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THE HUMANIST'S LIBRARY 
 
 Edited by Lewis Einstein 
 
 VI 
 
 DURER'S JOURNEYS TO VENICE 
 
 AND 
 
 THE LOW COUNTRIES 
 
RECORDS OF JOURNEYS TO VENICE 
 
 AND THE LOW COUNTRIES 
 
 BY ALBRECHT DURER 
 
 EDITED BY ROGER FRY 
 
 '3N 
 
 to 
 
 THE MERRYMOUNT PRESS 
 BOSTON : MDCCCCXIII 
 
 M 
 
Copyright, 1913, by D. B. Updike 
 
A TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Introdudlion ix 
 
 Letters from Venice toWilibald Pirkheimer 3 
 
 Diary of a Journey in the Netherlands 31 
 
 Notes 103 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 
 IT is a habit of the human mind to make to it- 
 self symbols in order to abbreviate its admi- 
 ration for a class. So Diirer has come to stand 
 for German art somewhat as Raphael once stood 
 for that of Italy. Such symbols attrac5t to them- 
 selves much of the adoration which more care- 
 ful worshippers would distribute over the Pan- 
 theon, and it becomes difficult to appreciate 
 them justly without incurring the charge of icon- 
 oclasm. It is the more difficult in Diirer's case be- 
 cause, whatever one's final estimate of his art, 
 his personality is at once so imposing and so 
 attracflive, and has been so endeared to us by 
 familiarity, that something of this personal at- 
 tachment has been transferred to our aesthetic 
 judgement. 
 
 The letters from Venice and the Diary of his 
 journey in the Netherlands, which form the con- 
 tents of this volume, are indeed the singularly 
 fortunate means for this pleasant intercourse with 
 the man himself. They reveal Diirer as one of 
 the distincftively modern men of the Renaissance : 
 intensely , but not arrogantly.consciousof his own 
 personality ; accepting with a pleasant ease the 
 universal admiration of his genius,^ a personal 
 
 ix 
 
Intro- admiration, too, of an altogether modern kind; 
 
 ducftion careful of his fame as one who foresaw its im- 
 mortality. They show him as having, though in a 
 far less degree, something of Leonardo da Vinci's 
 scientific interest, certainly as possessing a quick, 
 though naive curiosity about the world and a 
 quite modern freedom from superstition. It is 
 clear that his dominating and yet kindly person- 
 ality, no less than his physical beauty and distinc- 
 tion, made him the centre of interest wherever 
 he went. His easy and humorous good-fellowship, 
 of which the letters to Pirkheimer are eloquent, 
 won for him the admiring friendship of the best 
 men of his time. To all these characfleristics we 
 must add a deep and sincere religious feeling, 
 which led him to side with the leaders of the Re- 
 formation, a feeling which comes out in his pas- 
 sionate sense of loss when he thinks that Luther is 
 about to be put to death, and causes him to write 
 a stirring letter to Erasmus, urging him to continue 
 the work of reform. For all that, there is no trace 
 in him of either Protestantism or Puritanism. He 
 was perhaps fortunate — certainly as an artist he 
 was fortunate — to live at a time when the line of 
 cleavage between the reformers and the Church 
 was not yet so marked as to compel a decisive 
 acftion. The symbolism of the Church still had 
 for him its old significance, as yet quickened and 
 not discredited by the reformer's energy. But in- 
 tense as Durer's devotionwas, this religious feeling 
 
 X 
 
scarcely found its way to effecflive artistic expres- Intro- 
 sion upon one side, namely, the brooding sense ducftion 
 which accompanied it of the imminence and ter- 
 ror of death. How much more definite is the in- 
 spiration in the drawing of Death on a horse (in 
 the British Museum), in the Knight Death and the 
 Devil, and in theallied Melancholia, than it is in his 
 renderings of the Virgin or indeed of any of the 
 scenes of Christian legend! It is this feeling, too, 
 which gives tohis description of his mother's death 
 its almost terrible literary beauty and power. 
 
 Nor in the estimate of Diirer's characfter must 
 one leave out the touching affecflion and piety 
 which the family history written by him in 1^24 
 reveals. So much that is attracftive and endearing 
 in the man cannot but readl upon our attitude to 
 his work— has done so, perhaps, ever since his own 
 day ; and it is difficult to get far enough away from 
 Diirer the man to be perfecftly just to Diirer the 
 artist. But if we make the attempt, it becomes 
 clear, I think, that Diirer cannot take rank in the 
 highest class of creative geniuses. His position is 
 none the less of great importance and interest for 
 his relation on the one hand to the Gothic tradi- 
 tion of his country, and on the other to the newly 
 perceived splendour of the Italian Renaissance. 
 
 Much must depend on our estimate of his last 
 work, the " Four Apostles," at Munich. In that he 
 summed up all that the patient and enthusiastic 
 labour of a lifetime had taught him. If we regard 
 
 xi 
 
Intro- that as a work of the highest beauty, if we can 
 dudlion conscientiously put it beside the figures of the 
 Sistine Chapel, beside the Saints of Mantegna, or 
 Signorelli, or Piero della Francesca, then indeed 
 Diirer's labour was crowned with success ; but if 
 we find in it rather a careful exposition of certain 
 theoretical principles, if we find that the matter 
 is not entirely transfused with the style, if we find 
 a conflicft between a certain naive crudity of vi- 
 sion and a straining after the grand manner, then 
 we have to say that Diirer's art was the outcome 
 of a magnificent and heroic but miscalculated 
 endeavour. 
 
 It is among the ironies of history that the Ro- 
 mans, the one Philistine people among the Me- 
 diterranean races, should have been the great 
 means of transmitting to the modern world that 
 culture which they themselves deposed, and that 
 the Germans should have laboured so long and 
 hard to atone for the heroism of their ancestors 
 in resisting that beneficent loss of liberty. Nurem- 
 berg of the fifteenth century was certainly given 
 over to the pracftice of fine art with a pathetic en- 
 thusiasm, and it remains as a sad but instrucflive 
 proof of how little good-will and industry avail by 
 themselves in such matters. The worship of mere 
 professional skill and undirected craftsmanship is 
 there seen pushed to its last conclusions, and the 
 tourist's wonder is excited by the sight of stone 
 carved into the shapes of twisted metal, and wood 
 xii 
 
simulating the intricacies of confectionery, his ad- Intro- 
 miration is canvassed by every possible perver- ducftion 
 sion of technical dexterity. Not, " What a thing is 
 done!" but, "How difficult it must have been to 
 do it!" is the exclamation demanded. 
 
 Of all that perverted technical ingenuity which 
 flaunts itself in the wavering stonework of a Kraft 
 or the crackling woodwork of a Storr, Diirer was 
 inevitably the heir. He grew up in an atmosphere 
 where the acrobatic feats of technique were 
 looked on with admiration rather than contempt. 
 Something of this clung to him through life, and 
 he is always recognized as the prince of crafts- 
 men, the consummate technician. In all this side 
 of Diirer's art we recognize the last over-blown 
 efflorescence of the mediaeval craftsmanship of 
 Germany, of the apprentice system and the 
 "marker "piece; but that Gothic tradition had still 
 left in it much that was sound and sincere. Draw- 
 ing still retained something of the blunt, almost 
 brutal frankness of statement, together with the 
 sense of the characfleristic which marked its earlier 
 period. And it is perhaps this inheritance of Gothic 
 direcftness of statement, this Gothic realism, that 
 accounts for what is ultimately of most value 
 in Diirer's work. There exists in the Kunsthisto- 
 risches Akademie at Vienna a portrait of a man, 
 dated 1394, which shows how much of Diirer's 
 portraiture was already endemic in the Nurem- 
 berg school. Indeed, in this remarkable work, exe- 
 
 xiii 
 
Intro- cuted, if we may trust the date, nearly a century 
 ducftion before Diirer, there is almost everything that in- 
 terests us in Diirer's portraits. It has to an even 
 greater extent that half-humorous statement of 
 the characfteristic, that outrageous realism that 
 makes the vivid appeal of the "Oswold Kroll," 
 and the absence of which in Diirer's last years 
 makes the "Holzschuher" such a tiresome piece 
 of brilliant delineation. 
 
 Diirer was perhaps the greatest infant prod- 
 igy among painters, and the drawing of him- 
 self at the age of twelve shows how early he 
 had marked that simple and abrupt sincerity of 
 Gothic draughtsmanship. One is inclined to say 
 that in all his subsequent work he never surpassed 
 this in all that really matters, in all that concerns 
 the essential vision and its adequate presentment. 
 He increased his skill until it became the wonder 
 of the world and entangled him in its seducflions; 
 his intellecflual apprehension was indefinitely 
 heightened, and his knowledge of natural appear- 
 ances became encyclopaedic. 
 
 What, then, lies at the root of Diirer's art is this 
 Gothic sense of the characfteristic, already men- 
 aced by the professional bravura of the late 
 Gothic craftsman. The superstrucfture is what 
 Diirer's industry and intellecflual acquisitiveness, 
 acfling in the peculiar conditions of his day, 
 brought forth. It is in short what distinguishes 
 him as the pioneer of the Renaissance in Ger- 
 xiv 
 
many. This new endeavour was in two direcftions, Intro- 
 one due mainly to the trend of native ideas, dudlion 
 the other to Italian influence. The former was 
 concerned mainly with a new kind of realism. In 
 place of the older Gothic realism with its naive 
 and self-confident statement of the salient char- 
 adteristicof things seen, this new realism strove at 
 complete representation of appearance by means 
 of perspecflive, at a more searching and complete 
 investigation of form, and a fuller relief in light 
 and shade. 
 
 These aims were also followed to some extent 
 by the Italians, and with even greater scientific 
 ardour: all the artists of Europe were indeed striv- 
 ing to master the complete power of represen- 
 tation. But in Italy this aim was never followed 
 exclusively; it was constantly modified and con- 
 trolled by the idea of design, that is to say, of ex- 
 pression by means of the pure disposition of con- 
 tours and masses, and by the perfecftion and or- 
 dering of linear rhythm. This notion of design as 
 something other than representation was indeed 
 the common inheritance of European art from 
 the mediaeval world, but in Italy the principles 
 of design were more profoundly embedded in 
 tradition, its demands were more clearly felt, and 
 each succeeding generation was quite as deeply 
 concerned with the perfecftion of design as with 
 the mastery of representation. In the full Renais- 
 sance, indeed, this idea of design became the ob- 
 
 XV 
 
Intro- jecft of extremely conscious and deliberate study, 
 dudlion and the decadence of Italian art came about, not 
 through indifference to the claims of artistic ex- 
 pression, but through a too purely intellecflual and 
 conscious study of them. The northern and espe- 
 cially the Teutonic artists, who had not inherited 
 so strongly this architedlonic sense, made indeed 
 heroic efforts to acquire it, sometimes by the futile 
 method of direcft imitation of a particular style, 
 sometimes— and this is the case with Diirer— by a 
 serious effort of aesthetic intelligence. But on the 
 whole the attempt must be judged to have failed, 
 and northern art has drifted gradually towards 
 the merely photographic vision. 
 
 Diirer strove strenuously in both these direc- 
 tions. He unquestionably added immensely to the 
 knowledge of acftual form and to the power of re- 
 presentation, but his eagerness led him to regard 
 the quantity of form rather than its quality. With 
 him drawing became a means of making manifest 
 the greatest possible amount of form, the utmost 
 roundness of relief, and his studies in pure design 
 failed to keep pace with this. In the end he could 
 not use to significant purpose the increased ma- 
 terial at his disposal, and from the point of view 
 of pure design his work adtually falls short of 
 his predecessor, Martin Schongauer's, who in- 
 deed was benefited by lacking Diirer's power of 
 representation. 
 From this point of view it may be worth while 
 xvi 
 
to examine in some detail Diirer's relations to Ital- Intro- 
 ian art. The earliest definite example of his study ducflion 
 of Italian art is in 1494, when he was probably in 
 Venice for the first time. It is a copy in pen and 
 ink of an engraving of the " Death of Orpheus " by 
 some follower of Mantegna. The engraving is not 
 theworkof a great artist, and Diirer's copy shows 
 his superior skill in the rendering of form; but 
 even here he has failed to realize the beauty of 
 spatial arrangement in the original, and his desire 
 to enrich the design with many skilfully drawn 
 and convincing details results in a distincft weak- 
 ening of the dramatic effecfl. Again, in the same 
 year we have two drawings from engravings, 
 this time by Mantegna himself. It is easy to un- 
 derstand that of all Italians, Mantegna should 
 have been the most. sympathetic to Diirer, and 
 that he regretted more than any other ill-fortune 
 of his life, — more even than the similar fate that 
 prevented his meeting Schongauer, — Mantegna's 
 death just when he was setting out to Mantua to 
 learn from the great master. What Diirer saw in 
 Mantegna was his clear decision of line and his 
 richly patterned effedl. In his pen and ink copies 
 he tries to surpass the original in both these ways, 
 and indeed the efFecft is of greater complexity, 
 more fullness and roundness of form. Where 
 Mantegna is content with a firm statement of 
 the generalized contour of a limb, Diirer will give 
 a curve for each muscle. There is in Diirer's copies 
 
 xvii 
 
Intro- the correlation of linear elements in the design. 
 
 ducftion The next stage in Diirer's connecftion with Ital- 
 ian art is his intimacy with Jacopo de' Barbari, 
 who was settled in Nuremberg. From 1500 to uoj 
 this influence manifests itself clearly in Diirer's 
 work. Unfortunately Barbari was too second-rate 
 an artist to help Diirer much in the principles 
 of design, though he doubtless stimulated him 
 to pursue those scientific investigations into the 
 theory of human proportions which held out the 
 delusive hope of reducing art to a branch of 
 mathematics. 
 
 The next incident in the story is the second 
 visit to Venice, when Diirer realized at all events 
 the inferiority of Barbari, and through his ami- 
 able relations with Giovanni Bellini came nearer 
 than at any other moment of his life to penetrat- 
 ing the mysteries of Italian design. The letters 
 from Venice themselves throw so interesting a 
 light on his connection with the Venetian artists 
 of his day that it will be best to turn at once to 
 them to see what light they throw on Diirer's 
 artistic consciousness, how he regarded his own 
 work when seen in comparison with that of the 
 Venetians, and in what light the Venetians re- 
 garded this wonder worker from the north. 
 
 To those who have derived their ideas of travel 
 in the later Middle Ages from Charles Reade's 
 "Cloister and the Hearth," with its atmosphere 
 of romance and mystery, its exciting adventures 
 
 XX 
 
and hairbreadth escapes, Diirer's journal of the hitro- 
 visit to the Netherlands must seem but a very du(5lion 
 tame every-day record. The diary indeed betrays 
 little more anxiety as to safety or even con- 
 venience than one of our own time might. The 
 undertaking scarcely seems as serious as a coach 
 journey in eighteenth century England when 
 travellers still congratulated themselves on pass- 
 ing Hounslow Heath in safety. The facfl is that 
 travelling in the sixteenth century was by no 
 means the difficult and exceptional undertaking 
 which we are accustomed to picfture it to our- 
 selves ; certainly the main routes of travel pre- 
 sented no great difficulties ; it was only in Spain that 
 the diaries of that age reveal acftual danger and 
 acute discomfort. No doubt, however, a change 
 had come with the beginning of the Renaissance, 
 but even this was rather a change in the attitude 
 of the traveller than in the conveniences of travel 
 itself. The change which we notice in comparing 
 Diirer's diary with earlier ones consists in this, 
 that his attitude as a traveller is essentially mod- 
 ern, that what he looks at in foreign countries is 
 the same as that to which Baedeker now guides 
 us, whereas throughout the Middle Ages and until 
 just before Diirer's time the traveller's journey 
 was puncftuated only by his visits to places of 
 pilgrimage. Only half a century earlier the much 
 travelled Leo von Rozmithal saw things which 
 would strike a false note in Diirer's journal. At 
 
 xxi 
 
Intro- Beaugency on the Loire he and his companions 
 ducflion saw a woman and her child fall into the Loire and 
 reappear two miles lower down, having traversed 
 the distance entirely under water by miraculous 
 aid and without any harm. On the confines of 
 Spain and Portugal he passed through a valley 
 which was filled with large winged dragons. With 
 him, too, the chief interest of travel consisted in 
 the visit to places of pilgrimage. The stars of a fif- 
 teenth century Baedeker would certainly have 
 been judiciously distributed among those relics 
 whose authenticity could be absolutely guaran- 
 teed. In contrasting the two thus, Durer is as mod- 
 ern as his contemporary Erasmus, and in the very 
 modernity and commonplaceness of his journal 
 lies its interest as a document of the life of the 
 Renaissance. Erasmus, it is true, gives a picfture 
 of the German inns of the day which is by no 
 means pleasing, and which, if it is not partly a 
 result of extreme sensibility and a vivid literary 
 style, would suggest that Durer, Frau Agnes, and 
 the maid Susanna may have suffered extremi- 
 ties of discomfort over which the diary passes in 
 silence; but the whole tone of the journal, with 
 its careful record of the minutest expenses, sug- 
 gests as assurance an absence of all difficulty and 
 anxiety which is consoling, Diirer's painful an- 
 ticipations seem indeed to have been confined 
 entirely to the question of how to pass cheaply 
 through the innumerable customs with which the 
 xxii 
 
Rhine banks were studded, and even here offi- Intro- 
 cialism seems to have been thoroughly well or- ducflion 
 ganized. The letter from the Bishop of Bamberg 
 which he carried, relieved him instantly of all 
 trouble and expense, and the record of his un- 
 failing exemption from dues becomes almost 
 monotonous. 
 
 As compared with the letters from Venice, the 
 journal indicates, perhaps, some change in Diirer's 
 characfter. Certainly years have told upon him ; 
 the seclusion in Nuremberg, and perhaps his 
 daily intercourse with a woman whom we have 
 good reason to believe was narrow in her sym- 
 pathies, vulgar in her ambitions, and inclined to 
 avarice, have broken the gaiety and elasticity of 
 his nature, have made him somewhat tiresome 
 in his care for detail, especially where money is 
 concerned, until we have the impression of his 
 being almost fussy. One wishes that Diirer were 
 not quite so good a bourgeois; that instead of 
 keeping his accounts quite so accurately, he had 
 given to posterity a little more of his speculative 
 interest and curiosity in the problems of art and 
 life. Had advancing age, one wonders, really 
 crushed these out? It is impossible to imagine Le- 
 onardo da Vinci, whom in some ways Diirer re- 
 sembles, passing through so many strange lands 
 without noting a hundred odd or curious phe- 
 nomena which might stimulate his speculative 
 adtivity. Diirer shows himself here, as always, a 
 
 xxiii 
 
Intro- man of attractive characfter and dominating per- 
 dudlion sonality ; for all his carefulness in money matters, 
 he is magnanimous and even generous. He rises 
 to every occasion with an easy grace of manner, 
 an innate tacft and readiness. Through these mea- 
 gre details we obtain a picflure of his imposing 
 personality, of the way he dominated his com- 
 pany. We feel that of all the great men that the 
 burghers of Antwerp had entertained, none had 
 accepted their sumptuous hospitality with bet- 
 ter grace and more genial manners. Diirer retains 
 indeed much of his curiosity, but it seems often 
 a little misplaced, a little too naive, and we can 
 hardly restrain a feeling of disappointment at the 
 relative values he attaches to things. What was 
 a man like Diirer doing with so many childish 
 curiosities in his trunks, the sugar canes, and the 
 many buffalo horns, and how comes it, with such 
 a bent for collecftion, we hear so little of Flem- 
 ish works of art? But what interests us perhaps 
 most in the diary is his relations to the painters 
 of Flanders. He is evidently more at home with 
 them than he was with the Venetians. There is no 
 suggestion here of rivalry or antagonism; there 
 are no hints of the possibility of assassination. 
 This was perhaps natural, — apart from the facft 
 that Diirer came to Flanders with a world-wide 
 and established reputation, -forFlemish and Ger- 
 man artists had so much in common in their 
 tradition, that there would be no bar to their 
 xxiv 
 
mutual admiration. Even at this advanced stage Intro- 
 of his career Diirer seems to have remained open dudlion 
 to impressions, still able to learn something from 
 other artists, and once more, as in Venice, we can 
 trace in the work of the period the quickening 
 influence of a centre of artistic culture more vital 
 than his own country could afford. 
 
 Many of the portrait drawings which he records 
 in the journal have come down to us, and they 
 all betray something of the influence upon him 
 of Flemish art; even more, however, is this trace- 
 able in the painted portraits of the time, in the 
 "Bernhard van Orley" at Dresden, and in the 
 "Hans Imhof " of the Prado. The spacing of these 
 picflures,the planning of the pattern of head and 
 hat within the picfture-space.show a breadth and 
 a sense of volume which are not to be found in 
 the compositions done at Nuremberg. Even in 
 the handling of these two portraits we see that 
 Diirer gained appreciably from being thrown 
 once more with real masters of the painters' craft. 
 Once again he becomes appreciably more of 
 a painter, amplifies the planes, and suppresses 
 something of unnecessary detail, and though he 
 never returns to the splendid envelopment and 
 richness of colour of "The Venetian Lady," he 
 manages just at this period to mitigate his habit- 
 ual tendency to tightness and thinness of design. 
 There is nothing in either of these of the over- 
 emphatic realization of form, such as we find later 
 
 XXV 
 
Intro- on in the "Jakob MufFel" or the"HoIzschuher." 
 ducftion The influence was, moreover, reciprocal. Diirer's 
 influence by means of his engravings had of 
 course long penetrated to the Netherlands, but I 
 think it is not impossible in one or two instances to 
 trace evidence of the more intimate effecft which 
 the visit of so striking a personality was likely to 
 make. In particular the " Portrait of Carondelet," 
 by Mabuse, in the Louvre shows an approach 
 to Diirer's method both of design and modelling 
 which is not to be found either in earlier or later 
 works by that master. Even the technique with 
 its repetition of hatched lines suggests an exper- 
 iment in Diirer's more linear method, a renun- 
 ciation for the moment by Mabuse of the true 
 Netherlandish style of handling paint. 
 
