is a large canvas representing Mile. Croizidte. the iiopn- 
 ]ar actress of the Theatre Fran<,‘ais, Paris, on horseback, 
 apparently on the beach at some watcring-jilace. The face 
 is expre-ssive and quite ehnriuing, the figure gi-accfu! and 
 the pose easy. The horse is well drawn, and the whole 
 picture is more intcavsting than the ordinaiy elas.s of por- 
 traits. “Visiting the Confessor," by Pallicro (4'2), repre- 
 sents an amusing scene, where a fat old priest sits in his 
 high-back chair, and receives the adoration of a number of 
 young women visitoi-s, Castiglione exhibits (47) "The 
 ’Warrants,” an English pictiuv of the Cromwellian times, 
 being apiiarently thi> arrest of a cavalier by an officer | 
 and his men. A very good specimen of Plassan is (oj ■ 
 
 "In front of a Looking- glas.s.” A luxurious - looking ] 
 blonde, half dres.sed. is represented ti'yiug the effect of I 
 pearls in her yellow hair. The fie.sh is well ))ainted, and 
 there is mucli care and attention to detail noticeable in the 
 furniture and other article.s of the room. Viger is reinv- 
 sented by a picture entitled “Eemeraber the Poor" (22), 
 in whieh a very ripe and rather lavi.shly-displayod lady, 
 dre&sed in the costume of the French Eepubhc, stands at 
 the foot of a staircase, holding in her extended hand a 
 silken inirse, suppo.sed to indicate a plea for charity. This 
 brings us to the western end of the gallery, where are ex- 
 hibited nine taiie.stries, representing the Gobelin manufac- 
 tories in Paris, Beauvais and Gobelin. Three of the.se' are 
 large figure subjects, the centre one u'prescnting I’enelojie 
 sitting beneath a bust of Homer, looking for her lover, while 
 she weaves her work and muses sadly. In liglit and shade 
 coloring, and indeed all the attributes of this class of art, 
 this work is truly wonderful. The delicate blending of 
 the different color-s, and the excellence of the modeliug, 
 are remarkable. The remaining figure-tapestries are two 
 ‘Watteau subjects, and are pleasing in design and brilliant 
 in execution. Five other tapestries are repre.sentation.s of 
 llowers, fruits and arabesques in panels, and are mai'vel- 
 ou.sly executed. Peturning to the paintings, we arc 
 attracted by the enormous canvas of Clement, “The Death 
 of Julius Ca'sar” (ti:)). "Without possessing the gloomful 
 force of Gerome’s treatment of tlie same .subject, this work 
 is undoubtedly excellent. The figures are j>ose<l ihuma- 
 tically, and the interest of the spectator eoncentrates 
 easily and forcibly upon the central point — the figure of 
 the dying Cicsar. A very charming picture is " Itepose” 
 
 (02), by Pormnlt — a little gleaner fallen asleep amitl her 
 sheaN-es, her sickle tm one side of her. and a basket of 
 fruit, doubtless Innoh for the farmers, on the other. The 
 iwse is easy and graceful, and the wry pretty effei't of the 
 liglit coming through the trees ami falling upon the face 
 is accomplished viith considerable skill. "The King’s 
 Entertainment." by P, C. C'omte iTIt). represents a siek 
 inuiiureh — probably Louis XI. — amused into u passing 
 
 group of courtiers, with the 
 exhibitor of. the entertain- 
 ment, completf* the jierson- 
 ality < >f the work. This brings 
 ,i,s tn No. 70. Ib'cker’s 
 "Bizpah Protecting tlu' 
 Bodies of her Sons from tlw 
 Birds of Prey.” A more 
 utterly atrocious work than 
 this it has raiT-ly been onr 
 misfortune to see upon 
 canvas. In sentiment, con- 
 ception and execution it is 
 eipially desemng of censure. 
 The leading figure, suiiposcd 
 to present nn illustration of 
 mafi-nud nffeetion and fidel- 
 ity, is so i>ositividy hideous 
 as to render it impos.sible to 
 conceive of it.s being the 
 habitation of any sentiment 
 of a tender nature whatever. 
 The hanging figures of tlu' 
 dead sons of Rizpah present 
 the very nightmare of dis- 
 solution. An artist would 
 have perhaps painted one or 
 two of these figm-es, but 
 only indicated the remainder, 
 centring tlie iutere.st wlu're 
 it properly belongs — in the 
 snitabU' manifestation of ma- 
 ternal love dejiieted in the 
 pei’son of Rizpah ; Imt thi.s 
 I)aintt‘V ha< violated all mle.s 
 of sense and sensibility, and 
 has therefore produced only a 
 horrible, and nnneces-sarily 
 horrible, manifestation of 
 every idea but the one 
 whieh ought to be indieate<l. The scriptural story of 
 Ri/.pali runs in this wise : The Gibeonites, having seen 
 their brethren shmglit.-red by Saul, claimed for reprisals 
 tlie lives of hi.s seven sons, To make up the seven .soils, 
 in order to gratify this scheme of revenge, Daviil was 
 forced to take the two sons of Rizpah, who had been one 
 of Saul’s concubines. Said had been dead nt this time 
 abi.ut forty years, and Rizpnli was iirobably about sixty 
 years of age. (^tuoting from the Bible, ii. Samuel, chap. 21 : 
 
 S. liul till' king took the twn sous of Riznali, the daughter of 
 Aiali, whom slie liare \mto Saul, Armmii and Mi'idiHioslieth; aud 
 the five sons of Mil hnl, tin- daughter of Saul, wimm 'ihe lirongUt 
 ii[> for Adriel, thi> son of Darzillui, tin- Moli.ilatldte, 
 
 t). And lie delivereil tliem 
 into the liands of the (iilieonltes, 
 and they hanged tliem in the 
 hill Ill-fore the Lord; and tln-y 
 fell all seven together, iinil were 
 init to death in thoday.s of har- 
 vest. ill the llrst days, in the 
 liegiiming of Imrlcy hurve.st. 
 
 10. And Kizii.ali, the daughter 
 of Ahili, took saekeluth, and 
 spri-ad it for tier iqioii the rock, 
 frniu the liegiiuiiag of harvest 
 until water dminied iiiion them 
 out of heaven, and suffere.l 
 neither tlie birds of llie air to 
 rest on them liy diiy, nor the 
 hea-sks of the Held by night. 
 
 The Rcriiitures leave tlie 
 que.stiou of the after-disposi- 
 tion of the bodies somewhat 
 dnnbtfnl, since it is .stated 
 therein that only the bones 
 of Saul were colleeted aud 
 Imvii-d in the tomb of his 
 fathers. 
 
 "King Morvim" (9fij, of 
 Lmninais, which hangs op- 
 ]iosite Becker’s work, is a 
 jirize pictnn- from the Salon 
 of Paris, and is a work of con- 
 siderable merit, piirtioulaiiy 
 ill relation to tlie careful 
 attention paid to the paint- 
 ing of the costumes of the 
 three figures presented, and 
 their acec.-csorii-s. A nude 
 figure, in cabinet size, by 
 Saiiitaiii (lUii). is entitled 
 "Loda and the Swan." and 
 contains good drawing and 
 excefieiit flesh-euloriiig, Two 
 inoii.se jiietnres, by ( 'lievrier 
 (94. I(l2l, ivpre.seiit tlu-se 
 little animals, in the one 
 ease gnawing a breviiuw 
 
 or prayer-book, and in the other caught in a monso-ti-ap, 
 three n{ them at once. M’e now pass to Gallery Z, wliere 
 are a few French paintings, some of M’hieh are worth iiuting. 
 No. 1G7, by Muuier, entitled " Refreshment," reiiresents a 
 youth and young girl, both of wliom arc clad iu the niiy 
 costume which was popular in past ages, and in which the 
 girl is giving her conipamon to drink from her two hands 
 water which she has just taken from the spring. The Hc.sh- 
 coloring in this work is commendable. Tin- drawing is only 
 fair. Rather an interesting picture is that by Hii-sch. "The 
 )Model” (IGj), which iutroduees ns to the atelii roi aseulptor, 
 who is jK-roeived modeling a life-size clay figure from the 
 mule woman who jio.ses before him in the eliaraeter of a 
 model. Some finished and unfinished busts, statues aud 
 bius-reliofs stamling about, give a proper eharaeter to the 
 locidity. A jiicture by Xotenuann, a well-known name, 
 called “The Auction Sale” (IGl), vepre.sents a monkey- 
 auetioueer descautiiig on the merits of the pictures which 
 he is selling, while moukey-bnyers are bidding vocifer- 
 ously, and show that evidently intelligent anxiety for gems 
 which one may witness in anction.s frequented by the final 
 development of this si>ecies. This is a thoroughly clever 
 work, of a class seldom seen, mid iu the jiainting of which 
 onr well-known in-tist Beard is so 8ucce.s.sful. "A Monk,” 
 by Muratoii (157), is worthy of examination, the head being 
 powerfully drawn. “ Going Hume from the Fields ” (133), 
 by Delobbe, is a pretty nistic scene — n mother aud little 
 boy mounted on a donkey, the father trudging by their 
 side. “The Flower Market at the Madelaiiie," hy Morin 
 (149), is n vej-y good representation of a lovely and charac- 
 teristic scene iu Paris, the various figures and equipages 
 making up an attractive and brilliant sjieotaele. Duma- 
 resque’.s “ Declamtion of Independence, United States of 
 America” (143), is interesting a.s showing the French idea 
 of our forcfathei-s. Tlie figures of Jeffei-snu and Franklin 
 will be at once recognized. “ Basket with Fruit," by Lays 
 (142), is a capital iiicture of still life. The grapes, plums, 
 raspbemes, etc., with tlie leaves of these, are jiuinted to 
 the veiy life. Gallery I conqileti-s the French exhibition 
 in Jlemoriiil Hall. On entering thi.s room we are at once 
 Rtmek with tlie painting called “ Siilumbo "(203), by A. de 
 Cetuev, whieh hangs near the door. It represents the life- 
 size figure of ii nude woman reclining upon a couch, end 
 amusing hei-self with a pleasant-lookiug anaconda or boa- 
 constricfciiv, which is gamboling about her. The .scenery 
 istrojiioal, and the seniptured pillars sustaining the building 
 in which the figure lies are manifestly Egyptian. The 
 work is rich in color, and the figure exquisitely drawn and 
 painted. The subject, however, is not agi-oeable. "The 
 Flower Girl,” by Glaize (17G), represeiit.s n young woman 
 fashionably dreased, with iv face above the average in intel- 
 ligence, but wlio, nevertheless, sits on tlie stone stejis of a 
 eliurch, or other public building, with her lap filled witli 
 fiiiwei-s, soliciting custom. It is, however, a veiy ifieasing 
 I'ieture. An interesting historical pietnre illnstnites an 
 interview of Xaiioleon I. with Goikhe and Wieland. It is 
 
104 
 
 mSTOR/CAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 by HLUemackcr (178). The scene is occniTing apparently 
 ill the Palace of the Tuilcries, or at Jhilmiiison, and a ball 
 is going on in a large room, just out of which the interview 
 takes place. “The yiin-ender of Yorktown,” by Diima- 
 resque (181), is as good a representation ns such pictures 
 usually ai‘c. “Checkmate,” by Jncomin (100), is a very 
 elaborately delineated representation of a game which is 
 accompanied "with drink and love-making, and militiiiy 
 arms and costumes ns accessories. 
 
 Ax:stbia. 
 
 On entering the Austrian department the eye is first im- 
 pressed with a sense of richness of color, producing the 
 sensation, however, rather of autumnal maturity than of 
 the briliiauey of spring-time. Much of this impression is 
 to be attributed to the superb work by JIakart, which 
 occupies half of the cast side of gallery G, and is unques- 
 tionably the most notable picture in the entire cxhiliition. 
 This work is entitled “Venice Paying Homage to Catarina 
 Comaro." 
 
 The stor)’ of this painting is told as follows ; Catarina 
 Comaro was born a noble in Venice, in 1151 ; was married 
 in her fifteenth year to King James, in Cyprus, and. in order 
 to win the favor of that sovereign, was given, by the consent 
 of her native city, the illustrious distinction, “Daughter of 
 the Eepublie"; was dowered with an immense fortune, and 
 accompanied to her island-home and throne by an imjios- 
 ing retinue of national vesscls-of-war. This was in 1400. 
 Three yeara later the king died, leaving his kingdom ti5 his 
 widow, and commended both it and her to the fostering 
 care of tho Venetian R<'public. Protected by thopre-sence 
 of tho fleet of Venice, and despite the protestations of the 
 sister of her late husband, who laid claim to the throne, 
 Catarina a.ssumed the functions of sovereignty, but scarcely 
 had her luisband been peacefully laid in hi.s grave before 
 an insurrection arose. Her uncle and steadfast friend, 
 Andrea Comaro, was assassinated ; her palace was j)laccd 
 in a state of siege, and she herself, with her infant son, was 
 seized and imprisoned. Tire Venetian men-of-war in tho 
 harbor, however, camo to her assistance, and disjrerscd 
 aud punished the insurgents. Haring done this, the 
 Venetians, who had long coveted Cyprus, now 
 took possession of the island, and although tho 
 unfortunate queen still measirrably retained her 
 royalty, it was surrounded by such uncomfort- 
 able conditions that her life was made very 
 miserable. F<rr years this stab- of things con- 
 tinued, until at length the Council of Ten 
 required her abdication. Vnable to re-si.st. 
 
 (’atarina surrendered lur kingdom to Venice, 
 and on the 14th of May, 1489, after a painful 
 reign of seventeen years, embarked for her 
 native city. Her homeward journey, however, 
 was made even more triumphal than her outward 
 had been. Everj’where along tho route she 
 was received with acclamations, ami hailed as 
 the benefactor of tho EepubHc, and when her 
 roval barge, magnificent with decorations, floated 
 
 in front of the palace, Doge and 
 senators vied with each other in 
 gi’eetiug her with the honors due to 
 her rank, conducted hot to a tlnone 
 in tho square of St. Mark’s, and 
 joined tiro leading citizens of Venice 
 in offering to her homage and trea- 
 sures. It is IJiis scene wliich the 
 painter ha.s selected for his brush. 
 
 At the right, Catharine sits ele- 
 vated on a sumptuous throne, having 
 near her her women aud courtiers. 
 
 Before her, girls richly clad bring 
 her offerings of flowem, fruits and 
 jewelry. Further on arrive visitor's 
 of all races to pay homage. The 
 costumes are superb, in velvet, cloth- 
 of-gold aud jewels. The composi- 
 tion is gi'and and ’oomin'chensive. 
 
 Each figirre i.s strongly iudiriduid- 
 ized, aud there is not one but is an 
 adjunct of some impoi’tance to the 
 gcncrid merit and intention of the 
 picture. The contrasts of rich color- 
 ing are iiniircssive ; the queen is 
 in white and gold, relieved by a 
 backgi'ound of rich crimson, while 
 before her lighter colors tone down 
 into umber and different shades of 
 yellow and dead-red. The figures 
 are all colossal, and there are foi'ty 
 of them represented. Tiro picture 
 measures about 25 feet by 10. The 
 work of Kobert Buss, “Mill near 
 Mals, South Tyrol" (3), will attract 
 attention ns rcjircscnting a pecuhar 
 feature of Tyrolean farm-life and 
 scenery. “Girl with Fruit” (151, by John 
 Canon, of Vienna, is quite Titiaiicsque in the 
 (piality of its coloring. Indeed one woukl 
 think, to look at the entire Austrian collection, 
 that Austrian art owed more to Titian and Giorgione than 
 to any other of tho masters. An ideal female head aud bust, 
 byAmcrling (8), displays some exquisite coloring, but the 
 picture “Bathsheba,” by A. George- Mayer, of Vienna (10). 
 is not satisfactory. It is coarse in expre&sion and lacks 
 sentiment. It is also strained and conventional in drawing. 
 An exquisite little bit of unde work is seen in the “ Sleep- 
 ing Nymph,” by Lewis Miuegerode (18). In the perfect 
 abandonment of the pose, and in the exceptionally fine 
 outlines, and tntth to nature in coloring, this picture 
 is a gem. “At the Sea” (23), hy Augirstus Schaeffer, 
 presents only a desolate scene of moss-covered rocks and 
 pools of ■water, with a dull-gray and white sky overhead, 
 yet out of these slight elements the artist has made a 
 picture; full of beauty and originality of treatment. In 
 No. 42, •* Girl and Cat," hy Fnmeis Rus-s, we have a gexrc 
 subject, treated -with atteution to detail worthy of the best 
 modern French school. It is a garden scene, wherein, 
 behind a screen, a table is spread for limcli, and near it a 
 I graceful girl stinuhs petting a white kitten. In the back- 
 I ground are foliage and flowem. “The Peasant 'Woniaii 
 I of Tpper Austria,” by Lnfite (38), is a characteristic aud 
 I powerful head. “Overwhelmed with Grief” (43), by 
 I Francis Stocker, is a work deserving of the heartiest com- 
 , meiulation. t’pon a bier, partially covered with flowers, 
 aud beside the head of which are two caniUes Imming, is 
 extended tho coiq)se of a child, lightly covered with a Viiil, 
 ■wliose artistically painted transparency enables the infant '.s 
 face to be seen beneath. Seated beside the bier, and ri'st- 
 iiig upon the latter in utter abandonment, is the mother, 
 whose face expresses the completeness of her bereavement. 
 Eugene Felix’s “Pan and Bacchante-s” (62), a large work 
 which faces the Comaro, represents two nude femide 
 figures : the one reclining, tho other embracing a bronze 
 statue of Pan, to whoso mouth she offers the libation of 
 wine! Beside her a goat capers near an overturned vase of 
 bra.ss or bronze, while the whole is made effective by rich 
 coloring in flowers and draperv'. The figures are perfect 
 in grace, ami colored with a very just feeling for fle.sh. Tlie 
 composition is original and gniijhic. This is one of the 
 most notable pieture.s in the Austrian collection. “ Roman 
 
 Pomegranate-Seller,” by Ralpli Gevling (78), is a quite 
 JIurillo-like picture of a little black-haired boy with his 
 ba-sket of fruit before him, sitting on a stone .step. Next 
 to tliis is a portmit by Grabowski (79), ^^•onderfully vigor- 
 ous and lifelike, and which it would be difficult to ciiual in 
 this country by anything short of the work of Elliott. 
 “k Study”— femah* head— (88), by tho Countes.s EUza 
 Neraes-Rausonnet, deserves more than pas.siug attention. 
 Being painted by n woman, it is yet eutii'ely ma.sculine in 
 the .strength of its treatment. The modeling is excellent, 
 the lights and shades well thrown in, and the color of tho 
 complexion and hair, ns well as the texture of the latter, 
 most successfully treated. “View of a Dutch Town by 
 Moonlight,” by R. von Haanen (101), is a capitally exe- 
 cuted landscape. A few straw-thatched dwellings apparently 
 form the town ; the naiTow river running beside it, with 
 woods in the ilistance, and the moon struggling through a 
 dark cloud, being ail there is of this verj’ ably painted 
 jiictnre. “The Nun’.s Reverie,” by G. k. Knntz (104), 
 represents a solitary nun, seated in a window embrasure, 
 looking off into the ilistance. It is a simple subject, but 
 treated with gi'cat sweetness of sentiment and purity and 
 excellence of handling. “ Siesta of an Oriental V omnn,” 
 by A. Sebonu (109), is another nude picture, the naked 
 Oriental haring fallen a.sleep while smoking her nargile, 
 lying on the In-ink of a pool of water, into which it is not 
 improbable she will be plunged presently. Behind her a 
 black slave woman and a young Eastern woman converse 
 eagerly together, the reclining figure being apparently tho 
 subject of their t;ilk. “The Page,” by John Canon (117), 
 presents a young man of the medieval age, can-yiug a 
 salver on wliich is a fia.sk of wine. There is noticeable 
 some ven' close ami artistic work in this. 'Wertheimer’s 
 (121), “The Moor and his Horse,” is a large picture hang- 
 ing high above the cyc-line, next to Makart’s gi'eat work, 
 and deserves a better position, being boldly and powerfully 
 drawn, luid nicely expres.sing the peculiar sympathy which 
 is .said to exist between Orientals and their steeds. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 The paintings exhibited in Jlemorial Hall by the Empire 
 of Germany are compri.sed in the centnd gallery, east, 
 and in GaUeiy F, the larger number and more important 
 being in the latter dcpai-tment. The main Ameiican ac- 
 (piaintance with German art having been chiefly derived 
 from experience of specimens of the Diisseldorf 
 school, and of late years bnt comparatively few 
 Gorman works having been purchased or ex- 
 hibited in tliia country, the first glance at tho 
 German pictures in ^tlemorial Hall i.s certainly 
 disappointing ; and, in fact, it must be admitted 
 that, ^rith a few cxcex>tions, this collection is as 
 devoid of merit lus of interest. On entoi-ing tho 
 large room in which most of the German iiii-tiires 
 ai-e collected, the eye is first attracted to tho 
 life-size portrait of Prince Frederick of Pnissin 
 — “Unser Fritz,” Cronm-Prince of Germany, 
 .who commanded the German Ai'my at the 
 great rictoi'v of 'Woerth, by C. Steffeck of Berlin 
 (89). The painter has represented the Pi-ince in 
 a dark -bine uniform, mounted on a bay horse; 
 behind are seen two soldierly figures, JIarsha) 
 
105 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Blnmcnthiil nnd Gonoml Hm-t- 
 iitan. As a historical j)ortruit 
 this work is certainly full of 
 merit, ami may Ijo cniisidin't’d nn 
 i raj) n r t a n t and rejiresentativc 
 work in the latest school of Ger- 
 man art, wliicli, to say the least, 
 is certainly not symiiathctie. 
 
 This fact is esjieciidly iniuiifest 
 in the “Cai)itiilation of Sislan ” 
 
 (45), by Count von Harraeh, of 
 Berlin, which is very hard and 
 woodony, exaggerated, and, as i« 
 believed, not in agreera<>nt with 
 the facts of the surrender. 
 
 “Picnic in Asia Minor," by 
 Eckenbrechor (114), is a decided 
 irajirovcraent on these, both in 
 ai-tistie merit and in the quality t>f 
 per-sonal interest, It rejjrt'scrats 
 a i>arty of Euroi)oans jiicnicking 
 in a gi’ove of j)oj)!ars and (‘yi>ros.ses 
 by the .shores of the iEgean Sea. 
 
 These are waited uixni by Greek 
 attendants, and at a little tlLstanco 
 arc seen a gi-onj) of Turkish 
 women muffled in their yasliimiks, 
 giving nn Oriental character to the scene. Thi.s jiicturo 
 is full of fine feeling for color, the shades being wui-ra, 
 and the whole canvas vitid and full of atraosj)hcro. 
 “Broken Flowers, "by A. Schwarz; (P2(i), is still further 
 an advance on the last in the qualities which make 
 I>!iintings nj)j>eiil to the syinjiathy imd the soul. A la»ly 
 in modern costume, and ajqiarently of the njqx'r class, 
 is seen standing idouo among ru.shos and low underbrush 
 on a ri^•e^’^ bank ; a gray and threatening sky, with little 
 of light to brighten the land.scupe, is over nU. The 
 figure is turned with the fac> away frojn the sj)cctators, 
 the hands cla.sjx‘d over the eyes, and the entire attitude 
 one of soiTow, if not of remorse. The drawing of the 
 form is admirable, the color artistic and symj)athetio. 
 Tin- lady’s eo.stnrae. of inirj)lo-and-black, and the gi-aysky, 
 give a sombre effect to tho scene, which is oidy siifflciontiy 
 ^elie^•ed by the transj)arent gi-een of the rushes. In every 
 particular of artistic liamiony of drawing, comjiositiou and 
 coloring, this work seems nearly jierfcct. Tho cxi)ves.sion 
 of forlorn i.solatioji is wrought uj> by the 8iraj)lest raeana 
 into a j)ositive and vivid reality. It is gratifying to bs ablu 
 to commend in high terms this one really admirablo 
 work. “A L;mdscai>e,” by It. von Poschingcr, 
 
 “The Envii-ons of Munich” (Gl), is an agreeable 
 picture of a river and green meadows, the latter 
 dotted with trees, a few white gee.so rtsibU', with 
 a girl watching them, and above a bright, blue sky, 
 marked with whitish-yellow clouds. Thi.s work is 
 quite unlika the ordinary Ch*rman landscajK' either 
 of tho present or past art-j)eriod. J. N. T. von Star- 
 kcnborgk’s “Harvest in Holland” (1;18), is another 
 worthy landsenj)e, representing a nooning in a 
 wheat-field during harvest. The .«heaves are 
 gathered together, aud under the shelter of one of 
 those wo SCO tho reaj)er,s at their midday rejHust. 
 
 The sky in this j)icture is admirably jmiuted, a 
 passing storm being indicated. In the background 
 is a >-illuge. “Tobacco Gatherei-s," by the same 
 artist (G8), presents some fine effects of color. 
 
 Andreas Achenbaeh, widl known in this country ns 
 a I)iis.seldorf artist, has one jiietiiro entitled 
 “ Storm at Vli.s.singen, Hnllaiul ” (112). This is 
 a cla-ss of subjects in which this artist is at home, 
 an.l in the present woi-k we have all his manner- 
 isms, none of which, fortunately, are objectionable. 
 
 “Fairst and Margnerito” prison scene (120), by 
 A. Dietrich, of Dresdtui, is an imjjosing canva.s, 
 mntaining three figures; in front the girl in her 
 :nad scene, Faust, apparently horror-stricken at her 
 iituation and by his own remorae, and Mcpliisto- 
 pheles in the background eujoying his opportunity, 
 rhis is an ambitiotis work, but is scarcely treated 
 n accord with tho possibilities of tho subject. The 
 uee of IMarguerite, though certainly iiuHaitiug 
 ibcrration, is jiainful mid unsatishictory. “A 
 Jmoker” (88), by K. Dietlitz, of Berlin, is‘j)aiuted 
 arefully and shows thorough jireeisioa of dehiil. 
 
 .t represents a nati\-e of Uj)}>er Bavaria enjoying 
 ho weed. “Oxen Plowing" (38), by E. Ockel, 
 
 •epres.uits a tciim struggling up a hill-side, in 
 vlnch the animals are painted and drawn with a 
 u-st niijiroeiation of Nature, the landscape aud sky 
 icing, however, nn.satisfiu'tory. " Pensero.sa,” by 
 h Ciruf (55), is a elev<'r head, with the flcsli- 
 'uniting jiotiecable for its excellence of color and 
 extiirc. The sentiment of this jjicture, in so far ns 
 t expresses the ideal, i.s not successful. The 
 Irawing is gocnl. 
 
 “Dejmrtiire of Frederich V. from Pi-ague after 
 ne Battle of the -White Hills” (124), is a ])re- 
 tntious work, in which the composition u 
 heatneal but effective. No. J25, by Schrader, 
 
 TUS DAiaV ON THE CENTENNIAL OEOCNDS. 
 
 is entitled “Queen Elizabeth Signing the Death-warrant 
 of Marv’ Queen of Scots.” In the treatment of this 
 often-painted subject tho artist is quite effective, and, 
 through the most simjile means, the Queen’s face is 
 exjiressive and thoughtful ; that of her counselor full of 
 the urgency of the occ.asion. The artist has idealized Eliz- 
 abeth quite beyond the historical tnith concerning this 
 period of her life. “ Luther Intercepted, ’’ by Count von 
 Hm-ach (135), illustratoH an incident in the Hfe'uf the gi-eat 
 Beformer, aud rejirosents him met with a warning by a 
 mounted knight in armor, while on his jouniey in a mule 
 wagon, and traveling by a by-road through the woods. The 
 ceatnd jmint of intere.st— the figure of Luther— i.s admiral)ly 
 dejiieted for snsfiiining the immediate object of the artist, 
 but beyond thi.s tho comjiosition i.s comj)licnted, and, if we 
 may use such an exi)res.sion. “ hudilled uji.” The figures, 
 however, are strongly drawn, aud the landscajic acces- 
 sories of trees and livid green foliage w«dl wrought in. No. 
 13G, “Christ Apjienring to Mary Magdalene." by Prof. 
 Plockhoi-st, is a work in which the aiTangcuieut of the two 
 fignrc.s cmj)ha.sizes the intention of the artist by means of 
 
 MATHEH'S SONS’ EXHIBIT OF PRINTING INK 
 POILDING. 
 
 broad contrasta of light and 
 .shade. Tlio Christ, clad in a 
 .single garment of pm-e white, is 
 dignified and impressive. The 
 figure of JIngdalene at his feet 
 is only snbonlinate in its import- 
 ance. Tliis is one of the most 
 worthy jhetures in the room. 
 “ Mouth of the Thames," by 
 Xylauder (79). The merit of this 
 picture lies only in an admirablo 
 treatment of the water and sky, 
 with the effect of strong moon- 
 light breaking through the 
 clouds. Otherwise the work might 
 have (or its subject any other 
 water, anywhere, as well as that 
 indicated in the title. A couple 
 of brigs, fully rigged, and under 
 full sail, with studding-sails fly- 
 ing, and a solitary pilot-boat, 
 tacking probably to get in-sho-,., 
 give human interest and com- 
 merciiil life to the scene, wiiich 
 othc.'iivise, with its tranquil waters 
 aud gentle-floating clouds, might 
 seem void of these elements. 
 “The Livst Reheai-sal jwevious to Going to the Singers’ 
 Festival” (69), by Ortheb, is a very characteristic work. 
 Though exaggerated somewhat, it will be recognized as 
 jirosenting a just idea of a singing-school the world over. 
 The eighteen works which we liavc indicated comprise all 
 till' one hniuh-ed and forty-five jiietnres in the German 
 collection, which we deem worthy of a spcci.al mention. 
 
 Nokw.ay. 
 
 The larger number of tho Norwegian pictures arc in tlio 
 Annex, but in Galleiy K of ^Memorial Hall arc a dozen 
 works, .some of which are worth examination. “Hans 
 Glide,” of Caiisnilie — considered one of the greatest 
 Norwegian arti,sts— was horn in 1825, and is now at the 
 liead (.if tho Caiisnihe Academy, Baden. He has two 
 jiicturos, one, “A Fresh Breeze, Noiwogian Coast” (1), aud 
 the other, “Calm, Christianinfiord " (5). These pictures 
 are both for sale, the first for S5,fK)fl, aud the second for 
 §2,000. In the fii-st. the green waves, sjiarkling nndor tho 
 rising breeze, and in the other, the more quiet water, touched 
 softly with the shadows of clouds above, and reflecting 
 distinctly the fishing-boats, and tho rocky side of 
 the fiord, are delineated with wonderful power. 
 “Axbo's Day” (3) is also a clever work. It re- 
 prc.seuts a youtli riding forth into tho night, 
 mounted upon a wdiite horse, and creating day- 
 light by means of a blazing torch. “ Peasants in 
 a "Wood," by A. Tidenmnd, who was the master of 
 Gude, and probably the greatest artist Noru-ay 
 has produced, will at onco attract the attention of 
 any one who enters tho gallery. “Midnight Sun 
 in Norway," by Frantz Boo (4), is also a very 
 striking work. Fonr of the artists represented in 
 this room hail from Dtisseldorf, three from Christ- 
 iania, two from Carlsruhe, and one — Benuetter 
 
 from Paris; his “ ■\'ikings at Sea "(2) being still 
 another work which should he carefully examined. 
 
 The Russian collection in Memorial Hall is 
 contained in Gallery 31, on the north side of tlie 
 building, and comprises sixty-three numbers of 
 pointings and seven marliles. The most striking 
 jiicture is “The Amulet-Seller,” by Semiradsky 
 (34), a largo canvas containing three figures -Rith 
 ajiproi)riate compo.sitian for an Oriental interior. 
 The scene rejire.sents a Nubian peddler of jewelry 
 and onianients recommending a specimen of his 
 wares to a faii’-skiuned girl, Avho is li.steningintently 
 to the description, and apjiarently revolving in her 
 mind her opinion of the possible virtues of tho 
 offered charm. In the baekgi-oimd a female slave, 
 dark-skinned and clad in a drapery of golden 
 yellow, holds a peacock-feather fan in one hand, 
 and, while leaning languidly on the marble base 
 of a statue, listens to the monologue going on 
 before her. This eomiiosition i.s artistic aud grace- 
 ful, tho coloiing rich, without being gaudy, and 
 the accessories of statuary, furniture and tapestry 
 are painted with great skill and cure. Iminediattdy 
 below thi.s is a jiicturc representing a Roman ther- 
 mal, whore a number of semi-nude females are 
 seen standing or lounging about in various attitudes 
 in the inteiust of health. Some of the fle.sh-paint- 
 ing in this uiirk is passable, imd the drawing i.s 
 good, but, lus a whole, tlie composition lacks vital- 
 ity. The figures are too much posed for effect. 
 Directly opposite this are t-n-o pictures, both of 
 which are noticeable. The principal and larger 
 of the two is entitled “Carnival Week in the 
 Country." repreaenting a race beria-eeu two sledges, 
 each driving three horses, according to the Russian 
 
I'lli 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 ■■ RHODE ISLANO DAY," OCTOBER 5th 
 
 -GOVERNOR LIPPITT'S RECEPTION ON TUE SlbfS ur int. unui/r. 
 
 custom. Tliisisby Svertcbkoff {43). No. 4G, immediately 
 below it, represents - A Steamer in Floating Ice, ’’and is a 
 creditable work. The contrast between the color of the 
 sky and the surroundings of broken ice and open water, 
 ■where the steamer is plunging through, is broad and -u-cll 
 sustained. No. 5, “Storm in the North Sea,’’ and numbers 
 1, 4. G and 7, are by the same lutist— Aivazowsky— and are 
 illustrative of atmospheric effects, and in four instances 
 imder storm-iutiuenccs. Tliis artist evidently has an 
 earnest and truthful feeling for Nat\ire in her wilder 
 phases, and has succeeded in portraying those "with very 
 marked success, No. 39, by Skirmund, represents “A 
 Member of the Council of Ten. Venice,” visiting a family 
 group. The scene is, of course, Venetian, and the alarm 
 and dismav of the party seated about the tiible taking their 
 ■wine and food are very -well depicted, although the entrance 
 of the cause of their perturbation is rather more melodram- 
 atic than artistic. The att' -ntion to details of costume .and 
 interior decomtiou in tliis picture ha.s been careful and 
 studious. Another work by this artist (38) hangs near it, 
 and rejjresents “A Festival in th<* Palazzo Cuhmna, Eome” 
 (sixteenth centuryj. Here there is noticeable a httle 
 forcing for effects of attitude and grouping, while the same 
 creditable care in dettiils is also made obvious. “ Tlie 
 Prisoner,” by Silvanovitch (44i, is a small cabinet picture 
 representing the unhappy occupant of a cell seated 
 where the sunlight from the only window can shine 
 upon him. There is good expression in this -«-ork, 
 equally in the face and attitude of the prisoner, and 
 in the contrast produced by the intcrj)Osition of the 
 little hght which penetrates the gloomy apartment. 
 “The First Snow on n Plowed Field," bj Clever (ol). 
 
 In this work very simple means have been used for 
 producing an effective picture. The moon, just show- 
 ing itself a little above the horizon and cros.sed by a 
 passing cloud, shines upon the snow-sprinkled stubble 
 scene, which could only be called a field by courtesy, 
 and upon a few dozen rude thatched cottages, which 
 make up the habitations visible. A single hare, dart- 
 ing across the foreground of the pictiire, presents 
 the only living object depicted. Tlic effect of the 
 moonlight, projected from a sky black and dense, and 
 throAvn upon the ftdlen snow, is -well given. No. 50, by 
 Skirmund, is skillfully painted, but coarsely. It is 
 entitled “AFamily Party on the Balcony.” The con- 
 ception of this painting is puerile, but the drawing is 
 good, and the detaEs well worked out. “The Step- 
 mother," by Yooravleff (17). is a genre subject, and 
 is suggestively treated. A ■woman in the lower rank 
 
 of life holds her infant on her knee with one hand, ■while 
 with the other she threatens the poor little waif, to whom 
 she stands in stead of his lost mother. Of the landscape 
 works of this collection, “Birch Forest” (19), by Baron 
 Klodt, is carefully painted, and is a characteristic repre- 
 sentation of tliis species of forest gro-wth. No. 49, by 
 Lagorio, “Along the Hoad from Tiflis to Akhaltzik, is a 
 more ambitious ■work, and presents a romantic scene with 
 decided skill and precision. The statuary of the Russian 
 Department includes four pieces by Zengler, of 'W’arsaw ; 
 “The Mother's First Joy,” “Bashfulness,” “Sophia” (in 
 illustration of the poem by Mickieviecz), .and a bas-relief 
 in marble of the poet ilickieviccz. Two pieces, by Rygcr, 
 of TVarsaw. are a “Bust of Washington.” in marble, and 
 a • ‘ Bust of Dr. Levitoui, ” in plaster-of-paris. These works 
 are all interesting, but not remarkable. 
 
 The oil-paintings exhibited by Belgium are contained 
 ' in the Annex. In Gallery 0. Jlemorial Hall, there is, 
 
 i however, a collection of works in other departments 
 I of art which demand consideration. First among these 
 ' are a dozen pieces of statuary in marble, all of which 
 j are clever, and two excellent. These two are (189), 
 i " The First Child,” by Fniikin, ■n-hich represents a young 
 
 
 mother, seated in her night-dress, nursing her infant 
 The sentiment of this work is pleasing, and the exe-' 
 cution symmetrical and artistic. No. 190, by the same 
 artist, “ The Drone Bee,” represents a httle child in 
 the attitude of trapping, with the skirts of its single g.or- 
 ment, a huge bumble-bee, which is burying itself among j 
 the petals of a convolvulus. The stealthy movement and ; 
 anxious interest displayed in the child’s attitude and look ! 
 produce a very pleasing and natural effect. A number of | 
 statues in terra-cotta, are very clever, especially “ The i 
 Little Mother” (180), “Winter” (182), “Summer” (183), j 
 each of which are iiflnaimbly humorous in design and 
 exquisite in execution. These are all by Polydore Comein,^ 
 Brns.scls. Here are also severid large pieces of artistic 
 bra-ss-ware, all by Labaer, of Antwerp, and all portraits, A^' 
 mi.scelhmeouH collection of medals and in<'dallions is con- _ 
 taiiied in a frame, and includes several industrial medals 
 awarded by different European countries. In decorated : 
 Faience there are some sixty pieces, representing, however,! 
 only five mtists — Dauge, De 5Iol, ^liss Georgette Mennier,! 
 Edward T.mrteau and Fransois Xavier Volkaeits, all of^, 
 Bmssels. These represent chiefly mythological scenes,' 
 and, to those who are interested in this class of art-work,': 
 win prove attnu-tive. Finally, tins room e.xhibits a com - 1 
 plete collection of the photographic representations of. 
 tlie works of the Belgian painter V’iertz, deceased,! 
 exhil)ited by the Royal Belgian Society for Photo-j 
 graphy. Tliis collection presents the complete life- 
 time labors of an artist who, for weird imagination : 
 and marked originality of execution, stands entirely , 
 alone in the department of the grotesque and the. 
 horrible. I 
 
 THE ART ANNEX. 
 
 The arrangement of the Annex to Memorial Halil 
 comprise.s its subdivision -into forty -five rooms or ' 
 galleries of different siz&s. Of these, Numbers 1 to 
 4, 17 and 19 are devoted to the exhibits of Italy, i 
 Numbei-a 5. 15, 21 and 23 contain the Netherlands J 
 collection. Numbers 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,: 
 24, 28, 30, 40, 42 and 44 include the pictures exhibited 
 by the United States in this building. Norway, Den-t 
 mark and Sweden have rooms Numbers 7 and 11 ;1 
 Argentine Repubhc, ChiU and Mexico, rooms 9 andi 
 27; France, Niunbers 21, 32,34 to 38, inclusive, 43) 
 and 45; Belgium, 23, 33, 39 aud 41; Spain, 25 andj 
 31 ; Canada, 2C ; Portugal and Brazil, 27 and 29. 
 
BKITISH COLONIAL EXHIBITS IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 i:xniBITIUN OF NEAT CATTLE.— I. OXFORD GENEVA. 2. WINSOBELLI. 3. DAIRYMAID. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Tlie priiicipnl portion of the Italian oxliibita is to he 
 foniul in room No. 1, and comprises scnlptiiro chiefly. We 
 have alrootly indicated the character of this portion of the 
 contribution of Italy. Here arc to be found a large number 
 of tho.se exquisite little rigiu-cs, illusti-ating childliood in its 
 vni'ious sea.sou3 and phases. Here, too, are others ■whose 
 subjects are of a uiythological or quasi-cla.ssical chnnicter. 
 We 'will glance briefly ut a few of these. No. 2, “ Repent- 
 ance,” by Fietro Beruaseoni. In this work the artist has 
 succeeded in ex{)res.sing in nmrble the sentiment which 
 forms the subject of his effort. No. 50. ‘‘Angelica,” and 
 61, “Psyche,” aiv among the more notable ideal subjects — 
 the first of the.se by Prof. JIagni, the other by Pugani. 
 “ Deatli of Abel,” by Jlighoretti (48), is expressively and 
 carefully scnlptiu-ed. *• Cleopatin.” by Bragix (43), presents 
 the conventional idea, though, fortunately, not in the con- 
 ventional attitude — expii-ing under the influence of the asj). 
 Here she stands erect, resting one Imud upon the shoulder 
 of a slave, who has flung a j)iece of some heiuy woven 
 fabric beneath her feet, for her to tread upon, n la Sir Walter 
 Raleigh. The Cleopatra type in this work is decidedly 
 Nubian, No. 37, “Angelic Love,” by Giiilio Bergonzoli, 
 very cleverly depicts an meident of those days when the 
 angels fell in love with tho daughters of men, the object in 
 thi.s insteuce being of a most liumau and womanly diameter, 
 and presenting, to say the least, a fea.st of material graces 
 for the regard of her angehc lo%er, possibly satiated with 
 the too-pronounced inirity of tho femiJes of his own race, 
 if such there be. “The Youthful Hannibal” (35), by 
 Epiniiy, is a bronze displaying the well-known incident of 
 the boy-conqueror struggbng with au eagle. “Fleeting 
 Time” (15), by Barcaglia. This work represents a -n-iuged 
 and bearded figui-o of an old man with hoiu--glas.s in hand. 
 
 pre.s.sing forward, though held biick entrcntiugly by a young 
 girl who thus struggles against futiuity. The poise of this 
 work is quite a marvel, ns it seems ulmo,st impossible that 
 the larger figure of Time should not outbalance and over- 
 throw the gi'oup. The exi)re.ssiou and attitude ai'e alike 
 wonderfully executed here, while the ilrapery is ti'eated 
 with a Hght and airy grace quite exquisite. Tlie collection 
 of jiaiutiugs in this room includes only a dozen numbt-rs. 
 No. 05, by Alberto Gilli, “Aruoldo da Brescia and Pope 
 Adrian I^'.,” a krge historical work, painted with gi-eat 
 force, the pcu-spective effect iiulicated only by the two 
 figures, being quite an extraordinary eft'ort of skiU in the 
 ai-t of mathematical dra-ning. “ Galileo before the Tribunal 
 of the Inquisition” (92), by Lodiguini, is a still larger 
 canvas, iireseuting tiiis well-known subject in a chiuncter- 
 istic and expres.sive manner. “ The School of Love” (91), 
 by I’ruf. Tedesco, is (piite a chamiiiig -work of the modem 
 type, representing two young girls in custuines of tlic 
 present day, -stendiug in easy attitudes iu a garden or C(jurt- 
 yard, and studying the actions of a pair of turtle-doves, 
 doubtless vith a view to the future a])plication therecif. 
 This work is full of grace and beauty, the coloring being 
 eflective, the drawing exact, and the composition simi>le 
 but suflicient. The large work by Fumagalli (100), “Co- 
 lumbus conducted back to >Spaiu as a Pri.souer,” while 
 interesting as the representation of an incident having some 
 connection -\rith the early history of America, Ls not attractive 
 ns a j)aintiug. In drawing it is, to say the least, hard and 
 uusiitisfoctory, while the compo.sition i.s cnidc and inai-tistic. 
 “A Cup of Tea,” by Ernesto Giroux (103), is not improi)- 
 ably a portrait, since the subject is one which wouhl not , 
 otherwise be likely to enlist the .attention of an arti.st so 
 clever as the painter of this evidently is. Vnder the bad 
 light it is diflicult to do it justice; but there is enough 
 iu it to make it an attraction even where it hangs. A large 
 
 collection of mosaics, some rammted in tables and others 
 framed, presents a very complete idea of the merit and 
 extent of Italian work in this dii'cction in the present 
 diiy. Cbillery No. 3 contains a number of impoilaut pieces 
 of sculpture. “ Love’s Net” (152), by Pereda, a life-sized 
 figure of a wommi, draping her body with a net ; and 155, 
 by Itenato Peduzzi, entitle.l “ Berenice,” will probably first 
 attract attention. In the latter work considerable iiower is 
 manifested, and the treatment of draperj- will be partic- 
 ularly noticed a.s ai-ti.stie and careful. “ L'.Airiciune,” by 
 C^iroui, has been heretofore illustrated in this work. No. 
 ICO, “ The Mirror of Love,” and 163, “Giid at the Bath,” 
 the latter by Guaraerij, and the former by Cantalomessa, 
 ore fine illustrations of fle.sh-modebiig. The walls of this 
 department are hung with ixaiutings, of which only a few 
 require si>ecial notice. “ Stonn on the Coast,” by Della 
 Valle” (l8l), exliibits some fine wave-pointing. “Land- 
 scape — A Park,” by Formi.s (177), of Milan, is of tho 
 modern Italian school, and a meritorions sample thereof. 
 The landscape is admii'ably painted, the coloring being 
 pleasing, and the texture of the costume well considered. 
 Altogether, this is a most interesting picture in the new 
 style. No. 187, ‘‘A Refusal,” by Polazzi, might doubtle&s 
 and properly be termed a “Temptation” — at leact the 
 young woman, evidently a seamstress by trade, puts aside 
 the jewels which are offered to her by an older female, -who 
 has decidedly the attitude of a temptress, witli an expression 
 quite indicati^•6 of the sitimtiou. The scene is well ren- 
 dered. No. 188, a .scene from “Robert le Liable,” entitled 
 *• Evocation of Souls,” by Fontana, is a weii'd and gliaatly 
 picture enough, the sheeted ghosts, iu various condition.s as 
 to nudity, not, however, irresenting themselves as alto- 
 gether agreeable accessories to the painting. Hung lower, 
 it would doubtless be possible to aver of this ■work that tho 
 landscape poiiiou of the composition is well executed. 
 
 EXHIBITION OF NEAT CATTLE, - 4, WEDDING-DAY. 
 
 5. CYMBELINE. 6. CROWN-PRINCE. 7. LILY DALE. 8. ROGER. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 “ Inti'rior of the Choir of the Cathedral of PiU’ma” (104), 
 by Marehesi, is a carefully executed copy of ciUTed wood, 
 wainscoted, ^"ith cabinets and bronzes, This is a cleverly 
 wrought picture. There are four figures presented, a priest 
 and three chorister boys in full costume. • 'A Grandmother's 
 Admonition, ” by Cammarauo (195), is a pretty little do- 
 mestic Bcea«s, charmingly painted. “Beware of a False 
 Step" (211)» by Prof. GusUddi, ls a work which will beai' 
 close examination so far as the execution i.s concerned, but 
 in which the intention of tlie m-ti.st is at lea.st doubtful. A 
 young girl in mii-squenule attim npijeurs to have been liued 
 into some disreputable association, and to liave awakened 
 suddenly to the full ui>preciatiou of the dangers of a 
 “false ste]}.” 
 
 These rooms — 2 and 17 — which are formed by a long 
 and narrow hall, immediately facing the southern entrance, 
 contain both paintings and sculpture. Li the latter cla.ss 
 the work.s are all of a simple and homely character, the 
 larger number of the subjects being chiklreu in various 
 attitudes. One which will have been interesting to Amer- 
 icans is by Prof. Zocchi, of Florence, and is entitled 
 “Benjamin Franklin in his Youth ”(222). It represents 
 a lad about ten years of age, seated at a nide desk, made 
 of board, i)roi>pcd upon books, and writing. He lias on 
 a work-apron, is seated on a ]>ile of books, and ha.s an 
 intense and thoughtful expression in his face very suitable 
 to the distinguished historical character represented, 
 whether a likeness or not. Next to this work is another 
 
 where the inscriiition of “Pax Vobis ” on the wall forms 
 an apt commentary on the scene. This is cleverly painted, 
 and i.s a bint of the popular feeling in Italy on Church 
 niattem during late years. “Tlie Haiqiist,” by ilancinelli 
 (264), has some good work in it, particularly in the treat- 
 ment of the facial expression. “The Alpine Touri.sts” 
 (279), has some good landscape work, while the gi’ouping 
 of the figures is free from stift'uG-ss, and the persjiective and 
 utiuospherio effect show a capable and conscientious artist. 
 Nos. 289 and 299, by Picchi, are entitled “The Ebony 
 Frame, Florentine style (sixteenth century).” The ebony 
 frauK! i.s artistic, the Florentine style satiafactorj', the 
 sixteenth century not obvion.s. Why the-se two pictures 
 have not titles is not made manifest. One represents a 
 game of chess between a seventeenth oenturj’ cavaher and a 
 priest, and the other a wine-drinking scene in a cellar. 
 Neither of them i.s particularly excellent a-s a work of art, 
 but there are veiy many other worse ones in the collection. 
 In “The Anniversary” (288), by Bonipiaui, of Eome, a 
 Roman lady is rejareseuted ornamenting a bust with 
 vTeaths of flowers. The face and figure of the fair 
 devotee arc very pleasing, particularly in contrast with the 
 liideousncss t>f the bust, the anniversary of whose subject 
 she is rememberiug. “A Happy Morning” (311), by Michis, 
 is a rather noticeable painting, representing a small hoy 
 clad in tatU>rs, and having the general appenxance of a 
 chimney-sweep, reclining upon a floor of an apparently 
 elegant apartment, and luxiuiuting in a cup of coffee and 
 
 certainly not Ies.s attractive in marble. The artist in this 
 case has certainly conquered his subject. Not only is the 
 figure admirably lifelike and graceful, the contours and 
 modehng in general exquisite, hut the sculptiue has 
 throwm into the face of Phvyne an expression not only 
 indicative of the po.sition indicated by the title, but also of 
 the vei-y chai'ucter and nature of the woman. The full, 
 volux>tuous, languid, and drooping eyes, and the very j>ose 
 of the head, are all suggestive. If one must treat such 
 subjects in marble, or with color, it is well that they 
 should be treated with that truth to nature which is herein 
 tlisplayed. “The Last Days of Pompeii” (329), by Guar- 
 nefio, of Milan, hke the statue of Ny<lia, iilreiuly meutioned, 
 illustraU’s a scene diuing the teirible catastroidie indicated. 
 “Love is Blind.” by BaTcaglia (340), should be noticed for 
 its anatomical accuracy and artistic modeling. To turn 
 now to the paintings on the walls of Gallery No. 4, it is to 
 be observed first that quite a number of them are copies*— 
 and very true copies, also — of works by old msusters. 
 The.se include Titian's “Fiona,” Carlo Dolci’s “Magdalene,” 
 Titian's “Bella,” Salvator Rosa's celebrated “Slarina 
 View”; “Madonnas." by Raphael and Perugino ; Fra 
 Angelico's “Angels” ; “Beatrice Ccnci,” copy of Guido 
 Reni ; Correggio’s “ Madonna and Child,” and the “Ma- 
 donna” and “Fornnrina” of Raphael. To those who are 
 not familiar with these important works through engravings 
 these copies will be interesting as .studies. After these, 
 there ore but a half a dozen luctnres which require notice. 
 
 representing flioxTroveiBial “Washington and his Hatchet,” 
 by Romanelli (224). The next subject i.s by Villa, of 
 Milau,,a “ Girl Playing with a Bird” (225), a very original 
 idea jdeasingly exi)res.sed. Next are other children ; 
 ••Dancing Faun,” by Peduzzi (228), and then a statue 
 entitled “Carnival, " by Borghi, of Milan C230), which 
 rexiresents a girl, very lightly clad, holding a mask in her 
 hands, the expres.sion of whose face, however, is not os 
 joyous as might be nntieipated. The attitude is easy and the 
 workmnuship exquisite. “Ouce I was Rich,” by Euiico 
 Butti (233), a girl whose hittered clothing, desx)itc the 
 flounces, finely x^ortiuys the .sentiment expressed in the 
 title. The management of the ilrapery in tliis piece is 
 most excellent, while the «rti.st has given an exi)rc.s.sion to 
 the face fully adequate to the subject of his text. M<are 
 children ; enpids ; a little girl with a broom, a very pathetic 
 little jnece, entitled “A Wouuded Friend,” by Tautnrdiui 
 (242), representing a child of three or four years, nureing 
 a wounded dog. “The Discarded,” by Malfatti (243), is nu 
 cffoit to jiresent the modem style of costume in sculpture. 
 A vouug lady, of not quite lifi' size, stanils in a meluiieholy 
 jiose, cntsliiug in her right hand a letter, which has 
 evideutly afl'orded the occasion for the work. The dress is 
 all modem, and its silken textiu-e is thorouglily well iudi- 
 ented in the handling. The jaositiou is easy and natural, 
 and the expression of shock defined. With this we may 
 conclude the considenatiou of sculpture in these rooms. The 
 pointings in this depai-tmeiit may be speedily dealt with. 
 ‘•During the Sermon” (257), by Micliis, of Milan, shows 
 two acolytes jalaying cards upon a bench in a vestry-room 
 
 a feast of grajH's. It is decidedly a very clever work 
 “Offerings to the Lare.s” (3'24), by Scifoui, of Rome, an 
 eimly Roman or Pomireiiau subject, treated in the style 
 of Coomans, and very ably treated withal. 
 
 From the last-named apartment wc cuter the ciuitre of 
 the building, Gallery 19, m which are nine pieces of sculp- 
 ture. In tire centre of the room, on a pedestal, is a large 
 subject entitled “The Night of the 11th of October, 1492 ” 
 (405), by D'Amore. It rei>resents two men pointing 
 emphatically and gazing eagerly in the same direction, the 
 one having the left foot resting on a coil of roi>e, indicating 
 that they ai'e on shipboard. The two are probably Columbus 
 and one of his officers. The subject is vigorously treated. 
 “Boy Gathering Grapes" (407) is by an unknown artist. 
 This work is elaborately developed, the boy beingrepresented 
 l>oiscd on one foot, his head tlu‘owTi bac‘k and right hand | 
 extended iqaward, grio-sjamg a branch of a grape-vine, wliile 
 in Ms other hand he holds a bunch of newly jdacked 
 grapes. The vine and fruit oi-e vciy earofully sculptured, 
 
 1 and the child is admirably modeled. “Silvia" (411), by 
 I Barzaghi. a girl half nude, leaning forward and fastening a 
 I flower ill her hah, taken from a mass of flowera which 
 she holds in her garment gathered about her waist It is a 
 jjrctty conceit and poetically hamlled. 
 
 Gallery No. 4 closes the Ituhau Exhibition in the Art 
 Annex. Here ai'o some twenty-five or thirty works of 
 sculpture, of which a few deseive special notice. Of these 
 “Phryne before the Judges, "by Barzaghi (3'28), will first 
 attract attention. It represents the old situation already so 
 adequately represented on canvas by Gerome, and wMch is 
 
 “Buoso da Diicro, the Bctr.ayer of King Manfred of 
 Sicily, Dying from Staiwation at the Door of a Convent” 
 (357), by Di Chierico, is a large canvas, and is a striking 
 j)icture. The most of the work is taken up with the 
 massive miisoury of the entrance to the convent, whose 
 iron doors, having just been oiiened, disclose to the view 
 of the group of horror-stricken monks the figure of the 
 betrayer lying upon his back on the steps, and lightly 
 covered with a snow which ha.s fallen during the night. 
 The scene is n dramatic one and is very well depicted. 
 Three works in sixteenth century frames are exhibited 
 by A. Vertunni, of Rome, but are not numbered or com- 
 prised in the catalogue. The first of these is ou a canvas 
 about 8 feet by 4, and rei>resents the ruins of Piestum. In 
 the foreground is a luiu-shy pool, where a few of the rough 
 cattle of that section have come down to drink. This is 
 all in slnule, and it is not until you reach the ruins of 
 the temifle, in the centre of the picture, that you see the 
 light. The entire ujjper xjortiou of the ruins, and the 
 distance beyond, ai-e warmed and mellowed by it in an 
 exceedingly novel and striking maimer. The artist’s treat- 
 ment of light and shade effects is original and most skillful. 
 Over the ruined buildings hover large flocks of birds, 
 possibly cranes, and in the distmee a range of high hill.s 
 looms through the hazy, warm atmosphere, and skirts the 
 shores of the sea between. Next to this work is another by 
 the same artist, representing the Pyramids ; and beside 
 this again, still another, presenting a portion of the lagoon 
 of Venice, with two men tying their boat to a group of 
 piles, probably preparatory to fishing. The two first of 
 
 EXHIBITION’ OP NE.-VT CATTLE, — 9. LUCY. 10. COB^SaCK. 11. DURHAM BULLB. 12. DR.-VUOH T CATTEH. 13. BUPP.rt/lE^. 
 
200 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 these -works may he fairly considered among the best 
 exhibited by recent Italian painters. 
 
 Nktherl.^ds. 
 
 The Netherhincls collection is generally a creditable one, 
 and contains some nrorks possessing peculiar merits. “The 
 "Widow” (50), by Verveer, represents a poor -widow -wood- 
 gatherer crossing a field with her apron filled -with wood, 
 an infant clinging to her neck and a small child beside her, 
 also laden -with fagots. Near her walks an old man, also a 
 fagot-gatherer, leaning upon his crutched stick, and having, 
 evidently, an eye to the charms of the pretty, though 
 poverty-stricken, young -widow, -with the toddling cliild 
 beside, glancing at liim askance, as though wondering to 
 herself what kind of a stepfather he woidd make. This 
 work shows the in- 
 fluence of the mo- 
 dem French seliool, 
 and is handled after 
 its best manner. 
 
 No. 5-2, by C. 
 
 Nakkeu, “Pack- 
 horses in the WoocLs 
 of St. Gatien, Nor- 
 mandy,” represents 
 a Winter scene -with 
 half a dozen hoi-ses 
 -standing beneath 
 the eaves of a 
 thatched cottage. 
 
 Except a r(-)Ugh, 
 wooden - shod pea- 
 sant, who gives them 
 fodder, there is no 
 other living object 
 U) be seen ; and tho 
 landscape, tho 
 groimd being cover- 
 ed with snow, and 
 the trees stripj-ied 
 of their foliage, is 
 dreary enough. The 
 horses are well 
 drawn and closely 
 copied after nature. 
 
 Tho landscape is 
 excellent, the bleak 
 wintrinoss of the 
 pcricsl being __well 
 shown. No. 54, “At 
 Church,” by Bis- 
 schop, i>resents a 
 youugwoman seated 
 in her p e av in 
 church, with her 
 attention, however, 
 evidently directed 
 away from ^ the 
 ancient- looking 
 prayer-book before 
 her. Tlie face is 
 well pahited, and i.s 
 full of expression. 
 
 The texture of the 
 costume is carefully 
 wrouglit. A figure 
 of a woman in the 
 backgromul, with 
 her head le-auiug 
 against a wall, is 
 uuueees.sary to the 
 picture, and inart- 
 istic. “Scene in 
 KuOenburg” (55), 
 hy Koekkoek, re- 
 presents a street- 
 scene -Avith people 
 loitering about, a 
 wagon laden with 
 hay moving slowly 
 along, occasional 
 tre-e.s, a church 
 tower iu the dis- 
 tance, and on the sides of the street quaint old Dutch 
 houses — all very carefully i>ainted and true to fact. 
 No. 58, “A Critical Moment,” by Henkes, represents an 
 incident of a child which has faHen into the water near a 
 bridge, and is being mixed up Avith pieces of ice in a 
 manner not very suggestive of a lengthened future for the 
 -unfortunate. A man has, however, leaped to lier rescue, 
 and, -with the aid of two others iu a boat, who hold him 
 ■with a rope about his middle, is just about grasping the 
 sinking child, furnishing tiie “critical moment” of the 
 artist. A group of compassionate bystanders on the bridge 
 above well displays the attitudes occasioned by such situa- 
 tions. The work is vigorously though accurately treated. 
 “On the River-side, ” by Van Everdingen (62), is a pleasing 
 landscape, shoAving a roatl running off into the background 
 beneath tree-s, Avith the river lying placidly at its side, and 
 
 wonderfully good in the representation — so good, indeed, 
 that there are but one or two French artists who could 
 approach it. The subject is simple enough, only a dreary- 
 looking potato-field -with a little patch of dry binish on the 
 left of the foreground ; one peasant woman digging potatoes, 
 and two others picking them up and transferring them to 
 the basket and apron. In the distance, a church spire gives 
 iuchcation of a -village. This is all there is of it ; but the 
 artist has so thoroughly imbued his work with a just and 
 true sentiment, that it is specially worthy of notice. No. 
 90, by Mrs, Henriette Ronner, entitled “ The La.st Hope,” 
 represents a fleeing bare chased by four dogs, the latter 
 being just iu the act of crossing a brook, over which the 
 hare, by means of a board, has successfully passed. Tliis 
 work is full of life and action, the animals being capitally 
 drawn, the incident 
 mentioned being 
 lAcrfectly executed. 
 No. 93, by our own 
 a !• t i s t , Kniscman 
 Van Elten, of New 
 York, i.s a “Holland 
 Landscape,” and a 
 very charming one. 
 This artist is so well 
 known, that it is 
 only necessary to 
 indicate his worlc 
 to attract attention 
 to it. No. 102, hy 
 Taanman, a six- 
 teenth century 
 scene, representing 
 the “Sheriffs Hifil 
 iu the Old Toaaii 
 Hall at Kampen,” 
 Avith an old carved 
 eliimney -piece and 
 fire-place, and an- 
 cient furniture, well 
 given. Two old- 
 time state officials 
 at a tiblo covered 
 with books and do- 
 cuments, and an 
 attendant or jiago 
 in waiting, are char- 
 acteristic features. 
 No. 105, by Heem- 
 .skerk, represents a 
 river scene near 
 Amsterdam, with 
 a storm brewing ; a 
 Dutch small -craft 
 flying before tho 
 wind, with the city 
 wharves, etc. , iu the 
 distance. No. 106 
 is an illustration 
 after Lafoutaiuc’a 
 fable of “Tho Cat 
 Pi-eteuding to have 
 been Hanged.” It 
 is cleverly given, 
 the deceitful cat 
 being particuiaily 
 well rendered. 
 
 In room 13 three 
 sides are given up 
 to four large paint- 
 ings by Altmann, of 
 Amsterdam, painted 
 after Rembrandt 
 and other masters, 
 but offering nothing 
 reijuiring notice. 
 “The Nursery” 
 (130), by Allebe,' is 
 a pretty little do- 
 mestic scene, repre- 
 senting two small 
 children watching a 
 cat and her little 
 kittens. Immediately beneath this picture is No. 131, 
 by Ebersbach, called “Recreation," representing several 
 lailies engaged in shooting at a mark, which is parti- 
 cularly noticeable from its being quite unlike in treat- 
 ment any other painting which we have thus far met 
 •with in the Netherlands collection. It is handled in an 
 aiiy and easy manner, yet with snfiicient force, nevertheless, 
 to make it quite an effective little work. No. 152, by J. C. 
 Y'an Essen, “A Moment's Rest,” deserves passing notice. 
 An old peasant woman, -wending her way homeward over 
 snow-covered and frozen groimd, has stopped for a moment 
 to rest her tired bones, and is seated on a mde bench or 
 log hy the way-side. There is sentiment and quiet 
 dignity in the face of the poor old creature, and enougli 
 poetrj’ in it to interest some one who Ls appreciative, for 
 it is marked “Sold." 
 
 I a single sail specking the blue and white sky above. No. 67, 
 
 I “After the Storm,” by Israels, is an admirable painting, 
 
 I without regard to its title, Avhich has no special reference 
 I to it. A woman sits in a doorway, with about an inch and 
 ! a h.alf of sky in sight, which is certainly dark enough to 
 indicate a storm. An older woman stands beside her with 
 folded arms, leaning against the wall, with a very wTetched 
 and hopeless expression on her face, which indicates quite 
 as much of a storm -within her. A little child sits beside 
 her on a rude bench, eating. The painting of this picture 
 is careful, and shows full capacity and appreciation. No. 69, 
 by H. A. Y’lm Trigt, entitled “Norwegian "^"'omen Bringing 
 Children to be Baptized, and being "^’eleomed by the 
 Clergyman,” represents a baptismal scene, and is not jiar- 
 ticularly interesting, nor specially Avell painted; though 
 
 “ XEW H4MPSHIBE DAY," OCTOBEE IZTH— GOA-EENOE CHENEY ADDEES8ING THE QUESTS fBOM THE SEW HAMP8HIBE STATE BCILDIXO. 
 
 considerable care has been taken in the faces of the principal 
 figures. There is evidence of originaHty, however, iu the 
 work, although it is a “medal” picture. “The First 
 Lesson iu SAvimming" (70), by Maris, represents a duck, 
 evidently quacking loudly, having phmged into the water, 
 and about to be followed by her entire brood of ducklings, 
 one of which has already ventureiL This picture, without 
 minute attention to details, either of feathers or foliage, is 
 true to nature aud is quite full of -vitality. Compared with 
 the others, it should h.ave had a medal, hut has not got oue. 
 
 No. 76, by Miss Ytos, a picture of “Still Life,” is the only 
 work of the kind in the room, and perhaps has received a 
 medal on that account Otherwise, it is not remarkable, 
 
 “Tlie Potato-Gatherers" (89), by Sadee, is quite the best 
 painting in this gallery, and therefore ha.s no meihil. Like 
 No. 50, it is a reflection from the Fivuch school, but 
 
HISTORICAL ~ REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 201 
 
 THE KIXO or uiill'a 
 
 We now pafls to Gallery 15. No. 4, by H. Koekkouk, of 
 Amsterdam, “Beacli on the Freneli Coast,” rejiresents a 
 stormy scene, the waves foaming and tos-sbig, uud black, 
 lowering clouds flying rapidly acros-s the sky, a schooner 
 beached in the foreground, end a gi'oiip of people, fisher- 
 men and others, engaged in unloading her, wliile in the 
 distance a secoud schooner rushes in before the wind imder 
 shortened sail. No. G, by Israels, “The Ciud- Players,” 
 is a largo work, full of power, aud handled with marked 
 
 oirr or oold and silver to the united states for eehibition 
 
 freedom of touch. The players cominise three men sitting 
 about a table with pipes aud hquor, while a woman, having a 
 child in her arms, leans against a wardrobe nearby. Storm 
 on the North Sea ” (23), by H. W. :Mcsdag, is a work which 
 consists of a sea and stormy sky, with a few gulls percejiti- 
 ble. It is a medal picture, and if we were to get at a 
 distance from it of about one hundred and fifty yard.s, with 
 '’Py-gliiss, we might discover its merits ; but the size of 
 the room precludes this, and we fail to see them. “Early 
 
 AT THE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 Morning” (27), by Apol. Here the judges stumbled on a 
 good j>icture. The first faint glimmer of sunrise is making 
 its appearance in the distance, and brightening up the 
 scene, which comprises a forest on one side, and gi-ass and 
 underhnwh on the other, with a little-used road between. 
 It is thoroughly well paiuted, however, an<l deseiwes the 
 medal accorded to it. There is nothing else in this de- 
 partment which requires attention. 
 
 The Netherlands collection concludes with a number of 
 
 I Bridal CrowD. 2. Drinking Vase, a Old style Tea- 
 
 Silrer Drinking Cupa 5. Drinking Hor 
 
 . Sleigb, aud meibod of using ii as a Market-basket, 18. S 
 
 Jierff7iaii4 fiSchinyp!' 
 
 w shoes, 19. Single Sulky. 
 
 THE NORWAY EXHIBIT IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
■'202 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 chromo-Htbographs and photographs in Gallery No. 21, ami 
 some eugra\*ings in No. 23, both being a ])ortion of the 
 long hall •^•hich i>as.scs through the centre of the building 
 from east to Tve-st. 
 
 United States. 
 
 The United States pictures commence in GaUery No. G. 
 'Marshall’s Portrait, “Abraham Lincohi," should receive 
 some consideration. No. 404, by S. B. Gifford, “Twilight 
 in the Adirondacks. " This iiictiire is full of a lurid effect 
 of light, which is peculiar to thi.s artist. Crop-scy's 
 (40oj, “Old Jlill,” is a well-known incturo. whose vi\id 
 nnd brilliant coloring reminds one rather of a transfornm- 
 tion scene at the theatre than either of nature or art. No. 
 409. by Jerome Thompson, “The Old Oaken Bucket,’’ 
 is another fmniliar work, which has been chromoed, and is 
 known by every one. “Tlie Jealous Duchess” (412), by 
 Vaini, exhibited in the Academy of Design in New York. 
 The story of this unfortunate artist, who committed suicide 
 while visiting Prof. Doremus, at his country-scat, near 
 New Y’ork, will give special interest to this picture, 
 which, however, contains .sufficient merit to demand con- 
 sideration. If it were not for the hideous countenance 
 which the avti.st has given to the jealous and murderous 
 wife, this work would be as attractive as it is excellent. 
 The three i>icturcs by Cole, “The Cross of the World — | 
 Youth. Manhood, and Old Age,” will be gazed upon with : 
 
 and the “Lair of the Sea-Serpent,” Vedder has gone on 
 improving in power and increasing in eccentricity. As he 
 is still young, it is impossible to imagine what point he will 
 reach in the cud. No. 849. by H. Thouron, "Cliarlotte 
 Corday — The Eve of her Execution.” is a striking picture. 
 Bai-ring the little coarsene-ss, it is very meritorious. " Vir- 
 ginia ditring the War” (852), by J. McEutee, is a desolate 
 picture enough, and suggests rather than depicts the 
 actual condition of the South during the jreriod indicated. 
 Willard’s now celebrated pictiue, entitled “Yankee- 
 Doodle.” is kuowir by the lithogriiplr-s and engravings, and 
 will be welcome here in the originid, 
 
 \Vc now come to Gidlery 12, one side of which is 
 occupied by a huge canvas by E. Panwels, of Weim.Tr, 
 entitled “The New Bepiiblic.” It is an allegorical piece, 
 and, like the most of such subjects, exaggerated. Those 
 who admire this class of works should examine it for 
 themselves. Slost of the paintings irr tlris gallery arework.s 
 by fetreign artists, and loaned for the occasion. Prominent 
 among these are Nos. 781 and 80G, by Hans Makart, of 
 Vienna, the painter of the celebrated Cornaro picture in 
 Memoriid Hall, The first of these works is entitled 
 “ Abundance of the >Sea,”and the second “ Abimdarrce of 
 the Earth.” In these two pictures the artist has permitted 
 I his imagination to run riot. Nude women, other women 
 : clothed and in their right mind, children, lobsters, conch- 
 
 is also the handling of the dmperv. Another piece of 
 statuary by M. S. Gould, called the “Water Babie.s,” is a 
 charming little work, which we have already illustrated and 
 described. 
 
 In Gallery 14 there are five pieces of sculpture, one 
 of which, “Christ in the Sepulchre,” by Cu-sachs (500), 
 is in plaster, and the others in marble. None of these 
 requires special mention. Of the oil paintings we must 
 first note Huntington’s “Titian and Charle.s V." (454), in 
 which the artist liias exhibited his faculty for coloring to 
 advantage, wliilc the composition is pleasing and character- 
 istic. “Lake George,” 1)V J. F. Kensett (458). is rather 
 warm in tone and .seemingly a little exaggeratial iu that 
 pmticular, but is a pleasing representation of thi.s artist’s 
 method. Justabove is Whittredge’s “The Pilgrims of St, 
 Eoehe” (459), for min g in the gloom of its sky and its 
 shadows a broad contrast to the more brilUant work below. 
 “San Giorgio, Venice” (4G1), by S. B. Gifl’ord, is a good 
 specimen of this artist’s style in coloring and atuiosj>heric 
 effects. Eiustman Johnson's “Bo-peep” (4G2;. painted iu 
 1872, is one of the very best of tliis artist’s small works. 
 It represents a young mother annisiug her child by means 
 of the game iuilicated in the title. The two lounge upon 
 a sofa in a graceful and natiual pose, the furuitui’c in the 
 apartment is carefully and exactly i^ainted. and the tone of 
 the work and the management of light and .shade are 
 
 -1. I /7^7/ /% 
 
 lINDIANA MINERAL EXHIBiri V^i^* 
 
 THE MINERAL .ANNE.X, - CHINESE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 some curiosity by tho.se who are not familiar with tbis 
 artist. “Bison at B.ay " (441), by W. J. Hays, now 
 deceased, is a good representation of the buffalo on the 
 p inin g, the one given iu this picture being chased by 
 wolves. 
 
 GaUerj- 8 contains an exhibition of architectural draw- 
 ings, a large collection of which are the work of Mes.srs. 
 Sehwarzmanu and Kafka, artists of the Centennial Exhibi- 
 tion. In Gallery 10. “ Neptune’s Bridiil ’’ i.s a large work 
 by Otto Seitz, of Munich (825), and i-s a gorgeous and 
 glowing representation of Neptime and his fairy liride. 
 seated on a throne of .shell, drawn )>y sea-horses and 
 surronud-d by a group of mermaids with their nymphs 
 and mermen, with flying cupid-i in the air, and music 
 performed on eoneh-shells by the band. This work is large 
 and showy, and there is some good figure-jiainting in it. 
 Nos. 821 and 827, by Clementina Tompkins, “The Little 
 Musician” and "An Artistic Debut.” repre.sent two little 
 bliick and brown-skinned boys, and are both interesting 
 works. No. 836. Bierstadt's “Y’oscmite Valley,” doe.s not 
 need description. He.aly's Portrait — ‘ • Ex - Pre.sident 
 Thiers” (840), will ath'aet attention for its subject and 
 838, Snlly's i)ortrait of his wife, will gain consideration 
 on account of the artist. “The Greek Actor's Daughter ” 
 (842), by Vedder, is a (j\iite remarkable work by a 
 remarkable young artist, who unites iu himself the 
 iJiosynci-asies of Gerome, Coomaus, and .\lma-Tadema, 
 all in one. From his first pictures, “The Boc’a Egg,” 
 
 shells, uautilus, magnificent drapery, oysters, sea-plants, 
 etc., .are mingled together in marvelous confiisinn, yet with 
 the spirit and fire of genius impregnating the whole. This 
 is the sea jiicture. Tho other, which is of laud, present.s 
 naked babies, melon.s, apples and oranges, bare legs, kids, 
 fmits of the vine and fruits of the tree — all in inextricable 
 coufn.siou, and displaying this artist’s wonderfid feeling for 
 color .and aptitude iu composition. Here are some works 
 .set forth with a claim for authenticity, which makes one’s 
 hair stand on end: A “Judith,” by Douienicbino, for 
 instance; “St. Francis iu his Cell.” of Murillo; "St. 
 Jerome," of Albert Diirev : "St. Aiulrew Bearing his Cross,” 
 and “ Chri.st Stilling the Tempest, ” by Amlrea Del Sarto ; 
 “War Scene,” by Wouvemians. VTietever all these old 
 masters came from, or whether they are old masters, or 
 only copies, we leave to those who choose to investigate. 
 “The Crucifixion,” by Vandyke, ai^propriately concludes 
 this list of remarkiible laaintings. No. 777. by Cabanel, 
 “Francesca di Bimini,” is not a very striking or worthy 
 picture. “Bridal Procession in .Alsace” (791), by G. 
 Brion, is one of those conventional paintings which are 
 only interesting to a few. “Autumn” (790). The fact 
 that the figure in this work is by Dubufe, and the sheep by 
 Bosa Bouheur. is quite sufficient to render it interesting. 
 Iu this room is a piece of sculpture by T. B. Gould, of 
 Florence, entitled “The West Wind.” The idea is a 
 poetical one, and is prettily and cleverly sustained by the 
 artist. The modeling of this figure is very creditable, as 
 
 highly ai'tistic. It is an admirable specimen of 
 Ijainting. “The Great Trees. Maripo.sa Grove, California,’’ 
 by A. Bierstadfc (473). Thi.s work is familiar to most of 
 our art-students, and is a good illustration of the artist's 
 style of handling colos.sal subjects, although thi.s painting is 
 mirch smaller than his other works. “The Shadow of a 
 Great Bock in a Weaiy Laud,” by Oertcl (482), is an alle- 
 gorical subject in wliicli an Oricuhil youth is represented 
 reposing himself beneath a rock, which forms a part of an 
 oasis, and beside which flowers grow luxuriantly. Beyond, 
 tho desolate desert, '^vith a driving sand-'stomi, from which 
 the wayfarer has just escaped, presents the contrast iu • 
 which the allegory is contained. This work covers a large • 
 canvas, about 10 feet by 8, and is executed with evident . 
 earnestness and considerable merit. “Going to Church,. 
 Cbiistmas Eve,” by J. C. Thom (484), rei)reseuts a %-illugw 
 road seen iu perspective, the groimd covered with snow, 
 and moonlight brightening the scene. Up tho road como 
 straggling parties of villagers on their way to church, 
 an ancient, ivy-mautled edifice, whose imrtul alone, ^"ith 
 a little of the walls, and a single lighted window, ore all that 
 is to be seen of it. Tliis work is made more interesting 
 than the nature of the subject would be presmned to have. 
 
 ‘ Morning at Narrogansett,” by A. T. Bricher (48G), is a 
 marine piece, representing a (iniet beach with the surf 
 tossing gently upon it, and the snu just above the horizon 
 breaking the shadows. 
 
 Gallery No, 16 contains contributions of the Amcricaifc 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 2o:^ 
 
 THE MINERAL ANNEX. — ARRitW-HEADS AND STONE IMPLEMENTS 
 
 Society of Painters in "Water Colors, of New York. Tliis 
 associiiti(Jii has in a few years risen to almost the first rank 
 in water-cnhjr paintings, and the works exJubited here are 
 generally a fair exiinncnt of the merits of the artists 
 represented. Glancing rapidly through the collection, wo 
 can only indicate ii few of the more specially noticeable 
 and meritorious works. No. 27(i, by Louis C. Tiffany, 
 “The Old and New Mosques — Ali Hassimin and Sultan 
 El Carmel, Cairo” — is a very admirable representation of 
 Oriental architecture. “Lazy Life in the East — Gate of 
 the Sub-Treasury, Tangiers ” (277), by the same artist, 
 displays the characteristics of the Ottomans in their every- 
 day life, the costumes being carefully 2 >ortrayed and the 
 grouping eiusy and life-like. No. 2811 is still another 
 Oriental iiieturc. but by Samuel Colman, the scene being 
 in Algiei-a, and the subject the “Mosipic of Sidi Hallui.” 
 Colmaii has made hi.s mark in (hi.s class of paintings 
 and the present work exhibits him at his best. “ Nor- 
 mandy Girl Caught in a Shower” (287|, by Geo. H. 
 Koughton, is a capihil reiwesentation of n French iieiuwmt, 
 and a very bright and jileasing little jheture. No, 2SS, 
 by J. O. Eaton, “Out of Mischief,” reimeaent.s a curly- 
 headed little b<>y of some three or four Summers lying fast 
 aslcej) in his crib. It is a charming little domestic .subject, 
 exqiiLsitely treated. “ Jfount Madisiin, N. H.” t2!>4), by 
 William Hart, is one of the j>leasing landscapes j>ccnliar to 
 this artist. “A Semb ilaco on thcWesU’rn Plains” (809), 
 by James I"), ,Smillii‘, is a lively and animated i)icture, in | 
 whicli, howi‘ver. the hoi-se.s are not di'awn with that aceu- j 
 rate regard t<i equine tuiatomy which might be desired. It 
 is an illustration of the iiici'eased valuation juit ujion water- 
 color pictures of late, as the 2 iriee of this one is §1,500. 
 “Romeo and Juliet” (818), by Alfred Fredericks, of New 
 York, Ls one of the few figure subjects in the collection 
 which can bo commended. Our artists ai'c by no means as 
 succes-sful, iLs a rule, in figure- 2 )aiutiug, trs they are in 
 landscape, marine and ai-chitectnral. Fredericks is, how- 
 ever, an exception to this rule, and the 2 >rescnt work, 
 although not one <>f hi.s best, fairly di.splays his hdeut. 
 
 “ The Little Prisoner" is by J. 0. Eaton (321). This artist 
 
 is most successful in troatiug children, and tlii.s work is 
 quite excellent in the manner of its handling. A little 
 chap cornered behind two chairs, which arc tied together, 
 is iv 2 )resented to be mourning his incarceration and chew- 
 ing the bitter cud of melancholy and despair in the form of 
 the corner of his httle apron, while one hand behind his 
 back tlis 2 )lay« childreii'.s most accushimed 2 >ositiou, one 
 2 >ha.se of the changeable tem 2 >er.iment of a child. “In the 
 Darkling Wood ” (327), by F. IIu 2 )kinaou Smith, rc|>resent9 
 an avenue in the midst of a forest vanishing in 2 )ers 2 >cctive. 
 In the furegrouud a still 2 JOol of water, and bar^i(^ading 
 that a mass of oveiihrown and mo.ss-covered tnuiks of 
 trees. This ia quite the best work by this artist out of the 
 several iu the collection. The foliage and bark of the trees 
 are 2 )ainted with care and conscientious fidelity to nature. 
 The distance i.s well presented, and the sense of breadth 
 and eximnse is demonstiuted most U 2 ipreciubly. “Brace’s 
 Rock,' Ay F. A. Silva (838), a marine containing the sinqde 
 elements of rock, sky and water, 2 >ainted with ciu-e and 
 2 >ur 2 )ose. "Autumn Woods," by A. F. Bellows (332). Mr. 
 Bellows ha.s been lus successful iu water-color 2 >aiutings os 
 he has in oils. The work under our notice 2 )rescnts a grotqi 
 of young 2 )ersous among the underbrush on the outskirts 
 of a forest. The Autumn hues are carefully diqiicted, and 
 the work is a creditable one. No. 842, “The Ferry,” is 
 another and — becaitso contiiining more life — more attractive 
 B 2 )ecimeu by the same artist. William T. Rii-hurds exliibits 
 “PiU-adise, NeW 2 >ort ” (343), one of the largest of the water- 
 color 2 )ointings exhibited, representing the quiet rural 
 country, 2 )ainted with that eonsidnratioii for detail, which 
 is u speciid 2 >art of Mr. Richards's artistic quality. • ‘ Gather- 
 ing Water-Lilies,” by A. T. Ih-ichcv (847), is quite one of 
 the very be.st works in the room, if not the best. It 
 represents a tranciuil brook, resting, as it would seem, 
 2 )as.sively. iu a i^ool beneath the shadow of large trees 
 whieh skirt its side. Li the middle distance a boat is 
 shown, from which a girl leans f<5n<-ai-d to gras 2 ) the water- 
 lilies, ^^hile another, behind her, holds the padiUe with 
 whieh she jiropels them through the water. Without 
 the slightest apx>earance of effort there is artistic 2 >ower to 
 
 be seen in this picture. “The Willow Wagon" (340), by 
 A. F. Bellows, is doubtles.9 a reminiscence of his English 
 study and ex|>eriencc. It is a very charming landscape. 
 Noa. 350 and 350 are by R. Swain Gifford. The first 
 illustrates the Arabian Nights ideal of a “Roc’s Egg,” in 
 which that remarkable (>%-um is hi contrast with 
 
 ordimiry humanity, to the manifest disadvantage of the 
 latter. The second 2 ’ictnre, that of the “Venetian Com- 
 panions,” 2 >reseiits three gondolas gliding side by .side 
 along the siirfaei- of the lagoon, M ith Venice dimly .seen in 
 the distance. “ The Old House on the Hill ” (300), Ijy Henry 
 Farrer, is a better success tlmn those who .saw IMr. Farrer’.s 
 fimt efforts in 2 'vc-Raphaelite art woMd have ex25ccted. 
 It is a characteristic and cretlitable picture. “Evening, 
 Long Xslitud Sound” (375), is by ICni.seman Van Elteu ; 
 rich and luminous iu color, .and an ambitious efl'ort, rather 
 differentfromthccustomaiy work of thisartist. “Egyq)!!!!!! 
 Twilight” (378), by R. Swain Gifl’ord, is a f:ir better 
 re 2 )resentation of the real merit of Mr. friff'ord than aro 
 tho.se to whieh we have just drawn ymiv attention. There 
 is a quiet charm about it, whieh is exjdained by bis fidelity 
 to its theme. “Sunday Afternoon iu New England," by 
 A. F. Bellow.s (3S3), is a ehanieteristie 2 ><>i'traiture of a 
 familiar scene. The long rillage road, overhung bys 2 iread- 
 ing elms, with the old-fashioned elim-eh, and the ulder- 
 fashiotied houses, forms a most exact i'e 2 )ve.sentiti(Jii of New 
 England village seeiievy. One of the best of the few 
 raariuc.s exhibit'd is by J, C. Nicoll, and is entitled, “On 
 the Gulf of St. Liiwreuec” (387). Here th<Te is conscien- 
 tious and entirely sutisfactorj- work, and the 2 >ifture is iu 
 all res 2 >ects attniotive. “Columbia's Daughter,” by Wm. 
 WdLioe Scott (J89). Here is some exquisite flesh- 2 )nintiug, 
 and there i.s altogether a delicacy and refinement of touch 
 to be -seen in this work whicli makes one wish for more 
 ambitions efforts on the 2 'artof the artist. “Rome, Looking 
 Down the Tiber,” by Samuel Column (897). This 2 )ictiiro 
 .should al.so be ranked among the first-class water-coloi-s. 
 There is a breadth of effect, a rich cnnibiiiatam of details, 
 whieh is higlily conqjrehensive, and well indicates the 
 special merits of this verj- clever artist. Tlie water-color 
 
204 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 "STATE DAY” OP MARYLAND, DELAWARE AND VIRGINIA, OCTOBER — THE TOURNAMENT AT GEORGE’S HILL IN THE AFTERNOON. 
 
 collection closes with 399, “Safely Lamled” by A. F- 
 Bellows. A young girl flt the foot of a grand old tree 
 leans forward over the brook beneath her, and with a 
 twig succeeds in rescuing from the water a bird’s nest 
 filled with young, the mother, meanwhile, fluttering 
 behind her floating offspring and eagerly watching the 
 efforts toward their safety. This is a most charming 
 work, and is an excellent study. 
 
 ChiUery 18 forms a ptirt of the transverse corridor in the 
 transept, and conhuns framed specimens of engravings ; 
 also a considerable collection of painted china and glass- 
 ware from the firm of Steele Bros., Philadelpliia, from 
 Hinriclts, of New York, and from Gay, of Pliiladelphia. 
 Some specimen.s of china dinner-sets forming a portion of 
 these exhibits are very artistic, and compare favorably with 
 some of the forcigir work in the Main Building. 
 
 Galleiy No. 20, immetliately next to this, contains very 
 tnuch the same class of works as that last mentioned. The 
 decorated china is from Bevington k Co., of Philadelphia, 
 and is more ambitious in design. There is also ex- 
 hibited a considerable di.splay of electrotype reproduc- 
 tions of medals and bas-reliefs from Augustus Haas, of 
 New Y’ork. 
 
 Gallery No. 22 contains engravings on steel exhibited 
 by Samuel and John Sartain, of Philadelphia ; George E. 
 Ferine, A. B. Durand, W. E. Marshall, and M. Knoedlcr 
 k Co., all of New York. There is also a collection of 
 twenty-nine representations in plaster of the popular 
 statuette subjects of John Rogers. 
 
 Gallery No. 24 contains specimens of bank-note engraving 
 from the National and American Bank Note Comimnies ; 
 also a frame of the collection of notes and bonds of the 
 Empire of Japan ; specimens from the Continental Bank 
 Note Company ; and the collection of very wonderfid 
 specimens of steel-j>en work, including quite marvelous 
 copies from certoin well-known paintings, the whole exe- 
 cuted by F. "U*. H. M’iesehahn, of St. Louis. The corridor 
 ends here with some illustrations of wood-carving, plaster 
 ornaments for interior decoration, an ancient Hindoo idol 
 supposed to be two thousand years old, and some other 
 miscellaneous articles, including two colossal statues in 
 plaster. 
 
 Gallery No. 28 contains a large number of •paintings, 
 all by Boston artists, of wliich quite a number need 
 consideration. Nos. 896 and 904, by B. C. Porter, of 
 Boston, entitled “Portrait” and the “Hour-Glass,” are 
 quite above the ordinary range of American figure-work in 
 merit, and in this room stand out as prominent subjects for 
 9onsideratiou, There Is evinced in these works a profound 
 
 feeling for color and texture, the delineation of the latter 
 l>eiDg remarkable in its fidelity. The face painting is also 
 excellent. The pose of the figures, particularly that of the 
 portrait subject, is easy and natural. We oonfesS never to 
 have heard of this artist before, but bis works should be 
 esteemed highly. Four fi-sh paintings, by W, M. Brackett 
 (897 to 900), depict the progress of angling experience in 
 which the noble king of fish, the salmon, is the victim. 
 Tlie entire cour.se of struggle, from the rise to the catch, is 
 capitally set forth, there being real animation and vitality 
 presented in the movements of the unhappy fish. “Port 
 of Antwerp" (906), by D. J. Elwell, of Boston, is a work 
 which possesses considerable merit, and is treated u'ith a 
 breatlth of \inderstanding of this class of subjects -n-hich 
 we do not always find in American artists. No. 910 is a 
 portrait ])v Elizabeth Boott. This work, however, though 
 not pleasing and hung too much out of range for good 
 observation, seems to contain elements to indicate an 
 artist of considerable capacity. “Sheep in Pasture” 
 (924), by T. Robinson, presents these interesting animals 
 in a favorable and natural light. No. 927, by W. E. Norton, 
 “Fog on the Grand Banks.” Any one who has exi'>eri- 
 enced the situation shown in this picture, as lias tlie 
 writer of this, will at once appreciate the closeneas of the 
 fiilelity shown by the artist in the scene represented, which 
 as jilaced upon the canvas posseascs more picturosqueness 
 than might at first be anticipated. Nos. 931, 932, and 933 
 are portraits by the late Gilbert Stuart of “ Fisher Ames," 
 “Judge Story," and “Bishop Chevenix.” They are in- 
 teresting solely on accoimt of the name of the artist. 
 “Under the Oaks” (935), by E. M. Bannister, is quite a 
 stai'tbug representation of a grove of old gnarled oaks, 
 beneath which a shepherd watches a small flock of sheep 
 browsing on the slight declirity which leads to a quiet 
 pool in the foreground. These trees are painted witli such 
 wonderful closeness to iiahu-e as to fairly stand out from 
 the gruy-and-white backgi’ound of the sky as though in 
 relief. “Lake Champlain” (938), by Mrs, S. T. Darruh. 
 There is nothing here to indicate lake Champlain, or any 
 other large body of water, but there is some good work in 
 it, nevertheless. We will go back for a moment to 881, 
 i called the “ Empty Nest," and which is by R. 51. Staigg, of 
 I Boston — a very pleofung picture, and quite up to the liigh 
 reputation of the artist. “In the Bay of Naples” (^83, by 
 F. D. 5Iillet. is too realistic to be either artistic or pleasing. 
 Tliere is no disputing the anatomy and possibly the color, 
 but this is not art. “Isaac of York — Ivanhoe” (895), by 
 Washington Allston, would be interesting on account of 
 the painter, if one could see it, which is impossible from 
 
 its being hung on the upper line, about ten feet from tba 
 floor. 
 
 Gallery No. 30 contains exclusively works by Phila- 
 delphia artists, notably 1037, Schussele’s ‘ ‘ Zeisberger 
 Preaching to the Indians"; 1048, Rothermel's “ Christian 
 Martyrs in the Colosseum ” ; 1065, F. do B. Richard’s 
 “Campagna di Roma,” and M)81, G. W. Pettit’s “Crema- 
 tion of Julius Cresar.” These are sufficiently described by 
 their titles. 1039, by Thomas Moran, is an effort at brilliant 
 effects of color which reminds one of Turner gene mad ; 
 1040, “Natural Arch at Caijri,” by W. S. Haseltine ; 1047, 
 “ V:dley of the Rio Yirgen, Utah,” by 5Ioran ; and 1049, 
 “Dream of the Orient,” by the same artist — another 
 Tumeresqiie picture, will all bear examination. 10.50, 
 by Thomas Eakins, a i)orti-ait, gives evidence of some 
 power, but is so badly hung that it is quite impossible to 
 determine its merit. 1059 and 1068, by Anna 51. Lea. 
 Both, and more particularly the former, sustain us in the 
 words we have already written concerning this artist. She 
 certainly possesses a skill in the handling of fle.sh tints 
 and the manipulation of texturo.s which, so far as onr 
 knowledge and experience go, is quite imequnled by 
 any other artist iu this coimtiy. It should be considered 
 tliat very little creilitable American art-work has been done 
 in the way of figure-painting. With the exception of 
 Leutze, Huntington, Greene, Eastman Johnson, and a few 
 others, no attempts which bear any special reputation 
 have been made in this direction. It is, therefore, the 
 more creditable and the more gratifying to be able to 
 award such high praise as can consciention.sly be given in 
 the present instance. The first of her work.s in tliis gallery 
 is entitled “A Patrician 5Iother”; the other, “Genevieve 
 de Brabant.” 10.54, by P. F. Rothermel, “ The 5Trtuoso." 
 is rather a striking and characteristic picture by an artist 
 whom it is the fashion to decrj'. “Drifting Snow” (1069), 
 by Boufield. Thi.s Is a capital work, painted with real 
 feeling, and undcrstandingly. 1072, by Peter 5Ioran, 
 “Settled Rain,” Is also well painted and chatacteristic. 
 The sheep, however, vary. Tliey do not all look as sheep- 
 ish as they might. 1076, by Rosenthal, represents a young 
 monk obsen-ing the movements of two .butterflies which 
 have flown into the window of his cell. There are both 
 good sentiment and good art here. 1070, by A. J. H. Way, 
 of Baltimore, a pair of panel picture.s, representing grapes, 
 are very truthful. In the centre of this room is a large 
 piece of sculpture, “Atala." by Randolph Rogers. It 
 represents the chieftain stooping xipon one knee, and 
 liolding seated upon the other a beautiful maiden of the 
 period. Both these figures are more of the American 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 206 
 
 Indkn typo tlian that 'with which Atala might bettor be 
 classified. 
 
 Gallery No. 40 begins with 988, by Charles Volkmar, Jr., 
 “The Piuwiing Shower.” Tliis is a large laudscai^e, the 
 scene of which is laid near Vichy, France. It is vigorously 
 treated, the foliage being hamlled \ntli skill, and the cloud 
 effects aud resultant shadow-s being treated with artistic 
 care. 992, by Anna M. Lea, is a portrait of an elderly 
 latly, seated iu a high-backed old-fashioned chair beside a 
 table, on which arc c\ip and saucer, strongly suggestive of 
 tea. One can be ceiiain, on examining tliis work, that it is 
 a-s excellent as a jiortrait as it is in its artistic workmanship. 
 The work is strongly individualized, the expression being 
 soulful and earnest. The same elements wliich go to make 
 up the excellence of Miss Lea’s painting exhibited in her 
 other works is observable here. 1003, by Thomas Hill, 
 “Home of the Eagle,” aud 1005, Bierstadt’.s “ Mt. Hood, 
 Oregon,” are well-knowm works, and attract attention. 
 1024. by H. Herzog, of Phila^lelphia, “Nonvegian "Water- 
 fall in Halliugdid," is a large painting, full of power, 
 ideality, and conscientiousness. The scene is wild and 
 romantic, and its elements, 'which might well be exag- 
 gerated, (U'C so held within bounds as to furnish a truth- 
 ful aud at the same time gi-atifying picture. 
 
 Gallery 42. Ovi>r the collection in this room wo will 
 dniw a vail of respectful coucciUment — at least so far ns 
 names and numbers are concerned. It is only necessary to 
 olwervc that here arc i)laced the atrocities of the Exhibi- 
 tion. It is creditihli! at once to the good sense aud good 
 taste of the Art Committee that, being forced to admit this 
 collection by the fiat of their chief, they havo -wisely 
 placed the resjmnsibility where it belongs, in a printed 
 label affixed to each of the more execrable compositions. 
 
 Gallerv' No. 44, in the c.xtremo northwestern corner of 
 'die Annex, is surrendered to a collection of imrtraits by 
 deceased artists of distinction, and a few pieces of sculjiturc, 
 besides which a portion, separateil from the main room by 
 a screen, contains Cathn’s colored representations of North 
 American Indians. Among the oil portraits are the work 
 of C. Wilson Peale, Benjamin Wi*st, J. Vauderlyn, William 
 Dunlap, S. F. B. Morse, Thomas Sully, J. W. Jarvis, 
 John Tritmfmll and Waldo. Some of the figures in marble 
 in this room arc prettily executed, tfotably 1178 and 1179, 
 by R, H. Pai'k, of Florence, entitled, “First Sorrow,” and 
 “Sunshine.” 
 
 DzXiLiBK. 
 
 Gallery No. 7. This room is at the extreme south- 
 eastern front of the Annex, on the right as you enter from 
 
 Memorial Hall. Three aides of the apartment are devoted 
 to the paintings contributed by the Kingdom of Norway, 
 and the remaining side to those eiliibited by Denmark. 
 No. 1, by A. Andersen, of Copenhagen, “Winter Land- 
 scape,” is -well painted. The scene is particularly true 
 to nature. No. 3, by C. Eckardt, “The Harbor of Genoa,” 
 has some good work in it. No. 6, by W. Hammer, “Fruit 
 Under an Apple Tree,” is chiefly remarkable for its size, 
 though the plums and raspbcrrie.s are certainly painted 
 witli great skill. Nos. 9 aud 10, by A. Mackeprang, “Fox 
 iu the Chicken Yard ” and “Fox and its Young,” arc very 
 good specimens of animal painting. 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Of the Norwegian pictures, No. 15, by Jacobsen, of 
 Diisseldorf, is a remarkable painting of a “Birch Forest,” 
 with a wide roadi>a8sing through the middle and vanishing 
 in the disfiince, aud two figures in the foreground. “ View 
 from Driibak, near Christiana,” by Hans Gude (17). The 
 dibtimt hills iu this -work, and the sky, arc -well i^aiutcd. 
 Tlic picture, however, as a whole, does not come up to 
 the reputation of this artist. 23, by Knud Baade, “View 
 on the Norwegian Coast,” is a wild and romantic scene, 
 seeming almost impossible iu its character, Imt ]>ainted 
 methodically and cndently with truth. 28, by J. J. Ben- 
 netter, representing a “Sea Fight between the Frigate 
 Iai Preneiise aud the Line -of -battle Ship Jupiter, off 
 Lc Banc dcs Aiguilles, 20th September, 1799,” English 
 aud French men-of-war, is much the best picture in the 
 room, and one of the be.st marines in the. Exhibition. 29, 
 by Otto Smiling, of Munich, “Ruth and Boaz,” is a not 
 unworthy represeutation of this favorite theme with artists 
 who draw their subjects from the Scriptures. “Flowers” 
 (47), by Frantz B<>c, shows some exejuisite painting and is 
 marked “Sold,” and its future o^mer may congratulate 
 himself on having a verj’ pleasing and able work in this 
 line of art. ‘ ‘ Interior of a Monastery, ” by Vine. St. Lerche 
 (52), of Di(s.seldorf, represents three monks, one of whom, 
 seated, is inspecting a china toy over wine and -walnuts, in 
 the discus-sion of which they have all been engaged. Thi.s is 
 the only strictly (/pm-e ])ieture in the collection of Nonvay. 
 It is painted -with such s kill and such precision of character 
 that one might wish for other examples from the same hand. 
 
 Argentine Republic, Chili, and Mexico. 
 
 Gallery No. 9, which is next to the right of the one 
 we havo just been considering, is devoted to the works of 
 the Argentine Repubhc, Chili and Mexico. Among the 
 
 paintings exhibited by the latter country are several wliich 
 deserve attention. Quite a large number are religious, 
 allegorical, or othen^isc conventional subjects. No. 21, by 
 Clav^, represents the death of “Isabel of Portugal,” and 
 is a -work of no ordinary merit in historical painting. “ The 
 Withered Flower,” by Oc.iranza (18). i.s a verj’ pleasing 
 representation of a young girl standing with clasped 
 hands, observing the broken bloasom of a flower in a glass 
 va.se before her. The sentiment of this picture is To;y 
 charming, aud it is painted with considerable skill. “The 
 Fisher Buy” (26), by Rodrigo Gutierrez, shows also 
 decided ability. “The Morning Paper” (14), by GargoUo, 
 is a vei'y carefully executed little cabinet ]>icture, repre- 
 senting a single figure of a man in a dre.s.siiig-gown, with 
 cigar in mouth, seated iu an arm-diair iu his library, 
 reading the paper. This work is very small, and its execu- 
 tion is capital. There is fle.sh-paiuting in the head and 
 hands which would not do discredit to the skill of IVIeisson- 
 iiier himself. “Evil Presentiment” (IG), by Gonzalez, This 
 is also a small canva-s, on which is painted the head and 
 bust of a yoimg girl, who leans upon her hand looking out 
 over a window-sill, wliile she holds a letter -which she 
 considers thoughtfully, expressing the presentiment of evil 
 iu her countenance and attitude. Tliis is a verj’ charming 
 work, handled with skill and taste. No. 8, “Tlie Death of 
 Abel,” by Figueroa, is a powerful -work in nnuiy respects. 
 The position is effective, aud the two figures are 2’ainted 
 with a just conception of the idea which it is desired to 
 have conveyed. “St. Charles’" (4), by Salome Pina, is an 
 ambitious work of a religious diameter, painted evidently 
 with some eager enthusiasm. No. 30, by Escudero, is a 
 “Portrait of Benito Juarez, late President of Mexico,” 
 whose name, at least, is well known in connection -with the 
 numerous revolutions which have occiuTcd in that unhaiipy 
 country. In this picture the subject is handled vigorously, 
 aud we should suppose that the jiortrait was close. “The 
 Young Sketcher” (29), by Montenegro, jircsents the en- 
 tirely undo figure of a boy of some six or seven years 
 of age, who .stands before a canvas on which he is sketching 
 some rude outline with a jiicce of chalk. The main interest 
 of this picture lies in the anatomy aud flc.sh-paintiug of 
 the child’s figure. These are excellently -ivell handled. 
 This entu-e collection of works from Mexico is contributed 
 by the National Academy of that couutrj*. 
 
 Belgivxi. 
 
 Gallery No. 23 in the corridor contains ono large oil- 
 painting. One side of this department is devoted to the 
 
 "STATE DAY” UF MARYLAND, DELAWARE AND tiRGINIA, OCTOBER - CROWNING THE yPEEN OF LOVE AND BEAUTY. IN THE JUDGES’ HALL. 
 
206 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 contributions of Bc-lgiiim, consisting chiefly 
 of engravings on steel from Bmssels and 
 Jlons. Thi've is also a drawing by Dc- 
 manncz (275), entitled “The Christian 
 Martyr,” a picture well known by the en- 
 g^l^•ings. A very large oil-painting, by John 
 Bernard "Wittkamp, of Antwerp, called 
 “Cnielty of Adolph toward liis Father, the 
 Due de Guelders,” ■will have interest for 
 Americans, from the fact that the subject 
 is furnished by the History of the Dutch 
 Republic by our countryman, John Lothrop 
 Motley. The horrible subject, which re- 
 presents the old miin dragged by a rope 
 attached to the horse on which his son 
 rides, is wroiight out on the canvas with 
 great skill, and is pre.sented with true feel- 
 ing and pathos. 
 
 While in this vicinity we will consider 
 Galleries 25 and 27, which form the extreme 
 eastern end of the corridor. Gallery ‘25 i.s 
 divided between Sweden on the south side 
 and Spain and Norway on the north. 
 
 Among the Swedish pictures, of which 
 there are a dozen, that which first attracts 
 attention is “ Odnlisrpie,” by Hugo Siilm- 
 eon, of Stockliolni, a life-size nude figure, 
 standing in front of a couch where curtains 
 and draperies of green, blue, and crim- 
 son set off her figure to advantage. 1o 
 such ns are interested in this class of sub- 
 jects Sweden’s effort in thi.s line — wiiich of 
 late seems to be exchisively the province 
 of France — will be considered with interest. 
 
 The Spanish i)icturi.*s on the opposite side 
 of this gallery are religious subjects. Nor- 
 way contributes some clever colored draw- 
 ings in book-work and a frame of photo- 
 graphs. Sweden has some water-color 
 }5aintings and engravings. The extreme 
 cud of the corridor, Gallci-y 27, is divided 
 between a large collectif)n of engravings 
 and photograjihs from BrazO, and a number of oil-paint- 
 ings contributed by the Argentine Confederation. 
 
 The collection of Belgium is contained in room.s 33, 
 39, and 41. Beginning with Gtdlery 33, the first to which 
 we would draw attention is No. 5, by Ernest Slingencyer, 
 “A Christian Martyr in the Reign of Diocletian,” This 
 work, which is well known by engravings, presents the 
 figure of a sleeping youth, naked except hi.s waist, nud 
 holding a small crucifix in his hand. Behind him the rude 
 wooden door of his cell is about being opened by a bmhd 
 attemlaiit of the amphitheatre without, whose galleries can 
 l)e seen crowded with waiting spectators. At the right of 
 the prisoner you catch a glimpse of the head of a fierce- 
 looking lion, snarliug as he contemplates the feast prepared 
 for him. There is s()me false drawing in this work, lint 
 the composition is effective and dramatic, besides convey- 
 ing a pathetic meaning pecuhar to its subject. No. 3, 
 Huygen’s “ Boiujnct of Thom- Blossoms,” is very delicately 
 and plea.singly painted. “Rebecca” (15), by De Keyser, 
 of Autwerp, is conventional, but not lacking in interest ns 
 a skillfully painted figure. “Sea-Shore at Blankeubergh" 
 (16), by Terhu.s, represents three little children digging 
 in the sand on a beach, with a bathing-machine, barely 
 indicated, close by. The little figures are capitally painted, 
 their attitudes being actually those most natural to children. 
 Tlie green waves coming in upon the beach are painted 
 a little too hard, perhaps, and, curiously enough, there is 
 a pro-Baphaelite look in the whole picture. No. 19, by 
 Garden. “ The Smoking-Room." The cavalier and a page, 
 figure.s, nud acccs-sorics, are drawn with care and attention 
 to details. Nos. 20 and 34, by Robbe, are clever illus- 
 trations in the art of flower-painting, with a moukey 
 thrown in, in the case of No. 20, vvliich is entitled “The 
 Destroyer.” “Flemish 
 Stalhou” (29), Tschag- 
 geny. This artist is 
 known ns a remark- 
 able painter of sheep. 
 In his present work he 
 disjilays no less know- 
 ledge of the horse, 
 nor less skill in the 
 delineation of the more 
 noble animal. No. 33, 
 a cabinet picture by 
 Rooseuboom, r e p r e- 
 seuts a lady in the 
 costume of the period. 
 She is arrayed in 
 black velvi't and 
 mushn, and seated in 
 a crimson velvet arm- 
 chah', having a little 
 child in her lap, which 
 wlasps her neck with 
 evident fondness. The 
 pictiu'e is called “Mo- 
 
 OEOKGE W. CHILDS, PBOPBIETOR OF THE PHrL.VDELPHIA “ LEDGER.' 
 
 therly Love,” and is a good example of its kind. No. 38> 
 by De St. Cyr, “Sentinel at the Entrance of the Harem,” 
 is a large work, jircsenting the single figure of an armed 
 guard, seemingly a Nubian, who sits upon an ottoman and 
 has his feet upon the skin of a tiger. Beside him is a heavy 
 hanging curtain, which is iuterpo.scd between the interior 
 of a harem and its mysteries and tho outside world. The 
 figure of the Oriental solilier is strongly delineated, and the 
 picture is a striking oue. “Fire in the Stable” (43), by 
 Charles Tschaggeny, is the striking and impre.ssive inci- 
 dent of a superb horse in peril on the ajiproach of the 
 flumes, The peculiar disposition to extreme terror always 
 evinced by this animal under such circumstances is shown 
 with great skill and marked dramatic power in this 2 ''icture. 
 
 Passing from this room to Gidlery 39, we continue the 
 consideration of the Belgium collection. No. 44, by l\Iiss 
 Clemeuce Tan den Broeck, is a “Flemi.sh House in a.d. 
 1600.” In this work there are jiainted with tnie Dutch 
 or Flemish fidelity the usual accessories of au old-time 
 Flemish kitchen. Every dish or other utensil is elaborately 
 painted to its true iiattera, and an amount of time and 
 labor ha.s been expended over the work which its import- 
 
 tmee would scarcely demand. It is very 
 clever and very truthful. No. 49, by Victor 
 Lagye, “The Sculptor” — a careful and 
 spirited painting — represents an interior of 
 a sculptor's study and his work. No. 53, by 
 Van Luppen, of Autwerp, “After the Riiin 
 — View from Anseremme, near Dinant,” is 
 the best laadscajie in the collection. In 
 fact, there are not many landscapes ex- 
 hibited. There is no warmth of color in 
 this work, the hues being all deep-green, 
 russet and gray, i-elieved a little by the 
 thin streak of white, foaming water, which 
 comes Icaiiing and plunging down the hill 
 to its' base in the foregroimd of the picture: 
 yet it is all the more natural, and worked 
 out with a true feeling for nature’s inten- 
 tion. No. 89. by Jean Portaels, of Bmssels, 
 is entitled “Deception,” and represents a 
 brunette lady, seated in a heavily njihol- 
 stered chair, with a coronet visibly embroi- 
 dered upon it. Deception is not clearly 
 shown, but there is some good work in the 
 painting of both the figure and the fabrics 
 displayed. “The Little Sleeper” (95), by 
 Lampe, is a caiiital work, and its textures of 
 satin, velvet and brocade, are quite remark- 
 able, and indicated with fidehty. The figures 
 are well enough, but not specially merito- 
 rious. 
 
 The last of the Belgian pictures is 
 contained in Gallery No. 41. “On the 
 Road to Market” (12G), by Plumot, is a 
 beautiful little rustic piece with some distant 
 landscape and rustic architecture. No. 135, 
 by J. Stallaert, of Brus.sels, “The Cellar of 
 Diomede — Scene at the Destruction of 
 Pompeii,” is a large canvas containing a 
 number of figures, and jiresenting certain 
 elements of interest, but by no means iqi 
 to the imiiortance of the subject in merit. 
 Meanwhile there are jinthetic incidents 
 shown or suggested vhich disjilay considerable wealth of 
 idea. It is in the treatment of details that the artist is 
 deficient. No. 152, “Byron’s Parisina,” by VTttkamp, ap- 
 jmrently a work of real and special merit, but badly hung 
 and impos-sible to consider closely, No. 155, “Sea-shore 
 at Scheveningen,” by JInsin, is a vivid representation of a 
 stormy sea-beach, and fi.shermen hurrying their barks to 
 shore. “V’atenvomeu of Venice” (156), by V'ulffiiert. If 
 the A'enetian wnterwomen are as pretty and as graceful aa 
 is here indicated, the demand for water in that charming 
 city should be incessant. “Clytie,” by Le Jendre (163), is 
 an iHu.stratiou of Ovid, and is a remarkable work, and the 
 contrast afforded by the naked figure and the gi'ay, gloomy 
 rocks, on whose surface she is extended almost at full 
 length, is original and strikiug. “Flowers” (1C5), by Raoux, 
 is quite gorgeous in color, and well drawn, and, besides, 
 affords a jileo-sing rohef from the general lowness of 
 tone of the Belgium jiictmes. No. 169, by Roo.senboom, 
 “The Gems,” is on interior with two female figures, old 
 fiimitiire, bronze, etc., and cleverly rendered. “ The First 
 Ice of the Season” (174), by Corns, repre.scnts a little boy 
 evidently bemoaning a fall, nud being consoled by his 
 sister or sweetheart, while several other httle children 
 stand behind and jeer at him ; a quaint -looking high-roofed 
 iTllage. with church, being seen in the backgroimd. No. 
 171, by Verheyden, is a “Landscape,” and a good one, 
 by an artist of descr\'cd reputation and real merit. 
 
 Gallery 31, which commences tlie list of contributions 
 from Spain, contains a very heterogeneous collection 
 of paintings, statuary, wood -carvings, terra-cotta, and 
 bronze. Many of these are copies of the old masters, the 
 reproductions of mural jiaintings from the Spauish cathe- 
 drals. The lemling coutributor appeara to be Setior 
 Rabada. His two jiaiutings (29a and 2i)b) ilisiilay con- 
 siderable force and original methods of treatment. “Faun 
 Playing a Flute” 
 
 (54a), by Francisco 
 Jover, i.s a large work, 
 in which the sylvan 
 scene and the chai-- 
 acteristic.s of the my- 
 thological iiersonage 
 illustrated are well 
 rendered. There are a 
 few pictures here 
 which depict the 
 modern Siwnish cos- 
 tumes and domestic 
 incidents, isdiich are 
 moderately interest- 
 ing. “ Hunting Dogs ’ 
 
 (39b), by Leopoldo 
 Villamil. These dogs 
 are splendidly painted. itt the hcsshs 
 
 They are drawn with exhibit, in the main bi’ildino. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 207 
 
 MOSAIC RUO IX THE RnSSIAX EXHIBIT, IX THE MAIN BCILDIXO. 
 
 paiuted. The water-color collection in this gallcrj" is of 
 a higher class and really more deserving of praise than are 
 the oil-paintings. Nos. 53, by Edson, 58, by Way, and 59, 
 by Jacobi, wdll comi>are very favorably with anything in 
 the American water -color exhibition, ns will idso 63, by 
 Edson, entitled “Trespassers,” representing stray sheep 
 among sheaves of wheat. No. 74, by D. Fowler, “Holly- 
 hocks,” is gorgeously colored, yet not the least exaggerated. 
 No. 117, by H. Sandhon, “On the Godbont Eiver,” is a 
 striking picture of very romantic, or rather impressive, 
 scenery, wth precipitous declivities, and in the distance 
 hanging over a dark and turbid pool, which break.s iuto a 
 dashing and rapid current, immediately before and imme- 
 diately after. In the foreground the foliage iieculiar to 
 this latitude is carefully worked into the composition. 
 No. 147, by Mrs. Schreiber, “Olma.” This is from the 
 “Vicar of Wakefield, "and is a very charming repre.sentation 
 of the character conceived by Goldsmith. The girl, with 
 a thoughtful expression on her countenance, is represented 
 sitting at a window, which looks off on an Engb.sh land- 
 scape, being engaged in the occupation of peeling apples, 
 but has ceased her employment and dropped into a reverie. 
 
 MALACHITE CLOCK IX THE BOSSIAN EXHIBIT, IX THE 
 MAIN BUILDIXO. 
 
 Fkaxce. 
 
 The remainder of the French exhibits, completing the 
 collection in the Art Annex, are contained in Galleries 32, 
 34 to 38 (inclusive), 43 and 45. Gallery 32, next to the 
 corridor, and near the centre of the building, contains 
 but few works specially noteworthy. No. 240, by Barrios, 
 “Electro (Victor Hugo),” is an impressive and strong 
 representation. There is something indeed majestic in the 
 pose of the figure, which the surroundings in the back- 
 ground are artistically made to bring into due prominence. 
 “Gale on the Nile during the Flood” (251), by N. Berchere, 
 represents a boat lateen-rigged, being driven before the 
 wind over the scarcely disturbed waters of the sacred 
 river. This is a peculiar work, and will bear inspection. 
 No. 258, “Alone in the House,” by Couder. This picture 
 depicts a magnificent floral display in a large vase of 
 exotics, with a glass globe containing gold-fish beside it on 
 
 great fidelity to nature, and 
 colored to life. No. 34, by 
 Modesto Urgell, “Tho 
 Village Graveyard.” This is 
 probably the best work in 
 tho room. It comprises only 
 a little strip in the foreground 
 of “God’s Aere,” with the 
 spires of slender trees point- 
 ing heavenward, and all the 
 rest, a gloomful, gray-aud- 
 wliite sky, with half a dozen 
 curiously shapo<l gravestones 
 Bcatb'rcd here and there to 
 mark tho character of tho 
 place. No. 58c, “Type from 
 the Seventeenth Centuiy,” 
 by Jos4 Ortiz, jircsents the 
 full length figure of a Si>anish 
 cavalier, tho figure being 
 about seven inches in height, 
 
 ]>aint«‘d with great minute- 
 ness, and very cleverly 
 and accurately. No. 38, 
 by Carlos Wade, of Cadiz, is 
 of the lahu- 8pniii.sh school, 
 and is a characteristic work. 
 
 58a, by Jose Diaz Ahilera, is 
 called “Venus" in tho cata- 
 logue, but why Venus, any 
 more tlian any other nude 
 woman, it is difticult to 
 imagine. Anatomically this 
 particular undo woman aji- 
 jiears to bo correct, although 
 them are effects of light and 
 shade in tho way of model- 
 ing the human flesh which appear to have been lieyond 
 this oilist. Tho figure is represented as reclining on a low 
 conch in an apartment wherein the walls seem to bo 
 decorated and hung with curtains. The tveatraent of the 
 covering of tho couch, wliicli consists of linen, silk and 
 lacc, is perhaps the best ivork in the picture. 
 
 Bli.AZIL. 
 
 Gallery No. 20, next adjoining the one last described, 
 contains about a dozen of ^Mexican pictures, the remainder 
 of its contents being the contribution of Brazil. Of the 
 Mexican works liere, tho “Savoyard Beggar-Boy,” by 
 Mrs. de Jlayora (34), is perhaps the best, It is modest 
 and unpretentious, and very truthful. Brazil display.s 
 three or four very largo works, of which three represent 
 sea-fights, incidents in the Paraguayan War, two of them 
 being by Victor l\Ieitelles de Lima, of Eio Janeiro. One 
 of these, No. 7, which is about 16 ft. by 10, “The Brazilian 
 Ironclad Fleet passing by Humaifa,” is a striking picture, 
 in which tho jiresent Emperor, Dom Pedro, is shown 
 standing at the bow of the flag-ship waving his cniJ as the 
 fleet diushes through the very thickest of the fight, which is 
 conducted from the Paraguayan side from rafts, small 
 boats, disabled and dismantled vessels. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 In Gallery No. 26 Canada displays one hundred and 
 fifty-eight paintings in oil and water-color, including two 
 portraits attributed to Vandyke, four to Sir Peter Lely, 
 and one work entitled “Ship Firing a Salute,” said to be 
 by Vandcrvclde. These require no further notice at our 
 hands. Of tho Canadian pictures, quite a number are 
 landscap&s, representing local scenery, and others, heads 
 of Indians. No. 15, by J. C. Forbes, “Beware,” is a 
 portrait exceedingly well executed. No. 19, by T. M. 
 Martin, “A Whisky Ring," represents n party of rats, 
 which have upset a whisky -bottlo and broken it, and 
 are getting themselves gloriously drunk on the contents. 
 This is a capitally humorous picture, and is very well 
 
 a handsomely carved table 
 well pointed. On the floor 
 two kittens gambol about over 
 a Prus.sian caiqiet, destroying 
 such flowers os they are able 
 to pull dowTi, having mnda 
 wreck of a costly fan, which 
 lies broken upon the floor, 
 and being now engaged ia 
 earnest efl’orts to topple over 
 tho jar of gold-fish. This 
 is a pretentions work, but not 
 more so than meritorious. 
 Tho colors are rivid in the 
 flowers and leaves, and the 
 action of the scene is graphic 
 with a touch of the humor- 
 ous. No. 255, by O. P. Ma- 
 thien, “ The Nymph Echo 
 bewailing the Death of Nar- 
 cissus. ” The Nymph is well 
 enough portrayed in this 
 picture, which is not, how- 
 ever, altogether admirable. 
 The mo.st inqiortunt jiicture 
 in this room is 268, “Tho 
 Bather," by Jules Gamier. A 
 tall and certainly graceful 
 figure of a nude female, ob- 
 viously of the bettor class, 
 judging from her surround- 
 ings, stands beside a 
 stone basin, clearly in the 
 open air. and touches the 
 water with her feet before 
 she vontur. s to bathe in it. 
 There i.s no disputing the ex- 
 cellence of art which lia.s compassed this work. The figure 
 is lifehke, exquisite in proportion, virid and human in the 
 reality of its flesh modeling. The face is not pleasing, 
 but is characteri.stic of the situation. ’^STiat there is of 
 incidental surrounding about her is ably painted, not tho 
 least of this being a rather krge-sized tortoise, which is 
 about to plunge itself into the water. To those who 
 are fond of the nude iu art, this work certainly ofl’ers a 
 congenial repast. 
 
 Gallerie.s 34, 36 and 45 contain tho French exhibits of 
 water-colors, engravings and bronzes. It is imjiossible to 
 devote time or s^jace to the detailed consideration of the 
 works here displayed. Many of them are dest>rving and 
 some highly meritorious. Bartholili’s “Genie funebre,” 
 a bronze figure in a crouching attitude, is admirably 
 expressive of the sentiment involved. No. 483, by J. 
 Cambos, “La Cigale,” a graceful figure in bronze, repre- 
 sented leaning upon the stump of a tree, holding under 
 one ami some kind of stiingcd musical iustrument. The 
 noticeable pictures of this room are 347, by Adan, “Scene 
 of the Inquisition ” ; 349, by Zier, “Julia,’’ quite a notable 
 and powerful representation of a Roman scene ; 352, by 
 Antigna, “Fascination,” representing the influence of n 
 small serpent over a little girl, who stands naked, having 
 just apparently removed her clothing for the purpose of 
 bathing; 361,byJundt, “TheHairFair in Auvergne,” an 
 original and novel idea, worked into a rather picturesque 
 and certainly well -executed painting; 365, by Rougeron, 
 “Teasing” — a lady in full modem dress, lying upon a 
 couch, and worrying a pet bird. One side of Gallery No. 
 37 is occupied by a fuU-lengtb, life-sized portrait of 
 Washington on horseback. This work is by R. Piincctean, 
 of Paris. The canvas is about 10 ft. by 8 in dhueusions, 
 and the work ia quite ns well executed ns portraits of this 
 size and character usually are. 313, “The God of the 
 Woods,” by Maignau, represents the deity in the fonn of a 
 
 MALACHITE TABLE IX THE EPSSIAX EXHIBIT, IX THE 
 MAIN BL'ILDIXO. 
 
208 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 half-naked boy, upon one finger a little lizard. 320, “The 
 First Mourners,’' by Debat, being Adam and Eve bewailing 
 over the body of Abel. “Cassandra," by Camorre (325). 
 
 In Gallerj' 38 the most notable works are ?fos. 287, 
 ‘ ‘ Interior of a Forest," by Alexandre de Bar; 289, by Cherez, 
 representing a gorge in the mountains of France, 'with a 
 torrent plunging through it ; 290, by Mathieu, “ The 
 Vanquished” ; 291, by Jadin, a striking figure of a dead 
 Sheikh ; 293, “ The Isymph Echo,” by Tortez ; 291, “The 
 Friends of the House,” by Monginet, an immense fruit 
 and flower j)iece with monkeys introduced; 303, “The 
 Bather,” by Perrault, a nude figure in a hammock, and a 
 superb work withal, of which we have seen both photo- 
 graphs and engravings. 
 
 Gallery No. 43 completes the French collection with an 
 exhibition of architectural designs sent by different artists 
 from Paris, and mth these we end our examination of the 
 Art GaUerv. 
 
 NEW YORK— THE GRE.Vf BLAST AT HELL GATE. 
 Hattno already given an illustration and description of 
 'he model in the United States Government Building 
 
 and he began work on “ Pot Kock,” and succeeded in about 
 a year and a half in materially increasing the depth of the 
 water at that point. In 1867 and 1868 Congress appro- 
 priated 885,000 for this work, and Mr. Maillefert obtained 
 the contract, which, however, he failed to complete in the 
 time allotted, although he succeeded in accomplishing cer- 
 tain valuable results. Finally, Gen. Newton was appointed 
 to take the matter in charge, and for several years has been 
 engaged in the work. As stated in our previous description 
 of his operations, Gen. Newton’s plan consisted in leariug 
 the rock, preparatory to the final blast, in the condition 
 shown in our illustration of the model exhibited in the 
 United States Government Building at the Centennial 
 Exposition. The report of the officer having charge of the 
 explosives and apparatus gives the following figures : 
 Dynamite in tin cartridges, 24.812 ; dynamite in paper,' 
 1,164; dynamite in primers, 2,925; tot'd dynamite, 
 28,901. Bend-rock in tin cartridges, 9,061i ; vidcan powder 
 in tin cartridges 14,244; total in mine, 52,2061; total 
 number of tin cartridges, 13,596 ; total niunber of brass 
 primers, 3,680; number of holes with primers, 3,645; 
 number of iron pipes, 35 ; total number of holes and 
 pipes. 4,162 ; number of feet of connecting wires, 
 
 that of his child towards the key which controlled 
 the battery, and in an instant a shght shock was felt, 
 a mass of water burst into the air some thirty or forty 
 feet, a sound like low thunder was next heard ; then masses 
 of rock and timber forced themselves upward into eight ; 
 a second report, duller than the first, resounded, and then 
 everything feU into its place, while a large wave, which 
 surged out into the river, completed the signs which showed 
 that the great work of engineering skill bad been success- 
 fully brought to an end. Soundings made within a few 
 days after the explosion have made evident the fact that 
 A'cssels drawing twelve feet of water can now approach 
 within seventy yards of the shore, while those drawing 
 nineteen can pass within a humlred yai-ds. There still 
 remain three reefs to be removed. These are“Pot Rock,” 
 “Flying Pim Rock,” or “Flood Rock,” and the “Meteor 
 Rock.” Of these the latter is the largest, covering about six 
 acres, and will be blown up by the same plan as that adopted 
 in the case of HaUett's Point Reef. It is expected that 
 it will be about four years before this second big blast 
 wiU take place, but in the meantime smaller rocks will 
 be blasted from above without timnehng. The work of 
 clearing the river of the broken rocks will take nearly 
 
 TKE 
 
 representing the plan of the engineering works undertaken | 
 for the purpose of facilitating navigation at Hell Gate, by ' 
 blasting out certain reefs which have heretofore incom- 
 moded the passage of large ships, we present on pages 176 
 and 177 with engravings illustrating the progress of the great 
 engineering feat undertaken by Gen. Newton, and success- 
 fully accomplished at 2,48 r. jr., September 24th, 1876. 
 The locality of the great blast is the point known as 
 “ HaUett's Point Reef,” lying off Astorni, near which are 
 the rocks knowu as "Flood Rock,” “The Gridirons,” 
 “Negro Hoad,” “Hen and Chicken,” “ Frying Pan,” 
 
 “ Hog's Back,” " Shelldrake,” etc. Although close in-shore, 
 one of tho most dangerous obstructions in the HeU Gate 
 passage was HaUett's Point Reef, a piece of rock irregularly 
 shaped, and covering 51,000 cubic yards. Previous blast- 
 ing had reduced “ Pot Rock ” aud “Frying Pau Rock,” so 
 that, by the removal of this last obstacle, a very appreciable 
 improvement in the possibilities of navigation might be 
 expected. The geological character of aU tho rocks at HeU 
 Gate is the same, being n sort of gneiss, very hard and 
 durable. As early cus 1851 a French submarine engineer, 
 Mr. B. MaiUefert, submitted to a meeting of New York 
 citizens a proposition to remove three of the most ' dan- 
 gerous rocks in HeU Gate for 815,500, which was accepted, 
 
 ART D E I* A R T M E N T IN THE WOMAN'S 
 
 100,000 ; number of feet of leading wire, 120,000 ; number 
 of ceUs in firing battery, 960, consisting of 12 batteries of 
 40 cells, 4 of 43, aud 7 of 44 ; distance from firing point to 
 .shaft, 650 yarils. As it was required for the completion 
 (jf Gen, Newton’s scheme that the shaft and gaUeries of the 
 mine should be flooded ]>revious to the explosion, this was 
 by means of an immense siphon. The work of connect- 
 ing the groups of wires with the batteries and of filli ng 
 the battery ccUs with the chemical compound employed 
 being completed, a careful examination of the wires and 
 batteries was made, the efficacy of the batteries to fire 
 the mine having been 2 ’reviously tested by firing the 
 number of fuses necessary to explode one group ; os each 
 group had a separate leading wire to the batteries the test- 
 ing of one of these was a test of alL Soon after one o’clock, 
 on Sunday, Sejrtember 24th. steamers brought invited 
 guests, the PoHce Board aiipeared with a largo number 
 of officers from the different hiu'bor garrisons, four guard 
 boats took up their aUotted situations, and at 2.40 r.ii. the 
 tug boat Star landed at the dock Mi's. Gen. Newton and 
 her nurse, carrying the two-year-old daughter of the general, 
 •who was to be the appointed instrument for tho dischargo 
 of the batteries aud the explosion of the blast. Precisely 
 at the moment api>ointed, Gen. Newton’s hand directed 
 
 two years. Rocks weighing as:mucir'as twenty tou.s have 
 heretofore been rai.sed by means of grappUng-cliams, and 
 it is the beUef of Mr. Streidiuger, who'ha.s managed the 
 bliisting oiHirations under the directions ^of Geu. Newton, 
 that there are not many masses which weigh more than 
 that. “WhUe it is generjiUy admitted that coivstwise traffic 
 wUl be benefited by Cteu. Newton’s work to an iimount 
 fuUy worth its cost, it is behoved by the agents of the 
 Transatlantic Steanishiji Companies that ocean travel will 
 not be changed on account of it. The Sound passage is 
 said to be especially dangerous in stormy, foggy weather, 
 whUe the cUstauce by the ocean route is said to be reaUy 
 no greater than that by the Sound. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL RIFLE MATCH AT 
 CREEDMOOR. 
 
 Ok Tuesday, September 12th, commenced this series of 
 rifle matches, under the auspices of the United States Cen- 
 teuuial Commis-sion aud tlie National Rifle Association. 
 The Irish, Scotch aud Austniliau Rifle Teams had arrived 
 in New York early in the month, and were formally received 
 by the National Rifle Association, an amateur I'ille club, on 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 209 
 
 made, eithei- at match or pi-actice, a perfect score at 
 1.000 yards. Tlie AniericiiuH added a score of 509, 
 making a grand total of 3,1'26, leading the field by 
 22 points. The Irish took the second place, 242, 
 and headed the Scotch, who tied the Anstnilians ; 
 tlie Canadians being far in the real-, At the an- 
 nouncement of the \nctory of the American Team 
 there was most enthusiastic applause, the members 
 being mounted upon a table in full sight of the vast 
 concourse of spectatoi-s, and congratulatory remarks 
 being made by the captauis of the ibfi'erent teams. 
 On Friday evening, the 15th of September. Gil- 
 more's Gai-den, in New York city, -was crowded to 
 its utmo.st capacity on the occasion of the presenta- 
 tion of the Creedmoor iirizes. As the teams entered 
 they were escorted to the boxes, decorated with the 
 colors of the nation represented. After a special 
 programme had been performed, Mayor Wickham 
 and Gen. Hawley, the umpire, proceeded to the 
 Americans’ box and headed the procession of the 
 teams to the platform upon -which rested the great 
 trophy, -which has already been illustrated in this 
 publication. Gen. Hawley pr»‘sented the medals of 
 the Ccntc-nnial Commission to the members who -won 
 in the short-range matches, and then the trophy 
 itself ; after which he presented each member of the 
 team with a miniature copy of the trophy in gold 
 and silver. 
 
 THE nCTOE ROCK-DRILL, IS MlCUIXEnY HALL. 
 
 Septc'mber 4th, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. The names of 
 the gentlemen composing the teams are a.s follows ; Avxerl- 
 ciDis— Messrs. Dakin, Fanvell, 'Weber, Fulton, Gildoi-sleovc, 
 Itathbouo, Ibxlioe and .Vilen. //•('.</< - Messrs. Johnson. 
 Fenton, Itigby, l)ya.s. I’ollock. Goff, Joyiit, Milner and 
 Le<-ch. Aiia/r.tli'iii — Mi-ssrs, Smith, Sleep, Lynch, King, 
 Gee, Draper, Slade and Wavddl. Stv/i-li — Mes.srs. Boyd. 
 Wliitelaw. Jlitclicll, ItrcVittic. Bay, Tliornbuni, ('lark and 
 l\I<'iizies. C -Mes.srs. Jliuson, Bell, Murison. Adams, 
 Gibson, Colton, Di.shc-r and Criiit. On Wedne.sday, the 
 Gtli of September, the members of the different teams, 
 except the Canadian, met at Creedmoor for long-range 
 practice, -wlien the Irisli made tlie best total, the Scotch 
 the worst. The match commenced on September l-2tli with 
 the sli(->rt and mid-range contests. In the first match of 
 200 yards there were 104 marksmen, shooting ten rounds 
 each at sixteen targets. In this match George Dishcr, 
 Canailian, was the only foreign marksman who carried off 
 the prize. In the mid-r.mge comiietitiou there -were 159 
 competitors, among whom were Me.ssrs. Milner and Thynne 
 of the Irish, Col. Gildersleove and Mr. Rathbone of tlie 
 Anicricim, and C. E. Overbaugli and H. S. Jewell of the 
 reserves. At this range the Americans did exceeilingly 
 well, only one of the foreignei-s, Mr. Milner (Irisli Team), 
 caiTving off the prize. H. S. Jewell won the fii-st prize on 
 a clean score of 50 iioiuts out of a possible 50. On the 
 following day the fii-st long-range mah-h was held, five team 
 entries being made — the Auiericau, Canailian, Scotc^h. Aus- 
 tralian, and Irish. In this match the .Vinericans led -with 
 550 out of 600 ])ossiblc, the Hcoteli and Irish tied at 535, 
 the Au.stvabau w!us fourth at 531, and the Canailian -was last 
 at 521. The 900 yards range commenced at two o’clock 
 and closed at four, the best individual score being made by 
 Mc^'ittie (Seotcli Team) — eleven biill's-eyes and six centres, 
 71. The team-scores showed tliat the Scotch had made 
 528, the L-isli and Australian 524, the American 518, and 
 the Caundiau 470, the whole total for the two ranges being : 
 Americans, 1,0(38; Scotch, 1,063 ; Irisli, 1,059; Australians, 
 1,055 ; and Canadians, 997. The next match wn.s the 1,0(X) 
 yards range, and was finished at six o’cloclc by the Scots 
 completing the total of 523 on the 1,000 yards, wliich made 
 their gi-aiul total 1,586 ; the Irish tying them on the 1,000 
 yards, making a grand total of 1,582 ; while the Americans 
 stood third at 1.577; the Airstralians fourth at 1.545 ; and 
 the Canadians at 1 ,490. Dr. J. Mitchell (Scotch Team) uinilc 
 the extraordinary score of 14 bull's-eyes and an inner, 
 scoring 73 out of the possible 75. On Thursday the shoot- 
 ing of long ranges was resumed, completing at 1:15 
 r. M., leaving the Scotch first; the Americans 9 points 
 behind ; the Irish thii-d, 18 points behind the Americans ; 
 and the Australians 17 points behind the Irish. The Can- 
 adians were 129 behind the Scotch. The great contest of 
 the day on the 1,000 yards was completed at four o'clock, 
 and in this Mr. Milner, of the Irish team, made his 15 con- 
 secutive biiU's-c-yes, making -^\-hat has never before been 
 
 INTERNATIONAL I.TVK.STOCK EXHIBITION. 
 Neat Cattle, 
 
 Unitfid Stales. — The exliibition of neat cattle, 
 under the auspices of the Centenniid Commission, 
 commenced September 21st and closed October 4th. 
 This department comes under the head of Group 
 30, in which the following gentlemen were judges : 
 T. C. Jones, Delaware, Ohio ; 'WTlliam Bimie, Spring- 
 field, Mas-s.; Warren Percival, Vassalborongh, Maine ; 
 M. ‘\Vilkins, Harrisburg, Oregon ; Colin Cameron, 
 Lancaster. Pa. ; S. J. Lynch, Los Angelos, Cal. ; 
 ,T. Milton Mackie, Great Bnirington, Mas.s. ; Frank 
 T. Anderson, Eockybriar, Ta, ; James Moore, 
 Harrlstou, Canada ; T. Duckham, Loudon, England ; 
 Gen. Horace Capron, Chicago, 111.; Ashbel Smith, M.D., 
 Houston, Texas ; Henry C. Meredith, Cambridge City, 
 Indiana. Tlie classification of animals commenced with 
 sliort-hom bulls, in 
 which there were 
 18 entries, most of 
 these from Easton, 
 
 Pa.; “Oxford Ge- 
 neva” and “Mariner 
 2d” being notable 
 exhibits from Win- 
 chester, Ky. The 
 next class was short 
 horn cows and 
 heifers, in which 
 there were 62 en- 
 tries, the larger 
 number of these 
 being also from 
 Easton, Pa. ; but 
 there being some 
 exhibits in this class 
 from Poughkeepsie, 
 
 N. Y. , Winchester, 
 
 Ky.. West Liberty, 
 
 Iowa, and five of 
 them being exhib- 
 ited by Mr. George 
 Grant, of Victoria, 
 
 Kansas — a gentle- 
 man quite renowned 
 for his stock-farm 
 — these five exhibits 
 being bred by Her 
 Majesty the Queen 
 of England. The 
 next class was 
 Hereford bulls, in 
 which there were 9 
 entries, chiefly from 
 Illinois and Mary- 
 land ; of Hereford 
 cows and heifers 
 there were 27 en- 
 tries, also chiefly 
 from Illinois and 
 Maryland, although 
 5 came from Fair- 
 field Centre, Maine ; 
 of Devon bulls there 
 were 16 entries, 
 chiefly from New 
 York and Pennsyl- 
 vania, one eleven- 
 
 year-old red bull, “ The Priuce of Wales,'' being bred by 
 Her Majesty the Queen of England, and imported by 
 R. W. Camerou, Clifton, Staten Island, New York. There 
 were 47 entries of Devonshire cows and heifers, quite a 
 large number being entered by J. B. Anchor, Fnion 
 Depo.sit, Pu. Several were from Connecticut, and a few 
 from Michigan, and a large number comiirised in this 
 class being from the State of New York. Two entries of 
 Holstein bulls were from Illinois and New Jersey. Three 
 Holstein cows and heifers were from the same States ; 
 one Guernsey buU, exliibited by Charles H. Muirheid, 
 Titus-ville, N. Y., named “Milfrrd,” No. 182 in the cata- 
 logue, five years old, fawn -and -white, sent from Liver- 
 pool, September 7tli. 1872. Sire and dam both obtained 
 jirizes in the Royal Agricultural and other British shows. 
 This was a magnificent animal, as was also a Guem.sey 
 heifer named “Test, "five years old, fawn-color, exhibited 
 by the same party. Of this class there were but 4 entries. 
 Of Jersey bulls there were 173 entries, mostly from 
 New Jersey mid Pennsylvania. Of Alderney bulls but one 
 entry, from Philadelphia; of Ayrshire bulls there were 
 15 entries, and of Ayrshire cows aurl heifere, 46 entries. 
 JlisccUaneons entries were made of “ Ciqud 2d,” a black 
 and white Bret<.m heifer, three and a half years old ; and 
 two buffaloes and two heifers, natives of Kunsaa and Ne- 
 braska, caught on the plains and well broken. Of fdt cattle 
 there were 15 entries, the largest being a steer, eight years 
 old, weighing 6,000 poimtls, exliibited by Vt. W. Somers, of 
 Tennessee; three triplet-.steers, “Tom,” “Dick” and 
 “Harry,” 8 years and 8 months old, average weight, 3,200 
 pounds ; “ General Grant," a Durham steer, contributed by 
 James T. Branson, from Guthrieville, Pa. , was seven years 
 old, and weighed 4,000 jKiunds. Two tliree-quarter Here- 
 ford bulls, from six to seven years old, weighing, respect- 
 ively. 5,200 and 5,100 pounds, were contributed by John 
 Brooks, of Princeton, JIa.Hs. The ilraught cattle, chiefly 
 Durham and Devon, included 13 numbers. Of Galloways 
 there was one bull and four cows and heifers. Of herds 
 exhibited — Ayrshire, Jersey and (jalloway — there were 17 
 entries, completing the catalogue of tlio United States 
 contributions, being about 500 entries altogether. 
 
 Great DrUnin . — This country contributed 6 entries, three 
 being short-hom bulks, tliree cows and heifer.s. “ Cyra- 
 beliue,” foiu* years and six niontlis old, a white bull. No. 
 464 in the catalogue, contributed by Benjamin St. John 
 Ackers, of Gloucestershire, England, who, in fact, fur- 
 nished all the British entries, is noted lus having received 
 
 THE "MOBAWS DCrTCHMlN ' W00D-8AWTEB, IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 twenty*two prizes, aiul commcnJatory notices of which 
 were posted in his stall. “ Cloris " (406). two ye^ars and 
 one mouth old. had receivetl eight prizes. There were 
 also shown among the British entries three prize-swine 
 and a litter of five pigs. 
 
