GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS 
 
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GREEK 
 VOTIVE OFFERINGS 
 
 AN ESSAY IN THE HISTORY OF 
 GREEK RELIGION. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY DENHAM ROUSE, M.A., 
 
 FORMERLY FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; 
 HEADMASTER OF THE PERSE SCHOOL. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
 1902 
 
Catnfarftgr : 
 
 PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN ancient times Polemon wrote an account of the votive 
 offerings on the Acropolis of Athens in four books 1 , 
 and another of those in Lacedaemon 2 ; Menetor wrote also 
 a book on votive offerings 3 . Since their day the subject has 
 met with scant attention ; there is no general work dealing 
 with it, and I know only of Tomasino's book 4 on Roman 
 votive offerings, the pamphlets of Reisch and Zieinann 9 , and 
 the articles in the Dictionaries of Smith, of Darernberg and 
 Saglio, and in Pauly's Realencyclopadie (Donarium, Donaria). 
 A number of essays have, however, appeared on special parts 
 of the subject, particularly in the archaeological journals, which 
 will be found cited in the notes to this book. Most of them 
 have their value, but it consists chiefly in their collection and 
 presentation of facts. I have not wittingly used the work of 
 others without acknowledgment ; but inasmuch as most of 
 my collections were made before I met with the books and 
 articles alluded to, I have not thought it necessary to refer 
 to these for quotations which we have found independently. 
 I must particularly mention, however, Mr J. G. Frazer's 
 Pausanias, which has been of great help in revising my 
 book. 
 
 1 Strabo, ix. 396 ; Athenaeus, xi. 4 Jacobi Philippi Tomasini, Epis- 
 472 B, xiii. 587 c Ho\e/j.uv fv rots irept copi Aemoniensis, De Donariis ac ta- 
 d(cpoir6\ews. bellis votivis, liber singularis, Patavii, 
 
 2 Athenaeus, xiii. 574 c. Ho\efj.wv fv 1654. Ziemann mentions another : 
 T(f wepl TUV v Aa.KeSai/j.oi'i dva6r)fj^dT(i}v. P. Kunz, Sacra et Profana 
 
 3 Athenaeus, xiii. 574 c. Mev^rw/j ev Hixtoria, 1729. 
 
 T> Trfpl ava8ij/jLar<a. 5 See list of abbreviations. 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 In the present essay I have attempted first to set forth 
 the facts in some convenient order, then to deduce principles 
 from them : the only possible plan in dealing with a subject 
 which has never been fully investigated, and where explana- 
 tions are commonly assumed as axioms without an attempt 
 at proof. I began my work with a few of these ready-made 
 theories, which so impressively enunciated seemed to be no 
 more open to suspicion than Caesar's wife ; to rny surprise, 
 as the evidence displayed itself, I saw them drop away one 
 by one, and since the conclusions I have been led to are very 
 different from what I expected, I may fairly claim that they are 
 due to no prejudice. If those who prefer the old assumptions can 
 give reasons for their faith, I am willing to learn ; the true test 
 of my own suggestions will be, whether future discoveries will 
 fall readily into their proper place. It has interested me greatly 
 to see that this subject, in itself apparently of small account, 
 yet throws light on more than one great principle ; and after 
 the ten years' work which has gone to make this book, I seem 
 to see far more clearly than I did the sincerity and simplicity 
 of Greek religion in the great age, and the elements of cor- 
 ruption which finally brought it to nought. In this history 
 there are not wanting apt illustrations of modern tendencies, 
 which have more than antiquarian interest. 
 
 I tried to make my collection of facts complete ; but so 
 large was the mass of them that they could not all be 
 presented. Certain classes of dedications, such as those of 
 honorific statues, could without loss be dealt with summarily ; 
 and, in general, there is little to interest in dedications which 
 are later than the fourth century. Before that date I have 
 not wittingly omitted anything of note or significance. The 
 most arduous part of the task has been to sift the archaeological 
 finds. If in the hundreds of journals and periodicals much has 
 been overlooked, the only excuse I can offer is that the book 
 was written at Tomi, where there are no libraries, and therefore 
 the time available for the search has been a week stolen here 
 and there from leisure. It should also be remembered, that 
 with a few exceptions (such as the Asclepius and hero reliefs) 
 even the pioneer work of collection and comparison had not 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 been done. When we have a Corpus of Reliefs, and more exact 
 descriptions of the figures of all sorts which have been dis- 
 covered in sanctuaries, it is quite possible that many obscurities 
 may be cleared up, and mistakes corrected. This being so, 
 it may seem rash to have published this book so soon ; but 
 after all, one might have waited until the Greek Kalends. 
 It is something to have the available facts collected, which 
 I have tried to do : if the future should bring more light for 
 them, I shall be the first to welcome it. The only criticism 
 which I shall not welcome is a vain repetition of old shibboleths, 
 some at least of which I think this volume ought to destroy. 
 
 Although it was no part of my purpose to record foreign 
 parallels, I have done so wherever I happened to know of 
 anything to the point. It was, however, all along my intention 
 to include modern survivals ; and therefore I have described at 
 some length the practices which now hold in the Levant. 
 I speak chiefly from my own knowledge of these; but where 
 other travellers have recorded similar scenes, I have generally 
 added a reference to their works. 
 
 In the inscriptions which are cited below, restored letters 
 are printed in thick type ; and the iota adscript is printed in 
 line, not beneath, where it is found on the stone. Where it is 
 printed subscript I have copied my authority; in such cases 
 there was no exact transcription available. 
 
 Proper names have been spelt in the traditional way; but 
 Greek epithets, and some names not familiar in Latin form, 
 keep the Greek spelling. In this matter it seems better to be 
 inconsistent than pedantic, and nothing is gained by dubbing an 
 old acquaintance Aischulos or Thoukudides. 
 
 I am well aware of the faults of this essay ; but those who 
 have not attempted to deal with the subject will not readily 
 believe, how difficult it has been to present the material in 
 anything like a clear arrangement. For one thing, there is its 
 bulk ; for another, its incompleteness. It was necessary to 
 choose between two alternatives : either to adopt one uniform 
 classification, and in each section to fill in such heads as were 
 there represented ; or to classify the matter in each chapter in 
 the way most convenient, and to leave the general scheme to 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 develop itself in the final survey. The former plan would have 
 left in several chapters ugly gaps, and would have made it 
 difficult to find a place for a great deal of my material ; 
 I therefore chose the latter. It is a drawback, no doubt, that 
 the arrangement thus differs in the different chapters, some of 
 which deal with specified groups of divinities and others with 
 specified occasions : but iu my opinion the gain is great, in 
 that the theories of explanation are not assumed, but evolve 
 themselves. 
 
 I have to thank the administrators of the Worts Fund for 
 a grant of 50, which in the year 1896 enabled me to visit the 
 museums of Sparta, Smyrna, Samos, Odessa, and Petersburg. 
 Dr Waldstein and Dr de Cou, with the true scholar's generosity, 
 have allowed me to quote from their unpublished discoveries in 
 the Heraeum ; and M. Haussoullier also was so good as to send 
 me a copy of some inscriptions found by him at Branchidae. 
 My thanks are due also to Prof. E. Gardner and Prof. Rhys 
 Roberts, who did me the service of reading and criticising the 
 proofs; to the Council of the Anthropological Institute, who 
 kindly allowed me to use two plates from Major Temple's article 
 referred to below (p. 391 '); and to Prof. Ridgeway for the loan 
 of several blocks from his Early Age of Greece. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. The Dead, the Heroes, and the Chthouian Deities . . 3 
 
 Note on the Modern Representatives of Ancient Shrines . 37 
 
 II. Tithes, Firstfruits, and Kindred Offerings .... 39 
 
 III. War 95 
 
 IV. Games and Contests . . . . . . . .149 
 
 V. Disease and Calamity 187 
 
 VI. Domestic Life 240 
 
 VII. Memorials of Honour and Office 259 
 
 VIII. Memorials of Feasts and Ceremonials 274 
 
 IX. Propitiation 310 
 
 X. Rarities and Valuables 318 
 
 XI. Formulae 322 
 
 XII. Later Uses of the Votive Formula 3S5 
 
 XIII. Disposal of the Offerings 342 
 
 XIV. General Sketch . . . 348 
 
 INDICES : 
 