 Besides the pidlures and the many portrait 
 drawings of this period, the journal is illustrated 
 throughout by Diirer's sketch-book, scattered 
 leaves of which have so fortunately come down 
 to us. 
 
 Roger Fry 
 
 i 
 
LETTERS FROM VENICE TO 
 WILIBALD PIRKHEIMER 
 
LETTERS FROM VENICE TO 
 WILIBALD PIRKHEIMER 
 
 
 Venice, 6th January, ijo6 
 
 To the Honourable and wise Wilibald Pirkhei- 
 mer, in Nuremberg. 
 
 MY dear Master, To you and all yours, 
 many happy good New Years. My will- 
 ing service to you, dear Herr Pirkhei- 
 mer. Know that I am in good health; may God 
 send you better even than that. Now as to what 
 you commissioned me, namely, to buy a few 
 pearls and precious stones ^you must know that 
 I can find nothing good enough or worth the 
 money; everything is snapped up by the Ger- 
 mans. Those who go about on the Riva always 
 expecft four times the value for anything, for 
 they are the falsest knaves that live there. No 
 one expecfls to get an honest service of them. 
 For that reason some good people warned me 
 to be on my guard against them. They told me 
 that they cheat both man and beast, and that 
 you could buy better things for less money at 
 Frankfort than at Venice. As for the books which 
 I was to order for you, Imhof has already seen 
 to it, but if you are in need of anything else, let 
 
 3 
 
Letters me know, and I shall do it for you with all zeal, 
 from And would to God that I could do you some real 
 Venice good service. I should gladly accomplish it, since 
 I know how much you do for me. And I beg of 
 you be patient with my debt, for I think oftener 
 of it than you do. As soon as God helps me to 
 get home I will pay you honourably, with many 
 thanks; for I have to paint a picfture for the Ger- 
 mans, for which they are giving me no Rhe- 
 nish gulden, which will not cost me as much as 
 five. I shall have finished laying and scraping the 
 ground-work in eight days, then I shall at once 
 begin to paint, and if God will, it shall be in its 
 place for the altar a month after Easter. 
 
 The money I hope, if God will, to put by; and 
 from that I will pay you: for I think that I need 
 not send my mother and wife any money at pres- 
 ent; I left ID florins with my mother when I came 
 away; she has since got 9 or 10 florins by selling 
 works of art. Dratzieher has paid her 12 florins, 
 and I have sent her 9 florins by Sebastian Imhof, 
 of which she has to pay Pfinzing and Gartner 
 7 florins for rent. I gave my wife 12 florins and 
 she got 13 more at Frankfort, making all together 
 23 florins, so I don't think she will be in any need, 
 and if she does want anything, her brother will 
 have to help her, until I come home, when I will 
 repay him honourably. Herewith let me com- 
 mend myself to you . 
 
Given at Venice on the day of the Holy Three Letters 
 Kings (Epiphany), the year ijo6. from 
 
 Greet for me Stephen Paumgartner and my Venice 
 other good friends who ask after me. 
 
 Albrecht Diirer. 
 
 II 
 
 7th February, 1^06 
 
 FIRST my willing service to you, dear Mas- 
 ter. If it is well with you, I am as whole- 
 heartedly glad as I should be for myself. I 
 wrote to you recently. I hope the letter reached 
 you. In the meantime my mother has written to 
 me, chiding me for not writing to you, and has 
 given me to understand that you are displeased 
 with me because I do not write to you; and that 
 I must excuse myself to you fully. And she is 
 much worried about it, as is her wont. Now I do 
 not know what excuse to make, except that I am 
 lazy about writing and that you have not been 
 at home. But as soon as I knew that you were 
 at home or were coming home, I wrote to you 
 at once; I also specially charged Castel (Fugger) 
 to convey my service to you. Therefore I most 
 humbly beg you to forgive me, for I have no 
 other friend on earth but you; but I do not be- 
 lieve you are angry with me, for I hold you as 
 no other than a father. 
 
Letters How I wish you were here at Venice, there are 
 from so many good fellows among the Italians who 
 Venice seek my company more and more every day— 
 which is very gratifying to me— men of sense, 
 and scholarly, good lute-players, and pipers, con- 
 noisseurs in painting, men of much noble senti- 
 ment and honest virtue, and they show me much 
 honour and friendship. On the other hand, there 
 are also amongst them the most faithless, lying, 
 thievish rascals ; such as I scarcely believed could 
 exist on earth; and yet if one did not know them, 
 one would think that they were the nicest men 
 on earth. I cannot help laughing to myself when 
 they talk to me: they know that their villainy 
 is well known, but that does not bother them. I 
 have many good friends among the Italians who 
 • warn me not to eat and drink with their paint- 
 ers, for many of them are my enemies and copy 
 my work in the churches and wherever they can 
 find it ; afterwards they criticise it and claim that 
 it is not done in the antique style and say it is 
 no good, but Giambellin (Giovanni Bellini) has 
 praised me highly to many gentlemen. He would 
 willingly have something of mine, and came him- 
 self to me and asked me to do something for 
 him, and said that he would pay well for it, and 
 everyone tells me what an upright man he is, 
 so that I am really friendly with him. He is very 
 old and yet he is the best painter of all. 
 And the thing which pleased me so well eleven 
 6 
 
years ago pleases me no longer, and if I had not Letters 
 seen it myself, I would not have believed any- from 
 one who told me. And you must know too that Venice 
 there are many better painters here than Mas- 
 ter Jacob (Jacopo de' Barbari), though Antonio 
 Kolb would take an oath that there was no bet- 
 ter painter on earth than Jacob. Others sneer at 
 him and say if he were any good, he would stay 
 here. I have only to-day begun the sketch of my 
 picfture, for my hands are so scabby that I could 
 not work, but I have cured them. And now be 
 lenient with me and do not get angry so quickly, 
 but be gentle like me. You will not learn from me, 
 I do not know why. My dear, I should like to know 
 whether any of your loves is dead — that one 
 close by the water, for instance, or the one like 
 or f or «5^>- — ^ 's girl so that you 
 -•* ^^"^"-^ might get another 
 
 in her stead. 
 
 Given at Venice at the ninth hour of the night 
 on Saturday after Candlemas in the year 1506. 
 
 Give my service to Stephen Paumgartner and 
 to Masters Hans Harsdorfer and Volkamer. 
 
 Albrecht Durer. 
 
F 
 
 Letters III 
 
 from 28th February, ijo6 
 
 Venice t ^JJ^SJ ^ny willing service to you, dear Herr 
 Pirkheimer. If things go well with you, then 
 I am indeed glad. Know, too, that by the 
 grace of God I am doing well and working fast. 
 Still I do not expecfl to have finished before 
 Whitsuntide. I have sold all my picftures except 
 one. For two I got 24 ducats, and the other three 
 I gave for these three rings, which were valued 
 in the exchange as worth 24 ducats, but I have 
 shown them to some good friends and they say 
 they are only worth 22, and as you wrote to me 
 to buy you some jewels, I thought that I would 
 send you the rings by Franz Imhof Show them 
 to people who understand them, and if you like 
 them, keep them for what they are worth. In 
 case you do not want them, send them back by 
 the next messenger, for here at Venice a man 
 who helped to make the exchange will give me 
 12 ducats for the emerald and 10 ducats for the 
 ruby and diamond, so that I need not lose more 
 than 2 ducats. 
 
 I wish you had occasion to come here, I know 
 the time would pass quickly, for there are so 
 many nice men here, real artists. And I have 
 such a crowd of foreigners (Italians) about me 
 that I am forced sometimes to shut myself up, 
 and the gentlemen all wish me well, but few of 
 the painters. 
 8 
 
Dear Master, Andreas Kunhofer sends you his Letters 
 service and means to write to you by the next from 
 courier. Herewith let me be commended to you, Venice 
 and I also commend my mother to you. I am won- 
 dering greatly why she has not written to me 
 for so long, and as for my wife, I begin to think 
 that I have lost her, and I am surprised too that 
 you do not write to me, but I have read the let- 
 ter which you wrote to Sebastian Imhof about 
 me. Please give the two enclosed letters to my 
 mother, and have patience, I pray, till God brings 
 me home, when I will honourably repay you. My 
 greetings to Stephen Pirkheimer and other good 
 friends, and let me know if any of your loves 
 are dead. Read this according to the sense: I am 
 hurried. 
 
 Given in Venice, the Sunday before Whitsun- 
 day, the year 1^06. 
 
 Albrecht Diirer. 
 
 Tomorrow it is good to confess. 
 
 F 
 
 IV 
 
 8th March, 1^06 
 
 IRST my willing service to you, dear Herr 
 Pirkheimer. I send you herewith a ring with 
 a sapphire about which you wrote so ur- 
 
 9 
 
Letters gently. I could not send it sooner, for the past 
 from two days I have been running around to all the 
 Venice German and Italian goldsmiths that are in all 
 Venice with a good assistant whom I hired ; and 
 we made comparisons, but were unable to match 
 this one at the price, and only after much en- 
 treaty could I get it for i8 ducats 4 marcelli from 
 a man who was wearing it on his own hand and 
 who let me have it as a favour, as I gave him 
 to understand that I wanted it for myself. And 
 as soon as I had bought it a German goldsmith 
 wanted to give me 3 ducats more for it than 
 I paid, so I hope that you will like it. Everybody 
 says that it is a good stone, and that in Ger- 
 many it would be worth about jo florins ; how- 
 ever, you will know whether they tell truth or 
 lies. I understand nothing about it. I had first of 
 all bought an amethyst for 1 2 ducats from a man 
 whom I thought was a good friend, but he de- 
 ceived me, for it was not worth 7 ; but the mat- 
 ter was arranged between us by some good fel- 
 lows; I will give him back the stone and make 
 him a present of a dish offish. I was glad to do 
 so and took my money back quickly. As my good 
 friend values the ring, the stone is not worth 
 much more than 10 Rhenish florins, whilst the 
 gold of the ring weighs about up to 5 florins, 
 so that I have not gone beyond the limit set 
 me, as you wrote "from 15 to 20 florins." But the 
 other stone I have not yet been able to buy, for 
 10 
 
one finds them rarely in pairs; but I will do all I Letters 
 can about it. They say here that such trumpery from 
 fool's work is to be had cheaper in Germany, Venice 
 especially now at the Frankfurt Fair. For the 
 Italians take such stuff abroad. And they laugh 
 at me, especially about the jacinth cross, when 
 I speak of 2 ducats, so write quickly and tell me 
 what I am to do. I have heard of a good diamond 
 ornament in a certain place, but I do not yet know 
 what it will cost. I shall buy it for you until you 
 write again, for emeralds are as dear as anything 
 I have seen in all my days. It is easy enough for 
 anyone to get a small amethyst if he thinks it 
 worth 20 or 15 ducats. 
 
 It really seems to me you must have taken a 
 mistress; only beware you don't get a master. 
 But you are wise enough about your own affairs. 
 
 Dear Pirkheimer, Andreas Kiinhofer sends you 
 his service. He intends in the meantime to write 
 to you, and he prays you if necessary to explain 
 for him to the Council why he does not stay at 
 Padua; he says there is nothing there for him 
 to learn. Don't be angry I pray you with me for 
 not sending all the stones on this occasion, for 
 I could not get them all ready. My friends tell 
 me that you should have the stone set with a 
 new foil and it will look twice as good again, for 
 the ring is old, and the foil spoiled. And I beg 
 you too to tell my mother to write me soon and 
 have good care of herself Herewith I commend 
 myself to you. jj 
 
Letters Given at Venice on the second Sunday in Lent, 
 from ijo6. 
 
 Venice Albrecht Durer. 
 
 Greetings to your loves. 
 
 V 
 
 2nd April, 1506 
 
 FIRST my willing service to you, dear Sir. 
 I received a letter from you on the Thurs- 
 day before Palm Sunday, together with the 
 emerald ring, and went immediately to the man 
 from whom I got the rings. He will give me back 
 my money for it, although it is a thing that he does 
 not like to do; however, he has given me his word 
 and he must hold to that. Do you know that the 
 jewellers buy emeralds abroad and sell them 
 here at a profit? But my friends tell me that the 
 other two rings are well worth 6 ducats apiece, 
 for they say that they are fine and clear and con- 
 tain no flaws. And they say that instead of taking 
 them to the valuer you should enquire for such 
 rings as they can show you and then compare 
 them and see whether they are like them ; and if 
 when I got them by exchange I had been willing 
 to lose 2 ducats on the three rings, Bernard Holz- 
 beck, who was present at the transacftion, would 
 have bought them of me. I have since sent you 
 12 
 
a sapphire ring by Franz Imhof, I hope it has Letters 
 reached you. I think I made a good bargain at From 
 that place, for they offered to buy it of me at a Venice 
 profit on the spot. But I shall find out from you, 
 for you know that I understand nothing about 
 such things and am forced to trust those who 
 advise me. 
 
 The painters here you must know are very un- 
 friendly to me. They have summoned me three 
 times before the magistrates, and I have had 
 to pay 4 florins to their School. You must know 
 too that I might have gained much money if I 
 had not undertaken to make the painting for the 
 Germans, for there is a great deal of work in it 
 and I cannot well finish it before Whitsuntide; 
 yet they only pay me 8^ ducats for it. That, you 
 know, will go in living expenses, and then I have 
 bought some things, and have sent some money 
 away, so that I have not much in hand now ; but 
 I have made up my mind not to leave here until 
 God enables me to repay you with thanks and 
 to have loo florins over besides. I should easily 
 earn this if I had not got to do the German pic- 
 ture, for, except the painters, everyone wishes 
 me well. 
 
 Please tell my mother to speak to Wolgemut 
 about my brother, and to ask him whether he 
 can give him work until I get back, or whether he 
 can find employment with others. I should like 
 to have brought him with me to Venice, which 
 
 13 
 
Letters would have been useful both to me and to him 
 from and he would have learned the language, but 
 Venice she was afraid that the sky would fall on him. I 
 pray you keep an eye on him: women are no 
 use for that. Tell the boy, as you can so well, to 
 be studious and independent till I come, and not 
 to rely on his mother, for I cannot do everything 
 although I shall do my best. If it were only for 
 myself, I should not starve; but to provide for so 
 many is too hard for me, and nobody is throwing 
 money away. 
 
 Now I commend myself to you, and tell my 
 mother to be ready to sell at the Crown Fair. I 
 am expedling my wife to come home, and have 
 written to her too about everything. I shall not 
 purchase the diamond ornament until you write. 
 I do not think I shall be able to return home 
 before next Autumn. What I earn for the pic- 
 ture which was to have been ready by Whitsun- 
 tide will all be gone in living expenses and pay- 
 ments. But what I gain afterwards I hope to save. 
 If you think it right, say nothing of this and I shall 
 keep putting it off from day to day and writing 
 as though I was just coming. Indeed I am quite 
 irresolute; I do not know myself what I shall do. 
 Write to me again soon. 
 
 Given on Thursday before Palm Sunday in the 
 year ijo6. 
 
 Albrecht Durer. 
 
 Your servant. 
 14 
 
VI Letters 
 
 25th April, IJ06 from 
 
 FIRST my willing service to you, dear Sir. I Venice 
 wonder why you do not write to me to say 
 how you like the sapphire ring which Hans 
 Imhof has sent you by the messenger Schon from 
 Augsburg. I do not know whether it has reached 
 you or not. I have been to Hans Imhof and en- 
 quired, and he says that he knows no reason why 
 it should not have reached you, and there is a 
 letter with it which I wrote to you, and the stone 
 is done up in a sealed packet and has the same 
 size as is drawn here, for I drew it in my note- 
 book. I managed to get it only after hard bargain- 
 ing. The stone is clear and fine, and my friends 
 say it is very good for the money I gave for it. 
 It weighs about 5 florins Rhenish, and I gave for 
 it 18 ducats and 4 marzelle, and if it should be 
 lost I should be half mad, for it has been valued 
 at quite twice what I gave for it. There were 
 people who would have given me more for it the 
 moment I had bought it. So, dear Herr Pirkheimer, 
 tell Hans Imhof to enquire of the messenger what 
 he has done with the letter and packet. The mes- 
 senger was sent off by Hans Imhof the younger 
 on the nth March. 
 
 Now may God keep you, and let me commend 
 my mother to you. Tell her to take my brother 
 to Wolgemut that he may work and not be idle. 
 
 Ever your servant. 
 
Letters Read by the sense. I am in a hurry, for I have 
 from seven letters to write, ^ part written. I am sorry 
 Venice for Herr Lorenz. Greet him and Stephen Paum- 
 gartner. 
 
 Given at Venice in the year ijo6, on St. Mark's 
 Day. Write me an answer soon, for I shall have 
 no rest till I hear. Andreas Kiinhofer is deadly ill 
 as I have just heard. 
 
 Albrecht Diirer. 
 
 VII 
 
 28th August, 1^06 
 
 TO the first greatest man in the world; your 
 servant and slave, Alberto Diirer, sends salu- 
 tation to his magnificent Master Wilibaldo 
 Pirkamer. By my faith, I hear gladly and with 
 great pleasure of your health and great honour, 
 and I marvel how it is possible for a man like 
 you to stand against so many, tyrants, bullies, 
 and soldiers. Not otherwise than by the grace of 
 God. When I read your letter about this strange 
 abuse it gave me great fright; I thought it was 
 a serious matter. But I warrant you frighten even 
 Schott's men, for you look wild enough, espe- 
 cially on holy days with your skipping gait! But 
 it is very improper for such a soldier to smear 
 himself with civet. You want to be a regular silk 
 tail, and you think that if only you manage to 
 16 
 
please the girls, it is all right. If you were only as Letters 
 taking a fellow as I am, I should not be so pro- from 
 voked. You have so many loves that it would Venice 
 take you a month and more to visit each. 
 
 However, let me thank you for having arranged 
 my affairs so satisfactorily with my wife. I know 
 there is no lack of wisdom in you. If only you 
 were as gentle as I am, you would have all the 
 virtues. Thank you, too, for everything you are 
 doing for me, if only you would not bother me 
 about the rings. If they do not please you, break 
 off their heads and throw them in the privy, as 
 Peter Weisweber says. What do you mean by 
 setting me to such dirty work, I have become 
 a gentiluomo at Venice. I have heard that you 
 can make lovely rhymes ; you would be a find 
 for our fiddlers here. They play so beautifully 
 that they weep over their own music. Would 
 God that our Rechenmeister girl could hear them, 
 she would cry too. At your command I will again 
 lay aside my anger and behave even better than 
 usual. 
 
 But I cannot get away from here in two months, 
 for I have not enough money yet to start my- 
 self oif, as I have written to you before; and so I 
 pray you if my mother comes to you for a loan, 
 let her have lo florins till God helps me out.Then 
 I will scrupulously repay you the whole. 
 
 With this I am sending you the glass things by 
 the messenger. And as for the two carpets, An- 
 
 17 
 
Letters thon Kolb will help me to buy the most beautiful, 
 from the broadest, and the cheapest. As soon as I have 
 Venice them I will give them to Imhof the younger to 
 pack off to you. I shall also look after the crane's 
 feathers. I have not been able to find any as yet. 
 But of swan's feathers for writing with there are 
 plenty. How would it do if you stuck them on 
 your hats in the meantime? 
 
 A book printer of whom I enquired tells me 
 that he knows of no Greek books that have been 
 brought out recently, but any that he comes 
 across he will acquaint me with that I may write 
 to you about them. And please inform me what 
 sort of paper you want me to buy, for I know of 
 no finer quality than we get at home. As to the 
 Historical pieces, I see nothing extraordinary in 
 what the Italians make that would be specially 
 useful for your work. It is always the same thing. 
 You yourself know more than they paint. I have 
 sent you a letter recently by the messenger Kan- 
 nengiesser. Also I should like to know how you 
 are managing with Kunz Imhof. 
 
 Herewith let me commend myself to you. Give 
 my willing service to our prior. Tell him to pray 
 God for me that I may be protecfted, and espe- 
 cially from the French sickness, for there is noth- 
 ing I fear more now and nearly everyone has it. 
 Many men are quite eaten up and die of it. And 
 greet Stephen Paumgartner and Herr Lorenz and 
 those who kindly ask after me. 
 18 
 
Given at Venice on the i8th August, 1506. Letters 
 
 Albrecht Dijrer. from 
 Noricus civis Venice 
 
 P.S. Lest I forget, Andreas is here and sends you 
 his service. He is not yet strong, and is in want 
 of money. His long illness and debts have eaten 
 up everything he had. I have myself lent him 
 8 ducats, but don't tell anyone, in case it should 
 come back to him. He might think I told you in 
 bad faith. You must know, too, that he behaves 
 himself so honourably that everyone wishes him 
 well. I have a mind, if the King comes to Italy, 
 to go with him to Rome. 
 
 VIII 
 
 8th September, 1^06 
 
 MOST learned, approved, wise, master of 
 many languages, keen to detecft all ut- 
 .tered lies, and quick to recognize real 
 truth, honourable, Herr Wilibald Pirkheimer, 
 your humble servant, Albrecht Diirer, wishes 
 you all health, great and worthy honour, with 
 the devil as much of such nonsense as you 
 like. 
 
 I will wager that for this you too would think 
 me an orator of a hundred headings. A cham- 
 ber must have more than four corners which is 
 
 19 
 
Letters to contain gods of memory. I will not addle my 
 from pate with it. I will recommend it to you, but I 
 Venice believe that however many chambers there may 
 be in the head, you would have a little bit in each 
 of them. The Margrave would not grant a long 
 enough audience. A hundred headings and to 
 each head say a hundred words: that takes 9 days, 
 7 hours, 51 minutes, not counting the sighs, which 
 I have not yet reckoned ; but you could not get 
 through the whole in one go: it would draw itself 
 out like some dotard's speech. 
 