 Crtwacfo.— The most interesting of the exhibits of cattle 
 were from Canada, comprising lOu entries of short-horns 
 and Hert>ford bulls, cows and heifers ; Devonshire bulls ; 
 Ayrshii’cs, .\ldemoy.s and Galloway bulls, cows and 
 heifeirs ; two exhibits of fat cattle and eight herds. "Wc 
 may mention iis among the more noted exhibits the fol- 
 lowing : •’Duke of Cumberland," two years and seven 
 months old, short-horn bull, roan, contributed by Thomas 
 Boak, Hornby, Ouhirio ; “ Graceful," one year and nine 
 months old, red hiifcr, contributed by Hodge & Ketchley, 
 York Mills, Ontario; “Jessie” and “2d Duches.s,” of 
 Grimsby, roan heifers, contributed by ‘W. W. Kitchen, 
 Grimsby, Ontirio; “H.arry," Hereford bull, two years 
 and seven months old, bred by the exhibibir, George Hood, 
 Guelph, Ontario ; “Carrick Lad," Ayrshire bull, four years 
 and six months old, red and white, contributed by '^’illiam 
 Eodden, Plautageuet, Ontaiio, who has taken eight first 
 
 In the exhibits of fat sheep the weight ranges from 200 
 pounds to above that figure. There were four exhibits of 
 Angora goats, bucks, and four of does, one Angora goat, two 
 years old, pure breed, weighing 125 pounds. Great Britain 
 made fifty-six exhibits of Cotswolds, Oxford Downs — rams — 
 South Downs, and long-wooled rams. C.Tnada had twenty- 
 nine exhibits of Lincolns, Leicesters, Cotswolds, and South 
 Downs — rams and ewes. The American exhibits of swine 
 numbered one hundred and eighty -one, including Berkshire 
 boars and sows, large Yorksliires and small York-shires, 
 Chester Whites, fat swine, Poland-Cliiua and Neapolitan. 
 One exhibit of fat swine from Williston, Pa., was a pair 
 of Chester '\\Tiites, four years old, male 1,000 pounds and 
 female 800 pounds. Great Britain made four exhibits, 
 all by Benjamin St. John Ackers, of Gloucestershire, 
 England. These include one Berkshire boar and three 
 Berksliire sows. Canada ha<l twenty -six exhibits, compris- 
 ing Suffolks, Berkshires, Chester Whites, and Yorks — 
 boars and sows. 
 
 Our illustrations of the cattle show include thirteen 
 selected s]>ecimen8. No. 1 is “ Oxford Geneva," one and a 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Its RE.sorECE.s and its Po.smoN in the Centennial. 
 
 In a prerious portion of this work we have referred to 
 some extent to the progres.8 of the State of Iowa, ns mani- 
 fested in its display at the Exhibition. We propose n<iw to 
 consider briefly the claims of Oregon upon our attention in 
 the same ilirection. Oregon is the fourth State in size in 
 the Union. Originally, and as a Territory, it extended from 
 42^’ to 40*^ north latitude, and from the Pacific Ocean to 
 the Eocky Mountains, and included its present area and 
 what are now the Territories of Idaho and Washington. 
 The country embraced in Oregon was formerly within the 
 dominions of Spain, subsequently claimed by France, as 
 also by Grc4xt Britain, by reason of exploration and settle- 
 ment. and was held for a i)eriod of years in joint occupancy 
 by the United Shites and Great Britain. The name 
 “Oregon” is supposed to Inive originated with the early 
 Spanish voyagers, and to have been derived from the plant 
 ori'jamnn, or wild unirjoram, which exists abimdantly in 
 this State. Indian legends, however, say that Oregon 
 mciins “ The land of the setting sun.” The geographical 
 character of Oregon is varied, and includes soil and climates 
 
 I, 1.. BAKER’S CEEKim.VTED SUG.tll POP-CORN E-NIilBIT, IN MACHINERV HALL. 
 
 jirizes and tliplonias in the Dominion in two years, as the 
 be.st bull of any age exliiluted ; “ Viscount," one year and 
 five months old, red and white, Ayrshire bull, by same 
 exhibitor, took first prize at Jloiitreal ; “Tai'bolton 2d,” 
 Ayrshire bull, six yeaixuiid four months (jid, red ami white, 
 contributed by George Tlioiupwin, Bright, Ontiirio, the 
 winuer of three sueee.ssive prizes at Oiihirio provincial 
 cxliibitious, weight 1,855 puumls ; of fat cattle, ’“Lord 
 Dufferin,” exhibited by Satchel Bros., Ottawa, Onhirio, 
 weight 2,930 ponmls. 
 
 SuEEP, Goat.s 
 
 The tliird stated display of hve stock commenced on 
 October 10th, and concluded on the 18th. It comprised 
 sheci) and goat aud swiue exliibita, being made by the 
 UuiteJ States, Great Britain aud CanatLa in both depart, 
 meute. In i>art first, of sheep aud goats, there were three 
 hundred and fifteen exhibits from American exliibitors. 
 These include rams and ewes, Lincohi and Leice.stershirc 
 sheep, Cotewold, Oxford Dowms. Shropshii-e Downs, South 
 Downs, Jlerinoes aud fat sheep, Angora goivta, lmck.s and 
 does, and one exliibit of - shiughtered mutton. The largest 
 number of exhibits was in Meriiioes, of which theit were 
 eighty-twf) of rams, iiiiil one Imndved and thirty-five of 
 ewes, many of the exlhbits 1 chi'- in pens of three and four. 
 
 half years, roan, cxliibited by Benj. B. Groom k Son, Win- 
 chester, Kentucky, value 810,000. No. 2, same exhibitors, 
 “ WiusoreUi,” 3 years, roan, value 810,000. No. 3, ex- 
 hibitor, Thomiu? L. McKeeu, E.'ishni, Pa., “Dairymaid," 
 three years, white. No. 4, Benjamin St. John Aekers, 
 Gloucestershire, England, “ Wixlding-Day ” (English cow), 
 two ywirs eleven mouths old, roan. No. 5, same exhibitor, 
 “Cymbehiic" (English InJl), four years six months, white, 
 weight 3,000 pounds. No. 6, Catherine E. Bradley, of 
 Champaign, Hlinoia, “Crown-Prince” (Hoktein bidl), three 
 years three mouths, black-and-white. No. 7, exhibitor, 
 George Hoixl, of Guelph, Ontario, “Lily Dale” (Galloway 
 cow). No. 8, Rtime exhibitor, “Roger" (Galloway bull), .six 
 years, eight months. No. 9, exhibitor, William Rodden, 
 Plantagenot, Ontario, “Lucy” (Alderney cow, Canada), 
 two years, eight months, fawn-and-gray 'with a little white. 
 No. 10, exhibitor, William Crozier, Northport, N. Y., 
 “ Cossack," three years, dark fa-wn. No. 11, exhibitor, H. H. 
 Duyskinck, Brick Meeting-house, Maryland ffat catfle), 
 pair of Durliam bulk, six years four months, 3,000 pounds 
 each. No. 12, exliibitor, August Hamilton (Devon), draught 
 cattle, one yoke of oxen, one year old. red,. 1, GOO pounds. 
 No. 13, exliibitor, N. S. Wooil, Pawnee City, New Brums- 
 wiek. two buffaloes, natives of Kansas or Nebnu’ka, caught 
 on the i)lains. now well broken to the harness. 
 
 of every character. The State i.s traversed by three ranges i f 
 mountjuu.s, running i>arallel ^^^th the shore of the Pacific. 
 Tliese are the Coiust Range, Casaide Range, and the Blue 
 Muiuihiins. The population of Oregon in 1875 was 104.920. 
 Portland i.s the chief «'ity, ami Oregon City a promising 
 manufacturing t<ovn, Kakaii. the capital, is beautifully 
 laid out, ill tin: Willamette Valley, has a jmpulatiou of 
 about 5,000, and, though 130 miles from the sea, ships 
 eanying 1,200 tou.s can come to its wharves and load 
 direct for Liveiponl. Oregon is noted for its magnificent 
 scenery — Mount Hood, Jefferson, the Three Sisters, Dia- 
 mond's Peak aud others being some of the most remark- 
 able uiountaius in the country. Oregon is rich in precious 
 metals, about 830, 000, 000 having l>een taken from her 
 mines when tho fir.st discovery of gold was made. Sheep- 
 raising is the leatling imlustrv* of the State, the crop of 
 wool for 1875 having been nearly 2,000,000 pounds. In 
 the same year there were cultivated about 600,000 acres of 
 land, producing 5,000,(100 bushels of wheat, 3,000.000 of 
 outa, 300.000. of bailey, about 200,000 tons of buy, 30.0<MI 
 pounds of tobacco, 500,000 bushels of potatoes, etc. It is 
 also a remarkable State for fmit -growing, the valley of the 
 Willamette being celebrated as “Tho land of big red, 
 ii]iples." This l>emg the history and duiracter of the State 
 of Oregon, it is not rem;.rkablo that, since there was I'ubhc 
 
mSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 211 
 
 ontorprisfi, pnongh \s’ithin its limits, to 
 form a rrjirpsi'iitiitive collection for the 
 Exliiliition in the Agricnltnrnl Depart- 
 ment of the Centennial Exposition, this 
 i'xhihition shouhl he one of the most in- 
 teresting and instnictive displays. Such 
 is the case. Such an agiicnltnriil show, 
 coming from the most northwcsteni State 
 of the Union, is as .extraordinary ns it is 
 creditable to the onteiiirise and industry 
 of those who are able to make it. Here 
 are to b<' found every viuiety of the wild 
 grasses, llowers, mosses and fenia of Ore- 
 gon ; head.s and horns of her elk and ante- 
 lope ; Kkins of her mountain sheep, beaver, 
 otter, sable, monkey and dark-gray wolf ; 
 her birds stufled, from the American eagle 
 to the reil bird, including every variety of 
 duck known to the sportsman. Here are 
 also transverse sections of her trees — tlie 
 ivil cedar, spruce, white, red and yellow 
 fir. Three of the.se trees attaineil a mon- 
 strous size in Oregon, one being mentioned 
 as f)7 feet incircumferenoennd32.'5 feet high. 
 
 Here are also spei-imens of mountain oaks, 
 including white oak, raonntain mahogany, 
 hemlock, cotton-wood, laurel, leather, y<’w, dogu'ood, maple 
 (pronounced the most beantifnl wood in the world), leather- 
 enrled maple, shittim, larch, black and white ash, tama- 
 rind, black and white thorn, etc. ; also choiTv, plum, and 
 fruit-trees, showing a growth of 'Ji feet from the graft in 
 a single year. Besides these, there are bliuk and white 
 walnut and hickory. Here, too, are samples of the cul- 
 tivated gm-sses of Oregon, I'od and white clover, orchard 
 griuss, timothy and blue grus.s, the specimen.s being five 
 feet bigh and niiwards. Here is rye in stalk standing 
 over 111 feet; oats 8 feet; every variety of gi-;iin— all of 
 extraordinary size and yield. There is wheat from land 
 neither plowed nor harrowed. Flax is pulled over five 
 feet high and of fine quality. Dried traits, a.s prepared 
 for the markets of the world — apples, pears, plums, 
 jK'uches and prunes, equal to any iinporbal. There are 
 si>ecimenH of wool of the Oxfordshire, ('otswold and 
 Ulstcu- bri'cd, this stvplc being over a foot in length and of 
 rcmurkablo lustre. Specimens of salmon in barrels and 
 cans from the Colmnbia River are exhibited, representing 
 a trade of over S2,(U10,000 of gold per ammin. Oregon 
 makes a fine exhibit of iron ore and pig iron, of woolen 
 goods, glue, leather, apple-butter, and of cider concentrated 
 in such a way as to bo sold by the yard, pound or pint, being 
 the first time that commodity has been made a suiUible 
 article for shipment and trade. This curious result is pro- 
 duced by withdrawing from the cider itself 9 per cent, of 
 watcT, by a simple mechanical process involving the appli- 
 cation of heat, the residue being rolled up like a i>icce of 
 leather or cloth, luid undergoing no change until again 
 dissolved in wahT. With this i)rocess eider can be sent 
 anywhere, any length of time, remaining unchanged. 
 Oregon has a great trade in lumber, sending it to Cali- 
 fovnia, South America, An.sti-alia, China and .Tapuu, in all 
 of which counti-ics it is used for building i)uiq)oses. At 
 home red cedar is manufai-tnred into shingles, weather- 
 boiu-ds, house and furniture finishing ; spracc into shingles 
 and staves, which are shipped to California and South 
 America The most common and useful wood is the yellow 
 fir, wliiclt is exten-sively used for street-iilanking. railroad 
 and ship-building. In the Oregon exhibit at the Centen- 
 nial is shown a i)iece of this yellow fir which was ttikeii 
 from the planking of a steiuner, where it liail l«?en exposed 
 for twenty yeai-s to the action of fre.sh and .salt water, and 
 yet is jjerfectly sound and without the sligliti'st indication 
 of decay. From this brief examination it will be seen that 
 
 MTEB ASCH, CESTENSIAL COMMISSIONEB. 
 
 Oregon, which has not yet been a State twenty years, i.s 
 entitled t<j the full appreciation as one of the most valuable 
 and important, at leiust, of our Western Commonwealths. 
 
 UNITED STATES LIFE-SAVINO STATION. 
 
 On the north side of the hike, and near the United States 
 Cioyeminent Bnililing, is the small model station wliich has 
 been erected for the inii-i)ose of exhibitiug the appliances 
 used in the United States Life-.saring Service. On the 
 lake itself are the American aelf-n'gulating and sclf-balaiic- 
 ing life-boat and tbu Kansa.s life-raft. The life-boat weighs 
 4,500 })ound.s. 
 
 Entering the station on the right, from the lake side, 
 the visitor secs a long wiJe-beam surf-boat, resting on the 
 can-iage used to ran it along the bench to the nearest i)oint 
 to the wreck ; and opposite to this, the cannon for throw- 
 ing the line to the shi]>. This weapon tlirows a ball of 
 24 pounds, attai-hetl to a light line of 200 yards in length, 
 to the wreck, and when this is caught by those on board, 
 the shore end is fiistcned to an endless lino with juilU-ys. 
 The appliancc.s arc seen, and the gun-carriage is exliibiteJ. 
 The men on the bench are by tliis means able to juill on 
 the line one ufb'r another until they scud out haw.sers. 
 Auotlicr appliance u.sed Is the life-buoy, of oval sliaiic, 
 formed of cork and canvas. The snrf-hoat is for a sandy 
 beach, and can be easily managed in an ordinary sea, while 
 the life-boat is so constractt*d a.s to weather any storm. It 
 htus two decks. The upper deck oonuot possibly be sunk 
 below the \vater line, and os the sea washes in, the water 
 rushes out of tin' bottom through large tnbe.s extending 
 from dock to deck. The hull is of iron, and so heavy that 
 if overturned it resumes its po.sition. while the air-chambers 
 are 80 distributed that to keep the boat submerged would 
 bo impossible. 
 
 The Kansas raft is shaped like two cigars strapjicd 
 together, and weighs 400 pounds. Properly managed, it 
 will ride every sea. Several kinds of mortars and cannons, 
 and other appliances to meet the viuuous exigeneies which 
 may arise, are also displayed at the station, and in the 
 recej)tion-room is a mode! which fully illustrates the 
 method of throwing a line to a ship, running across the 
 liawser and working jierfectly. 
 
 Over the door leading to this department is a tabic show- 
 ing that since the organization of the United States Life- 
 .saving Seiwiee, in 1871, no less than 271 wrecks received 
 assistance, and in these, 3,201 lives were imperiled, all of 
 which were saved excepting 43. Five hundred and 
 ninety-seven shipwrecked possengei's received shelter after 
 being lauded. The aggregate number of days within 
 which protection w.as extended was 1,882. In the.se WTecks 
 j)roperty valued at §8,122,094 was endangered, and of this, 
 more than two-thirds were saved 
 
 OUR ILTXISTRATIONS. 
 
 Victoria’s Exhtijits in the M.un Bctldtnq. 
 
 Oim illustration pre.sents a view of a portion of the Vic- 
 toria section in the Main Bnililing. Here arc to be seen a 
 fine collection of exhibits C)f minerals, ores, stone, and 
 other mining products, besides manufactures in wood, pot- 
 tery, textile fabrics and mecliauisms ; also stufi'ed animals 
 and birds, and a long list of animal and vegetable products, 
 iucliuling native wines, preserved meats, vegetables, and 
 fruit, a fine ilisplay of wool and fleeces, and some very 
 creditable articles in the way of furniture, clothing, jewelry, 
 tools, cutlery, etc. 
 
 Among the mineral exhibits, and very prominent articles 
 i:i the section, are fac-aimiles of gold ingots found in the 
 
 Victoria mines. One of these weighed 718 
 ounces, another 844 ounces, another 1,105, 
 and still another 2,195. There ai'e also 
 specimens of gems and precious stones, in- 
 cluding diamonds, blue sapphires. Oriental 
 emeralds, rubies, aqua-marine, topaz, beiyl, 
 opal, garnet.s, tourmalines, etc. 
 
 •Tapake.se Toilet Mirror, Etc. 
 
 This illustration represents an elaborate, 
 toilet mirror, with its iu'cnmx>animent of 
 screens and car\'ings In front of the 
 mirror is a charmingly carved wixiden 
 model of a Japanese dwelling-house. On 
 either aide of it arc screens with wood 
 carvings of grotesque shapes, dragons, etc. 
 The two bronzes rexiresented are storks 
 holiling Caudelabras, and arc considered 
 among the fine.st rein'cstmlations of this 
 class of art in the Exhibition. 
 
 SoiwH Ameiui'AN Aiu’h.eolooy. 
 
 Pera and the Argentine Rex)nblic dis- 
 Xilay in the Main Building a fine collection 
 of relies in ])ottery, etc., obtained from the 
 mounds whieli exist in these countrie.s. 
 The iiottery is generally of sinqile fonu, but is engraved 
 with hicroglyxihics and gi-oU*sque ehameters, to which no 
 key hius as yet been discovered Fifty mounJs in Peru have 
 contributed toward this collection, and among the other 
 articles found Lave been skeletons of Araucaniau Indians, 
 who lu-e suijxiosihI to have existed about 1..500 years ago, and 
 mummies of Incas who it Is said became extinct at li-iust 
 3,000 years ago. The Anincanian skulls have nan-ow, 
 receding foreheads, high cheek-bones and xu-ojeeting chins, 
 forming e. most repulsive xu'csentmeiit. The Ineo.s’ skulls, 
 however, nave foreheads broad and bigli, and veiyregularly- 
 foiTucJ features. The skius of the immimies are black, 
 leathc.y and sbrnnken. Those of an aristocratic x'o.sition 
 were buried in stone jar's, Avhile the lower orders were 
 simx>ly inclosed in cotton shrouds. Articles apxiertaining 
 to the habits and customs of these peojilc were buried with 
 them: with females, such os knitted - socks, hard -wood 
 needles and balls of cotton yium ; with wamors’ rude 
 weapons. Each corpse was also siqiplied with a xiiece of 
 woven cloth to work in the sx)irit-land, with sacks of herbs, 
 cars of maize, which were iireserved by jars, which articles 
 of medicine and food were to be devoted to the necessities 
 which might arise during tlie journey about to be taken 
 by tlie deceased. The Argentine Reimblic exhibits quite 
 ail archicological eoUeotion, u hieli will be de.scribed fully 
 with a gcuei-ul description of the ilaiu Building. 
 
 ExiiiniT or the Fi-rs uf F. Booss A Buo., in the 
 Main Bvildino. 
 
 The exliiliit illu.strated eonqu-ises a fine representation 
 of fur.s, including sanqiles of all this class of articles at 
 liresent fashionable. Here oi'c sealskin sacks for iadie.s, 
 some trimmed with chinchilla, aud others %\ ith uiqiluckcd 
 otter, and others without ti'imming. Hitc are also cai-rioge- 
 robes of beaver, red and white fox, black beoi' and wol- 
 verine; muffs and boas in Russian sable, silver-fox and 
 other furs ; articles for cliOdren in Russian cbinehilla, seal, 
 etc., and a remarkably fine, double-breasted sealskin 
 overcoat f<;r a gentleman, maile in the most axqiroved 
 style of the i>eriod. This firm has a large eatablisliment 
 at 449 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Il'AIJAN Sen-PTURE IN MEilOIUAL HaLL AnNEX. 
 
 As has been elsewhere remarked, Italian art in .sculpture, 
 at the xireseiit time, so far as its representation iu our 
 Exx>osition is concerned, achieves its best success iu 
 
 W. J, PHlLUrS, CHIEF OF CENTENNIAL XELEOBAPE DUBEAU. 
 
r.-presentrttions of cliihfroii and infantile subjects. Four 
 such subjects have been illustrated by our artLsts. One of 
 these i-s called ‘-Tlie Forced Prayer," Xo. 332 iu the cata- 
 logue of the Italian collection, and is by Pietro Guanerrio, 
 of Jlilan. The idea supposes a little boy weeihug bitterly 
 at being compelled to say his ])rayers, aud the artist has 
 most successfully developed tlii.s concei)tion. This work 
 took the first prize at Vienna, and wa.s highly praised on 
 all sides. *• The Fii-st Step. " by Trombctti. of Jlilau, Xo. 24 
 iu the catalogue, explains itself. The anxiety expressed in 
 the child's face and the accuracy of the mechanicid action 
 of the body are admirably (.lisplayed, aud entitle this work 
 to careful examiuatiou. --The ()q>hans,”])y Pereda, of 
 3Iilan, represent.s two childn-n, si.ster aud brother, in" a 
 jMsture indicative at once of affection, jirotcctitui and 
 isolation ; the sentiment of the gi-oiip being most skillfully 
 expres.sed. “ Blind- Mnn's-BiiffV’ by Barzaghi, Xo. 19. 
 presents a young girl, blindfolded, reaching out, as it were, 
 in fear of falling or stumbling ngjiinst some one, ns she seeks 
 vainly for her hiding companions in the popular game. 
 
 C^ATABAlT IN' MACHINEnY H.ALL. 
 
 In the centre transept of :MachiDery Hall, and imme- ^ 
 diately Iwhind the Corhss Engine, is an exhibition of [ 
 water-power, waterfall.s, and scientific and powerful pump- I 
 ing, .such as probably never was made before anywhere. ! 
 This is located in a sort of a wing known as the Pump I 
 Annex. In oui- illustration the spectator is supposed to 
 be standing at the dividing line between the Annex and 
 the mam structm-e, looking south. In the centre is a tank, 
 160 by 80 feet in dimensions, which i.s kept nearly full of 
 water received liy the Centennial Commission's own system 
 of water-works, direct frum the Schuylkill. At the fiWher 
 end of the tank is a cataract, 40 fcet’wido, the water being 
 precipitated a distiiuei* of 40 feet, at the rate of 18,000 
 gallons a mmute. The construction of this oi-tificial fall is 
 as foUows : Snpiiortetl upon iron pipes, which an.swer also 
 the purpose of conduits, is a platform over which the water 
 dest'cnds, aud to M-hieh it is forcwl by i>owerful pumps, 
 which are also on exliibition. On both sides of the tank 
 are various forms of pumps exhibited, some of which, 
 operated by steam, force water through pipes, at a distance 
 above the tank iu such way tliat the rushing streams from 
 them shoot iu parabolic cuires into the waters below. 
 
 Japanese Sckeens. 
 
 The illustration reiireseuts one of the peculiar and char- 
 acteristic subjects with which the Japanese decorate their 
 screens, It exhibits a long line of green grasshopiiers, 
 
 marching in single file on their hind leg.s, each carrying a 
 species of flowei-s. In tlie centre of tlig line a high-enste 
 grasshopper is carried along in a palanquin. The Japanese 
 devote a gi-eat deal of time and thought to the decoration 
 of their screens, and succeed iu combining embroidery and 
 painting with quite wonderful effects ; the faces of figures 
 and outlines of landscape being painted on a silk back- 
 gi-oimd, while costumes, animjd structures, etc., are em- 
 broidered in relief. The hirger-sized screens cost from 
 S'lOO to S400, and the best pictorial art iu Japan is devoted 
 to their decoration ; the wealthy and cultiuvd Jajmnese 
 enjoying the collection and exhibition of these articles in 
 the same manner as does a merchant -prince in this 
 coimtry his gallery of ])aintings. In painting on silk, 
 without the aid of the effect iirodueed bv cmbroideiy, 
 some very charming work is exliibited : a few small screen.s 
 like that which we have illu.strated, displaying the most 
 quaint and original conception. 
 
 Crackebs, Baking- powdeb, CoNFECTioNEiiy ,o«d 
 Slate Eoofino. 
 
 There are iu Agricultural Hall, as will liave been noticed 
 by most of the visitors to that interesting building, a 
 number of exhibits of crackers put up iu such ornamental 
 sliape as to lie most attractive. Of these exliibits, that of 
 Adam Exton ik Co., of Xewton, X. J., is de.serving of 
 consideration. Our artist has represented the prettv 
 case, which contain.s the different kinds of crackers ex- 
 hibited by this firm, including the "butter," the " water," 
 the "oyster," the "plain wine," the "fancy wine," “consti- 
 tution crackers, " etc. On the walls of the section contain- 
 ing these exliibits are hung pictures of their inventor. 
 Exton, and also of hi.s patented cracker machine, together 
 ■nith the long list of his premiums, gold and silver medids, 
 and other prizes, which have been given him at State Fairs 
 since 1850. His factory ilatcs back to three years previous 
 to that time. 
 
 In this same locality, and clo.se by the i\-indmill, is the 
 confectionery exhibit of H. MuilloriL We have already 
 referred to it in our general examination of Agricultural 
 HalL The compartment devotetl to Mr. Maillard’s exhibits 
 is handsomely furnished in walnut, with carpets, mirrors, 
 lounges, etc. The most conspicuous article on exhibition, 
 as is seen in our illustration, is a huge spire-shaped 
 monument of white sugar, nearly fifteen feet in height, 
 and omameuted with historical figures and groups in 
 sugar and chocolate, illustrating incidents in the history 
 of the United States. These include the signing of the 
 Declaration of Independence, the landing of the Pilgrim 
 
 iatlicrs, the capture of Fort Ticouderoga. side figures 
 r<-]ire.senting Sitting BuD and General Custer on hnr.scback, 
 
 I etc. The.sc figures are all made by himd. Tlierc are also 
 I two fine piece.s of confectionerj': the one a mas.si^•e vu.se 
 I caUed theMediew, of solid choeoLite, weighing 200i>ound.s; 
 
 I the other a book of enonnons size, containing 3,000 varic- 
 ! ties of bon-bons and chocolate, made by Mr. MaillarJ, aud 
 ' ai)pr<-)piiiite]y entitled, " Une "Wyage dans l/tsle des 
 Pl;n,sir.s." 
 
 I Leaving the Agrieultiivul Hall for the :Main Building, 
 j but still in the same line of exliibits, we note the display 
 I made by G. F. Giuitz A Co., of Xew York. The iUnKtra- 
 I tioii show.s a humls.ime an.l elaborately carx'ed widmit 
 j case, containing cans iu which are the celebrated "Sea- 
 I foam Baking Powders." The.so are neatly and artistically 
 I arranged, and the entire exhiliit is snrmounteil by a glass 
 jar, conhiining the sea-foam in full view, rising to the 
 height of 15 or 20 feet. 
 
 Another of onr illustrations, in quite a dift'erent depart- 
 ment of nmnufaeture, is that rcpre.seuting the building 
 of the Xew York Slate Roofing Cnmpmiy, located near the 
 annex to the Ylaiu Building. Thi.s Company mnnufac- 
 tiuc a cheap but durable coating for ro.ofs made bv a 
 combination of slate in tlie form of paint for the protection 
 of roofing. One coat of this paint applied to .shingle roofs 
 fills all the holes, pores or cracks, warp<“d or curved 
 shingles, and makes tho roof resemble slate in color and 
 condition. It is claimed by the proprietors to be tho only 
 reliable paint made, which will effectually fill all leaks, 
 in fiat, shingle or other roofs, at the same time proving the 
 most dm-able paint for metal surface.s. Many of our largest 
 Government buildings, as also theatres, bridges, factorie.s, 
 foundric.s and coriioratious, use this roofing iu preference 
 to all others. 
 
 PoRTE.AiT OP G. Q. Richmond, of the Centf-nntal 
 Commission from Colorado. 
 
 Colorado being tho "Centennial State,” on account of 
 having just been admitted into the Union, it Ls projicr tliat 
 the portrait at lea-st of one of lier Centennial Commissioners 
 should be given in this publication. We have wlected that 
 of Mr. G. Q. Richmond, of Pueblo, Coloratlo. Bom Au- 
 gust 9th, 1845, in Kennebec County, Maine, at the age of 
 sixteen he enlishsl in the 61st Massachusetts Regiment, 
 and .serx-ed until the end of the war. at the clo.se of which 
 he xvas appointetl to a position in the Treasiuy Dep;irtment 
 and although filling this, he contimied his .studies and 
 actually passetl through Columbia College, Washington, 
 I). C., xrith high honors, and received a diploma of its 
 

 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Liiw .School, He pi-iu-tiocfl Liw in ‘VVashington City for 
 throe roars, when ho wont West an<l took np his residence 
 in Pueblo, Colorwlo, whore ho has recently by hi.s own 
 ability passed through the different grades of City and 
 Comity Attorney, and is now a State Commissioner to 
 the Centennial, in which iiosition he has given his beat 
 effort towards making the exhibition of his State what 
 it is, one of the moat notable, and intt'reating on the 
 grounds. 
 
 Fkank Le-slte’s Pavilion. 
 
 At page 1-in of this work will be seen a view of the 
 pavilion erech-d by l\Ir. Frank Leslie, on the banks of the 
 laki- in the Ci-ntenniul (inmnds. The building is octagonal 
 in shape, of very ornameiitid and artistic design, but com- 
 ju'ises for use only one floov, where are the heiulqnurh-rs 
 of the authorized represeiitutive.s of Mr. Leslie's publishing 
 establishment, as well lus resident artists, to whom are due 
 the illustrations of the. Histokioal Kicoistek. During the 
 Slimmer this building has had the advantage of a cool 
 position, while its locality, fronting oblicpiely on Belmont 
 Avenue, the iirineipal thoroughfare in the grounds, ha-s 
 made it one of the most notii-eabh; objects among the 
 numerous smaller buildings which go to make up the 
 E.viiositioii. Files of the numerous jicriodieaLs iasued by 
 Mr. Leslie have been kejit in the Pavilion, and have been 
 a constant source of attraction to pn.ssers-by. 
 
 Centennial Iln.sT.Ai'RANTS. 
 
 M’e illustrate two of the restaurants on the ('cntenniiiJ 
 Grounds — the Grand American and the Vienna Bakery. 
 The American vestinrant hius been very iioinilar during the 
 time the Exposition has been npemd. and has given excel- 
 lent satisfaction. It is claimed to be the largest e.stab- 
 ILshnieiit for this ]uirpo.se on the ground, having seating 
 i'apacity for 5,0b() guests. Its location is near Agrieultunil 
 Hall, and its sun-omidings and tin* ■views from it are 
 liarticnlarly benntiful. The Vienna Bakery is au establish- 
 ment whieli cannot be too highly praised, and if its 
 existence at the Centennial should do what it jirnmisc.s, it 
 may effect a iieniianeut improvement in Amerieau bread- 
 making. The Viennese, who are said to be the best l.irenil- 
 inakers iii the worl.l, will iheu deserve the hearty thanks of 
 the future generations of Ameiican.s. The establishment 
 where the Vienna bread has been first introduced iuto tliis 
 country is a plain stnictnrc, in which the only articles 
 served are cofiee, ices, chocolate, and bread. Yet this 
 hniUling hu.s been crowded to repleticui during evety day of 
 
 the Exhibition, hundreds frequently waiting for op{)ortuni- 
 tics to obtain a seat at one of the marble-top bddes, and a 
 chance at the limitetl but most excellent bill of fare. 
 Messrs. Gaff, Flcischraan A Co., who established the 
 Vienna Bakery, design to locate branche.s, after the Exhi- 
 bition is over, in the cities of New A’ork and Philadelphia, 
 with a view to introduce what is known ns the “German 
 Press Yeast,” by the use of which it is claimed this 
 wonderful bread can be manufactured by anybody. It 
 is to be hoped that the firm will be eminently successful in 
 their undei-hiking. 
 
 iNTFJtNATIONAL BeGATTA PrIZES. 
 
 Our illustratiuii of the two principal prizes for the great 
 Centennial Boat Ibices is from a photograph by Broatl- 
 bend A Philips, of Philadelphia. These prizes mv of solid 
 silver, the manufacture of Messrs, Bailey i Co., anil are 
 vidiicd respectively at $?l,70n. The larger one, presented by 
 Mr. Geo. V. Childs, tlie jirojirietor of the Philadelphia 
 L'sjgflr, was pre.senh'd to the winner of the intercollegiate 
 race. It stands upon an ebony base, about three feet 
 high, and i.s surmounted by a miniature statue of ^ ictory 
 bolding a wreath. Two American Eagles, the Biitish Linn, 
 Liberty Boll, and other symbols, form a pretty ornament 
 of this fine piece. The smaller prize was given to the 
 winner of the international fonr-oared race. It represents 
 an oval-shaped bowl, with a shell-boat running through it. 
 On the sides are engraved views of the course on the 
 Schuylkill and the boat-honsc.s. The figure of Liberty, 
 coiiied from that on the Capitol at Washington, surmounts 
 the whole. 
 
 Portrait of Mr. Francis Beroeb, Commis.sioner of 
 L rxEMBriui. 
 
 The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg was declared neutral 
 by the Treaty of Loudon, May 11th. 1867, and placed 
 under the sovereignty of the House of Orange and Nassau. 
 The population of thi.s little Grand Duchy numbers 210,000 
 souls, and the annual budget amounts to about a million 
 anil a half dollars. Its army consists of one battalion, its 
 religion is Homan Calholic. and its language German or 
 French. ^leanMliile, it has a large number of railways, 
 and is both agricultural and manufacturing by vocation. 
 Some of its proilucts are exhibited in the Exhibition, 
 especiallv gloves, which have obtained a high reputition in 
 Europe. In more practical products Luxemburg is also 
 quite rich, j)rodncing annually 350,000 tons of pig-iron, 
 
 and 1,600,000 pounds of ore. The King of Holland, Grand 
 Duke of Luxemburg, has sent to Philadelphia, as delegate 
 to represent the Grand Duchy at the Centennial. Jlr. F. 
 Berger, whose portrait we reproduce. This gentleman has 
 filled several important positions in his own countrj-, and 
 has the reputation of being one of the most active and 
 capable members of the Luxemburg Chamber of Deputies. 
 It is to him that the Grand Duchy owes the creation of the 
 National Bank, having a capital of 300,000,000 francs, 
 issuing notes payable to bearer. He has been decorated 
 with the Orders of France, Belgium, and of liis own country. 
 
 The Centennial Awards. 
 
 In the system of awards adopted by the Centennial 
 Commi.ssion, a wide divergence has been made from the 
 l>lan heretofore followed by inhu-national exhibitions. 
 Thus it has been the custom to place the decision with 
 regard to the comparative value and merit of articles in the 
 hands of juries, who were reqnii-ed to render in tlie case of 
 each class of articles a definite decision as to which was 
 best, wliich second best, etc. For these relative merits, 
 graduated medals were awarded. This plan, however, has 
 never been altogether satisfactm-y. The jury system, iu 
 fact, both at the Paris Exhibition, iu 1867, and tliat held in 
 Vienna in 1873, resulted in universal disgmst and dis-satisfac- 
 tiou. Jealousies and intrigues were found to be a part 
 of the prog;rumme, aud the best judgment on the subject 
 denuded to do away with the system altogether. The Cen- 
 tenuial Commiasiou adojdcd the judicial system, one-half 
 the judges being Americans and the other lialf foreigners, 
 appointed by the different countrie.s. The whole number 
 of judges was 225, being about one-half that of the jurors 
 at the Vienna Exhibition. Each Ainerioan judge received 
 S600, aud the foreign judges Si. 000, to cover necessary 
 expenses. The jimnnnel of the Board of Judges was of 
 the highest character, and especially so in regard to the 
 Chief, Gen. Francis A. Walker, a gentleman mIio brouglit 
 to the duty apportioned to him nut only scientific attain- 
 ments of the highest rank, but first-class executive ability 
 aud wide experience. 
 
 The old system consisted in showing that one article was 
 superior to the others, without designating in what particu- 
 lar the -superiority consisted. Meaiiwliile, medals of four or 
 five gnules were awarded in gold, silver, bronze, etc., 
 showing degi'ces of excellence, By the new system a 
 uniform bronze medal ivos given, the real a-ward consisting 
 in the eoi-cfully discriminating report by the judges, showing 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEMNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 the spoeird merit for -wliich the mciliil -was given. The 
 plan was, in fact, t<> givf awards of medals of equal value 
 for all articles cousideivd by the majority of the judges 
 having the gi'oii 2 >s under ermsideratioii whic-h i)os.scs.s 
 ilistiugiushcd merit, and to plainly point out the character 
 of the meiit itself. None of these dii>loma.s or mediil.s is in 
 itself better than any other. 
 
 It is desh-able tti make this fact very jiLiin, aa many 
 exhibitors have announced themselves, by a public adver- 
 tisement. a.s holding medals or dijdomas of a higher rank 
 than all othei-s. Such is not, and by this system cannot 
 be. the case. All are alike as hir as the medaLs are concerned, 
 the speci.al differences in the articles honored being speci- 
 fically mentioned in the diplomas. 
 
 The awards were made on the evening of October 4th, in 
 the Judges' Hall on the Centennial Groumls, and in the 
 pre.sence of the foreign Commi.s.sioncrs and about 1,800 
 invited giie.sts. Addresses were made by Commissioners 
 Slon-ell and Goshom, after •\\hich the President of the 
 Centennial Commission presented the diplumsis or awards 
 to tlie Presidents of the different Foreign Commissions, 
 and to Mr. Goshoru the awai'ds of the successful esJiibitors 
 
 a block of coal and a very fine exhibit of wool. The 
 beautiful i)hotographs from Sydney are id.so most attractive, 
 while here, too, i.s an obelisk showing the amount of gold 
 taken from the mines of thi.s colony, Queensland has 
 a .smaller obeIi.sk, representing tlie quantity of gold found 
 in this colony since 1868. It amounts to sixty toms of gold, 
 valued at S3i5, 006,0(10. Here also are siieciniens of tin, 
 copj)er. arrowToot, woods, <jils, sdks and botanical speci- 
 meu.s. lu protluctiou of tin Queen.slmul actually exceeds 
 that of gold, and immense tpiautities of both products arc 
 exj)orted. 
 
 South Australia, Tasmania and New Zeahind also make 
 interesting exhibits. 
 
 well as American demand. For over half a century this firm 
 has maintainetl its well-ciu-ned reputation for inannfacturcf 
 of the fin&st quality, and it is alw.ay.s adapting everv new 
 available discovery to aid the jirinh'r in the more perfect 
 execution of hi.s work. Messrs. George Mather’s Sons re- 
 ceived, for their exhibits, the highest medal at the disposal 
 of the t'ommis.sion of .Tnrors to the Centemiial Exhibition, 
 and the honor awarded to this firm is a guarantee of theii 
 successful past and their more pre-eminent future. 
 
 Messrs, George P. Rowell k Co.’s Newsp.u>er 
 P.\^^LIO^^ 
 
 Centennial JIedals. 
 
 It is stated that about 12,000 medals liave been awarded to 
 succes.sful exhibitors, being in the vicinity of one-fourth of 
 the entire number. These medals are all bronze, fom- iuchea 
 in diameUu-. the largest of the kind ever seen in this 
 country. On the obverse is represenb-d the Genius of 
 America, holding a crown of laurels above the emblems 
 of industry lyiug at her feet. Female photographs on the 
 
 The cnteiiirising advertising agents. Jlessrs, George P. 
 Rowell ii. Co., conceived and earned out a most original 
 and useful idea when they esbibli.shed the Newsjiaper 
 Building on the Ex])ositiou Grounds. Here vi.sitora were 
 offered a comfortable apartment 67 feet in length bv 46 in 
 width, and 36 in height, ndmii-ably lighb-d and ventilated, 
 where they cmdd write, letters home, if that oonvenienco 
 was de.sired, or could examine any one of the 8,000 news- 
 papers jnjblished in the United State.s. eveiy i.ssue of each 
 jourmd being received during the Exhibition. The ays- 
 
 iUE END UF THE EXl’OSll'ION— SCENE ON THE ilUllNING OE N(JVEMi;EIl IOtH AT THE I'ASSENGEK DEPOT OF THE NEW JEHSEV CENTRAL RAILROAD. 
 
 of the United St.ttes. T\'e liave illustrated the scene of 
 the occasion of this important transaction. 
 
 The British Colonies Exhibit in the Main Bcildinc. 
 
 The section devoted to the British Colonial exhibit 
 comiirises a very considerable i>lace on the uotheru side of 
 the nave of the Main Building, west of the traii.s<-pt. Chief 
 among these colonies are, of coui-se, the Australian group, 
 which occupy oiie-third of the entire space allotted to 
 the dependencies of Great Britain, Canada having one-half, 
 and the remainder being given to Indi:», the Cape of Good 
 Hope, the Gold Coast. Jamaica. BermiuLi. the Baliamas, 
 Seychelles, Ceylon, British Guiana and Trinidad. 
 
 It is to the Australian exhibit, illustrated by our artists, 
 tbat we %rish to direct the atteution of the reader in the 
 present instance. Here are siiecimens of raw iiroducLs, 
 sfcitistics of wealth, views of scenery, sami)les of miueraLs, 
 textile fabrics, etc., and csiK>ciaUy in the Victoria Court, 
 the exhibits illustrating the gold product of tliat colony. 
 
 Till? five Australian cohjiiies liavi* produced since the 
 beginning of gold mining in ISJl, excluding Tiotoria, 
 17,996,834 ounces ; while Victoria alone has produced 
 4.J.629.122 ounces, valued at more than 8875,000,000. 
 Most ink'resting exhibits in this connection ore modeb 
 represi'iitirg the gi-oss jirnduct of gold as well as other metals 
 of enormous ingots. In the New South Wales exhibits arc 
 
 outer zone, typifying America, Euroi)c, Asia and Africa, 
 are acconqiauied by ajiproiiriate symbols. On the reverse 
 b a wreath of laurels, having in the exergue, “Inkniational 
 Exliibitiou, PhiiadeliJhia, MDCCCLXXVI.,” and within 
 the wreatli, “Awarded by the United States Centennial 
 Commis.siou.” 
 
 Exhibit of JIes.sk.s. George Mather's Sons’ Letter- 
 PRE.S.S AND L1THOGR.APHIC PRIN[IN<i-lNKS. EtC\ 
 
 This very niiicpie exhibit (see page 195) is located on the 
 sonthea-stem side of the Main Building, and comprises sam- 
 ples of the varion.s kiiul-s of black au<l colored printing-inks 
 for letterpress and lithogmidiie ]>rinting, and also the v;ir- 
 nishes and oiks used in the.se trades. The sarajiles of inks, 
 varubhes and oib are neatly aiTauged upon shelves, while 
 the nnsuri>assc‘d si)eeimens of lurntcd work produced by 
 the celebrated iiiunufactures of Mi'ssrs. George Slather's Sons 
 (60 John Street, New A’ork) are disposed about the section 
 in such a nismuer a.s to render them easily accessible to 
 the mo-st critical discqde of the ennobling art of Printing. 
 
 The fine.st illustrated newsj)ai>ers, pt'riodiaib — (such as 
 Fi-ititk ly'slie's Illustrated Xeir.ipaprr, Frank Ijpslii-'s Ifis- 
 torir d lit-yisler <>f the Ceuteivivd Reposition, and Harper.' 
 ire.'I7</) — and books published in this conntrv- are iirinted 
 with this firm’s inks, and such b the care and skill besbiwed 
 in thi'ir manufacture that they have secured a Foreign a 
 
 I teinatic arrangement of thb multitude of jounials was 
 such that any paper could lie fmmd at a moment's notice; 
 and as the atteiubuts in charge were civil and courteous, 
 it was a real treat and pleasure to submit one’s self to 
 their kind attentiuii.s. 
 
 I Extending around the iqijn-r i>ortiun <if the building 
 , were two gidleries containing about thirty desks, sui)]»lied 
 ; with pens, ink and paper gratis, while aevend private 
 ' rooms, comfoi-tably fitted up, offered ;ui additional feature 
 1 of convenience. 
 
 j Of the 8.000 and over Aiiieriaiu uewspapm-s, 6,235, or 
 more than three-fourths, are weekly. The State of New 
 York supphes 1,818, the City of New York alone fur- 
 ' iii-shiug more than 400. Next comes Peim.sylvaiiia with 
 ; 738, iiicluiling Pliikulelphia with her 160. After these 
 I follow Ohio, Iowa and Indiana, and next Mas.sachu.setts, 
 
 I with 350. Cidifomia ranks fourth iu the mimljer of ib 
 dailies. 
 
 j It is au interesting fact tiiat during the last five years 
 an average numbiT of six new jonrn;ds liave been started 
 j in the T..nited States every day ; and yet the actual 
 I increase during that time has not been much over two 
 ' thousand. 
 
 j Messrs. George P. Rowell'.s establishment was lorgi-Ij 
 jiatroni/ANl during tlie E.xhibitimi, and veiw many ATsitors 
 from a dbtuiice will hold in grateful remembrance the 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 ■115 
 
 ing of .Scrij){nrcs, -wlien the Rev. Henry C. McCook gave 
 a history of the effort to erect the monument. Tiii-s 
 foliowcil by a hymn, the contents of the corner-stone and 
 tho inscriptions being tlien recited. The inscriptions are as 
 follows: On the north aide, ‘‘Of property I have some, of 
 reputation more; that reputation is staked, that projierty 
 is pledged on the issue of this contest ; and although those 
 gray hairs must soon descend into tho sepulchre, I would 
 infinitely rather that tlicy shoiUd descend thither by the 
 hand of an executioner than de.sert ;,t this crisis the 
 sacred cause of my country”; on the south side, “Proclaim 
 liberty throughout all tho land, unto all the inhabitiinta 
 thereof.— Lev. ‘20 ch. 10 v.”; on the cost side, “John Wither- 
 spoon, D,I>,,LL.I)., a lineal descendant of John Knox, 
 born in Scotland, Febniary 5th, 1722, ordained Minister in 
 the Presbyterian Church, 1745 ; Pre.sident of Princeton 
 College, New .Jersey, 17158 to 1754, the only <lerg}'mnu 
 in the Continental Congress a signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence ; dii'd at Princetm, November both, 1754” ; 
 on the west side, "This stituc is erect'd under the author- 
 ity of a committee appointed by tho Goncr.il AAsembly of 
 the Pre-sbyterian Church in tho United ShiU's of America, 
 July 4th, 187G.” At the bottom is the following: “This 
 
 tTmughtfuInc-ss which provided for tlieiix 
 constant new.s fr<nu home. 
 
 Norway Exhihit is thi; Main Bi'ildino. 
 
 Reference to our general article on the 
 Norwegian exhiljition will show the generiil 
 character of the articles to be seen in this 
 section. In our illustration there will be 
 found .sketche.s of sevi'rul Norwegian drink- 
 ing-cups, hmkard.s and horn-s, a large silver 
 drinking-vase, old silver out).s of imti<inc' 
 pattern, a drinking-horn on wheels, which 
 is fully described in its proper place; a 
 raanunoth tfinkard of soft metal, three feet 
 high, having a capacity of tlireo gallons, etc. 
 
 Tiik Dairy. 
 
 One of tho most Mtisfying refreshment 
 establishments on tho Centennial Grounds 
 is the Dairy, whieh is locat'd on Lands- 
 doVno Ravine, between the Main Building 
 and Horticultural Hall, one of the most 
 picturesque spots in the entire area. The 
 main building is about 360 feet in length, 
 built of rough-hewn logs and grapevine 
 branches in artistic stylo. It has two 
 annexe.s, yet it is constiutly crowded by its patrons, Tho 
 special feature of the Dairy m-nn has been the richness 
 and purity of its milk and cream, and tho excellence of 
 its butter. The bread dispensed is that of the Vienna 
 Bakery ; and other articles in the bill-of-fare are wheaten 
 grits, pies, pastry, etc. 
 
 The Witherspoon Monement. 
 
 The engraviug of the Monument of John Witherspoon 
 will be found on page 45, and an account of the .subject — 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and 
 President of Princeton College, 17G8 — on page 124. The 
 monument stands outsidn the grcjiinds, east of Memorial 
 Hall, on LaiidsdowiK' Drive. It was unvailed with appro- 
 priate ceri'mouies ou the appointed day. The statue was 
 erected under a ri'solutiou of the General Assembly of 
 tho Presbyterian Chnrch. nt a meeting held at Cleveland, 
 in 1875. On the jircsent occasion a procession was formed 
 an<l marched in the morning, from the Tabcniacle Church, 
 Princeton, where they were joined by the Synod of New Jer- 
 sey to the Reading Ibiilroad depot There they embarked 
 on the cars for tho Ceiiteiuiial Grounds, and the site of tho 
 moiumieut. The proceedings opened with prayer and read- 
 
 pedestal is the gift of the Pre-sbyters of 
 Philadelphia and vicinity.” Tlie statue was 
 then unvailed by D. W. Woods, Esq., a 
 grandson of Dr. Witherspoon, and after 
 the singing of a hymn, his Excellency 
 Joscjih D. Beille, Governor of the State 
 of New Jersey, delivered the oration. The 
 jircscntation of the statue to the Park Com- 
 mission was made by the Hon. H. Ross 
 Snowden, LL.D., and it was accepted by 
 Mr. John Welsh. The thanks of the Park 
 Commission were tendered by the Rev. 
 Dr. George Hale. Tho doxology was an- 
 nounced, and tho exercises were concluded 
 xrtth tho benediction of Rev. James 
 McCosh. 
 
 Tbommeu's Extract of Malt. 
 Among the numerous iireparatinns of 
 malt exliibited in the Brewers’ Building is 
 the one abox e named, a nutiitive beverage 
 said to combine sedative, tonic aud alter- 
 ative virtues. Malt extract is highly re- 
 commended by tlie medical faculty iis a 
 restorative of exhausted constitutions, it 
 being exceedingly uutntion.s and most 
 satisfactory in its digestion. A single dose, 
 of this extract is said to contain more of the important 
 constituents of malt than is found in a pint of the best 
 ale. In Germany the article is frequently emplnyod in 
 place of cod-liver oil in the treatment of imlmnnary 
 consumption. Our illustration displays tho haiulsomo 
 exliibit herein described, the article being manufactured 
 in Fremont, Ohio. 
 
 MINERAL ANNEX. 
 
 Tins is a long, low, narrow building, extending over 
 about one-third the length of the Main Building, south 
 of that structure, and near the eastern end. Ou entering 
 this building at the western end. aud after an exldbit 
 of stone, we come upon a hu'ge collection of articles from 
 China, which are apparently tho overtlow from the crowded 
 Chinese clejiartment of the Jluin Building, since many 
 of them are certainly not minerals or geological specimens. 
 
 First there are a number of articles in basket-work, 
 .some of them quite cunous and pretty. Then there is a 
 collection of speeiincns of native woods. After these, in a 
 glass case, there is an exhibit of Indiiin ink in the small 
 
 
 iLlhllHi.UhflitlimrTiiiwnrBL.t 
 
 fif liniUUIlllUllllMIlnlir 
 
 V uiTii i 'iniiiu] 
 
 TUE FUENCII GOVEUN'MENf BUILDING. 
 
216 
 
 H/STORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIA^ EXPOSITION. 
 
 cakes famiHar to the frequenters of station- 
 ery stores, a-s well a.s in larger pieces. Then 
 there are Chiuose kites and balloons in 
 different shapes of strange -looking insects 
 and birds. Xext come fabrics and some 
 specimens of vegetable fibre, as well as 
 some tobacco. Tliere are quite u number 
 of articles of straw, such as hate, matting, 
 etc., with specimens of straw braid in 
 different conditions of manufacture. Then 
 come personal ornaments, combs and 
 slijipers, these being in ctuses. There are 
 specimens of tea under gLiss, and next a 
 long table covered with domestic tools, 
 teapots, etc. 
 
 Perhaps one of the most pleasing and 
 attractive exliibits in this collection is 
 coluposerl of images jibout a foot in 
 height, made of papier-mache <}r some 
 other similar material, and formcl to re- 
 present different classes of society in 
 China, the figures being in different at- 
 titudes nml costumes. These little objects 
 arc very cleverly constructed, and admirably 
 illustrate the peculiar dress of the eountrj-. 
 
 Tliere are a few luusicid instruments, 
 rather difficult to describe, some being like 
 a combination of the guitar and banjo, others like tam- 
 bourines. There are heavy Chinese shoes, and then more 
 of the small figures already mentioned, including among 
 them a number of bird.s, and groups of two or three figures 
 together. Next, ranged against the walls, are seven or 
 eight life-size rejiresentations of Cliinese men and women 
 in actual costumes. A very large collection of vege- 
 table medicines is shown, obtained from different ports 
 and provinces, such as Ningpo, Amoi, Newehang, and 
 Chiukiung. .Still more little figures, some of these peculiar 
 by reason of having hideous masks, yet none of them more 
 than a few inches in height. Then a few Chinese bamboo 
 chairs, a number of models of Chinese junks and other I 
 native boats, some fur skins of native animals hung over a 
 partition abo^•e, cases containing nuts and other vegetable 
 products, grain.s. etc. ; and a collection of the inevitable 
 painted screens clo.ses the Chine.se exhibition in this 
 building. 
 
 Now open.s the mineral exhibit proper, arranged according 
 to States. The exhibition of minerals of the State of 
 
 chief. The bowl is of caxwed redstone, and 
 tlic stem is of wood about three feet lung, 
 and an inch and a half broad, ornamented 
 near the month-piece with what appeared to 
 be liorse-hair and wampum. This collection 
 of Indian and other relic.s is verj- large and 
 most interesting. It is exhibited by tho 
 State Axchieological A.ssociation of Ohio. 
 
 IxDiANA presents a veiy fine exhibit, in- 
 cluding iron and other ores, speeimeus of 
 pottery, fire-brick, oil-stone, hydraulic ce- 
 ment, kaolin or i)oreelain day, rubber, 
 sandstone, cauuel coal, bliicstonc, lime- 
 stone, etc. 
 
 Pexn.sylvania at this point includes only specimens of 
 marble and coal, after wliich comes 
 
 Delaware. Here is a lai-ge case of minerals, and there 
 are also some exhibits of marble ores and granite 
 
 Ohio begins her exhibition mth several fine specimens 
 of coal, one of these being about fifteen feet high and four 
 feet squiu-e. There are also large s]>ecimens of ores and 
 minor.ds arranged on shuhing, and some samples of manu- 
 factured bar-s and wrought iron. Next, a considerable 
 show of jxDttery and fire-brick, bmestone, salt, and a glass 
 containing bromine. Then there is freestone, specimens of 
 grain, etc. , and a positively splendid collection, illustrating 
 the Stone Age as elucidated thrmigh ite relics in Ohio. 
 This includes ax and arrow-heads, and a very fine collec- 
 tion of IiKliau pii)es. beails, wampum, cork, shells and awls 
 or punches. .Some of the pipes are beautifully carved aud 
 polished. There are idso a large munber of discoidid aud 
 other stones from the moiuids. One specimen exhibited 
 here is a pipe presented to Captain Lewis, by a Mandan 
 
 Michigan, Here we liave a very liand- 
 some show of min»-rals, and native copper 
 and silver. One peculiar and characteristic 
 exhibit is an Indian birch-bark canoe from 
 Lake Superior. There are also some In- 
 dian curiosities, and a vciy fine display i.if 
 Lake Superior coiipcr ore, bar a’ld inf>ot 
 co])pcr, some of the sj)ecimens of copper 
 ore and conglomerate being of enormous 
 size. Then there is native metallic copper, 
 stamped work, etc. riiudly, we have a case 
 containing a good show of specimens of 
 Micliigon gj-psum ; and another, of articles illustrating tho 
 Stone Age, as represented in this State, 
 
 M isroNsiN. In tliis State we have first a fine collection 
 of pre-historic stone tools in upright cases, including ax 
 and arrow-head-s, pc, sties, cutting utensils, etc. Here are 
 specimens of a number of different kiiuls of native .stone, 
 jiolished and pLiin ; ul,so brick, clay, aud fire-brick. A very 
 curious exhibit is a case of pre-historic copper tcxils aud 
 Hints, arrow-heads, etc. The coj^per ni-tides include knives, 
 chisels and pointed tools, and ore most interesting. There 
 are also four large cases containing a general mineral dis- 
 play. Vegetable products, corn in the car, grains, etc.— 
 these latter being in a glass casc—togctlier with samples 
 of manufactured iron and steel, complete the e.xhibit. 
 
 Iow.\ exhibits kaolin. There are here also several uji- 
 right cases containing specimens of the geological strata 
 of the .State, fiom the Smiit Peter’s sandstone to the 
 po.st-tertiarv. lacustrine and drift strata. Among these are 
 numbered the Potsdam sauilstone, Trenton limestone, 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 217 
 
 lectod in that locality. During the reception the “Sons 
 of Mas-sachusetts,’’ an organization of Massachusetts men 
 resident in New York City, under the lead of Col. Frank 
 E. Howe, presented to the State a handsome flag, which 
 was received by the Goven-or, Mr. Nathan Appleton being 
 the spokesman of the donors. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ehode Islanh. 
 
 Niagara limestone, etc. It is in the o.-diibition made by this 
 State that we first meet a collection of tlio relics of the 
 Stone Age and of tho pre-iiistoric inhabitants of that section 
 of the country. This collection comprises ax -heads, 
 ni-row-heads, fragments of pottery, and even skulls, although 
 these latter are of course, of u later period. Here is lead ore 
 from Dubuque, a niunber of glass cylinders containing rod 
 and yellow ochre, sand and gravel, and a formidable 
 column of coal, taken from tho mine.s of an Iowa Coal 
 Jliniug Company. The exhibition of the State of Iowa 
 closes with two miniature frcight-ciu-s, in wliich is dis- 
 played a new patent coupUng of considerable utility. 
 
 The exliibits in the Mineral Annex con- 
 clude with a display obtained from tho 
 second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 
 including a large number of fine speci- 
 mens. There are also some minerals from 
 Illinois, grains, shells, etc., and a large 
 mass of native sulphate of soda from tho 
 Laramie Plains, Wyoming Territory. 
 
 THE STATE DAYS. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 The system of State reunions at the vari- 
 ous State Buildings on the Centennial 
 Grounds commenced with that of New 
 Jersey, on August 24th, 1876, when it is 
 estimated about 50,000 persons went from 
 New Jersey to the gathering at Phila- 
 delpliia. Shortly after 11 o’clock, a com- 
 mittee of citizens of New' Jersey met the 
 Governor of the State at the Centennial 
 Depot, and escorted him and his party to 
 the Judges' Hall, where Hon. Abram Brown- 
 ing, tho orator for the State, delivered an 
 address ujrou the history and growth of 
 his State. This was followed by a reunion 
 at the New Jei’sey Building, on Belmont Avenue, where 
 the immense auilience were adtlressed by Gov. Bedle, Gen. 
 Hawley and Jlr. John Welsh. A formal reception was 
 then held by Gov, Bedle, which continued until three 
 o’clock, citizens of the State being presented to hi.s 
 Excellency. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Thiusday, September 14th, was “Massachusetts Day.” 
 Gov. Rice, siurouuded by his full staff, held a recei>tion 
 in the Massachusetts Stete Buileling, and a very large 
 crowd, including about 50,000 from tho “Bay State,” coi- 
 
 On Thursday, September 21st, “New York State Day” 
 occurred, and attirmtcd nearly 125,000 visitors. The rush 
 from New York City was quite tremendous, and included a 
 detachment of 650 i)olice officers, headed by tbeir superin- 
 tendent, inspectors, captains, etc. At one o’clock Gov. 
 Tilden arrived at the State Building, but long before that 
 hour the crush in front of the house was so great that it 
 was difficult to force a way through it. The Governor was 
 enthusiastically received, and in return devoted an hour to 
 promiscuous hand-shaking, after wliich he was introduced 
 to the crowd outside by Gen. Hawley, and made a short 
 speech. Gov. Tilden was snpported during his reception 
 by CoL Frederick A. Conkling, Frank Leslie, Jackson 
 S. Schultz, A. B. Cornell, and Col. Pelton, a nephew of 
 the Governor. After tho reception, he made a short tour 
 through the Grounds and principal buildings, and on 
 returning to the State Building reviewed tho New York 
 City Police. 
 
 PeN’>’SYLVA>’IA. 
 
 But all the State days and all exhibition day.s whatsoever 
 were eclipsed on Thursday, September 28th, wbeu the 
 “Pennsylvania State Day” occurred, and when the Centen- 
 nial Groimds presented the wonderful and unheard-of 
 spectacle of 250,000 people honoring at once the Industrial 
 Exhibition, the State to which it was chiefly owing, and the 
 United States, whose history and achievements it commem. 
 
 HOEIZOSTAL BDEFING-JIILL. 
 
 Building by Gen. Hawley, President of the Centennial 
 1 Ctimmission, and other jirominent officials. To the assem- 
 bled citizens President Hawley introduced the Governor 
 * of the State, who tendered the thanks t)f his State to 
 i the Centennial authorities and to the people of Phila- 
 ■ ddijhia. Many tbousaniLs of })eople were afterwards 
 I welcomed by the Governor; and after this interchange 
 , of pleasantries and couriesies, the gubernatorial party 
 ; visited the most prominent features of the Exiiibition, 
 and while examining the Corliss Engine, Jlr. Commis- 
 ! sioncr Corlias was introduced to the distiuguisheJ 
 I visiters. “Rhode Island Day” will long be held in 
 remembrance by the iTarticipators in the 
 pleasures of the occasion. 
 
 ANKEAUNG GLASS. 
 
 orates. The ceremonies of the day were dirided between 
 the Pennsylvannia State Building and the Judges' Hall, 
 in which latter building Gov. Hartranft held a reception, 
 when, after the singing of a Centennial Hymn, the audience 
 was addressed by the Governor of the State ; by Gen. Haw- 
 ley, President of the Centennial Commission ; Mr. John 
 Welsh, President of the Board of Finance ; and by Ex-Gov. 
 Pollock and Ex-Senator Scott. Gov. Hartranft' s personal 
 reception occurred at the “Pennsylvania State Building,” 
 and was extremely flattering and gratifying. The Governor 
 was accompanied from his hotel to the State Building by 
 the Mayor of Philadelphia, the State Treasurer, and other 
 important personages. In the afternoon areception was held 
 at the Judges’ Hall, by tho Woman’s Centennial Executive 
 Committee, when JIrs. Gillespie, the President, Mrs. For- 
 ney, Mrs. Wright, and other ladies of the Committee, were 
 present, and Gen. Hawley, Col. Forney, Dr. Stebbins and 
 other prominent citizens of Philadelphia were introduced. 
 The occasion was enlivened by music from Theodore 
 Thomas's unrivaled band. Still another reception took 
 place at the Municipal Building, Mayor Stokley receiving. 
 A peculiarity observable on this occasion was the arrival, 
 in procession, of numerous employes of various manufactur- 
 ing firms. The ceremonies concluded with a magnificent 
 display of fireworks, when it is supposed as many people 
 were assembled as during the day. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Thursday, October 12tb, was the day 
 selected by the “Granite State” for the 
 union of her sons at the Centennial. The 
 State Building was gayly decorated with 
 national and foreign colors, and thither 
 Gov. Cheney and staff were escorted by the 
 Centennial Commission, the Board of 
 Finance, tho Lexington Cadets, and Amo- 
 skeag Veterans, with the usual ceremonies. 
 Several thousand persons a.ssembled in 
 front of the structure ; the Amoskeag Ve- 
 terans, in their picturesque Continental 
 uniforms, being drawn up in a line before 
 the Governor and staff ; and then Gen. 
 Hawley welcomed the Governor, who, iu 
 a few words, acknowledged his reception. 
 Later in the day the Governor delivered 
 an address, in which he reviewed the 
 early historj" of New Hampshire, and the 
 prominent part which she took in the Rev- 
 olutionary War. He was followed by Prof. 
 E. D. Sanborn, appointed orator for tho 
 day, T\lio delivered a eulogy on those sons 
 I of New Hampshire who .arc remembered a.s heroes in tho 
 struggle for independence. Short addresses were made 
 ! by prominent New Hampshire gentlemen, and the cere- 
 I monies concluded with the usual courtesies and an exa- 
 I miuation of the buildings and the grounds. 
 
 I Southern Day. 
 
 J On Thursday, the 19th of October, the States of Virginia, 
 Delaware and Maryland, and tho District of Columbia, 
 united in a reception on the Centennial Grounds. Tho 
 day selected was memorably important for two reasons. 
 
 October 5th being selected as “Rhode Island Day” at 
 the Centennial, there was present at the grounds a very 
 fair show of wealth and beauty from ‘ “ Little Rhody. ” The 
 State Building on George’s Hill was thronged by visitors ; 
 and at noon Governor Lippitt, preceded by his staff, en- 
 tered the grounds and was escorted to the Rhode Island | 
 
 THE GLASS-WORKS EKIUBIT OF GILLENDEU & SON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
218 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF TIL 
 
 CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 On that day, in 1774, the Peggy Steicarf, freighted 
 ■with tea, ■was burned in Annapolis harbor, Maryland, 
 and on the same day, 1781, the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis at Yorktown occurred, the allied armies of the 
 French and Americans being dra^wn up in two columns 
 outside of Yorkto^wn, with Washington and Rochambeau 
 on horseback at their head, and between them, the con- 
 quered troops marched out, laying down their arms 
 as they passed. The number of British was about 7,000, 
 that of the French and Americans about 16,000. 
 
 On hearing the news Congress recommended a day 
 of thanksgiving to be observed throughout the States, 
 and Washington, the commandoi- of the American forces, 
 ordered the liberation of persons \mder arrest for any 
 offense, that all might share in the general joy. Even to 
 the present day it is customary in country militia musters 
 fur the soldiers to go through the form of the smrender, 
 the occasion being called “A Cornwallis.” Under the cir- 
 cumstances of these historical as.sociations, and of the union 
 of the Southern States named, the occasion at the Centen- 
 nial -was one of pecidiar interest. The attendance on that 
 day ■was the largest in point of numbers, excepting Penn- 
 sylvania Day, which has occurred during 
 the Exhibition the tobd number of 
 paying admissions being nearly 170,000. 
 
 The official statement comprises 160,124, 
 besides 1,240 cash a dmi ssions to the Live 
 Stock Exhibition. It is estimated that 
 at least 90,000 -visitors were from the 
 three States and the District of Columbia, 
 
 At about 11 o’clock the State authorities 
 of Delaware, and the city officials of 
 Wilmington, reached the Exhibition 
 Grounds, when they were received by the 
 Centennial officials and escorted to the 
 Delaware State Building. Hero Gov. 
 
 Cochran acknowledged the compli- 
 mentary reception of Gen. Hawley, and 
 addressed those present. He was followed 
 by Hon. Wm. G. Whiteley, -who gave a 
 concise history of Delaware to the 
 present day, stating, among, other tilings, 
 that the first iron steamship built in this 
 country — the Duutjor — was built at 
 "Wilmington, in 184-1, since -which time 
 442 iron vessels have been coustnietad 
 there. At about noon the Maiyhind 
 visitors were received at the gates in the 
 usual manner, and escorted to the Mary- 
 land State Building. Here Gov. Carroll 
 reriewed the Second Brigade of the 
 Maryland Js'iitioual Guard, and addressed 
 the people. He was folio-wed by Gov. 
 
 Denison, and Gov. Thomas Wilson, -who 
 were introduced as representatives of 
 tlic District of Columbia, and -who sev* 
 cndly delivered eloquent adibresses. Mr. 
 
 J. G. Findlay, the orator for Maryland, 
 siioko at considerable length on the 
 history and resources of his State. At 
 the Virginia State Building only in- 
 formal gatherings took place. The 
 number of Virginians present was 
 estimated to be about 5,01)0. Those 
 from West Virginia numbered about a 
 tlumsiiud, who -were to be found chiefiy 
 at the State Building near George's Hill. 
 
 An interesting incident of the day’s 
 ceremonies -was the arrival of members 
 of the Society of Cincinnati, who i).iid 
 their respects to tlie Centennial Com- 
 mission, and -were received by Gcnend 
 Hawley in the Judges’ Hall. But de- 
 cidedly the great feature of the day's entertainment was 
 the tournament which took jjlace on George’s Hill in the 
 afternoon, and -which was -witnessed by about 75,000 
 jjeoxde, fully Iwlf of -whom were laches. This class of 
 festival is almost peculiar to Miuryland and Virginia, 
 although toummucuts oi-e occasionally given in other 
 of the Southern States. Nothing of the kind had ever 
 prerioualy been seen so far North. There -were fifteen 
 knights, who rex>resented the thirteen original States, the 
 Union and the Centennial, and the objects for which they 
 were gathered together was to ride over a course suitably 
 laid out, and to compete for the prizes offered by thrusting 
 spears through small rings hung at intervals of about fifty 
 yarils, the course being about 300 yards in length. At these 
 intervals were arches 15 feet high by 10 or 12 wide, from 
 the top hanging wooden rods ending in a piece of iron 
 a foot or more in length, from each of which was suspended 
 a small red rmg about an inch and a hsdf in diameter. The 
 rules of the tournament demanded that each knight should 
 ride at a full run, and that each knight's spear should be at 
 least six feet long. As the rider must thrust his spear 
 tlirough the ring and carry it -with him, the task was not 
 so easy as it might appear, iiarticularly as the rings chosen 
 for this occasion were much smaller than is customary. 
 The knights were H. Crozier, representing New Hampshire ; 
 E. H. McFarland; Jr. , Massachusetts Rhode Island ; 
 
 William P. Bryan, Connecticut ; George V. Bacon, New 
 York : C. D. Chapman, New Jersey ; H. M. Perry, Penn- 
 syh-annia ; E. L. Kane, Delaware ; E. "W. Hereford, Mary- 
 land : P. A. Scaggs, Virginia ; J. M. Howard, North 
 Carolina ; F. Nelson Jarboe, South Carolina ; C. A. Fox, 
 Georgia ; Charles White, Jr., reiiresenting the Centennial, 
 and A. B. Suit, representing the Union. These gentlemen, 
 however, were not citizens of the States they represented, 
 except in the cases of North Carolina and New Jersey, the 
 others being from Maryland and Virginia, The Judges 
 appointed for the occa.sion -were Col. Sldnner, Dr. Morgan, 
 C. S. Barton, Gen. Torbert and H. J. Smith. The 
 result of the tournament was as follows : New Hamp- 
 shire, 5 rings ; Massachusetts, 1 ; Rhode Island, 4 ; 
 Connecticut, 6 ; New York, 2 ; Pennsylvania, 3 ; New 
 Jersey, 5 ; Delaware, 8 ; Maryland, 5 ; Virginia, 3 ; North 
 Carolina, 3 ; South Carolina, 6 ; Georgia, 2 ; the Union, 
 2 ; Centennial, 6. Five prizes were contended for, and 
 were won in the following order : First prize, Delawai-e ; 
 second ijrizc. Centennial ; third prize, Connecticut ; fourth 
 prize, South Carolina*, fifth prize, Maryland. The cere- 
 mony of the day concluded in the evening at Judges’ Hall, 
 
 OENEUAL HAWLET, PBE3IDEKT OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 which was gorgeously decked and brilliantly lighted for the 
 occasion, the immediate attraction being the crowning 
 of the Queen of Love and Beauty. Miss Parke P. Perkins, 
 a beautiful brunette from Buckingham Coimty, Vii-ginia, 
 was the Queen, and about her throne were grouped her 
 maids-of-houor. Mi's. Iila Taylor, of Washington, and 
 Ida Griffin, of ilarylaud. Au address was delivered L\v 
 Col. Stewart, when the knight of Delaware placed upon the 
 Queen’s head a handsome croum. A glee was sung by 
 the Virginia Jubilee Singers, and the maids-of-lionor were 
 cro-wned by the other victorious knights, another glee 
 followed, the festivities closed with dancing. 
 
 UNVAILING OF THE COLUMBUS MONUMENT. 
 
 On "'New Hampshire Day,” October 12th, the Cohunbus 
 Monument, on the Ceutemiial Grounds, was -unvailed by 
 Governor Hartranft and Boron Blanc, Minister from Italy 
 to the United States. This monument is one of the fine.st 
 iu Philadelphia. It is made of pure Italian marble, and is 
 a notable specimen of modem scali^ture. The entire work 
 co.st 818,000. It stands 22 feet high from the ground, the 
 statue of Columbus being 10 feet high and the pedestal 12. 
 The sculptor has represented Columbus as having arrived 
 at middle age, costumed in the dress of his period, a tunic 
 
 HORTICULTURAL HALL, 
 
 A -\TEW of Horticultural Hall will be found on page 27 of 
 this work, and one of the interior on page 82, and the 
 description of the building may be read on page 22. The 
 building extends east and west on Landsdownc Terrace, tho 
 design being in the Moorish style of architecture in the 
 twelfth century. The central conservatory is 22 feet by 80, 
 55 feet high, and has a garden-plot running the entire 
 length, excepting promenades. Immediately in the centre 
 is a handsome fountain, ornamented with small figures, 
 ti-itous blovsing horns ; at the foiu.' comers immediately next 
 to the central ba.sin, are marble statues. This garden is 
 planted -with exotics, and iiarticulaily numerous tropical 
 plants, including varieties of the palm, the flower-banana, 
 and other horticultural rarities. All about the central con- 
 servatory is a gallery, in the northeastern end of which is an 
 orchestxon. At the western end, on the north side, a large 
 room contains a number of very intoresting articles, some 
 of which are not, however, strictly horticulturaL Among 
 other exhibits, there is a fine diajday of wax fruit and 
 flowers, in several cases. There are also exhibits of colored 
 
 and short cloak, tnmk hoso, a sword by his .side, and on 
 his breast a medal representing one presented to him by 
 Queen Isabella. In his left hand he holds a chart, while 
 his right rests upon a globe, upon which his attention is 
 fixed. The figure is a little larger than life-size. Upon 
 the foul' sides of the pedestal, which is also made of Italian 
 marble, are sculptured scenes selected from tho life and 
 voyages of the great navigator, and an inscription announc-' 
 ing that tho monument is jiresented by Italian citizens 
 the City of Philadeliiliia. 
 
 The ceremony of unvailing was impressive and pleasing. 
 At about 3 o’clock p. m. Governor Hartranft arrived on the 
 grounds, being escorteil by the First and Second Regi- 
 ments, ■\\’’ashington Grays, and other soldiery. Alonzo M. 
 Viti, Honorary Consul of Italy, and a member of the 
 Centeimial Committee, made a few remarks ; after which 
 the monument was formally unvailed. Addresses were 
 then made by Governor Hartranft, Baron Blanc, Mr. Fiuelli, 
 of the Monument Association, and Hou. Morton McMicliael. 
 The orator of the day, however, was Chief-Justice Daly, of 
 New York, who made a lengthy and most interesting 
 address jiroper to the occasion. Commenting on the im- 
 portant connection of Italy with tho 
 discovery of America through tho navi- 
 gators John and Sebastian Cabot, Verra- 
 zano, and Vespuccius, he proceeded to 
 consider the condition of commerce at 
 the time of the discovery, in the later 
 part of the fifteenth century. Next ho 
 referred at length to the geographical 
 theories of Columbus, and the idea 
 which he held to the day of his death, 
 that the land which he had discovered 
 was a part of the eastern shores of Asia. 
 A concise descriiition of tho voyage fol- 
 lowed, and the address concluded -with 
 a just nud discriminating examination 
 of the character of Columbus. In clos- 
 ing, Judge Daly alluded to a remarkable 
 account of a dream of Columbus, and 
 related a conversation held between the 
 ■>rator and Humboldt, in 1851, concem- 
 • ing it. In this (bream Columbus hears a 
 voice cry out: “Oh ! fool, and slow to 
 believe ! Did God do more for Moses nr 
 Da\id. than Ho has done for thee ? He 
 has made thy name resound throughout 
 the earth. He has delivered into thy 
 hands the keys of the gate of the ocean. 
 He has given thee the Indies, the 
 richest of the earth, to dispose of unto 
 others. "WTiat did He more for the 
 people of Lsrnel ? Turn to Him and 
 "acknowledge tliine error ! He has many 
 a vast inheritance yet iu reserve. Fear 
 not to seek them, for the promises 
 God has mode to thee He has never 
 broken ! ” Finally, Judge Daly made 
 a pathetic allusion to the last scenes in 
 tho life of Columbus ; liis long and 
 lonely journey upon a mide, when he 
 was enfeebled by age and disease, across 
 the rocky soil of the eastern JIaduro, 
 and the rude sierras of Toledo and Giia- 
 dalajara, to fjegovia, to maie a last 
 apxieal, which was unsuccessful, and 
 aiiecdily followed by his death. He 
 gave to Spain an empire, and she gave 
 him, ill return, simply a grave. 
 
 The statue of Columbus stands in 
 the Centennial Ground opposite the 
 Sons of Temperance Icc- water Foim- 
 tain, and near the United States Build- 
 ing. The ceremonies of unvailing were concluded by 
 addresses on the pai't of distinguished Italians. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 21 !) 
 
 ff'Atlicr-'work and artificial flowers iu l)Oiiqnot-s and baskets. 
 Quito a pretty show is mode in ta.stt“fnl flower-bnskets worked 
 in straw, as also in bair-work. made into wreaths of flowers, 
 etc., and framed. A large steamboat model, made of -wire, 
 for the reception of natural flowers, is a iirciminent object. 
 One ca.se contains bulbs ; and another, pre.sor\’os of natural 
 flowere. There is also considcriible rn.stic-work to bo soon 
 about tills room. On the sontli side uf the western cud lui 
 I'xhibition-rooin displays nil kinds of Warden-eases, small 
 flower-pots, hanging-ba.skets iu ornamented and painted tin 
 !uid other matciaals. Borne choice wreaths grace the ex- 
 hibit, and on a table is a beantifnl disjiiay of skeleton leaves, 
 formed into bouquets, and shown under gla.s.s. Also, 
 various ornamental straw baskets and other receptacles 
 for flowers, and a 
 goodly show of 
 ornamental earthen- 
 ware and teiT.a-cotta 
 flower - pots. Here, 
 too, are some gai'deu 
 vases, terra-cotta 
 and rustic- ware, and 
 a large number of 
 liovticnltural tools 
 and imiilcments. 
 
 Finally, there are 
 specimens of beaus 
 and seeds shown iu 
 gla.s.s jam, a co.se of 
 bulbs, and a largo 
 case of colored 
 grasses, and feather- 
 work formed into 
 bouquets, at the 
 casU'ni end of the 
 building. On the 
 south side there is 
 a room containing 
 largo garden stamls 
 for pots, and a great 
 vartety of styles of 
 garden-vases iu teiTa 
 cotta. Tlii-re are 
 also some very hand- 
 8 o m 0 liouquet- 
 holdem, made of 
 ornamental p a p e r 
 and other materials. 
 
 The room on the 
 north aide at thi.s 
 cud i.s devoted to 
 horticultural imiile- 
 monts, flower - pots 
 of all sizes and 
 styles, some groeii- 
 house boilers, and 
 garden ehair-s and 
 settee.s in iron. On 
 cither side of Horti- 
 cultural Hall there 
 are forcing - houses 
 — i‘aeh of them 100 
 by 30 feet iu di- 
 mensions. and cov- 
 ered with curved 
 roofs of iron ami 
 glas.s — for the ])ro. 
 pagatioii of young 
 ]>lants. In these 
 liousea have been 
 displayed largo 
 numbers of plants, 
 very few of which, 
 however, in flower. 
 
 Among the jflants 
 cxliihited may be 
 mentioned the euca- 
 lyptu.s, gladiolus, 
 l)rencheyonsis,fem.s, 
 decorative and or- 
 namental foliage 
 plants, a very fine 
 show of cacti, in- 
 cluding the cactus of tlie raciflo Coast in large vaiiety, and 
 a largo number of hot-house and eousorvatory plants. The 
 Committee of the Congressional Library of tho United 
 States {Botmie Gaj'den) exhibit a nimiber of medicinal, 
 tropical and semi-tropical plants, and the Agricultural 
 Lepartmout of tho United States, mahogany, cocoa, choco- 
 late. guava, papaw, rose-apple, etc. From tho Zoological 
 Boeiety of Philndelpliia there is a spccimou of the Austra- 
 lian fcm-ti'ee, and from Sunruel SI. Bines, one india-rabber 
 tree. Mis.s Ann E. Slerryweather, of Camden, New Jersey, 
 sends an aloe. There are also orange-trees, bananas, dato- 
 palur, the wax-j»laut. century -plants, tire sago-palm, etc. 
 Then there is a fig-troc, numerous orchids, with variegated 
 pine-apples, etc. Tho out -door exliibits iu the Horticul- 
 tural Deinutmeut are numerous, and cover a considerable 
 area of ground, extending westward fi'om the building 
 
 The ale breweries of the AlLsopps are located at Bnrton-on 
 among the most 
 and extensive industrial i'stablishment.s in 
 Clentnil England. From time immeiuoriiil the town of 
 Burton has been the famous brewing centre. Its i)ale ales 
 oi-e known throughout the world ; and it is alleged that tho 
 excellence of it is due to the adaptation of the Burton 
 waters for browing puri>oses — a discovery said to have been 
 made by the monks in the thirteenth century, at wliich early 
 l>eriod the trade of malting was already carried on uj)Oii an 
 extensive se-ale. As early as 1748 the Biu-ton ales bad a 
 large .sale in St. Petersburg. 
 
 The AUsopps date back to nearly half a century ago, and 
 have been manufacturing ale ever since. The waters used 
 by them iu their 
 manufacture arc 
 obtained from wells, 
 some of the borings 
 being more than 100 
 feet deep, and one 
 of them 40 feet in 
 diameter. They 
 niimber eleven in 
 all, their total supply 
 of water being 
 estimated at over 
 100,000 gallons per 
 hour ; and this tre- 
 mendous production 
 in the height of the 
 brewing season is 
 severely taxed. 
 
 Tho new brewery, 
 multings and coop- 
 erage buildings of 
 the All.so])]is cover 
 an area of fifty 
 acres, and the gen- 
 eral offices alone of 
 tho establisliment 
 occiq)}' the groimd- 
 floor of an entire 
 block of buildings. 
 The material of their 
 buildings is chiefly 
 brick and iron, on 
 foundations of con- 
 crete. They have 
 three great malting 
 e.stablishments ; one 
 at Burton, one at 
 Beccles, and another 
 at Grantliam. They 
 have.', besides, ten 
 smaller maltiug- 
 hou.scs at Burton, 
 and are further su))- 
 piied by private 
 films. 
 
 Some idea may 
 be formed of the 
 magnitude of these 
 work.s from the fact 
 that the_ water i.s 
 boiled in four enor- 
 mous vessels, each 
 holding 280 baiTcls, 
 or 10,000 gallons, 
 and callable of sup- 
 iflying together a 
 constant supply of 
 boiling water of one 
 milbon gallons per 
 week. Their fer- 
 mentation facilities 
 are close upon 0,000 
 batrels at one time. 
 They employ a 
 giiind total of 4.294 
 union casks, holding 
 four and a half bar- 
 rels each, for the 
 Iiinqiose of cleansing 
 their ales. These casks hold an aggregate of nearly 700,000 
 g.'iUons, and during the bre^i-ing season eveiy one is fully 
 employed. 
 
 Tho stores of the establishment cover an enormous area, 
 and are capable of receiving about 10,000 barrels of ale. 
 The firm have private raih-oad couveuieucie.s, their lines 
 extending from one end of Burton to the other, the road 
 being over ten miles in extent, in which the firm employs 
 three locomotives, wliile during each week as many os 
 5,000 railway-trucks pass iu and out of their premises. The 
 quantity of malt consumed amomits to thousands of tons, 
 and the average number of employes, including those at 
 the Ltmdon and country agencies, is about 1,500. 
 
 This descrijjtion of the business of a malt brewery on .a 
 largo scide will be interesting to those readers concerned 
 in the manufacture of ale. 
 
 ySOrESSOR VTPOO’iVS BISOINO the chimes in the tower of M.iCHINEnV BALL. 
 
 sower, portable sprinkler and fountain lawn - sprinkler, 
 wheel-hoe, self-acting water -fountain, portable boilers, 
 lieating apparatus for gi'cen-houses, etc. For portable 
 plants there are plant-stamls, ferneries, 'aindow-boxes, re- 
 voBung flower-stand with fountain attachment, drainer and 
 evaporator with globe attachments, for pots, vases and 
 hanging-baskets, combined aquarium, plant-stand, bird- 
 cage and fernery, and other conveniences. 
 
 THE .-VLLSOPP RREWERV EXHIBIT. 
 Allsopp's ole is as well known throughout America as in 
 England, and the disifluy of si>ecimens of this beverage in 
 Agiicultural H;dl attracts considerable attention from the 
 reputation of this great brewing estabhahmeut. 
 
 nearly to tlie unconi]fli’tcd Catholic Fountain. Over this 
 extent of si)acc, garden plots liave been laid out and Trent, and have long bi-en recognized as 
 planted with every variety imaginable of flowering ;md interesting 
 brilliantly colored leaf plants, producing dm-ing the 
 Bummer months a vni-iegated and most beautiful horti- 
 cultural presentment. Numerous varieties of geraniums, 
 verbenas, roses, tlabluie, rhododeiulrous, kalmias, magnolias, 
 azaleas, and others lc.ss known), are iiLso exhibitetl. Rustic 
 sunimer-hnn.ses, hanging-baskets, settecsadiairs, nistic gates, 
 stiuds, vases, wrought-iron railing, nrtiftciid stone-work in 
 fountain-basins, vases, tiles, etc. , terra-cotta vases, trellises, 
 and, iu fact, every conceivable species of ornament for 
 gardens and summer-houses, are to be seen. The goi'deu- 
 tools exhibited include the Comstock sower, hand seed- 
 
220 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 EEPrBLIC OF CHIM BUlLDISd. 
 
 MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
 Great Britadt. 
 
 The space allotted to the L’nited Kiugdom of Great 
 Britain and Irelaml comprisi's about oue-half of the entire 
 Main Building lying on the north side of the nave and 
 extending from the Cannilian section east to the transept, 
 or for about half of the space north of the nave aud west of 
 the transept. 
 
 It is almost impo.ssible to give the slightest conception 
 either of the magnitude, the comprehensive chaiiicter, or the 
 educational value, of the vast number of exliibits made by 
 Great Britain. A^nien taken in conneetdou with her colonies 
 and nith the Dominion of Canada, which may fairly be 
 considered in the same category in this instance, her display 
 is colossal. Whether we consider this as representsitive of 
 her industiial ingennity or her magnificent and wide-spread- 
 ing power, wliatever view we may take of her exhibition, 
 we cannot fail to admire and respect. Here we may not 
 improperly quote a fluent "nTiter on the subject, who says, 
 in reference to the exhibits of Great Britriu : 
 
 “ She meets you everywhere. Go into the machinery 
 department, and her engines are among the finest and most 
 snbstantiid ever made by human hamls. In cotton goods 
 she has no superior in the world ; and it is esteemed no 
 small compliment to stand with her in any of the marts of 
 commerce. In silks slie rivals the looms of Lyons, in 
 oari)ets she is almost without a peer, in cutlery she is 
 master of the situation, in silverware she need not fear 
 to enter into competition with the artisans of any land, and 
 in the million and one of smaller items that go to make up 
 the busiue.s.s of the world, she (bsplays an activity and grasi> 
 mairelous to behold. Go where you will, you see on 
 great flags, ‘Great Britain and Ireland,' ‘Colonim’ and 
 ‘ Colonial Dependencies,’ and when taken altugetliur, there 
 is nothing that man produces or secures by his labor or his 
 genius, his courage or his jierseveranco, but that she seems 
 to liave a part in it. The contributions of a single colony 
 are superior to those of many natious. Every product from 
 the equator to the pole is exhibited in some of her depart- 
 ments. No matter what any other nation puts on exliibi- 
 tiou, she is there to rival them. Roam among the hulk of 
 the Art Gjdleiy, and amid the aggregate gems of genius of 
 the world, there are the paintings of Sir Joshua Reynolds, 
 Turner, Ijaudscer aud the works of the multitude of the 
 apostles of art which have mode her name imniortah" 
 
 Sei)arating from this its hyperbole, and we have after all 
 only a fair intimation of the breadth and importance of 
 Great Britain’s exhibits. Moreover, in those sent to our 
 Eximsition, there has been displayed a judgment aud a])pre- 
 ciation of the objects to be gained, which, besides being 
 business-like, are in the highest degree wise and intelligent. 
 For instance, at Paris aud Yieunn the English had an 
 immense display of inachinery; but in Philadelphia there are 
 very few specimens of English mechanism. British invent- 
 ors and manufacturers in this ilirection have been made 
 aware that American machinery is more ingenious and 
 more original than others, and tliat it defies competition. It 
 is the same with jewelry. In Paris and Vienna, the British 
 had a gorgeoivs ib.spky in thk directiou, while in Pliiladel- 
 pliia there is little or none. This is doubtless for the 
 reason tliat the American and English tastes in jewelry 
 are quite diverse and opposite. England, therefore, while 
 withholding many articles for the production of which she 
 is ju-stly celebrated, but in which America hegin-s fairly to 
 compete with her, makes, on the other hand, an unusually 
 strong display in those branches in wliich she knows she 
 cannot be beaten, Prominent among tJiese are ceramics of 
 all kinds, aiiistic fumihu'c, crystal ware, some brunches of 
 
 cutlery and oil-cloths. Of 
 the magnitude and variety of 
 her exliibits of ceramics, it is 
 quite impossible to give imy 
 fair idea. They comprise 
 every imaginable kind of 
 earthenware, from the most 
 unpretentious potk'ry to the 
 finest specimens of porce- 
 lain and majolica. Doulton’s 
 terra-cotta, or Lambeth 
 faience, as it is commonly 
 called, is represented as never 
 anywhere before. By the side 
 of immense utensils fer ma- 
 nufacturing purposes ai'e to 
 be st'en elegant dinner sets 
 of the most ornate character, 
 while the same faience is dis- 
 played as used with admir- 
 able effect in tbe decoration 
 of furniture, walls aud fire- 
 places. The finer kinds of 
 jioreclain are represciitt'd in 
 several very precious collec- 
 tions. There is a set of finely 
 decorated Greek vases, 
 modeled from specimen.s in 
 the British Museum, certainly 
 sujierior to anything of tlie same kind that was ever seen 
 on this siile of the water. 
 
 In the furniture line, certain London firms have sent out 
 superb specimens of every style, whole rooms being fitted 
 out with admirable effect ; and the richness, solidity aud 
 exqui.site taste of every one of the pieces of artistic furni- 
 ture exhibited are unjiaralleled. It is the same with crystal 
 wai-e aud articles of cut gla.s.s; but if we except these branches 
 of indnstrj’, and perhajis a few special classes of cutlery and 
 certam varieties of textile fabrics, we may see for our 
 satisfaction that there is scarcely any other manufactures in 
 which we cannot fairly compete with Great Britain. 
 
 The exhibit of the British .swtion begins with the 
 famous Shefiield cutlery, of which the ilispliiy is very large 
 and very interesting. This includes razors, knives, daggers, 
 seksors, dressing-case instruments, tools for mechanics, and 
 among the more curious articles a newly invented set of 
 tocjls for the economy of labor in cai'ving stone and wooil, 
 so liighly tempered os to cut the hardest stone, and a case 
 of tools for iron, bra.ss, hard woods, eh’. There are ako 
 displayed among articles of hardware, handles, bolts, naik 
 aud costings from Birmingham, steel safe and locking 
 apparatus, pneumatic signals, etc. 
 
 Next to the hardware and cutlery, come the scarcely less 
 celebrated Nottingham luce.s, Lish poplins, Manche-ster 
 toweliugs and i)riuts, and Belfast linens. Lancashire and 
 Yorkshire, Paisley, Glasgow and Belfast sent yams, cotton 
 in various stages, cotton fabric-s, ipiilts and other bed- 
 covers, brocades, cotton aud linen damasks, dimities, muslins, 
 dress fabrics, linen goods, consisting of shirtings, pillow- 
 linens, sheetings, napkins, table-damasks, pocket-handker- 
 chiefs, ladies' dress lawns, and a vorietj' of other fabrics too 
 muncroiis to mention — includuig, however, luiud-paintod 
 cloths in imihiticjii of tapestry, for wall decoration, from 
 Edinburgh ; i)atented floor-elotlis and floor-coverings of 
 various materiak, with the liiglily esteemed Scotch floor 
 oil-cloths. 
 
 The woven aud felted goods of wool and mixtiue of wool 
 come from Gloucestoralure, Yorkshire, LetKk, Loudon, 
 Belfast, Dublin, etc. Among the exliibits are woolen cloths, 
 meltons, beavers, twills, tweeds aud woolen serges ; woolen 
 shawk in great variety, luands and mgs for railway travel- 
 ing, all-wool tweeds, made of Australian wool. There are 
 also Irish poplins, Yorkshire alpacas, bombazines, crapes, 
 etc., aud finally a Iiandsome 
 disiilay of carjJets, including 
 Brussek and Wilton, aud 
 rugs woven of wool, silk or 
 cotton from lucba, Persia, 
 
 Caslimere and "Westem Asia ; 
 
 Axminster carpets, woven in 
 one piece ; Durham Axmin- 
 ster, woven by hand power, 
 ta}jestry for wall decoration, 
 domestic liiiir-cloth fur fur- 
 niture covering, and other 
 similar articles. 
 
 Next to these come the 
 Doulton and Watts pottery 
 from Lambeth. It is in the 
 art classes of goods, ceramics 
 and furniture, that the 
 Britkh section jireseuts pos- 
 sibly the most striking col- 
 lections among the European 
 exliibits at Pliiladelphia. Tlie 
 princiiiul display of pottery, 
 porcelain, etc., occupies an 
 enormous space in the main 
 transept, besides having 
 
 specimen.? in couspicuons places in the section elsewhere. 
 That jiortion of the ceramic exhibition wliich reiiresents 
 Mr. Doulton, of Lambeth, comiirises nii inunen.se tlisi>lay 
 of the peculiar stone-ware to which he has given bis 
 name, and the terra-cotta, for which he has made tho 
 world-wide reputation. Here are heavy stone-ware .articles, 
 jugs, crucibles, stills, smelting-pots, ten-a-cotta ornaments, 
 aud poi-ticulorly tbe ornamental pieces already referred 
 to as Lauilietli faience, including va.ses of gi-aceful sliape, 
 tankards, driuking-cups, placques, etc. Here is a sort of 
 temple built iqi with dark-blue stone-ware or ornaments, 
 devoted to the exhibition of Doulton ware aud the Lambeth 
 faience. Conspicuous articles are a teira-cotta pulpit, 
 showing tbe two characteristic colors of this ware — red and 
 buff — with indigo ornaments. There ai'e also small panels 
 about four inches wide and twelve inches long, on which 
 are exhibited in high relief scriiitmal groups and pulpit 
 legends. The combination of useful and decorative pottery 
 is peculiaiiy exhibited in the British section by several 
 constructions reiJresenting the whole side of a room — one 
 of the most conspicuous of these representing the applica- 
 tion of the Doulton ware to fireplaces. There is a mantel- 
 piece and miiTor frame of terra-cotta, decorated, reocliiug 
 to the ctiliug. The hearth is tiled, and a piinqx't of teiTa- 
 eotto around it si-n'es n.s a fender. A beautiful little clock 
 in brown and indigo stone-wai’c, and a few ijlacijnes, vases, 
 etc., on the mantel, complete the pleasing effect. 
 
 Sir. Doulton shows painted tiles inserted in the backs of 
 chairs ; aud of tbe display of tiles of aD sorts by iliffereut 
 makers, tlie most beautiful and interesting ai’e those of 
 Jlinton it Co., of Stoke-npou-Trent, which perhaps is the 
 largest and most vaiied collection. Here are chimney- 
 pieces as large as the side of a .small room, constioicted 
 entirely of tiles Iiaving figures of birds and flowers around 
 the fireplace, and a large domestic scene over the mantel. 
 A brilliant picture, fotm feet .square, presents a water view. 
 Others ai'o single tiles, with allegoric.al figures of the seasons 
 ill black, outiined on a gold or silver gi'ound. 
 
 Of tjtlier kind of porcelain, a rare coUection is that of 
 A. B. Daniell it Son. In the centre of their princiiml show- 
 case stands the Prometheus vase, a superb piece of work 
 about four feet high, having a bed of rich turquoise-blue. 
 The figures of Prometheus aud the vulture are on the 
 cover, and the handles comiirise clmiiied figures in scale 
 armor, the armor imitating the appearance of metal so 
 exactly that one can scarcely believe it to be of china. The 
 Greek vase.s, of wliich there are two pairs, are of a dark- 
 bronze color, the chief decoration being a series of exquisite 
 figures, representing on one pair the elements fire and 
 water, and on the other a race between the Three Graces. 
 One of these pairs of vases is priced at 380 guineas. Other 
 remarkable articles in this collection are a set of Henry II. 
 faience, a copy of some gems of the sixteenth century, a 
 teapot of quaint design, imitations of old Limoges enamel, 
 cups of Grecian antiques, pilgrim bottles, etc. The Staf- 
 ford-shire potteries, which are exhibited near these, embrace 
 almost eveiytliing imaginable iu China, including tile 
 paintings and encaustic tiles for mural decoration. A 
 specialty here is a' very beautifid white ware, ornamented 
 with large birds and leaves and ultramarine. A dinner 
 sot of this ware, comprising about one luiiidred pieces, 
 cost in currency. Among the majolica-ware ai’e some 
 pretty little strawberry-baskets, and among the bedroom 
 china is uwhite-and-gold waslistandwitli sunk basin, copied 
 after one recently made for the Queen. 
 
 The display of furniture is arranged iu such a way as 
 to give a representiitiou of a suite of rooms furnished aud 
 decorated in different styles and liy different mamifactnrers. 
 One firm furnislies five or six complete little rooms, with 
 cari>ets and wall-hangings included. There is a dining- 
 room set of carved oak, with sideboard ; anotlier of carved 
 mahogany, several rooms ■with cabinet furniture in the 
 English style of the eighteenth century, including an inlaid 
 
 THE BLAZILIAN PANIUON. 
 
insrORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEXMAL IMPOSITION. 221 
 
 aaliogany siJebnnvd, and secretary and writing-desk of the 
 same inutciial, side-tahlos of satin-wood, etc. A gi-and 
 sideboard of dark oak, elaborately carved, exhibited by 
 Coojier <t Holt, of London, is an attractive exhibit. 
 Anotlier from Edinburgh is in stained wainscot with 
 panels of embossed leather. Then there is a car\’ed oak 
 chair, small hanging cabinets of different styles, wall 
 oibinets of oak, with base mountings and panels of real 
 bronze ; and finally there i.s a huge chimney-piece, forming 
 the greater part of the end of a room, wliich is one of the 
 most omamentiJ and artistic articles in the exhibition. 
 The ftrei^lace i.s of stone and marble, inlaid with tiles, bird.s 
 and foliage, and four figures representing the Song, the 
 Tale, the Jest and the Book, designed to be emblematic of 
 fireside amusement. The framework is of cinwed oak, 
 with iniiTors and three 
 painted panels, the 
 subjects being Mater- 
 nal, Conjugal and 
 Filial Affection. 
 
 A quaint and cuii- 
 ous exhibit from Ex- 
 eter, England, is an 
 oak chest made of 
 beams nearly f>(JU 
 years old, hdten from 
 the choir of Salisbury 
 cathedral. It is about 
 five feet long and four 
 feet high, with iron 
 mountings. In this 
 connection should bo 
 njcntioued tlie orna- 
 menhil braas-work and 
 other metal- Avork 
 exhibited, incliuling 
 altar crosses, candle- 
 stick.s, dishes, etc,, for 
 ecclesiastical puiiiose.s; 
 also a door anmiged 
 as a dumb - waiku' to 
 hold a tray and lamj) 
 
 — though 11 similar 
 exhibit to this can be 
 seen in the Ru.ssiaii 
 department. Finally, 
 among the articles 
 classed as “Furniture 
 and Objects of General 
 Use in Construction 
 and in Building,’' are 
 the exhibits of Elk- 
 ington & Co., manu- 
 facturing silver- 
 smiths. of Regent 
 Street, London, also 
 Manchester and Bir- 
 mingham. 
 
 The Elkiagtous have 
 a triangular court in- 
 closed with blaok-nud- 
 gilt wood coses, at 
 whose entrauce.s stand 
 mail clad figure.? of the 
 size of life. Their 
 exhibits include works 
 of art in gold, silver, 
 and other metals, 
 repousse work.? of mt, 
 gold and silver damas- 
 keen works of art, solid 
 silver and silver plate 
 for domestic use, tabic 
 plate relieved with 
 electro-gold and oxi- 
 dized silver, antique 
 art treasures in metal 
 from the South Ken- 
 sington Museum, c!oi- 
 soinntie and chump lerc 
 enamels on silver and 
 copper, and bronze 
 statuary. Chief among 
 these works of Messrs. Elkiiigtou Co., who were the 
 inventors of electro-iilate in 1840, are twelve complete 
 dessert services in the leading and distinctive style.s 
 of ancient, renaissance and modern art, numerous va- 
 rieties of enamel, gilt and oxidized silver and gilt 
 bronze, and particularly the three rem-irkable works 
 of art, the Hehcon Yase, the Milton Shield and the 
 Pompeiian Toilet. The vase or centre -piece is wrought 
 out of silver by the repousse process, the whole of the 
 exquisite work being hammered out of the plate silver 
 entirely by hand, and being further enriched with damas- 
 keen traceiy in gold and silver. It took six years to manu- 
 fachire. Tlic MOtou Shield, of which the original was 
 manufactiired for the International Exhibition of Paris in 
 1807, and was purchased by the English Goveniment for 
 the South Kensington Museum, is designed and wrought 
 
 costumes, ready-ma*le clothing, church vestmeuts, hats, 
 caj).?, boots, shoes, inillitn-ry. etc. Special exhibits in 
 ji‘\velry and per.soiiid ornaments arc the Scotch jewelry in 
 gold and silver, with Highland ornaments and stones 
 found in Scotland, such n.s pearls, cairngorms and pebbles, 
 of winch a very haiuhsorae disjilay is made by James 
 Aitchison, court jewaicr by .special appointment to H. I. M. 
 tlie Emperor of .-Austria. Other interc.sting exhibits arc 
 the bog o.ik jewelry and ornaments displayed by a Belf;ist 
 exliibitor, and the exhibition of Whitby jet in brooche.?, car- 
 rings, bracelets, necklaces and cameo ornaments, from 
 London and Whitby. 
 
 The <lisplay of military arais ami liimting and llshing 
 iiiqiements comprises exhibits from the hauling manufac- 
 turers of Great Britain. Among them are the “Soper” 
 rifie, wiiich hits been 
 loaded .and fired sixty 
 times in one minute ; 
 the Lancaster gun; 
 central firing and 
 breech - loading long- 
 range guns, and rifies 
 from a Glasgow munu- 
 f ac 1 11 ver ; paten t 
 1 >recch - loading rifles 
 f.ir deev-stid'dng mid 
 for the destruction of 
 ail kinds of large and 
 dangerous game ; 
 sporting breeeh-loiid- 
 ing shot-guns, and 
 other articles of this 
 character, 
 
 In medicine a n d 
 surgery the cxliibits 
 comprise medicines, 
 dietetic projjarations, 
 sucli as beef extracts 
 and other articles 
 intended fur the sick ; 
 surgical instruments 
 and appliance.s, and 
 dental instinmieuts, 
 
 In stationery, paiJor 
 and blank book.s, there 
 are a number of ex- 
 hibits from lending 
 manufacturers in Lou- 
 don and Birmingham. 
 
 Ill the deimrtmeut 
 of education and 
 science n large num- 
 ber of important maps 
 are exliibited, includ- 
 ing the ordnance maps 
 of England ; and a 
 very interesting ex- 
 hibit Is made of articles 
 used in the education 
 and employmentof the 
 blind. A highly in- 
 teresting and iustnict- 
 ive exhibit is made by 
 the proprietors of the 
 Graph ic, Loudon, 
 being no less than the 
 whole process of pro- 
 ducing a high - claas 
 illustrated newspaper, 
 from the receipt of 
 sketches to the final 
 issue of printed slieetn 
 to the 2 >’iblic. This, 
 with an exhibition of 
 the more prominent 
 plates known to the 
 rendera of the London 
 (f rnph i c, forms a 
 unique presentment, 
 which received nt 
 Vienna, in 1873, the 
 fine-art medal. From 
 Dickinson k Higham, 
 publishers, London, we have the hexaglot Bible, dedicated 
 by special permission to Her Jlajesty the Queen, in a fine 
 liiqier copy, handsomely bound in six royal quarto volumes, 
 iuclndiug the Hebrew, Greek, Hyrioc, English, Geinnan and 
 French. A large number of educational books and aji- 
 . 2 )liances, such ns drawings, color-boxes, mathematical 
 instruments, books for wood-engnvviugs, specimen sheets 
 of iirinting, 8i)ecimens of chromo-lithographs, fac-similes 
 from ancient laudsoajjes, and jirinted books, engravings, 
 etc. These complete the educational exliibit. 
 
 The scientific and philosophical instniments displayed 
 are numerous, and include many very imj)ortant novelties, 
 to which it is imijossible to allude more dii'ectly in this 
 place. 
 
 It is interesting to find an exhibit here from the house of 
 Charles Frodsham A Co., the ancient house of John Arnold, 
 
 in the same manner .as the last-mentioned. The subjects 
 selected fur illustration on this shield were taken from 
 Milton's “Paradise Lost.” The value of the original shield 
 was $15,000; but electrotype foe- similes like the one 
 exhibited arc furuished for $100, duty free. The Ponq)eiian 
 Toilet is a plncque about twenty inches in diameter, 
 especially made for this exhibition, and is the latest work 
 by the same artist who designed ami made the two fore- 
 going specimens. It is of similar materials and Avrought 
 by the same jArocess. The subject nqiresents a Pompeiian 
 hidy at her toilet ; and it is the ojAiniou of the most compe- 
 tent judges that it has never been surijassed either in 
 conception or in the delicacy of its manijAulution. The 
 A'alue of this work is $7,500 gold. 
 
 The articles of glassware includo cxliibits from Janies 
 
 THE rOPE 3 EXHIBIT IN ItEirOM.U, HALL, 
 
 Green k Kephew, Loudon, John Millar k Co., Edinburgh, 
 and Alexander Jenkinaon, also from Edinburgh, and com- 
 prise articles in table • glasses, cut and engraved, table 
 decorations, floAA-er-stands, new Venetian glasses, vases, 
 finger-basins, etc., all in antique shapes, engraved jugs and 
 goblets and Avine-glasses. 
 
 The exhibits of silks and silk fabrics are handsomely 
 displayed, many of them being in robes on lay -figures. 
 Besides dress goods, are e.xhibits of embroidery and sewing- 
 silks of all kinds, also goods for funiiture and upholstery 
 purposes, and in the same class of exhibits scarfs, shawls and 
 all sorts of Summer fancy articles in this class of fabric. 
 
 One case from John C. McGee, Belfast, is devoted to a 
 disjilay of the Ulster coat in its pristine beauty. 
 
 Ill jowelTA' ornaments and traveling equipments there is 
 a very large show, including fancy leather-work, national 
 
222 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 GRIEF. 
 
 the iDTentor of the wruiiio cbrouometer, and to n’hicb TPas 
 awarded by the Board of Longitude the Government prize 
 of £.^,000 for that important invention. Microscopes, 
 magic -lantei-ns, watches, chronometers, musical instru- 
 ments, including poiiable organs, violins, pianofortes, 
 brass and wood instruments for bands and orchestras- 
 These are a few of the articles exhibited in this department. 
 
 Games are represented by an exliibit of curling-stones 
 from Cnnougate, Edinburgh, and another of balls played 
 on scientific principles. 
 
 Drawings illustrating the Greeuway method of hospital 
 instruction of Henry Groenway, surgeon, Plymouth, Eng- 
 land, are exliibited, and are important. 
 
 In chemicals, exhibits are mode in all directions, from 
 pastry and baking-jjowder and bleaching-powder to soaps, 
 fluid magnesia, creosote, gelatine, drugs and perfumery, the 
 latter including the exhibits of Eugene Kimmell, the well- 
 known Paris and London perfumer and toilet -soap maker, 
 and comprising extracts and essences, vaporizers, pomades, 
 oils, hair-washes, cosmetics, toilet and shaving-soaps, etc. 
 
 This completes our description of tho department, of 
 Great Britain, and which, meagre as it is, may give some 
 idea of the comprehensive scope and the elaborate character 
 in general of the Exhibition, which in some directions is 
 certainly unparalleled. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Tlie Dominion of Canada extends from the nave to the 
 northern wall between Great Britain and her Colonies, and 
 occupies about as much space as all the latter. The exhibits 
 are divided in the Main Building into three departments : 
 those iHuatrating mining and metallurgy, exhibits of manu- 
 factures, and those other which have reference to education 
 and science. 
 
 The collection of minerals is large, and fully illustrative 
 of the mineralogy of the entire Dominion, beginning with 
 a collection of exhibits of gold and silver, presenting to 
 some extent an iUustration of the gold-fields and silver- 
 mines of the Dominion, which are far more extensive and 
 important than is generally supposed. We have, in con- 
 tinuation, specimens of copper pyrites and ore, magnetite, 
 iron ores, antimony, galena, barytes and mica from Canada, 
 from Victoria and Nova Scotia. There are also numerous 
 specimens of coal from the mines of Nova Scotia, Cape 
 Breton and Ontario, and even from Vancouver. A few 
 exhibits of petroleum and albutite oil are also made. There 
 are sandstones for building purposes, marble polished and 
 in various colors, red granite, limestone, serpentine, granite, 
 dolomite and jasper, amethyst and agates among the more 
 
 costly stones. Specimens of ar- 
 tificial stone, lime and cement, 
 clay for bricks, fire-brick, 
 graphite, grindstone and litho- 
 grai)hic stone complete this col- 
 lection. Finally, in metal there 
 i.s exhibited an ingot of silver 
 from Silver Islet, Lake Supe- 
 rior, and there mre iron- pigs 
 and iron bars from Ottawa and 
 Three Eivers, with Canadian 
 axes, car - wheels, rolled iron 
 plates, etc., from St. John, 
 N. B. One very interesting 
 specimen in this collection is 
 an aerolite which was found 
 in 1854, and before cutting 
 weighed 370 lbs. It contains 
 6.35 per cent, of nickel. This 
 specimen is sent from Madoc, 
 Ontario. From St.Urbain Bay. 
 St. Paul, Quebec, is sent a si>e- 
 cimen of ilmenite from a bed 
 forty feet thick. Specimens of 
 specular iron ore are exhibited 
 from Pictou County, Nova Sco- 
 tia, the lode, so far as examined, 
 ranging in thickness from ten 
 to twenty feet. Specimens of 
 bog-iron ores ore shown, and 
 these arc of common occur- 
 rence in the pro\-ince8 of 
 Quebec and Ontario, Speci- 
 mens of copper pyrites and 
 copper ore are exhibited from 
 Lake Superior, Ontario and 
 Quebec, as also from Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick, 
 and zinc from Lake Superior. 
 British Columbia sends also 
 copper and lead, as wcU as sil- 
 ver, of which there aie speci- 
 mens in nuggets and ingots. 
 Nuggets and grains of native 
 silver have been found washing 
 for gold in almost all parts of 
 British Columbia. The gold 
 exliibited comes from Frazer 
 Eiver. The yield of gold from 
 the province of British Colum- 
 bia lias increased from §520,000 during six months of 1858, 
 the year when it was first discovered, to 82,500,000 in 1875. 
 The entire yield in eighteen years lias been 838,166,970. 
 Gold was first discovered in Nova Scotia in 1859 ; and in 
 1862 upwards of 7,000 ounces were obtained. Since that 
 time the average annual yield for the prorince ha.s 
 been over 17,000 ounces, the average yield per ton being 
 fourteen pennyweights twentv-one grains. This gold is 
 remarkably pure, and sells for about 819.50 per ounce ; but 
 the official estimate is 818 per ounce. The amount per 
 mau employed has increased from 8249 in 1862 to 8660 in 
 1875. 
 
 A specimen of idatinum is exhibited from British Colum- 
 bia, also antimony from Quebec and New Brunswick, and 
 bismuth from Ontario. The coals exhibited include 
 anthracite as well as bituminous, the former from British 
 Columbia. A column of coal from the Albion mines, 
 Pictou County, Nova Scotia, three feet square at tlie base 
 and twelve feet high, is a prominent exhibit. Specimens of 
 albutite from New Brunswick are shown, being an extremely 
 curious exhibit. This mineral has been regarded by 
 some as a true coal, by others os a variety of jet, and by 
 others as more nearly related to asphaltum. It differs from 
 true coal in being of one quality throughout, in containing 
 no traces of vegetable tissue, and it occurs as a vein and not 
 as a bed. 
 
 The shipment of the Albert mines to the United States 
 during twelve years has amounted to 154,800 tons, 
 the price varying between 8l5 and 820 gold per ton. 
 
 Specimens of peat oi'e also exhibited from Huntingdon 
 and St. Hubert, Quebec. Peat occurs in great abundance 
 in many places in the Dominion, but has never been worked 
 much, except in a few localities south of the Eiver St. Law- 
 rence, and not far from Montreal. On the ground it sells 
 for 83.50 per ton, and in Montreal at from 84 to 84.25 
 per ton. 
 
 Among the building-stones are found many specimens 
 of the well-known Nova Scotia sandstone. 
 
 The department of manufactures from Canada is very 
 large, including heavy furniture, mirrors, picture • frames, 
 fabrics of wool and cotton, laces and embroideries, of which 
 quite a ilisplny is made from Quebec aud Halifax ; furs, and 
 a large display of liardware. The show of domestic ware 
 aud household utensils, saddlery and harness, boots aud 
 shoes, heavy cutlery and grinding tools, furs and fur-clothing, 
 is very comprehensive. Ontario makes a creditable display 
 01 woolen goods, furs and clothing, stone china, iron cast- 
 ings in railings, etc., dry -goods and yams. 
 
 A particularly interesting exhibit, both in tlie hlaiu 
 
 Building and in the Woman’s Pavilion, and a specialty of 
 Canatlinn ingenuity, is found in the models of public insti- 
 tutions, schools and other buildings. These are carefully 
 and prettily constructed, and should be recognized as a 
 Canadian specialty. A special exliibit has been made by 
 the Province of Ontario in its educational department. The 
 exhibit is divided into three parts : the first comprising 
 reports of educational institutions, photographs of school- 
 buildings, pupils' work, school method, etc. ; the second, 
 text-books for public aud high schools, books relating to 
 the profession of teaching ; and pai4 three, reading lessons, 
 object lessons, map.s, charts, globes, philosophical instm- 
 ments, etc. Tho models for school-buildings are made to a 
 proper scale for working, and with the ground-jilan .are 
 used for reference by trustees requiiiug information re- 
 specting valuation, school aceommoilation, etc. , previous to 
 erecting new buildings. The exhibits of school-furniture 
 include desks, model of gymnasium, blackboards, etc. 
 Specimens of map and pencil drawings, ns weU as penman- 
 ship, are exhibited from Toronto, Hamilton, aud other 
 cities. The collection of books includes all those used 
 under the educational system of Canada, as well as those 
 devoted to the inform.ation and instruction of teachers, 
 among which quite a munber are on the kindergarten and 
 object-teaching system. The school apparatus comprises 
 maps, drawing materials, music aud liistorical charts, and a 
 very fine collection of globes, terrestrial and celestial, planet- 
 ariums, geological cabinets, crystals in glass, flowers used 
 in teaching botany, zoological specimens, etc. Ethnography 
 is taught by the aid of busts of representative men celebrated 
 in history, arts aud science in different parts of the world. 
 There are also anatomical aud jihysical models, apparatus 
 for instruction in chemistry, and numerous philosophical 
 and other insfcniments giving instruction in meteorology, 
 acoustics, optics, etc. The Canadian exhibit will be seen 
 to have been Large and comprehensive, and it in fact 
 compares favorably with tho.se of other countries. 
 
 India. 
 
 Tho articles exhibitecj in the Indian department of tlie 
 Main Building were selected from the Indian Museum 
 in London. A large show of minerals and ores is made, 
 chiefly from the Mivdras and Bombay Presidencies. These 
 include the various iron ores which exist in gi-eat abundance 
 throughout tho Indian Peninsula, including the remarkable 
 deposits of magnetic iron ore in the Sladras Presidency, 
 where there are beds from fifty to one himdred feet in thick- 
 ness. which can be traced for miles. Tlie ores include man- 
 ganese, copper, lead, antimony, tin and gold. There are also 
 exhibited specimens of arsenic, graphite, sulphur ; and in 
 ornamental minerals, cornelians, of which those from Cam- 
 bay have been known since the time of the Romans; 
 toiirmahnes, sapphires, garnets, etc. There are also samples 
 of coal and clays, and other materials used in pottery. Tie 
 chemical exhibits include salt, saltpetre, alum, borax, car- 
 bonate of soda, and sulphate of copper. 
 
 Indigo — one of the most important Indian contributions — 
 is exhibited in four samples from four different parts of the 
 country. The history of the commerce of this substance is 
 curious. On its first iutrodiiction it come into competition 
 with the old-fa.shioued irocd. then used as the basis of a 
 dye, and was received with bitter intolerance. In 1557 it 
 was denounced by the Uernmnie Diet of Frankfort as the 
 devil’s dye ; and as late os 1754 by an Imperial edict at 
 Ratisbon. In England an edict was published against 
 those who introduced it, aud authorizing its seizure and 
 destruction. This continued iu force uutil the reign of 
 Charles II. 
 
 The pottery exhibited includes water-jars, jugs, vessels, 
 “ hookah ” bills, pitchers, etc., from Patna, Madras, Hydra- 
 bad, Allahabad and Bombay. There are also omamental 
 tiles from Hydrabad. There is a very handsome exhibition 
 of metal utensils, including brass boxes, cups, copper water- 
 uteusils, a spitting-dish from Mirzapore, upright handing- 
 swing and stand, lamps, some brass vessels with figures 
 from Nepaul, copjier rose-water sprinkler, mixed tin and 
 brass plate.s from Patna, sweetmeat - plate from Calcutta, 
 betal-plate, inlaid i\-ith silver, from Hydrabad, and a bniss 
 spoon from Madras. 
 
 The cotton fabrics include the famous Dacca muslius, and 
 also a few specimens of muslin from Madras. Six caiqiets 
 are shown, including one of Cashmere, two from Jladras, 
 one woolen carpet from Scinde, and two from Ferralian, 
 Persia. Three of these carpets are marked, resj^ectively, 
 8593, 8661 and $1,016. They look to be about five yards 
 square. The cashmere shawls, chuddahs, India scarfs, 
 bereuices, etc., were imported by Messrs. Farmer <fe 
 Eogers, of Eegent Street, London. They include a long 
 gold shawl, along cashmere shawl, square black and scarlet 
 shawls with borders, long white Umritsir shawls with 
 borders, long white chuddahs, white, blue, drab and scarlet 
 chuddahs, fine India scarfs, black India scarfs, embroidered 
 bcrenices, rich black gold striped berenices, and a rich 
 black gold embroidered cloak. The shawls are marked 
 878, 8172, 8620. 8697 and 8850; the scarfs 825, 829. etc. 
 Tliere is a large show of raw silk, also pieces of Deccan 
 silk, Burmab and Benares silk fabrics, and a piece of gold- 
 and-crimson stripe from Chuddabad. A number of native 
 garments ore shown, both for males aud females, including 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 223 
 
 cfl-slimerc coat, Hilk dress, satin apron, child's dress, velvet 
 shoes, embroidered wth gold, and turbans vrith gold 
 borders. 
 
 The embroidered fabrics and laces are very numerous. 
 Here are shown coats embroidered with gold, silk scarfs 
 embroidered with narrow gold ribbon, embroidered ribbons 
 from Delhi, velvet bodice, embroidered, from Benares ; linen 
 coat, embroidcred,fromBhurtpore;book-cover, embroidered 
 with crimson velvet and gold, from Scinde ; a dress •with 
 embroidered figures from Benares. The native laces 
 include many exhibits in gold and silver, os well as white 
 laces. The manufacture of lace in India is entirely of 
 European origin, and the workers aro mostly imder 
 European guidance, The textile manufactures of IncHa are 
 further illiLstrated 1 >y fifteen frames containing photo-litho- 
 graphs, forming a portion of a good work now in process 
 of preparation at the India Museum. Tliis is to include 
 thirteen volumes, containing 720 examples in actual materhd 
 of the fabrics, eight large folio volumes of lithographic and 
 ehromo-lithographic plates, and thirty frames designed for 
 exhibiting 240 of these plates suspended from the wall for 
 examination. 
 
 A fine caao of Indian jewelry in gold and silver is shown, 
 and a collection of fans of palm-leaf with lace edging, talc, 
 embroidered stniw, ivory, peacock quill and sandal-wood. 
 The collection of anus is very extensive and showy, includ- 
 ing si)ears, some with pi.stols attached, some covered with 
 green velvet, embroidered with gold ; coat-of-mail, gauntlets, 
 various arms covered with green velvet from Laliore, liattle- 
 uxes, steel-head dagger, iron maces, swords with carved 
 belt and ivory hilt, short sword with wooden scabbard, 
 .sword ^^ith horn handle, helmet with steel and bi-ass rings 
 from the PunjauVj, match-lock mounted with silver ajul bras-s 
 plate, and match-lock beautifully washed with gold from 
 the Punjaub. 
 
 There is a considomhlc display of medicinal jdants and 
 gums, ami of course of opium. The cidtivntion of the 
 poppy-seed in India can be traced back to the sixteenth 
 century. Opiimi is manufactured from the juice of the 
 poppy, which is obtained by lancing iu the months of 
 Februuiy and March. 
 
 The show of wooden and biisket ware, of papier-mache 
 and of lac<iner-work is hu-ge and haudsome. Tlio lacquer 
 used is a mbitm-e of alum, rosin and a certain preparation 
 of .sulphur and beeswax, which is apphed to the article while 
 the latter is rotated iu a frame ; after the lacquer is laid on 
 the ai-ticlo is polished with bamboo and oil-rugs. 
 
 Several models of traveling veliicles aro here exhibiUnl, 
 including covered passenger-cars, models of higgoge-cars, 
 and othei-H, all from Borubay ; also a state carriage from 
 Poonah. 
 
 The carved black wood- work is very elaborate iiud hand- 
 some. There ore also a carved sanchd-wood model of a 
 Hindoo temide, cai-ved vases, idols of carveil wood and 
 stone, pith figures carved, illustrating the trades, such as 
 barber, shoemaker mul bird-seller ; caiwed ivory boxefj and 
 lioi-u di-mldng-eups. Inlaid work in Iiulia dates back only 
 to about a hundred years, when it is supposed to have come 
 .from Persia ; and oven at this date the arms which were 
 imported from the latter country are still preserved. There 
 are now about fifty shops iu Bombay canying on this 
 business, giving employment over one hundred people. The 
 work is composed of ivory, horn, sandal-wood, ebony and 
 tin, in imitation of silver. The. articles cxliibited are inlaid 
 marble boxes, glove-boxes, card-boskets, caskets, etc. 
 
 Some miniature paintings on ivory, and others on mica, 
 are also very htmdsome. There is a full display of native 
 seeds, also of raw cotton, and a fine show of photographs 
 of mined temples and other scenes in India. A large cose 
 of musical instmments, and specimens of sculptured stones 
 from the ancient temples, complete the exhibit of India. 
 
 Nnw 
 
 New Zealand was discovered in 1642 by the Dutch 
 navigator, Tiismaii, who, however, did not laud iqjon the 
 shores. Li 1769 it avus first visited by Capfiiin Cook, who 
 explored its coasts. Subseouently, however, the country 
 became a resort for w'hniers and traders. In 1840 the 
 native chiefs ceded the sovereignty to the British crown. 
 
 The aborigines, called Maoris, aro a branch of’the Poly- 
 nesian nice, and a remarkable people. They have a teulition 
 that their forefathera, some COO years ago, came to New 
 Zeidand from Hawarka, wliich may liave been Hawaii, iu 
 the Sandwich Islands, or Sami, iu the Navigator or Samoa 
 group. These Maoris are not uulike the Higlilanders of 
 Scotland, being, like the latter, divided into clans. On June 
 1st, 1874, the Maoris and half-castes amounted to 46,016. 
 
 The colony of New Zealand consists of three principal 
 islands, called respectively, Uie North, the Middle and the 
 South or Stewart’s Island. There arc several small islets, 
 mostly imiuhabited. the chief of these being the Chatham 
 and the Auckland Isles. The three principal islands extend 
 in length 1,100 miles, but their breadth varies between 46 
 and 250 miles. The- total area of New Zealand is about 
 64,000,000 acres. It has a healthy and salubrious climate, 
 with a very equable temperature. The Summers are as 
 cool as those of England, and the Winters as wonn as those 
 of Italy. ^The mean aimuid temperature at Ancklnud is 
 nearly the same as at Rome. 
 
 Tlie revenue of New Zealand in 1874 was £3,063,811 ; 
 the imports of that year amounted to £8,121,112; the 
 exports to £5,251,269. The form of government in New 
 Zealand is as free as any in the British Dominions,- the 
 executive power being nominally vested in the Governor, 
 appointed by the Queen, but actually the direction of aflEau's 
 is conducted by the representatives of the peoj)lo. 
 
 The changes of weather and temperaturo are very sudden, 
 calms and gales, rain and simshino, heat and cold, often 
 alternating so frequently and suddenly as to defy previous 
 calculation. 
 
 A very largo number of the population of New Zealand 
 are occupied in mining for gold, which for the last twelve 
 years has formed one of the most important exports of the 
 colony. The quantity exportetl up to 1874 amounted to 
 about twenty -five million pounds sterling. Petroleum 
 springs occur in various parts of the colony, but these are 
 very little worked. In the entire colony about 12,000,000 
 acres of land are fitted for agriculture, the balance being 
 adapted for pasturage. AH kinds of domestic animals have 
 been imported, and are now bred throughout the colony. 
 Many of the more valuable trees of Europe, America and 
 Australia have also been i^roduced. All the European 
 grasses and other useful plants produce returns equal to 
 those of the most favored localities. Fruit is abundant all 
 over New Zealand, oranges, lemons, citrons, peaches, apples, 
 pears, grapes, apricots, figs and melons being found iu 
 abundance. The principal items of export are gold, wool, 
 grain and flour. Kourie gum, hides and tallow, and presen'cd 
 meats. New Zealand now stands third on the list of the 
 British wool-producing colonies. The population of the 
 colony on March 1st was estimated at 299,684. 
 
 As you cuter the New Zealand section at the nave you 
 are met by a flue display of photographs giving views 
 of scenery iu the different islands, photograph-s of Maoris 
 and others, exhibiting the domestic life of the people. 
 There are also vioAvs showing foliage, buildings, processes 
 of gold mining, etc. Then there arc a vci-y large number 
 of weapons, ornaments, garments and other articles, illus- 
 trating the life of the Maoris. Jltuiy of these weapons are 
 maile of whalebone, and some of them aro quite elaborately 
 carved. There are also stone weapons, wooden battle-axes, 
 ornamented siMxirs, flax mats, ornamented with red feathers 
 of the kaka, or moiinteil parrot ; otliers interwoven with 
 feathers of tlie native wooil-pigeon, one in particular 
 intendeil as a gift to the President of the United States ; 
 also ancient fish-hooks tipped with human bone, carved 
 pipes and calabash, neck omamenta of green stone, ear 
 oniamcnis made of a shax'k’s tooth, green stone ear-pendant, 
 ancient stone ax and stono 
 hatchet of ten generations 
 back, and a Maori image •with 
 lioaddress and car-umaments 
 of feathers. 
 
 A case of feather gimnents 
 ihsplayed is very curious and 
 interesting. Tlicro aro also 
 fancy ai-ticles made from tho 
 feet and bones of sea-birds, 
 muffs, coUerettes, wristlets, 
 etc. , of feathers, skulls of 
 Maoris, and finally there is a 
 skeleton of a mon, a gigantic 
 extinct bird, about eight feet 
 iu height, apparently of tho 
 ostrich species, with the model 
 of an egg of the same. A good 
 display of mincrids is made, 
 including coal, and there is 
 also sho\vn cordage, glue, 
 canned meats, specimens of 
 native woods, hides, and the 
 celebrated Koiuae gum. The 
 Phormium tenax-, or New Zea- 
 land flax, is ilisplayed raw and 
 manufactured. 
 
 The Agricidtural Exhibits 
 include wheat, rye, barley, 
 bread-beans, Canadian oats, 
 and field-peas. There arc also 
 specimens of hops, and some 
 hams and bacon. Among the 
 minerals are building -stone, 
 fire-clay, porcelain -clay, and 
 also fire-bricks. Barks are 
 shown from different trees 
 which are used in tanning, 
 and some employed for pro- 
 ducing tho red and brown 
 colors xised by the Maoris, 
 
 aro baskets and fans from leaves, i^alm-lcaif hats, shell- 
 baskets, walking-sticks, tortoise-shell necklaces, hats made 
 from the “dagger-plant,” and from lace bark ; also fans, 
 flowers, baskets, etc. , of the same, with earrings and brooch 
 made of lobster-ahelL Cocoanut-shell ornaments are also 
 exhibited, rozor-stropa made from the stems of plants, 
 ropes from Sisal hemp, bamboo baskets, specimens of 
 native wooil, loncc-wood, cashew, pimento, olive, maho- 
 gany, cedar, lignum-vitsa, ebony, satin-wood, rosewood, 
 logwood, mangrove, etc. Among tho agricultural pro- 
 ducts exhibited are ginger, nutmegs, tobacco, tea, cocoa, 
 coffee and chocolate. A number of cordials of orange, 
 ginger, pimento, lime-juice, etc., aro cxliibited ; and textile 
 fabrics of Sisal hemp, China grass, coir, mohoe, trumpet- 
 tree, and other plants. 
 
 Bersiudas. 
 
 The Bermudas, or Summer’s Islands, ore a collection of 
 about 100 small islands, situated on the western side of tho 
 Atlantic Ocean, at a distance of about 580 miles from the 
 nearest land, viz. , Cape Hattcras, of Nortli Carolina. Fifteen 
 or sixteen of these ore inhabited, the largest, or Bermuda 
 Proper, containing less than twenty square miles of laud, 
 and nowhere exceeding three miles in breadth, The climate 
 has long been celebrated for mildnes-s and salubrity. The 
 islands produce arrowroot and on indigenous cedar well 
 adapted for shipbuilding. Turtles aro common ; whales 
 are occasionally token iu the neighboring waters. The 
 inhabitants export largely certain articles, especially 
 potatoes, onion.s, tomatoes and arrowroot, but they aro 
 dependent on foreign supplies for all tho flour and most of 
 the meat consumed. 
 
 Among the displays are an assortment of building-stones 
 of various qualities, Bermuda potatoes and onions, sections 
 of specimens of wooils, conch-shells used by cameo-cutters, 
 corals, sponges, corallines, sea -fans, aiTouToot, articles 
 made from the palmetto -leaf, etc. The show of alga?, 
 corals, etc. , is very fine. There is also a case of native pouit- 
 lace, one of small articles made from Bermuda wood. A 
 wreath of shell-work, walking-canes maile from the exterior 
 of the gru-gru palm, two inlaid tables of Bermuda wood 
 and workmanship are noteworthy objects. There is a model 
 of one of Her Majesty’s floating docks. A few stalactites 
 and stalagmites taken from submarine caves, some paintings 
 and photographs of Bermuda scenery complete the display. 
 
 Bah ama s- 
 
 ThLs group is composed of about twenty inhabited 
 islands, and an immense number of islets and rocks. The 
 
 Jaxiaica.' 
 
 Jasujca exhibits tobacco in 
 the leaf, cigars and cigarettes ; 
 also ram and sugar. There 
 is a case of articles mode of 
 lace bark,* and another of or- 
 naments made from the native 
 “dagger-plant.” Then there' 
 
21 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 principal island is Ifew Providence, contiiining the capital, 
 Nassau. San Salvador, one of these islands, was the first 
 land discovered by Columbus on his voyage in 1492. Pine- 
 apples have been largely grown here, and are extensively 
 cultivated. Salt aud wood have also added to the exports. 
 At the present time the staples are salt, fruit, sponge, 
 barks, dye and fnrnitiu'e woods, guano, straw, tortoise- 
 shell, fish-scale and shell-work. The specimens of native 
 woods exhibited include mahogany, satin, cedar, cocoanut, 
 green ebouJ^og^vood, aud brazinetto woods ; also lignum- 
 vitte, oraiigo,' and horse-flesh wood. Quite a number of 
 walldng-cane.s are exhibited, manufactured out of woods 
 growing in the Bidiamas, including crab-tree, cas-sava, l.ilack 
 torch, lignum-vitfc, cocoanut, mahogany, .sabin, iron, green 
 ebony, saffron, Ciiscarilla, wild lemon, tamarind, guava, and 
 wild coffee wo{)ds. A dray is shown, manufactured out of 
 nine different wooils, also breail-platters, including three to 
 be presented k» Cornell University, Sponge.s are displayed 
 in strings, and there is a very beautiful show of shells and 
 shell-work, one case containing about one hundred varieties 
 of small shells, valued at 610;). Other cases contain shell- 
 work, baskets, bridal- wreath, etc., and one displny.s a mag- 
 nificent epergne of shells valued at $500. Tortoiseshell is 
 
 the West In<ba Company in 1G80. but was finally ceded to 
 Great Britain in 1814. The area of the colony has been 
 computed to be about 76,000 square miles. The exhibits 
 in the Jlaiu Building include a number of specimens of 
 sugar and mm, contributed by various sugar estates aud 
 plantations, si>ecimens of silk grass, sweet-brier, monkey- 
 apple and mahoe fibres, some rice-straw ornaments and a 
 collection of starches, barks and other meilicinal produc- 
 tions of the colony. A native curio.sity is shown in the 
 shape of a specimen of greenheart wood nearly one hun- 
 dred years old. 
 
 Gold Co.\st Colony. 
 
 This colony in West Africa, comprising the British 
 settlements on the Gold Coast and at Lagos, was constituted 
 by a charter bearing date 24th July, 1874. The name is 
 generally given to a portion of Upper Guinea, between 
 5 deg. and 4 deg. 20 min. east longitude, stretching along 
 the Gidf of Guinea. The exhibits in this collection include 
 articles of clothing, weapons and implements used by the 
 natives, with specimens of oils m:ule from African nuts and 
 seeds, including palm-oil, ground-nut-oil, cocoanut-oil and 
 gold dust, and gold ornaments comprising crosses, brooches, 
 lockeks, cliains, bracelets, etc. A number of the Ashautee 
 
 natives. Some oyster-shells are shown from the south 
 coa.st of the colony, skins of native animals, elephant tusks, 
 a robe of skius of the jackal, skins of the hyena and cheetah 
 or hunting leopard, antelope and rhinoceros skins, ostrich 
 feathers and eggs, ostrich incubator, stuffed ostriches ; 
 with preserved lemons, citrons, bitter oranges, melons. Cape 
 gooseberries ; also Cape wines, wool, horns and native woods. 
 
 MAUBTTirs. Seychelles Abchitelago, Ceylon and 
 Tkinidad. 
 
 The British Colonial section proper ends at the eastern 
 end, with the colonies above named, whose exhibit com- 
 Ijrises native products in general. For instance, the Strait 
 settlements send silk floss, silk thread and silk lace, woods 
 from Singapore, Madras, Bombay and Nangpo ; nuts, grass, 
 tea, coffee and spices from Singapore, and cotton and wool 
 from the same island. Ceylon exhibits tin and plumbago, 
 iudia-rubber, gutta-percha, coffee, spices, tobacco and 
 cigars, kakao-de-mer, vegetable fibres and native woods ; 
 also straw hats and mother-of-pearl and other shells. 
 
 Mauritius makes a very fine display of native woods and 
 samples of coffee, a large number of fibres, specimens of 
 native sugar aud articles made from the palmiste robes, 
 
 THE IlOVAL BAKIN(; PO\n»ER COMPANY’S EXOIDIT, IN AGIUCULTU 
 
 reprewuted in piece.s, with a liawk's-lull and logger-head 
 tiu’tle ; one tortoise, polished, being priced •'^7 j. A case of 
 tortoiseshell ornaments, including necklace, pin and ear- 
 rings, bracelets, etc., is valued at 6141'. A set consisting 
 of chain, cliami, scarf-pin, solitaire and studs and vest- 
 button, 850; a spoon aud paper-knife at 610. .Yll this 
 work is manufactured by hand. 
 
 Some pretty mimosa bean-work is shown, incluibng a set 
 of jewelry aud single articles. The mimosa grows %\ ell in 
 the Baliamas. Various fibres ore shown, inrliuling the 
 plantain, banana, pineapple, aloe and Esparto gra.s.s. None 
 of the Bahama fibres arc at present ntiliaed. It is stated, 
 however, that they eoirld be exported in lai-ge qmiutitics. 
 (Specimens of the wild fig-tree aud palmetto, made into rope, 
 are also shown, as well as roi>e made out of the fibre of 
 aloe. One case conbuns palmetto-work, inclmling fans and 
 liat.s ; also a case of native salt, ca-scarilla, arros'Toot, 
 cassava starch, bees-wax and myrtlebcrry-wax are shown, a.s 
 well fts specimens of tobacco aud coffee, native bnililing- 
 stones, and some bottles of preserved fruits and jiickles. 
 
 British Gpevna. 
 
 This colony in South America extends from oast to west 
 about 200 miles, and includes the settlements of Dcmarar.i, 
 Essequibo and Berbice. It was first paidioUy settled by 
 
 ' and King ('nfticalli cloths, with sanqilcs <>f iron, iind s]jeei- 
 mens of cloth in tlic loom, slippers aiul Lugos sandals are 
 exhibited, -with goat-skins, funs, kuife-sheaths, specimens 
 of odoom, Mliicli Is the buiiding-wood of the country, and 
 a dc.sk and cuveloiic-caae of the .same, miule by the native 
 workmen ; a cnlJectiou of specimens of native woods, models 
 of caaoe-s, carved and plain calabashes, musical instruments, 
 Niger swords in ornamented leather scabbards, bows and 
 ' arrows, and a specimen of wliite clay used in medicine, aud 
 ' also to chalk divorced \vives. This clay is likewise used in 
 ] law-suits to mark those who are successful, and at marriage 
 (“cremouies as an indication of jnirity. A number of nativi* 
 utensils, palm-oil ladles, ijalm-lcaf hats, etc., complete the 
 collection. 
 
 C.vi’E OF Good Hope. 
 
 This colony mokes a con.sidcrable display in miaerals, 
 ores, stone, aud mebillnrgic j)roducts, iiicluiling copper, 
 ,s;rltpctre. coal. etc. There is also a display of native orna- 
 ments, including necklaces and bracelets, native aprons, 
 headdresses, exliibits of skeleton flowers, work-box cou- 
 striictoil of diflereut woods, ])ots, baskets, vegetable barks, 
 aud modieincs used by the Caflres, aiul native weai»ons, 
 iuelnding Coffie assegais aud a bushman's ax. A number 
 of jiaiutiugs, engravings, lithographs, iihotograiihs, etc., 
 lUsplay the scenery, costumes aud appearances of the 
 
 including sUppers, cigar-cascs, baskets and rugs. Thera 
 are also a number of views taken in Mauritius, and types 
 of the Chinese, Indian, Maliigash and Mozambique inhabi- 
 tants of Mauritius. 
 
 The Seychelles, or Mahe Islands, include a group com- 
 prising 50,120 acres, and are distant 940 miles from 
 Mauritius. The Archipelago is subordinate to the Governor 
 of JIauritius. The exhibit from Seychelles is most curiouB 
 and interesting. It is particularly noticeable for the deli- 
 cacy of the native work displayed, this work being made 
 from the inner liusk of the kakao-de-mer, of which curious 
 nuts several are iu the rough state and polished. 
 