 I. Athens : Treasure of Athena and the other Gods . . 394 
 
 II. Athens : Catalogue of Bronze Statues 396 
 
 III. Athens : Artemis Brauronia 396 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 IV. Athens : Asclepieum 397 
 
 V. Eleusis 399 
 
 VI, VII. Treasure at Delos 399, 402 
 
 VIII. Amphiaraum, Cabirium, and other Theban shrines . . 403 
 
 IX. Plataea 403 
 
 X. Temple of Hera at Samos 404 
 
 XI. Treasure of Apollo at Branchidae 404 
 
 XII. Fragment of list from Aegina 405 
 
 XIII. Dedications in the Anthology 405 
 
 GENERAL INDEX: 
 
 Greek 409 
 
 English 424 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FlG. PAGE 
 
 1. Archaic Spartan relief: deified ancestors with votaries ... 6 
 
 2. Hero Relief, from Patrae 20 
 
 3. Death-Feast Relief, from Peiraeus .21 
 
 4. Hero Feast, from Peiraeus 23 
 
 5. Hero Relief 24 
 
 6. Tablet with Oeo^via of the Dioscuri (Tarentum) .... 31 
 6 A. Dedication to Zeus Philios 36 
 
 7. Votive pyramid of terra-cotta, from South Italy .... 62 
 
 8. Bronzes from the Cave of Mount Ida, Crete 65 
 
 9. Votive hare, from Priene 68 
 
 10. Hare, from Olympia 69 
 
 11. Stag on stand, from Olympia 69 
 
 12. Mare and Foal, from Olympia 76 
 
 13. Stag attackt by hounds, from Olympia 76 
 
 14. Boar, from Olympia 77 
 
 15. Stallion, from Olympia 77 
 
 16. Artist at work, painting on terra-cotta, from Corinth ... 81 
 
 17. Corinthian votive tablet, boxers and vintage scene .... 81 
 
 18. Votive tablet from Corinth, man-at-arms and dog .... 82 
 
 19. Ship with freight of pottery, from Corinth (painted tablet) . . 83 
 
 20. Miners digging for potter's clay (Corinthian tablet). ... 83 
 
 21. Dedication to Zeus Meilichios, from Athens 84 
 
 22. Pan, Hermes, and Nymphs in grotto with worshippers ... 86 
 
 23. Warrior, from Olympia 140 
 
 24. Discus with representation of two events of the pentathlon . . 161 
 
 25. Charioteer, from Olympia ......... 165 
 
 26. Rider, from Olympia 166 
 
 27. Nude male figure, from Olympia 172 
 
 28. The Tubingen bronze 172 
 
Xll ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FlO. PAGE 
 
 29. Victorious athletes with votive tablet and prize (vase-painting) . 173 
 
 80. Asclepius by the sick-bed 217 
 
 31. Tending the sick in the sanctuary of Asclepius .... 218 
 
 32. Sacrifice to Asclepius 220 
 
 33. Offering in a healing shrine (Boeotian vase) 221 
 
 34. Man holding a votive leg (Athens) 222 
 
 35. Votive Frog 233 
 
 36. Votive Hair, relief from Thessaly 244 
 
 87. Zeus and Hera, from Samos 247 
 
 38. Artemis with fawn aud dancing votary (Corcyra) .... 286 
 
 39. King-dancers, from Olympia 287 
 
 40. Maiden holding pig (Sicily) 288 
 
 41. Cybele relief 293 
 
 42. Ox, from Olympia 299 
 
 43. Cock, from Olympia 299 
 
 44. Animal in thin foil, from Olympia . 299 
 
 45. Mysterious creature, from Olympia 299 
 
 46. Artemis, with bow and fawn 304 
 
 47. Zeus with thunderbolt, from Olympia 309 
 
 48. Figure from Olympia (Zeus?) 309 
 
 49. Miniature tripod and kettle, from Olympia 387 
 
 50. Miniature axe, from Dodona 388 
 
 51. Miniature axes, from Olympia 388 
 
 52. Miniature shield, from Olympia 388 
 
 5362. Plates I., II Between 388, 389 
 
 63. Miniature axe, from Mexico 389 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 AA. Archaeologischer Anzeiger : Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch, q.v. 
 
 AJA. American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine 
 
 Arts. Princeton University Press, 18861896, New Series, 1897 
 AM. Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Institute : Athenische 
 
 Abtheilung, 1876 
 
 Ann. Annali dell' Institute archaeologico di Roma. 
 Ant. Denk. Antike Denkiualer, herausgegeben vom kaiserlich deutschen 
 
 archaologischen Institut. Berlin, Reimer, 1887 1891. 
 AZ. Archaeologische Zeitung, 1843 - 
 
 Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums. Miinchen und Leip- 
 zig, 1885. 
 
 BCH. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Paris, 1877 
 Bronzen = Ergebnisse. 
 
 Bull. Bulletino dell' Institute archaeologico di Roma. 
 Carapanos. Dodone et ses mines. 
 Cat. Ath. Mus. Sc. FXvTrra roC 'EdviKov Mov&fiov Kard\oyos TTtpiypafpiKos 
 
 VTTO II. Ka/3/3a8i'a. 'Ev 'Adrjvais- (K TOV TOiroypa<p(iov 2. K. BAutrrov. 
 
 I. 189092. 
 Cat. Acr. Mus. KaraXoyoy TOV Moucrei'ou rrjs 'A.KpoTr6\(a>s VTTO II. KaoTpKarov. 
 
 1895. 
 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. Catalogue des Bronzes trouvees sur 1'acropole 
 
 d'Athenes. 
 Cat. Berl. Sc. Beschreibung der Antiken Skulpturen mit Anschluss der 
 
 Pergamenischen Fundstiicke. Berlin, Spemann, 1891. 
 Cat. Br. Mus. Catalogue of the Bronzes in the British Museum : Greek, 
 
 Roman and Etruscan, by H. B. Walters. 1899. 
 Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. A Catalogue of Sculpture in the department of Greek 
 
 and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. By A. H. Smith, M.A. 
 
 London. Printed by order of the Trustees. Vol. I. 1892, Vol. n. 
 
 1900. 
 Cat. Cypr. Mus. A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. By John L. Myres 
 
 and Max Ohnefalsch-Richter. Clarendon Press, 1899. 
 
xiv ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 CIA. Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, consilio et auctoritate Academiae 
 litterarum Regiae Borussicae editiun. Berlin, Rciiner, i. iv. 1873 
 
 CIG. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Bockh, i. iv. 
 
 Coll. Sab. Furtwiingler : Collection Sabouroft'. Vols. I. and II. 
 
 Collitz. Saramlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften. 
 
 Dar. and Sagl. Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et Romaines. Paris, 
 Hachette, 1877 
 
 'E(f>. 'Apx- 'E.<f)T)p.tpas ' \px<uo\oyiKT). Athens, 1837 
 
 Ergebnisse. Olympia: Die Ergebnisse der von dem deutechen Reich 
 veranstalteten Ausgrabungen. Vol. m. Bronzen, Vol. iv. In- 
 schriften. Berlin, v.d. 
 
 Farnell. Cults of the Greek States. Vols. I. and n. Clarendon Press, 
 1896. 
 
 Furtwangler - Coll. Sab. 
 
 F-W. Die Gipsabglisse Antiker Bildwerke: von Carl Friedrichs, neu 
 bearbeitet von Paul Wolters. Berlin, Spemann, 1885. 
 
 Gaz. Arch. Gazette Archaeologique, 1875 1889. 
 
 Girard. Paul Girard, L'Asclepieion d'Athenes. Paris, Thorin, 1881. 
 
 IGA. Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae praeter Atticas in Attica 
 repertas, edidit Hermannus Roehl. Berlin, Reimer, 1882. 
 
 IGI. Inscriptiones Graecae Insularuni Maris Aegei. Berlin, Reimer. 
 I. Rhodi, Chalces, Carpathi cum Saro, Casi. F. Hiller de Ga'r- 
 tringen, 1895. u. Lesbi, Nesi, Tenedi. Gulielmus R. Paton, 1899. 
 in. Symes, Teutlaseae, Teli, Nisyri, Astypaleae, Anaphes, Therae 
 et Therasiae, Pholegandri, Meli, Cimoli. F. Hiller de Gartringen, 
 1898. 
 