 I have taken every trouble about the carpets, 
 but I cannot find any wide ones ; they are all nar- 
 row and long. However, I still look out for them 
 every day, and so does Anthon Kolb. I gave your 
 respedls to Bernhard Hirschvogel and he sent 
 you his service. He is full of sorrow for the death 
 of his son, the nicest boy that I have ever seen. 
 I can't get any of your fool's feathers. Oh, if you 
 were only here, how you would admire these 
 fine Italian soldiers! How often I think of you! 
 Would God that you and Kuntz Kamerer could 
 see them ! They have scythe-shaped lances with 
 218 points; if they only touch a man with them 
 he dies, for they are all poisoned. Heigho! but I 
 can do it well, I '11 be an Italian soldier. The Ve- 
 netians are collecfting many men; so is the Pope 
 and the King of France. What will come of it I 
 don't know, for people scoiF at our King a great 
 deal. 
 
 20 
 
Wish Stephen Paumgartner much happiness Letters 
 from me. I can't wonder at his having taken a from 
 wife. My greeting to Borsch, Herr Lorenz, and Venice 
 our fair friend, as well as to your Rechenmeister 
 girl, and thank your Club for its greeting; says 
 it 's a dirty one. I sent you olive-wood from Venice 
 to Augsburg, where I let it stay, a full ten hun- 
 dred weight. But it says it won't wait, hence the 
 stink. 
 
 My picfture, <7^^5Xv«^ you must know, says it 
 would give a -^^^ ®W» ducat for you to see it. It 
 is well paint- ^^A^^^^ ed and finely coloured. 
 I have got y'A^--^—!p-N^ much praise but little 
 
 profit by it. vL^ L— / I could have easily 
 
 earned 200 ducats in the time, and I have had to 
 decline big commissions in order to come home. 
 I have shut up all the painters, who used to say 
 that I was good at engraving, but that in painting 
 I did n't know how to handle my colours. Now 
 they all say they never saw better colouring. 
 
 My French mantle greets you, and so does my 
 Italian coat. It seems to me that you smell of 
 gallantry. I can scent it from here; and they say 
 here, that when you go courting, you pretend 
 to be no more than 25 years old. — Oh, yes ! mul- 
 tiply that and I '11 believe it. My friend, there 's 
 a devil of a lot of Italians here who are just like 
 you. I don't know how it isl 
 
 The Doge and the Patriarch have seen my pic- 
 ture. Herewith let me commend myself as your 
 
 21 
 
Letters servant. I really must sleep, for it's striking seven 
 from at night, and I have already written to the Prior 
 Venice of the Augustines, to my father-in-law, to Mistress 
 Dietrich, and to my wife, and they are all sheets 
 cram full. So I have had to hurry over this. Read 
 according to the sense. You would do it better 
 if you were writing to princes. Many good nights 
 to you, and days too. Given at Venice on Our 
 Lady's Day in September. 
 
 You need n't lend my wife and mother any- 
 thing. They have got money enough. 
 
 Albert Durer. 
 
 IX 
 
 23 Sept. 1^06 
 
 YOUR letter telling me of the overflow- 
 ing praise that you received from princes 
 and nobles gave me great allegrezza. You 
 must have changed completely to have become 
 so gentle; I must do likewise when I meet you 
 again. Know also that my picftureis finished, like- 
 wise another quadro, the like of which I never 
 made before. And as you are so pleased with 
 yourself, let me tell you now that there is no 
 better Madonna picfture in all the land, for all 
 the painters praise it as the nobles do you. They 
 say that they have never seen a nobler, more 
 charming painting. 
 22 
 
The oil for which you wrote I am sending by Letters 
 Kannengiesser. And burnt glass that I sent you from 
 by Farber— tell me if it reached you safely. As Venice 
 for the carpets, I have not bought any yet, for I 
 cannot find any square ones. They are all nar- 
 row and long. If you would like any of these, I 
 will willingly buy them; let me know about it. 
 
 Know also that in four weeks at the latest I shall 
 be finished here, for I have to paint first some 
 portraits that I have promised, and in order that I 
 may get home soon, I have refused, since my 
 picfture was finished, orders for more than 2000 
 ducats; all my neighbours know of this. 
 
 Now let me commend myself to you. I had 
 much more to write, but the messenger is ready 
 to start; besides, I hope, if God will, to be with 
 you again soon and to learn new wisdom from 
 you. Bernhard Holzbeck told me great things 
 of you, but I believe that he did so because 
 you have become his brother-in-law. But nothing 
 makes me more angry than to hear anyone say 
 that you are handsome, for then I should have to 
 be ugly; that would make me mad. The other 
 day I found a grey hair on my head, which was 
 produced by sheer misery and annoyance. I think 
 I am fated to have evil days. 
 
 My French mantle and the doublet and the 
 brown coat send you a hearty greeting. But I 
 should like to see what your drinking club can 
 do that you hold yourself so high. 
 
 23 
 
Letters Given the year 1506 on Wednesday after St. 
 
 from Matthew's. 
 
 Venice Albrecht Durer. 
 
 X 
 
 About the 13th Ocftober, 1506 
 
 SINCE I know that you are aware of my de- 
 I votion to your service, there is no need to 
 write about it; but so much the more neces- 
 sary is it for me to tell you of the great delight 
 it gives me to hear of the high honour and fame 
 that you have attained to by your manly wis- 
 dom and learned skill. This is the more to be 
 wondered at, for seldom or never can the like be 
 found in a young body; but it comes to you by 
 the special grace of God, as it does to me. How 
 pleased we both feel when we think well of 
 ourselves, I with my picflure, and you con vos- 
 tra learning! When anyone praises us we hold 
 up our head and believe him, yet perhaps he is 
 only some false flatterer who is making fun of us, 
 so don't credit anyone who praises you, for you 
 have no notion how unmannerly you are. 
 
 I can readily portray you to myself standing be- 
 fore the Margrave and making pretty speeches. 
 You carry on just as though you were making 
 love to the Rosentaler girl, cringing so. 
 24 
 
It did not escape me, when you wrote the last Letters 
 letter, you were full of amorous thoughts. You from 
 ought to be ashamed of yourself, for making Venice 
 yourself out so good looking when you are so 
 old. Your flirting is like a big shaggy dog play- 
 ing with a little kitten. If you were only as nice 
 and sleek as I am, I might understand it; but 
 when I get to be a burgomaster I will shame you 
 with the Luginsland, as you do the pious Zame- 
 ner and me. I will have you shut up there for 
 once with the Rechenmeister, Rosentaler, Gart- 
 ner, Schiitz, and Por girls, and many others whom 
 for shortness I will not name. They must deal 
 with you. 
 
 They ask after me more than after you, how- 
 ever, for you yourself write that both girls and 
 ladies ask after me— that is a sign of my virtue! 
 But if God brings me home again safely, I do not 
 know how I shall get along with you with your 
 great wisdom ; but I 'm glad on account of your 
 virtue and good nature; and your dogs will be 
 the better for it, for you will not beat them lame 
 any more. But if you are so highly respecfled at 
 home, you will not dare to be seen speaking with 
 a poor painter in the streets, it would be a great 
 disgrace, con poltrone di pintore. 
 
 Oh, dear Herr Pirkheimer, this very minute, 
 while I was writing to you in good humour, the 
 fire alarm sounded and six houses over by Peter 
 Pender's are burned, and woollen cloth of mine, 
 
 25 
 
Letters for which I paid only yesterday 8 ducats, is 
 from burned ; so I too am in trouble. There are often 
 Venice fire alarms here. 
 
 As for your plea that I should come home 
 quickly, I will come just as soon as I can ; but I 
 must first gain money for my expenses. I have 
 paid out about loo ducats for colours and other 
 things, and I have ordered two carpets which I 
 shall pay for to-morrow ; but I could not get them 
 cheap. I will pack them up with my linen. Und 
 da Ihr schreibt ich solle bald kommen oder Ihr 
 wollt mirs Weib Klystieren, so ist Euch das nicht 
 erlaubt, Ihr rittet sie denn zu Tode. 
 
 Know, too, that I decided to learn dancing and 
 went twice to the school, for which I had to pay 
 the master a ducat. No one could get me to go 
 there again. To learn dancing, I should have had 
 to pay away all that I have earned, and at the 
 end I should have known nothing about it. As 
 for the glass, the messenger Farber will bring it 
 to you. I cannot find out anywhere that they 
 are printing any new Greek books. I will pack up 
 a ream of your paper for you. I thought Keppler 
 had more like it; but I have not been able to get 
 the feathers you wanted, and so I bought white 
 ones instead. If I find the green ones, I will buy 
 some and bring them with me. 
 
 Stephen Paumgartner has written to me to buy 
 him fifty Carnelian beads for a rosary. I have 
 ordered them, but they are dear. I could not get 
 26 
 
any larger ones, and shall send them to him by Letters 
 the next messenger. from 
 
 As to your question as to when I shall come Venice 
 home, I tell you, so that my lords may make 
 their arrangements, that I shall have finished here 
 in ten days. After that I should like to travel to 
 Bologna to learn the secrets of the art of per- 
 spective, which a man there is willing to teach 
 me. I should stay there about eight or ten days 
 and then come back to Venice; after that I should 
 come with the next messenger. How I shall 
 freeze after this sun! Here I am a gentleman, 
 at home a parasite. Let me know how old Dame 
 Kormer behaves as a bride, and that you will not 
 grudge her to me. There are many things about 
 which I should like to write to you, but I shall 
 soon be with you. 
 
 Given at Venice about the 14th day after Mi- 
 chaelmas, 1^06. 
 
 Albrecht Diirer. 
 
 P.S. When will you let me know whether any 
 of your children have died? You also wrote me 
 once that Joseph Rummel had married — ~'s 
 daughter, and forgot to mention whose. How 
 should I know what you mean? If I only had 
 my cloth back! I am afraid my mantle has been 
 burned too. That would drive me crazy. I seem 
 doomed to bad luck; not more than three weeks 
 ago a man ran away who owed me 8 ducats. 
 
 27 
 
DIARY OF A JOURNEY IN 
 
 THE NETHERLANDS 
 
 1^20—1521 
 
DIARY OF A JOURNEY IN 
 
 THE NETHERLANDS 
 
 July, 1^20 — July, 1^21 
 
 Anno 1^20 
 
 ON Thursday after St. Kilian's Day, I, AI- 
 brecht Diirer, at my own charges and 
 costs, took myself and my wife from Nu- 
 remberg away to the Netherlands, and the same 
 day, after we had passed through Erlangen, we 
 put up for the night at Baiersdorif, and spent 
 there 3 crowns, less 6 pfennigs. From thence on 
 the next day, Friday, we came to Forchheim, 
 and there paid for the conveying thence on the 
 journey to Bamberg 2 2 pf., and presented to the 
 Bishop a painted Virgin and a " Life of the Vir- 
 gin," an "Apocalypse," and a florin's worth of 
 engravings. He invited me to be his guest, gave 
 me a toll-pass and three letters of introducflion, 
 and settled my bill at the inn, where I had spent 
 about a florin. I paid 6 florins in gold to the boat- 
 men who took me from Bamberg to Frankfurt. 
 Master Lucas Benedicft and Hans the painter sent 
 me a present of wine. Spent 4 pf. for bread and 
 13 pf. as tips. 
 
 Then I journeyed from Bamberg to Eltman, and 
 showed my pass, and they let me go free. And 
 
 31 
 
Journey from there we passed by Zeil; in the meantime 
 in the I spent 2 1 pf. Next I came to Hassfurt, and showed 
 Nether- ^ly pass, and they let me go without paying duty ; 
 lands I p^j(j J florin to the Bishop of Bamberg's chan- 
 cery. Next I came to Theres to the monastery, 
 and I showed my pass, and they also let me go 
 free; then we journeyed to Lower Euerheim. 
 There I stayed the night and spent i pf. Thence we 
 went to Meinberg, and I showed my papers and 
 was allowed to pass. Then we came to Schwein- 
 furt, where Dr. George Rebart invited me, and he 
 gave us wine in the boat: they let me also pass 
 free. 10 pf. for a roast fowl, 18 pf. in the kitchen 
 and to the boy. Then we travelled to Volkach and 
 I showed my pass, and we went on and came to 
 Schwarzach, and there we stopped the night and 
 spent 2 2 pf., and on Monday we were up early 
 and went toward Tettelbach and came to Kit- 
 zingen, and I showed my letter, and they let me 
 go on, and I spent ^7 pf. After that we went past 
 Sulzfeld to Marktbreit, and I showed my letter and 
 they let me through, and we travelled by Frick- 
 enhausen to Ochsenfurth,where I showed my pass 
 and they let me go free; and we came to Eibel- 
 stadt,and from that to Haidingsfeldt,and thence 
 to Wurzburg; there I showed my pass and they 
 let me go free. Thence we journeyed to Erla- 
 brunn and stopped the night there, and I spent 
 22 pf. From that we journeyed on past Retz- 
 bach and Zellingen and came to Karlstadt; here 
 32 
 
I showed my pass and they let me go on. Thence 
 I travelled to Gmunden, and there we break- 
 fasted and spent ii pf. I also showed my pass, 
 and they let me go free. We travelled thence to 
 Hofstetten; I showed my pass, and they let me 
 through. We came next to Lohr, where I showed 
 my pass and passed on ; from there we came to 
 Neustadt and showed our letter, and they let us 
 travel on; also I paid lo pf. for wine and crabs. 
 From there we came to Rothenfels, and I showed 
 my pass, and they let me go free, and we stayed 
 there for a night, and spent 20 pf.; and on 
 Wednesday early we started and passed by St. 
 Eucharius and came to Heidenfeld, and thence to 
 Triefenstein; from there we came to Homburg, 
 where I showed my pass and they let me through ; 
 from there we came to Wertheim, and I showed 
 my letter, and they let me go free, and I spent 
 57 pf. From there we went to Prozelten ; here I 
 showed my pass, and they let me through. Next 
 we went on past Freudenberg, where I showed 
 my letter once more, and they let me through ; 
 from there we came to Miltenberg and stayed 
 there over night, and I also showed my pass and 
 they let me go, and I spent 61 pf.; from there we 
 came to Klingenberg. I showed my pass and 
 they let me through ; and we came to Worth and 
 from there passed Obernburg to AschafFenburg; 
 here I presented my pass and they let me through, 
 and I spent 51 pf.; from there we journeyed on 
 
 53 
 
 Journey 
 in the 
 Nether- 
 lands 
 
Journey to Selgenstadt; from there to Steinheim, where I 
 
 in the showed my letter and they let me go on, and we 
 
 Nether- stayed with Johannes for the night, who showed 
 
 lands us the town and was very friendly to us ; there I 
 
 spent i6 pf., and so early on Friday morning we 
 
 travelled to Kesselstadt, where I showed my pass 
 
 and they let me go on; from there we came to 
 
 Frankfurt, and I showed my pass again, and they 
 
 let me through, and I spent 6 white pf. and one 
 
 thaler and a half, and I gave the boy 2 white 
 
 pf. Herr Jacob Heller gave me some wine at the 
 
 inn. 
 
 I bargained to be taken with my goods from 
 Frankfurt to Mainz for i florin and 2 white pf.,and 
 I also gave the lad 5 Frankfurt thaler, and for the 
 night we spent 8 white pf On Sunday I travelled 
 by the early boat from Frankfurt to Mainz, and 
 midway there we came to Hochst, where I showed 
 my pass and they let me go on; I spent 8 Frank- 
 furt pf. there. From there we journeyed to Mainz; 
 I have also paid i white pf. for landing my things, 
 besides 14 Frankfurt thaler to the boatmen and 
 18 pf. for a girdle; and I took passage in the Co- 
 logne boat for myself and my things for 3 flor- 
 ins, and at Mainz also I spent 17 white pf. Peter 
 Goldschmidt, the warden there, gave me two 
 bottles of wine. Veit Varnbiiler invited me, but 
 his host would take no payment from him, in- 
 sisting on being my host himself; they showed 
 me much honour. 
 34 
 
So I started from Mainz, where the Main flows Journey 
 into the Rhine, and it was the Monday after Mary in the 
 Magdalen's Day, and I paid lo thaler for meat Nether- 
 and bread, and for eggs and pears 9 thaler. Here, I^nds 
 too, Leonhard Goldschmidt gave me wine and 
 fowls in the boat to cook on the way to Cologne. 
 Master Jobst's brother likewise gave me a bottle 
 of wine, and the painters gave me two bottles of 
 wine in the boat. From there we came to Elfeld, 
 where I showed my letter and they took no toll ; 
 from there we came to Rudesheim and I gave 
 2 white pf. for loading the boat; then we came to 
 Ehrenfels, and there I showed my letter, but I 
 had to give two gold florins ; if, however, I were 
 to bring them a free pass within two months, the 
 customs officer would give me back the 2 gold 
 florins. From there we came to Bacharach, and 
 there I had to promise in writing that I would 
 either bring them a free pass in two months, or 
 pay the toll; from there we came to Caub, and 
 there again I showed my pass, but it would carry 
 me no further, and I had to promise in writing as 
 before; there I spent 11 thaler. Next we came to 
 St. Goar, and here I showed my pass, and the 
 customs officer asked me how they had treated 
 me elsewhere, so I said I would pay him nothing; 
 I gave 2 white pf. to the messenger. From there 
 we came to Boppard, and I showed my pass to 
 the Trier custom-house officer, and they let me 
 go through, only I had to certify in writing under 
 
 3^ 
 
Journey my seal that I carried no common merchan- 
 in the dise, and then the man let me go willingly. 
 Nether- From there we came to Lahnstein, and I showed 
 lands my pass, and the customs officer let me go 
 through, but he asked me that I should speak for 
 him to my most gracious Lord of Mainz, and he 
 gave me a can of wine, too, for he knew my wife 
 well and he was glad to see me. From there we 
 came to Engers, which is in the Trier territory; 
 I presented my pass and they let me go through ; 
 I said, too, that I would mention it to my Lord of 
 Bamberg. From there we came to Andernach, and 
 I showed my pass, and they let me go through; 
 and I spent there /thaler and 4 thaler more; then 
 on St. James's Day early I travelled from Ander- 
 nach to Linz; from there we went to the custom 
 house at Bonn, and there again they let me go 
 through ; from there we came to Cologne, and in 
 the boat I spent 9 white pf. and i more, and 4 pf. 
 for fruit. At Cologne I spent 7 white pf. for un- 
 loading, to the boatmen 14 thaler, and to Nicolas, 
 my cousin, I made a present of my black fur-lined 
 coat edged with velvet, and to his wife I gave a 
 florin; also at Cologne Fugger gave me wine; 
 Johann Grosserpecker also gave me wine, and 
 my cousin Nicolas gave me wine. They gave 
 us also a collation at the Barefoot Convent, and 
 one of the monks gave me a handkerchief; more- 
 over, Herr Johann Grosserpecker has given me 
 12 measures of the best wine, and I paid 2 white 
 36 
 
pf. and 8 thaler to the boy; I have spent besides Journey 
 at Cologne 2 florins and 14 white pf.and 10 white i^i the 
 pf. for packing, and 3 pf. for fruit; further, I gave A^ether- 
 I pf. at leaving, and i white pf. to the messenger. '^"^^ 
 
 From there we journeyed on St. Pantaleon's 
 Day from Cologne to a village called Biisdorf. 
 We lay there over night, and spent 3 white pf.; 
 and early on Sunday, we travelled to Rodingen, 
 where we had breakfast and spent 2 white pf. 
 and 3 pf. more, and again 3 pf. Thence we came 
 to Frei-Aldenhoven, where we lay the night, and 
 spent 3 white pf. ; thence we travelled early on 
 Monday to Frelenberg, and passed the little town 
 of Gangelt, breakfasting at a village called Siis- 
 terseel, and spent 2 white pf. 2 thaler, further i 
 white pf., and again 2 white pf. From there we 
 journeyed to Sittard, a pretty little town, and from 
 there to Stocken, which belongs to Liege; where 
 we had a fine inn and stayed there over night, and 
 spent 4 white pf. And when we had crossed over 
 the Maas we started off early on Tuesday morn- 
 ing and came to Merten Lewbehen [sic] : there 
 we had breakfast and spent 2 stivers and gave a 
 white pf. for a young fowl. From there we trav- 
 elled across the heath and came to Stosser, where 
 we spent 2 stivers, and lay there the night; from 
 thence on Wednesday morning early we trav- 
 elled to West-Meerbeck, where I paid 3 stivers 
 for bread and wine; and we went on as far as 
 Branthoek, where we had breakfast and spent 
 
 57 
 
Journey i stiver; from there we travelled to Uylenberg, 
 in the where we stayed the night and spent 3 stivers, 
 Nether- 2 pf.; from there we travelled on Thursday early 
 lands ^Q Qp |-gj^ Kouys, where we breakfasted and spent 
 2 stivers ; thence we came to Antwerp. 
 
 There I sent to Jobst Planckfelt's inn, and the 
 same evening the Fugger's facflor, by name Bern- 
 hard Stecher, invited me and gave us a costly 
 meal ^ my wife dined at the inn. I paid the driver 
 for bringing us three, 3 florins in gold, and 2 sti- 
 vers—for carrying the goods. 
 
 On Saturday after the Feast of St. Peter in Chains, 
 my host took me to see the burgomaster's house 
 at Antwerp, which is newly built and large be- 
 yond measure, very well arranged with extraor- 
 dinarily beautiful large rooms; a tower, splen- 
 didly ornamented; a very large garden; in short, 
 such a noble house as I have never seen in all 
 German lands. A very long new street has been 
 built in his honour, and with his assistance, lead- 
 ing up to the house on both sides. I gave 3 stivers 
 to the messenger, and 2 pf. for bread and 2 pf. 
 for ink; and on Sunday, which was St. Oswald's 
 Day, the Painters invited me to their hall with my 
 wife and maid, where everything was of silver, 
 and they had other costly ornaments and very 
 costly meats; and all their wives were there too; 
 and as I was being led to the table, everyone on 
 both sides stood up as if they were leading some 
 great lord. There were among them men of high 
 38 
 
position, who all showed me the greatest respecfl Journey 
 and bowed low to me, and said they would do in the 
 everything in their power to serve and please Nether- 
 me. And as I sat there in honour, there came l^rids 
 the messenger of the Town Council of Antwerp 
 with two servants and presented to me four cans 
 of wine from the Magistrates of Antwerp, who 
 told him to say that they wished thereby to 
 show their respecft for me and to assure me of 
 their good-will; wherefore I returned them my 
 humble thanks and offered my humble services. 
 Thereupon came Master Peter, the town car- 
 penter, and gave me two cans of wine with offer 
 of his willing service; so when we had spent a 
 long time together merrily, till late into the night, 
 they accompanied us home with lanterns in great 
 honour. They begged me to be assured of their 
 good-will, and promised that in whatever I did 
 they would help me in every way; so I thanked 
 them, and laid down to sleep. 
 