 They are in appearance a sort of twin cocoanut, larger and 
 of a somewhat different shape from the ordinary cocoanut. 
 The articles exhibited of this manufacture include baskets, 
 hats, slipjTers, cigar-cases, watch-pockets, tea-cups and 
 saucers, etc. There is also shown a kakao-de-mer wood 
 walking-stick and other canes, a roll of Seychelles tobacco, . 
 and a pared of cigars made from the same specimen of ^ 
 kakao, cloves, coffee, a sample of cotton, fine boxes of shell, 
 saiux'les of wheat, rum and cocoanut-oil, and pieces of 
 hawk’s-bill tmtlc-shdl. i ' 
 
 Trinidad makes an exhibit of native woods, including | 
 236 vai-ieties. Some of the more curious of these are the 
 Lezard or Fill wood, the Indian teak, tropical almond, : 
 
 V 
 
NTETLiOli OF PH(;T0GEAPHIC HALL. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER CE THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 olive-T7oo<3, incGnae-'wooJ, 
 lance - wood, bread - fruit 
 wood, lime-tree and cac- 
 tus. A large number of 
 native fibres are also ex- 
 hibited — iucluding that 
 extracted from the husks 
 of the cocoanut — brooms, 
 brushes, bedding, etc. 
 
 Tlien there are specimens 
 of Angostura bitters, nut- 
 megs, cloves, manioc, and 
 a collection of baskets, 
 including Indian baskets, 
 miniature egg-baskets 
 Tvith mats, rice and 
 cofiee-pans, and small 
 
 models of the cataures i. memso ham, 2 . vermo; 
 
 for carrj-iug loads. Some 
 
 baskets are shown, manufachu-ed of the towel-gomd. pre- i level of the sea is about 5,000 feet, aud the climate is 
 
 generally sidubrious. the Winters being cold, but dry, aud 
 ! the Sununei’s wium aud moist. The population of the 
 
 sentiug a very mde appearance. 
 
 On.AKOE Fkee State. 
 
 The Republican Orange Free State is situated on the 
 northern boundary of the Cui)e Colony, aud covem an 
 extent of territory roughly estimated at about 70,000 
 syuai'e miles, It consists <jf extensive imdukiting plains, 
 sloping from the great 'water-shed northward aud we.st- 
 ward to the Vaal and Orange Rivers. The coiu^es of 
 the Larger rivers arc extremely tortuous ami hollow, their 
 banks being precipitous and commonly lined with the 
 wuter-willow. mimosa and other trees indigenous to this 
 countn-. The strcimis are tisnnlly fordable, hut during 
 the Winter sea-son become swollen and impassable. 
 
 The coimtry is divided into fourteeu districts, each 
 of which has its chief town and capital, besides vil- 
 lages. In either tlistrict there are small ranges of hills, 
 forming their water-sheds, iu wliicli the various streams 
 take rise, and affording landmarks which are used as i 
 division line.s of the various districts. The jdaiiis and 
 table-lands are covered with grass, which iu raiiiv seasons I 
 
 Eciiublic i.s csf iinated at 75,0Li0 white, and 25,000 colored or 
 native. The form of Government is rei>ubliean, the legisla- 
 tive jjower being placed iu the hands of an assembly called 
 
 He is elected by the direct 
 vote of all the burghers, 
 and liis election does not 
 affect the positions of the 
 other ofBciiils in the 
 country. The State Pre- 
 sident is a.ssisted by an 
 Executive Comicil ; but 
 the entire control of the 
 SLito affiiira, internal as 
 well ns cxteiual, rests in 
 Ms liands, with certain 
 exceptions specified in the 
 Constitution. The quali- 
 fications of the Inivghers 
 include : First, that they 
 shall be whites, and born 
 T nAM. in the State. Secondly, 
 
 wliitcs who have resided 
 iu the State during one yeai-, and have fixed property to 
 the amount of £150. Thirdly, whites who have resided 
 iu the Shite for three successive yeara, the two latter 
 classes being obliged to furnish certificates of conduct and 
 written acknowledgments to respect the laws of the State. 
 
 The constitutional Church of the Orange Free State 
 is the Dutch Ei.-formed. There is lilcewi.se a branch of 
 the Anglican Church of South Africa, represented by a 
 bishop aud a unmerous shift' of clergx*. The We.slcyan 
 ^Methodist Church, the Evaugclic.'il Lutheran Clmrch. and 
 the Roman Catholic Chuvidi. are also represented in the 
 Republic. A rough estimate fixes the number of fiu'ms 
 throughout the cimntiy ns between 0,000 and 7,000. The 
 revenue of the State is raised by (piit-reuts ou these farms, 
 hire of the State lands, license, stamp duties, etc. Thu 
 Orange Free State was formerly the occasional residence of 
 marauding bands of Caffres and Bushmen rather than 
 inliabited by any definite j-acc, these wild tribes infesting it 
 from time to time, there to secure i>astiire for their flocks, 
 or to escape dc-stimction from the liands of some stronger 
 race. The present control of the country has only existed 
 twenty yeiu's, and when it is considered that its revenues 
 
 becomes rank and luxuriant, affording excoDent pasture for 
 stock of all descriptions. In the southern and eastern dis- 
 tricts this grass is burned off once a yc.ar, fur the purpose 
 of destroying the old croi), which rot.s by re.ison of 
 iwins, and becfimes injurious to sheep and cattle. 
 
 In the western districts the gras.s is rapiilly becom- 
 ing supplanted by a dwarfed biushy vegetable. The 
 greater part of the Orange Free State is a grazing 
 countiy, and though agriculture is everywhere at- 
 tended to more or leas, it is chiefly in the southern 
 and eastern districts that it is carried on as the 
 prineipid resource, the.se districts furnishing the 
 grain wliicli is brought into the markets of the 
 others. The Republic has also considerable mineral 
 wealth ; coal of a very good quality, and in paying 
 quautitie.s, has been found, and diamonds, rubies aud 
 other precious stones have been discovered in various 
 pai'ts of the country. Formerly an immense variety 
 of wild animals inhabited the Orange Free State, and 
 even now the lion still frequents some sections ; but, owing 
 to the advanced civilization of the country, the larger 
 imimals, such as the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus 
 and giraffe are di.sappeai-ing. 
 
 Antelopes, however, roam the 
 plains in countless mimbera. 
 while horses and cattle arc plenti- 
 ful, and the wooled sheep may be 
 estimated by miUious. Birds 
 abound in great variety, includ- 
 ing the ostrich, eagle, vulture, pel- 
 ican, hawk, and various si>eeies 
 of the crane, among the larger 
 kinds. Tlie staple articles of 
 export from the Orange Free 
 State are wool, skins, ostrich 
 feathers, aud, of late years, dia- 
 monds aud other precious stones. 
 
 The average height of the 
 Orange Free State above the 
 
 the Volks-raqd, whose membei's are elected for four conse- 
 cutive years, the whole number of representatives being 
 fifty-two, half retiring by rotation every two years, when a 
 
 new election tidies place to fill the vacancies. The executive 
 power in the State rests in a Shite President, whose term 
 of office is five years, .and who is eligible for re-election. 
 
 have increased in that time from about §100,000 per annum 
 to Sfi00,000, while a considerable import and export trade 
 has been established, it will be admitted tliat the prosperity 
 of the Orange Free State Republic presents a his- 
 torical picture almost unprecedented. The exliilsits 
 of the Orange Free State are located south of the 
 South Avenue, between columns two and five. These 
 exhibits are so peculiar that they attract a great deal 
 of attention, and have aroused considerable interest 
 in the minds of visitora. Hero are to be seen .spe- 
 cimens of diamonds in the rough from the diamond- 
 fields of the Orange Free State, accompanied by 
 diamontliferous soil with diamond in it. and pebbks 
 wliicli accompany the lath*r. There are also copper 
 and iron ore, magnesite, coal and kaobn ; of wooils 
 there are represented the blue gum, mimo.sa and 
 olive-wood, while several quite artistic and very in- 
 teresting figures, carved from wood with a lic-nknife, 
 are seen, the.se being made of willow, of yellow wood 
 and of deal, which is simply pine. There are Angora, 
 blessbok and jackal karosses ; then there are boots of native 
 manufacture, baskets, harness made of white leather, aud 
 pipes manufactured by the natives, 
 specimens of petrified wood, 
 sumach, a collection of staffed 
 birds, aud one of butterflies and 
 other insects ; tusks of ivory, 
 hoiTis of vaiious specimens of the 
 native deer, known under the 
 names of blessbok, gemsbok, 
 hartbeest, roorbolc, wilde- 
 beeste, etc. There are also skins 
 of the blessbok, koodoo cow and 
 liartbeest, some of these being 
 tanned. Then there are reins or 
 thongs and girdles made of hides 
 of the bnfffio, bullock, eland, 
 giraffe .*iid gnu, a.s also sham- 
 boics; flexible rods, wMps of 
 

 rhinoceros hides, andwlupsof giraffe 
 hide;. Ostrich feathers and other- 
 bird plumage in their natural state 
 make a must interesting exhibition, 
 and there are ostrich eggs, dried 
 fruits, Bpccimcns of wool, washed 
 and unwashed, and also mohair 
 from the Angora goat. These 
 articles are in charge of Mr. Charles 
 W. Riley, Consul-General at Phila- 
 delphia, and Commissioner for the 
 Orange Free State to the Interua- 
 tiouid Exhibition. 
 
 Pkru. 
 
 Immediately contiguous to and 
 north of the Orange Free State section is that devoted 
 to Peni. The articles exhibited in this collection comprise 
 a eon.sid<'rable number of aiiti(iuitie.s, paintings in oil, some 
 wood-carving, i)hotogmphs, specimens of j)rintiug, artificial 
 flowers and cmbroidevie.s, gloves, straw hats, shoes and 
 canes, the most of these being from Lima. A very good 
 display is made of the minerids of Peru by the Special 
 Corainissiouer to the Exposition from Lima. There are 
 also specimens of sulphnr, tar, i)etroleum, oil, soap and 
 
 arsenical silver ore, samples of porphyritie rock and 
 specimens of foasils, samples of copper ore, crystallized 
 red oxide, black copper, kaolin, cobalt, malachite, 
 salt and sulphnr ore.s, nitrate of soda and black polished 
 porjihyry, two very largo rock crystals, native sulphur, 
 alabaster with gold in sight, taken from the gold mine of 
 Cachiyuyo, red hematite, samples of fossil coal, gray 
 nickel, amethyst taken from amine nearCopiapo, sulphuret 
 of lead, salt, galena, argentiferous galena, iron oxide and 
 
 mout of colored wools and lace 
 color, two linen handkerchiefs, two 
 doilies of Flemisli thread, one 
 rug, two connteri;ane.s, or coverlets, 
 crochet-work, samples of lace, em- 
 broidered blanket, two cushions 
 with borders of Flemish thread, and 
 a pai-asol witli lace fringing. The 
 “Nrins’ House of the Good Shep- 
 herd" exhibits an embroidered 
 handkerchief repre.senting a iJidaee 
 of the Chilian Exposition. From 
 Santiago there are a number of 
 gypsum ornaments, card-b.askets 
 and samples of printing, litho- 
 grapby and binding. 
 
 In ceramics, tho only cxliibits consist of samples of 
 enameled tiles for flooring. The Government of Chili con- 
 tributes a map of the countrj-, with plans of bridges and 
 jrablic buildings, A crucifix carved iti wood is an artistic 
 work : also a pen-drawing, being a portrait from life. Two 
 medallion portraits in bronze are shown, as also a plaster 
 portnut bust. The agi-icultiirai products exliibitod by 
 Chili include a very full show of grass, grown and exhibited 
 by tho Normal School Far-m, as also beans, peas, lentils, 
 
 1. BEnKSHIIiE BOAH. 
 
 garden-seeds, tree-seeds, 19 ilifferent varieties of potatoes — 
 all from the same source. A collection of medicinal herbs, 
 including lOH varieties, is exhibited, chiefly by the Depart- 
 mental Junta of Victoria, The collection of woods ex- 
 hibited by the Normal School Farm includes 51 species, 
 and also a frame containing 78 specimens of different woods 
 from the Department of Sontue. Quito a number of spe- 
 cimens of barks, cotton in the pod and ginned silkworm 
 
 ;i. BEnKSUJRD sow. 
 
 candles of native raaiinfacture. Something of a show in 
 wood-wmk is made from tho Penitentiary, and some 
 articles in textile faln-ies, including ponchos; tools, etc., 
 and goods made from the vicuna texture. From the Do- 
 I)artnieut of the Amazon there are shown samples of vege- 
 table silk ; from the Bureau of Education of Ijima, a map 
 of Pern. The forest products exhibited include specimens 
 of native woods^ also nuts, olives and raisins. Iii strictly 
 
 agricultuinl products there are various kinds of groin, 
 tobacco and cigars, rice, sugars and starch, and in man- 
 ufactured articles other than these, mm, wines, brandies, 
 Amazon bitter's, olive-oil and ca.stor-oil. Two of the de- 
 partments send specimens of hides and skins, and a con- 
 siderable display is made of cotton, wool .and silk, 
 
 Canj. 
 
 The population of Chili in 1874 amounted to 2,400,000. 
 The imports for that year were estimated 
 at $38,417,729, and tho exx^orts at 
 $36,540,059. The most important values 
 in exxjoi-ts are in barley, flour, -wheat and 
 cattle. The viflue of the miriing production 
 for the same year -was $16,562,974. The 
 table of maritime movements shows arrivals 
 amt departures of about 12,000 shiijs of say 
 8.000,000 tons burden. The total of the 
 Custom House revenues was $8,000,000. 
 
 The exhibits in the Main Buildiug from 
 Chili lie north of those of Peni, and ex- 
 tend to the nave, side by side -with those 
 of the Argentine Republic. Much of the 
 larger portion of this collection is com- 
 posed of minerals, ores, stone and metal- 
 lurgic.al products. These include very rich 
 samples of native sOver, silver ore, and 
 
 and complete display, illustrating the wealth of the country 
 in this direction. Among the ornamental articles in stone 
 there is shown a table-top of alabaster, one of marble -\rith 
 mosaic, and one of black marble, with views and a .shield of 
 the arms of Rome. There is also another ornament with 
 garlands, and a cup with doves in the centre, of mosaic ; a 
 specimen of wood mosaic -will also be found interesting. 
 Quite a pretty display is made by tlie x>upOs of the Public 
 College of MoHua, including a loom and sj^iudle, an assort- 
 
 cocoons, horse-hair, fleeces of common wool, etc., are also 
 exhibited, and a number of samples of beeswax and 
 honey ore to be found here. Among the animals exhibited 
 are the condor and the Cbiliau lion, stuffed, as also pre- 
 served fish and shell-fish. Finally, there is a display of 
 national j)nbIications, including all the official reports of the 
 Government, commercial statistics, etc., the Cliilian codes 
 of law at present in force, Reports of the Sessions of the 
 National Congress from 1826, Annals of the University of 
 Chili, a collection of the historians of Chili, 
 text-books of instruction used in the Na- 
 tional Institute and in the primary schools, 
 scientific and litcrai'j i^eriodiofis and re- 
 views, and a large collection of miscella- 
 neous books, comprising several hundred 
 volumes. Here may pai'ticularly be men- 
 tioned the Cliilian Building, a small brick 
 structure, lying west of Machinery Hall and 
 near George's Hill, -where ta displayed the 
 silver and gold amalgiraating machinery 
 exhibited by the Republic of Chili. Thi.s 
 is a model in fac-siniilo of the amalgamat- 
 ing machine in use at Antofagasta, and is 
 constructed on a scale, 1-Cth of tho original 
 size. The model consists of three sections, 
 including first the reduction and washing 
 of ore, which is accomplished by means 
 lU Z E I£ 0 9 . 
 
 cinnabar. There is a specimen of stone taken from tho 
 crater of the La Ternera volcano, also fossil impressions 
 taken from the coal-pit of La Ternera, and feldspar, which 
 by decomi>osition produces pumice-stone. From the 
 coxijier foundiies of Don Adolfo Lapostol, in the depart- 
 ment of Sau Jose, province of Santiago, ai'e shown a bar of 
 copper and twelve samples of copper ore. This collection 
 is large, varied, and very valuable, and presents an elaborate 
 
228 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 of t^'o vertical Iron rollers, resting on an iron iilate, 
 which being kept in motion, produce tlie necessary 
 friction to grind the ores, which are received in the 
 iron cup containing the rollers, by means of self-feeders. 
 The reduced ore is carried with the water, M-hich is kept 
 running upon it continually by means of pipes tln-ougli 
 gutters into the open tanks below, and there allowed to 
 settle : the water is then run off and the ore carried to the 
 drying-shed. The second process is that of amalgamation. 
 Here are twelve large and two small revolving casks, four 
 upright tanks, conhaining a chemical solution, one washer, 
 and one centrifugal machine. By this process the ore is 
 freed from impurities, leaving the pure silver and quick- 
 silver, the whole being carried into the centrifugsd machine, 
 where the quicksilver is separated from the silver, after 
 which all remaining imimrities are washed out into two 
 smaller casks witli boiling salt-water. The silver is then 
 discharged and stamped into molds ready for section three. 
 This sectit>n includes the quicksilver coudeoser aud smelt- 
 ing-furnace, Here the final residuum of quicksilver is 
 evai5orati-d from the silver column l)y meau.s of heat. In 
 the Chilian Building tiie first and second section of tliis 
 model are seen in motion. The entire model was esliibited 
 in 1875 at tho Chilian exhibition of Santiago, and cost 
 Sl3,GOO, the cost of the actual 
 machine being S’230,000. Ac- 
 cording to the official rc])ort, 
 the miuiiig products of Chili 
 din-iug the year.s from 1842 to 
 1872 amounted to the sum of 
 S2ni.S2c.24n, of which more 
 than S75,000,00(twas silver in 
 lurs. 
 
 Aroektine Reiu-blic. 
 
 At the extreme wi'stem end 
 of tho Maui Building, next to 
 Chili, is the section containing 
 exhibits of the Argentine Re- 
 public. exteudiug from the 
 nave to South Avenue. Here 
 a very considerable exhibit is 
 made of minerals and ores 
 from the varioiLs jirovinoes, 
 these forming, in fact, the most 
 imjjortant part (jf the Argentine 
 ilLspIay. A sjieciul collection 
 of minerals, comijrising 298 
 exhibits, iuchuliug a number 
 of fine specimen.s of native 
 silver, malaeliite. copper, 
 kaolin, nickel and other valu- 
 able minerals, is exhibited by 
 ‘Williiiin A. Treloar, and is 
 valued at $3,000. The Pro- 
 vincial Commis-sion of tho 
 province of Rioja exliibits silver 
 ores, copj)cr ore, porjibyry. 
 
 Francisco 1). Atjuilar makes ii 
 display of 388 exliibits, which 
 he valiie.s at 81,000 for the 
 collection. From the province 
 of Catauiarca we have an in- 
 teresting, though small, ccjllec- 
 tion of minerals, and some 
 ancient stone-miners’ hammers 
 found in the abandoned mines 
 of Ortiz. Sample.s of iron ore 
 are sent from this province, 
 and it i.s stated that the Na- 
 tional C'ongress of the Confe- 
 ilenition ha.s j)as.sed a law au- 
 thorizing the Executive to 
 subscribe for shares iu a pro- 
 posed mining company to 
 the amount of 810U,000. The 
 University of Cordoba displays garnet, limestone, iramice- 
 stonc, and other minerals. Hix samples of cojijieras are ex- 
 liibited from Patagonia, and a collection of stones from the 
 shores of the rivers La Plata and Unigimy. There are also 
 shown specimen.s of coal, anthracite, bituminous and semi- 
 bituminous ; and from the province of Bneuas Ayres 
 Banqiles of curious stone having hi‘rbs gi'owing upon it, 
 From Cordoba are specimens of marble, and from the pro- 
 vince of San Lnis a stone pestle used by the Indians f<ir 
 stamping maize ; also ash-pan for burning incense, matle 1 ty 
 the Indians, aud an ash-tray. The province of Entre-Rios 
 sends hyilraulic stones, conglomerated shell and clay-stoue.s, 
 hydraiibe lime and petrified wood ; also jietrified oyster- 
 shells, of which there are said to be large quantities iu the 
 province of Parana. Clays, kaolin, silex aud other materials 
 used iu the manufacture of porcelain: glass, fire-bricks, etc., 
 are displayed iu considerable quantities. The chemical 
 manufactures include citric acid, mineral salt, alum, salt- 
 petre. aud quite an exliibition made in soaps, glycerine, 
 petroleum, tar and various medic.al articles. 
 
 Native porcelain and potterv* are shown iu flower-pots, 
 bottles, jugs, dishes, mngs, coffee-pots, aud other objects 
 matle by the natives, being lic-ld at pretty high prices. 
 Twelve pieces, for instance, made by the Indians, are valued 
 
 representing the U .Argentine provinces, comes from the 
 province of Buenos Ayres, aud is priced 8800. Another 
 ingenious structure, something similav to the“Euciclo- 
 pedico " before lueutinucd, is exhibited by Eugenio Jlataldi, 
 of the iwoviuce of Buenos Ayres. This is a tmveling-tmuk, 
 which can be transformed into a sofa, writing-desk, table, 
 dressing-c.Tse or chest of drawer's. Sevci-ol other trunks o 
 raw-hide arc exhibited, one fronr the 2>rovince of Santa Fe 
 being marked 84s, The lu'.bivu articles disjilnved are 
 always very curious, fifteen rings made by the Indians of 
 the ivroviuee of Corientes, and a work-box, being among 
 these curiosities. A large collection of mediciiuil herbs or 
 I'laiits is exhibited by tlie provincial commissions of the 
 different ])roviuces. These include articles for every 
 imaginable disease, from headache to asthma. DcntistiTis 
 represented by a case of artificial teeth, mounted iu plates 
 in imitation of gums, exhibited from Bueuos Ayres. 
 Horse-furniture, harness aud saddlery ore rejjresented 
 (piite extensively. .V saddle from Santa Fe is priced 845, a 
 Mexican .saddle made in San Juan, with girdle, stiiTups, 
 bridle, etc., very complete, is valued at 8350 ; a whip made 
 of horse-hair, a ])laited lasso and a jvair of boleadoras for 
 bunting o.striehe.s, .are among the curio.sities iu this depart- 
 ment. Lassoes are numerous, as are also i,)illions, horse 
 rugs and liol.ibles. Some jvil- 
 lions are made of ostrich 
 feathers, others of horso-lmir, 
 aud others of .skins of native 
 animals. This dei>artinent 
 coniifletes its exhibition with 
 quite a ftiU disjilay of Argen- 
 tine books imblished iu the 
 (Efferent departments, and in- 
 cluding educational works, 
 statistics, historical boolcs, 
 atlases, mni)s. digests aud com- 
 pilations of laws, voyages and 
 travels, poetry, reviews, me- 
 dical books. etc. Two costumed 
 figures, reiivesenting Argentine 
 Gancho.s, will have been no- 
 ticed standing at the entrnjice 
 to the section. Finally, there 
 is a collection of antediluvian 
 relics, including a tooth weigh- 
 ing four i)ounds and seven 
 ounces, tail-joint weighing from 
 18 to .30 jjonnds, a slun-bono 
 and a back-tooth, from what 
 animals is not stated, the col- 
 lection beii)g valued at 8200. 
 
 Trsrs. 
 
 The section devoted to 
 Tunis lies south of South Ave- 
 nue and immediately behind 
 Denmai'k, Sweden and Turkey, 
 aud occui)ies 2,015 feet of 
 space. Tho contributions to 
 this deijaiimeut include min- 
 erals and ores, essences and 
 flavoring extracts, pottei-y, 
 porcelain, glas.s, household 
 furniture, carju-ts, nigs, woolen 
 blankets, shawls, woven silks, 
 hangings, burnooses, embroi- 
 deries, jewelry, national cos- 
 tume.s, arms and accoutre- 
 ments. Quite a number of 
 interesting and chai-acteristic 
 articles have been contributed 
 by his Highness Sidi l\Iahomed 
 Essadok, Bey of Tunis, in- 
 cluding jewelry, national 
 costumes, a collection of the 
 minerals and ores of Tunis, pottery aud furniture. Sjieci- 
 mens of ancient mosaics from Carthage form an interesting 
 feature of the Tunisian collection. Several cases of arms, 
 damascened, are to be seen, aud the woven fabric.s, includ- 
 ing cloths of gold aud silver, while there are a number of 
 articles of filigree jewelry, and an Oriental saddle of velvet 
 and gilded embroidery. A smaU alcove, di\"ided off, is 
 furnished like a Tunisian a2)artment, the fumitiu'e being 
 rather tawdry than valuable. Among the more notable 
 articles is a solid silver table set, including a salver, ten 
 small coffee-cup.s of china, set in silver filigree, and a dish 
 of filigree shaped like a cake-b-asket. Among the weapons 
 are quite a number of very antique airpearance. Some of 
 these are sharjfly engraved aud handsomely damascenecL 
 Certain articles of furniture are inlaid with jrearl, and there 
 are mirrors mth pearl inlaid frame.s. The carpets .and 
 rugs exhibited, os well as the shawls and hangings, are rich 
 and heavy. The Bey of Tunis also exhibited two Arabian 
 tents, illustrating the domestic life aud customs of the 
 Arabian Sheilihs aud Bedouins. 
 
 Dekmase. 
 
 Denmark lies south of the nave aud between Sweden ' 
 and Turkey. Among the articles of chemical manufacture 
 
 '■=’'TrsrLn of jiemoeial SAi.r.. 
 
 I manufacture. The vicuna articles include .snme qtiite 
 costly. A Aicuna sb.awl of naturiil colors is jiriccj 8-iOO. 
 Neckties and a purse are 8IO each. A thick vicuna jioucho 
 is valued at 850. another 8150, and a suit of clothes of the 
 same fabric 8250. Among these articles are also mufflers, 
 cloaks, and finally a \icuna shawl, containing G,600 warj)cd 
 threads, woven for the Philadcljihia Exhibition, of which 
 the price is 25 gold ounces. Native leather is represented 
 by .a 2>air of boots, price $16, another pair of “ dandies, " SlO, 
 and one pair at 8G. A Buenos Ayres milliner sends three 
 bonnets. One of these, a white bonnet, trimmed with blue 
 feathers and flowers, is priced at 840 ; another, with green 
 leaves and grapes, is priced 828. Straw hats ore exhibited 
 made from the leaves of the Yatay palm-tree. These hats 
 ai'e very much used in the prorince of Corientes. and are 
 very durable. A pair of boots, made of snake-skin, Ls a 
 curious exhibit from this section. This same province 
 exhibits a flcjwcr made of hair, and a WTeath of artificial 
 flowers made of the i)ith of a native jilaut. A basket of 
 flowers made of different kinds of seeds and grains is offered 
 for sale at $100. Quite a number of articles in hair are 
 displayed, one such exhibit of flowers being valued at 8600. 
 A jiair of silver Indian earrings is exhibited by the 
 province of San Luis, aud a necklace and locket of gold, 
 
 at 8200. In ; lasswave, there Is but one exhibit, that from , 
 Buenos Ayre.s. ’ cruet-stand of cut glass. A most curious 1 
 and nuexix'cted ; vLicIe, one that would be rather looked for I 
 as the product of Yauke •' ingenuity aud skill than as coming | 
 j from one of the South A nerican Rejuiblics, is called "El : 
 j Euciclopedicu del Rio de l.v Plata." This is a combination \ 
 I writing-table, wasli-staiid, dressing-case, etc., contaiiiiu" 
 
 , many other useful articles for convenience in domestic life, 
 j oi)eniug out, aud ilisplayiiig various compmtments for the 
 I uses incbcated. The article is jmeod at 8GU0. The furni- 
 j tme exhibit also iueliulcs night-tables for bedrooms, of 
 coco-wood, and ulgcrroba-wood, a now system of Veuetian- 
 blinds and a earn'd ai'ui-chair. 
 
 I There arc also shown ostrich-feather dusters, esparto 
 matting, wooden dishes and trays, hammocks, 2n>nclios, 
 
 I towels, hliawLs, nai)kins. t.able-cloths, thc.se latter made of 
 I cotton gi'owu and spun in the province of Tucuraun ; also 
 native wood and silver tankards, and ciqis made of stone. 
 
 ; Woolen fabrics include ponchos, blankets, saddle-bags, 
 
 , mgs. coverlets, etc., dyed of different colors with native 
 j roots aud plants. 
 
 I ^ oven articles made by tho Pampa.s Indians are rugs, 
 
 I garters, s.adillo-cloth9 and blankets, which, with two jmuchos, 
 
 ! blue with white spots, are interesting specimens of native 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEHHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 220 
 
 exhibited are steavino oniuUos, niatelica, varuidi, double- 
 distilk'd buy -spirit and oil of l>ay -leaves from St. Thomas. 
 West Indies. A very pretty display of Danish jiottcry in 
 bhu'k-and-red is made, ornamented ^\•it}l rtowers, sonv* 
 articles being in Etruscan forms, and those from ^Yeudr^ck 
 an<l Son. CV'peuhagen, being specially 
 elegant. A trophy of bottles of eheny 
 cordial is quite a prmniiient exhibit, and 
 there i.s a considerable show of play- 
 ing-cards. A glas.s case lixeil against 
 the wall contain.s a .suit of clothes 
 apparently of very fine inauiifucture, 
 
 In clothing there are also wot>len goods 
 from the Faroe Islands; and oil, cloth- 
 ing and gloves, also jewchy and orna- 
 ments, from Copenhagen. From the 
 Faroe Islands there is likt‘-\\-ise a col- 
 lection of bii'd.s, feathers, eggs, etc. A 
 very interesting ethnographical collec- 
 tion is sent from Copenhagen, illus- 
 trating the products, minerals, mannei's 
 and customs of Greenland. Thi.s case 
 includes \\-capons iind tools used by the 
 natives ; clothing, fui-s, eider-down and 
 skin.s, stuffed native bii-ds and a model 
 of a ku;ak. There is idso a Greenland 
 kajak of the usual size, 'with fish, 
 
 Bpcar.s, padtlles, etc., and a stuffed figure 
 placed in the centre to illustnito the 
 method of iising it. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 The Turkish section fronts on the 
 nave, and lie.s between Denmaiic and 
 Egypt, comprising tho same space a.s 
 the latter country, 5,022 feet. This 
 section is more truly Orientid in its 
 character, as we understand tho Orientid, 
 than any other. It begins, properly 
 enough, ■with a large case of pipes — 
 long cliibouks ■with red clay bowls — 
 native jewelry of gold and silver, and 
 enameled small coffee-cups, cups of 
 horn, amber sets, inclmbng brooches, 
 sleeve-buttons, etc., strings of bends, 
 and scented ■\vood, etc. The disphiy of 
 opium, easences and gums is large, and 
 is made with great care and discriminii- 
 tioii, illustrating eftectively these pecu- 
 liarly Orientid articles. Of the same 
 chai-actcr is tho exhibit of nttar-of-rose. 
 
 This fine.st of all iserfumes is nowhere 
 made in such perfection as among the 
 Turks. A bottle nine inches high and 
 about four inches in diameter sells for 
 8120 in gold, besides the duty ; a little 
 
 bottle holding not much more than a gill Is marked SoO. 1 tea-sets, oriuimented witli what .seems to be silver -foil. 
 The wines and liquors of Turkey arc illustrated pretty | Tmirish tobacco, and tho fine liLiccdouian. tobacco, are 
 completely, iucludiug brandy, muscat, Samos wines, etc. i exhibited in bunclie.s, bowls, casks, and in cigarettes. 
 A case of curious green pottery i.s attractive, the forma of \ Opium is also displayed in nias.scs wrapped in leaves, 
 the articles being peculiar. Thera axo nlS() some black , C'lurioiisly enough, a juincipal exhibit is a large case filled 
 
 with ro.aarie.s, cros.ses, caskets, paper- 
 kiii^-es and other articles made of olivc- 
 wotid, and rcptirtcd to have come from 
 the Mount of Olives ; although this is 
 probably apocryphal, and the wood is 
 likely enough to have como from Spain 
 or some other soutliem European 
 country. A Ciisc of native arms iiichules 
 scimitars, guns, helmets, etc., nil heavily 
 engraved, and displaying very lino work- 
 manship. There is a good show of rugs 
 and cnrjiets ; also of Turkish shawls and 
 other garments, the fez being promi- 
 nent in numbers. Quite a large ilisplay 
 is made of crude .silk, wool and flax, 
 iiu’lndiug wool of various grades in small 
 bags, silk in the rough, in skeins, etc., 
 and cocoons classified in jar's ivccoixling 
 to (juality and color. 
 
 A variety of leathcr-wt'rk makes u 
 very handsome show, and includes a 
 disjilay of jircpared skins heaped up in 
 the rear of the section. Here are also 
 tine leather leggins, smlille-bags, belts, 
 etc., and a variety of bead-work on 
 leather, which is curious. Perhaps the 
 prettiest collection of the depariment 
 is a case of gooils of carved mother-cf- 
 pearl, said to bo nrauufacturcd in Beth- 
 lehem. Tho articles ore all small, the 
 largest being carvings of the pearl 
 oyster-shell ; the centre piece is u cross 
 of native wood. The remaining articles 
 are crosses, earrings, birttons, strings of 
 bcad-s. etc. The Tirrkish carpets deserve 
 irll praise. In sonre particrrlars they are 
 pre-eminent, and ore worthy the high 
 repute in which they are held all over 
 tlie world. The. vividness of colors and 
 originality of design of these fabrics 
 defy competition. Tho texture of the 
 goods is among their strongest points. 
 A few skin.s of animals are shown, in- 
 cluding a tiger-skin. A number of 
 domestic iirticles in bra.ss and copper, 
 including vcgetable-tlishes, water-jars, 
 etc., are interesting as being i>eculiar 
 to the corriitry. Tho gauze fabrics of 
 silks, with shining bands of gold or 
 silver thread, alternating with gay 
 STATUE, "ELvixo TisiE.’’ stripcs of scarlct, green tmd white, are 
 
2;iO 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 statistical character is quite s 
 large and important, as is also t 
 that of scientific and philo- ^ 
 Bophical instrjimcnts, •works 
 upon engineering, maps, 
 plans, models, bridges, charts, 
 etc. The display of photo- 
 giuphs is vei'y handsome, 
 including one of the King of 
 Portugal, Dom Luis I., this 
 collection sho's\ing a Tcry 
 creditable progress in tho 
 photogra]ihic art. The min- 
 eral exhibit from Portugal 
 include.s antimony ore, copper 
 ore, iron ores, lead and zinc 
 ores, manganese, tin ore, 
 galena, iron pyrites, coal, 
 limestones, marbles, slate, 
 liydrauhc cement, phosphate 
 of lime, kaolin, 'whetstones, 
 and pumice. The metallur- 
 gical products exhibited are 
 gold and silver, bar and leaf ; 
 aluminium, platina and tin 
 leaf, iron and tin ingots, and i 
 an exhibit of horse-shoes. ' 
 Quite a number of mineral ‘ 
 •waters arc exliibited from Lis- | 
 bon, Oporto and San Miguel. i 
 
 THE SEOrn EXaiDlT, IN THE JIAIN DUILDINQ. 
 
 wood and ivory, in highly finished style. Tho price of 
 this piece of fmrnitnre is $2,500 ; nblack--wood cabinet i\ith 
 mother-of-pcarl inlaying is priced $4,000. A curiosity is 
 a door made in a most peculiar manner, the figures which 
 appear upon the face being pieces of wood inserted from 
 the back in a manner quite unlike anything else in the 
 exhiliition, not being mosaic, or even of that character. It 
 is stated that this kind of work is only made by one 
 family in Egvpt. Some of the fabrics exhibited here arc 
 tnily magnificent. Yelvet •with hea\’v gold embroidery, 
 wool, fancy silk, etc. A stuffed crocodile from the Nile, 
 staiuliug near the centre of the section, is a notable object, 
 and a very curious inlaid gate of a mosque in Cairo, a very 
 antique aiiicle, is another. Still another curiositj’ is a 
 photographic copy of the Koran in a little volume about 
 li inches by j of on inch in dimensions and i of an inch 
 thick. Magnificent saddles, covered with velvet and gold 
 embroidery, chibouks, with gold embroidery covering, 
 narghiles of Bohemian glass, and large lanterns, complete 
 the collection of Egyptian articles. 
 
 PORTrG-it,. 
 
 Spain. | 
 
 The space allotted to [ 
 Spain in the Main Building 
 extends from the nave to the southern wall of the structure, 
 and comprises 11,253 feet. Beginning at the wall of 
 this section we find cases of clothing, toys, hats, largo 
 numbers of flippers and other miscellaneous aiticles, 
 and a considerable display of cordage and straw-work 
 cases, containing fans an<l articles in straw boxes, etc., i 
 and near by are a few models of the Philippine Islands j 
 snioll-craft in use by the natives of those islands. A 
 case containing Spanish decorations and medals is seen 
 here, and is peculiar and interesting. Next we come upon 
 the exhibits of fabrics, which are wonderfuDy comprehen- 
 sive, and in fact the fine.st show in the aoctiou. The cloths 
 are peculiar in (piality as well as in name. They include i 
 llama cloths, paten cloth, tincot, edredon, sathi, corduroy, \ 
 velvet, etc., chiefly from the proxinces of Alicante and the 
 city of Alcoy. Besides these are the more commonly 
 known cloths, melton, tweeds, serges, flannels, etc., chiefly 
 from Toledo and Boi-celona, The number of shawls i.s 
 enormous, in every variety aud quality, including cases of f 
 the -well-known and attractive blond-lace shawls for which J 
 Spain is so famous. The exhibits of muslins and prints of | 
 
 strikingly Oriental, as ai-c 
 also the velvet jackets, heavy 
 with gold bulhou, the tissues 
 of the mixed silk and cotton 
 covered with gold embrni- 
 dcry, the scarlet t.able-spreads 
 with intricate tracery of ara- 
 besques in gf»ld threads and 
 colored silks, and slippers of 
 green and seai'let leather, 
 with pointed toes. Fine 
 Turkish towclings and gauzo 
 muslins, with Iieasy brocade 
 goods, and a Inrisli amount 
 of embroidery in various ma- 
 terials, complete the Turkish 
 exhibit of fabrics, and with 
 them we close our descrip- 
 tion of this section. 
 
 Euypt. 
 
 The .section devoted to 
 Egx'pt lies between those of 
 Turkey aud Spain, and fronts 
 upon the nave. It comprises 
 5.022 feet of .s])aee. Here is 
 .seen, on entering the section, 
 a large display of native 
 woods from Epypt and the 
 uiiuexed provinces, inclinling 
 the cotton - tree, and also 
 ssimple.s of gums and mate- 
 rials for dyeing, and otlier 
 vegetablu articles for indus- 
 trial purposes. There is also a very large case full of 
 silk cocoons ntid maunfactmed silk, while cotton and 
 tobacco lire seen in considerable quantities, as well as 
 specimens of sugar, and even of bread mauufactnved in that 
 coimtnr-. The minorala and buikling-.stones of Egypt are 
 exhibit'd in rougli-hewui and polished sjiccimeus, including 
 alabaster, limestone, lime-nx-k, clay, cement. pla.ster, sand, 
 and materials for manufacturing porcelain and faience. The 
 exliibits of metals include iron, gold-dust and solid rough 
 gold pieces. A nmnber of articles of Egyptian manufac- 
 ture are exposed, and a large case of books, in the Arabic 
 liiuguage, ineliiiling school and text-books, newspapers and 
 periodieal literature, illusti-ate the educational system of 
 the country. The Polytechnic School of Cairo sends a 
 number of tools, and quite a display is made of aiiicles of 
 pottery from As.souau, Upper Egypt, showing the styles of 
 Egyptian earthenware, with porcelain tiles and bricks from 
 Lower Egj'pt, contributed by the National Museiun. 
 .Specimens of majolica-ware of difl'ereut designs, and porce- 
 lain, are contributed by Bvugseh Bey, of Cairo. The 
 National Museum also displays table-fnrniture, porcelain, 
 solid gold aud silverware, coft'ec-sets, and vessels of bras.s, 
 ntensiis^for kiteheii n.se, and tinware. 'Die clothing, 
 jeweh-y and omameut.s, traveling e<iuipmcuts, etc., are con- 
 tributed by the National Museum, aud include di'cw?-gooilB 
 for men's aud wiuueii's wear, hats and boots, women's 
 shoes, embroidered in velvet, silk, gold and silver ; silk 
 dress-trimmings aud embroideries woven with gold aud 
 silver ; tur<pioi.se jeweln* ntul oniiunents woni upon the 
 person ; fans, walking-eanes, sun-sluules. with pipes of all 
 descriptions, and a liistorie*al eollectiou of national costumes 
 from Aby.ssinia aud the Woiulmi. 'Diere is also, from tlie 
 same source, an exhibition of swords, spears aud dii'ks. A 
 number of small articles arc exhibited manufactured of 
 shell, ivory and motlior-of-pcarl, inclmling .spoons, egg- 
 cups, small euft'ee-cups, etc. ; pipe-bowls of red clay and 
 pipe-stems of perfumed jasmine are notable lU'ticles. The 
 an ay of native weapons and accoutrements is veiy large. In 
 funiitiu-e there arc a number of magnificent pieces. One 
 of these is a cabinet made of sycamore aud acacia, inlaid 
 with ivory and pearl This is engi-aved l»y hand, both upon 
 
 The Portuguese section is south of South Avenue aud 
 immediately behind that of Egypt, and includes 3,590 feet 
 of apace. Decidedly the moat important display in the 
 Portuguese department is made in the direction of fabrics 
 and woven goods of wool and silk, aud in clotliiiig, jewelry 
 and ornaments. Tlie exhibition of articles of filigree and 
 jewelry is comprised in three large cases, and is of the 
 finest possible character, compaiuug favorably with any 
 similar exhibit in the Exhibition. In woven gooila, com- 
 mencing with those of the coai'sest character, we find gi’asa 
 and straw mats ; also marsh-reed matting, coarse fabrics of 
 ruslie-s, and iilaited stniw articles, manufactured from the 
 Guinea aloe fibre, aud all kinds of floor-matting from the 
 coarsest ipiality to the finest article for the dra-»;iiig-room. 
 In cotton there are exhibited yams and fabrics, bleached 
 and unbleached, including canvas, toweling, counterjianes, 
 embroidered table-cloths, cotton prints, handkerchiefs, etc. ; 
 and linen ai'ticles, such as towels, napkins, tablc-cloth.s, duck, 
 linen yarns, striped linen counterpanes, aud some very 
 curious vases made of linen thread. Y'oolen cloths are 
 exliibited from Saragossa, Lisbon, Oporto, etc., and include 
 everything from plain flannel and coarse blankets up to 
 fine poplins, aud cassimeres imd cloths. Silk is shoum 
 from a cocoon to the manufactured article, including raw 
 silk, Bjiun silk, twisted silk, woven silk, satin and gold 
 damasks, figured silks, gold tissues, serges, satins, velvets, 
 figured satin, haudkercliiefs, brocatelles, fine samides of 
 black velvet, fringes, braids, etc. All sorts of articles 
 of clothing ore exliibited, including colored petticoats, 
 shawls, knitted hose, sashes, men’s jackets, laces, crochet- 
 work, artificial flowers, hats, gaiters, military boots and 
 gloves, wooden shoes, iiea-sauts’ shoes, reed and straw hats, 
 cork hats, woolen caps, knitted stockings, etc. The show of 
 pottery includes a number of articles in majolica, earthen- 
 ware aud faience, some of these being figures illustrating 
 the costumes of the country. A peculiar exhibit is a 
 number of small figures, about one foot in height, represent- 
 ing types of the national costumes, trades and avocations ; 
 a case of fine chiuaware aud one of musical instruments 
 arc also noticeable ; and the display of minerals and native 
 stones imd marbles is very complete and important. One 
 large case, filled with damask- work, cutlery, etc., is also not 
 uninteresting. The display of books of an educational and 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 231 
 
 the- patterus peculiar to the lower chtsses of the Spanish 
 peasantry arc quite wonderful in their cxhuit and variety. 
 In fact, they arc iunninerable, of every conceivable design, 
 and interesting as displaying the distinctions of the Spani.sh 
 people. Here a large case of women’.s corsets is con- 
 spicuous. A cnusidorablc show of ciiiqicts, hiuig from above, 
 is also to be seen, and a hue dis])lay of blimketH, Hoor- 
 <'loths, table-cloths and rugs. Next are the finer qualities 
 of dress-goods, calico-goods, lini-n.s, underwear and ciu- 
 broiilered work ; and next a cii’cular ciusc containing the 
 iucvitabli- Spanish fun in every possible fonu and quality ; 
 woolen (doths for goutlemcirs clothing, boots and shoes 
 come lU'Xt, and after tlicse a truly niugniticent disqday of 
 silk and broc4-de goods and satin.s. A gnitnl exhibition of 
 shirts is made iu two enormous eiuses from BHrcdi>un and 
 C!atalonia, and a superb show of blond-Lujes also ocenrs 
 here. The coUeetion of shoe-coverings inchulo varieties 
 little known in this country. There are sandals, boots and 
 shoes, and 8lii>pci'a — “slip-shods," as they are called: 
 riding-boots, clogs, sabots, sandals for women, and in fact 
 every conoeivabh- pattern of coverings for the feet. Hats 
 and gloves are not wanting, kid-gloves being e.xliibited by 
 the city of Seville, and hats frejm Havaiia, Cuba. .Some 
 very liaudsome articles of embroidery are exliibited, includ- 
 ing cnibroidcrcd pictures, rhurob oruameiits, embroidered 
 altm- -cloths, lithogniphed embroidery, sofa-casliiuiis, haud- 
 kerc’hief.s, while His JI:ije.sty the King of Spain exhibits 
 cmbroideiy made by 
 the lay brother, s of 
 San Lorenzo. The 
 straw -work jiecnliar to 
 Spain is iutorestiiig, 
 and iueludi'H a largo 
 variety of articles. 
 
 There are baski'ts and 
 needle-cases of straw, 
 ladies’ work-boxes 
 covered with straw, 
 glove-boxes of tho 
 same, straw hampers, 
 match-boxes of straw, 
 etc. Tlicro are also 
 some specimens of 
 hnniitii hair-work from 
 lMu<lrid, which are eu- 
 rioivs. In miscolhuieoiis 
 articles there are canes 
 and cauc'he.ad-s, combs 
 of horn mid tortoise- 
 shell, cigarette - iiaper 
 iu ([uautities, playing- 
 cards, toothpicks, case 
 of liligi'ce silver, cross 
 and can'ings of tho 
 same, and church or- 
 naments exhibited by 
 the President of the 
 Women '.s C'u th o 1 i e 
 Association of !JIudrid. 
 
 In mms there are a 
 hunting-knife, .\rabiau 
 sword -blade, dagger- 
 blade, a dagger from 
 Toledo; a sword, 
 dagger and shield from 
 San Sebastian : pistols, 
 etc. A collection of 
 medals from Madrid 
 may be classed among 
 tho miscellaucuus art- 
 objects. Returning to 
 
 the uatiiral products of S]«in. we liud miiu'i'aLs largely 
 represented, including all the better known oios, cobidt, 
 ciuuabai', lu'geutiferous lead, stidactitos from tho province 
 of Burgos, yellow and rml ochro, tpiiclcsilver, malachite, 
 blue copper, nickel, and a Im-ge ^•aricty of si)ccimeu.s 
 of coal and coke. The stones exliibited include ala- 
 baster, marble, gnuiito ami jasper: lava aud volcanic 
 products from Tcnerille, Canary LJaiuls ; sciqieutiue, 
 gypsum, spiu‘, whetstones, griiidstoues and jet ; a con- 
 sidemble display of ferruginous, .snlplnu-ous and other 
 minend waters from the various iiroviiiccs. (jiiiite a number 
 of exliibits ai-o made in tiles mul potterj- for llooriiig ; and 
 there is some u-ry fine metallic-work, luuulsoiiuly 
 damascened, in vases, swords, boxes, etc., ghis.s-bottle.s, 
 china-ware luid terra-cotUv, iuchuliug some .spccimeus of 
 china exhibited by His Majesty tlic King of Spain : mosaics 
 from Seville and the pi-mince of Tiirragoua ; Delft pitchei-s 
 from Cordoba ; antique vases from iilurcia ; aud glass, 
 chiefly from Barcelona, although some plate-ghiss aud a 
 crystal lautem arc exhibited from the i)ro\inco of Siui- 
 tandcr. In fuxoiture there is a dressing-table, a couch 
 from Barcelona, and a diiiing-rooiu sideboard from Madrid ; 
 wooden curtains from Havana are novel, aud tiio article.s 
 manufactured from esparto-grass are idso peculiar to Spain. 
 Iu default of au English catalogue of the Spmiish articles, 
 and owing also to the fact that the Spanish catalogue, even, 
 was very late in makiug its appearance, it is impossible to 
 moke a just shoeing of the really superb display in the 
 
 Spanish section. It is proper, however, to direct attention 
 to tho fact that perhap.s the most iutcrestiug portion of this 
 di.splay is in the fabric.s and laces, which we have been able 
 only to barely mention. 
 
 Ri'ssia. 
 
 The Russian section lies next to that of Spain, aud 
 betweeu it aud the Austria-Hungary department, and 
 (“Xteiids from the nave to thc**sonthcrii wall of tho Main 
 Bnilcliug, comprising 11.802 feet of .fiiacc. This section is 
 in some parts one of the most interesting and important iu 
 tho Main Building, and it must be conceded that although 
 the Russian Government wa-s slow in making aip its mind 
 to participate iu the Centennial Exhibition, yet when it 
 did decide, it acted with great energy and liberjdity. The 
 (.TOYcrnment undertook the pavmeut of freight and insur- 
 ance to )Uid from Philadelphia, and all expenses of installa- 
 tion, including the purchase of show-ca.ses. No part of the 
 Exhibition has more richly repaid careful study : and this 
 chiefly from the fact that the Russian display differs from 
 those of England and France, no matter how magnifieent 
 these may be, in that it eomprise.') works iu the arts and 
 inuuufactnres hitherto totilly unkunwii to Araerieans. A 
 vast improvement iu art-industry in Rus.sia has taken place 
 in late years, and it wa-s only at tho Exhibition of 18b7 
 that this great country was able to make a display which 
 could compete with the nations of Western Europe. All 
 this i)rogre83 has been owing to the School of Technical 
 
 Design, founded in lilosoow iu IHlU. and wliieh makes a 
 fine exlubit in tho Russian .section, displayiug the system 
 of ediication enq'loyed, and tho jirogress of its jinpils, as 
 illustrati'd in jilister e.a.sts. patterns for textile fabrics and 
 wall-papci-s, and other art -works. It is in the richness aud 
 the magnifieenco of its exhibits that Russia strikes the 
 obscn'cr as being superior to nil otlier sections. Whether 
 it be ill the novel specimeu.s of silverware or in the fine and 
 elegant cuameled-ware, the massive aud costly .articles of 
 malachite, or the superb furs, it is all grand and illustrative 
 of lartsh wealth aud liberalit}-. 
 
 Thu cases of fur garments cannot be Jiuri^assed in the 
 magnificence and x’aluc of the articles. Here is a Russian 
 sable cloak, valued at $2,000 ; a blue foxskin cloak for 
 $1350: muffs of Thibet goat, blue-fox and sealskiu ; lynx, 
 sable aud marten coat®, trimmed with sheei')-''kin ; a carpet 
 of furs iu mo.saic ; beai-skins ; ermine-skins : mid on either 
 side of the fur case two immense Russian bears standing on 
 their hind legs, veritable ••dumb-waiters.” One hohls in his 
 paws au armful of sealskin.s worth from $30 to $15 a skin. 
 Deer-horii chairs, upholstered, and t.-te-'a-ti.'te.s of tho same 
 structure are here, aud also a little foot-stool covered with 
 foxskin with the fox's head prominent. Above the case ai-e 
 two stuffed marten-s. 
 
 Tlic silks, brocades and tissue goods are rich and hand- 
 some, the most magnificent being the rich altar-cloths and 
 materials for priest vestments, red velvets and flowers of 
 gold, black satin embroidery with flowers and gold figures 
 
 woven with gold thread; silver cloths — altogether the 
 heaviest and richest fabrics to be seen anywhere. 
 
 The Russian department open.s at the nave with a beau- 
 tiful show of gold and silver plated-ware and jewelry. 
 Here are plain bands of gold, set oh the edge with rows of 
 pearl and turquoise. Here, too, are elaborate dishes in gold 
 and silver, or heaxily gilt ; curious repoiissi: work, the figures 
 of which are beaten out by hand from the under side, and 
 any (piantity of silver bowls lined with gold, silver cnijs and 
 tankards, gold knife, cigar-cases, iukshmds — in fact, all 
 conceivable articles in ornamental work. Next to this is the 
 show of malachite, jasper aud lapis-lazuli. This is a 
 pec\diar Russian industry, the articles being manufactured 
 from a variety of oruamcutal stones found in the Uml 
 Mountains, although some of tho .stones used come from 
 Labrador. Very few article.s have attracted more attention 
 than these. Here is a large mantel of malachite, with a 
 mosaic front, comprising perhaps twenty different stones, 
 xvith cars-ed fruit-work, and which is valued at $6, SOI). 
 Malachite vases, about '-H feet high, each cut from a single 
 block of stone, cost $4,5011 a pair, while tho smaller size, 
 about 18 inches high, is valued at $050. The malachite 
 and lapis-lazuli tables range in j)ric6 between $100 and 
 $1,000. A great variety of small articles are made of these 
 stones, and nxo sold at very moderate prices. These 
 include brooches, neckliccs, brsicelets, studs, sleeve- 
 buttons, crosses, etc. , in i)crsoual oi-naments ; clocks, 
 paper-weights, small 
 vases, etc. ./^oug the 
 striking ornamental ex- 
 hibits in this section is 
 a large circular plaque 
 in high repoiisse relief, 
 representing the Ado- 
 ration of the Shep- 
 hcnls. This is vidued 
 flt $7,000. A Cossack 
 chief mounting his 
 horse, exceedingly 
 spirited, and worked 
 with microscopic and 
 most minute detail, 
 coats $1.070 ; aud a 
 cup with figures of 
 ])ca.s.ants dancing, is 
 Vidued at $1,070. One 
 kind of work, which is 
 quite common among 
 the Russians, is novel 
 in design aud perfect 
 in execution. It con- 
 sists of a cake-basket 
 of gold-and-bronze, on 
 which lies a wliito 
 damask napkin, which 
 appears at first sight 
 to be linen, but which 
 is really silver, with 
 the fibres aud pattern 
 of cloth imitated so 
 perfectly that tho 
 illusion is complete. 
 In some, this napkin 
 hits a colored border, 
 and in otlu-rs it forms 
 the covering of a 
 puuch-bowl. None of 
 tho articles of this 
 class iu the Russian 
 department show any 
 signs of French or 
 Itjiliau styles, but are i)urcly Muscovite and original in 
 ! design and strnctun Tin; fabrics of silver aud gold thread , 
 heavily embmidcred, stnqia-s-s anything of the kind ex- 
 I hibited by the OrieuUd nations, which are supposed t<; 
 
 ■ excel iu this work. 
 
 The dress silks, woolen goods, cotton and linen fabrics, 
 rival those of Franco and England. Among these a most 
 attractive and interesting collection of garments and table- 
 spread.s comes from Circassia, and is richly embroidered in 
 silk and in gold-aud-silver thread-s. Some specimens of 
 work in carved woods arc exhibited by an Industrial 
 School iu St. Petersburg, under govemmeut patrouage. 
 The most uoticeablu object iu tliis collection Is a jicasant’s 
 chair iu black-Wiilmit, across the seat of which lies an imita- 
 tion towel, made of some white wood ; the haniUes are of 
 the form of hatchets ; at tho back of the seat lie a |>air of 
 mittens, admii’ably carved, and iu the frame is the chai-ac- 
 teristic motto, in tho Ru-ssian language, •‘Go slow and you 
 will go far.” Returniug to the malachite articles, it is to 
 be observed that these rank among the special lions of tho 
 Exhibition with the London ceramics, Japan bronzes, and 
 the China ivory carving. They took this position from the 
 start, and persistently maintained it. Usually the malachite 
 is used alone, although there is iin exception in the case of 
 tw(5 sideboards, where walnut-wood is used for the frame- 
 work of the articles ; the malachite is set in as panels, 
 tho effect being rich and peculiar; Malachite is in ono 
 sense a precious stone, since the larger pieces are very 
 
TnK I'liENC'Il AUT (lALLEKV, IN MEMORIAL HALT, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 
 EXPOSITION. 
 
 233 
 
 Valuable, wliilG a similar amount in bulk, if broken up into 
 a number of smaller articles, is 'worth comparatively little. 
 This variation is caused by the scarcity, and tliii difficulty 
 of mining the larger Rpecimens. Au interesting exhibit is 
 a lai'ge lump of the material as it comes from the earth. 
 The finest article on exhibition is a table with a top 
 of solid malachite, hanug an urn of the same material 
 suspended underneath, ■with the stone vases, 2 niced at 
 $2,400. Another smaller table is valued at $1,5(10, The 
 sideboards just mentioned arc held at $000 each. In the 
 display of jewelry is a novel exhibition of gold 
 meats in delicate gradations of red, j)rodnced by oxida- 
 tion. One article which attracts nmcli attention is a 
 breast-pin made in the form (if a rose-leaf, upon wliieh 
 has alighted a jeweled bee, the body being formed of 
 a magnificeut pearl, the head of nibics, and tlu! 'wings 
 of diamonds. A cose of jjrinh'il cotton goods, caheoes, 
 chintz, etc., shows that Bnssia has attained a degree of 
 excellenco in this imimrtant manufacture not greatly 
 differing from that of England, Franco or fho I'nited 
 States. The fabric is good, the design iirtistic and gi-aceful, 
 and the coloring brilliant. There is also a good showing of 
 linens and other lUissian manufactures, including t.iblu- 
 cloth.s, toweling, najikius, the himous 
 “ crash, ” and various other prejiuratious 
 of flax. Among tliesc articles are some 
 patterns of colored napkins, which 
 have not yet been seen in the American 
 market. Tlie cases of velvet suits consti- 
 tute a ■wonderful disjilay, a inagniticent 
 royal pmple cloak being tlu; finest in 
 the collection. .Some of these are richly 
 trimmed with fur. The braid-work ex- 
 hibited in this Hcetiou is much finer 
 than anything of the sort elsewhere in 
 tlu' Expo.sition. The styh' is a elose 
 resemblanoc to the Turkish. A very 
 pretty collection is made in articles of 
 amber, including colored varieties in 
 cigar-tubes, jew'ehy and beads. There 
 is also a. small but very choieo coUoe- 
 tion of lacquer-boxo-s, adorned with 
 miniatiU'c imiutiugs. These are (piito 
 like the Jai)anese work. A suri)risiug 
 exhibit is a ca-so of india-imbber goods. 
 
 The Itussian- American india-rubber 
 Comi>any of St. Petersbiu’g ■was founded 
 in 1860. The works aix; furnished with 
 twelve steam engines of 700- horse- 
 power, luid emjdoy 1,378 workiug- 
 2 >e 02 »lo, men and women. An American 
 industry wliich has only recently been 
 introduced in llu.ssia, 'where it ha-s met 
 with rcmiu'kable success, is the manu- 
 facture of zinc, the jirodnct amounting 
 to $5,000,000 per year. The i)avilion 
 containing this exhibit is of ebony, and 
 verj' oiTjaraental and attnictive. Then; 
 are cases of scimitiirs luid other aims, 
 and also surgical and other iustrnmeuts. 
 
 Pianos are not ^s-llllting, and there is 
 even a billiard-table exhibited. 
 
 The dihjilay of minerals from Hussia 
 is extensive, and inchides the usual 
 varieties. Some of the mining works 
 of Knssia are (piite enormous, those of 
 Prince Uemidof emidoying 11,000 men, 
 of whom 4,500 are engaged in Riqijily- 
 ing tho works with fuel and other nui- 
 teriids. The coUection of ininends, 
 fossils and rocks uatnnd to llnssia aro 
 exliibited by the Mining yehool of St. 
 
 Petoreburg, while the adiiiiui.stration 
 of the mining district in AVesteru Po 
 land exhibits sjx'cimeus of coal with 
 pliuis of tlie pits. This district contains not only coal-pits, 
 but also zine-smolting 'works, iron-forges, and ii-on rolling- 
 niiUs ; and a mine exiilured in the Middle Ages. The lu'eseut 
 yeai'ly jirodiice imiouuts to 80,000 ton.s of coiJ, and largo 
 quantities of ziuc. cast-iron and 'wrought -hon. Prince De- 
 miduf also exhibits clay, iiuartz, hearthstone and eouuuun 
 brick, be.sides si>ecimcns of gold, 2 >latiuuin and native gold. 
 Also east-iron, manganese, jiig-iron, raw oopiier, copiier in 
 ingots, bar ii'on, boiler-plates, shiji-iilates, steel in bai-s, ete. 
 The Ru-ssiaii RoUiug Manufacturing Comi>any, exhibiting 
 casHi’ou and h'on wh-o, was founded in 1872, and eiujfioys 
 1,000 men. Tho Annory Plate AA’orks in the Go\'ern:ucnt 
 of Perm, founded in 1862, einitloys 680 men. These wcu'ks 
 cxliibit specimens of iron jdate and comigated iron sheets. 
 Stcarine candles, glycerine, glue, tallow, linseed and other 
 oils and soai) are exlubited by a number of comimnies and 
 manufactories. One chemical mauiifactoiT, founded in 
 1855, employs 1,000 v\-orkmen, and immufactm-es to thi' 
 value of 3,500,000 roubles annually, a rouble being about 
 seventy-five cents. Cosmetics, phosphonis matches, guu- 
 Ijowdcr and fii’e-jjroof bricks are among the mauufac- 
 tm-ed articles exhibited. Enameled plates, vases, dishes, 
 etc., ore exlubited from Ht. Petersburg, the designs being 
 iu Russian, Byzantine and Arabian style. The Museum of 
 
 wood are seen, some of these being household utensils, 
 •wooden tiu-eens, spoons, carved wooden toys, candlesticks, 
 etc. As iu other sections, there are here jminted figures in 
 clay rei^rescnting Russian tyi^es. A collection of Russian 
 coins and metals is exliibited. Tlie articles in silver and 
 bronze come chiefly from Moscow and St. Petersburg. 
 They include huikards. goblets, pitchers, vases, cigar-cases, 
 mateh-boxes aud articles of ohiu-ch furniture, ornamented 
 with enamel, chased aud figure-work. A number of 
 catrings iu cvqiresa-wood, rciiroscnting the loading events 
 related in the Holy Scriiitures, form u curious and interest- 
 ing exhibit. Other carvings in wood of heads aud busts, 
 aud articles cut in bone, including a cniciflx, brooch, 
 thimble aud models of fiu'uiture, are jicculiar exliibits. In 
 mo.saic-work there are seen a bntteiTly on a box for stanqis, 
 vciy prettily constructed. Bronze article-s come from Ht. 
 Pctcrslnu-g, including chandeliers, candelabra, limps, ete. ; 
 bronze clocks, fmanture for a chimney-iiicce, etc., are 
 exliibited by Felix Choirin, of St. Petersburg, whose miimt- 
 factory was founded in 1865, aud employs 1,500 workmen. 
 
 Ar.sTiii.1. 
 
 The depiudment idlotted to the exhibits of Austria and 
 Hungarj' extends south of the nave to 
 the south -wall of the Midn Building, 
 and between the Russian and Genuan 
 sections, ooenpyiug 24.070 feet of sjaice. 
 
 This collection commences with a 
 magnificent sliow of glass-ware and a 
 display of meersehaura jiijies aud amber, 
 with which there is no competition. 
 Here is to be seen tho superb glass- 
 ware of Bohemia iu innumerable 
 articles; these iiu-ludiug mumifacturing 
 cstabUslnnents never before shoivn in 
 this country. The exhibits include 
 colored, stained and white sheet-glass, 
 {ilain cut glass, common glas.s vessels, 
 wine-bottles, table-glass, miiTors oast 
 and blmvii, Bohemian ciyshd hollow 
 ware of all kinds, many of the ortiele.s 
 colored and staiiu'd, and otherwise ex- 
 quisitely decorated ; also refined glass, 
 sets of table scirice, vases, misceUimeous 
 articles of fancy aud ornamental glass, 
 mounted witii bronze, as vases, ink- 
 stands, cigar -])late8, flagons, etc. Be- 
 sides these lu'ticles, there are wreaths 
 of glass 2 )earls, and glas.s cylinder's of 
 crystal, all from Bohemia. These articles 
 are exirorted to Germany, Fi'ance, 
 Belgium, Italy, Woiitli Anerica, etc. 
 Till' wreaths rrousist of irlaits of glass 
 pearls, aud ore irsed for ornamenting 
 gi'aves. on account of their beauty and 
 durability. There aro also exliibits of 
 glas-s .s^k and siiiniiings, aud small 
 iU-ticles such as buttons lUid trinkets. 
 This entire ilisplay is exceptionally 
 brilliant and attractive. 
 
 Sevend eases of articles in ineer- 
 sehaiim, one of wliieh stands imme- 
 diately upon till' nave, have attracted 
 great and iiei-sisteiit attention during 
 the Exhibition. Tlu; firm exhibiting 
 tliesf' is that of Ludwig Hartman and 
 Eidam [which means son-in-law). Hero 
 a iiiiiguificeut carved pii>e is exhibited. 
 Valued at $600, aud an amber flower- 
 vase at -$250. The most costly oi'tiele iu 
 the case may be said to bo absolutely 
 unique. It is a chandcher constmeted 
 entirely of amber, and believed to bo 
 the finest jiiece of work ever made iu 
 this niateiiaJ. Upon this etnicture eight 
 men lubon'd for five mouths, while it took two years to 
 obtain amber of the dcsiied color for its manufacture. 
 The 'oiliie of the article is set at $8,000. 
 
 Beside the mcei'sehanm pipes, there are others of French 
 brier-wood, aud still others of the Australian myoll, with 
 amber inuuth- 2 ueces. Smokers' cases containing 2n23*3> etc., 
 made of walnut, ai'e marked $25. This fimi of Hartman, 
 iu ATennn, began trade iu the year 1829 with one single 
 tuniiug-luthc, and has worked its way U 2 > to its 25resent 
 business, which is valued at 300,000 florins per annum, 
 of which all but one-tcuth is ex 2 >orted. The establishment 
 em 2 >Ioys one hundred 02 )eratives aud uses steam 2 >ower. 
 
 Next after the meerschaum comes the exhibition of 
 china, 2 >orechuu aud 2 >ottery, including re 2 )roductions after 
 the antique, such os lieux Saxe, vieux Se^Tes, ancient 
 A’iemia, Chinese aud Ja 2 >anes(>. One establishment exhibit- 
 ing lues been for thirty yeni-s engaged iu reproducing 
 aiitii 2 ue 2 Jorceliins after the most excellent models of the 
 best 2 >eriuds. This estabhshment exhibited at the Inter- 
 national Exhibition of New York in 1853. The business 
 is conducted in Vienna, by Sannrel A'^ou Fischer, aud it is 
 relited that .Alexander A’on Humboldt, in a letter addressed 
 to the factory in the year 1857, expressed himself to the 
 effect that iu his extensive travels he never met ■with 
 
 STiriTE, “love’s MESSEXQEJl.’’ 
 
 exliibits embroidered linen handkerchiefs, table-cloths, 
 towels, ete. The ai-tiele-s in amber come from Ostrolenko, 
 in the Government of Lumza, and the establishment of 
 Benistein Brothers, foiuided in 1798. A vciy interesting 
 exhibit coni 2 U’ise.s RilssIui national eostnme.s, including 
 kaftans AX'orn by Russian ladies, and artiides of dress for 
 bc'vs and girls from $t. Petersburg. Iu milituiy and other 
 fireanus there aro infantn' and cavaliy guns, muskets, 
 field-guns, oast-steel gnus, rifles; iliggci-s of silver, with 
 niello, swords i]iliid;rithgnld and silver, ilimasceued blades, 
 yataghans, hunters’ knives in silver setting, duggei's in cast 
 aud ilinuLsk steel. In medicines we have S 2 )£'cimeus of 
 drugs ex 2 )ortcd from Rus-sia, a collection of surgical instru- 
 ments, a 2 )iaaiitus for emb.ilming, a veterinary surgeon’s 
 ease, artificial teetli, iudli-mbber band-s £<n- stammerci-s ; 
 and, curiously enough, from AA'arsaw, “American dro 2 )s and 
 elixir for toothache.” The dis 2 >lay of cutlery aud mctallio 
 a 2 >|)aratus is larg<\ and includes kniiea of all sorts, scissors, 
 needles, razoi-s, bronze candlesticks, ai’ticles in bronze, 
 models of the Czai- aud “Ivan,” the gi-eat bell at Moscow, 
 silver basin for water, articles iu bronze, samples of wii-c, 
 nails, tacks, bells, etc. ; 2 ^f(pier-mache articles are shown iu 
 albums, tea-caddies, portmanteaus, snuff-boxes, cigar aud 
 eigiU'ette-cases, match-boxes, etc, ; ornamental articles of 
 
 j Fine Arts applied to Fudustrj’, attached to the Strogonoff 
 School of Dt'sign of Moscow, sent articles in porcelain and 
 [ faience, with designs in the Russian style ; dishes, jugs, 
 goblets, wooden cau.s, boxes, tea-pots, sugar-vases, etc. 
 
 I The malachite ai'ticlc.s come from the e.stabhshmeut of 
 I Heasrieh & AA'iicrful, of St. Petersburg. A cotton manu- 
 fuetory in AIoscow, wliich exliibits calico and cotton yaiTis, 
 was foimded iu 1847, and em 2 iloys 2,000 workmen. A 
 winning manufactory in the Govcmmeiit of Moscow, 
 exhibiting cotton stufts, calicoes, etc., cm 2 )Ioys 2,150 men. 
 Alany such factories exi-st iu RiUssia, employing anywhere 
 j from 300 to 1,500 workmen. One such manufactory 
 ' making a doth prc 2 )ared from camel's wool was 
 
 ' founded iu 1819, and oni 2 )loj's 700 men, its aiiuuid 2 >roduct 
 being valued at 200,000 roubles ; another, making only shirt- 
 fronts aud silk ties iu AA’arsaw, enqiloys 500 workmen, and 
 manufaetures to the amount of a iiiillioii roubles uimuully. 
 .4 glove-factory iu JIoscow makes from 14,000 to 15,000 
 I duzeiLS of gloves, and enqiloys 400 men. The urtielcs of 
 I embroidery in gold come chiefly from the 5Io.seow work- 
 ! sho 2 ) foundi;d in 1859, iiiierein the 'n'orkiug-])eo 2 ile are 
 women, and nuiuli^i' 120. There exists in Aloseow a 
 Society for the Encouragement of AA’omen's Labor, whidi 
 
234 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEHhTAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 aoTthhig (50 perfect in its line as the productions of tliis 
 porce]ain-^\'arc mamifacturer. 
 
 The porceliiiu manufactory of Coimt Thun, in Bohemia, 
 displays dinucr-tablc, coffee and washing services riclily 
 decorated, and other porcelain articles in great variety. 
 This manufuctorv’ was eshiblished in the year 1704, and 
 until 1820 its production was confined to tobacco-pipes, 
 cups and saucers and small articles ; but after ls22, la'ing 
 chartered by the Government, it began to produce dinner 
 and coffee services, and other articles for use and Inxurv*. 
 An average number of 400 workmeu are employed, their 
 daily labor being about tt'u hours. This establishment 
 makes richly furnished services, furniture knobs, buttons 
 and .studs, and many other articles, to the value of about 
 250.000 florins per annum. 
 
 A manufacturer of Prague exhibits miscellaneous wares, 
 including pyramidal chimney -stoves, enameled ; also figures 
 and pictm-es enameled in fire on cLiy slabs. Thi.s manu- 
 factory employs from fifty to si-xty workmen. Handsome 
 exhibits arc made of embossed and other- 
 wise oninraeuted leather good.s. oniiolu and 
 other niTiamenhd work in jewel-cases, card- 
 receivers, etc. 
 
 In jewelry a verv- fine display is seen, 
 including gold and silver, niello and enamel. 
 
 Two cases are espcc-ially admirable in their 
 contents of turunoi.scg and garnets in 
 jewelry, as also a case of gurnets and car- 
 Imnclcs, Gold chain work is cxliibited. 
 also cut opals in some magnificent speci- 
 mens, the Bohemian garnet articles being 
 a specialty. A large case of imitation gems 
 of great brilliancy and peculiaiiy excellent 
 wurkmansliip has attracted considerable 
 nttcution. 
 
 In bronze there is a joint exliibition of 
 nuinufacturcx-s in Vicuna, incliidiirg can- 
 delabra, inkstands, candlesticks, vases, 
 epergnes, writing-table furniture, photo- 
 graph frames, fancy ornaments, etc., in 
 large variety. The exhibition of mother- 
 of-pearl articles is also considerable, and 
 is a joint display on the part of Vienna 
 munnfactnrev.s. It iuchides mother-of-peiul 
 buttons and fancy articlc.s of all sorts. A 
 small case coutainiug crystals set in ivorv’, 
 also in Imffido-hom, is curious. 
 
 A specimen of wood-carviiig ha.s. also 
 attracted miich atteutiiMi. It repre.scnts the 
 Eiui)eror JIaximiiian I, entering Vienna 
 after tlie dep:u-ture of tlie Tm-ks in 145)0. 
 
 It is about 22 x 15 inches in dimensions, 
 and is exquisitely cnrvt'd — the number of 
 figures of soldici-s being very great, and the 
 fciiturcs being cut with the greah'st exact- 
 ues.s. 
 
 In tlie Austrian departmeutds seen the 
 largest show of clu-omos exhibited in the 
 Exi>osition. tSumc of these are well known 
 from having been seen in the 2 Uetnre-storcs 
 in our chief cities, and many of them are 
 cxqui.site Cfqiies after fine jjaintings. 
 
 The show of gloves and articles of cloth- 
 ing is very large, the work in textile fabric's 
 being generally highly creditable. One 
 eativblishinent in Vienna exhibits flowered 
 shawls of great beauty. This mauufactoiy 
 was established iii IHIil, but did not com- 
 mence making these shawls until 1852. 
 since which time it has produced all 
 Viuieties of flowered long-shawls and an- 
 tique cloths, iKjt ouly of wcH)l, silk and 
 cottou, but also of India mid Ca.shnierc 
 wool. Later there have been added to its 
 maunfaeture jilidu mid brocaded cashmere 
 shawls. Twelve designers are continually 
 (K'cupied in drawing jiatterns for slmwLs 
 and embroidery. The number of ojicrativcs 
 vary between 500 mid 1.200, averaging about l.lHKI, and 
 diiriug the last five years these have produccxl 40,419 
 different .shawls. 
 
 Other estal.ilishmciits exhiliit di'cssing-gowtis, geiitlcmcii's 
 wearing aiqnirel of extra fine finality, one establishment at 
 Prague being pm-ticularly noticeable in this dii-ec-tion. 
 This concern was fuuuded in 1834, and numbera among it.s 
 customers several membei-s of the Imp-rial family, as well 
 as the nobility and geutiy of Au-stria, and even patrons in 
 Germany, Russia, etc. Another t'lnploys 82 pei-sons, aud 
 exports largely to Ifermany, it.s proprietor having bceu 
 decorated by the Emperor of Austria with the Golden 
 Cross of ^lerit, on account of the manufacturer’s industriiil 
 endeavora. Still another Vienna house in the clothing 
 business has branch cstablishmeuts at Pre.sburg, Bucliarest, 
 St. Petersbiu'g, Moscow. Odessa, Warsaw and other cities, 
 devoting itself to gentlemen’s aud boys’ clothing. Such 
 samples of clothing as ore seen from Austrian bouses fully 
 bear out the high reputation of its manufactures. 
 
 Large flisplays of worsted yams are made, also samples 
 of quilted swan-skins, bleached cotton yax'ns, linen and 
 
 cotton threads, table-linen, misceUi\ueous woolen fabrics, 
 carpets, rugs and coverlets ; likewise velveteens, silk and 
 mixed silk manufactures, taffetas, gros-gi'ain silk, velvets 
 and embroideries, ribbons, velvet ribbons, lace-fringe aud 
 laces, and in fact every imaginable manufacture in fabrics. 
 The kid gloves come chiefly from Prague, aud include 
 leather gloves aud gloves of eliamois or himb-skin, Oue 
 maTinfacturer employs 75 peraoiis in cutting out aud (300 
 females in sewing uu average auuual productiou of 21,000 
 dozeu-s. The display of the jouit exliibition of Vienna 
 glove-makers is extt'iisive and very fine. 
 
 In silk aud felt hats, crushed hats, etc., and in fine boots 
 and shoes, the exhibits are verj- commendable, ns are also 
 tho.se in lace lappets, lace tippets, fans, handkerchiefs, 
 covers for sim-shades and other lace articles. From Bohe- 
 mia there are specimens of thread-lace, Chantilly lace, and 
 from Galicia domestic hand-laces. 
 
 The bronze and leather fancy articles are cliicfly from 
 Vienna, including portable writing-desks in great variety, 1 
 
 pocket match-boxes, traveling candlesticks, etc. One 
 concern employs 44 operatives, aud produced in 1875 
 10,300 dozems of articles. 
 
 Printing-paper, niarble-papi'v, cigarette -paper, lamp- 
 shadi'S aud lace pap<‘i-s imc sent from Mcnuii. A fine show 
 of mnsii-al iiistnimeiits i.s made, both biuss aud string. 
 Fiiudly. and returning to the exhibit of Bohciniau ghiss, 
 particiilav attcutiou should be diix*ctcil to the exhibit of 
 ('omit Haniich, of Bohi'Uiia. whose ilispluy of refined 
 glass, fancy aud oniamcntul gla-*^s, sets of table-service, 
 vases, etc., is exqui.sitc. 
 
 Jfentiou should also be made of the bent-wood display 
 of a Moravian firm, whose principid factories are at Wsetin 
 and A'ieuna. The number of wi>rkmen employed by this 
 concerij ls between three and four thousand, and 30,090 
 cubic metres of timber are worked up every ycai- into about 
 500.0UO pieces of fumitui-e of all kinds, representing aii 
 average value of 1.300,000 florius, 85 per cent, of which 
 are cxixn'ted. The production of household furniture from 
 bent-wood is an invention of Michael Thouet, Sr., a native 
 of Boppait, on the Rhine, where he had a manufactory of 
 
 furniture, and began in 1835 to apply the contrivance of 
 bending wood to sundry parts of pieces of furniture, until 
 he succeeded, after untiling assiduity and perseverance, iu 
 executing complete pieces of furniture of beut-wood. Iu 
 1850 he founded, with his five sons, the first manufactory 
 of this kind iu Vienna. The establishment of Thonet 
 Bros, now has five manufactories in Moravia aud Hungary, 
 with branches at Vienna, Pesth, Berlin, Hamburg, Amster- 
 dam. Brussels, Paris, Loudon, Xew York and Chicago. 
 They employ 4,500 persons, two-thirds of whom aro 
 females. Their factories luoduce 2.000 pieces of furniture 
 per ilieni, and their artiele.s have been ilistinguished at 
 twenty -0110 exhibitions with first class medals. 
 
 A manufacturer of parqnctiy and veneei-s exhibits speci- 
 mens of his works which are very pleasing and ingenious. 
 
 In the way of miuends the Austrian exhibit includes tlie 
 common ores aud metals, and also tlie manganese, specular 
 iron, white lead and rough opals from Himgaiy. Of chem- 
 ical manufactures there ai'e volatile oils, medicines, glycer- 
 ine and toilet soaps from Vienna ; cosmetics 
 and pomades and perfumes, these latter 
 coming chieily from an establishment in 
 Prague, which dates Imek to 1777, and 
 where, owing to the extensive use of ma- 
 chineiw, only thirty men are employed, ex- 
 portation beiug made to Holland, Germany, 
 DenniiU'k and England. There are also 
 stearine, paraffine and ai'tificial wax candles, 
 soaps ; manufactured oil extracted from tho 
 hazel ; tapers. Christmas lights, thread wax, 
 cobbler’s wax and flower wax from cerccine, 
 aud artificiiJ wax made at a manufactory 
 uear Vieuuii, wliii-h employs 400 persons, 
 and mauiifaotuves ven- largely. 
 
 The well-known Pullnn bitter waters arc 
 cxliibited in clay jugs, a.s are also other 
 miueral waters from Hungary and Austria. 
 
 Altogether, it should be said of the Aus- 
 tria and Hungary exhibition, that in its 
 spcciidties of Bohemian glass, meerschaum 
 aud amber aud fine elnthiug, it offens at- 
 tractions iu fail' competition with any other 
 department in tho Main Building. 
 
 Gekm.vs EuriKE. 
 
 Xext to Austria, aud cxteniliug from that 
 seetiou to the transept, facing across the 
 nave, the depai'tment of the German Em- 
 pire occupies 27,705 feet of space. The 
 exliibit.s in the Gerninu s<>etion aro clas- 
 sified into departments : mining, chemical, 
 iiianufactiu'mg, book-trade aud printing, 
 docks and musical instruments, etc. 
 
 The display of minerals is considerable, 
 comprising joint exhibitiou.s from iliffcrent 
 sections of country, some of which me 
 extremely interesting. Among these should 
 be mentioned the exliibits of raw umber, 
 for ormimeiital aud industrial puiqioses from 
 Berlin luul Kniiigsberg, where the business 
 was cstablLsbed in 1855, and employs neai'ly 
 3.000 workmi'U in dredging, iliviiig aud 
 mining tlu; article ; the annual production 
 beiug two thou.sand Inmdrcd weight. Pieces 
 of amber with inclosed insects are curio- 
 sities iu this line. 
 
 A vei' 5 ’ tine show is made of tufa as used 
 ill the manufacture of vases, aquai'ia, etc. 
 There is also a show of llagstunes, litho- 
 graphic-stones, cement, mosaic, u-sphalt for 
 paving, niiU-stones, samlstone for polishing 
 wood, aud other varieties of stone. Au 
 exhibit is made of the celebrated Frederick- 
 shall bitter water by the proprietors of the 
 spriugs at Frederickshall, which were ilis- 
 covered about thirty yeiii's ago. 
 
 The show of nietul.s couqirises iron, steel, 
 fitamiH-d plate, rolled T iron 48 feet in 
 h'ligth, iron ores, pig iron, iron-.stonc, lead ores, pyrites, 
 cast-steel for tools imd arms, copper aud brass tubing, 
 zinc, etc. The value of the iron manufacture of Germany 
 is cuonuous, nearly equaling that of the United States, and 
 the indnstn- is foimd scattered all over tlie country. Ex- 
 iiibits of salt are miulc from tho great deposits of rock 
 and potiussium siJt.s of 8tas.sfurt. 
 
 The chemicid iudustrj- of Geimjmy is illustrated to a 
 fiillor extent and iu more min ute detail than is the case 
 with any other coimtiy, idthoiigh the principid pi-oducts of 
 thi.s industry iu Gci-many, miueral acids, soda imd bleuch- 
 ing-powders, aro scarcely reprcscuted at the Centennial cn 
 iwcoimt of the high duties on these products rendering 
 their export from Germany to the United States impos- 
 sible. while competition with England in this direction 
 would scarcely prove successful. At present Germany 
 produces, for instance, as much carbonate of potash as 
 England and Fiiince taken together. For idkaloids it has 
 a liU'ge number of establishments, and the exportation of 
 chloral hydrate is of considerable importance. Es.sential 
 oils, for the preparation of which this country has long 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 235 
 
 been renowned, are represented by the products of a large 
 number ' of famous establishments. Of mineral colors, 
 ultramarine is by far the most important, and Genumiy 
 exports fiuir times ns much of thi.s as all other countries 
 together, her annual production amounting to the value of 
 
 500, 000. Germanyis noted for her produotiou of aniline 
 colors, although the exhibition in this direction at the Cen- 
 tenniid i.s small. Hoaps, perfumes, toilet articles, glue, 
 varnish and inks are exliibited with considerable freedom, 
 these article.s being hii-gely exported to America. Pamfline 
 caudles form another German specialty in this department, 
 as are also essential oils and e.ssouees, and of course the 
 world-renowned cologne of Farina. A joint exhibition is 
 made of metal foils and bronze powder from Bavaria, the 
 two towns of Nuremberg and Fiirth lau'ing more than 
 250 esbvblishmeuts engaged in this manufacture. This 
 includes articles in flue rolled, or gold and silver plated, or 
 'colored copper wire, a branch of industry pccuhar to 
 Nuremberg .since the end of the sixteenth centiuy. and only 
 found eLseu'here in a few neighboring towns. 
 
 The i>reseut luanufacturei’s of the Fariun cologne arc 
 Johann ilaria Farina and F. JIaria Farina, both of the 
 city of Cologne. The establishment dates from 1700. 
 
 The exliibition of porcelain-ware, though coiisidemblc, 
 bears no comparison uith that of other countries ns idmidy 
 described. It includes viises, decorative vessels, plastic 
 biusket-work, white and colored porcehuu-Avare from a 
 inanufactoiw at Berlin, cstabhshed in 1703, cups of antique 
 (Terman pottei’j’ and fancy objects, inchuling enameled 
 tigures, painted i)itchers and cups, Etruscan 
 vcs.sels, teiTa -cotta, majolica and other 
 ware. 
 
 A joint exhibition is made of miiTOrs and 
 plate glas.s from Fiirth. The trade in these 
 articles with the United States amounted in 
 187-1 luid 1875 to three-quiU'ters of a million 
 "of dollars, and included framed looking- 
 glasses, gi'ouud plate for industrial pur- 
 poses, etc. 
 
 In furniture there is eptito a display of 
 carved work, inchuling a curved table, a 
 cigai’-cliest, a chair of autlci-s, also caiwing 
 in wood and ivory from Giirlitz, carved 
 oaken sideboard, etc. An interesting dis- 
 play is made of ship fimiiture from Frauk- 
 fort-ou-thc-JLiin, di‘siguod to jjrevcnt sea- 
 sicluiess. In this line may also he men- 
 tioned hilliiird- tables and billiard-balls 
 Avork-tablcs and 6tagcrc.s, and a very large 
 collection of finely painted wood statues, of 
 sciipturtd and ecclesiiustical subjects, etc. 
 
 The phrted work includes tin-plated forks 
 and pliites, diiukiug-vessels mounted AviUi 
 tin ornaments, gold and silver gsdloous, 
 laces, braids, fringes, flowci-s, etc. ; fr-ames 
 for pictiufs and photogi'uphs, gas lustres 
 mid candelabra, bronzes, door-handles, 
 lamps, house and kitchen utensils. 
 
 The exhibits in textile industry ore very 
 numerous, and although not especially 
 atriactive, ai-e interesting ns shoeing the 
 progress in this important branch of Ger- 
 man manufacture. It should be remem- 
 bered that the manufacture of Avoolen cloth 
 was developed at n very early date ui Ger- 
 many, and was prominent as far back as 
 
 the twelfth century. The wool 
 product of the German Empire in 
 1873 amounted to 625,000 hun- 
 dred weight. Germany manufac- 
 tures cloth-s of all sorts, from the 
 highest finish to the pbiinc.st 
 quality. Spi^eiidties are buck- 
 skins of excellent qimlity, while 
 the cloth manufacture of Blan- 
 denburg, Saxony and Silesia is ^ 
 of reputo everywhere. Cerhun 
 towns are renowned for military 
 cloth, Avhile others manufacture 
 cloths for the East, ami have a 
 reputation for carriage-linings, na 
 also for light tis-sues for ladies’ 
 ilreascs, large quimtities of which 
 are cxp<rr-ted to China and Japan. 
 
 In worsted Avoolen yam and in 
 nrixed fabrics Germany is also 
 Ijrominent, and by the annexation 
 of Alsace, the country has been 
 enriched by that province, in 
 which wool- spinning is highly 
 developed. The chief localities of 
 this industry are Saxony, Silesia, 
 the Ehine Provinces and Alsace. 
 The principal market for these 
 goods is America. 
 
 The Elberfcld cloth has a high 
 reputation, nrrd that town employs 
 annually worstoils to the vahre of 
 ©5,000,000 in its mamrfactnre. 
 A joint exhibition of Elbcrfeld manufactures displays this 
 industry fully. 
 
 The shawl manufacture is reirrosentetl by Bcrhn, as is also 
 the mamrfactnre of plushes for drosses and caps, wlrich is a 
 Berlin specialty. The Gemran cotton industry is situated 
 principally in the Rhino Provinces, Westphalia, Saxony 
 and Wirtemberg, but more in Alsiicc. which irossesses no 
 fewer than 2,100,000 spindles. The knitting yanrs from 
 Saxony. Bavaria and Alsace are especially noticeable. The 
 linen irrdirstry is also fully exlrilnted, chiefiy iu that pecu- 
 liar to Silesia, Avhere it is carried orr not only by power 
 looms but idso by band - weaving. From this province 
 comes also the fine damask which finds an extensive market 
 in America. 
 
 The German silk production Avas estimated in 1872 to be 
 valircd at ©38,000,000, its chief seat' being in Rhenish 
 Prussia. In pa.ssemcntcric oird lace, especially that of 
 Saxony, where are in-oduccd ruulines, grripure and Valen- 
 ciennes laces ; in hosiery (and the export of Chemnitz 
 hosiery to America is valued at about ©4.000,000) ; in 
 knitted and crochet fancy articles, and in gloves, the ex- 
 hibits of Germany are important, and fully ilhrstrato the 
 extent of the.so nranufactures. This is also the case in 
 huhes’ apparel, in A\irroh Bcrlirr ranks next to Paris. 
 
 It is iu its display of textile fabrics and manufactured 
 clothing that Germany hu.s aclue\-ed special prominence in 
 the Exhibition. Special articles to be noticed besides those 
 already mentioned are felts, imitatrorr Smyrna carirets, 
 chenille shawls, fine diunask and toAA-elings. and a particu- 
 
 larly beautiful and interesting shoAv of gold-embroidered 
 silks, which are marvelously fine and rich. A large case of 
 cotton velvets, of all shades and colors, is a prominent and 
 very shuAAW exhibit. Kid and washed leather gloves, 
 gamrtlets, etc., of nil colors, should be especially noticed. 
 
 In the exliibition of jewelry we may di-aw atteotron to 
 the art of working agate into jewehy, which is an industry 
 I>eculiar to the section of coimtry about Oberstein and 
 Idar. This manufacture employs about 3,000 persons, and 
 finds its market chiefly in tninsatlnntic countries. The 
 exhibits include breast-pins, cufl’-buttous, studs, pohshing- 
 stoncs, stones for pendulums, etc. The chief seats of the gold 
 Avare and jewelry manufacture are Hiinau, Pfoi-sheim, and 
 Gmiiud iu ■\Vurtcmberg. The manufacture of jewelry in 
 Hanau dates from the sixteenth ceutiuy, Avhen it was brought 
 thither by the French and Duk-h emigrants, and now 
 employs a considerable pai-t of tire po]uilation, numbering 
 about 20,000 souls. Here there are about 200 establishments, 
 employing 2,000 workmen and working up about ©1,250,000 
 worth of ruutcrial annually. Pforsheim excels even Hanau 
 ill this production. It has 280 manufactories of gold Avare, 
 150 sraidlcr jewelry shops, and altogether employs 8,000 
 irersous, its productions amouutmg to about ©8,750,000 
 annually. The exhibits include gold and silver watch- 
 chains and pendants, tliimbles, spectacle -frames, hand- 
 mirrors, bracelets, diadems, lockets, jiens, Pni.ssiau Orders, 
 articles of i)lated bra-ss, Avriting-de.sk fiu-uiture, brcnst-piirs, 
 earrings, chnurs, etc. 
 
 Another Gemran specialty is the manufacture of toys and 
 small goods, iu which trade Nuremberg nrrd Fiirth are the 
 chief seats, the former possessing more than 100, the latter 
 50 houses, exporting about ©1,000,000 per annum. The 
 production goes back ns far as the sixteenth century. These 
 include articles of buue, ivory, shell, nud horn, ns Avell as 
 wood, iron and tin. In only n fcAv cases is the maunfacturo 
 cari-ied on upon a large scale ; nsunlly it is done in the 
 family. The jrroduction of cameos, brooches, bracelets, 
 pipes, etc.-, in this Avay is enormous ; 200,000 dozen cameos, 
 valued at ©400,000, ar-e made every year in these towns. 
 For this end 750,000 horns, 200 himdred weight of ivory, and 
 100,000 hoots are Avorked up. The exportation of toys and 
 small goods to the United States in 1874-75 was ©219,800. 
 The exhibits include games, tin toys, rocking-horses, 
 whistles, trumpets, children's SAA-ords, pldlosophical, mechan- 
 ical and automatic ai>pamtns, magnetic toys, tobacco-pipes, 
 paper-knives, pen-holders, eigar-lroldevs, brooches, cameos, 
 hrenst-pins, earrings, studs, etc., some of tortoise-shell 
 partly inlaid Avith. gold; niagic-lautems, balls, dolls, some 
 dressed for parties, others for ])VourenaAle, others still in 
 uatiomd costumes ; goods of mother-of-pearl and sea-shell, 
 and many other ar-tieles of the same character, are included 
 in the groat cases of the Nuremberg and Fiirth exhibits. 
 
 The disiilay of carved Avork in ivory and of toilet articles 
 in tliis material is large and lianilsome. A considerable 
 shoAV is made in tools and cutlery. 
 
 A few bronzes are exliibited, those from the Count 
 Htolberg-Weruigerod ‘Works at Ilscnberg being of really 
 fine quality arid very interesting. They are artificial 
 casts, comprising iilate, basins, mrd other articles reproduced 
 ! from notable Avorks of art, especially those of BcnA-euiito 
 Cellini. Two Berlin estahlishmeuts exhibit bronze reproduc- 
 I tions of moniiiuent.s, statues, etc., including bronze eagles, 
 
 BLOWrSG aiACUinEBY, IN IIACHINEEY HAIX. 
 
Corintliiau pillai-s, viuses, ek\ A variety of mnsicul iiistni- 
 ments nre iu this department : time-pieces are also largely 
 represented liy a great number of clocks of all kinds, 
 sizes and material. 
 
 As in the case of Austria, there is a liandsomo shou" of 
 chromes, and the book -trade, for which Germany is cele- 
 brated, makes n very frill joint exhibition of articles illustra- 
 tive of this important industry, including exliibits of 
 <li£ferent methods of illu-strating — such as xylography, en- 
 graving, lithogi-aphy and color-printing, ami photography 
 as applied to book-making. The book exhibits come from 
 JIunich, Leipsic (which is the gi-eat German bor>k centre). 
 
 the Geniian section, and the Elkington silver and 2 >oivclain, 
 and the Doulton ware out of the Eugli.sh. in resjrect to 
 be.auty, the space occujrit'd by these eomitries would rank 
 with that of France very much a.s a jiotito-field does with a 
 flower-garden." This criticism is both severe and ])vecisc. 
 It is intended to indicate the iiecuharly (juick jiercejjtiim 
 of beauty which is characteristic of the French iieniile, 
 and which is exhibited by them through the entire range 
 of their manufactures, so that the constniction of articles 
 which on account of their uses are elsewhere entirely com- 
 monplace, is there elevated almost into a fine art. Thu.s 
 the predominance of article-; -f real beauty, .such lusbronzc.s. 
 
 Berlin, Fninkfort. Dusseldorf, Halle, Stuttgart and other 
 principal cities, and include a great number of finely 
 illustrated works iu architecture and the fine ai-ts, natural 
 history, medicines, etc. 
 
 Nuremberg, bc-sides its toys, lias been an imiiortant seat 
 of the m.-inufacture of mathematical instmments since as far 
 back as the fifteenth century. Single cat.iblishments make 
 ns many as 4,000 of these, instniments per annum, and 
 there aie about sixty such shops in Nuremberg. The 
 clock industry is similar. It is established chiefly iu 
 Schwarzwald, and dates from the end of the se^•enteenth cen- 
 tury. The annual production amounts to about 1,800,000 
 clocks, of the value of nearly four and a liaK million dollars. 
 About 14,000 persons are engaged iu the industry. 
 
 The chief cities of the musical instrument manufactory 
 are Berlin, Leipsic and Stuttgart, Hamburgh, Dresden and 
 Munich. German organ-buikbug is represented by Walcker 
 and Co. The manufacture of string instruments is com- 
 prised iu a joint exhibition. A special exhibit is that of 
 mouth bai-monicas, for wliich the Wiirtembcrg toA\’iis of 
 Trossingen and Knitthngeu are famous. This comjflete.s 
 the descrijition of the German section. 
 
 Fk.\X('e, 
 
 East of the centre transept, and extending from the north 
 wall to the nave, occupying the .s])aee of 48,414 feet, is the 
 section devoted to France and her colonies, second only in 
 extent among the foreign dinsions to that allotted to Great 
 Britain. 
 
 The collection of French exliibits commences at the 
 transejSt on the nave -with the exhibition of bronzes and 
 silks, the.se latter being iiresented in an immense and 
 elaborate display. shrewd writer says of the French 
 Exhibition that -‘if the Berlin porcelain was taken out of 
 
 porcelaiu, faience, hu-es, jewehy, etc., combined with the 
 •sy.rtcmat.c and tasteful arrangement whicli cjbtains every- 
 where in the exhibition of the jiluiiicr and more simjdc 
 wares and fabric.s, make the French section u ])ositive 
 delight to 2 >'^oi)le of cultivated t:iste. 
 
 It has been iKiriicnlarly noticeable that this deiiartmeut 
 has been ii favorite resort of I '.dies, and this is ven.- easily 
 exiflained, sinec noAvhero cist- could be seen so many elegant 
 things in the line most coveted by the fair sex. Shawls 
 of the finest M'orkman.shiji, silks in a jirofuse variety of 
 color and jiattem, rich brocades and velvets, 
 exipiisite erabrniderie.s, costly drcs.ses heavy witli 
 flowers and real point-lace, silk stockings irith 
 lace inserted at the instep, the (Liintiest of shoe.s 
 and slippers, jewelry, fans, ribbons, artificial 
 flowers, and withal a thousand articles for the 
 wTitiiig-dcsk, the mantel and the boudoir and table 
 -hi.-re indeed were to be found a multitude of 
 ab.solnt(i conceits in every direction of manufac- 
 ture, sach as could not jio.ssibly, be devised or 
 exmitc'd out of France. 
 
 The collective exhibit of the Lyons silk manu- 
 facturers, including contributions from ijcrhui's 
 forty or fifty different makers, jiresents a trmt ai- 
 semhle in this iniportimt and brilliant industn,- quite 
 iiupos-sible to conceive without seeing it ; while the 
 advantage of iircsenting such an exhibition in 
 combination over the jilan of separate i-xhibitoi-s 
 is nowhere made so manifest a.s in this i-ase. The 
 exhibition is, in fact, the most imiiosing of the 
 French department, including as it does silks, 
 satins and velvets arranged with exquisite taste and 
 presenting the very finest possible productions of 
 the Lyons looms. Besides the ordinary di-ess goods 
 
 there are velvet and silk ribbons, foulards, embroidered 
 silk.s, stuffs for church ornaments and uiiholstery, cri-pes, 
 tis.sucs, taffetas, and in fact all the jiossiblc combinations 
 and i)rej)iiration3 of .silk. 
 
 In the dii'i*ction of Incos there arc, besides threiul-laces, 
 uhich are manads of beauty, and garments made from the 
 most costly tis-sues of this character, specimens of Aenvon 
 which belonged to the Miu-quise de P<uii]>adonr in IToO, 
 Here, too. are tissues of idmost inconceivable finene.ss for 
 robes and vails, gauze, barege, grenadine and other costly 
 I'xliibit.s of this cla>>.s. The peculiar -work of the Jacquard 
 loom is exhibited iu silk portraits, including the inventor of 
 the loom, President Lincoln, and other distinguished per- 
 sonages. 
 
 In bronzes, although some of the most celebrated of tlie 
 Paris houses are not ropre.sentcd, there are fine jneces, 
 ooijies of old works, by Mareliaiid and others. One of 
 the best statues is Bourgeoises “Negi-o Snake-charmer, ” 
 which gained for the artist the Prix de Rome iu 1802, a 
 lirize wliieli means two years’ study in Romo at the expense 
 of the French Goverument. Another work of this artist is 
 the “Kabyle Laundress." which repre.scnts a half-nude 
 woman stamping upon a ])ile of soiled linen, iq)on which 
 she xiours water from a lutclier. Ti\'o otlicr figures 
 represent Egyptian dancers holding mnsicid instninieut.s. 
 Another good work is the “Boy and Tortoise," which 
 received a gold medal at the Paris Sidon last year. A nude 
 boy, life-size, has iliscovered a tortoise, and is down on iiis 
 knees on the rock, cautiously iiickiug up tlie alarmed 
 animal One of the most costly and inqxjsing art exhibits 
 in the entire cxiiosition is Marchand’s monster mantel of 
 black marble and bronze. 16 feet high and II feet wide. 
 Its juincijiul dccoration.s are in vrd aniiquti and gilt I'ronze. 
 Under tlie cornice and in front of a dead-black table, 
 having a Pumiieiian border in gold and colors, is a gilt 
 shitiie of Jliueiva ; and at either side of the fireplace a 
 figure representing one of tlio Grecian sages. The price 
 of this is $10,000. Another costly article is a large circular 
 sofa, in the centre of which is a foimtain iu real antique 
 marble, surmounted by a bronze candelabrum. The iqdio;- 
 sterj’ is gi-een .satin. 
 
 Some very Imudsome bronzes are also exhibited by 
 SiLssc Frvres, the chief iiicce of which is a colossal bust of 
 Washington, ca.st iu a single solid piece. The expression of 
 this Is noble and heroic. Aiotiier fine i>icce of work iu this 
 
 BREWKr.8’ II.VLI.,- - i;XTEItlOK UF TllK ISLTI.DINU. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 236 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF 
 
HISTORICAL RF.GISTF.R OF THE CEXTF.XXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 237 
 
 pmc from the T.'ni\'fi'siil Expasitinii of Paris in 1807, the 
 special prize of 10,000 francs for estahlishraeuts 'where the 
 social harmony anil well-being of operatives is especially 
 consi<.lerecl, ami finally, a diploma of Honor at the Exposi- 
 tion of Home in 1870 ; and at the Exposition of Vienna, M. 
 -Ufred IVIaine, being out of competition, as a member of the 
 jury, received the Cross of a Commander of the Legion of 
 Honor. 
 
 The house of Haohette k Co., originally a clas.sical book- 
 seller's establishment, lias for a ipnirter of a century added 
 to it.s former business that of general literature. It is, 
 however, chiefly famous for childi'cn’s books and works of 
 odneation, although many of the most celebrated French 
 writers have gained added popularity from the pnbbcatiou 
 of their work.s by this important establishment. 
 
 The estabbshment of Morel Ls noted for its magnificent 
 works of art, prominent among which are the “History of 
 Indn.strial Arts in the Middle Ages,” by Lebarte, the “ HLs- 
 torj- of RiLssian Ornament from the Tenth to the Sixteenth 
 Century,'’ by Bontowsky, important and costly works of 
 architecture l.'y ^ iollet-le-Duc, including a Dictionary of 
 Freneli painters by this author ; also the Basilewsky col- 
 lection and that of Burgoyne. This bouse, in fact, should 
 be considered among the more imi>ortant in book-publishing 
 the world over, since it is enabled to place before the public 
 works so costly ns to be beyond the means of minor 
 estiblishments. 
 
 The house of Guillaimiin publishes chiefly works of 
 political economy, statistics, commerce and commercial 
 law, etc., and is held in deseiwcd esteem by savans in these 
 directions. 
 
 Altogether, the French publication exhibits are to be 
 mentioned as a specially beautiful, cliaracteristic and impor- 
 tant collection, -which must have opened the eyes of the 
 average American to possibilities in book-making hitherto 
 unknown to him. 
 
 The photogi'aifliic disi)hiy neai' the book department 
 
 collection Is Gregnir’a Group, a cliLssical piece about two 
 feet high, in which the texture of the skin of the two 
 figures is A\-oi'kcd out with microscopic minutcnos.s, Here 
 are also to be seen an enlarged copy of Pradier's " Ata- 
 lantn,” and Maigne's “Pointer and PhciUSiint.” A v.-ry 
 linmlsomc mantel group by the Count of Nienwerke re- 
 presenis tlie “Death of the Duke of CLironce,” who is 
 rei)rescntcd a.s being unhorsed by a French knight. Tlie 
 figures are in bra.s-s, and the nnuor and harnes.s in nickel. 
 Tile same firm exhibit clocks and slabs in hammered bra.s,s. 
 and also some very handsome artiele.s in onyx. 
 
 The Paris house of Kiifl'el exhibits a large variety of vases, 
 table.s, candelabra, flower-stands, etc., of gilt and silver 
 bronze combined M'ith porcelain and glasis. 
 
 Next to the bronzes are the exhihits of porcelain, in which 
 the most iiiiportiiit ilisplay is made hy Barbizet FH, of 
 Paris, who e.xhibits Palissy -ware. Barbizet is tin- grandson 
 of the man who dLscovered at Dijon, half a century ago, the 
 secret of Bernard Palissy’s method, and the jirocc.sses used 
 in the maimfaetnre of the fifteenth and sixteenth centniy 
 faience. The poivclaiii exhibits include numerous artistic 
 articles, white, colored and decorated ; and this department 
 eomprisi-s also articles of deeidcoiuauiii ou porcelain, and 
 flowers, jcwi'ls, crowns and homiuets, represented in the 
 sam.‘ materiid. A large e.xhibit, both attractive and curious 
 in thi.s way, is that of <“arved figures for church dt'coration. 
 Thc.se are life-size, gorgeous in color, and represent in some 
 in-stances important groups illustrating seriptnral subjects. 
 One of the.si* is the “Adoration of the Magi”; another, 
 “The Good Samaritan. 
 
 There are also numerous church ve.s.scls in gilt and gold, 
 and enameled crneilixes. 
 
 Among the exhibits of china, that of the house of Havi- 
 land k Co., of Limoges, is extensive, and presents articles 
 
 The exhiliits of furniture ai'c scarcely characteristic 
 or illustrative of present styles. A large bookcase of 
 heavily carved walnut in the' Louis XV. style, costing 
 S-'5,0()0, and a cabinet of ebony and lapis-lazuli in the 
 style of Henri IV.. m-irked tfA.l.-jl', are prominent objects 
 in tliis class ; but, excei)t some pretty tables and secretirie.s 
 inlaid with porcelain tiles aud a few gilt frame mirroi-s, 
 with a x\'ardrohe or two, rather elaborate, there is nothing 
 of importiueo. 
 
 The collective exhibit of the French publisher is full, 
 aud both interesting aud showy, ineludiiig the names of 
 Alfred Manic et Fils, of Tours ; Delagi-ave, .Taoust, Gauthier, 
 VilLirs, Hnehette k Co., Guillanmia A Co., Morel, Be- 
 iiouard, the Collection of the Bibliothi-ipie 
 Cfliarjientier and the CV''rele de la Lihmirie, 
 all these latter of Paris. Tiie books ex- 
 hibited in thi.s collection have been jive- 
 senteil in the best pos.sible manner, under 
 the direction of M. Tcrqncm, the courteous 
 and aceomiili.shcd gentleman in eliargo of 
 the interests of the French iniblishers at the 
 exhibition. 
 
 Among the houses here represented are 
 some dating hack into the last century, 
 while very many of them are from t\\'eiity- 
 five to fifty years of age as business estab- 
 lishments. Among the books exhibited 
 many are the most elaborate and luagiii- 
 fieeut specimens of the art which have been 
 issued. Prominent among these are the 
 works oxhihiti‘d by the great house of 
 Maine, founded at Tours in the eommenee- 
 ment of the present cmitury, and at present 
 in the hands of M. .(Ufred Mumc, who came 
 
 BllKWElts’ HALL. — IXTEniOE 
 
 of great fineness aud most elaborate and artistic treatment. 
 The display of Anbrnsson and other tai>estries oflVi-s 
 sevend large, complieuted and ehxborately -woven exhibits 
 of gi-eat beauty. In the jiottery department arc two 
 massive pieces designed to conimemoiiite the Ccuteiinial 
 itself. One is “177(3,” with a portrait of Washington aud 
 the minie.s of the Signei’s of the Dcehivation of Indc- 
 jicudence, the Aiigel of I’eace iiroclaiming the liirth of a 
 new nation: the other is “1876," with the Goddess of 
 Liberty aud the names and xicriods of service of the sevend 
 Presidents at the top, and at the base agricultural products 
 aud mechanical implements, displaying the progress of 
 the countiy. 
 
 I The Marne estabbshment comprises printing house, 
 I binderj* and puhhcatioii bureau. From its imuting estab- 
 1 lishnieiit go out 20,(100 volumes every day. The binding 
 jiortion of tlie establishment occujiic.s three vast halls, 
 • in.h-pendeut of the iinmerons other apartments, where are 
 deposited skin.s, jiaper and the other various materials 
 ncee.ssaiy in binding. The capacity of the imhlication 
 house amoimts to several millions of vnhuue.s. Yet this is 
 necessary to satisfy the gi-eat <leiuaiul.s made ipion this 
 monster establishment. It should be said further of thi.s 
 house th.at it has received medals from the French Exhibi- 
 ^ tioii of 1819, the Great E.vhibition of London iu 1851, 
 that at Paris iu 1855, that at Loudon in 1862, the grand 
 
 into posse.ssiun iu 1845. This establishment is one of the 
 largest in the world, while the works wliieh it publishes 
 ai-e more magnificent in the style of tlieir maldug thou 
 almost any that can be exliibited by other publishing 
 hoiLses. ,\mong the.se should be mentioned “ La Tou- 
 raiue,” a superb folio, which received the highest prize 
 at the Paris Exhibition of 1855 ; the Holy Bible, with 
 illustration.? by Gu.stave Dore; “Lcs Jardiu.s,” another 
 splendid folit> ; “ L'linitatiou de Jvsus-Christ,” -with superb 
 engmrings after HtiUcz ; “Les Chiiteaux Historiqiies de 
 France.” and beside.? tlie.se the most luxurious editious of 
 the principal authors iu the French language belonging, 
 to the seventeenth century. 
 
238 
 
 mSTOI^/CAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 EXHIBIT Of THE 
 
 BOCIETT FOR THE PREVENTION UE CRVELTY TO ANIMALS. 
 
 desoiTOS mention as being comprehensive aii«T largely 
 illustrative of tli > best re.-mlts at present attained in this 
 art. To conclude our very meagre rej'ort of the Freiudi 
 exhibition, we should mention the glove-case of Jouvin, 
 and th' considerable display of chemical manufacturi?s, 
 perfumes. me(bcine.s, etc. 
 
 On many accounts, mul for v.arious reasons which will 
 occur to any one who has ghmeed through the foregoing 
 aummary, the French department is one of the most 
 difficidt to describe in a limited space, and certainly the 
 most impracticable to receive justice in n brietly written 
 account. After all, sillcs, laces, china and glass-ware, and 
 most of all jewt'lry — of which we have said nothing — must 
 be seen to be apprcciut<-d. It is only in the case of 
 peculiar and conspicuous individual exliibitfi that de- 
 scription can be attempted. It may be concluded, however, 
 that France, if she did not altogether do entire justice to 
 herself in the exhibition in the Main Building, has at least 
 done all that could be demamUnl for us in the beautiful 
 and costly articles whicli she there brought together. 
 
 SWITZERL.\XP. 
 
 East of thfe French department, north of the nave, and 
 occupying G,C1G feet of space, is the section devoted to the 
 exhibits of SwitzerLand, ranged in a scries of courts, 
 inclosed by pLiin show-cases, painted drab, and with- 
 out ornament. Begiuuiucr nt the nave, these couids in.ay 
 be described as representing the following classification 
 of exhibits, viz. : Watches, education, embroideries, 
 textile fabrics, wood caiwings and chemical products. 
 
 At the real- of the section, by tbc north wall, is the 
 ofllce of the Swiss Commission, a pretty little one-story 
 chalet, in the Swiss styl*.' of archih-cture. 
 
 Switzerland is 180 miles in length, and in its 
 greate.st width 180 milc.s. It is the most mountainous 
 countrv' of Europe. Its population in 1870 wa.s 
 2.GG9.147. Ill sixteen of its cantons the Germau lan- 
 guage is sirokiui by tbc niajoi-ity of the inhabitants, the 
 French in four, .and the Italian in two. In the censu.s 
 returns to which we have just refeiTcd, 384, 5G1 families 
 speak German,. 1.34.183 Fivnch, and 30,'2‘J3 Italian. 
 A-oeording to recent returns, there were five tosims in 
 Switzerland with more thmi 25,000 i ihabitaiits, viz.: 
 Geneva, the seat of the watch and jewelry industry, 
 with 4t>,783 iiihabitaut.s ; Basic, the centre of the silk 
 industry, having 44.8:34 inhabitants ; Berne, the politi- 
 cal capital, with 36,000 ; Lausanne. 2G.520 ; and Zurich, 
 
 1 ,190. The soil is pretty equally tlivided among the 
 
 population, it being estimated that four-fifths of the i 
 iuhabitauLs are landowners, and 95.000 individuals su]i- 
 Iiorh'd either wholly or in part by agriculture. Meanwhile, | 
 the manufactories emiiloy 21G,4G.8 persons, and the handi- i 
 crafts 241.425. In the canton of Basle G,000 pemons arc ^ 
 employed in the manufacture of silk rilibons. with a total 
 nnnmd iiroduction valui'd at .87,000,000. In the canton of 
 Zurich 12,000 operatives work in silk lloss to the value of 
 about S.8.000,000. The maiinfactiu'e of watches and jewelry 
 in the cantons of Xenfchatcl. Geneva, Vaud. Berne and 
 Solotbnrn employ 36,000 workmen, who produce annually 
 500,000 watches, tliree-sevcuths gold and fonr-scventlw 
 silver, valued at §9,000,000. In the cantons of St. G.dl 
 and Apenzell, G,000 workers make §2,000,000 worth of 
 enibroiilety annually. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton goods occupies upward of 
 1,000,000 .sj)iudlcs, 4,000 looms and 20,001) operative.s, 
 beside.s 38,000 liaud-loom weavers. Switzerland is noted 
 for its educational facilities, ns in no other country is 
 elementary instruction more widely ibfftised. Parents are 
 compelled to send to school their cliildren of from five to 
 eight years, but not above that age. The number of clubs 
 for scientific, literaiy, and musical and social purposes is 
 remarkable. In St. Gall is the “Voluntary School for the 
 
 Improvement of ^lercluuit.s' and Artisans’ Aj'prcntices,” 
 widch. stalling from a Sunday drawing-school, was rc- 
 modch'd in I860, and opened under its new name, being 
 finally enlarged iu its .scope in 18G3. Here are taught 
 gcoiiietrical and free liaml drawing, modeling in wood, 
 clay, etc.; arithmetic and bookkeeping, modem languages, 
 geography, and hi.stoiy of commerce, etc. Pupils arc 
 received into this school after piis.sing an examination 
 and exhibiting .school to.stimnniala, haring to pay the 
 trivial amount of one franc for the Summer course and 
 two tmucs for theWiuter course, Avhich goes toward de- 
 fraying the expenses for writing and ilnxMing materials 
 fnrnisluKl to the school. Another intcre.sting and peculiar 
 feature of the Swis.s educational system is known a.s the 
 “Swiss Unions of Young Merchants,” which exist iu 
 almost every town of Switzerland. The.se unions are 
 designed to improve young merchants iu a mercimtilo 
 point of view, a.s wt,Il as in general es-sentials ; and to 
 promote good-fellowship and social intercourse among its 
 members. An interesting and imiiortaut feature of these 
 organizations is the collectiug of patterns and wimples of 
 works and raw materials for the jRJipi^se of acquainting 
 the members with the products and inauufacturcs, the 
 commerce in which is to be, presumably, the business of 
 their lives. During the last century watch-making has 
 become the chief iiulnsti-y in the French-.spealdng 
 cantons of Switzerland, and it is therefore natural 
 that this gi'eat mauufacturing interest should be given 
 a prominent position iu the Swiss section in the Main 
 Building. The court containing the exhibits iu this 
 direction is the first which you enter from the nave. 
 There are 45 exhibitors of watches, chronometers and 
 parts of watches from the cantons where this is the 
 chief industiy. The exhibits include gold and silver 
 watches and chronometers of different sha 2 >es, ^latcli- 
 hands, stems, detached pai'ts of stem-wiiulei’s, enameled 
 watch -dials, precious stones and jewels for watch 
 manufactories, movements, watches of platiiia and 
 nickel, watch-springs, tempered steel for spirals, vari- 
 ous complicated and precision watches, ladies' watches, 
 etc. , including also machines and tools aiqiertaiuing to 
 watchmaking. From the clicapcst silver escapement 
 uj) to elabomte pieces of mechanism, mIjIcIi strike tlio 
 hour and the minute, and tell the day of the month aud 
 the phase of the mnoii, all are here. Here, too, oro 
 watches so small that they are inserted iu finger-rings 
 and ill charms for ladies’ chains, one watcli being 
 even contained in a gold pen-holder. This one has 
 
 AMEOICAX CABr.IAGE, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 230 
 
 ■tliree dials each 3-lGth of an inch in dia- 
 meter, indicating the time, the day of the 
 Tveek, and the day of the month. Its i>rice 
 is 8800. Watches set in gold rings, and a 
 little larger than thi.s one, cn.st about $300. 
 
 The most valnable -vvatch exhibited is priced 
 §1,000, gold. Tilts is an hour, quarter and 
 minute repeater, has an independent 
 second-hand, and a calendar of the day, 
 month and year, and shows tlie changes 
 of the moun. Watcli-coses an* displayed 
 which ai-e valnnlile as art-works, bt ing en- 
 graved in the most artistic manner in 
 gold of different color.s. ‘\\’atchcs are pro- 
 perly classed in tho S^iss catalogue aa 
 Bcientitic instruments, in which department 
 there are also exhibited mathematical draw- 
 ing instruments, hygrometer, tliermonietor, 
 tedegraph apparatus for controlling the 
 e]jeed of railway trains, regulator fur elec- 
 tric clocks, transits, theodolites, level in.stni- 
 ments, tower clocks, and a double dial olo(>k 
 for railway stations. Tho Swiss ai*e cele- 
 brated for their mu.sic-boxes, and ii mimber 
 of these are exhibited, the largest of which 
 plays thirty-six tnne.s, and is priced at 
 §'2,Uf)0 ; a small one, wliich plays only 
 eight tnnea, hut combiiicH with the ordi- 
 nary musie-bnx jiioveiueiit u drum and a 
 chime of bells, is also valued at §2,000. A 
 •very pretty article in this lino is n chfdot 
 of carved oak, containing a cluck, a mn.sio- 
 htix and a singing bird. The next court 
 in tho Swiss department ilhi-stiutes the 
 subject of education, combined with those 
 of engineering and architwtnre. Hero eveiy 
 canton in the confederation is rejn'o.sented 
 by 8ehool-l)ooks of all Iciiuls, articles used 
 in object-teaching under the Friiebol sys- 
 tem, collections of miuerals, plants, insect«, 
 l)lans, maps, atlases, ]diotographs iUusti*af- 
 ing engineering matters, and in fact in this 
 direction a vast variety of material f>f the 
 liighest valno to the thoiightfid student of that all-iiii- 
 portant snbji'ct — education. 
 
 Next conio tin* Ini’cs and cinhi'nidories, including very 
 beautiful work in cintains ^^'ith raised patterns, and ein- 
 broideiios — of groat ingenuity and elegance — upon white 
 goods, silks, wonlous and velvets. The curtains are mai'koil 
 at various I'iites. between §15 and §25, with the duty added. 
 The* silks of Zurich, straw goods, horse-hair bmids. silk 
 bolting cloths and olii'up cotton fabrics come next, the 
 latter finding their market chiefly in Oriental countric.s. 
 Among tho mauufactui’cd articles arc hosiery, knitted 
 jackets and undergarments, colored shirts, and sbiiw-hats 
 A cunsideniblc space is taken up with pnsst^mf'nterie and 
 cravats, edgings, machine (“mbroidery, embroidered haud- 
 kei'chiefs, etc. The pri'tty oarveil wood from the Bernese 
 ■ Oberlaiul is shown in a limge variety in chiilet.s, checks, 
 chessmen, box and nvintcl ornaments, as they are cut by 
 liand in tlu* cottages tif the pca.sants in the Alps during the 
 Winter season, when there is no out-of-door work that can 
 be done. The woods employed in this industry arc yew. 
 liiulcii, walnut, maple, pear, oln'stnnt, cherry and oak. The 
 art dates back for many generations, being handed down 
 from parents to their children, it seeming to come 
 natural to the Kwis.s to carve. The Swiss section concluded 
 with a display of condensed milk, chocolate, aniline dyes 
 and liqneui’s. It should be mentioned that a very interest- 
 ing si)ccial exhibition is made by a Board of Public Works 
 in the canton of Berne, including maps, drau-iiigs, bound 
 books, report.s, etc., among which are m.aps of the canton 
 of Berne, an ulbiun with eight i)hotogriiphio views showing 
 the ofllcial residences of the district authorities, ancient 
 castles and the town-hall of Berne, albums pre-seutiug 
 sections of roads, bridges, 
 
 blocks imd coffer-dams, with 
 
 recent works containing the 
 police regulations and otlv r \ 
 laws of Bevuo. stiitistics of j 
 public works and their lustoiy, [ 
 and various monographs on 
 canals, bridges, etc. ! 
 
 BELGirif. 
 
 Next to Switzerkmd is tlic 
 section occupied by Belgium, 
 comprising 15.353 feet of 
 space. Belgium is the most \ 
 
 densely populated country in 
 EuroiJC, the estimate being 
 , 404 to the square mile. About 
 . 58 per cent, of the inhabitants 
 - arc Flcmisb, tlie rest Walloons 
 and French, and 39,000 Ger- 
 mans in Luxembourg. Bel- I 
 
 ginm is rich in miuerals, which, 
 next to agriculture, constitute _ - — 
 
 the chief source of its national 
 
 prosperity. The number of hands miiployed in the coal- 
 mines of Belgium is nearly 100,000. The fi.dierics arc 
 idso valuable, and Bi'lgiuni is famovis for its horses. 
 -\n immens* industry is that of woolen manufacture, 
 which in 'N'c'rvit'i'S and its environs alone employs a jxipn- 
 lation of 50,000 oiHWativcs. Here flannels, serges, camlets, 
 Ciupets, flax fabric.s, silks, velvets, fine laces, hosiery, 
 hats, jiiipcr. etc., are extensively and profitably maimfnc- 
 tnred. The working of metals in iron, copper and tin is 
 very important, tin* manufacture fif oaniion, tireunns and 
 locomotive engines Ixang a .special feature of the metallur- 
 gical industry of Belgium. The collective exliibitimi of 
 Bnis.sels and Y;deucicnues laces is vciy lai'ge juid showy, 
 iiiclnding both black and white laces, guipme, magnificent 
 fans in point a raujuille, ornamented •with the arms of 
 Belgium, and other exquisite fabrications in this material. 
 Some fine jiicces of caning, and unassivo and bc.antiful 
 specimens of fimriture are exhibited, the most important of 
 these being a pulpit twelve feet liigh, richly embellished 
 with delicate car^ings in relief. Tliis is illustrated on 
 I^age 230. A massive Flemish chair of the sixteenth 
 centuiy, rich in tracings, is also a superb sj)ctiinen of this 
 work, and there are omninental bidustrades, heavy door- 
 panels and costly suites of furniture, all of which jire a 
 fine ilhistratiou of Belgian art and ingenuity. The linen 
 industry is largely illustrated, the show of linen goods, ns 
 also of fine blankets, being particularly noticeable. A large 
 collection of j)olished, varnished, bronzed and enameled 
 2'late nndvvTought iron household uh’u.sils is also to be seen, 
 while the display of firearms, including si>ortiug jjieces, 
 rifles, guns, jjistols, with hunting-knives, is likewise a fair 
 lircsentation of tlii-s i^romincnt Belgian industry. 
 
 In fact, the exliibition in metals is re- 
 markable both for its extent and’its com- 
 pleteness and excellence. It includes 
 clam])s, femtle.s, rivets, forged nails, locks 
 and nickel ware in gi'cat variety ; bolts, 
 chLscLs, .screw-nuts, wire and tacks, etc., 
 indefinit<*ly. There is also a good repre- 
 sentitinu of chemical 2 )roducts and manu- 
 factures, sidts, crystals, etc. A large di.spl:iy 
 is nmdo of jjlate - glas.s, a monster miiTor 
 being a notable object. Plastic clays, earth- 
 enware, brick for glass furnaces, engraved 
 and cut glass-ware, and variegated crystal 
 dinner-soi'vice.s ai'e also shown, and there 
 is a ease of fiutf brass musical instniments, 
 and a consider.ible disjrlay of leather-work, 
 boots and shoes, gaiters and slqrpoi's. The 
 exhibition of kid gloves is considerable, 
 and ]u‘ru we may jirojicrh* allude to the 
 kid-glove exhibit from the (irand Duchy 
 of Luxembourg, which is contained in a 
 large ca.se standing at the south wall of the 
 JIain Building, between the sections of 
 Rns-sia and Anstro-Hmigary, 
 
 Ketimiing to Belgium, we should refi r 
 more esjjocially to the disiilay of iron and 
 iron ores, the exhibit including omamentil 
 rough cast-iron imttcrna, rolled iron, iron 
 wire, cornigatcd and galvanized .sheet-ii'on 
 for building, iron walls made by means of 
 welding, Bessemer cast-.stcel, rolls, tires, 
 axles, forged jiicces in i-olled bara, tram- 
 ^^■ay n>lls, coiqicr-WiU’o frcmi the jiroviuce 
 of Jiumur, zinc and lead ore, .and other 
 .articles illustrating this industry. From 
 Liege wc have white and colored clay 
 2 )il>cs; from»C'hnrleroi white and colored 
 window and unpolished and eomigated 
 glass, with variegated rosettes eugi'avcd and 
 cut ; also colored and fancy window-glns.s, 
 cathedral and sfiiined gla.ss, old glo-ss, imita- 
 tion sami)l(‘s of jilato - glaas at different 
 shtge.s of maimfacture, etc. Sevend re- 
 markable mantel-iueccs, and Belgian mosaic marble jianels 
 for diuing-rooni di'coration, mosaic tables and other article.s 
 in marble art* nobiblc exhibits, and tlie Maliuos tax)estries 
 .should not pass unnoticed. These inchule a i)ortiuit of 
 Bubens, inrael from Gallict, i)ovtrait in ^Vi-abian costume, 
 eight jiamds together rei)rest*uting eight gods from Olyra- 
 2 )us, with their attributes, and a full-length painting of the 
 style of Louis XIN*. These are all carefully executed, and 
 have atti-ncted considerable atk'ution. There has been much 
 judgment dis 2 ’layed in the Belgian exhibition. Thus at 
 the Vienna Ex 2 >osition her exhibit in the mining iudustiy 
 was inueh larger and more eonqjreliensive than at Pliila- 
 dcl 2 >liiu, although the latter gives a fair idea of the nature 
 and vahie of Belgian iron. The ri’asou for this differ«*nce 
 exists ill tlic fact that Austria 2 '>refionts a good market for 
 Belgian iron, which is not the case with regard to tin' 
 Fnited States. The same thing, n-vei-sed, occurs in regard 
 to lao<‘s. Austiia manufncture.s her own laces, and the 
 di.s 2 >lay <>f this manufacture at Vienna was by no menus a.s 
 large oi* as fine as that in our Mam Building, since in thi.s 
 comitvy wc buy liberally from Belgium and 2 >ay high 2^1008. 
 Tlie exhibition of laces in the Belgian section is ranked by 
 ex 2 ierts among the <diief attractions of the JIain Building. 
 Certainly then* w;us almost nothing cL«e in the Exhibition 
 which attracted ladies so gcncndly as these exquisite robes, 
 shawls and handkerchiefs. Another Belgian s])ecialty in 
 nrt-mivnufni-turc is that of 2 )arquetry, or wood mo.saic-wor]; 
 for floora, of which thei’O are exhibited siiccimens, among 
 the best of which is a fac-siuiile of the flooring of the 
 dancing-room in the royal 2 ’hlace of Bnis.sels. From S 2 )n 
 we have some very 2’*''-‘‘tlT wood in caskets, 
 
 card-cases, 2 }iq)er-kuives and jewelry in imitation of flower's, 
 this being an art recently 
 borrowed front *be Svriss. A 
 large dis 2 ilay of sov’ng-nia- 
 eliines is made in the ItL’ii 
 Bnikling by a Brussels firm. 
 These are solid and strong, 
 but do not compare favorably 
 with tho light and graceful 
 Amerioim machines. A little 
 Belgian schoohxiom in the 
 midst of the section is a curi- 
 ous enough exliibit, to which 
 we shall refer hereafter in 
 coinnre.nthig u 2 >ou the general 
 •subject of education. 
 
 Bkazil. 
 
 The Brazili.iu de 2 )ar tment is 
 sitrrated between those of Bel- 
 giunr furd the Xetherlands, 
 north of the nave, and in- 
 rlrrde.s a space of (i,897 feet. 
 Brazil is by :n means un- 
 acquainted with industrial 
 
240 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 1‘aintixg 
 
 THE WnilE llIl-LS IN OCTOBEU. - Fi:nM 
 
 Gxliibitions, four of these having boon hcliT in the f‘ai)ital 
 of the Empire, Rio do Taucivn — tlie first in ISfil fV2, the 
 second in 18GG, the third in and the fourth and Inst 
 
 commencing on December 2d, 1H7."), and closing .Taiinaiy 
 11th, 1876. These were all inaugurated by His Majesty 
 Dom Pedro, and were preceded by exhibitions in the 
 cnpitals of certain provinces. Product-s selet'tcd by n jury 
 of the capital from the empire were also sent to the Inter- 
 national Exhibitions of L(nidon, Paris and Vienna. The 
 liiipcrial Government is organizing general and special 
 agricultural and other exhibitions, designing to regulate 
 industrial exhibitions, in order to make them a permanent 
 institution, and to eiTCt a va.st buililiug adajited for the 
 purjrose. An association of cxhibitoi-s has been organized 
 at Rio de Janeiro which Inus efficiently assisted the Bm- 
 zilian Government in the last two exhibitions. Further, 
 the A-ssociation for the Promotion of National Industry 
 held a horticultural exhilhtion, the fir.st of this char.ieter 
 ever organized in South America, in 1871, and which was 
 inaugurated by the Imperial Princess Regent, in the ab- 
 sence of the Emperor. A sufficiently large capital has been 
 created to permit similar exhibitions being ludd annually. 
 
 It is especiidly flattering to the Centennial Exhibition that 
 the Emperor of Brazil should have appointed as President 
 of the Brazihim Commis-sion to Philadelphia His Royid 
 Highness Gaston d’Orleaus, Count d'Eu. the son of the 
 Duke de Nemours, and a ^Marshal of the Brazili.an Empire, 
 who has manned the Princess Imperial of Brazil. 
 
 The exhibits of Brazil in the Main Building are i'las*=ified 
 into feathers, flowers and jeweli-y, educa- 
 tion and sr-‘ nee, mauufacture.s, leather and 
 hats, ’lining and mehillurgy. The an'.mge- 
 •r.eut of the section i.s light, airy and 
 elegant. Near the entrance are ea-ses of 
 costly books admirable in workimmship 
 and rich in hinding. The disiday of min- 
 erals, ores, building -stones and mining 
 products eouhiins specimens from all the 
 different provinces, iucluding marbles. 
 
 Borne cmiou.s specimens of shdactite.s, 
 samples of colore<l argillaceous clay, speci- 
 mens of minends showing gold and dia- 
 mond fomiatiou.s, diamonds found on the 
 bank-s of a river in the Province of Pa- 
 rana, where they are said to be veiy 
 abimdant, yeUoni-sh rock crystals, agates, 
 alum — and for actual diaraornhs there were 
 sent three weighing 23 kiu-uts, and valued 
 at Slo.OOO, and one cut diamond of the 
 value of S8,0(X). The collection of agates, 
 gems and precious stones, inchuliug spe- 
 cimens of gold and auriferous stones, gold- 
 dust, etc., is cousiderable aud interesting. 
 
 ■Mining engineering is illustrated by collections of geolo- 
 gical photogiiiphs aud maps. 
 
 Tlie exhibits in manufactures begin with a display of 
 chemicals, including e.s.stmces, flavoring extnu-ts. perfumery, 
 toilet-snaps and pomade.s. Pottery and poredain .are Olus- 
 trated by articles especially noteworthy for tlnir elegance 
 and the perfeetion of their workmanship. Some of these 
 arc tcira-cotta vases, imitating the Etruscan style. In fur- 
 nitm-e an attractive exhibit is a complete set for the parlor, 
 afh'r the Brazilian style, manufactured of jneaxanda and 
 rose-woods, ami containing one sofa, four arm-chairs and 
 twelve chairs, all carved. There arc also articles of furuiture 
 made by the inmatc.s of the House of Correction of Rio do 
 Janeiro. A seerctaiy of cedar-wood and a small work-box 
 inlaid A\ ith different woods are very handsome native speei- 
 meiiK, One exhibitor sends chairs made from tin* genipapo, 
 a native wood. This mannfju'turcr employs about 120 
 workmen, using only Brazilian woods in liis mauufactoi'y. 
 
 Some tortoi.si'-shcll boxes, straw articles, cups made from 
 the gourd, vaniished and colored, and others made of sassa- 
 fras aud other woods, with a curious collection of small 
 artistic objects m:ulo from pine-tree-knots, are among the 
 curiosities, n.s are also some caiwed cocoanut- shells. A 
 number of hammocks trimm<‘d with fea'hers. made in the 
 liroviuces of Para aud Amazonas, are sent from Rio de 
 Jaueii'o. . 
 
 A considerable exhibition is made of cotton goods and 
 other fabrics, and though these are not up to the stamlard 
 of English or .\mericuu mauufactures. they are iiitcrestiug 
 
 WIVTEI! TWILrOHT. — FaOM THE PilXTIKG BY CEO. H. DOVGBtOS. 
 
 Its showing what ba.s already been <loii' in this impovt-.ml 
 industry, and as indicating that with an abundant possession 
 of the raw matevi il, improvements may be readily made. 
 Hats aii.l caps make a cousiderable display, including a 
 I number of hats manufactured from different native reeds 
 ' and gi-its-ses, and even from leather, besides the ordinary 
 ' black b»«avor and silk-hned gray beaver and shee])skins, 
 which display a verj' favnr.able condition of this trade. A 
 large number of feather articles, inelnding flowera. fans, 
 ornaments, coiffures and insects mounted in gold, in which 
 ' department Brazil has no rival in the world, presents tins 
 ]M‘cnliar industry in a favorable shape. 
 
 AVulking - cmies, buttons, watch-chains, etc., made of 
 cocoanut, arc among the ornamental articles. Broonis, 
 
 . brushes, cordage, saddles, haniess, whips ajul other articles 
 ' in leather, are liere in numbera. 
 
 The educational exhibition comprises specimens of m-it- 
 iug, drawing and other handiwork ; a collection of text -books 
 and theses ; a variety of educational books, and drawings 
 ' and modi’ls made by the cadets in the Naval School of Rio 
 j de Jiuu'iro ; the books used in the lower and higher schools 
 ' of the empire exhiliited by the Instnictiou Board of Rio de 
 ' Janeiro; si>eciinens of book-binding: maps and cliarts ; a 
 1 collection of wwitings aud drawings by the deaf aud dumb ; 
 
 I and geouieti'i<-al figures, drawn by the blind boys ot the 
 j Iinpcriid Institute for the Blind of Rio de .Taiieiro. 
 
 : Tlioi-e is also a collectiou of Brazilian iiewspapera, reviews, 
 
 ^ and other periodic.al.s, mu.sicnl works, an exhibition of 
 insects, a few philosophical instruments, one or two musical 
 instrumeuts, and a considerable exhibit of 
 drawings, plans and profiles illu-strating 
 public works of Brazil. This collection 
 closes with a display of medals and Bra- 
 zilian coins. 
 
 The Netherlands. 
 
 The Netherlands section in the Main 
 Building lies between those of Brazil and 
 Mexico, uoi"th of the nave, and includes 
 exhibits of its East India colonies, com- 
 piTsing in all the space of 15, 4130 feet. 
 The Kingdom of the Netherlands is 105 
 English miles in length by 110 in breadth, 
 being a little smaller than Switzerland, 
 although it contains 1,000,000 more people. 
 Allusion has heretofore been made in tliia 
 work to the dikes of the Netherlands, the 
 greatest of M’hich are those of the Holder 
 and of "West Capell, on the east coast of 
 Walchcren. These dikes and the national 
 hydraulic works .are in the cliarge of s])cciol 
 engineers ; and, as the public works of the 
 Netherlands are numerous and important, 
 the exhibition in the Main Building begins 
 
CfENEEAL VIEW OF THE SOUTH NAVE OF MACHINERY HALL. 
 
HISTORia-^L REGISTER OF THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 2 12 
 
 nt the nave -w-ith a vcny full ilisijliiy illustrating these hy 
 muuus of i>bi.iU>gTOplis, maps, charts and models exhibited 
 hy the Jlinistiy of tlie luh-rioi', the Channel Company of 
 Amsterdam, the Chambei-s of Commerce and Industry, the 
 Polytechnic School of Delft, ami the D\iteh Ihiilroad 
 Company of Amsterdam, which last sends a model cjf a 
 r.iilroad bndge and drawings Ulnstrating it. 
 
 Among the models are some which are curiosities : one, 
 exMbited by a citizen of Kotterdam, is a model of a cheap 
 boartling-hous<“ ; another, from Tin* Hague, e.xhit>ited by an 
 association ft>r the imjjrovcment of workmen's buildings, i.s 
 a model block containing lodgings fur workmen. 
 
 The collection of ininenrl and mining products by the 
 Netherliuids is small, including only iron and cinnabar, 
 s>ime specimens (jf jicat pressed by machinery, stones used 
 for pavement, lithogi-aphic -stones, oil-stones, whetstones, 
 gi'iudstoues, polishing matertal, gi-auites, topazes, diamonds 
 and cnmiidum. In chemic;d manufactures there are suap.s, 
 oils, glue, a few coloi's and v arnishes, an exhibit of cologne, 
 tni'pciitine, inks and wax. 
 
 No porcelain or pottery is exhibited except such of the 
 Litter ns is comprised in tile.s and other material for urchi- 
 t.'ctur:d ])urposes, and there are but few exhibits of furniture 
 or such articles. What there arc include picture-frames, 
 Limps, mantels, chairs, and fi few faney .irticles. Some 
 hangings, sofa-cloths, imitation Smyrna vugs, and a few 
 cloaks, with a small exhibit of silks, comprise the exhi- 
 bition of fabrics. 
 
 A large collective exhilutioa of books is made by the 
 Netherlands Booksellers’ Association, including works in 
 all de])ai-tuient« of literature, aid and science, school-books, 
 newspapei‘3 and periodicals. The subjects covered by these 
 exhibits inclmlc works . .f bibliogi-aphy, theolog}', geography 
 mid history, natural sciences, philologj’ and geuend litera. 
 tui-e, the tine arks, juvenile books and a very large collec- 
 tion of ediK’ational works, including a number of Egv-ptian 
 and Cliiuese books. The newspaper exhihition is complete^ 
 and include.s specimens of papers dating buck as far as 25G 
 voai-s ago, and representing most of the chief cities and towns 
 of the Netherlands, Among these ore a number of news- 
 jiapers from Batavia. Surinam, and otheis of the NethcrLiuds 
 colonies. This entire collection is important and thoroughly 
 representative. com])vising exhibits from publishers and 
 bookseller-s in Amsterdam, Botterdum. Utrecht, The Hague. 
 Dordrecht. HiuU'lem, (Trouiugen. etc,, to the number of 
 12G diflereut establishiueuts. The Netherlands colonies are 
 leprc-seuted by exliibit.s of Lacquer and inlaid screens and 
 cabinets, native woods, war weapons, furs and fabrics. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 The ilexicau department is between that of the Nether- 
 lands and the United States exliibits, north of the nave, and 
 
 comj)riscs fi.503 feet of space. The Mexican exhibit is not 
 of a collective fivsteni or official charach-r; iieitber has it a 
 hi-storical aspect, hy means of which might have been pre- 
 sented in progressive serie.s the relics of the Aztec civiliza- 
 tion, the stite f)f the nationid industry when the country 
 accomplished its inilepemlence, and its pre.sent products and 
 manufiietnres. Instead of mloidiiig such a iilaii as this, the 
 Government of Mexico j'rcfcrrcd to invite the prodneing 
 and mauufacturiiig elitsses to ountributo to the exhibitioiii 
 offering, at the same time, all the neceasary facilities of 
 remitting, jilaeiiig and preserving th<ir articles. It is un- 
 fortunate that the industrial classes of Mexico were rather 
 lukewarm in answering to the liberal proposition which 
 defrayed the expenses of transportatiuii, plaeing, jiresening 
 and retumiiig to mviuTs tin* objects exhibited; ;md it is 
 alleged that neither the best jvrodnets of ceiiiiin industries, 
 nor any samples of others that have arrived at the highest 
 degree of iierfection in Mexieo. have been sent to Philadel- 
 phia. Tor instaiiee, the exhibits in the gi-onp of woolen and 
 cotton fabrics in the Jlexican department are cited as illus- 
 trating the first jiroposition, and the absolute lack of any 
 exhibit in the line of saildlcry, oabiuet-makiug and fine 
 hardware as a proof of the latter. 
 