 IGS. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Graeciae Septentrionalis. Berlin, 
 Reimer. I. Inscriptiones Graecae Megaridis, Oropiae, Boeotiae, 
 edidit Gulielmus Dittenberger, 1892. in. 1. Inscriptiones Graecae 
 Phocidis, Locridis, Aetoliae, Acarnaniae, Insularum Maris lonii, 
 edidit Gulielmus Dittenberger, 1897. 
 
 IGSL Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Siciliae et Italiae, edidit Georgius 
 Kaibel. Berlin, Reimer, 1890. 
 
 IPI. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Peloponnesi et Insularum Vici- 
 narum. I. Inscriptiones Graecae Aeginae, Pityonesi, Cecryphaliae, 
 Argolidis, edidit Maxirnilianus Fraenkel. Berlin, Reimer, 1902. 
 
 Inschr. von 01. = Ergebnisse. 
 
 Jahrb. Jahrbuch des kaiserlich deutschen archaeologischen Institute. 
 Berlin, Reimer, 1886 
 
 Jahreshefte. Jahreshefte des osterreichischen archaeologischen Institute 
 in Wien. Wien, 1888 
 
 Kar. KarnXoyor rov iv 'A^ijvatr 'E,iriypa(J)iKov Movcrdov fK8i8op.(vijs viro rr)s 
 ' ApX<iio\oyiKT)s (raipfias. Td/xor I. 'Eiriypafpai (K TTJS ' AxpOTT 6Xf<as 
 TfC^oj I. 'Ap^at<al 'A.vaOrjp.aTiicai 'EmypfXpai VTTO H. G. Lolling. 'E,v 
 'Atfiji/atv tK rov i~viroypa(pfiov ra>v d8(\(pS)v Htpprj, 1899. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. XV 
 
 Mon. Ant. Monument! Antichi, publicati per cura della reale Accademia 
 
 dei Lincei. Hopli, Milano, 1889 
 Mon. et M4m. Monuments et Memoires, publics par 1'Academie des 
 
 Inscriptions et Belles-lettres. Paris, Leroux, 1894 
 Mon. Grec. Monuments Grecs, publics par 1'association pour 1'encourage- 
 
 ment des etudes grecques en France. Paris, Maisonneuve, 1872 
 
 1897. 
 Mus. It. Museo Italiano di Antichita Classica, diretto da Domenico 
 
 Comparetti. Firenze, 18851890. 
 Notizie. Notizie degli Scavi. 
 Preller, Or. M. Griechische Mythologie. 
 Reisch. Griechische Weihgeschenke : Abhandlungen des Archaeologisch - 
 
 Epigraphischen Seminars der Universitat Wien, viu. Wien, 
 
 1890. 
 Rev. Arch. Revue Archaeologique, publiee sous le direction de MM. Alex. 
 
 Bertrand et G. Perrot. Paris, Leroux, 1845 
 Ridder, Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. Catalogue des Bronzes trouves sur I'Acropole 
 
 d'Athenes, par A. de Ridder. Paris, Thorin, 1896. 
 Ridgeway, Currency. Origin of Currency and Weight Standards, by 
 
 W. Ridgeway. Cambridge University Press, 1892. 
 
 Ridgeway, Early Age. The Early Age of Greece, by W. Ridgeway. Cam- 
 bridge University Press, I. 1901. 
 RM. Mittheilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts : Romische 
 
 Abtheilung. 
 
 Roberts. An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy, by E. S. Roberts. Cam- 
 bridge University Press, I. 1887. 
 Roscher. Lexikon der Mythologie. 
 Schone. Griechische Reliefs aus Athenischen Sammlungen, von Richard 
 
 Schone. Leipzig, Breitkopf und Ha'rtel, 1872. 
 Sybel. Katalog der Sculpturen zu Athen, von Ludwig von SybeL 
 
 Marburg, 1881. 
 Ziemann. Franciscus Ziemann, De Anathematicis Graecis. Dissertatio- 
 
 Inauguralis. Regimonti Borussorum, 1885. 
 
ERRATUM, 
 p. 231, line 2. Dele reference to illustration. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 p. 257. Figures of nursing mothers are in the Museum at Eleusis. 
 
 p. 294. A r. f. vase found at Eleusis represents scenes from the Mysteries, and 
 is inscribed in golden letters A^/xijrpfa AT^IJT/H dv0T?/ce' (Mon. et 
 Mem. vii. pL iv.). 
 
 p. 298. infra: Croesus sent golden cows to Ephesus (Herod, i. 92). 
 
 p. 384. I omitted to notice that there is a late dedication of the thyrsus to 
 Aphrodite (Anth. Pal. xiii. 24). 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page xiv, line 8, for E(/>7j/tepas read 
 
 9, line 2, for heroes read warriors. 
 Pages 12 3 , and 418, read t^wK\-^<ria, epr)/j,oic\-/iffi.a. 
 Page 63, line 3, omit and were. 
 
 92, line 12, for a similar origin read courtezans. 
 
 ,, 113, line 1, for Polyperchron read Polyperchon. 
 
 116 7 , read BCH vi 32 31 , below p. 230 8 . 
 
 200 2 , after tlai.TTrr-t]pi.ov add CIA ii 1. Add. 453 6 c. 
 
 ,, 201, line 4 from foot of text, for dorter read dortor. 
 
 203, last line of text, after Cos add Plin. NH xxix 2. 
 
 250 13 , add See p. 214 above. 
 
 ,, 278, last line of text, for Carthage read Calchedon. 
 
 285 1 , add Differently explained as the offering of a citharoedus, by M 
 Maas, quoting Arist. Acharn. 13 (Philologus Iviii 155). 
 
 306 7 , omit all after 342. 
 
 ,, 324 13 , for ...ov read ...on. 
 
 ,, 330 16 , substitute for note as yiven Collitz i 368. 
 
 ,, 357, line 5, for sow read pig. 
 
 364, line 3, for rams read sheep. 
 
 374, line 16, after worshipt insert in their place. 
 
 391, line 10, for may read need. 
 
 INDICES : 
 
 Page 403, vm add Sots 2420, irepippavr-fipiov 2422, iropjnj 2420. , 
 419, read KaXXtTriryos 249 1 . 
 
 ,, 435, s.v. Demeter, line 16, for home read honour. 
 ,, 447, s.v. Muses add writer dedicates writing materials, 72. 
 
GEEEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PLAN OF THE BOOK. 
 
 WHATEVER is given of freewill to a being conceived as 
 superhuman is to speak strictly a votive offering. The motive 
 is simple, but not always the same : the occasion is accidental, 
 or, if it be determined, the gift is not compulsory. This defini- 
 tion excludes all taxes, whether paid to a god or a government, 
 and includes the sacrifice of animals at the altar. But some 
 taxes or customary contributions are so closely associated with 
 votive offerings, or so clearly grow out of them, that no strict 
 line can be drawn ; and to discuss the principle of the sacrifice 
 would lead us far afield into questions of comparative custom, 
 whilst the details of sacrifice are not instructive for our present 
 purpose. Sacrifice will therefore be only touched on by the 
 way, and a few pages will be given to the consideration of 
 ritual fines. . On the other hand, tithes and firstfruits paid 
 in kind are important to us, both in themselves and for their 
 developments, and something must be said of them. The main 
 purpose of the book, however, is to collect and classify those 
 offerings which are not immediately perishable : and by ex- 
 amining the occasion of their dedication, and the statements 
 made about it, to trace if possible the motives of the dedicator 
 and the meaning which the act had for him. 
 