 Also I have been in Master Quentin's house, 
 and I have been in all the three great shooting 
 places. I had a very splendid dinner at Staiber's. 
 Another time at the Portuguese facftor's, whose 
 portrait I have drawn in charcoal; I have made a 
 portrait of my host as well; Jobst Plankfelt gave 
 me a branch of white coral; paid 2 stivers for 
 butter and 2 stivers to the joiner at the Painters' 
 armoury. 
 
 Also my host took me to the Painters' workshop 
 
 3>^ 
 
Journey in the armoury at Antwerp, where they are mak- 
 
 in the ing the triumphal arches through which King 
 
 Nether- Charles is to make his entry. It is 400 bows in 
 
 lands length and each arch is 40 feet wide; they are to 
 
 be set up on both sides of the streets, beautifully 
 
 arranged and two stories high, and on them they 
 
 are to acft the plays ; and this costs to make, 4000 
 
 florins for the joiners and painters, and the whole 
 
 work is very magnificently done. 
 
 I have dined again with the Portuguese fadlor, 
 and once with Alexander Imhof. Sebald Fischer 
 bought of me at Antwerp sixteen "Small Pas- 
 sions " for 4 florins, thirty-two of the large books 
 for 8 florins, also six engraved "Passions" for 3 
 florins, also twenty half-sheets of all kinds taken 
 together at i florin to the value of 3 florins, and 
 again 5 1-4 florins' worth of quarter-sheets,— forty- 
 five of all kinds at i florin, and eight miscellane- 
 ous leaves at i florin; it is paid. 
 
 To my host I have sold a "Madonna" picflure, 
 painted on small canvas, for 2 florins Rhenish. I 
 took once more the portrait of Felix the lute 
 player, i stiver for pears and bread ; 2 stivers to 
 the surgeon-barber; besides I have given 14 sti- 
 vers for three small panels, besides 4 stivers for 
 laying in the white and preparing them. I have 
 dined onc« with Alexander the goldsmith, and 
 once with Felix Hungersberg; once Master Joa- 
 chim has eaten with me, and his partner also 
 once. 
 
 40 
 
I have made a drawing in half colours for Journey 
 the Painters. I have taken i florin for expenses, in the 
 I made Peter Wolffgang a present of four new Nether- 
 little pieces. Master Joachim's partner has again l^nds 
 dined with me. I gave Master Joachim i flor- 
 in's worth of prints for lending me his appren- 
 tice and colours, and I gave his apprentice 3 
 crowns' worth of prints. I have sent the four new 
 pieces to Alexander, the goldsmith. I made char- 
 coal portraits of these Genoese by name: Toma- 
 sin Florianus Romanus, native of Lucca, and his 
 two brothers, named Vincentius and Gerhard, 
 all three Bombelli. I have dined with Tomasin so 
 often 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . The treasurer also gave me 
 a "Child's Head" on linen and a weapon from 
 Calicut, and one of the light wood reeds. Toma- 
 sin Imhof has also given me a plaited hat of 
 elder pith. 
 
 I dined once more with the Portuguese; I also 
 gave one of Tomasin's brothers 3 florins' worth 
 of engravings. Herr Erasmus has given me a 
 small Spanish mantilla and three portraits of men. 
 Tomasin's brother gave me a pair of gloves for 
 3 florins' worth of engravings. I have once more 
 made the portrait of Tomasin's brother Vincen- 
 tius; and I gave Master Augustus Lombard two 
 of the Imagines. Moreover, I made a portrait of 
 the crooked-nosed Italian named Opitius. Also 
 my wife and maid dined one day at Herr To- 
 masin's ; that makes four meals. 
 
 41 
 
Journey Our Lady's Church at Antwerp is so vast 
 
 in the that many masses may be sung there at one 
 
 Nether- time without interfering one with another. The 
 
 lands altars are richly endowed; the best musicians 
 
 that can be had are employed ; the Church has 
 
 many devout services and much stonework, and 
 
 in particular a beautiful tower. I also visited the 
 
 rich Abbey of St. Michael, where are the finest 
 
 galleries of stonework that I have ever seen, and 
 
 a rich throne in the choir. But at Antwerp they 
 
 spare no cost in such things, for they have plenty 
 
 of money. 
 
 I have made a portrait of Herr Nicolas, an as- 
 tronomer who lives with the King of England, 
 and is very helpful and of great service to me 
 in many matters. He is a German, a native of 
 Munich. Also I have made the portrait of Toma- 
 sin's daughter. Maid Zutta by name. Hans Pfaff- 
 roth gave me a Philip's florin for taking his por- 
 trait in charcoal. I have dined once more with 
 Tomasin. My host's brother-in-law entertained 
 me and my wife once. I changed 2 light florins 
 for 24 stivers for living expenses; and I gave i sti- 
 ver for a tip to a man who let me see an altar- 
 piece. 
 
 The Sunday after the Feast of the Assumption 
 I saw the great procession of Our Lady's Church 
 at Antwerp, where all the whole town was gath- 
 ered together, with all the trades and professions, 
 and each was dressed in his best according to his 
 42 
 
rank; every guild and profession had its sign by Journey 
 which it might be recognized. Between the com- i" the 
 panies were carried great costly gold pole-can- ^^ether- 
 dlesticks and their long old Prankish silver trum- *^^*^^ 
 pets ; and there were many pipers and drummers 
 in the German fashion ; all were loudly and noisily 
 blown and beaten. I saw the procession pass 
 along the street, spread far apart so that they 
 took up much space crossways, but close behind 
 one another: goldsmiths, painters, stonecutters, 
 broiderers, sculptors, joiners, carpenters, sailors, 
 fishermen, butchers, leather workers, cloth mak- 
 ers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers, and all kinds of 
 craftsmen and workmen who work for their live- 
 lihood. There were likewise shop-keepers and 
 merchants with their assistants of all sorts. After 
 them came the marksmen with their guns, bows, 
 and cross-bows; then the horsemen and foot sol- 
 diers; then came a large company of the town 
 guard; then a fine troop of very gallant men, 
 nobly and splendidly costumed. Before them, 
 however, went all the religious orders and the 
 members of some foundations, very devoutly, 
 in their respecftive groups. There was, too, in this 
 procession, a great troop of widows, who sup- 
 port themselves by their own labour and ob- 
 serve special rules, all dressed from head to foot 
 in white linen robes made expressly for the oc- 
 casion, very sorrowful to behold. Among them 
 I saw some very stately persons, the Canons of 
 
 43 
 
in the 
 Nether- 
 lands 
 
 Journey Our Lady's Church with all their clergy, schol- 
 ars, and treasures. Twenty persons bore the im- 
 age of the Virgin Mary and of the Lord Jesus, 
 adorned in the richest manner, to the honour of 
 the Lord God. The procession included many de- 
 lightful things splendidly got up, for example, 
 many wagons were drawn along with stagings 
 of ships and other construcftions. Then there came 
 the company of the Prophets in their order, and 
 scenes from the New Testament, such as the An- 
 nunciation, the Three Magi riding great camels, 
 and other strange beasts, very skilfully arranged, 
 and also how Our Lady fled into Egypt— very 
 conducive to devotion — and many other things 
 which for shortness I must leave out. Last of all 
 came a great dragon, which St. Margaret and her 
 maidens led by a girdle; she was extraordinarily 
 beautiful. Behind her followed a St. George with 
 his squire, a very fine cuirassier. There also rode 
 in the procession many pretty and richly dressed 
 boys and girls in the costumes of many lands 
 representing various saints. This procession from 
 beginning to end, where it passed our house, 
 lasted more than two hours ; there were so many 
 things there that I could not write them in a 
 book, so I let it alone. 
 
 I visited Fugger's house in Antwerp, which is 
 
 newly built, with a wonderful tower, broad and 
 
 high, and with a beautiful garden, and I also saw 
 
 his fine stallions. Tomasin has given my wife 
 
 44 
 
fourteen ells of good thick arras for a mantle Journey 
 and three and a half ells of half satin to line it. I in the 
 drew a design for a lady's forehead band for the Nether- 
 goldsmith. The Portuguese fadlor has given me I^nds 
 a present of wine in the inn, both Portuguese 
 and French. Signor Rodrigo of Portugal has given 
 me a small cask full of all sorts of sweetmeats, 
 amongst them a box of sugar candy, besides two 
 large dishes of barley sugar, marchpane, many 
 other kinds of sugar-work, and some sugar-canes 
 just as they grow; I gave his servant in return 
 I florin as a tip. I have again changed for my 
 expenses a light florin for 12 stivers. 
 
 The pillars in the Convent of St. Michael of Ant- 
 werp are all made out of single blocks of a beauti- 
 ful black touchstone. Herr Agidius, King Charles's 
 warden, has taken for me from Antwerp the " St. 
 Jerome in the Cell," the " Melancholy," and three 
 new "Marys," the "Anthony" and the "Ve- 
 ronica" for the good sculptor, Master Conrad, 
 whose like I have not seen; he serves Lady 
 Margaret, the Emperor's daughter. Also I gave 
 Master Agidius a "Eustace" and a "Nemesis." I 
 owe my host 7 florins, 20 stivers, i thaler —that is, 
 on Sunday before St. Bartholomew : for sitting- 
 room, bedroom, and bedding I am to pay him 11 
 florins a month. I came to a new agreement with 
 my host on the 20th August— on the Monday 
 before St. Bartholomew's — I am to eat with him 
 and pay 2 stivers for the meal, and extra for drink, 
 
 4J 
 
Journey but my wife and the maid can cook and eat up 
 
 in the here. 
 
 Nether- I gave the Portuguese facftor a statuette of a 
 
 lands child; besides that, I gave him an "Adam and 
 Eve," a " Jerome in his Cell," a " Hercules," a " Eus- 
 tace," a " Melancholy," and a " Nemesis ; " then of 
 the half-sheets, three new"Virgins," the "Veron- 
 ica," the "Anthony," "The Nativity," and "The 
 Crucifixion," also the best of the quarter-sheets, 
 eight pieces, and then the three books of the " Life 
 oftheVirgin,""TheApocalypse,"and the "Great 
 Passion," also the "Little Passion" and the "Pas- 
 sion" on copper, all together,^ florins' worth. The 
 same quantity I gave to Signor Rodrigo, the other 
 Portuguese. Rodrigo has given my wife a small 
 green parrot. 
 
 VISIT TO BRUSSELS 
 
 ON the Sunday after St. Bartholomew's, I 
 travelled with Herr Tomasin from Ant- 
 werp to Mechlin, where we lay for the 
 night ; there I invited Master Conrad and a painter 
 with him to supper, and this Master Conrad is the 
 good carver in Lady Margaret's service. From 
 Mechlin we travelled through the small town of 
 Vil vorde and came to Brussels on Monday at mid- 
 day ; I gave the messenger 3 stivers ; I dined with 
 my lords at Brussels; also once with Herr Bannisis, 
 46 
 
and I gave him a " Passion" on copper. I gave the Journey 
 Margrave Hansen of Brussels the letter of recom- in the 
 mendation which my lord of Bamberg wrote Nether- 
 for me, and I made him a present of a "Passion" lands 
 engraved on copper for a remembrance. I have 
 also dined once more with my lords of Nurem- 
 berg. I saw in the town hall at Brussels, in the 
 golden chamber, four paintings which the great 
 Master Rogier did; and behind the King's palace 
 in Brussels, the fountains, labyrinth, zoological 
 garden. Anything more beautiful and pleasing 
 to me, more like a paradise, I have never seen. 
 Erasmus is the name of the little man who wrote 
 out my supplication at Jacob Bannisis' house. 
 
 At Brussels there is a very splendid town hall, 
 large and covered with beautiful stonework, with 
 a noble open tower. I have made a portrait of 
 Master Conrad of Brussels by candle-light; he is 
 my host. At the same time I drew Dodlor Lam- 
 parter's son in charcoal, and also the hostess. Also 
 I have seen the things which they have brought 
 to the King out of the new land of gold: a sun 
 all of gold, a whole fathom broad, and a moon, 
 too, of silver, of the same size, also two rooms 
 full of armour, and the people there with all 
 manner of wondrous weapons, harness, darts, 
 wonderful shields, extraordinary clothing, beds, 
 and all kinds of wonderful things for human use, 
 much finer to look at than prodigies. These 
 things are all so precious that they are valued 
 
 47 
 
Journey at 100,000 gulden, and all the days of my life 
 in the I have seen nothing that reaches my heart so 
 Nether- much as these, for among them I have seen won- 
 lands derfully artistic things and have admired the sub- 
 tle ingenuity of men in foreign lands; indeed, I 
 don't know how to express what I there found. 
 I also saw many other beautiful things at Brus- 
 sels, and especially a great fish bone there, as vast 
 as if it had been built up of square stones ; it was 
 a fathom long, very thick, weighs up to i cwt. 
 (15 centner), and it has the form as is here drawn; 
 it stood behind on the fish's head. 
 
 I have also been in the Lord of Nassau's house, 
 which is so magnificently built and so beauti- 
 fully decorated, I have again dined twice with my 
 lords. Lady Margaret sent after me to Brussels 
 and promised that she would speak in my behalf 
 to King Charles, and has shown herself quite ex- 
 ceptionally kind to me; I sent her my engraved 
 "Passion" and such another to her treasurer, Jan 
 Marnix by name, and I made his portrait in char- 
 coal. I paid 2 stivers for a buffalo ring, and also 
 2 stivers for opening St. Luke's picflure. 
 
 When I was in Herr von Nassau's house I saw 
 in the chapel the fine painting that Master Hugo 
 has made, and I also saw two large beautiful 
 halls, and all the treasures in various parts of 
 the house, and the large bed in which fifty men 
 can lie. And I also saw the great stone which 
 the storm cast down in the field close to Herr von 
 48 
 
Nassau. This house lies high, and there is a most Journey 
 beautiful view at which one cannot but won- in the 
 der. And I think that in all German lands there Nether- 
 is not the like of it. '^"^^ 
 
 Master Bernhard, the painter, invited me to din- 
 ner, and had prepared a meal so costly that I do 
 not think lo florins will pay for it. Three friends 
 invited themselves to it to give me good com- 
 pany, to wit. Lady Margaret's treasurer, whose 
 portrait I made, and the King's steward, de Me- 
 tenye, and the town treasurer. Van Busleyden ; I 
 gave him a "Passion" engraved on copper, and 
 he gave me in return a black Spanish bag worth 
 3 florins. And I also gave a "Passion "engraved on 
 copper to Erasmus of Rotterdam; likewise one 
 to Erasmus, the secretary of Bannisis. The man 
 at Antwerp who gave me the " Child's Head " is 
 called Lorenz Sterk. I took the portrait in char- 
 coal of Master Bernhard, Lady Margaret's painter. 
 I have taken Erasmus of Rotterdam's portrait 
 once more. I gave Lorenz Sterk a sitting "St. 
 Jerome" and the "Melancholy," and I made a 
 portrait of my hostess's godmother. Six people 
 whose portraits I painted at Brussels gave me 
 nothing. I paid 3 stivers for two buffalo horns and 
 I stiver for two Eulenspiegels. 
 
 So then on the Sunday after St. Giles', I trav- 
 elled with Herr Tomasin to Mechlin and took 
 leave of Herr Hans Ebner, and he would take 
 nothing for my expenses while I was with him 
 
 49 
 
lands 
 
 Journey seven days; I paid i stiver on behalf of Hans 
 in the Geuder; I gave i stiver as a tip to the host's 
 Nether- servant; and at Mechlin I took supper with the 
 LadyNieuwekerke; and early on Monday I trav- 
 elled from Mechlin to Antwerp. 
 
 AT ANTWERP 
 
 September 3 to Ocftober 4, 1520 
 
 I BREAKFASTED with the Portuguese facftor, 
 who gave me three porcelain dishes, and Rod- 
 rigo gave me some Calicut feathers. I spent i 
 florin and paid my messenger 2 stivers. I bought 
 Susanna a mantle for 2 florins, 10 stivers. My wife 
 paid 4 florins Rhenish for a washtub, a bellows, a 
 basin, a pair of slippers, wood for cooking, stock- 
 ings, a cage for the parrot, 2 jugs, and for tips; she 
 spent, moreover, for eating, drinking, and various 
 necessaries, 21 stivers. 
 
 Now on Monday after St. Giles' I am back 
 again at Jobst Planckfelter's, and have dined 
 with him as many times as are drawn here — 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. I gave Nicolas, Tomasin's man, 
 I stiver; I paid 5 stivers for the little frame, and 
 I stiver more. My host gave me an Indian cocoa- 
 nut and an old Turkish whip; then I have dined 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 more with Tomasin. The two lords of 
 Rogendorf have invited me; I have dined once 
 with them and made a large drawing of their coat 
 ^o 
 
of arms on wood, for engraving. I gave away Journey 
 I stiver; my wife changed a florin for 24 stivers; in the 
 I gave 2 stivers as a tip. I have dined once in Nether- 
 Focker's house with the young Jacob Rehlinger, l^nds 
 and I have also dined once more with him. My 
 wife has changed a florin for 24 stivers for ex- 
 penses. I gave toWilhelm Hauenhut, the servant 
 of my lord Duke Frederick, the Platzgraf, an en- 
 graved "Jerome," and the two new half-sheets, 
 the " Mary " and the " Anthony." I gave Herr Jacob 
 Bannisis a good painting of a "Veronica" face, 
 a "Eustace," a "Melancholy," and a sitting "Je- 
 rome," a "St. Anthony," the two new " Marys," 
 and the new "Peasants." And I have given his 
 secretary, Erasmus, who wrote my supplication, a 
 sitting "Jerome," a "Melancholy," an "Anthony," 
 the two new "Marys," and the "Peasants," and I 
 have given him also two small "Marys," and all 
 together what I have given is worth 7 florins, and 
 I have given Master Marc, the goldsmith, a "Pas- 
 sion "on copper, and he gave me 3 florins in pay- 
 ment; besides this I have received 3 florins, 20 
 stivers, for prints. To the glazier Honigen, I have 
 given four little engravings. I have dined with 
 Herr Bannisis 1 1 1. I paid 4 stivers for carbon and 
 black chalk; I have given i florin, 8 stivers for 
 wood, and spent 3 stivers more. I have dined with 
 the lords of Nuremberg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. Master Dietrich, 
 the glass painter, sent me the red colour which 
 is found in the new bricks at Antwerp. I made 
 
 51 
 
Journey a charcoal portrait of Jacob von Lubeck; he gave 
 
 in the my wife a Philip's florin. I have again changed 
 
 Nether- a Philip's florin for expenses. 
 
 lands I presented to Lady Margaret a seated " Jerome " 
 
 engraved on copper. 1 sold a woodcut " Passion " 
 for 12 stivers, besides an "Adam and Eve" for 4 
 stivers. Felix, the captain and lute-player, bought 
 a whole set of copper-engravings and a wood- 
 cut "Passion" and an engraved "Passion," two 
 half-sheets and two quarter-sheets, for 8 gold 
 florins; so I gave him another set of engravings. 
 I have taken Herr Bannisis's portrait in charcoal. 
 Rodrigo gave me another parrot, and I gave his 
 boy 2 stivers for a tip. I gave Johann von den 
 Winckel, the trumpeter, a small woodcut "Pas- 
 sion," " St. Jerome in his Cell," and a " Melancholy." 
 
 1 paid 6 stivers for a pair of gloves. I paid 3 sti- 
 vers for a bamboo rod, and George Schlauders- 
 bach gave me another which cost 6 stivers. I have 
 dined once with Wolff Haller, who is employed 
 by the Fuggers, when he had invited my lords 
 of Nuremberg. I have received for works of art 
 
 2 Philip's florins, 6 stivers. I have again dined once 
 with my wife; I gave i stiver to Hans Denes' boy 
 for a tip. I have taken 100 stivers for works of art. 
 I made a charcoal portrait of Master Jacob, Lord 
 Rogendorf's painter, and I have drawn for Lord 
 Rogendorf his arms on wood, for which he gave 
 me seven ells of velvet. 
 
 I dined once more with the Portuguese; I took 
 
 J2 
 
the portrait of Master John Prost of Bruges, and Journey 
 he gave me i florin; it was done in charcoal; 23 in the 
 stivers for a fur coat of rabbit-skin. I sent Hans Nether- 
 Schwarz 2 golden florins for my picfture in a let- '^"ds 
 ter sent through the Antwerp Fuggers to Augs- 
 burg. I gave 31 stivers for a red woollen shirt. I 
 dined once more with Rogendorf. I gave 2 sti- 
 vers for the colour which is found in the bricks; 
 and I paid 9 stivers for an ox horn. I made a char- 
 coal portrait of a Spaniard. I have dined once with 
 my wife. I gave 2 stivers for a dozen little pipes; 
 I gave 3 stivers for two little maplewood bowls, 
 two such Felix gave miy wife, and Master Jacob, 
 the painter from Lubeck, has given my wife 
 another; dined once with Rogendorf. 
 
 I paid I stiver for the printed "Entry into Ant- 
 werp," showing how the King was received with 
 a splendid triumph; the gates were beautifully 
 decorated, and there were plays, much rejoicing, 
 and beautiful maidens in tableaux vivants, whose 
 like I have seldom seen. Changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. I have seen the bones of the great giant 
 at Antwerp; his leg above his knee is five and 
 a half feet long, and beyond measure heavy; so 
 were his shoulder blades — a single one is broader 
 than a strong man's back— and his other limbs. 
 The man was eighteen feet high, and reigned at 
 Antwerp and did great wonders, as is set out in 
 an old book which belongs to the town magis- 
 trates. 
 