 The population of ^Mexico is 8,74.3,000, of which a little 
 more than one-third are Europeans and only one-fifth 
 indigenou.s, the remainder heiug of mixed origin, 
 enteiing the Mexican department, what first attracts 
 attention and is likely to hold it, is a huge circular mass of 
 silver, weighing about 4,01)0 pounds and valued at S7'2,000- 
 The next i)eculiar and nobihlc exhibit is found in the dispky 
 of beautiful polished slabs of variegated marble, in which 
 green is the pivdomiuatiug color, with streaks and clouds 
 running through th<- stoue, bearing a strong resemblance to 
 agate. Thedisjilay of minerals and metallurgical products in 
 general includes native gold and silver, mercury, iron, lead, 
 coj)]>er and bismuth ores, specimens of inetcnrie iron from 
 Chihuahua, one weighing 3,200 pounds, gi'cen aandstoue, 
 hitnminons eoid and wTonght and cast-iron. Nut many 
 chemicals are exhibited, but these include indigo and essence 
 of the eucalyptus, and some other specimens. lu ceramics, 
 potteiw, etc., we have from the City of Mexico .some vases 
 in Aztec. Japanese, Egv’ptian and Chinese styles, and a few 
 Indian vases, rubrics are represented by woven cords, 
 cotton yams, a few specimens of cotton and wateiqjroof 
 clothing, chaira made from Mexic.au reeds, woolen gooils 
 and some native Indian dresses. Au embroidered eaiqvet, 
 straw hats, specimens of gold and silver galloon conre also 
 under this head. In medicines there are certain medicinal 
 plants and Indian drugs, specimens of the extract of sai-sa- 
 inu-illa, Peruvian bark. etc. The various cities of ^Mexico, 
 such as Pueblo. Mexico, etc., make a show of native wines 
 and extracts, and display a few silk fabrics and stuffs, 
 
 I 
 
 EGYPTIAN DOOB-CCBTAIX. 
 
 ' woven of gold, resembling Oriental work. The ladies’ shoes 
 and a few fancy articles are nuide with some skill, but 
 I without much finish. The implements exhibited are, 
 generally speaking, poor, but the mining tools are of a good 
 quality. There is raw cotton on exhibition, which is not 
 remarkable, however, for stability nor for strength. Ex- 
 hibits are also made of ^lexicaii maize or Indian corn, and 
 samjfies of sugar and coffee. Samples of forest woods 
 comprise a large number of varieties ; among these are the 
 repeJiU'ifjfi, mahogany, scented cedar, and black- 
 
 wood like the ebony, and the liiialoe, which is a clear 
 yellow-tinted wood, and is susceptible of a flue polish. Tho 
 I peculiarity of this wood consists iu its delicate ami very 
 pleu.saut fmgrance. This makes it very liighly esteemed for 
 ' toilet-boxes, it growing profusely iu the States bordering on 
 I the Pacific coa.st. The p.alo-eserito is of the color and fine- 
 ' UCS.S of mahogany. The cauipeche-tree i.s well-known all 
 over the vvorU for its dyeing properties. Large quautitier 
 of precious and ordinary wootls are exported from Jlexico 
 to tfermany, Eranee, United Stites, Sl>aiu and England. 
 Ill 1873 the value of this exportation was something over a 
 j million of dollars. The 'Mexican Society of Natural History 
 ' exhibits some native gnms and resins, which are largely 
 ' used iu medicine and iu the nits ; ouo of these, known os 
 ' cupiuole, is used by the manufacturers of vaniLshcs. Largo 
 quantities of this mat'-rial are collected iu tho State of 
 Oaxaca, and it is sold iu the Clity of Mexico at Si a pound. 
 A native resin is burned by the Indians as a perfume. 
 Another is used for the preparation of illuminating gas and 
 the manufacture of soap. A new elastic gum, colled the 
 Duruiifjocauulchouc, is the product of a plantwhich flourishes 
 iu the State of Durango. Like the gennino india-nibber, 
 it hardens with sulphur and receives a beautiful polish. 
 The iudia-nibber-tree grows abuudautly in Chiapas, Cam- 
 peche and other localities near the Gulf of Mexico. Thu 
 export of india-rubber iu 1873 amoimted to about $100,000. | 
 Some veiT fine samples of tobacco from ^ era Cniz are 
 exhibited. The annual exportation of this amounts to 
 about 8150,000. Some small Mexican vases, etc., are 
 shown, as a £dso])Pculiax black -aud-ivd native pottery. The 
 agi-icnltmal exhibit iu general is very large. Besides the 
 trees, etc., already mentioned, we should refer to tho spe- 
 cinu'113 of coffee, vanilla, and fibres of the heucquen,] 
 which is a species of agave used for coi'dage. It includes 
 also a very large collection of iiuligenous plants of tho 
 Valley of Mexico, exhibited in six Lirge volumes, collected 
 by the National Preparatoiy School. These volumes 
 contain 274 plants, besides 70 diflerent ferns. A S])ccial 
 ; and chai-ncteristic feature of the Mexican exhibit is the 
 
 I cactu-s-plant, and, iu pai-ticular. that one upon which 
 the cochineal insect lives. The Mc'xican exhibition includi'S 
 specimens of cochineal from the State of Oaxaca, and also 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEHHLIL EXPOSITION 
 
 of r'iirmino jn'opnrod from that miitpiial. , ■ 
 (.-■oehiiieiil is sold at an average prii.'o of 32c. 
 a (inund. Specimens of vaiiilla-beanH come 
 from the State of Vera Cniz, The value of 
 the exportation of this product for 1H73 was 
 about SoO(),(Hf(f. As to cofTee, it is alleged 
 f)ii good aiitliority that in Mexico tliere 
 exists the agricultuml capiK-iiy to produce 
 all the coffee that caji be consumed in the 
 United Stittes, and of a rpiality erpial to 
 the best grown in any countrx'. Inasmuch 
 as the United States consumes more than 
 onc-tlurd of the entire coffee crop of the 
 •world, -vvliich is cstimat-cd at !)nu,nO(»,(IOn 
 pounds, this fact, if it be a hict, is one of 
 no little importance. In Mexico, coffee is 
 cultivated with success at the elevation of 
 4,501) feet, and is fonml even still higher. 
 
 On the eastern coiust of Yucatan, coffee- 
 trees ()f jn'cjlifie yiehl arc growing near the 
 sea level, as well as in many other local- 
 ities. The, adaptability of Mexico ns a 
 s'oft'ee-producing country has been showji 
 by more than fifty years of cultivation. That it has not 
 assumed the first place in exportation is rea.sonably attri- 
 buted to the same causes which have retarded all com- 
 mercial and agricultural development in the country — /. c., 
 to the political confusion and disorder. The exportation 
 of coffee from Vin-a (’ruz, however, inemused from (372,0011 
 pounds in 1H71, to 5,873,000 pounds in 1H75, the coffee 
 exported from Vera ('ruz being all grown in that State. 
 Thu average jiriec of land in the coffee-growing regions, 
 reference, being made to the Valley of Cordova, in the 
 province of Vera Cruz, n.s a sample, ha.s been between 
 So and SlO per acre. The jmblic or gov('rnment lands can 
 be taken iq) at from S20 to $25 per ciihutln-in, a Spanish 
 measure of about 105 acres. AVages are reported at 25c. 
 per hand a day. Mexico for three centuries has bci.'ii 
 famous for its gi-cat production and exportation of silver, 
 yet it is assorted that in coffee it ])os.sesses a far gi'cater 
 source of prosperity. Its natural caj)acity for this pro<lu<'- 
 tior. is at least cqmd to that of Br:izil, yet the value of the 
 coffee e.x])orted fmm Brazil is more than three tim<‘s aa 
 great lusthatof the gold and silver product of Mexico. The 
 samples of coffee on exhibition iU'u from Colima City, Cor- 
 dova and SiUi Luis Potosi. 
 
 Italv. 
 
 The section devoted to the kingdom of Italy, in the 
 Main Building, lies at the ex- 
 trema western end of the build- 
 ing, extending from the transept 
 near it to the Widl, and lying 
 ojiposik' to the sections of the 
 Argentina liepnblic and Italy. 
 
 In minerals Italy dispLays 
 marble and alabaatcr, cement, 
 limestone, lithographer's stone, 
 sulphur, and a few specimens 
 of metals, such as native iron, 
 manganese, and inauufactnred 
 iron wire. (,>uite a display of 
 chemicals is made, .sent from 
 Naples, Turin, Palermo, Padua, 
 
 Pi-a, Milan, and other citie.s. 
 
 This includes sulphurous pro- 
 ducts, .sea and rock salt, cream 
 of tartar, sod.a.s, bicarbonate of 
 potassium and sodium, and a 
 large exhibit of manufactured 
 articles, including .soaps, olive- 
 oil, varnishes, inks, iierfumciy, 
 essences and extracts. 
 
 lu furniture there are articles 
 in ebony, metal and stone ; and 
 in fabrics, woven goods, yarns, 
 etc., and a display comprising 
 cotton goods fn^m Turin ; 
 colored calicos from Pisa ; linens 
 from fSaleriio and Pisa, and 
 woolen cloths from Alessiua, 
 
 Naples, Modena, and Tiuiu. 
 
 Milan and Turin send raw, spun 
 a n d woven silk ; Messina, 
 cocoons; and Milan, iiLso silk 
 Velvets. 
 
 The wood - c.arving disi)layed 
 is partionlarly arti.stic iind ei- 
 ccilent. Many of the articles, 
 each as bedsteads, mirror frames, 
 etc., are very ^•aInable. An 
 elaborately carved bedstead is 
 priced $4,500. A very line i'>rjiy- 
 iug desk and chair, with beau- 
 tiful decorative carvings and 
 figures cut in bas.so-relievo, is 
 marked $11,500. Tliero is also 
 « sort of wardrobe or closet for 
 •which $1,500 ia asked. A 
 
 THE EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION CO.’S BflLDING. 
 
 number of iine mo.saies are shown in this collection, though 
 most of these articles are to be seen in the art collection 
 in Memorial Hall. A table representing St. Mark's, at 
 A’euico, is noticeable. One small mosaic is priced at $5,000. 
 Most of these are from Florence and Borne. 
 
 Venice glass makes a fine display, and Naples a large one 
 of roral.s. Turin sends jewelry. A very intcre-sting 
 portion of this exhibition is found in the inlaid work in 
 different-coloreil woods, displayed in the form of arnhesque-s 
 and even landsoaijes and figures. This art fimls its perfec- 
 tion at 8ienna. There arc some examples of inlaid ebony 
 and other dark woods and minerals, such as laiiis-lazuli, 
 marbles, malachite, onyx, etc. There are also a number 
 of small bronzes, reproductions of antique .statuettes. 
 The terra-cotta figures, of which there are a number, 
 attracted attenthm. They are de.signcd for garden orna- 
 ments, and some of them arc very clever. The candelabra, 
 with .sprouting figure.s of Nubians in gay -colored garments, 
 arc verj’ pleasing and peculiar. In glas.s mosaic.s there are 
 somo satisfactory exhibits, tho most remarkable being a 
 landscape about 8 inches by 12 in dimensions, ainl marvel- 
 ous in the beauty and jiccuracy of its coloring. One large 
 ease is filled with gold and silver filigree articles from 
 Genoa. 
 
 In the jewelry collection, a heavy necklace of diamond.s 
 and rubies, set iii silver, and a similar one of pearls, 
 
 surrounded with smaller diamonds .and 
 rubies on filigree. Ivive .attracted a great 
 deal of attention, os has aJs<^> a massive 
 necklace of gold and sapphires, wliich •wa.s 
 .sold to the Empress of Brazil for $4,000, 
 Some jcwelrx- in the Etrn.scan style is ex- 
 hibited by Signor C'astellani, whose exhibi- 
 tion in Memorial Hall has been already 
 described. The tortoise-shell and conch- 
 sh<-ll work in ornaments is very fine and 
 jih'iujing. 
 
 Tlie collection of marble.s includes more 
 than lOOvarieties displaying the mo.st beau- 
 tiful colors. Quite, a remarkable article is 
 a carved representatiriu. in dark wood, of a 
 finqilacQ so ingeniously devised that it 
 presents, with marvelmis skill, tho .appear- 
 ance of ruin and dilapidation. 
 
 The Faeuza t'oramic Company di.splay a 
 largo number of curved pieces, vases, dc- 
 _ corated and oraamentul i)la<piCB, intchers, 
 
 ewers, pilgrim bottle.s and small orna- 
 menfid objects. They have also one or tyo 
 large pieces, a fireplace and tnilet-staud elaborately orna- 
 mented. Alost of these are the work nf one man. One 
 very excellent bit of work is a statuette of St. John, a 
 copy from Donatello, which .shows some fine molding mid 
 very beautiful enameling. An clabomtc toilet-stand is a 
 nnticeablo article. Another is a pilgrim liottle, decorated 
 in two shades of blue, which is very graceful. 
 
 The best lustre-ware comes from Ancona, and is exhibited 
 by Cesaru Miliaiii, whose imitations of renowned ware are 
 very close and .successful. Ileproduetioiis of I'rbiiio ware 
 from Florence, by Torelli, are quite brilliant in color. 
 
 Useful articles exhibited include Leghorn liat.s, gloves, 
 shoe.s, buttons, bed-.sjivciuls, etc. A Cremona violin, 171 
 years old, said to have belonged to Paganini, is exhibited, 
 and is for sale at 81,000. Genoa velvets, which have a 
 world-wide reimtation, tind of which there shoidd be a 
 suitable exhibition, are wanting, except in one msagre 
 exhibit : and the same is the case with regard to Turin 
 silks, There are soim^ few laces from A'eniee and Como 
 exhibited, and some embroidered pietnre.s, and h.andker- 
 chiefs from Milan. Straw hats and brqided straw come 
 from Florence and Bologna, ehiefiy. A few Sicilian costumes 
 are exluhited, and some tortoi.s<-shell work from Naj)les. 
 Brescia sends a gun and some needle-gnn barrels, and 
 ' Mi'ssiiia specimens of shot, whiidi are all have of Italian 
 I weapons; niedicino and surgery are represented by a 
 powd<‘r and extract to prevent 
 sea - sieknes-s. In hanlware wo 
 have a meelianie.al lock .and 
 bronze eluuvh bell, and a few 
 tools. 
 
 The .subject of education i.s 
 illustrated by a number of 
 scientific and educational works, 
 maps, mu.sic, specimens of pmi- 
 manshii), etc. In scientific in- 
 struments there are a univcrsjil 
 clock, electric bntteric.s, tele- 
 graj'li instruments, and a cylin- 
 drical i>iano, with an instrument 
 for writing notes ns played. 
 
 A few article.s of scu]i>tiire 
 are shown in this w'ction, in- 
 clmling the following: “Ciijiid 
 and Psyche,'’ group, by Baz- 
 zanti, of Florence; “Surprise,” 
 bust, by Porcanai ; a cnjiid of 
 Michael Angelo; “David,” by 
 Torelli ; “ Traste A'crino " — Bu- 
 maii costume, “After the The- 
 atre,” “Cio Ciara,” “a Geii- 
 zaneso,” these four by Garofoli, 
 of Romo : and a fine statue of 
 Dante, by Pa<jli Bicci, of Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 Tlie Director of the Ana- 
 tomical and Pathological Mu- 
 seum of Florence contributes a 
 collcctionof microscopic, normal 
 a II d pathologie.al anatomical 
 prcpiirations. A plan for a 
 tunnel is exhibited by Antino 
 Linaii, of Borne. A citizen of 
 Turin shows a new idea for a 
 ifistol, and anotJior of Naples 
 offers a new system of disin- 
 fection. Mu{)s are exhibited 
 from Milan and A'erona, inelud- 
 ing geographical map in relief.s, 
 and a map of the world, in the 
 form of a globe, besides other 
 articl .-8 designed for use in the 
 study of geography. An album 
 eontiiining specimens of steno - 
 graphy is exliibited hy Prof. 
 Luigi Pcriiii, of Milan, and a 
 
 
Tlif! 011111030 sootioii in the MainBuiKliD" 
 ha-n jirovod to bo one of tlu- most attnictivo 
 in th" entire oxhibition. mid compares 
 favorably with that of Ja]i!min the cuii- 
 osity and interest whieh it ('xeitcs. This 
 seetioii is third in nninerieid order from 
 th ■ wesU-rn end of the hnildinpr. and 
 ooenph's un arwi of S.Sff square feet, ex- 
 tending sonth of South Avenue, liotween 
 O 'humis 5 iiud 11. The arrangeinont is 
 eouiprised as follows: At the western end 
 are the ehina-w.ire, furs and skins, ami tlie 
 tr.ido eolleetioDs; at the ea.stevn side are 
 the" furniture, woodwork and carvings: in 
 the eentre are the silks and s.atins, tiio 
 el >isomies-waiv atnl bronzes ; anil in the rear p.irt, the 
 othee. 
 
 Tliis section owes mneli of its importanei' ami value to 
 II'i-l^nang-Ynng, of Shanghai, an eminent t.'hinoso, ajiink- 
 butt'-n mandarin, and said to be the wealthiest banker in 
 th ‘ I-hnpii’e. baling bnuiehes of his business in every juin- 
 eipal city and town in the country. He has a n'lmtation 
 b hli tliroiigliuut Europe and Asia as a eolleetor of ancient 
 and valuable specimens of Chinese art. At the Exhihition 
 h ‘ is lejiresented by his nephew, Hn-Ying-I)ing, a young 
 mm. and a maudirin of the blne-bntton. or fourth elas.s. 
 and who Speaks Englisli Jlueiitly. Tin' special collection 
 eontributed by Hn-t^uaiig-Y'nng comprise-, enamel'd and 
 eloisqimes-ware and brniizos. which cvhiliits we shall con- 
 sider hereafter, t^tuite a number of minerals are shown 
 in this section, inelnding native enpjier ore. galena, lianl 
 and soft coal, snlplmr, tourmaline, auriferous rock ami 
 petrifaetious, There are also bnildiug-.stoiie.s, marble, slate, 
 gr.iiiite, etc.; fire-clay, talc, gypsum, chalk, litliograidiic- 
 stones and graphite. In metals there are gold and silver- 
 leaf. pig-iron, steel and tinfoil. Coal, both anthracite and 
 bitiiminnus, is found in largo ijuantities all over the north 
 
 AliK.lN.SAS STATE ^UILDIXO. — EXTERIOR. 
 
 of China. It is estimated that the extent of the.se coal- 
 fields is S7,niK) square miles, but, owing to the lack of 
 ]iroj>er machinery and mining appliances, sneli mineral a.s 
 li.is been e.xtraeted hitherto has been surface coal. In 1874 
 foreign steamboats eonsiimed some il.OOl) tons of this 
 mineral. The imtive iron is u.sed for making nails, tools, 
 and every variety of foreign implements, but a considerable 
 cjiiaiitity of iron in ditlerent forms is import'd into China 
 from Euro]H>, bee.mse, owing to the iini'crfeet means of 
 eominunieation and tr.iiisportation, and the system of 
 manufacture followed by the Chinese, foreign iron can 
 be furnished at les.s cost than the native article. j 
 
 The chemicals exliibited iiielude various vegetable oils, 
 alum. soda, indigo, nmlaeliite. verdigris, co])peras, arseiiie, 
 cinnabar, etc. It is. however, in its display of porcelain that 
 the Chinese exhihition is ehielly remarkable. The largest 
 quantity and the linest ipiality of porcelain ])roduccd in 
 China is inauufaetiircd at the imperial potteries in the 
 Province of Kiangsi. This is sent to all ]'arts of the 
 Empire, and has roei'iitly been largely export d to foreign 
 eonntries. A special kind of ehina-ware, ornamented with 
 the fivc-elawed dragon, i.-i made there for u.se in the Lnpe- 
 
 rial household, .and is sent annually to 
 Pekin as tribute. In raannfaeturing it. the 
 figures are traced in Indian ink, aiid then 
 painted in water-colors, jiiixed with .strong 
 glue. The jiieces are placed in a rever- 
 berating furnace about half an hour, and 
 are taken nut and wa.shcd vhen suflieientl.v 
 cooled. There is an inferior quality, how- 
 ever, which is niannfaetured in large qnnir 
 titles, and forms one of the]>riiK'ip;d expnri.s 
 of Amoy. A v;ust quantity of pottery is also 
 made, the ditVeri’iiee betw ecu this and china- 
 ware consisting in the kind of clay n.sed, 
 and in the finish. This ware is all kneaded 
 and worked into paste, being formed by 
 hand into the required shapes. Pottery 
 is the article in its rough, brown state, 
 whilst china-ware is glazed and painted; 
 but the enameled and doisonnes-w.are to 
 be seen in the Chinese eolleetion are of a 
 mneli higher .stamp. Some of those .sprei- 
 niens are from two to five hnudved years 
 old. and the art of making them lia-. Iieeii 
 lost for two centuries. A number of .spo- 
 cinu'ii.s of cloi.soum's arc made from jade, 
 a very rare and valuable stone. Some of 
 the. plates of eloisonnes-waru are valued at Silob. while 
 a small piece of j.id«--stone, inti iided us a ehiirm for a 
 wak'li-eliain, costs A number of viLses are very large, 
 
 a pair of the.se being ornamented with gilt dragon.s and 
 valued at Among the Chinese articles of china- 
 
 ware exhibited, are an eartlienwaro elephant and pagoda, 
 black-wood stand, and Indian with a gourd ; vases of various 
 enloi-s. .some of them " eiMckled ” ; ti'apot.s. tlower-)'ot.s, 
 rieo-bowls, water-bowls, inecnse-bowls, snutl’-bottles. and 
 yellow cups with covem ; a Clriuese dinner service, 1-17 
 pieces ; des-sert service, 137 ]iieces ; wa.sh-ba.sins. liaiul- 
 ha.'in«, fruit-.stanips, onspedores, etc. There are also jnmeh- 
 bowK toilet-bottle.s, card-receivers, aali-receivers, and a 
 multitude of otlier urticli-s, in all colors and sizes. Many 
 of these arc maimfaetinvd in tlio Kiangsi province, and 
 are sent to Canton to b.> juinted. A favorite design for 
 ehiti.a iirtieles is fnnnd to be animal subjects. Thu.s we see 
 candle-stands, elephant shajic ; other articles in the form of 
 eats, dragons, etc, Ylany of the teacups are painted by 
 hand. Oeeasionnlly the designs .are chussical ; some have 
 baniboo.s and vines or birds painted upon them. There are 
 also porcelain stands and jugs, vases with metal lining. 
 
246 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 porc4.‘lain fip;ures on stimcls, roptilfs in porcelain, 
 pomtulc-pots, and some specimens of gliieswarc from 
 Canton. 
 
 Tile collection of furniture di.spluyod is rare and 
 cmimi.s. Some of tliis is ivirved and ornamented ^\•ith 
 inlaid work in ivory and rare woods, in tlio most 
 lieantiful and artistic manner. Time certainly seems 
 to liave been an element wliieli liius not been con. 
 hidercil in tin’ eonstrnetion of these articles. One 
 bedstead is jtrieed at $1,000. It is a ma.sh’r-pieee of 
 intricati' and delicate, carving. Another is eo^'cred 
 with a eimopy. presenting panels of silk embrohlery 
 with groat nicety and beauty. The \vood-car%’ing is 
 done chiefly in a pecidinr black, i'lose-grainccl wood, 
 re.sembling ebony, -wliii-h takes u deep polish and 
 becomes an admirable wooil for ornament. \ ]>arlor 
 set, ineluding a superb sofa, is specially notiee.ablo. 
 Ibiffets -\iith shelves and doors arc favorite articles. 
 
 Tine centre-tables of tlio same material, having tops 
 of iiidivn variegated marble, nr j'ainted china, re- 
 seinbling mosaic-work, are also found licre. 
 
 The ofliee of tlio Chinese Commission, in the rear 
 section, is a .structure about R feet high and 12 feet 
 wide, covered with gilt carving, with panels of 
 Chincst- i>uinting. Near by is an elabor; tcly carved 
 show-Ciisc, in which is exhibited a colleotion of un- 
 tiiiue china-ware, some of which is seven or eight 
 hundred year.s old. A sideboard is seen, the top of 
 wliieh, being of wood, is earn’d into a fabric almost 
 as delicate .as lace. Among the carving is a C.'liinese 
 Court of Justice, in which tho judge is seen sitting, 
 with fan in hand, at a de.sk, and before liim kneeling 
 criminals, some liandcuffed with board.s, and others 
 with wooden yoki3s fasteiicil about tlieir necks. Other 
 <-arvinga represent mandarins with their uttcmlaiits, 
 
 Hoiiio mounted on hor.ses, and others on sedan-chairs. 
 
 Near the main entrance is a show-Ciiso cnnt.aining a 
 variety of ivory carvings of the most delicate work- 
 manship. 
 
 The collection of screens is very interesting, some 
 of them being inlaid with porcelain hdilets, others 
 liaving carved black-wood frames; many of these 
 screens feeing made of silk. The furniture also 
 includes bamboo sleeping-chairs, in black-and-wliito 
 rattan ; gnisshoppcr-chairs and armchairs of different shapes; 
 armchairs in black-wood, enamel and marble ; sinall table.s 
 or tca-poys in camphor-wood, red-wood and blaek-wood ; 
 lacipier wTiting-de.sks and coiieh for opium-smoking, inlaid 
 with jicarl ; silk jianel screens puiuti-d by hand with blaek- 
 wood fKimes ; one of these representing the gianvth and 
 manufacture of tea. and the other the mamifu<dure and 
 use- i>f silk. Some of tho screens present hi.storieul scenes 
 or Chine.se romances, while others have birds or ffowers 
 painted upon them. There is a puzzle -table in seven 
 piece.s. There arc carved book-cases and clothes-prcs.sps. 
 washstiin<ls, brackets, boxes, arm-chairs, cabinets, etc. The 
 lacquer-work comes chiefly from Fno-Choo and Canton, 
 and ineludo.s chairs, sofas, dre.ssing- tables, scroen.s, clie.ss- 
 tables, what-nots, card-tiddes, manduriii-ehaii’S, ete. In table 
 furniture there are (piiU.' a number of articles of siher, 
 including nupkin-ring.s, cnp.s, a silver eu]> with a dragon 
 handle, another ornamented with grapes in relief, and still 
 another with fi.sh, silver claret-jug, salt-cellars, teapots, .and 
 an entire silver set, including ti'aput, coffee-jmt, milk-jug, 
 and sugar-bowl, in a bamboo pattern, from Canton. Carved 
 ]iieture-frames are exhibited, Vidiicd at from 75 cents to $t. 
 fiome of these are of sandid-wtiod. There are also rattan 
 cradles, and I'hild’s chairs on wheels ; likewise large sedan- 
 chairs (jf bamboo — chair curried on poles by two men. 
 
 Tile interest always felt by the CInnese in toys, fans, 
 painted .screen.s —and, in fact, everything artistic which can 
 sen e to amuse — is iu no particular made more evident than 
 
 in thepn-s-sion expencnccd by every Celestial for “Lintenis.” 
 The display of artiticial light through an ornamented and 
 ])ietorial luedimn seems to be a jiart of the very existence of 
 tho Chinese. Lanterns form a portion of the belongings of 
 even' family, and appear at ex'crj' fe.stivul, while the “Feast | 
 of Lanterns” is one of the most characteristic, gorgeous, 
 and impressive institutions of tho country, and probably 
 attracts the largest crowd of any dcmoiistration, whenever 
 it occurs. 
 
 A number of 'lanhTiis oi’C shown, udiieh are, in fact, chan- 
 deliers made to liold lamps or candles, the light showing 
 through .sides of ]>ainted glass, rich in color. Some of ' 
 these! have silk siiles, some are iniule of bone, and others of 
 silk, richly embroidered. The lantems all come from 
 ('mihm, {Some I'urimis antique, bronzes in the rear part of 
 the .soctiiiii are notieeabh'. one of these avtieles being eerti- j 
 lied to be eighteen hundred years old. The bronzes include | 
 \‘asos, bells, bowls, teapots, iiriis, and iuiiiktous nrtieles in . 
 shape of animals. There are also bronze inceuse-dishe.s. ^ 
 antiiiue bronze birds, censers and a pair of bronze idols 
 from Pekin. In tho manufacture of silk, China had for | 
 ages the mon<>j)oly i>f the world, and in some parts her .silk 
 mauufaetories are oven yet unrivaled. The display of this ' 
 article is a fair one, although not as complete as could have 
 been expected. The gi'ades of tho goods e.xhihiU'd are 
 not familiar, and will rejiay inspeethm. The fignrc.s are 
 large, beautifully worked, and the fabric 1ms a .solidity 
 and iii'umess of appearance seldom seen in the jinslucts 
 of other lands. There ar<’ 
 also rich pliiiii .silks, us well 
 a.s light semi -rugs, and a 
 nmiibor of s])eeiine3is of the i 
 famcais Clanton crapes. 
 
 The .silk show is among the ^ 
 best of the Chinese section. 
 {Some of tlie silk is vuliu'd 
 at SIG a yard in CUiina. The [ 
 manufacture of silkinCliiua ■ 
 dates from a viaw remote an- 
 tiq\iity. Pupuliir tradition , 
 assigns its invention to the ' 
 wife of the Emperor Hwang- | 
 Ti, «. c. 20(12, while notices of ! 
 the eidture of the nuilbcrry- 
 tree and the rearing t’f silk- 
 wonus are found in Chinese 
 books as far back as n. c, ITSil. 
 
 It has also been mi industry 
 enjoying the peculiar care of 
 till’ Government, and in one 
 province, where the mnl- 
 beiTy-tree.s were nearly all 
 destroyed during the oc- 
 cupancy of the Taei'ing 
 rebels, uuilbony-i'lants were 
 
 during five successive ycai-s imported by the local govern- 
 ment from another province, and distributed gi'atuitoiisly 
 lunong the owners of land, while silk-cultivators were 
 brought to teach the peasantry the art. which hud been 
 forgotten. The consumption of silk in China is enormous, 
 ns it is largely used as a staple for clothing by all but the 
 poore.st cLus-ses of tlie pojuilution. Among the exhibits of 
 silk are raw yellow silk, raw white silk, cocoons, brown silk, 
 ete. Then there nri’ i>laiii woven silk.s, lute-strings, saree- 
 net-s, .satins, serges, tmilard.s, and tis.sues for hat and milli- 
 nery pmq)o.se.s. The nianufaeture of silk piece gooils, in- 
 cluding .satins, ('hine.se crape's, gauzes, etc., is confined to 
 four jirovinces. In Shantung is manufactiu'ed a emdons 
 kind, known as “Shantung jtongee," wliieh, for its eheap- 
 nes.s and duz'ubility. Is nmeh ]iri/.ed as mi article of .Summer 
 elotliing by both natives nii<l foreigners, valued at $5 per 
 ]>ieee of 22 yards. Then there are figured satins, camlets, 
 broeiule silks, pongee.s, sliuwls, handkerchiefs, etc., and 
 striped gauzes, sashes of embroidered .silk, scarfs, etc. But 
 silk is not the only fabric in which China makes a satisfac- 
 tory exhibit. For one thing, it 1ms the faculty of making a 
 fabric from asbestos, a fire-proof luah'rial, by weaving the 
 fibre witli cotton or licinp. Then the grass-cloth, which is 
 a native specialty, is maiuifaeturi'd from the fibre of seveiul 
 plants, which are classed in China under the generic term 
 of mo. The priiieijml scats of the gr-ass-eloth nmmifacture 
 arc the provinces of Kwaiig-Tung, Kiuing-Si, Kiaiig-.Si. 
 That of Canton, Swatow, Kiiikiaiig. 1ms ports of shipment. 
 There are many varietii's mid qualities of the article, vary- 
 ing in prii-e from eight cents to one dollar and twenty 
 cents per yard. The coai'se kinds arc exported in small 
 quantities to Manilla and Singapore, where, as is the ea.se 
 in China proper, they are exteusivi'ly used as materials for 
 Summer clothing. A iminbcr of pieces of gi'iis-s-eloth, 
 white, blue and yellow, are exliil'ih'd, as alst) gnLs.s-cloth 
 Imiidkerehiefs. embroidered mul plain. There is also 
 j'ieco of cloth exhibiti'd from South Formosa. Matting ia 
 another important nmnufactiu'e of China. It 1ms a texturo 
 made from reeds, the imtiinil color of wliieh is greenish- 
 wiiite. Thc.se are not bleaehed, but becomr- while in use. 
 To produce the different patterns, the reeds liave to bo dyed 
 befiir ' bc'iiig woven, the colora employed being red, yellow, 
 (pveii and a very dark-blue. The ehii'f seat of the matting 
 indii.stry i.s the lU'ovincc of Kwang-Tung, niid it is sliippod 
 from Canton to tlic Viiited States mid Great Britain, tho 
 averngi' vidiie being Si jti'v roll, Specimens of the pattcrn.s 
 most ill favor lier“ are exhibited from Canton. \ number 
 of exhibit-! of eottou cloth and nankeen are made. Cotton 
 cloth gets tho name of “nankeen” from Nankin, whero 
 the nianufaeture i.s said to liave been begun, and where the 
 finer kinds are still produced. This manufacture, however, 
 i.s carried on everywhere in China. Each piece of r'loth i.s2R 
 Chinese feet long, and from one foot tliree inches to one 
 foot four inches wide, and an industrious worker can make 
 a piece iu twelve hums. The cloths arc of all colons, blue 
 
I/ISTORICAL REGIS TER OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXPO SI T/( '>X 
 
 
 being mast in fiivnr. It is nuulp in haml-looins, workml 
 liriiicipiUly bv women. One jneee i.s sultieient to nmko ii 
 bhort jacket ninl a pair nf tiowser.s, wbieli are .•siiil t.i h.. 
 (wici' ii-s tlnmbie as tliase maile of onluiavy .shiitiiij;. auil 
 
 , are from Mautclionria. Tin- elothing exhibits inehulp stock- 
 I iiigs, baml)oo uiulei'sliirt, some wuuien's ainl men's shoes, | 
 1 the women's .shoes being sniall-footeil, :uul Viilueil at Canton i 
 I at per isiir. There are also straw shoes, others of siitiu, | 
 
 caps from 31antehooria, ami tann<’»l ox-hule-s ami moccasins 
 The jewehy ami urmuneuts iuchule filigree-ware, silver 
 I'l'aeelets, necklace, cross uml ciirrings inlaid with king- 
 fislar's feathers from Too-Choo, a set of jeweh'y of gedd. 
 
 the value varies according to the weight, from 68 to 85 
 cents ])er i)iec<‘. 
 
 There are exhibited a few nigs in difterent coloi's, some 
 af which ai'c c;mier.s wool and others shceit's wool. These 
 
 and some of silk ami velvid and velveteen, cotton cloth. 
 Spjmish .stn]ied, felt and dried skin, .Silk hats are valued 
 at d7 emits each, nml felt hats at ‘ 2 ~> emits ; hambon ar.- sold 
 at five eeiits a piece. There aiv also dog-skin and fox-skin 
 
 j pearl and coral complete, in an ivory box from ('aiitoii, ,\ 
 
 ' pair of bracelets, in ivory and gold, and eanings in thc- 
 I sniiie materials. Then' arc also golil anklets, pear! buttons, 
 gold-plated uruameuts for ilre.ssiug the lailies’ h.iii', from 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 247 
 
 Pi'kin, Riild pliitfd 1)oI1h for attflcliing to the roUnr of pet 
 dogs, mid one pair of gUiirds, gold-plated, from Pekin. A 
 fine display of ftiiia iueliid<>s wime in ivory and paper, othew 
 ivory and feathera, ivory and bone, hone and silk, ivory 
 and -silver inlaeqiuT, valued at §7; pearl, valued at 5:5; silk, 
 in it silk box, from Si to Si TjU ; laecpier and embroidered, 
 in pai)i‘r boxes, S^l, and ivorj', in sandiJ-wood boxes, from 
 So 50 to S21 ; i%'ory and .silk is worth ij'lo, and one tortoise- 
 shell. carved, in u laetpier-box, costs 813. Paper fans sell at 
 25 eont-s at Svvatow, and gauze fans, the- cheaj)est. at 8 cents, 
 Piijter nmbrella.s are shown, valued at 20 cents each, and a 
 muuber of boxes of silk and velvet artifieiid flowers, ranging 
 from 82 ceut-s toSl4 per i)iece. Tlie oijinm-smoker is cared 
 for, and there aiv oihnm-pipes and pipi'-bowls and pipe- 
 bowl -stinds, smoking-trays, smoking -lamps, boxes, knives, 
 scraper.s, picks, and refuse, plati'-copper boxes lor opium, 
 bauib(jo i>ipesfr(jm North Formosii, bnus.s water-pipes and a 
 set including a waU‘r-pipe east* and stand, opium pipc-ca.se 
 and pouch for opinm-box, vahieil at Shangliai. 8-4 14. Native 
 curiosities arc a coat, cap and pipi‘ used by the North For- 
 mosa aborigines, ivory ]*n/.zles in lac<pier-bi>xes, and kite's of 
 til sorts. Quite a number of artide.s are shown which are 
 manufactures of h'ather, iiidudiug trunks, dressing-cases, 
 leather jsoeket-books, leather 
 punche.s, tob.acco-poiiehes, fun- 
 cases, etc. A man-iage headdress 
 and full suit of clothes of the 
 Formosa country women of 
 Chinesti origin is valued at 
 847 80 ; a headdre.s.s of the 
 “Pepohoan” woman of For 
 mosa, with fidl suit of clothes, 
 at §8 75; a bride’.s coronet 
 costs 84 40 at Canton, and a 
 complete set of theati'ical pro- 
 perties is worth 8lon at Amoy ; 
 a woman's satin dress costs 
 83 03 ; silk crape tlressos — the 
 material for whidi can only he 
 obtained at Soo-Chow — are also 
 exhibited. 
 
 Chinese ]>aper js made cliiefly 
 from bamboo, but also from 
 rice-straw, wbeat-.straw, i-otton, 
 hemi), the bark of the uilanthus, 
 the stalks of rt-ed. the refuse 
 of silk cocoons. The chief 
 centres of the pa])er indnstiy 
 are in the southern Yangtse 
 provinces, llioe ])upi“r is used 
 for artificial flowers, si)ecimens 
 of whieh are exhibited, a.s aro 
 also ])ietnres, delicately painted 
 on the same substinces, There 
 are, fnrthiT, speeimeiis of paper 
 made from the bark of the mid- 
 beiTV-tree, and used by the 
 wealthier classes in Mantdiooria 
 and North C'hinn, instead of 
 gliLS-s, for covering windows, and 
 also for making umbrellas. 
 
 Paper-making is one of the 
 chief industries of tlie king- 
 dom of Corea, and the artiele 
 finds it-s way into China by 
 means of three annual fairs, 
 which are held near the bmmd- 
 ai-y between the two countries. 
 
 Quite a Lirge display of the 
 difleivnl kinds of ]>aper is inadi', 
 and forms a very enriuus ex- 
 hibit, inelnding, besides packing- 
 I’uper, writiiig-papt‘r and cartls, 
 a number of .specimens of 
 enameled and colored wall-papers in imitatiiui of leather, 
 wood, etc. Tlie display of Chine.se weapon.s is not very 
 large. In fact, it inchide.s only oue Cliinese tuusket 
 from Amoy, valued at 82 50. some bows and aiTOws n.sed 
 by the aborigines of Formosa, an Amoy sword, which co.sts 
 80 per «(ozen, and an Amoy knife used by the Chinese for 
 decapitating ciiminals, vidued at 84 per dozen. The col- 
 lection of Chinese medicine.s and medicinal vegetables, 
 fruits and animals is contained in tlie miucrnl auucx, 
 alluded to elsewhere. Some of these articles have verv' 
 peculiar uses in China. For instance : cantharides is cou- 
 sideri'd’a specific in hydrojiluibia ; the fruit of cardamom i.s 
 supposed by the Chinese to iucvea.se knowledge by strength- 
 ening the stomach, with which the Chinese connect .a per- 
 son's disposition and menhil capacity ; the dried .skin of a 
 certain kind of orange is n.sed as a sedative ; dried aloe- 
 flowers are nst'd in pulmonary nfl’eetions, and are also em- 
 ployed in cooken' as n tonic or relish. The honeysiiclde is 
 given in eases of rheumatism, and the dogbane in diseases 
 of the kidneys. ^Umouds are sedatives in the Chinese 
 phamiacopu-ia, and cns.sia-buds a tunic and astringent. 
 Mehm-seeds are taken for coughs, colds and asthma, while 
 the morning - glory root is used in severe dyspepsias. 
 Pumpkins are said to possess soothing properties, and 
 arc used in euses of colics, sjiasms, etc. Quite a number 
 
 of vegetables are considercil cures for con.sumption and 
 remittent lever. The under-slicll of the laiid-tnrtlc is 
 taken as a decoction by the old and weak, and as a stiinn- 
 laiit, os is also mustard-seed. To oleandens are attributed 
 rejuvenating and highly nutritive qualities. Oue vegeta- 
 ble, witli a totaUy uiipronouneeable Chinese name, is em- 
 ployed to work off the cflects of drunkenness. Fragmeut.s 
 of fos.sil crabs, cruslu-d and powdi-red, are considereil a sjie- 
 cific in affeotioiiH of tho eye. That most useful of vegehx- 
 bles, rhubarb, is indigenous to China, and, in former 
 times. Canton wa.s the only jiort from which the ihnig 
 was exported. The Chiuese dig the roots early in the 
 Spring, before the leaves appear, cut them into long, flat 
 Iiieces, dry them fur two or tlirei' days in the shade, and 
 then string them on cords. Tumieric is used for di.scn.ses 
 of the skin ; also n.s a yellow dye in the pvepamtion of 
 tobacco, and, mixed with indigo nr Prussian-blue — a fact 
 wbicb will be interesting to Americans — it is emifloyed to 
 color green tea, a.s also to season curries. Another of the 
 Chinese vegetables is used to bring out the eniption of 
 smallpox, nml also to color candles; while still another 
 ]jlunt i.s found equally im])ortaut in the curing of boils, and 
 in etrengtheuiug the hair. From castor-oil beaus the ; 
 
 Chinese expreas an oil which is used in the manufacture of 
 candles. A verj' costly gelatine is made by boiling down 
 deer-liorns, after which it is employed as a tonic. One of 
 the most important medicines in China, taken in sjiirit.s, is 
 supposed to heal fractures of any kind. Petrified crabs 
 are used for boils, sores, etc. , suake-skiii for smallpox, and 
 caterjiilliu' i.s euqihiyed in broncliial complaint.s ; dried 
 cow’s gall is used .as an expectorant ; the ri'fusi' iif tobacco 
 mixed with .straw a.s a stimulant, and cow's glue made from 
 bnflalo-hides. a sedative. There is. in fact, no end to the 
 novel uses to ■which eveiything, mineral, animal and vege- 
 fedile, is jnit in China. Glue seems to be peculiarly med- 
 ieimd. That made from the tortoiseshell is a tonic, while 
 that which is tibtaiueJ from tiger’s bones has also tonic 
 puii>ertie.s. but is valued at the enormous price of 81,500 
 per pienl (a weight of 133J pounds). 
 
 The Chinese salt scor-jiions, and then use them for small- 
 pox. Aut-eatera’ seale.s cure rheumatism, and with the 
 )>eenli:ir facility which the (’liinesc jiofwess for reversing 
 the customary uses and aiipliances of civilized people, 
 they do not employ leeches alive, but make a decoction 
 of the artiele, dried, in water or spirit, and take it ns a 
 imrgative. or apjily it outwardly for bruises. Dried toads 
 are considered a tonic, but are not ex]>ensive, as they are 
 sold at two cents each. A tiger’s skull is taken in 
 
 typhoid fever, ague and rheumatic headache. It is also 
 taken by the person who lues been bitten by a mad dug, 
 as a preventive to bydrnphobia. The article isvalued at 
 8150. Pearls are jn'escribed in afl'ections of the heart and 
 liver ; also in deafnes.s. All thes(> difl'erent medicines are 
 exliibited, and can probably be obtained liy such a.s art- 
 anxious hi venture on these novel modes of treatment. A 
 descrijition of the Chinese articles would be totally iu- 
 cuniplete if no allusion were made to the gongs. Of 
 these there oi'e several exhibited, valued at from 50 cents 
 for a hand-gong to 84 41 for a large artiele. Two of these 
 are in bkek-wond framc.s. one culled the “little sooeliow 
 gong," \’alued at 85 cents. Besides thest*, Avliich are 
 cla-ssed ns musical instmments, there are drums, a guitar 
 having three strings, a two -.string >-iol, a seven -string 
 harmonica, a twenty -five-string lute ; and then there is a 
 dulcimer, a luouth-orgau, a set of cymbnl.s, tambonrine, 
 Ante, \dolin, rattles, and wofiden drum used by the Buddh- 
 ist priests, aud a .set of fine bra.s.s instruments, iuclndiug 
 two trimpets aud three clarionets, valued at Shunghui 
 S3 3C for the lot. The collection of coins exhibited come.s 
 from Shanghai and Foo-C'hoo, and includes 1,23G speci- 
 mens ou seventy cards ; four boxes, each containing sixty 
 gold pieces, aud the collection 
 on thirty trays including 81G 
 coins. 
 
 The collection of ivoiT caiw- 
 ings in small articles is very 
 fine, comprising chessmen, 
 eigai’-stauds, glove-boxes, jewel- 
 boxes, six ivory cocktail- 
 shakers ; a .si/t of thii-teen ivory 
 balls, one within the other; 
 an ivoiw pagoda, already de- 
 fk'ribed aud illustrated in thi.s 
 work ; ivory flou’er-boat aud 
 bluek-wnod stand, two feet long, 
 verv bandsome ; also a sandal- 
 wood jewel-case, carved ebony 
 jewel-case, ivory and tortoise- 
 shell box, ivory cabkiet, glove- 
 stretchers, photogi-aph - frames 
 and i-ard-cases. The acme in 
 carving is reached by a set of 
 twenty-one ivory balls, oue with- 
 in the other, on a black -wood 
 stand. Some curion.s pietui-e.s 
 in water-color and acpuirelhi on 
 pith])aper, m-e snbjwts illustrat- 
 ing the cultivation and maunfac- 
 ture of tea, occuiiations in the 
 life of a Chinese laily, mandarins, 
 landscapes, fiowens and fruits, 
 .silk manufacture, gambling, the 
 theatre, occupations of wealthy 
 men, funeral proce.ssion. himt- 
 ing scene, and one painting of 
 the Biuldhi.st purgatory, show- 
 ing the eighteen punishments 
 iutlicted there. A number of 
 C'liine.se relics are shown from 
 the Imperial Summer Palace of 
 Pekin, aud the collection of 
 ciu’ious articles may be closed 
 with mention of a })air of bronze 
 idols, also from Pekin. 
 
 S.^NDWK-n ISL.^XDS. 
 
 The disjiluy from Hawaii is 
 located immediately behind that 
 of Tunis ; and, for so yonug 
 aud so biuall a kingdom is most 
 credihible. The chronology of 
 Hawaii begins in 171G. In 
 1779 (Februaiy 14), Captain Cook was slain by the 
 natives. English trading with the islands commenced 
 seven years later, and though massacres occurred there- 
 after, and human sacrifices were not infrequent in religiou.s 
 ceremonies, it is a mo.st remarkable fact in the history of 
 these islaud.s, and in the history of religion anywhere, that 
 on June 2G, 1822, the existing pagan system of worship 
 W0.S nboli.shed. and 102 idols burned, by ordera of King 
 Kamehamelia II., leaving the people without any estab- 
 lished religion whatever. 
 
 Jlissionaries luul reached Hawaii two yeara before, how- 
 ever, from Boston, and now they flocked thither in numbera, 
 aud many converts were made, though the morality of 
 the natives iloos not seem to have been ever of a very ele- 
 vated standard. Coffee and sugar-planting were begun iu 
 1825. By 1844 the independence of the islands was estab- 
 lished, and suice then the little kingdom has had quite u 
 rionrishing existence, with a considerable foreign trade. 
 The pivRcnt monarch is King Kalukaiia. who \-isited the 
 United States in the Winter of 1874-5. Tlie total population 
 of the Hawaiian Islands, from a census taken December 27, 
 1872. appears to be 56.897. of whom 889 were Americans, 
 849 born in Hawaii of for-eign parents, GIO British, 395 
 Portugne-se. 224 Germans, 88 French, 364 other foreigners, 
 aud 49,044 natives. The chief city aud capital of the 
 
SUNKEN U.UIDENS ON FOUNTAIN AVENUE. LOOKING I'lUlM HORTICULTUHAL HAL!.. 
 
 inSTOR/CAL REGISTER OE THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 kingilnni is Hounlnlu, M’itli iiliont l.'>.nOO population. Tho 
 cuffeo expoi-taticm of Hawaii is vi-vy variahlc. hav-iuo 
 reacht'il 410,111 poniuls in 187D, while in 1S72 it fell to 
 SO. 276 i)omi(ls. mul in l.'<74 was only 7o,4SMi ])i)mnls. The 
 total amonnt of exportation of ilomestic proiluet-s ivacheil 
 ??l,C22.45o ill 1874, ami avm’Of'es uhont that figure iluring 
 the pix-st ten years. It is a ciirinus fact that the ipiaiitity of 
 spirits (‘onsiiuieJ in the Idngiloiii, which aiiimiiitcd to 7.862 
 gallons in 1863, had increased to 21,212 gallons in 1873, 
 though there was a shght falling oft' in the following year. 
 The exports of Hawaii comprise siig.'U', molas.ses, rice, 
 coffee, hides, wool, calf, sheep and goat skiii.s, and tallow. 
 
 The Hawaiian exhibits in the Main Building comprise 
 most of the special and more curious jmidnets of the king- 
 dom. Tliere i-s, for yi^tance. quite a show of native 
 feathers, these being displayed more particularly in the 
 case devoU'd to the exhibit fnrnishiHl \>y Queen Emma, 
 mdow of the late King Kumchameha V. Here are wreaths 
 and festoons made by means of attaching these feathers 
 in their natural cohn-s to strings, and tlius forming them 
 into any desired shape. Here, there is also to be sca-n a 
 HUiiill kapa, made from these feathers, in yellow-and-blaek, 
 and which is very highly valued. Imleed a single wreath 
 of this chaKtch'i' costs 8600. 
 
 It had been rumored that the .state robe of the Hawaiian 
 Majesty was among the contributions in this department, 
 and much curiosity has been aroused to sw* 
 this remarkable garment. Th»‘ fact is, how- 
 ever, that the cloak or robe, which is also 
 made ijf feathers, ami is usc-d only at coro- 
 nations, or on other important shite oc- 
 casions, could not po.ssibly bo allowed to 
 go out of the kingdom. The value of this 
 uniipie garment is .said to be several hun- 
 dred thousand dollai-s, and the time and 
 labor employed in its construction 
 something quite enormous. Hume viry at- 
 tnictive exhibits lU'c made in manufoctnres 
 of native Hawaiian wood.s. One large round 
 table contains 36 varieties of wood, cover- 
 ing all those known to exi.st in the island, 
 is beautifully inlaid in .symmetrical figniv.s, 
 and is priced 82.jl). Another tible, coiitiiin- 
 iug only two dift'ereut kinds of wood, but 
 these very rare, is valued at SlnO. Thesi' 
 woods are not the product of forest-trees 
 but of small shrubs, an 1 these only exist in 
 very limited ipiantities, having been killed 
 
 by blight or the ravagc.s of some native destroyer. Other 
 article.s of wood constniction are howls of very jm-tty 
 shajie, some ha\"ing covers, othei's without, and varying 
 in si/e hetweni a capai'ity of about a qiiari juul that of 
 Sfvend gallons. These sell at Honolulu at ju-ice.s varying 
 between 83 and 826, the natives buying them very i-agerly 
 whenever oft'ered at the imblic auctions, which take place 
 there periodii-ally. Still furiher contributions of wood 
 manufacture are a number of cans, soim? of which arc 
 I made of cocoanut, and othem of the same woods already 
 described. Homo very pretty artieles are luaiiufaetured of 
 a i)eculiarly fine white stniw, resembling rice-stniw, and of 
 delicate and ornamental texture. 
 
 J.IPAN. 
 
 The empire of Japan i.s governed by a supreme legisla- 
 tive and executive body, comprising the “ Supreme Cham- 
 ber.'’ or '• Ureat Council of State,” over which His Majesty 
 the EmiMTor presides in jierson, and which also includes 
 the Prime iUiuister of State, the two gi-eat officers, and a 
 number of cunucilui-s of state, with clerks, attendants, 
 etc. Then there i.s the Deliberative As-sembly, which has 
 the privilege of investigating the action of the executive 
 branch of the (.loveruuient, and of reporting upon such 
 action when found contrary to the laws and rules estab- 
 lished, but which has no power to deliberate on the pro- 
 
 motion or dismiss.al of officers. The oflleials and members 
 of this As.st'mbly are selected from among the members 
 of the Imperial family and officers ranking above the fourth 
 giiide. Tliiui there is a department for foreign aft'airs, which 
 inelndes the diplomatii' and consular services, a home 
 <h>l)artment. war dci)artment. naval department, judicial 
 department, anil court of appe;d- the court which unites 
 the powiT of the French Court of Cassation with that of 
 the American Sui)reme Court. The dependent i>rincipal- 
 ities of the Government are administered by a ruler, secre- 
 taries, and a Deliberative As.sembly. 
 
 The population of the empire umomits to 33,.300.675 
 souls, according to the ccn.sus of 1874. This nnmher is 
 almost equally divided between males and female.s, the pre- 
 dominance of the former over the latter being only about 
 500.000. The whole couutiw' is divided into nine kirgo 
 districts, which are .subdivided iut<j 85 provinces, in which 
 three cities — two of which are capitals — and 50 chief towns 
 have been designated. Tukio (Yeddo) is the capibd of 
 Japan and the seat of government of the empire. Its popu- 
 lation is 5‘.t5.;itl5 inhabitants. A railroad comnmiiieates with 
 Yokohama, and a tilegiiiph extends to marly all 2 >arts of the 
 emiiire, and thiuice to Eurojic and America. Kiyoto, the 
 western eaiutul, has a jiojmlatioii of 238,663. There are at 
 jirescnt six i)ort.s oi)en to foreign commerce : Y’ukuhama, 
 O.saku. Hiogo, Nagiusaki, Nigabi and Hukodudi. 
 
 The known history of Japan commences 
 with the first year of the Jai)anese era, G61) 
 13. c., since when the Imi)eriul line has cou- 
 tinneJ nuhrokeu. The American treaty 
 u-ith Japan, which preceded all the treatie.s 
 made between that comitiy and the Enro- 
 jjean nations, wa.s efl'ected in 1858, liy means 
 of the exjjcditioii under Commodore Perry. 
 In the reign of the 121st euqieror, who is 
 now reigning, the controlling power of the 
 government and the adiuiiiistraticm of 
 affairs was assumed hy him. Old customs, 
 Mhieh had lasted fur 7ttU yeam, were ca.st 
 one day. The feudal 
 system was aholished, and the moiiarehicul 
 form of government instituted. Many 
 Euroi)can and American arts and sciences 
 have since been introduced, the youth of 
 Jai>au have been sent abroad to America 
 and to Eurojrcau countries to be educated ; 
 and it is stated that the lU-cseiit sovereign 
 and his iieuple arc united as one family 
 
H/STOR/CAL REGISTER OF 
 
 THE CF.NTENETAT EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 249 
 
 Tlio ovHdrs nf clotliinp: nre nr.t mi- 
 nimms, Imt mulcr Hint licad come some 
 cmioiis hat.i mail.; of tlio vixl'irht. There 
 is a large variety of fans, folding and non- 
 i'uldiug, wulking-eaiies, pin-ensliions, tiible- 
 dntlis and slunvl.s. eiuhroideivd silk earpet- 
 ing aiiil iniuimenible fs-reeiis. 
 
 (^)iiite a number of articles in oiTstal are 
 expose d, iiielnding iici-klaoes, earrings, 
 buttons, oriuunental images, etc., and a 
 inagnitieeiit splicricul cry.sbd about five 
 inebc'S in dianieter. Th.' ahitioiiery avtiides 
 include ivriting- brushes, specimens of 
 ]>aper, some of these being of plantain 
 libre and stiwv, thick eoloiv.l and orna- 
 mented ])aper for writing, and wall-pajiers, 
 some of which are made in imitation of 
 leather. 
 
 The military articles inchnlo a coat of 
 mail, swofd.s, speai's, lialberd.s. bows and 
 arrows. Xuider this ela.ss come also surgical 
 instruments, dental instnum-uts, and ve- 
 liieles for the tl’aiisiioi'tatiuii of wounded 
 soldiei-s. 
 
 A good display is mad.' in bamboo work 
 and straw, inehuliiig trays, vases, baskets, 
 bouk-casi'.s and cabinets ; also in rattan 
 Moi'k and CiU'dlx.nrd. 
 
 The bronzes im-lnde the large bronz,.' 
 fountain already mentioned- wliieh is ex- 
 hibited by tlie rir-st .Tapanesc Jlanufactnr- 
 ing (.Company of Tcjkio— bronze shitiiettes, 
 vases, ceiisera, eaiulle.sticks, basins, keltles, 
 teapots. Clips, etc. 
 
 Til carved wood and ivfU'v tlii-rc arc a 
 number of very ]>leaaing objeets, including 
 !i miniature palace made of .saudal-wood, 
 carved and colored statuetU’S— some dros.scd 
 in silk — ivory boats, a carve.l wooden 
 bedstead, a set of bedroom furniture, and 
 small ivory images carved at Tokio. The 
 inlai.l work comprises articles similar to tliosi' already 
 named ; and the silver ware ini.-hides enameled silvi-r 
 goblets, silver cake-box, silver vase, a kind of censer, and 
 various decorative objects of this niah'rial. An enameled 
 basin and some iioreelaiii .statuettes are also objects wortliy 
 of notice, 
 
 The silks exhibited are in rolls of 12 yards each. Two 
 specimens are valued at t?37 per yard. 
 
 Some of the cabinet-ware is veiy high-iiricinl. Two 
 small jiieces arc valued at 83,01)0 ; another, witli curved 
 drawers, 81.850, and a cabinet in this style of work is 
 marke.l 85,1)00. A carved bedstead, with a beautiful silk 
 covering and pillow-.shains, i.s jirieed 81,000. 
 
 One specimen of l)roiize is valued at .82,500. Tho 
 brouzp-ware is in the highe.st degree arti.stic and beauti- 
 ful, while being at tie' same time quaint and originul in 
 design. The lironze vases are of the most elaborate and 
 intricate work, aboniiiling in grotesque shapes of birds, 
 bea.sts and human figures, mingled, and strikingly faithful 
 reproihictionH of natural objects, familiar to every one. 
 
 It is claimed that to make a copy of one of the smallest 
 of the (jl)jects in this collection would be beyond the skill 
 of the best I’reiK'h artisans. Tho bronze-wure is of two 
 kinds, th' fhi’iqier being cirst. while the other is worked 
 out by liand. with cutting and polishing instruments, with 
 marvelous patience and skill. It is estimated that the work 
 on one of the vases is equivalent to 2,25(1 days' steady 
 labor of one man. 5Vheiithc faet is appreciated, the price 
 a-sked, 82,0ni(. doe.s not seem extravagant. The ground 
 color of the line vases is a dark slate, 
 
 The grotcsipie in art, which seems to be a part of the 
 very nature of the Jaiianese, is displayed in the mo.st 
 
 in the iiromntion of progi-ess and reform. 
 
 The revenue of the empire, according to 
 the last official report, was 881,552.2'.)4. 
 
 The exports in 1 h 75 ainounk'd to abemt 
 820.0(10,0(11). mid tlic imi>orts to about 
 83.000, (X)(). The .Tapanesc .army eoufiits 
 of the Imperial liody-gi'ard of 3,1)04 men, 
 and of 37.H12 7neu iu gamson. Tlie iia\y 
 conqiri'O.s 20 vessels, manned l)y .3,757 nn n 
 
 The iiri‘.-,ent reigning sovereign is Tenno 
 Mutsu llito. born No\omber 151,1852. He 
 was married on February Ot'.i, lI’G), to 
 Harnko, daughter of a noble of tlie lirat 
 rank, born May 20tli, ls.50. Tln-y have 
 issue, one daughter, Shighc-ko, burn .Janu- 
 ary 25tli. 1875. Tho jiarents of the Em- 
 peror .are both living, ami there are t 'ii 
 prinees and four iiriucesse.s of the Tmin-rial 
 family iu cxlskaice. 
 
 Up to 1873 the empire of .Tapan had not 
 jmrtieipati'd to any gi’eat e.icteiit in tlie 
 various European International Exliibi- 
 tioiis. She', however, was worthily ivpiv- 
 selited at the Vienna Exhibition. As early 
 as .Tiino, 1873, the (lovernment avas ofli- 
 eially jiiforiiied by the Government of the 
 United States coiieerniiig tho Centennial 
 Exliibition ; ami in Xovember, 1874. our 
 Government was oflicially notified that 
 .Tupaii would jiartieipate. The direetioii of 
 till) Imperial exliibition was- intrusted 
 chietly to those who had attained expe- 
 rience atVienna. The oflice was organized 
 in .Taiiuary, 1875, at Tokio. It was de- 
 cided to coiistituti* the Impc'rial ('oiumi.s- 
 sion ns a department of that division of 
 the Miiii.stry of the Interior, and ITis 
 Exeelleiiey Okubowas ajipointed President 
 of the Commission, ami General Sagiu 
 Viec-Presideiit. 
 
 Tlie value of the gooils sent to Philadel- 
 ])hia from .Japan is estiinab'd at 821111.(101). Tlic Government 
 has exiiL'iided about 831), UUU iu foriniug a Gnvernment 
 collection, ami about 87().()00 iu making advances to vari- 
 ous nuuml’acturers to assist them in making a ereditalile 
 display. Iu addition to this, a sum of 8300,U1)() was ap- 
 propriated for ganerul expenses, which include oven the 
 traveling expenses of idl snch exhibitoi-s as might wish to 
 iiecompany their goods. Thus liberally endowed, the 
 .Tapanesc oxliibitinu, so far as mamifactnres are concerned, 
 was jilaced in the space allotted to the empire in the 
 Main Enilding. lying near the western end, and extending 
 smith from the nave to the wall, having China on one side 
 and Sweden on the other. 
 
 In the gi'oup of articles, we liavc at tho ontmneo, in tho 
 centre, a bronze fountain. To the right tif this is tin' exhi- 
 bition of bronze-ware and cloisoiim; enamel; on Ih; loft 
 Arita pmvelain. Following on tho right are eloisonue 
 miamol ware, he;vvy furniture, lacquered furniture, straw 
 auil b.unboo ware, lacquered utensils ami eahinet work ; 
 behind which is placed the ancient copper and bronze ware; 
 next, screens ; then embroidered laces, .silk fabrics and em- 
 broideries ; bebiml this again, pictures, scientific and ]ihi- 
 loiophieal instruments, writing materials, books, reporl.s, 
 cti'. ; charts and maps ; ami at the wall, drugs and .school- 
 I'uom furniture. 
 
 (.)n the left, beginning at the nave, are fii-st the .speci- 
 mens of Tokio porcelain and Satsuma faience. Behind 
 this is the Satsnmu ware, then the Kntuni porcelain ; after 
 this, inlaid work in woiul, b.ambno ware ; behiml all thi.s, a 
 row of screens; then small objects of dres,s and adormneuts, 
 toys ami f.iucy articles, dried leathers, screens again, and 
 at the wall, miuoral ores, building-.stoues and mining jiro- 
 dnets. 
 
 In the centre, commencing at the nave and behind the 
 fountain, are the gold and silver-ware, historical collection 
 of pottery and porcelain, bronze.s, jiktstic art, cavtheiiu’are. 
 
 lacquered ware and small artiele.s, weapons and coins. In 
 tlie centre of the section is a large collection of lacquered 
 ware ; behind this, .small ware and fancy article.s. straw 
 matting, lantem-s, cotton rugs and other cotton goods. 
 
 The collection of minerals inclmles gold and sih'er. iron, 
 copper, and, in fact, all the metals — mang.ine.se, alum, mal- 
 achite, suliihur, etc. There arc also exhibiteil coal, mineral 
 oils, building -stones, lime.stone and samples of mortar, 
 Tli.‘ minerals used iu the manufacture of pottery and por- 
 celain. iucludiug clay, kaolin and silex, are also exhibited, 
 as are some sjieeiinens of mineral-waters, from the chemical 
 laboratory of the city of Kiyoto. Quite a number of chem- 
 icals, vegetable oils, soaps, Japanese inks ami indigo, form 
 a further display, 
 
 Till' exhibition in cer.imics includes fiowcr-vase.s, tea-jars, 
 tea-seis. cofl’ee-setH, lioiibonnieves, censers, bottles, flowi-r- 
 jiots, jilates, brasiers. laiiqis, ornamental jiieees, water-jugs, 
 etc. The clnisuiine enamel disjday includes the mo.st 
 of thc.se artielcs. Of the va.ses one is 1(1 feet iu height. 
 These come from Tokio, Kiyoto ami Arita. The aiieient 
 pottery and porcelain from Tokio includes pitclicra, ladles, 
 bottles, brusiera. and other objet't.s. 
 
 The furniture is mosLiy lacquered-ware, and comprises 
 utensils of all sorts, trays, Imidi-boxes, ehop-.sticks, glovo- 
 boxo.s, jcwel-ca.se.s, tea ami coffee cups, incense-boxes, 
 bureaus, toilet -tables, book -cases, baekgammon- boards, 
 swtird-racks. i)Octry-boxes, screens, and even deeank'rs, 
 water-jugs, sinhllcs and stirrups. Then there is laefpiered 
 furniture omameuted with im-rusted mother-of-pearl shell, 
 decorative objects, pictures on silks, painted screens, orna- 
 nieiital objects of rock crystal. There are walking-sticks 
 oniamcntcd with gold, laciiuered chandeliers, and other 
 articles too numerous ki mention. In table iuruitiirc there 
 are iron utensils imitated from aneient bronze ware, kettles, 
 alcohol lamps. There arc .silver tea-sets, flower vases and 
 jars; lacquered ami decorated; a silver tea-kettle; and iu 
 miscclhinoous articles, lan- 
 terns, bath-tubs, and even 
 blinds. The vegetable fabrics 
 contributed include mats of 
 different sorts, eanvas, cotton 
 cloths, fancy ami white cotton 
 nigs and ramie cloth, as well 
 as plantain fibre cloth and 
 hemp cloth. The display of 
 silks is hirge and very fine. 
 Commencing with raw silk, 
 there are fabrics made of gold 
 and silver threads ; fine dress 
 silks, white, corrugated and 
 d y e d, fancy dress sillvs in 
 different color.s, also siDc 
 carpeting. 
 
 Then there are crapes dyed 
 and figured, velvets, gauze; 
 and, in manufactured articles, 
 handkerchiefs and tobacco 
 pouches. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 mnrvelous conceptions imaginable, not only in the strange 
 dragons and other iinkuown creatures delineated, but in 
 caricatures of doiuestic life which are exceedingly comical. 
 On one of the largest pieces there is a platforiu jn.st above 
 the base, surroundi'd by a proces-sion of wumcii, each car- 
 ryiug ii gold or sih’er rose about twice as largo ius her head. 
 Abo\'e. ou the right, are a mimbcr of scenes, with male 
 characters ; and above this on panels, in rchef. are repre- 
 sentations showing officials and high dignitaries. The 
 handles are formed of dragons. In the e.xse of one large 
 vase, the handles ai’c ni.ide by flocks of birds, which appear 
 to be swooping down to alight on the nai-ss of rocks at the 
 base, regavdlcs.s of a dragon ju.st making his appearance. 
 
 The art of making these bronzes date.s back two or three 
 centuries ; and the inuuufacture is carried on in no fewer 
 than sixteen 2)laces 
 
 upright human figures support the hed of the vase, 
 displaying evidences of the iullueuce of European art. 
 A striking exhibit in this department is a tall candelabra 
 made of a sort of hronzi-. repre.sciitiug .storks holiling aloft 
 broken branches in tlmir hills. Tiie workmausliii) displayed 
 in the long, feathered jiltnues of the birds is very delicate. 
 A common form is an ided mounteil on some nndomesti- 
 eated animal, as a sfcig. These artiele.s, as well as certain 
 huge censei-s. bronze articles, etc., are of a lighter color 
 than the modern bronzes, and are generally three or four 
 hundred ye;u'.s <ild. One of these, a sort of jiagoda mouut al 
 on the back of an animal something between a hij)poi)o- 
 tamns and elephant, has been imi-chsised by rresiilent 
 Hawley, of the Ceutenniid Commission. 
 
 The mode of costing bronzes is as follows : The models 
 
 in the emi>ire. The 
 prices of the arti- 
 cles in the finer class 
 of work run from 
 S 200 for a iiuir of 
 Binall vases about 
 18 inches high 1 o 
 S? 2,500 for a single 
 lai'ge jneee. 
 
 Quite a number 
 of urns and vases 
 are from three to 
 five feet in lieight. 
 (.)ne urn. which is 
 l)artieuliu'ly notice- 
 able, has a base in 
 the Bhni>e of a 
 twisted root, among 
 the gnarled iirojec- 
 tiuns of whieh are 
 crowded ili-agons, 
 .seii)cuts uu<l tor- 
 toi.ses. while on the 
 toj) j>erehes an eagle. 
 It is observed that 
 the modern bronze.s 
 of the Jui)auese ex- 
 liibit very jilaiuly 
 the efi'ect of the 
 active communica- 
 tion with the outside 
 world, whieh has 
 o'btained for the 
 l)ast ten years; 
 since, although the 
 onmment.s resemble 
 those of the antique, 
 there is more strict 
 attention paid to 
 the lines of true 
 urtistie design, and 
 what is lost in the 
 grotesque is gained 
 in the lesthetic. 
 
 The Itu'ge Iji'ouze 
 ba.siu of the fonn- 
 taiu at the entrance 
 tif the Jai)anese 
 seotiijii jiresc-uts a 
 luagiiifiec-iit s c e i- 
 ineii of silver iiday- 
 iug, idl ill hand - 
 work. I'erlia])S the 
 most remarkable of 
 all the bronzes isoiij 
 which .stands in the 
 eastern case on the 
 first jilatforiu from 
 the fountain, and 
 which has been ]>ur- 
 chased at the jiriee 
 of Sd.ROO. The de- 
 sign of this is intri- 
 cate. A gi’otto of 
 2terforated rock rests 
 in a sea whieh is 
 ai'ound its base, the 
 dro2's of s2>ray of 
 
 The entire dis2>lay is &\id to be much finer than that 
 made at ieniia. Indeed, one of the large.st and costliest 
 2)ieces here was intended for the Vienna Exhibition, but 
 could n<it b.' finished in time, having occit2)ied two men 
 several years in the 2)i'oduetion. Theiv .Ta2nui was laqire- 
 senti'd by a f.-w bronzes, and tho.se of older date. The 
 wonderful 2>it'ce.s now on exhibition have been mostly 2U-o- 
 diieed for the oeoa.siou. 
 
 The dis2)lay of 2>ovcelain is only less beautiful and 
 wonderful than that of bronze. This art was brought to 
 high perfcetinii in ,Ta2]an long before it was known in 
 Euro2>e. 'Dll' entire exliibit of both 2>oreelaiu and 2‘ottery 
 made by ail the other eonntries in the world does not 
 furnish so gu'cat a variety iu styles and forms of <irnameuta- 
 tion as is di.sifiayed l)v Ja2iau alone. The finer of these 
 works come from the 
 m ami factory at 
 Arihi. The yatsuma 
 ware i.s large and 
 co.stly. A 2 >'iii' of 
 vases five feet in 
 lieight are valued at 
 S 2 ,()i)U each. These 
 stand on ]UHlestals 
 ornamented , i n 
 bamboo frames, in 
 the style commonly 
 known as the Greek 
 border, but which is 
 said to have been 
 original in Ja2)iui. 
 The vases have o2)eii- 
 work recoding arms, 
 iu the sha2>e of 
 bundle -wood bam- 
 boo sticks, beside a 
 higlily'2>lt‘ti'^iiig 
 commingling ot 
 grains and routs with 
 gilt or white gi'ouiid. 
 Two vases of thi.s 
 ware have been 2>i'c- 
 siaited to the Pmm- 
 sylviuii.i M u.sen m 
 and School of In- 
 dustrial , 4 rt.s. They 
 r.rc nearly two feet 
 high, formed like 
 jars, with covera ou 
 
 whieh are not bronze, but silver, and in and through 
 whieh fish are swimming, crabs crawling, and two enor- 
 mous lizard-like dragons writhe thcm.selvcs upward. L'2)on 
 the top of the nnias of rock rests the casket which forms 
 the bed of the vase. It is about IS to 2 D inche.s square, 
 with the most delicate raised work imaginable ou its .side.s. 
 On one of these is the ancient story of the S2iider and the 
 fly : on the O 2 >posite side a cat with golden eyes pursues a 
 mouse. It is to this vase that are attached for handles the 
 flocks of birds. These are joined to etudi other and are 
 life-size — as are the other creatures rejiresented. 
 
 Two other large and elaborately wrought vases rest upon 
 the heads and trunks of elejihants. A favorite connection ' 
 between the bed of the vase and its foundation is a siicces- j 
 siou of serpents twining about each other. Sometimes 1 
 
 are done iu wax, iu wiiich material everything down to the 
 smallest feather of a bii'd'a wing or the hair of a S 2 iider is 
 elaborated with scnqmlons care. .\ft awards the wax 
 model is over Avith a coating of fine sand held 
 
 together by a fire 2 >ronf iiiucilage. This is done in succced- 
 iug coats, so as to fill the most minute S 2 )acc. Sometimes 
 half a ycoi' is consumed in the work of 2 iainting the model 
 three or four inches thick around the Avax. Vhcii the 
 model is thick enough aud strong euuugli, the wax inside 
 is melted away, the bronze is 2»>urcd iu, aud the Avliule vase 
 or .statue is AiTcmgbt in a single casting. Tiu* model is .sub- 
 sequently removed Avith the greatest 2 »’*ssiblD care. 
 
 The bronze incense-bnnicr Arith bird handles has been 
 2 >iirchasjfd by Profcs.sor Archer, of the British Coauuission, 
 for the youth Xcusingtou !Mu.seum. 
 
 appear 
 tigi'csse.s Avith their 
 young. L' 2 ’t'u one of 
 them II young occlnt 
 is dis2ilaycd. 
 
 Then thei'(‘ arc 
 va-ses Avith broad 
 s<-a-likG masses of 
 gold on thi-ir sides, 
 ill AA’liich sccui to 
 sAviiji huge turtles. 
 Pcrlnq's the ino.st 
 costly of these 
 objects for their sizo 
 whicli arc to be seen 
 arc in the form of 
 .shells of eitamcl- 
 AA-ork leas than a 
 foot in lieight. The 
 2iricc! of these is 
 ydOD each. 
 
 -Vnother gi-cnt 
 S2ieciality of Jiqiaii- 
 esu luamifacture is 
 the lacijnci'ed-wm-e, 
 of Avliich AA-e have 
 seen sinidis2>i'<-iincns 
 in the sho2>H of our 
 large citie.s; but 
 these give little idea 
 of the 2*os.sibilitic.s 
 of this clafw of Work. 
 Prom little cake 
 trays Avhich cost 50 
 cents to ciibineta 
 
 marked 81.0UO and Si. 500, there are an extraordiimiw 
 variety of article.s. It is stated that the art of lacquering 
 has declined iu the com-se of the last three ccnturie.s, and 
 that the old mastequeces cannot now be diqilicated. Here, 
 for instance, is a cabinet 850 yeai-s old, heiiAily uniamented 
 with cngi-aved sih-er 2 >late.s; 85.UIXI is the 2 'rice of it. 
 Eight cases contuhiing lacquered - ware include 2 "'i'ha 2 ).s 
 all the knoAvu A'arieties of ornamentation, yoinc of these 
 date back as far as .six centuries ago. 
 
 The designs of tlie older 2 'ieces arc lcs.s grotesque than 
 those of one nr two hundred years old ; Avhile they all have 
 tlie delicacy of finish which AA'as given this material its to - 
 2 iutation. In one case there is a wiiting-table over OOfl years 
 oil! — b.dievcd to be o\-er TDD. It is about a foot and a hiJf 
 in height by two feet, yalvers 300 years old, lacquered 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 251 
 
 piofos lino Vi'iirs olJ, work -boxes. -wTiting iustriunents, are all 
 to bo fiiniul ill this eolleetioii. Mueli of the ware is inluiil 
 witli silver atnl mothcr-of-iiciu'l, ami it iiichule.s all the arti- 
 I'h's of utility or ornament for which it coulil jmsaibly bo 
 mnplnyeil. As in bronze, the ilisplay of liuainered-work is 
 finer than that imule in Vienna. The very perfection of 
 llie spirit of ornameiitition ami beautiful comtiinn- 
 tkni of (lelicato colors aiv to be ob.served in the.se articles. 
 
 TIME-OLODE, EXHIBITEU IX MACUIXEKV U.\LL. 
 
 Gildeil earvinps onrieh them, ami sparks of the most vivid 
 color iliush from them. Overspreadiii'' all is the glos.sy. 
 tran.sparent varnish or eiumu'l. which hius never been .’sne- 
 ce.ssfnlly imitated by any otlicr jieople. Hcivai'e cups and 
 s.meerspf wood as light as cork and iirotected by varnish 
 to a degree that tliey will witb.staml the hotte.st water. It ' 
 has been remarked, and it is only fair to mention the fact. , 
 that in all the de.signs oxhilhted in .Japanese artwork, there \ 
 iil>penrs no previdence of the taste f<.ir the mule which ob- 
 t lins in Western, and a.s is assumed, more ci\ilized nations. 
 Wlietlier this be a general fact in the history of all i 
 Japanese tu't is not stated. If it be, it is certainly cjrod- i 
 
 itublo both Ua the morals and honor of this remarkable 
 people, and espoeially when we take into consideration the 
 immctliatc contiguity of China, where the reverse is the 
 cn.se. 
 
 K curious and interesting exhibit is made of scver.al ex- 
 quisite little- ivory cabinets, as also of vases made of .-icetions 
 of clc-phaiits’ tusks, ornamented with lacipiered - work. 
 There is ono exhibit of furniture in Kuropeiui frame.s 
 which shows the capacity of the .Tapime.se to excel the 
 artisans of WoRtcrii nations in their own bu.siuess. The 
 ' upholstered chairs are admirable ; and there is a wardrobe 
 I in curved walnut which surpasa-a anything of the kind in 
 ' the Italian court. The .Tajiniicsn sereeiis are among the 
 \ most wonderful articles in their exhibition. In tliese the 
 most a.stoiiishiiig cffcct.s are jirodiuvl by combining cm- , 
 . broidery with painting, the faces of the photograph-s being I 
 jiainted on a silk backgi'omul, and the costuincs, etc., 
 
 I brought out into relief. The prices are between SlOO and 
 
 I ?t()0. 
 
 I Till- b.’st decorative art in Jaium appears to be devoted 
 to the .screens. In painting on silk the most urti.stic efleets 
 j are produced in scenes from history and in '/enre sketches. 
 Some of tlie smaller screens 
 are de.signcd apparently to 
 be hung a.s pictures on the 
 walls, ami are beautifully 
 <iuaint. t)no represents a 
 long lino of green grass- 
 hoppers marching in siiigle- 
 lile, each cari'j'ing a flower. 
 
 .1 black beetle leiuls the van, 
 and a company of frogs sit 
 by the road side and watch 
 the strange proccs-sioii as it 
 passes. The screens are all 
 made on one general i>lan, 
 usmilly in three divisions 
 connected by hinges of 
 metid, and of nuiform size. 
 
 Tin- frames are of bamboo 
 and the coverings of silk, 
 cotton or jiajier. 
 
 In cnilm.idery, the .Ta- 
 ]>aiu-se o<pial the world ; and 
 the work on the screens vill 
 be brnnd to eipia! that dis- 
 played in the Woman’s 
 Pavilitin. The delineation 
 
 Even the humbler kinds of screens are most interesting 
 objects, being suggestive of Japanese manners and customs. 
 Tlicsc are covered with gilt paper of peculiar texture, the. 
 ornamentation consi, sting of patches of various material 
 fastened thereon. The chief decoratir)iis ai-e made in a 
 I'rimitivo manner. The work is miifiprmly on a gi'onnd 
 of silk, the designs being either painted, embroidered or 
 (piilted, Tlie subjects of these deline.ate Japaue.se life are 
 of all grades, from the recreation of the nobility to the 
 toil of the lowest order of people, giving us clear ideas 
 of the people, customs, industries, scenery and natural 
 characteristics of Japan. 
 
 One process of ornamentation consists of the building 
 up of lignres by patient tailor work, layer after layer, of 
 silken, woolen or other materials, these being sewed or 
 glued upon each other. 
 
 In relation to the capacity of the lacquered-ware to resi.st 
 wear and tear, it is stitc-d that the French mail steamer 
 Xih', on which were slnpjic.-d back to .Japan the articles 
 shown at the Vienna Exhibition, wa.s wrecked on the 
 Japime.se coast before she reacbed her harbor. This ves.se! 
 actually sunk ; yet, a yeai' afterwaid, the articles were 
 
 of small bL'Js is exquisit-'. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 rpcovorcil, wliou tlio liioqne'i'CiI- 
 woi'lv w:iH fouml to bo as good 
 as wlioii it went down into the 
 
 Tiic Japanese C'xliibit fewer 
 of the {laburate oaiwings of 
 ivory which are such mi at- 
 traction in the CJiinese depnrt- 
 nieuts ; I nit their inlaying of 
 ivory is excpiisite. 
 
 One of the most instnietive 
 sections of the Japanese is the 
 large ['avilion near the south- 
 ern ontiiuice, on tlie inside of 
 which is exhibited by small 
 tignres all costuino-s known in 
 Japanese life, and the wild and 
 doiiu'stie animals. Here can 
 be .seen the divs.s of all ranks, 
 from the Mikado down to tin- 
 beggar. Soldiers, merchants, 
 labiirers of all cliusses have their 
 distincti\'e co.stmncs, which no 
 others are periuittcil to wear. 
 
 The peculiar little Japanese 
 ponies, not until very recently 
 brnki‘11 to saddle, the pretty 
 I'hickens, and nuinbers of other 
 doine.stic u'niiiiiJs, most of them 
 ]i i.ssessing peculiar niark.s of 
 i-olated breeds, are also cx- 
 hil.ited. 
 
 Among the wood luul ivory 
 i-arvings i.s a temple of wood 
 vi-ry delicately cut, and filled 
 with bas-reliefs of rehgioii.s 
 sci'ues and ornaincntcd with 
 dragons. This is made of 
 .sandid-wood. Several Japaiieso 
 boats of variou.s kinds, with 
 tlie sailors cut out of ii'orv', 
 are also exhil)itod ; ;m-l three 
 miuialnre skeletons ni.ide of 
 a solid pic‘ce of ivory, with .skulls, are scattered about the 
 lioor of one eii.se, where at one eml is a huge )lo\ver-jiot 
 cut from an eleph.uit's tooth and embossed with tinted 
 figures rvjuvsentiiig hunting sccne.s. 
 
 The cases of silk embroirlery are nnmerons, and the 
 exhibits iude.sei'il.ubly rich. IJirils and animals of all 
 po.ssible varieties are here found transferred to elegant 
 fabrics, making a ino-.t gorgeous and wonderful display. A 
 large model of a Japanese I'lejisnre-bout, double-leeked, 
 oeeiipic.s a eav by it.self. Tlic floor of the little cabin i.s 
 covi-ri'il with nutting, and liicijnered-wovk in rich colors 
 makes a most gorgeous display. Near the colleetion of eos- 
 tiiined ligni'e.s is the s[niee devoted to the (lovcrnmi iit 
 exhibits of building-stones, metallic ores, coals, medicinal 
 plaut.s, giMiiis. stull'ed animals, wa.x fruits, iimljnlancc.s, 
 and a nniltitude of ojhrr objects. 
 
 The dep.iitmeiit elo.scs with tli" educational .-.leliou. 
 Here a long tabic is filled witli iihilo.sophieal msti'umeiits 
 of all deseripti<uis, 
 from the Areliinu - 
 deau screw to the 
 speetroscojie ; t h !■ 
 space.s ou each side 
 ai'e ocenjiied with 
 maps, school-book-., 
 charts and geiuin - 
 trieal ligurcs, com- 
 positiou.s ill French. 
 
 Gerniiiu and J.i- 
 paiie->e, written by 
 puihls ill the public 
 schools, anil sehool- 
 iipparatus. In addi- 
 tion to this are a 
 iminber of jiii-tuvi-s 
 representing school- 
 work of Japan, and 
 conti'asted with the 
 pictures are to be 
 seen the well-know n 
 Jiipiiucse paintings, 
 jirotieient in outline, 
 and not unnatural 
 in color, but iiiuo- 
 C'-ut of every idea 
 of iJcrspective. 
 
 Several ^'ery bi’au- 
 tiful }>hotograj>hs ou 
 porcelain are ex- 
 hibited in this sec- 
 tion by a ToVio 
 artist. Nciir by are 
 many old paintings 
 ou paper ami cloth ; 
 and finally, we havi' 
 u coUectiuii of >pper 
 
 OHitiiry they gave employ 
 ment to some 4,tl(J0 
 The most impoiTaiit coal-tields 
 ai'e in the northwe.st of the 
 Island of Kinsliiu. llich seams 
 have been found in the Islainl 
 of Takashiuia, about eight 
 miles west of Nagasaki. This 
 mine produced T.s.OOO ton.s in 
 bSTi. Petroleum is found to 
 the northwest of Tokio. wlu-r'' 
 oil was di.scovered 300 yi-ais 
 ago. A natural combustible 
 g!us issuing from the giound 
 in certain jtlaces has long 
 been brought through jiipe.s 
 of bamboo into the houses and 
 used for ilhiminatiiig purposes. 
 Oil, however, has only been 
 used by the j)eo])lc of the 
 country during the last forty- 
 six years. Since then on.3 
 wells have been sunk in one 
 district, some of these wells 
 being CDO feet deep. 
 
 Building - stones are not 
 scarce, but are seldom used 
 for house.s, and mostly for 
 foundations, gate - ways, sea- 
 walls, etc. The graveyards and 
 temples contain great nuiiibci’s 
 of stone monuments, and 
 lantcrn.s adorn the apjimache.s 
 to the temple.s. Marbles of 
 different e«'loi's are found in 
 several ])rnvinces. The smelt- 
 ing of iron is earned on in tlie 
 old method in small furnaces 
 13 t ) 15 feet high, made of 
 fii'o-elay. Improvements havt> 
 recently been introduced, and 
 a certain iiuniber of glass fur- 
 naces for smelting inagnetie 
 ore have been built. Large smelting-works are about to 
 be commenced in one iirmiucc, the cost of which is 
 estimated at 
 
 The origin of .Tapaiic.se industries and manufaetiires can 
 be traced back to China and Corea ; but these have been .so 
 much modified in every rc.spoct that the civation.s of Jajiim- 
 ese artisans have a charact'-r of their own. As the country 
 ha.s been at peace since HiOO, the industries have been de- 
 veloped extensively, jiartienlarly those conuceted with art. 
 Of late yeui-.s nut only the ( lovermnent, but jirivate persons, 
 have made great effovt.s to create large industrial i j-tablish- 
 ineiit.s. Several paper-mills and eottoii-mills, with steam 
 and water j'uwer, are to be found iii dift'eivut places ; glasss 
 furnaces have been built in Tokio, and the streets of Yoko- 
 liiima mid a great p.irt of Tokio are liglit>'d by gas made 
 from coal mined in one of the provinces. Several niai'hine- 
 sliops and other manufactories have been established by 
 the (lovemmcnt, and an ui’seiiul :it Yokohama is com- 
 pletely orgauiml 
 for Iho pnrpo.se of 
 r.hip-bnilding. Tin- 
 (loveriiment inis 
 special Boards with 
 a view of promot- 
 ing and develojting 
 n e w 1 y - introduced 
 industries, as in the 
 of pottery, the 
 art of weaving, and 
 making .silken gar- 
 ments. Th -se Boards 
 mo !i vi-vy ancient 
 institution. As to 
 the invention of 
 ]iottery, old Ja- 
 >.se legends at- 
 tribute it to a period 
 long bef.ire tin- 
 commeneciiient o f 
 the .Tapaiie.se chro- I 
 nology, G(J0 n. c. I 
 Samples of earthen- 
 ware made as early 
 as 724 A. 1). .still exist 
 ill the cmx>ire. The 
 beginning of the 
 manufacture of real 
 ])orcelaia occurred 
 late ill the sixteenth 
 century, since which 
 time this art has 
 been a jn-ominent 
 iiulustrj’. 
 
 The mo.st remark- 
 II b 1 e manufactures 
 belonging to the 
 
 JAFASnsE SADDLE. 
 
 plates iLsed for iirintiug Government bonds, revenue I 
 stamps, etc., samples of type, stereotyjied jilates, proof- 
 sheets. and a number of books in Jaiiaiicsr, including a | 
 liistoi-y cif .Tnpau. the Code Napoleon a i-ollcelion of \ 
 jioctry, mill nticnhil'' (Ud" — Buckle's ••History of Civili- ■ 
 zatioii," ill .bipaucsc, with native binding. ' 
 
 line facts in reference to the mining and niaunfactnring 
 industries of Japan will not be uniiitere.sting or inajipro- 
 priate iu this j'laee. It is stated that mine.-, were worked a.s 
 far back a.s the latter part of the eighth century ; and even 
 now the sy.stein of working mines is changed but litllo | 
 from that in iim- in the earlie.st times, iiliiiers iv-s- liaud- 
 tools — |iiek and hammer — and gnniiowder has only been | 
 lirmiglit into n.so for bla.stiiig jmrposes (piito recently. ^ 
 Silver iiiiiK'.s were worked in the province of Iwanni to an , 
 I'liormous extent a few years ago ; but this was intemipted ^ 
 by violent cartluiuakes in LS72. The Iknuo mines were 
 open some 300 years ago ; and at the beginning of this 
 
 JAPAXESE LACQCEE-WOliK BOSES, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 253 
 
 class of stone poitery are the Siitsiinia and Awata, the latter 
 lu’iiiR mamifactiired iu the siibiirhs of Kiyoto. Both ore 
 made from a kind of porcelain clay. The old Satsiima 
 ware Win seldom ra.nle in large hut comprised small 
 
 lUshea, sancers, teapots, etc. In later years vases of mod- 
 erate size have been made, and some of these, of exceptional 
 height and dillicult workmanship, have been manufarCtiired 
 esp.;L'iu\ly for tht Philadelphia Centennial. Tin* decoration 
 is mostly eoin])osed of bright ami tlowcry paintings, amongst 
 which the chrysautln.-muin and peacock's tail take promi- 
 nent place.s. It is further distinguished by the delic.acy of 
 oiitliti'* and the fine red anti green ctplor.s. Move recently 
 the Sitmma ware, ami especially thi* vtises, h ivo been fre- 
 tjnently imitated in Yokohama and Yeddo. 
 
 Til" Awat.i ware is distingiiisheil by a more yellowish 
 tint th in the Sitsmna. A pi'culiar kiml of stone-ware, re- 
 sembling. to a certain extent, the wedgewood, is made in 
 the jirovince of Lst*, and called Bunko y Aki, from the name 
 of the iin’eutor. The material used for this ware b n brown 
 stone of such toughness that teajiols and other small arti- 
 cles can be made extremely light ami thin It is decorated 
 with I'aintinga and opiupie emim'jl.s. Of this ware, a tea- 
 Bcrvicc was on exhibition. 
 
 The art of porcelain-making is conducted by methods 
 
 the old fashion of sitting on the lloor. The ordinary mats 
 in Juixmese houses are made of various kinds of brnsti, 
 lined with rice-straw. These are more that' an inch thi<-k. 
 They are all of the same size throughout Jaiiaii, six feet by 
 j three. As the rooms are usually of corresponding dimen- 
 ' sion.s, the miits can be removed from one house to another, 
 i ami will be found to tit. us also the coiling, ilnor*s and 
 * windows, which arc everywhere of the same dimensions. 
 
 The cotton industry is of comparatively recent origin iu 
 .Tiiijan. The plant is only said to have been introduced 
 soina 3ll0 years ago. The Japanese loom re.serable.s the 
 common European loom of the last century in its construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Silk is the pvineipal export from Jaji.in, and constitutes 
 three-fourths of tlc' tot.il merchandise exported, .although 
 I the silk trade comxjrehends sciu'cely anything but x^ti -silk 
 and silkworms. The exhibition at Philadelphia ]n-oves, as it 
 ' did at Vienna, that the manufacture of silk has taken high 
 1 degree of perfection. A.s early as 300 A. u. , 'V.sons were 
 I sent to China for the imr^jose of engaging competi’nt iieojile 
 I to teach the art of weaving and producing silk goods. 
 
 ' A great variety of articles, such as taffetu-s, bareges, 
 
 I velvets, damasks, crapes and brocades arc found of such 
 \ excellence as to oxoi> i the udmiiMtion of foreigners. The 
 
 [ of ivory, motlirr-nf-pearl, etc. The rimbrella is another 
 [ article of necessity, whose enormous manufacture and 
 I cheapness are attributable to the xu'cvaleuce of that useful 
 * jilant, the bamboo. 
 
 I Norway. 
 
 ! The Norwegian .section lies north of the nave, extending 
 ' to the northern waU of the Main Building, and between 
 I the spaces allotted to Italy and Sweden. 
 
 I Tlu' mining and mckdliirgic industry of Norway is 
 esteemed to be worth about 5?2.O(X1.0l)0 }ier annum, the 
 produet iiielnding pyrites, coiijicr, iron, slate, silver ninl 
 nickel. Of bnilding-.stnnes, especially tine giimitc, Norway 
 X)osses.so.s l.irgo quantities. Slate.s are found in dillerciit 
 place.-s, and idso white and colored marble.s. Traces of coni 
 h ive als;> b.'cn discovered in dilVereiib iwrt-s of tin* cmiitry, 
 and these di.scovcries are now being pursued to soma 
 advanUigc. The cxhilnted mineral ores and building-stones 
 from Norw.iy include nickel, copper, silver and iron ores; 
 also stones ilhistr.vting the tlifferent gcjologicol strata of the 
 country, sam^'les of viiriou-s uiinerals, ^'l•ith all .sorts of 
 hewn stone for jetties, quays, dike.s, fortific.ationa, etc., 
 tliiit millstone.s, the raw materiiil of which Ibnt-stoue i.-i 
 made, brought from Fr.iuce, samples of slates, Nonveginir 
 cmciMlils found at a distance of 30 to 40 feet fruui tho 
 
 very similar to those cmxdoycd in Euroxie. the machinery ' 
 Jised, however, being of a very I'rimitive kind. Kuga-warc j 
 is ilistinguished by a very fine goiil ornamentation, gencr- ^ 
 .ally on rel, sometimes on black, grounds, showing o]>eu ; 
 fi.'kls, llmvcrs, birds, and iiorsonages, cither tr.iced in red or j 
 golil ontlin 's or ]>aiutcd with tniusp.iiviit enamels. | 
 
 Tho native fm'iiitnro is generally of a very light and dc- ; 
 g.iut cuiistnu'tiou. and c.in eivsih* be moved in case of I 
 il image by lire. etc. The iiucst laciincr;“d- .vare is made in | 
 Tokio and Kiyoto. The cheaper articles arc mostly maun- j 
 f.ictured in the interior. The art of lacquering is more ' 
 Plan a tlioUMUul years old; and iiicces miulc in those j 
 an ‘lent timei are still extant in the country. Laccpier is , 
 not merely used for small objects. Larger constructions j 
 arn nude of it, as the interior sills of temples, ceilings, ' 
 e 'Inmns. staircases, etc. 
 
 The art of carving lacquered-ware was introduced into j 
 Jap.in by Chinese artists. The carvings mostly ri'in-csent 
 tliiwer.-i. birds, and human lignres, iu imitation of the j 
 ('hiues.'. In inlaid-work, iiieees of motlicr-uf-pearl shell I 
 are selected, but are only ma-de use of iu moderation, to 1 
 give variety to the gold iioiutings. | 
 
 A most important article of house furniture in Japan is ! 
 matting, as the luoiilo of the country coutiuuo to retain ^ 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL POULTRY E.YHIEIT. 
 
 leaving establishments of Kiyoto are all located iu one 
 .square of the town, and seldom contain more than twenty 
 looms each. The loom on which the figured goods are 
 woven is made on the imncqile of the old loom used iu 
 Europe ]iivvi>iiis to the invention of the Jacquard loom. 
 
 Jewelry anil other small articles of iiei'sonal adornment 
 are only used by the women iu Jaj)an, and consist almost 
 exclusively of ornament.s w<>rii in the hair. Latterly gold 
 rings, chaiu.s and brooches have been made in imitation of 
 forei.gn articles. 
 
 Among the jn-ineipal articles of manufacture an-’ funs : 
 imd cvei'v child is said to have one sjieeial holit'biy in the 
 year when it is presented M’ith jdl soi-ts of aidieles of the 
 latter siiecies. tlreat hixnry is frequently di-S{dayed iu 
 dolls, or in small figures, richly dressed in silks and bro- 
 cade.s, rcjn'escutiug scenes of court-life, national legends, 
 etc. Another clas.s of childi'cn's toys consists of excellent 
 imitations of animals. Of fans there are two kind-s, the 
 folding and tho non-folding. The former is a Jajianese 
 invention, made in the seventh century, a. d. That this 
 invention wa.s afterward introduced into China from Jai).tu 
 is stated iu Chinese books. The eheniier kind of fans arc 
 made of bamboo ; others arc luannfui'tnved of fine woods, 
 tortoiseshell and ivory, with gilt xiaintiugs, iuorustatious 
 
 shore of the Lake Mjoseu in a quartz lode, and x^hospliate 
 of lime. 
 
 There me also exhibits of .silver iu bai's, and granulated 
 silver, and iron in \arioi\s conditions. The Catluinholm 
 Iron "Works, a foundry of Frederickshal. exliiliits iron 
 specimens. These works were estublislicd in 1827. and 
 manufacture boiler-bolts, chains, railway and armor xilate, 
 bells, axles, and other parts of machinery ; also steel and 
 iron wire, and bar mid wrought iron. They emxiloy 250 
 men. and find their chief market in Norway, although they 
 do sell to Eiigluml and the Continent, and iJsu to America, 
 Australia and Africa. These "Works have never before 
 exhibited at an international exhibition. 
 
 The manufactures of Norway iiieludc fish oil. matches. 
 ])ottery and crockery, bricks, glass, furniture and textile 
 fabrics, al.so the fabrication of filigi'ce silver oniauieuts, 
 and X'iqier. Large manufacturing establishments are not 
 yet common iu Norway, but the domestic work throughout 
 the country is of gi-eat vnln<‘. Here the men moke all their 
 tools and fnrnitnre, and the women do all the work iu the 
 manufacture of clothing, such as spinning, weaving, sewing, 
 etc. .Specimens illustrating these latter industries aro 
 found in the "Women’s Pavilion. 
 
 Tho chemical manufactiu-c illustrated by Nonvegian 
 
2oi 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 J ' fiiiii I'c'c Inn Rivi-iiors .iikI H.'ii Itl.ii-k n il (1 xin" 
 JCl Wliito ami ljulJ riiPAram^. )L JIumi'K-- I\imI. 
 
 nniljxm. ,1 I.iplit Krahni.x Unniler nii'l ll'-n. R I'roH .Sc.n hrighl Bant.inx. 
 li Sih-. r limy IinrkiU'-. Ki. ?cil(cin II r ,.n l H ’ii. IJ. Bl.irk r.iliunl. 
 
 6 Hrnni" Tiipkoy aii.l H' n. 7 Arric.irx Coo-c. SMrnn-l-ri.u k ;ina Hnn. P. MiiFx.nx-y Iiiick 
 IS. LaFlei lm. Ifl. I'crl.y Game Il-m-ti r. IT. C-riurcil ta-j-Wn. Japaiio-.<' Rnn^lar, 
 
 THE IXTEltN ATIOXAL POrLTEY EXHIBIT, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 255 
 
 cxhihits, incliule toilet Boupa, Rctvndinavian ink, essences, 
 I)erfiimcry ami pomiules, safety uml phosphorus mutches, 
 j),'n'iissi(m-cap3 ami gunpowder. Matches, which now form 
 an ini)iort.-uit iiuUistry in Norway, were nut mimufacturctl 
 there until LStjl}. when the Nitedul Man-h Factory, near 
 (’hrisUiuiia, was estiiMishcd. Other attempts in this direc- 
 tion had been jirevloiisly made, but had been unsuccessful ; 
 b.it in lyOi) this factory was able to produce more than the 
 eonsumptiuii of the country required, and entered into 
 competition with the rest of the world. This success 
 resulted in 111 ^ founding of other c-stablishmcnts, and 
 Norway now ;r.imbei-s 27 match factories. That at Nitedul 
 only supplies safety - matche.s, and exliibited at Paris in 
 1207 and at ytookholui in 1200, obtaining medals in both 
 exhibitions. 
 
 The exhibits of ceramics, pottery, porcelain, etc., as well 
 a.s glass and glas.sware, comt> from C'diristiania, and include 
 
 most attractive. The most prominent articles in this col- 
 lection arc drinkiug-ves-scls, from tho vast drinking-horn 
 down to the fhigons of various .sizes, and silver mugs hold- 
 ing scareclyhalf a iiiiit. One drinking-horn has a capacity 
 of a gallon or more, and is set on golden wheils. At its 
 base it ends in a large knob, where a crowing cock i.s pLiced. 
 The mouth is liiiishcd with gold in a wide band, orna- 
 mented with a border of dowers, and in front nymjdis and 
 satyrs are j'laced, dancing. 
 
 A porcelain Hagon, with a richly uTOUght .silver lid, is a 
 very liandsoine article in this collection. The porcelain is 
 remarkably fine, ornamented with gilding and flowers. ( )n 
 the liil is a figure in high relief, representing a knight 
 mounted. Another poroelaiu flagon, very small, has a 
 graceful traci'ry of blue on a white giound, and a silver lid, 
 with the date 17-12. Tho silver drinking-cups are id)o\it the 
 size and shape of ordinary tumblers, with simple dc.sigus 
 
 soutliern side of the nave, between Denmai’k and Japan, 
 exh'ndiug to tlic south. 
 
 The total population of Sweden in 1871 was 4,341,559. 
 Norway and Sweden ai'c united under one king, the govern- 
 ment being a ooufititiitioiial moiiurehy. The Swedish 
 peo])le are represented by ii Diet, including tho limt and 
 second ehumber, whose membci-s, who arc nut restricted 
 except by the fundamental law of the kingdom, have tho 
 right to move whatever questions tliey think proper. Tho 
 sjieakers or jiresidents of the houses are, however, ap- 
 jioiuted by the king. 
 
 Dome.stic industry has always had a ]>romineut phice in 
 Sweden, owing to the fact that tho distances between 
 settled locahties are great, and the inhabitants have been 
 obliged to depend uikui their own energies ; and also 
 because the long Winter evenings have compelled the in- 
 habitants to seek suitable employment within doom, It is 
 
 NATIVE WE.APO.SS FilOM THE PHILII’I'INE ISLANDS. 
 
 painted and decorated porcelain, colored and decorative 
 glass, ami glass floats for flshiug-m.-ts. 
 
 In furniture ami household articles the cxhiliits are also 
 from Christiana. Tiie fittings of the Norwegian section are 
 t’.ij e.xhibit of a Clivistiami joitier, ami ('hr. Holst, head 
 steward t.i Ilij Jlajesty the King, eontribnte.s some arm- 
 chairs, saloon-clmirs, etc., from the Koval Villa, Oscarshal. 
 
 In fabrics tlierc are shown cotton, yarns, siiirtiugs, cauva.s, 
 ginghams, dyed cotton fabrics, and net materiul.s. The 
 Fagcrheiiu Net C'nmpauy, of Berlin, is the only one in 
 Norway which makes fishing-nets mechanically, and was 
 only cstabli.shc.l in 1H73. Christiauia sends also an exhibit 
 of Scauditiavian jewelry, ornaments and traveling e<piip- 
 nients, which ai-e <lispl:iycd in the Main Building, and of 
 which we shall have more to say jn-eseiitly. Tliese incliule 
 ivady-made linen, meei'schaum pipes, carpets, fum, fur 
 liuing, and national costumes. Some iuteresting exliihits 
 are made in the nuuiuf;u;turo of lujier from wood pulp, as 
 also in asph dt p.vper for covering roofs. 
 
 The in .'.licinal exhibits are represented chiefly by cod- 
 liver oil, tile chief sjiecimens of this article being shown b}' 
 Peter Idoller, of Christiania, wlio.se manufaetories are situ- 
 ated in the Isl iml of Lofijtcn. These are worked by steam- 
 power, and e.ui iiro.lucc from 2,000 to 3,000 bm-rel.s of oil 
 annually. When the oil is extracted and filled into IkutcIs 
 of tin or galv:iniz'-d iron, it is sent to (fiiristiania, where the 
 b ittling proccH t ikes plac.‘, being nccomplished cliiefly by 
 girls. Til ■ oil i 1 pv.'pare I a'e.mlliig to Ih" method origin- 
 ated by Peter Moller, wlij has received personal decora- 
 tions at the hands of the . 
 
 ICiiig of Sweden, ivlio 
 eoiiforred upon him the 
 Swedish Order of Kiiight- 
 liuud of Vasa, and the 
 Norwegian Kiiifilitlmnd of 
 St. (Jlaf, for his Fcrviecs 
 in promoting a national 
 brunch of industry. 
 
 Some exhibitsof cutlery 
 end tools are made, in- 
 cluding a collection of 
 knives, with carved 
 handles of walrus teeth, 
 and wood, ooininoiily 
 carried by tourists of 
 Norway, contributed by 
 the Norwegian Tourists’ 
 
 Club. Cliristiani.i. 
 
 The Norwegian section 
 ii inclosed by a light 
 framework of mipainti.sl 
 pine, with the Norwegian 
 coloisi j) i c t u r e s (j u e 1 y 
 draped. The most at- 
 tractive exliibit of this 
 country is placed near 
 
 the nave, and is jicrhups the most iutere.sting, because 
 miexiiected. This i.s aii exhibit of silver filigree, which 
 includes jewel-boxes, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, dia- 
 dems. bouquet-holders, silver belts, simiys of leaves, all 
 of marvelous beauty ami exquisite workmanship, One ex- 
 hibit from P. A. Lie, of Christiania, includes a number of 
 articles of tasteful design and perfect execution. I’erhajis 
 the most remarkable thing in this collection is a drinkiug- 
 huni of silver and gold, placed on a base of ebonv, its tip of 
 golden fretwork, and the cover richly dci.'orated, the crown 
 of silver filigi-ee, holding a harp. L'lidevneath are figures 
 carved in high ri'lief. representing Scandinavian deities. 
 The lioni is upheld by a sturdy figure in silver, and the 
 I'litiro effect is artistic and satisfying. 
 
 The exhibits of antique jewelry- ami silver-ware of 
 William Graham, a dealer in curiosities of Christiauia, are 
 
 engraved nr in There are also a sugar-bowl, salt- 
 
 cellars and spoons, idost of these urtieles have the initials 
 of former owners eiigmvecl upon them, and thus have 
 doubtless assoeiatious of their own. There are several 
 suiifl’-boxes, c'luborately worked in rt'jwiisne, ami a number 
 of beautiful little vinaigx-ettes in the shape of heart.s, or 
 .small horns, tipjied with silver, belt clasps, ehatelaiues, 
 earrings and finger-rings, all highly oniumented. 
 
 There is also a show of antique articles of hammered 
 bnus.s and cojipci- ; ami the laiwcd furniture is well worthy 
 of examiiuitiou. The largest pic-ee is a buffet of oak, about 
 8 feet wide by 10 high. If this be really u biift'ct, the 
 subjects designed upon it are strikingly inappropriate. 
 'riie.se imdiule the Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, 
 the Vision of Zaeharias, the Cirenmcisiuii, the La.st Siqiper, 
 uml the Crucifixion; while upon the bars siijiporting the 
 panels are carved liead.s of the apostil's. The carvings are 
 artistic and limly finished. Another piece i-s a bedstead, 
 surimniutod by a canopy, both richly carved. Here the 
 panels are also illu.strative of scriptural subjects. Thecan- 
 ojiy is upheld by small figures, snpiiorted by caryatides. 
 Tlie bniss ami copjier-work includes a number of groat 
 jflates with ilesigiis iu )-i‘pous!ti\ of scriptuml .subjects, and 
 also antique br.iss candlesticks and camlelabras. 
 
 The natiouid costiune.s of Norway arc shown by life-size 
 figures, which arc not only life-.sizc, but life-like, 'riicseare 
 ill gi'oiips, illustrating nianncra and onstom.s, ns well as 
 costumes. One of these groups includes three Ir.ipluuder.s, 
 their dress of heavy wook-usof the gayest colors, ami their 
 
 
 CANADIAN SLEIGH. 
 
 hcadikesscs cnrimis and quaint. Tlic man wears a hat 
 which consists of a band about the forehead, sniToounted 
 by what appears to be a small cusbiou. The child is en- 
 veloped iu skins. On another platform stand a bridal 
 l>air of rosy -cheeked i>easants. The youth is bareheaded, 
 but the bride wears a sort of mairiage crown. In another 
 iuclosiire, a Laplander sits holding the reins over a rein- 
 deer, whOe a woman beside him sujiports the baby. 
 
 Among the furs there are beautiful robes of eider-down, 
 mgs made from the white and black bear skins, and rube.s 
 pieced from tbe plumage of aijiiatie birds, 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Sweden lies next to Norway, extending also from the 
 nave to the north wall, imd ivtstwartlly to the British colo- 
 nial section, with a narrow strip upon the opposite or 
 
 stated, liowcver, that domestic industry is on the decline, 
 owing to the reduction of jiriccs and the gi-eatcr i>erfeetion 
 ami tastefnlnes.s of the mauufactiu'es. 
 
 Among the industrial branches, that of weaving is still 
 the most important, although the jieasauts do nut now, as 
 formerly, weiu' almost exclusively clothes made by tluir 
 wives. Ill some di.strict.s they sjiin and weave fine linens, 
 both iiliiiii and figured, for tablecloths ; iu othei-s they 
 make woolen doths. Tliese for market ; but the iiiduslriid 
 art is carried on in a gi'cat many jilaces where the maim- 
 f.icture is intended for home use. 
 
 Smith and joiners’-work. mid the manufacture of docks, 
 basket and straw-work, boots and shoes, are among (he 
 iinJe eniiiloyuu'iits. These methods of manufacture have 
 developed the peddling system of eommevee ; but this, too, 
 is falling off. Sometimes West Gothiaus or Sveulaiiders 
 ui'e still met with, traveling about the country, offering for 
 sale their home-woven cotton or woolen fabrics ; or a Dali‘- 
 cavlian maybe found far away from Iii.s home tiyiiig to 
 disjiose of a dock, or a Dalecarlian woman peddling her 
 work even into Norway luid Denmark, or ns fur as Germany 
 or England, 
 
 The ininiiig interest is most inijiortant in Sweden, whidi 
 is veiy ridi in ores, especially in iron ore, limited, howevei , 
 to certain districts. There are" also copjjcr ore, native .silver, 
 cobalt, manganese, and coal, which has been luiiied iu 
 small qniintities since tlie midillc of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. There are iuexhaustihle siqiplie-s of gi'unite in 
 ywedeii, and considerable imu’ble, sandstone, fire-dav and 
 cement. Tbe jirecious 
 metals are ;.earec, although 
 gold and .silver are both 
 found in small quantitie.s. 
 
 The mamifaetare of iron 
 and steel is not yet large 
 enough even to sidisfy the 
 neees.sities of the I'onntiy 
 itwlf. 
 
 'riie maim flic til re of 
 earthenware is at present 
 curried on in Sweden ut 
 the two china and faience 
 factories, Ibistraiul and 
 Gustafbberg, both near 
 Stockholm, as also at 
 Malnui and H<igaii<is, 
 where ])orcelaiii stoves, 
 common e a r I li e n w are 
 and bricks are made. 
 Tho uiannfactnre of 
 earthenware c m p 1 o y s 
 about 1,200 persons, ami 
 the value of the product 
 is about t?750.00n gold 
 per annum. The mami- 
 fiictnre of porcelain stoves 
 in Sweden, where such are almost exclusively u.sed for 
 the heating of dwelling-houses, is considemblo. The tiles 
 of the stoves are made from clay, coated nith a leaden 
 glaze. This manufacture has been recently greatly im- 
 proved, and there is quite a demand for it even from 
 abroad. 
 
 The manufacture of glass for tho year 1H73 amounted to 
 8786.000, tho number of workmen em|iloyed being 1,670. 
 Painting on glass has been introduced within the lust half- 
 year, and colored glass is likewise manufactured. 
 
 Sweden being extremely rich iu fore.sts, the timber 
 industry occupies a very inquirtant place. Cabinet-makers’ 
 work is carried on partly as a domestic industry and jiartly 
 iu manufactories, os well as in workshops of prisons and 
 poor-houses. As a domestic industiy, the manufacture of 
 furniture is jimcticcd all over the country. Tho wootls used 
 
 
aro bii'i'h. rim. oak, mahogany, wulimt. rosowooil. etc. ; the 
 walnut In in” at present most in favor. It is uhtaiueJ from 
 Gotthuiil ami the most southern parts of Sweilen. 
 
 Lasket'Work has of late attraeteJ general attention in 
 Sweden, and the production, chietly of domestie industry, 
 has been enennraged l.y various economical societies, which 
 have established schools for instruction in this and in str.iw- 
 work. 
 
 The manufacture of articles belonging to the clothing 
 industry, such as wearing apparel, lace-work, enibroidcrie.s, 
 artiticial flowers and the like, is insignificant ; although it is 
 ]U'actic<-d'in small in;uiufact<inc.s, and partly as a domestic 
 industry. In sonic di>triels lacc-making is still continued. 
 
 'Die Swedish dcpavtmeiit in tlio lilaiii Hnilding begins 
 with a group of five figures, .dimsing the co.stume of the 
 country. They are represented standing by a deer, which 
 has ju'.t been .sln.d, N'l-xt there are case.s of minerals with 
 Bpeciincns of native marble cut into small blocks, and 
 cm the partitions, geological maps of the kingdom. Somo 
 fnr-skius are next shown : .and there is a specimen of a por- 
 celain stove jiecnliar to the country. A case of manufactured 
 furs and fnr-trimmed elothuig i.s next seen, and then a cose 
 of perfumes and toilet artii les. Several 
 large cases contain fabrics of wool and silk. 
 
 North of North Avenue, and extending 
 the full width of the sjction, are the c.x- 
 hibits of Swedish iron and sti'cl, iucliul- 
 ing ores and heavy ciustiugs. The Swedish 
 iron iiuUistry is promoted by an association 
 compo.sed of nearly all the iron-masters of 
 Sweden, and which meets cverj’ three years 
 in Stockholm. This as.sociati<m advances 
 nionr-y to its members to u.s.sist them in 
 extending their works, makes apjirojiria- 
 tiems for experimenting and iuve.stigation, 
 and in other ways extends a liberal pro- 
 tection over this mannfactmv. This asso- 
 ciation was founded in 174o. Its capital is 
 mure, than SI. 000,000 gold. 
 
 The iron ores exhibited include mag- 
 netic and siiccuhir iron ores. There are 
 also exhilnts of pig-iron, bloom and bar- 
 in.in, iron plate, armor, steel springs, axles, 
 shafts and vanons forgings fur machinery, 
 
 I Ic. The Ivou-Tilasters' As.sociation has a 
 Collective exhibit covering pr<-tty much the 
 whole mauufaotime. The manufacture of 
 bar-iron was commenced in IH.jC. pig-iron 
 i 1 and steel in lS74, in one manu- 
 
 factory contributing to this collective exhibit. The cele- 
 brated Dauuemora mines exhibit Bessemer steel, ingot-;, 
 steel bars and cast-steel iugots made fri>m the l>.imi 'nior.i 
 iron. C(>iii>er is also exhibite.l in i)lalc.s, bars and ingots, 
 with .speeiiiic-ns illustrating its various stager, of j)roduction. 
 Brazen hardware is shown from the works e.stablished in 
 1(111 by the (loviTument on the estate of .Sknltnna. 
 
 Tlvtiiriiing .south from the metal exhibits, we find those 
 illiistnitiug the manufacture of paper and printed books, 
 iiieluding wall, writing and wni])]iiiig jiaper. Next are 
 elicmieals and philosophical implements. In a case just 
 here is -seeu a ebes.sboard with a curious set of carved wood 
 chessmen. Then there is u mounment on which are dis- 
 play>-d a largo number of caudles of diflereiit sizes. These 
 laro luaimfaetm-ed liMiii ste.iriue, oli-ine and glycerine. A 
 -show of lire-briek an I large pottery comes next ; and this 
 bring.s us to a maguifieent dispLiy of china, gkis.s and porce- 
 lain at the nave. This exhibition iueludes many artiele.s 
 which in originality of form and beauty of coloring cooi- 
 parc favorably with the best exhibited. 
 
 There i.s a species of majolica-wave shown here, which is 
 extreni'-ly artistic and original in design. Its gmieral 
 
 popularity is di.splayed in the fact that almost every article 
 in the oolloction is marked •‘sold.” This exhilnt includes 
 faience, china, porcelain and terra-cotta. IVfnch of it has 
 received medals at different continental exhibitions- -those 
 of Stoekholiii in IStiO, Pari'^. lSl’)7, Iirnseow. lS7l*. ri>pi-n- 
 hagen, HS7'2. and Vieiimi. Is7.1 , IPtc are found faience. 
 I'laiu and decorated, majolica and Palissy, and in fact all 
 the different varieties. Il is intiTe.sting to know that in the 
 mamifactories where thess’ ware.s are made, generon.s pro- 
 visions are made for the welfare of the workmen employed, 
 such ns sick and burial funds, jxuir funds, .Saviug.s Ranks, 
 rc.i liug-ronins, libraries, Sunday-selmols and other import- 
 ant cdiioatiumd and eliaritablo in.stitiitions, 
 
 ( Ihusswafo. jilain aiil decorat-d, is shown: one faetiu-y. 
 e.stablished in IHIO, emjdoyinci ’22t laborers, whose wages 
 average STd.odO gold piT nnmun. This co:n])any iias a 
 church, school and liosjiital, and keeps a drug-store. 
 
 The Swedish section euils on the nave with a .frronj) of 
 tignre.s ; but eon timiiiig north again, yon nieid with exhibits 
 of furs, olotliinc, and a large cise of safety -nuitelie.s. brass- 
 ware, a fair showing of eiith-ry, and a very large display of 
 tinware. Out-side of the section in the east an- three hirge 
 groups of costumed figure;;. The disjilny 
 of gl.assware is very handsome, and the 
 carved wood, cabinet-work, etc., will attract 
 attention. 
 
 Among the enrions exhibits in furniture 
 manufacture is a set in varnished pine, 
 consibliug of a table, sofa and four ehair.s, 
 which can be folded together and aro easily 
 transported. There is also a writing-desk 
 and a cigar-ca-sc in inlaid-work. A cabinet 
 of Swedish birch-wood, veiieoreduiLli biicb 
 veneer, is a very artistic iu'tiele. A curiosity 
 is a chair made from oak from a Swedish 
 line-of battle ship sunk in 107(3, and partly 
 raised in 1870. Tt is stated that the wages 
 of joiirneymeii cabinet-makers is from 84 71 
 to 87 per week, and that this is 50 per cent, 
 higher than two years ago. 
 
 Among the artiek s of gold and silv< r- 
 ware, (d whieh there are few, a silvtr 
 diinking-enp, richly ehisi-led and adoined 
 with medaliioiiN, is noticeable. Tim furs 
 exposed are those of the kid, reimh i-r, 
 moose, beaver, marten, sable, blue fox and 
 otter, both dressed and in manufactured 
 artieh-.s. The life-size figures dressed iii 
 n.atioind costumes arc also exhibited. 
 
 inSTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CE.VTE.VXEI/. EXPOS/TIOX. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 257 
 
 TVootl pulp for pAper-mnking, chemically manufactured, 
 is quite an important article, one manufactory employing 
 110 •workpeople. The product is exported to England, 
 Germany and France. 
 
 Too much cannot be said in favor of the educational 
 system of Sweden, and its lasting benefits to the growing 
 youth of the countrj-. In illustration of that system, . 
 we have a Primary Country Schoolhousc, with fnrnittire, 
 books, maps and appamtus for iustniction, situated north 
 of the Main Building, and illustrated and described else- 
 where in thi.H work. The framework fur this building, 
 which is 40 by 50 feet in dimensions, was imported from 
 Sweden, and is exhibited by G. O. Wengstriiin. 
 
 The space devoted to Sweden, extending from the nnvc 
 to Soutli Avenue, is given up to army equipments, anny 
 wagons, drawings, charts, jdan.s, etc., illmstriiting engineer- 
 ing, andinelo.se.s four life-.size figures iiinnifonus di.^jdayiiig 
 tho drofiS of Swcdisli soldiers of tho different gi'ades. 
 These figures are wonderfully close in their re.semblauce to 
 the actual Iniman article — so much so, iii fact, ns to (piite 
 deceive visitors, who frequently mistook them for living 
 beings. 
 
 Before closing our consideration of tho Swedish indus- 
 tries, a f<?w words may properly be .said in refer- 
 ence to the iron manufacture beyond wlint avc 
 liave already given. This industry ha.s been iu a 
 state of nninteiTiipted dovidopmeut, not only as 
 regards the quality of the iron produced, but 
 also the amount of the production since tlie time 
 of its inception. It is tni<>, however, that its 
 prodiiclion has not increased in the same intio 
 as that of Bcvoral otht>r eomitrie.s, fdtliongh in 
 1870 it was one and a lialf times greater than in 
 1800. 
 
 M<jst of the dejiosits of iron ore, iu Sweden 
 are confined to ceriain districts, in some of which, 
 owing to the difficulty of transport and tho ex- 
 treme siiarscness of population, it has not been 
 po.s.sible to utili/.(“ them to any eunsidcinble 
 extent. It i.s, howe^•er, tho scanty sujiplv of fuel 
 which limits the iron ])roduction of .Sweden ; 
 coal oeemring imly in a few districts, and this 
 not of tho best quality. Consequeiitly the manu- 
 facturers are confined tfi the fuel which may be 
 obtain<*d from tlu; forest and peat mosses, and 
 to imported eonl, for tlu' n-orkiiig of their iron- 
 It is, therefore, inqiossibli- that Sweden should 
 become a large iron-producer, iiotwitlistauding 
 tho value and importance, iu qnidity and extent, 
 of its ore-depo.sit. This being the- ciuse, tho 
 Sn’cdes are devoting themselves to the produc- 
 tion of iron of a .superior quality, and are con- 
 stantly seeking to improve this (piality up to tlio 
 very highest standard. 
 
 Swedisli iron is distiiigiiislied giuierally by 
 a much gi'eater purity tlum that of its foreign 
 comix-titors, which contains inin-o phosphorus, 
 sulphur, silicon and cinder. Swedish ir«>n has 
 long been iu constant dciuaml. It is, iu fact, 
 unneces-sarily good for most purposes, forwliich 
 an inferior and cheaper iron suffices. The iron 
 ores con.sist principally of black ore or magiietiti', 
 and specular ore or hematite, which are so ealleil 
 to distinguish them from the other kinds of ores, 
 viz. : lake and bog ores. Tlio ores that are freest 
 of 2’h‘^-'^phonis are in geucrul euqdoyed iu 
 making steel ; and as the Swcilish iron consumed 
 in England and elsewhcro is made to seiwe in 
 the niaimfactiire of steel, thir value of the Swed- 
 ish v^aiieties of iron deiJcuds chiefly on their 
 freedom from phosphoms. 
 
 Li the manufacture of malloahle iron and 
 steel, the method of refining iuo.st commou in 
 Sweden is that ^\■hieh is culled the Limcashire 
 process, ciiiTied mi in small, clo.scd furnaces, the ju'oduet i 
 lieing obtaiueil being afterwm'd reheated in sepamte fur- [ 
 naccs. In the Bulecurliiui district, two 'work together iu \ 
 such a way that the bloom is jirodueed iu the one imd 
 reheated in the other. 
 
 The Bes-semer method of refining has been in use iu 
 Sweden from its first origin. Indeed, a comiiletely satis- 
 faidory Bessi'uu'r i>rodnct was attained at an earlier i^eriod 
 in Sweden than in Euglaud. Tiie xirodnctiou of iron and 
 steel has not hitherto been so great that the export has 
 been equal to the inqiort, one reason for this being that 
 the Swedes do not go to the expense of Bessemer rails in 
 the eoustrnctiou of their roads, but continue to use the 
 clieaxier puddle ii-on riiiLs, which are imported. 
 
 The geological specimens, of which we liave ahoady 
 ‘spokini, and which arc placed near the nave iu the Swedish 
 section, ai'e lui exhibition of the Geological Survey com- 
 menced ill 1858, and include geological majis and jiapers 
 published by the suiTcy ; 278 specimens of Swcilish qua- 
 ternary deposits, concretions, glacial shells, lake and hog 
 iron ore, and 17l5 iioli.shed cubic siiecimens of Swedish 
 rocks. One of the maps is 1:1 feet long and 10 feet in 
 height. Tho rock speeimeus include limestone, gi-eeu 
 sand, white chalk, fire-clay, sandstone, red-clay, red sand- 
 stone, clay-slate, red-gneiss, allm-ial sand, etc. There are 
 
 al-so a large iminher of shells from the glacial deposits 
 of Swodi'U. 
 
 In the districts about the -west coasts of this countiy, 
 entire and broken sheUs, inclosed either in glacial clay, or 
 sand and gravel, are found in several places, and at heights 
 varying from 90 to 500 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lake and hog iron oiX’S are found in a great many of the 
 Swedish lakes and hogs, and iu many jdaces dciiosits of 
 this kind are still common. The iinlished cubic sxiecimeus 
 are verj' beautiful, and include marble, gi'anite, limestone. 
 2)orjiliyry, garnet gneiss, a dull-gi'ccn marble, chiy-sLite, 
 trai)-rock, etc.; these stones are exteusively n.sed forarehi- 
 tectnnd and momuneutal pmqjoses. There is a gi-anite of 
 a red color, wliich, when cut and iiolishcd, is very hand- 
 some. This has been used in the iiedeshil of tlu^ equestrian 
 statue of Gn.stavus Adoljihns II., in Stockholm, and also in 
 the constinction of the Striimsholiu canal. Tlio iioiqihyries 
 which come from Daleearlia are used in the niaiinfacture 
 of nriLS, vases, eolumn.s, jicdestals, tombstones, table-tops, 
 dishes, plates, knife-handles and boxes. Another stfuu' 
 used for the same jnirposes is called jihonolite, and sonie- 
 timea serpentine. Altogether, the geological specimens of 
 Sweden offer a subject of much interest and iastructioii. 
 
 BuITISII .\fST.lI!U.\X CV>LOSlE-<. 
 
 The British colonial section, which is larger than any 
 other foreign <lci)artuient in the Jliiin Building excejiting 
 -Great Britain, France and Germany, is located between 
 Sweden and C'anada, and cxtmuls from the nave to the 
 uorthem wall of the building. 
 
 This section commences with Victoritt, the most popukm.s 
 colony in Au.stralia ; a colony 420 geogi-aphicid miles long 
 and 250 broad — in fact about the size of Great Britain. 
 Altliough ■\'ictoria is smaller than any other of the Austra- 
 lian colonies, its iiopiilation ia nearly as large as nil the 
 others put together— being, in round numbers, 820,000. 
 
 Victoria WO.S first discovered by C'nptain Cook iu 1770, 
 but the first 2>crmancut settlement there did not bike place 
 until 18;14. The disi'overy of gold, wliich took iilace in 
 1851, enormously increased the population and revenues of 
 the colony; yet of the exports in 1874. while gold was 
 about i4, 000, 000, the export of wool was valued at more 
 than six and a quarter millions. 
 
 Jlelbonrne, which is the metroiiolis, has a population of 
 about 55,000, and i.s a large and pi'osiierous city, containing 
 more than 10,000 dwelling-houses. Taking iu the suburbs, 
 which extend for a radius of 10 miles and embrace 15 
 other towns or boroughs, the jiojiulation in 1S71 was 
 
 206,780. The second town iu Victoria, according to popu- 
 lation, is Ballarat, having about 50,000 inhabitants. The 
 liopulation on the gold fields in 1871 was 270,428. The 
 imports into Victoria for the year 1874 were £17,000,000 in 
 round numbers, and the exports about fifteen and a half 
 millions. The whole quantity of gold raised iu the colony 
 from the period of the first discovery of gold to the end of 
 1874 is estimated at £177,656,700. 
 
 The number of scholars receiving instruction was in 
 1874. 2.38..502. The Melbourne Public Library was opened 
 on the 11th nf Febniary, 1856, although the building is 
 -still unfinlslicd. Its costiq) to the end of 1874 was £170,990. 
 It i.s a magnificent structure, containing, besides the jmblic 
 library, the National Gallon-, the Industrial and Technolo- 
 gical Museum, and a Nutioiml IMuseum in a building 
 attached to the Library. Free libraries, atheurcums or 
 literary institutiuns exist in most of tlic towns of the 
 colony. Tliese numbered 130 iu 1874, and possessed 
 104,10;i volumes. The total number of books in the Mel- 
 bourne Library in 1874 was 83,231. 
 
 There are 32 general lioapitals iu Victoria, also 5 bene- 
 volent asylums, 7 oiqilian asylums, 4 bosiiitaks for the 
 insane. 9 industrial and reformatory schools, and 4 refuges 
 for fallen women. Iu Melbourne there *are also 
 iiii asylum and acliool for the blind, anil a deaf 
 and dumb institution, an eye and ear hospital, 
 and a children’s hosjiital ; also friendly societies, 
 dis])ensarics, a .sailors’ home, and other charit.ablo 
 institutions. 
 
 Wages ill Melbourne vary from $:3 50 to S5 jicr 
 week .and rations for farm laborers ; S3 to St 
 witli rations for laborcra enqiloyed on shiji 
 stations ; 82 50 to 83 jicr day for mechanics ; and 
 81 50 2>er day to town laborers, this without 
 rations. The weekly rent of a dwelling suitable 
 for a mcclianic and his family ranges, in thc. 
 suburb-s of jMclbonrne, between 82 and 84. In 
 other towns it is lower. 
 
 Land is held iu the colony under liccn.se 
 during three ycai-s, within which period the 
 licensee must reside on liis selection at lea-st 
 two and a half yeara, must inclose it, cultivate 
 one aero out of ten, efl’ect substantial improve- 
 ments to the vidne of about 85 per acre, 320 acres 
 being the large.st amount which any one iiersou 
 is allowed to select. The rent jiayable during 
 this period is two shillings sterling jier acre per 
 annum, which is credited ns imrt imymcut. At 
 the expiration of the three years’ license, jn'o- 
 vided the selector lias comjilicd with all condi- 
 tions, he can cither purchase his holding by 
 paying up the balanoo of 14 shillings sterling 
 per acre, or may convert bis license into a lease 
 extending over seven yeura, at an annual rent of 
 two shillings jier acre, which is also credited as a 
 part payment of the fec-simide. On tliecxph-ation 
 of this lease and due iiaynieut of the rent, tho 
 land becomes the freeliold of the selector. The 
 total extent of land sold since the first estab- 
 lishment of the colony is about 10,000,001) 
 acres ; the foe sinqile of the whole of wliich is 
 secured to the purchasers. A further extent <»f 
 land, amounting at the end of 1874 to about 
 5,650,000 acres, was in process of alienation 
 imdcr the system of deferred iiayinents, 
 
 On entering the Victoria .section of the Main 
 Building, one is pevhajis firat stnick with the 
 stuffed siiecimeiis of native aniiuals and bird.s, 
 including tlie kangaroo, emu, native turkey, etc. 
 Here are also fae-similcs of gold nuggets fnuml 
 iu Victoria. Among these i-s the “• Welcome ” 
 nugget, found on the lltli of June, 1858, at 
 Bidlarat, 180 feet beneath the surface, the weight 
 of wliieli is 2,195 ounces. Another, the ••Vis- 
 count Canterbury,’’ was found at a dei)tli of 15 feet from 
 the surface, on the 31st of May, 1870, and weighed 1.105 
 oimce.s. 8till another, the •■Viscountess Canterbury," was 
 found on the 3d of October, 1870, at 6 feet 6 indies below 
 tho surface, and weighed 134 ounces 10 iieunyweiglits. 
 Twenty -five of these nuggets are exhibited by the colonud 
 government. 
 
 Some coses of insects and a kirgc number of photograplis 
 of loeiJ scenes and buildings, siiecimens of artificial fruit, 
 oruamonts iu jewelry, of native marble, cloths and shawls, 
 some 1‘xliibits of jiotterj' and basket-work are also to be 
 seen here, mid a large number of specimens of wool of dif- 
 ferent varieties, with skins of animals, liides, cordage, etc. 
 There are also exhibited a large number of native war 
 weapons, including the celebrated boomerang. Quite a 
 collection of rocks, minerals and fossils, illustrative of the 
 geological and mining resources of Victoria, is exhibited by 
 the govennnent, and a fine selection of gems, precious 
 stones, including diamoiuls, blue sapphires, Oriental emer- 
 alds, nibies, aqua-marines, topaze.s, berj'Is, garnets and 
 tourmalines are exhibited by J. I. '\'iilesdalc, of Melbourne. 
 
 There are also specimens of nickel ore, coal, marble, 
 sandstone and gi^anite among the minerals ; and antimony, 
 pig-lead and block-tin in metals. The pottery includes 
 bricks, draiii-pipe.s, vases, stone-pottery, jugs, fire-clay, 
 
258 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 REGISTER OF THE CEHTENXIAL EXPOSITIOK. 
 
 crucibles and canstic-tiles, vases, etc., uath Bome spociciens 
 of gla-ss-ware, and stained glass for window.s. 
 
 In furniture there are tables of black-wood, sideboard.s, 
 articles in basket-work, such as cradles, perambulators, 
 basket-chairs, fur-.stiiuds ; and there is a collection of pot- 
 
 tery for household use. The cloth good.s consist of 
 blankets, shawls, dyed woolen cloth, dyed Angora goods, 
 and fleece ; there are specimens of silk m the raw material 
 and worked on Brussels-net. Some ornaments made from 
 fish-sc;des. pipes and roulette-boxes of mi/all wood are also 
 
 to be seen here. The artiricial or cultivated fniit include, 
 beside the ordinary varieties, the medlnr, apricots, 
 
 ])omegranales, figs, ran apples, egg-apples and Cape goose- 
 berries. 
 
 The next division is Qiiepuslanil. the northeast section 
 of Austraha, and a colony of va.st size, having nearly tliree 
 times the area of Texas, with a seaboard eipiivalent to that 
 of the United States from Maine to Louisiana. This col- 
 ony is rich in minerals, and equally so as a farming coun- 
 try ; extensive and valuable sugar-plantations existing in 
 certain sections, while gold, silver, lead and copper abound, 
 and the whole country is well provided with sheejr. cattle 
 and horse.s. 
 
 In the west are vast roDing ])rairies, large enough to ac- 
 commodate either Geiinany or Austrhi, while the coast is 
 dotted with beautiful islands, gras-sy .and fertile, and is di.s- 
 tinguisbed by pictures<iue beauties of reef, island, moun- 
 tain and river. 
 
 In the Queen.slnnd .section, one side is devoted to the 
 colony from a geological i>oint of view ; the other is illil.s- 
 trative of its mining, jrastoral. agricnltnnrl and other indus- 
 tries, including photogra|ih.s, representations exhibiting the 
 geological formation, as well as local scenes and native in- 
 habitants. Among the miuerahs there is a trophy of tin. 
 besides specimens of manganese, iron and antimony, an 
 ingot of native oopjrer, copper ores, gold-beiu'ing (jnartz, 
 building-stone, and a slab of polished niuhiehite. There 
 arc also specimens of gold in nuggets, and tin and copper 
 in nuggets. There are varieties of the soil, specimens of 
 products, cassjiva, arrowroot, 8weet-i>otatoes. flour, silk- 
 coconus. wheat, maize, barley, tobacco, etc. Sugar is a 
 very important article of commeree, although jls Late as | 
 18lW) there was none grown there at all, while the yield for j 
 1874 Wixs 14,000 tons. I 
 
 In the body of the court the exhibits are arranged in four 
 groups, re])resenting mining, agricultural, pastoral and 
 misci'llaiiGons products. There are exhibits of sugar which 
 will enable the obseiwer to see how far advanced this 
 l^roduct i.s in qmility in Queensland- The speeimen.s of 
 native woods exhibited include a great number of varieties. 
 There are various .specimens of pine, oak and cedar, includ- 
 ing the swam{>-ouk, cypress pine. red-<‘i“dar, also the yellow 
 wood, sijottod tree, sweet and .sour jdnm. orange and lemon, 
 balsam copaira, silver-tree, pnli> wood, tamarind, tea-tree, 
 yellow box. spotted gnui, red mahogany, blue gum, mau- 
 grove, beech, sntidal-wood, and many others. There are also 
 specimens of the famous eucalyptus, said to be a speeitie 
 against mahiriu ; and in one di.strict it is said there are no 
 fewer than 200 different varieties of woods available for 
 every purpose, from cabinet - making to ship -building. 
 Many of these are on exhibition. Owing to it.sva.st area 
 and the gi'cat diveraity of its soil, climate and altitude, 
 there is a gi'eater variety of indigenous trees in Queens- 
 land than in the rest of the Au-straliau colonies, and 
 perhaps more than conld be found in the same extent 
 of country in any other part of the world. The specimens 
 of w<)ods exliibited arc frcjin a collection that wius easily 
 jirocured, and were chiefly i-hosen for their economic value. 
 They do not, however, include one-fonrth of the species 
 existing in the colony. It is believed that with regard to 
 .some of the.se wnods a higher value would be put upon 
 them ill America than that received ill Queensland, which, 
 being a young colony, luus found very little time to exiieri- 
 ment in them, and the eoiiswinenee is that timbers probably 
 j of a siqierior ipiality are neglected, or used only as fire- I 
 wood. ■ 
 
 The value of some varieties of the Australian encalyiitus | 
 fill' building or railway jumposes luus for some time i>ast 
 been fully reeogEized, and the number of species is greater 
 in Queeiishind than in other parts of the continent. 
 Ina.smueh as the most of tlio available woods grow on the 
 coa-stsand on the banks of rivera, it is not difHeult or exi>en- 
 sive to transjHirt them. Several articles made from (Queens- 
 land wood are exhibited, including hogsheads, tallow-casks, 
 sngav-vuts, and ax. uud iiick-lianiUe.s. 
 
 Of skins shown thcr<‘ are the kaugiiron. wallaby, wal- 
 laroos, seiJ, etc. There is also a case with the tu.sk and 
 teeth of u dngong, a dngong calf in si>irits. samples of 
 dugong oil, a linuting saddle, bridle, breastplate and punch: 
 fra])per’.s .saildlo and bridle ; .stockman’s ,s.addle and bridle ; 
 pack-saddles, .saddle-bags, and leggtns. There are two 
 life-size photographs of Australian natives, a .species by no 
 means immeroiiH even in the unoccupied portions of the 
 cmmtry. In the settlwl districts they are fast .sharing the 
 fate of the Anu’ricau Indian. 
 
 Tasnninia is the next section, a country so remarkably 
 healthy in its climate tl\at it is the recognized sanitarium 
 of Australia. The estinuited jiopulatiou of Tasmania at the 
 end of 1874 was 104,176. The revenue of the colony for 
 that yeur vra.s X:I27,925, and the exiienditnrcs .€318,278. 
 The value of imports was ei.2jT,785. that of exports 
 €925,325. 
 
 Education in Tasmania is eompulsory, and there is 
 scarcely a remote district in which there is no school. 
 
 Tin, gold and .silver are riiiicd, and iron and coal to some 
 extent. There i.s one remarkable feature tlistinguishing 
 Tasmania from all other countricH, which is the small mor- 
 
 tality among childreu, particularly those under one year of 
 age. The principal animals ai'C the kangaroo, wallaby, 
 oijossnm and b.andicoot, with the devil and Ta-smaniau 
 tiger, which are formidable beasts that frequently make 
 great luu'oc among the flocks. Of birds 171 species have 
 
 been ]>reacrvfd, but only 20 of these are supposed to be 
 ix’cnliar to Tasmania. 
 
 The exhibits in the Main Building begin with a display 
 of mgs and skin.s, inclmling the black and gray opos.sum, 
 native cat-skins, ring-tail opossiiiu, kangaroo. ti</er-.skins. 
 