 R. 1 
 
2 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 We shall begin with the Worship of the Dead, which is 
 demonstrably one of the oldest found on Greek soil, and the 
 customs connected with it. The second chapter will deal with 
 Tithes and Firstfruits. Next will be considered several im- 
 portant occasions for the dedication of votive offerings : Victory 
 in War and the Games ; deliverance from Disease, Danger, or 
 Calamity; the crises of Domestic Life; memorials of Honour 
 and Office ; memorials of Ritual ; and Propitiation of an 
 offended deity. A brief survey will be taken of things 
 dedicated for their rarity, and of some curious developments 
 of the main custom. We shall then collect the formulae of 
 dedication, and indicate how the objects were disposed of. 
 Lastly, a general review will gather up all the threads together, 
 and draw the necessary conclusions. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND THE CHTHONIAN 
 DEITIES 1 . 
 
 mc'EAAAAoc rrpoceAOoycHC rep 'ArrdAAcaNi KA! epcorcoCHC orrcoc 
 AeT TIMAN TON 'Hp&KAe* M6TA THN <\TTo6e6ociN, elneN 6 Geoc- NYN 
 
 M8N (bC HpCOA, AyplON Ae WC 96ON. 
 
 SCHOL. PINDAR Nem. u. 38. 
 
 EVERY student of primitive culture knows how common 
 a practice it is to immolate men, women, and animals at the 
 funeral, and to send with the dead into his new home food and 
 drink, and the articles which by analogy with this world he 
 might be expected to want. In case of burial, food is placed 
 upon the mound and drink poured into the earth, whilst the 
 tools or utensils are laid with the body in the tomb ; in case of 
 burning, the offerings may be destroyed by fire. In the Odyssey 
 we see the underlying principles in all their bare savagery, when 
 Ulysses cuts the throats of his victims over a ditch, and the 
 insubstantial shades by drinking of the blood gain a momentary 
 strength to answer his questions. On the other hand, at the 
 funeral games of Patroclus there is immolation of victims, but 
 its meaning is not so much as hinted at. To argue that the 
 practice described in the Odyssey grew up after the date of the 
 Iliad, is impossible ; because in the former we have a complete 
 parallel to the practices of savages, while the civilisation of the 
 Iliad is too advanced to admit of such practices beginning there. 
 The Iliad is in fact earlier in date, but later in culture, than the 
 ninth book of the Odyssey ; it is silent of many things, such as 
 the mutilation of Cronus, which crop up first at a later date. 
 
 1 See Furtwangler, Collection Sabouroff, Introduction ; Boscher, Lex. der 
 Mythol., s.v. Heros. 
 
 12 
 
4 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 And the worship of the dead is attested not only by literature 
 but by archaeology : moreover, there is evidence of continuity. 
 The excavation of the beehive tomb at Menidhi in Attica 
 brought to light a series of sacrificial vases, which proved 
 that the cult had been practised there without a break 
 from the Mycenean to the classical age. We are justified 
 then in assuming that the yepas Qavovrutv included more 
 than a barrow and a stone slab ; and in regarding the 
 burial of toys and vases in the tombs of a later day as the 
 survival of an outgrown belief. 
 
 The rites done for the dead seem to have included a funeral 
 feast, periodically or yearly renewed, which was celebrated at 
 the tomb 1 . Royal and noble houses would naturally have a 
 family tomb 8 ; and the tendency in Greece as elsewhere was to 
 deify the founder of the race. So the Scythian kings were 
 honoured by the immolation of wives and slaves, by the offering 
 of firstfruits and golden cups 8 . Those who died after the great 
 founder of the family would naturally join him, and become as 
 he was. Partly for fear of what harm the ghosts could do, and 
 partly from hope of their help, the survivors were scrupulous 
 in doing what might please them. The tomb was filled with 
 weapons and utensils which belonged to them in this life, or 
 which they might be likely to want in the other. All these 
 are strictly votive offerings 4 ; they are dedicated on a special 
 occasion, and for the purpose of propitiation, to a being conceived 
 
 1 rpira, tvara (Isaeus, ii. 37), rpio/cd- In the Greek and Russian churches, 
 
 5es in Lexicographers, ycvfoia. (Herod. those who are named after a saint 
 
 iv. 26). Lucian describes how garlands keep his day holiday ; but it is perhaps 
 
 and myrrh were offered, wine poured fanciful to see a connexion between 
 
 into a trench, and the offerings burned this tribute to a spiritual father and 
 
 (Charon 22). Compare the inscr. of ancestor worship. 
 
 Ceos, IGA 395, where mention is 2 Roscher, Lex. i. 2459, 2474. 
 
 made of wine and oil, of sacrificial 3 Herod, iv. 71, 72. Battus and 
 
 vessels, of the month's mind and the the old kings of Gyrene seem to have 
 
 year's mind. Customary sacrifice to had divine honours, Herod, iv. 161. 
 
 the dead in Olynthus: Athenaeus, 4 Euripides speaks of dvaff^/Mra 
 
 viii. 334 F. So in Modern Greece : at veKpou : Suppl. 983. Votive offerings 
 
 Patmos, for example, the memorial in Argive tombs : Frazer, Pausanias 
 
 feasts and services after a death are ii. p. 173. In tombs of slain warriors : 
 
 rpi.-fifi.tpa., dvvia^fiepa, <ra.p6.vra., Tpi(j.T)va, op. cit. v. p. 141. 
 ea.(j.jjva., xp6aa, dlxpova, and 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 5 
 
 as superhuman. Since, however, a distinction soon grew 
 up between burial rites and divine ritual, I do not propose 
 to follow out the former through all its history. Nor is it 
 important to consider here whether or no divine ritual was 
 always derived from the ritual of the dead. As Furtwangler 
 acutely remarks, the pouring of a libation is meaningless 
 unless it be connected with beings who dwell in the under- 
 world; and this at least was extended to non-chthonian deities. 
 But at the outset the two kinds of ritual approximate. It 
 would appear that the recurrent feast was carved on a slab 
 of stone and set up over the grave, perhaps as a perpetual 
 memorial of the willingness of the living to serve the dead ; 
 and the burial rites gave rise to a type of relief which was of 
 importance in the history of art. 
 
 This is the so-called Hero Feast or Death Feast : the 
 earliest form is best seen in a series of ancient Spartan reliefs, 
 of which the following may be considered typical 1 . Two 
 figures, a male and a female, are seated upon a throne. The 
 male figure holds in his right hand a goblet, and extends 
 his left in a posture which is hard to interpret : it is neither a 
 blessing nor an accepting, the hand being held vertical 2 . The 
 female holds a pomegranate in her right hand, and the left 
 holds her veil. A large snake curls under the throne, the head 
 appearing over its back. Before the pair is seen a couple of 
 tiny figures, a man and a woman, he holding a cock and an 
 egg or some little object, perhaps fruit or cake, she a flower 
 and a pomegranate. In this relief the enthroned figures turn 
 towards the right of the spectator, but in some of later date 
 they turn to his left. Other attributes, such as the dog, also 
 appear 3 , and sometimes there is no female. The heroized pair 
 are always distinguished by being larger in size than the human 
 adorers; a natural convention, seen often in the sculptures of 
 Egypt and Assyria 4 . From the rough working of the lower part 
 of these slabs they appear to have been fixed in the earth. 
 
 1 Coll. Sab. i. pL 1 ; see for the whole 2 Perhaps the ambiguity is due to 
 
 series, AM ii. 301 ff., 459, iv. 163, 193, the artist's limitations, 
 
 vii. 163. They date from the seventh 3 AM ii. pi. 22. 
 
 or sixth century. See fig. 1. 4 Philostr. Her. 296 (685) rb eos 
 
G 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The earlier examples have no inscriptions to guide us in the 
 interpretation, but the later ones are inscribed with names. 
 They may therefore be confidently regarded as sepulchral. 
 This view is supported by several other facts. Along with 
 the first slab an inscription was found recording that the 
 place was sacred to Hermes 1 . The snake is carved on an 
 
 Fio. 1. Archaic Spartan relief: deified ancestors with votaries. 
 Collection Sabouroff, i. pi. 1. 
 
 early Spartan tombstone*, and it is well known to be asso- 
 ciated with the chthonian powers. Its habit of lurking in 
 
 Great Mogul within towered high over 
 the walls of his citadel. 
 
 1 'Eppavos, IGA 60. 
 