 53, 
 
Journey Raphael of Urbino's efFecfts have been all dis- 
 in the persed after his death, but one of his disciples, 
 Nether- Tommaso of Bologna by name, a good painter, 
 lands desired to see me, so he came to me and gave 
 me a gold ring, an antique with a well-cut stone 
 worth 3 florins, but I have been already offered 
 twice as much for it; in return I gave him my 
 best engravings, worth 6 florins. I bought a piece 
 of calico for 3 stivers, I gave the messenger i sti- 
 ver, and spent 3 stivers in company. 
 
 I presented to Lady Margaret, the Emperor's 
 sister, a whole set of all my works, and have 
 drawn her two picftures on parchment with the 
 greatest pains and care; all this I have put at 30 
 florins, and I have had to draw the design of the 
 house for her physician, the docftor, according to 
 which he intends to build one, and for drawing 
 that I would not willingly take less than 10 flor- 
 ins. I have given the servant i stiver, and I paid 
 I stiver for brick colour; I have given Herr Nic- 
 olas Ziegler a "Christ lying dead," worth 3 flor- 
 ins. To the Portuguese facflor I gave a painting 
 of a "Child's Head," worth i florin. I have given 
 10 stivers for a buffalo horn; I gave i gold florin 
 for an elk's hoof. I have done Master Adrian's 
 portrait in charcoal. I gave 2 stivers for the "Con- 
 demnation " and the " Dialogue," 3 stivers to the 
 messenger; to Master Adrian I have given 2 flor- 
 ins' worth of works of art; bought a piece of red 
 chalk for i stiver. I have done Herr Wolff von 
 
Rogendorf in silverpoint. Gave away 3 stivers; Journey 
 did the portrait of a noble lady at Tomasin's in the 
 house. I have given to Nicolas a "Jerome in the Nether- 
 Cell," and two new "Marys." On Monday after I^nds 
 St. Michael's Day, 1^20, I gave to Tommaso of 
 Bologna a whole set of prints to send for me 
 to Rome to another painter, who will send me 
 Raphael's work in return. I dined once with my 
 wife; gave 3 stivers for the little tracft. The Bo- 
 lognese has painted my portrait, which he will 
 take with him back to Rome. I bought an elk's 
 foot for 20 stivers, besides I paid 2 gold florins, 
 4 stivers, for Herr Hans Ebner's little panel ; dined 
 out; changed a crown for expenses; dined out. 
 Am taking 11 florins for my expenses to Aachen ; 
 have received 2 florins, 4 stivers, from Ebner; 
 paid 9 stivers for wood; gave Meyding 20 stivers 
 for sending my box. 
 
 I have taken the portrait of a lady of Bruges, 
 who has given me i Philip's florin. I gave away 
 3 stivers as a tip ; paid 2 stivers for fir cones and 
 I for stone colour; paid 13 stivers to the furrier, 
 I stiver for leather ; bought two mussels for 2 sti- 
 vers. In John Gabriel's house I have taken the 
 portrait of an Italian lord, who gave me 2 gold 
 florins. Bought a portmanteau for 2 florins, 4 
 stivers. 
 
 55 
 
Journey VISIT TO AACHEN 
 
 in the ^ ^ 
 
 Nether- / \^ Thursday after St. Michael's Day, I jour- 
 lands \ I neyed from Antwerp to Aachen, and I 
 ^^ — y took I gulden and i noble with me; and 
 after passing through Maestricht we came to 
 Gulpen, and from there to Aix on Sunday; there 
 I have spent up till now, with the fare and all, 
 3 florins. At Aachen I saw the well-proportioned 
 pillars with their good capitals of green and red 
 porphyry and granite which Carolus [Charle- 
 magne] had brought from Rome and set up 
 there. These are made truly according to Vitru- 
 vius's writings. At Aachen I bought an ox horn 
 for I gold florin. I have taken the portraits of 
 Herr Hans Ebner and George Schlaudersbach, 
 and Hans Ebner's a second time. I paid 2 stivers 
 for a fine whetstone, also 3 stivers for a bath and 
 drinking in company; changed 1 florin for ex- 
 penses. I gave the town servant who took me up 
 into the hall 2 white pf. ; spent 5 white pf. with 
 companions, drinking and bathing; I have lost 
 7 stivers at play with Herr Hans Ebner at the 
 Mirror. I have made a charcoal portrait of the 
 young Christopher Groland, also of my host, 
 Peter von Enden. I spent 3 stivers in company, 
 and gave the messenger i stiver. I have taken 
 the portraits of Paul Topler and Martin Pfinzing 
 in my sketch-book. 
 I have seen the arm of the Emperor Henry, the 
 
 J6 
 
shirt and girdle of Our Lady, and other holy relics. Journey 
 
 1 have sketched the Church of Our Lady with its in the 
 surroundings. I took Sturm's portrait. Made the Nether- 
 portrait in charcoal of Peter von Enden's bro- lands 
 ther-in-Iaw. Have given lo white pf. for a large 
 
 ox horn; gave 2 white pf. for a tip, and I have 
 changed i florin for expenses. I have lost 3 white 
 pf. at play, also 2 stivers; gave 2 white pf. to the 
 messenger. I have given Tomasin's daughter the 
 painted "Trinity," it is worth 4 florins; paid i 
 stiver for washing. I took the portrait in char- 
 coal of the KopiFingrin's sister at Aachen, and 
 another in silverpoint. Spent 3 white pf. for a 
 bath; paid 8 white pf. for a buffalo horn; 2 white 
 pf. for a girdle; paid i Philip's florin for a scarlet 
 shawl; 6 pf. for paper; changed i florin for ex- 
 penses ; paid 2 white pf. for washing. 
 
 On the 23rd day of Ocftober King Charles was 
 crowned at Aachen ; there I saw all manner of 
 lordly splendour, the like of which those who 
 live in our parts have never seen— all, as it has 
 been described. I gave Mathes works of art worth 
 
 2 florins, and I presented Stephen, Lady Margaret's 
 chamberlain, with 3 prints. Paid 1 florin, 10 white 
 pf. for a cedarwood rosary; gave i stiver to little 
 Hans in the stable, and i stiver to the child in the 
 house; lost 2K stivers at play; spent 2 stivers, 
 gave 2 stivers to the barber. I have again changed 
 I florin; I gave away 7 white pf. in the house on 
 leaving. 
 
 57 
 
Journey SECOND VISIT TO COLOGNE 
 
 Nether- A^^ ^ travelled from Aachen to jUlich, and 
 lands A\ thence to ... ; paid 4 stivers for two eye- 
 JL \. glasses. I played away 2 stivers in an em- 
 bossed silver medal of the king. I have given 8 
 white pf. for two ox horns. 
 
 On the Friday before St. Simon and St. Jude I 
 left Aachen and travelled to Diiren, where I vis- 
 ited the church where St. Anne's head is. Thence 
 we travelled and came on Sunday, which was St. 
 Simon and St. Jude's Day, to Cologne. I had lodg- 
 ing, food, and drink at Brussels with my lords of 
 Nuremberg, and they would take nothing from 
 me for it, and at Aachen likewise I ate with them 
 three weeks and they brought me to Cologne, 
 and would take nothing for it. 
 
 I have bought a tracft of Luther's for 5 white pf., 
 besides i white pf. for the "Condemnation of Lu- 
 ther," the pious man, besides i white pf. for a Pa- 
 ternoster, and 2 white pf. for a girdle, i white pf. 
 for one pound of candles; changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. I had to give Herr Leonhard Groland my 
 great ox horn, and to Hans Ebner I had to give my 
 large rosary of cedarwood. Paid 6 white pf. for a 
 pair of shoes; I gave 2 white pf. for a little skull; 
 I white pf. I gave for beer and bread; i white 
 pf. for a "pertele" [? braid]. I have given 4 white 
 pf. to two messengers ; I have given 2 white pf. 
 to Nicolas's daughter for lace, also i white pf. to 
 
 J8 
 
a messenger. I gave prints worth 2 florins to Herr Journey 
 Ziegler Linhard; paid the barber 2 white pf.; in the 
 paid 3 white pf. and then 2 white pf. for opening Nether- 
 the picflure which Master Stephan made at Co- '^nds 
 logne ; I gave the messenger i white pf., and spent 
 2 white pf. drinking in company. I made the por- 
 trait of Gottschalk's sister; I paid i white pf. for 
 a little tracfl. At Cologne, on Sunday evening after 
 All Saints' Day in the year ij2o, I saw the nobles 
 dance and banquet in the Emperor Charles's 
 dancing saloon ; it was splendidly arranged. I have 
 drawn for Staiber his coat of arms on wood. I 
 gave a "Melancholy" to a young count at Co- 
 logne, and a new "Mary" to Duke Frederick. 
 I have made Nicolas Haller's portrait in char- 
 coal; paid 2 white pf. to the door porter. I have 
 given 3 white pf.for two little tracfts, also 10 white 
 pf. for a cow horn. 
 
 At Cologne I went to St. Ursula's Church and 
 to her grave, and saw the holy maiden and the 
 other great relics. Fernberger's portrait I took in 
 charcoal; changed i florin for expenses. I gave * 
 Nicolas's wife 8 white pf. when she invited me 
 as a guest. I bought two prints for i stiver. Herr 
 Hans Ebner and Herr Nicolas Groland would take 
 nothing from me for eight days at Brussels, three 
 weeks at Aachen, and fourteen days at Cologne. 
 I made the nun's portrait, and gave 7 white pf. to 
 the nun. I made her a present of three half-sheet 
 engravings on copper. My Confirmation from the 
 
 59 
 
Journey Emperor came to my lords of Nuremberg the 
 in the MondayafterSt.Martin's,theyearij2o,aftergreat 
 Nether- trouble and labour. I gave Nicolas's daughter 7 
 lands white pf. on departing, i florin to his wife, and 
 again i ort to his daughter on leaving; and I started 
 away from Cologne. Before that, Staiber invited 
 me once as his guest, and so did my cousin Nico- 
 las once, and old Wolfgang once, and once be- 
 sides I dined as his guest. I have given Nicolas's 
 man a "Eustace" on leaving, and his little daugh- 
 ter another ort, as they took much trouble for 
 me. I have given i florin for a little ivory skull, 
 and I white pf. for a turned box, also 7 white pf. 
 for a pair of shoes, and I gave Nicolas's man a 
 "Nemesis" on leaving. 
 
 SECOND JOURNEY 
 FROM COLOGNE TO ANTWERP 
 
 I STARTED off early by boat from Cologne on 
 Wednesday after St. Martin's, and went as far 
 as . . . Paid 6 white pf. for a pair of shoes. I 
 gave 4 white pf. to the messenger. From Cologne 
 I travelled by the Rhine to Zons, from Zons to 
 Neuss, and from thence to Stain where we 
 stayed the day, and I spent 6 white pf. Thence 
 we came to Diisseldorf, a little town, where 1 spent 
 2, white pf.; from thence to Kaiserswerth; from 
 thence to Duisburg, another little town, and we 
 60 
 
passed two castles, Angerort and Rurort; thence Journey 
 we went to Orsoy.a little town; from thence we ""> the 
 went to Rheinberg, another little town, where Nether- 
 I lay over night, and spent 6 white pf.; from there ''^"<^s 
 I travelled to the following towns. Burg Wesel, 
 Rees, and from there to Emmerich. We came 
 next to Thomas, and from there to Nymwegen ; 
 there we stayed over the night and spent 4 white 
 pf.; from Nymwegen I travelled toTiel.andfrom 
 there to Herzogenbusch. At Emmerich I stopped 
 and spent 3 white pf. on a very good meal. There 
 I took the portrait of a goldsmith's apprentice, 
 Peter Federmacher of Antwerp, and of a woman. 
 The reason of our staying was that a great storm 
 of wind overtook us. I spent besides 5 white pf., 
 and I changed i florin for expenses ; also I took 
 the host's portrait, and we did not get to Nym- 
 wegen until Sunday ; I gave the boatmen 2 o white 
 pf. Nymwegen is a beautiful city, and has a fine 
 church and a well-situated castle ; from there we 
 travelled to Tiel, where we left the Rhine and 
 continued on the Maas to Heerewarden, where 
 the two towers stand ; there we lay over night, 
 and during this day I spent 7 stivers. From there 
 we started early on Tuesday for Bommel on the 
 Maas; there a great storm of wind overtook us 
 and we hired some peasant horses and rode with- 
 out saddles as far as Herzogenbusch, and I paid 
 I florin for the journey by boat and horse. Her- 
 zogenbusch is a beautiful city, and has an ex- 
 
 61 
 
Journey tremely beautiful church and a strong fortress ; 
 in the there I spent lo stivers, although Arnold settled 
 Nether- for the repast. The goldsmiths came to me and 
 lands showed me great honour. From there we trav- 
 elled on Our Lady's Day early and came through 
 the large and beautiful village of Oosterwyck. 
 We breakfasted at Tilborch and spent 4 white 
 pf. ; from there we came to Baarle, lay the night 
 there, and spent 5 stivers, and my companions 
 got into an argument with the innkeeper, so we 
 went on in the night to Hoogstraten; there we 
 stopped two hours and went by St. Leonhard 
 Kirchen to Harscht. We breakfasted there and 
 spent 4 stivers. 
 
 SECOND STAY AT ANTWERP 
 November 22 — December 3, 1520 
 
 FROM there we journeyed to Antwerp and 
 gave the driver i j stivers. This was on Thurs- 
 day after Our Lady's Assumption [by error 
 for Presentation] ; and I gave an engraving of the 
 "Passion" to John, Jobst Schwager's man, and 
 I made a portrait of Nicolas Sopalis, and on the 
 Thursday after Our Lady's Assumption [Presen- 
 tation], 1520, I was once more back in Jobst 
 Planckfelt's house; I have eaten with him 1 1 1 1 
 times. My wife-T-| |-- changed i florin for ex- 
 penses, besides a crown; and the seven weeks 
 
that I have been away my wife and maid have Journey 
 spent 7 crowns and bought another 4 florins' in the 
 worth of things. I spent 4 stivers in company. I Nether- 
 have dined with Tomasin | | | | | | times. On St. l-ands 
 Martin's Day my wife had her purse cut ofFinOur 
 Lady's Church at Antwerp; there were 2 flor- 
 ins in it, and the purse itself, besides what was 
 in it, was worth another florin, and some keys 
 were in it, too. On the eve before St. Catherine's 
 I paid Jobst Planckfelt, my host, 10 gold crowns 
 for my reckoning. I dined two times with the 
 Portuguese. Rodrigo gave me six Indian nuts, so 
 I gave his boy 2 stivers for a tip. I paid 19 stivers 
 for parchment; changed 2 crowns for expenses. 
 I sold two "Adam and Eves," one " Sea Monster," 
 one "Jerome," one "Knight," one "Nemesis," one 
 "St. Eustace," one whole sheet, besides seventeen 
 etched pieces, eight quarter-sheets, and ten wood- 
 cuts, seven of the bad woodcuts, two books, and 
 ten small wood "Passions," the whole for 8 flor- 
 ins. Also I exchanged three large books for one 
 ounce [ell of?] camlet. I changed a Philip's florin 
 for expenses and my wife likewise changed a 
 florin. 
 
 At Zierikzee in Zeeland a whale has been 
 washed ashore by a great tide and storm ; it is 
 much more than a hundred fathoms long; no one 
 in Zeeland has ever seen one even one-third as 
 long, and the fish cannot get oif the land. The 
 people would be glad to see it gone, for they 
 
 63 
 
Journey fear the great stink, for it is so big they say it 
 
 m the could not be cut in pieces and the oil got out of 
 Nether- j^ jj^ ^^jf ^ y^^^ 
 
 ^" ^ Stephen Capello has given me a cedarwood 
 
 rosary, in return for which I was to take and have 
 taken his portrait. I paid 4 stivers for furnace 
 brown and a pair of snuffers ; I gave 3 stivers for 
 paper; made a portrait of Felix, kneeling, in his 
 book in pen and ink, and Felix gave me one hun- 
 dred oysters. I gave Herr Lazarus, the great man, 
 an engraved "Jerome" and three large books. 
 Rodrigo sent me some wine and oysters. I paid 
 7 white pf. for black chalk. 
 
 I have had to dinner Tomasin, Gerhard, To- 
 masin's daughter, her husband, the glass painter 
 Hennick,Jobst and his wife, and Felix, which cost 
 2 florins. Tomasin made me a gift of four ells 
 of grey damask for a doublet. I have changed a 
 Philip's florin for expenses. 
 
 VISIT TO ZEELAND 
 December 3^14, 1^20 
 
 ON St. Barbara's Eve I travelled from Ant- 
 werp to Bergen-op-Zoom; I paid 2 stivers 
 for the horse, and I spent i florin 6 stivers 
 there. At Bergen I bought my wife a thin Nether- 
 landish headcloth, which cost i florin, 7 stivers, be- 
 sides 6 stivers for three pairs of shoes, i stiver for 
 64 
 
eyeglasses, and 6 stivers for an ivory button; Journey 
 gave 2 stivers for a tip. I have drawn the por- in the 
 traits in charcoal of Jan de Has, his wife, and two Nether- 
 daughters; and the maid and the old woman in lands 
 silverpoint, in my sketch-book. I saw the Van 
 Bergen house, which is a very large and beautiful 
 building. Bergen is a pleasant place in summer, 
 and two great fairs are held there yearly. On Our 
 Lady's Eve I started with my companions for 
 Zeeland, and Sebastian Imhof lent me five flor- 
 ins; and the first night we lay at anchor in the 
 sea; it was very cold and we had neither food 
 nor drink. On Saturday we came to Goes, and 
 there I drew a girl in the costume of the place. 
 Thence we travelled to Arnemuiden, and I paid 
 i^ stivers for expenses. We went by a sunken 
 place, where we saw the tops of the roofs stand- 
 ing up above the water, and we went by the is- 
 land of Wolfersdyk, and passed the little town 
 Kortgene on another island lying near. Zeeland 
 has seven islands, and Arnemuiden, where I lay 
 the night, is the biggest. From there I travelled 
 to Middelburg. There in the abbey Jan de Ma- 
 buse has made a great picflure, not so good in 
 the drawing as in the colouring. From there I 
 went to the Veere, where ships from all lands lie. 
 It is a very fine little town. But at Arnemuiden, 
 where I landed, there happened to me a great 
 misfortune. As we were coming to land and get- 
 ting out our rope, just as we were getting on 
 
 65 
 
Journey shore, a great ship ran into us so hard that in the 
 in the crush I let everyone get out before me, so that no 
 Nether- one but myself, George Kotzler, two old women, 
 lands the sailor, and a little boy were left in the ship. 
 When now the other ship knocked against us 
 and I with those mentioned was on the ship and 
 could not get out, the strong rope broke, and at 
 the same moment a violent storm of wind arose 
 which forcibly drove back our ship. So we all 
 called for help, but no one would risk himself, 
 and the wind carried us back out to sea. Then 
 the skipper tore his hair and cried aloud, for all 
 his men had landed and the ship was unmanned. 
 It was a matter of fear and danger, for there was 
 a great wind and no more than six persons in the 
 ship, so I spoke to the skipper that he should take 
 heart and have hope in God, and should take 
 thought for what was to be done. He said that if 
 he could pull up the small sail, he would try if 
 we could come again to land. So we all helped 
 one another and pulled it half-way up with diffi- 
 culty, and went on again towards the land. And 
 when those on the land who had already given 
 us up saw how we helped ourselves, they too 
 came to our aid, and we got to land. 
 
 Middelburg is a good town; it has a very beau- 
 tiful town hall with a fine tower. There is much 
 art shown in all things here. There are very rich 
 and beautiful stalls in the abbey, and a splendid 
 gallery of stone and a beautiful parish church. 
 6(> 
 
The town is excellent for sketching. Zeeland is Journey 
 beautiful and wonderful to see on account of the in the 
 water, for it stands higher than the land. I have Nether- 
 made a portrait of my host at Arnemuiden. Mas- l^nds 
 ter Hugo, Alexander Imhof, and the Hirschvo- 
 gel's servant Frederick gave me each of them an 
 Indian nut that they had won at play, and the 
 host gave me a sprouting bulb. Early on Monday 
 morning we went back to the ship and set out 
 for the Veere and for Zierikzee ; I wanted to get 
 sight of the great fish, but the tide had carried 
 it off again. I paid 2 florins for fare and expenses 
 and 2 florins for a rug, 4 stivers for a fig-cheese 
 and 3 stivers for carriage, and I lost 6 stivers at 
 play. When we came back to Bergen I gave 10 
 stivers for an ivory comb. 
 
 I have taken Schnabhan's portrait, and I have 
 also taken the portrait of my host's son-in-law, 
 Klautz. Gave 2 florins less ^ stivers for a piece 
 of tin; also 2 florins for a bad piece of tin. I have 
 also taken the portrait of little Bernard of Brus- 
 sels, George Kotzler, and the Frenchman from 
 Kamrick; each of them gave me i florin at Ber- 
 gen. Jan de Has' son-in-law gave me i Horn florin 
 for his portrait, and Kerpen of Cologne also gave 
 me a florin, and besides this I bought two bed- 
 covers for 4 florins less 10 stivers. I have made 
 the portrait of Nicolas, the jeweller. These are 
 the number of times that I have dined at Bergen 
 since I came from Zeeland 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, and once 
 
 67 
 
Journey for 4 stivers. I paid the driver 3 stivers and spent 
 in the 8 stivers, and came back to Antwerp, to Jobst 
 Nether- Planckfelt's, on Friday after St. Lucy's, 1^20, and 
 lands I have dined this number of times with him 1 1 1 |. 
 It is paid, and my wife 1 1 1 1, and that is paid. 
 