FUlTXTAIS IN 
 
 litSAISfSASCi; STiLli 
 
 
 
 sealskins, skins of the albatross, pelican ami penguin, and 
 those of the platypus, tiger-cat, kangaroo, red tiying- 
 sqnirrel, devil, wambat and bandicoot. Curiosities lu-e a 
 carved ivory and wood egg uud oruet-sbind, a spinning- 
 jenny made of Tasmanian myrtle, an ornamental table-top 
 ■with Tasmanian flowers i)uiutud on top by Miss Blythe, of 
 Hobart Town, another by Jliss l\IiU-y Hope, of Hobart 
 Town, and one of Tasmanian -wootls by Mrs. John AVoud- 
 cock Graves. A handsome show of Tasmanian shells is 
 made, and a fine display of tho fleece of the merino sheep, 
 bale.s of wool, ck-. 
 
 Marble, liine.stone, salt, tin in ingots, gold in quai-tz, 
 bismntli and tin ore, are disi)Iayed among the minerals, and 
 tliere are a number of exhibits of grain and seeds, as also 
 cubes of Tasmanian woods, iiichuling the blue-gum, pep- 
 permiut-guni, he and she oak. King AViiliam pine, myrtle, 
 musk, tea - tree, eucalyptus, swamp • gum, stringy • bark, 
 Hiion pine, etc. The exhibition closes with ehiu’ts and 
 maps, meteorological tables, photographic views, 2 >hoto- 
 gra^jh of the East Tiusmauiaii aboriginal man, Billy Lamiey, 
 and other portraits of aborigines. 
 
 Tasmania is held to be a good country for emigrants, 
 government lands to the extent of 1320 wres for oaeh indi- 
 vidiiid being sold at £1 i^er aciv, payable in 14 y 
 ^vhil(! land orders are issued to einigi'ants who jiay the fnl' 
 cost of their families' 2 >assage unt to the value of £18 for 
 each member of the family above 1.") yeaix, and £'.) for each 
 immber above 12 months mid midi'V lo years of age, these 
 land orders being receivable by the Governnieut for pay- 
 ment tor any crown lands which the emigrant may buy after 
 his arrival. The death rate of Tasmania in 1S(>‘) was less 
 than 13 to 1,00(1 of the iioimlation. The black aborigiiiul 
 ixiimlation is rcdncisl to one woman about 70 years old. 
 wliose iiliotogi'ujfliio I'ortrait is exhibited. Hobart Town, 
 tlic chief city, has a ))o])iilatiou of about 20.0(H) inhahitunts. 
 
 .Y.'fc S'jiilh was diseovered by Captain tlook in 
 
 1770, and tirst si-ttlud 18 years afterward ; but its real his- 
 tory begins with the beginning of the niiieteciitU century, 
 at about Avhicli time the introduetion of merino .slieej) laid 
 the basis of Australian eomnnwee. In 1851 
 the southern distriets were formed into tho 
 colony of A’ii'toria, ami in 1850 the northern 
 districts into the colony off,|m'cuslaud, Icavnig 
 New South AValea in the centre. The itopida- 
 tioii of the colony is at jiresent over li(ll).(KH). 
 lildueation is under a dei>ai'tmeut of the state, 
 uud all schools snpjiorted by the state arc 
 under Gi.ivemnieut insiieetiou. Every town 
 mul eousidemblc village has its state I'l'iinary 
 school, mid itinerant teachers are aiipniuted 
 to visit families of settlers .scattered tiirongh 
 the bush. Tho fee fur tuition is a .shilling 
 a week ; but when: this eaunut be 3net tlieru 
 is no charg<‘. 
 
 Sidney, tho ca]>itid. has n university, whidi 
 was established and endowed in 1851. There 
 are more than a hundred junnials ju'intod in 
 the colony. AA’agcs aial 2 >rofits are high, life 
 and property are secure, and tho means of 
 living easy and nnuiifold. TTic imixirts of New 
 South AA'ales in 1874 amounted to £11,293,730 ; 
 the exi>ui'ts £l'i, 34.5, 003. About £2.(J00.(JU0 
 imports, uu<l soiuo 
 £700,000 exports of 
 this cover the trade 
 with the L'nited 
 State.s. The city of 
 Sidney is about four 
 miles long by three 
 miles broad. Its 
 population is over 
 160,000. 
 
 The colony's 
 toral •wealth is es- 
 timated at about 
 £40,000,000; the to- j. l. 
 
 tal area leased at 
 
 less than three farthings an aero for jjastoral jimpose.s is 
 nearly 150,000,000, the leases varying in size from 5,000 
 to 100,000. There are many men in the colony, who began 
 BS simple shepherds, who luive realized wealth and affltt- 
 enee ; while several of the sipuitters xjossefw more than 
 100,000 slicep. Llamas and alpacas have been uatimdizcd, 
 and there ai-e several flocks of angoras in the colony. The 
 annual increase of stock is enormous. Tobacco, maize 
 and sugar-cane are grown there, ns well as all the fniit.s of 
 uortLcru and .southern Europe. There are orange-groves as 
 magnificent as may be seen in Spain mul Portugal. As 
 many as 10,000 oranges have been obtained from indivi- 
 dual trees. The potato thrives well. Barley, oats, etc., 
 are groivn cluelly for fodder. Cotton also tlii'ives, and 
 grass-cloth is made from lias, wLieli tiourishe.s. 
 
 Kew South AA’ales abounds in mineral-s. The auriferou.s 
 disti-icts of this colony are os large as any in Austniiia. Up 
 to 1870 only alluvial washings were carried on ; yet besides 
 coining millions of pounds sterling, she exported gold to 
 the value of £40,000,000. The gold-lidds extend, with 
 short iateiwals, the cutii'e length of the colony, and over a 
 
 breadth of 2C0 miles, comprising an area of 13,656 square 
 miles ; while all the great gold-fields of the west are within 
 two days’ journey of the capital. The authority to dig for 
 gold costs only ten shillings a year, and entitles its pos- 
 sessor to take uj) ground upon any gold-field to the extent 
 of GO X 60, to 114 X 114 feet, according to the class of mining. 
 The export uf gold in 1873 was £2,600,000. 
 
 The coal-beds of New South AA’ales exk-nd from the 29th 
 to the 35th parallel of latitude, Sidney being the centre of 
 the coal basin ; coal having been traced about 100 miles to 
 the north, to the south and to the west. Tlie value of tlie 
 miuci-al rai.scd in 1874 was about £800,000. (.'opjjer and 
 tin ai-e fouuil in many parts of the colony, and also dia- 
 monds, pearls, rubies, and i^thcr gems. Tlie number of 
 diamonds found ii^i to 1874 was e-stimated at between 5,000 
 
 and 6,000, the largest having been one of five and three- 
 quarter carats. 
 
 Ill nuiuiifactui'es, the colonists are able to couniete with 
 tlio.so of Europe in the supiily of many local requirements. 
 AViue-uiukiiig is a settled iudustiy. Tliere were made in 
 1874, 684,258 gallons, and 859 gallons of brandy. There 
 were also in that year 31 breweries tiu'iiing out beer of ex- 
 cellent quality. Large quautitii^s of tobacco are miuiufac- 
 tured. A'irginia-leaf being imiiorted for the )iur 2 ''OBe. and 
 one of the largest muuufuctoric.s of tobacco in the old State 
 has set 1121 extensive buildings in Sidney. 
 
 The preserved meats of Now Smith AA’ales have acquired 
 ve 2 nitatiou in the uimkcts of the world, and more than 
 £100,000 worth iverc exported in 1874. Tho manufacture 
 of cloths is being ra 2 )idly and ]jrofitably developed, as is 
 also that of bricks' and encmistic tiles, druin- 2 )i 2 >es and other 
 deseri 2 itioiw of 2 ‘'ottery. The eight-hour system of labor 
 applies in New South AA’iiles, uud the mechanics at that rate 
 get from 8 to 12 shillings sterling per day, while the cost 
 of lodging and board is 15 sliilliugs iicr week. 
 
 The display of miuciids, of Ijiui'.ling-styncs and uuning 
 
 products in the New South AA’ides section is very large and 
 complete, including all the native minerals and iron ore, 
 auriferous tjuartz, copper ore, tin and tin ore, galena and 
 antimony. There is also a collection of the chief chai'ae- 
 teristic fossils of New South AA’ales exliibited by tho 
 Dp 2 )artincnt of Alines, Sidney; samples of aurilVruus quartz, 
 tailings from .several of the gold fields, and 411 specimens 
 of lode tin exhibited by the New South AA’ales Commis- 
 sioners. The collection of minerals from New South AA’ales 
 ineliules tom'maliiie and topaz, sciqientine, smoky quartz, 
 crystal, chalcedony, hornblende, diammids,.ete. Then there 
 lu-e coals, both .seuii-bituminons and bituminous, marble, 
 sandstone and kaolin. Finally, thero is a gilt block in the 
 form of an enormous cube, bcai'ing the following iuscri 2 i- 
 tiou: “This model re 2 >reseuts the quantity of gold ob- 
 tained in New South AA'ides from 1851 to 1874 ; weight 
 8,205,232 ounces; value £30,530,246 lO.''. 6'/." 
 
 In miimifacturcs there are aerated watera imd cordials, 
 viuions yeast and baking-powders, soa 2 ), kerosene oil and 
 stoai'ine candles, 2 >aiuts, indigo, ek-. In ceramic-wurc there 
 are a nunfljer of jura, bottles, gallej’- 2 )ots, etc. ; and in 
 glass a stained-glass staircase window, having fur its subject, 
 “Captain Cook." Home doors and window -sashes are 
 shown, nianufaetured of native woods. There are also 
 a number of mats and matting made of cocoa fibre, iron 
 manufactured by the iiborigines of New Houth AA'ales, and 
 some artiticiiil flowers are shown, made uf wool and copied 
 fl'c.mi Australian native fluwer.s. 
 
 The fill’s and skins include the stuffed 2 ilaty 2 ms, with 
 a traveling-rug made front the skin of tlie same 2 'cculiai’ 
 crciitiiro, which is tho Ori(i/fi'irlii/n<'".^ or “beast 
 
 with a bill.” There is also a set of collerettcs iindcnflsof the 
 same .skin, with a rug of a wallaby skin, and fiu-s and skins 
 of tho 02 K)Ssnni, 2 ’latypns, wallaby and kangaroo, ail tanned. 
 The 2 )laty 2 ms is about 17 inches long, with rather sliort and 
 dmi.se fur. geuerally colored a dusky brown. Tho male is 
 armed with spui-s 011 the hind legs. This interesting I’reii- 
 tiu’R has excited, 2 'crba 2 is, more attention tlnin any other 
 .Vustraliiiii mammal. The (xuestion coucci-niiig this bird or 
 animal is, whether it 2'Voduccs its young living, or by 
 means of eggs. The platy]nis lives in bushes 
 oil the borders of rivera and creeks, these 
 bushes varying from 10 to 40 feet in length. 
 Its food consists uf nimute insects and 2 >oud- 
 snails. The skins luti niueh 2 'rized when onred. 
 and are made into cloaks, bed -covers, muQ's, 
 wristlets and tqipcts. 
 
 Among the exhibits is the moju, or stone- 
 hatehet, of the aborigines, together with other 
 flint inq'lemcuts. There are also boomerangs, 
 clubs, etc. 
 
 The .S2>eeimeiis of natural history, including 
 the X’l^dyxnis, swamp-tiger and tiger-cat, wal- 
 laby and kangaroo, water - rat and flying- 
 s( 2 uirrcl, are exhibited by the Trastees of the 
 Australian Mnscnni at Sidney. A sxiecimeu of 
 a duck-billed x’latyxms in S2>irit.s, ns also the 
 Australian liedge-liog, is shown, with a liu’ge 
 number of .\ustraliau birds exhibited by the 
 New South AA’ales Coinmissionei’s and the 
 Australian Musemu. 
 
 A very large number of 2 >hotographs, parti- 
 eiilarly of buildings in and around 
 
 Sidney, with views 
 from the interior, 
 2 >ortraits of abori- 
 gines, etc. , are to be 
 seen 112)011 the walls. 
 These include fine 
 \icws of scenery. 
 
 There is a fine 
 show of wool, with 
 woolen cloths, 
 shawls, etc. ; sxicci- 
 mens of seeds, 
 wine.s, and an extra- 
 ordiuiuy exliibitiuii 
 of native woods ; 
 with seeds, nuts, bark, roots, and varimw s 2 '<^vimens of 
 grains, plants and b«-aus. 
 
 One cnrioiis exhibit is the Bkjie-dc-jner, or edible bird's 
 nest, from the Fiji Island^. Condensed milk is shown by 
 a Sidney inventor, and sxiecimeiis of native fruit iiresei-ved 
 in brine anil synqi. Sugars, raw and refined, are exhibited, 
 as also coiifectionei-}' made of New South AA’ales sugar by a 
 Sidney uiamifacturcr. The native wines are both red and 
 wliite, light and full-bodied, ami include liei’Uiitage, mus- 
 catel, burgundy, cawarra, claret, muscat, shiraz, x’inean and 
 nialbec. 
 
 The Exited States. 
 
 The exhibition of articles in the Alain Building from tlio 
 United States inchule.s all that portion of the buOding 
 lying cast of the centre trunsexit and south of the nave, 
 and on the north side of the building, the space extend- 
 ing from tlic Alcxican section to the eastern end, including 
 in all 189,231 feet. The dis 2 >lay made includes every l aiiety 
 of objects which would not come 2 ’i'Operly under the head 
 of the -ii’t Exhibition, or in Alachinery or Agricult ur.d Hall, 
 and is five times as large in extent as the exhibition of 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Great Brit;iin, wiiich staiids nest in size. A peonliai’ 
 feature of tins imiiortant portion of the Exhibitioji is 
 the noticeable frequency with which one meets exhibits 
 from Philadelphia houses; niul that this fact has not 
 been miobseiTed by the Philadelphia Press is made 
 olivions by the complacent commentarj- of one of the 
 papers in that city that “fully two-thirds of the best 
 American exhibits are the result of the well-known 
 energy and cnteiqjrise of Philadelpliiaus." ‘Without 
 contesting or criticising this statement, we may not im- 
 jiroperly draw ntteutio!i to the general in-evaleuce (jf 
 Philadelphia in the Alain Building ; and whatever may 
 exploiu the circumstance, there is no doubt that much 
 energy- is displayed. All her goods are of an exceed- 
 ingly rich and attractive character, and her exhibition 
 is vastly commendable. 
 
 New York City stamls next in the extent and im- 
 portance of her display, which, however, is scarcely fully 
 representativo or up to the possibilities of the metro- 
 polis. It should be observed, also, that New England 
 looms u{) in this section in most admirable fashion, her 
 exhibits comparing favombly with those (if any other 
 section ; ^hile in respect to manufactured goods and 
 her educational representation she surp!Ls.ses all the 
 rest. With regard t« New Y’ork, however, it may be 
 ivmaiked that the Emi>ire State furnishes more than 
 l.ooO of the 11,000 exliibitors in the Centennial from 
 the I'nited States, or more than oue-seventli of the 
 entire American contributions. Notwitlashniding this, 
 tln're has been much deficiency in important industrie.s 
 u’hich might have been tilled to gi'eater advantage, had 
 better preparation been made, and had there been mort; 
 agreement among the exhibitors concerned. This is 
 particularly the ca.se in the matter of silks. It is a fact 
 that in sewing silks .Ameiica, and especially New York, 
 leads the world ; yet in this department the exhibition 
 is notliing like what it ought to have been. 
 
 The glove trade is another New York industry, sc^•eral 
 manufacturers from New York City exliibiting, and one 
 from Glover-sville, in Fulton County, a little town which 
 is entirely devoted to this indu.stry. American kid gloves 
 are notoriou.sly as brilliant in color as the French, and 
 more durable and .shapely. Caiqiet-makiug, though re- 
 presented in a .slight degree only by New Y'ork exhibits, 
 makes, nevertheless, a good display, Shirtings, which 
 are reiu'csented by ten New Y’ork City houses, and other 
 cotton goods, are also exhibited from that city in favcir- 
 able exami>!es. The ilisiilay of stnfl*- goods, alpacas, 
 mohairs and woolen goods from Cohoes and Auburn 
 and other manufacturing place.s in the State, is large 
 and fully representative. In furniture New York is 
 prominent, being repre.sented by more than forty ex- 
 hibitoi-s, with examples of styles, from the most costly 
 to the most sinijile. In tlie latb.a- ela.s.ses other sections 
 ■otter an improved quality of goods, but in first-cliLss 
 fumitiu-6 New York City is unrivaled. Concerning 
 fnmiture, also, it should be observed that superior 
 instances of eabinet-niaking are i>resentcd by New York 
 firms in a number of the superb parilious, imd in show- 
 ca-scs containing goods in the Alain Building. 
 
 The south wall of the building, north of the nave, 
 is devoted to such of the mineral exliibits fis are not 
 contained in the annexes constructed for this ])articular 
 class of exliibit.s. Here the different .States arc represented, 
 sometimes in collective exliibits designed to faiiiy disidov 
 the peculiarities of the ytate, ns is the ca.se with certain 
 sections of Oliio, Penu.sylvania and New Jersev, whieh ex- 
 hibit their native ore.s and their minerals with Bonievie^\-to 
 classification. Tlie AVyomiug Historical and Geological 
 ^society of WilkeshiuTC, Pa. , makes an interesting exhibit of 
 fossils from the autliracito coal region of the A\’yoming 
 A’ alley. The minemls of the Pacific States and Ten-itories, 
 JUS well ns those of Alexico, Central and .South Ameiica, 
 China and .Tapau, have a brilliuiit presentation in a coDec- 
 tion cxliilritedby John Hatch, of .San Francisco, California— 
 himself the most peculiar, original and interesting exhibit 
 of his collection. WTiat with his microscojiic gems. Ids 
 large specimens of minei-.ds, Ids own glib tongue and 
 i'om]5rehcnsivc and common-sense declamation. Ids exhibit 
 has been a rare attraction ; and 
 tlds not to depreciate the value 
 of his minerals, which were cer- 
 tainly most intere.stiug and ha\-e 
 doubtle.s.s inclined many to the 
 pui'smt which evidently fcjrms 
 the hobby of their exhibitor. 
 
 Here ai-e likeu'ise found some 
 hematite ores from Johnstown, 
 
 Lake Siqierior, Lake Champlain 
 and Iron Alountain ; nickel ores 
 from Camden, New Jersey; a 
 collection of miueral.s jmd salts 
 exhibiting a .specialty brought 
 hither by a Philadelphian 
 chemist ; and numerous fine si)e- 
 cimens of minerals and ores from 
 Tennessee, which certainly in this 
 exhibition liu-s made a nio.st cre- 
 ditable and important dis 2 )]ay of 
 
 BCILDISU. 
 
 j her mineral wealth, From an interior town in the State of 
 ' New Y’ork, Alumford, wc have a collection of jietrified 
 j wood, leaves, llowei’s, etc., found on the in'cniises of the 
 I exhibitor, Oliver Allen. Kentucky disj.lays largely in the 
 , direction of irosi ores, and a Rhode Island exhibitor 
 I furiiLshes a collection of minerals from AVyoming Terri- 
 I tory. Pennsylvania, of course, is fully rei>reseuted in 
 this deparimeut, not only in metals but in coals, limestone, 
 etc. Alissumi exhibits si^ccimeus of her soil, and nickel, 
 iron, lead, zinc, coj)i)er and other ores. Delaware sends 
 building-stones, clays and natural woods ; Alicliignu, bitu- 
 minous and cunnel coal, building -stones, marbles and 
 I slates ; Alaine, gi-anite ; audA’eniiont, inarble. Quincy, Alas- 
 sachusctt.s, is represented by granite pedestals. 
 
 In manufactured stone there are mantels, columns, titblo 
 and bureau-tops, jiilastcrs, pedestals, etc., from Philadel- 
 , jihia, articles in artificial -stone from Boston, and mill-stones 
 1 fimm New A'ork. 
 
 Next come metallurgical products, and herci too, as a 
 mutter of course, Pemisylvania is iirominent ; and we 
 find Philadcli)hia and Pittsburgh di.s-playing eveiw- 
 tliing in metals, from gold and sil\er-leaf and bronze 
 powder to 2 >ig, bloom, bar and muck and riiil-irou, 
 Bessemer .steel, crucible cast-stecl, boiler-jdate, and ail 
 other manufactures in these metals, "^'e-st A’irginia has 
 exhibits in this line, and from n.s far south as Alabama 
 we have specimens of whe-rods, charcoal jiig-iron and 
 other similar exhibits. Nickel goods are displayed by a 
 New Jersey house; coi>i>er products from New York, 
 Alichigau and other States ; and the Edgemoor Iron 
 Comi)any, of Delaware, exhibits the wrought and cast- 
 irou work of the Alain Exhibition Building. 
 
 Finally, juining engineering is illustrated by maps 
 and models from different-exhibitors, representing coal, 
 iron, tmd even gold minc-s. It is a gratifying feature of 
 this i>art of the Exhibition to find mineral and metal- 
 lurgical iiroducts and muimfiicturc.s cxliibited to so 
 con.siderable an extent from the Southern Sbites, such 
 as A’irginia, Tt'une.sseo, Georgia and Alabama. It is 
 doubtful whether tlie.st* .States can be eqmded in the 
 variety of their iron ores, while it is on agreeable 
 feature of the geological fomiatiou where these are 
 found, that evcrv-tliing else necessary to change them 
 from them cmdi^ state t<j merchantable pui'i)oses is foimd 
 in close jiroximity t<> theja, including coal, lime.stone, 
 etc. ^Vmong the remarkable sj)eciinens of these min- 
 erals. and difl’erent gi-iules of iron made from them, is a 
 collection from the AVoodstock t'omjjany of Anniston, 
 Alabama, which is so classified and amingod as to make 
 a jn-esentment of great value to the student and jirac- 
 tical and thinking man. Such exhibits as tlie.se give 
 reason for Imiicful confidence that the South will be ere 
 long regenerated in an industrial sense, and present 
 effectual evidence of her eajiacity and intention in this 
 r(‘gui-d. 
 
 pretty exhibit of gmiihitc from one of the New 
 England States is a hand.sonie fountain in the navo 
 near the centre of the building, which consists of a 
 ma.S8 of rock, rough-hewu. and covered with holly, four 
 feet high, surmounted with a cro.ss, bearing the motto, 
 “Ho, every one that thir-steth !” in answer to which 
 water trickles from the foot of the cross below. 
 
 Rhode Island exhibits more than 200 specimens of 
 her minerals, besides a ^-ariety of relics of the Niu-rn- 
 gansett Indians. A mincralogical curiosity is an im- 
 mense quartz crystal from the hot springs of Arkansas. 
 Another curiosity of a difi'erent kind is a steel rail ex- 
 hibited by a Pittsburg slmii, which is blO feet long and 
 weighs 3,4H0 iiouuds, said to be the largest in the world. 
 The display of iron, copper and biuss wire from A^’or- 
 cfster. Alassachnsett.s ; that of bras.s and cojqier rivets 
 from Connecticut ; screws from Providence, Rhode 
 Island; and zinc from New A'ork and Hlinois. have 
 attracted iiarticultm attention. 
 
 The disiilay of medicinal pri'parations and chemicals 
 is very large, and in thi.s department Philadelphia takes 
 the lead, though one New A'ork firm dates back as far as 
 1770. The quantity of sugar-coated pills, lluid extiuct.s, 
 gelatine - c(jated pill.s, and elixirs and tinctures, imd 
 other medicinal prexramtions of all kinds on exhil lition, is 
 inconceivable. Between sulphate of (juiniiie, sugm--of-lead, 
 and ijyroligneous acid, one is in doubt tus to which is the 
 most iH)isonons ; aud to the layman, wlietlicr kcto-idios- 
 I)hate of lime is a manure or a milk ofi'er.s a diflicnlt 
 coumulrnm. Acids aud salts, dye-stufl’s, white and red, 
 I>aiuts, coloi-s aud oils, sacclau-atcd ])cpsiu— thest^ are some 
 of the more simple articles contained in this deirartment. 
 Others, not so noticeable by then- simi)licity, are royalith, 
 hydrastinc, Girondin disinfectant aud bnjmo-clilorainm. 
 It rests one, while wandering through those exhibits, to 
 come ujron baking }’ea.st- 2 ) 0 wder, cod-liver oil, sugai' of 
 lemons, and scouiiug soap, and know, too, that these are 
 also chemical. Now Y'ork dis 2 >lays largely in coloring 
 materials aud varnishes, and Pennsylvania also. The ink 
 exhibits are also numerous aud varied, and include all the 
 well-known old liou.sc.s. 
 
 Finally, Bua 2 is make a larish (.lisplay, one exlubit in this 
 line being a large model of the 
 old bell of Iude 2 )endence, with 
 its crack, motto, etc., all couqdetc. 
 
 After the chemicals we have 
 ferni-cotta and other pottery, por- 
 celain, etc., re 2 >resented by about 
 fifty exliibitors, of which the 
 larger number are from Phila- 
 delpliia and from New .Tersey. 
 An Ohio manufacturer cxhibit.s 
 some very pretty white gr.initu 
 workin what are tcrm<;d •‘Centen- 
 nial” and “ Cable ’’ 2 )attcni.s. The 
 tops of the covered dishes are 
 finished with round-sha 2 >ed knobs 
 with fluted sides. The shajies of 
 the articles rn'e gi-uceful, and the 
 tint clear and pure. 
 
 A collective exhibit made by 
 glass-manufacturers west of the 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 261 
 
 AUoglmiiios is n vorj’ iuiiulsoiiu' clisjilay. A Eocliest<‘r 
 Iidiisi' kIiuws a Bpfcialty in tumblers. A Pittsburg glass- 
 maiiuCucturer displays lumps, crystal aud porcelain, gla.ss- 
 Tases, and a very haialsome display of fliut-glasswnrc and 
 white porcclaiu-wure in tea-sets, bread-plates, etc. Some 
 of the bread-plates have mottoes in raised letters, and 
 oruainentntion in gold ami color's, whi<'h have attracted 
 Jiiuch admiration. Another Pittsburg house exhibits 
 crystid cover<-d dishes, fruit-stands, prcservo-di.shes, etc., of 
 the most delicate manufacture. Here i.s also to be seen a 
 Centennial plate, having in the centre medallion and views 
 of Punlu'r Hill IMoaumc'ut in raised work, .suiToimded with 
 patriotic mottoes, and the rim containing the names of 
 AVarreii, Putnam, Stark and Prescott, and the dates 1776, 
 iy76. Pittsburg come.s out stronger than any other 
 section in the mxtter of glass, for wliich her manufacturer's 
 arc celebrated. The fine glass of the O'Hara works is 
 particularly beairtiful. Airothi'r hoiisu shows a tea-service 
 in crystid, richly decorated with gold vines aud leaves ; mid 
 still urrother displays sets of Centennial wave, with the 
 cracked Independence Bell, fcl lihiliiiii. Altogelhcr. tlie 
 show of glitss-wnre in the Viiitcd Stati's Kcctiou, it nut so 
 delicate aud heairtiful as that of Bohciiria, is nevertheless 
 delii'ate aud beautiful enough, and very creditable to the 
 ]irogres,s and imjiroved condition of the art in this country. 
 
 A gr'uat deal of terra-cotta ware is c.vhibited by Philadel- 
 2thia and Trenton niannfac- 
 tnrer's, iiiclmliug statuary, vases, 
 pedestals, fountains, Howcr-inits, 
 garden idging and other arti 
 cles, many of which 
 artistic and handsome. Trenton, 
 fill), niikcs a good ilis|ilay 
 porcelain and T*arian, and geii- 
 orally in crockcr'^'-wure. From 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, wc have an 
 interesting exhibit of such ware. 
 
 Piiiladeljihia, which is noted for 
 chemicals and drugs, is also a 
 ceirtre of drnggi.sts' and ]'crfit- 
 mei'a’ glass-ware, and makes a 
 considerable exhibit in this line. 
 
 The disjilay of chandeliers in 
 the United States scctioir is largo 
 nrrd very gorgeous, iiresenting, 
 besides nirnrcrous jiatterns ob- 
 ^'iously derived from Freirch 
 urodels, many which arc plainly 
 original, aud in soirre instances 
 quite beautiful. 
 
 5Iassa<'huw.‘tts nrakes a bril- 
 Iraiit dis2)luy of glass-ware, three 
 establishments beirrg rcqire- 
 sented by B2rocimc2rs which have 
 received high I'ommerrdaliou, ' 
 and bear com2>iuison with any 
 similar exhibits exee2>t the im- 
 iqqrrour.'hable display frunr Bo- 
 hemia. Tlie grourul and ent- 
 glnss articles are of the firrest 
 design aud workirrauship, in- 
 chtdiug all kinds of table-ware, 
 from the finest thin, ornanrental 
 wineglasses to the largest 2’*'*-'* 
 serve-dishes. A maasive 2»inch- 
 buwl, the mate of oire formerly 
 owired by Daniel ^^^i)stcr•, is a 
 jmimineut article in tins collec- 
 tion. One t‘stablishnicnt dis- 
 2>lays sonte exiinisite S2>eciuu'ir.s 
 of 2'arutiugs U2)on O2ra(2uo glass, 
 
 XJortraits of Charles Snumcraud 
 Longfellow being aiuorrg therrr. The (.iitire ilu.s.saelm.sett-s 
 exhibition of table-services, toilet-set.s, lamps and chan- 
 deliers rreod trot fear examination side by .side with either 
 those of England or France. A cnrio.sity in the Ma.ssa- 
 elmsetts glass exhibit is the fir-st 2>re.ssed-glas,s tumbler ever 
 nrade. This wa.s the residt of the inventive 2’oweis of 
 Deuriug .Tarvrs. of SandwiL-h, Ma.ss., mid was made iir 1^27. 
 
 It is related that tiro success of the inventor so iufuriati'd 
 glass-blowers that Jlr. Jiu'viswas forced to coirceal liinrseif, 
 for fear of I'crsonal violence. 
 
 Near the exhibits of glass-wiu-e are those of Britimuia, 
 plated and silver-ware, led by the great cstahlislmrent of 
 TilFany A Co., of New York : the Gorhiuu Mamrfacturiug 
 Company, of Pruvidenco, I!, I.; Peed A Barton, Tarrrrtnii. 
 Mass.; arrd the Jleriden Bi-itanma Corrr])any, of ^yost 
 Meriden, Conn, The exhibits of diumond.s arrd other 
 2)reeious storres, of jewi'lry and of silver-wave made by 
 Messrs. Tilfauy A Co., have been a centre of atfi-.iction 
 diu-ing the Exhibition, the liandsome court on the irave in 
 which these were diR2rl«yed having been constantly crowded. 
 
 Here wore to be seen mrmi'rons solid silver 2>icces 
 designed arrd executed by this house, as 2>i'izes for yacht 
 races or for gifts to 2mbhc 2rersomiges, aud iir such cases 
 loaned by the ownev.s. The magrrificeut Bryant memorial 
 vase, presented to the gr'cat poet by a number of his 
 admirers, miiy be iiartieulmiy mentioned in this cormec- 
 tiou. Uno diamond necklace exhibited by this fii-ur is 
 
 valvucd at $117,000 ; aud the entire value of their exhibita 
 verged ti2ron half a million dollar-^. 
 
 The largest arrd most costly silver 2rioce exhibited is said 
 to have been the “ C'cntnr'y ” va.se of the Gorham Com2)any, 
 which contains two thoii.saud ounces of solid silver, aud is 
 valued at $'2.o,O00. Tlrrs superb art-work was designed by 
 George "Wilkinson mid J. Pii-r2)ont, and is five feet arrd 
 two inches in height While massive in the extreme, it is 
 so grac'cfrrl in its 2»ro2)ortions, arrd so delicate in its decora- 
 tions, as to 2irescrit no nu^'ieldiues.s. These 
 
 decorations are emblematical of the of Western 
 
 cirilizatiou, and of the gr'owth toward 2>erfectiou of the 
 .\moricari Peimblicatr Goveruineut, and are a2>2>ropr'iatc 
 and artistic. The ‘'Hiawatha" barge is another beautiful 
 exhibit from this house, and the Auvor'a” eiiergue, valued 
 at $3,600, is still lUiotluT. Mes.sv.s. Peed A Burton dis2’J'iy 
 an cxqni.site ornanierrtal vase, in who.se embloruatic or'na- 
 nu'irtation is finely delineated the 2'i'ogres.s of Aurer'ica, n.s 
 illustrated by contrast of the I'vesent high stat<‘ of civiliza- 
 tion with the savage coiiditiouwhicli obtained at the ireriod 
 of the discovery by Columbus. A superb fruit arrd flower- 
 stand exhibited by this house i.s another of the irutable 
 works of art, and an cmho.s.sed tea-set. 2*litted on wlrite 
 metal, deserves sjiecial mimtion us tliscovering 2H‘culiur 
 originality of decoration. 
 
 The airrormtof firrnituve exhibited bv American exhibitors 
 
 I 
 
 is enornrous, and coni2>nses every imaginable, article of this 
 ela.ss. As has been aheady indicated, there is a tendency 
 towaril dis2ilay arrd gandine.ss iir onr fii-st-class funiitnro. 
 which is to lie diquwated. Philadel2ihia iiud New York 
 I10USC.S. Irowever, have exhibited ai-tich-s of furniture which 
 are to be commended for artistic elaboi-ntion of design and 
 execution without extravagance. Library and dining-room 
 furniture in the style.s in vogue during the reigns of Henri 
 II. aud Louis XIV. and Louis XV., attest how de2)endent 
 modern structural art— in furniture, at least— is on French 
 taste of some period or other. Kichly carved cabinets 
 and buffets in the "Italian style — fifteenth century.” are 
 an occasional relief from this samene.ss, 1 mt • ‘ Keiiais.sauce " 
 and “Louis Quatorze" seem to be the ride in furuitmv- 
 bndihng, save where cnti'r2)iisiiig Yaukec.s come down ri2)ou 
 ns irith nnvel invention-s in rocker's” : or Connecticut 
 wander's from style to material fur a ‘'strong hold,” as in 
 her exhibits of "Charter Oak” furniture, wliich arc note- 
 worthy. A Boston manufaetory exhibits chamber and 
 2iarlor sets made of rich, dark olive-wood, set off 2deasiugly 
 with oi'tistic mouulings, highly 2>olishcd, and dis2Jlaying 
 s ime fine carving. Worcester, Ma-ss., contributes a lai-ge 
 number of folding, arm and rockiug-chaii's, some of the 
 designs being original and very clever. A curiosity here 
 is a Centennial chair, in which flint-lock muskets and con- 
 tinental soliliers, can-ed in black walmit, are made to do 
 double duty— aa supports for tire chair aud as patriotic 
 
 menroi'iuls of ‘'the days that tried men's souls.” But 
 besides the costly honsc-furniturc, there are exhibited 
 nimiy rich articles of semi-religions character, being devised 
 for use and ornament in clnu'ches. There are also speci- 
 mens of rattan furniture, settees, recliuing-cliairs, leather- 
 work in lambrequins aud window-curtains, extension-tables 
 of all woods and patterns, “combination” articles, which 
 may include everything from a sofa-bed.stead to a secretary, 
 and finally, from the Mount Lebanon, X. Y., manufactories, 
 “ Shaker ” chairs and other articles, which are as interesting 
 in some res2)ects as any other exhibits. When it is remem- 
 bered that under the comprehensive title, "furniture,” we 
 arc to inelude all household articles in wood or metal, it 
 will be seen that wc cannot even partially ri 2>rc8eiit the 
 nature of the exlribition. 
 
 In fabrics aud woven goods of all classes, we find the 
 chief exhibits nve from Blaine, New Hanqishke and Ma.s- 
 .sachusetts — Fall Kiver, Lowell, JIauchester and Xashau, 
 of course, leading off, 
 
 The Silver S2rring Bleaching and Dyeing Company, of 
 Providence, H. I. , display a large and costly case of bleached 
 goods of the lie.st manufacture. The Lowell cotton mauu- 
 fuctoi'ics exhibit in combination in an elaborately finished 
 case made of black walnut with 2dato glivs.s in the form of a 
 Malte.se cross, This is uu object which has attracted 
 constant utteutiuii, both for its merit as a structure and for 
 tho niagniflcent show of 2'laiu 
 and printed cotton goods illus- 
 trating the gr-eat Lowell mills. 
 Among the fabrics dis2>Iaycd 
 from Lowell i.s a most interest- 
 ing collection of fine and coarse 
 wire articles. Lawrence. l\Ia.s.s., 
 also loniiis rq> 
 
 the cotton department, exhibit- 
 ing in one ca-se, in an enormous 
 2ravilion. in wliich is included 
 every kind of cotton cloth 
 manufactured at the mills exhi- 
 biting, besides, all varieties of 
 llanuels. of every imaginable 
 color and texture. Ware, !Mass., 
 exhibits also a line display of 
 flannels and a large and ele- 
 gant assortment of other 
 woolens, tastefully ui'ranged. 
 The Lawrence aud Chicopee 
 mills have a mnnbcr of show- 
 cases, designed in a novel and 
 pleasing fashion, coutuinmg 
 other exhibits. The Burling- 
 ton Woolen Comjiaiiy, of 
 Winooski, A'ermont, and the 
 Weybosset Mills, tif Providence, 
 II. I., make also a fine dis2rlay 
 of fabrics ; while Rockville, 
 Conn., exhibits a novelty in 
 fancy eassimer s of beautiful 
 2>atterns. 
 
 The display of cotton and 
 woolen goods, however, is by no 
 means confined to the New 
 England manufactories. Wil- 
 mington, Del., exliibits the 
 celebrated Brandywine Mills 
 ticking ; Baltimore. JId., cotton 
 duck for sails, teiit-s and awn- 
 ings ; New York, brown cottons, 
 drills and nankeens, browai aud 
 bleached sheetings, caiqict 
 wiuqi.s, and jute bagging; New 
 Jersey, lum2)-wicks and eoitoii 
 yui'ds ; Ohio aud Missi.ssi2i2>i, cottons and yai'ns ; Philu- 
 del2rhia, slrirtings, cambrics, silesias, umbrella cloths, hol- 
 lands, ginghams, mourning goods, calicos, prints, etc. In 
 woolen gooiLs we have from Pliiladelxdua, luiitting cotton 
 and Germantown wool; from Chesh*r, Pa. . ca,s.sinuTes and 
 doe.skins ; from New York, felt skirts, embroidered, and 
 ItiJiaii doth skirts, trimmed and (2uilted, fancy cassimeres, 
 woolen shawls and fine white blankets. 
 
 The -Anierioau carpet display is in some instances quite 
 equal to the exhibits from Etu'opeau manufacturers, aud 
 includes Axmiusters, t-prestry -Brussels, ingrain, rag carpets 
 from Philadel2)hia, Venetian car2>ets from Pliiladd2)hia, 
 nioiiuette, Brussels aud Wilton cai'2)et.s. laigs and mats 
 from Clinton, Mass., etc. The car-pet companies of New 
 Euglaiid in general ai'e represented fully in a large and 
 commoilioiis pa^i]iou, divided into eight sections, in which 
 the Lowell Caiqret Coni2)any and othei-s are cons2)icuuns in 
 very fine and showy exhibits. 
 
 In clothing, traveling eqni2)ments mid furs, we have 
 exhibits from 235 exhibitors, including all the 2’riiicipal 
 manufactories of the country, and covering every variety 
 of di'ess goods, gentlemen's and ladies’ underwear, knit 
 goods aud embroideries, theatre costumes, mOitary, naval, 
 fire, baseball, boating and yachting equqrments, and a full 
 dis2>iay of small articles, such as collars and enfis, besides 
 iiats of every material and style, both for ladies and gentle- 
 men ; imd this brings us to the book trade exhibit. 
 
262 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 The book trade display waa organized by a committee 
 appointed by the Convention of the American Book Trade 
 Association/held at ^■iagara Falls in the Summer of 18T5, 
 •when a committee -was appointed comprising the following 
 gentlemen : J. B. Lippincott. John A. Black, George 
 Eemsen, Bobert Porter, George Wood, H.W. Coates, Rob- 
 ert Lindsay. Presley Blnkistou, and B. Griffiths. After due 
 consultation this committee was successfid in bringing 
 together a ibsplay certainly most commenilable, and par- 
 ticularly so in the judicious arrangement of the articles 
 exhibited. 
 
 The American Book Trade structure occupied a full 
 section close to the sontheostem corner of the Idaiu 
 Building. By means of a two-story pavilion— the only one 
 in the building— the difficidty of -want of space was got 
 over ill a verv satisfactory manner. A structure 117 by 31 
 feet in dimensions -was built on a plan of three platforms, 
 each supported by 10 light iron pillars and connected by 
 two bridge phitforms. The second story of thi.<, 12 feet 
 above the floor, was reached by two stairAi'uys. The cost 
 of the structiu-e proper wa-s about 85,000, borne by the 
 leading i>ubhshers occupying sj)acc uii-stairs. This struc- 
 ture contained exhibits from 00 (bfferent exhibitors, each 1 
 in his own division, and with special and appro- 
 priate cases and small pavilions, lU'ccted in uccurd- 
 auce with individual taste. 
 
 Of course, it is impossible to do more than to 
 refer to certain of the more ]>rominent hou.sc.s and 
 special exhibits in our lunited .sjjace. 
 
 Beginniug with the ApplettJiis, whose cases oc- 
 cupied a eommaiidiiig po.sition uii the ui>per floor 
 of the section, an interesting exhibit wu-s made of 
 the various medals iiwm-dcd to this house, includ- 
 ing those of the Xew York Industrial Exhibition 
 of 1853, A'icnua, 1873, and the silvi^r medid jire- 
 sented by the Pope, in recognition of a copy of 
 the fine work published by this housi', known 
 .as ••picturesque America." Here wa.s also shoi\'ii 
 the only cox'v known to be in existence, of the 
 first book published by the Ajipletons, a little 
 volume about two iuebes by three, written by 
 W. Mason, and entitled “ Crumbs from the 
 Master's Table ; or. Selected Sentences, Doctrinal, 
 
 Practical and Exiierimental,” dated 18.31. Here 
 •were also to be .seen superb coincs of the ‘‘Ame- 
 ricuu EncycUqK-dia." the new edition sho^m in 
 four .styles of bimbiig— vellmu, tree calf, morocco 
 and crushed Levant; as also a magniticeut spe- 
 eimou of the "Picturesque America," a -work 
 ■which may fairly be placed in competition with 
 the best imbbcatioua of the French bouses iu 
 the line of costly illustrative works — the present 
 coi')y being bound in brown Levant, inlaid in red 
 and blue, lined with bro-nm -watered silk and richly 
 tooled. 
 
 The bindings shown by the A])pletons aro all 
 made imdcr the sni)L’rvision of the well-known 
 binder, Matthews, formerly the luoprietor of on 
 establishment of his own at Xew York, but uow 
 for many years in charge of the bimbug depart- 
 ment of the Appletous' manufacturing establish- 
 ment in Williamsburgb. 
 
 A large pile of Webster's spelling-books was an 
 interesting exhibit, as suggesting to those who are 
 acqiuduted with the history of this extraordinarily 
 successful book what grand andunexxiectcd results 
 may arise from small beginnings. 
 
 The educational display by the Applctons in- 
 cluded 350 volumes, bound iu uniform half vellmu, 
 and bc.sides being a handsome and attractive ex- 
 hibit, u'as rci>resentative of one of the most iui- 
 portant items of the Exhibition. 
 
 Jlessrs. A. 8. Barue.s Co. exhibited largely iu 
 educational works, while their uiiscelluueous 
 X>ublicatioiis included "One Hundred Years of 
 American Independence.” a fine illustrated work, uud Mrs. 
 Lamb's ‘‘History of New York," ■which is beginning to 
 be an authority. The bibliographical exliibit of ^Ir. John 
 RusseU Bartlett should be mentioned, being a catalogue of 
 the librai-y of John Ciu-tcr Brown, of Pruvidonce, compiled 
 bv him. It is in fom- volumes, handsomely illustrated, 
 aud jirintcd in the best style of the celebrated Riverside 
 Pres.s. 
 
 The Bible Societies uuide a fine display iu a very ai'tistic 
 ease, -wherein they were enabled to exliibit the Bible in 2U0 
 languages. The Bible ease, made of ash, iu what is known 
 as the Eastlake f-o-shion, was iu itself one of the ornaments of 
 the Main Biulding. As to the Bibles, there should be 
 mentioned of them the Bible of 147b, the Doiiiiy Bible of 
 1610, Tyndall's 1525 edition, the King James of 1611, and 
 other early publications. It may be mentioned here that 
 the Penusylvamiia Bible Society exliibitwl in a separate 
 building, just south of Horticultural Hall. 
 
 K. W. Harding exliibited ijiiarto ulljums iu various elegant 
 styles of binding, among which was the ’• Thousand Picture 
 .iVlbum." the largest fairly mnoginablc. 
 
 Messrs. Harper Bro.s. displayed in an open case -u-bat 
 Avas scarcely a rejireseutative collection of the jiublicatious 
 of this imiiort ant bouse. Here Avere full sets of the Harx>er&’ 
 
 perioibcal publications, handsomely bound, and editions of 
 the English classics aud other works in different styles. 
 
 Jlessrs. Hurd k Houghton made one of the best exhibits 
 in the collection, iu the ornamental and elegant case upon 
 which artists have displayed elaborately their hdents, with 
 the design of beautifying the framework inclosing the 
 publications of this house. HereAA-ere to be seen specimens 
 of printing and biutling, the work of the River.side Press, 
 which can probably not be excelled by the publications 
 of any other establishment in the country, if elsewhere. 
 The large-paper Webster, Mrs. Clements '.s " Legendary and 
 Mythological jVi-t,” aud a glorious copy of Bacon’s Works 
 on India x>aper, boun<l iu crushed Levant, were special ex- 
 hibits by this house, besides the more strictly representative 
 works, such a.s Dickens. Macaulay, etc. 
 
 Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor i Co. made a fine exhibition 
 of school-books in plain aud fine liindiag, and their division 
 was chiefly notable for a sx)ecimen of Sxjencerian x'>miraan- 
 •ship exhiliited, and Avbich was inclosed in an elegant frame 
 six feet by eight, aud included the Declaration of Indexiend- 
 ence. with signatures in fac-simile, besides ornamentation 
 of various kinds, ami portraits of Washington and the Gen- 
 unds of the Rc\-olutiou, 
 
 8TATI.-E, '‘Sy.ev BCBBLn'i. 
 
 j Messrs. J. B. Lipi>incott k Co., of Philadelifiiia, exhibited, 
 
 , apart from the general display of the book trade, in a case 
 ' said to have cost about §2,000, being 12 feet sipiare and 20 
 feet high, ornamented with bronze biist.s of Sbakesiieare, 
 Milton, Byron imd Scott. On one side of this case avhs it 
 handsome show of Bibles, including a very large uud richly 
 bound Bible valued at 8250. Other exhibits Avere a fine 
 show of the works of fietiou pubbshed by this house, 
 " Lii>i>incott's Magazioc" and "Chambers s Eucyclopedia, 
 
 J. R. Osgood k Co., of Boston, well kuoAvu as the pub- 
 lishers of the leading English aud American poets and 
 essayists, displayed their fine edition of the British Poets, 
 and the works of Emerson, Lowell, Longfellow, HaAvthoruc, 
 Agassiz and others, besides a very jileasing exliibit of their 
 hcliotype work and book illustrations. 
 
 T. B. Peterson Brothers, of Philudelx>hia, exhibited 
 tbeir publications, works by the -well-kuo-a-u authors, Mrs. 
 Southworth, Mrs. btopheus. Lever, T. S. Arthur, Dickens. 
 
 ' Dumas, etc., in various bindings. 
 
 \ Messrs. Porter k Coates, of Philadelphia, had three fine 
 j eases, ornamented by bronze busts of Shakespeare, Miltou 
 I and Scott, aud included in their pubheations exhibited new 
 [ editions of Shakesi>earc. tlie works of Jules ^emc, and 
 ! Wilson’s magnificent ••American Ornithologj’.'' G. P. Put- 
 
 nam's Sons were represented by the worlis of Washington 
 IrA'ing, Tuckerman, Bayard Taylor and John P. Kennedy ; 
 the bindings being noticeable for excellence of taste. 
 
 Scribner, .Armstrong it Co. made a handsome show of 
 Guyot’s wcll-knoAvn Avail maps, the important works of 
 Curtins, Mommsen, aud IMax dialler, besides siiccimens of 
 fine illustrated works imxAorted by this house through their 
 Loudon agency. 
 
 In conaection with the book display should be mentioned 
 the stationery exhibits of the leading American stationery 
 bouses, including departments of artists’ materials, ink, 
 mucilage, etc., gold x’cns, x>cucils, x^i'nholdcrs, lead-x^cucils, 
 paper and general stationery. A number of the principal 
 exhibits in this nne have been already illustrated and de- 
 scribed in the Histobicai/ Reuisteb. Some of the cases 
 are themselves deserving of commendation for 
 
 artistic and ax^xaroiAriate structure aud ornamentation. 
 There is, perhaps, no cla.ss of articles more generally 
 iotc-restiug to the ordinary observer than those comprised 
 under the general title of •‘stationery.’’ There is some- 
 thing exceedingly attractive both in the uses and the 
 workmaiishix> of all matters xJcrtidniug to the desk and the 
 writing-table ; and since never before, x^erbaxis, have such 
 articles been .shown under similar favorable cir- 
 eumstonces, and Avith such x>eeuliarly iuteresting 
 surroundings of taste, it follows that this dc'xiart- 
 meut of the JIaiii Building exhibition has through- 
 c>ut been one which ha.s attracted utteutioii. 
 
 The devices to attract the interest of spectators 
 have been innumerable and successful. Here, for 
 instance, a fine show of artists' colors includes a 
 curious feature in the representation of the old 
 Liberty Bell, constructed of broken paints, and in 
 the design of the American flag— the top forming 
 the Union with wliite star.s, and the bottom being 
 built in alternate stripes. Here, too, is seen a 
 basin filh'd with quicksilver, and having floating 
 upon its surface an iron eauuoii-ball. It may bo 
 mentioned that thi' costly aud beautiful color, 
 vermibon, is made fn>m (]uicksilvcr. The house 
 AA-hich exhibits the.se interesting articles is 106 
 years old— that of C. T. Ruynold.s A Co., of New 
 York ; and still another euriona aud interesting 
 article in the collection is an original invoice 
 issued by the founder of the house in 177-4. The 
 goods exhibited by this finn include Avater-colors, 
 drawing materials, camers-huir brushes, crayons, 
 and all other article.s necessiiry to the artist. 
 
 Messrs. Francis k Loutrel, of New York, made 
 a flue display of their blank-book manufactures 
 iu Russia bindings. Charles A. Dickson A Co., of 
 Philadcliihia, exliibite<l siiecimcns of copper and 
 steel i>late engi-aving, tyxie printing, crests, mono- 
 grams, etc. John Foley, of Xcav York, and Mabic, 
 Todd A Baril, also of KeAV Y’ork, made fine ex- 
 hibits of elaborate gold-i)lutcd and solid gold 
 pencil-cases, ebony, ivory and XH’arl lienholders, 
 chai'm jieiicil.s, toothi)iel:s, shue-buttouers — some 
 of these being .set with diamonds or enameled, 
 while others are made of onyx or agate— and two 
 lieu and x>encil-cases, each A\'ith a diamond iu its 
 liead, valued ut over $200 each. Another gold 
 pen house exhibited a large American eagle, built 
 up of gold pens to the number of 3.000. 
 
 Tliaddeua Davids A Co., whose exhibit has been 
 already described, Coi-ter, Diusmore A Co. , of New 
 York, and George Mather's Sons, of New York, 
 with the old house of Mayiiiu'd k Noyes, of 
 Boston, rein'csented the ink trade ; AA'hile in ink- 
 stands, ineluding specimens of bronze, nickel 
 lilate, gold antique, aud itre.ssed aud cut glass, 
 Messrs. Brower Bros., of Ncav York, bad a hand- 
 some disX'lay. 
 
 PaiAcrs Avere exhibited by Hotchkiss A Sons, of 
 Bridgeport, Conn., whose uote-x>apers haA-e 
 attracted much attention ; Chapin A Gould, of Sxiring- 
 field, Mass. ; the Owen Paper Company. Housatonic ; and 
 the Mount Holly Paiicr Company, of Pennsylvania, and 
 other manufacturers. In the exhibit of Jessup A Moore, 
 
 1 uf Pliiladclphia, was a roll of paper 80 inches high, 
 
 I ^aid to weigh 1,900 lAOuiids. The Whiting Paper Company, 
 
 ! of Holyoke, l\Ia.ss., exhibited u ease 12 by 20 feet, aud 14 
 I feet high, of ebony and fine plate glass, estimated to have 
 ! cost 85,000. In this case wivs exliibited a ream of paper 6 
 bv 18 feet, weighing 2,000 pomuls, called •• The Monarch." 
 
 The stutiouery exhibition closed Avitli a display of school 
 I furniture, slates and .slate-pencils, cards aud cardboard, 
 mucilage, wedding and fancy stationery, blank-books, steel 
 pens— the only American exhibit in this line being that of 
 the Esterbrook Steel Pen Cumxiany, of Camden, New 
 
 Jei-sey a handsome display in four show-case.s, 16 feet by 
 
 6, iu Avhich were to be seen pens in every stage of manu- 
 facture, including some mammoth iicns 12 and 18 inches 
 long, handsomely engraved. 
 
 The exhibition of firearms aud hunting apparatus in- 
 cludes the names of all the leading manufacturere in the 
 country, who exhibited specimens of their work, including 
 the very latest improvements aud patents. Prominent in 
 tbis dex^artuieut was the luaguificeut case of the Messrs. 
 
AUSTKIAN aALLKIlY, IN MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENHIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Remington <fc Sons, one 
 of the most noticeable 
 exhibits in passing up 
 the nave of the Main 
 Building from west to 
 east. Tlie Colt's Patent 
 
 Fireai’ms Manufacturing .Sr»” '_'^ Siiv^>gS5i8 
 
 Company, ‘Whitney Amis 
 
 Company, Sharp's RiHe ^ 
 
 Company, Winchester 
 Rejieating Arms Com- 
 pany, Frank H. Snyder 
 
 and Ames Manufneturing Company, were among the leading 
 exhibitors, and displayed breech-loading firearms, revolving 
 firearms, ammunition, mOitary and pocket revolver, small 
 arms, shot-guns, magazine rifles, metaUic shells, balls, wads, 
 l)cmis.sion caps, projectiles for rifled cannon, double-baitel 
 breech-loading shot-guns, and ail other arms or projectiles 
 suitable for war or sport. 
 
 Ill the department of Medicine and Surgery there were 
 
 Conn., and other well- 
 knowui American watch 
 and clock manufactories. 
 
 In pianofortes and 
 organs a lai'ge number 
 of exliibits were made, 
 covering about eighty 
 exliibitoi's, and compiis- 
 ing all the piincipal 
 American names, such as 
 Halle t, Davis ik Co., 
 Boston ; Mason Ham- 
 liii Organ Company ; 
 IMeycr, Connid & Sons, 
 P h i 1 a delphia ; 
 
 Hnzelton Bros. , 
 
 Steinwny and B 
 
 Sous, Decker B > 
 
 Bros., Albert l| 
 
 ^ Weber, Xew I; 
 
 York; William Kiitibe Co., Baltimore ; Chiek- I: 
 
 eriiig it Sons, Bo.ston ; and H. L. Roosevelt, of I 
 
 Xew Y'ork. who exhibited, in the north gallery k 
 of the transept, the magnificent organ whose 
 music never failed to draw a large, ai'.preciutive *3 
 and delighted audience. B 
 
 111 the article of pianos, the exhibition de- 8 
 
 monfiti'iih'd that the Diiited Stat<-s need not fear H 
 competition with the niiiiiufacturri-s of any other 
 country whatsoever. The full disi>lay f)f instill- 
 ments. covenug every iinprovenient and nil the 
 numerous attachmeuts. was one of the chief 
 ornaments of the Ylaiu Building, ns well ns a 
 demoustnitiou of the peculiar adaptability of 
 American mechanics in regard to the develop- ; 
 
 ment of work reipiiring a combination of art 
 with mechauisni. 
 
 Here we may close our brief con.sideration of 
 the I'nited Stiites depiuiiuent in the Yrain Build- 
 ing, and with it the i>re.scnt account of the Ylain 
 Building itself. Ylore than in any other part 
 of the Exhibition, it has been 
 ^ 6^ here that compaiisou could be 
 
 wliicb, while encoiirag- 
 
 exhibits of niediiinal prepnra- 
 
 tious, medical i>liiuts. a con- rl Fig, 2. ^ \m 
 
 sidernble display in honieo- m n 
 
 patliic pharmacy, and a very — -jr 
 
 large show of work in artificial 
 
 limbs and articles designed for snrgioal cases ; also surgical 
 instruments, fokling Chau’s, couches, im’aliil beds, etc. 
 
 The exhibition of .artifleial teeth, dental iustraments and 
 furniture, and the materials u.sed in the manufacture cjf 
 teeth, was comprehensive, and included all the different 
 articles employed in this peculiiU’ly American profession. 
 
 The exhibition of articles of hardware, lalged tools, cntleiy, 
 etc., comprised 200 exhibitors, and included the leading 
 houses in the conntiy. These articles isimprised every- 
 thing known to this department, and arc quite impos-sible 
 to enumerate ; tools of all kinds for all workers with tools — 
 c.u’penters. shipwrights, machinists, bricklayci’s, plasterers, 
 glaziers — in fact, mechanics of all sorts ; also implement.s. 
 including shovels, spades, picks, mattocks, etc. 
 
 Watchmakers’ tools were shown by the Elgin ^^'ateb Com- 
 pany, of Elgin. Illinois, and by the American Watch Com- 
 pany of Waltham, Mass. Rkate.s, razor-strops, oil-.stones, 
 grindstones, polishing imjdements, etc., were among the 
 miscellnueons hnrdwai-e. Cast-stccl tools, sledges, hatchets, 
 angers, planes, saws, and finally, entii’e tool-chests, cither for 
 amateurs or meclianics, included the customary and well- 
 known articles of this charoc-ter. Then we had all sorts of 
 cutlery; butchers’ knives, hunters’ kuives, druggists’ kuivos, 
 c.ist-steel scissor.s and shears, jjruning shcai’s, and even’- 
 thing else in this line. Then fire-grates, feudei’s, fire-places, 
 fire-irons, fancy coal-boxes, iron culinary -ware, plain .and 
 ornamental bronze figures, etc., bras.s kettles, water-coolers, 
 Japanned tinware, and, finally, locks and padlocks, from 
 
 displayed great improveinent ^ ; 
 
 and considerable originality / 
 
 and invention in this diree- Wg 
 
 tiou. Here were seen pliilo- R8 j,-„. 3 
 
 Rophical and nautical in- m-X BH 
 
 stimmeuts, and mnehiuen' for ^ JBMf 
 
 drawing instnunents, models 
 for scientific 
 — - schools, automatic 
 
 machines for gi’iuding and polishing diamonds. 
 / for dividing units into equiU pai-ts and other 
 / niinnte work, specimens of acrogi’aphs or 
 
 storm-writers for predetei’miuing skirms, ther- 
 inometers, ellii)so- 
 Ife- — graplts for describing 
 
 a elhpst's, n-stronomicid 
 
 r — J and other scientific 
 
 instruments, portable 
 instruments, ships’ 
 logs, aud finally, 
 clocks aud watches 
 — without number; 
 
 ^ — J special attention being 
 
 directed to the exhibits 
 of the American Watch 
 Company of Waltham, Mass., including watches aud 
 watch movements, gold aud silver cases and watch ma- 
 tci-ials ; to the Waterburj- Clock Coni])any of Watevbury, 
 
 Belgian make, while even 
 
 in repoiiMi’ work we luiv<' been able to exliibit some spe- 
 cimens fit to compete with those shown by foreign expeids 
 in this line. It is scai’cely expecting too much to believe 
 that should the attention of our capitiJists lie tinned in 
 1 those directions it will 
 
 L not rcipiire another him- 
 
 I dr<>d years to develox> onr 
 
 task capacity^ for 
 
 gree in the deiiartmeuts 
 of bronzes, faience, or 
 even lacquer-work. 
 
 Ip. slioTiog breech aciion wUh Vernier Sights; al.»o Wind gauge Sighu. 
 
 Fic. 6. ReiuingtoQ “ Creedmoor Long Range, Brcech-loadmg Rifle. 
 
 EXHIIilTS. 
 
 bank -lock; time locks, cabinet b k 
 
 locks, spring padlocks aud eai'- 
 locks, and a great ipiantity of 
 nails, spikes, screws, gimlets, tacks, 
 
 liross and other small ivares. In materials manufactured 
 into fabrics, we had woven and bnuded goods, broom.s, 
 brushes, cordage, twines, sash -cord, ship - riggings, re- 
 galias, flags, banners, 
 
 Inmting in vei-j' large 
 
 Fin 1- Doublc-birralcd Breech-loading Guu, showing working parts. Fin. 2. Sectional fiew of the Rifle, Fic. 3. Sectional vie 
 Fig. 4. Sectional view of RemingtoQ Eille, open to receive the cartridge. Fic. i. Reniiiigtou Breech.loading Single- 
 P 0 H T I 0 X OF E . n E >f I X O T O X .V 
 
I'AIMH RKSTArUANT ACX Tl{ul^ FliKRES rROVI:N('Ar.\', 
 
 ■|•D^CATIO^'AL DEPARTMKXT. 
 
 XoT cimlininK oursi'lvi-s in this oonuoctiuii to the iMaiii 
 Biiilcliiifr, MV to present nsnednet view of the subject 
 
 of eihii-iitiim as illnstnitetT in the entire Exposition by 
 the ditl'ei-<‘nt eonutries exhibitinp. Ijejduning xvith (Iroat 
 Britain, MV foniiil nniuerons important articles representa- 
 tive of th(‘ work of liritish Smiihiy-sehools. im-Iucling 
 books, inapa/.ines, cards, reu-ard - tickets, Sunduy-sehool 
 registers, roll-\)ooks, niiunte-books, Siindjiy -.school mcm-s- 
 paper.s, etc,, presenting a fair view of this important 
 in.stitiition lus oondneted in the onnutry where it lii-st 
 originaUnl in its jirescnt form. The mateiial and methods 
 for promoting the edneatiou and employment of the blind 
 wi-re Hkcwi.se displayed, ,and common-school education was 
 ri'i)rcsentcd in maps, atlases, glf)bes, 
 editions of the classic.s, and other edin-a- 
 tional works ; and collaterally bj’ meaii.s 
 of engravings, photograidis, bhicks used 
 for wood-engraving, .sjiecimens of type, 
 and copies of illustrated and other news* 
 
 I'.ipevs, besides a very considerable num- 
 ber of scientirte and other instruments. 
 
 Tho educational department of Vic- 
 toria, at Melbonnic, Sent photographic 
 views of the State Sehool in Victoria, 
 and tho Victorian Asylum and School 
 for the Blind exhibited a unnibcr of 
 articles made by pupils of the institu- 
 tion, such as baskets, portmanteaus, 
 trunks, mat.s, fancy wool-work : xvliQe 
 the eommis.sioiicrs furnished ofiiciul re- 
 ports, school-books and other educa- 
 tional ivorks, as well as philosophical 
 instruments. 
 
 Tho exhibits from Canada have been 
 already mentioned briefly. As heretofore 
 stated, an important feature of these ivas 
 romprised in the ingenious models of 
 Kchool-bnildings and jniblie institutions 
 geiiei-ally, a nnmher of whieli were ex- 
 liibited in the Woman's Pavilion. 
 
 Tim general edneatiomd exhibit of 
 Oiihirio, of which a sejiarate catalogue 
 h;is b.'i'u issued, included reports of tho 
 dill'ci'cnt schools in the Province, M'ith 
 copies of tho law.s governing them. 
 
 There were also photograjihs of the edu- 
 cational institutions and other imblic 
 baildings, inclndiug the Vuiversity of 
 Toronto ; the Viettuia Wethodistl'niver- 
 sity of Cobourg; Institution for the 
 Blind Brantford ; and lu.stitution for 
 tho Deaf and Ihnnb. Belleville. The 
 normal and model schools, collegiate 
 institutions, high schools and public 
 sclinola of Ontario were exhibited in 
 r<‘ports, models and jdaus. Of school- 
 fittings and furniture there were shoxvii 
 n number of desks, model of gj-nmnsium, 
 map-stand.s, blackboards, and school iiu- 
 plemeuts of all kinds, In school-work 
 
 the exhibits consisted of maps, pencil and scientific drawing, 
 and penmanship. A number of thc.se u-ere from the model 
 schools for gills and boys in Toronto. 
 
 The various text-books in use in Canada were exhibited ; 
 also books relating to the profes.sion of teaching, and those 
 (‘inployed in the examination of teachers. The Kiiulcrgarteii 
 system and object -teaching were illnstmtcd. and a largo col- 
 lection of books used for prizc.s, drawing inati'rials and 
 models and innsie, w;is ineliided. Geography and astro- 
 nomy were fully illustrated in ti'rrt'strial and celestial globes, 
 atlases, maps, charts, planctirinms mid diagrams. Natural 
 history was presenUnl in sets of fo.ssils, mim'ruls, geological 
 specimens, models of floivcrs, btjtanical charts, stnfted 
 sjieeiinens of mammalia, birds, rc'ptiles and fishes. Anatomy 
 and physiologj', chemistry and mechanical science, electri- 
 
 city and mechanics, had their appropriate appm-at n -. Tho 
 Caiimlian educational di‘partment tho most important 
 feature of tho exliibits of the Boiuiiiion. 
 
 Fu.vxce makes no distinctive cdueational exhibit, but the 
 Dciiartiueut of Public Education of Pans sent books, 
 catilognes and reports ; and a number of the educational 
 societi(‘s and schools of Franco xven‘ ivpre.Si-nted by the 
 ■work of pupils and by reports ; while sehcnil-fui'iiiture and 
 materials and eilucatiuual books were profusely shown. 
 Geicuny made no special educational exhibits. 
 
 ArsTRm illiistratfd her idncationat institutions by iihoto- 
 gTiiphs of objects piataining to them, and by <-ollectious of 
 objects of natural history and models of schoi ils, sent from 
 Prague. The Austrian method of instructing the blind was 
 illustrated ; seientilic’ and pliilo.sopliic 
 iustmments -wN-n^ clisplay<'d, and the de- 
 partnieiit of tho Pres.s in Vienna wa.s 
 illustrated by a ivju'e.sciitation covering 
 the years between and ISTfi. 
 
 SuTTZEnL.vxD, mIicvc every eliild be- 
 tM’ceii five and fight Veal'S of age is eom- 
 jielled to attend sehool, sent a eomplc-ti- 
 exhibit of her .school system, eaeli cantim 
 being represented by its Board of Edu- 
 cation in ctilleetions of laxvs and regu- 
 lations, books, inaj).s, plans, reports, 
 prospectuses, school aj'paratus and 
 models. The draM-iugs and other sehool- 
 ■work of pujuls preseiitfd a rao.st pli-as- 
 ing and attractive showing, and especi- 
 ally the work of the blind and the d<-af 
 and dumb. A enrions portion of tins 
 exhibition was found in a colleetinn <,f 
 large blank -books, in which Mvre in- 
 serted specimens of all kinds of needle- 
 work, from liabies’ socks to elaborately 
 constructed di'cs-ses. A nnml ler of Sw iss 
 organizations of a scientific or educa- 
 tional character were rciirc.sented ; .sudi 
 as the SM'is.s Geological Comnii.ssion. tho 
 Swiss Statistical Society, Swiss Hisiurie.il 
 Society, Swiss Aliune Chib, and the So- 
 cieties for the Advaucemciit of Natural 
 Philosojdiy located in tho difl'enait 
 cantons, A fine colleetioii of seieiitific 
 and philosoidiical instruments xvas also 
 exliiliited, including drawing iiistni- 
 mciits, leveling iu.stnimeiits, and others. 
 
 Education in BmmTr:u xvas prcsenti d 
 in a selitiolhimse iii the Belgian section 
 in the i\Iain Building, roinpri.sing tliixv 
 rooms, so hidden by the imiiortant arii- 
 eles exhibited around it, as to be dillicnlt 
 to find. Tho primary sehool, sent ns a 
 spccinu'ii, ineliuled a wash-room, a well- 
 supplied gymiiasinni, model schoolroom 
 lighted, wanned and ventilated lai a 
 scientific sy.stem, and desks and scats 
 Well adapted to their uses and gi-ad’Aatcd 
 
/ 
 
 2GG 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 ITALIAN rniNITL'RE. 
 
 tj tlio lii'ight of the pupils. Here were shown, also, o.s 
 ineaii-s of iustnicfion, pietiuvs, iustrimieiits, jstiiffi-il birds 
 and animals, gennietrie furnis, statistical tables, books, 
 models, and many other articles dc.signed for the iuii>rove- 
 jiient of tlie niind. 
 
 The Kingdom of thk NET7rERL.^.Nns is represented in its 
 educational system by no sjieeinl exhibit, but offered a col- 
 lection of .school-books, driWvings and de.signs of work of 
 pupils, besides a curious writing ajipar.itus designed fur 
 the use of cripples. 
 
 The school system of .Swedf-s, which is in many respects 
 the best in the world, was fully ilispluyed in the Exhibition, 
 the Swedish schoolhous>, alri’ndv illu-stmted and described 
 in this work, being e-siiccldly ri'present.ative, and having 
 formed an object which r.'ceived considerable atteutiuii 
 during the existence of the Exhibition. According to 
 Swedish law, the 8i-hool board of every county detemiine.s 
 the age when education shall coniinencc, jn-oviding that ; 
 this shall not be postponed until after the ninth year of ' 
 the chikl’.s age. This latter contingency seldom occui's 
 excei)t in localities -where the hard climate rendci-« it 
 impracticable for very small children to attend school. 
 Generally speaking, the .school-lifc commences with their 
 Bcveuth year and continues until the fourteenth ; but after 
 nine year.s of age education is compuLsoiw. and all who arc ' 
 not instructed in iirivate st'hools. or at home by jiennission 
 of the legal .school board, must attend the public schools. 
 Children whose p.arents arc unable to clothe and f.'ed them 
 during the .school period arc assisted by a public fund. At 
 the end of tire year 1873 the number of chiUli’en in 
 Sweden between the ages of nine and fourteen was 
 734,165, or 17 per cent. In that year nc.arly S3 per cent, 
 of all the chiklven were instructed in the untiou.al schools. 
 Of chikh'cn who, on iiocomit of natnnd defects, had been 
 without instruction, there were in the kingdom 2,678, and 
 of those who for other reason.s received no in.structiou, 
 16,121 — although it is not stated whether this lack of 
 instruction extended beyond the yc.ar given. Industrial 
 schools for boys exist in many places, particularly in 
 towns ; while in most of the girls’ schools they have oj>por- 
 timities for leaming industries. lu some of the larger 
 towns ojiportimities ai-e given to girls for j'racticing common 
 household vocation.s, saich as baking, -washing and ironing, 
 in institutions denominated “School for Housekeepers," 
 and established for that ptu-pose. 
 
 An important i^rovision, by special royal enactment 
 made in the year 1866, establishes a pension fund for the 
 benefit of teachers, this being sustained by the communi- 
 ties. The full pension is paid to a teacher if he has served 
 thirty years and attained sixty yeai-s of age, and also if lie 
 be afllictcd with au incurable disease at that point of life 
 when his age and teim of service together amount to ninety 
 years. Under certain other circumstances a smidl iicnsion 
 
 is granted, the full pension amounting to somctliing over 
 • 82nu gold per annum. 
 
 Among the articles exhibited liy .Sweden in her educa- 
 tional dejiartmeut were specimens of the work of pupils in 
 the ditl'creiit cltusses of scdiools, majis, models of school- 
 I honse.s, gymua.stie apparatus, herbariuins, drawing.s. and a 
 I collective cxhit)itioii of the technical elemental schools in 
 six different cities and towns of >Sweden. 
 
 XoHWAY had no edncation.al exhibits beyond a collection 
 of materuLl.s for the free school, models of hand-writing, 
 books and maps. 
 
 Italy offered sjH->cimens of penmanship, maps in relief, 
 books anil newspajicr-s, and some proparatiniis in patholo- 
 gical anatomy and microscopy. 
 
 The Abuestixe IlEPruLir is the only South Americim 
 country which had any educational exhil'it, this ineludiug 
 a few native school-books, educational stati.stics of certain 
 of the provinces, annals of education, reading cards, statis- 
 tics of certain schools and librarie.s — not including a general 
 collection of books and periodicals, charts, maps, and 
 plans, which was cpiite Lurge .and important. 
 
 •Tap AX was represented by every article of im])ortanceused 
 in the in.struetion of the Japanese youth, including text- 
 books, cases of stufled animals, skeletons, pressed plants and 
 leaves, ilhrstrations of the Kiudorgarten sy.stem, gyumasimn, 
 slates, school libraries, and the weekly and monthly 
 
 repnrt.s of several .T.apanese schools. It is stated, on the 
 authority of a Jupaiie.se Commissioner, that while, five years 
 ago, the Government found it advi.sahle to send young men 
 and women to Europe and America to receive full educa- 
 tion, now it is unnecessary, .siuoc .Japan has scliools of 
 the highest grade, equal to those of any other countiy 
 
 j In the educational department the exhibits of the Uxiteb 
 ( States were divided into State.s, viz., Indiana, Michigan, 
 I M'is.’on.siii. Ohio. Hhode Island, New Hamp.shire, Illinois, 
 
 , Maine. Iowa, Tenues-see, Mas-saeliiiaetts, New Jersey, New 
 I York — and the State of Pemisylvniiia, .as prc.sented in tho 
 I handsome siieeial edncaUoii building devoted to the {-xhibita 
 I of that State. Among the.se, the State of Mas-sachusetts 
 I made tho large.st, most comprehensive and mo.st reiircsciit- 
 I ativc exhibition, iucluiliug every article used in school 
 I edneation under the Mu.ssachu.sett.s system, which is gener- 
 ally admitted to be the most jiractical as well as most 
 I scientific in use. Tho collection included plaii.s of State 
 normal schools, with stereoscope and stereoscopic views, 
 j drawings from high schools and academies, I’botograjihs 
 I of high schools iu different towns, ai'chite:-tnral draw- 
 ings, iihotogi'aiihs from Harvard University, Amherst Col- 
 lege, Tuft's College, and other imiversities and colleges; 
 rcpoiis, dcji-ninents ami \ iews illu.stratiiig the various female 
 senhuiu’ies and military schools, s2)0cimcus of thawing, 
 painting and modeling from the art schools, materials for 
 instmetion iu iudustrial drawing, books, models in wood 
 j and piaster, anatomical preparations, books and ajipaiatus 
 ! illustiating the jiroce.sses in n.so at the institution.s for the 
 blind and the deaf ami dumb, annual reports of the Board 
 of Educjition and the school committaes of 18 cities and 
 323 towns in the commonwealth ; and, finally, a large collec- 
 tion of text-books and miscellaneous works, pauiphlet.s and 
 2)evioJicala, reports, public di>cumcnts, plans and photo- 
 gKi]-)lis, having reference iu one w.ay or another to the 
 subject of edneation. 
 
 In the Penu-sylvania Building, which was a circular struev 
 ture divided into sections or alcoves by a corridor, with an 
 open hall iu the centre, we had exhibits from special schools, 
 illn.striiting. in a curious and interesting manner, the pro- 
 gres.s of education. Thus, one alcove showed the old- 
 time school-room with its appurtenances ; nu old hat and 
 coat hanging on the wall ; a clumsy desk spotted with spilled 
 ink. n leather strap, suggestive of castigation; an antique- 
 looking bucket, -a-ith a gourd for a drinking cup ; an old- 
 fashioned stove ; old, dog’s-c.ared books ; and the gener-ally 
 dilapidated appe.arancc common to the school-room of a 
 generation since. 
 
 Next to this alcove rv.as a section representing the school- 
 room of the present. Here everything is new — new desks, 
 maps, books, all the modem paraphernalia. In the spaco 
 in the centre of the building were nqnvsentations of the 
 latest imi)ravements iu school-desks. Two si'ctions were 
 devoted to the work of sohber's orx>hans in difli-rent 
 
I-I/STORICAL RliGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 267 
 
 .schools, The normal schools ainl colleges were represented 
 by theii- stiuleiits' work, with models of the colleges and 
 ficliool-buildiugs. A school of design for women exhibited 
 Borne really artistic aiid interesting work. The Kindergarten 
 system was displayed, and Pittsburgh hud a si>ocial repre- 
 sentation of the \sork of her mechanical night-sehool-s. The 
 Bchool for the blind had a speeiid representation, Finally, 
 the reimsylvauia Sunday-schools made a full display, illu.s- 
 trutiug their methods of education. 
 
 lletnrning to the Main Ihiilding exhibition, it may bo 
 mentioned that Maryland exhibited models of her public 
 bchools, with specimens of school-furniture ; New Hamp- 
 shire was notable for the exhibit of a large relief map of 
 ■\V'hitc Mountain scenery ; the Michigan Univei-sity offered 
 a tine collection of staffed birds, shells, and specimens of 
 natural history, beddes a complete representative display of 
 the public schools of the State ; ‘Wisconsin showc<l pictnre.s 
 of its school-biuldings and a series of its text-books ; Cun- 
 nectient made a lino disjjlay, offering new styles of de,sks, 
 maps, pictures of Yale College, 
 gallery and other buildings ; representations of schools 
 of the different large towns, and a library of books written 
 by YTde graduates, and other intere.sting objecti. 
 
 New Jersey 2 >ublic schools were rei)re- 
 Kc-nted by the work of pupils. Ninety- 
 six per cent, of her teaehers have oxhi' 
 bited. Rhode Island illustrated evening 
 school-work, and the Rrowu 'University. 
 
 Iowa made a fine exhibit of school 
 statistics. The education of the Frecd- 
 meu.representing thirty-four schools and 
 seminaries, was illustrated by a map on 
 which was displayed the location of 
 schools, also ijictures of a normal labor 
 school, and one rcjireseutiug the tine 
 building, co.sting SlOO.OOO, erected by 
 the Hampton Singers. Illinois was ex- 
 liibitcd by her Industrial Univer.sity, 
 
 College of Engineering, the CUiieugo 
 schools, and revolving cases showing 
 c.xaniiuation jinixTS and sehool-lmild- 
 ings. Here were i)hotograi>hs of school- 
 buildings and volumes containing i>luus 
 of school arehitecture. The Ohio and 
 Indiiiua exhibits were com 2 >letc, and in 
 fact, the 'We.stern States made in educa- 
 tion a remarkably full and interesting 
 bhowing. It is to bo recollected that the 
 schools of the “West had the advantage 
 of a uiuo-milliou - dollar school fund, 
 besides the beiielit of Eastern experience. 
 
 Ninety years ago they paid their teachers 
 $•2,00(1. Last year they i>aid them about 
 $2, MOO, 000. Indiana exhibited cpiito 
 largely in mineral and chemical spe- 
 cimens, beside.s fishes, zoological siieei- 
 mous and native woods ; all of which were 
 collected and prc 2 )ared bypuihlsof the 
 different schools. IModels of v.'ard and 
 high- school Imildiiigs at Indiauai)ulis, 
 
 Fort Wuyno and Terre Hant<.: were ex- 
 hibited, luul, what was a considerable 
 curiosity, the model of a log school- 
 house, the lirst built in Eelnwarc 
 County, Indiana, and which cost $25 in 
 1825. This work, tulceii in comparison 
 with the Iiuliuua schools of the present 
 day, some of which cost as high as 
 $75,(J00, wiis an iutercsting exhibit. A 
 specialty in this collection comiu-ised 
 banners exhibiting the school system, 
 statistics, imd distribution of .school- 
 houses in the different communities. 
 
 The exhibit of the State of Tennessee 
 included reports (jf the different schools exliilhted by the 
 State and County SuiH’rinteudcuts ; photographs of llio 
 Colored Training School at Jonesboro ; examination manu- 
 scripts and goograjihicid drawuigs from ^Memphis aud Nash- 
 ville, and jjhotogi-ajjhs of 2 )rominent Tennessee educators. 
 Now Y'ork exhibited drawing instruments, models and uia- 
 chiucrj’ for seicntilic schools, text-books, school-books, 
 slates, blackboards, maps, terrestrial aud celestial globes, 
 boolis, charts, and modern scliool material, uesks and school 
 fui-niture ; aud in fact, idl the iii>])urtcn.incea which go to 
 illustrate the New Y’ork iniblic school sj stem. 
 
 MINERAL ANNEX No. 2 .‘ 
 
 Tius building, which, like No. 1, was an annex to the Main 
 Building, was devoted cliietly to large masses of minerals 
 and of thJir mumifactnrc. It commenced with a novelty 
 in the shai>e of concentrated anthracite fuel, made in bricks 
 and composed of coal-dust hold together by some new 
 process, and afterward modeled into form. It is contended 
 that this fuel is at last a successful effort to utilize coal- 
 waste. Here also were numerous specimens of bituminous 
 * Tor Jiliiicrdl Auu l-x yu. 1, see I'Ugc 215. 
 
 covers a space of 2-37 feet by 156 feet. The founder of 
 this house commenced business in Philadelphia in 1860, 
 and all the various processes of his trade were daily ex- 
 hibited in the jiretty aud ornamental miniature establish- 
 ment on the Centennial Grounds. A single one-storied 
 structure of considerable extent, unbroken by wall or 
 jiillar, containing a tall tower tapering in fonn from the 
 bottom lip, aud a furnace, comini.sed the principal portion 
 of the glass-works. Besides the main melting-fnmace, other 
 smaller furnaces suiJjilied the necessary melting a]>purte- 
 nances of the cstabli.shment. About these red-hot furnaces 
 could bo seen continually in constant movement a largo 
 force of men and boys engaged in stirring up the hot metal 
 within the main fiirnace, currying to the various artilicers 
 halls of the red mass on the end of their metal sticks, 
 and performing other duties involved in the mysteries of 
 glass-making. Here, a workman wo.s cngirged in molding 
 glass into various shai^es while iu its melted contlitiou l.>y 
 2 )ouriug it into a matri.x, fr<mi which it was srithdrawn a 
 comiJletvd lamp, tumbler, goblet, or what not; there, boys 
 were running about with the newly -made article .still at a 
 red heat, carried on the top of a stick, to be placed on a 
 board and undergo the annealing proces-s in two ovens, each 
 sixty feet in length — this latter im- 
 portant jn-ocess being performed by 
 teini)cring the glass, as it were, from a 
 high to a low condition of heat, the 
 ai-ticlcs 2 >Iaced on pi^^s being carried 
 by means of movable iron trucks over 
 the S 2 )ace of sixty feet at a very slow 
 82 Jeed, and emerging at the further end 
 cool and annealed, an operation con- 
 suming altogether twelve hours. 
 
 At one side of the building men were 
 engaged in frosting, cutting and engrav- 
 ing, by means of wheels, grindstones and 
 tools, the vai'ious 2 ueces of glass -ware 
 designed to be so treated. In some 
 case.s, designs of flowers, letters, or other 
 devices, were transferred to gla.ss by 
 means of little co2J23cr wheels ; in other 
 instances, articles were engraved, “Cen- 
 tennial, 1876, "and also ^rith the names 
 or initials desired by the purchasers. 
 Among such articles sold iu enormous 
 quantities during the Centennial E xposi- 
 tion in this building were very pretty 
 little glass slip 2 H'V.^, 2 >*M’<^r-wcights of 
 ilifferent kinds, delicate wmc-glasses and 
 tnmblcra, flower-holders, 2 >itchers, and 
 numerous other 2 ’lca.sing souvenirs. 
 Altogether, there were 2 >robably no out- 
 side exhibitions at the Centennial which 
 attracted so much attention, or perhaps 
 conveyed so much information, as that 
 of the Messrs. Gillender. 
 
 ■WoMEx’.s Day at the Centexkial. 
 
 On November 7th, the ladies who had 
 charge of the Women's Pa\ilion, led 
 by Mrs. E. D. Gillespie on behalf of the 
 Women’s Ceuteuniid Executive Com- 
 mittee, of which she was the President, 
 gave a reception ; and this being election 
 day, it was naturailv noticeable that a 
 very much larger a.ssemblage of ladies 
 than of gentlemen was present on tlie 
 grounds. In 2 )rcparation for the event 
 of the day, a stage, oniamonted with 
 flags and bannei-s, had been erected in 
 the northern wing of the Women's Pa- 
 vilion, facing the fountain, while other 
 flags in large numbers, representing tho 
 different nations, were hung from the 
 base of tho rotunda aud all ai-ouud tho building. The 
 Gii-ard College baud occupied the eastern gallery, aud this, 
 too, was completely festooned with flags. 
 
 Previous to the reception, tho exhibitors iu the Parilion 
 presented a number of handsome bronze souvenirs to the 
 lailios of the Executive Committee, aud the articles were 
 received with approx>riate acknowledgments. The reception 
 pro 2 >er commenced at noon ; and from that time for several 
 hours Mrs. Gillespie and the other ladies of the Committee 
 were engaged in receiving guests, who thronged to the pavi- 
 lion iu large niimbei-s. At the conclusion of the reception, 
 JIrs. Gillespie uchlressed the crowd of ladies aud gentlemen 
 X^rcsent, welcoming them to the ^ omen’s Department of 
 the Centennial, and thanking them for their generous 
 response to the call for the Women’s Day. 
 
 The Women’s Centennial Committee was organized in 
 February, 1873, and added 8126,000 to the treasury of the 
 Board of Finance, besides erecting their pavilion at a cost 
 of $35, (-too, and supplying it with a handsome display illus- 
 trative of female labor. The organization existed in thirty- 
 two States, and concluded to continue itself until the close 
 of the Exx)o.sition, under the name of the "Women s National 
 Centennial League. One special instance of enterprise and 
 success in this connection has been the publication of a 
 weeklj" during the Exhibition, called FAe 2^6y> 
 
 with its balls, library, art 
 
 and gas coals, aud next, a large show of firebrick and a 
 coinpk'to sy.stem of retorts from a Philadelphia establish- 
 ment. Near by were some specimens of minerals taken from 
 Howe’s Cave, Sch<.)hario County, New Y’ork, and tliese were 
 followed by samples of <'oke, bituminous coal, a form of 
 katjliu, and a large show of fivebriek. Some galvanized 
 sheet-iron came next, and then some very pretty monu- 
 nients of small size made from native Pennsylvania marble. 
 These were followed by of x'orous drain-tile, and 
 
 then came a full and comprehensive exhibition of \ irgiuia 
 and Kentucky minerals, arranged in good order, and labeled 
 in a manner simihu’ to tho.TO in Annex No. 1. 
 
 A few curious stuff'd animals were exhibited by the 
 Museum of 5Iount Union College, Lyons, Ohio. They 
 included the gorilla, kangaro.', a large bat, and a Braziliuij 
 ant-eater. This building concluded with a collection of 
 Teimcsseo minerals. Tho Kentucky mineral disjflay was a 
 remarkably line one. and desen-ing of siiecial notice. 
 
 In fact, the inineralogic.il exhibits from the Western and 
 Southern States inoved (xnitc a snrx'risc even to scientists, 
 who i)rob:ibly did n >t expect to find the newer portions nf 
 the country so en'.huda<tic with regard to minerals, or so 
 rich in the matter of collections. 
 
 OECEmON OF EUim nUFFElUN AT ST. OEOllOE'S HALL. 
 
 OUR ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 Pl-Uusg-cabds Exhibit of A. Doi'ouerty. 
 
 A V’EBY pretty little c.ase in the southeastern end of the 
 American deiwrtmeut of the Main Building contained an 
 oxhiliit 2 *'>'-’ri‘ayed in onr illustration, representing the 
 Xflaying-card manufactory of A. Dougherty, No. 80 Centre 
 Street, New Y'ork. The i)aeks of cards were an-anged in 
 ornamental fashion, disx>hiying the special merits of these 
 in texture, enamel, etc, A x‘"-'c^difi' feature of tho ex- 
 hibit WO.S the x'atcnt trix>Ucato card — the difference between 
 this card and nil others consisting iu its having itself 
 rexiroduocd iu miniature in each corner, so that the value 
 of the card may be seen at a glance by the player, without 
 examining the whole face. 
 
 Cestesxial Glass Wores. 
 
 Certainly one of the most constantly attractive centres 
 on the Centennial Grounds was the building where was 
 exhibited the beautiful art of glass mamifactm-ing iu idl its 
 branches, aud which was erected at the extreme south- 
 eastern end of the gi'ouuds, near the saw -mill. This building 
 was put ux> by Klessrs. Gillender i; Sons, of the Franklin 
 Flint Glass Works, whose manufactory in I'hiladelphia 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 EXEIiniT OP MESSRS, I?. HOE k CO., IN MiCHINEBY HALL.— THE HOE PRESS, PRINTING BOTH SIDES FROM THE ROLL, WITH FOLDING MACHINE ATTACHED. 
 
 Century for TFome)!, T^•bicll was entirely completoil by 
 women's labor — publisher, editors, contributors and type- 
 setters being all of that sox. 
 
 ^\’oMEx’s Art Gallery. 
 
 The collection of pictures in the TVomen's Pa^-ilioii was 
 not concluded upon until after the building had l>een con- 
 structed, and no proper space for the exhibition was in- 
 cluded in the original design. A large number of paintings, 
 th-awings and statues were comprised in the exhibition, 
 and, us might be exi>ected, where but little discrimination 
 was exercised, a majority of those works of art were not up 
 to the standiml of the other article.s of women’s work 
 exhibited in tbe building. There were, however, some 
 most croibtablo effort.s, and our artist has wi-nely .selected, in 
 presenting his sketch, that portion of the gallery which 
 contained certain articles of shituary, and the udminvblo 
 pen-and-ink sketches exhibited bv l\Iis.s Greutorex and lilisa 
 Clark. 
 
 “The iloHAWK DuTC'iDr.rx,” 
 
 Mr. McChesney, known by his title of “The Mohawk 
 Dutchman,” will be remembered as the wood-sawyer in 
 Machinery Hiill, whose curious co.sttmie caused him to l.'e 
 constantly surrounded by an admiring crowd. Thi.s costume 
 comprised an ova! liat-framc of inlaid woods, having a small 
 windmill at top; a pair of inLaid .si)cctacles of quaint 
 structure ; a collar of <liffercut lands of wood abotit his 
 throat; around his waist a belt of red, white and blue, 
 clasped with a six-inch buckle of wood; bracelets made of 
 wood containing jewels ; and apron of the American colors 
 reaching from his shoulders to hi.s feet — all these articles of 
 clothing, so to speak, comprised the costume of this unique 
 figure. 
 
 Mr. McChesney’s immediate uses at the Ceutenuial were 
 to produce by means of hi.s saw 
 different ai-ticlcs of furniture 
 cut very raj)idly from a solid 
 block of ^vood and without tho 
 use of mark-line measurement. 
 
 These articles comprised rock- 
 ing-chairs, se^\'ing-chairs, sofa-s, 
 footstools, sleighs, hobby- 
 horses, etc., all of wliieh he 
 claimed to make from original 
 dc.signs. The wood-sjiwyer is 
 a maunfaetiivcr of patent nio- 
 deLs by prufes.sion, has himself 
 produced several patents, and 
 is s.aid to be a scientific and 
 practical mechaiiie. He was 
 certainly clever in his hainli- 
 work, and wa-s one of the great- 
 est attractions of Machinery 
 Hall. 
 
 ItoYAL Barfso Powder 
 P-VVILIOX. 
 
 A point of interest in Agri- 
 cultural Hall wa-s the pavilion 
 of the Poyal Baking Powder 
 Company of New York City. 
 
 It was constantly snrroimded 
 by a crowd of interested spec- 
 
 tators witnessing the processes of manufactme carried on, 
 involviug the use of the celebrated Biddug Powder ; the 
 large pavilion was fitted up with gas-stoves, ovens, and all 
 appliances for baking, !ind with a practical baker on hand, 
 there were constantly produced very beautiful and de- 
 licious specimens of articles illustrative of bread-making, 
 which were dealt out to the o.agcr crowd ooustnutly in 
 attendance. It is said that three million.s of hot buttered 
 biscuit and rolls, and more than two millions of griddle 
 and buckwheat cakes, were thus disp.msed during tho 
 coutimiimce of tho Exhibition. Tlio manufactory where 
 this powder is made is the largest o.stablishmeut of the 
 kind in the wmld. 
 
 W. J. PmLLiPS, Telegraph Director of the Cestennt.al. 
 
 A most important part of the running meeham.sin of tho 
 Centennial management wo.s the Telegraph Bureau, situated 
 adjoining the Bureau of Public Comfort. Here a large 
 number of instruments were constantly in use, wliile a 
 complete corjis of messenger -boys w.is in readiness at all 
 hours during the day. From tliis point telegraphic 
 dispatche.s could be sent to any part of tho world, at 
 present united with the grand telegraphic systems which 
 do so much to facihtote tlie operations of ci\’ilization. 
 ^'uturally for the conduct of this large and material 
 portion of tho business of the Centennial Exiio.sition 
 there was selected the best possible talent accessible, and 
 this was found in the person of Mr. W. J. Phillip.s, Pre- 
 sident of the American District Telcgi-ai)h Company of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Jlr. Phiihps was one of the original House Printing 
 operntons, and was instrumental in erecting the first line 
 worked on this patent between New York and Philadelphia, 
 and of which ho was manager. He also superintended tho 
 
 construction of the Pohee and Fire Alarm Telegraph of 
 Philadelphia, of which he is still in charge, while his official 
 management of the District Telegraph Company, to whoso 
 Presidency he has recently been appointed, has gained for 
 him the friendship and esteem of the entire mercantile 
 population of that city. In his conduct of telegrnphio 
 matters at the Centennial, Mr. Phillips has still further 
 developed the value and importance of his sendees, while 
 the courtesy and kindliness of his personal manners have 
 been noteworthy and appreciated. 
 
 As evidence of the amount of business done in Centennial 
 telegraphy, it may be mentioned that in two months more 
 than 4b,U00 ilispatches were sent off and 15,000 received. 
 
 CoLoxEii Myer Asch, Secretary of the Cestesnial 
 COJIMISSION. 
 
 Necessarily in so large an organization as was comprised 
 in the Centennial management, there were many officials 
 who, though performing onerous and continuous duties, 
 were nevertheless in the background, os it were, and the value 
 of their labors unrecognized save by those with whom they 
 came more particularly in contact. This was e.speciaUy tho 
 case with Colonel A.sch, who, by his relations with tho 
 Director-General and through the authority of his own 
 position, was brought into more immediate correspondence 
 with tho Foreign Commis-siouers than any other Centennial 
 officer. 
 
 Colonel Asch waa born in Philadelphia, and there gradu- 
 ated from tho High Scliool. Tlie early ye.ars of his life 
 were passed in Europe in comiiletiug his education : but at 
 the breaking out of the war he retui-ued to the Hiiited 
 States to accept a Lieutenant's commission in the Fii-st New 
 Jersey Cavalry. He soon rose to the position of Adjutaut- 
 Geueral on the staff of Major-General Poi'c, and served 
 with that officer during the 
 campaign in Virginia. Later, 
 ho was Adjnt.int- General of 
 Kurtz’.s Cavalry Division, of 
 the Army of the James, and 
 finally rose to the full rank of 
 Colonel. During six months 
 of the war Colonel Asoh was 
 inipri.soned at Libby, Danville 
 and Salisbury. Colonel Asch’s 
 war experience included one 
 Indian campaign with General 
 Pope ; and at the close of the 
 Rebellion he was tendered a 
 commission in the United 
 Stiites Regular Amiy. 
 
 On the organization of tho 
 Centennial Commission, tho 
 important appointment of Se- 
 cretary was the first one made, 
 and this position was offered at 
 once to Colonel A‘ch. As we 
 have already raentionetl, the 
 duties of this office included all 
 the coiTespondence and ne- 
 gotiations -with foreign coun- 
 tries, and in the conduct of 
 this delicate and serious busi- 
 ness, and ill effecting the 
 
 , PEIXTIXG both sides FROH the roll, with CALEXIlEiaXG APrAEiTUS. 
 
msrORICAI. REGISTER OE THE CEXTEXXIAL EXPOSITjI'.. 
 
 IJIB 
 
 necessary relations 
 \vitli tbu Foreign Com- 
 missioners, it is to bo 
 observed that Colonel 
 Asc'li displiiyod sin- 
 gular toc^t and diseri'' 
 tion and deliciito conr- 
 losy. 
 
 The combination of 
 (inalities required in 
 the exceptionally difli- 
 cnlt position have 
 found their best expo- 
 nent in all particnlai's 
 i;i ColoiK‘1 Asch, who 
 has thus desen-ed a 
 iiielie in our gallery of 
 portraits of gentlemen 
 v.ho havo distiugnish- 
 i- 1 themsidves in the 
 I’.irection and manage- 
 i.ient <if the United 
 ) hates Centennial Ex- 
 ]) )sition. 
 
 VicTon" Rook- 
 Prili>. 
 
 This most ingenious 
 i;i:ichme,Avhi<di was cx- 
 hiliited in Maelunorj' 
 
 Hull, is the invi'iitioii the bui 
 
 of W. Weaver, of IMuii- 
 
 nixsille. Pa., who is the patentee. It has a capacity for 
 drilling holes from half an inch to six inches in diameter, 
 and at any depth and angle required, at the rate of two 
 inches i)cr minute, employing only one man to run it. It 
 will bu seen that this invention is a most important 
 addition to roelt- drilling machinery. A novelty in its 
 making is the duiible-gouge bit. The simplicity and 
 perfect buoccs.s with which this I'ock-drill aeconi]ilialu'd 
 its purpose were so obvious, that its operations were 
 constantly watched by the scientifie, ciirimis and interested 
 observer-s. 
 
 Ohio axd Piiir..\DnLPJii.v D.W'S. 
 
 Thursday, yovember 2d, having been decided upon os the 
 Ohio Day, Governor Hayes consented to be present, and 
 it was estimated that over inD.OlH) persons were attracted 
 by the occasion. The usual ofliciai formahtics were gone 
 through with, tlu' Gcjvornor of Ohio being presented to tlic 
 a.s.sembk'd citizens of his mvu and other States, and the 
 proper and customary addresses were made by gentle- 
 men designated for tlint purpose. In fact, the State Days 
 resembled each other greatly in their general features, 
 though affording an opportunity to those not otherwise 
 interested for gaining a correct impression of the ethno- 
 logical differences between the people of the different 
 States. 
 
 On the following Thursday, November 9th, being the 
 day before the close of the Exhibition, occurred what was 
 denominated as PhUadelphia Day. About 175,009 visitors 
 were present, and with their gathering chjsed the series of 
 pleasant Bhite fe.stivities of the Centennial. 
 
 Till-; C'estennt.au Chime-s. 
 
 To most of the visitors to the Centennial Exposition a 
 very plca.sant diversion was found in listening to tin* chimes 
 of the bells in the northea.stcrn tower of MachineiyHall. 
 These were heard three times each day— snuri.se, noon and 
 sunset ; and it is quite eertaiu that never wort' chimes hcsird 
 which interpreted so volubly mid so munificently the airs 
 most favored by the Amcrieau peojile. The bells were 
 thirteen in miinber, reijvesentliig the 
 States. Their aggi-egate weight was 
 21,000 pounds, tlmt of the largest 
 being 3,600 pounds, and that of the 
 smallest 350 pounds. They were 
 Ciist in Raltimoro by IMeSlinne k 
 Co., and it is claimed that the 
 ehitne is the finest in this countiy. 
 
 During the existence of the Ex- 
 position the bells were opemted by 
 Profe.ssi>r Widdow.s, who was for- 
 merly in charge fif the chimes at the 
 Metro]jolitan C'hurch in "Washing- 
 ton. The.se bells were immovably 
 suspended from a huge horizontal 
 square frame, on the top lloor of 
 the tower. Eiwh bell luul two ham- 
 mers, oue hea^ y, tlu* other light ; 
 the latter being muftied to i>roihiee 
 a soft tone M’lieiu vcr de.sired. On 
 the floor below, in the centre of the 
 room, were twenty-six trimigulm- 
 levers, piv<ited at oue angle, being 
 .so an-miged that a pull or depres- 
 sion on the outer arm caused the 
 hammer to touch and strike a bell. 
 
 The outer anus were connected by 
 
 igiual tliiiieen 
 
 means of long, eliustic strijis of wood, running through 
 the ceiling, with an apparatus situated beneath the bells. 
 Th'rcw’cro two sets of levers, upper and lower, working 
 till* niuflled and heavy hammci-s. Tlie.se twelity-six h-vers 
 were connected with the triuugiilar Icvoi-s above and the 
 jminp levers below, by meims of leather shiip.s. These 
 were operated by hand, or, if desired, couhl bo discon- 
 nected from tho upright strips. 
 
 It is stated that Professor Widdows po.sscssed a i-cjm-luirr 
 containing no fiuver than 1,001) jiieces. To tho.se who 
 veiitim'd to asi-eiul to tho locality of his ministralions, a 
 novel mill eiuious sight would be presented. A short, 
 stout gentleman, partially bald, whiskeiv 1 in the Dritish 
 fashion, and with a round, good-humored face, wouhl be 
 seen springing from side to side of the room, prc.s.sing 
 down the lovers tus r.ipidly mid with the same facility as an 
 expert pianist exhiliitsin his jierforinmices ; and during the 
 hot Smiiiiier day.s showing ]ilainly that this was no child's 
 play, but oxeoediiigly laiergetie labor. Our ilhrstintion in 
 another portion of this work exhibits the Profes.sor in the 
 act of nimiipiiluting Ids peculiar insti'mneiit. 
 
 MACHINERY HALE. 
 
 A VIEW of the inteiinr of JLichinery Hall, wliilc in process 
 of cou-struction, will b’ found at jiage.s 21 and 25 of the 
 llivOiSTER. and a description of the building at page 21. It 
 contained inachiues for working in metal, wood, glius.s, clay, 
 stone, fibre, jupor and gum, liosides exhibits of motors, 
 such iw steam, air, gas and electrical engines, On the 
 south side of the main body of Maehiiiery Hall, extending 
 from the centre, was the hyilniulio annex, 20, S by 210 feet, 
 with a tank 60 by 106 feet, around wiiieh were the pnmps 
 mid other exhibits in this department. At the south end of 
 this annexwas the ‘‘Cascade,” 36 feet in breadth, hereto- 
 fore described. 
 
 Eight main lines of shafting wero provided for the ma- 
 chinery in tlie avenu-.'-s mid halls of Jlochinciy Hall, the 
 larger portion being kc]it iqi to 120 revolutions jicr minute, 
 and one line, used principally for wood-working machines, 
 
 I ) 240 revolutions jicr 
 niimite. The entire 
 length of shafting is 
 e.stimated at 10,400 
 feet, each main line of 
 650 feet transmitting 
 1 80-horse- jiower to the 
 Various ma<*liines con- 
 nected with it. The 
 lloor room in tins 
 building included 
 r>10.960 square feet, 
 I'.nd it is an evidence 
 of the Pconmny with 
 which the stmetnve 
 was erected that this 
 .'.pace cost only Si 55 
 per sipiare foot. 
 
 Ill the interior ar- 
 rangement of Jlacliin- 
 ( IT Hall and the tdlot- 
 inent of space, the 
 foreign countries were 
 located at the eastern 
 •nd; these countries 
 included Austria, the 
 Gcriium Empire, {.'n- 
 nada. Fninco, Spain, 
 Great Britain, Bel- 
 gium, Sweden, Den- 
 mark, Russia, Brazil, 
 Italy, tmd Switzerland. 
 
 On entering tho edifice at the Avestein end, a view was 
 obtiiiiied which was at once picturesque and impressive. 
 Here nearly every kind i>f niaehiiic, from iv locomotive to 
 a liajicv-folder, was exhibited, and nearly all of them in 
 active operation. Of coiii'se, the central object of interest 
 w.i; the niagnifii'Oiit Corliss Engine, which we have already 
 fully di'.scribed, and which supplied all ueceasary steiim- 
 ]>o\vev. The mueliinevy exposed jircsented all the latest 
 liateut-i mid iuv<-ntions, and was of a mo.st ingenious 
 and ^•al'ied deseriiitioii. Here were apparatus used in 
 milling, working in wood and stone; niaehiiies for j.pin- 
 iiing, weaving, felting, ]iapi*v -making ; in sewing and 
 manufacture of clothing ; type-setting, iiriiiting, .stumping, 
 embossing, book -making, and paper-working ; in producing 
 and transmitting power ; in pumping, hoisting and lifting 
 by hydraulic mid imeumatic force ; in manufacturing loco- 
 moti^-cs uml railway stock ; in preparing agi-icnltural im- 
 plemcut.s, and in aerial and miiriuo transportation. Here 
 wm-c witnessed during the Exhibition tlie i>rocesses of 
 rock-drilliiig, of well-boring, of coul-eiitting, electro-plat- 
 ing ; of planing, sawing, venei'ring. carving, cutting and 
 stanqhng ; of drilling, taming, jmnchiiig ; of shaping and 
 polishing ; of rolling b-oti, grinding glas.s, casting metals, 
 and riveting, nailing, bolting and tacking by stc'am ; tlie 
 jiroce.sses employed in the manufacture of silk, wools, 
 cotton and linen goods, rope and twine, paper and IVltiiig, 
 india-rubber goods, mixed fabrics mid wii‘e-i'loth ; niecluin- 
 ism used ill milking clocks and watches ; pipes for .smoking ; 
 lirintiug, embossing and lithographing ; type-casting and 
 stereotyping, book-binding and paper-folding ; generating 
 power by boilers, water-wheels, hydraulic riiiiis, steam, air, 
 gas and electro-magnetic engines, with the menus fi >r tnms- 
 nuttiog it by sliufting, pulleys, cables, etc. , in lifting and 
 mortug liipiiils and solids, expanding or compressing air or 
 gas ; engines for extingui-shing fire, and nppar.itns for escap- 
 ing from it; mechauism.s for manufacturing soda-water, 
 bottling it and corking the bottles ; diving apparatus for 
 the recovery of sunken treasures; derricks, biiffei-s, snow- 
 2 )lows, street-railways and horse-cai-s ; grinding grist ; re- 
 fining sugar, nialiiug candy ; inx'paring tobacco, oil, spices, 
 and fancy goods ; for brewing beer and liquids ; for trans- 
 ixirting cables ; and finally, for tho 
 ti-ansportatiou of telcgmpli cables 
 and railw.ay trains, and 2 >ropelliug 
 shijis and steamboats. 
 
 Giie-\t Bhit.ux. 
 
 This conutiy occupied nn.cli tho 
 largest sjiiice in Slacliiucry Hall 
 devoted to foreign exliibitom, com- 
 2 iri-siiig 35,725 feet. This .space 
 began at the eastern end of the 
 nave and ran south to the south 
 wall and north to the first avemu*. 
 In this department 103 cxliibitor.s 
 were found i'e 2 'resentcd, tho con- 
 tributions embracing various iqi- 
 2 'licatious of sti<im, as steam h'lictiou 
 engines, steftm- 2 muips, .sngar-niill i 
 with engiiit's and centrifugal turn- 
 ing machine, steam boilers, steam 
 coid mining machine and steam- 
 driven hydraulic 2 >rcss. In nia- 
 cliincs for working in fibre, carding 
 machines, and spinuei-s, .Tacqnanl 
 loom, knitting-machines for socks, 
 etc., calico-printing machines and 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTEXXIAL EXTOSITIOX. 
 
 JAPAXESE SCIiEEX. 
 
 scwiiig-macliiiips from Lomloii iiiul Glasgow, there was | 
 ceiisiilerablc There -were plate ami bur shcai-s, : 
 
 lU'uior platiug from '1 to iJl; iuehi-s thick, hot blast fur- I 
 uiices, mill lathes, the Walter web priutiug-pres.s. felt roofiug | 
 fri>ui lielfa'-t- tobueeo-.spiimiug macliiiie ami railway .safety i 
 appm'atiis. j 
 
 Among till' more remarkable articles iu this section weri- 
 a number of Aveliiig A Porter's ruiul amt farm steamers for 
 hauling heavy loads, jilowing. and doing fm-m-wurk of all 
 kinds. They %vere .said to draw six or seven lieavily loaded 
 wagons over rough roads or drag .six plows at about four 
 miles all hour, requiring only 000 or T^O pounds of coal 
 a day, and one man or boy to nm them. Where the laud 
 has never been cultivated, these do very well for jilowing ; 
 but after the ground has once been broken it is stated j 
 they cannot be made to nui uiam it to any advantage. ] 
 These steamers were ^'ery large and In-avy. and cost from j 
 S^i.liOU to S-i.OOl). gold. Some descrijitiou luis already l.ieeii ! 
 given of them in the aeeonut of the eolitelits of the Agri- 
 cnltiual UniJding. 
 
 .V se^^ing-luaeUiue for .sails wins I'xliibitisl from Glasgow, 
 being the large>t iu tin? Exhibition. This one had the 
 ti-avchug bed shortened so as to sa^•e sjiacc ; but iu the . 
 factory the bed is 60 feet iu length, to enable the maeliine ; 
 to >ew seams of that length coutmuuiisly. A splendid | 
 luaidiine was that of a sugar-mill aud engine of Murlees, j 
 Tiut A Watson. Glu.sgow, consisting of a vah'ele.ss engine | 
 working an iiir-j>umj> for v acuum pan and for driving cen- 
 trifugal niaeliiiu's. The steam emues from England ex- 
 hibited by -Ipjileby Bi'o.''. , London, have attracted consider- j 
 able attention, being jmt in jiraetieal use. The Walter ■ 
 tnunting-machinc. wliieli is used by the Loudon T'/aies. the j 
 T/piuloii Ihii/j/ Xt'trs (where eight "Walters" arcemjiloyed), 
 by uianA' other English and foreign newsjiajiers, and by j 
 the Xeiv York Times, was exhibited by John Walter, of 
 London, its maker, and has given ojijjortimity for com- 
 jiaiison with our Iloe and other jnintiug niacdiines. A 
 ribbon-weaving Jaequar'I loom exhibited fi-om Co^•eutry. 
 England, Avaa disjilayed in operation, weaving jiortraits of 
 Shakespeare, Wa‘<liuigtou. John Wesley, Queen Victoria, 
 Lincoln, Spurgeon, Grant, uud others. In calico-printing. 
 
 there was an eight-color machine ex- 
 hibited by Thoum Giul, of JIanehester. 
 Avho idsi 1 sent a combined engraving uud 
 jmncliing - machine, a vaniislung aud 
 niling machine, engraver's blwk and 
 lathe, and other interesting jiiei'es of 
 meelianism. 
 
 The exhibit of armor jdate by 
 Camjiba'l A- Co. always attiucted a 
 crowd, Most of the sjiecimens had 
 been used ns targets, and M’ero badly 
 torn and crushed by the shot. Among 
 these was u jiieoe of the thickest jdate 
 ever rolled, being 21 5 inches thick : and 
 the ninnufiietnrers of this jdate .say tla-y 
 can roll veri’ much thicker ones if ne- 
 cessari'. One of the most curious ns 
 well ns instructive exhibits by fiic 
 Enghsli was a water-heater for sti'am 
 boilers, consisting of a largi- number 
 of vertical jiii'ps. ha\iiig maehiuery at 
 their tojis \ihioli run a number of 
 scrapers uji aud down the jdjies to 
 jirevcut soot from collecting. The lire 
 is made under the boiler; all the j>ro- 
 dnets of combustion whicdi would 
 otlieiwise e.seaj)e uj> tin; eliimiicy are 
 jia.ssed in between the jiijies, which are 
 filled with Avater, and thus made to 
 absorb the waste lieat mid heat the 
 water before it jjasses into the boiler. 
 By keeping the soot from the jiijn-s it 
 is claimed that fully 25 j>er cent, saving 
 in fuel is effected. A sugar manufac- 
 turer in Philadelphia liius adojitcd one 
 of these heaters, having ten miles of 
 j)ij)c, through which the water jiasses 
 before it reaches the boilers. 
 
 Great Britain also exhibited n beau- 
 tiful model of a jnuuping engine made 
 in that country for Ferrara, Itidy. It 
 had a jiair of com- 
 jiound surface con- 
 densing engines, Avith 
 jiatent centrifugal 
 beam, and bad a ea- 
 jnicity fur 2,000 tons 
 of Avater a minute. 
 
 The AveaknesH of 
 Great Britain, hoAV- 
 evor, in dejiurtments 
 iu AA’liieh she ought to 
 have been ready to 
 coinjiete with the 
 Avorld, WU.S Ai-ry mani- 
 fest. Ill steam engines, 
 
 .she offered nothing iu 
 eomparisoii Avitli the 
 givatCorli.ss Engine, although the engiiic- 
 buildei'3 of England luiAe a rejintatiou 
 Aihich is Avorld-Avide. Cotton -sjnnniug, 
 
 Avhicli rejircseuts so A-a.st an amount of tln' 
 
 Avealth .'uid industiy of England, Avas dis- 
 jdayedhiTi' only in one mnehiue exhiliitod 
 by H. Booth A' Co., of Prc.stoii. Lancashire, 
 
 Leeds sent a maeliine for tying in Avarjis 
 in loom.s, and I’aisley a sjiooling-macliine 
 and tliri-ail-Ariuding machine, as also iii;'.- 
 eliiuery for carding, jirejiaiiug and .sjiin- 
 ning juti'. A .self-acting machine for 
 jiauithig Venetian blinds, laths, and liooji- 
 iruii AVits cxliiliited by a Liverjiool in- 
 ventor; and from tthefiield an exliilnt of 
 auAuls, A’iscs and hammer's is made by 
 Messrs. Brooks A Qyojicr. There Avere 
 also shown diving ajiparatus fur divers, 
 and the tignre of ii dh'er in his suit, with 
 helmet and ujii>arattis comjilete. A model 
 of a tun-et and life-saving ajijau'atns Avas 
 shown; a model of a four-oiired racing 
 boat, designed to take to j'ieces for cmi- 
 veuieuce of trau.sjrortation ; models of 
 life-boat.s and salvage-boats, floating and 
 other docks, and finally, a model of Her 
 Majesty's turret ram Alexamh-n. The 
 Milhaud DiiA'v I>amj) Works, of Birming- 
 ham, scut sjrecimcus of mhier’s safety 
 lam JDS. 
 
 The methods for getting out coal, as 
 emjDloycd in the English collieries, were 
 cxliibited by a London engineer thi'ongh 
 the means of three classes of machines : 
 
 1. rock and coal jicrforators ; 2. machines 
 for under -cutting coal; 3. weights for 
 breaking doAvn coal ; and iu this .same 
 line, cast-steel picks Avere exhibited by a 
 Sheffield manufacturer, the picks being 
 interchangeable and detachable from their 
 shafts or handles. ,:irclier's stone-breaking 
 
 aud orc-crushing niaeliinery was exhibited by the Dimston 
 Engine Works Company, of Durham. B. A- G. ISlasscy 
 cxhibitiHl steam-hammers for heavy forge Avork, smith- 
 Avork. cutlery and light Avork. stamj'S for fiDrging in dies 
 at one liloAv, uud models for .steam -hammei-s. The ma- 
 chine exhibited by Duncan Mackenzie, engineer, Ltmdon, 
 tile self-acting reeder fur the Jacquard loom, is adapted 
 fur idl kiiiils of onianientai figured fabrics. It is founded 
 on the jirincijilo of arithmetiejil jirogression aud geo- 
 metrical exactness. It disjicnse.s Avith skilled labor of 
 aihilts, aud jilaccs the manijDnlations aud the ojici-ations of 
 the reeder imder the eontrul of juvenile hands. One of his 
 machiiu*s cxliiliited a combination of mechanism of a dcav 
 construction, having a compimiid jiarallcl and jDeiqDcndi- 
 cultir mnvomeiit ajijilicable to a variety of other purpost\s, 
 sncli ns ruling jiajiei'. doing two sides of the sheet at tlio 
 same time Avithout change of jk-us. 
 
 A nunmfactiu'cr of lio.siery machinery in Leicester exliib- 
 ited a large oiiTular machine, liaAing twelAC fecclei-s de- 
 .sigued for making Cardigan jacket.s, ami fitted Avitli an 
 adjustable machine to make the plain rilibed A\ork. A 
 small circular maeliine for making Cardigan jacket-sleeves, 
 Avitli Avclt and enft’ cnmjilete, Avas also exhibited. Among 
 rlie scwing-inaehiiie.s exhihitcil by four exhibitors Averc the 
 ‘‘ Qni'cn I'lnb," " Exj)res.s,” "Queen of Scots,'' "Cleo- 
 jDatra.” ‘'Princess of Vales,” "England's Queen,” "Eu- 
 rujDa,” "Queen of Hearts,” and "Little Doirit,’' display- 
 ing an amount of sentiment in the matter of sewhig- 
 machine uoinenelatiirc scarcely to be exjDCctcd. These 
 moeliines Avere mostly of the Wheeler k Wilson and Singer 
 cla.ss, liaA'iug, however, new attachments aud sjDccial move- 
 ments. 
 
 From Diibhn Ave laid an exhibit of a lithograjiher’s 
 manifold transfer machine for the reproduction of jirinted 
 matter iu enlarged or reduced dimensions from that of the 
 original, used fur the multii)licatioa of printed books of 
 A'arious sizes, rejDroduccd by the Tyjio- IleheA'^o etching 
 jirocess for jiriuting. A curious exhibit was found iu the 
 thermo-electric butteries, Avorked by gas, chai'coal, coke or 
 niineral oils, in tlieii' nature approaching the principle of 
 the gas stove, Ml's. Henrietta Tansittart, of TAvickenham, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 exliiliitixT lior serr-w propollrr fivstf'm in what is called the 
 the JjMWc.'-Vunsittiirt Curved Idiie nr Three Pitclicd ave 
 Line. N.in-vihratiug, full baoking, Economical Screw Pro- 
 peller, as fitted in thi- British Na-v^ and I'llerchant Service 
 by Mrs. Henrietta Yansittart, who is th<> daughter of Mr. 
 Lowe, the inventor of the .screw i>r(jpulsioii. 
 
 The buoy nr turret system of life-prc.servation in case of 
 shijiwreck, uln'ady nllndcd to, was exhibited in a model. 
 Tire principle (jE the system is easily explained. A com- 
 partment distinct and detar.dicd from the ship is built 
 within her, large enough to contain provisions for the 
 voyage and all the voj’agcrs, if required. Should the ves.sel 
 go down, the compartment floats, and all on board take 
 refuge in it. This is simplicity itself. The model of the 
 system for the prevention of railroad oolhsious and acci- 
 dents exhibited, displays: 1st, railway signals and the 
 model of a junction, with switches and signals interlocked 
 on the English preventive sy.stem ; 2d, railway switches, 
 model of ai)paratii3 for securing the jiropcr fastening of 
 switches end tluar immovability during tlio parsing of 
 trains over them ; 3il, railway level crossing gates, model 
 ari'angemeiit for working gates simultaneously and inter- 
 locking them, and signals for securing safe passage on road 
 and rail, 
 
 The Mirlecs sugar-mill makes from 5,000 to G,000 pounds 
 of sugar per hour; and this film exhibited a smaller mill, 
 designcil to make from 200 to 300 pounds per hour. The 
 
 improved patent copper lightning conductors for the pro- 
 tection of ships and buildings from damage by lightning. 
 Ill the matter of screw propulsion we had another exhibit 
 by William Hewitt, of Bristol, who sent a model of a 
 feathering screw propeller. The same exhibitor offered an 
 improved gun-caiTiage and improved breech-loading gun. 
 
 fiERiiAN Empire. 
 
 The section allotted to the German Empire comprised 
 the extreme southeastern corner of Machinery Hall, next 
 to that of Great Britain, and included 10,09y feet of space, 
 besides about 800 feet in the jnimp annex. Germany made 
 only 40 exhibits in all, of which certainly the mo.st important 
 and attractive were the Krupp guns, from the groat works 
 of tliis manufacturer, Friedorich Krupp, at Es.sen, which 
 wore estabhshed in 1810 for the manufacture of axles, tires, 
 wheels, bands, springs, rollers, steel fur tools and springs and 
 cannons, and received premiums at the London Exhibitions 
 of 1851 and 1802, Paris 1807, and a diploma of honor at 
 the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. The largest of the Krupp 
 cauuon was probably, after the Corliss l.ngine, the most 
 striking article cxhil>ited in Machinery Hull This huge 
 gun has a calibre of 1 1-0 feet, is 201 ioet, long, the boro 
 extending 221 feet, its weight 120,750 pounds. The bore 
 has 80 parallel gi-oovos of a uniform twist, of twice the 
 whole length of the gun. To load the latter with a steel 
 
 ' extinguishing apparatus, and other similar machinery com • 
 ]>rised the exhibits in the pump annex. Altogether, the 
 Germ in machinery exhibition, always excepting the Krnpp 
 guns, has not been particularly rcmuuerative in the way of 
 educational effect. 
 
 Frasce. 
 
 The space occupied by France in Machinery Hall com- 
 prised 11,110 feet in the extreme northeast comer of the 
 building. As is the case with the foreign sections in 
 general, that of France gave no just idea of the condition 
 of science and mechanical industry in that country. Many 
 of the leading manufacturers of France, well known the 
 world over for the (juality of their work, and which should 
 imoperly have found aplace in iVIachiucry Hall. were absent. 
 Among the iiitere.stiug articles on exhibition, the fine 
 chromo-lithogmphic press of Aleuzct was especially notice- 
 able. Another important conectiou was that of mining 
 lamps, exhibited by Dnbrnllcs, comprising all the 
 varieties of this articl', from the open air lamp to the last 
 l)ertected model originating in the Davy lamp, and which 
 by an ingenious combination of glass and metallic network 
 reaches the maximum of illumination with the maximum of 
 security. An admirable peculiarity of these lamps is that 
 they ore not only a protection to the miner against the gas 
 which so often causes tho most terrible catastrophes, but 
 are also a protection against himself. It is well known that 
 
 THE .JAPANESE BAZAAE. 
 
 patent tobacco-spinning machines previously mentioned 
 are designed for .sijiuning all descriptions of twist or rolled 
 tobacco, from one-eighth to two inches in diameter, and 
 were shoAvn with samples of twist tobacco spun in various 
 places in Europe. 
 
 The Inman Steamship Company exlubitcd a full-rigged 
 model of tho Royal Mail Steamer OVy u/ Berlin, built by 
 Messrs. Laird k Co., Greenock, in 1875 ; length 523 feet, 
 breadth 44 feet, di'pth 30 feet, gross tonnage 5,490 tons, 
 net tonnage 3,140 tons, indicated lii.r-ie-iiower, 5,000 horses, 
 nomiuid power 950 horses, speed 15 knots. She made the | 
 fastest pas.sage then on record, from Queenstown to Nt'w 
 A'ork, in September, 1875, in 7 days, 18 hours, 2 minutes; 
 and from Kew York to Queenstown in 7 days, 18 hours, 48 
 minutes. 
 
 A model of an iron lifeboat, under full sail, which is 
 said to be nou - capsizable, wirs exhibited. It contained j 
 covered accommodation for feinole.s and children, arrange- 
 ments for wat(‘:-uiving. mail-box, and required no lowering- 
 apparatus. It represented a 30 feet life-saving boat to be 
 run overboard with hawsers, and was lateen-rigged. -A 
 London engineer and machinist exhibited a new improved 
 skip’s nidder which was represented by several models 
 showing its application to a man-of-war, to an American 
 river steamer, uiul to a sailing ves-sel Sanderson k Proctor, 
 of London, exhiliite.l tli.i.- p:itcnt flre-oxtiiiguishor fur 
 mills and oil buildings where steam is used ; also their 
 
 or chilled-iron shell, 275 pounds of powder arc required, 
 the shell itself weigliing over 1,150 pounds. The entire 
 gun, carriage and slide, weighs over 200,000 pounds. 
 Altogether, it is said to be the largest steel gim ever cast. 
 The second cauuon weighs 34,700 pounds, has a calibre 
 of about 91 inches, and a total length of 18 feet. 
 
 In Krapp’s exhibit were five other guns, all the seven 
 being made of crucible steel. 
 
 From Leixjsic was exhibited a candle-making machine ; 
 from Dortmund, a model of a drill, spinning-machinery and 
 cai-ders ; from Saxony and Bcrhn, a considei-able show of 
 nails ; from Aix-la-ChapeUc, a collective cxliibit of sewing- 
 machines was made by different maniifiwtnrcrs, also from 
 Dresden, Leipsic, Hamburg, Munich, Aix-la-ChaiJelle, and 
 Aitcuburg ; the latter being a special machine for making 
 gloves. In book- work there were three cxliibits : one being 
 ot presses from Leipsic, a rnling-maeliine from Darmstadt, 
 and some litliographic machinery from Offeubach-on-the- 
 Main. Some armor plate and heavy driring-whecls were 
 among the hst of German cxlribits, as also a lingo pyrnmid 
 of spiegelcisen mineral used in the manufacture of Bessemer 
 steel Rubber straps and belting were sent from Eibcrgen ; 
 india-rubber exhibits, from Frankfort -on -the -Oder ; 
 from Bremerhaven, wo had a gun used among the safety 
 meehanbm fur shipwrecks, and the Hamburg American 
 Joint Steamship Company, of Hamburg, sent the model 
 of a mail steamship. Siphon jiumps, rotary imnqi-s, fire- 
 
 frequently explosions occur through the imprudence of the 
 miners in opening their lanterns in the midst of an inflam- 
 mable atmosphere. With theDubruUes lamp this danger is 
 ob\'iated, since it is so constructed that on being opened it 
 is immediately extinguished. 
 
 Another French machine, simi>Ie but imiioi-taut, was tho 
 domestic motor of Fontaine. Tliis is a small stoam-engiiio 
 which cau be apiilicd readily to scu-ing-mnehiues, pumps, 
 ventilators, or to other houscholl imrposes, being n.scd 
 with facility and without possibility of danger. Among the 
 articles exhibited were machinery and tools for goldsmiths, 
 others for working in wood, portable forges, crucibles, 
 fimiaces, and gas aiqiaratus. From Lyons, we had silk 
 weaving-looms, besides weaving rancliines and looms from 
 Paris ; as also from the latter city, n machine for the mnmi- 
 fuctnre of fishing-ncts, and another for sewing straw hat.s. 
 Gas motors, clectro-magnetic machines, and other apiiara- 
 tus for utilizing xiower were seen in considerable luinibt r 
 in the French section. The wine manufacture was rexn-e- 
 sented by siiihons, wine-xn'csscs, machines fur charging 
 wines with gas, soda-water machines and bottling macliine.s. 
 Railway axqiaratus conq^rised c.ar-brakcs, automatic clutch, 
 forged iron wheels for locomotives and cars, and wheels 
 manufactured by hydranljc iircssure. Roai) and chocolate 
 machines made an imi>ort;uit exhibit from T’aris, chiefly 
 from the house of Beyer Bros. Finally, the Trausathiutic 
 Comiiuny, of Paris, exhibited a model of the steamsliiu 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER 
 
 THE CENTEKXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Pt-niri'. A tapestry loom mid a joint exhibit of bnvss and 
 copper completed iill that was noticcalilc in the French 
 exliibititm i:i Machim-n’ Hall, 
 
 BrmcTi-M. The Nctheri-asds, Sweden, Norway. Italy. 
 
 Brazil, and 'jiie Arcextixe IlEPmur. 
 
 Belgium had only 2K exhibits in hracliincry Hall, one of 
 which, curiously enough. w;ls a Corlis-s Engine ; the idea in 
 .sending it being to compliment the distinguished manu- 
 facturer. The further exhibits of mechanism included a 
 drilling- machine for mines and tniurels, with models 
 of plans and shafts sunk in Belgium, .safety lamps and 
 wicks for miners, mo.lels of a triii-hammer and of sUaim 
 sliear.s, maeliiiiery for making bolt-s. well-cleaning machine.s, 
 festooning and embroidering -maehine.s. sn-wing-inaeliincs. 
 some M'ooden iminting types, ear-uheel.s, railway -brakes, a 
 lir,'-engine, some pump.s. and speeirnens of belting. 
 
 The Netherlands .sent a sewing-maidiine from Vtrecht. 
 belting .and leather .strajis, tire - extiiignisher.s, railroad 
 switches, eoftee-niills, and a model of an engine for deepen- 
 ing rivers. 
 
 From Sweden, we had a machine for making bricks, 
 gas apparatus, eork-entting mai'lnne.s, sewing-machines, 
 niaeliiuc for taming veneer, mecluini-sin for the mannfac- , 
 tnri' of metid cartridges, 
 enu‘i-y wheel, a few sewing- 
 machines, and jnii)cr-cut- 
 ting machinery. Among 
 the i-ailway matenul e.xliib- 
 ited will be ri'ineinbered the 
 locomotive Nyhmnmer," 
 whii'li was put in use on 
 the railroad track Arithiu 
 the Centennial Grounds, 
 and attracted ei.nisiderable 
 attention ; model of a tur- 
 pwlo boat, a stcambuat. and 
 vi fire-engine from Stoek- 
 Imlm, AA'hicii completetl the 
 Swedish list. 
 
 Nonvay evhil lited some 
 pumps, fire - laigim's and 
 ro t ating steam-engine, 
 some m'Adels and ilrawing.s 
 of .sailing A'csst-ls, and a, 
 ineehauieai mangle from 
 Clinstiania. 
 
 From Italy we had a ftuv 
 iurmice.s :uid one or two 
 other jiicces of mechanism. 
 
 Then a few models and 
 drawings from Brazil ; a 
 unmberof very good models 
 .sf ironclads, casemate and 
 monitor ships, steam 
 launches and coiwettcs sent 
 
 from Bio ilc .Taneiro, modids of engines for small ve.sscls, 
 models of fire-engines, and a steam-engine to bo ns<'d as 
 luot'ir at the Pyroteehnical Laboratoiy at Bin de Janeiro, 
 Avhieli exhil)ited fuses for artillery. A mmnitcd rifie-gmi 
 and casemate, brass mortars, breccli-loadiug rifle and 
 SAvord, ami cartridge-boxes for militmy seiuice, Averc also 
 exhibited. 
 
 The Argentine Bepnblic sent a Aveaving - loom, some 
 speeiniens iif printing-types and electrotyp.'S, and a fcAV 
 models of r ifts and a'os-scIs, including pleasni'e steam yacht, 
 ste.am light'T and projieller. 
 
 The exhibits of Austria ineluded model of a glas.s milling 
 furuaci-, m > Iris and apiiaratus for the arrangement of 
 bni.shes. Jaoipiard maehine.s. petroleum and steam engine.s, 
 buih'rs, an iiiAvntioii for guarding ugain.st locomotives’ 
 spark-s, and machines used for the nianufaetnre of candy. 
 
 SAvitzerl'.uid ho-s two e.xhibits in the pmnp annex : one a 
 model of a ncAV .sy.stem of ivA'crsiiig gear for valve engine.s, 
 ami another an aiiparatus for heating railway-carriages. Thu 
 ma<-him-s pertaining to AAateh-makiug Avere exhibited in the 
 S\vis.s section of the Main Building. 
 
 Cav.vda. 
 
 The .space oeoupied by Canada was between the sections 
 
 of Germany and France at the ea.stcm end of the building, 
 and on both sides of the nave comprised 4,300 feet. Cau.ada 
 liacl a veiw creditable display. A steam drill Avhich works 
 ill any direction, a wood-working machine, a gold-qnnrtz 
 crusher, and some xilaners of iron and Avood, AViu-e among 
 the more notable exhiluts. The quartz-crushing machine, 
 by-the-Avay, came from Ha •.'ax. Nova Scotia — Nova Scotia 
 being essentially a gold-producing countiy, ulthougli tho 
 business is so quietly conducted that Americans kuoAV \-eiy 
 little about it. The Avood-work machinery coraiirised a 
 barrel-making machine, sasli-inaking machine, a turning 
 lathe, idaxiing .and notehing-machiue, chiefly from Ontario. 
 ■V Self-acting liand-loom, and a comlmig-inneliiue for brush- 
 makers Avi-re all there Avere exhibited in the Avay of mechan- 
 ism for Avorking fibrous materials, (finite a nuui\)er of soav- 
 ing-macdiines and needles AS'cre sent from (Quebec and from 
 Gntario. In niotirrs and apparatus for the generation and 
 ti msmi.sbion of i> )avcv avo had steam-boilers and .steani- 
 cngiiu‘S, water-Avheels. gas-engines, rotaiy engines, a minia- 
 ture steam-engine from Dartmouth, NoA'a Scotia, screw 
 proxiellor, etc., from ditVerent sections of the Dominion, 
 (^nito a number of pnmiis of all kinds Avere exhibited, 
 bi’sides hydranlie elevator, hydranlio motor, a steam fire- 
 engine, fire-escai>e, fire-extinguishers, diving aiqiaratns, and 
 submarine armor. Manu- 
 factures ill the interest of 
 luilroads included all sorts 
 of appurtenances to loco- 
 motives and cal’s, a.s aa’cII as 
 safety switches, railway and 
 telegmidiic signals. Ma- 
 chines fur agiicultural iisi*s 
 comxu’i-scd two or three 
 tobacco-iiiacliines and 
 cutters, lozenge - iimchiue, 
 erackfT-maehiiie, and niill- 
 stoncs. A fcAv models of 
 thijis and boats were exhib- 
 ited ; and exhibits were also 
 made of various I'nrts of a 
 shii>, Avlieels, AAindmills, 
 ca^Kstan, etc. 
 
 Exited St.ates. 
 Excepting the allotments 
 of space already enumerated 
 as giA’cii to foreign countries 
 exhibiting in Macbiiieiy 
 Hall, the United State.s 
 exhibitors occuiiied all tho 
 remainder of the building 
 — tliat i.s to say, about four- 
 fifths of the entii-e space. 
 Of course it would be ut- 
 terly iisele&s, a.s Avell as 
 LATia. being to a great extent 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CE.YTEjVH/AL EXPOSITION. 
 
 imintrTostinp, to attempt to give 
 anything like a categorical de- 
 seription of the American ma- 
 cliinery cxliihition, besides which 
 the space remaining for the com- 
 pletion of the present work 
 ^voiild be (|uitc inadequate to 
 the projicr prosecution of .such 
 n tiisk. It is only practicable to 
 r.'fer briefly to such special ex- 
 hiljits as would seen; to demand 
 p.irtienlar consideration ; and 
 tint, rather for the purpose </f 
 suggestion than description. 
 
 Wo have already described 
 and illustrated the Corliss En- 
 gine, cerhiinly the most im- 
 portant iirticlo in Jracliinuiw 
 Hall, both as au exhibit and 
 for its practical use. An inci- 
 dent occurred having some con- 
 nection with this stupendous 
 engine which is worth recording. 
 
 A gentleman who gave hi.s namo 
 as Levy Taylor, of ludiannlr' 
 
 Indiana, stejiped up to the en- 
 gine one d ly, when as u.snal it 
 y\n8 snrrouudcd by a crowd of 
 gazers, and taking from his 
 
 pocket a small tin case, opened it and removed therefrom a 
 tiny piece of mechanism, including a lanq>, which he lighted, 
 after which he placed hi.s machine on the platform 
 of the great engine. Tliis proved to be a perfect steam 
 engine complete in all its parts, the entire apparatus 
 weighing only seven grains, while the engine j>roper 
 weighed but three grains, It was made of gold, steel and 
 lilathmm, its foundation being a 25 cent gold i>iece, and 
 many of its parts being so small that they could not be 
 C'jcn without a magnifying glass. The fly-uheel wa.s one 
 quarter of an inch in diameter, the stroke three-qumiei's, 
 and the cut-off onc-sixty-fourth of an inch. The gentle- 
 man disai)pcared with his engine, and nothing was ever 
 heard of it afterward. 
 
 Before proceeding further with Machinery Hall, we -will 
 give a little space to the Saw-mill Building, erected near 
 the western end of the ground.s. Here were exhibited saws 
 and saw-mills from tlio Lane Slanufaetnring Company, of 
 Montpelier, Vermont; Sterns Manufacturing (lorq'any, of 
 Erie, Pa.; Harper & Co., of Philadeli>hia ; C'hiuse Turbine 
 Maunfactnring Company, of Orange, Mius<. ; Wells Balance 1 
 Engine Company, of Now York ; W. P. Powers, La Crrxsse, 
 Wis. ; Harvey Easton, Lnckliaven, Pa.; C. H. Watrous, 
 Brantford, Ontario ; E. P. Allis, Milwaukee, Wis, ; Lane & 
 Bodley Company, Cincinnati: Eau (Uaire Lumber Com- 
 jiany, Wisconsin; Charles H. Brown, Eitehbnrg, Mass.; 
 Hngli Young, New York City, mid others. The exhibits 
 included circidar saw-mills, log-rollera, stave and box-board 
 maeliiucs, a macliine from tialifuruia for cutting logs, lathe- 
 machine, swaging-machine, reciprocating diamond saw-mill, 
 and other machines of the same character, The stone sa\v- 
 iiiill. with itt G4-inch circular saw armed with 84 diamonds, 
 attracted a great deal of attention. 
 
 Thi-s is a Jlissonri invention, and is 
 called “The Stone Monaifh.” The 04- 
 inch saw makes 000 revolutions jicv 
 minute, and ents solid stone from (5 
 inches to 2 fi'et per minute; while tho 
 smaller saw, 20 inches in diameter, 
 makes 2,200 rcvolutiuns per minute, 
 li.’ing used for cutting or trimming 
 atone, marble or fire-brick. One very 
 heavy saw-niili, built priiieipally for 
 the heavy luiuheviug interest, contained 
 numei’ous improvements : one being a 
 manner of lubricating and cooling tho 
 enthv surface of tho saw on both side.s, 
 by means of water jias-siug from the 
 arbor to the pm'iphery; and another, 
 the method of adjusting tho guide .so 
 as to avoid all danger to the oijerator. A 
 switching-maehine was tho well-know^i 
 Hinchley, the only switching-inachino 
 which does the work on the under side 
 of tho saw-tooth. 
 
 Betnrning to JIaehinery Hall and 
 recognizing the fact that in such a 
 description ns is proposed hero one can 
 begin anywhere, we will commence by 
 referring to a machine for the piuqiose 
 of disjilaying the in-ocess of printing 
 wall-paper. Tlie frame of tho mae-hine 
 is about 10 feet long, and about the 
 same in height. Midw ay on iron cylinder 
 six feet in diameter revolves. This is 
 covered with cotton, and an endless 
 rubber blanket, making a cushioned 
 surfiiee to receive tho imprint of tho 
 
 THE MATIlIX MACmSE. 
 
 .printing-rollers us they revolve against it. For printing- 
 material, wood is generally employed, though blocks of 
 nK'tal arc now being introduced. Tho design being 
 sketched on tho roller, it is outline 1 with brass driven 
 firmly into tho wood, ami this is filled-in with compact 
 filling. This is called rai'i 1 or .surface printing. Each 
 printing -roller being set against the cylinder, is sup- 
 plied with the color which it i-s to print on the paper by 
 means of an endle.ss woolen sieve cloth mn over the brass 
 rollers, against the npiier jiai't of wliich the printing-roll 
 revolves, the lower part being in contact with another roller 
 in a box or pan filled witli the color mIucIi that roller Ls to 
 imprint on the pa))er. By thi.s niachinery, lx‘sides being 
 Iirinted, tho jiapev is cut into sixteen ynrdjiieces, wliich are 
 aftenvard rolled into the ordinary rolls of the shojis. 
 
 Near tho Corlis-s Engine, a dozen young lailies were 
 eonstautly engaged, during the E.\hibition, in making the 
 finest jiortion.s of mechanism employed in the manufacture 
 of A\-atches by the ‘Waltham "Watch Company. These parts 
 are so small ami so exact, that the macliincry for their con- 
 struction is necessarily delicate and perfect, and tho process 
 of mamifacture is one of the curiosities of American 
 mechanics. 
 
 New England was partiinilarly strong in tools, and the 
 exhibition in tliis line was most instructive, and was 
 viewed with unfla.gging interest by foreign vi.sitors. The 
 mauufacture.s of tho Pratt Whitney Company, of Hart- 
 ford, Conn., were .specially worthy of notice, and their 
 machine tools have a world-wide reputation. Recently 
 this company has fitted up for the German Government 
 three large armories — those of Erfurt, Dautzig, and Spandau. 
 Among their machines lUi exhibition was ouo for rifling 
 
 gim-bariTls, the only piece i-. 
 this character in the department, 
 and ccrhiinly a most ingenious 
 and important piece of me- 
 chanism. Other machines were 
 those for screw-making, milling- 
 machines, a profiling-machine, 
 lathe.s of all sizes, bolt-cutting 
 machines, a boring mill, a press 
 and die -sinking niacliiiie, and 
 many otlici’s. 
 