 2 Annali xxxiii. pi. C. Snake identi- 
 fied with the hero Cychreus : Pans. i. 
 36. 1. 
 
 ^yav rt KO.I 
 dvdpeiov oOiru rptdKovra try yyov6ra. 
 In India I once saw a marionette 
 show, representing the siege of Delhi ; 
 in which the English general was 
 twice the size of his men, and the 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 7 
 
 holes of the earth, its mysterious movement and uncanny eye, 
 its silence and deadly power, have caused this creature to be 
 regarded with superstitious awe in many parts of the world. 
 The Greeks of a later age believed that snakes issued from the 
 dead man's marrow 1 ; and that is not the kind of idea which is 
 likely to have originated in a later age. Not by Greeks alone 
 is the serpent regarded as the incarnation of wisdom 2 ; and 
 amongst them it continued to be associated with oracular caves 
 and shrines. Flowers, eggs, and cock were no doubt sacrifices ; 
 and we know how the cock became the traditional poor man's 
 offering to Asclepius 3 . The whole scene, then, represents one 
 scene in the ritual of the dead, the sacrifice to wit ; and as 
 living and dead are supposed to meet in the ritual banquet 4 , so 
 the deified ancestors, or heroes, are represented as present at 
 the feast or as preparing to partake in it. 
 
 Out of this early cult of ancestors appears to have grown 
 the whole system of Hero- Worship in Greece ; and this is no 
 mere inference, for a similar principle produces the same results 
 until long after the Christian era. To heroes are applied those 
 terms which express ideas relating to the dead : they are " the 
 Stronger," "the Averter," "the Protector 5 ." Mortal men in 
 time become heroes and even gods, as in the case of Asclepius 
 and the Dioscuri 6 . Even oracles, and the practice of sleeping in 
 
 1 Philostr. Her. 288 (670) ; Roscher x a ^ e7ro " s Ka -l ir\i}/craj rovs 
 i. 2467. fowi, Ka.1 fj.S.\\ov vtixrup 
 
 2 Genesis iii. 1. 4 Compare Robertson Smith, Re- 
 
 3 I am not prepared to say that the ligion of the Semites, 255 ff. Cf. Paus. 
 cock had also a symbolic meaning : ii. 10. 1. The hero certainly partakes 
 it was a very common sacrifice. His in Daulis : Paus. x. 4. 10, " the blood 
 crow is now believed to frighten away they pour through a hole into the grave, 
 the ghostly powers of the night ; the flesh they consume on the spot." 
 the Kalikazari in Cyprus and Cos, O l KpelrTovet (see Hesych.s.v.), &iro- 
 the witches or goblins of northern rpfaaios, dXeftKa/coj. Arist. ap. Pint. 
 Europe. But I see no proof that the Cons, ad Apoll. 27. Furtwangler p. 21, 
 early Greeks held any such view, or Roscher i. 2474. The old woman in 
 that they conceived of their dead as Aristophanes calls out for help w 
 having no power in the daytime. 'H/od/cXetj, w Haves, w Kopt^aj/Tej, <3 
 Sacrifice was however done to the Auxncipw. Eccl. 1069. 
 
 heroes at sunset (Paus. vi. 23. 3, Schol. 6 For Asclepius see ch. v. The Dio- 
 
 Pind. Isth. iv. 110) or at night (viii. 14. scuri are men in II. iii. 236, heroes or 
 
 11) ; and Athenaeus says (xi. 461 B) gods in Od. xi. 300. 
 
8 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the precinct for the purpose of consulting them, are attested for 
 the dead among the Nasamones 1 , and alluded to elsewhere*. 
 Sometimes the descriptive titles become abstracted and per- 
 sonified as heroes, a point which has significance when we re- 
 member that the Pelasgians did not name their gods 8 . Thus we 
 find Amynos at Athens, the Defender 4 ; Eumenes, the Kindly, at 
 Chios 5 ; Sosias, the Saviour, at Olbia 8 . Soter, the Saviour, was 
 added to the name of Brasidas heroized 7 , and to Demetrius and 
 Antigonus at Athens ; and in later days inscriptions are common 
 which dedicate statues to the Roman Emperors under the title of 
 Founder and Saviour 8 . Such titles imply protection in general, 
 but others are more particular. There are heroes who specialize 
 in war, as Phylacos the Guardian at Delphi 9 , Teichophylax at 
 Myrina 10 , and Promachos at Psophis 11 ; Eunostos of Tanagra 12 and 
 Deloptes 13 of Samos have other functions which the names make 
 clear. Or again, the healing of disease was the special function, 
 and this especially where the worship centred round a medicinal 
 spring 14 . Such are the Hero Physician at Athens 15 , and Asclepius 
 at Tricca, of whom more anon. If there is a cave of mysterious 
 vapours, oracle and prophecy come to the front, as in the case 
 of Amphiaraus and Trophonius. But the idea of power in 
 general is never lost sight of, and it is ascribed to the mighty 
 dead throughout Greek history. Brasidas and Sophocles have 
 already been mentioned as heroized; similar honours are as- 
 cribed to Philippus of Croton 16 , Onesilos at Amathus 17 , even to 
 
 1 Herod, iv. 172. ical icTtery rrjs olKovfj.tvrjs. See Furt- 
 
 2 Plut. Consol. ad Apoll. 14, Herod. wangler 22, Roscher i. 2516. 
 
 v. 92. Herod, viii. 39. Aristomenes was 
 
 3 Herod, ii. 52. also useful: Paus. iv. 32. 4. 
 * AM xxi. 330. 10 Hesych. s.v. 
 
 5 Athenaeus, vi. 266 D ; compare the u Paus. viii. 24. 6. 
 title Eumenides, and the Good People * a Plut. Quaest. Or. 40. 
 in English folk-lore. 1S AM xxv. 172. 
 
 6 Dittenberger, Sylloge, 248 101 . 14 Athenaeus xi. 512 F rti Oepna. Xowpi 
 
 7 Thuc. v. 11. Sophocles was hero- ri <t>au>bfjiti>a.4KTTjsyr)t wdvTfs'Ilpa.K\tovt 
 ized after his death as Dexion, because (fmalv elccu itpd. 
 
 he had welcomed Asclepius to Athens : 10 CIA ii. 403. Frazer, Pausaniai 
 
 diri> T7?s rov ' AoTtXTjirtoO 8e iwaewi, Et . ii. 149. Theagenes in many places : 
 
 Mag. Paus. vi. 31. 9. 
 
 8 olKiar^t, Krlffrrit, ffur^p : e.g. CIA 18 Herod, v. 47. 
 iii. 493 ff., AM xviii. 10 Trajan wrnpi 17 Herod, v. 114. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 9 
 
 such unlikely persons as Theagenes the athlete in Phocis and 
 many other places 1 . The Homeric heroes one and all seem to 
 have had this honour paid to them. Ulysses was a hero in 
 Laconia*, Agenor in Argos 8 , Protesilaus in the Chersonese 4 , 
 even Hector in Boeotia 5 . The warriors who fell at Plataea 
 were worshipt as heroes with offerings of garments, firstfruits, 
 and all that was customary year by year 6 ; t'he Spartans built 
 a shrine to Maron and Alpheus who fell at Thermopylae 7 ; and 
 until late days a public vote might make heroes of the gallant 
 dead 8 . Epicteta of Thera, in her well-known will, took upon 
 herself this state function. She left her property to endow 
 a shrine to the Muses and the Heroes, the last being herself 
 and Phoenix her husband, with their two sons. In their 
 honour recurrent feasts were to be kept up, with sacrifice and 
 libation, when the statues of the heroes were to be adorned 
 with garlands 9 . In course of time the idea lost all its meaning, 
 and hero, like the German selig, came to be a synonym for the 
 dead 10 . 
 
 The heroes do more than protect mankind; they also 
 punish them for wrongdoing, or at least for an offence against 
 themselves 11 . In early times, of course, the line is not 
 drawn distinctly between a ritual and a moral offence ; but 
 
 1 Paus. vi. 24. 3. The unsuccessful TCKptvras h T-TJ ^terepp drt/xw/xei' Kara. 
 suitors of Hippodamia were worshipt TOS ZKCLIJTOV Srjuoffiq. effOrifj-aoriv re /coi 
 as heroes : Paus. vi. 21. 11. rots dXXots fOfj.ifj.ois, 5<ra re rj yij yftuiv 
 
 2 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 48. dveSldov updid, WOLVTWV dirapx&* tiruft- 
 
 3 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 50. poi/rej. 
 