 AT ANTWERP 
 
 December, ijzo — April, 1^21 
 
 IN return for the three books which I gave him 
 Herr Lazarus of Ravensburg has given me a 
 big fish scale, five snail shells, four silver med- 
 als, five copper ones, two little dried fishes and a 
 white coral, four reed arrows and another white 
 coral. I changed i florin for expenses, and like- 
 wise! crown. I have dined alone so many times 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 . Thefacftorof Portugal has given me a brown 
 velvet bag and a box of good elecftuary ; I gave 
 his boy 3 stivers for wages. I gave i Horn florin 
 for two little panels, but they gave me back 6 
 stivers. I bought a little monkey for 4 gulden, and 
 gave 14 stivers for five fish. I paid Jobst 10 stivers 
 for three dinners ; I gave 2 stivers for two tracfls ; 
 and 2 stivers to the messenger. I gave Lazarus of 
 Ravensburg a portrait head on panel which cost 
 6 stivers, and besides that I have given him eight 
 sheets ofthe large copper engravings, eight of the 
 half-sheets, an engraved " Passion," and other en- 
 gravings and woodcuts, all together worth more 
 68 
 
than 4 florins. I changed a Philip's florin for ex- Journey 
 penses, and besides that a gold florin for expenses, i" the 
 I gave6 stivers for a panel, and did the portrait of Mether- 
 the servant of the Portuguese on it in charcoal, '"^"^^ 
 and I gave him all that for a New Year's present 
 and 2 stivers for a tip. 
 
 Changed i florin for expenses and gave Bern- 
 hard Stecher a whole set of prints. I bought 31 
 stivers' worth of wood. I have made the portraits 
 of Gerhard Bombelli and Sebastian the procu- 
 rator's daughter. I have changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. Have spent 3 stivers besides 3 more for 
 a meal. I have given Herr Wolff of Rogendorf a 
 "Passion" on copper and one in woodcut. Ger- 
 hard Bombelli has given me a printed Turkish 
 cloth, and Herr Wolff of Rogendorf gave me 
 seven Brabant ells of velvet, so I gave his man i 
 Philip's florin for a tip. Spent 3 stivers on a meal ; 
 gave 4 stivers for tips. I have drawn the new 
 facftor's portrait in charcoal. Gave 6 stivers for a 
 panel. Have dined with the Portuguese 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 times, with the treasurer |, with Tomasin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 times. Gave 4 stivers for tips. With Lazarus of 
 Ravensburg |, Wolff of Rogendorf |, Bernhard Ste- 
 cher I, Utz Hanolt Meyting |, Caspar Lewenter |. 
 I gave 3 stivers to the man whose portrait I drew; 
 gave the boy 2 stivers. I have given 4 florins for 
 flax. Have taken 4florins for prints ; have changed 
 I crown for expenses. Paid the furrier 4 stivers and 
 again 2 stivers. Lost 4 stivers at play ; spent 6 sti- 
 
Journey vers. I have changed i noble for expenses ; gave 
 in the 18 stivers for raisins and three pairs of knives. 
 Nether- J paid 2 florins for some meals at Jobst's. Have 
 lanas Jq^^ ^ stivers at play, and gave 6 stivers to the 
 furrier. Have given Master Jacob two engraved 
 "St. Jeromes." Lost 2 stivers at play; changed i 
 crown for expenses ; lost i stiver at play. Have 
 given to Tomasin's three maids three pairs of 
 knives, which cost j stivers. Have taken 29 sti- 
 vers for prints. Rodrigo gave me a musk-ball just 
 as it had been cut from the musk deer, also a }i lb. 
 of persin [? a dark red paint] and a box full of 
 quince elecftuary and a big box of sugar, so I 
 gave his boy 5 stivers for a tip. 
 
 Lost 2 stivers at play. I have done the portrait 
 of Jobst's wife in charcoal. I have got 4 florins, 
 5 stivers for three small canvases. Changed 2 flor- 
 ins in succession for expenses. Lost 2 stivers at 
 play. My wife gave me i florin for the child, and 4 
 stivers in the child's bed. I have changed i crown 
 for expenses ; spent 4 stivers, lost 2 stivers at play, 
 and gave 4 stivers to the messenger. Changed 
 I florin for expenses. 
 
 I gave Master Dietrich, the glass painter, an 
 "Apocalypse" and the six "Knots." Paid 40 sti- 
 vers for flax. Lost 8 stivers at play. I have given 
 the little Portuguese facftor. Signer Francisco, my 
 small canvas with the small child, that is worth 
 10 florins. I have given Dr. Loffen at Antwerp 
 the four books and an engraved "Jerome," and 
 70 
 
the same to Jobst Planckfelt. I have done the arms Journey 
 of Staiber and another. I have made a portrait of in the 
 Tomasin's son and daughter in silverpoint; also Nether- 
 I have painted a small panel in oil of the Duke, l^^ds 
 Have got 3 stivers for engravings. Rodrigo, the 
 Portuguese secretary, has given me two Calicut 
 cloths, one of them is silk, and he has given me 
 an ornamented cap and a green jug with myro- 
 balans, and a branch of cedar tree, worth 10 flor- 
 ins altogether. And I gave the boy for a tip 5 sti- 
 vers and 2 stivers for a brush. 
 
 I have made a drawing for a mask for the Fug- 
 ger's people for masquerade, and they have 
 given me an angel. I have changed i florin for 
 expenses. Gave 8 stivers for two little powder 
 horns. Lost 3 stivers at play. Changed an angel for 
 expenses. I have drawn two sheets full of beauti- 
 ful little masks for Tomasin. I have painted a good 
 "Veronica" face in oils; it is worth 12 florins. I 
 gave it to Francisco, the Portuguese facftor. Since 
 then I have painted Santa Veronica in oils; it is 
 better than the former, and I gave it to Facflor 
 Brandan of Portugal. Francisco gave the maid i 
 Philip's florin for a tip, and afterwards, because of 
 the "Veronica," I florin more, but the Facftor Bran- 
 dan gave her i florin. I paid Peter 8 stivers for 
 two cases, I changed an angel for expenses. 
 
 On Carnival Sunday early, the goldsmiths in- 
 vited me to dinner, with my wife. In their assem- 
 bly were many notable men. They prepared a 
 
 71 
 
Journey very grand meal, and did me the greatest hon- 
 in the our. In the evening the old bailiff of the town in- 
 Nether- vited me and gave me a splendid meal, and did 
 lands rne great honour. Thither came many strange 
 maskers. 
 
 I have drawn the portrait of Florent Nepotis, 
 Lady Margaret's organist, in charcoal. On Mon- 
 day night Herr Lopez invited me to the great 
 banquet on Shrove Tuesday, which lasted till two 
 o'clock, and was very grand. Herr Lorenz Sterk 
 has given me a Spanish fur. And to the above- 
 mentioned feast came many very splendid 
 masks, especially Tomasin Bombelli. 
 
 I have won 2 florins at play. Have changed an 
 angel for expenses; paid 14 stivers for a basket 
 of raisins. I have made the portrait in charcoal 
 of Bernhard von Castell, from whom I won the 
 money. Tomasin's brother Gerhardt has given me 
 four Brabant ells of the best black satin, and has 
 given me three big boxes of candied citron, so I 
 gave the maid 3 stivers for a tip. Paid 13 stivers 
 for wood, and 2 stivers for pine kernels. I drew 
 the procurator's daughter very carefully in silver- 
 point. Have changed i angel for expenses. I have 
 drawn the portrait in black chalk of the good mar- 
 ble worker. Master Johann, who looks like Chris- 
 topher Kohler; he has studied in Italy, and comes 
 from Metz. I have changed i Horn florin for ex- 
 penses. I have given 3 florins to Jan Tiirck for 
 Italian works of art; I gave him 12 ducats' worth 
 
works of art for one ounce of good ultramarine. I Journey- 
 have sold a small woodcut of the " Passion " for 3 in the 
 florins. I sold two reams and four books of Schaiif- Nether- 
 lein's prints for 3 florins. Have given 3 florins for l^^ds 
 two ivory salt-cellars from Calicut. Have taken 
 2 florins for prints ; have changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. Rudiger von Gelern gave me a snail shell, 
 together with coins of gold and silver, with an 
 ort. I gave him in return the three large books 
 and an engraved "Knight;" have taken 11 stivers 
 for prints. I gave 2 Philip's florins for "SS. Peter 
 and Paul," which I shall present to Herr Kohler's 
 wife. Rodrigo has given me two boxes of quince 
 elecftuaryand all kinds of sweetmeats, and I gave 
 5 stivers for a tip. Paid 16 stivers for boxes. 
 
 Lazarus of Ravensburg gave me a sugar loaf, 
 so I gave his boy i stiver. Paid 6 stivers for-wood. 
 Have eaten once with the Frenchman; twice with 
 the Hirschvogel's Fritz, and once with Master 
 Peter, the secretary, when Erasmus of Rotterdam 
 also dined with us. I paid i stiver to be allowed to 
 go up the tower at Antwerp, which is said to be 
 higher than that at Strasburg. From thence I saw 
 the whole town on all sides, which was very 
 pleasant. Paid i stiver for a bath. Have changed 
 I angel for expenses. The Facftor Brandon of Por- 
 tugal has given me two large beautiful white 
 sugar loaves, a dishful of sweetmeats, two green 
 pots of preserves, and four ells of black satin, so 
 I gave the servant 10 stivers for a tip. 
 
 73> 
 
Journey Paid the messenger 3 stivers. I have drawn twice 
 in the more in silverpoint the beautiful maiden for Ger- 
 Nether- hardt. Again changed an angel for expenses; took 
 lands 4 florins for prints; paid 10 stivers for Rodrigo's 
 case. Dined with the treasurer, HerrLorenz Sterk, 
 who gave me an ivory whistle and a very beau- 
 tiful piece of porcelain, and I have given him 
 a whole set of prints. I also gave a whole set 
 to Herr Adrian, the Antwerp town-orator. Also I 
 changed a Philip's florin for expenses. 
 
 I presented a sitting " St. Nicolas" to the largest 
 and richest guild of merchants at Antwerp, for 
 which they have made me a present of 3 Phil- 
 ip's florins. I gave Peter itgidius the old frame of 
 the " St. Jerome" besides 4 gulden for a frame for 
 the treasurer's likeness. Paid 11 stivers for wood. 
 Again, changed a Philip's florin for expenses. 
 Gave 4 stivers for a bore. Gave 3 stivers for three 
 canes. I have handed over my bale to Jacob and 
 Andreas Hessler to take to Nuremberg, and I am 
 to pay them 2 florins percwt., Nuremberg weight, 
 and they are to take it to Herr Hans Imhof, the 
 elder, and I have paid 2 florins on it. Moreover I 
 have done it up in a packing-case. 
 
 This was in the year 1^21, on the Saturday be- 
 fore Judic^. Also on the Saturday before Judic^, 
 Rodrigo gave me six large Indian cocoanuts, a 
 very fine piece of coral, and two large Portuguese 
 florins, one of which weighs 10 ducats, and I gave 
 the boy ij stivers for a tip. 
 74 
 
I heave bought a lode-stone for \6 stivers. I have Journey- 
 changed an angel for expenses. Paid 6 stivers in the 
 for packing. Sent Master Hugo at Brussels an en- Nether- 
 graved "Passion" and some other prints for his l^nds 
 little porphyry stone. I have made for Tomasin 
 a design drawn and tinted in half-colours, from 
 which he means to have his house painted. I 
 painted "Jerome" in oils with care and gave it 
 to Rodrigo of Portugal, who gave Susanna a 
 ducat for a tip. Have changed a Philip's florin for 
 expenses and gave lo stivers to my Father Con- 
 fessor. Gave 4 stivers for the little tortoise. 
 
 I have dined with Herr Gilbert, who gave me a 
 Calicut target made of a fish skin, and two gloves 
 as they use them for fighting. I have given Peter 
 2 stivers. Gave lo stivers for the fish fins, and 3 
 stivers for a tip. I have made a very good portrait 
 in hard chalk of Cornelius, the secretary of Ant- 
 werp.! have given 3 florins, 16 stivers, for the five 
 silk girdles which I mean to give away, besides 20 
 stivers for an edging [? lace]. These six edgings 
 I have sent as presents to the wives of Kasperi 
 Niitzel, Franz Imhof, Straiib, the two Spenglers, 
 LofFelholz, besides a good pair of gloves to each. 
 To Pirkheimer I have sent a large cap, a very 
 handsome buffalo horn inkstand, a silver [medal 
 of the] Emperor, a pound of pistachios, and three 
 sugar-canes. To Kasper Niitzel I have sent a great 
 elk's foot, ten large fir cones with pine kernels. To 
 Jacob Muifel I have sent a scarlet breast cloth 
 
 7-J 
 
Journey of one ell ; to Hans Imhof s child an embroidered 
 in the scarlet cap and pine kernels; to Kramer's wife 
 Nether- four ells of taffeta, worth 4 florins. To Lochinger's 
 lands wife one ell of taffeta, of i florin's worth; to the 
 two Spenglers, each a bag and three fine horns ; to 
 Herr Hieronimus Holzschuher, a very large horn. 
 Have eaten twice with the facftor; dined with 
 Master Adrian, the secretary of the town council 
 of Antwerp, who gave me the small painted 
 panel made by Master Joachim [de Patinir] : it is 
 of "Lot and his Daughters." Have taken 12 florins 
 for prints, also I have sold some of Hans Baldung 
 Griin's works for i florin. Rudiger von Gelern has 
 given me a piece of sandalwood ; I gave his boy 
 a stiver. I have painted the portrait of Bernhard 
 of Brussels in oils ; he gave me 8 florins for it, and 
 gave my wife a crown, and Susanna a florin 
 worth 24 stivers. I have given 3 stivers for the 
 Swiss jug, and 2 stivers for the ship, also 3 stivers 
 for the case and 4 stivers to the Father Confessor. 
 I have changed an angel for expenses ; have taken 
 4 florins, 10 stivers for works of art; paid 3 stivers 
 for salve; gave iiyi stivers for wood; changed 
 I florin for expenses; have given 1 florin for 14 
 pieces of French wood. I gave Ambrozio Hoch- 
 stiitter a " Life of Our Lady," and he gave me 
 a model of his ship. Rodrigo gave my wife a 
 little ring which is worth more than 5 florins. Have 
 changed i florin for expenses. I have done the 
 portrait of Fadtor Brandon's secretary in char- 
 76 
 
coal; I have done the portrait of his Moorish Journey 
 woman in silverpoint, and I have done Rodrigo's in the 
 portrait on a large sheet of paper with the brush, Nether- 
 in black and white. I have given i6 florins for a l^nds 
 piece of camlet measuring twenty-four ells, and 
 it cost I stiver to bring home. Have paid 2 stivers 
 for gloves. I have done Lucas of Dantzic's por- 
 trait in charcoal. He gave me i florin for it, and a 
 piece of sandalwood. 
 
 VISIT TO BRUGES AND GHENT 
 April 6 — II, 1521 
 
 ON the Saturday after Easter, with Hans 
 Liiber and Master Jan Prevost, a good 
 painter born at Bruges, I set out from 
 Antwerp towards Bruges by way of the Scheldt 
 and came to Beveren, a large village. From there 
 to Vracene, also a big village; thence we passed 
 through some villages and came to a fine large 
 village, where the rich farmers live, and there we 
 breakfasted. Thence we journeyed towards St. 
 Paul's, the rich abbey, and went through Cau- 
 denborn, a fine village; thence through the large 
 village of Kalve, and thence to Ertvelde; there 
 we lay the night and started early on Sunday 
 morning and came from Ertvelde to a small town. 
 From that we went to Ecloo, which is a mighty 
 large village; it is plastered, and has a square; 
 
 77 
 
Journey there we breakfasted. Thence we went to Mal- 
 in the degem, and then through othervillages, and came 
 Nether- to Bruges, which is a fine noble town. I paid 21 
 lands stivers for fare and other expenses. And arriv- 
 ing at Bruges, Jan Prevost took me into his house 
 to lodge, and the same night prepared a costly 
 meal, and asked much company to meet me. 
 The next day Marx, the goldsmith, invited me, 
 and gave me a costly meal and asked many to 
 meet me; afterwards they took me to see the Em- 
 peror's house, which is large and splendid. There 
 I saw the chapel which Roger painted, and some 
 picftures by a great old artist. I gave the man who 
 showed them to us i stiver; afterwards I bought 
 two ivory combs for 30 stivers. Thence they took 
 me to St. James's and let me see the splendid 
 paintings of Roger and Hugo, who are both great 
 masters. Afterwards I saw the alabaster Madonna 
 in Our Lady's Church that Michelangelo of Rome 
 made ; afterwards they took me to many churches 
 and let me see all the fine paintings, of which 
 there is abundance there, and when I had seen the 
 Jan [Van Eyck] and all the other things, we came 
 at last to the Painters' Chapel, in which there are 
 good things. Then they prepared a banquet for 
 me, and I went thence with them to their guild- 
 hall; there were many honourable men gathered 
 together, goldsmiths, painters, and merchants, 
 and they made me sup with them, and they 
 gave me presents and sought my acquaintance 
 78 
 
and did me great honour; and the two brothers Journey- 
 Jacob and Peter Mostaert, the town councillors, in the 
 gave me twelve cans of wine, and the whole as- Nether- 
 sembly, more than sixty persons, accompanied '«ands 
 me home with many torches. I also saw in their 
 shooting gallery the great fish tub from which 
 they eat, which is 19 feet long, 7 high, and 7 
 broad. 
 
 Early on Tuesday we departed, but before that, I 
 did Jan Prevost's portrait in silverpoint, and gave 
 his wife 10 stivers at parting. And so we travelled 
 to Ursel; there we breakfasted. On the way there 
 are three villages. Then we travelled towards 
 Ghent, again through three villages, and I paid 4 
 stivers for the journey, and 4 stivers for expenses ; 
 and on my arrival at Ghent, there came to me 
 the dean of the painters and brought with him 
 the first masters in painting; they showed me 
 great honour, received me most courteously, and 
 commended to me their good-will and service, 
 and supped with me. On Wednesday early they 
 took me to the tower of St. John's, whence I looked 
 all over the great and wonderful town, where 
 I had just been treated as a great person. After- 
 wards I saw the Jan [Van Eyck's] picfture, which 
 is a very splendid, deeply studied painting, and 
 especially the "Eve," the "Mary," and "God the 
 Father" were extremely good. Then I saw the 
 lions and drew one of them in silverpoint; also I 
 saw on the bridge, where men are beheaded, two 
 
 79 
 
Journey picftures which were made as a sign that there a 
 in the son had beheaded his father. Ghent is beautiful 
 Nether- and a wonderful town; four great waters flow 
 lands through it. I gave 3 stivers as a tip to the sacris- 
 tan and the lions' keeper. I saw many other re- 
 markable things in Ghent, and the painters with 
 their dean did not forget me, but ate with me 
 morning and evening, and paid for everything, 
 and were very friendly. I gave away 5 stivers at 
 the inn on leaving. Then early on Thursday I set 
 out from Ghent and came through various vil- 
 lages to the inn called "The Swan," where we 
 breakfasted ; thence we passed through a beau- 
 tiful village and came to Antwerp, and I paid 8 
 stivers for the fare. 
 
 AT ANTWERP 
 
 April II -May 17, 1^21 
 
 I HAVE taken 4 florins for works of art ; changed 
 one florin for expenses. Have taken the por- 
 trait of Hans Lieber of Ulm in charcoal; he 
 wished to pay me i florin, but I would not take 
 it. Gave 7 stivers for wood and i stiver for bring- 
 ing it; changed i florin for expenses. In the third 
 week after Easter a violent fever came upon me 
 with great weakness, nausea, and headache ; and 
 before, when I was in Zeeland, a strange illness 
 overcame me such as I never heard of from 
 80 
 
anyone, and this illness I have still. I paid 6 stivers Journey 
 for a case. The monk has bound two books for in the 
 me for the prints which I gave him. I have given Nether- 
 lo florins, 8 stivers for a piece of arras for two l^nds 
 mantles for my mother-in-law and my wife. I 
 gave the docftor 8 stivers, and 3 stivers to the 
 apothecary, also changed i florin for expenses 
 and spent 3 stivers in company. Paid the doc- 
 tor 10 stivers; again paid the docflor 6 stivers. 
 During my illness Rodrigo sent me many sweet- 
 meats; I gave the boy 4 stivers for a tip. I have 
 drawn Master Joachim [Patinir] in silverpoint, 
 and made him besides another likeness in sil- 
 verpoint. Again changed a crown for expenses, 
 and again i florin for expenses. Paid the doc- 
 tor 6 stivers, and 7 stivers at the apothecary's; 
 changed i florin for expenses. For packing the 
 third bale, which I sent from Antwerp to Nu- 
 remberg by a carrier called Hans Staber, I paid 
 13 stivers, and I paid the carrier i florin for it, and 
 I agreed with him to take it from Antwerp to 
 Nuremberg for i florin, i ort, per cwt., and this 
 bale is to be taken to Herr Hans Imhof, the elder. 
 I have paid the docftor, the apothecary, and the 
 barber 14 stivers. I gave Master Jacob, the sur- 
 geon, 4 florins' worth of prints. I have made a 
 portrait in charcoal of Thomas Polonius of Rome. 
 My camlet cloak came to twenty-one Brabant 
 ells, which are three fmger breadths longer than 
 the Nuremberg ells. I have also bought four black 
 
 81 
 
Journey Spanish skins, which cost 3 stivers each, and they 
 
 in the come to 34, that makes 10 florins, 2 stivers; I paid 
 
 Nether- the skinner [furrier] i florin to make them up, 
 
 lands tPjgj^ there were two ells of velvet for trimming, 
 
 3 florins; also for silk cord and thread, 34 stivers; 
 
 then the tailor's wage, 30 stivers; the camlet 
 
 which is in the cloak cost 14^ florins, and the boy 
 
 3 stivers for a tip. 
 