 The Putnam Machine Com- 
 l>any, of Fitchburg, Mass,, also 
 made a striking tlisplay, chiefly 
 ou account of the beautiful 
 finish of their work. Their ex- 
 hibits iuclnded engine • lathes, 
 boring, bolt-cutting and tapping 
 machines, drilling machines, 
 iron -planers, and a remarkably 
 fine horizontal eugine. In this 
 the frame wn,s novel and of a 
 new pattern, cylindrieal in form 
 and remarkably strong. One of 
 the lathes cxliibited was designed 
 for turning car and locomotive 
 axles, and di.splayed remarkable 
 power. Near thi.s lathe was a 
 very powerful vertical oar-wheel 
 borer. The planer exhibited Avas one of 56 different size.s 
 manufactured by this comimny, and Avhich run from 5 feet 
 tables 24 inches wide up to 24 feet tables 80 inches ividc. 
 It is on interesting fact that tho Putnam Company fur- 
 nished the machine-tools for tlu first m:ichine- shops 
 erected in China and Japan. 
 
 The Ames Mannfactiuing Company, of Cliicopi'c, Mass., 
 is another well-known New England Company, Avhich was 
 fully repre.sentt'd in the Exhibition. Their principal tools 
 exhibited were liithe.s and diills. One engine-luthe, of 36 
 inch swing and 12 feet bed, is made upon an entirely new 
 pattern and jirorided with all the latest improvements. 
 Other exhibits W’crc their 7l-iuch lathe and screw-cutting 
 engino-latho. 
 
 The Brainard Company, of Boston, Mass., displayed a 
 number of milling-machines, in the making of which they 
 have reached iierfeetion. A head-set scrcAv-machine of a 
 novel design for molding screws directly from a bar of iron 
 Avithont forging, and improved steel bar vises for machinists’ 
 use, Avere among the exhibits of this company. 
 
 A fine collection of prcs.ses aa'o? exhibited by the Stiles 
 &• Parker Pre.ss Company, of Middletown, Conn., among 
 which a ucav press for tiii-Avork avius a novelty. This com- 
 jiany supplies with their tools the nnnorios of Pru.s.sia, 
 Austria, SAvedeii, Egj'pt, and other countries. 
 
 The Nicholsou FOe Company exhibiU'd near the Corliss 
 Engine, their factory being in Providence, R. I. Their ex- 
 hibit iueluded more than 1,000 A'arieties of Avork, finished 
 and in process, showing the different stage.s from tlic ore or 
 raAV material as it comes from the mine, Aiith every di'.scrip- 
 tion of Avork upon Avhich file.s can be used. The files made 
 by this company are distinguished by peculiarities in the 
 dispen.sation and spacing of the teeth, 
 and various modifications in the ur- 
 rangeraent are found necessary in the 
 manufacture of files for iliffereut kiucls 
 of Avork, so that it would almost apjiear 
 tluit these were regulated by mathe- 
 matical laws. These modifications in- 
 clude, fur instance, the element of 
 irregularity, by Avhich the teeth are 
 distributed in groups. 
 
 Another Providence firm is tho 
 BroAni & Shaii> Manufacturing Ctim- 
 jiany, Avho mamifacture the “Willcox k 
 Gibbs BCAi-ing-machines, of which it is 
 said they have made nearly 300,000. 
 This firm are the in\-entors of tho 
 machinery by Avhich the most per- 
 fect instmmeiit.s are furnished to 
 draughtsmen and others. Their 
 Aveigliing- scales turn upon tho acces- 
 sion of the thousandth part of n jiouud, 
 their measuring -scales determine the 
 thickness to the thousandth part of an 
 inch. They exhibited tlie Ames 
 UiiiA-ersal >Squares, jiatent hardened 
 cast-steel try-squares, the American 
 Standard "^'ire Gauge, and a great 
 variety of steel and box-Avood rules and 
 scales, and other small tools for ma- 
 chinists’, draughtsmen’s and wood- 
 Avorkmen’s use. Besides these, their 
 manufacture embraces milling- 
 machines, giinding, screAv and tapping- 
 machines, screw-finishing and polishing 
 machines, assorters, scales and testers 
 for cotton and woolen manufacturers’ 
 
HIS TORICAL REGIS TER 
 
 OF THE CEXTEKSIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 iise, patent cutters fur gcar-vhccls, in-cgnlarlv formed 
 scAvinR-niaelimos, besides trimming and stamping machines 
 for cotton-miils, printworks, bleachers, etc. 
 
 Machinery Hall presented a rich and vaided display of 
 minhig. qnan-ying and tunneling tlrilla, perspective drills, 
 st eam or compressed air rock - drilling machines, ma- 
 chinerv for boring artesLin weUs — some of these, outside 
 of the building, were seen in operation — a coal • cutting 
 machine, worked by compressed air, exhibited by an 
 Indiana firm; macliines for crushing ores and stones, and 
 separating and washing machines for iron ore ; as also 
 stamping machines, such os are used in gold and silver 
 mining. The manufacture and utilizing of ga.s was fully 
 illustrated in the Exhibition : gas metei-s, rcgistei-s, 
 gaugers, gas regulators, gas generators, portable gas 
 machines, dry gasomctci-s, pres.sos for removing naphtha- 
 line, and pluitometera for mc.osurmg and te.sting ga.s. 
 
 In wood-working macliinery, besides the saw-mills and 
 their mecliauism already mentioned, we had mortising 
 machines, ]ilaning and iiolishing machines, scroll saws, 
 cork-entting machines, cork-tapering machines, iihmers, 
 lathes, caiwing machines, molding machines, paneling aial 
 concave cuttiTs, planing, tongiiing and grooving machines, 
 wood-bending machinery, dove-tailing mac-hiueiy, machines 
 fiir cutting spools, mechanism for making kegs, biUTels, 
 stives and .shooks, machine.s for siiwing 
 shingles and bari'el-heads, machines for 
 planing spokes, paneling machiiie.s, 
 sand - i>aper machines, machuies for 
 making half-round hoops for bairels, 
 and many othei’s. 
 
 In metal-working machinery, there 
 were mechanisms for nail-cutting, tack- 
 making, machines for casting medals, 
 tigs and cmbleiii.s, steam hammer, drop 
 hammer, lathes for engi-artiig precious 
 stones and glas.s, autmiatic knife- 
 grinders, ])ortiblc pii'c and bolt -cutting 
 machines, and machines for tinware, 
 drilling machines, .screw luachintTv, 
 
 ])inver-pmiehing press, maehiuei'y for 
 making npholst'ry and s)iriugs, pnrt- 
 abli' jmnehes for punching spike-holes 
 in rails, and so on. In metal-working 
 tools I’hiladeli'hia was most pronii- 
 IK’Ilt. 
 
 The great cost of moving heavy ma- 
 chinery jireveiitcd the exhibition of imy 
 of the lai'gt‘st steam hammers. Quite a 
 numbiu- were exhibited, however, of 
 various pattern' and weights, double 
 nud single fonu. The Sellers Planing 
 ISIachiue, of 81 tons weight, having a 
 bed weighing 15 tons and a traverae of 
 44 fret, was the largest machine tool 
 exhibited. Next to the Corhss Engine^ 
 the largest shown was the blowhig 
 engine of .1. P. Jlonis, of Philadel- 
 phia, of 750-liorse-power. Of eoni'se a 
 gi'ciit deal of .space wa.s occupied by a 
 variety of maehiiu'ry for book ami 
 newspai>er making, including type, 
 pajicr and ruling machines, book- 
 binders', stereotyjiing machinery, and 
 printers’ tools in general. Heventy 
 difl'erent exhibitors sent articles in this 
 class, including Gordon, Bullock, and 
 Hoe printing-presses ; the celebrated 
 house of tieorge Bruce’s Sou k Co., in 
 printing type ; and exhibits in book- 
 sewing, book-binding, folding-machines 
 for books and iiewspapei's, chromo- 
 printing pre.’ses, automatic paper-feed- 
 ers, and amateur printing-presses. 
 
 The Hoe printing-machines in Maehinei-y Hidl included 
 the latest im])ro\-emeuts in everj- department of printing, 
 represeuted by seven or eight different descriptions of 
 presses. The rotaiy press invented by Colonel Hoe has been 
 in a measure superseded by the “web" jirinting machine, 
 which WO.S invented by Colonel Hoe and one of his partner's, 
 i^Ir. S. D. Tucker, This press works a roll of paper which is 
 reekvl off by machinery, the roll being a continuous sheet 
 41 miles long, and running through tlie machine at the 
 rate of 750 feet jrer minnto, or more, and as it passes 
 through the jiress it is i>rinted on both sides, and afteru'ard 
 cut and delivered, six papers at a time. This machine prints 
 on both sides 15,000 copies per hour of an eight-page pai>er, 
 or double that number of a four-imge paper, the latter being 
 worked off in IMaclunei-y Hall to illustrato the mnning of 
 the maohine ; the paper scloeted being the Philadelphia 
 7'iines. In this press the roll of paper is suspended uiion 
 an axle over the first i>air of cyhndors. To one of these 
 are affixed the enrs-ed electrotj-pe plates which constitute 
 the fonn, the other being the impression cylinder. The 
 }>aper passing between these is printed on one side, when 
 it goes between the second type and impression cylinders 
 and is printed on the other side. It is stated that twenty- 
 three of the.se arc now in ojieration, nine in thi.s country. 
 The London T‘'l’’jrnph. ,Sfan<iarii. Lkn/'/'f 
 
 and the Gla.sgow Hemhi are printed from these presses, 
 while two of them are in use in Australia. 
 
 In the manufacture of clothing all the well - known 
 .seuTug-machines were represented in operation, specimens 
 of each being shown in different style.s, some of them 
 being elaborately ornamented, and making a very hand- 
 some display. Among these may be mentioned the 
 Howe, Wilson, Willeox k Gibbs, Beckwith, Singer, Do- 
 me.stie, M'heeler k Wilson ; besides the American button- 
 hole macliine, Franz k Pope knitting-machine. Lamb 
 knitting-machine, the corset - weaving power loom, the 
 United States Corset C^impany, and loom for manufac- 
 turing suspenders, exhibited by the Isational Suspender 
 Company, of Xew I'nrk ; a stocking-knitter, by the Home 
 Knitter C'ompany, of Ohio ; and other mechanism for cloth- 
 ing and hat manufacture. 
 
 The most important cxhil.iit.s of scales were those of the 
 Fairbanks Company, displayed in 23 foreign drriai'tments in 
 the JIain Building, haring 28 exhibits in all. The Fairbanks 
 Company, it is stilted, give.s employment to nearly 900 men. 
 The shops cover a flooring of 7J acres. Ninety-three tene- 
 ment houses have been buOt for the use of the employes. 
 4,000 tons of coal, 5,000 tons of h-on, 2,000.000 feet of lum- 
 ber, and large quantities of copper, tin, nails and screws arc 
 aimnally consumed. Then' yearly freightage i.s 20,000 tons, 
 
 TKIUIA-COTTA FOCKTAIN IN THE ITALIAN EXHIBIT, “ ODT IS THE 
 
 and they make 50,000 scales yearly. They hold 28 patents. 
 The factory* is at St, Johnsbury, Vcrniout. 
 
 Besides the Faii'bunks scales, scales were exhibited by the 
 Howe Scale Company, Brandon, Vt. ; the Brandon Manu- 
 facturing Comjiauy ; the Buffalo Sc;ile Company, Buffalo, 
 X. Y. ; the Chicago Scide Company, Chicago ; Cleveland 
 Scale Works Company, Automatic Scale Company, Harris- 
 burg, Pa.; National Seale Company, Philadeli>hiu, and 
 others. 
 
 The Brandon Jlanufactm-ing Company, of Brandon, "Ver- 
 mont, made a handsome exhibition, including over 100 
 different varieties, and others of the improved Howe Stimd- 
 ard Seales. A number of the scales exhibited by this 
 firm were finished in the most elaborate manner ; the wood- 
 work being of rosewood, bird’s-eye-maple, satin-wood, 
 tulip, nuihogauy and other costly woods ; and the iron 
 work jdated in silver and gold, -\bout the centre of this 
 exhil.ut a hirge, solid marble table from the Entlaud (Vt.) 
 quaiTies was placed, upon which was a patent drop-lever 
 scale finished in black-and-gold plating, one of the hand- 
 somest articles in this line ever manufactured. Other scales 
 were post-office and coimter -scales, in which the working 
 jiarts were inclosed in a patent fi-ame protecting them from 
 dust and oil ; jiovtable warehouse platform scales with 
 patent self-adjusting bearing, and arranged so that no direct 
 
 weight is brought on the sharp jiivots. Tlir Hon'e patent 
 (h'op-lever scale and patent fish-scales were also improved 
 varieties of the article. 
 
 Another excellent exhibit of scales was that made by the 
 Philadelphia Scale and Testing Machine Works, in which 
 there was one scale of 40 tons’ capacity, designed to weigh 
 railroad cars, and in which strength is nicely combined with 
 accuracy of record. Heavy rolling -mill scales were also 
 exhibited by this company, one of these haring a wcigliing 
 capacity of 12,000 pounds, the machine itself weighing 
 over a ton. A compound beam for weighing heavy cast- 
 ings up to 30,000 pounds was exhibited by a Manchester 
 firm. a.s also were four distinct machines which are im- 
 proved pieces of mechanism. One of these has a capacity 
 of 75 tons, another of 40,000 pomuls. New macluncs for 
 testing cements and forwire fibres, etc. , were in this exhibit. 
 The Buffido Scale Company exhibited cverj’ variety of 
 scales, from the smallest chemical laboratory balance to the 
 enormous railroad and track scales. A peculiarity of this 
 make is the patent combination beam, which does away with 
 loose weights, and is peculiarly accurate in indicating. 
 Applied to gi-ain-weighing, it indicates bushels as well as 
 pounds, and prevents all liability to cit in computation. 
 This mamifiictm-e was represented by New York in the 
 exhibits of Chatillon k Co., who displayed spring-scales 
 fur weighing meats and poultry, and 
 thi‘ir Eureka self-adjusting scale. 
 I^Iosais. Becker k Sous, also of New 
 York, exhibited very handsome scales 
 designed for the more dchcate work of 
 assaying United States bnUion, drug- 
 gists, and for scientific pmqioses. 
 
 In reference to the American Watch 
 Company, of Waltham, Mass., to which 
 we have already allnded in speaking of 
 its exhibit of watch-mukiiig machinery 
 in Machineiu- Hall, it is proper to state 
 that the }U'adiict of the factory is ovtv 
 400 watche.s per day, and that at the 
 close of the cniTCut year the entire 
 number of its manufacture will be 
 1,000,000. Ill tills manufacture the ex- 
 cellence obtained is due entirely to the 
 wonderful accuracy of the machinery, 
 which is so delicate that any deviation 
 to the thousandth piu't of an inch can 
 bo detected by it. Accordingly, any 
 port of a watch made by this company 
 can be replaced at any time, the parts 
 as manufactured being exactly and 
 mathematically alike. Occiijiying one 
 of the most conspicuous ]Kuuts in 
 Machinciy Hall, -the working of the 
 watch machinery employed in making 
 wheels, jewels and scrcw.s, just as it 
 is done at the great factory at M’alt- 
 ham, was witnessed by throngs of 
 curious and interested visitors. 
 
 The display of fire - engines and 
 other apparatus for iircventing con- 
 flagration was large and exceedingly 
 interesting, including fire-engines of 
 all sorts, hook -and -ladder apparatus, 
 hose-carts, hand and portable engines, 
 and fire-extinguishei's — all manufac- 
 tured in the highe.st stylo of art. 
 Among other exhibitors were tlie SOsby 
 Mauufactiii'ing Company, of .Seneca 
 Falls, N. Y. , 'i\'ith rotary steam fire- 
 engines, and horse and hand hose- 
 carts ; E. A. Straw, Manchester, New 
 Hampshire, who exhibited a steam fire- 
 engine put to use on the grounds ; 
 C. Scliaiiz, of Philadelphia, exhibiting 
 a liook-and-ladder truck ; the Champion Fire-Extinguisher 
 Company, of Louisville, Kentucky, showing chemical en- 
 gines with hook-and-ladder attacluueuts ; the Babcock 
 Manufacturing Company, with their fire-extinguishers and 
 chemical engines; T. Yose, of Boston, Mas.s., who 
 
 exhibited a hydraulic engine ; a Burlington Jlannfacturing 
 Company, exhibiting a steam fire-engine in the pump 
 annex ; and other firms exhibiting hand hosc-carriages, 
 fire-hose, fire-box, hand fire-engines, rubber-hose, fire- 
 escapes ; the Paterson Steam Fii'c-cngine Works, and J. N. 
 Dennison, of Newark, New Jersey, both exhibiting steam 
 fire-engines, etc. 
 
 Mr. H. P. N. Birkinbrine, of Philadelphia, exhibited, for 
 extingnishing fire, stationary machinery, consisting of three 
 short sections of 10-inch water-pipes : one, representing 
 the line of pipes conveying the water from the pumping 
 apparatus to the reservoir ; another, the pipe distributing 
 the water from the reservoir into the net-work of pipes in 
 the streets ; and the third, a pipe connecting these two 
 lines. By means of this invention, the enthe pumping 
 machinery of the water-supply of a city or town may be 
 converted into a gigantic fire-engine, and that, in the 
 smallest i>ossible time by the manijiulation of simple parts 
 of 1he mechanism. In our large cities the telegraphio 
 signals which give notice of a fire can be made to cause the 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 neccsfuiry change o£ 
 valves wliich brings 
 the entire system 
 of the works into 
 service. By this 
 means the supply of 
 water can be sent in 
 any direction at n 
 moment's notice. 
 
 Of course, the 
 liydraulic or pump 
 annex, with its great 
 waterfall and sur- 
 prising curiosities in 
 the way of blowers and ])owcrful pumps, was an immense 
 attraction to visitors. Tlie gi-eat tank, holding nearly 
 500,0(10 gallons of water, the numerous streams pouring 
 into it, varying between an inch in diameter and the great 
 cataract itself, 14 feet wide — these proved most interesting 
 features of the display in Machinery Hall. The volume of 
 water passing into the great tank from the smaller tank 
 above, by way of the cataract, amounted to from 30,000 to 
 32,000 gallons every miuute. This water was raised into 
 the tank by means of two 15-inch centrifugal pumps with 
 15-ineh suction pipes, the pumj)s being driven by two 
 o.scillating engines with 20-inch cylinders and 15 -inch 
 strokes. Tlie power of these engines was about 125-horse- 
 power each ; and this i>ower being transmittad to the pumps 
 b}' angular belting, gave the latter about twice the uumber 
 of revolutions of the engines. Immediately adjoining the 
 pumps, and constructed by the same firm, Me.ssrs. Andrews 
 k Brothers, of New York, was tho elevator employed 
 for carrying up visitors to a platform running around three 
 sides of the iron frame-work of tho cataract, and presenting 
 a most interesting bird’s-eye view of tho hydraulic annex, 
 the groat Corliss Engine, and other leading features. Tho 
 same firm exhibited smaller pumps of a similar construction 
 in full operation, discharging powerful streams into the 
 nuiin tank. It is said that these pumps are largely used 
 for reclaiming low lands in countries hke Holland. 
 
 The importance of the steam-pumping apparatus in min- 
 ing cannot be overrated. In fact, without them tho vast 
 mining interests in tliis country, such as those of Nevada, 
 for instance, could not be conducted. In this connection tho 
 exhibits of the Knowles Stamn-pump Works of New York 
 were especially iutcrestiug. The.se pumps are much used 
 in iron mines. Combining the steam-euginc and pump iii 
 one, they arc particularly advantageous. Some of them 
 have to be made of bras.s or gun-nictal, they become so 
 coiToded by the gathering of siiljjhnroiis acid in coal mines, 
 if mode of iron. Si)ecial exhibits of pumps for copper and 
 lead mines were shown ; also those in use in gold and 
 silver mining. A fine specimen of a ]mmping-engine, 
 such as is used in silver mines, was exhibited, having two 
 Iiliingers working into oppo.site ends of tho cylinder or 
 working-barrel. It was of great power, and intended for 
 u.se in a mine GOO feet deep. This will deliver water 10 
 inches in diameter from the bottom of tho mine of the 
 above depth to the surface. Such engines are in use to- 
 day ill the best silver mines in the West. 
 
 Other machinery cxliibitcd by tliis company was for the 
 purpose of pumping water into the mines for the uses of 
 the stamp mills. One such in Utah delivers 2,000 gallons 
 of water per hour to a heiglit of 700 feet, and at a distance 
 of three miles from the source of supply. The power 
 rotary pumps of the Gould Manufacturing Company also 
 de.serve notice. These pumps have two cams, constnieted 
 BO ns to mesh into one another with the most perfect unity, 
 with the minimum amount of friction. One of these dis- 
 charges 2t gallons at each revolution. A small hand rotary 
 pump and a hydraulic ram, with glass air-chambers, in 
 operation, were inclnded in this exhibition. The Norwalk 
 Steam Pump, the Niagara Pump, and the Duplex Fire- 
 engine Pump, of Crano Bros., Chicago, were still other 
 
 importiint hydraulic exliibits. This latter ha.s a capacity of 
 
 I. 200 gallons of water a minute. Besides the.se, there were 
 exhibits of the Valley Machine Company, of Hampton, 
 Mass. , in bucket engines ; the Union Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, of New Britain, Conn., engines, pumps, etc.; the La 
 Frauce Company, of Elmira, N. Y. , rotary juimps and fire- 
 engines, the curious pulsonietcr steam-pump exliibited by 
 
 J. S. Grosvenor, of Jersey City, New Jersey, which is 
 ojierated by a pressure of the steam on the surface of the 
 water ; White, Clark k Co., of Baldwin, N. Y., contrifugid 
 {Him]) ; Hydrostatic and Ilydrauho Company, of Phikidel- 
 {)hia, com{)onud pro])cller pnm{) for quarries aud mines ; 
 and other firms exhibiting bilge-pumps for vessels, force- 
 pumps, blowers, air-compressing engines, filtering appma- 
 tus, and other simOar mftchiucry. 
 
 The exliibits of locomotives and railway apparatus in 
 general included nearly 75 names of exhibitors, aud com- 
 {)rised locomotive engines and tenders, power-brakes, model 
 cars, mil way -station indicators, suow-{ilows, automatic 
 brakes, car-cou{)Iings, steam and air brakes, railroad car 
 and engine wheels, tires and castings, and spiral s{)rings 
 for cars and locomotives. A most im{)ortant exhibit in 
 locomotives was made by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 
 of Philadel{)liia, which exhibited six out of tho fourteen 
 locomotives shown in the United >States section. To all those 
 
 who examined these gigantic mechanical structures it has 
 been demonstrated that in them grace aud beauty of 
 manufacture were not sacrificed for power ; and that 
 while gigantic in size, they are in no instance unwieldy or 
 clum.sy. Tho Baldwin Locomotive Works turn out over 
 600 locomotives a year, although it takes several months to 
 build one. A freight locomotive was exhibited which has 
 cylinders 20 inches in diameter, with a stroke of {)iston 24 
 inches. Four pairs driving-wheels 50i inches in diameter 
 and a two-wheeled pony-tnick have in these macliines 
 taken the place of tliree pah' driving- wheels and four-wheeled 
 truck, which were formerly used. One of the Baldwin 
 locomotivea on exhibition was constnreted for the Dom 
 Pedro Secuudo Eaihoad, in Brazil, to run on a broad-gauge 
 rood five feet three inches in width, and to burn bitumin- 
 ous coal. 
 
 Next to the Baldwin exhibit came that of the Rogers 
 Works, Paterson, N. J. This had a handsome freight loco- 
 motive, having a 16-inch cylinder with 24-inch stroke and 
 a driving-wheel 56 inches in diameter. It was built for the 
 Mobile and Montgomery Railroad, and will be {)rincipally 
 used for hauling cotton, burning pine -wood for fuel. 
 Another Paterson firm, the Danforth Locomotive and 
 Machine Com{)any, exhibited a large passenger engine, the 
 “ Vulcan,” and a small narrow-gauge engiue. In the former, 
 the diameter of the driving-wheel is 62 inches, and the 
 engine weighs 35 tons. The tliree - feet narrow - gauge 
 engine was built for a sugar plautation in Central America. 
 It has driving-wheels 26 inches in diameter. Three loco- 
 motives were exhibited by the Dickson Manufacturing 
 
 Co., of Wilkcsbnrre 
 and Scranton. The 
 first of these was a 
 pa-ssengcr, anthra- 
 cite-burning engine; 
 the second, a three- 
 foot narrow-gauge 
 engine, also for pas- 
 senger trafiio, burn- 
 ing antliracite, and 
 having 42-iuch driv- 
 iug-wlicels ; ;md the 
 third was a re- 
 markably well -con- 
 structed four- 
 wheeled tank engine for a threo-foot naaTOw-gnugo track. 
 
 The Pliiladelphia A Reading Railroad Company exhibited 
 a locomotive from the Reading shops which possessed 
 {)eculiar interest in the fact that it was entirely ct)nstructed 
 by shop a{){H'entice8, while there was nothing about it to 
 indicate tliat it was not the work of skilled mechanics. 
 Porter, Bell k Co., of Pittsburg, had on exhibition a small 
 passenger engiue, whoso cylinder is about 11 by 16 inches, 
 with 40-ineh ilriving-wheels, making a very {iretty exhibit. 
 
 A prominent and imporhint exhibit was the aj){)aratus for 
 refining sugar of lileasi-s. Calwell k Bro. , of New York. This 
 ap{)aratns consisted of a large closed ve.s.sel or vacuum {mu, 
 which was erected on lofty ii'on columns, in three divi- 
 sions. From this vessel the air was exhausted by one of 
 Blake’s circulating ])umps. In the iiitenor of the pan were 
 foiu‘ 8{)iral tubes, made of co{)per, re{)resenting in the ag- 
 gregate about 600 s({uarc feet of heating surface. These 
 tubes were connected by means of suitable valves and {)ipcs 
 with tho steam-boilers, iind with a vessel called the “ steam 
 reci{)ient,” into which all the steam in tho various {lumps 
 was exhnu-sted. By this arrangement all the S{)iral tubes 
 could be o{)erated at once with steam direct from the boilers, 
 or se{)arately ; vnriou.s other combinations by the use of 
 steam being practicable with them. The ordinary method 
 of manufuctm-ing sugar is first to express tlie juice from the 
 cano by means of heavy ii'oti rollers, coiqiled together liy 
 suitable gearing, and driven by a powerful steam-engine. 
 The juice is then taken to large iron or cop{ier vessels, some- 
 times called “kettles,” or “double-bottoms,” tho steam 
 being admitted between tho inner aud outer bottoms, and 
 the juice treated with hme ; the latter is brought to a tem- 
 perature ns liigh ns 200° Fahrenheit. Next, it is hiken to 
 what is called a “ Jamaicn-train,” which generally consists 
 of five open kettles, graeluating in size from 200 to 600 
 gallon.s. A fire is ke{it u{> under the smallest — the last one 
 in the tmiu — aud the othem are heated by the gases ]>as.sing 
 under them. The cane-juice being first put into the largest 
 kettle, is emptied into each one in succession, being boiled 
 down by this process until it reaches in the least what ia 
 called the “finishing-point.” It is tlun transferred to 
 large iron tanks, where it is allowed to crystallize. After 
 this has occurred, it is taken out with shovels and {rlaced 
 in hogsheads haring perforated heads. These hogsheads 
 are placed over guttei-s, by means of which the molasses 
 draining through the {lerforators from the sugar is con- 
 ducted to the proposed receptacle for it. This process 
 usually takes three weeks between the time the juice is ex- 
 pressed aud the time when it is ready for the market, while 
 a large amoimt of sugar is lost to the planter in the mo- 
 lasses. But by the use of the vacuum-pan described above, 
 the sugar is obtained and {)ackcd in hogsheads on the samo 
 day that the juice is expressed from the cane, instead of 
 tho process occupying three weeks, while there is little or 
 no loss of sugar. A {ran of nine feet in diameter, such as 
 was exhibited in Jlaehinery Hall, will produce in a single 
 o{)cration, only extemling over three hours, no less than 
 2,000 pounds, or about 15 hogsheads, of sugar. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 The baJTcl-iniikiiig 
 machinery of E. ^ 
 
 B. Holmes, of Buf- 
 falo, •nas another 
 valuable aud iu- 
 tercsting piece of 
 mechaiiLsni. By this 
 luacliiue, through 
 the medium of a 
 wheel, fitted ^\ith 
 self - acting knives, 
 and which tiu'ns at 
 the rate of 1,500 rev- 
 olutions a minute, 
 rough staves arc 
 first cut to a smooth 
 surface, aud then 
 beveled so that when 
 put into their 
 proper position, 
 they will make an 
 exact banv-I. The 
 staves, thus pre- 
 pared, arc set into a 
 strong iron hoop, a 
 thick wire rope, 
 which is attached to 
 a windlass, being 
 thro w 11 about 
 them ; the wimllass 
 being started, the 
 staves ai-e drawn 
 together by the 
 rojie, another very 
 sti'ong iron-hoop is 
 dropped over them, 
 tlie two middle hoops are then applied in 
 the s.ame manner, and the rope is released. 
 Xext, the jointings in-e tightened by pressure 
 iu another machiue, so that the barrel can- 
 not le:ik. This, which is called a “truss- 
 machine,” tightens 4, 5(H) ban-cLs a day, and 
 employs only a boy to jint the bam-1 in 
 and another to take it out. The next pie- 
 ces.? is to take the biirrels to the machine 
 which cuts the beveled edge on the inside 
 of the ends of the staves, and tlic groove 
 iuto which the head of the barrel is fitted. 
 
 The head is compo.scd of pieces of the 
 same wood as the staves, joined together, 
 forming a circle. It is phiced in a cutting- 
 machine, which give.s it a double bevel by 
 one motion, lea^•iug an edge which tits 
 neatly iuto the gi'ooves cut iuto the end 
 of the baiTel. Tlie ban'el havnug been 
 coopered with ovdiuaiy wooden hoops, the 
 iron hoops are removed, and the head is 
 placed iu po.sitioii at either cud by remov- 
 ing the hoop nearest to the end, thus 
 fdlowing the staves to siiring outwaril suffi- 
 ciently to allow the head being placeil iu 
 a position to enter the grooves, when the 
 top-hoop is replaced. By these biUTcl- 
 mukiiig machines, three thou- 
 sand finished buiTcls a day can 
 be turned out. 
 
 The silk-machinery exhibited 
 by the Danforth Manufacturing 
 Company, of Paterson, New 
 Jersey, was interesting and 
 striking. It included a spinner, 
 winder, doubling • and - twister. 
 
 Raw silk is WTapped around 
 winders and transferred to 
 bobbins, which then go through 
 doubhng- machines, on which 
 from 3 to 10 threads are wound 
 together. ^Mienever a thread 
 breaks, the machine instantly 
 stops. The bobbins ore next 
 taken from the doubling- 
 machine and adjusted on the 
 spinner, which in unwinding 
 makes n strand. From here the 
 bobbins go to the twisting- 
 machines, where maehino-twist 
 is manufactured from three 
 bobbins, and sewing-silk from 
 two. .\.fter being twisted, the 
 silk is rewound into skeins and 
 washed in strong soapsuds. 
 
 Then it is tied and stretched. 
 
 From tliis it goes through the 
 dyeing process, and is then 
 wound for the piu-pose of spool- 
 ing. One spooling - machine 
 winds 100 dozen spools a day. 
 
 The machinery 
 for the mon»ifactim‘ 
 of in dia-rubber 
 goods h.aa attracted 
 much attention for 
 its ingenuity uml 
 the novelty of its 
 oiwrfttions. A lump 
 of crude rubber i.s 
 first i>ut into a ma- 
 chine, consi-stiug of 
 two comigated iron 
 rollers, about 12 
 inches long aud 13 
 inches in diumeti-r. 
 As these wheels re- 
 volve, a stream of 
 water is poured on 
 the rubber, the re- 
 sult being that in a 
 short space of tiiiu* 
 the solid cirke of 
 nibber, weigliing 
 from 10 to 12 
 pounds, is converted 
 iuto a iiari'fiw sheet 
 about 12 feet in 
 length. For two 
 week.s this is hung 
 lip ill a diying-room, 
 where it is ib'ied 
 thoroughly. The 
 m-xt process is that 
 of vulcanizing the 
 rubber with the 
 chemical ingi'edii-nt.s 
 cmp>loyed for the piiqiu.se, it being niii 
 through a grinder or mixer, from which it 
 emerges in a condition suiuewhat similar ti) 
 that of dough. Tnlcanizing is combining 
 sulphur with nibber, and subjecting the 
 mixtiu-c to great heat. From the gi'inder 
 the nibber pu.-««‘s through another ma- 
 chine, from which it come.s in a thin 
 .'•lieet, which i.s impressed by the rollera 
 through which it passe.s with the figure of 
 the upper poi-t of a shoe ; then by iinother 
 proco.ss with the sole of tlu* shoe. These 
 stamped sheets of nibber are now wound 
 ovtr glazed lining to jirevent their adher- 
 ing. The next machine consists of tlireo 
 chilled iron roller.s, placed one above tlie 
 other, One roller is covered with a thin 
 coating of nibber fed iu from above. Cloth 
 to be coated is introduced through the 
 lower rollera, and as it passe.s through re- 
 ccive.s an even and imifonu coating of 
 rubber. These coated sheets are now earned 
 to work-tables, where women cut out the 
 Viuiims I'arts of an overshoe, and stick 
 them together, ^^^len complete, the shoe 
 i.s Viinii.sbed. and after varnishing the ml- 
 CiUiizing proce.ss i.s finished, a batch of 
 shoes being placed on a ear 
 and nm into a brielc oviui, 
 whose t-mperatnro is about 270 
 or 2S0 Fahrenheit, whore they 
 remain for seveiul houi's. One 
 woman will put together CO 
 pairs of nibber shoes n day, 
 and one set of machineiy w ill 
 make 500 pairs. 
 
 Tlio spool-winding machine 
 exhibited by the George A. 
 Cloi'ke Thread Comjiany, of 
 Newark, N. J., is a most in- 
 genious piece of mechanism. 
 It is self-acting aud winds eight 
 spools at once, taking them up 
 from the liopi>ers and dis- 
 charging them w ith 200 yards 
 of cotton thread wonud niion 
 each into troughs on the other 
 side, the attendant merely keep- 
 ing machines supplied with 
 spindles of cotton, and the 
 hoppers with sjiooLs, and re- 
 moving the siioolswhen wound. 
 "^Tien the machine is staiieil 
 the cotton begins to wind on 
 the .spool with the regularity 
 and convenience which is pe- 
 culiar to the article. When the 
 last nmiid is finished the acticn 
 of the mucliine ceases auto- 
 matically, a chisel descends and 
 cuts a nick in the spool, the end 
 
 T II K r C B 1. 1 C C 0 .M H' O n T H I' I T, D I N a . 
 
THE RENDEZVOUS. 
 
 iu its api)Hcatioii to international exliibi- 
 tion.s, or indeed to public gatherings of any 
 kind iu it.s entirety, found its home in the 
 handsome building lying just northwest of 
 tho western end of the Jliiin Building. 
 This building was 204 feet by 112 iu di- 
 mensions, csjmering on the Avenue of the 
 Republic and Agi'icultural Avenue, and 
 consisting of a two-story frame structure, 
 containing a reception - room, a ladies' 
 Ijarlor, barber-shop, coat and baggage-room, 
 limch-couuU‘V, etc. It wa.s managed by an 
 organization hrmcil “Tlie Di-partment of 
 Public C'lunfort Company (limited),” of 
 which W. Marsh Cas.son, of Philadeljrhia, 
 was chairman. In this building the I'ublic 
 comfort wius so thoroughly considered, that 
 by means of small sales- conn teis?, every 
 imaginable article likely to be wanted by 
 visitors could lie readily pnrehaHed, and at 
 fair aud even low rates In the open boily 
 of the main room large nuinbei's of chaiif- 
 were placed, and these, as will be remem- 
 bered, were occnjiied daily from about the 
 hour of nnou by crowds of visitors who 
 came there to lunch, either bringing with 
 them mak'rials for this repast or obtaining 
 tlie.se at tho lunch-counter or re.staurant. 
 Hi-re might be st‘en groups of from three 
 to a d»)zeu, either families or largt> partie.s, 
 sitting in circles, discussing the viands be- 
 fore tliem and commenting upon the Exhi- 
 bition. Here was the established rendezvous 
 
 exhibits of machinery that wc have shown the 
 foreign world represented at the great Centennial 
 Exposition the impossibility of competing with 
 us with any hope of success. No such gather- 
 ing of ingenious inventions has previously been 
 mode, aud while undoubtedly failing iu the 
 competition with other nations in articles of 
 beauty and elegance, the I’nitcd States can fear- 
 lessly point to its display of original machinery 
 aud labor- saving mechanism, aud alike defy criti- 
 cism and competition. 
 
 Here wo close our considei-ation of Machinery 
 Hall, imd with it, that of the buildings and pro- 
 minent exliibits of the Exposition i>roper. Tho 
 remainder of this v^’orlc Arill be devoted to some 
 account of the progress of cerhdn States of the 
 Eniou as exemplified at Fairmount ; to descrip- 
 tions of certain minor buildings heretofore not 
 considei'ed ; and, finally, to an examination and 
 presentment of the statistics of the Exposition, 
 and such ooUaterid facts os are likely to be of 
 interest to the reudei. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC COMFORT. 
 
 Of all tlie millions of visitors to the Centennial, 
 whatever memory of the Exhibition each moy 
 have ciUTied away, luid whatever detail may have 
 been forgotten or escajx'd notice, there is pro- 
 bably not one who will fail to recollect the De- 
 partment of Public Comfort. This institution, so 
 purely Americau aud so umiuestiouably origiual 
 
 ing cleared over $10,000 on his binsiness during 
 the season. Annexed to the niiuu rooms of the 
 department were louvcniences for boot-poUshing 
 and gents’ lavatories. The American District Tele- 
 graph Company was close at hand ; r<.)lling-chairs 
 were within immediate cull ; an office for the 
 securing of seats iu the theatres and jilaces of 
 amusement in Philadelphia existed iu tho build- 
 ing, and a post - oflice depai-tmcut distributed 
 promptly letters addressed to the c.ire of “Public 
 Comfort.” Tho deportment was thoroughly or- 
 ganized, having efficient superiuteudents over 
 each division, with nearly 500 employes, uniformed 
 and wearing badges. Special attention was paid 
 to the coi'o of lost ai’ticles, of ^\■hich large numbers 
 were returned to the rightful owners. Tlio 
 number of visitors to the building during the 
 Exposition was more than a millit)ii aud a quarter, 
 the daily average being 8,000, and the largest 
 number on any one <Liy (Pennsylvania Day) was 
 
 20.000. Although thousands of pm-eels were re- 
 ceived and checked, the only article lost uxj to 
 October 1st was a lady’s parasol. The sales of 
 newsi^apers, stationery, etc., at the stands which 
 were scattered about tlie gi'ounds and in tho 
 buildings, amounted to as much as $5,000 per 
 week. The supplies for the numerous lunch- 
 counters in the buildings cost about $5,000 per 
 week, and 300 bands were employed in this de- 
 portment. The fiu'uiture and table-ware cost over 
 $10,000, aud the entire expense before opening was 
 
 300.000. Finally, as an Exiiositiou of democratic 
 
 bl the thrcod is drawn 
 into tli(‘ nick and 
 severed by a cutter; 
 tho spool Ls dLsmissed 
 aud a new one is com- 
 menced upon. 
 
 "Want of space will 
 prevent our entering 
 into any further details 
 as to tho maclriuerj’ 
 exhibited by the 
 United .States in Ma- 
 chinery Hall. Very 
 mn<-h of thi.s is fami- 
 liar to our readers, and 
 it is the gathering 
 together of so many 
 thonsiind sepamte spe- 
 cimens of ingenuity 
 and invention within 
 tho limits of one space 
 that is remarkable aud 
 interesting, r.itlu>r than 
 the articles themselves 
 in their technical de- 
 scription, which can 
 scarcely be made en- 
 tertaining on ])aper. 
 It is, however, iu our 
 
 for pai-tios who sepa- 
 rated ou enteiing the 
 grounds to meet at ap- 
 pointed hours after the 
 inspection of various 
 buildings. A package- 
 room gave convenience 
 for lea'ving valises, 
 satchels and small par- 
 cels, those being 
 chcckc“d for delivery 
 on being called for. 
 At the sales -counters 
 could be obtained not 
 only nmbrollas, cones 
 and otlier articles of 
 use or necessity, but 
 uunierou-s little souve- 
 nirs in the way of 
 small jewflrj', lacqucr- 
 bciee, fans, etc., ail 
 of which were liold at 
 reasonable rates. As 
 an illnstratiou of tho 
 success of this busi- 
 ness, it may be stated 
 that one party who 
 kept a counter iu the 
 Public Comfort Build- 
 
278 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 iustitiitious and the theory of republican equality, tho 
 Department of Public Comfort has never been equaled. 
 Many made use of its facihtics absolutely without ex- 
 pense ; while those who were desirous of investing their 
 superfluous cash could here find numerous opportuni- 
 ties. Altogether, this institution was a positive boon 
 to visitors to the Exposition. 
 
 HAYDEN’S U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Dr. Hayden, of the U. S. Geological Survey, is a 
 native of Massachusetts, who emigrated to the "West 
 early in his life, and gi-aduated at Oberlin College, 
 
 Ohio. Subsequently he devoted his attention to geo- 
 logy, making several trips to the Far West, whence he 
 brought back u large collection of specimens. In 18G5 
 be was elected Pi’ofessor of Geology and Mineralogy in the i 
 University of Penn.sylvania, which position he continued 1 
 to hold until 1872, The United States Geological Sur\-ey 
 owes its origin to the following facts : In 1867, when 1 
 
 Nebraska was nibnitted as a State, Congress set apart the 
 unspent bahince of the appropriation for the legislative 
 expenses of the Territory for the geological survey of the 
 new State. This sum amounted to So. 000, 
 and with its expouditui-e commenced the 
 Geological Survey of the United States, 
 
 In 1868, another np]5ropriation was 
 made, and the work carried westward into 
 Wyoming Territory, the report of the 
 surveys for these two years being made 
 to the Commissioner General of the Laud 
 Office in 18G9. Tlie sm^'cy was 2 Jut under 
 the suiiervision of the Secretary of the 
 Interior, and an increased appropriation made for the re- 
 connoissance along the eastern edge of the Rocky Jloun- 
 tains, from Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, to Santa Fts 
 New Mexico. The following year an additional sum was 
 approjiriated and devoted to the sloi>e of a portion of 
 "Wyoming Territory, including a belt of country bordering 
 the line of the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 In 1871 and 1872 the field of oi)erutions was extended to 
 
 CAMEL HARNESS. 
 
 the country at the head-waters of the Yellowstone 
 and Missouri, the region of the hot si>rings and gey- 
 sers. One of the results of the work in that section was 
 the reserring of the Yellowstone region as a national 
 park. In 1873. the work of the survey was trans- 
 ferred to Colorado, where it has been carried on ever 
 since. The surs'ey made an exhibit iu the United 
 State? Government Building which was one of the 
 
 SHIELD, DAOOEB ANI SCABBARD. 
 
 most remarkable of its character, perhaps, ever ofi'ered. 
 It comiJiised models, majis, photograjihs, publications, 
 sketches, pictures in water-colors and chromos. The models 
 were divided into two cla.sses ; one, representing the geo- 
 logical structure ; and the other, the ancient ruins of South- 
 western Colorado and adjacent portions of Utali and 
 Arizona. Naturally, these hitter were the most interestiug 
 exhibits to the majority t>f sight-.seers. 
 
 Little is known by the generality of Americans concerning 
 the race of people known as the Mound-builders of the 
 Mississippi Vfdley, and iu New Mexico and Arizona, by a 
 more advanced condition of civilization. The Mound- 
 builders left the peculiar struc- 
 tures — to which they are indebted 
 
 for the only proper name by which 
 
 we know them — all down through 
 
 the Valley of the Mifcsissiiijii, aud 
 
 along many of its n[ili| tributary streams, 
 
 Within the single \ ,'y State of Ohio 
 
 there are immense the fez. numbera of these 
 
 momichs, large and small. They are 
 
 not made of earth alone, for some of them show brick-work 
 and stone-work here and there, though earth is always the 
 chief material. Some of them have chambers, and some- 
 times chaired wood is foimd on toji, as if fires had been 
 Idndled there. 
 
 In Central America siniihiv mounds exist, having on 
 their tojis the rcimiiiis of stone tcmifle.s and palaces. All 
 the c:u-thworks of the Mound-builders show more or Jess of 
 engineering skill. They vary greatly in shape, appearing 
 sometimes in squares, and at others in circle.s and octagons. 
 Sometimes all these figures are combiued in ouc series 
 of works, but it Is noticeable that the circle Ls always a 
 tme circle aud tlie square a true square ; and further, that 
 iu many cases the scpiares measure exactly 1,080 feet ou a 
 side, showing that the jnound-buildera had some definite 
 
 SWORD AND SCABBARD. 
 
 standard of measurement. Witliin these mounds have 
 been foimd tools and omaments, made from copper, silver, 
 and valuable stones. They are axes, chisels, knives, 
 bracelets and beads, pieces of thread and of cloth, some- 
 times gracefully ornamented vases and pottery. The 
 Mound-builders knew Jiow to mold iu clay n variety of 
 objects, such as birds, quadrupeds, and human faces. They 
 practiced farming, tliough they had no domestic animals 
 to help them. They mined for copper near Lake Superior, 
 where the deserted mines may still be seen. In one of 
 these mines there was a mass of copper weighing nearly 
 six tons partly raised from the bottom, and supported by 
 wooden logs now nearly decayed, and the stone and 
 
 copper tools were lying about as if these men had 
 just gone away. The only evidence that we have as 
 to the age of the mouuds consists in the fact that at 
 the mouth of the mine just mentioned there are trees 
 neoi-ly 400 years old, growing ou earth vvliich was 
 thrown out iu digging the mine. Ou -a mound at 
 Marietta, Ohio, there are trees nearly 800 years old. 
 Tlie mounds must, of coiu'se, be as old as that, and 
 nobody knows how much older. In the Mineral 
 Annex of the Main Building, as has already been 
 stated, there were ou exliibitiou thmtsauds cf articles 
 mamifactured by tliese Slound - builders, including 
 an-ow-heads, ax-heads, coivper tools, etc. The vjirious 
 expeditious which have crossed the Continent through 
 New Mexico and Ai'izonahave always foiiud relics which 
 indicate the former existence in these Territories of a 
 vast population, whose character wc can only con- 
 jecture. Some think that the present Moqui, Pueblo and 
 Ziini Indians are the descendants of this ancient race, 
 judging from the fact that the remains of some of their 
 dwellings indicate the same style of stnictni’e, etc., which 
 is observed among the American tribes of to-day ; but 
 these are very different from those of Mound-builders. 
 
 The Pueblo Imliims of New Mexico live in vast stone 
 buildings, holding sometimes as many as 5.0D0 jicojile. 
 These buililings are usually i>laced on the summits of hills, 
 and have walls so high ns only to be reached by ladders. 
 The Pueblo Indians di'ess neatly, Jive in families, practice 
 various arts, aud are utterly different from 
 the roving tribes further north : yet they 
 ai'e es.sentially unlike the Monnd-bnilders, 
 for the latter do not .seem to have erected 
 stone buildings, uor do the Pueblo In- 
 dians build lofty mounds. It is certain 
 that some among the IMonnd - builders 
 had reached tlie sea in thch travels, for 
 on some of their caiwi'd jiipes there ore 
 representations of the seal and of the 
 manatee or sea-cow, animals which they could only have 
 scon by traveling to the ocean. 
 
 One of the models exhibited in the United States 
 Government Building represented a two-stoiy cliff-house, 
 found in a caaon of the Rio Mancos, of Colorado. It is 
 built in the crevice of a rock 800 feet above the sea, and 
 is almost inaccessible. Another model represents the min.s 
 of a double-walled tower, a building which seems to have 
 been very common among those 
 ancient people. 
 
 Returning to the subject of 
 geology, we find two models of 
 the Elk Mouutaiu Range of Co- 
 lorado, in which tlie bound- 
 aries of vaiions fonnatious 
 are marked out in colors : 
 one, being cut into sections 
 showmg the internal struc- 
 ture of the moimtains ; an- 
 other. is of the Yellowstone 
 National Park, exhibiting 
 its moimtains, lakes and 
 streams, and the hot-sjuing 
 localities. Among the maps 
 are some rejiresenting the 
 geyser basins ; others, por- 
 tions of Idaho and Montana, 
 and of the Snake River ; a relief map of the Elk 
 Mountains, maps of various portions of Colorado, 
 aud a contour map of Colorado, iu six .sheets, un- 
 finished. The geological maps included one, six feet 
 square, of Colorado, ou which the geological struc- 
 ture of the “Centennial State” was represented in 
 colors. There was also a map of the Yellowstone region, 
 
 EGYPTIAN SADDLE BY AND AKUS. 
 
inSTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CEXTEXXLU. EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 270 
 
 MEXICAN SECTION, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 niul oiip of fho region iibout tlio sources of the Simko 
 Ilivcr. The pliotogriiphic ]'nrtkm i>f the exhibit inchulcil 
 tnuispari'iirics or ])hotogni])h.s on glass, showing pictnr- 
 es(jnc' scenery of the lloeky Mountains, the geysei's, hot 
 springs, the ruins of Southwest Colorado, nnil adjacent 
 parts of Arizona, I’hih, and tlu' homes of Anunneau Indians. 
 There were also panoramic vii-ws of mountains, and two 
 large volumes tilled with photographs of "Westeru 
 Hcenery and r.-presentatives of tlu' Indian tribes of 
 the West. One case on exhibition contiiined a com- 
 plete set of the publications of the suiwey, including 
 the annual reports, profusely illustrated ; maps and 
 sections, bulletins, misecllanemis publications, and re- 
 ports upon zoologj’ and i>aleoutology. A number of 
 water-color sketches were also exhibited, showing the 
 beautiful color of tho hot S 2 >iings of the Yellowstone 
 and tho centre of Colorado; while two large cases 
 contiiined fine specimens from tho gey.sers and hot 
 springs, and fragments of potteiy, arrow-heads, stone 
 axes, chisels, etc., from the ancient races inhabiting 
 this region. 
 
 NEVADA QUARTZ MILL. 
 
 Ax important exhibit in the mining interest wa-s the 
 quartz mill shown in active operation at the Exhibi- 
 tion. a most api'ropriato rciireseiitation sent from 
 Nevada. This mill cost $20,000, the entire exjiense 
 being covered by an apiirojiriatiou of tho Nevada 
 Legislature. By a mutual aiTungement, material to 
 keej' the mill in operation had been furnished by 
 four mines; the Consolidated Virginia, the California, 
 the (dphir, and the Belcher ; tlie product being kept 
 separate, and sold for the beue6t of the respective 
 ownera. Tho ipiartz, which had been furnished in 
 sacks holding about a bushel each, was Buj-qilied to 
 the .staiujis by means of a self-feeding hojiper, coming 
 out of the process in the form of a jiowder dissolved 
 in a small stream of water which ran through a 
 trough into the amalgamator, wliich was a large, round 
 sheet-iron box, heated by steam. Quicksilver was here 
 
 added to tho mixture, and Ibis then jtassed into another 
 circular tank, where it was kejit in constant movement by 
 revolving aims. The afliuityof quicksilver for silver caused 
 it to seize upon the latter, with which it aninlgnmatcd ; 
 after which, the two mixed metals were jilaoed in iron jian.s 
 and heated in a retort, when the nievemy jinssed off in 
 fumes, being afterward condensed and collected again and 
 
 Pl’LriT, BV F- .1 B. SCHROEDEU, 
 
 again, to serve the same piUT>ose. This mill will he reinem- 
 hcred as staiuliiig hack of Machinery Hall, a little we.st 
 of the hydraulic nunc.x. Besides disiduying the crush- 
 ing and amalgamating machinery, its coiitciit.s also num- 
 bered all kiiid.s of niiuiug iniplemeiifs, while, from tho 
 [Hire silver furni-shed by the mills, medals were made at 
 tho ITiUadcIidiia Jliut healing njiproiiriato devices and 
 containing ^=1.2U of silver, these being sold at $2 each, 
 ns souvenira of the Centennial Exiiositiou. 
 
 METEORITES. 
 
 Ajiono the natural curiosities which were exhibited 
 at the Centennial Exitosition, the meteorites were cer- 
 tainly the most remarkal 1 >, and ]>robably to a large 
 majority of visitors the least known. Four such sjie- 
 cimenawerc exhibited: one from Chihuahua, Mexico, 
 in the Mexican department of the Main Bnildiug ; one 
 from Orifak, Greenland, to be seen at one of tho en- 
 trances on the northern .side of tho I'lain Building ; 
 and two in the Government Building — one fre un Tucson, 
 Arizona, and one known as tho “Blake,” from Ten- 
 nessee. Of the existing collections of meteorites, that 
 of the British JInseum ranks fii-st in iraiiortance, that 
 of Vienna scooiul, the Paris collection third, and that of 
 Prof. Charles Hugh Sheiiard, of Amhei-st, Jlass, , fourth. 
 In the last-named collectii m no Ic.ss than 254 meteorites 
 arc rejwescnted. the totid weight of the collection being 
 about 1,200 pounds; the heaviest siiccimen weighing 
 4:38 pounds, and the lightest half an onnee. Tho largest 
 meteoric stone in the Prote.ssor’s collection weighs 57J 
 poimds, and is from M' aeon da, Kansas. Other imiiortant 
 collections in the United States are tho.se of the Aca- 
 demy of Natural Science of rhiladelidiia, Yale College, 
 and that of Profes.sor Smith, of Louisville, Kentucky. 
 Tho Ovifak (Greenland) meteorite already mentioned, 
 and the heaviest specimen on exhibition at the Cen- 
 tennial, weighs G 20-100 tons ; it is one of the group 
 of iron meteorites discovere.l n]>on the shores of 
 Greenbnd. by Professor Noi'dcnskj'ild, the eelelirated 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 2 SO 
 
 A COPY of tlie Piihlic iF'dqev lies before 
 \is, (lilted March 2o, and being the 
 
 first imnibev of that 2 'ui’er, now in its 
 forty-fii-st year. It is a little sheet of 1 j 
 by i:j inches in dimensions, but is im- 
 IHirtaut for several reasons. 
 
 In the fii-st place, as being the type of 
 the. earliest issues of i>enuy jiapers in 
 America, and in the second idace as 
 having been the foundation of the for- 
 tune of the gentleman, some particulars 
 concerning whose life we propose to ofter 
 in this jilace. 
 
 George "W. {.'hilds wius bom in Balti- 
 more in 1829, and even in his earliest 
 years gave token of the earnestne.ss, 
 licrseverance and industry wliich have 
 sen-ed to build ui) mid sustain both his 
 character and his fortune. When only 
 thirteen years of age he entered the 
 United States Xin-y. in which ser\-ice he 
 only remained fifteen nionth.i, gaining, 
 however, it i.s probable, tlu'ough this 
 experience, that sense of order and that S 2 )irit of discitiliiic 
 which have marked both his own conduct and his dii-c’ction 
 of aftaii-s ever since. Wlieii fifteen yeui-s old young t!hilds 
 went from Bidtiinore to Pluladel 2 >hi.a. Ho wius at this time 
 penniless, and, so far a.s riiiladelt'hia was concerned, friend- 
 less. He was successful in obtaining a situation in a pub- 
 lishing-house, where he so 2 n-oved Iiim.sclf to his employer 
 os posscs.sing not only the attributes we have mentioned, 
 but sagacity and good judgment as well, that ho was S 2 'c- 
 ciaily dc 2 >uted, as a portion of his duty, to attend auction 
 sales and purchase books for the house with which he was 
 concerned. After a time the fac'c of young Cliilds grew to 
 bo faniilim: to booksellers throughout the countrv ns rej^re- 
 senting this establishment at the annual trade sales in Xcw 
 York. At the end of four j'ears the young man started in 
 business for himself in a small room of the building then 
 occupied by the Public Ledger of Phil.idelphia. Here he 
 was both industrious aud successful, and growing by 
 this time to bo known and to m.ake friend.s, he wa-s 2 n'C- 
 sently offered a partnership in the house of K. E. Petei-soij 
 k Co., pulilishers, the firm becoming thereafter Childs & 
 Peterson. In liis new aud responsible position Mr. Childs 
 did not fail to make the most excellent use of the good 
 qualities which had thus far so materially aided in his 
 advaactmeut in life. Endowed with un intuitive taste aud 
 
 MPAXESE CABrXET. 
 
 I ca 2 )itid city. The Pliiladcl 2 >hia Public Ledger, which had 
 I now existed for twenty-eight years, had by 1864 reached 
 and 2 '>as 6 ed the tuniing-iwint of its existence. For many 
 years a successful and .still a valuable journal, cireiimstauces 
 had brought about a m-aterial change in its .affairs, to that 
 I extent that at the time to which wc allude it was iii the market. 
 
 ^ Against the advice of his friends, Mr. Childs 2 mrchased the 
 Ijedgcr. His first move in its conduct wa.s a rcvohitiouaiw 
 j one. Despite the change in prices and values which the 
 I progress of events, aud ilio War of the Ecbellion among 
 j them, had brought about, the pro 2 irietors of the Ixidgrr 
 ' had held their paper at the same iiites both for subscri 2 >tioii 
 \ and advertising under which it had been published for 
 so many years. Latterly, they had been losing money 
 ’adth frightful rapidity, and it was naturally considered 
 a rash aud dangerous step, when, on entering into the 
 ' proprietorship of this joui-nal, Mr. Childs at once doubled 
 the 23rice of his paper and advanced the rates of advertising 
 I to what he deemed just compensation for the advantages 
 ' which he offered. Tlicimmediateresult of this action was, of 
 ; course, to drive away in some measure both subscribers 
 I and advertisers ; but, as the course of the paper imder 
 ; its new management became indicated, these came back 
 to it, bringing in their train others, until there o 2 >ened an 
 , influx of monetary succc-s.«, which has continued up to the 
 
 mineralogist and .\rctio cx 2 >lorcr, and one of the .Tndges in 
 Group Xo. 1 at the Exhilhtinu. This meteorite- was dis- 
 covered in 1870, at Ovifak, on Disco Island, iqion the 02 )en 
 coast, and at a 2 'lao.'' almost inaccessible in even a moder- 
 ately rough sea. Here were found metenriU's of vmious 
 dinien.sinns, which were supposed to have fallen during the 
 TiTtian- 2 >criod of the world's history, and which have 
 bocome imbedded in the .strata of the Miocene 2 >f'i‘i'id. 
 Tlie cliffs of this bx;ality rise to a height 2,000 fi'ot above 
 the sea level, the U 2 )per portion being formed of basiilt. 
 The meteorites Ti ere found at the base of these cliffs, within 
 an area of abo-.t 50 square yards. In 1871 the Swedish 
 Government lilted out an cx 2 iedition comprising two naval 
 TC-s.seIs, to 2 >roceccl to Disco anil procure these masses of me- 
 teoric iron, co.istitutiug twelve large specimens and many 
 small ones, ('ne of these is now in the Museum at Copen- 
 hagen, and another in the British Museum. The Arizona 
 meteorite, sometimes called “TIic Signet Meteorite,” 
 located iii the Sniith.soniau Dc 2 ’artment in the Government 
 Buililing, was found in the early jiart of the last century in 
 the Siemui, near Tucson, Arizona Temtory, where there is 
 a tr.ulition among the old residents that there was a 
 shower Ilf meteorites in the mouat.ains some 200 years 
 ago. For a long time this meteorite re- 
 mained ill the town of Tucson, where it 
 was u.S('d as a kind of 2>'iblie anvil by 
 the 2 icojilc. It is now thi‘ 2 iro 2 >erty of the 
 National Museum at Washington. “The 
 Blake Meteorite” in the Goveniment 
 Building is a new and intere.stiug S 2 >eci- 
 men, weighing about 3002«mtuls, brought 
 by General Wilder from Tennessee. It 
 was discovered in 1875, about 10 miles 
 from Greensville, Cocke Comity, liy a 
 farmer, who, after breaking two 2 'lows 
 upon it, dug it out. It i? a oonqiaet mass 
 of iron. When found it wa.s standing 
 at an angle of about 45 degi-ees, the to]) 
 being about 8 inches below the surface. 
 
 It is one of a number of interc.stiug 
 B 2 >ecimens from the xu-ivatc collection of 
 Profe.ssor W. P. Blake, the able director 
 of the Mineral Diqwrtmcnt of the Smitli- 
 sonian Iii.stitute. The Mexican or Chi- 
 huahua meteorite is a com 2 >act ma.ss of 
 iron, weighing 4.000 2 ’ouiul.s, one of the 
 several found at Chihuahua. 
 
 apparently instinctive judgment in the selection of works 
 for 2)ublicatioD. his choice in this direction fell U2ion some 
 of the most s.alable and profitable books which liave ever 
 been published in the United States, aud which Avent far 
 to establish the fortunes of the firm of Childs k Peterson. 
 Among such may be named, “Dr. Kane’s .-krctic Explora- 
 tinns,” aud a book by Parson Brownlow, The work called 
 “Familiar Science,” couquled by Jlr. Peterson, was, 
 through l\Ir. Childs’s energy and tact, 2 Mushed to a sale of 
 200,000 copies, gaining a footing in schools which it has 
 held even iqi to the present time. For a dozen years or more 
 Sir. Childs continued in the 2 iublishiug business, the house 
 issuing during this period such important works as “Buii- 
 vier's Law Dictionary,” and " Institutes of Americau Luav,” 
 “Fletcher’s Brazil,” and, most im 2 iortaut of all, Dr. S. A. 
 AUibone’s “ Dictionary of English and Americau Authors,” 
 Avhich, with special courtesy aud a due sense of a 2 >precia- 
 tiou, was dedicated by its distinguished author to Mr. 
 Childs himself. 
 
 It would appear, from what we can L-aru both of Mr. 
 Child.s's own assertions aud those of his frieuJs from 
 boyhood upward, that hi.s first aud last material ambi- 
 tion was to owu and control a daily newspaper in a 
 
 present time without vaiying, and which promises to con- 
 tinue in the future. 
 
 The 2 mlicy of the 'ger, to which we have referred, has 
 been of a character to be described in a very few words. In 
 the fii-st place, it has been undeviatingly high-toned in its 
 character, scorning the lo\i- moral stand.n-d which so widely 
 obtains among the press of the United State.s, ivith a 
 straightforward integrity of 2 uu-pose that is characteristic 
 of its 2 )roi)rietor. Again, it has striven to treat such subjects, 
 and such only, as were witliin the line which divides the 
 rc.d ii?*«rest of the 2 ^iiWic from that which is factitious. 
 I rnally, in its method of handling the questions of the 
 (lay, it has followed the 2’Iau of treating each of these on 
 its own merits, aud without bias, or regard for 2 >crsonnl 
 02 >iuion or critiei.sm. 
 
 In its interior management, Mr. Childs has never failed 
 to introduce into the Ledger establishment all improvements 
 and inventiou-s which, in his judgment, Avere calculated 
 either to facilitate the business of his 2 *a])er, or to advance 
 the comfort and interests of liis em 2 'loycs, On June 20, 
 1867, the Public Ledger took iwssession of a building 
 e.s 2 )ecinlly construrted for its 2 uupose.s. standing at the 
 southwest corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, Pliiladel- 
 2 )hi;i. Erected aud fitted under his owu 
 2 )cr.sonaI direction, this building became 
 a model 2 >rintiug-house ; 2 U'obabIy in all 
 respects the most 2 >orfeet and complete 
 establislmieiit of the kind in the Avorld. 
 Here, where Mr. Childs liad full direction 
 aud control in can-A'ingout his oavii 2 'lans, 
 he devoted himself to ariungemtuits cal- 
 culated to euable those in his cm 2 Jloy- 
 ment to work in a mauuer the most 
 agreeable and most healthful to them- 
 selves, as well ns AA ith a 2 >roper cousidera- 
 tion for the 2’i‘'J5ccutiou of the duties 
 Avhich .should devolve uiAon them in ad- 
 vancing his own interests and those of 
 the im 2 )ortant journal in his charge. 
 
 Thus far, we have considered Mr. Childs 
 in his accumulative cn2Aacity .alone. It Avill 
 become us now to look iqion him in his 
 character of a man of large wealth, Avith a 
 vicAv to seeing in what liplit ho presents 
 himself in his employment thereof. M'e 
 are told in the proverb t!iat “.Sweet are 
 the uses of adversity.” This i.s a 2 ^i’o- 
 position Avhich need not he gains.aid, yet 
 with Avhtit added sweetness should be- 
 come the uses of prospej-iti/ to those who 
 have gained unto themselves its many 
 2A05sible advantages ! In this country, 
 where, according to one of its mo.st di.s- 
 tinguished 2 Aohtical economists, “the rich 
 are growing richer Avliilo the poor are 
 growing iJOorer,”Ave do not meet so fre- 
 quently as would be desirable tho.se of the 
 one class who avail them-selves of their 
 advantages for the benefit of the other. 
 And since it is in tliis light that the life 
 of George Childs most becomes him, 
 it is fitting that the good which 2)osse5.sion 
 of wealth has been made, through his 
 generosity, to yield to the 2 'oor and un- 
 fortunate, should be set forth in any 
 account of his life. In the direction of 
 the many lumdred persons in his em 2 >loy- 
 ment, it is a matter of pnbh<i notoriety 
 in the city where he lives that Jlr. Childs 
 has dispensed a generosity Avhieli is as 
 boundless as it is appreciative. It is not 
 ever}- ne\v.s2>ai)er publisher Avho 2»rcseut.s 
 his employits with life insimince 2 >olicies, 
 deals out festivals and amusement to 
 them uus2)ariugly on each rccniTing holiday, r,-gards 
 their health and Avclfare ns he cx2)ects them to regard 
 their duty during theii- lifetime, aud Avlieii they die, snp2ilics 
 them with a burial- 2 >laeo. Yet these thing, s are precisely 
 Avhut Mr. Chillis has been accustomed to do for tho.so 
 cnqiloved ill the office of the rhiladelifliia Mgrr. Tliesc 
 arc, to bo sure, limcfits. a knowledge of which may readily 
 be widespread, and of coiirec, not to the disadvantage of 
 the one Avho confers them; but not alone by this method of 
 bcnovoleuco has IMr. Chillis ilistinguishcd himself. In tho 
 matter of pcr-sonnl chai-ity, and luidi-r circumstances avIuwo 
 publicity was the last thing that could be expected, if it 
 were hoped for, l\Ir. Childs has a reputation among those 
 who kuoAv him best which is without 2Aaralh'l. 
 
 As to the ordinary Avays of cppro 2 Ariating money for 
 charitable x’lirposes, probably no man in the country 
 receives nearly so many applications as he, aud it is seldom 
 that he rejects or refuses any. For devising original 
 inethocU of gi-atifying those who are seldom gratified he is 
 no less noted. By sending entire charitable institutions 
 on pleasure excursions, by throwing open to those who are 
 poor and imaccustomed to them, amusements, the memory 
 of which proves perhaps the brightest reflection in their 
 lives — by a thousand and one such devices, Mr. Childs has 
 made his name honorably kuOAVU, not only in the city 
 
 SKETCH OF G. W, CHILDS. 
 
HISTORICAL RF.CISTER OF TIIF CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 281 
 
 where he lives nnd where naturally the most of hia wealth 
 is dispensed, but throughout the country, and even abroad. 
 But there are more ways of dispensing wealth to iraljlie 
 advantage than by charity alone. By freely opening his 
 elegant residence in ho.spitidity to visitors from foreign 
 lands, Mr. Childs ha-s doubtle&s done much for the credit 
 
 of delicate appreciation wliich induced 
 Mr. Childs, during the continuance of 
 the Centennial, to furnish with the 
 means to visit the Great Fair not only 
 numbers of poor women who would 
 othevwi.se not have seen it, but also 
 as many as two thousand children 
 who, tlirough Mr. Childs’s liberality, 
 were sent happy-hearted to the wonder- 
 ful Exhibition at Fainnount and fur- 
 nislied with good dinners wliile there 
 enjoying the show. Children of the 
 Philadelphia Deaf and Dumb Asylum 
 and those of other public institntion.s 
 of that city were thus favored, and in 
 the case of the House of Refuge, it 
 iUustrates the peculiar quality of his 
 thoughtfulness that he made a special 
 request tliat its iiimate.s should be per- 
 mitted to lay off the uniform which is 
 their badge, while visiting the Exjrosi- 
 tion, and wear new suits to be supphed 
 aud paid for by him. It is in his pe- 
 culiarly happy faculty for discrimination 
 in the awarding of his benefits aud in 
 his methods of distribution, us much as 
 in the lavislmes.s with which he yields 
 up to public and private uses such a 
 material jujrtiou of his fortime, that 
 Mr. Childs is specially distiuguished. 
 
 Not an unsuitable illustration of this 
 charaetoristie, iiossibly, was his gift of 
 a memorial ^rindow in WestmiuBter 
 Abbey in honor of the i»oets George 
 Herbert, Charles Wesley aud WilHam 
 Cowper. This munificent gift wa.s 
 merely occasioned by the receipt on 
 the part of Mr. Childs <j£ a circular 
 from the cimuuittce of English gentle, 
 men who had the matter in hand. 
 
 In cousideriiig this instance of the 
 refinement of generosity, it should be 
 remembered that it illu.straU's the ])a- 
 triotisiu of the man, no less than his 
 liberal iuqnilsos. Thr‘ jdaeing of aiuo- 
 morial Aviudow in Westminster Abbey 
 — the sluiue of all the memories that 
 by the Ihiglish-speukiug population of 
 the world aix* held deareat — avos a truly 
 graceful act, nasociating the American 
 ])cople Avith their English brethren in a most generous aud 
 mo.st fitting tribute to names the Avorld delights to honor. 
 
 DAVIS ELEVATIXO SIGNAL- tOAATE. 
 
 emment honored Mr. Childs by designating liim to the 
 service referred to in the folloAA-ing highly complimentary 
 acknoAvledgmeiit on the jiart of the Duke of Rich- 
 ^ mond aud Gordon, Lord President of the Council : 
 
 [COFV.] 
 
 I ... 4^/, Jannnryj, 1877. 
 
 Sin,- I liavi' heanl A\itli mneli pleasure from Colonol 
 Sandfoni uf tlir Aaluublo ami important asaistanco you 
 have readercil mn. ns one of the llonorarj' Commissioners 
 tor Great Britain, her OolonieR and Dependencies, at the 
 Philadi'lphia International Exhibition of 187C. 
 
 It will gnitify you to know that Her Majesty’s Oovorji- 
 ment haA-o expressed their higlicst approA-al of tho ml- 
 ministratinu of the British sectinn, towards tho success of 
 whicli in America you ha\-o been good enough so much to 
 contribute. 
 
 I liaA'e tile honor to be, Sir, your obedient sen'ant, 
 
 (Signed) llll'HMOND AND GORDON 
 QEoncr; W. riiiLns, Esq., 
 
 Honorary Commissioner for tlu' United Kingdom. 
 
 of his country in thiA piirtioiilar, Avhilo ho has brought 
 nbntit iissociatioiiH timuiig distiugui-shed persoutigcs wliich 
 could scarcely fail to inure to the public benefit in some 
 way. Prolmbly no such gathering of ilistingnished and 
 nolable people Avas ever collected together in the parlors of 
 n jirivate citizen in this country ns met by iiiA-itiition at Mr. 
 Childs's residence on the evening of May 10th, 1870, the 
 day of the opening of the Centennial Exhibition in Phila- 
 delphia. On this occusLon there were present the- Presi- 
 dent of tho United States, Avith his Avife ; all the member.s < >f 
 the Cabinet, Avith their Avives ; the Chief Justice and A.sso- 
 ciate Justices of the Supremo Court of the Uiiitetl 
 States aud their Avivea ; the. Emperor aud EnijAresH tif 
 Brazil; the Diplomatic representatives of Gnat 
 Britain, France, Spain, Au-stria, Prussia. Russia, Italy, 
 Belgium, Turkey, Japan, China, and other PoAA'crs of 
 Europe and Asia; tho Govemoi-s of Maine, New 
 Hamp.shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Kentm^ky, 
 Pennsylvania, Ncav Jersey, DcluAvare and Jlurylaud, 
 with their staff officers ; leading monibers of the 
 United States Senate .'iiul IIou.se of Representatives ; 
 Generals Sherman, Sheridan, Hancock, McDoavcU ; 
 Admirals Porter, RoAvau, Scott, Lardner, Turner, 
 Jenkins and Aldeii ; Centennial Judges and Commis- 
 sioners from foreign countries and the United States ; 
 famous military and naval ofileers, eminent judges, 
 loading hvAvyers, prominent diviiios, jirc.^sideuts of 
 colleges, authors, jouniali.sts, artists ; in fact, men 
 famous in every l>ranch of profcssicjual and priA-ate 
 life. And this instance, except in the remarkable 
 compreheiisiA-cness of its scope, as to the guests, 
 merely illu.strates the rule in iilr. Childs's social life. 
 Scarcely a xuomineiit visitor from abroad irrlves in 
 this country who is not funiished Avith lettt'rs of 
 introduction to Mr. Childs and feted by him. Compiue 
 such generous courtesy to thi' representatives of foreign 
 avist(Acracy, Avoalth, aud intelligence Avith the refinement 
 
 I -At the time of the appointment of its official repre- 
 ] aeutativea at the Ceutenuitd Exiiosition, the British Gov- 
 
 As to the sentiment Arith AA hiidi Mr. Childs is re- 
 garded abroad, Colonel John W. Forney says of him : 
 “Wlien I eanied letters from him to Enrcjpo in 1867, 
 his name was a talisman, aud it avos jileasaut to see 
 hoAA’ a nobleman like the Duke of Buckingham 
 honored the endorsement of an American who thirty 
 yeai's before avos a poor boy.” To bo thus esteemed 
 I at home and abroad ; to bo regarded as a benefactor by 
 1 the poor, aud valued ns a friend by the rich ; to wield 
 
 LAYING THE TELEGRAPH. 
 
 GOVERNMENT TELEGRAPH AT THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS. 
 
282 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 generously, and "with virid appreciation of the relations 
 which obtain in this life, the influences of vast and in- 
 creasing wealth ; to do all this while one lives is to 
 rear certainly the most enduring and possibly the most 
 satisfactory moniiment of 
 fame which it is given to 
 men to exhibit before pos- 
 terity. It is said of l\Ir. 
 
 Childs that while still young 
 he set before himself as the 
 intention and ambition of 
 his future, ‘ ‘ the accumulation 
 of riches, not for himself 
 alone, but to make others 
 happy diming and after his 
 life.” At the age of forty- 
 seven Mr. Child^ sees one- 
 half of this scheme of his 
 life completed, and the other 
 half so far advanced toward 
 accomplishment that it needs 
 only to conclude it after its 
 author’s intention, the final 
 seal and inscription which 
 are set uiion every man's 
 doings, and which, it is to be 
 hoped in the hiterests o^ 
 humanity, may be long ere 
 they come to George W. 
 
 Childs. 
 
 THE SILK INDUSTRY 
 
 IN AMERICA. 
 
 Patzusox, New Jersey> 
 gains, perhaps, its chief im- 
 portance from its position 
 as the leading centre of the 
 silk indii.stry in America. It 
 claims, and not improperly, 
 
 he title of the Lyons of 
 America on this account; 
 and a brief sketch of .silk 
 manufacturing in this local- 
 ity may be jiroperly inserted 
 here. 
 
 P.itcrson lies among the 
 foothills of the Kamapo 
 range of mountains, distant 
 only 20 miles by rail from 
 
 New York City. Hero the Passaic River fumishe.s a romantic as well 
 as useful feature of the landscape, plunging suddenly downward at 
 this imint in a fall of 50 feet, and then mshing between perjicndi- 
 cular cliffs in a more gradual fall of 22 feet fiuther to the level of the 
 plain. 
 
 By reference to a prerious article in this work it will be seen that 
 the manufacture of sUk was carried ou in different States uj) to the 
 beginning of the present centurr. From that time, however, the 
 industiy declined until, about 1830, when it begim to be revived ; and 
 when the Morns midticnnUs excitement commenced, which lasted until 
 1839, when the mania exploded. Emly in 1830 the Chamber of Com- 
 merce at Lyons, France, published a report concerning American 
 silk, in which it was stated that a sample reeled in Philadelphia was 
 assayed by an a.s.sayer and declared to be of an extraordinary <junlity 
 and admirably adapted to the uses of manufacture ; that it was fine, 
 regular, clean, of a fine color, and all that could be desh-ed. Ita 
 value was estimated at 20 francs, a little over $.), i)cr ])ouiid. 
 
 Tlie first silk mill in Paterson appears to have been started by 
 Christopher Colt, Jr., son of Christopher Colt, of Hartford, President 
 of the .Silk Manufacturing Comi>any during its existence, which con- 
 tinued while the excitement ksted, between 1835 and 1839. Chri.stopher 
 Colt, Jr., was the nephew of Samuel Colt, the inventor of the revolving 
 pistol. T!ie silk mill of Paterson occui^ied the fourth story of Samuel 
 Colt’s factory for making revolvers. It w.os not successful, and, in a 
 year, was offered for sale to Mr. G. "W. JIurray, of Northampton, Mass., 
 who bought it for $3,200, including all the machinery. lilr. Jlnrray 
 put in chni-ge of the factory Mr. John Ryle, a practical silk manufac- 
 turer, of JIacclesfield, England, who had recently come out to America. 
 This was the foundation of the silk manufacture of Paterson, which 
 was then t town of 7.000 inhabitanta At the expiration of the thi-ec 
 years’ contract between Murray and Ryle, these two formed a partner- 
 ship ; and three years later, in 1S16, ^Ir. Ryle was assisted by his brothers 
 in England to buy out Mr. JIurray’s interest. Ft>r nearly twelve years 
 from its founilatiun the silk mill of Mr. Ryle had no rival in Paterson. 
 A fair specimen of the capacity of his establishment at tlfls period was 
 the manufacture of the largo flag which waved over the Crystal 
 Palace during the Exhibition at New York in 1853. In 1854 Mr. Ryle 
 built the Jlurray l\Iill, covering 15,000 square feet with a two-story 
 building, then one of the largest, and perhaps most thoroughly 
 equipped, of the silk factories in Americ.o. 
 
 But, by 1854, competitors in the Paterson silk manufacture had begun 
 to establish themselves, altliough at first on a small scale ; and from 
 that time the industry continued to incre.aso in magnitude and im- 
 portance, until, in 1875, it furnished the following interesting statistics: 
 Number of firms and corporations engaged in the silk manufacture, 
 32 ; dyeing establishments, in adilition to the private dye-houses of 
 manufacturers, 5; number of operatives, nearlv 8,000; proportion of 
 female operatives, two-thhds ; proportion of operatives under IP 
 
 years of age, one-fourth ; amotmt of wages paid during 
 the year, $2,004,993; amount of capital employed and 
 invested in the manufacture, $5,926,804 ; number of power 
 looms, 730 ; number of hand looms, 563 ; number of braid- 
 ing sxnudlcs, 23,445 ; number of 
 pounds of silk dyed, 550,000. 
 
 In 1804, the Dale Silk Mills were 
 commenced, this vast stnictnre having 
 finally cost half a million dollars. In 
 1867, the finn of Dexter, Lambert & 
 
 Co. transferred their manufactory 
 from Boston to Paterson, and built 
 a largo mOl to accommodate their 
 l)usincss, which began with ladies’ 
 dress trimmings and riblions, and 
 has since been developed in all sorts 
 of fancy silks, handkerchiefs, etc. In 
 the following year, "Wm. Strange & 
 
 Co. left ■\Yilliamsburgh, N. Y., and 
 started a ribbon factory at Paterson. 
 
 Here, too, they make fancy gooiLs, silk 
 handkerchiefs, etc., employing 700 
 operatives. In 1871, Schoharie sent 
 Frederick Baire to Paterson, where 
 lie established the Barre Silk Manu- 
 facturing Company. It is claimed 
 that under tlie low tariff there was 
 no competition in the silk manufne- 
 tm'e at Pateraon fur nearly twelve 
 years, and tliat it was not nntil the 
 passage of the tariff of 1861 that 
 this tou-n became tlie centre of the 
 great silk industry. If this be the 
 case, it is certainly an argument in 
 favor of x^rotcctiou, as far as it goes. 
 
 Paterson has, however, been spceially' 
 favored in many ways, particularly 
 in the po.ssession of abundant water- 
 power, proximity to a great com- 
 mercial port, and excellent facilities 
 for tr.ansiiortation. While great 
 power is not required for the silk 
 mill — and it is a fact that steam is 
 almost as economical as water for 
 driving light machinery — pure water 
 is required in largo quantity in the 
 jirocesses of silk manufacture, csjie- 
 cially in cleansing the silk by rc- 
 I'cated washings, to bring out its 
 natural lustre. 
 
 Cheap labor was another necessity 
 to the silk industry ; and at an sou, N 
 early x>eriod Paterson appears to 
 have drawn together a laboring 
 liopulation. The men wore em- 
 ployed in machine-shoiis, and on 
 heavy work, and their vives and 
 children needed employment. 
 
 Although this was afforded by the 
 cotton mills, the operatives ob- 
 jected to it as being too confining 
 and hard. The silk-mill afforded 
 a welcome relief. Its work re- 
 
 quired care and dexterity, instead of protracted effort, 
 and was clean and wholesome. 
 
 It is stated that the year 1875 was the most prosperous 
 which the silk industry in America has ever experienced. 
 
 Particularly has the increase 
 
 in the business taken jilaco 
 in Paterson, N. J., and a. 
 marked feature of the ira- 
 jjrovement to the community 
 has been the immigration of 
 a number of master silk- 
 weavers from France and 
 England. Tliese ovm their 
 looms, which in many in- 
 stances they have brought 
 with them, carrying on tho 
 weaving at their homes, ono 
 or more rooms being fitted 
 np for the purpose ; and, as 
 business increases, they em- 
 ploy weavers. Tho import 
 of raw silk in 1874 was 
 1,330,482 iiounds, the largest 
 ever known, The total value 
 of the jn-oducts manufac- 
 tured in America was about 
 $27,815,071. Of this New 
 Jersey furnished about 
 $10,930,035, the balauco 
 being dirided between 14 
 States, Now Yijrk and Con- 
 necticut together suiJiilying 
 about ns much as New 
 Jersey alone. The value of 
 cni>ital invested in this in- 
 dustry ill tho United States 
 amounts to $18,000,000, tho 
 number of ojierativcs em- 
 ployed being 18,017. Tho 
 number of females engaged 
 in the silk business, Ainil 
 26th, 1876, was 279. 
 
 The American silk ex- 
 hibition at the Ceuteuni.sl 
 was situated at the eastern 
 entrance of the JIaiu Ex- 
 hibition Building, occupying 
 a space of 117 feet along tho 
 central avenue or nave. It 
 included 28 exhibitors, of 
 whom G were from Patcr- 
 Besides these, there were exhibits of machines for the mnnu- 
 fneturo of silk goods in Machinery Hall, tliree of which were from 
 Paterson, N. J. ; in the Women’s Pavilion, exhibits from two exhib- 
 itors ; and in Agricultural Hall, one exhibit from San Francisco, of C!ali- 
 foruia raw silk cocoons, silkworms feeding, silk reeling, etc. 
 
 The following figures of compai-ison will be interesting in the con- 
 sideration of tho silk industiy. They are for 1874 : In that vear tho 
 production of manufactured silk in France amounted to $116,400,000 ; 
 in Germany, $38,000,000 ; in Switzerland, $16,000,000, and in all other 
 countries less. In the United States, the production in 1874 was 
 $21,120,428. In the same year tho importation of manufactured silk 
 into Franco, was $12,693,570; into Great Britain, $49,276,320; into 
 the United States. $23,996,782. 
 
 CABVpD KLEPH4ST TCSKS, SIAM. 
 
 INDUSTRI.VL PROGRESS OF STATES. 
 
 Ouio. 
 
 We Imvc already briefly described the Ohio State Building, but a 
 2 >ortiou of the contouis of that structure deser4’es a more extended 
 notice. Tho building itself was oiistructcd of stone from tliirty Ohio 
 quarries, all the fittings and furniture of the .several de])r.rtmcnts 
 being of Ohio material and workmanship. Among the curiosities 
 exhibited was the masonic njiron worn by General Wa.shington, xuc- 
 sented by him to C^tptain McClair, of Western Virginia, an officer of 
 his staff, from whom it pas.scd into the posses.sion of a citizen of 
 Ohio, and tlicnce into that of Tiffin Lodge of Freemasons, from 
 whose possession it wa.s forwarded for exhibition. This ajirou, which 
 is of white satin, is profusely ornamented with masonic emblems, and 
 sniTOundcd by a blue border very neatly worked. Another interesting 
 exhibit is a series of photogrniihs taken in I860 of those who then 
 sur\-ivcd of the victora in the naval battle of Lake Erie. None of 
 them are now liring. The portraits are inclosed by a frame made 
 from the wood of the flagship Lairrence, A very handsome collection 
 of iron, stone, and china from East Livciqiool was also exhibited in 
 the State Building. 
 
 In the Agricultural Hall, Ohio made a jirominent display, too, of its 
 great staples, wool and Indian com. as also agricultural machinery, 
 implements being exhibited from most of tho leading Ohio manufac- 
 turers. In the Jliun BuUding and the Mineral Annex, Ohio was 
 represented by a fine display of sxiecimens of her wonderful mineral 
 wealth, and its manufacture and re.sults. 
 
 The Cleveland Iron and Coal Com{>any made a magnificent showing 
 of their manufacture, from (he crude ore to threads of steel wound 
 upon spools, so flexible that it could almost be used for sewing 
 purx>oses. A curiosity in tliis display was a Bessemer steel rail It 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 283 
 
 W03 I'oUecl in 18G8 by this 
 company, and has out- 
 lasted 31 good iron rails. 
 
 It has been ran over 
 76G,500 times by loco- 
 motives, and by G, 387,500 
 cars, while over it have 
 been carried 143,080,000 
 tons of freight. All this 
 showing of friction has 
 left the rail in appearance 
 in as good a condition as 
 ever. Ohio di.splayed the 
 largest block of coal in 
 the Exhibition, being 12 
 feet 8 inches thick, and 
 weighing 15.3G0 pounds. 
 
 It was taken from a 
 seam in Perry County. It 
 is stated that the first 
 furnace erected in the 
 United State.s for the pur- 
 pose of smelting iron with 
 bituminous coal was at 
 Lowell, Mahoning 
 County, Ohio. The an- 
 nual production of coal 
 hero exceeds 1,225,000 
 tons, much of wliich is 
 
 shipped to Cleveland and A-shtabula, and tlumce, by the 
 lakes. North. Tliis coal is peculiarly adapted for the 
 manufacture of iron fur Bo-ssemcr stool. Six quarries of 
 Ohio were represented in speciimais of l)uilding-8t<5ues ; 
 ami from the town of Pomeroy an t‘xhibit of bromine 
 was sent, tliat locality, it is stated, supplying more than 
 half of all the article used throughout the world. 
 
 A ceutuiy ago that portion of country lying between the 
 Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains was a wilderness, 
 inhabited only by wild beasts and Indian.s. The only 
 white men who had penctrati'd so far westward were the 
 Jesuit aud Moravian nii.ssiouarie8. In 1785, Congrc.ss 
 passed an ordinance for the survey of public territory, and 
 two years later the *• Northwestern Territory” wa.s organ- 
 ized. Fifteen years after that, the State of Ohio was 
 admitted into the Union. Akeady in 1803 the tide of 
 emigration had begun to flow over the AUegliauies into the 
 Valley of the Mi.ssis.sipj)i, and the heavy emigrant-wagon 
 was to be seen i)ursuing its way toward the wilds of Ken- 
 tucky aud the plains of Ohio; os at a later date it traversed 
 the desert land between JILssouri and California. Ohio 
 forms the one-sixth part of the Northwestern Territory, 
 40,000 square miles. It has 200 miles of navigable watei-a 
 in the Ohio River, and a citizen of Ohio may pursue his 
 navigation through 42,000 miles, all in his own country, 
 and all within navigable reach of his own State. Possessing 
 more than three (imea the surface of Belgium, and one- 
 third of the wholes of Italy, Ohio ha.s more natural soui'ces 
 in proi)ortion than either, and is capable of ultimately sup- 
 porting a larger population than any country of equal 
 surface in Europe. Aud while upon the hills and plains the 
 grass and the forest trees grow abundantly, beneath the 
 surface, and easily accessible, lie 10,000 square miles of 
 coal and 4,000 s(]uare miles of iron. 
 
 The firat settlement of Ohio was made by a colony from 
 New England, at the mouth of the JIuskingum. Of this 
 settlement, Washington said : “No colony in America was 
 over settled under such favorable ausjiices as that which has 
 just commenced at the Muskingum. Information, projjerty 
 and strength vvill bo its characteristics. I know many of 
 
 POMPEIAN VASE. 
 
 ENOLISU I'UAETON. 
 
 the settlers personally, and there never were men better 
 calculated to promote the welfare of .such a community.” 
 The subsccpient settlements on the !Miami and Scioto Rivei-s 
 were made by citizens of New York and Virginia. In 1810 
 Ohio had 45,305 iiopulatiou. In 1870 its population was 
 2,G55,2G0. At present it is estimated at 3,000,000 of people, 
 a half a million more than the thirteen Stites in 1776. 
 The aggregate amount of gi'uin and potitoes produced in 
 Ohio in 1874 was 157,323,507 bushels, the largest aggregate 
 amount raised of any State but one, lUiuois, which pro- 
 duces a larger amount per .scpiare mile than any other State 
 in the country. In 1S70 Ohio had 8,818,000 domestic 
 auimal.s ; lUiuois, 0,925,000 ; New Y’ork, 5,283,000 ; Penn- 
 sylvania, 4.443,000 ; aud other States less. It is stated, 
 further, that Ohio produces one-fifth of all the wool raised 
 ill the United States ; one-seveuth of all the cheese ; one- 
 eighth of all the conr ; and one-tenth of all the wheat ; and 
 yet Ohio has but one-fourteenth part of the population 
 and one-eightieth p,art of the smdace of thi.s country. The 
 money value of the export jrroduct of the State is equal to 
 8100,000,000 per annum, .and to a solid capital of 315,000,000 
 after all the sustenance of the people has been taken out of 
 the annual croji. About one-fifth of the bituminous coal 
 region, which descends the western slopes of the Allegha- 
 nics, lies in Ohio. It occupies wholly or in pai-t 36 counties. 
 Ohio as an iron district extends from the mouth of the 
 Scioto to a point north of the JIahoniug River, in Trumbull 
 County. The whole length is nearly 200 miles, and the 
 breadth 20 miles. The iron in this di.strict is of various 
 qualities, aud is manufactured into bam and castings. 
 There are here 100 furnaces, 4-1 rolling-mills and 15 r.oil- 
 mills, being the largest number of any State in the Uniou 
 except Pennsylvania. By the census statistics of 1870, 
 Ohio is the third State iu the production of iron and iron 
 manufactures. In 1874 its ])roduct of pig-iron was 420,000 
 tons. A large section of the southeastern portion of the 
 State pi’oduces salt without limit. The production of the 
 State iu 1874 was 3,500,000 bushels, being one-fifth of the 
 entire production of the country ; the s.alt section being 
 exceeded only by those of Syracuse, N. Y’., aud Saginaw, 
 Mich. 
 
 The aggi’egate value of the products of manufactures, 
 exclusive of mining, in 1870, was 8269,713,000, being more 
 than four times that of 1850, while in 1875 the estimated 
 value reached 8100,000,000. Ohio has a large number of 
 sail, steam, and all kinds of vessels, which have been 
 built at the ports of Clevelaud, Toledo, Sandusky aud 
 Cincinnati, duiiug the last twenty years, The annual 
 tnule of Ohio exceeds 8700,000,000. 
 
 The progress of Ohio in education forms an important 
 episode iu the educational history of the country. The 
 ordinance of Congress, passed in 1785, for the suiwey of 
 public lands in the Northwestern Territory, provided that 
 one-sixth part should be reseiwed for the maintenance of 
 the public schools in each towuship. As the State of Ohio 
 contained a little more than 25,000,000 of acres, tliis, 
 together with two special grants of three townships to the 
 universities, amounted to the dedication of 740,000 acres of 
 land to the maintenance of schools and colleges. It was, 
 however, sixteen years after the passage of this ordinance, 
 in 1803, when Ohio entered the Union, that legislation upon 
 this grant became possible. The Constitution of the State 
 then declared that “ schools and the means of education 
 shall for ever be encouraged by legislative provision.” A 
 genei-al school system was established in 1825. which was 
 enlarged and increased by future legislation, until the State 
 possessed a broad, liberal and efficient plan of public 
 instruction. In 1874, the amount raised by taxation for 
 school puiqioses was $7,452,135, aud the number enrolled 
 of the requisite age for schooling was 70 per cent., or 
 
 707,943. With regard to 
 collegiate education, it is 
 shown by the report of 
 the Bureau of Education 
 for 1874 that there are 
 more collegiate institu- 
 tions in Ohio than in all 
 New England, and a 
 greater number of college 
 teachers. There oi-o also 
 a greater number of col- 
 lege students than either 
 in Pennsylvania or New 
 Y'ork. The number of 
 schools in Ohio, in 1875 
 was 14,868, of which 450 
 were high schools and 
 14,414common. The total 
 curoUment of pupils iu the 
 same year was 712,129, 
 being about 30 per cent, 
 less than the enumeration. 
 The number of teacher.s 
 employed was 22,492, and 
 their total expense for 
 8.alaries, 84,787,963. The 
 total common school fund 
 of Ohio in 1875 was about 
 83,534,826. As has been 
 ahvady stated, the settlement of Ohio begtm iu 1788, and 
 in 1790 a school of young boys aud girls was csUiblishod 
 at Belpre — the fir.st school for white children opened iu 
 Ohio, the Moravian missionarie.s having established Indian 
 schools at iliffercut missions iu the State sevend years 
 before this. 
 
 The natiU'C of the schools and of education in South- 
 western Ohio in these pioneer times was characteristic of tbo 
 institutions throughout the West at the period of settlement. 
 The few schools established were taught by cripples, worn- 
 out old men and women, physically unable or constitution- 
 ally too lazy to scotch hemp or spin flax. The teacher was 
 regarded as a kind of pensioner ; his presence Wiis tolerated 
 only because county infirmarie.s were not then iu existence. 
 The capacity to teach was not a reason for employing liim, 
 but the fiict that lie could do nothing else was a satisfactory 
 one. Tho popular demand for education was fully met 
 when the scholar could write n tolerably legible hand, 
 could read tho Bible, and was able to calculate tho value of 
 a load of farm produce. This condition, however, is not a 
 jiicturc of that wliich existed in the section of Ohio peo- 
 pled with settlers from New England. 
 
 At an early day tho schools ou the Western Rcservo 
 were iu a thriving condition. Among the pioneers wero 
 found men who had received a liberal culture in schools 
 aud colleges second to none iu the Union. Meanwhile tho 
 social condition of the teacher was fiu better than in tho 
 southern part of the State, while his qualifications were 
 genemUy such as to command respect. In those days tho 
 teacher found board and lodging iu the houses of Ills 
 patrons ; hi.s evenings were spent with the family ; and 
 he thus became intimately acquainted with the habits and 
 peculiarities of his inipiis, and was enabled to turn his 
 knowledge of their traits of character to gooil use in follow- 
 ing out his plan of educutiou. The system upon which 
 tho schools were arranged and organized was simple but 
 original. The teacher was accustomed to draw up an 
 article of agi'eement, binding himself to teach n school in 
 some si>ecified locality for a term of 13 weeks — 6 days per 
 week and 8 hoiu’s per day — for wliich he was paid a 
 
 EUTPTIAN VASE. 
 
28i 
 
 HTSTORTCAL REGISTER OF THE CEXTENXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 BtipuiiteJ sum l>y liis pati'ons, ranging from one to two 
 dollars for each scholar, one • half payable perha]>9 in 
 ■wheat at 50 cents per bushel, ami the balance in money at 
 the close of the term. The text-book-s in use included 
 “Murray's English Render,” “The Golnmbian Orator,” 
 “Dillworth’.s Speller,” “Pike’s Arithmetic,” and '•'Web- 
 ster’s Easy Standard Pronunciation,” with Testaments, 
 clmaDacs, and other miscellaneous "works for general read- 
 ing. Spelling and reading were made specialties and were 
 r.-garded os the cliief tests of schohirship. SpeUing-matches 
 were held frecpieutly, usually at night, and were attended 
 by old anil young. A ride, or, more frequently, a walk of 
 six miles was an obstacle easily sui-moimted by persons 
 wishing to enjoy the competition in school and obseiwe 
 its last cliaminon “spelled down.” The schoolhouses of 
 the day were crude enough. The vacant cabin which had 
 been hastily constnicted by some i)iouccr and removed 
 from as soon as he had built a better one, or hud left the 
 settlement tr seek a more favorite locality, sometimes 
 served os a .schoollioiLse. At others, settlers would exercise 
 their ingenuity and architectural skill iii building wlmt they 
 deemed a suitable edifice for the pnr2)O90. This was formed 
 of logs, sometimes roughly hewed, and -was generally about 
 
 lying upon the gi-oimd instead of upon “sleepers.” Others 
 Imd clay floors. In some cases light was obtained by cutting 
 out an entire log and pasting oiled-iiuper over the opening. 
 The Bchool-fumiture was in keeping with tlie exterior and 
 interior appearance of the building. By siilitting the log 
 G iuehe.s in diameter and 15 feet in length into halves and 
 mounting these on four legs, flat side up, solid if not com- 
 foi'table seats were made. In Winter iuuncuse logs blazed 
 in the open fire-i)lace, which uceui)ie.l a great part of one 
 end of the building. A wall of rough stone against the side 
 of the house formed a foundation uiwu which the chimney 
 rested, the chimney itself being made of sticks jilaced uiiou 
 each other, chinked with mortar and thickly coated inter- 
 nally with the same luateiiaL Such was the style and con- 
 dition of the schools of Ohio prior to the pivwage of the 
 fii'stschoolLiwinl821. And this, indeed, n'uiy be considered 
 a fair representation of the pioneer schools of the entire 
 country. ..Ul of these were sujiiiorted by the volmihiry 
 contributions of the people, until the sy.stem of scliool 
 tiaatiou had been authorized by the Genend Assembly. 
 Even as late as 1825 there were no pulilic .‘whools, lirojx-rly 
 speaking, in Cincinnati. And in 1820, the -whole amount 
 of money uijportioued to the directursof the rur.-.l districts 
 
 education in the liigh schools and luvo been apj^ointed to 
 their positions ns a reward for continuing long enough in 
 school to complete the prescribed course of study, and for 
 making a good record for sehf)lav.shi 2 > and dt-portment. 
 The coiuyeusation allowod 'women nmges from 8250 to 
 81, DOG i)or annum, that of men SGOO to 81,500 per annum. 
 It is a fact which will doubtles.s bo a surjrrise to many that 
 the proportion of youtb.s in Ohio attending school in com- 
 Iiarisou to the iio|>ulatioii, iilaees it lus the first State in the 
 I'uiun in tills regard, and that the States west of the AUe- 
 ghauies and north of Ohio, have more youths in school, 
 proportionably, than Xew England and Xcw York, Thus 
 the jiroportiou in Ohio is one in -1 2-10 ; Illinois, one in 
 
 4 .3-10; Pennsylvania, one in 4 8-10; New York, one in 
 
 5 2-10 ; Connecticut, one in 8 7-10. Still another astound- 
 ing fact i-s that in the State of Ohio tlicre are a larger 
 number of chiirohes than iu any other State of the Xhiioii, 
 the fignre.s lx*ing G.488 for Ohio. .5.G27 for New York, 5,084 
 for Penn.sylvania, and 4.208 for Illinois. 
 
 The educational exhibit in the south gnlleiy of the JEuin 
 Building of the Ccnteiiuial included historical sketches of 
 the schools of Ohio, historical sketi'hcs of the higher edu- 
 cational institutions, photograiihs of school - hf.ildings, 
 
 18 feet wide by 24 long. The oaves were about 10 feet 
 from the ground, and the house was covered with rou'S of 
 clapboards held in j>lace by long poles running lengthwise. 
 The openings between the logs were cliiuked with piece.s of 
 wood, stone, or any other convenient material, audplask'red 
 with mortar made from the ground near by. This work 
 was called “mud-hou.se.” The directors generally attended 
 to tliis branch of affaii-s every Fidl, as the rains of 
 Spring and Summer washed away the mortar, especially if 
 straw or hay had not been used in fixing it. The door was 
 made of rough boards, hung with wooden hinges, and 
 fastened hy means of a wooden latch, to which a string -was 
 attached, passing through a small hole above it into the 
 open area. Access to the building was obtained by juilliug 
 a string by which the latch was lifted, and the door 
 opened by musctdai- force. 
 
 The pioneei-s secured their houses from surreptitious 
 entrance by pulling in the string. Thus it became that 
 the “latch-striiig-out” was a sign of hospitality. Tardy 
 pupils, who found no string outside of the schoctliiouse 
 door, knew that the master was “at liruyers” -within, and 
 waited silently and solemnly around the door until the 
 latch-string appeared. Some houses had rough floors laid 
 with thick slabs or planks sjfiit from large logs and hcwcd 
 on one side, being from three to four inches thick, and often 
 
 for the niaiuteuauce of free schools i-arely exceeded 8 10 . 
 In 1837 a State School Department was established iiiid a 
 State Superintendent ai)pointed. The jdaii of giiuling 
 jmblic sclu'ols was not adopted iu the early history' of 
 popular education in Ohio, owing chiefly to the of 
 sufficient and suitable school buildings. The first schools 
 oiiened in cities and towns were held in .such rented rooms 
 as could be obtained at the lowest possible expense. The 
 furniture was made or furnished by common mechanics. It 
 was not until 183G that iu Cincinnati the first public school 
 buildings -were erected. Ten of these -\s-ere built and opened 
 in that year, the houses being each 40 by CO feet, two 
 stories high, with two apartments iu each story. From 
 this time the system of grading and classification in Ohio 
 continued to be made, until the establishment in 1847 of 
 a high school completed the introduction of a system -^\-hich 
 had already been in use for some time in New York, 
 Boston, Proridence and Philadeljrhia. 
 
 In the years 1849 and 1850 the system of graded schools 
 began to be extended to townships and small villages. 
 Teachers' associations were formed and educational perioili- 
 eols issued, and by the close of the year i855 the formation 
 of the graded system was permanently established through- 
 out the State. About 90 cent, of the teachers in Ohio 
 are women, two-thirds of whom have received theii- academic 
 
 (h-awings and boiiud volmnes of cxaininutiun mamiscriii's 
 from the several grades of the schools of Cincinnati, Cleve- 
 lauil, Columbus, Dayton, Saudu.sky, Toledo and other 
 cities ; crayon drawings ninl design.s for fre.scoe.s, illumina- 
 tions, etc., from the School of Design of the Cincinnati 
 I'nivcrsity ; photogi-aplis of the ]>riucipal colleges, semin- 
 aries :ind .school-buildings, and chai-ts illustrative of the 
 condition and progress of education. The other exhibits of 
 Ohio inchided a fine display of u-on ores and manufactured 
 irou from the different mines and fonndrie.s; fire-clay, 
 coals, limestone, salt and other miuerals, and a large and 
 full rei)resentative and coUeotive exhibit of building-stone. 
 The archiGoIogicul display of Ohio iu the Mineral Annex 
 No. 1 has been ah-eady considered in this work. It 
 iucluded contributions from the State Ai'cha?oIogical A.sso- 
 ciation of Ohio at Columbus ; the 'Western Reserve Histor- 
 ical Society, of Cleveland ; the Firelands Historical Society 
 at Norwalk ; Oliio Agricultural and Jlechnnicid College, of 
 Columbus ; Western Reserve College of Hudson, and from 
 forty other contributors, comprising stone, fu Id imple- 
 ments and oraaments, pottery, shell ornaments, copper 
 imifiements. ai-tieles from the moimds of Ohio, casts, 
 photogi-aifiis and drawings of the mounds, stone images 
 uiid imiilements. pipes, etc. In manufactures Ohio exhi- 
 bited chemicals, lard, tallow, gi-ease, oil, candles, glycerine. 
 
ink, paints, matches, w.n-.-.i fabiii-t, f:mc>y linitlii’r-waiv, 
 SDap-stono iiiiiclfs, papi-r, i-k‘. ('no ramarkalil? nxliibit 
 ■was that of A. H. ( h-itlin, of U'lvcniui. -who a -at a box and 
 liyniiind nmde of tlio woods of tiio v.’orld, i-t>at;uuiiig D.fiGo 
 pic'ces. 
 
 In Kciontific and pliilosopliical instmineuts tlim' were 
 cxliiliitod (■li-ctri>-galvaiiic platos for iiirdioal purposes, 
 ti‘li!gnipliie instruiiii'iits, iudioators, lire and burglar aka'iiH, 
 pianos, etc. In fiirnituro and domestic artiidcs, Ohio 
 (‘xliibit?d largely ; Ckiieinuati in i)artu‘ular sending a iiue 
 display of liouselndd furniture, mid blast Liverpool addin" 
 materially to the value and interest of the American Exhi- 
 bition of ehina-ware and ixittery, as has been already 
 
 In ^Machinery Hall, Ohio made a good presentation, iu- 
 cludiug many impoiiant pic'ces of nu'ehaiiisin of very 
 original di'sigu. Among these were a 2>ident wood- 
 cutting machine, stavi' - .sawing machine, antoinatie 
 shingle-macliine, sawing and grooving machine, aiito- 
 matiu gas-niachiue, drills, automatic knitting-machine, 
 isewing-mnchine, .stocking-knitters, wash-machines, ma- 
 chine for making iiajicr-boxes, ineat-ehojjjiing maehims 
 vertieal jiortable engine, wood pumi's, safety-lock for 
 elevator's, jiateiit luuver.std ii ood-i\’orkers, planing and 
 match machines, band and scroll .saws, etc. 
 
 The disiilay in the ‘Women’s Pavilion was also very 
 full, and, as has been already remarked, the work of the 
 Laibes’ School of Design of the University of Cincin- 
 nati, and other ladies of that city, in caiwing, china 
 jiaintiug, etc. , was elaborate, comprehensive, and in the 
 highest degi'co artistic and creditable. Indeed, hr the 
 matter of wood-carving it is only fair to .say that the dis- 
 play of Cincinnati has probably never been equaled. 
 The articles exhibited included a carved gr-and piano 
 of rosewood, a carved walnut bed? toad, ciu-ved oak 
 door, carved dining-monr mantel, puintt'd and slate 
 paiu'ls, carved wuhurt cabinet with silver-aud-bronzo 
 panels, carved oak secretary, cabinet with originid 
 metal -work, ami carved mahogany hanging-eabiiret 
 from an old juano, a family relic 100 year's old ; wall- 
 pockets, fiower-.stands, bread-plate.s, brackets, carved 
 frames, card • receivers, etc. The irorcelniu - ])aintiug 
 showed fine ai'tistic taste and refinement in selection, 
 the execution being in many inshmeoa elaborate and 
 beautiful. 
 
 The display of agricultural imidements from Ohio 
 iir Agricultural Hall was full, and indicated much 
 original hileut and inventive jrower. Here also were 
 
 exhibited sireeimcns of fine wools from 17 contributors, a 
 large show of Cincinnati sjreciiJties in ham.s, shouldei's, 
 lard, breakfast-bacon, jrork, etc., and an admirably co’ii- 
 pvchi’n.sive display of ccre.ols, carefnlly and jmlieiou.sly 
 aiTaiiged. In fact, tliei'i' was no dejiartmeiit or bnihliiig 
 I at the Centennial where Ohio did not make a riqnitable 
 luvscntmcnt. 
 
 Illixois. 
 
 ' From the addres-s upon the histniy and resources of 
 • Illinois, delivered in flu- building of the State cm the Cen- 
 1 tcnnial ( rrounds by llcv. Charles H. Fowler, we abstract a 
 few imimriant facts of interest in connection with the' 
 exhibit made by this State, The orator said that neiU'ly 
 four-fifths of the entire State is muh-rlaid with a deimsit of 
 coal more than 40 fi'ct thick on an average. Indeed, 
 
 I'cc . 'lit sairveys estimated it at TO feet in thickness. Com- 
 jiared with the coal-fields of other countries, we have the 
 following : Great Britain has I'i.OOO s<iuai'e miles of coal ; 
 Sjiain, 3,000 ; France, l.i'ilO ; Ik-lgiuiu, ,'378. Illinois has 
 alxjiit twice as many .sipinro miles as all these eombined ; 
 Virginia has 20.000 ; Pemisylviiiiia, 10.000 ; Ohio, 12.000 ; 
 Illinois, 41,000. One-.seventh of all the known coal on this 
 continent is in Illinois. Concerning the jirodiicts and 
 inanufnotiu'i's of the Stab', Ur. Fowli-r obseia’ed that grain 
 and rioiu' werc^ iiniiorteil from the Eiist to Chicago until as 
 late as 1837. The first exportation was in 1839, and tho 
 exiiorts ilid not oxeeeil the imiiorts nntU 1842. The Chicago 
 Board of Trade was organized in 1848, and at that time 
 grain was i)nrchnsed by the wagon-load in the street. Now 
 the Chicago elevators will hold l.',000,CM10 bu.shelsof gi'aiii, 
 the cash \'aluo of the gi'ain handled in a year weigh- 
 ing 7.000,000 tons, or 700,000 car-loads, worth about 
 821.’>,l‘K10,U0O. One-tenth of all the wheat in the United 
 State.s is hanJleil in Chicago. Evi-n as early as 1853 
 the rcceijits of gi'nin in Chicago exceeded those of St. 
 Louis, and in 1854 tho exports from Chicago exceeded 
 those of New York and those of St. Ptdersburg, Ardi- 
 nngel or Odessa, the largest grain-inavk<‘t.s in Euroi)c. 
 Jlcnnwhile, tho manufacturing interests of Chicago 
 have not remained quie.seent. In 1873 the manufac- 
 tories cnqiloyed 45.009 ojicratives, and in 1876, 60.000. 
 The manufactured 2>roducts in 1875 were estimated at 
 
 8177.000. 000. 
 
 IXDIANA. 
 
 Tho State Building of Indiana contained one feature 
 which was peculiar and original. This was a series 
 of panels, upon which were displayed at a glance tho 
 leading statistical facts of interest in reference! to each 
 county iu the State, including the date of settlement, 
 mineral wealth, geogiai^hicul position, present iwpula- 
 tion, etc. The State ai)in'oi)iiatiou for the Centennial 
 wii-s 85,000, but to this was added, in subscriptions by 
 schools and individuals, a supplcmenUiry sum of nearly 
 
 820.000. In front of the building were displayed 
 specimens of the mineral irrodncts of the State, among 
 these being several cuttings of block coal, averaging 
 from 7 to 12 feet in thickness. Samples of deposits of 
 bituminous coal, ranging from 15 to 20 feet, were also 
 shown, and besides several sirecimens of building- 
 stones, the limestone rock of Decatur County being 
 specially noticeable. The miuend clisjilay of Indiana, 
 however, was best seen in the Mineml Annex of the 
 ?Ia;n Building, and ha.s been already d.c^rilwd. Thj 
 
286 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CE.VTEXMAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 BUIELDS. 
 
 Si\lt from diffi-rent <listriets, and the collection of nearly udO 
 articles of stone and coiipor, bi'ing Indian relics found 
 in various localities in the State. The coUection illustrating 
 the forestry of the Shite included cross sections of trunks, 
 native trees, and indistinct species ; a collection of about 
 140 block-s and twigs, not over G inches in diameter by 
 about G inches in length, mo-stly having the b;irk on 
 them ; a collection of boards 8 by IG inches and half an 
 inch in thickness, and some specimens not uniform. Also 
 samples of seeds and cones representing about 50 species. 
 Among the rare trees in the State are pawpaw, the Ohio 
 buckeye, the striped maple and mountain maple, the elder, 
 Kentucky coffee-tree, honey * locust, and some others, 
 These are only occasionaUy found, while the yellow-pine, 
 white and black spruce, cypress and red cedar are scarce, 
 and the chestnut and white birch are confined to special 
 localities. Among the more common trees of the State are 
 the beech and .sugar maple, white oak, white ash, black 
 
 coal-fields of Imliana cmbr.'ice an area of G,,500 square miles. 
 Over this area there are distributed from three to four seams 
 of coal, with a combined thickness of from 20 to 30 feet, 
 three se.ims of block coal from 12 to 15 feet, and one scam 
 of canncl coal, 41 to C feet in thickues.s. The Indiana block 
 co.il has an extensive reputation as a fuel for metidlnrgical 
 puri)o.se.s. The building-stones from Decatur County and 
 Jennings Comity have been used in the foundation of 
 some of the finest and most costly public buildings in 
 Imlianapolis, and in the abutments of bridges that span 
 the Ohio Iviver at Cincinnati and Louisville. The oolite 
 lime.stoiie is cpiarried in blocks from 10 to 12 feet tliick, and 
 is used iu the mo.st costly private and public buildings in 
 the Sbitc. A recent discovi-ry, of wliich specimens were on 
 exhibition, is a deposit of porcelain clay, to which the 
 State Geologist ha.s given tiie name of •‘Indianite.” 
 This h:i.s beeu used at tlu> various jiotteries of Ohio, and is 
 found to be au excellent clay for manufacturing fiue grades 
 of chiuaware. 
 
 Mrcino.iN'. 
 
 Tlie exhibition of products of Michigan at the Centennial 
 Exposition inehiJed specimens of native woods, native 
 trees and other plants, to the number of some 1,500 varie- 
 ties, including gi’asscs, specimens of Lake Superior copiper 
 
 and iron, and of iron from the Jlanpicttc iron district 
 in the upper peninsula of Michigan, and samples of manu- 
 factured iron from the T\'yaudot Rolling Jlills, made from 
 the Lake Siii)eiior ores. There were also specimens of 
 
 walnut, white pine, white elm, and .shagbark hickory. A.s 
 to tidl trees, some have been cut, furnishing spars 200 feet 
 long. The largest tree known was a black walnut iu 
 All(‘gan County, which was 11 feet in diameter ; a cotton- 
 wood 10 fi'ct in diameter was found at .-Umout. Two 
 scction.s of a Lai'ge cott<ju-wood trei: were exhibited in the 
 Centennial : one, near the ground, 10 feet acro.ss ; the other, 
 50 feet above it, over 3 fi'ct in diameter. This tree was 
 140 feet higli. A specimen of white-wood or tulip-tree was 
 exhibitiul, the tree having furnished ,5,OGO feet of lumber. 
 It is stated that a single walnut tree in Putterville, Mich., 
 sold for Sl.OOO, and a block -wiilmit tree, 7 feet through, in 
 Brookfield, was .sold for nearly $1,200, to be cut up into 
 veneering. Still another, a blister-walnut, very dark in 
 color, which lay fur some veal’s exposed to the weatJicr near 
 Gniii'’ Rapiil.s, was cut into veneering l>y the owner for 
 his own use aftiu’ he had rcfii-scd $2,000 for it. 
 
 It is shiteil of a certain black -cheiTy treo at Grand 
 ihipids, that it was shipped to Central America, and from 
 there shipjied back to this connti'y as good mahogany. 
 Some curiosities iu trec-nnt-s were exhibited, and an oak 
 having a deer’s antler imbedded in it was among the curi- 
 osities. Michigan is now the great headquarters for valualile 
 lumber. Two-thh'da of the best markets — Kew York, 
 

 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 Philadelphia n!ul Boston— go from this State. Some of it 
 is sent to Germany and Great Britain. Michigan supplies 
 immense quantities of lumber to the prairies southwest. As 
 a matter of comparison, it may be observed that Oregon lias 
 95,274 square miles of land, and Michigan only 5G,243 ; 
 and theforni'’r has but 10 species of treas natives of lier 
 Boil, while ^lichigan ha.s about 9 species. 
 
 Tho specimens of copper exhil)ited by Jlichigan include 
 native metallic copper, cry.stiillized native cojjper in spar, 
 copper and silver, crystallized copper and iinartz, malachite, 
 sandstone, rod oxide of cojipcr, etc. The iron exhibit t 
 comprised specular slato ore, granular and si^eculur oro, 
 brown iron ore, soft hematite, hard heinatih', granular and 
 magnetic ore, niauganiferous ore, stei-1, magnetic, ore and 
 samples of Bessemer pig-iron. 
 
 Tho salt exhil)itcd came from East Saginaw, Saginaw 
 City, Carrolton, Portsmimtli, Bay City, ‘Winrma, "Wliit ‘ 
 Rock, etc., and included stcaira sidt, solar .salt, brine, pan 
 salt, salt erystal, cattle salt, packer’s silt, and dairy salt. 
 
 The arc'liteological exhibits ineliided stone, spades, axe.s, 
 liatehcts, pestjds, a war liaU-het in the school f)f Young, near 
 Detroit, Indian stono gouches, hammers and Indian llute, 
 Indian totums, pipes, the red, black and gray stone, stono 
 lance-heads and ornanieuts, .stone spear-poiiit 
 and stone gimlet, two perforated Indian skuU.s, 
 stono an-ow-heuds and knives, Indian war-clubs, 
 eliisols, skinnoi-s, Indian spearhead with fossil 
 shell on one side, Indian fi.sh speur head ; <-o]iper 
 articles comprising awls, files, needles, kiiive.s, 
 spades, axes, .spears, arrow-heads, mid numerous 
 miscellaneous articles from the mounds,. inelud- 
 ing shells, vases, ])ipes, etc. 
 
 Tlie State of Michigan was first .settk'd liy 
 tho French, missionaries being sai<l to liavo 
 visited Detroit as early as 1(520. Under the 
 I'rencli and British dominion the territoiy was 
 politically a.ssoeiated with Canada, but beeamo 
 a p.art of the territory of Yirginia at the close of 
 the "War of Independence, altlimigli it was furiu- 
 ally occupied by the United State.s until 1790, 
 becoming a part of tlie “ Nortliwe.st Territory,” 
 the first seat of whose g<ivermnent was at Gliilli- 
 cothe, in the pre.seiit State of Ohio. Out of 
 this ten-itory have grown the five States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mieliigjin and Wisconsin. 
 
 Jliehigim was adinithsl in tothe Union in 1837. 
 
 Tlie lake shore line of the .State is 1,(520 miles in 
 length, and there are also within its bounds over 
 r>,000, the smaller lakes having an area of 
 712,804 ncre.s. The poimlation of the Stiite in 
 1874 was 1,384,031. Along tho eastern shore the 
 descendants of the French colonists are quite 
 unnicrons. From 1830 to 1840 the influx was 
 chiefly from the Eastern States, New Y’ork fur- 
 nishing tho greater proportion. Later, largo 
 numbers of Irish entered the State, while from 
 1840 to 1850 there were numerous emigrants 
 from Holland, the priiieii>al centre being the 
 Holland Colony, of which Holland City, in 
 Ottowa County, is tho location. There are also 
 ft great many Germans in the State, though 
 this class of emigi-ation has been checked during 
 the past fom- or five years by the depression 
 in finance and business. The only land.s held 
 by tho State, in any considerable quantity are 
 the Primary School, Agi-ienltural College and 
 swamp lands. The miniinmn price of tho school 
 lands is 84 per acre for funu land, 50 ]>er cent, of 
 which is payable at the time of purchase, the 
 balance at the option of the purchaser with in- 
 terest at 7 jier cent., jiayable annually. A.s to 
 the agricultural capacity, it is found that the 
 soil of ^lieliigan prodncc\s every variety of 
 crops which flourish in the tempcmite zone. 
 
 Ill cereals and fruits, tho State is remarkably ric’Ii. The 
 total immlK'r of fann.s in Mieliignu in 1S70 was ne.irly 
 100,009. Ill 1H(3 the yield of wheat av.is more than 
 
 15.000. 000 bushels, an inereas.-of more than one-third in 
 ten year.s. The average per acre was 13 02-100 Im.shels ; 
 
 21.000. 000 bu.shels of corn were liarve4e l in the .same year, 
 and of all other grains, more tliau 3,000,0(11) bushels, or 
 nearly one-third of the grain in 1870. 
 
 The wool-clip of Michigan in 1873 was 7,720,071 pounds. 
 Over 15.000,000 pounds of pork were marketed, and the 
 manufaeture of butter and cheese, cider and maple-su'^m-, 
 was reported kirgn and increasing. 
 
 There were in :Michig!m in 1874, 281.304 horses, 3,900 
 mules, 321.732 milch cows, 401,719 swine over six months 
 old, and 1,051.899 sheep over six months old. Tho value of 
 fruit and garden vegetables grown in 1873 was something 
 over $3,000,000. The cut lumber in 1.874 was in all 
 
 3.000. 000.000 feet, .and the value of that trade in the .same 
 year npproximat"d 840,000.000. 
 
 "U'ith regard to the mining interc.sts, it is an intere.sting 
 fact that in a ■\\'ork published iii Paris, in 1(530, the existence 
 of miue.s of copper on Lake Superior was reported. It was 
 not, liowevt'r, until 1731 that a copper company was 
 formed in England and mining operations were commenced 
 in tho State. The date of tlie iron discovery is quite 
 
 uncertain. And indeed, it was as late as 1844 beforo it was 
 oflieially established that iron ore existed in tho ujiper 
 peninsula of Jlichigan in considerable quantities. Copjier 
 mining on Lake Superior commenced in 1845, prior to 
 which date copjier had been obtained tlirougliout the 
 world ill the form of sulpliurct, the discoveries of Lake 
 Superior being of native cnjiper, a novelty in copiier min- 
 ing. It is a peculiarity of tlie Lake Superior native 
 copper that it is in no iii.stance contaminated u’itli alloys of 
 other metal. In 1873 a local paper published a list of 117 
 co[)per comiianics, mIiosg aggregate as.si'ssments sineo the 
 eommencement of operations in 1875 amounted to about 
 817,29(5,500. The dividends declared for the samo time 
 were 811,010,000. Many of the companies are imictioally 
 out of existence. Tho dividend paying mines do nut 
 exceed 8 or 10 in number. Tlio yield of coppir in 187.5 
 was 17,02.5 tons. Ciuiusities of copper-finding are fre- 
 ipieiitly nu'iitioned, <ino being the discovery in 1830 of a 
 nms weighing over 3,000 pounds. This is at present in 
 Washington, having been claimed by the United States. 
 The largest niai i of pure coppi'r found weighed 4-4(5 tons, 
 Other masses weighing from 50 to 250 ton.s are of not infre- 
 quent occuiTcucc. The evidences of ancient mining by a 
 
 CANADIAN riSHElUK.S EXlIIlJir. 
 
 primitive and unkimwii race are notable of the Lake Supe- 
 rior iniucs. Stone liauiniers are found weighing from 10 
 to even 30 poniids, and samiiles of ma.ss cojiper ai'c 
 uiieartliod having mark.s of the hammer uiioii their surface. 
 The practical working of the iron miue.s eominenced about 
 1845. The iron ores <.-)f the Marcpiette region arc mostly 
 in open excavations, tho i>rocess being clo.sely allied to 
 quarrying. Indeed, no consitlerable amount of ore bus 
 been mined uiidergi-oiuul in that region. The product of 
 the Marquette iiiiiies iii 1870 ivas about 825,000 grosw tons 
 of ore, yielding, on the average, 02 V per cent, of iiig-irnn in 
 the furnace. About one-fiftli of the jiig-iron jn\)duoed 
 ill this country was that from the Lake Superior ore. The 
 total shipments of ore from 185(5 to 1875, amounted to 
 8,500,000 tons. 
 
 The manufaeture of salt is a large interest in Michigan, 
 the first successful expeiimcnts having been made in 1859, 
 in the Saginaw Valley. The salt product of 1875 wa-s 
 1.081,8(55 ban-els. In 1874 the amount of the capital 
 invested in this busiiie.ss was 82,000.000 and the value of 
 the product in that year was about 82,225,000. Slate, coal, 
 plaster and building-stone are prominent among the partial 
 development of the niinerid resources of the State. The 
 returns from these interests amount to about 8700,000 
 annuallv. 
 
 The fisheries form another important branch of the Jlichi- 
 gan interests, in which the investment in 1871was estimated 
 at about 8500,000, the number employed being about 2,000. 
 The cftteh for 1873 was estimated at 107,710 barrels. 
 
 In manufactures there were represented foundries and 
 machine-shops, wagon, carriage and sleigh factories ; ngri- 
 cultural implement works, planing and turning mills ; sash, 
 door and blind factories; furniture and chair factories; 
 ban-el, keg, jiail and tub factories ; breweries, wool and 
 cotton factorie.s ; wooden-ware raannfactoric.s ; bi-ick and 
 tile manufactories; tanneries, p.apcr-mill, and tobacco and 
 cigar factories, besiiles flouring mills. Tlie quantity of 
 Hour manufactured iu 1873 was 2,612,070 barrels, the value 
 being a little ovi-r 820,000,000. The value of the other 
 niaiintacturc.s just named in tho samo year -nas about 
 $30,000,000. The enliro income, or tho entire valuation 
 of nil raaimfaeturi's in tho 8tato for 1873 was about 
 $123,000,000. Iu 1875 the number of miles of railway in 
 Michigan was 3,315. 
 
 Wisconsin'. 
 
 Tho Legislature of Wisconsin did not determine that 
 the State should be represented at tho Centennial Exhibi- 
 ’ tioii until near the clo.so of the session in the .Spring of 
 187(5, but after that time considerable energy 
 w;us displayed in collecting sjiecimens, it being 
 particularly desired that the luineral resources 
 of the State should be well ri'iiresentcd, a 
 result wliieh it was dilHcult to obtain, owing to 
 the unfavorabk' season of the year, The scien- 
 tific collection oxliibited was quite full. It com- 
 liriscd neai-ly a tliousjuid .siieeiraens of rocks, 
 ore.s, niincrals and fo.ssi!s, mainly from the 
 extensive collection of Dr, ,T. A. Liqiham, of Mil- 
 waukee. This cabini't, wliieh Dr. Lapliam was 
 many ye.ars iu collecting, was pm-chased by the 
 State and donated to the Universitj'. That 
 portion of the collection which appertains espe- 
 cially to the geology of the State was ]iei-mitted 
 by the University authorities to be exliibited 
 in Philadelphia during the Expn.sition. Other 
 .specimens were exhibited by the Wisconsin Ac.i- 
 demy of Sciences, by tho State Geological 
 survey, and from private source.s. The arclire- 
 ologicol exhibit, included with the mineral, con- 
 sisted of nearly 3,000 iiorjiliyritic and copper 
 implemt'iits. It was loaned from the State Hi.s- 
 torical Society of Wi.scoiisiii. ,\mong the min- 
 eral siieeiraens arc gi-anitos, jasiier, porphyritic 
 greenstone, kaolin, red pijie-stone, Ike-bricks, 
 crystals, quartz, inagnito, graphite, specular iron 
 ore, nntii'o copper, sandstone, galiaia, millstone, 
 marble, red sand.stone, shale, malacliitc, fossil 
 iron ore, chalcedony, lithographic, limestone, 
 red porphyry, agates, cnniclians, peat, clay, bog- 
 iron ore, fossil-wood, portions of mastodon’s 
 tooth, and a vertebra of a mastodon, stalactite, 
 besides iron, lead, zinc, and other ores. The 
 m-chicological display of Wisconsin has been 
 already considered in tho description of the 
 Jlinend Annex. It is owneil by the Wisconsin 
 Historical Association, and was exhibited in two 
 upright cases, each 8 feet long, 5 feet high and 
 6 inches deep. Two thousand four hundred and 
 twenty stone spears and arrow - points were 
 exhibited ; 1(5-4 gi-ooved axe.s, 152 ungrooved 
 axe.s, chisels, etc. ; 20 mauls, postals, etc. ; 52 
 splierieid stones ; 27 stone pipes, 2 mortars, 1 
 galena ; 3 spades, or lines about a foot iu length, 
 being spear-shaped; 39 fragments of pottery ; 
 a number of niiseellaneous speeimen.s of coiiper 
 inipleiiieut,s. There wiTc 58 spear-points with 
 sockets for the insertion of the handle, 10 clnsels 
 or wi'dges, 22 aiTow or siiear-points, 12 axes, 2 
 adzes, 17 fi.sh-speiirs. drills and awls; 1-4 lance- 
 shape implements, one of wliieh contains a small mas.s of 
 native silver; 2 iiieces of copper showing lianuuer-mai-ks, 
 and a few niiscellaiierms articles ; most of the iinplenieiits 
 showing evidence of having been liainmcred into the 
 present shape. By chemical iiiuilysis the copper imple- 
 ments have been found to coii.si.st of pure metallic copper, 
 
 The agi-icultural i-xliibit of Wisconsin in Agricultural 
 Hall comprised specimens of wheat, rye. buckwheat, oats, 
 clover-seed, barley, cucumber-seed, toliaceo, corn, peas, 
 beans, gi-ass-seed, gi-ain in tlie head, and a collection of 
 Wisconsin woods. 
 
 Wisconsin was the fifth State formed from the Northwest 
 Tei-ritorj- admitted into the Union, this latter event hap- 
 pening in 1848. The population of the State iu 1875 was 
 1,236,729. The agricultural interest is the leading one in 
 Wisconsin, as iu the southern and western portions of tho 
 State the whole country, being mo.stly prairie or oak open- 
 ing, is susceptible of cultivation. The prairies are not so 
 large os they m-e in llUuois or some other States, nor so 
 flat. They are generally what are known a-s rolling prairies, 
 and the soil is very rich and productive, cajiable of produc- 
 ing almost any crop. In the .southern part of the State 
 tobacco is raised in large quantities and of good quality. 
 Hops are also produced in great abundance in this State. 
 
 The agricultural statistics of Wisconsin as late as 187( 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 show the proluetioTi 
 oats, 909,1.";3 ; corn, 840,882 ; barley, 187,423 ; rye, 123,930 ; 
 hops, 10,932 ; tobacco, 3,296, The iiroilnction of grass in 
 th ^ mendo-n'-lancls has not been returned ; but it is hirge, a-s 
 there is more stock-raising and less rai,sing of gr.iin than 
 formerly. The Stiite i,s becoming largely interested in the 
 dairy business. It is a veiy fine cattle-raising conntiu', and the 
 stock thrives n-ell. Cheese factories have recently become 
 quite nnnreroiw, and ‘Wisconsin cheese ranks high in 
 the market, large quantities being exported. Butter is also 
 made in large quantities, and is of superior quality. It is 
 stated that at the .Tune exhibit of butter and cheese, at the 
 Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin had the b'st show. 
 Much attention is given to the raising of fine stock, and 
 there arc many blooded horses in the State, and a large 
 number of herds of cattle. Sheep also do remarkably well. 
 
 The mineral re- 
 sources of Wisconsin 
 are extensive in lead, 
 zinc, ii’on and copper 
 ores ; the manipula- 
 tion of which are a 
 source of great wenltli 
 to the people of the 
 State. The hmilicr in- 
 terest is among the 
 most important in the 
 c o 11 11 1 r y. It is es- 
 timated that there are 
 8.090,000 acres of pine 
 land in the State, bc- 
 siiles a large amount 
 of li a r d -wood and 
 timber. Blnek-wahnit, 
 majilc, ash, butternut, 
 cte. , arc found in 
 m.any places in the 
 nortluTu and centvid 
 parts of theS'ate. The 
 iiimnmt of lumber 
 manufactured in 1875 
 ■was 1,097,443,681 feet. 
 
 The Skite buildings 
 of Wisconsin are nu- 
 merous and important, 
 including the capital 
 at Madison, institu- 
 tions for the deaf and 
 dumb, blind and in- 
 sane, State prisons, 
 oiqiliau nsylnnis, in- 
 dustrial schools, etc. 
 all of these institutions 
 having been eroct.'d 
 and .sustained \iitlioiit 
 the creation of n debt. 
 
 In manufactures Wis- 
 consin is not yet 
 greatly advanced. The 
 fir.st cotton clntli made 
 ill the State was manu- 
 factured in 1875. At 
 Beloit, Bacine, La 
 Cros.se, Fond du Lac 
 !'.;ul Oshkosh there are 
 niaiiufavluring cstab • 
 
 U.sliinciits, eliiefly in 
 agricuUurul i mple- 
 nioiit-s and household 
 wares. The first rail- 
 road ill Wisconsin, a 
 direct route from Taiko 
 Miohigjiii to the Mis- 
 sissippil{iver,wa.s built 
 i.i 18.77. The length 
 of Wiscon.siii railroads 
 is about 1,000 miles. 
 
 New Jehset. 
 
 The population i f 
 New Jersey, in 1875, 
 wasl,019,413.‘ In 1.870 
 the entire lauds, im- 
 provements, and pemoual property iu tli3 fitate were 
 assessed at 8941,000,000, or 8833 to each individual. In 
 1870 there were in the State, under cultivation, 23,000,000 
 acres, the value of her products being 843,000,000, averag- 
 ing 814.30 per acre. In 1874 the school property of the 
 State amounted to 866,000,000. 
 
 New Jersey is 160 miles long, and in breadth varies 
 between 70 and 75 miles. Its area is 7,776 square miles. On 
 leaving the Pennsylvania borders, the country is generally 
 barren, os also those parts extending about 100 miles along 
 the sca-coast. In the interior parts, however, and among 
 the mountaiLLs, the soil is fertile. It is thoroughly culti- 
 vated, and the State abounds with pretty villages and large 
 and thrii'ing towns ; and, inasmuch os it forms a great 
 thoroughfare between the Northern and Southern States, 
 it po5s?sses much giTatcr importance than is generally 
 
 . -.I they arc so reguLu- in this respect that a poraon may 
 travel on a northeast and southwest road from one side of 
 the State to the other and see a single geological forma- 
 tion; while, on the other hand, he may travel from Bar- 
 uegat, on the Atlantic coast, northwest to Port Jervis, on 
 the Delaware, and be would cross every such formation iu 
 the State. The geological .stnictiiro of New Jersey was 
 largely exhibited at the Centennial in Bpecimens eom- 
 jirising every rock and mineral known to the State. These 
 included gneiss, cyanite, granite, cryst.alline lime.stoiie. sand- 
 stone, quartzite, slate, magnesian liinestouc, fos,s0if< roiis 
 limestone, Labrador rock, coralline linie-stonc, fn.s.sil«, llag- 
 giug- stone, lignite, trap-rock, all the varieties of clay, 
 kaolin, marl, fossil oyster-shells, infusorial earth, beach- 
 pebbles, and l.icach-sand. Soiuo of (he moi-e prominent 
 minerals were garnets, calimiue, .sapphu-cs, white quartz, 
 asbestos, native 
 copper, malachite, and 
 mica. Specimens of 
 marble and brown- 
 stone were among the 
 1 niilding-stoiies, as also 
 lime and cement. A 
 number of flue speci- 
 mens of magnetic ii'ou- 
 ore were exhibited. 
 
 There are IG bla.^t- 
 fiirmaecs in fie Stale, 
 and 111 ' mines now 
 ojieiicd number nearly 
 200, capable of sup- 
 plying a million tons 
 nnmially. 
 
 The mamifactiu'c of 
 iron was begun by 
 Lcwi.s INIonis, in i\lon- 
 iiumth County, iu 
 1682, and forgis for 
 working the magnetic 
 ore of ^loiTis Comity 
 into bar-iron were 
 built about 1710. 
 
 Glass -sand formed 
 an important exhibit 
 of New Jersey, tho 
 localities ivlicre it is 
 found being nearly 
 all in the soutlieni part 
 of the State. It is re- 
 ported (hat one-third 
 of the window-glas.s 
 and a large part of (ho 
 hollow-ware mninifac- 
 tured in the United 
 States ai'C made at tho 
 several wi iks iu tlii.s 
 State. JXi.'iccllaucou'? 
 exhibits of New Jersey 
 in tliis direction in- 
 cluded I'cat, spiege- 
 leiscn, spelter, fire- 
 brick, flowcr-iiots, 
 glass and gla.s-sware, 
 and a very fair disjilay 
 of fossils. A fine col- 
 lecton of geologii'al, 
 topogrnjihical, mine, 
 and drainage-maps was 
 also slimin, and a co- 
 luriinnv section giving 
 the order of succcssii m 
 in the geological serits 
 of N<-w Jersey. This 
 State made a I'eiy good 
 display of nutivo 
 woods, this being tho 
 first efiurt made in the 
 direction. Tlie exhibit 
 included white, yellow, 
 pitch and spruce-i li ne ; 
 hemlock; black 
 Biniicc ; white cedar ; 
 a niunber of varieties 
 of oak; chestnut; black walnut ; sever.d v.'.rc’tica of elm, 
 ash, and birch ; the tulip-tree ; poplar ; sever.d species of 
 gmn. bass-wood, and button-wood; four varieties of 
 hickoiw; wild •cherry ; four varieties of maple; dog-wood; 
 box; ail'iutlms ; locust; sassafras; magnolia; and various 
 fruit-trees. 
 
 iocmna'ir-’s.— Rdundii; ti the two more important 
 manufactnriug industries of New Jersey — locomotive en- 
 gines and silk— we may not improperly refer briefly to tho 
 liistorv of the locomotive from the time of its invention. 
 
 Although steam, in its application to navigation, had 
 been progressing rapiiUy, and e%-en as eiu-ly a.s 1807 attained 
 such a degree of usefulness as to cause it to be looked upon 
 as a fixed fact, vet its application in facilitating intercem- 
 munication upon the land had not been developed during 
 c. quarter of a century afterward. The first actual model 
 
 iu whe.it to b? 1.613.932 Uushels ; 
 
 r..scrib?d to it. Its orchards are equal to those of any other 
 State iu.^ie Union, and in peaches it has no rival. Small 
 fruits — cranberries in particular — may be said to be staple 
 articles of production, while in garden produce it is espe- 
 ci.ally rich, fumisliing both New York and Philadelphia. 
 
 Two of its principal towns — Newark and Paterson — rank 
 high in their manufacturing interests ; and the latter to’aTi 
 in particular, as being the chief centre of the silk industry 
 of the country, and also for its extensive manufactories of 
 locomotive engines. 
 
 The fir.^t business of the population of New Jersey ap- 
 pears to have been farming ; but the manufacture of ii-oa 
 was begun as early as 1682. Mining on an extensive scale 
 was cai'ried on m-iny years before the Revolution, and a 
 ibrect trade with the “West Indies and Europe was estab- 
 lished at several places. 
 
 A. B. DAXIELL A BOS'S (OF LOXDOX, ESGLASD) POTTERT EXHIBIT IN THE MAIN 
 
 This is the thirty-third State in size, the scveuteentli in 
 population, and the eighth in wealth. In mamifactnring 
 products it i.s the seventh, in its mining products the 
 eleventh, and in the products of agriculture the twentieth. 
 The price of farm lands in New Jersey has increased from 
 year to year, and at present is siiid to bo higher than in any 
 other State in the Union. The yield of the iron-mines has 
 hod a .steady increase fur m iiiy years iiast, and iu 1873 no 
 le.ss than 667,672 tons of iron ore were mined. The aggi'e- 
 gate animal value of the clay product, for fire-brick, pot- 
 tery. and other uses, is estimated ut one million doUai-s, and 
 the manufactured articles from it at an equal sum. 
 
 .fUl the liU'gcr geological formations of the Unit.'d States, 
 except that of coal, are found in New Jersey. They occur 
 in parallel belts or zones, usually some miles in breadth, 
 traversing the State in a northeast and southwest direction ; 
 
?JISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 280 
 
 (if ii sti'um-cnfriiii' <>f wliicli we linw a vTittcn account wa«! 
 ooustriK-tfil by iiFrcnclimaii natncil Cuiiuot, vho exhibited 
 it in 170;b This mvnntnv iu 1709 built an eiigiue to nin on 
 oomiiion roads, at thu ex])Piiso of the French mnuaivh. 
 This -was tin- first stcaiu-can'iage of wliieh wo liave any 
 written account. It was x'*d in nation by the impidsioa 
 of twn single-acting cylinders, tin- jiiston of which acted 
 uUernutelv on the single front M’hei-ls. It traveled about 
 three or four miles an hour, and carried four xiersona ; but, 
 from the smallni’ss of its boiler, it would not continue to 
 work more than twelve or fifteen minutes without stopping 
 t I g(“t ill) steam. 
 
 A second engine by tho same maker, made sevend suc- 
 cessful trials ill the streets of Paris, exciting much interest. 
 
 I which he completed in the .same year, to run upon these 
 ! roatls. This was tried upon a railway in South Wales, 
 
 ! when it aiicceeded in drawing after it .several wugon.s con- 
 [ tuining 10 toas of iron at the rate of five miles aa hour. 
 