 4 Herod, ix. 116; Philostr. Her. 7 Pans. iii. 12. 9, vi. 11. 9. 
 passim, who mentions also Nestor 303 8 Collitz iii. 3196 ws ypu Ttfj.rp> 
 (696), Diomede and Sthenelus 304 (Corcyra) ; BCH xvii. 98 17 ir6\u 
 (699), Philoctetes 305 (702), Agamem- apery* freKfv dtyripuiffev. A statue of 
 non and Menelaus, Idomeneus and Aristeas was dedicated to Apollo at 
 Ajax 307 (706), Chiron and Palamedes Delphi for similar reasons, Herod. 
 308 (708), Odysseus 312 (716), Teucer iv. 15. 
 
 315 (721), Aeneas, Sarpedon, Alex- 9 IGI iii. 330. So the great Nichol- 
 
 ander 316 (723), Helenus, Deiphobus, son's spirit is still propitiated with 
 
 Polydamas, Euphorbus 317 (725). worship and offerings : Lyall, Asiatic 
 
 8 Lucian, Deor. Cone. 12 ; Lyco- Studies, ii. 301. 
 
 phron 1205 ; Eoscher i. 2482. lu IGS i. 1715 and Index. 
 
 6 Thuc. iii. 58 irar^puv rGiv vpcTtpuv u Schol. Arist. Birds, 1490 ol ijpues 
 
 0J1KO.S, oOj diroOavorras viro MijSaw /cai dvffopyjjroi Kal xaXrol rotj tfj.ire\dfov<ri. 
 
10 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Philostratus tells us that in his day they were the guardians 
 of morals to some extent 1 . It is perhaps not rash to identify 
 them with the mysterious daemons of Homer, who visit the 
 habitations of men, marking their uprightness or evildoing 3 . 
 Traces are found of human sacrifice offered to heroes, not 
 only in such celebrations as the funeral games of Patroclus, 
 but in the story of Sperthias and Bulis 3 , and in the victims 
 sacrificed to Scedasus and his daughters before the battle of 
 Leuctra 4 . But in the times we have to do with, the usual sacri- 
 fices were firstfruits in kind, and various animals: cattle, sheep, 
 pigs, and goats, even horses, and sometimes fish 5 . In their 
 honour the Arcadians celebrated regular feasts with their slaves 
 in archaic fashion down to historical times 8 . The heroes were 
 brought into connexion with every meal by the libations which 
 were poured to them in general and in particular 7 , and by the 
 custom, that any food which fell from the table was sacred to 
 them 8 : this assumes an earlier offering of the firstfruits of 
 the meal. Besides, eatables and drinkables were offered at the 
 shrine, the offerer inviting the shades to join in his banquet 9 ; 
 this became later the Oeogevia of the Dioscuri, Heracles and 
 others 10 . The shrines generally included the hero's grave in a 
 
 1 Philostr. Her. 294 (680). SotiXuv ' ol Si iraidts...tt.(Ta ruv irartpuv 
 
 2 Od. xvii. 485 nal re Otol S-flvoi<ri iirl \i6vv KaO-tinevoi. yvnvoi Seiirvovfftv. 
 fefoi*c6res d\\odavoiffi Travroioi re\i- 7 Schol. Aesch. Ag. 245. 
 
 ffovres iiriffTpo<f>dovffi TrbXrjas, dvdpuiruv 8 Roscher i. 2507. Compare Heca- 
 
 Ofipiv re leal ebvofjurjv iQopuvTfs. taeus ap. Ath. iv. 149 c. The Arcadians 
 
 3 Herod, vii. 134 7. /j.erk rb Seiirvov ffirovSfa iiroiourro, of>K 
 * Plut. Pelop. 20 ; see also Herod. diroviipdpevoi rdj x e 'P aJ <^' dirofj.a.TT&- 
 
 iv. 71. nevoi rots \fsufwis, ical rr\v dwofj-aySaXidv 
 
 5 Time. iii. 58; Roscher i. 2506, with eVca<rTos dirtyepe, rovro iroiovvm ce*ca 
 authorities. For the horse, see Philostr. TUV iv rats d/u^>65ois yivofdvuv vvKTtpi- 
 Her. 294 (681). A white horse was vuv (pbfiuv. 
 
 sacrificed in Athena at the tomb of 9 Philostr. Her. 291 (675), 326 (742). 
 
 Toxaris, the Stranger Physician: see 10 &vifffj.6s or tieo&vta, CIA i. 4, 
 
 Frazer, Pausanias ii. 148. A late Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36 ft 2 *, c 38 ; 
 
 Greek romance speaks of a horse as Roscher i. 1169 (vase painting) ;Heuzey, 
 
 sacrificed at a girl's tomb: 'Epwriicd Miss. arch, de Mac. 419 pi. 25. 1 (relief). 
 
 Atriy/ifMra iii. 20. Schol. Pind. Nem. vi. 68, ylverai tv 
 
 6 Hecataeus, ap. Ath. iv. 149 D : OTCW AeX^ofs ^fpaxrt eVta, iv oh Soicti o Otbs 
 di roa ijpwffi duuffi, povtlvffla. /teyaXij iirl &via. Ka\fiv TOI>S ijpuas. 
 
 ical iffTiuvrai xavTej firrd ruv 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 11 
 
 walled precinct, with a sacred grove, a place for sacrifice, and a 
 heroum with table, couch, and the necessary implements. One 
 of these shrines is prettily described by Philostratus 1 . "Protesi- 
 laus," he says, "lies not in Troy, but here in the Chersonese, 
 and the barrow there yonder on the left marks his tomb. 
 Those elms were planted around the barrow by the nymphs, 
 and on the trees they would seem to have written this law: 
 that the branches which are turned towards Ilium flower early, 
 and cast their leaves soon and die before the time, as was 
 the lot of Protesilaus, while on the other side the trees live 
 and do well... .And the shrine, wherein, as our fathers have told 
 us, the Medes wreaked their insolence, on which even smoked 
 fish came to life they say, there it is, and you see how little is 
 left of it. But then it was fine methinks, and by no means 
 small, as may be guessed from the foundations. And this 
 statue stood upon a ship, for the base is shaped like a prow, 
 and an admiral dedicated it. But time has defaced it, and to 
 be sure the people, by anointing it and fastening upon it their 
 prayers." 
 
 The importance and the antiquity of hero-worship have 
 been very much underrated. The heroes meet us everywhere, 
 and in many instances one stands in the precinct of a more 
 famous god. There was an ancient shrine of the Hero in the 
 Olympian Altis 2 ; Apollo Ptoan stood side by side w'ith a Hero 
 Ptoan 3 ; Butes had an altar in the Erechtheum 4 ; Athena, and 
 later Asclepius, threw the neighbouring healer Amynus and the 
 Hero Physician into the shade 5 ; we have already met with 
 heroes at Delphi. It is inconceivable that these heroes should 
 have grown up in such places after the greater gods had been 
 introduced ; they were therefore on the spot before them. Take 
 these facts in conjunction with the Homeric allusions to the 
 daemons, and the Arcadian custom already mentioned, and the 
 conclusion is forced upon us that we have here a system of 
 worship which was older than the great gods. The Pelasgians 
 
 1 Philostr. Her. 289 (672). xxii. 244; Pans. ix. 23. 6. 
 
 2 The Pelopeum, cp. Paus. v. 13. 1; 4 Pans. i. 26. 5. 
 cf. also Inschr. von Ol. 662. 5 Below, ch. v. 
 
 3 IGA 162 rjpwt nrarfoH, and BCH 
 
12 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 inhabited Greece before those races which worshipped Zeus, 
 Athena, and Apollo ; and the Pelasgians spoke of their gods 
 without names 1 , doubtless by some such collective title as 
 Heroes or Daemons. The worship of the heroes continues 
 throughout Greek history, but is on the wane and is not 
 official, although recognised in public oaths where it is not 
 safe to neglect any being who might have power*. 
 