 Cross Sunday after Easter; from this I start a 
 fresh account. Again paid the docftor 6 stivers; I 
 have gained 53 stivers for works of art, and have 
 taken them for expenses. On Sunday before Holy 
 Cross Week, Master Joachim [Patinir], the good 
 landscape painter, asked me to his wedding, and 
 showed me all honour; there I saw two beauti- 
 ful plays, the first was especially pious and de- 
 vout. I again paid the docftor 6 stivers, and have 
 changed i florin for expenses. On Sunday after 
 Our Lord's Ascension, Master Dietrich, the glass 
 painter of Antwerp, invited me and asked many 
 other people to meet me, and especially among 
 them Alexander, the goldsmith, a rich, stately 
 man, and we had a splendid dinner, and they did 
 me great honour. I have done in charcoal the 
 portrait of Master Marx, the goldsmith, who lives 
 at Bruges. I bought a broad cap for ^6 stivers. I 
 paid Paul Geiger i florin to take my little chest 
 to Nuremberg, and 4 stivers for the letter. I have 
 taken the portrait of Ambrosius Hochstatter in 
 charcoal, and I dined with him; I have dined at 
 82 
 
lands 
 
 least six times with Tomasin. I bought some Journey 
 wooden dishes and platters for 3 stivers. 1 have in the 
 given the apothecary 12 stivers, I have given Nether- 
 two books of the "Life of Our Lady," one to 
 the foreign surgeon, the other to Marx's house 
 servant; I also paid the docftor 8 stivers, and gave 
 4 stivers for cleaning an old cap. Lost 4 stivers at 
 play; have given 2 florins for a new cap. I have 
 changed the old cap because it was clumsy, and 
 have given 6 stivers more for another. Painted 
 a portrait of the duke in oils; have made a very 
 fine and careful portrait in oils of the treasurer, 
 Lorenz Sterk; it was worth 23 florins. I presented 
 it to him, and in return he gave me 20 florins, and 
 to Susanna i florin for a tip. Likewise I painted 
 the portrait of Jobst, my host, very well and care- 
 fully in oils; he has now given me [the portrait 
 I did of him before?] and I have done his wife 
 again and painted her portrait in oils. 
 
 On the Friday before Whitsuntide, 152 1, tidings 
 came to me at Antwerp that Martin Luther had 
 been so treacherously taken prisoner, for he 
 trusted the Emperor Charles's herald, who had 
 been granted to him with the Imperial safe con- 
 duct, but as soon as the herald had brought him 
 near Eisenach, to an unfriendly place, he said that 
 he would not need him anymore and rode away. 
 Immediately there appeared ten knights, who 
 treacherously carried off the pious man, who had 
 been betrayed ; a man enlightened by the Holy 
 
 83 
 
Journey Ghost, a follower of Christ and of the true Chris- 
 in the tian faith, and whether he lives yet or whether 
 Nether- they have put him to death, I know not. If he 
 lands Yia.s suffered, it is for the sake of Christian truth 
 and because he has fought with the un-Christlike 
 papacy, which strives with its heavy load of hu- 
 man laws against the redemption of Christ; and if 
 so, it is that we maybe again robbed and stripped 
 of the fruit of our blood and sweat, that the same 
 may be shamelessly and scandalously squan- 
 dered by lazy folk while poor and sick men must 
 therefore die of hunger. And this is above all 
 most grievous to me, that God perhaps will let 
 us remain yet under their false, blind dodlrine, 
 invented and set forth by the men whom they 
 call "Fathers," through whom the Word of God 
 is in many places falsely expounded or not taught 
 at all. O God of Heaven, have pity on us, O Lord 
 Jesus Christ, pray for Thy people. Deliver us in 
 due time, uphold in us the right and true Chris- 
 tian Faith. Gather together Thy far scattered 
 sheep by Thy voice, in the Scripture called Thy 
 godly Word. Help us that we may know this Thy 
 voice and may follow no other deceiving call of 
 human error, that we may not. Lord Jesus Christ, 
 fall away from Thee. Call together again the 
 sheep of Thy pasture, who are still in part found 
 in the Roman Church, and with them, too, the 
 Indians, Muscovites, Russians, and Greeks, who 
 have been thus cut off by the oppression and 
 84 
 
pride of the pope and by false appearance of ho- Journey 
 liness. O God, redeem thy poor folk constrained in the 
 by heavy ban and edicft which it no wise will- Nether- 
 ingly obeys, whereby it is bound continually to l^nds 
 sin against its conscience if it disobeys them. O 
 God, never hast Thou so heavily burdened a peo- 
 ple under human laws as us poor ones beneath 
 the Roman chair, who daily long to be free Chris- 
 tians ransomed by Thy blood. O Highest Heav- 
 enly Father, pour into our hearts through Thy 
 Son Jesus Christ such a light, that we may know 
 thereby which messenger we are to obey, so 
 that with good conscience we may lay aside the 
 burdens of others, and may serve Thee, Eternal 
 Heavenly Father, with free and joyful heart. And 
 if we lose this man, who has written more clearly 
 than anyone in a hundred and forty years, and to 
 whom Thou hast given such an evangelic spirit, 
 we pray Thee, O Heavenly Father, that Thou 
 give again Thy spirit to another, that he may 
 gather together anew from all parts the holy 
 Christian Church, that we may all live again in 
 a pure and Christian manner, so that from our 
 good works all unbelievers,with Turks, heathens, 
 and Calicuts, may turn themselves to us and 
 embrace the Christian faith. But, Lord, Thou 
 wiliest, ere Thou judgest, that as Thy Son Jesus 
 Christ was constrained to die by the hands of the 
 priests and rise from the dead and after to ascend 
 to heaven, that so too, in like manner, it should 
 
 8j 
 
Journey be with Thy follower, Martin Luther, whose life 
 in the the pope compasses, with money, treacherously 
 Nether- towards God, him. Thou wilt quicken again. And 
 lands ^5 Thou, Lord, ordainedst that Jerusalem should 
 be destroyed, so wilt Thou also destroy this self- 
 assumed authority of the Roman chair. O Lord, 
 give us thereafter the new beautified Jerusa- 
 lem, which descends from heaven, whereof the 
 Apocalypse writes, the holy pure gospel which 
 is not darkened by human docftrine. 
 
 Whoever reads Martin Luther's books may see 
 how clear and transparent his docftrine is, for he 
 teaches the Holy Gospel. Wherefore his writings 
 are to be held in the greatest honour, and not to 
 be burned ; unless, indeed, his opponents, who al- 
 ways fight against the truth, were also cast into 
 the fire with all their opinions, they who would 
 make gods out of men, but then only if there 
 were printed new Lutheran books. "O God, if 
 Luther be dead, who will henceforth expound 
 the Holy Gospel so clearly to us! Ah, God, what 
 might he not have written for us in the next ten or 
 twenty years!" "Oh, all ye pious Christian men, 
 help me to lament this God-inspired man and 
 pray to Him that He will send us another enlight- 
 ened man. Oh, Erasmus of Rotterdam, where wilt 
 thou stay? Dost thou see how the unjust tyranny 
 of worldly power and the might of darkness pre- 
 vail? Hear, thou knight of Christ, ride on beside 
 the Lord Jesus; guard the truth, win the martyr's 
 86 
 
crown! Thou art already only a little old man, Journey 
 and I have heard thee say that thou givest thy- in the 
 self but two years more in which thou mayest Nether- 
 avail to accomplish something. Lay out the same '^nds 
 now well for the gospel and the true Christian 
 Faith and make thyself heard, so shall the gates 
 of hell, the Roman Chair, as Christ says, in no 
 wise prevail against thee; and if here, like thy 
 Master Christ, thou wert to suffer shame at the 
 hands of the liars of this time and therefore wert 
 to die a little sooner, the sooner wouldst thou 
 come from death into life and be glorified through 
 Christ. For if thou drinkest out of the cup whereof 
 He drank, with Him thou shalt reign, and judge 
 with justice those who have dealt unrighteously. 
 Oh, Erasmus, hold to this, that God may be thy 
 praise, even as it is written of David, for verily 
 thou mayest overthrow Goliath. For God stands 
 by the Holy Christian Church, as He only up- 
 holds the Romish Church according to His Godly 
 will [text here corrupt]. May He help us to ever- 
 lasting happiness, Who is God the Father, the 
 Son, and the Holy Ghost, one God, Amen. Oh, ye 
 Christian men, pray God for help, for His judge- 
 ment draws near and His justice shall appear. 
 Then shall we behold the innocent blood which 
 the pope, priests, bishops, and monks have shed, 
 judged and condemned. Apocalypse: "These 
 are the slain who lie beneath the altar of God 
 and cry for vengeance, to whom the voice of 
 
 87 
 
Journey God answers, Await the full number of the inno- 
 
 in the cent slain, then will I judge." 
 
 Nether- Again changed i florin for expenses, and gave 
 
 lands ^j^g docftor 8 stivers; dined twice with Rodrigo; 
 dined with the rich canon ; changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. I had Master Conrad, the sculptor of Mech- 
 lin, as a guest on Whitsunday; paid i8 stivers for 
 Italian prints: again 6 stivers to the dodlor. For 
 Master Joachim I have drawn four " St. Christo- 
 phers" on grey paper, heightened with white. 
 On the last day of Whitsuntide I was at Antwerp 
 at the great yearly horse-fair; there I saw a great 
 number of beautiful stallions ridden, and two 
 stallions in particular were sold for 700 florins. I 
 have taken i florin, 3 ort, for prints and used the 
 money for expenses; 4 stivers to the docftor, 3 
 stivers for two little books. I have dined thrice 
 with Tomasin. I have designed three dagger 
 grips for him, and he gave me a small alabaster 
 bowl. I have taken the portrait in charcoal of an 
 English nobleman, who gave me i florin which I 
 changed for expenses. Master Gerhardt, the min- 
 iature painter, has a daughter about eighteen 
 years old, called Susanna, who has illuminated 
 a little page with a Saviour, for which I gave her 
 I florin. It is very wonderful that a woman's 
 picfture should be so good. Have lost 6 stivers 
 at play. I saw the great procession at Antwerp 
 on Holy Trinity Day. Master Conrad has given 
 me a beautiful pair of knives, and so I gave his 
 88 
 
little old man a " Life of Our Lady" in return. I Journey 
 have taken the portrait in charcoal of Johann, in the 
 the Brussels goldsmith, likewise his wife's. I have Nether- 
 received 2 florins for prints, also Master Johann, '^nds 
 the Brussels goldsmith, paid me 3 Philip's flor- 
 ins for what I did for him, namely, the drawing 
 for the seal and the two portraits. I have given 
 the "Veronica" which I painted in oils, and the 
 "Adam and Eve" that Franz did to Johann, the 
 goldsmith, in return for a jacinth and an agate 
 with a Lucrecia engraved in it. Each of us valued 
 his portion at 14 florins. Further, I gave him a 
 whole set of engravings for a ring and six stones; 
 each valued his portion at 7 florins. Gave 14 stivers 
 for two pairs of gloves ; gave 2 stivers for two 
 small boxes; changed 2 Philip's florins for ex- 
 penses. I drew three "Bearing of the Cross" and 
 two "Mount of Olives" on five half-sheets. I have 
 taken three portraits in black and white on grey 
 paper, also I drew in black and white on grey 
 paper, two Netherlandish costumes. For the Eng- 
 lishman I have painted his arms in colours, for 
 which he gave me i florin. Besides this, one way 
 and another, I have done many drawings and 
 other things to serve people, and for the greater 
 part of my work I have received nothing. An- 
 dreas of Cracow paid me i Philip's florin for a 
 shield and a child's head. Changed i florin for ex- 
 penses. Have given 2 stivers for sweeping brushes. 
 At Antwerp I saw the great procession on Cor- 
 
 89 
 
Journey pus Christi Day, which was very splendid. Gave 
 
 in the 4 stivers for a tip and 6 stivers to the docftor; 
 
 Nether- changed i florin for expenses; i stiver for a box. 
 
 lands Have dined five times with Tomasin; paid 10 
 stivers to the apothecary and to his wife 14 sti- 
 vers for the clyster, and i^ stivers to him for the 
 prescription. Again changed 2 Philip's florins for 
 expenses; 6 stivers again to the docftor, and once 
 more 10 stivers for a clyster to the apothecary's 
 wife, and 4 stivers to the apothecary. I gave the 
 monk who confessed my wife 8 stivers. I have 
 given 8 florins for a whole piece of arras, and again 
 for fourteen ells of fine arras, 8 florins ; the apothe- 
 cary 32 stivers for medicines; to the messenger I 
 have given 3 stivers and the tailor 4 stivers. I have 
 dined once with Hans Fehler, and thrice with 
 Tomasin. Gave 10 stivers for packing. On the 
 Wednesday after Corpus Christi in the year 1^21, 
 I gave over my great bale at Antwerp to be sent 
 to Nuremberg, to the carrier, by name Kunz Metz 
 of Schlaudersdorf, and I am to pay him for car- 
 rying it to Nuremberg 1% florins for every cwt., 
 and I paid him i gulden on account, and he is 
 to hand it over to Herr Hans Imhof, the elder. I 
 have done the portrait of young Jacob Reh- 
 linger at Antwerp ; have dined three times with 
 Tomasin. 
 
 On the eighth day after Corpus Christi I went 
 with my wife to Mechlin to Lady Margaret; took 
 ^ florins with me for expenses ; my wife changed 
 90 
 
1 florin for expenses. At Mechlin I lodged with Journey 
 Master Heinrich, the painter, at the sign of the in the 
 Golden Head. The painters and sculptors made Nether- 
 me their guest at my inn, and did me great J^nds 
 honour in their gathering; and I visited the Pop- 
 penreuter's, the gun-maker's house, and found 
 wonderful things there. And I have been to Lady 
 Margaret's, and I let her see my Kaiser, and would 
 have presented it to her, but she disliked it so 
 much that I took it away again. And on Friday 
 Lady Margaret showed me all her beautiful 
 things, and among them I saw about forty small 
 picftures in oils, the like of which for cleanness 
 and excellence I have never seen. And there I 
 saw other good works by Jan [Van Eyck] and 
 Jacopo [de'Barbari]. I asked my lady for Jacopo's 
 little book, but she said she had promised it to 
 her painter; then I saw many other costly things 
 and a fine library. Master Hans Poppenreuter in- 
 vited me as his guest. I have had Master Conrad 
 twice, and his wife once, as my guests, also the 
 chamberlain Stephen and his wife, both as guests. 
 17 stivers and 2 stivers for fare. I have taken in 
 charcoal the portrait of Stephen, the chamberlain, 
 and Master Conrad, the carver, and on Saturday 
 I came back from Mechlin to Antwerp. 
 
 My trunk started on the Saturday after Corpus 
 Christi week. Changed i florin for expenses, gave 
 the messenger 3 stivers. Dined twice with the Au- 
 gustines; dined with Alexander Imhof; paid 6 sti- 
 
 91 
 
Journey vers at the apothecary's; dined again with the 
 in the Augustines. I have drawn in charcoal Master ]a- 
 Nether- cob, and had a little panel made for it, which 
 lands cost 6 stivers, and gave it to him. I have done the 
 portrait of Bernhard Stecher and his wife, and 
 gave him a whole set of prints, and I took his 
 wife's portrait again, and gave 6 stivers for mak- 
 ing the little panel, all of which I gave him, and 
 he in return gave me lo florins. Master Lucas, 
 who engraves in copper, invited me as his guest. 
 He is a little man, born at Leyden, in Holland, 
 and was at Antwerp. I have eaten with Master 
 Bernhard Stecher. Gave \% stivers to the messen- 
 ger; have taken i florin, i ort, for prints. I have 
 drawn Master Lucas von Leyden in silverpoint. 
 I have lost i florin; paid the docftor 6 stivers and 
 again 6 stivers. I gave the steward of the Augus- 
 tines' Convent at Antwerp a " Life of Our Lady," 
 and 4 stivers to his man. I have given Master 
 Jacob a copper " Passion" and a wood "Passion," 
 and five other pieces, and 4 stivers to his man ; 
 have changed 4 florins for expenses; gave 2 
 Philip's florins for fourteen fish skins ; made por- 
 traits in black chalk of Art Braun and his wife. I 
 gave the goldsmith who valued the ring for me 
 I florin's worth of prints ; of the three rings which 
 I took in exchange for prints, the two smaller 
 are valued at 15 crowns, but the sapphire at 23 
 crowns; that makes ^4 florins, 8 stivers; and what, 
 amongst other things, the above Frenchman took 
 92 
 
was thirty-six large books, which makes 9 flor- 
 ins. Have given 2 stivers for a screw knife. 
 
 The man with the three rings has overreached Nether- 
 me by a half. I understood nothing in the matter, '^nds 
 I gave 18 stivers for a red cap for my godchild; 
 lost 12 stivers at play; drank 2 stivers, bought 
 three fine small rubies for 1 1 gold florins, 1 2 stivers ; 
 changed i florin for expenses. Dined again with 
 the Augustines ; dined twice with Tomasin, I gave 
 6 stivers for thirteen porpoise-bristle brushes, and 
 3 stivers for six bristle brushes. I have made a 
 careful portrait in black chalk on a royal sheet 
 of the great Anthony Hainault, and I have done 
 careful portraits in black chalk of Braun and his 
 wife on royal sheets, and I have done another one 
 of him in silverpoint; he has given me an angel. 
 Changed i florin for expenses, paid i florin for a 
 pair of shoes; gave 6 stivers for an inkstand. I gave 
 12 stivers for a case for packing; 21 stivers for one 
 dozen ladies' gloves; 6 stivers for a bag; 3 stivers 
 for three bristle brushes ; changed i florin for ex- 
 penses ; gave i stiver for a piece of fine red leather. 
 Anthony Hainault, whose portrait I did, has given 
 me 3 Philip's florins, and Bernhard Stecher has 
 made me a present of a tortoise shell; I have 
 done the portrait of his wife's niece; dined once 
 with her husband and he gave me 2 Philip's 
 florins ; gave i stiver for a tip. I have given An- 
 thony Hainault two books ; received 13 stivers for 
 prints. I have given Master Joachim the Hans 
 
Journey Griin woodcut. I have changed 3 Philip's florins for 
 in the expenses; dined twice with Bernhard Stecher; 
 Nether- again twice with Tomasin. I have given Jobst's 
 lands ^jfg four woodcuts ; gave Friedrich, Jobst's man, 
 two large books ; gave glazier Hennick's son two 
 books. Rodrigo gave me one of the parrots which 
 they bring from Malacca, and I gave his man 5 
 stivers for a tip. Again dined twice with Toma- 
 sin; have given 2 stivers for a little cage, 3 stivers 
 for one pair of socks, and 4 stivers for eight little 
 boards. I gave Peter two whole sheet engravings 
 and one sheet of woodcut. Again dined twice 
 with Tomasin; changed i florin for expenses. I 
 gave Master Art, the glass painter, a " Life of Our 
 Lady," and I gave Master Jean, the French sculp- 
 tor, a whole set of prints ; he gave my wife six little 
 glasses with rose water ; they are very finely made. 
 Bought a packing-case for 7 stivers; changed i 
 florin for expenses; have given 7 stivers for a cut 
 [leather] bag. Cornelius, the secretary, has given 
 me Luther's "Babylonian Captivity;" in return 
 I gave him my three big books. I gave Peter Puz, 
 the monk, one florin's worth of prints; to the glass 
 painter, Hennick, I gave two large books; gave 
 4 stivers for a piece of glazed calico; changed i 
 Philip's florin for expenses. I gave 8 florins' worth 
 of my prints for a whole set of Lucas's engrav- 
 ings; again changed i Philip's florin for expenses. 
 I gave 8 stivers for a bag and 7 stivers for half 
 a dozen Netherlandish cards, and 3 stivers for a 
 94 
 
small yellow post-horn. I paid 24 stivers for meat, Journey 
 12 stivers for coarse cloth, and again j stivers for in the 
 coarse cloth. Have eaten twice with Tomasin. I Nether- 
 gave I stiver to Peter; gave 7 stivers for a pres- l^^ds 
 ent and 3 stivers for sacking. Rodrigo has pre- 
 sented me with six ells of coarse black cloth for a 
 cape; it cost a crown an ell. Changed 2 florins for 
 expenses; gave the tailor's man 2 stivers for a tip. 
 I have reckoned up with Jobst and I owe him 31 
 florins, which I paid him. Therein were charged 
 and deducfted two portrait heads which I painted 
 in oils, for which he gave me five pounds of borax, 
 Netherlandish weight. 
 
 In all my doings, spendings, sales, and other 
 dealings in the Netherlands, in all my affairs with 
 high and low, I have suffered loss, and Lady 
 Margaret in particular gave me nothing for what 
 I gave her and did for her. This settlement with 
 Jobst was made on SS. Peter and Paul's Day. I 
 gave Rodrigo's man 7 stivers for a tip. I have 
 given Master Hennick an engraved " Passion ; " he 
 gave me some burning pastilles. I had to pay the 
 tailor 15 stivers for making up the cape. I have 
 engaged a carrier to take me from Antwerp to 
 Cologne. I am to pay him 13 light florins, each 
 of 24 stivers, and am to pay besides the expenses 
 for a man and a boy. Jacob Rehlinger has given 
 me I ducat for his charcoal portrait. Gerhard has 
 given me two little pots with capers and olives, 
 for which I gave 4 stivers as a tip. Gave Rodrigo's 
 
 95 
 
Journey man i stiver. I have given my portrait of the Em- 
 in the peror in exchange for a white English cloth which 
 Nether- Jacob, Tomasin's son-in-law, gave me. Alexander 
 lands Imhof has lent me a full hundred gold florins, 
 on the Eve of Our Lady's Crossing the Moun- 
 tains, IJ2I. For this I have given him my sealed 
 signature, which he will have presented to me 
 at Nuremberg, when I will pay him back with 
 thanks. Gave 6 stivers for a pair of shoes ; paid the 
 apothecary ii stivers, paid 3 stivers for cord. In 
 Tomasin's kitchen I gave away a Philip's florin 
 in leaving gifts, and I gave his maiden daughter 
 a gold florin on leaving. I have dined thrice with 
 him. I gave Jobst's wife a florin and i florin in the 
 kitchen for leaving gifts, also I gave 2 stivers to 
 the packers. Tomasin has given me a small jar 
 full of the best theriac. Changed 3 florins for ex- 
 penses ; gave the house servant 10 stivers on leav- 
 ing; gave Peter i stiver; gave 2 stivers for a tip. 
 I gave 3 stivers to Master Jacob's man; 4 stivers 
 for sacking; gave Peter i stiver; gave the mes- 
 senger 3 stivers. 
 