 1 Here we have the first atteinjit to adapt the locomotive 
 , to service upon a railroad, of which wo have any uTitten 
 I account. Various other experiments were tried, including 
 ’ one in 1813, to make a machine which was to go upon leg.s 
 like- a horse, This one never got beyond the experimental 
 state, for on one of its trials it blew up, killing and wound- 
 ing several bystander.s ; and it was j)ut a.side as one of the 
 failures of tin- time. One engine made by a Mr. IMackett, 
 
 I proved compaiatively .successful iu being capable of draw- 
 I ing eight or nine wagons loaded with coal, although it 
 
 and succeeded in drawing eight loaded wagons of thirty 
 tons weight at about four miles an hour on an ascending 
 gnule of one in 4-)ll feet, being the most successful engine 
 which had ever been constructed up to this period. 
 Steijhensou, however, soon disooi’cred numerous defects iu 
 his work, and in 181.1 patented a second eflbrt in the same 
 direction. Finally, iu 182'i. tho Hatton colliery road iu 
 Durham having been altered into a locomotive raih-oad, 
 Mr. Stephenson placed upon the ro.id five engines, each of 
 which drew 17 wagons, loadtsl, averaging (11 tons, at the 
 rate of four miles an hour. 
 
 It wa-s not until bs2.1 that the first passenger car was put 
 upon a railroad. Finally, in 1829, a prize having been 
 offered for a loeomutive which should perform certain 
 
 It, however, met with an nccideut one day when muiiing at 
 a speed of about three miles an hour ; and being considered 
 dangerous, ivas locked up iu the arsenal. This locomotive 
 is still to be .seen iu the Museum of the Conservatory of 
 Arts, ill Paris. 
 
 The first English model of a steam carriage was made 
 in 1784 by William iMiivdoek. It was successful iu its 
 working, but was never brought into pmetieal use. Iu 
 1SU2 a patent was taken out iu England for a steam-carriage 
 to mu cm common road-s. by oue Richard Trevithick, a 
 fort*mau in a Cornish tin luiuo. This ivns the fii-st sncees.s- 
 ful high-pre.s.sure engiue eon.structed <>u the jiriuciple of 
 moving a pistou by the elasticity of steam against the pres- 
 sure of the atmosphere, and without a vacuum. 
 
 By this time tramroads or railways were iu gouei’al use 
 iu England, and iu 1804 Tre\’ithiek commeueed a niachiue. 
 
 took nearly six hours to go five miles. This was soon 
 1 abandoned. 
 
 ^ All of this experimental work led up to the success of 
 tleorge Stephenson, who was bom June 9th, 1781, iu the 
 ' colliery village of Wylam, on the River Tyue. Stephenson 
 eommeuced his active life by herding cows at two pence 
 per iLiy, being next promoted to work in the mines iu the 
 I capacity of n picker, and so on until he wa.s placed iu 
 ehai-ge of the pumping-machine, iu which position he made 
 himself acquaiiit<-d with the nature of the engiue iu his 
 charge. He displayed considerable original mechanical 
 tideut, and as he was enthusiastic iu studying as well as 
 workiug, be soon became recognized as a capable engineer. 
 
 I When Stei»heuson wa-s about 2G years of age he set 
 I about the construction of a locomotive engine. His first 
 ' attempt was completed iu 1814. It was called " Blucher," 
 
 ' specified diitie.s, iilr. Stephenson coustmeted his engine, the 
 “ Rocket,” which competed with three othei-s by diflereut 
 makers, and which, having performed all the conditions, 
 
 I received the prize. 
 
 The fii-st railroad built in the Euited States was three 
 miles iu k-ugtb, extending from the granite quaiTies of 
 Quincy, Mass., to the Xeponset Ri%'er. In 1828 the Dela- 
 i ware anil Hudson Canal Company coustmeted a railroad 
 from their coal mines to Houesdale, and the Baltimore and 
 1 Ohio Railroad and the South Carolina Railroad were 
 commenced iu the same ye;U'. The competitive tiial iu 
 England iu which the "Rocket ’’ was sncce-ssful had beeu 
 I witnessed by certain American engineers who went thither 
 ' expres-sly for tliis purpose. One of these was Horatio 
 \ Allen, Esq., who purchased for the Delaware and Hudson 
 , Canal and Railroad Company three locomotives. The first 
 
290 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 of theso arrived iu New York City at tlio foot of lieaoli 
 Street, ou the ship John Jay, about tire middle of May, 
 1829. It was called the •‘Stoui-bridge Lion.” Finally, ou 
 the 8th day of August, 1829. this locomotive, the “Stour- 
 bridge Lion," made its initial trial tnp, being the tir.st 
 locomotive ever placed upon a road ou the American 
 Contineut. 
 
 The fii^t locomotive built, adapted to a curved road, was 
 constructed by Mr. Peter Cooper, of New York, founder of 
 the Cooper- Institute of that city. This wa-s constructed at 
 the St. Clair Works, near Baltimore, and was mu upon the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in the Summer of 1829. The 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the pioneer r.iilrontl 
 of any extent built with refer-ence to trade ami com- 
 merce in America. Previous to 1828 no railroad, even in 
 Eugland, had been constructed for the convenience of 
 pa.ssengers or merchandise to be carried between two 
 distant points, but solely fur local purjjo.ses. .such as con- 
 veyance of coal or ores from mines to points of shipment. 
 Mr. Cooper's engine, although, a.s he terms it, “a very 
 smidland insignificant affair," made its trial trip of 13 miles, 
 over an average ascending grade of 18 feet to the mile, in 1 
 hour and 12 minutes, and the return trip in 57 minutes. 
 In tliis engine the boiler was tubuhir and upright in 
 position, not more than 20 inches iu iliamctej-, and pcrhairs 
 from 5 to C feet high. Tliere was a single cylinder, 
 inches in diameter, llf inches stroke, connected with its 
 piston-rod, so as to take hold of tire stroke by direct action. 
 The fuel was anthracite coal. This was the original Ameri- 
 can locomotive. 
 
 The first locomotives ever ordered and made iu the United 
 States fur reguhir railroad traffic were designed and built by 
 Horatio Allen, at the We.st Point Foundry, in New York. 
 In 1831 the directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 offered a premium of S4.000 for the best American locomo- 
 tive. This ofl’er brought out many competitors, and intro- 
 duced to notice several locomotive constructors, among 
 these being Colonel Stejrhen H. Long and the late Mathias 
 W. Baldwin, who in 1831 received an order from the 
 Germantown Roih’oad Company for the construction of 
 a locomotive engine to nm on their road. Only one 
 mechanic in America had yet succeeded in erecting a loco- 
 motive which could di-aw more than its own weight ou 
 a horizontal track, and the success of Mr. Bald^\-iu, who .six 
 months after receiving the order placed the ••Ironsides” on 
 the road, was most creditable. Before the close of 1834 he 
 had completed 5 engines. In 1835, 14 were built ; in 1836, 
 40 ; iu 1837, 45. Finally, the Balilwiu Locomotive Works 
 rt^ached the distinction of being the most extensive locomotive 
 establishment iu the world, and from the capacity of one 
 small engine, attained that of one per day, or over 300 of the 
 most poweil'ul and complete raih^oud locomotives iu a year. 
 The Baldwin Works are in Pliiludelphia ; but the Rogers 
 Locomotive Works, and others, in Paterson, N. J., entitle 
 that town and State to consideration iu this connection. 
 
 The iron industry in Paterson commenced as early as 
 1809. when a small factory was built in that town, where 
 machinery was made and where the wool brought in by the 
 
 EhE(i.4NT FOWLlNn-PlECE AT THE FRENCH E.XHIlilT. 
 
 country -people in the vicinity was carded. The locomotive 
 manufacture wi\s commenced here iu 1837, and the first 
 engine built iu Pateraon, the “Sandusky City," for the 
 Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, was finished iu Octo- 
 ber, 1837. at the works of Rogers, Kftchuui A Grosveuor. 
 This tii-m continued iu existence until 1856, -a-hen, on the 
 death of the senior partner, a company was formed under 
 the name of the Roger’s Locomotive and Machine Works. 
 This company continued to build cotton-maebinery as well 
 as locomotives until 1867, when they discontinued the 
 former department of their mamifactnre, and have ever 
 since devoted their entire works to the building of locomo- 
 tives. In an article ptiblished in 1839 the locomotive 
 works of this establishment was described as a main build- 
 ing 2U0 feet long and 3 stories high, and another of equal 
 length, cuntiioing neai'ly 50 forges, being under the 
 direction of this company. Jn the yem: 183S seven engines 
 were turned out, after which the production was gradually 
 iucreased each year until 1854, in which year 103 were 
 built. Its present capacity fur building locomotives is 
 equal to one a day. 
 
 In 1873 the locomotive shoiDS of Paterson wore turning 
 out 40 engines per mouth, 480 in a year. The rolling-mill 
 matle and shipped 6,000 tons of merchants’ iron and beams 
 in a yeai', and 720 tons of rivets. The Steam Fii'e-Eugine 
 Company made from 8 to 12 engines a year. All the 
 shu}is of Patereon employed about 5.300 hands, and p;ud 
 
 Minnesota, one of the Northwest States of the American 
 Union, was the 19th admitted under the Fedei’al Constitu- 
 tion. Its area is 52,005,760 acres. Lying nearly at the 
 centre of the contineut, Minnesota occupies the summit 
 of the interior plain of North America formed by the 
 basins of the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and the rivera 
 fiowing into Like Winnebago, and incloses the head- waters 
 of the three great rivers of the continent. With the excep- 
 tion of a few hills, in no case higher than 1,700 feet above 
 the level of the sea, or 600 feet above the average elevation 
 of the country, the siu'face is generally an undulating plain, 
 having on average elevation of only a few feet above the 
 sea, and presenting a succession of small vulling prairies or 
 table-lands, all dotted with timber. The Wiotei-s are cold, 
 but clear aud dry, and the full of snow is light. The 
 Summers are warm, with breezy nights, during which occur 
 usually rains. The geuei-al salubrity of the climate recom- 
 mends it to invalids. The country is well timbered with 
 pine, birch, maple, a.sh and elm. A large forest of hard- 
 wood, covering an urea of about 4.UU0 square mfies, 
 exteuds over the central portion of the State, west of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Until the year 1845 Minnesota was occupied by the 
 Cbippewas aud Sioux, the only representatives of civiliza- 
 tion rrithiu the territory being the trappers and traders, 
 the lumbermen on the St. Croix, and a few missionaries. 
 The population of Minnesota iu 1870 was 440, 06 1, of 
 which 738 were bhicks and mulattoes. 1.528 Indians and 
 half-breeds, natives 279,941, and foreign 160,126, of whom 
 
 out for labor more than 863,000 per week. In 1875 there 
 were iu Paterson 23 estabUshmeuts engaged iu the iron 
 industry, making locomotives, stationary engines, steam 
 fire - engines, cotton, silk, flax, hemp, jute, and other 
 muchirrery, merchants’ tiou. angle iron, beams, files, bolts, 
 rivets, spike.s and switches. 
 
 The condition of the cotton industry iu Paterson, accord- 
 ing to the latest figures, is as follows : Production of cotton 
 ymu, 300.0U0 pounds per year ; cotton converted into yarn, 
 750 bales jier year ; hands employed iu spinning yarn, 60, 
 In the production of iirusquito-uettiug, buckrnrm and crown 
 hiring alone, there are employed over 400 hand.s. u.sing 400 
 looms and 26,000 spindles. The tlii-ee sliii-t factories of the 
 town produce 800 dozen shirts per week. The first cotton 
 factoiy was fiuLshed iu 1794, and was 90 feet long, 40 feet 
 wide, and 4 stories high. 
 
 Tile water-power system of Paterson is quite remarkable. 
 The Fidls of the Pas.saie have an extraordinary M'ater-shed 
 of over 800 square miles. The minimum supiily iu the dry 
 season is 50 square feet. The height of the fidl allows three 
 race-ways, the water being used successively that number of 
 times. The great bulk of the water-irower is the property 
 of the .Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, one of 
 the earhest incorporated manufacturing firms in the connti'j', 
 possessing a charter dated 1791. The total water supply 
 belonging to this company equals about 2,108 horse-power, 
 1,700 being now iu use. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTEHNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 291 
 
 cluy, and fire-clay are found in ■various parts of the State ; 
 lead, zinc, and bhick oxide of manganese are also fre- 
 quently met \\-itli. Petroleum has been found at various 
 Iioint-s iu the State, but the business of bomig has not 
 pr<jveu profitable. 
 
 Finally, Tennessee challenges comparison with any other 
 portion of the United States in the number, variety, excel- 
 lence, and medicinal value of its mineral waters. Many of 
 these springs have a high reputation for their curativo 
 properties. Especially in East Tennessee and ou the Cum- 
 berland table-land watering-places have been e.stablished, 
 wiiich are favorite Stmmier resorts. 
 
 two-thirds were Germans and Scandinavians. The quantity 
 of land under tillage in 1850 •\vas 1,900 acres. Twenty 
 years later it was 1,863,316 acre.s. The agricultund exist- 
 ence, however, of Minnesoti may be considered to have 
 commenced in 1859. that being the first year in which 
 a surplus was produced over home consumption. The total 
 number of farms iu 1870 was 46,256. As to crops, there were 
 1,006,007 acres in wheat, producing over 17,000,000 bushels ; 
 278,407 acres in oats, with a product of 10,500,000 bushels ; 
 147, .587 acres in corn, with a product of 4, .500, 000 bushels. 
 The hay product of 1809 was 601,312 ton-s. There were 
 316,552 apple-trees growing. Of tobacco, about 12,000 
 liounds were produced, and the value of garden products 
 w'us estimated at 8312,000. The value of agiicultnral pro- 
 ducts in their entirety in lR(i0 was about 830,000,000. The 
 retimis of live-stock for 1870 show hoi-scs. 91,556 ; mules and 
 asses, 2,881 ; milch cows, 120,271 ; working oxen, 42,643 ; 
 other cattle, 144,609 ; sheep, 129,525 ; swine, 137,1.36. The 
 entire estimated vidne of live-stock wa.s 818,000,000. 
 
 The city of St Paul, Miuucsota, was first settled iu the 
 Summer of 1838 by a Canadian vo>in<jvHy named Pierre 
 Parraiit, the site having been iJitclied upon by this adven- 
 turer ns a good spot to sell whisky to the inhabitants 
 of the fort near by without coniiug within reach of the 
 rules iu force agaiust this traflio. In 1875 the populatiou 
 of the city was 33,000, its taxable property 
 asse.s.sed at 827,000,000, the city being 
 handsomely laid out with solid business 
 blocks, public buildings and palatial man- 
 sions, hn'ving a well - ari'anged system of 
 sewerage, important river commerce, eight 
 railroiul.s, with nearly 100 trains arriving 
 iuid de 2 Jarting daily, mamifucturers’ ware- 
 houses, banking-houses, churches, hotels, 
 public schools, charitable institutiona, libra- 
 ries — all this is presented os the accomplish- 
 ment of thirty yeai's of liistoi'y in a north- 
 west inland Stite in the energetic and 
 prolific Ameiicjin Continent. 
 
 The remarkably fine mineral exhibit 
 made by Tennessee renders apologj* nnne- 
 ces.Havy for considering to some extent the 
 character and resources of that State. 
 
 The area of Tennes-seeis about 27,000,000 
 acres, and it possesses the peculiarity of 
 touching eight States on its border’s — a 
 greater number than is touched liy the 
 borders of any other Shite iu the Union 
 e.xco{>t Missouri. The Missi.s.sip^')! washes 
 its western border, and the Tenne.s.see and 
 Cumberland, sweeiiiug through the most 
 valuable jroi’tions of the Stite, furnish a 
 chcaiJ mode of trausjjortation for its pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 The ijolitioal divisions of the Stat- are 
 three : Fast Tennessee, comprising all the 
 territoiy’ from tlio North Carolina line to 
 about tlie. centre of the Cumberland tabh'- 
 land ; Middle Teunc-sisec, from the dividing 
 line of the Cumbevlaud tiible-lancl to the 
 Tennes.see River ; and WestTennes.see, from 
 the Tennessee River to the Mississijqii. Iu 
 by far the larger portion of the Stite the 
 climate is sidubrions, the nialanons districts 
 being very limited. The me>an temperature 
 of the yeiu’ averages between 57 and 59 
 degi'ees Fahrenheit. The average length of 
 the gi’owing season in Middle Tenues.see is 
 189 days. Every ^•ariety of .soil may be 
 found within the limits of the State. Even 
 the tops of the moimtiiiis afford fine pasture-ground for 
 stock-herdcr.s. and buckwheat yields with remarkable 
 fecundity. The acreage in timber is 13,268,789, oidy 
 three States in the Union having more wootled laud. Here 
 nearly every variety of timber grows -which i.s found iu the 
 United States — oak. ash, beech, birch, red-cediu-, eliestmit, 
 I'otton-wood, cypress, fir. gum, hickoi-y, locust, sugar-maple, 
 red-mnllierry. poplar, sitssafras, syciunore, aud black-wulunt 
 growing ill different sections. As a corn-growing State 
 Tennessee ranks sixth in the Union. In 1840 it stood fii-st. 
 Its average annual ijroduction of this cereid is about 
 ■>0.00l),(U)0 bushels. About one million acres arc sown iu 
 wheat, !Uid yield between five and tmi million bushels. 
 The product of oats is about 5,000,000 bushels. Ten- 
 nessee stinds third as a tobaeco-gi’owing Shite, Kentucky 
 being fii-st and ^■irginill second. The annual ]jroduct of 
 this staple Miries between twenty uiul twenty-five million 
 Iionnds, or between thirteen aud tw'enty-rivo thousand 
 hogsheads. It is said that in Tennessee, by cnrefid man- 
 agement. a skillful tobacco-raiser can often realize from 
 8150 to 8200 per acre. Much of the yield is pxjiorted to 
 French and Rpaiiish markets, and some of it to Italy .iiul 
 Germany. 
 
 Cotton is one of the great staide jirodiict.s of Tennessee, 
 the number of acres devoted to it iu 1873 being 613,267, the 
 best cotton being grown in the southern half of West Ten- 
 iiessee, wliere the stajile is long and heavy, and the average 
 
 yields of the best lands from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of secd- 
 eotton {n't acre. It is said that at the London Exposition 
 in 1851 the cotton raised by Colonel John Pope, of the 
 County of Shelby, received the medal for the best cotton 
 known to the world. Tlie entire yield of the State was, in 
 1870. 181.142 bales. 
 
 About 90,000 acres of land in Teime.sscc arc u.sed for the 
 raising of liuy, yielding about lin.()CH3 tons, the crop being 
 valued at nearly 82,000,000. Rye is not a staple crop, aud 
 the average devoted to barley is only 5,000 acres. The 
 annual yield of sweet potatoes is 1,200,000 bushels, and 
 that of Irish jiotatocs is only about the same fpiautity, 
 averaging about one bushel to each inhabitant. Peanuts 
 arc an important jiroduct of the State, the quantity i>ro- 
 dneed reaching, in 1872, 680,000 bushels. There are also 
 grown iu jiarticulnr localities hemp, broom-corn, flax, and 
 garden vegetables in abundamce. Fruits of all kinds also 
 grow well. Considerable enterprise is being displayed iu 
 the mising of grapes in vineyards of idl sizes, from one to 
 forty acres, which are being planted in every division of 
 the State. 
 
 Tennessee ranks ninth in popuLition in the Stute.s, tlie 
 nimiber of her inhabitants being 1,258,520, by the Ia.st 
 census. She also ranks ninth in point of the value of her 
 live-stock, which is e.stimated at 355,000,000. 
 
 The Appalachian coid-field crosses Tennessee, ending near 
 Tuscaloosa, iu Alabimia. Of its 80,000 square miles of area, 
 something over 5,000 lie iu Tenne.s.see. The report of the 
 monthly jiroduct of co;d in the various miues iu operation 
 iu Tennessee in July, 1874, showed a return of about 
 821,000 busliels, or 10,000,000 bu-sliels aunuiilly. The U’on 
 product of Tenues-see in 1875 amounted to 28,311 tons. 
 The iron lies iu four distinct veins, covering, iu whole or in 
 jiart, 44 counties. Coiqier is found in Polk County, in an 
 elevated mountain basin 2,500 feet above the level of the 
 sea, and covers about 40 square miles. This region is 
 mined by two comiiauies, aud the eiitke yield in 1872 wu-s 
 vidued at 8500,000. 
 
 The marble of Tennessee ha-s gained, by its beautifully 
 variegatiHi iq>iiearauee and flue polishing qualities, a high 
 fame throughout the United States. Several varieties are 
 found in the State, including black, gray, fawn-colored, 
 conglomerate, and brecciii. Ou Slioid Creek, iu Lawrence 
 County, 18 miles south of LawTeneeburg, and extending 15 
 miles each way, is a bed, 40 feet in tliiekuess, of fine colored 
 marble with fleecy clouds of green. A .short distance below 
 Manchesbo’ there is .a bluish vein which is gi-eatly ad- 
 mired. Ill Rutherford Couuty a bed occurs of pnle-yel- 
 lowLsb color, witli serpentine veins of red and dots of black. 
 This has not been worked, and specimens ha%"e only been 
 2 >olished for jjaper-weiglits and other small articles. 
 
 Roofing-slates, mill-stones, gi’ay hydranlic-roek, potter' s- 
 
 To THOSE -who visited the Ceuteimiid. and who scarcely 
 took the oiiijortimity to see something of the Quaker City 
 itself, a few words ui?on the a^qiearanco of that city one 
 liumh’ed years ago ivill not be without interest. At that 
 time Market Street, the central avenue of tlie city, was 
 called High Street. It obtained its change of name on the 
 erection of eight or ten squares of market-liouse.s dii’cctly 
 ill the centre of the oiien street. The streets nuining 
 jiai’iillel with Market, and north of it, were then named 
 Mulberry, Sassafnus, and Vine ; those south 
 of it were Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine, 
 and Cedar. These eight squares of blocks 
 eomimsed the northern and southern limits 
 of the city one hundred years ago. Now 
 fifty streets are laid out and built iqion 
 north of Slarket Street, and almost an 
 equal number south of it, the most of 
 these being lined with substautiid briek 
 edifices from the Delaware to the Schuyl- 
 kill. In the course of time Mulbeli’y Street 
 became Arch Street, and Sas.safi-.is Race 
 Street — the latter name being given on 
 account of the horse-races contantly taking 
 place upon the street. For many years the 
 racing was on the srieet line from below 
 Fourth to Broad ; and as curly as 1726 the 
 Grand Jury made a presentment to tlu’ 
 effect “that, since the city has become so 
 very populous, the usual custom of horse- 
 racing at fairs in Sassafnis Street if< verj* 
 dangerous to life ; al.so, it is .an eiil that 
 they who erect the booths, cU’., in that 
 street, at tlie fairs, do sell all sorts of 
 liquors, etc.” This custom of racing was 
 continued until the commencement of the 
 Revolutionary War. Cock-fighting wius also 
 exceedingly popular u’ith all clas.ses ; and it 
 i.s related that some of the leading citizens 
 a-ere iu the habit of taking their fighting- 
 coeks under their ai-ms, and ^v•ulking out to 
 enjoy themselves an hour or so in witnes.s. 
 ing the contest between their game chic- 
 kens. Bull-baiting with dogs was also a 
 fashionable amusement iu the early days of 
 the Quaker City. 
 
 IjUiehtv Bell. 
 
 No symbol has, pcrlaaps. ever become .so 
 populai’ anywhere as has the Liberty Bell, 
 in the numerous forms in which it was sold 
 and worn during the Centenniid year. Some 
 account of this national object of venera- 
 tion will not be out of place hero. 
 
 Iu 1752 the bell was imi^orted for Phila- 
 delphia, and hung up in the steeple of the 
 State House iu that year, On the first 
 trial-ringing after its arrival it cracked, luid, under the 
 direction of Isiuic Monis, of Philadelphia, it was recast in 
 the following year. This is the bell upon which is the in- 
 scription^ “ Proclaim Liberty throughout the Lmd, and 
 unto all the Inhabitants thereof.” 
 
 Its jn’oclamation of liberty hiqipcued in this wise : On 
 the 2d of Jnlv, 1776, the rejmesentatives of the thirteen 
 rebellious colonies were ns.sombled iu the State House, dis- 
 ciLssiii" the qiiestiou of the Declaration of Indtqieudeucc. 
 It laid been lu-cviously arranged that, in the event of an 
 aftinuative decision of this question, the bell in the steeple 
 should be made to I'ing out the tidings ; and for this the 
 old bell-man was at his post, while a large and anxious 
 crowd was gathered in the street awaiting the deliberation 
 of the lussemblage. Independence Square and the streets 
 adjoining were densely i>aeked irith men uith ciU’ewom 
 and anxiou-s faces, iilio remiiiued for honi-s with their faces 
 lifted toward the bell, the while they spoke iu whispers, and 
 wondered if then’ representatives would possess the courage 
 to declare for liberty and independence. At length the 
 door of the chamber opened, and John Nixon stepiped to 
 tiip tbvi'sliold. having the Declaration of Indeiienilehoc in 
 liis hand. At the same moment a messenger hurried iq> 
 the stairs to the bc-Ifry, and a.s Nixon proceeded to read tlie 
 first sentence of the immortal document, tlie tones of the 
 bell burst ujion the silent and waiting city. A cheer rose 
 from the multitude assembled, cannon ^lealed, and drums 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OR THE CEXTEXMAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 beat in a gencrul 
 oliorus ; and for 
 two hours the 
 soimd of Liberty 
 Bell was beard in 
 tho air, jjroclaim- 
 ing freedom to the 
 nation. 
 
 Thi.s l)cll was 
 afterward taken 
 down and replaced 
 by a new one. 
 Meanwhile the ori- 
 ginal has been .seen 
 by hundreds of 
 thou-sands dining 
 the Centennial 
 year, in its place 
 in the room of tho 
 State House where 
 tile Declaration of 
 Imlependeuce was 
 TiTitteu and signed. 
 
 STAK-sPANGLED 
 BANNER. 
 
 O r II beantifnl 
 and jiatriotic na- 
 tional .song was 
 comiio.sed liy Fran- 
 cis S. Ivey, Esq., u 
 prominent citizen 
 of Maryland, in 
 ltjI4, under the 
 following eircuni- 
 stauces ; 
 
 The gentleman 
 had left Baltimore 
 with a flag of truce 
 for the puiqiose of getting releusi-d from the British fleet a 
 friend who had been captured at Marlboro'. He wmt as 
 far us Patuxent, and was not allowed to return. He was 
 brought up the bay to the mouth of tlio Patiipsco, and 
 eomjxdled to witness the bombardment of Fort McHeniy, 
 which the admiral had boasted he would carry in a few 
 huiu-s. During the day. with nn anxiety better felt than 
 desnibed, he watched the flag of the fort until the 
 darkness prevented iiiiii from seeing it. During the night 
 he watched tho bombshells, and at i‘urly dawn his eye was 
 greeted again by the proudly floating flag of his country. 
 
 The Hon. Francis S. Key ilied in 184fl. Be- 
 sides the “ Star - Spangled Banner," lie also 
 wrote several fugitive pieces of considerable 
 merit. 
 
 AMERICAN SOCIETY for the PREVENTION 
 OF CRFELTV TO ANIMALS. 
 
 PnoB.ujLY the first exhibition of this char- 
 acter ever made was the one in the Main Build- 
 ing, at the eiLstern end and a little south of tho 
 na\e, and illn.stmtiie of the work which Mr. 
 
 Henry Bergh. of New York, has aceomplisheil 
 in the way of relieving society of one of the 
 worst features of enielty wliieh infest it. This 
 exhil.iit was much more comprehensive than 
 would be anticipated, and covei'ed, in fact, the 
 methods and implenu'Uts by mciin-s of which 
 cruelty to animals is aeeomjilished, a-s well as 
 illustrating the subject through the nieihum of stuffed s])c- 
 cimens showing the I'ffects of such cruelty. Thus, we hail 
 here aiipropriate specimens of game-coeks after the fight, 
 as well us bulldogs taken {r<nii a pit at the close of battle. 
 The enichy of New l'(]rk hack and car drivers was showni 
 by the exhibition of the bones taken from the forelegs 
 of a hors(' which was comjielled to walk with these bones 
 broken. T’.irt of a hoixirs tongue was 
 preserved, which was imlli d out of the 
 month of the animal by the inlnmiau 
 'Iriver, wlio had tied a cor<l about it for 
 thi.s purpose. The effects of imiiroper 
 shoeing in horses were shown by suitable 
 representations of tho nails as thus ap- 
 ])licd ; and, finally, a large collection of 
 instruments used to accelerate the sjiec.l 
 or animate the spirits of weak or over- 
 worked aniiuiils was exliibited, including 
 liammers, car-hooks, pick and hatchet- 
 handles, boards, whips and sticks — the 
 interesting feature of the.se articles being 
 found in the fact that they were netually 
 taken from luirties whose names were 
 appended to cards attached to them, and 
 who used them for the puiqKises signified. 
 
 This exhibition was instructive and 
 im]>oiT;iut in its representation of this 
 most obnoxious feature of manners and 
 
 is wound off in 
 lengths of 200 
 yards upon the 
 small spools so 
 familiar to all 
 seamstresses. 
 
 This wiiuling- 
 machiuc, which is 
 the invention of 
 Mr. Hezekiiih Co- 
 nimt, was mie of 
 tho most interest- 
 ing pieces of me- 
 ahanism in Ma- 
 cliineiy Hall. It 
 is self - adjii.-vtiiig, 
 stopping when the 
 spool is full, and 
 as every number 
 of thread has a 
 dif feroii t - sized 
 spool, and every 
 size of spool i- 
 ganged to hold just 
 200 yards of 
 thread, the iviudcr 
 docs not stop until 
 the 200 yards arc 
 placed on tho 
 sjiool, miles-s tlit' 
 tlu'ead breaks, in 
 which case the ma- 
 chine is innue- 
 chately stopped by 
 a failing lever, 
 whit'll i.s sn]i))orted 
 hy tlie thread 
 when the latter i>. 
 unbroken. The 
 machine L starti il 
 again by the liarty 
 who runs it merely catching tho end of the thread be - 
 tween the spool and sphuUe, passing it under the guide 
 and starting the niaehiue at exaetly the plaee wliere it 
 stopped, the centripetal force earrying the thread on 
 tho spool, while the guide lays il in even layers and 
 ]mts the polish on the thread. The advantages of this 
 Fii-st, that it places tho thread evenly on 
 •ithin the exact limits of the 2(i() yards; 
 second, it breiilcs all knots at tho point of contact between 
 the guide and spool, and when the thread breaks no knot 
 is tied in finishing the 2d0 yards on that spool, so that when 
 running on sewing-machines, needles will imt 
 he bent or broken by the appei\raucc of the 
 knots ; third, thread which has been rendered 
 tender from chemical causes will not run on 
 this machine, the tcn.sion being a.s strong as 
 that on the sewing-machine, this resulting in 
 the fact that any thread which nms smoothly 
 on one of these windei-s is certain to run well 
 on all .sewing-nmcliiiic's. After wimliiig, the 
 thread undergoes earefnl inspection, imperfect 
 spools being immediately rejected. The next 
 process after inspection is ticketing the spools. 
 Tickets being printed in sheets, arc cut 
 therefrom, and while held on the end of a 
 lever are pa.sted and placed on the end of 
 the siioul, a different one on each (‘lul, and 
 exactly in the centre. 
 
 Messi's. J, it P. Coats, who had aheady 
 taken pvize.s at the exhiliitions of London in 
 1SR2, Paris, 1867, and Vienna. 1873, crow ned their siu*ces.ses 
 by receiving a medal ami diploma from the Centennial 
 Commission, with commendation in the .Tndges' re]>ort fur 
 “superior stn.-ngfh ami excellent <jnality in spool cotton." 
 
 ■Webkh's PL\xoroK'iE Exhihit, 
 
 ■\Ve have heretofore aUnded. in oiir description of the 
 Main Building, to tho c-xliibit of piano- 
 fortes by Id ibfferciit exhibitors from the 
 I'nited States. Proniiiieiit among these 
 was l\Ir. Albert M’cber. of New Y'ork, 
 whose department we illustrate. The 
 M'ebcr exhibit was more extcn.sive than 
 tluit of any other idaaoforte maimfac- 
 tnrer who contributed. It consisted of 
 one magnificently inlaid concert grand, 
 specially manufactured for the Centen- 
 nial ; one extra Centennial concert grand, 
 rosewood ; one regular concert grand, 
 rosewood ; one jiarlor grand, ro.sewood ; 
 one square grand piano, ro.sewood; one 
 '•mall upright, uiscwood; one fiiiiey 
 ease, black, gold-inlaid upright piano; 
 one fancy case, rosewood, and gold-inlaid 
 upright piano. The be>t popular contests 
 indubitably fur- 
 opportunity of hearing 
 Ylr. Mh'bcr got the .start of his 
 
 customs ; and it i.s to be hoped will have done good service 
 in inculcating the proper spirit of kinihiess toward our 
 domestic animals and fowls. 
 
 OUR ILLUSTRATION'S. 
 
 F.xhtbit of Coats's (.'otton. I 
 
 Near the central entrance of Machinery Hall was ex- 
 hibited the novel maehincry used in the mannfactnre of ■ 
 
 binder are: 
 the s]inol, and ■' 
 
 the cotton of Yles-^rs. J. k P. Coats, of Piii.4ey. ficotlaud. i 
 This inachineiw showed the entire manufacture from the j 
 time the thread leaves the bleachery. After this process, it i 
 is brought in the fonu of hanks to swift.s, on which it is 
 ])laced in skeins, and from these run off, or spooled, on | 
 large bobbins preiiarutoiw’ to winding. Tbe.se large bobbins | 
 ai'e placed on the winding-machine, and the thread on them , 
 
 of the pi.ii 
 iiished ill t 
 them- 
 
7 -/,// //--/-'/ ///A// IT~F/ 
 
 ffiEDRIKSIIftlO 
 
 iMMmi 
 
 wfiifm/rTh 
 
 NORWAY 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 203 
 
 aheets. DiEBciilties, however, necurrwT in the management 
 of this, due partly to inability to dispose of the jirinted 
 sheets with suflieient rapidity ; and it was not until 1853 
 that the successful web 2>crfectiug-presse3 became estab- 
 lished, iniiinly through the invention of Victor Beaumont, 
 of Xt'w York, wlio imtented the semited cutting blade, set 
 lengthwise in one of the jiair of cutting cylindfi's, having 
 clastic surfaces inserted to hoM the i)iH)er on each side of 
 the cutting blade when the sheet is cut from the web. 
 Finally a French inventor, about 1850. derfsed the process 
 of flexible pnphr-nviche matrices, rendering it practicable 
 to i‘!ust the tyiie-jdates to Jit the cylinders. 
 
 The invention of the press, to the illustmtiuii of which in 
 the Histohic'al Hegister we would direct the attention of 
 our readers, may be .siiid to have comidetely revolutionized 
 the I'rinting art. In the yciU- 18(52 the printing-2>ress had 
 reached that stage 
 when, by means of tho 
 imiiortant invention of 
 Eichiu'd M. Hoe, r>f 
 Xcw York, a printeil 
 sheet could be laid 
 down at each vil)rntion 
 of the machine. At 
 this time, however, 
 ])rcsses only jirintcd 
 one side of the sheet at 
 a time, aii<l had to be 
 fed with the .sheet by a 
 sc2)aratu attendant to 
 each cylinder. The 
 iiivc-ntiou by William 
 Bullock of his Sclf-fccd 
 Rotary I’l'rfecting or 
 Web Printing-j)rcss wa.s 
 tho final etej) in tho 
 jirogi'ess of construc- 
 tif?n, BO far as these 
 machines were con- 
 cerned, beyond which 
 no iinjn'ovement Inus as 
 Vet been devised. 
 
 Willitun Bullock was 
 born in (trecne County, 
 M, Y.. in 1813. At an 
 early age he disjilayed 
 a talent for mechanical 
 constiuction. HLs im- 
 derstaudiug of the ca- 
 pacity of mechanism 
 seems to have amounted 
 to veritable genius — ao 
 much so that no ma- 
 chinery could come 
 under his observation 
 without an effort on his 
 jjart — generally sueeess- 
 ful — to imiirov(; it. The 
 consecpienco Las been 
 that he is the nirthor of 
 many inventions in va- 
 rious brandies of me- 
 chanical eon.strnction 
 other than that of tho 
 printing - jiress ; and, 
 indeed, his first attempt 
 in this direction was tho 
 invention of an auto- 
 matic sh e e t - f e u d c r, 
 ivhich coidil be aiijilied 
 to the ordimny iiaud 
 jn'oeess. This was about 
 lifteeii years ago, and 
 that innirovemeut still 
 sustains its jHisition. At 
 one time he was tho 
 edit u' and imblisher of 
 a iveekly iiajier at Cats- 
 kill, X. Y. ; and, being 
 forced to sujiiily a 
 lirinting- jires-s for his 
 esbddishment without 
 lia%'iiig the neees.s,ary 
 means to purchase one, he was able within u week, with the 
 aid of local mei'haihc.s, to jivoduce such a press as lie 
 needed, and issued liis iiaper on the iiroiier day of imblica- 
 tion. This was liis first 2ire.s.s, and it was made entu-ely of 
 wood, and mostly by his own hands — tho bed, however, 
 
 I being of stone, and the iniiiression being made by a 
 I wooden roller. Even in this jn'css ho developed a novel 
 I and original idea It was a flat-bed jiress, having a series 
 I of iiiijireiision cylindeix, connected by an endless chain, by 
 I means of which thi'V traversed over the form and aroiuul 
 I it eoutiunou.sly, It is an incident in the history of this, 
 uhieh he termed the Chuin-running I’ress, that it was em- 
 I'loyed by Mr, Frank Leslie to print tho edition of hi.i 
 ///asfmfeJ Weir.sprper which contained the first account ol 
 i the fight between Heenan and Sayers, with the illustrations. 
 About the veai- 18(50 Mr. Bullock commciiced to develop 
 
 eompi-titors at. tlr' out-set by beginning a series of daily 
 concerts immediately after tlii' Exhibition ojiencd, given 
 by Mr. .Tolm W. Pattison, of Xew York, an artist well , 
 known to concert -goers throughnut the country, and 
 whoso abihty ii uuiver.saUy confessed. Every day, at 
 one o'clock, a crowd gathered around the Welier iuclosurr, 
 and listened with dehght intil 51 r. Pattison had finished | 
 his iirugrammc of four or ii.c‘ iiicecs, often good-naturedly ; 
 siiliiilenicnted by one or two others, at the iccpiest of ]'cr- . 
 SOL'S ill the audience. These nritals were kejit nj) until : 
 the close of the Exhibition, ami \vcre a .source of gratifiea- ! 
 tiou to the fliousaiuls of visitors. It was certainly a severe 
 test for a 2'i.ino to be played in the midst of the noise 
 caused by the movement of the thousands of jicoific in 
 the monster JIain Building; and that the Weber “extra 
 grand ’ disiilayed the- i>uwer of making itself heard dii- ' 
 tiiictly at a eousider- 
 able distance, without 
 liarshnes.s or stridiaiey 
 of tone, wius certainh' 
 greatly to its ereilit. 
 
 The tone of all of 5Ii', 
 
 Weber’s iiistrmiieiits is 
 I'haraetei'ized by bril- 
 liancy of jiuwer. His 
 upright jiiiiiios ]ios- 
 scs-Bcd many of the 
 good i]ii!ditics of the 
 Fvemdi and (.iermun up- 
 rights, with ji more 
 powerful tone. It is 
 stated tliiit the only 
 reason for retaining so 
 long (lie cumbersome 
 square piano in this 
 country after it had 
 long been abandoned in 
 Eurojic lias been that 
 .Vine rican nuinufiic- 
 turers either would not 
 or could not nuke good 
 and diirablo uxnights, 
 hi the ease of the Weber 
 iqn-iglit this objection 
 lias been utterly done 
 away with. Its tone is 
 in all re.si'ects as good 
 as that in the sijuaro 
 ^lianos. Meanwhile, his 
 ■•grand” pinno.s has’o 
 been warmly prui&eil by 
 such distinguished 
 musicians as Pareiia- 
 Rosii, XiUson, Lueea. 
 l)e 5Iursku, Wc'lili, 
 
 Kellogg, Htrauss, and 
 111. my othei-s. 
 
 -Vs to the cases of 
 tliese pianos, tliose of 
 two ujii'iglits and one 
 of the ‘ • grands ” shown 
 by 5Ir. Weber di.siilayed 
 admirabli' taste and skill 
 ill the inlaying of vari- 
 ous M'oods u]'on ebony 
 fi- wid.iiit b.iekgrcmi:ds 
 and were iv faiu'i>rise to 
 many visitors, who 
 were not ])re|ured to 
 find outside of the 
 Italian and French see- 
 lions such artistic work 
 in this line. In ajirivute 
 interview one of Hie 
 judges said ; • ' Weber's 
 jiianos wore uiicjue.stiuu- 
 ably the best jiianos on 
 exliil.'itioii. VVe b e r ' s 
 grand jiiaiio was the 
 most wonderful piano 
 
 I ever touched or _ 
 
 Iieiird.” The method oi' 
 judgment as to tie 
 
 tone, rjuulity, ecjuality, and toueli was by a range of figures, 
 tlie higliest being six, the lowest one. Kuch judge made 
 his figures on these jioiuts. and these figures were the 
 fundamental basis of all the awards. Thus the highest 
 possible figure, adding up the numbers of each judge on 
 each of tile iioiiits, would be 24 ; or, if all the judges 
 agreed, tlie highest itossible number for any instnimeiit 
 would be 9(5, Weber’s reaching 95. 
 
 Tnu Bn. 
 
 ■;ss CVimiuny’s Exinim'. — I 
 
 •A 'Tl Si I pHlST!SG-I’ItI->«. I 
 
 The history of jiriuting in America commences with the ' 
 tir.st iirinting-jire.ss in the American Colonics being set uj) ' 
 at (-'anibridgc, Mass., in 1G39. It was jirocnrcd, by sub- 
 scrii>tioii, from Amsterdam, and was given to the college, 
 with a font of tyi>e of 49 I'oumls. On this jircss was ■ 
 
 printed, in 1683, the first edition of ‘'Elliot’s Indian 
 Bible,” which wius wholly .st't up by an Indian, was three 
 years going through the jiress, and was the first Bible 
 I'rintecl iu America. William Bradford e.stfiblished a jires-s 
 in Philadelphia in ItiMG. and in New Y'ovk in 1692. One 
 was in existence iu Chai-lestou, S. C., iu 1730. Suvumiah, 
 (fit., had one in 1762; Teimessee and Ohio iu 17i)3; and 
 the first jiriiiting wc.st of the Mis-sissiiqii was done at 
 St. Louis, in 1808. But all of these im's.se.s were con- 
 .structed on the old in'inciitle of the aiqilicatioii of the 
 screw, the first important modificiitiou of which was that 
 devised by E:irl Shmlioiie, wliieh combined the screw witli 
 the bent lever, liarfng a Ciirriage for the form, which could 
 bo run in under the jviint of iwe-ssiire and readily with- 
 drawn. In 1790 5Ir. 'William Nicholson, of England, took 
 out a imtent for a cylinder machine, which hud also an ink 
 
 aiquc-atus. This jn-ess was never brought into use, but 
 furnished the sugge.stiou for after constructors. The first 
 cylinder ]>ress nm by ateiuii was built for the Lomloii 
 by Frederick K-uiig, of Siixony. and the number fur 
 November 28tli, 1814. was •workeil by it at the rate of 1,1(X) 
 iiu2)ressions jicr horn'. In 1827 M<’s.srs. Ajiplegath A' 
 CowiK'V constructed a ]>res.s with four impretwion eyHudii-s, 
 the tyjie being placed on the surface of the cylinder for the 
 fii-st time. The London Fow-s- -was the first newsiiiqier to 
 ado{)t this inqa'ovement. and this w.is tlie beginning of all 
 cylinder i>res.st's. 
 
 Tlu' web iH'rfccting-jjress owes its origin to Sir Rowland 
 Hill, chiefiy famous for his advocacy of jienny-iioatage iu 
 Great Britain, who obtained lettcrs-jiateiit in 1835 for a 
 ]>ri.ss of this character — that is, one cajiable of i>rinting a 
 roll of paper on both sides, and cutting and piling the 
 
204 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 the idea of the Rotarj- Self-feed nr VTeb PerfeetinR-press. 
 his object being to contrive a machine wliich should be fed 
 from rolls of paper at both ends of the press, with such an 
 arrangement of mechanism as should permit the sheets of 
 paper to pass each other without interference while both 
 were being printed, each end making its own delivery. 
 This conception lulvanced. however, nuly to the constnic- 
 tion of a large working model, which is still in existence, 
 and the idea was abandoned for a form more simple and 
 practical, and which resulted in the construction of a ma- 
 chine for the Cincinnati Times, about the yci\r 1861, whicli 
 was a success so far as its operation wius conceme<l. A diffi- 
 culty, however, occurred in the construction of this and 
 several succeeding machines which were improvements 
 upon it, in the fact that they lacked strength and solidity. 
 Mr. Bullock now went to Xew York, and for a few years 
 continued bis efl'ort.s in the same direction, having always 
 in view liis original design, only a iJortion of which he liad 
 thus far succeeded in perfecting. By 18G5, however, he 
 had produced a press which answered to his original inten- 
 tion ; and, having foimed a company for its manufacture, 
 he exhibited a completed machine in Philadelphia in 18(37, 
 built by him for a newspaper in that city. During its 
 exhibition Jlr. Bullock unfortunately 
 met with an accident, receiving a seiious 
 injury, from the effects of whiL-li he 
 died on the 15th of April, in the same 
 year, in tlie 55th year of liis age. 
 
 The death of the inventor did not, 
 however, interfere with the successful 
 prosecution of hi.s pimpose. The manu- 
 facture of liis invention was fortunately 
 in the han<ls of a corripany of gentle- 
 men possessing energy, integrity, and 
 the necessary means for advancing its 
 iiitere.sts. One by one the leading 
 newspapei-s of the United States adopted 
 the Bidlock Press, and the Xew A'ork 
 Hemhl, on the 10th of Felmiary, 1.875, 
 comparing this machine uith that 
 which they had used previous to its 
 adoption, stated that. “'While their 
 previous press had excited wonder and 
 admiration from the rapidity and ac- 
 curacy with which it turned out printed 
 sheets by the hour, the performance of 
 even so modern an invention is .sur- 
 passed by that of the Improved Bullock 
 Self - feeding Pre.ss, which performs 
 double the work. It jirints a quadruple 
 sheet of tlie Hn-nhl at one impression, 
 and needs the attentlance of three men 
 only." The preceding one had required 
 hfteenmen to work it effectively. The 
 Hn-nM remarked, further: “The Bul- 
 lock Press is fed from a wide and end- 
 less roH, tlie sheet is printed on both 
 .sides, iind is depo.sited on the receii er 
 a perfect HenthL Evers’ portion of the 
 machinery is niidor the eye of the 
 pressman, who can easily detect and 
 correct any iiTegnlarity, and the de- 
 livery of the printed sheets is iierfected 
 with a jirecision not attained in any 
 otlier pre.ss. " M'ith regard to its ap- 
 plication to the necessities of He 
 Hemhl, it may be remarked that caeh 
 roll of paper used in that office is 
 upward of three miles long, and mi 
 an average 30 of these rolls arc used 
 for each edition of the pajier. T1 k‘ 
 average production of the Bullock 
 machine is 30,000 per hour, the ma- 
 chine printing and cutting two cojiies 
 for eneh delivery on the receiving-tables. The New A'ork 
 .8r/w, u-hich adoptesl the Bullock Press in substitution for 
 the one prertoiisly used, eommeuded it by s.iying; " '^'heii 
 our seven Bullock Pve.sst'S are working, we can tnni off. 
 without extravagant iLssertiou, 210, (X30 eopie.s an hour.” 
 
 JInre than fifty of these presses are now in use in the 
 iiewsiiaper oUices of the jniiicipal cities of the I'nited 
 suites. The papei-s employing them include the New York 
 /[•■mill, Sun, and German Press As.soeiatioii ; Brooklyn 
 Ai-'/'is: Boston Ifei-'il'l; Philadelphia Gennun Demnkmt 
 and Pj-ess; Chicago Tini’^s and T’ibune; Indianapolis 
 Jij'iriinl; Cincinnati Kiiqnlrei-; San Fi'.iiieisco Pvsl; Balti- 
 more Xeirs; Louisville f'ourier-./oio'niil; Chicago Lih'r- 
 Ocf'in ; aud the Goveriiineiit Printing Office at "Wsishing- 
 ton. The New York Iferiihl aud .S’"a hai’e each in use* 
 eight of the Bullock machines. 
 
 The Bullock Press, being composed entirely of cylindei’s, 
 iiiid lm\iiig no reciprocating motion, is caj>able of being nin 
 at the highest pos.sible .speed consistent with .Siifety. In 
 feefling it, rolls of paper containing thon.sands of sheets are 
 employed — these resting either on the press or being 
 placed so iieai- to it as to be drawn by slight tension into it, 
 when the paper, i)as.siug between the feeder and the im- 
 pression cylindei’s, is printed on one side. Immeiliately 
 thereafter the uiiprinted side is met and printed by 
 
 [ Pruiting-press Mill be readily niidei-stood by those familiar 
 ! with the article. These include, first, nvieiv of the pres-s it-sidf ; 
 
 ' second, the -sprinkler, used for damping the jiaper before 
 this hius pas.sed into the impression-cylinder to be printed. 
 On I'age ’272 is presented the metal-melting furnace and 
 ' mold for ca.stiiig curved stereotype ])late.s ; and on page 
 ■ 273 is the matrix-machine, and also the curved-plate finish- 
 ing machine, which reduces the stereotype plates to the 
 requisite thickness and to proper conformity with each 
 other, .so iw to coiTcspond in their respective surfaces 
 pre.sented on the iieriiihery of the type-cylinder for re- 
 ception by the impre.ssion-cyliuder. Had not our space 
 for this subject been limited ive should liave noticed se\’- 
 cval other novel mechanical contrivances in connection 
 with fast jirinting- presses. Mr. Bullock's invention has 
 been honored by the medals of the Frunkhu Institute', 
 of Philadi'lphia. and other institutions, including the Elliott 
 Crasson Gold l\Iedal — a most honorable testimonial. 
 
 Tin: Lyali. Positivf. ^VEotiox Loom. 
 
 Messrs. T. A- W. Lvaul, of Ncm- York, made a mo.st 
 interesting and imi>ortant display in their exhibit of their 
 “ Positive Motion Loom System.” The principal feature of 
 this invention is found in the jiositive and self-regnlating 
 motion of the shuttle, to which have been added by the 
 
 another pair of similar cylinders — which operation com- 
 pletes the printing of the entne sheet, M'hich is then sepa- 
 rateil by cutting-cylinders into h\’o complete copies of the 
 newspaper, and thus delivered on the receiving-table or 
 fiy -board. This jiress Is only 12 feet long by of high, 
 occupying about one-quarter of the s^iace required by its 
 immediate predecessor. It does double the work which 
 that one did ; an<l, by reducing the staff of workmen which 
 that requii’ed from 15 to 3, it effects an enormous aiving of 
 expense. Another important feature in the absolute value 
 of this pres.s is, that it is the simplest of all printing ma- 
 chines, is without difficulty kept in good working order, 
 and, con.sidcring the severe strain upon it. Is remurlcably 
 (Inrable. Some of them in use twelve yearn ai'e still in 
 active operation mid working efficiently. 
 
 The Bullock Press was the forerminer of its cla.s.s, and 
 the model which all others that have since ajqieared have 
 followed, without iinproring upon it. There is, in fact, no 
 possibility of improving upon it by any invention in the 
 same ilirection. To effect this, it would he necessary for an 
 invention to be made radically different in its conceptimi 
 and construction. 
 
 The engrav'ings M’hieh we give illustrating the. Bullock 
 
 inventors other novel movements in mechanical combina- 
 tions, which vastly increa.se the value of their machines. 
 Five of these looms were on exhibition in Machinery Hall, 
 and vieM’s of these seen from different position.s ai’e given 
 on page 304. The other machinery exhibit comprised a 
 bag-loom, wliich M’euves four small bags in one operation ; 
 the eiu’pet loom ha'ving a capacity of 100 yards of carpet 
 per day ; the ten-quarter cotton- loom, which is msed by the 
 New York Mdls and the 'Wamsiitta Mills in the manufacture 
 of tbeii’ celebrated sheetings and fabrics of great M’idth. and 
 the loom for making oil-cloth of 8 yards width and 40 
 yards length in 10 honi-s. It is stated that this latter 
 machine could in a little more than six mouths produce 
 enough oil-cloth to cover the entire vast area of NIachinery 
 Hall. 
 
 The advantago.s of the Lyal! system are numcrou.s and 
 ol.irions, an important one being that the looms can he 
 adapted to any material from the finest silk to the heaviest 
 carpet. Another is, that smaller power is required in 
 running them, and that the necessary operatives are re- 
 duced to a minimum, one girl being sufficient to conduct 
 the wea\iug of fabrics of the greatest width and the 
 hoariest body. The Judges' award for this mechanism 
 gave a medal and diiiloma : First, for 
 the invention of a positive motion ; 
 second, for its wide range of applicabil- 
 ity ; third, fitnes.s for the purijose in- 
 tended; fourth, excellence of design, 
 construction and working; fifth, 
 variety, extent and importance of the 
 looms exhibited ; sixth, utility and 
 economy. 
 
 The Lyall Semuno-jiachixe. 
 
 In the section in Machinery Hall 
 devoted to the exhibits of 13Iessvs. 
 James & Lyali was presented a 
 fine ilis 2 Dlay of their imiirnved sewing- 
 machine. This machine, while it re- 
 sembles the ordinaiy article in many 
 resiiects, is ven’ different in some of 
 its most important particulars, haring 
 been so improved ns to work at a 
 remarkably high rate of speed, this 
 being one of its special fenbires. 
 Other improvements lu-e tlie dispensing 
 with the different angular working 
 parts, the number of working parts be- 
 ing considerably reduced, and those 
 being retained so mranged ns to re- 
 quire but little oil, and to be easily 
 accessible to the operator, It is statcil 
 that on account of its similarity of 
 structure, and the fact that it is manu- 
 factured of the very best materials, thi~ 
 machine can ho run by skillful opera- 
 tors three times faster than any other 
 shuttle machine, costing less to keeji 
 it in reiuiir, and lasting very much 
 longer than any other in the market. 
 At the exhibition in Miiehinery Hall 
 they M’ere seen in operation, the work 
 for -which they were employed being 
 that of edging corsets. 
 
 A very remarkable jiiece of M-ork- 
 maiishii) in bird-cage manufacture w:iis 
 exhibited in Agricultural Hall by the 
 Oshonie Manufacturing Company, of 
 New York. This was an aviary or 
 manufactured bird-cage, de.signed in 
 imitation of Horticultural Hall. It 
 wa.s of metallic finish, nickel - idateil 
 under the Osborne jiatcnt, aud received a diploma of 
 award and medal from the Judges. The advantage of tlio 
 Osborne patent in the coustniction of bird-cages consists 
 in the neatnes.s of result, its vermin-proof qualities, and 
 its workmanship, in which are combined elegance, durability 
 and safety to the inmate. Numerous devices for feeding, 
 BM’inging and perching are original inventions, resulting 
 from the experience of skilled workmen. 
 
 Ukited States Corset Compan-y'h Exniu t. 
 
 Up to 1861 the corsets use<l in America -wero imported 
 chiefly from Germany, -M-here they were v’oven by hand- 
 looms. During the Rebellion the price.s of these goods 
 became so high that few could wear even the commoner 
 qualities of the imported article. For this reason, seM’ed 
 corsets came into general use on account of cheapue&s, hut 
 failed to become satisfactory to consumers to the extent 
 •which would characterize the woven goods previoitsly used. 
 After the' war the demand for foreign and ii-oven goods 
 continued to increase largely and steadily, until the United 
 State.s Corset Company of New York, through the use 
 of the patent wonderful jiositive motion loom, were en- 
 abled to manufacture corsets -which were deemed to be 
 more perfect in fit, durability and shape than imported 
 ones, and at rates one-third less than these cost. 
 
H/STORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENXIAL EXPOSITION, 
 
 205 
 
 Tina company exliibiteil in Machinery Hall, and our illus- 
 tration on page 305 displays a corset-loom in operation, 
 where it stood west of tiie Corliss Engine. "We also give a 
 rcijreseutatiou of the exhibit of the Company's corsets as dis- 
 played in the Jlain Building and Machinery Hall. The 
 corset-loom is a combination of positive motion, the power- 
 Ijom with Jacquard appomtus, combiuing three of the 
 greatest inventions ever made to facilitate the art of weav- 
 ing. The webs with every gus.sct and gore are woven by 
 one opeiutioD, the artic:le leaving the loom in a iinished con- 
 dition. In olden times live corsets per day was the capacity 
 <jf the haiid-looiu of the German weaver, but by this ma- 
 i-hine b4 can be produced in the same time, anil of infinitely 
 superior quality. 
 
 Biscuit an'i> Ciucker Exhibit in AoKicunTURAL H.ai,l. 
 
 Among the numerous exhibits of crackers, that of ^lessrs. 
 E. J. LaiTabee it Co., of Albany, Xew York, iu Agricultu- 
 I'ul Hall, w'as one of the most attractive, including as it did 
 ueni-ly 3U0 different styles of fancy biscuit and cracker, all 
 mauufuctiu'cd by this firm, and a part of their regular 
 stock. One species exhibited was so small as to require 
 l.tlOO to make a pound. These received the name of 
 ' ' Centennial Dot. " The Oswego biscuit, manufactured 
 from the Oswego prepared corn, a recently introduced 
 article, wo-s also exhibited, and has become deserv- 
 edly popular. The (Jharcoal biscuit, iu which char- 
 coal is used, on account of its beneficial effects in 
 dyspepsia, although medicinal in its uses, is also most 
 pidatable. This establishment claims to use uothfng 
 but the very best flour, carefully excluding all inferior 
 and impure substances. Its manufacture gained a 
 medal and diploma for “extent, variety and .skill iu 
 manufacture," 
 
 The PoKTrauE.SE Pavilion. 
 
 The headquarters of the Portuguese Commission 
 stood on the Lausdowue drive, east of the Agiicul- 
 tund Hall Avenue, near the Restaurant Lafayette, and 
 opposite the Swedish sehoolhouse. It wa-s u modest 
 and very picturesque structure, formed iu what the 
 architects call the Renais.saueo i>avilion style, and was 
 50 feet sipiare by 14 iu height. It \vas constructed 
 under the immediate supervLsion of Jlr. Edwiird 
 Sayre.s, Portuguese Consul at Phihulelphia, and was 
 ornamented by porches around three sides of the 
 building, its shape being octagonal, crowned with a 
 dome and tower. The iiorch to the south gave 
 admittance to the main parlor, an octagonal arm of 
 20 by 30, the entnuico to the centre being by u 
 double door. The cost of the building wo.s 33,001). 
 and it was elegantly carpeted and furnished. 
 
 Centenni-al Disi’lay of Live-.stock — Sbeei’ 
 
 AND Swine. 
 
 Our illustration of the display of sheep and swine 
 in the live-stock exhibition at the Ceutemiial includes 
 the following auiinuls ; 
 
 No. 1. A merino rani, over 
 Paterson’s Mills, Pennsylvania. 
 
 No. 2. The ram •' Stub," from Bridpo 
 imd 5 mouths old. 
 
 No. 3. A. merino ewe, name “Six Ewes,’ 
 
 Biidport, Vt. , 1 year old. 
 
 No. 4 is a (,!ot.swoId mm from 
 England, 3 years and 8 inontlis old, 
 
 Dr. H. Howe, of Rhode Island. 
 
 No. 5 is a South-Down ewe, one of the sev 
 exhibited by Samuel J. Shaiqiless, of Philadelphia. 
 
 No. G, also another by Mr. Shaiq>les.s, is u South- 
 Dowu ram. named “Prince Arthur,” whiU*, 2 years 
 old, bred by Lord Walsiugham, of Mertou. England. 
 
 Nos. 7 and 8 are Oxford- Down ram and ewf. ••Duke 
 of Oxford." imported. 2 veal’s old, in jieu with four ewes. 
 
 No. 9 is a South- Down ram, lambed iu 1H74, from 
 Richmond Hill, Ontaiiu. 
 
 No. lU is a Shireling South-Down ewe. bred from im- 
 ported stock in Outaiiu. 
 
 SlcillK. 
 
 No. 1. Suffolk boar, “Tom Bush,” from Cheltenham, 
 Ontario, farrowed March, 1875. 
 
 No. 2 is the Sufl'olk sow "IMaggie,” of Ciinada. farrowed 
 March. 1874. 
 
 No. 3. Berkshire sow “Belladonna,” 3 yeai-s old, bred at 
 Hounslow, England. 
 
 No. 4 is a Berkshire boar, “Gloucester of Liverpool,” 1 
 year and 7 mouths old, bred by exhibitor, of Burlington, 
 New Jersey. 
 
 No, 5 in our illustration of swine is the Berkshire 
 ^England) boar "Collier,” 10 months old. black with white 
 points. 
 
 No. G is the small Yorkshire .sow “ Princess,", 2 years 
 and 5 months old, white, imported fi'om Manchester, 
 England. 
 
 No. 7. Small Y'orkshire boar “ King William,” white, 13 
 months old, bred at Bristol, England. 
 
 No. 8. Pair of Chester fat white swine. 4 years old ; male, 
 1,000 pounds ; female, SOO ; from Willistown, Penn.sylv.inia. 
 
 No. 9. Chester white sow, “Betts,” 17 months old, with 
 litter, from West Chester, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The N.atios.al Wood MANUF.AfrritiNii Company’s 
 Exhibit. 
 
 This company, whose establishment is located at 950 
 Broadway, New Y'ork, made a fine exliibit of its jicculiar 
 manufacture in the Maiu Building of the Centennial, sc-lee- 
 tious from which we present among our illustrations- Tliis 
 is an article of wood caipeting. an invention the result of a 
 desire for some itiijirovcment in the appearance of wood 
 floors without resorting to costly inlaid woods in marquetry 
 and mosaiu patteru.s. Hui'd-wood finish having of lute 
 yeoi’s been generally employed iu the interior constniction 
 of the better class of dwellings, the fashion eonfoniiing the 
 style of floor-covering to tliis has not unnaturally followisl. 
 To bring this within the means of ordiuai’y purses, some 
 such iuA'ention as the one we lu’e considering was necessiuy. 
 and that of the National Wood Manufacturing Company 
 has, after several yearn’ test, proven its capacity to answer 
 the requirements of durability, beauty and economy. 
 
 The wood-carjieting is muimfactm'ed from u'oods one- 
 quarter of ail inch iu thickness, bucked with canvas, and 
 can h<‘ produced iu ornameiital designs of every desci-iption 
 and to suit every taste. It is found to poase.s.s all the 
 
 advantages of hard-wood floors, without preseiiting any of 
 thi'ir defects, and may be laid to advantage in jiarloi-s, 
 dniwiug-rooms and libraiies. It is su.sceptible of being 
 used iu eoimt*otion with Persian rugs or Turkish eariiets, 
 either by having one of these laid in the centre and an 
 ornamental border of wood-carpctiiig from 24 to 30 inches 
 wide surrounding it, or the entire floor wood-carpeted and 
 rugs placed upon it as funiiture. It is also especially 
 adapted for covering stall's, being reiiilOy laid, and, with 
 ordinary care, very diu’able. For wainsi'otiug pmposes it is 
 .secured to the wall with luiildiugs, ivlieve it appears to 
 great lulvaiitage, giving a highly ornameiital aiipearunce to 
 that portion of the interior of the room. It may also be 
 used for p.auelings upou yalLs, or indeed iu any situation 
 where a wood finish is desirable. 
 
 The title ■wood-caiqietiug is appropriately applied to these 
 inlaid wood floorings, siueo they produce the effect of 
 carpets of the most est'cmed patterns now in use in Eiirojie 
 aud America. They, howeviu’, are a decided improvement 
 upon ciu’pets of any kind iu durability, and particularly in 
 the readines-s with which they can be kept clean. Another 
 advantage M’hich these coverings possess over caiYets will 
 at once approve itself to every lionsekeeper. This is the fact 
 that they are not affected either by moth or other deteiiora- 
 tiou from dust and other similar causes. 
 
 The wood-caiqK'tiug is made in three-quart.’V and yard 
 
 wide sizes, the principal woods employed being walnut, 
 ash, Oiik, maple and cheiTV. For fanc.y floors there oi'e 
 used rosewoi >d, nuiarautli. holly, mahogany, tulip and ebony. 
 In laying this covering the sections ai'e accurately fitted 
 together aud secured with flue wire nails, the surface being 
 afterwards covered with wax, or oil and .shellac. This com- 
 pany is also mauufactiuiug liuvd-wood floors, one inch or 
 more in thickneas, iu which the difficulty of shrinkage is 
 entirely avoided, a solid, heavy floor being laid, which i.s 
 neither affected by luoistiiro or furnace heat, both which 
 inriuence.s ai’c found to be injm’ious to the imported piinpiH 
 flooi-s. Ill houses already built, however, it is found desir- 
 able to u.se the wood-carpeting, whose thickness — quai'ter- 
 ineh — does not interfere \i'ith the doors, and forms an even 
 .surface with the centre carpet or rug. 
 
 The Hoe Printino-pre.ss. 
 
 Tlie first two-cyliiulcr press in tliis country was coii- 
 stnicti'd by Robert Hoe, with his partner, Sereno Newton ; 
 and to the inventive genius of Messrs. Hue is lurgely 
 dne the advance to almost absolute perfection of this species 
 of meehanism. Rieluu’d M. Hoe, who inherited the ability 
 imd energy of his father, coutiimed the business and 
 opened a new era iu the manufacture of printing-presses. 
 •’The Hoe Double-cylinder Press” was foflowed by Hoe’s 
 Lightning Pres.s ; then other, larger and better mu- 
 chiiies followed iu quick .succession, until Hoe’s eight 
 and ten-cylinder jiresses were list'd in nearly all the 
 great news]iaper offices of tlii.s countiw, and in many 
 of those abroad. The most recent invention of 
 Mi’ssrs. Hoc is a perfecting preas (see page 2G8). 
 capable of printing 15,000 copies per hour of an 
 eight-page newspaper, or 28,000 or 30,000 coi>ies of 
 a diiiilicak'd four-page newspaper, from a roll of 
 paper 52 inches wide and several miles iu length. 
 The sheets of either an eight or fonr-page newspaper 
 are delivered from the pre&s folded. The gieat ad- 
 vantage of this machine over the Hoe lightning 
 rotary press are such ns rapidly to displace the use 
 of the latter by substituting this new masteiqnece of 
 the Mossi's. Hoe's ingenuity. 
 
 A notable featnre of this jiress i.s the fact of the 
 ubspiiee of noise nr vibration even when the mai'hiiio 
 is running at a high sjas-d. This is dne, doubtleas, to 
 the peouliiu’ity of its constniction. The fii-st .side of 
 the paper i.s printed on the first pail’ of cylindei-s, 
 consisting of one type and one inipi'easiou-cylinder, 
 over which hangs the roll of paper. The second 
 .side is printed by the second pan-, which comprises 
 likewise one type and one iinpn'asioii-cylinder — tlio 
 latti-r, however, being larger than the former, and 
 situated beneath it. This is so iu order that the set-off 
 from the fresh ink shall not fall continually mi the 
 same surface of the blanket. The result of this ar- 
 i“.iugemeut is that only every fourth sheet touches 
 the same part of the blanket, giring tliis, therefore, 
 time to di"}’. The combination includes a movable 
 tympan, which can be changed if it gets too black 
 or becomes defective. From the .second jiair of 
 cylindei’s the sln-et passes to the third pair, which act 
 as the cutting-cylinders — the lower one haring in- 
 serted rubber jaws with which to receive the edge of 
 the knife prm’ided in the upper roller, mid operated 
 by a cam movement, M’hich projects the blade when 
 it is iiecc.ssai’y to perform its cutting duty, and with- 
 draws it for the rest of the revolution. Li the cutting 
 jirocess there ai’c left upon the sheet small portions, 
 each uhont u quarter of an inch wide, which are 
 niH’ut, thus afi'ording just euougli strength to hold 
 the paper together until it is taken hold of by the 
 tapes, wliieh conduct it to tlie tii’st foldiug-cyliiuler, 
 each paper is folded h-iigthwise. During tho 
 pas-sage of the paper from the first to the second 
 fuKliiig-roIiers it i.s, for single .sheets, cut acro.ss the M'idth 
 of the newspaper. Betv’eeii the first and the second the 
 sheets oi’c divided idternately between the upper mid 
 lower rollers by means of a simple spear-shaped switch, 
 leaving two puiievs to the lower and two to the upper. 
 By this inean-s tlie folder rums at but half the sliced 
 of the press, thms eqnaUzing tho capacity of the latter 
 •with the foldiiig-muchiiie. To place the lower form-iukiiig 
 roller’s iu their iin ijicr loeatiuii in the. jireas, a small traveling 
 carriage is provided. The distribiiting-roUci’s are operated 
 laterally by a triple thread-worm movement, the ink being 
 taken fi’om them by two .six-inch forin-rullers. A register, 
 or eomiter, is fixed to the former preas, mid is operated 
 from the cutting-cylinders by a beveled geiU’ing aud worm 
 movement. This press stands so lo\i' upon the floor that 
 every part of it can be overlooked by the preasmau. An- 
 other important feature is that the plates, roUei's, and 
 smaller parks can be abstracted from the iiresa at the side.s 
 ■without ascending any stejis. Mliieh is a decided advantage 
 to the printer. The workmanshij) throughout is of the 
 highest quality. The shafts of the impreasion-rollei’s, type- 
 rollei’s, and folding-cylinders are of steel, and in every pm-t 
 durability as well as adaptability is insui'ed. It is to this 
 jires-s, with its impoi'taut improvements upou others which 
 have preceded it, that Ameiica largely owes its reputation 
 fur produL’ing the best priutiug-])i'cs.scs in the world. 
 
296 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 Mf-sshs. Elkingtok <St Co.’s ExhhjIT. 
 
 Onv illnsti-ation represents the plaque eutitleJ, “The 
 Pompeiian Toilette,” a .specimen of the miinnfiictiu-e of 
 Messrs, EUiington A.- Co., manufacturing .silversmiths in 
 Biriuingliam, Englnml. with eatabUshments in Louilon, 
 Ijiverpool, and Manchester. The specialties of this firm 
 include reponssf works of art in silver and iron, gold and 
 silver damascened artide.s, doiasunni and champleri enamels 
 on silver and copper, 
 bronze statuary, etc. 
 
 Some account of the 
 Elkington exhibits in 
 the Main Building will 
 be found in its proper 
 place in tliia work : the 
 “Pompeiian Toilette” 
 deserves further consi- 
 deration. This elaboi'ate 
 and beautiful plaque, or 
 jilate, was designed ami 
 made expres-sly for the 
 Centennial Exi>osition. 
 by the designer of the 
 celebrated “Helicon | 
 
 Vase” and “Milton i 
 
 Shield,” being the latest j 
 
 work in repousse by tliis ' 
 
 artist. The subject is | 
 
 one which has become — 
 
 somewhat famous to us _ . 
 
 of late years through 
 
 the artistic efforts of ^ 
 
 Alma-Tadema, Coonmns, and other contemporary paintei-s. 
 In the adoption of a Pompeiian scene, however, for the 
 subject of his work, the present artist lia.s dravui his iu- 
 ppiration from his own conception, guided, of course, by 
 what has been discovered in reference to the manners 
 and customs of Pompeii through the excavations and 
 reproductions of Zahn, Gell. and other's. 
 
 The scene chosen by him presents a Pompeiian lady 
 engaged iu the performance of her toilet and siuTOunded 
 by her assistants, each of whom has in her charge some 
 office ajrpertaining to the impovtint duty in hand. The 
 locality dejucted represents a court in that portion of a 
 Pomi)eiiau house allotted to women. In the backgi'onud 
 are to be seen i-olumua, about which are wreathed masses 
 of creeping vines ; while between them artistic vases, con- 
 taining a gorgeous array of flower's, jrroduce the effect 
 almost of a conservatory. Statues and other ornaments are 
 scattered about the apartment. In the for.‘gi'ound, reclining 
 u])on a couch, covered with rich drapery, with a tiger or 
 leopard skin at her feet, Is the beautiful Pompeiian maiden 
 who Is the subject of the work. The figure is unde to the 
 waist, aird is displayed hnUUng iu one hand a small mirror. 
 About her arms are bracelets 
 in the form of serpents, ami 
 around her neck a rich neck- 
 lace of gems. One slave at her 
 leet adjusts her sandals, an- 
 other stands waiting with some 
 l>ortion of her dress, while 
 the tliird arranges the orna- 
 ments iu her hair. Of the 
 dwellings which have been 
 brought to light in Pompeii, 
 tb.e most important ai'e those 
 of Sallust, Pansa, Castor and 
 Pollux, and JI. Luci'etius, all of 
 which were found to be very 
 rich iu pictures, mosaics, va-ses, 
 bronzes and other ornaments. 
 
 It is a curious fact that in the 
 investigations among the mins 
 of Pompeii no buildings in- 
 dicating poverty iu theii- oc- 
 cupants have been discovered, 
 and it is doubtful if the city 
 had any population except the 
 wealthy. It is only recently 
 that Pompeiian subjects have 
 been utilized in art, although 
 it is more than a century 
 since considerable excavation.^ 
 were made there, and im- 
 portant trea.sures brought to 
 light. The application of this 
 class of subjects to pla.stic and 
 metal work is evidence of ex- 
 cellent judgment and taste. 
 
 The present specimen has perhaps not been surpassed 
 cither in the bi^auty and originoHty of design as applied 
 to this material, or in the delicacy of its handling. 
 
 .Me-s-SRS. MlTX'HELt-, Y.tXCE it Co.’s EXHIBIT OF 
 CH-INDELIERS. 
 
 The exhibit of Me.ssrs. Mitchell. Tance & Co., of oD7 
 Broadway. New York, in the Main Building, included chan- 
 deliers, gas-fixtures, bronze ornaments and tine clocks. 
 
 Our illustrations repre.seut specimens of their wares, and 
 fairly ilisplay their attractive and artistic character. It 
 is unquestionable that these exhibits were quite the hand- 
 somest in their hne. They were located near the centre of 
 the Jluiu Building, at N 49, and attracted genei'al attention 
 and commendation. Ylieu we consider that gas for illu- 
 miuation is an affiiir of little more than half a century, we 
 are smq)ri.sed at the extent of the application of art ideas 
 to the implements and processes connected with its use. 
 
 liEPAIlTilEXT OF rnoIECTION. 
 
 Gas was. in fact, introduced into London in 1814 : Pai'is, 
 1820 ; Boston, 18'22 ; New York, 1827 ; and Pliiladelphia, 
 1835. Prom its first employment, however, the inventive 
 and mechanical spirit of the age has been utilized in its 
 behalf, and the result has been to improve the methods of 
 using it, and to combine with its application to public and 
 domestic employment the most ingenious, original and 
 ornamental and attractive sim'oundings. In the present 
 Exhibition, as iu those of the past, there was considerable 
 competition iu this direction, and it is the highe.st praise 
 which can be given to the firm of Mitchell, Vance & Co., to 
 .say that iu this last competitive disiday they have undoubt- 
 edly borne away the palm for beauty, excellence and 
 completeness of work. One of then- exhibits was a gas 
 chandeUer, designed in the early Greek form of ornamenta- 
 tion. the main stem consisting of a tipering pedestal, 
 ornamented \rith female figures in low relief, supporting a 
 gi'ocefnlly designed Greek vase, garlanded with laurel 
 wreath.s. From the top of the vase the stem is richly 
 ornamented, and is crowned with a canopy formed by a 
 succession of Mons' heads iu liigh relief, hokhug gilt curb- 
 rings in their jaws. Four tinted columns, resting upon 
 
 ornamental bases, surround the stem and support a dome- 
 like structure, upon which are perched four winged animals, 
 impossible to describe. Between the columns are seated 
 four griffins upon pedestals, from which spring the arms, 
 which terminate in burners, representing antique lamps, of 
 chaste and elegant pattern. The chandeher is finished 
 in the style known as verd-antique, reheved by gilding. It 
 has eight lights, and i.s one of the most elaborate works 
 of the kind ever designed or executed in this coimtry. 
 
 Avery graceful seven-light slide library chandelier, in tho 
 Neo Grec style, is ornamented with medalhons, represent- 
 ing Music. Poetry and Histon'. and has a centre sliding 
 Ught with an argand burner. These centre lighls, iu com- 
 bination with a chandelier made to slide, are a great 
 advantage for u.se near a reading-table. In this particular' 
 manufacture the points of excellence are length of slide, 
 strength in the double rods, freedom from heat and smoke, 
 and from the effects of these in soiliug the chamleliei's. 
 
 t)ther advantages consist 
 iu operatmg the balauce- 
 ~ weights, and the ease 
 
 with wliich the gas may 
 be shutoff and the sUde 
 taken out, should it be- 
 come necessary, while 
 the chandelier itself may 
 remain in use. A desigu 
 for a Newell standard 
 with cluster lights pre- 
 sents an American sub- 
 ject in the figure of an 
 Indian warrior with bow, 
 tomahawk and scalping - 
 knife, snstaining the 
 upright on which iho 
 lights are placed. Hang- 
 ing candelabra standards 
 and other ornamental 
 1 methods for apiuying gas 
 
 _ I to illuminating purpo.ses 
 
 were among the exhibits 
 of tins manufacture. 
 
 The irameuse factoi-ies and foundries of Messrs. Mitchell. 
 Vance A: Co. are situated on Twenty-fourth and Twenty- 
 fifth Streets and Tenth Avenue, New York City. 
 
 E. Eemisutov k Son’s BiiEEcn-LOADiNG Arms. 
 Probably none of the millions who nsited the ^laiu 
 Building will have failed to see the magnificent exhibit of 
 Messrs. Kemingtou, on the north side of the building, near 
 the transept. The artistic manner in which the gi'oupiug 
 of theirvarious armswa.s combined, so as to effect a picture, 
 was so novel its to be one of the features of the Exhibition. 
 
 The Eemington system. a.s applied to breech-loaders, 
 made its first public appearance before a Board of United 
 States Army Officers convened at Springfield, Ylass., 
 iu Juimary, 18G5. At this competition Go different guns 
 were represented, among them the well-known Peabody, 
 the Euberts, the Sharp and Burnside, the former with 
 a record at least u.s old as 1850, and several other models of 
 recognized merit. 
 
 Tlie system of the Remingtim carbine tried at Springfield 
 was only a Buggestioii of the wonderful improvements wliich 
 have since been embodied in this arm, and ai>plied to all 
 their various manufacture.s. 
 By 1860 this system was per- 
 fected, and in 1869 a Board 
 of Officers, convened to ex- 
 amine and lest the best sys- 
 tems of breeeh-loading fire- 
 arms, indorsed the Eemington 
 in jrrefereuce to all others. 
 
 Finally a commission of 
 United States Army officers 
 convened in 1870, and de- 
 clared the Remington to be 
 “the best system for tho 
 army of the United States.” 
 This report likewise recom- 
 mended the adoption of the 
 single-barreled Eemington 
 ])i,stol, and from this time, in 
 uU ti-ials, the Eemington arms 
 distanced all competitor's. Our 
 illusti'irtion.s display the pecu- 
 liar' mechanical construction 
 of the breech system of the 
 Remiugtoir arm. The -sinr- 
 plicity of the system, tlu* 
 largeiress of its 
 the natural operation, do away 
 with all necessity for a more 
 elaborate and distinct illnstr'a- 
 tiou. The operation of the 
 arm is specially simple. To 
 load the piece, the hammer is 
 first brought to full ct ck, and 
 the brcech-piece .swruig back 
 bv pressing the thniirb-piece 
 with the thumb of the right hand, the backward motion 
 of the breech-block withdi-awing the discharged shell 
 from th& chamber. The fresh oar-tridge i.s therr inserted, 
 and the breech closed iu one contiuirous nrotioir. The 
 arm is then ready to fire. Tire tests for strength to which 
 this system has been sirhjected by the various mihlury 
 commissions, which have very carefully examined it, 
 abundantly demonstrated its solidity. In no case has it 
 foiled. For convenience of manipulation and cleaning itc 
 

 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 adviLiitagos lu-n juilpablo. This is p.irtiruljirly tlip case in 
 tai'y<‘t--s]jcujtiiig, iiiiLsnuich as one can louk I'litiroly tlirongli 
 the liaiTel from breocli to muzzle, and see that tho bore is 
 lierfeetly ehsm — iiarliciilniiy at the end of tho ohanibor. 
 All Ilcmingtoii single - barreled breech - loading guns, 
 whether riHi> or shot, have been made ui)on this system — 
 the same which has bemi used in the construction of over 
 900,001) military rihes for vaiiona governments. Twi> sizes 
 are made — one for ritle.s weighing from 5J to 8 pniind.s, and 
 the otlier for rifles weighing from 8j to la pounds. With 
 the 22-rifle a practice of lailf an hour a day for a short 
 time, combined with an nrdinaiy amount of steadinc.ss cjf 
 nerve, is sufliciont to make a first -rate oll-himd shot. Ity 
 the use of tho ceiitre-firo ammunition with this arm, it is 
 priieticuble tri n.se a.s licavy a charge of jrmvder as i.s desired 
 without ilangcr to the shell. The Into (leneral Custer, in a 
 letter written to l\Ics.srs. Kcmiiigton, in 1873, describes the 
 results obtained with the Kemington arm during a hunting 
 cxpecbtion, and comments in the highe.st terms upon the 
 success met with in using this rille ; .saying that ho was 
 “more than ever impressed with the many superior ([ual- 
 iti«‘s })osacssed by the system of arms miumfaetured by this 
 firm." 
 
 For the “ Croedmoor Eifle,” new long-miige front ami 
 roixr sights have been arranged — the front sight having a 
 wind-gauge adjustment, and being proviileil with s|)ivit- 
 level and extra disks of the forms in n.sc. when so ordered. 
 The rear-sight is hinged to a biuse-piece secured to a tang 
 on the frame, and is pro^■ided with a screw-adjustment and 
 vernier for reading the elevations to singh' minutes. All 
 this is seen in our illustrations, The rear sight is gmduated 
 into degi-ecs and minutes hy means of the vernier scale. 
 To adjust it the eye-piece is first loosened ; then, after a 
 sight is jiroperly set by means of a screw, the eye-iuece is 
 tightened, and holds the slide firmly, iiTospectivc of the 
 screw, which is inteiuhal only for convenience in adjusting 
 the eye-piece. “ The Creedmoor Eitle,”so called, is that 
 used by Dakin, Fulton. Eodine, Hepburn, Coleman, Far- 
 well, Canlield, Hyde. Eathboue, Croiicli, Saudfor<l, and 
 Webi-r. At the match between the American and Irish 
 teams at Creedmoor, in 1874, tlu' Eemington breech- 
 loader scored 478, the highest iignre reached by any ann. 
 At the match at Dollymouut it shot closer and made more 
 bull's-eyes than any other, 
 
 HorciiE FtLs it Co.’s Exhibit of FniEDBiCHSHALn Bitteu 
 Water in Aoriccltehae Hale. 
 
 The recent iutroductiou of the Fricdrichshall bitter wat(-r 
 in this country has proved a veritalilc boon. This medi- 
 cinal water is imported' from Germany, and is not only 
 greatly favored and frequently jireseribcd by physicians, 
 but is being generally adopted by the public. As it has 
 been recommended by such high scientific nnthorities us 8ii- 
 Hem-y Thompson ami Baron Von Liebig, it is evident that 
 there are good gi-oumls for its popular acceiitation. Onr 
 illustration displays the pretty and uttraetive fonn in which 
 the exhil)it w:is made of this water in AgTicnltnral Hall. 
 
 xiiinrr of the Society for the Phe%'ention of 
 C itiTCLTY TO Animals. 
 
 .\n account of this noble and remarkable exliibit vill 
 be found in another portion of the Hlstorical Eeoisteh. 
 Tile space occui>ied by the articles exhibited was situated at 
 the extreme eastern end of the north side of the Main 
 Building, and wiis prominently indicated by a ])ainted 
 banner. 2.0 feet by 20. suspended from the iron rafters of 
 the roof, and containing the names of tho States an.l Terri- 
 tories os’hero law.s exist for the jirevention of cruelty to 
 aiiinuils. The wall space of the section M'as covered 'with 
 
 Part of horse’s leg, broken by getting caught in a street 
 railroad tiRck. 
 
 An iron pike, used on the traces of a team of coach-horses 
 to make the auinials “niii wide." 
 
 A horse’s hoof, rotted off from tho effects of a nail, driven 
 into the sensitive iamiiia} of the foot by an ignomnt black- 
 smith. 
 
 The skull of a celebrated fighting dog, son of “Brandy,” 
 captured at Cciitrevilie, Long Lslaud. 
 
 A ]iair of steel gaffs, cajitured on a game-cock found 
 fighting ill a cockpit at HaiTy Baxter’s, East Eighty- 
 sixth Street, New York ; 28 men an-ested ; fines imposed, 
 S2H0, and an aggregate imprisonment of nine months. 
 
 A horse's eye, knocked out nith the butt-end of a whip, 
 byTlioma.s Eley ; fiiunl .820 and 10 days iu the city jiri-son. 
 
 A hiile-stii.'k, use<l by F. B. Lauco to beat his horse over 
 the body ; fined 82"). 
 
 Two steel gaffs captured at a cock -pit, at Hunter's 
 Point, L. I. ; 12 men aiTosted. 
 
 A car-hook, used by a car-iiriver on tho Belt line to beat 
 a horse over the body ; fined §10, aud one montli in the 
 peuitentiuiy. 
 
 A portion of a horse's hoof, WTcnched off by being caught 
 in a ab'eet railroad track, Centro Street, New York. 
 
 A dog-fighter's kit, being the contents of a bag belonging 
 to a notoiious dog-fighter, loft in a dog-iiit at Fort Hamil- 
 ton, Oi-toher 1st, 1874, wlu:u ho escaped ; also a miizzlo 
 and blanket belonging to tlio celebrated fighting - dog 
 “Danger,” captured on the .same occa.sion. 
 
 A hatchet, used by Peter Traim>r, who stnick a horse 
 over the head, cutting throrgh the skull ; one mouth in tho 
 peiiihuitiavy. 
 
 Steel gaffs, captured on birds fighting in a cock-pit, at 
 John JlulhoUaud's ; 32 men arrested ; fines SC2Q. 
 
 A portion of a horse’s tongue, which was torn off with a 
 piece of whip-cord by James Euss ; fined 825 and one 
 month's imprisonmi.'iit. 
 
 A wooden burr, taken from the trace between a team of 
 Tiiird Avenue Eailroad car-borscs — used to make horses 
 “run wide.” 
 
 Blacksmith’s twitch, used by Patrick Dugan, a black- 
 smith, who knocked a home’s eye out by striking it on the 
 lu-ad ; fined 825. 
 
 Bit burrs, siiecimens of over 300, cajitm-eil in New York 
 and Brooklyn, used to “torture and torment” hoi-ses, 
 attached to fashionable can'iages. These bit-bun-.s are full 
 of shai'p-pointed tacks, and ai'e placed on either side of tho 
 hoi'se’s mouth, and fastened to the bit. 
 
 Pick-handle, used by Thomas Carey to beat an overloaded 
 horse ; one mouth iu the i>euitentiary. 
 
 A blacksmith’s iron creasing-imnch, u.sed by Anton 
 Buckhardt to beat bis horse over the head and ribs ; fined 
 820 aud five days in the city prison. 
 
 Catenlus. or lumiis of adulterated horse-feed, composed 
 of plaster-of-pai-is, bone-dust, etc,, mixed by feed-dealers to 
 make fine feed -weigh heavy, aud deceive the buyiT. The 
 lumps on exhibition wero found iu the stomach of a horse 
 who died from the efl'ects of the food eaten. 
 
 During the Exhibitinii over 20,000 I'sinff'hlcts were 
 distributed by the Society to rtsitors. 
 
 The above curio.sities are now on pennnuent exhibition 
 at the headquarters of the Society, TAveuty-sccond Street 
 and Fourth Avenue, New York. 
 
 PosT.AL Telegraphy. 
 
 The art of telegraphing in fac-simile has for some time 
 given good promise of coming to working perfection. Mr. 
 W. E. Sawyer, an American electrician, i.s the inventor of 
 the machine we illustrate, upou which there arc seven 
 
 ifiiotogr.iphs illustrating particular cases of cruelty. Besides j 
 the articles rai-ntioucd heretofore, there were exhibited tlio ' 
 following ; j 
 
 knife, n.sed by Patrick Coyle to cut a horse, out of 
 revenge to tho owner ; three months in the iienitentiary. 
 
 A brick, u.sed by August Sami, who was aiTOsted fur , 
 striking a horse on tho body, breaking two of its rili.s. Tho 
 horse hud to be destroyed. Offemler fined 825, and one | 
 month in the i>enitontiary. 
 
 A hammer, used by ‘William Starveyv, who iitrnck his j 
 horse .several blows on its body ; fined 825. 
 
298 
 
 FUHNITUHE OF THK TURKISH HOUSE. 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEKTEXXIAL EXPOSITIOX. 
 
 patents, aiul which gives gciotl reason to snsiject that before 
 long postal telogi'aphy Tvill be uiifiit accninpli. In oriler to 
 ntilizo this invention, the United States Postal TL'legrai)h 
 Company has been organized under the laws of the State of 
 New York, for the purpose of constnicting lines, and 
 operating them under Mr. Sau-yer's patents. This company 
 starts with a capital stock of S2,OUO,OUO, with power to 
 extend to 810,000,000, Since its organization it has chiefly 
 been engaged in aiTangiug for the construction of instru- 
 ments. Such a complete revolution in telegi-aphy as thi.s 
 instnimcnt contemplates requhes that all the api)liances 
 should be perfect in their construction and exactly adapted 
 to the uses for which they are designed. 
 
 The following are the oflicers of the Company : I’rrsi- 
 ilfut, John R. Cecil, of New York ; A. M. 
 
 Allerton, of New Y’ork ; S'Tretnni, Geo, R. "Williamson, of 
 New York ; Treuf:um\ C. A. Kettle, of New York ; frV/,em/ 
 S'lii'-riiilemh’itt, .Tames T. Smith, «>f Hackensack, N. J. ; 
 El-rtr'ninu, W. E. Sawyer, of New York. 
 
 The peculiarity of this instriimeut consists in the fact 
 that by its use a person’s num handwTiting or drawing cun 
 bo transmitted by telegr.aph in i)crfect fitc-simH>^. This is 
 efTected in the following manner, by means of the iu-stru- 
 mi-nt uhieh we have illnstnited. The person desiring to 
 communicate by this means write.s upon ordinary white 
 pa{)er. This me.s-sage is laid upon a metallic plate and 
 p.rssed bi'tween two friction-roUei-s, which exert sufficient 
 l)ressure to transfer the lines of writing from the ])aper to 
 the plate. The metallic plate containing the transferred 
 lines of UTiting being i>laced upon the semi-cylindrical car 
 shown in the engraving, which runs upon a railway, the 
 instnament is set in motion. The opeiutioii of transferring 
 the mes-sage and getting the plate \ipon the instrument, and 
 the instrument in motion, occupies le.s.s than a quarbw of a 
 minute. The metallic i>late is a conductor of electricity. 
 The lines of wilting, however, are non-conductors. Over 
 the cylinder are carried metallic contact-points upon the 
 revolving arms. Whenever a i)oint is upon the metallic 
 Biu'face the electric cunvut pa.s.ses tlu'ough the ear to the 
 line. TSTien a point comes upon a Hue of writing the con- 
 nection is broken, and a dot is made upon the receiving 
 instnimont upon chemically prepared paper placed upon 
 this cylindrical car — the dot being made from a metallic point 
 upon the revolving arms, at whatever jJace upon the chemi- 
 cal paper the record-point may be resting at the moment 
 when the current is broken at the transmitting instrument. 
 The two instruments operate synchronously — that is to say, 
 the point passing over the cyliuihiciil surface in one instru- 
 ment is followed exiuily by the point passing over the 
 cylindrical surface in the other instrument — both record- 
 ing and transmitting points always being at the same rehi- 
 tive point upon both cai-s, no matter how distant the two 
 instruments may be from each other at the sjime time. 
 This is accomirlished by an electro-magnetic detent, which 
 checks the motion of the instminents at every half-revolu- 
 tion, but starts them both as soon a-s both have arrived at 
 
 the same riiative point, so that one instnimont can never 
 giiiu upon the other at the saini' time that tln‘ j)oints are 
 pa-ssing over the cylindrical c.ar. Tiie car is inovi'd longi- 
 tudinally under them, so that they trace fine .s]>iral lines 
 over the blanks, and thus ultimately cover the entire 
 surface' of the ears. The synchronous motion is very rapid 
 and perfect. It is made so by the peculiar eniifioymeut of 
 the electro motor shown in the engraving, with appropriate 
 governing arrangements; the motor making Hi revajlutinns 
 to one revolution of the transmitting or la-cording points. 
 Thus any invgnliirity in tin- revolutions of the motor 
 lialanee-whecl is reduced at the transmitting and receiving 
 pcjints to one-sixtoenth of what it originally was. and henc<‘ 
 perfect regularity is obtained. The motor is never stopped 
 or chocked in the transmi.s-sioii of a message, Imt continues 
 its motion and storing u]> of pow<‘r in the balance-wheel at 
 the same time that the olectro-magnetie det.ait may be 
 holding the cars and revolving arms ut a stind-still. This 
 is nccomplislK'd by a fiietion-spiing connection between 
 the shaft carrying the arms an.l car .and the gearing coin- 
 mmiicating with the motm-. Herein, and in the primiple 
 of the motor application, as well ns the peculiar operation 
 of the magnetic detent, eouaists the value of the invention. 
 
 Au important faet ctdciil.ated to contribute to the p(>im- 
 larity of this method of telegi-aphing i-s its capacity to 
 
 I seiiil a message which is written upon onlinary paircr by 
 ! rmiuing the instriinu-uts in oi>po.site direetion.s. The rate 
 of speed of transmis.sion varies aeoording to the elosene.s.s 
 I of the writing; but tor ordinary writing it writes from 
 I sixty to oni' hundred words ])cr minnt(*. The received 
 mes-sage ap]iears in close, deep-ldue dotted lines npun a 
 white blank. A great advantage in time is gained by tiro 
 fai't that in this system there need be no delay.s at tho 
 : sc-nding station through counting of wcmls, but in less than 
 I fifteen .seconds after the message leaves the hands of the 
 ^ vvTiter it may be funvarded to the rec<-iv<‘r. The jdan to bo 
 adopted ill arranging the system for ]iiiblic iis«‘ will be to 
 1 charge a certain sum of money for whatever is written upon 
 \ the blank, and this, whether five words or fifty words, will 
 I be sent tor one jiriee; since it is of no consequence to the 
 I Company ln>w many words are written upon a blank of 
 '' a eertain sizi*. A great merit of this invention is the im- 
 pos-sibility of its transmitting au en-or, since the machine 
 cannot send one word for another. Resides handwriting, 
 there can be transmitted by this means dra-wings, rnup.s, 
 sketches of scenes or pieces of imu-hinery ; in fact, every- 
 thing that can be made with the pen upon paper. The fact 
 that the machines op<'rat<‘ automatically, arid the transmis- 
 sion of the ini'.ssage is dependent upon no mnu’.s judgment, 
 i fidelity, or accuracy, is an a.s.surance which cannot possibly 
 be given by the ordinary telegraph system. Should this 
 svstt'in come into general use, a.s it is to be hoped it speed- 
 ilv will, business men will doubtless find it gTeatly to their 
 advaiihige to employ it. .since those to whom messages aro 
 sent will receive them in the liandwriting of the sondei-s 
 without delay, and with absolute accuracy. Further, ines- 
 sjtges can be sent by this means in all languages, without 
 the necessity for transLvting. Again, by meims of ciphers 
 or stciiogr-aphie writing, from 100 to 200 words can be sent 
 bv this same method as cheaply as a leaser number, space 
 being the measure for estimating the i>roper charge for the 
 transmis.sion of any mes.sage. In fact, the many excellent 
 advantages of the invention will at once approve themselves 
 to the reader. During the continuance of the Centenuiid 
 Exposition one of these instruments was con.stautly at work 
 ill the Signal Service Department of the United Stotes Gov- 
 ernment Building. By special arrangement it was employed 
 to transmit fuC'Siiiiile copies of the weather maps from 
 Washington, charts being presently reproduced by the 
 officers of the service in the building, and aftel•^val-d given 
 away to visitors. Instruments employed for this puiqrose 
 differ somewhat from the one we illusti-ate, improvements 
 having been made since its first invention which very 
 much add to it.s usefuhiess. Many of our readers will 
 doubtless rememlier witnessing the operation of receiving 
 the maps by telegraifli. as it was exhibited in the United 
 States Government Buililiug. 
 
 The B.uley Mitb.mllevse. 
 
 Tlie idea of the machine-gun is claimed to be euthely 
 American, and to have been conceived by Dr. R. J. Gatling, 
 
DUULTUN rolTEUV EXllIl'.Il', IN THE M-VIN HL’IEl'ING — THE PULPIT. 
 
 MlSfORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 of Indianapolis, Indiana, in 
 18(52, wlio.se first American 
 patent bears date November 
 4^th of that year. The con- 
 ception of this gun had oc- 
 <'mred to Dr. Gatling in 18fil, 
 mid Ills first constructed 
 ro:iiizati(ni of it was exhib- 
 ited and fired rcpeutedly in 
 1862, ill the presence of 
 thousands of persons, dis- 
 cliarging 200 shots a niinnte. 
 
 From the Gatling Gun, it is 
 alleged, was derived the nii- 
 trailleiisc, which played so 
 iiiiportant a part in tlio 
 Franco - Gernian war. The 
 princii)^^ 111)011 avliich ina- 
 cliiiie-giiii^ are constructed 
 :onsisis in a scries of barrcLs 
 ■secured uiion the main shaft. 
 
 The gnu is fed cither by a 
 man standing beside it or 
 automatically from a feed- 
 case filled M’itli cartridges. It 
 IS exploded by turning a 
 crank, which, by the agency 
 of certiiin gearing, revolves 
 the iiiain shaft, carrying with 
 it lock-cylinder, barrels, mid 
 locks. As the gnu is rotated 
 the cartridges arc carried 
 along to a point where the 
 operation of a linniiuer 
 comes into play, ivlieii each cartridge is exploded in turn. 
 The latest improvement on the Gatling Gun i.s by l\Ir. 
 J3ailc-y’, of Indianapolis, and possesses the advaiitagi's of 
 simplicity, rapidity of lire, extent of range, cajmeity for 
 contiinions firing, and econoiny. This arm was exhiliited 
 during the Centennial Kxpo.sitinn, in the Indiana State 
 Diiililing, on the Centennial Grouiid.s. It is .sii|>plied with 
 one lock, made in two pieces, which operates all the 
 baiTcls, and the total number of pieces in the gun is le.s.s 
 than that of any other initrailleu.se. It can be taken 
 apart and refitted by any ]ierson of common intelligence, 
 and in less time than any other iinn ; with one revolution 
 of the crank it can be so exposed that every jtart can be 
 cleaned with perfect case. TTierc is also less exposure of 
 tiie parts to the enemy’s lire than in any other gun. In 
 raphlity of fire it is claimed that the Ifuili-y Gun exceeds 
 that of any other arm of the same eharacter, while its riUige 
 is ecpiid to that of any other. To produce ouiitinnous 
 firing, a speeiiJ cartridge-ease or belt is employed, by which 
 contiimaiice is secured so long lus ammunition is snpiilii'd. 
 Owing to the small number of its parts and the simplicity 
 of the arm, the co.st of this gun is much li'ss in comparison 
 with other arms. Finally, lus the Bailey iilitrailleuse can 
 
 be disabled by the extraction of the look in ten seconds, so 
 that its caiiture by an enemy would be of no advantage to 
 him, an ailditioiial and important imiperty jn-eseuts itself 
 as inherent in this gnu. 
 
 Auction Sale of Ceramics and Biur-A-BnAC. 
 
 Onv illustration presents a scone which was quite 
 cmnmnii in New York and riiiladelphia after the clo.se of 
 the Ceiitenuial, when all sorts of Ci'iiteiinial articles— par- 
 tienlarly in ceramics and bric-a-brac generally — were 
 offered at public auction, and eagerly purchased by the 
 public, whose taste for this class of u are had been devi’l- 
 oped by means of the Centennial itself. According to an 
 English writer, bric-a-brac is “an elastic expression, made 
 to cover everytliing, good, bad, or indifferent, in the most 
 ri-mote degree, relative to art, that has fallen into its second- 
 hand stage, or, in other words, passed out of the hands of 
 commerce into the finctuations of chance.’’ Thus bric-a- 
 brac appears in public and private inu.semns, and in art 
 sales-rounis, in the form of ccraraic.s, bronze armor, wood- 
 carvings, autiiiiic or rococo jewelry, and, in fact, in every 
 conceivable article wherein art, taste, or capacity lia.s been 
 dis])ln 3 'etl. and which has become rare by age or scarcity. 
 
 T\Tthin a few years auction 
 sales of this class of wares 
 have become very frequent, 
 and quite a mania for collec- 
 tion has b e g u n to grow 
 among our cultivated people. 
 It i.s probable tliat we .shall 
 now draw largely upon the 
 collections of Europe, and, 
 as private museums arc dis- 
 persed, their contents will fall 
 into the hands of collectors, 
 to bo iinmeiliately tmns. 
 mitted to this country, where 
 a more lucrative market is 
 certain to offer itself. 
 
 L. r. JrvEx’s Time Globe. 
 
 An interesting scientific 
 article, which was exhibited 
 both in the Main Building 
 and the United States Gov. 
 ernmeut Building at the 
 Centennial, was the 'lime 
 Globe, invented by Mr. L. 
 r. .Tuvet, of Glen’s Falls, N.Y. 
 This curious piece of me- 
 chanism exhibits a miniature 
 representation of the diurnal 
 motions of the earth, the 
 globe which nnsAvevs for the 
 earth being made to revolve 
 once in twenty - four honr.s, 
 by means of concealed ma- 
 chinery. This invention is designed to facilitate iiistniction 
 relative to the true character of the motion of the earth, 
 and while performing this function rcvc'als likewise the time 
 of the various meridiuis or localitie.s, this being indicated 
 on a large dial at the equator, a .small dial recording in the 
 meantime the locality where the invention is used. By 
 means of a sliding Vernier scale, diviiled into :3(i0 dcgi'ee.s, 
 the latitude of any locality can be readily ascertidned, a.s 
 also the degrees of any part of the earth or any of the 
 planets. Moreover, every iiortion of this comprehensive 
 instnimcnt is utilized, the base being nsc-d to disjilay a 
 barometer, thermometer, and compas.s, altogether separate 
 from the clock. The Time Globe will stand in any i)o.sition, 
 will run eight days, and is a stem-winder. It deserves being 
 brought to the notice of educators as an excellent and 
 fully adequate means for inforaiing students in an im- 
 portant but little understood branch of instniction, while it 
 is also calculated to i>rove practically useful in the library, 
 the office or tlic counting-room. 
 
 Dom Pedro and the Empress of Brazil. 
 
 Among the distingiushed foreign visitors to the Centen- 
 niid, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil were of all the 
 
3(in 
 
 /IISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNL-lL EXPOSITION. 
 
 B!::LLINa CEUAMIC UY AUCTION A F T E li T U K CLOSE OT THE EXillClTlON. 
 
mSTOR/CAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 301 
 
 most notable and tlic most observed. The assiduity and per- 
 severance Avitli which Doiu Pcilro made himself acquainted 
 witli the chai'acter of tlie Exliibition and the niituro of 
 its contents recommended him constantly to those under 
 whose observation he came, the possessor of these pecu- 
 liarly American quahtie.s being naturally an object of in- 
 terest in this country. "SVe present portraits of the Emperor 
 and his wife, who were married on September -i, 18t3. 
 T)om Pedro II. was born in Itio Janeiro, December 2, 1S25. 
 He was crowned Emperor, July 18, 1841. The Empre.s.s 
 was Adona Theresa Christiana Maria, daughter of the lato 
 Francis I. , King of the Two SiciUcs. Thohneof descent 
 of the family has been continued through the marriage of 
 tlio Emperor's daughter to Louis, Count d’Eu, son of 
 ihe Duko of Nemours, who had a son bom in 1875, who 
 is the heir-appai-ent of the Imperial Crown of Brazil. Since 
 the accession of Dom Pedi'o to tho throne of Brazil that 
 country has been steadily increasing in power and useful- 
 ness. The Emperor iiossesses literary and scientific acquire- 
 ments, is a just and liberal sovereign, and enjoys the warm 
 affection of his people. His aciiunintanco with scientific 
 .subjects is quite remai'kable, and ho is a member of tlio 
 French Academy of Sciences. Dom Pedro arrived in this 
 country in tho mouth of April, 1876, spending a few days 
 with his wife in tho C^ity of New York, being in the mean- 
 time actively occupied in visiting its various pubhc institu- 
 tions. It was his custom while in New York to stmt out 
 very einly in the morning on an investigating tour, in order 
 to avoid publicity as much as iiossible. Al’hen in New 
 York harbor, on board of the ship in which ho came, a 
 number of prominent men from tho city iirocceded to tho 
 steamship for tho purpose of paying lihn their respecta and 
 escorting him to the city; but he failed to gratify their 
 wishes, mnldug a positive announcement that it was his 
 desire bj be treated as a private citizen, ina.smuch as he 
 came simply upon a tour of obsci-vation, and for no other 
 pnipose. Soon after his arrival he made a rapid trip to 
 t^ihforuin, returning in time to be present at the opening 
 of tho Ceutenuial Exliibition on the 10th of lilay, when he, 
 in conjunction with President Grant, may be said to have 
 act in motion that colossiJ entcrjirise. From that time 
 until the latter jiart of the Summer tho Emperor traveled 
 through vaiious parts of tho country, investigating our 
 I'csources, mannei's and customs, and public iustitution.s, 
 ilispluying an interest in our jiulitical and social economy 
 which would scarcely bo expected of any foreigner, and 
 least of all by a crowned head. Dom Pcch'o became gener- 
 ally recognized by tho pubhc, and achieved a popularity 
 in the United Htates which lia-s seldom been reached by 
 any of the foreign visitors. On leaving this countiy he 
 went to Europe, and continued his travels into Egypt, 
 Palestine and Syria, visiting tho Suez Canal and other 
 noted places in that section of tho world. It is his in- 
 tention to continue his toming exiiedition until tho be- 
 ginning of the year 1S78, at which tiino ho cxiiecta to 
 take the rein.s of power in hand again, and bring the rt'- 
 sults of his observations to play, hoping thereby to put 
 tho Empire of Brazil upon a footing equal in civihza- 
 tion and advancement of art to that of any country he 
 had occasion to visit. So far as this country could assist 
 tho Emperor to carry out his object, he couhl not have 
 selected a more opportune time, for the Centcmiial Exj>o- 
 sition presented, so to .speak, in a comparatively small 
 apace, the jiosition of tho United States in the art.s and 
 industries ns compared with all the other countiios that 
 were represented. 
 
 Concerning tho Einprc.ss of Brazil, it is related that 
 she is amiable, intelligent, charitable, and a most excel- 
 lent helpmate for her husband. Slio is most popular and 
 highly esteemed in her own country, and while in the 
 United States Wits the reeiiiiont of many kind and well- 
 meant attentions. She is small of stature a.s conqinred with 
 the Emperor, and though in general g<>od hcidth, was sip- 
 ]iarently unequal to the mpid movement-i of Dom Pednt, 
 she not accompanying him in all liis travels. "While he 
 wiLs tiikiug liis hasty trip to San Francisco, she remained 
 ill New York, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. 
 
 >Vliild sojom'uing in thu United States, thch Majostie.s 
 
 neNi-wooD cuAic, 
 
 THE OCEAN CHALLE.S'OE COP, MADE BY TIFFANY A CO., 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 wero the recipients, from several jnivato individuals, of 
 courtesies which were suitably acknowledged by the pre- 
 sentation of ^•aluablo souvcuii-s. 
 
 BAUTHOLDl'iJ ST.VTOE. 
 
 We present an illustration representing the right arm 
 and hand, holding a torch, belonging to the illuminak'd 
 statue of “Liberty Enlightening tho World,” designed by 
 the celebrated Bartholdi. This fragment of the statue was 
 erected on the C'cnteiiniiJ gi’ouuds, a few rods south of 
 Frank Leslie's Pavilion, and was observed with interest by 
 visitors. The statue is designed to be plact'd, wlien com- | 
 Xileted, upon Bedloe’s Island, or some other commanding 
 point ill New Y"ork Harbor. It originated with tho people 
 of France, who snbscnbed liheriilly for its cou.sti-uetioii, 
 and, being cjnipleted by American subsciiptions, will 
 
 doubtless become a prominent object on our Atlantic aea- 
 booixl. A committee, under the chairmanship of Hon. 
 AVilham M. Evai'ts, having appealed to the country for sub- 
 S(.-riptionR — in amounts between ten cents and one hundred 
 dollars — the work, when finished, will bo lepreseutative of 
 the liberality of the two friendly nations who unite to carry 
 out the project. 
 
 It.vltan Statiuiiy. 
 
 The exhibits of the Itahau sculptors, in Jlemorial Hall 
 and Oie Ai-t linnex, have been already considered in this 
 work, on pages 174aud 17G, and 198 and 199, besides in short 
 
 notices of special subjects. Wc desire to refer at present 
 more particularly to our illustrations, in No. IX. of tho 
 Histokicau Eegi-steb, of this department, including the 
 pieces of sculpture entitled, “ Yaiiity,” “Soajj- Bubbles,” 
 
 “ Out in the Euin” — a charming work in terra-cotta, in tho 
 Main Building — “ Bhud-Man's-Buff,” and “The Birth of 
 Cupid” — im ninnsing little piece representing the small 
 god emerging from an egg. To those who remember tliese 
 work.s sincere pleasure will doubtless be experienced on 
 liaviug them recalled to mind more viridly through the 
 inetlimn of oiu’ illustrations. “ Vanity,” by Bottinelli, is a 
 most gi-aceful figure, fully displaying the idea designed to 
 be interiireted in the marble. The “ Soap-Bubble ” subject 
 will doubtless recall cmly experiences, being a rciireseuta- 
 tiou possessing real force, and a close copy after nature. It 
 will be well for the reader to turn to pages 180 and 183, and 
 to 222 and 22.3, where will be found other representations 
 of Itahan sculpture, which arc in all ivsiiects equal to those 
 we have named, both in the merit of their design and that 
 of their execution. 
 
 J. L. Mott ExmniT.— Fountain. 
 
 This foimtaiu, constructed most elaborately in the 
 IUmids.sanco style, will be remembcrctl as haring stood iu 
 the Main Building, where its artistic excellence and tlio 
 bold breadth of its emiceptiou aroused cousidorable enthu- 
 siastic comment. As an ornate and beautiful piece of 
 workmanship, in a rather diflicult material to handle with 
 ease mid accuracy, this is a mu.st cummeudable effort on thu 
 piu't of the exhibitors. 
 
 Hon. John W. Foksf-y. 
 
 The subject of tbis sketcli, a portrait of whom will bo 
 found elsewhere in the HisTonu'AL Eeoisteh, a distin- 
 guished journalist, wiis bom at Lancaster, Pa., Septomber 
 30. 1H17. He was early apprenticed to the printing busines.'-, 
 iu the office of the Lancaster Jwirnal. In 1837 he became 
 editor and joint proprietor of the Lancaster IiitelliyenciT, 
 which in 1840 he consolidated with the Journal. In 1845 
 he removed to Philadelphia, and shortly after became one 
 of the editors of the Pennai/lranian and a Icnchng spirit iu 
 the Democratic Party, of which that jiapor was the organ. 
 From 1851 to 1855 he was Clerk of tho House of Eepresent- 
 ativos at AVashiugton. In 1852-53 he reliiupiishcd his 
 connection with tho Pentisiflvanum and became one of tlio 
 editors of the Union, a Democratic organ at AVa.shingtou, 
 and labored earnestly and effectively to secure the election 
 of Mr. Buchanan as President in 1856. In 1857 Mr. 
 Forney was the Democratic caiulidtite in Peunsylmnia for 
 the United States Senate, but was defeated by General 
 Gnneron, and in August of that year founded the Press as 
 an Independent Democratic daily journal in Philadelphia, 
 which became the organ of tho Northern or Dougla.s whig 
 of the Democracy. 
 
 Air. Forney’s opposition to Mr.Buchanan’s administration 
 gi-cw out of the refusal of the President to allow the people 
 of luin.sas to vote on the question of slavery in that Terri- 
 tory without interference, a policy to which he had solemnly 
 jiledged himself befoi-e his election. 
 
 Air. Forney was again elected Clerk of the National 
 House of Eepresentatives in tlie Thirty -sixth Congress, and 
 served from 1859 to 1861. At the opening of the Civil 
 AVav he took strong grounds in favor of its vigorous pro.se- 
 eution. In July of 18G1 ho was chosen Secretary of the 
 United States Senate, and held this office until 1868, when 
 ho resigned. While proprietor and corre.spondiug eilitor of 
 tho Press during those years, ho stm-ted in AVashingtou, 
 and personally edited, a weekly paper entitled the Chronicle, 
 which ho converted into a daily in 1862. In 18(37 Mr. 
 Forney made an extensive tour in Europe, and on his 
 return collected his letters to the Press and Chronicle, under 
 the title of “Letters from Europe” (1869). In 1870 he 
 di.sposed of his property in the AVashington Chronicle, and 
 Inis since confined him.self to the Philadelpliia Pnss. 
 Shortly after Mr. Forney’s return to his editorial chair 
 in Philadelphia, General Grant tendered him the important 
 position of the collector of customs at that port, a position 
 which he accepted with much reluctance, owing to his 
 earnest desire to have nothing to do with pohtical appoint- 
 ments, and therefore, at the end of eleven months, having 
 proved himself an a<lmirable officer, he returned the com- 
 mission to the President with i\-arm thanhs for the honor 
 
 THONET BROS, A' I E N N A EXHIBIT OF B E X T ■ W 0 0 I) FURNITURE. 
 
302 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CEHTENHIAL EXPQSITIOH. 
 
 cxtt'iidcil to him. Since tlien he hiv? devoted himself con- 
 stiutly and exclusively Uy his newspaper, vaiying his labors 
 by periodiciil lectures on different subjects. 
 
 In July of 1874 Mr. F<jrney visited Europe for the second 
 time, before leaving being appointed Commis-sinner by the 
 Centennial unthoritie.satPhi]adeli>liia. to invoke the attend- 
 ance at the International Exhibition of the various fcjreign 
 Powers. It is unncces.sary to state that he performed this 
 task with an ability that secured the highe.st praise from 
 men of all ]>arties, but it is not gencnilly known that in 
 discharging the duty he paid all his own expenses, simply 
 receiving from the Commission the expense of the per- 
 sons he had to oniploy to assist him in his great work. He 
 not only paid his o-wn way, but steadily refused to receive 
 any compensj>tion Avhen he returned home. 
 
 Col. Forney is one of the few exainjiles of generous, dis- 
 intore.sted and enthusiastic devotion to the journalistic 
 guild, perferring his editorial duties to any of th.; offices 
 his party may have to bestow. 'W’ith all this, he Is an ad- 
 v.auced Ilejniblican. His newspaper, while sternly avoiding 
 all personalities, and ever ready to treat his jjcculiar oppo- 
 nents liberally, is a vigorous partisan, njid acts ui)on thi/ 
 principle which is the Cioloucl’s constant declaration, that 
 
 the Centennial representatives of European art, which pos- 
 sessed ipialities differing from, and in some re.spect.s im- 
 provements on, the miinufacture in this country, ^^remly 
 the result of the influence of foreign workmanship is being 
 seen in our home manufacture, and it has been state<l by 
 a prominent artificer in .silver and .silver plate that in his 
 opinion the effect upon Aniericau indn.strial art of this 
 character occasioned by the Ceiiteimial Exhibith.n will 
 not fall short of the influence exerted ujion English art 
 by the Lejudon Exhibition of 18.51. 
 
 A brief account of the jirogress c>f the manufacture we 
 are considering will not he inappropriate in this place. In 
 inanufaetnring solid silver into articles of show, or for 
 domestic purposes, an allpy is used, varying according to 
 the peeuliiur proce.ss adopte<l by each manufacturer. The 
 htaiidard .silver of Enghind consists of tl25 parts of silver 
 and 7u of copper in a thousand parts ; and in that coimtrv 
 all veasel.s of silver are required to be shimped by the Gold- 
 smitlis’ Company, who are authorized to search the shops 
 of silversmiths and seize the m-ticles wliieli do not bear the 
 Hall mark of the eomjKiny. The comi)uny makes a elmrge 
 of one shilling ami sixpence per ounce on the weight of the 
 object for the as.say thereof and the imi)res.sioii of the | 
 
 plating, consisted in the application of tliin loaves of silver 
 to finished bra.ss ai-tieles. The jiai-t to be plated was heated 
 to a point just below that at whieli the metal changes color. 
 Silver-leaf v3-ius then laid on, and the ailhesion produced hy 
 Imrnishiug resiilti-d in a fine pohsh. By iuiother process 
 the mct;d wius fir.st produced in sheets plated each one on 
 both sides, and the goods then munufacturcil from these 
 sheets ; while another process consist’d in laying the silver 
 npi^n the metal to be jilatcd, and pressing this upon the 
 latter, eoUL The improvement of this mannfaeture through 
 the medium of electro-plating originated in the fact that, 
 when a voltaic euireut is i)as5ed through a mehillic solutinn 
 decomposition takes place ; the raetiil, in a rertved form, 
 attfiches itself to the negative pole or electrode, while? the 
 acid or alkali goe.s to the positive pole. Although this fact 
 is nearly coeval with the discovery of the voltaic pile, yet 
 it was not until about the year 1839 that it occiUTcd to any 
 one to turn it to practical accoimt in elcctro-metallurgic 
 procc.s.ses. From the first introduction of electro-plating 
 the metiiUic basis selected, for the reason of its nearest ap- 
 pr(.>ach in hue to silver, wa-s that Mhich has been cxteusi\’ely 
 employed in tire niamifacture of siroons, forks, etc., an<l 
 known :uj “ Gcrniau- silver," "uickel,” ‘•albata," and by 
 
 
 
 
 
 em 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E. J. LARU-VliEE ,t CO.'S CU.CCKER ANU JilSCCH' K.KHIlllT IN AGKICn.TUR.CL HAU.. 
 
 he believes the llepublicaii organization, with all its cn-ors, 
 the beat we have, and therefore entitled to his con.sistent 
 and conscientious support. In addition to his cjuoted let- 
 ters from Europe iii IsilO, he has since tln-n jiubllslnd a 
 volume, *• Auccdote.s of Public Men," and la.st year another. 
 “A Centennial Commissioner in Europe." Theese three 
 books have been largely ein-ulati'd. and geiiemlly com- 
 mended for their fairness and moderation. 
 
 SiLVi:iiWAHE .vNi) ELi:rnio-j’i,ArE Exrniirr.s of the 
 C ioUUAM CoMI’AXY, .VXU IvEED A B.UITOX. 
 
 The exhibits of silver and electro-]>lated ware at the 
 CentennLil demonstrated, donbtle.s.s to the surjirise of 
 «'vcrybody. the capacity of Anicncan inanufacturiTs to com- 
 pete almo.st on eipial grounds with the best ability in this 
 line in Enrojie. KLsewheiv will be found a desc-riptioii of 
 the now celehraU'd ••('l•lltu^y Yiusc," manufactured by tln' 
 (lorham ^lanufacturing Company, of Isew York, and also 
 of the monster piece of silver-plided war<' named “ Pro- 
 givas." exhibited ly Messrs. Heed A Hartoii, of New York, 
 and of Taunton, l\Ia.s.s. .Satisfactory as the situation of 
 this manufacture in relation to the industrial art of Anieriea 
 must be, it is piahaps not le.ss so that advantage is being 
 tiikeii in different ilircctiuns of the examples furnished l.iy 
 
 stamp. A larger ]>ortion of this sum i.s paid over to the 
 Crovemment as a tax. a small dednc-ti.m lieing made for the 
 ass;iy. In Franee the alloy us<-d for jdatc consists of IK 
 parts silvt-r to half a ]>art of eoiqu'i' ; and for .small iii'tieler. 
 of silver, sneh lus those used for ornaments, it consists of 
 8 jiarts silviT to 2 of copper. The addition of a .small ])ro- 
 portion of eo]))ier increases tlu' hia-ilni'ss of silv.T in a 
 rennirlodile degree, without diminishing its whiteness a 
 givat deal. An alloy of 7 jiarts silver and 1 of copper has 
 a decidedly white color, although less [mre than Ihirt of 
 virgin silver. Even with even weights of the two nictids 
 the iJloy is white. The maximum of hardness is athiiiied 
 when the copper amonnt.s to one-fifth of the silver. 
 Aitiele.s formed of alloyed .silver are subjected to a proces.s 
 ttdlfd whiti uiiig. wliii-h has the effect <>f nmioviug the 
 baser metal from tiie .surface. The aithde to be whitened 
 is heated nearly to ivdiies.s. and ijhuigeil while still hut into 
 water acidulated with nitric or .sulplmrie acid, by which 
 ineaus the <ixide of copper, hn-med by beating the surface 
 in eciiihiet with idt, is imiiK'diately I'oiuoved. Germau- 
 silviT is an idloy of copper, zinc, ainl uickch which is cast 
 and rolled in the sjime maimer as sheet-1 >ra>s, but is a more 
 difiieiilt metal to work, and requires greater care and skill. 
 The original nictliod of plating, long known as French 
 
 other names. The alloy, most difficult to work, is said to 
 have been -In j’arts of eojqi.-r, 2n parks of spelter, and 20 
 {'arts of nickel ; and to this mixture Engli.sh manufacturers 
 still adh<>rc. The eompositioii of the alloy, however, is 
 iJways the secret of the maiiuhictiirev, ami varies according 
 to judgment derived from experience. 
 
 The lii-st practical experiinent in galvano-p!a.stic was tlie 
 simple one of transferring by its means the im.age and 
 -superscription (<f a eoppi'i- coin to a eojiiier dejiosit. In 
 ls5!t a r*us.sian announced his ability to jn-uduce, by means 
 of gidvanism, a copy of any line, however fine, engraved in' 
 copper, and almost sinuiltauconsly an Englishman de- 
 scribed processes which he had provided for ilectrotyping. 
 Finally, as the new art developed, it -was brought into nso 
 for the purpose of the n’productioii of the mo.st hoaiitiful 
 works of art. and also to suh.stitnte eonqiaratively inexpi ii- 
 sive, haud.somc and durahli’ jilaU-d articles in lien of the 
 work which had hitherto Ix en n.sed, In the procests-s of 
 eleetro-metallnrgj- the .silver solution is usually e<impo.-( d 
 of the double sjiILs of eyauidi’ of silver ami potjLs.siiim, All 
 the sheets of silver in the bath are eonneefisl with oiu- pole 
 of a luiignetn-i'lectro machine, and the objects to be plated 
 are ooniieeted with the ]io.sitive jmh' ; the liquiil. being an 
 efficient conductor of electricity, follows the electric einreut 
 
imil on inlerrhange of elenionts iu the solution 
 tjikes pliM'i'. The articles arc HJispeiuIed in tlu- vats 
 liy means of •wires on metal rods, and so aiTauged 
 in each I'onipartment as h) expose an eepud 
 amount of siu'faco to receive the deposit of silver 
 or gold. The operation of plating i.s so nicely 
 regulated that the rate at which the precious metal 
 is being deposited can be exactly asceiiained, 
 and twenty -four ounces of silver can, so to 
 speak, he veneered on to the surface of the metal, 
 jierfectly smootli and extremely hard, in the course 
 of one hour. When the article has been in the 
 hath a snnicient length of time, it is hikeii out, 
 riuwd in cold ^vater, and dried. In the manu- 
 facture of raised or i-t'pnnxnf. work the operation 
 is performc<l by means of a hanimei', under various 
 cirenmstanees more or less ciimidicated, though 
 works in low i'<'li<*f are ]>i'odneed by means of 
 dies of hardened steel or hai'd brass. Ornamental 
 details of raised work, such as cscjitcheons, fluting, 
 etc. are usually attached aft<*r the vessel or 
 nrtide has received its general form, as is iJso the 
 case with regard to chasing and oth<-r ornament- 
 ation. 
 
 The Ciorham Manufacturing Company are silver- 
 smiths, their business being the working of sterling 
 silver, and their s\icces.s in this mannfactxire having 
 given them their nom<’. In the early times of 
 manufacturing silverw.'irc, coin was the basis of the 
 best, hut tlu; Gorham Company use a standanl 
 which is twenty-five one-thousandths higher than 
 coin. This company have mannfactnred solid 
 sih’crwdre for more than thirty years. Their 
 works an> at Providence, li. I., where they employ 
 ulumt 4.j0 haiuls. Here they have an entire bloek 
 of Imildings, filled with shafting and belting from 
 steam engines of the largest size, connected by 
 steam elcvntoi-s with foundries for casting in iron, 
 brass, gold, silver, and other metals ; iiuichiiie- 
 shop-s, slKjps for wood- work, blacksmith - shops, 
 rolliiig-uullK, pinning -machines, molding and re- 
 fining fimiaoes, apartments for eleetro-iflatiug and 
 gilding, etc. 
 
 Besides the “Centiin.- Vase" (see pngc2Gl), there 
 was exhibited at the Ceutemiiid a mas-sivo silver 
 salver, ornamented with an elegant fretwork border 
 several inches in breadth, exhihiting an appropriate 
 de.sign in the style of Benvenuto Cellini, which was 
 ■purchased by a gentleuuui of Xew York for 83,01)0. 
 
 Among other articles exhibited, were a bridal outfit 
 and silver service of 320 pieces, and numerous complete 
 sets, of great viehuess. An important feature in this muiiu- 
 faetnre is that comprised in the beauty of the cases made 
 to contain tlio snjjcrb works in silver constmeted by this 
 company. These cases, many of them, are fonued of inlaid 
 wood lined M’itli satin, or comprise nuussive oaken chests 
 ornamented with silver corner -pieces and hanillcs. All tlu'sc 
 are manufactured at the works of the company. In addi- 
 tion to their manufacture in solid silver, this company liave 
 iilnc<-d ek'otro-plating into their work, and are widely 
 kn^'H for their heavily plated ware called the “Gorham ^ 
 Ware," The resemhlance of this to genuine silver is so I 
 close, that marks have to be resorted to for indication. 1 
 Besidi's their factory in Providence, the. Gorham Company I 
 have ft wholesale sales' establishment in Bond Street, and ft 
 miiguificent retail shjro at 37 Union Stpun'O, New York 
 City. 
 
 The firm of Reed A: Barton, who manufacture fine 
 electvo-i)late<l ware, was est4ibli.shed in 1824, and has 
 its factoi-;^’ at Taunton, Mass. — a grand e-stidilishment, 
 covering four or five acres, and employing .'300 hands. 
 Their sale.srooin in New York is at No. C86 Broadway — a 
 large and handsome store, 40 by 130 feet, with basement, 
 whore arc constantly disijlaycd the most elegant and 
 original ^^'orks in the lino 
 
 of electro-plahsl \vui'k. The 
 manufacture of this house 
 includes not only the finer 
 and more costly class of 
 goods, bnt also articles less 
 expensive and more suitable 
 to the demands t>f the eco- 
 nomical middle classes ; and 
 in these may bo found the 
 same beauty of design and 
 the same delicate finish 
 which have given a reputa- 
 tion to the more costly and 
 elaborate pieces produced 
 by this manufactory. 
 
 Taunton, Mass., is a 
 thriving manufacturing 
 centre, at the junction of 
 the Old Colony and Taunton 
 Binnch Raihoads, a location 
 affording excellent facilities 
 for access both to Boston 
 and New York. The busi- 
 ness of Messx-s. Reed A- Bar- 
 
 ‘‘TUE BIIITH OP CC/'PID." 
 
 ton was ftjunded here l>y Mcssi-s. Babbitt ic Croasman, 
 who were directly succeeded by the present firan, whow' 
 head has been connected with the hn.sine.ss since its 
 estahlishmeut. As si>ecimens of the high vulnation s«'t 
 upon some of the articles mauufaetured by this lmnst>. 
 it may he mentioned that they exhil>ited epergnes valued 
 at 8750 each, while a dessert-set may be seen costing 
 82, .500. The capacity «if the house to fiiniish the be.st 
 silver-i>lated ware at as low price as goods of the same 
 gi’udo can be nflbrded I'lscwhere is uuipiestionable, and it 
 is a fact that the tinde-mark of Reed A Rarton is acccptc<l 
 throughout the United States as a snttieient guarantee of 
 both material and workmanship. The set which we illus- 
 trate ill the Historic Register is a fair specimen of the 
 class of goods manufactured by this hou.se, for which there 
 is ft con-stant demand, and the articles may be considered 
 as samples of the material and workmanship usually em- 
 ployed. 
 
 The Bbvant Vase. 
 
 One of the most noteworthy exhibits of American art at 
 the tknitciinial Exhibition was the Biyaiit Testimonial 
 Vase, the work of Messrs. Tifl'aiiy & Co., of New York, who 
 exhibited it. This vixso was the result of a subscription of 
 85,000 by the friends of ■William Cullen Bi-yant in the City 
 of New York, who desired to offer some tribute of respect 
 to the poet on the occasion of his reaching his eightieth 
 year. It was presenU-d tu 5Ir. Bryant on June 20th, 1870, 
 at a meeting of the snbseriber.s and others intere.sted, held 
 at Chiekering Hall, in New York. The ceremonies of 
 lircsentatiou included music, tbe reception of the com- 
 memorative vase of the makers by the cominith^e, its 
 presentation to Mr. Bryant, with an address by the chair- 
 man, and a responsive address by Mr. Bryant. In pre- 
 senting the vase to the chairman, a gentleman of the 
 committee having the matter in charge — 5fr. James H. 
 Wliitehonse, its designer, representing the Ann of Tittimy 
 i: Co. — made an addres.s, in which he explained the inten- 
 tion and character of the design and oniameutatioii which 
 he bad conceived and emboilied in this beautiful work of art. 
 Jlr, Whitehonse was followed by Dr. Samuel A. Osgood, on 
 behalf of the committee, wlio, in most suitable terms, 
 offered the thanks of those gentlemen for the admirable 
 manner in winch their -wishes had been ciuried out by the 
 firm wliich had" niideiiakcn the task. After the musical 
 interlude, Dr. Osgood addressed Mr. Bryant, congratu- 
 lating him upon the ripe age he had reached, remiuiling 
 him of the imnortant periods in Ihstoiy covered by bis 
 long and useful life, and saluting him equally ns the repre- 
 sentative of American literature (ind the cultaire of the age. 
 
 :!dr. Bryant received the gilt thus pleasantly and 
 a]>propriately offered in a few words of thanks, 
 in which he characterized the vtuse as a product 
 of genius both in the design and execution. His 
 closing remfti-k.s, though amusing, axe scarcely 
 likely to be sustained by the fact of the future 
 estimate of his geniu-s. They were as follows : 
 
 “ Hereafter some one may say, ‘This beautiful 
 vase was made in honor of a certain poet, whose 
 name it bear-s, bnt whose writings are forgotten. 
 It is remarkable that so much pains should havo 
 been taken to illustrate the life and writings of one 
 whose works ore so completely unknowm at tbe 
 jiresent day.’ ” 
 
 It is hardly probable that the time will ever 
 come, while the English limguage remains spoken 
 and read, when tbe -works of 'William Cullen 
 Bryant, -\\-ho may justly be termed the Word.sworth 
 of America, will be either forgotten, neglected or 
 misinterpreted. 
 
 The illnstratiou of the Bryant Vaso which we 
 offer in the HisTOiafAi. Register is e.specially 
 appropriate U) this -^\-ork, both on account of its 
 position among the art exhibits of the Centennial 
 and because also of its being equally a repre- 
 sentative work of American art, and a testimonial 
 of America’s greatest poet, hajipily presented in 
 tho Ck’iitennial Yeiu-. Some account of the i>ccn- 
 liftrities of tho elaborate design of this -work will 
 bo apxiroprhxte, and doubtless interesting l.K:itli to 
 those who have seen the vase and those who are 
 only able to judge of its character by our roiire- 
 scutation of it. In onusidering tho best method of 
 illustrating tho life and work of Mr. Ryrant in 
 the retpm-ed vase, the artist neces.sai-ily devoted 
 mneh contemplation to the characteristics which 
 he wished to illustrate. I’iewiug 3Ir. Brv-aut’s life 
 os a symmetrical and rounded, although fortu- 
 nately not completed, whole, Jlr. Whitehonse -was 
 naturally struck with two i)romiuent features 
 which had, as it were, entwined themselves alike 
 with the chai’acter and labors of the poet. These 
 features the ai-tist sought to jieiqietnato and em- 
 body, fii-st, in the classical outline of the vase, 
 and second, in the wealth and exuberance of na- 
 ture's symbolism, which ho introduced into its 
 oraamentation. Thus the Greek foi-m adopted 
 symbolizes at once the combined simxilicity and 
 force of the jioet’s life, and also tlie character 
 of his crowning work, the translation of Homer’s 
 ‘•Huul” and “ Odyasey," accomplished when pn.st seventy 
 veai-s of age. The elaborate application of thi' attributes 
 of nature to the ornamentation of the work gives it at 
 first sight ft somewhat crowded and over-luxuriant o-spect 
 in this particnlai' ; hnt as wo devote to tho matter some 
 degree of analysis, we find that thei-e is a harmonious 
 nuiou of reason and sensibility involved in tho selection 
 made, and its just adaptation to the puiqiose indicated, 
 wliich relieve ’it of this suggestion. Mr. Biyaut, more 
 than all other American poets, and i>crhnps moix' than 
 all other poets whatsoever, excepting Wordsworth, is tho 
 pni-t of nature. It is, therefore, most proper and sym- 
 patlietic, so to speak, that the field which he has chosen 
 for his literary eflbrt should bo lavishly drawn upon in 
 illustration of the latter. 
 
 The vaso is made of oxidized silver, is 30 inches in 
 height, and entirely covered with a fretwork, the chnaed 
 lines of which are composed of forais simulating the apple 
 bnincli with its blos-soms, tbis tree in all it.s stages of 
 gi-owth, from the bud to the fniit, having always been a 
 favorite with the poet, and suggestive to him of the moral 
 of tbe beginning and the fullness of life. Interwoven 
 with this fretwork are to be seen other flowers : the 
 eglantine, which symbolizes the spirit of tnith and poetiy, 
 and the amaranth, the flower that never fades, signifying 
 immortality, being chiefly prominent. On one side of the 
 va.se is a medallion head of Mr. Bryant, admirable in its 
 hkeness, and on the reverse, one of similar size, repre- 
 senting Poetry contemplating Nature. Surrounding tho 
 Avork are other medallions in low relief, illustrative of 
 various episodes in l\Ir. Biyant’s life. In the first of these 
 -we see the child being instructed in the art of versification 
 bv his father, who indicates Homer os a suitable model. 
 The second presents the poet as a young man walking 
 in the woods, and reminds us at once of the beautiful 
 
 
 
 
 r< 
 
304 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENN/AL liXPOSITIOH. 
 
 
 LYALL’S POSITIVE MOTION LOOMS, IN MACHINEKY HALL. 
 
 linc.s from Thaiiatnpsis,” one uf tlie most charming of 
 Mr. liryant’-s poetic effii-sions ; 
 
 " To liim whn, in tlio love of Nntiiro, 
 
 Comiminion with hiT vi.siiilo forms, she .speaks 
 A various language." 
 
 Tim tiiird mcilaUion ])rcseiit.s a representative scene from 
 the- life cf Mr. Bryant as an editor, and the fonrtli shows 
 him just rising from hi.s chair after concluding his transla- 
 tion from Homer. Above the lu-ad of th(> poet we observe 
 the lyre — siguifleaut of his poe.sy; and beneath it a view of 
 the priuting-pre.ss in its most primitive form--inilicating 
 his career as a journalist. Beneath this, occupying a 
 proniiueut position, is a water-fowl. Tliis last is iuh’oJnccd 
 not merely to indicate Bryiint’.s i>ocm bearing that name, 
 but also as emblematic of the religious faith which has ever 
 been a spechd chaiMcteiastic of Mr. Bryant : 
 
 “ He who from zone to zone 
 Ouiiies through the houuilioss sky liis certain flight 
 III the long way I must trearl iiluae, 
 
 Will load my steps aright.” 
 
 On the reverse of the vase, and immediately opposing 
 the symbol we have just named, are seen the Bible and the 
 lily, Muth “ Matthew vi. 28th,” reminding one of Christ's 
 lesson in faith, commencing, ‘■Consider the lilies of the 
 field.” The cup of the vase prominently displays the 
 gi'eat staples of America — the ludian corn and cotton, .sig- 
 niticant of the nationality of the jioet ; wliile its base is 
 bordered with the water-lily — the emblem of eloquence — 
 uEferiug testimony of Jlr. Bryant's achievements and repu- 
 tation ns an orator. The handles still further snggc.st 
 America, tlirough maize and cotton ; while here too Ls wen 
 the bohohuk, wliich is purely an American bird, and which 
 reminds the obsen’er of ^Ii'. Bryant’s humorou.s verse, and 
 particularly theiiocm called “ Kobert of Lincoln.” Around 
 the lower neck of the vase arc seen the jjrimruse, represtmt- 
 ing early youth, and the ivy, symbolizing age, forming a 
 border, while the lines running up from these are com- 
 posed of the stems of lield-llowers, M’hich spread into blos- 
 
 aoiias. Above, there is seen the geiitLan, of which, in allu- 
 sion to its always pointing to heaven, the poet ssiys 
 I would that thus wliea I .shall suo 
 The lumr of di'ulli draw near to mo. 
 
 Hi'po bl'issomiug within iny heart, 
 
 May look to Hcavi'ii as I depart.” 
 
 In an ornamental border, near the top of the vase is the 
 famous line : 
 
 " Truth crushoil to earth will riso again,” 
 
 On the base .supporting tin* vase are seen the lyre, and 
 the broken .shackle.s, in recognition of the poet's service in 
 the CiViLse of enmneipatinn. Tliis ccjiiipletes the de.sign. 
 
 It is not unjustly claimed for this work of art by its 
 designer that if by some convulsion of nature it were lo.st 
 to humanity until nil record of its existence, save that 
 which it furiiLshc-s itself, were blotteil ont, its ntiture and 
 inteiitinii could be readily gathered by the avcluvologist 
 through the chariicti.-r of its design and the .symbolical 
 method of its oriuimcntation. Thulj the head ami tlic lyre 
 would indicate a poet of Tcuown, while the Indian corn 
 and cotton would signify clearly his nationality. The wealth 
 of floral decoration would aiinoimce him as a lover aiul 
 exponent of Xatiire : tlu' meaning of the chosen symbols 
 indicating that his teachings must have been imbued with 
 religious faith and fervor. The lilies would bes]>eak him 
 an orator, while the old priutiug-iire.ss would set him down 
 in his fluid character as a member of the respectable guild of 
 journalists. 
 
 jLswc have already stated, the cost of this vase was So.flOf). 
 Jlessrs. Tiffany A: Co. have succeeded iu manufaeturiug an 
 electrotype cojiy, which is jiositively wonderful in its i*xcel- 
 leucc of imitation, and of which e.xampk*s arc ofl'ered for 
 sale — fnc-sbnib'A of the original— at SoUU each. 
 
 PlUSJIOtD.Vn E.VtUlOAD. 
 
 This novel style of road, which we illustrate on page 2I3G 
 of the HrsTORiCAL llruisTEU, consists of one rail — prism- 
 sliaiied — the cara and engine rimuiug upon this by means 
 of two wheels each, one at the front and another at the 
 rear. Our readers will remember the car which crossed the 
 
 iMvim* on the Centennial (xrounds, known a.s Belmont 
 Ravine, and whii’h WiW liberally patronized by persons 
 going to Lauber's Re.stauraut. This was called the “ Safety 
 Elevated Railway,” and was designed by Roy Stone, and 
 fimt erected at Phuenixville, Pa. Having been examined 
 and fully approved by I'miuent engineers, it was taken to 
 the Centennial Grounds under a conce.ssioii to the West 
 End Railroad Company, where it ivas placed n.s an exliibit 
 for the conveyance of iias-sengers. The system has been 
 devised for rapid transit in cities, or for a cliea)) country 
 railroad. Last November (I87r>), a road of fll miles long 
 was built in Cdifornia oii thi.s plan, extending from Norfolk 
 ill the direction of Sonoma. The cost uf this road, iuchid: 
 iug that of the road-bed, was about 8l,uU0 per mile. 
 
 Cextesnu.al Elevatoks. 
 
 Our illustrations represent the two tower.s containing ele- 
 vators, which were prominent objects in connection with 
 the Centennial Exposition. From their lofty suiumita a 
 magnifloent view was presented in all directions, including 
 the Schuylkill and Delawarr* Rivers, the mountains in the 
 di.stance, the maguifleent city of Philadelphia, and imme- 
 diately beneath, Fairmomit Park, in all its natural beauty, 
 with the marvelous architectural and horticultural effects 
 of the Centennial Gronmls as the crowning glorj- of the 
 scene. 
 