 These conditions answer to what would be expected, if the 
 heroes belonged to the worship of a subject population, over- 
 mastered or conquered, but not crushed. Side by side with the 
 great gods such worship would go on, as the hero-worship does, 
 lingering longest in rural places or country villages, and in cities 
 supported rather by the poor than by the rich and great. It 
 lingered, too, in the country because so little was needed in 
 the way of apparatus. No gorgeous temple was necessary, no 
 organised priesthood ; the family tomb was enough, or a modest 
 shrine, not larger or more elaborate than the wayside chapels 
 which at this day meet the traveller in Greece at every step. 
 Indeed, there seems to be more than a chance resemblance 
 between the ancient and the modern practice. The 'deserted 
 chapels' or 'outside chapels' 3 are for the most part simple cells, 
 standing alone in the midst of a field or a patch of woodland. 
 Scores and hundreds are ruined, and often nothing remains now 
 but the foundations; many of them were built in Byzantine 
 
 1 Cp. Herod, ii. 52, Diog. Laert. i. <ras *cai updvas Kal iroranovs 
 
 10. 3 fn Kal vvv fynv evptlv (card TOUJ vdvras icai irdtras. So in a treaty 
 
 dT?i/jiovs rwi> 'AOrjvalwv /3wyitoi>j dvuvupovs, between Rhodes and Hierapytna, Rev. 
 
 vir6fjivi)fjia TT;S rbre yevofdvrjs ^eXctarews Arch. xxxv. 235, Cauer 181 dyaOf 
 
 (Epimenides and the plague). ^X a e0a<r0eu p.lv TOI>$ iepeis Kal rovs 
 
 2 Museo Italico iii. 657, Crete: IfpoOvras T< 'A\ty Kal r$ 'P6d<f}...Kal 
 6/j.vvu rav 'Etrrlav rav tft. irpvraveiwi rots dpxaytrais Kal rots ypwffi. A law 
 Kal rbv &iji>a rbv dyopaTov Kal rbv of Draco ordained sacrifice to the gods 
 
 rbv TaXAcuoi' Kal 'Airt\\uva rbv and heroes together, firstfruits being 
 
 v Kal rav 'Ma.vala.v rav -iroXtov- offered: Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 380. 
 
 X<H> Kal rbv 'Airt\\uva rbv Holrtov Kal G. B. Hussey, AJA vi. 59 ff. , calculates 
 
 rav Karovv Kal rav 'Aprefj.u> Kal rbv that hero-shrines are rare except in 
 
 "Apfa Kal rav 'A<j>op5lrav Kal rbv 'Eppav Laconia (28 known) and Attica (16), 
 
 Kal rbv "A\tov Kal rav Bpir6fiapriv Kal two of the most conservative parts of 
 
 rbfi 3>oiviKa Kal rav ' Afji<f>i(jjvav Kal ray Greece. 
 Tdv Kal rbv ovpavbv Kal ijpwas Kal ypudff- 3 tptinoK\T)<rid or 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 13 
 
 times 1 , and may fairly be assumed to stand on spots hallowed, 
 for whatever reason, from times still more ancient. Some adjoin 
 sacred wells, or sacred trees 2 , on which hang the rags of devout 
 worshippers, and may have been holy places before the Greeks 
 came to Greece. Some are still cared for and kept neat ; 
 within you find a rude altar, an icon or two, some tapers and a 
 font, with the offerings of the faithful. But most of these 
 chapels, even ruined ones where a village is near, are the scene 
 of some yearly festivity. Their patron saints are remembered 
 by the country folk ; and on the saint's day there is often a 
 local Panegyris, and even the sacrifice of some animal with 
 gilded horns 3 . It would be rash to propound theories when so 
 little is known; but it is surely not fanciful to believe that 
 these shrines may often stand on the site of a hero-shrine, or some 
 farmer's chapel sacred to Pan or Demeter. Several are found 
 near a medicinal spring, or ancient baths, and bear the name of 
 the Saint Healer 4 . There are chapels on most of the high hills 
 of Greece, now sacred to St Elias; in ancient times Zeus 
 was usually worshipt in such places, and he seems to have 
 displaced local names 5 . 
 
 Closely allied with these are the chthonian deities ; who may 
 themselves have been often deified heroes, but in any case, like 
 them, have protective and retributive power 6 , and were ap- 
 pealed to in sickness 7 . Assuming that they really are deified 
 ancestors, it becomes easy to understand why they so often go 
 
 1 As the MijrpoTroXis near Dip in worshipped Athena, to the Virgin. 
 Lesbos. The Ilavayia r&\<rov, or Virgin of the 
 
 2 Mesotopos in Lesbos ; another in Grove, just outside the city of Cos, 
 Cos up on the hills. I have noted may preserve a memory of the grove 
 many in the eastern islands. See of the ancient shrine; there is no 
 folk-Lore, vii. 149. vestige of a grove there now. 
 
 3 Near Kalloni, Lesbos ; see my 5 Preller, Gr. M. 116 foil. Cp. BCH 
 paper in Folk-Lore, vii. 147. Cp. xxii. 244 (Taygetos, Parnassos, Ar- 
 Homer Od. 425 ff., CIA iv. 2. 27 b dettos, etc.) ; Pans. ix. 23. 6 ; Farnell, 
 TfHTTolav fiovapxoj' xP vffOK ^P <av - i- 152 ff . 
 
 4 At Qa.pa.iros or Qapdirrjs. In Lesbos, 6 Aesch. Eum. 263 fieyas yap "Aid-rjs 
 near the Bay of Kalloni ; in Geranda, tariv etiffvvos fiparCiv virepffe xOovbs 
 near Branchidae ; a little way from deXroypd^y v6.vr etruirq. <ppevl. 
 Bassae. The last item is signifi- 7 The sanctuary of Hades and Per- 
 cant. So is perhaps the dedication of sephone at Acharaca was visited by 
 the church in Lindos (Rhodes), which the sick. Strabo xiv. 1. 44. 
 
14 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 in pairs. There would seem to have been an earlier local pair 
 at Eleusis, which were displaced by the coming of others ; for 
 one relief, which bears the presentment of Demeter and the 
 Maid, shows a pair of divinities seated by them, who are 
 inscribed as the God and the Goddess 1 . Where the great gods 
 are distinguished by appropriate titles, they may well have 
 stepped into the places of such as these. Zeus Chthonius and Ge 
 Chthonia 2 may be an instance in point ; and another pair, Zeus 
 Meilichius and Meilichia 3 , have associations much the same as 
 those of Demeter Chthonia 4 . In the Hellenistic age, Sarapis 
 and Isis inherited the functions of many of the older pairs. 
 
 So much by way of introduction, and very necessary it is to 
 the right understanding of the reliefs. As to the occasion of 
 the offering, we have as a rule no key ; except that we may 
 assume the customary feast as a usual time of dedication, and 
 sentiments of gratitude or propitiation for the cause. In this 
 chapter we shall deal only with the general features of Dedica- 
 tions to Heroes, leaving aside for further examination those 
 which are specifically inscribed as thank-offerings for healing or 
 deliverance, and all that are associated with Asclepius and other 
 healing gods. With the exception of this last important class, 
 most of the dedications to the heroes known to us belong to the 
 later periods of Greek history: but this is probably an accident, 
 due to the fact that their shrines were less important and have 
 not been so thoroughly examined. 
 
 An obvious offering would be the figure of the Hero. The 
 base of one such has been discovered in Athens 5 , and in Argos 
 another base which seems to have borne one of the Dioscuri 6 . 
 
 1 'E</>. 'Apx- 1886, 19, pi. 3. statue of the stiff ' Apollo ' type. 
 