 On Our Lady's Visitation, when I was just leav- 
 ing Antwerp, the King of Denmark sent for me 
 to come to him at once, to do his portrait; this 
 I did in charcoal, and I did the portrait, too, of 
 his servant Anthony, and I had to dine with the 
 King, who showed himself very gracious to me. 
 I have entrusted my bale to Leonhard Tucher 
 and given over to him my white cloth. The car- 
 96 
 
rier with whom I bargained, did not take me; I Journey 
 fell out with him. Gerhard has given me some in the 
 Italian seeds. I gave the new carrier to take home Nether- 
 the great turtle shell, the fish shield, the long I^nds 
 pipe, the long shield, the fish fins, and the two 
 little casks of lemons and capers, on Our Lady's 
 Visitation Day, ij2i. 
 
 Next day we set out for Brussels on the King 
 of Denmark's business, and I engaged a driver, 
 to whom I gave 2 florins. I presented to the King 
 of Denmark the best pieces of all my prints, 
 they are worth 5 florins. Changed 2 florins for ex- 
 penses; paid I stiver for a dish and basket. I saw, 
 too, how the people of Antwerp wondered very 
 much when they saw the King of Denmark, that 
 he was such a manly, handsome man, and that 
 he had come hither with only two companions 
 through his enemies' country. I saw, too, how the 
 Emperor rode forth from Brussels to meet him 
 and received him honourably and with great 
 pomp. Then I saw the noble costly banquet that 
 the Emperor and Lady Margaret held next day. 
 Paid 2 stivers for a pair of gloves. Herr Anthony 
 paid me 12 Horn florins, of which I gave 2 Horn 
 florins to the painter for the little panel to paint 
 the portrait on, and 2 Horn florins for having col- 
 ours rubbed for me; the other 8 Horn florins I took 
 for expenses. On the Sunday before St. Marga- 
 ret's Day, the King of Denmark gave a great ban- 
 quet to the Emperor, Lady Margaret, and the 
 
 97 
 
Journey Queen of Spain, and invited me, and I dined there 
 in the also. Paid 12 stivers for the King's frame, and I 
 Nether- painted the King in oils, — he has given me 30 
 lands florins. I gave 2 stivers to the young man called 
 Bartholomew, who rubbed the colours for me; I 
 bought a little glass jar which once belonged to 
 the King for 2 stivers. Paid 2 stivers for a tip; gave 
 2 stivers for the engraved goblets. I have given 
 Master Jan's boy four half-sheets, and to the mas- 
 ter-painter's boy an " Apocalypse " and four half- 
 sheets. Thomas of Bologna has given me one 
 or two Italian prints; I have also bought one for 
 I stiver. Master Jobst, the tailor, invited me and I 
 supped with him. I have paid for the hire of a 
 room at Brussels for eight days, 3 2 stivers. I have 
 given an engraved " Passion" to the wife of Mas- 
 ter Jan, the goldsmith, with whom I dined three 
 times. I gave another " Life of Our Lady " to Bar- 
 tholomew, the painter's apprentice; I have dined 
 with Herr Nicolas Ziegler, and gave i stiver to 
 Master Jan's servant. Because of being unable 
 to get a carriage, I have stayed on two days in 
 Brussels; paid i stiver for a pair of socks. 
 
 On Friday morning early I started from Brus- 
 sels, and I am to pay the driver 10 florins. I paid 
 my hostess 5 stivers more for the single night. 
 From there we rode through two villages and 
 came to Louvain; breakfasted, and spent 13 sti- 
 vers. Thence we journeyed through three vil- 
 lages and came to Thienen, which is a little town. 
 
and lay the night there, and I spent 9 stivers. From Journey 
 there, early on St. Margaret's Day, we travelled in the 
 through two villages and came to a town which Nether- 
 is called St. Truyen, where they are building a I^rids 
 large, well-designed church tower, quite new. 
 From thence we went on past some poor houses 
 and came to a little town, Tongeren; there we 
 had our morning meal, and spent all together, 6 
 stivers. From thence we went through a village 
 and some poor houses and came to Maestricht, 
 where I lay the night, and spent 12 stivers, and 
 2 blanke besides, for watch money. Thence we 
 journeyed early on Sunday to Aachen, where we 
 ate and spent all together 14 stivers. Thence we 
 travelled to Altenburg, taking six hours, because 
 the driver did not know the way and went wrong ; 
 there we stayed for the night and spent 6 stivers. 
 On Monday early we travelled through Julich, 
 a town, and came to Bergheim, where we ate 
 and drank, and spent 3 stivers. Thence we jour- 
 neyed through three more villages and came to 
 Cologne. 
 
 Translated by Rudolph Tombo, Ph.D. 
 
 99 
 
NOTES 
 
NOTES 
 
 To the Introducflion 
 
 Page xi, line ii. "power." 
 
 "I saw also that Death smote her two great 
 
 strokes to the heart." 
 
 Page xvi, line 29. "representation." 
 Nothing in Diirer's engraved work can compare 
 for unity and expressive purposefulness of dispo- 
 sition with Schongauer's engraving of the Virgin 
 and Child. 
 
 Page xix, line 16. "design." 
 It is only fair to state that in the Genius of Time 
 the empty and inflated drapery over the chest 
 in the original is greatly improved by Diirer, who 
 gives the torso more plastic relief, but even here 
 the relation of the body to the legs lacks the 
 continuity of the Tarrocchi engraving. 
 
 Page XXV, line 11. "art." 
 
 Some caution, however, is necessary here, for one 
 of the drawings that upon internal evidences of 
 style we should most certainly have attributed 
 to the period of Diirer's stay in the Netherlands 
 is now known to represent Paul Hofhaimer, the 
 court organist, whom he met at Augsburg inijiS. 
 It would almost seem as though the attraction 
 of Netherlandish art had already begun to work 
 upon him before the journey took place. 
 
 103 
 
Notes To Letter I 
 
 Page 3, line 13. "Those," 
 
 Opinions differ as to whether this refers to the Ger- 
 mans, or to the Italian shopkeepers on the Riva. 
 Page 4, line 3. "debt." 
 
 Pirkheimer had lent Durer money for the Italian 
 journey. 
 
 Page 4, line 8. "Germans." 
 This is the "Madonna of the Rose Garlands," 
 painted for the chapel of S. Bartolommeo, the 
 burial-place of the German colony. About the 
 year 1600 it was bought for a high price by the 
 Emperor Rudolf II, who is said to have had it 
 carried by four men allthe way to Prague to avoid 
 the risk of damage in transport. It now belongs 
 to the Strahow monastery at Prague. It has suf- 
 fered serious damage, but still remains one of the 
 most important of all Diirer's works. 
 
 Page 4, line 10. "five." 
 
 How far out he was in his calculations will be 
 
 seen from subsequent letters. 
 
 Page 4, line 20. "art." 
 
 That is, the engravings and woodcuts from which 
 Diirer drew a steady income throughout his ar- 
 tistic career. 
 
 Page 4, line 22. "Pfmzing." 
 Pfmzing had lent Diirer 118 gulden on the secur- 
 ity of his father's house. 
 104 
 
To Letter II Notes 
 
 Page 5, line i6, "wont." 
 
 Diirer's portrait of his prematurely aged mother 
 
 fully confirms this observation. 
 
 Page 6, line 22. "Bellini." 
 
 The characfter of Bellini agrees with all we know 
 of him. Camerarius tells an amusing story of 
 the two artists, to the effecft that Bellini once 
 asked Diirer for one of the brushes with which he 
 painted hairs. Diirer produced several quite ordi- 
 nary brushes and offered them to Bellini. Bellini 
 replied that he did not mean those, but some 
 brush with the hairs divided which would enable 
 him to draw a number of fine parallel lines such 
 as Diirer did, Diirer assured him that he used no 
 special kind, and proceeded to draw a number 
 of long wavy lines like tresses with such absolute 
 regularity and parallelism that Bellini declared 
 that nothing but seeing it done would have con- 
 vinced him that such a feat of skill was possible. 
 
 Page 6, last line, "thing." 
 
 It is impossible to do more than guess at the 
 meaning of this passage. The main difference in 
 Venetian art between 1494, when Diirer was first 
 in Venice, and 1^06 was the emergence of Gior- 
 gione and the new styles which he, Titian, and 
 Palma were creating. But if Diirer refers here to 
 this, he would hardly have said that Bellini was 
 the best painter of all, since Bellini stood, on the 
 
 10^ 
 
Notes whole, for the older tradition. Nor indeed would 
 Diirer be likely to be fascinated by a style so 
 far removed from his own. It is more likely that 
 it refers to the same subjecft as the following 
 sentence, and that the "thing" is some work by 
 Jacopo de' Barbari seen by Diirer eleven years 
 before, and at that time extravagantly admired. 
 
 Page 7, line 20. "ninth." 
 
 Reckoning from sunset, at this season would be 
 
 about 2.30 a.m. 
 
 To Letter III 
 
 Page 8, line 7. "picftures." 
 
 Probably small picftures which he brought with 
 
 him from Nuremberg. 
 
 To Letter IV 
 
 Page 10, line 7. "marcelli." 
 
 A Venetian coin worth 10 soldi. 
 
 Page II, line 11. "again." 
 That is, on approval. 
 
 Page II, line 21. "Council." 
 The Town Council of Nuremberg, which appar- 
 ently watched the careers of Nuremberg stu- 
 dents studying abroad. 
 106 
 
To Letter V Notes 
 
 Page 12, line 9. "ring." 
 
 This was the ring mentioned in Letter III. It had 
 not been ordered by Pirkheimer, but was sent 
 by Diirer on the chance of its pleasing. 
 
 Page 12, line 16. "rings." 
 
 The diamond and ruby rings of Letter III, where 
 
 they are provisionally valued at 10 ducats. 
 
 Page 13, line 11. "School." 
 The "Scuola" or guild of the painters. 
 It is a little curious that Diirer should have re- 
 garded this as an unfriendly acfl, since it was an 
 almost universal rule at this period that foreign 
 painters must be enrolled in the local school be- 
 fore pracflising in a town. The Nuremberg guild 
 may have been less stricft. 
 
 Page 13, line i^. "Whitsuntide." 
 It was not finished till September. The price 
 paid was low considering the size and complex- 
 ity of the work. Bellini at this time received 100 
 ducats for a large picfture. 
 
 Page 13, line 19. "away." 
 
 To Nuremberg. Literally "up there." 
 
 Page 13, line 26. "Wolgemut." 
 Michael Wolgemut, Diirer's master. 
 
 Page 13, line 27. "brother." 
 Hans Diirer, who was fifteen at this date. He be- 
 
 107 
 
Notes came a painter of second-rate ability, and after- 
 wards helped Albrecht in the decoration of the 
 Emperor Maximilian's prayer book. 
 
 Page 14, line 13. "sell." 
 That is, Diirer's engravings. 
 
 To Letter VI 
 Page 1^, line 4. "ring." 
 See Letter IV. 
 Page i^, line 12. "here." 
 Here follows drawing in the original. 
 
 Page I J, line 22. "Imhof." 
 
 Hans Imhof, the elder, at Nuremberg; the youn- 
 ger Imhof was in Venice. 
 
 To Letter VII 
 Page 16, line 11. "To." 
 
 The first four sentences of this letter were writ- 
 ten by Diirer in Italian. 
 Page 16, line 17. "bullies." 
 "Tiraisbuli," meaning doubtful. 
 Page 16, line 22. "Schott's." 
 Kunz Schott, an enemy of the town of Nurem- 
 berg. 
 
 Page 17, line 13. "Weisweber." 
 A Nuremberg general. 
 108 
 
Page i8, line 20, "letter." Notes 
 
 This letter is not known. 
 
 Page 19, line 12. "King." 
 
 Maximilian intended to go to Rome, where he 
 
 was to be crowned Emperor. 
 
 To Letter VIII 
 
 Page 20, line 3. "Margrave." 
 Friedrich of Brandenburg. 
 
 Page 20, line 22. "Kamerer." 
 Nuremberg officer. Pirkheimer was much inter- 
 ested in military matters. 
 
 Page 21, line 5. "Club." 
 
 Literally "chamber," a Trinkhalle frequented by 
 Pirkheimer. Apparently the habitues of the place 
 had sent a chaffing message to Diirer, which he 
 returns in kind by one pretending he had sent 
 olive-wood to fumigate their meeting-place. 
 
 Page 21, line 29. "Doge." 
 
 Lorenzo Loredano, whose portrait by Giovanni 
 
 Bellini is in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Page 21, line 29. "Patriarch." 
 Either the Patriarch of Aquileja, or more prob- 
 ably the Patriarch of Venice, who was a patron 
 of S. Bartolommeo, for which the picflure was 
 destined. 
 
 109 
 
Notes Page 22, line 2. "night." 
 i.oo a.m. 
 
 Page 22, line 7. "princes." 
 
 Or, "You would do better to correspond with 
 
 princes." 
 
 To Letter IX 
 Page 22, line 16. "allegrezza." 
 Joy. In Venetian in original. 
 
 Page 22, line 18. "likewise." 
 Meaning doubtful. 
 
 Page 22, line 20. "quadro." 
 
 Painting. In Venetian in original. Perhaps the 
 
 "Madonna" of the Berlin Gallery. 
 
 To Letter X 
 
 Page 24, line 13. "body." 
 Pirkheimer was thirty-six. 
 
 Page 24, line 16. " vostra." 
 Your. In Latin in original. 
 
 Page 2^, line 9. "Luginsland." 
 A Nuremberg prison. 
 
 Page 2 J, last line. "Pender's." 
 A German inn-keeper, 
 no 
 
Page 26, line 23. "Keppler." Notes 
 
 A Nuremberg bookbinder. 
 
 Page 17, line 4. "lords." 
 The Town Councillors. 
 
 Page 17, line 11. "messenger." 
 He did not return till 1^07. 
 
 To the Diary 
 
 Page 31, line 13. "Virgin," "Apocalypse." 
 This refers to the series of wood-engravings. 
 
 Page 31, line 20. "Hans." 
 
 Hans Wolf, court painter at Bamberg. 
 
 Page ^7, line 23.*" stivers." 
 
 A Netherlandish coin worth about 80 pfennigs. 
 
 Page 38, line 10. "three." 
 
 The third person was the maid Susanna. 
 
 Page ^(), line 21. "Quentin's." 
 Quentin Matsys, the painter. 
 
 Page 39, line 23. "Staiber's." 
 
 Lorenz Staiber, a citizen of Nuremberg. 
 
 Page 40, line 3. "Charles." 
 
 Charles V. 
 
 Page 40, line 22. "Felix." 
 
 Felix Hungersberg. The drawing dated 1520 is in 
 
 the Albertina at Vienna. 
 
 Ill 
 
Notes Page 41, line 3. "Joachim." 
 
 Joachim Patinir, the landscape painter. 
 
 Page 41, line 21. "Erasmus." 
 
 Erasmus of Rotterdam, the humanist. 
 
 Page 41, line 27. "Imagines." 
 
 The woodcuts known as imagines coeli. 
 
 Page 42, line 13. "Nicolas." 
 
 Nicolas Kratzer, whose portrait by Holbein is in 
 
 the Louvre. 
 
 Page 42, line 19. "Philip's." 
 
 A Netherlandish coin worth rather less than a 
 
 Rhenish florin. 
 
 Page 46, line 20. "Conrad." 
 Conrad Meyt, a Swiss sculptor. 
 
 Page 46, last line, "lords." 
 
 The Nuremberg Town Councillors, who were 
 bringing the insignia for the coronation of 
 Charles V. 
 
 Page 47, line 9. "Rogier." 
 Rogier van der Weyden. 
 
 Page 47, line 13. "Erasmus." 
 Not the great Erasmus, but a clerk in the ser- 
 vice of Bannisis. The supplication has reference 
 to Diirer's claim for the continuance of his pen- 
 sion of 100 gulden, which was the main objecft 
 of his journey. 
 
 112 
 
Page 47, line 22, "gold." Notes 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Page 48, line 13. "Nassau's." 
 
 Heinrich VIII, Statthalter of Holland. 
 
 Page 48, line 23. "Luke's." 
 
 Presumably an altar-piece supposed to have 
 
 been painted by St. Luke. 
 
 Page 48, line 15. "Hugo." 
 
 Hugo van der Goes. 
 
 Page 49, line 3. " Bernhard." 
 
 Bernhard van Orley, court painter to the Grand 
 
 Duchess Margaret. 
 
 Page 49, line 19. "Bernhard." 
 
 Probably a study for the portrait in the Dresden 
 
 Gallery. 
 
 Page 49, line 26. "Eulenspiegels." 
 
 The popular "Till Eulenspiegel," which was 
 
 printed at Augsburg, i^ij. 
 
 Page ^3, line 16. "Antwerp." 
 
 Probably the programme for Charles V's entry. 
 
 Page J3, line 29. "magistrates." 
 The giant's name was Brabo— the book is still at 
 Antwerp. 
 
 Page ^4, line 3. "Bologna." 
 Tommaso Vincidor, who came to the Nether- 
 lands on behalf of Leo X to see to the execution 
 of some tapestries. 
 
 113 
 
Notes Page 54, line 12. "sister." 
 
 A mistake of Diirer's ; she was Charles V's aunt. 
 
 Page J4, line 27. "Dialogue." 
 
 Books relating to Luther's docftrines. 
 
 Page 35, line 8. "work." 
 That is, prints after Raphael. 
 
 Page 55, line 14. " crown." 
 Netherlandish coin worth 6.^5 marks. 
 
 Page ^6, line 3. "noble." 
 
 The Rosennobel = 8 marks, 20 pfennigs. The 
 
 Flemish noble = 9 marks, 90 pfennigs. 
 
 Page 56, line 10. " Rome." 
 
 The pillars in the cathedral— they came from 
 
 Theodoric's palace at Ravenna. 
 
 Page 56, line 19. "pf." 
 
 This was to make the silverpoint drawing of the 
 
 cathedral now in the British Museum. 
 
 Page 56, line 22. "Mirror." 
 An inn of that name. 
 
 Page 56, line 27. "sketch-book." 
 
 These sketches are among the Holford drawings. 
 
 Page 37, line 11. "portrait." 
 
 This drawing is on the back of the sketch of 
 
 Aachen. 
 
 Page 58, line 26. "pertele." 
 The word in the original is indecipherable. 
 114 
 
Page 59, line 4. "Cologne." Notes 
 
 The well-known altar-piece by Stephan Loch- 
 ner in the cathedral at Cologne. 
 
 Page J9, last line. "Confirmation." 
 
 The confirmation by Charles V of the pension 
 
 given by Maximilian. 
 
 Page 64, line 8. "Felix." 
 
 This portrait of Felix Hungersberg is in the Al- 
 
 bertina. 
 
 Page 64, line 24. "headcloth." 
 
 A silverpoint drawing of Agnes Diirer in this 
 
 headdress is in the Berlin Print Room. 
 
 Page 68, line 21. "head." 
 
 This can scarcely have been a pidlure; probably 
 a drawing on a thin leaf of prepared wood, such 
 as was used for sketch-books. 
 
 Page 70, line 23. "Knots." 
 
 Woodcuts imitating Leonardo da Vinci's device 
 
 of a Knot. 
 
 Page 71, line 4. "Duke." 
 Frederick the Wise. 
 
 Page 71, line 14. "angel." 
 
 An English coin, equals 2 florins, 2 stivers, Nether- 
 landish. 
 
 Page 72, line 13. "Bombelli's." 
 
 Which was designed by Diirer himself. 
 
 iij 
 
Notes Page 71, line 26. "Johann." 
 
 Jean Mane, a sculptor, afterwards employed by 
 Charles V. 
 
 Page 7 J,, line 20. "Peter." 
 Peter Agidius, the humanist. 
 
 Page 7G, line 16. "Brussels." 
 
 Bernhard van Orley, whose portrait by Diirer is 
 
 in the Dresden Gallery. 
 
 Page 7G, line 23. "wood." 
 
 Guaiac wood, used as a medicine. 
 
 Page 77, line 2. "silverpoint." 
 Now in the UfFizi. 
 
 Page 78, line 17. "Roger." 
 Rogier van der Weyden. 
 
 Page 78, line 17. "Hugo." 
 Hugo van der Goes. 
 
 Page 78, line 18. "alabaster." 
 
 More correcftly marble. The statue is still in this 
 
 church. 
 
 Page 79, line 13. "Van Eyck's." 
 
 The great altar-piece of the " Adoration of the 
 
 Lamb," by Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, in St. 
 
 Baron's. 
 
 Page 81, line 12, "silverpoint." 
 This drawing is at Vienna. 
 
 116 
 
Page 83, line 11. "Duke." Notes 
 
 Probably of Frederick the Wise. 
 
 Page 83, line 11. "treacherously." 
 This was the usual idea at the time. He was 
 really taken by the order of Frederick the Wise 
 in order to protecft him. 
 
 Page 8^, line 17. "forty." 
 
 A reference to John WyclifFe. 
 
 Page 88, line 9. "Joachim." 
 
 Doubtless studies for Patinir to use in his land- 
 scapes. 
 
 Page 88, line 22. "Gerhardt." 
 
 Gerhardt Horebouts, who came afterwards with 
 
 his daughter into the service of Henry VIII. 
 
 Page 90, line 29. "Margaret." 
 The Regent of the Netherlands. 
 
 Page 91, line 8. "Kaiser." 
 
 A painted portrait of the Emperor Maximilian. 
 
 Page 92, line 9. "Lucas." 
 Lucas van Leyden, the artist. 
 
 Page 92, line i^. " silverpoint." 
 In the Museum at Lille. 
 
 Page 94, line 27. "Lucas's." 
 Lucas van Leyden. 
 
 117 
 
Notes Page 96, line i. "Emperor." 
 
 The portrait of Maximilian, which was intended 
 for the Lady Margaret. 
 
 Page 96, line 17. "theriac." 
 An antidote for poison. 
 Page 98, line i. "Spain." 
 Probably Eleanora of Portugal. 
 Page 98, line 3. "oils." 
 This picflure no longer exists. 
 
 Page 99, line 12. "blanke." 
 A silver coin = 2 stivers. 
 
THIS VOLUME 
 
 WITH TITLE-PAGE BY W. A. DWIGGINS 
 
 WAS PRINTED BY D. B. UPDIKE 
 
 AT THE MERRYMOUNT PRESS 
 
 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 IN OCTOBER 
 
 MDCCCC 
 
 XIII 
 
GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
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