 Amekic:ax Paistixos. 
 
 Of the American paintings — which have been fuDy con- 
 sidered in their proper jilace — we give illustrations repre- 
 senting certain of the more prominent works by well-known 
 artists. Among these are ‘•Moonrise at Sunset,” by 
 l)e Haa-s ; ‘‘Bison at Bay,” o forcible representation, by the 
 late W. J. Hays, one of the leading animal-puintcrs of his 
 time ; “Curling,” by Brown, a clever repre.sentatiou of tlio 
 popular Scotch game ; Shattuck’s " White Hills” ; Bough- 
 ton's “Normandy Girl iu a Shower and Beurd’.s comical 
 transfer of human frailty to brute life, entitled, “Out all 
 Night,” 
 
 The American exhibition of paintings was, in all, very 
 fairly representative, including illustrations of the entire 
 
 MACHIXEllY HALL. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 305 
 
 period from Benjamin WcRt to F. E. 
 Church, and our engravings will serve to 
 recall some of the more pleasing works 
 in the collection. 
 
 RErEPTroN OF Loud Duffeiun at 
 Sr. George’s Hall. 
 
 We Hliistrnte the cordial reception given 
 to Lord Dufferiu on the oceasiou of hi.s 
 visit to the Centennial Expn.sitiou, and 
 whicli took place at St. George’s Hull, the 
 hoadiinarters of the British Commission. 
 The Earl of DiifFerin succeeded to the title 
 in 1841, and was for some yeiu's a lord-in- 
 waiting on the Queen. Ho made his noted 
 yacht voyage to Iceland in 185il, and in 
 18G0 was sent out as British Coinniis-sioucr 
 to Syriii. Later ho wius Under-Sccrctury of 
 State for India, and Under-Secretary for 
 War ; and in 1872 wa.s appointed Govenior- 
 GcuonJ of the Dominion of Canada. Lord 
 Dufferiu has ijroven n most excellent ad- 
 niinistrator of affairs in the Dominion, 
 where ho is deservciUy i)upular. His writ- 
 ings have been quite numerou.s, including 
 several works of fiction, besides brochures 
 on important political and social subjects. 
 
 Tiiojiet Buos. Yienn.v Exiubit of Bent- 
 Wood Fitinitcre. 
 
 Tlio l)cnt-wood fimiitnro in the Austrian 
 Department of the Main Building was ex- 
 hibited by Messrs. Thonet Bros., of Vienna, 
 one nieniber of the firm — Mr. Francis 
 Thonet — being also honored by an appoint- 
 
 THE UNITED STATES CORSET COMPANY'S LOOM NO. 7, IN M-ICUINEKY HALL. 
 
 the Centennial Year, by illustrating Wash- 
 ington's well-known love for fine stock, and 
 rejiresenting him ns a raiser of horses. 
 
 This piece of metal sculjiture attracted 
 much attention at the Exhibition, whero 
 it occupied a in-omincnt place in Messrs. 
 Tiffany Co.'s court. 
 
 The gentle firmness of Washington’s 
 character is shown to have won the confi- 
 dence of the beautiful marc, and even the 
 timid colt reaches shyly forward to receive a 
 caress. 
 
 In the biis-relicf here shown, horse and 
 rider aro rejirescntcd in the heat of battle, 
 and on the reverse side of the pedestal, 
 another bas-relief shows Washington's tri- 
 umphant entry into Trenton, and his recep- 
 tion by the people. 
 
 Meriden BRir.vjTNiA Compan-t. 
 
 The exhibit of the Meriden Britannia 
 company was located at N 43 in the Main 
 Building, and consisted of a magnificent 
 disjilay of silver-plated goods, with orna- 
 mented work and articles of vertu. This 
 company has manufactured plated waio 
 only until recently, and has held a high 
 position in the production of this class of 
 goods. All this company's i»latcd articles 
 ni'e stamped with its trudc-mark.s, which 
 — like that of the Goldsmiths’ Company of 
 London — give assuninco of the genuineness 
 of the manufacture and of the excellence of 
 its quality. Recently the Meriden Com- 
 pany has begun to manufacture in bronze, 
 
 THE UNITED STATES CORSET COXIP.ANV'S EXHIBIT 
 IN THE MAIN BUILDINU. 
 
 a position which he held until 1859. In the latter year Sir George 
 Bowen was appointed Captain-Genend and Govemor-in-chief of tho 
 Colony of Queimsland, in AustraUa ; in 18G7 he succeeded Sir George 
 Grey n-s Governor of New Zealand, and in 1873 he was gazetted Gov- 
 ernor of Victoria, a jio-sition which he still holds. In 1875 Sir George 
 Bowen made on extended tour through Eurojie, and visited the United 
 States, where he remained a considerable time, receiving the hosijiUd- 
 ities of some of our iiiu.st distinguished personages, and acquainting 
 liimself with tlic locality and scope of tho proposed International 
 Exjiosition, to which the colony imdor his government has since so 
 creditably contributed. Sir George Bowen is tho author of several 
 important works, descriptive of his various travels in Europe. 
 
 The O1T..VN Cit.vLLF,NfiE Cur. 
 
 This ciqj was imule by Mc.ssrs. Tiffany it Co., of Xew York, for 
 James Gordon Bennett, and by him j)roseutcd to the New York Yacht 
 Club. Tho design is highly aj>propriato for a yacht prize ; the haiuUes 
 arc formed of tho prows of vessels winged with i>lumo3 suggestive of 
 speed, and at the foot is tho doljihin that follows in the wake of lucky 
 Vessels. Tho i>ieture on the front is hammered from a smooth surface 
 with a tool and hammer held in tho hands of the skillful artisan, and 
 by wlmt is known its the rq)onsse jirocess. It represents a scene from 
 Longfellow's “‘Wreck of i\xa llcspvrus.” 
 
 “ The skipper lie stood bosldo his helrp 
 Ilis jiipo wa.s ill Ills mouth; 
 
 /.ml lie wateliod liuw tho veering flaw did bio 
 The smoke, now west, now south.'’ 
 
 Tho surmounting figuro reprosents Cblumbua with tho globo ho 
 tniversed at his feet, and jioiuting with his indox finger to tho fair 
 'laud that ho finst discovered. 
 
 The Centenni.vl R.voe Cit op the New York Jockey Club. 
 
 Tho Centennial Race Cup of the New York Jockey Clnb counoct-s the 
 two subjects of patriotism and homes in a most appropriate manner for 
 
 THE UNITED STATES CORSET COMPANY'S EXHIBIT 
 IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 ment a.s one of the jndge.s in Group \'TI., 
 “Furniture, upholstery, etc.” 
 
 The inainifactuvo of this graceful cla.ss of 
 household- ware will be found fully described 
 on page 234 of the Historical Register. 
 The articles which we illustrate include a 
 rocking-chair, table and table-glass — selec- 
 tions which give a fair representatiim of tho 
 character of the exliibit, and will remind 
 the reailer of tho fine display made by 
 the house to which wo nUnde in the Aus- 
 trian department. 
 
 Sir George Feboi'-sos Bovi-en. 
 
 The subject of this sketch — whose por- 
 trait will be found elsewhere — was bora in 
 tlio North of Ireland, in 1821, and educated 
 at tho Charter-house School and Trinity 
 College, Oxford, gi-aduating from the latter 
 university in 1844 as B. A. and first-class 
 in classics. Ho wa.s elected to a fellowship 
 of Bmsenosc College, and from 1847 to 1851 
 was President of the University of Corfu, 
 being ajipointed Chief Seeretary to tho 
 Government of the Ionian Islands in 1854, 
 
 and has met with marked success. A peculiar 
 method of triple-plating knives and forks 
 is a specialty of this company, as is also 
 their porcelain - lined ware, such ns ice- 
 pitchers, jiie and pudding-dishes, etc. Tho 
 Meriden Company’s factoiy is at Meriden, 
 Conn. , and its New York soles’ estabhshment 
 in the fine building at No. 550 Broadway. 
 
 International Poui-try Snow. 
 
 The international disiilay of jimiltry wa,s 
 held ill the Pomological Building, an 
 annex of Agricultural Hall, and continued 
 from October 27th to November 6th. Thi.s 
 cxliibition was the finest ever held in the 
 United State.s; and in the matter of 
 pigeons, is said to be the largest and most 
 comprehensive which has ever oeciured 
 anywhere. 
 
 Tlie display of poultry proper comprised 
 Asiatics, Eamburgs, Spanish, Dorkings. 
 French. Polish, American, bantams, tur- 
 keys, geese, ducks, besides eight <“ages of 
 canary-birds. There were, also, in the classos 
 “ornamental'' and “sundry,'' white 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 
 Giiinpa fowls, pea fowl ; silver, goWon, ami English 
 riiif^-ncckcil pli'nisaiits ; -American quails ; pniiric chick- 
 t-ns”; rabbits, and Guinea pigs. All of the exhibit.s 
 mentioned thus far were American. Xext to these 
 came pigeons, including carriei-s, pouters, pygmj 
 pouters and fantails. There were also tumblers, Ja- 
 cobins, tiirbits, Antwerps, and tiumpcters; fifteen 
 specinnms of African owls, two Chinese owls and 
 twentv-seven English owls, be.side.s nineteen exhibits 
 of swallows and rwcnteen of niagiiies. After theso 
 come nuns, runts, archangels, barbs, etc. 
 
 To go back to fowls proper, there were sixteen ex- 
 hibits of light Br.ih’-nxs over one year, and forty-five 
 under one year, twenty -two of diivk Brahinius, forty -two 
 of partridge C-)chiuR, fourteen of buff Cochins, eighteen 
 of white Cochins, eight of black Cochiu.s, and nine of 
 other \-iu-ietics. In g.aincs, thei-e were seventy coop.s, 
 chiefiy from Peuusylvauia and New Jersey. There were 
 sixty-eight coops of Hambiirgs, cighty-two of Spanish, 
 eighteen of Dorkings, twenty-one of Fn-nch, fifteen 
 Polish, forty -six American, nud one hundred and three 
 bantams. Tlie turkeys included light-bronze, dark- 
 bronze, white IIolliuul, slate, and three exhibits of wild 
 turkeys. Altogether, there were twenty-eight coops. 
 Of geese there were also nine coops, including Ton- 
 lou.se, white China, Hong -Kong, wild geese, and 
 Egyptian. Tlie ducks numbered forty-six cix>i)s, com- 
 prising Ajdesbury, C'ayuga, llouen, Pekin white and 
 colored, JIusco^•y white, crested and wood. 
 
 Great Britain furnished thr-'O exhibits of game 
 fowl, and five 
 coops of Ham- 
 burgs. Canada 
 had sixteen 
 coops of Asiatic's, 
 nineteen of 
 games, eighteen 
 Hambiirgs, thii'- 
 teen Spanish, 
 eight Dorkings, 
 ten French, six- 
 teen Polish, and 
 thirty-two cooi>s 
 ofbaiitam.s ; also 
 four coops of 
 geese, including 
 white a n d 
 bronze China 
 and Brahma ; 
 thirteen coops of 
 ducks, and 
 thirty-six coops 
 of pigeons. 
 
 The. Poraolo- 
 gical Budding, a 
 structure H:t2 by 
 l‘,)2 feet in di- 
 mensions, con- 
 str noted of 
 wood, one story 
 high, and situ 
 ated east of Agi'f - 
 cultural Hall, 
 Wiis crowded to 
 its fullest capa- 
 city w i t h the 
 coops of jioultry 
 ranged on tables. 
 During the con- 
 tinuance of the Pniiltry Exhibition the Pomological 
 Building was constantly filled with spectators. Tho 
 display attracted much attention, and was evidently 
 very gratifying. 
 
 Tire C'EXTEXXIAIi Pop-roRX. 
 
 An entaiprising pop-corn man, who, it is saiit, 
 secured the exclu.sive ]>rivilege of mamifactiiring pop 
 corn oil the Exhibition Grounds for a large sum of 
 money, made good u-se of his conees.'sion, for he had 
 several of these curious and attractive furnaces uud 
 selling-booths all over the Grounds, '\\’e illustrate 
 the process of roasting corn over a fii'c — the 'women 
 R'lliiig the lliinsy but attractive gi'ain prepared in this 
 v.ny. the men roasting, the pile.s of baskets filled with 
 the round, ivd-and-white laJls of the miich-.sought-after 
 pop-corn. Tho booth in Machinery Hull was crowded 
 nil day, and thus showed the attractiveness of the 
 exhibitor’s i>eculiar wares and inacbiuery. 
 
 D.vii vsi'LXLi) Fuwuso-rrecE am> 5rouni.sn 
 P.IDLOCK. 
 
 On p.ige 21^0 we illnstr.ite specimens of ancient and 
 niu.lem dvinascened - work, as aiii>li*-d to firearms, 
 etc. 'I'll' iimsket is of S|ianish oriifiii, haring been 
 first. iis,.il about ilioiigli piirhible fiivurnis of 
 
 v.iriiiiii jiatti'rns were in use iu Europe about tho 
 midclle of the fiftceutli '•'iitiirv. No somier had fiiv- 
 
 THIBTT-I.ir.HT CBTSTAt. CnAKnELIEB. 
 
 arms become portable than art was api»lied to their decoration. 
 Tho barrels of arquebuses and pistols were encircled with deheate 
 engraving and other ornamentation, inlaying in gold, silver, and 
 ivory, etc. Damascening, or Damascus bronzing, is that in which 
 dark and bright lines run tlirough the brown ground. To produce 
 this the steel surface is rubbed over with diluted aquafortis and 
 vinegar, mixed with a solution of sulphate of copper. It is then 
 washed and dried, and rubbed with a hard brush t<j remove any 
 scales of copper. Damascening is, in fact, a method of repro- 
 ducing tho i>eculiar appearance which characterized the original 
 “Damascus blades,” whoso manufacture is a lost art. 
 
 SrAxisH Lace axd Faxs. 
 
 On page 202 will bo found illustrations of the peculiar Spanish 
 laco and Spanish fans, which have attained, and justly, to a world- 
 
 wide reputation. Point lace reached a higher j-mint 
 of excellence of manufacture in Italy and Spain than 
 in any other country, and even at the present day — 
 as mtU have been seen by tliose who examined tho 
 Spanish Department iu the 5Iain Building — S]>anish 
 lace may defy competition as to its own peculiar char- 
 acteristics. 
 
 Siianish funs arc so well known as a distinctive 
 belonging of the Spanish character, as illustrated in 
 its costumes and ornamentation, that we need scarcely 
 to refer to the fact. From the most ancient periods 
 of Spanish history fans adoraed with feathera have 
 been in common use ; at a later period the fa.shifin of 
 jiainting upon such articles national scenes, such as 
 dances, feasts, and tho like, became prominent. In 
 the Spanish section of the Centennial Exposition 
 there were exhibited most beautiful specimens, illus- 
 trating the point to which tho art of adorning fans 
 has reached in that comitry. 
 
 Ex-Governor ‘Wieliam BiciUER. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was bom at Shermans- 
 burg, Cumberland County, Pa., in December, 1S13. 
 Hi.s father being a fanner, and not very successful in 
 that avocation, young Bigki- received but a nieagro 
 common - school education, though he fortunately 
 drifted into a printing-office, which stood for him in 
 place of iilin't mater. About 1833 he commenced tho 
 publication of a political paper, writing editorials, 
 setting type, 
 working tho 
 press, and in 
 fact comprising 
 in himself his 
 entire staff. In 
 1836 5Ir. Bigler 
 m a r r i e d, and 
 shortly after sold 
 out his paper 
 and started in 
 the lumber busi- 
 ness. He had, 
 however, ad- 
 dicted hi inself 
 strenuously t o 
 politics, and be- 
 coming popular 
 among the 
 people with 
 whom he wn.s 
 associated, ho 
 was elected to 
 the State Senate 
 in 1841, Ten 
 years later 5Ir. 
 
 Bigler was elect- 
 ed Governor of 
 the State of 
 Pennsylvania, 
 being then only 
 thirty-eight 
 years of age. 
 
 The adminis- 
 tration of Gov- 
 ernor Bigler was 
 characterized by 
 the exhibition of 
 virtues which wo 
 nre omiBlomed siab-babi,. 
 
 to hear of as com- 
 monly attributed only to “ the good old times,” but 
 which have regulated his conduct in every depart- 
 ment of the affairs of life in which ho has been 
 eugiiged. These were rigid economy and strict ac- 
 countability in the use of public moneys. In 1S55 
 Governor Bigler was elected Pre.sident of the Phila- 
 delphia and Erie Ilailri>ad Company, and in the .same 
 year to theEoiited States Senate, where ho served for 
 six yearn. In 1857 ho miulo himself proniiuent in tho 
 Kansas-Kebra.ska troubles, traveling over the greater 
 part of Kansas, advocating a Free State policy. After 
 the election of 5Ir. Lincoln, Governor Bigler was 
 untiring in his efforts iu the direction of a iieaceful 
 solution of the pending troubles. He was a member 
 of the Charleston Convention of I860, opposing 
 Judge Douglas in that body. In 1864 he was tem- 
 poi'ary Chairman of the Democratic Convention, and 
 voted for the nomination of Gen. George B. 5IcCIelInu 
 to tho Presidency. Since 1H6S Ctovcmor Bigler Las 
 lived in retircnieut at Clearfield, I’j., but was again 
 brought proiuiueutly before the public in connectinii 
 with the Centennial Board of Finance, on the form- 
 ation < if that body in 1872. In tbe .specially impoi-ffiiit 
 and responsible capacity of “financial agent ' of the 
 J-Surcaii of Ki'vcime. Governor Bijjler labored very 
 a.s.«iduously and judiciously toward effecting such a 
 giffhering of fiimls n.s should promise aucci-s.s to the 
 
 M n S R S . MIT < ■ 11 E I. T. V N C E ^ O,' 5 E X IT I R I T i‘i T' C H A N H E 1. 1 E R S, IN THE MAIN R r' M, D I N <1 . 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENRTAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 307 
 
 .ALENAOiyWKKS 
 
 c rncE 
 
 tof Jiff 
 
 THANSl'ORTATION COMlWNVa EXHIBIT —MODEL OE OIL WELLS. 
 
 gi'oat object to wliieli lie now ilt-votiHl all his lime luul 
 I'rtbrts. Eiitlmsiivstie iii his own contiilonec in the 2'fos- 
 pects of the Centennial Exhibition, he iufnsecT a similai' 
 belief into the inimls of all withwlioni he eauie in contact, 
 and bv constant (’orresjiondenec and j'ersonal solicitation 
 was largely instrumental in adviaicing the interests of the 
 Centennial at a time when <-ven many of its strongest friends 
 held back, dismayed at the formidable oi)2>ositiun which it 
 BO generally encountered. 
 
 As linancitd ollicer of the Centennial direction, the task 
 of obtaining an aiiimijn-iation from Cougi'oss was intrusted 
 to (lovernor Bigler. In view of the contest between the 
 United States (Sovornmeiit and the Centennial Board of 
 Finance, it is only fair to state that bad the original bill 
 passed lus it was framed by tTovernor Bigler, the Govern- 
 ment would have re- 
 ceived $81)0,0(10 with- 
 out a contest, since by 
 that bill it was detiued 
 ns a creditor on the 
 R.ame basi.s as the stock- 
 holders. Butbymeana 
 of an amendment 
 framed by the oii- 
 poiieiits of the bill, a 
 detinition was given to 
 the relations between 
 the Government and 
 the Centennial direc- 
 tion, which was so 
 bunglingly construct- 
 ed ns to leave the 
 former without any 
 legid claim for any- 
 thin g. G o V 0 r n o r 
 Bigler fought this 
 amendment earnestly, 
 and no rea.son exists 
 for charging him with 
 any of the resiionsi- 
 bility fur the fluid 
 conclusion. 
 
 In two letters which 
 lie before us, written, 
 re.sjicctively, to Sen- 
 ator.s Davis and 
 Momll in 1874. (iov- 
 >nior Bigler fore- 
 shadowed the results 
 
 of the iuternationid diaraeter of the Exhibition with a 
 lireei.sion that is jiositively remarkable, 
 
 Governor Bigler is a man of dignified yet genial ai>ptar- 
 nnee. affable, courteous and obliging; determined and ener- 
 getic in any course of procedure which he adojit-s, and 
 ijUiditied by integi'ity of inu'iiose and largeness of under- 
 standing to sn.staiu and lulvance any movement with whicli 
 he allies himself. He i.s, in fact, tyjiical of the highest 
 stamp of iirouounced American manhood. 
 
 United St.vtes I'ieud Teleok.vI'H Train. 
 
 The exhibit of the United States Signal Service, which 
 we illustrate, consisted of a field telegrajili train, with 
 battery, uire-wagon, lance-trncks, running-gear, a porta- 
 ble sigmd - tower, and other signal appliances. It was 
 
 I'lacod on State Avenue, on the Centennial ( irounds, facing 
 the New York State and British Governmi'iit Biiildiiig.s. 
 The lance-wagon is 17 f vt 7 iiiehes long, and has a tool- 
 box on each sid<‘, 7 fi-et long and 7 inehrs wiile, Tlio 
 runiiing-geiir included a i>o]<‘ 0 feet long, and wheels 3 
 feet 4 inehes and 4 feet in iliaiiieter. Tlu' wire-wagmi has 
 sills 8 feet 3 inches long, is iJl open .at the back, and all 
 its framework is made of whit;' oak, ash, and poi>lar. The 
 battery-wagon has a body of the .sauii' diiui'iisiotis as the 
 wire -wagon, and has three 1 aittery -boxes on each sidi'. 2 feet 
 7 inches long, 7 inches wide and deeit. It is ,su}iplieil with 
 a bl;t.ck canva-s toj> and white dnek enrtains. Besides 
 tho-se aiijnirtenimces, there is a reel for the wire-wagon. 
 The mca.suremeiits of the .signal tower are not at hand, 
 and we are indebted to the United States Sigm l Service 
 Uei>iU‘tiuent for tlie 
 full schedule of di- 
 mensions. a iiortion of 
 which only w\- are 
 enabled to find sjmee 
 for in the IIistoiuc.vl 
 Hegister. 
 
 MisrEi.T.u\XEors 
 OlUEL'TS. 
 
 Among the many 
 articles whieh we il- 
 lustrate, a large num- 
 ber will be found fully 
 describ.'il in the re- 
 marks upon the sec- 
 tions of buildings 
 where they were 
 jdaced. Such are the 
 statues “Flying 
 Time" and “Love's 
 Til e s s c n g e r " tlu‘ 
 former apjiears on 
 jiage -‘19, the latter 
 on page 233. The 
 Segiir exhibit of po/J 
 dr fuii^ f/nr^ was made 
 1 ly Jles,srs. Segur Sc 
 ObiiT, I’erigueux.Doi- 
 dogne, Franee, and 
 was in Agrienltnral 
 Hall. TheBeD’iau 
 Carved Pulpit and 
 Belgiim Furniti-.i'e, of 
 
50S 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTEKXIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Cliiliau, anil Britisli sections in tbe Main Building. 
 The "Wisconsin and Bliuois .State Buildings are 
 briefly referred to on page IGO . 
 
 For description of the Bryant Testimonial Vase 
 our readers are referred to page 303. Our second 
 illustration of the exhibits of Mes-srs. Tiftimy k Co., 
 of Xew York, represents the BU]>erb onmmeut in 
 the form of a feather, studded witli diamond.s, 
 which has been so gi'eatly admired by tliose who 
 were pririleged to see it. 
 
 THE MICHIGAN STATE BL’ILDINO. 
 
 which w« give illu-strations, were in the Belgian section 
 of the Main Building, and attracted constant attention 
 from those who delight in caiwed furniture. A Japanese 
 Vase and Sandwich Island Boat are each illustiative of the 
 industry of the country represented. The Blowing Ma- 
 chinery, in Machinery Hall, will be remembered by all 
 who experienced its wonderful force, and has been fully 
 noticed elsewhere. Brewers’ Hail is fully described on 
 pages 158 and 159. The exhibit of the ‘ ‘ Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Cruelty to Animals” is considered at length in 
 another portion of this work ; while the illustration of an 
 American Carriage, and those of the English Cutter, Sports- 
 man's Carriage, and Piiaeton, will be recognized as repre- 
 senting articles which were disjilaycd in the Camage-Ajmex 
 to the Main Building. The illustrations of the exliibits of 
 the Empire Transportation Company will be found de- 
 scribed at length in the article entitled, American Freight 
 Building, on page 147 of the Keoisteb, and the '^■iews of 
 the Arkansas State 
 Building may be con- 
 sidered in connection 
 with the descriptive 
 article on page 1C7. 
 
 The Washington State 
 Cairiage was in the Car- 
 riage-Annex, and was 
 undoubtedly the actual 
 vehicle in which the 
 Father of his Countiy 
 was accustomed to make 
 his journeys in those 
 days when riiilroads 
 were not, and in it ho 
 very possil'ly traveled 
 from his home in Vir- 
 ginia to New York on 
 t'le occasion of his in- 
 auguration. Our illus- 
 tration of the Baily 
 Giin, an iinprovement 
 on the Gatling and mi- 
 trailleuse, by an inventor 
 who claims to have 
 originated tliis class of 
 artillery, represents the 
 piece of ordnance 
 which, in tlie latter days 
 of the Centeimiiil, was 
 to be seen in the In- 
 diana State Biiililiug ; it 
 is described on page 
 298. On page 250 is an 
 engraving of the Rus- 
 sian Hut, and on page 
 97 we refer our readers 
 for an account of the 
 Russian exhibits in 
 Agricultural Hall; and 
 for descriptions of the 
 Weber Pianoforte, 
 
 Jiivet'.s Time Globe, 
 the Chilian Minerals, 
 and Banieli’s Pottery 
 Exliibits, to the articles 
 
 wpou tUs? Ateerican, 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND ITS RESOURCES. 
 Extending from latitude 22 deg. 20 min., its 
 southern limi t, northward to the 42d parallel, and 
 between 114 deg. and 
 124 deg. we.st longi- 
 tu<le, C'ahfornifl ha.s a 
 const-line of about 7-50 
 miles, with nu average 
 breadth of 230 miles, 
 and comprises withiu 
 its limits an area of 
 154,110 square miles, 
 or nearly twice the ex- 
 tent of Clreat Britain. 
 
 Tiie general character 
 of California is moim* 
 tainous, and a remark- 
 able feature of the 
 State is the existence 
 of two great mountain 
 ranges running noiih- 
 west and southea.st — the Sieivn 
 Nevadas and the Coa-st Range 
 Mountains. Near the northern 
 boundary of the Shite is a 
 Lititndinal range, in which 
 stands the grand and majestic 
 Mount Shasta, 14,442 feet 
 above the sea-level, its summit 
 being within the limits of 
 everlasting snow. The average 
 
 height of the Coast Range is 23,000 feet above the sea- 
 level. and it is intersected by nuniei-ou.s long, fertile, and 
 narrow valleys — namely : Los Angelos, Salinas, Santa Clara, 
 Sonoma, Napa, and Russian Biver Valley. The Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains of California are clothed with valuable 
 forests, while beneath are store.s of incalculable mincrtil 
 wealth. Between the two ranges of the inonntaiiis lie the 
 extensive and productive valleys of Sail Joaquin and Sacra- 
 
 mento, extending from north to south a distance of about 
 500 miles in length, and from 50 to GO iu breadth. The 
 principal rivers in the State are also named the Sacramento 
 and San Joaquin. The fonner takes its rise near the lofty 
 Mount Shasta, and the latter in the Sierra Nevailas. They 
 are each about 350 miles in length. The climate of Cali- 
 fornia is varied, differing greatly in different counties. The 
 year is divided into two seasons, the wet nud dry season. 
 The latter season commences iu the mouth of May and 
 continues until about the middle of November, when the 
 wet season commences and lasts until .\pril or May. Cali- 
 fornia is undoubtedly one of the most productive countries 
 in the world. Entire counties are completely covered irith 
 wild oats, aud are imuluable grazing gi-oimils for number- 
 less herds dimug the dry .season. The soil does not require 
 cultivation and manuring, as is usii.al in older countries. 
 
 From 15,000,000 to 25,000,000 bushels of wheat are pro- 
 duced annually iu the State, the average yield being about 
 17 bushels per acre, although the best wheat-producing 
 counties exceed 30 biwhels per acre. Iu addition to wheat, 
 barley, oats, lye, buckwheat, and Iiidiau coru are exten- 
 sively raised. Tiie yiekl of agi’icnltural products iu the 
 year 1873 was: wheat, about 25,000.000 bushels; barley, 
 
 8,000,000; oats, 1,200,000; rye, 16,000; maize, 1,000,000 
 buckwheat, 10,000 
 potatoes, 1,400,000 
 hay, 350,000 tons 
 butter, 5,000,000 
 pounds ; honey, 500,000 
 pounds, and cheese, 
 
 3,000,000 pounds. The 
 wheat-growing farms 
 are of an immense size, 
 ranging from 500 to 
 
 13.000 acres. The en- 
 tire ngiicultiiral pro- 
 ducts for 1873 are 
 valued at 8100,000,000. 
 During 1873 there were 
 manufactured in Cali- 
 foniia 85,000,000 cigars, 
 consuming nearly 
 
 3,000,000 pounds of 
 leaf-tobacco. Cotton has 
 been gi'owu on a con- 
 stantly improving scale 
 for several yeai-s. Dur- 
 ing the year 1873 about 
 
 2.000 acres were under 
 cultivation, the quality 
 being superior. Garden- 
 produce of all descrip- 
 tions is hirgely raised in 
 the Stiite, a peculiar 
 feature being the enor- 
 mous size of the fmit 
 -and vegetables. Puinp- 
 kius have been giDwii 
 M'eighiiig 250 pounds ; 
 stpiashe.s, 200 pounds ; 
 a single beet weighed 
 118 pounds, and cairots 
 have been raised weigh- 
 ing 30 pounds. The fig, 
 olive, and pine-apple- 
 trees gi-ow luxuriantly 
 iu the southern gardecs 
 oftheState. Allvaiietics 
 of European fniits and 
 vegetables are ijroduced 
 to sell ; iu the southern 
 
 : JOCKEY CLUB, PRESENTED BY MB. ACO0ST BELMONT. 
 

 mSTOR/CAL REGISTER OE THE CENTEXXTAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 Conntic'H tropical fniits, such as the plmituin uiuT b.',nana, 
 conic to perfection. The most important of the native 
 fruits i.s the grape, tlu-rc hoihg over 30,000,000 of vines 
 planted in tlie States more tiiaii half of ivliieh are bear- 
 ing. The great grape-vino of Santa Barbara, a portion of 
 which was on exhibition in Agi-icnltiiral Hall at the Cen- 
 tennial, wasplanb-d forty -.six years ago. In 1374 it measured 
 12 inches in diaineter at 4 feet from the gi’onnd. At 2 feet 
 liigher the Kteni was divideil, and its branches, siipporb-il 
 by a rude trellis, formed a splendid lajwer, which covered 
 an area of 10,000 square feet. It commonly jiroiluces j 
 about 12,000 ])ounds of gi’upes, the bunches weighing (5 or 
 7 pounds each, aiid being from l.'i to 18 inches long. 
 The next growth in value and importance is the omug(', 
 tlui culture of which lais been eontined almost entirely to 
 the southern eoimtics, the chief orangc-iirodncing locjility 
 being Los Ang<-lo.s. 
 
 Tlicrc are about 2.'), 000 
 orange - trcc.s in the 
 State. Of other fruits 
 tlu're are supposed tf) 
 bo 10,000of mnlbeny- 
 trees, 1,120,000 upplo- 
 trees, 1,000,000 iTc.ach, 
 
 40.000 (jnince, 1>2,()00 
 aju'icot, 33,000 fig, 
 
 4.000 lemon, 20,000, 
 olive, 7,000 prune, 
 
 2 j ,000 almond, and 
 uiiihous of viiie.s and 
 bushels (if small fruits. 
 
 The forests of C'alifor- 
 nia lU'c noted through- 
 out the world, and the 
 big tvet'.s of Mariposa 
 and Calaveras rank 
 among the natuiul 
 curiosities of the 
 United States. The 
 R u g a r - p i 11 0 gi'ows 
 about 300 feet in 
 height, and measures 
 12 f(*et in diameter. 
 
 The red-wood gi'ows 
 only oil the coast, 
 within 30 miles of the 
 Pacific Ocean, and 
 there is a giant plant 
 of this species in Santa 
 Cruz County, 275 feet 
 high, and IS) feet in 
 diameter G feet above 
 the gi'ound. Near the 
 Klamath Itiver tlu'ro 
 is said to bo one as 
 iiiiieb as 30 feet in 
 diameter, and one 
 hollow rod-wood stump 
 is mentioned which is 
 38 f(H‘t in dianu'ter, 
 and in which 33 imck- 
 nniles were corniled at 
 one time. The laurel 
 is one of the most 
 b(‘antiful tre<>s of the 
 coast valleys. The ina- 
 drona is another strik- 
 ing tree, while othem 
 are the junijicr, yew, 
 nutmeg, coast cypress, 
 manzauita, etc. 
 
 California is a groat 
 stock-rniaiiig country. 
 
 Formerly all the cattle 
 were of jnire Spanish 
 blood, but for the last 
 teu years this stock 
 has been decreasing. 
 
 Sbeep-rai.sing is one 
 of the most important 
 ns well as profitable 
 avocations in the State, 
 and the business of 
 wool-gi-owiug one of the most valuable. In 1873 the clip of 
 wool was 30,000,000 pounds, and there are over 5,000,000 
 bead of sheep in the State. There are from 20.000 to 
 
 30.000 common goats, and from 10,000 to 15.000 cashmere 
 goats. Gold and silver form the chief mineral wealth, 
 although cxteu.sive deposits of copper exist in some 
 counties, and several kinds of iron ore are to be found 
 in the Coast llaugc. There are also three or four beds 
 of cool of the variety called lignite. Gold was discovered 
 in a mill-race erected by General Sutter in 1848, and 
 in a few months thousands of adventurous emigi-ants were 
 on their way to the new El Dorado. In 1849 the product 
 was nearly 85,000.000; in the following year it was five 
 times as much, and by 1S5G it had increased to 858,000,000. 
 Since that time the gold yield has been graduallv decreas- 
 ing, and for the past five years the agricultural product of 
 
 the State has been greater than that of its mines by millions 
 of dollars. Silver exists in large and extensive deposits in 
 the counties cast of the Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 Tlu' fir.st railroad in California was constructed between 
 Sacramento and Folsom, a (.listance of 22 miles, and was 
 opened in 185G. The Central Pacific Pailroad Company 
 filed their certificate of incorporation June 28, 1861, and 
 was incorjiorated with the Union Pacific Kailroad Company 
 two years after. The Central Pacific broke ground January 
 8tli, 18G3 ; the Union Pacific on the 2d December follow- 
 j ing ; the first at Sacramento and the other at Omaha. In 
 May, I860, this line was opened. 
 
 The total population of Calitomia at the end of 1874 
 was about 700,000. Of these a large number are Chinese, 
 the Chinese population in 1870 having been estimated 
 at about GO, 000. From 1852 to 1870, 90,000 Chinese 
 
 justice and the iranishment of oficn.se were also a pi^rtiou t f 
 the sun-mindings of this Bureau, and the-so we illustrate on 
 page 29G of the Hi-SToiti<'.\n Rkoister. It wa.s gi-atifyiug 
 to recognize at the close of the Exhibition the fact that the 
 Bureau of Pratection had had so little to do in the strict 
 line of its duty as was the case. The vi.sitors to the Exjiosi- 
 tion wi'i-e orderly, good-humored and well-behaved, (piite 
 beyond precedent, and the aiTcsts were very few in actual 
 number, and compai'atively unimportant 
 
 1 emigrants anfived at Ran Fmneisco. Naturally the advent 
 j of so many Chinese in California suggested tea, and it is a 
 fact that the cultivation of the tea-plant has grown to be 
 , quite an industry. 
 
 I CKNTF.XNI.\I. BUREAU OF BROTECTION. 
 
 j The Police an-angements of the Centennial were organ- 
 ized with wise forethought and judgment, and completely 
 subserved the puiqsosc for which they were desigued. A 
 I sufficient force of Centennial Gnard.s patrolled the Grounds 
 I during the day and night, and were stationed at all times in 
 the different buildings. The men were undi'r perfect mili- 
 tary discipline, living in barracks on the Grounds, and 
 being entirely devoted to tlie objects of their apiiointment. 
 Court-rooms and other buildings for the distribution of 
 
 POTTF.RV AND PORCFXAIN. 
 
 Tire numerous and beautiful exhibits of pottery and 
 chiuawaru in the Main Building of the Centennial uttraeb d 
 so much attention, and awakened so much interest in 
 the whole subject, that 
 some examination of 
 the history of the 
 ceramic art \vill not 
 bo inaxipropriate in 
 this place. Tlio word 
 “ceramic,” by - 1 hc- 
 way, comes from a 
 Greek word Hignifying 
 “pottt'v's earth,” tbo 
 coiTespondiug descrip- 
 tive word frijm the 
 Latin being “fictile,” 
 from./2/iyo, “to form.” 
 The fa.shiomng of 
 utensils and tlie clay- 
 ing and baking of 
 tliem, either in tlie .sun 
 or by fire, is unques- 
 tionably one of the 
 earlie.st arts api^lied by 
 humanity, evidences of 
 this coming doxm to 
 u.s from the remotest 
 jieriod.s. By the an- 
 cient Egyiitiun.s the art 
 was attributed to the 
 gods, which shows 
 that its origin mn.st 
 have been of a date 
 jircceding their re- 
 cords. Freijuent allu- 
 sions are made to it in 
 the Old Testani: iit, 
 and among the ariicics 
 of the different East- 
 ern countries, as well 
 ns tho.se of ancient 
 nations which jieoijlc 
 America, relics arc 
 found illustrating this 
 manufacture. Aim mg 
 the Egyxitiaus, vases or 
 jars appear to havo 
 been the jirovailiiig 
 uten.sils for a great 
 variety of pmqxises. 
 They were of all i izes, 
 from several feet in 
 height down to scarcely 
 an inch, some being 
 water-jars with wide 
 necks, others i^ccu- 
 liarly shaped, being 
 made to contain wine, 
 oil, honey, milk, drugs, 
 ointments, and numer- 
 ous other articles. 
 These vases were made 
 in terra cotta or in 
 glazed common ware, 
 the color being red, 
 and some of the finer 
 articles aiipearing to 
 have been poli.shed by 
 some mechanical ]>ro- 
 cess. The date of theso 
 goes back to from 2,000 to 3,000 years before ClirLst. The 
 glaze used ax>ijears to ha\’c been formed of jmlvcrized silex 
 and soda, and colored by various metallic oxides. The blue 
 tint discovered and used at this early period retains its 
 lustre to the present time, and is uusuiqjassed by the ]jro- 
 ductious of modem art. The specimens of Eastern ])otterj’ 
 which have been xsreserved to us arc for the most part 
 brick.s, tiles, cylinders, etc. Among the Babylonian relics 
 were bas-rchefa in terra-cotta, generally produced in molds 
 i rci>resentiug figures of men and animals. 
 
 I In Eurojie the most ancient ijotterj’ worthy of notice was 
 that of the Etruscans. As far back as the seventh and 
 ! eighth centuries before Christ, their vases — of course dnrk- 
 1 brown wore — in gi-eat variety of sizes, ornamented with 
 ‘ figures in relief, were produced in forms of such ijcrfection 
 • imd beauty os to entitle them to the rank of works of art. 
 
niSrORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 ?.in 
 
 At a latt-r perioil the eflect of iutercoui-sc with the Greeks ' 
 chauged the native style to imitations of the Hellenic. The 
 Etruscan I'ehcs of this class are chiefiv vases of bhick and 
 brown metal, and ten-a-cothi, the most of which have been 
 found in the sepulchres. From the tifth to the third cen- 
 tury before Christ the potteiy manufacture was impoitaut 
 in Greece, and included a great variety of articles finished 
 in the highest style of art. At Athens iiud in other Grecian 
 cities there were at times public exhibitions of these 
 works, by means of which a spmt of competition was 
 iucited. Among the relics of this manufacture have been 
 found vases and small terra-cottir figures, small modem 
 plaster casts, these being painted in appropriate colors by 
 artists si:)ecially devoting themselves to this avocation. 
 Lamps, also, of delicate construction, are foimd, many of 
 these being readDy referred to the period of the Eoman 
 dominion. Vases called amphonp" were univcrsjiUy 
 employed for the storing and transportation, and other 
 commodities, a.s well as for different domestic pm-poses. 
 Omniueutal vase.s ai-e very numerous, in which are 
 imitated the figures of animals, heads of Bacchiintes, and 
 others, highly decorated with figures in relief and elabo- 
 rately colored. Fronr the third century, n. c. , the ceramic 
 art declined in Greece, the introduction by Alexander the 
 Great of uichdlic vases having led to the substitution of 
 the.se for the better vmietics of pottery. The finished 
 specimens of Greek vases are found in Etruria, and were 
 the work of Grecian artists removed tliither, or were the 
 work of Etruscan artists educated in Greece. In Roman 
 pottery vases were the most numerous and useful products 
 of the art, and these were far inferior to the Grecian manu- 
 facture of the same period. The finest ware known is from 
 the potteries of Samos aud Aretimn, imd about the second 
 or third century, a.d. Chinese pottery dates back to the 
 second century, b. c., and in that country porcelain is 
 used not merely for domestic utensils, but for slabs and 
 tiles. Marco Polo, in the latter part of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, was struck with the extent of the i>orceLdn manu- 
 fiUJtiire in China and the extraordinary cheapness of the 
 wiu-e, eight cups of which could be purchased for a Vene- 
 thm groat. The finest articles were not exported, aud tho 
 process of mamifucture was kept secret. Upou the Ame- 
 rican continent numerous illustrations of ancient jjottery 
 have been discovered ; 
 the wares of the ancient 
 Peruvians testifying to 
 a high degree of skill in 
 this art. The paste itsed 
 is usually red or yellow, 
 ornamented with figures 
 of black, red, white, and 
 yellow. Many flasks are 
 beautifully formed, with 
 long, delicate necks ; 
 and others are heads of 
 animals — the jaguar — 
 or have the forms of 
 birds or of native fruits. 
 
 The Mexicans also early 
 attained a high degree 
 of perfection in their 
 pottery — that of the 
 Tlascalans being unsuipa-ssed in its excellence by any in 
 Europe, while that of the Choluhms was extremely deli- 
 cate, rivaling in beauty the Florentine manufacture. About 
 the rnius of New Mexico and Chihuahua rehes of this char- 
 acter are found in the greatest abundance, aud for miles 
 aroimd certain ruins in that country the surface of the 
 ground is found strevni with broken pottery of fine quiUity. 
 Tlie colors are red, black, and white, aud many articles are 
 painted on the inside, while modern ludmn and Mexican 
 wares arc painted on the outside. After the decline of the 
 Romm Empire pottery, a.s a decorative art, wjls lost iu 
 Europe- The Arab.s introduced it into Spain on their con- 
 quest of that country, aud also into Sicily iu the next 
 century. They coufined their productions, however, 
 chiefly to tiles fi)r pavenrents aud for the decoration of 
 the walla of buildings, in which they have never been 
 equaled. The .\lhambra and the great mosque at Palenno, 
 ill Sicily, remain as illustrations of their facility in this art. 
 Gradually the manufacture spi-ead into Ihrly, and by the 
 fourteenth century wars improved by native invention and 
 by the introduction of Grecian proces.ses from Byzantium. 
 In Pesara at this period was practiced what may be 
 regarded as the basis of the majolica ware. 
 
 The ordinary pottery which constituted the common 
 groundwork, after being partially baked was covered by 
 immersion with a thin coatiug of pure white clay, with 
 which were intermixed oxides of lead and tin. The baking 
 was then completed in a kiln. This style was gradually 
 perfected by the Robias, to whose labors we have referred 
 in a previous article. For two centuries the finest ware 
 in pottery was that of majolica, characterized by its peculiar 
 lustres, andnamefl, it is supposed from the island of Majolica, 
 where simikir ware has been produced by the Moors. Urbina, 
 Gubio, Castel-Duronte and Faenza were places especially 
 famous for this ware, and the word ‘"faience,” by which also 
 it is designated, was probaldy derived from the List named 
 city. In the sixteenth centiuy this class of pottery manu- 
 
 facture was introduced iu Nuremberg, Germany, aud 
 Navarre, Frauce, and was practiced with great succe.ss by 
 Bernard de Palis.s 5 ', “the Potter.” The Dutch have been 
 famous from the fifteenth centui'y for their colored tiles 
 and other pottery produced at Delft and its vicinity. From 
 that period they continued to be largely introduced into 
 England for churebes and expensive mansions, aud in the 
 sixteenth centuiy their dishes for dinner service were well 
 known throughout Europe. The Dutch appear to have 
 copied from the old porcelain of Japan, with which their 
 extensive Eastern commerce made them early acquainted. 
 Chinese porcelain was imported into Eiu-ope by the Por- 
 tuguese in the early part of the sixteenth century, aud was 
 known as “China.” The Dutch and English afterward 
 brought the ware from the East, and as it became known 
 every attempt was made to ascertain the secret of its 
 beautiful trauslucency, and to produce the same ware in 
 European countries. The naturs of the material was first 
 discovered by Biitcher, an apothecary’s assistant at Berlin, 
 
 GOBHiSt MASUFACTL'RINO CO.’S EXHIBIT.— THE CESTURV VASE. 
 
 and a refugee iu Saxony on account of being reputed as 
 an alchemist, who succeeded in producing iu 1709 a genuine 
 white porcelain of naturtd clay, with old motalhc fluxes. 
 The Elector. Frederick Augustus, was so much pleased 
 •with this that he established a manufactory at Meissen, of 
 which Batcher was made director. Works for manufactur- 
 ing thi.s ware ■were esLablislied in 1735 at Chantilly, aud ten 
 years later at Yincenues. In 1754 by royid sanction the 
 works were removed to SeiTes. Porcelain was made in 
 England iu the midille of the last century, first at Chelsea, 
 under the patronage of George II., aud afteni'ard at 
 Worcester and other jdaces. The works at Worcester 
 have been styled since 178G, “ The Royal Porcelain Works. ” 
 Staffordshire is also an important seat of the porcelain 
 manufacture. There are in England the most extensive 
 potteries, cstatdished upon the same spots which were 
 occui>ied for tho same purpose by the potteries during the 
 period of Roman occupation. The so-called “ Queen’s- 
 ware” was originated by Josiah WeJgewood, who was 
 born in 1730, and who thirty years later produced speci- 
 m?ns of this poculiar cream-colored ware. By means of 
 his chemical acquirements and extraordinary skill. Wedge- 
 wood succeeded in imitating in porcelain fur himself, cameos 
 and antiques, aud even the wonderful Portland vases of 
 which he produced fifty copies, which were seai'cely sur- 
 passed in beauty by the original itself. 
 
 luNorw.ay the manufacture of the finer grades of potters' — 
 fine faience and iiorceLiiii — is not carried on to any very 
 great extent, since an amxile supply can be obtained from 
 Sweden, where the native material is excellent, and where 1 
 there are large factories, producing ware of superior quality, j 
 Only a small Norwegian exhibit was made of pottery, in- 1 
 eluding a few painted porcelain articles, whose quality, | 
 h')wever, was very good, the glaze upon some of the dinner 
 services being quite rich and brilliant, but the painting iu 
 imitation of natural flowers wixs rather crude and inai'tistic. 
 Certain specimens exhibit-'d were oraamented after the 
 
 Japanese fiushion, with grotesque figures of men and dragons 
 in black aud red colors, and Japanese characters in black 
 dotted over the intervening surface. The glaze in the 
 Norwegian pottery is exceedingly brilliant, and it liftS 
 attained to remarkable excellence iu gililiug. The King of 
 Sweden, however, mode, as has been already observeil in tlio 
 proper place, a very vaiied and interesting exhibit in 
 ceramic wares. Indeed, the manufacture of pottery iu itn 
 varied forms is one of the principal industries of the Swed- 
 i.sh nation. At i>reseut this manufacture is carried on iu 
 two china aud two faience factories at Rorstrand, estab- 
 lished iu 172G, aud Gustaffsberg, established iu 1830, both 
 being close to Stockholm. There is also a recently estab- 
 lished faience factory at Malmo, an earthenware factory at 
 Hogauas, luid a great number of factories and workshojis 
 for the manufacture of stone, inferior faience and common 
 earthenware iu different parts of the countiy. At the two 
 I>rincipal — Rorstrand and Gustafl’sberg — almost all sorts of 
 earthenware are made, from the real feldsp.ar i^orceLun to 
 fine faience. These two factories oi’c nearly equal in size, 
 emiiloying together about 1,209 persons, and the value of 
 their manufactures iu 1874 'w'as about 8750,000 gold, the 
 greater part of this being sold iu Sweden, but there being 
 also a cousiderable quantity exported to Norway, Denmark 
 and Russia. The Rorstrand exhibit of majolica and Bernard 
 de Piilis-sy ware was one of the most notable exhibits iu tho 
 Swedish court. It comprised a great vai’iety iu vaso.s, 
 plaques, figure subjects, etc., the designs being spirited and 
 liiglily artistic. The prevailing color was a rich, clear green, 
 the largest pieces, such as jardinieres, on pedestals, aud tho 
 hollow vases, being particulai'ly fine. One of the.sa, repre- 
 Bonting a cepid sitting on a dolphin, and another a winged 
 dragon, coiling up aud around a rtee trunk, were excep- 
 tionally excellent. Among the smaller pieces of majolica 
 was a fine vase, supported at the base by thin, broad lily- 
 leave.s, iu which tho shades of green were beautifully 
 blended. A favorite aud rather pleasing style of decoration 
 consisted of faience and delicate leaves in very low relief 
 a ground of gray, modeled with blue. A very beautiful 
 piece of manufacture was a ewer with a snake handle, and 
 lizard, flowers aud bees iu relief on the body. Rorstrand 
 faience, idain aud decorated, bisque ware and Paihin, and 
 useful ornamoutal china aud porcehiin were all of superior 
 quality aud artistic ex- 
 cellence. There were 
 some vases aud plaques 
 exhibited, covered with 
 a brilliant black or 
 dai'k-blue glaze, with 
 raised designs of flowers 
 and ferns in white, which 
 were most interesting 
 and beautiful specimens. 
 A pjur of small vases 
 with gilt figures was ex- 
 hibited, iu imitation of 
 the ivory porcelain of 
 Japan. A pair of deep 
 covered dishe.s were or- 
 namented with spiays 
 of roses, which were 
 arranged so ingeniously 
 that the stems were often entirely detached from the 
 body of the piece, against which the flower-stand leaves 
 rested in imitation of nature. 
 
 The use of the Japanese idea.s of ileeoration was c.xem- 
 plifled again in a very pretty set of dessert -plates, -which 
 were ornamented with Japanese figures on a white gi-ound, 
 the borders being iiainted with butterflies nud flowers on 
 gi'ouuds of different colors. The largest vases were very 
 rich iu decoration, the colors being brilliant, and effectively 
 and ingeniously combined. Biscuit figures of a basket 
 pattern were quite numerous, in 'which the flower orna- 
 mentation -was especially noticeable. The quahty of tho 
 material permits of the moat dehcatc manipulation, aud tho 
 modeling of the piuks and di‘hcate grasses may be claimed 
 as a triumph of tho ceramic art. One rare and remarkable 
 specimen was a small vase, ornamented with flowers and 
 grass, tlie whole piece— flowers and grass — aftei'ward being 
 covered with a transparent glaze. In Europe the forming 
 of collections of pottery h.as long been an object of interest 
 not only to numerous wealthy amateurs but also to tho 
 governments of states. In England this has been properly 
 the ca.se, the rage for ceramic.s having at times risen to 
 the height of mania. In Dre.sden, at the Jajianese palace, 
 founded by tho Elector Frederick Augustus I., is tho 
 magnificent national collection. In it the Oriental china 
 alone occupies thirteeu large rooms, the progress of 
 the Dresden manufacture being represented by a great 
 variety of well - selected pieces. The museum of the 
 porcehiin of Sevres was commenced iu 1812, for tho 
 purpose of iUiistrating the progress of the ceramic art from 
 the manufacture of reduced ware to that of the finest porce- 
 lain, including also the geography and chronology of the 
 art. This manufacture affords an eminent instance of tho 
 value imparted to •worthless materials by skill and science. 
 Single vases of the Sevres china, 12 to 15 inches high, have 
 repeatedly sold for 85,000 ; majolica plate for 8500 ; Chinese 
 kyolins, or antique vases, for 81,500 ; and the prices --t 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 311 
 
 vrliicli Bome of those articles were valued at the Centcnniiil 
 were II further illustratirm of the estimation in which they 
 are held. The preparation of the crude materials for 
 manufacturing articles of pottery i.s a work of labor and 
 time. In the first ]}Iace, there are said to be no less 
 than 167 different varieties of clay, the purest kinds of 
 which are derived directly from the decomposition of the 
 granitic rocks, which may be considered the original source 
 of cliys. Clay has the peculiarity of being gradually 
 h'atjd, or of parting with its water and diminishing in bulk 
 without cracking, when heated to redness. It forms a solid 
 mass when cooled in water and allowed to absorb this into 
 it> pores. Kaolin, or China clay, was originally known as a 
 Chineso clay, and was so named from the Chinese word 
 *' Iviioling,” referring to tho name of a hill in China 
 where this mineral is obtained. This clay is met with 
 mar Meissen, in Saxony ; it is also found in Bavaria ; near 
 Ijiraoges, in France ; at Devon.shire, in England ; and 
 other places in Europe. Such clays are also obtained 
 ill this country, an excellent material being found in 
 Brunswick, Plains, and also at Haddam, Conn. In collecting 
 the kaolin for the manufacture of pottery, vats are placed 
 where the washing of the decomposition of the granitic 
 rooks c.in collect and settle, pas-sing from one to another. 
 Tho water being drawn ofi', the fine sediment left is taken 
 out of these in blocks and exposed to the weather for a few 
 months, when it is cra.shed and packed in casks for tho 
 potteries. It is then an impalpable white powder, consisting 
 of 60 iiarts of alumina and 20 of silica. The mixtures for 
 tr.iQ porcelain consist of kaolin and ground feldspar, with a 
 little carbonate of lime introduced. These materials are 
 ground to very fine powder, and are then mixed by stirring 
 them in water in large cisterns ; the surplus water is after- 
 ward removed until tho composition is reduced to the con- 
 sistency of dough, when it is worked over by 
 kneading, etc. The porcelain paste requires 
 lengthened working, and after this it is 
 stored awaj’ for a long time, to go through 
 what is called “the molding process,” by 
 which its plastic capacity is increased. 
 
 Finally it is cut into lumps by a biuss 
 wire, and these are again incorporated by 
 slapping them together. Form is given to 
 the articles either by a potter's wheel or in 
 molds. The former of these imph'ments 
 was used in Egypt 2,000 years n. o.,nnd 
 has been very little changed in aiipearanco 
 since. Handles, spouts and ornamental 
 pieces are, separately molded, and attached 
 afterwai'd. Great pains arc taken to guard 
 against distortion in tho drj'ing of tho 
 pieces, these being jnit upon shelves, and 
 slightly dried by tho sun and artificial heat. 
 
 Th 3 application of glaze to porcelain bisque, 
 which is done after a preparatory firing, 
 is made by dipping the ve.ssels into tubs 
 containing the glaze composition. 
 
 The firing is conducted in tall, cylindrical 
 kilns, like glass furnaces. Tho article.s 
 to bo baked are carefully placed in drum- 
 shaped clay Vks^els, which when filled ni‘o 
 piled upon each other, forming colnrau? 
 filling the kilns. Tho heat required for 
 firing varies in different places for different wares, but 
 French porcelain usually takes from 25 to 30 hours. When 
 this is comiDleted, the kiln is closed iqj and left so from 
 fivo to eight days, in order that tho ware may anneal. 
 MTicn it is removed, about one-fourth is usually found 
 t<i be misshapen and ruined, while all the pieces require 
 a final revision and dressing with a stone grinding-wheel, 
 etc. The jiigmcnts used for painting porcelain consist of 
 flux ; the coloring ingredient is commonly a metallic oxide. 
 Those colors which withstand the high heat of the kiln ore 
 termed “refractory colons,” and are applied before glazing. 
 The others are applied after baking, and therefore involve 
 an additionid process. Gold i.s applied with tho brush, and 
 after tiring the gilding is brought out by burnishing, 
 
 SrECI.\L MEETINGS AT THE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 The Oddfellows’ C'ELEnR.^TiOH. 
 
 Dimrso the continuance of the Exhibitinu a great many 
 organizations mailo it convenient to bold their special or 
 regular meetings at the gi'ounds, while also a considerable 
 number of visits wore ramie to Fairmouut by gatherings 
 organized for the purpose. Without iiretcndiug to oiiu- 
 merate or describe all of these, some reference to them Avill 
 doubtle.ss 1).' found intere.stiiig to tlie general reader lus well 
 as to thoi.‘ who p.vrticijiated in them. 
 
 Probably one ol the largest and most important and in- 
 t.-restiiig of these meetings -ik-iLs that Avhich oeeurred at the 
 Otldfellows' Centennial celcliration, wlu'ii a grand parade 
 of thedi’ih v took place in Philadelphia. Tlie proi-essioii 
 w.is divided into twenty grand divisions, the.se being sub- 
 dividcfl into smaller divisions, each under proper oflicei-s. 
 The forniatioii took place in Broad Street, the headqiua-tei-s 
 of the Grand Mai'shai being located at the Fon'e.st Mansion. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania met at the National 
 Guoi-d Hall, llace Street, below Sixth. The first Gnmd 
 Division wu-s formed on Broad Street, the right resting on 
 SiJruce, and the remaining divisions extended as fur north 
 a.s Columbia Avenue. After being properly formed, the 
 procession marched over the i)roseribed route to the Grand 
 Stand near the Jlaiii Building, where the condiidiug cere- 
 monies took place. 
 
 Tho ceremonies were of a most imposing and attractive 
 chanicter. Four stands were, erected near the eastern end 
 of the Main Building, and from each of them orations were 
 dehvered. The programme wn-s openeil with instrumental 
 music, when the Handel and Haydn Society sang a festival 
 hymn. This was followed by prayer, and an ode sung by 
 tile Handel and Haydn Society, after which orations wore 
 delivered from the four different prescribed points by 
 William Elli.son, Piust Grand Sire of Miuwaclmsetts, repre- 
 senting the East ; Wilmot (f. de Saus-suve, Past Graml Sire 
 of South Carolina, represeutiug the South ; Nathan Porter, 
 Grand Representative of California, representing the West ; 
 and John A. Jaclcsou, Past {imnd Representative of Minne- 
 sota, repre-seuting tho North. These orations combined a 
 consideration both of the gi'owth of the country and that of 
 the institution of Oddfellowship. They were all eloquent 
 and comiirehonsive. Tho ceremonies concluded by singing 
 the Doxology, and tho jironouncing of the benedietiou by 
 the Grand Chaplain. 
 
 The Order of (JchUellowslup is purely an American insti- 
 tution. It was established iii Baltimore on the 26th day of 
 April, 1819, by Thomas Wildey, John Welsh, John Duncan, 
 .Tolin Cheatam and Richard Kuslnvorth, who met in a ])Oor 
 room of a .small, unattractive building in an unfrequented 
 street near the docks of Baltimore. Hero they organized 
 the first lodge recognized by the Order of the present day, 
 
 OOKHAM MANCTFACTCRIXQ CO.’ 8 EXHIBIT THE YACHT miZE CLT. 
 
 which they c.illed Wa.shingtmi Lodgi.' Nn. 1. The foundem 
 were all foreigners. At the end of ten years the Order had 
 been jilantcd in Maryland, I’emisylvania, New York, Mas- 
 aiehnsetts and the District of Colimibi.-i, but its couditimi 
 was comparatively feeble. About 1830, liowcver, it began 
 to spring into a more vigorous state. an<l from that period 
 prngres.sed with unp.aralleled rapidity. In 1834 it was 
 introduced into Mi.'«ouri ; in 1836, into Miss3ssi]>]ji ami 
 Hliuois; in 1837, into Alabama nud Texa.s; in 1839, into 
 Arkansas and Connecticut ; in 1840, into Teunes.see and 
 South Carolina ; in 1S41, into North Cai'olina and Florida ; 
 in 1842, into Georgia ; in 1843, into Maine, New Hampshire 
 and British America; in 1844, intoYormont, Michigan, Iowa, 
 Great Britain and New South W ales ; in 1846, into the Sand- 
 wich Islands; in 184‘,>, into Minnesota and Califiiruia ; in 
 1851, it was established in New Jlexico ; iu 1852, iu Oregon ; 
 in 1855, ill Nebraska and Wiusliington Territory ; iu 1857, iu 
 Knusa.s and Ne\’ada ; in 1865, iu L’tah ; iu 1867, in Jlontana ; 
 in 1868, in Kentucky and Australia ; iu 1870, in Gennaiiy. 
 The Order now numbers iu the United States nearly half a 
 million members. 
 
 National Spellino Efjoiim Convention. 
 
 A very interesting occasion was the meeting at the Atlas 
 Hotel, opposite tlie Ceiitemiial Grounds, of from 60 to 80 
 educators and others iiitiuvsted in the revision of English 
 orthography, cinbraeiiig repiv.sciitati\es of Brazil, .Sweden, 
 .\iistnilia, England, and all sections of tlu' United States 
 — the delegate from Virginia being a colored man, J. B. 
 Town, of the ITeedinan’s Schoiil. 
 
 The meeting was lield timli'r tln‘ au.spikes of the National 
 Tustitiite. imd the proceedings wi re opem’d with prayer, 
 after which Professor S. S. Hnldi'inan, of the Univeivity <’f 
 Pennsylvania, presiding ollicer, upon taking the eliiiir, 
 spoke conoenung tlieimporhiiiceof thi'plionetio movement. 
 .According to him, we should take as the basis of the uew 
 
 orthography the original powers of the letter-s, go far as wo 
 could find them, and form a scheme which should tend so 
 far as pos.sible to express those powers, iu )ilace of tho 
 system of speUiug now in vogue, nud which is, iu his opinion, 
 corrupt. Tlie gentlemim gave sevenJ illustrations of tho 
 misuse of letters, comparing the English with other Ian- 
 gimgcs. 
 
 At the pcrmniicnt orgauizatiou, the following gentlemen 
 wore elected officers : President, Profe.ssor S. S. Haldemun, 
 of tl e University of Peimsylvania ; Vke-l'reskh'ut, Edward 
 Jones, B. A., Liverpool, England; Secrehtrij, Melville 
 Demay, Amherst College ; Treitsurer, Hon. B. F. Burnham, 
 President of the Massachusetts Tachygi'ai>liic Society. 
 
 Sevciid of the subjects were then presented in papers 
 read by the membei's, and iu resolutions adojited by the 
 American Philological Association at a previous meeting in 
 New York, nud were discussed. (5f these papem, Professor 
 F. A. Jliircb, of Lafayette College, Pemrsylvania, presented 
 one on the ‘ ‘ Imjirovement of the Reading Mucliiiiery of tho 
 English Laiiguago and Spelling.” Comparing the English 
 with other systems of spelling, he stateil that while this 
 required three years to learn, the Freiieli and German took 
 only 18 months, The speaker advoc<itcd a necessity for 
 jihonetic spelling. Mr. Edward Jones quoted Mr. Glad- 
 stone, Bishop Thirlwall, Earl Malmesbury and W. Hepworth 
 Dixon against the jireseut ay.stcm of English 8[ielling. The 
 Couvontiou adojitcd the resolutioiia of the American I’hilo- 
 logiciil Association ns its views. The Convention lusted 
 two or three days, and the subjects under consideratiou 
 were discussed in full by the members. 
 
 Swiss Assemblage at the Centennial. 
 
 On .\ugust 26th and 27th, a large gathering of the various 
 Swiss societies throughout the United States took place iu 
 Philadelphia. The first of these days was 
 selected on account of its commemorating 
 GJi imiiortaiit epoch iu Swis.s history, tho 
 uuniversjiry of one of the decisive stmggles 
 by which tho free institutions of their 
 futhei's were secured and periietiiated. Tho 
 visiting societies -were received iu Pliila- 
 delphia by the Swiss Maenucrchor, and 
 were called to order by the Swiss Consul iu 
 Pliiladeljihia, who had charge of the nr- 
 I'lingeinents for the demoiistratiou. The 
 a.ssemblagc afterward marched to the Ex- 
 liibition Grounds, through which they 
 pimuled to Judges' Hall, where a meeting 
 wius held under the diri'ction of the Pres- 
 ident of the Swi.ss Association in America, 
 Gen. John A. Sutter, of California. 
 
 The coiigi'atulatory addre.ss of the Swiss 
 to America ui>ou the 100th anuiversai'y of 
 American iudi.'peudeuce was delivered by 
 John A. Felwell, of Baltimore, nud avius 
 highly eloquent. The speaker said : “Our 
 native home, Switzerland, is the oldest Re- 
 public now existing. In 1307, 569 years 
 ago, a .small number of our auce.stoi-s vowed 
 to each other, at the risk of their lives and 
 fortunes, to throw oft' oppression, tyranny 
 and insult, under which they Avere suffer- 
 ing, and to be once more independent, as 
 their fathers were. Around the, small nucleus, consisting 
 of tho three fairest cantons, one by one clustered other 
 cantons, all holding tennciuusly together, until aa’c find in 
 the beginning of this century the present confedmution 
 of 22 cantons, their entire number being, since 1848, 
 hajipily miited under a strong federal constitution. The 
 earliest reconl of a SAvis.s coming to this countiy is that 
 of one C.onrad Gross, in the yeai' 1660. Newberu, N. C. , Avas 
 early founded by the SavIss, iu honor of the present SAvisa 
 cajiitiil. In 1720, Swiss immigiAints founded Purislmrg, 
 the first town ou the SaA-nnuali River ; though the prin- 
 cipal emigiution from SAvitzerland to the United State.s 
 is coiifiued to the last forty or fifty j'oars.” The speaker 
 then refen-ed iu complimentary tm-ms to Gen. Sutter, 
 a native Saa'Iss, the pioneer gold-finder of California. A 
 respouBC to the eloquent orator aviis made by United 
 States Senator Howe, of Viscousin, after A\-liich the giitlior- 
 iug dispei'sed to A'icw the attnictiims of the Exhibition. 
 
 In the eveuing the Swiss societies jn-oceeded to Sehutzen 
 Park, whose grounds Avere beautifully illumiimtod Avith 
 Chinese laiiteims. Hero a baiupict Avas enjoyed, and 
 speeches, songs and recitations prolonged the festivities 
 until a late hour. On the following day the festival was 
 continued at Sehutzen Park, a iiromiiieut feature of the 
 exercises being tlie singing of a number of the siugiiig 
 societie.s of different States. Fuially, a committee aa’os 
 uppoiiitt'd to form a coiabiiied organization of the Swiss 
 Assoeiutiuns for benevolent purposes. 
 
 VAIUOrS JlFjnTNGS. 
 
 On .August 17th, a yacht club culled the “ Innocents 
 Abroiid.” couqioseil nf delxivtiaent olliecrs nud clerks, of 
 Wa-'^hiiigton, ]). urriA'eil at Pliilmlelphia, iu their 
 
 schooner yacht Cmniucrcr, and vi.siteil the Faimiomit 
 Exhibition. On the same day, the members of the National 
 Mallstens’ Convention, about 75 iu number, visited BreiAcrs’ 
 
312 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENXIAL EXPOSITIO.V. 
 
 Hull ou tho gromuls, arriving there in eaninges from the 
 meeting-place of the Convention at St. George '.s HaU. The 
 party -were addressed by Win. Jhissay ; H. Rnte, Pt^^i«deut 
 of the National Brewers’ Association ; Jlr. Katzennieyor, 
 Secretary of the same ; D. A. Lynde, President the 
 National Maltsters' Association ; John O’Byme, and others. 
 
 On August 2Lst, 80 Chine.se boys left Hirrtford, Conn., 
 for Philadelphia, to attend the Exhibition. They were 
 joined by about 35 othei-s. These students are being edu- 
 cated in this country, under the superintendence of the 
 Cliinese Educational Commission. They were accompanied 
 to Pliiladelphia by a native interpreter, native teacher, 
 Profcs.sor D. E. Bartlett, of the American Asylum, Hartford, 
 Professor .T. N. Carleton, of the State Normal School, Pro- 
 fe.ssorE. B, Northrop, and others. On the 24th these young 
 students assembled in Judges' Hall to listen to addresses 
 from Gen. Hawley and other iiromincut gentlemen. 
 
 On August 30th, the New York Press Associsition visited 
 Philadelphia, to attend the Exhibition. The entire jiarty 
 numbered 205, and after examining the various buildings ou 
 the gi-ound.s, they made an exclusion by way of the Northern 
 Pennsylvania R. R. to Washington. At about the Siime 
 time, three excursions from Toronhj and Hamilton, C^inatla, 
 numbering over 3,000 persons, arriveil at the E.xhibition, 
 and on August 28th, a delegation of the New York State 
 National Guard arrived from Troy, N. A'. , numbering 85 
 men, and accompanied by a fine baud. On the same day, 
 a delegation of fifty-two workmen, sent 
 out by the French Government, arrived at 
 the E.xhibition and visited tho different 
 buildings, afterward inspecting the prin- 
 cipal industrial establishments of Phila- 
 deliiliia. Among tho delegates were 
 representatives of tho Societe d’Agri- 
 culturo, at Aix, tho Typographical Mutual 
 Benevolent Union in Paris, the Municipal 
 Council at Be.san?ou, the Jlmiicipal 
 Council of Toulouse, and others. On 
 August 28th there also visited the Ex- 
 hibition a select party of prominent 
 merchants and representative men of 
 New York ; and on the following day 
 a grand Knights Templars’ Centennial 
 Excursion from Canada wa.s added to tho 
 number of special visitations. 
 
 On September 9th, a reunion of Cali- 
 fornians took place at the Pacific Coast 
 Centennial Hall at Philadelphia. Tlio 
 occasion was the tweiity-.sixth anniver- 
 sary of the admission of California into 
 the Union, the address being delivered 
 by the Hoii; Rodman M. Price, ex- 
 Governor of New Jersey, who participated 
 with Commodore Slote in raising the 
 American flag at Slonterey in 184G. Th<> 
 
 National Agricultural Congi-es.s assembled 
 at tho grounds, September 14th, when an 
 address on “Southern Agriculture” was 
 delivered by Colonel Thomas Claybome, 
 after which the Congress adjourned to 
 visit the Colorado and Kansas Buikliug. 
 
 Tho first annual meeting of the American 
 Forestry Association took place Sep- 
 tember 15th, in the Judges’ Pavilion. 
 
 President John A. Warner, of Ohio, 
 occupioil the chair, and Mr. McAffee 
 acted as Secretary. Two gentlemen from 
 Spain were present, and two fi-om the 
 Forest Council. After the opening ad- 
 dress by the President, Franklin S. Hongh 
 read an elabonrto paper ou the subject 
 of Foresti'y. Addresses were also made 
 by Bernard Laundretli and Profes-sor 
 McAffee. A committee was appointed to confer with the 
 American Forest Coimcil, and effect a union for mutual 
 improvement in the art of Forestry. 
 
 Finally, Messi-s. Steinway A- Sous, pianoforte manufac- 
 turers, of New A’ork, took their employes and friends on an 
 excursion to the Centennial Exhibition, engaging a special 
 train for the occa-sion. The members of the New I'ork 
 Liedcrkmnz Society also visited the Exhibition, in com- 
 pany with the members of the Germania Maennerchor r>f 
 Baltimore. A delegation of school-teachers from Ontario, 
 CanacLi, visiU'd the Exhibition ou the 10th of September, 
 and remained there a week. On September 24th, President 
 and Airs. Grant, accompanied by Mr. Sartoris, Secretaiy 
 Borie, Secretarj- Fish and Airs. Fish, visited the Exhibition 
 and luuehcd at the residence of the British Commissiom,‘r. 
 The President and family, however, visited the Ceuteiiiiial 
 Exhibition several times informally, and spent some time 
 in careful examiuatioii of the various objects displayed - 
 seeming to l>e c.sjieoially interested in the cuuk-uts of 
 Alachinery Hall. 
 
 The Gbasoees. 
 
 The Grangci-s of the West c.amo early to the cnuclusinn 
 that the cu.st of aecommodatiou in Philadelphia during the 
 cuntiimance of the C-eiitenuial Exhibition was not likely to 
 •suit eitlier their tastes or their poelcets. Tiny d<>cided that 
 they did not care to pay 50 cents to a transfer company 
 
 fine blue cloth, embroidered in white and red, witlr 
 Egyptian designs representing the branches of the palm- 
 trees, with mottoes in Arabic, referring chiefly to the 
 pleasures of travel The largest tent, which was used for 
 dining purposes, contained a long board table, capable of 
 accommodating twenty persons. Tho floor was carpeted 
 with mats. The sleeping tent, for two persons, was much 
 smaller, and furnished vith W!isb.stand, cot beds and easy- 
 cliairs. The third tent, used as a kitchen, was also made of 
 canvas. The cooking was done on a long, low range, 
 which could bo folded up like a jack-knife for transporta- 
 tion, the fuel used being coal-oil The entire encampment 
 could be packed on four or five mules ; but as tourists gen- 
 erally travel in parties of ton or more, the baggage and 
 camp together generally re(iuire fifteen to twenty mules. 
 The usual plan iu journeying through the Holy Land is to 
 .send these hy a short route to the point at which the jiarty 
 desire to stoj) over night, so that by the time tho tourists 
 have examined tho placo-s of interest on the way, the drago- 
 mans, cooks and waiters will have tho tents pitched in 
 readiness for their guests. The nece.ssity of using tents 
 and traveling in this fashion arises from the fact that from 
 Jerusalem to Damascus there are no hotels, and only one 
 building, that at Nazareth, where tourists can find shelter 
 over night. In crossing tho Jorilan and traveling through 
 Aloab, tents are constmtly needed. Tho Palestine camp 
 on the Centennial grounds exhibited with its other attrac- 
 tions a fully costumed Syrian dragoman 
 and cook. 
 
 Another most interesting and char- 
 acteristic building of the sort we are de- 
 scribing, typical as distinctly of the A\^e.st 
 as the Palestine tents are of the East, 
 was the log cabin which stood behind 
 the "Woman’s Pavilion. The originator 
 of the idea illustrated in this building 
 was Aliss Emma Southwick, of Boston, 
 Alass. Miss Southwick visited the Vienna 
 Exposition, and being greatly interested 
 in the representation of peasant life in 
 Hungary and Tyrol which she found 
 there, conceived the idea of reproducing 
 American pioneer life of a hundred years 
 ago, at the Centennial Exposition. She 
 accordingly procured the construction of 
 this cabin, which consisted of several 
 rooms, a loft at the back, and a veranda 
 extending along one aide, from which 
 the ebnners were served. The cabin was 
 built of logs, and had small plots of 
 groiuid on either side of the main en- 
 trance, fenced off with a plain low picket- 
 fence. The interior room at the left had 
 a wide, low fireplace, in which a fire was 
 kept binning. Fire-irons occupied one 
 side, tlic bellows stood iu a comer. 
 Strips of pumpkin were hung iu strings 
 from the ceiling, and other characteristic 
 indications would be recognized by the 
 old-time New Englander. This front 
 room was what is known as the “living 
 room.” Back of this was the bedroom 
 A little behind, across a narrow alleyway, 
 was the kitchen, and back of that tho 
 veranda. The rooms were filled with 
 ancient articles collected by Miss Sonth- 
 wick in various Alassacbusetts towns, and 
 comprised many things especially in- 
 teresting on account of their history as 
 well os their antiquity. 
 
 Here was tho first clock brought into 
 Andover, four hundred years old ; a chair 
 belonging to Governor Hancock, more 
 than hundred years old ; another chair two hundred years 
 old, and a wooden cradle which came over in the Mnifflower, 
 and in which was rocked little Peregrine "White, the first 
 child bom in New England. He was of English parents, 
 and was born on board the M‘.u(fioiccr, in the harbor of 
 Boston, on December 20, 1620. He died in Marshfield, 
 July 20, 1704. He was the son of William and Susannah 
 AVhite, and received, on account of his birth, two hundred 
 acres of Linil from the General Court. He filled varimi.s 
 civil and military c>fQces, and is said to have been vigorous 
 and of a comely aspect to the last. In his cradle in tho 
 log cabin were exhibited two dolls : one, a modem fine 
 lady ; the other, an antique body, which had evidently 
 outlived many mistres-ses. Ou the wallswere hung various 
 wooden trenchers, and in one place there was an old- 
 fa.sliionod bonnet, having a broad straight brim, and 
 trimmed with a pale-blue ribbon with white plaits, uml 
 having a long white vail hanging down behind. In tlic 
 back room was an old bedstead, and on the bed were sheets 
 of spun linen, two ImiiJrcd years old, from Danvers, 
 
 ., .and a chintz coverlid, ornamented with figures of 
 Liberty crowning the lieroes of the Revolution. In a tmall 
 olil cupboanl high up against the wall were some pieces 
 of old china and antique Venetian glass. There was also 
 a heavy sh.aving-glas.s, one hundred and tvs enty years old, 
 used by the Rev. Samuel Hopkins ; a little desk used by 
 
 for transportation to and from the grotmils, nor 82.50 per 
 day for one of the coupons of the Philadelphia Boardiug- 
 hnnse Agency, limited. They therefore determined to 
 proride accommodations for themselves ; and acconlinglv 
 those of the Order in Pennsylvania met in State Conven- 
 tion and placed the ai-rangement of matters in the liimcls of 
 Air, E, H. Thomas, the Secretary of the Order in that 
 State. 
 
 By affiliating with tho Pennsylvania Central R. R, Co., 
 Mr. Thomas Avas enabled to obtain for the n.se of the 
 Grangers an extensive tract of land at Elm Station, about 
 six miles from the station at AVest Philadelphia, and four 
 and a half miles from the Centcniiial depot. Hu also con- 
 tracted with the road on the basis of 15 cents for trans- 
 portition both ways to each iiidiridual Granger, or one 
 A\-ay for 10 cents. Contracts were next entered into with 
 buildei-s for the erection of wooden sheds or huts to accom- 
 modate 2,400 iicojilc, a billiard saloon, bowling saloon, 
 newspaper room, etc., a lecture room Avliich should seiwe 
 for chiu-cb on Sunday.s, and for literary amusement on 
 other days. The locality selected stood uijon high ground, 
 occupying, iu fact, the fii-st considerable hill from Philailel- 
 jihia. There Avert; numerous fine spring.s in tlie vicinity, 
 rows of trees, and other attractions for the gratification of 
 Summer Aisitor.s. 
 
 The construction of tho Grangers’ hostelry avius peculiar. 
 It consisted of long buildings, each containing 92 rooms, 
 
 there being 46 on each side of a broad central corridor. 
 These room.s were about twelve feet deep by eight feet 
 broad, having sloping roofs. The scIkcIuIo of prices 
 adopted compiised 50 cents for lodging and 50 cents for 
 each meal. Cold lunches Avere also preimred, ready packed, 
 and sold to the Grangers at Ioav prices. TJie organization 
 and establishment of thi,s institution avus an entire success, 
 it was crowdetl tliroughrmt the continuance of the Ex- 
 hibition. Shortly after the close of the luttiT, the 
 Grangera’ buildings took fire and wore burned to the 
 ground. 
 
 Typical BnxDiXG.s. 
 
 Among the stnictures erected at the Centennial grounds, 
 designed either to illustrate modes of construction in use in 
 different countries or to tyjiify the manners and cu.stnm.s of 
 icicnt times, may be mentioned the Japanese, the Iniill- 
 nigs occupied by the English Commissinnei’s. built in the 
 Elizabi'tlian styh' of areliiteeturo, the SAVedisli Sehocil- 
 liuiisv, the Alnorish Pavilion, the TunLltii Cafe, the 
 Canadian Log-lioiise, the Turkish Cafe, and NeAv England 
 Kitchen. Be.sides these, there were tAVO Avhieh deserve 
 more siH'eial descrijitiou. 
 
 One of tliese AViLS tho model Pal'Stiuu cam]). A\-1iieli was 
 jiitelied upon a beautiful liAvni skirting tlu' AA-estern sidt' of 
 Belmont Avenue, beyond Alachinery H;J1. This con- 
 sisted of three gracefully shajicd canvas tents, lined AA’itb 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 313 
 
 John j\J(lcn, v.liieh came over from JIaLcliesmr ; a 
 quantity of old blue crockery, and various other curious 
 articles. 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 CONTINUATION OF ITS HISTORY. 
 
 Wk resume the liiatorical portion of our consideration 
 of the Ceutenuiiil Exjiosition ut the point ■where that con- 
 cluded with the ceremonies of the opeuing on May lOtli, 
 187G, as presented in the Histoiucal Keoisteu emling 
 on page 73. Having laid before our readers, as far as was 
 practicable) in the siiace allotted, a panorama of the com- 
 pleted exhibitivo effort ut Fairuiouut, having dcsciibed 
 the numerous buildings and theh contents, having made 
 such a statement of the statistics and progress of the em- 
 pires, kingdoms and states there rejireseuted as seemed 
 necessary to the full elucidation of the world’s enterprise, 
 energy and result as represented in the Centenniid, we 
 proceed now t ) complete our work with such a continuation 
 of the history of the Esiioaition, aided by a presentation 
 of its statistics and other incidents, as shall furnish a fitting 
 conclusion and enable our readers to acquaint themselves 
 fully with tho rise, iirogress and results of the most stu- 
 pendous and successful competitive exhibition that the 
 world ever saw. 
 
 SCMUAKY. 
 
 In order to enable the reader to obtain 
 at a glanco a just view of tho more pro- 
 minent features aud incidents connected 
 with the history of the Centennial, we will 
 recai)itulato these here. 
 
 On March 3d, 1871, Congress passed an 
 Act providing for the celebration of the 
 one hundredth anuiversiuy of American in- 
 dcpcndenco by holding an International 
 Eihibitioii of arts, inamifuctures aud pro- 
 ducts of tho soil and mine in the City of 
 Philadelphia during the year 1876. This 
 Act created tho United States Centennial 
 Commission, consisting of two delegates 
 from encli State aud Territory, the Com- 
 missioners being duly appointed by the 
 President of tho United States ou the 
 nomiiiatiou of the Governors of the re- 
 spective States aud Territories. Ou June 
 1st, 1872, Congress created the Centennial 
 Board of Finance, consisting of two mciu- 
 bera from each Congressional district and 
 four from each State and Territory at large, 
 empowered to secure subscriptions of 
 capital stock to an amount not exceeding 
 SlO.000,000. On July 3d, 1873, President 
 Grant issued a proclamation declaring that 
 tho Exhibition should bo opened ou the 
 10th of April, 1876, aud close ou the 19th 
 of October iu tho same year. These dates 
 wero afterward changed to May 10th and 
 Kovember lUth, 1876. 
 
 On January 23d, 187-1, the Presidoit 
 appointed a Board composed of a repre- 
 sentative frtuu each of the executive de- 
 partments of tho Government except the 
 Department of State and that of the 
 Attorney-General, and including tho De- 
 partment of Agricultvire and the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, which was charged 'with 
 tho duty of perfecting a collective exhi- 
 bition ilhistrating tho functions andadmiuistrative faculties 
 of the Government in time of peace, and its resources in 
 time of war. Ou June 18th, 1871, Cougre.s.s passed an 
 Act providing that all articles imported for the Exhibition 
 should bo admitted without duty, provided that all of 
 them sold in this country or -withdrawn from tho Ex- 
 hibition for consumption hero should be subject to the 
 duties in force at the date of importation. 
 
 In July, 1871 the gnuling of tho 210 acres comprised in 
 the grounds intended for the Exhibition was begun. The 
 reception of articles for the Exhibition was fixed to begin 
 January 5tli, aud end May 1st, 1876; aud it was resolved 
 that all exhibits should be removed by December 31st. 
 Thirty-eight foreign nations I't'sjionded favorably to the 
 President's invitation to co-operate iu the Exhibitiou. 
 Thirty-uiue States aud Territories took measures for the 
 represeutatiou of their industries and resources, aud ap- 
 pointed advisory boards to take charge of this duty. The 
 following States and municipal governmeuta made the 
 appropriations mentioned to the stock of tho Board of 
 Finance : 
 
 Philndi‘li)hia, $1,575,006; Pennsylvania, $1,000,000; 
 New Jersey, $100,000 ; Connecticut, $10,000 ; New Hamp- 
 shire, $10,000 ; Delaware, $10,000; "Wilmington, Delaware, 
 85,000 ; total, $2,710,000. To this .'^um is to be added the 
 Congressional appropriation of $1,500,000. 
 
 Twenty States and Tomtories mailc appropriations 
 toward the re 2 )rescutution of their natural and i)rotectivo 
 
 interests to the amount of $234,000. These were as 
 follows : 
 
 Massachusetts, $50,000; New York, $25,000; Nevada, 
 $20,000 ; "West Virginia, $20,000 ; Connecticut, $15,000 ; 
 Arkansas, $15,000 ; Ohio, 815,000 ; New Jersey, 810,000 ; 
 New Hamjsshire, $10,000; Illinois, $10,000; Delaware, 
 $10,000 ; Michigan, $7,500 ; Arizona, $5,000 ; Indiana, 
 $5,000; Kansas, $5,000; Montana, $5,000; Colorado, 
 $1,000; "Wisconsin, 83,000; Oregon, 81,000; Minnesota, 
 8500. 
 
 The ^S’omen’s Centennial Executive Committee, under the 
 Presidency of Mrs. E. D. Gillesi)ie, was organized through 
 twcuty-sevou States, aud collected subscriiJtious to the stock 
 of the Board of Finance, besides jiroviding $35,000 for the 
 erection of tho special building to contain an international 
 exhibitiou of women's work. There wero aijpointed 250 
 judges, one-half foreigners aud the other half citizens of tho 
 United States, divided into twenty-eight groups, each as- 
 sigued to r particular clas-s of exhibits. The American 
 judges were ajipointed by the United States Commission, 
 aud tho foreign judges by tho Foreign Commission. 
 
 On Slay 10th the Exhibition Wiis opened at the ai^ijointed 
 hour by tho I’resident of the United States, in the presence 
 of distinguished officials of foreign countries and the repre- 
 sentatives of tho United States, State and Municipal 
 Governments, the imblic Press, and a concourse of about 
 200,000 peojjle. The number of paying admissions ' on 
 
 May 10th -was 76,172. The number of free admissions has 
 been vai-iously estimated at from 150,000 to 200,000. 
 
 A sjiecial feature was the a])pointmeut of certain days for 
 the i)avticulur reception of visitors from the States, by whose 
 name tliese ihiys became resjiectivoly known. The statistics 
 of admissions on these days arc as follows : 
 
 ST..TRS, 
 
 Patb. 
 
 ■ pKKt 
 
 C'ASIt. 
 
 Tot .a. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 - L\ug. 21. 
 
 . ! 10,727 
 
 56,3-25 
 
 67,053 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Sept. 7.. 
 
 . 10,985 
 
 64.059 
 
 75,044 
 
 Mas.sachusotts 
 
 .. Sept. U. 
 
 . ' 12,073 
 
 85,795 
 
 97,868 
 
 Now York 
 
 . Sept. 21 . 
 
 . ^ 12,585 
 
 122,003 
 
 134,588 
 
 I’onnaylvnnia 
 
 - ' Sept. 28 . 
 
 . ' 17,750 
 
 257,169 
 
 274,919 
 
 Rhode Isl.md 
 
 . . Oct. 5, .. 
 
 . 1 11,886 
 
 89,060 
 
 109,046 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 1 Oct. 12.. 
 
 . 13,631 
 
 101,541 
 
 115,422 
 
 Delaware !Uid Maryland . 
 
 Oct. 19.. 
 
 . ' 15,052 
 
 161,355 
 
 176,407 
 
 Ohio 
 
 : Oet. 2fi, , 
 
 . 13,361 
 
 122,300 
 
 135,661 
 
 Besides the ceremonies connected with the celebrations 
 on the State days enumerated, Centennial addresses were 
 dehvered illustrative of the history of Arizona, Arkansas, 
 Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Dhnois, Maine, jMississijipi, 
 Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas, 
 Utah, Vermont, "Washington Territory and "W’est Vir- 
 ginia. Other celebrations and occurrences took place as 
 follows : May 23d, the Knights Templars of Pennsylvania 
 assembled; Jlay 24th, the Judges of Award were initiated 
 with speeches and toasts; May 29th, the bankers of the 
 United. States ivssembled to open their .special building ; 
 
 Juno 1st, the Knights Templars of the United States 
 held a reunion and grand jiarade; Juno 7th, the brewers 
 opej .J Brewers’ Hall and held a convention therein ; 
 June 12th, "Women’s Intematioual Temperance Couventiou 
 began; June 15th, the Sons of Temperance of America 
 convened and dedicated a free ice-water fountain on the 
 Grounds ; June 27th, the "West Point Cadets began a ten 
 <Lays’ encampment on the Grounds ; June and July, tho 
 international trial of reapers, mowers, and other agricultural 
 machines aud implements, was held near Scheuck's Station, 
 on the N. J. II. E. ; J uly 2d, a Congress of Authors held in 
 Independence Hall ; July 1th, Gorman citizeus dedicated a 
 monument to Humboldt in Fairmount Park, and 10,000 of 
 the Pennsylvania National Guard, who had been encamped 
 ill Fairmount Park, imraded ; July IGth, the Columbus, 
 Ohio Cadets encamped on the GrouiuLs ; August 22d, Iiiter- 
 uatiouul Kegatta began ou the SchuylkiU, continuing two 
 weeli-s thereafter ; on this date, also, the Knights of Pythias 
 of America paraded ; August 28th, a reunion aud i>arade of 
 Swis.s citizens was held; September l.st. tho International 
 disjilay of Live Stock opened, and coiitiuucd during tho 
 remainder of the Exliibition ; Seiitcmbcr 2d, 500 of the 
 Connecticut National Guard encami>ed near the Gronuds ; 
 September 1th, the luteruatiouid Medical Congress began ; 
 Sei)teuiber Gth, tho Volunteer Firemen jiaraded; Septem- 
 ber 10th, tho Associated Pioneers of California held a 
 reunion ; September 20th — tho Independent Order of Odd- 
 fellows of America iiaradcd ; October 12th, 
 tho Italian citizens dedicated a marble statue 
 of Columbus ou the Grounds; October 
 13th, the Cadet-s of the Virginia Militaiy 
 Institute eneamiied ou the Grounds; 
 October 2Gtli tho American Jlerchants held 
 a reunion on the Gronuds ; November 2d, 
 the Colored Citizens deilicatcd a monument 
 to Bishoj) Allen ; November 7tli, Sirs. E. D. 
 GUlespio, Pre.ridcut of the "Womeu's Cen- 
 tennial Executive Committee, held a re- 
 ception in the "Women’s Department ; 
 November 9th, the United States Centeunial 
 Commission and Board of Finance gave a 
 farewell reception and banquet to the 
 Foreign Commissioner, s. and an Intema- 
 tional Pyrotechnic contest between Profeasov 
 Brock, of London, and Professor Jack- 
 son, of Phi!ude!i)hia, was held at tho 
 Grounds ; November 10th, the Exhibitiou 
 closed. 
 
 In adilitiou to the foregoing, au Interna- 
 tional Eifle Contest was held in Seiitembcr 
 at Creedmoor, Long Island, in which fivu 
 teams were represented : the Scotch, Lisli, 
 Australian, Canadian and American. Tho 
 American team won the palm. 
 
 Close of the Extositiok. 
 
 On Thursday evening, November 0th, 
 1876, the Foreign Commissioners to the 
 Centennial Exhibition wero eiitertaiju-d at 
 a grand banquet at St. George’s Hall by 
 the membei'S of the Centeunial Commission 
 aud the members of the Board of Finance. 
 The hall was tastefully decorated for the 
 occasion, and covers wero laid for iqjwurds 
 of 400. President Grant jiresided, siqqjorted 
 on the right by General Hawley and Sir 
 Edwai'd Thornton, the British Minister, and 
 on the left by Sir. John Welsh, of the Board 
 of Finance, and Director-General Gosliom. 
 The fii’st toast was, “The President of the 
 United States,” and the second “Tho 
 Foreign Commissionei-s.” To the latter the various Com- 
 missioners responded iu alphabcticiJ order, the last to 
 spe.uk being Sh Edward Thorntou, who read the following 
 telegram, just received by him ; 
 
 Londox, NovomWr Otli. 
 
 “The Lord President requests you to offer, in liis naim-, to tho 
 American authorities hearty congratulations ou tho" sueces-sful 
 rcsxilt ut their great labors, with best thanks (or tho attention paid 
 to all his Grace’s wishes in business matters, aud for tlio cordial 
 reception given to tho British Staff.” 
 
 The following was also read : 
 
 [From Jds Grace the Jhtke of lUcluiiond to Colonel Sanfor'I.) 
 
 " October 22, 187G. 
 
 “ JfT Dear Coloxel Saktord— B eing the Minister in attondaneo 
 to tlie Queen, I have had an opportunity to learn Her Majesty's 
 wislies concerning the presentation of 8t. George's House to ilio 
 City nf rhiladelphia. I am happy to .say that it meets with Her 
 Majesty's entire approval. Her Majesty considers it an excellent 
 idea, and is very glad that St. George's House will remain in 
 Phlladelpliia ns a memorial of tho part Great Britain took iuthu 
 Exhibition this year. 
 
 “ I .um also glad to And that the British section, under your ahiu 
 guidance, should have beeu a success, As I have taken groat 
 interest in the proceedings, I take the opportunity of thanking 
 you for what you have done. Believe me, youre truly, 
 
 “Bichjioxd Axp Gordon.” 
 
 This eommunicatiau was iu reference to the fact that a 
 free gift had been made by the British Commissioners 
 
INTEKIOK OF THE SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OP THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 
 
 315 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 of the English building known a-s 8t. George's Hall to the 
 city of Pbiliidclphia. 
 
 On tlie same evening, November 9th, the Intcnintional 
 Contest of Fireworks took place on the Centennial Exhibi- 
 tion Grounds, between Messrs. C. T. Brock k Co., of 
 London, and Professor Samuel Jackson, of Philadelphia. 
 This di.splay attrack'd an immen.so number of persons to the 
 , Grounds. Tlie programme was commenced by the Messm. 
 Br(5ck, with a grand salute of aerial pieec.s. This wo-s fol- 
 lowed by an illumination of ail the buildings and the park, 
 covering an area of over 200 acres, during which 100 large 
 rockets, 50-iuch shells and six large magnesium balls were 
 used ; the whole forming an imiJOsing picture. The entire 
 number of i>yrot(‘chnic exhibits by the Messrs. Brock was 
 eighteen, including large rockets, shells, magnesium stam, 
 enormous set pieces, golden fountains, colored Roiuan 
 candles, etc. 
 
 At its close Professor Jacksou commenced his display 
 with an ascension of C gas-balloons filled with fires and 
 shooting stars, which wore folU>wed by rockets ascending to 
 the height of 3,000 f<*et, where 13 stars were liberated, 
 emblematical of the original thirteen States of the Union. 
 Grand flights of sigmd rotkets, batk-rics of bombshells and 
 I)atriotic piece.s followed ; the whole being concluded by a 
 gmnd disiday, covering an area of 10,000 feet. This com- 
 menced with a spirited bombardment, after which an 
 immense pyric temple n])poarcd, supporting a dome studded 
 with 38 stars, surrounding tho seiJ of thi! United States. 
 Upon the apex appeared Liberty pointing 
 to the American Engle, soaring aloft with 
 the staiTy banner in bis beak, while rockets 
 and bnmb.s lighted np the entire area ; the 
 temijle being flaukcd at the right and left 
 by two gorgeous fountains, pomiug ont 
 streams of golden fire. As to the competi- 
 tion between tho two distingriished exi>erts 
 in pyrotechny, it was genondly concluded 
 that while Profes.sor Jackson excelled in his 
 production of largo coinliination i)ieces, his 
 English coraimtitor had exhibited nnu'e 
 brilliant rockets, bombs, ek-., and displayed 
 a greater variety of coloring. 
 
 November 10th opened gloomily, and 
 throughout tho day the descent of rain was 
 contiuuou.s and increasing. Yet the uiifcjr- 
 tiniate fact did not deter the ]mblic from 
 making an early preseutnamt of themselves 
 at the gates of the Centennial Grounds, 
 through which a steady str(>am of hmniaiity 
 flowed from eight o’clock until noon. As 
 tho time approached for tho closing cere- 
 inouies of the Exhibition, the downpour of 
 rain became a positive deluge ; yet the 
 open si)aco between Machinery Hall and 
 tho Main Building was crowded with spec- 
 tators, niido and female, little of wla^m 
 could be seen excei>t the umbrellas with 
 which they sought to shield themselves 
 from the elemental rage. 
 
 It had been de.signed that the’ ollieial 
 cei'cmonii'S should take place in front of 
 the western end of the Main Building ; and 
 for thi.s purpose uplatfuriuhad been creeti'd 
 cai)ablo of holding about 2.000 persons, 
 while the apace in front, as far as the Biu'- 
 tholdi Fountain, had been filled up with 
 benches aud settees, and pve.serwed by 
 chains and ropes from the pres.suve of the 
 crowd. The iuclemeney t>f the. weather, 
 however, changed the plans of the Com- 
 missioners, and it was hastily concluded to devote Judges’ 
 Hall to the final exercises. Eutraiice to the hall was only 
 obtained by ticket, and few of the vast masses who had 
 gatliered in the open air and the various buililings were 
 aware of the change in the iirograrame until the latter hud 
 been completely efl'ccted. Y'et Judges’ Hull was crowded 
 to that extent that some fetirs were felt aud expressed ns to 
 the stability of the structure auil its capacity to sustaiir the 
 immense pressure to which it was forced to submit under 
 the circumstances. 
 
 Inasmuch ns the most important act of the opening cere- 
 monies had taken jdaee in Machinery Hall, being that 
 of setting in motion the Corliss engine, thousands of pei-sons 
 believed that the existence of the Exi>osition would cease by 
 stoppage of this maguificent uinchiue uiuler similar circiuu- 
 skmces. These, therefore, gathered neat the colossal engine 
 and waited patiently. 
 
 In front of the Judges’ Pavilion a broad passageway wn.s 
 kept open by two long liue.s of the Centeunial Guard, effec- 
 tually barring the entrance of any one unprovided with a 
 projierly authenticated card of ailmissiou. In the galleiw 
 Theodore Thoma.s’s grand orche.striV had been hastily 
 g.ithered, while on the platform were assembled tho 
 various dignitaries who were to officiate on the occasion. 
 Hero sat President Grant, on whose right were General 
 Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Secretai-y of War 
 (.’ameron, and George W. Childs, Esq. To the left were 
 Commissioner Daniel J. JIoiTell. Secretary of State Hamil- 
 ton Fish, Eev. J. H. Seiss, John Welsh, aud General 
 
 Robert Pateraon. Behind were Governor H.artr.auft of 
 Penusyh’ania, Governor Bice of IMassachnsetks, Governor 
 Bedle of New Jersey, Governor Cochran of Delaware, Chief 
 Justice Waite, As.sociate Justices Davis aud BrniUey, and 
 Jlayor Stokcly. Here were also Sir E<lward Thoniton, 
 in court dre.s.s, Geuer.d N. P. Bauks, Thomas A. Scott, 
 Bishop Simpson, Asiv Packer, the millionaire aud philan- 
 thropist, U. S. Grant, Jr., Aristarche Bey, the Turkish 
 Minister, raemberaof the staffs of Governors, distinguished 
 Army and Nnxy Officer’s, aud finally, the Centennial Com- 
 mis-siouers, tho members of the Board of Finance, and 
 members of the Diplomatic Corjjs, including the Minister’s 
 from Brazil and Japan, aud the Hon. D. Chadwick and 
 Hou. Alexander JIaedonald, of the Bi’itish Parliament, aud 
 Hon. George Brown, of the Canadian Parliament. Another 
 irrominent guest was Sarah Smith Staffiu'd, of Trenton, 
 daughter of Lieutenant James Bayard Staflbrd, who was 
 with Commodore Paul Jones on the Boh Homme Richanl 
 in the latter’s engagement -nith the Seraph, and who, when 
 the flag was shut from the mast, rescued it, and received a 
 severe gash in tire left shoulder from a sword in the hands 
 of a British officer. In 1784 the Mariuo Commis.sioners 
 presented this flag to the Lieutenant as a reward for his 
 bravery. Mis.s Stafford, its present owner, is seventy-four 
 years of ago. 
 
 Just before the exercises commenced, a pleasant incident 
 (jccnrred. Jlrs. Gillesiiie, President of the Women's Ckm- 
 teunial Commission, was seated on the right between 
 
 EX-GOVEKKOB WILLI4XI BIGLER. 
 
 Colonel Thomas A, Scott and Bishop Simpson, but a mes- 
 sage came to the blaster of Ceremonies, and she w’os 
 conducted to a place of honor in the front rank on the 
 platform beside Mr. Welsh. 
 
 Tlio Presidential proce.ssion entered the hall at two 
 o’clock, immediately after which Thomas’s Orchestra per- 
 formed the “Centennial March," written by tho great 
 German composer, Wagner, for the opening ceremonies of 
 the Exhibition. On the ces.sation of the music. General 
 Hawh'v, President of the Centeunial Commission, who acted 
 as the presiding oflicer, introduced the Eev. Joseph A. 
 Seiss, who offered a fervent prayer. 
 
 A.s the prayer was concluded, the orchestra began a chorale 
 and fugue from Bach, closing with a grand combination of 
 rich tones, wliich offered a cheerful introduction to the 
 more formal subdivisions of the exercises. 
 
 Hon. D. ,T. Morrell, United States Centennial Commis- 
 sioner from Peimsylvauitt, Chairman of the Executive Com- 
 mittee. wa-s then presented, aud after the hearty appkiuse 
 which greeted his appeai-ance, spoke substantially ns follows : 
 
 “ On the 9th day of March, 1870, it was my privilege to introduce 
 in Congress a Bill to provide for holding in the city of Philadelphia 
 the Exhibition which tliis day brings to a close. On the 3d of 
 March, 1871, that Bill bcwimo a law, not without opposition and 
 amendments, which took from it all the advantages for carrying 
 out the purposes contemplated by the Act itself. On the 4th of 
 March, 1872, tho Centennial Commission met and organized, and 
 the labor of preparing for the Exhibition was commenced in tho 
 face of obstacles such as were never encountered in a similar 
 undertaking. 
 
 “Tho (iovcrnmeiit had refused aid. Local jealousies wer*< 
 powerful. Tho newspapers of tho country, with few exceptions, 
 were lukewarm or openly hostile, nnd the mass of the people could 
 not bo interested in a thing which some feared for in tho future. 
 During tho first year of thelife of tlie Commission, doubt every- 
 where prevailed ; nnd I am ashamed to say I slinll strive to forget, 
 and I hope historj- will not record, how few had faith in tho 
 success of our enterprise, nnd how many wise and c miaent citizens 
 rendered a hesitating supjiort, or refused to commit themselves to 
 what seemed a hopeless case. In this state of gloom, the city of 
 Philadelphia was not afraid to charge itself with tho expenses 
 incident to the organization and labors of tho Commis.sion ; and in 
 this and all other official acts our municipal authorities havo 
 shown courageous liberality. 
 
 “ The creation of tho Board of Einanco was the turning-point in 
 tho fortunes of tho Centennial Exhibition. From that moment its 
 prospects brightened ; and though that Board was met with fini n- 
 oinl panic, its executive ofUeers moved forward in the confidence 
 which ‘knows no such word as fail.’ By slow nnd laborious stages 
 public interest was aroused. Tho Women’s Centennial Commis- 
 sion labored with zeal and cnergj’. Money from private subscrip- 
 tions to the stock of the Board of Finance went into the trcn.surj’. 
 The Shite of Pennsylvania made liberal approprialinns for tho 
 uses of the Exhibition, of which a memorial will remain to futuro 
 C'pntenni.als. and when success was a.ssurod tho National Congre.ss 
 recognlze<l its duty and gave us material aid. 
 
 “ It is but just, however, in speaking of the Executive Officers of 
 the Commission, that I should point to the futuro historiiuis 
 of the Exhibition tho great ilifficulties whieli have been encoun- 
 tered and overcome, and claim from them a charitable criticism. 
 In eomparing this work with others, I beg to note that this 1ms 
 been accomplished by tho voluntary agents of a free people, 
 clothed with no official or titular prestige or 
 distinction, and without governmental support. 
 Tho members of tho Commission and of tho 
 Board of Fiuanco havo recognized that they 
 were on exhibition as fully ns any material 
 object inclosed within tlieso Ground.s, that 
 thousands of eyes would scan their every act. 
 
 ’‘And I .shall estimate above tho praises of 
 any, a word from that higher group of judges 
 wliieh represents tho conseienci- of the world, 
 that this work which wo to-day commit to history 
 is free from taint, that good men shall say it is 
 honest. Tho managers of futuro Centennial 
 celebrations to bo held on these Orouiida will 
 see and do things more wonderful tlian our wild- 
 est dreams, and tho rcmiiiuitsof our finest things 
 may be exliibb'd by Ihem as proofs of tho rude- 
 ness of early days : but tho records wo havo 
 made, the full measure of our manhood, will go 
 down fo them untouched by the gnawing tooth 
 of Time. 
 
 " Of tho Exhibition, now to be numbered with 
 tho things of tho past, it is difficult to speak. 
 The nations are here. They have made this 
 great spectacle what it Ls, aud tln-y deserve tho 
 gratitude of the American people. While they 
 have taught much, they have also learned some- 
 thing; and they have soeu in tho crowds of 
 .American citizens of all occupations anil condi- 
 tions of life who Jiave thronged these Grounds 
 a polite, orderly, self-respecting and self-gov- 
 erning people. So far as their representatives 
 liiivQ enteri'ii into our social life, we will hope 
 they havo found that what may bo lacking in 
 form is mild') up in sub.stanee; that tlie .sim- 
 plicity of republican manners is dignified by the 
 sentiment of ‘good-will to men.’ 
 
 “Tho Exliibitinn was opened by starting in 
 motion tlio Corliss engine, that giant of wimder 
 1 o all, which for six months, with eiiinil pulse, 
 without haste, without rest, has propelled an 
 eadlcs.s system of belts and wheels. 8ilc<it and 
 irresistible, it ufteets thoiniagiaatiuii as realizing 
 the fabled powera of genii and atrito in Arabian 
 tales, nnd like them it is subject to subtle control. 
 When these our ceremonies here are ended, tho 
 President of the United States by the motion of 
 his hand will make the lightning Ills messenger 
 to stop tlio revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant to 
 tell the world that the International Exhibition, which marked 
 the Centennial of American national life, is closed.’’ 
 
 As Mr. MoiTcll cea.setl, Theoilore Tbomo-s gave the signal 
 to the Centeunial Cboras in the -western balcony ; ami ns 
 the members rose, the orchestra began a soft, gentle pre- 
 hide to Dettiugeu’s “TeDeimi.” This musical introduc- 
 tion preluded the more striking phases of the theme soon 
 to follow ; and as the bust of the.se was rendered, 4()0 well- 
 traiiiod voices united in tho glorious havnionies of tho 
 stately “ Te Deum.’’ The next speaker was the President! 
 of the Centennial Board of Finance, IMr. John ‘Welsh, who, 
 after a graceful and eloquent presentation of the re.snlts, 
 comparative and competitive, of the Exposition, was fol- 
 lowed l»y General Goshorn and General Hawley. 
 
 At the conclusion of General Hawley’s ndilress the audi- 
 ence nnd chorus united in singing “My Country, ’tis of 
 Thee,” the blended voices being nceompanied by Thomas’s 
 Orchestra. During the porformanoe of this anthem the 
 oiiginal flag of the Aniericau Union, to which we havo 
 already referred ns first displayed by Commodore Paul 
 Jones, on the Boh Il.vime Richard, was unfurled from a 
 window above tho platform by Miss Stafford. This inci- 
 dent was tlie signal for loud and long-contimied enthusiasin. 
 At the same moment a salute of forty-seven guns, one for 
 each State and Temtoi-y. wa.s fired from George’s Hill by 
 the Keystone Battery, and simiiltaneonsly from the United 
 States steamer Ph/niouth, in the harbor. As this exciting 
 scene terminated, President Grant arose aud .said : ‘ Ladies 
 
 
 
 
IIAIX BUILDING. — AIN AVENUE, LOOK IN CJ EAST. 
 
historical register oe the cehtenMial Exposition. 
 
 317 
 
 THOMAS A. SCOTT, PHESIDENT OF TH2 PESKSYLVAfHA 1 
 
 im<l gpntleracii, I have now the honor to declare the Ex- 
 hibition closed.” Tho President then turned to the left 
 and Avaved his hand to the operator at the telegraph in- 
 strument to give the signal for stopping the Corliss 
 Engine and the machinery in the Hall. The operator 
 touched tho key of the instrument, and the characters 
 “7 — 0 ” were signaled to the main telegraph office. The 
 same current cauw>d the hammer to strike the special gong 
 stationed beside the CorlLss Engine, which was the signal 
 to stop ; and at the moment Jill the gongs in the JIachinery 
 Hall experienced tho effect of tho electric ciin-ent, and 
 gavo notice, to the exhibit<irs that tho Exhibition had been 
 declared clo.sed. Simultaneously in the main telegraph 
 office tho following ilispatch was jilaced on the wires and 
 8 'lit to Loudon, Liverpool, Paris, and the ]>rincipol cities 
 of Europe, the United States, and Canada : 
 
 *' ISTSKSATIOSAU CEXTESKIAL EXHIBITIOU GROCNDS, 
 riULADELPUiA, Noveiulier 10, 1H76. 
 
 “Tho President has this mornont closed tho International 
 Exhibition; 3:37 p. M. W. .T. Phillips, 
 
 Telograjih Director. U. S. latornational Exhibition.” 
 
 The ceremouie.s clo.sed by all iireaent singing the long- 
 meter Doxology to the Avords : 
 
 •' Bo Thou, 0 God I exalte .1 high, 
 
 And as Thy glory fllls the sky, 
 
 So let it he on earth disi>laycd, 
 
 Till Thou art hero as'them obeyed.” 
 
 VTliile tho ceremonies just described Avere progre.ssing in 
 the Judges’ Hall, the loc.ation immediately suiTounding the 
 Corlis-s Engine had been gradually filling Avith people, and 
 by tAvo o’clock not less than 15,000 persons were gath- 
 ered there, under the impression that the President would 
 personally arrest the movement of the engine, in the same 
 maimer ns he had stai'tcd it on the 10th of May. By three 
 o'clock a vast sea of iiiitnrned faces looked in the direction 
 of the h'on and steel engine which controlled the ceaseless 
 revolving Avheels, the AA’hiiTing belts, and the operation of 
 the labyrinth of mechanism. Just before four o’clock, two 
 cngineer.s took their position near the lever of the engine, 
 AA-ith their eyes resting on the gong, Avhich was to notify 
 them Avhen to apply the touch Avhich should end the work- 
 ing of tho machinery, the signal of the closing of tho 
 Centennial. A moment later the peal of the gong, attached 
 by an electric Avire, gavo the signal, and mi instant after 
 the Coiiis-s Engine had ceased its labors and rested, in 
 company Avith tho 23 miles of shafting and 40 odd miles of 
 belting Avhich, for six months, had moved the innumerable 
 pieces of mechani.sni Avhich had so charmed and dehghted 
 the visitoi-s to Machinery Hall. Although the Expositi:")!! 
 was noAv officially closed, the Grounds were suffered to 
 remain open to the public on payment of the regular fee 
 for admis.sion. A considerable number of persons con- 
 tinued to avail themselves of the last remaining opportunity 
 of visiting the Grounds and Buildings for a considerable 
 
 period. On the day folloAving 
 the closing of the Exhibition 
 there were 15,000 admissions. 
 On Sunday the Grounds 
 were opened, free, to the 
 pubhc, the buildings being 
 closed. Dming the foUoAiing 
 week visitor.? continued to 
 apply for mlmissiou, to the 
 number of several thousand 
 daily, gradually dAvindling 
 doA\T3, as the cold weather came 
 on, to a few hundred. In the 
 meantime, or from immedi- 
 ately after November 10th, the 
 exhibitors in the different 
 buildings proceeded to fence 
 off their departments and puck 
 their goods, preparatorj' to the 
 removal of the latter. A large 
 number of ai'ticles in the vm'i- 
 ous sections had been alremly 
 sold to visitors, delivery to take 
 place after the close of the 
 Exliibifiou. Such articleswere 
 in many instances duplicated 
 to a vci'y large extent, and for 
 weeks those in charge of the 
 - various exhibits were fully em- 
 ployed in importing gooils to 
 answer the demands of pur- 
 chasers. 
 
 THOMAS A. SCOTT. 
 
 Not the least in importance, 
 certainly, among the remark- 
 able events connected tbrecUy 
 and indirectly with the pro- 
 gress of the CentennLil Ex- 
 position, is the fact that nearly 
 the entire attendance at Fuir- 
 iiLROAD COMPACT. mount Piuli foiuid transporta- 
 
 tion over one system of rail- 
 roads, OAvned by one company, and directed by one ma.ster 
 mind ; and that this vast movement of humanity occurred 
 witli no grave accident from first to hist, and with a degree 
 of accuracy quite unexampled in railroading experience. 
 
 It is, therefore, entirely pertinent and proper that Ave 
 should include among our iiortroits illustrating pha.ses of 
 Centemual history that of Thomas A. Scott, Pre.sideut of 
 the Pennsylvania Bailroad Company. 
 
 Mr. Scott AA'os bom in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. 
 December 28th, 1825, and was educated simply, amid ail 
 the customary disadvantages of ordinary district schools. 
 In 1844 he became a clerk in the Collector’s office at 
 Columbia, Pa., and remaining there until 1847, was thou 
 transferred to the Collector's office at Philadelphia, where 
 he staid three years, becoming 
 then first connected Avith tho 
 Pennsylvania Bailroad. Two 
 years lak>r, his remorkablo 
 energy and administrative ca- 
 pacity having attracted atten- 
 tion, Mr. Scott Avas appointed 
 Superintendent of the 'West- 
 ern DiAusion, Avhich position 
 was followed in 1858 by that 
 of General Superintendent of 
 the road ; and that in 18G0, 
 by the Vice-Presidency, from 
 which it was an easy and na- 
 tural step for such a imin to 
 the office of President of the 
 road. 
 
 In the Fall of 18G1 Mr. 
 
 Scott was called by President 
 Lincoln to assume the onerous 
 and responsible position of 
 As.sistant Secretary of War. In 
 this station it fell to his duty 
 to supervise the transportation 
 of our vast armies, than which 
 it Avould be difficult to devise 
 another more arduous, or more 
 suri'ounded by difficulties. 
 
 Prompt in action, and sus- 
 tained by pecuhar clearness of 
 perception, Mr. Scott became 
 recognized ns an officer whose 
 special fitness for a situation 
 requiring these qualities was 
 seldom matched. In the Fall 
 of 1862 Mr. Scott returned to 
 his railroad duties, and as 
 these increased with the mai'- 
 velous growth of the interests 
 in his charge, he brought to 
 bear upon hLs work those 
 
 characteristics which hare elevated him 1 1 the highest 
 rank among those men — peculiarly the growth of our 
 American civilization — Avho are qualified to grasp and con- 
 trol the complicated mechanism which goes to make up onr 
 comprehensive and intricate railroad system. 
 
 SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 
 
 The fact that a meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati 
 took place during the Centennial is a sufficient reason for 
 giving some historical account of this organization, whose 
 origin and history are probably not generally known to our 
 readers. At tho close of the Bevolutionary contest with 
 Great Britain, the cantonments of the American Army were 
 on the Hudson. The veterans were now about to be dis- 
 banded, to return to their homes, many of them sick and 
 destitute, and most of them dubious a.s to the future which 
 might be before them. It was at this time that General 
 Knox pit)posed the formation of a Society, which should 
 serve to perpetuate the friendships which had been formed, 
 and accomplish the purpo.se of cherishing the mutual feel- 
 ings of patriotism and benevolence which had been created 
 by a common experience of tho hardships encountered in 
 ncliieving tho freedom of the country and establishing its 
 rank among the nations of the earth. On the 10th of 
 May, 1783, a meeting of the general officers, and one ofliccr 
 from the line of eacli regiment, wa.s held, Baron Steuben 
 presiding, Avhen proposals for organizing the Society were 
 consitlered. The question was referred to a committee con- 
 sisting of Jlajor-General Knox, Brigmlier-General Hand, 
 Brigadier-General Huutiugton, and Captsun Shaw. Three 
 days later, this committee matle a report, which was nniini- 
 mously accejited, and which is said to have been drafted 
 by General Knox, and to be .still in existence. 
 
 The preamble refers to the separation of the Colonies 
 froju Great Brihiiu after a bloody conflict of eight years, 
 and proceeds: “To pcrijehiate, therefore, as aa'cII the 
 
 remembrance of this va.st result, as the mutual friendships, 
 Avhich have been formed under the pres.sure of common 
 (lunger lUid in many instances cemented by the blood of the 
 parties, the Officers of the American Army do licreby in 
 the most solemn manner associate, con.stitute and combine 
 theiusoh-es into one society of friends, to endure os long sm 
 they shall endure, or any of their eldest posterity, aud 
 in ’failure thereof the collateral branches who may bo 
 judged Avorthy of becoming its supporters aud members.” 
 Several distinguished officers in the war were men of 
 cultivated minds, AA'ith whom tho ancient classical history 
 and literature Avere favorite reading. Aud it avus doubtless 
 for this reason that the Society adopted for their designation 
 the name of the illustrious Komau, Lucius Quintus Cinciu- 
 natiis. The propriety of this selection A\-ill not bo questioned 
 Avhen it is remembered that this illustrious Roman patriot, 
 Consul about 4GU n, c., aud tAvice afk-rward Dictator, 
 dehvered the Eepublic from her domestic and foreign eno- 
 mie.s Avith the skill of a statesman and soldier, and retired 
 to his fai-m on completiug liis task, refusing thereafter 
 
318 
 
 HISTORICAL REGISTER OE THE CENTENRTAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 
 
 
 Di - 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 THE FINAL CEREMONIES IN JUDGES' HALL.— MR, JOHN WELSH, PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF FINANCE, DELIVERING HIS CLOSING ADDRESS. 
 
 fill vecompensp. The choice, iu fuel, was a delicate compli- '• 
 nieut to the ininiortal AViushingtoii himself. 
 
 Ill its ovgaiiizatiou the Society of the Ciucinuatns held 
 th ise principles to be immutable : '• Incessant attention to | 
 l>reserve iiiviolak' those exi died rights and liberties of hnmau ■ 
 nature for which they h.ave fought and bled, and without 
 which the high rank of iiitional being is a cni'se instead of 
 blessing; an unalterable determination to promote and 
 cheiish that union of the re.speetivc State.s, and the national 
 honor so es.seiitial to their ha]iihnes.s, and the future ilignity 
 of the American empire ; to render pcnuaucut the cordial 
 affection subsisting among the officers. This spirit will 
 promote brotherly kindness in all tilings, and partienlaily 
 extend .substantial act-s of beneficence, nccoriling to the 
 ability of the Society, toward those officers and their 
 families who unfortunately may be under the necessity of 
 receiving it.” Appropriate enibleni-s were devised for 
 badge.s and ornaments, including the eagle, and uniting 
 the blue and white, in compliment to the combined arms 
 by which the successful result had been effected ; and the 
 Society directed that one of its medals, suitably inscribed, 
 should be sent to each of the distinguished charactei's 
 among our French fillies, namely : His Excellency Chevahor 
 de la Luzerne ; Hi.s Excellency Sieur Gerard ; the Count 
 d'Estaing ; the C«mt de Giusse ; the Count de Barr.ts ; the 
 Chevaher de Touches ; His Excellency the Count de 
 Rochambeau, and the colonels and generals of his aiTay ; 
 also directing that they may be acquaintcil that the Society 
 did itself the honor to consider them members. A com- 
 mittee was appointed, including Gen. Heath, Baron Steuben 
 and Gen. Knox, to wait upon Gen. Washington ajid rerpicst 
 him to honor the Society by placing his name at its hen<L 
 At a meeting held on the I'Jth of June, 1783, the Com- 
 inander-in*5[Ihiet was made President; Major-General 
 McDougall, Vice-President, and Major-General Knox, Sec- 
 retary. The first meeting after the disbanding of the 
 army took iilace at the City Tavern. I’hiLidelphia, In May, 
 1781, Wo-shington w:ls again chosen President ; l\Iajor-Geu- 
 cral Gates, Vice-President, and Major-General Knox. Secre- 
 tary. Prior to tliis meeting the civihans of the Bevolution 
 attacked the Society with great vigor, under the leadership 
 of Jefferson, Jay. John and Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerrj' 
 and Fraukhu. The oeeasion of this opposition was the 
 introduetion of the hereilihin" principle of membership 
 into the Society, this being, it u'a.s fc'areil, likely to create 
 in time, a Society which would lead to the overthrow of the 
 institutions of the country. So fiercely was this feature 
 ui the organization oppoied. that it was finally thought 
 
 best to omit entirely any prorisiou for a continnnuce of 
 the institution beyond the period of its founders. 
 
 WiLshiiigton M’ould have been willing even to sacrifice tho 
 oxisteuec of the Society had it not been for its relation to the 
 foreign officers enrolled in it. In order to relieve the Society 
 from any imputation of its being hereditary, it was di-ter- 
 miued that he .shimld accept the office of Presidi'iit-Gencrnl, 
 touhich he had been inviti’d. A compromise wils. however, 
 eflectiHl, and Wiushingtiiii continued to hold the office of 
 President as long as he lived. After ]iis de.ath tho institu- 
 tion was assumed to remain in its origimJ jiosition. and 
 from this time greater rcgaril was ]>aid to the former lead- 
 ing idea of inheritable succes.sion, and some cerLiiii lineal 
 relation betwei-n tho members and original foiuuhu’s 
 became an established principle of the institution. In the 
 absence of any positive rule, the iucmbcr.ship ha.s fdways 
 been renewed by election, which hius become so settled 
 by usfige .o.s to be the noriuid organic law of tlu- institution. 
 The great French orator, Mirabeau, was one of the oppo- 
 nents of tho .Society, and in 1784 i.ssncd a pamphlet again.st 
 it. In tins he .said : “ It is an institution wliich must shortly 
 undermine the i)ublic weal, their liberty and their country; 
 strip the middle and lower ranks of life of all influence and 
 all importance, and consign them to the mo.st paljrable con- 
 tempt. and reduce them to the completest unllity, or at 
 bc-st to the sad juivilege of murmuring when it will be too 
 late to remedy the evil.” Even Franklin, writing from 
 Pius.sy, Jannaiy 2G, 1784, to his daughter, Mra. Bachc, 
 sneers somewhat at the Society, and comments in the follow- I 
 iug terms ni)on the adoption of the “bald eagle" as the j 
 representative of liis country: “For my part I wi.sh the i 
 bald eagle had not been cho.seu a.s the reiu’eseiitutive of nur I 
 country. He is a bhal of bad moral character ; he does not | 
 get his living houestly. Yon may have seen him jierched I 
 on some dead tree, where, too lazy to flsh for himself, | 
 be watches tho labors of the fi.slung-hawk, and when that 
 diligent bird lias at length taken a fish and is bearing it to 
 his nest for the support of Ins mate and young ones, 
 the biild eagle pm-sues him and takes it from him. With 
 all this injustice he is never in good ca.se, but like those 
 among men who live by sharping and robbing, he is gener- 
 ally poor and often very lousy. Besides, he is a rank 
 j coward. The little king-bird, not bigger than a sparrow, 
 
 I attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. He 
 is therefore by no means a proper emblem of the brave and 
 honest Cincinnati of America, who have driven all the hinfi- 
 hU\U from our busy country, though exactly fit for that 
 order of knights which the French call chera!iersd'indiis/rie. ” 
 
 It is amusing now to read the various protests against 
 this Society, whose whole existence has been modest and 
 nnasf5iuniug, without a shadow of jKjlitlcal or social power, 
 and the veiy names of whose jircsent members are scarcely 
 luiown to one in ten thousand out of their o^vn immediato 
 circle ; yet at the tinu' of its origin it was esteemed a dia- 
 bolical association, whose dangers the Ctovcnior of Smith 
 Carolina pointed out in a sjioech ti < the A‘-seinb!y, and which 
 a committee of Mas.s;ichusi‘tts dci-lared “ dangermi.s to the 
 peace, liberty and safety of the Vninii.” 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 AuNnssioxs. 
 
 Tup: total admissions to the Exhibition, from May 10th 
 to November lOth, amounted to 9,892,025. of which 
 8,004,214 were cash aduiis-sions, and 1,888,411 free. Tho 
 total cash receipts at the gates amounted to 83.810,497. 
 Tlic monthly receipts wore as follows : 
 
 Mexrn. 
 
 I'AUl, 1 
 
 Frse. 
 
 Total. ' 
 
 asrEirrs. 
 
 Mav 
 
 37H.08O 1 
 
 an.j.oGo 
 
 084,940 ' 
 
 ?I80,490 35 
 
 Tiir'.. ' 
 
 flOj.CfiC ’ 
 
 307 150 
 
 1,299,825 
 
 347,833 40 
 
 July ' 
 
 C3G.518 1 
 
 200,929 
 
 900.447 
 
 j 318,199 25 
 
 
 
 OOS.CS-l ' 
 
 2GG.630 
 
 : 1, 75,311 ' 
 
 ' -115.059 25 
 
 Seiiterabor .... . . . | 
 
 2.130.001 
 
 308.098 
 
 2.439.CS9 
 
 928,050 00 
 
 Octolter 
 
 2, 334,330 ■ 
 
 229.340 
 
 2,003.879 
 
 1,100,811 50 
 
 November ' 
 
 01«,S04 
 
 115,037 
 
 l,n34„531 
 
 459,447 25 
 
 
 ! 8,004,203 
 
 1.853,302 
 
 9,857,025 
 
 $3,819,497 00 
 
 The Exhibition was open 159 days, during which the 
 daily average attendance of paid visitors was 49,986 ; aver- 
 age attendance of free admissions, 11,952; average total 
 admissions, 61,938 ; average receijits, 823,807.50. Tlie 
 largest attendance on any one day was on Pennsylvania 
 Day, September 28th, when the total admissions numbered 
 274.919. The attendance on the various State days was as 
 follows : 
 
 State 
 
 Date. 
 
 Paid 
 
 1 RLE Tut.vl. 
 
 IJecripts. 
 
 New Jersey.. 
 
 Aug 24 
 
 56.325 
 
 10,727 
 
 07,0 2 
 
 $28,063 25 
 
 Councetieut 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 04,05 t 
 
 10,085 
 
 75,044 
 
 30,853 75 
 
 Massaeluisetts 
 
 Sept. 14 
 
 85,795 
 
 12,073 
 
 97,868 
 
 41,193 0) 
 
 NmvY.-rk 
 
 Sept. 21 
 
 122.003 
 
 12.585 
 
 134,588 
 
 59,980 Oo 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Sept. 28 
 
 :57,1G9 
 
 17,750 
 
 274.919 
 
 118,073 75 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Oct. 5 
 
 89.000 
 
 13,881 
 
 115.422 
 
 50.530 00 
 
 Delaware A Murvhind Oct. 19 
 
 101.355 
 
 15,05-2 
 
 170.407 
 
 80,307 5C 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oct. 26 
 
 122,300 
 
 13,361 
 
 135,001 
 
 ei,09i 50 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 31 !) 
 
 The Attendance compared mtli other Exljibitious rIiows 
 the following : 
 
 I'UCI, j VEAtl. 
 
 So. OP Visitors 
 
 llEltriTS 
 
 
 KX Hays. 
 
 
 c,o;)a,i'J5 
 
 1 ?2.530,000 
 
 141 
 
 
 5,162,336 
 
 000,500 
 
 200 
 
 London IsO'i 
 
 0,211,103 
 
 1 2,30:i,0U0 1 
 
 171 
 
 
 10,0110,000 
 
 1 2,S'22,93 
 
 
 210 
 
 Vienna ' 1873 
 
 7,2.j4,G87 
 
 1 2,000,000 ' 
 
 180 
 
 Philaileljiliii -- | 1876 
 
 (i,s,')7,r,2') 
 
 ' 3,819,497 
 
 159 
 
 From this it will anpear that while the daily average of 
 
 attc-ndance at Philadeliihia was Gl.9.38, at London, 
 
 in 1851, 
 
 it was 49,923 ; at Paris, in 1855, it was 25,811 
 
 ; at London, 
 
 in 18G2, it was 30,320 ; at Paris, 
 
 n 18G7, it 
 
 was 
 
 47,019 ; 
 
 and at Vienna, in 1873, it was 39,003. 
 
 The following table gives the miuiber of persons regis- 
 
 tering at the State Buildings : 
 
 
 
 
 State. 
 
 .V.i. JlBi.i;aTKr.rvi 
 
 l.ARliKST I 
 
 
 
 Ark.'uisos 
 
 9(10 
 
 Sept, 28. . 
 
 633 
 
 11 
 
 California 
 
 2.100 
 
 Sept. -29, 
 
 204 
 
 23 
 
 Illinuis 
 
 20,7,70 
 
 July 1... 
 
 1.4u 
 
 148 
 
 Teane.s.see 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 61,060 
 
 Sept. 26 .. 
 
 128 
 
 59 
 
 tViaconsin 
 
 10.357 
 
 .... 
 
 ‘200 
 
 85 
 
 Micliigan 
 
 19,771 
 
 Sept, 18 
 
 1,311 
 
 187 
 
 MassaciiuseUs 
 
 pc-laware 
 
 lO.WO 
 
 20,930 
 
 
 560 
 
 560 
 
 180 
 
 
 74,793 
 
 Allg. 21 , 
 
 1,796 
 
 609 
 
 Iowa 
 
 11,335 
 
 Sept. 16. 
 
 276 
 
 111 
 
 Wont Virginia 
 
 I’onnsylvanla 
 
 33,9112 
 
 31,:)H 
 
 Sept. 28., 
 
 3,007 
 
 213 
 
 301 
 
 Virginia 
 
 30.500 
 
 
 
 25.J 
 
 Celiirado 
 
 37,500 
 
 Sept 7... 
 
 950 
 
 312 
 
 Tho CetitL'iiuiul Exhibition liad tlio largest attendance 
 ever known in a singh^ month, or in a single week, or on a 
 single day, besides tin* largest aggregiitt! attendance. The 
 following t;ible shows tin* compamtivo attendance on the 
 largest day of different Exhibition.s ; 
 
 ■ 'rLACR ■ 1 
 
 Ykak. ; 
 
 
 I.VKUKST Day. 
 
 L'li.lnn 
 
 1S51 ■ 
 
 141 
 
 109,915 
 
 1‘iiris... 1 
 
 18.55 . 
 
 •200 
 
 123,017 
 
 Lendiin 
 
 1809 
 
 171 
 
 67,891 
 
 I'hilaileliiliia ! 
 
 1873 
 
 ! 1 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 1876 
 
 ' 1,5'J ! 
 
 274,919 
 
 Tll,\NSrOBTATION'. 
 
 The question of transportion ha-s been one of the most 
 imjiortant to be considered in connection with the great 
 Exhibitions of the world. It has, in every iushmee, been 
 surrounded with tlifliculties ; and both at Paris and ^ ieniju. 
 those diflieulties interfered materially with the success of 
 tho enter])rise, In Philadelphia this subject was taken in 
 hand at the cailieat moment practicable, under the direction 
 of Captiiin Dulidm-s Torrey, Chief of the Bimcau of Traus- 
 jiortation, whose railroad experience and natund atlmiuia- 
 trative cai)acity insured every po.ssible advantage being 
 taken to secure rapidity, cai'c and cerhiiuty, both in the 
 delivery and pa.s.sage of the goods. Captain Torrey com- 
 menced his dtities early in 1875, and, by a serie.s of cireuhirs 
 to the exhibitors, which clearly explained the neces-sjiry 
 a<-tion to be taken by them in the premise.s, opened the way 
 for delix'cring goods never before c(pialed in promptness 
 and care. It has been estimated that the number of cases anil 
 packages tran.siwrted to the CentcnniiJ numbered betwecui 
 4(1,000 and 50.000, with an aggregate weight of about 
 •20,000 ton.s. It is gratifying to know that the Porcign 
 Conimis-sioners have recognized the admirable management 
 of tills department by an unanimous expression of their 
 satisfaction. In regard to the pa.s.Henger-trausjiortation, as 
 early a.s duly 5th, 1870, Captain Tom-y made an experiment 
 to test the carrying capacity of the railroads running into 
 Philadeliihia, and also that of the city passenger-roads. 
 The result of this experiment proved that there was at that 
 time a carrying capacity cipud to 150,000 persons, as that 
 number were taken to the Centennial Grounds without 
 difliculty on that day. Tlie most extrannlinary feature in 
 pa.s.senger-delivery occurred on *' Pennsylvania Day,’ when 
 nearly 275,000 persons were transpni-ted to and from the 
 Centennial ; the larger number being dilivered in a jicriod 
 of time not exceeding three hours. In addition to this it 
 is to be i’<*niembered that there was an average- deliverv of 
 from forty to fifty thousand pei'sons pc-r day, and that 
 without a single accident during the entire six mouths. It 
 i is believed that tho transiiurtutiou of pas.seugers on the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad alone, to and from the Centennial 
 Depot, aggregated as much ns 4,000.0(11). The regidurity 
 of the atrival and departure of tnius, the system, and 
 I method, and celerity with which pas.sengers were deposit<-d 
 ‘ and taken away by this iiiilroa<l, occasioned the most favor- 
 able notice on the part of foreign eorrespoudi.-nts, Meau- 
 j while it is estimated that as many as 1,000,000 adilitional 
 I arrived at the Pennsylvania Depot at We.st Philadelphia, 
 
 Kensington, and Camden, making a total of 5,000,000 
 persons reeeiveil in and taken away from Philadelphi.a 
 during the pei-iod of six months. The largest number on 
 one day airiving at the Centennial Depot was on the 19th 
 of October, when 33,919 were .safely deposited within a few 
 boui-s’ time. On the Philadelphia and Reading R. E. tho 
 trausiiortation figures are as follows : Jlay, 1876, 1G9.29G ; 
 June, 307,503 ; July, 30G,081 ; August, 388,970 ; Sei)tember, 
 801,819 ; October, 810,000 ; total, 2,783,GG9. The largest 
 number delivered by this road was on Pennsylvania Day, 
 and amounted to 185,800. The large extent of the Grounds 
 occniiied by the U, S. International Exhibition, and tho 
 distance from one building to another, reudered it necea- 
 Siiry to secure some convenient method of transportation, 
 and 11 nan-ow-gauge I'ailroad was adopted. The traek was 
 laid so as to conveniently reach all buildings, anil, with the 
 sidings, was little less than seven miles in length. Tho 
 number of daily trains upon this road was eight. Tho 
 number of trips per train, fourteen ; the number of persons 
 carried was as follows ; From May 15th to 31st, 125, 3G3 ; 
 in June, 5()5,7n4; July, 460,558; Angu-st, .589,334; Sep- 
 ti'inber, l,054,4(i5 ; October, 1,048,718 ; total to November 
 1st. 3,784,142. The largest number were carried on Peiin- 
 sylvaniii Day, viz., G8, 273. The general approximati- total 
 of all an-ivals aud di'Xiarturc.s may be estimated as fol- 
 lows : By railroads, 10,01)0,000 ; horse-cars, 4,000,000 ; nil 
 other coiivcuiences, 2,000.000; ou foot, 4,000,000; total, 
 20,000,000. 
 
 MEmr.vL SnimcE. 
 
 The Bureau of Medical Serrice was organizetl in luitici- 
 jiatiou of the accideuts which might occur during the 
 ereotiim and removal of the Exhibition bniklings, as well a.s 
 for the relief of visitors taken sick while in the Exhibition 
 Grmuids. It may bo mentioned that there was an average 
 of 1,.531 persons, iueludiug the gnard, members of the Firo 
 Department, and others, domiciled within the Grounds. 
 Tho Bureau of Medical Service was under tho charge of 
 a director, aided by a .staff consisting of seven iihysiciana, 
 oin- of whom constantly resided 1121011 the Grounds, while 
 tho others were on duty in rotation, two doctors being 
 constantly in service — the organization of this department 
 i i-omxirising Dr. William Pep 2 >er, Dr. Theodore Herbert 
 lU.)sideiit Physician), and tho following medical officers in 
 attendance : Dr. Jacob Roberts, Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., 
 
 I Dr. Sauniel W. Gross, Dr. Rowland J. Curtin, Dr. ^ililton 
 Osgood, 1 >r. De Forrest Willard, Dr. Haiiison Allen, besides 
 IV skilled mirse and five attendants. The de 2 >artment 
 ' was I'rovided with a comfortable building, furnished as a 
 
 Tin: CLOSING CEREJIONIES ON I'KIii.t-V, NOVEMDER lOiH. — THE CRO^VD WAll'ING FOR THE ARRIVAL OF THE OFFICI.tL Gl'ES'W, 
 
HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 
 
 hospital and dispensarr, including a waiting-room. The 
 officers were furnished with a supply of medicines and 
 surgical ai>j>hnnces and dres-sings, and the male and female 
 wards were each provided A\ith a hath and every neces.sary 
 convenience. Stretchers were kept at various points 
 throiighotit the ExhiKition and the Grounds, while an 
 ambulance was in constant readiness at the hosjiital, Dur- 
 ing the Exliibition the Department treated G,016 persons, 
 up to October 31st. A few cases were serious, though, as 
 a rule, the complaints were of a trifling nature, such as are 
 commonly incident to large assemblies. It was demon- 
 strated by the Medical Director that, although the heat of 
 the Summer wa.s of almost unprecedented severity, and 
 although Philadelphia had constantly dirring the time an 
 enormous floating population added to her inhabitants, 
 the average healthfulness of the city was maintained. 
 
 Gross Receipts of the Centennlvl. 
 
 During the progress of the Exhibition there were received 
 by the managers the following sums : From admission 
 fees, 83,819,497 ; fi-om concessions, 8290,000 ; fronijwrcent- 
 ages and royalties, 8205,010.75; totiil, 84,314,507.7.5. The 
 
 gross amount (8290, OOOj of the concession contracts were 
 divided as follows among the i>arties purcha.sing privileges ; 
 
 -UOI-NT- 
 
 C'-ntennial Catalogue Company $100,000 
 
 Ik-staurants . ... ... 36,000 
 
 Flemming, Tubacconist 18,000 
 
 Rolling Chair Company 13,00) 
 
 S'kIh tVatiT Yc-nder.s 20,00.0 
 
 Dc’purtment ot Public Comfort 8,500 
 
 Centennial Photugr.iphic Company. .. 3,000 
 
 Centennial Guide-book Comfiany 5,000 
 
 Dairymen’s Association 3.000 
 
 Virginia Tobacco 3ta-iufacturo Ofachinery Hall) . 3,000 
 
 Vienna I3ako-y 3,Q00 
 
 Propiietor of Popcorn Stands. . 8,000 
 
 Gillender A Sons, Glassworks 3,000 
 
 Wiiitman’s Confectionery Stands , . ... 5,000 
 
 Centennial National Bank 5,000 
 
 Glnl»- Hotel io.OOO 
 
 California Wine-booth ... 5,000 
 
 Safe Deposit in Ntiiin Building . 5,000 
 
 Cut Flower Stand.' 3,000 
 
 American Fusco Company i^OOO 
 
 Cafos 2^050 
 
 Confectionery 2,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 26,050 
 
 In addition to these, the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph 
 j Company paid to the Commis.sion 20 per cent, of their 
 receipts for mcs.sengcr service, and 50 per cent, of all other 
 I receipts ; and the Amcric.ui District Telegraph Company 
 ; paid 10 jier cent, of its receipts fur mc.sscnger service. 
 Including the royalties 011 beer and soda-water, the per- 
 centage ou Sides and other busiues.s, the total receipts of 
 the Committee ou Coucesaion.s amounted to $500,000. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Here we close our chronicle of the Ceutcunial Exposition. 
 
 Commenced at a period when iiublic affairs were embar- 
 r.ussed to au extent to seemingly preclude the possil ility of 
 sueccRs, this vast undertaking avius faithfully conducted to a 
 conclusion of glorious trianiifli. 
 
 Fii.iNK Le.slte's Historic.4L Register has sought to dis- 
 play before its leaders the history of this m.aguiflcent 
 eiiteri)rise, not only in its own immediate details, but with 
 such added resource of collateral illusti-ation and description 
 iLS should best imbeate its promised results, as well n.s its 
 intention. |If this purpose be fulfiUed in the pro.sent vork, 
 the design of its imojector will have been effected. 
 
 THE CLOSE OF THE EiTOSITION— FINAL CEREMONIES IN JUDGES’ HALL, NOVEMEEP, lOiH- SCENE uAT THE UNFURLING OF THE PAUL JUNES FL.VG.