 2 Dittenberger, Sylloge 373, Myco- M. Frankel (AZ xl. 383) argues that 
 nos. the sons dedicated their father's por- 
 
 3 BCH ix. 404 Boeotia ; IGS, 1814 ; trait, because (1) there was one statue, 
 Xen. Anab. vii. 8. 4. (2) the givers' names are omitted. But 
 
 4 Dedications to her in Hennion : (1) dedications to one of the Dioscuri 
 Collitz iii. 33823. are known, AM ii. 218; and (2) the 
 
 8 'AOrivaiov v. 161. 23 ...TIJ! ijpui. dedicators' names are not necessary 
 
 etfa(wvos. (see chapter xn.). Frankel quotes a 
 
 6 Collitz iii. 3262 r&v pava^uv similar dedication from Delphi BCH 
 
 rol Nipdxa totOev. The base bore one vii. 445. But the conclusive objections 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 15 
 
 Statues of course stood in the shrine 1 , but the number is small 
 of those specially dedicated. I may mention a figure of Heracles 
 dedicated by a Greek near Rome 2 ; and a statuette of Hades 
 enthroned, one of the few such which are inscribed 3 . At 
 Eleusis 4 and at Tegea 5 have been found hundreds of small 
 statuettes representing Demeter enthroned, with high head- 
 dress and long robes. Similar figures were offered in other 
 shrines of importance, but there is little direct evidence for the 
 Heroes. One shrine, however, that of Menelaus and Helen near 
 Therapne in Laconia 6 , has been excavated, and has yielded an 
 interesting series of figures 7 . About four hundred objects made 
 of lead were found, including warriors armed with round shield 
 and Corinthian helmet, mounted men, others stark-naked ; and 
 female figures of various types, some dressed in a long robe and 
 holding a spear, others armed with the bow, others winged. 
 There were also draped female figures with the polos head-dress, 
 girls playing upon the flute, and what look like running or 
 dancing men ; there were animals, the lion and the horse, palm 
 leaves and garlands, a Centaur, and other things 8 . Some of 
 these may well have been meant for the figures of Menelaus 
 and Helen, armed or dressed in various fashions because the type 
 was not fixed, and the idea was that of a protecting power 9 . If 
 the winged goddesses were not Helen (and no reason appears 
 why they should have been Helen), perhaps they may belong to 
 a yet earlier shrine of the ancient goddess called by the Greeks 
 
 to his view axe that the person dedicated gods: ovx ws ijputnv d\\' us deois, 
 
 must be mentioned in an honorific 63. 
 
 inscr., and that honorific statues are 7 AZ xxx. 8 &., pi. i, ii. 
 
 not known so early. For the difficult 8 The palms or garlands were per- 
 
 inscr. of Niocles see p. 27. haps held in the hands of figures, as 
 
 1 Paus. iii. 15. 3, CIA i. 360. we see them in terra-cotta statuettes 
 
 2 IGSI 1004. Pausanias ix. 11. 6 (below, ch.vin.). The grills or gridirons 
 records another. which M. Perdrizet found so mysterious 
 
 3 Sparta : no. 3 in Dressel-Milch- are the bases of animal figures ; many 
 hofer's Catalogue AM ii. 297 ff. were found at Olympia with the 
 
 4 In the Museum at Eleusis. animals upon them. Bronzen von 
 6 AMiv. 170 ff.; below, ch. vm. 01. 198, 202, etc. 
 
 6 Paus. iii. 19. 9, Herod, vi. 61, 9 Without proof I cannot accept the 
 
 Isocr. x. 63. By the time the Laus suggestion that they were meant for 
 Helenae was written, they had become Athena. 
 
16 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Artemis ; similar figures were found in Apollo's temple at 
 Amyclae, which appear to be as old as the Mycenaean age 1 . 
 But the maidens with musical instruments are more likely to 
 have been meant for the worshippers, or for some official who 
 played a part in the ceremonies, dedicated as a memorial of the 
 rite. Palmettes and wreaths, if offered independently, would 
 be cheaper memorials of the act of worship. Animals must be 
 interpreted in the light of the larger series of Olympia, Dodona, 
 and the Cabirium 2 . We never hear of the lion as a sacrificial 
 animal ; and if the horse was sacrificed to a hero, it was not sacri- 
 ficed to Zeus. It is safer therefore to assume, that the lion is 
 the hunter's thank-offering, and the horse that of the warrior, 
 the racer, or the breeder. At this date, the early sixth century, 
 toys are probably out of the question. What to make of the 
 centaur I do not know. In the Olympian Pelopeum were 
 figures of men and animals, tripods, vases, rings, needles, 
 articles of adornment and of value, and armour 3 . A variety of 
 objects, though not so great, was found in the Tarentine shrine 
 of the Dioscuri 4 . Here we have reclining male figures and 
 seated female figures, probably combined together originally 
 into a group like that of the Hero Feast ; but very often a child 
 is held by the female, or climbs upon the couch. There are also 
 masks, and terra-cotta discs with a head in relief; heads of Pan, 
 Silenus, and the Gorgon ; and miniature vases, amphorae and 
 others, in thousands. There are armed men and riders, a youth 
 with an oil-flask, a satyr, a lad on a ram, and numbers of human 
 heads covered with a ceremonial head-dress. 
 
 Fragments of bronze and fictile vases have been found 
 bearing dedications to heroes: the hero's name is commonly 
 not given. It is impossible to say whether they were given 
 because of their value, or for use, or as memorials of some act 
 of ritual. That vases used in ritual were left at the shrine 
 is proved by the tomb of Menidhi, but an inscription 
 suggests some more special occasion. Part of a fictile vase, 
 with an archaic dedication, was found in a place at Megara 
 
 1 AZ xxx. 19. 4 Gaz. Arch. vii. 155 ff., AZ xl. 
 
 2 Below, chs. ii. and vm. 286 ff. 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. 3. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 17 
 
 identified by another inscription as a hero shrine 1 . A vase 
 found at Tarentum, bearing the hinder part of two horses, 
 is dedicated to the Saviours 2 . A black fictile vase of the early 
 fifth century, found at Mycenae, is inscribed " of the hero 3 ." A 
 trade guild dedicate a bronze vessel to their local hero in 
 Phocis 4 . A vessel of stone from Cyprus bears a similar 
 legend 5 . Altars are also dedicated to the heroes: to the 
 Dioscuri for example 6 , or to Theseus in Attica 7 , to Heracles 
 in Boeotia 8 . One at least of these was the gift of a priest on 
 his election 9 ; one was given in obedience to a dream 2 ; others 
 in return for preservation 10 : all are of later date than the fourth 
 century. Diomedon of Cos, who left by will an estate for 
 founding a sanctuary to Heracles, presented the furniture : 
 table, couch, cups and mixing jar, lamps, brazier, censers, 
 and a rug, together with two clubs and five golden crowns 
 for the statues 11 . Herodotus speaks of gold cups being offered 
 to Protesilaus 12 . 
 
 The dedication of arms and armour is also recorded, but 
 the motive is not always clear. If Heracles could be invoked 
 in battle 13 , then captured arms might be offered to him ; and 
 Philostratus mentions Mysian arms that hung by a medicinal 
 spring 14 . But the shield and helmet which hang on the wall of 
 a heroum, in a fifth century relief from Cumae 15 , or in later 
 reliefs from Samos 16 , may be part of the hero's own equipment. 
 
 We need do no more than mention the offerings of firstfruits 
 in kind 17 , food, flowers, wreaths 18 , money 19 , and locks of hair; the 
 
 1 IGS iii. 1. 3493 [E]^Xei5aj (cat n Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36 d. 
 M/iet\o...dv&v: cp. 3492, 34957. 12 Herod, ix. 166. 
 
 2 IGSI 2406 108 (ffurijpes). 13 Below, p. 96. 
 
 3 IGA 29, Collitz iii. 3313 rov ijpuos 14 Philostr. Her. 300 (691). 
 
 ^.' 15 Cat. Berl. Mus. 805, Roscher 
 
 4 IGA 323 E0<ayuos Kal rol ffwda- i. 2555. 
 
 fjLiovpyol a.vtd-r}Kav ruk Tjpwi. 16 AM xxv. 176 ff. 
 
 5 Collitz i. 96 Euyu^s t6r)ice ru>i rjpwi. 17 Thuc. iii. 58, Herod, iv. 71. 
 
 6 CIA iv. Suppl. 1. 1663 b dj/d/coix. 18 Philostr. Her. 296 (684) Mea 
 
 7 CIA ii. 1205, Sybel 62212. vo^ovtriv tirl ffrinaruv AvOpuiroi, tirt- 
 
 8 IGS i. 1829 (Leuctra) $i\eivos Ato- <f>epe rfj x6vei ras re ijSiovs TUV dfj-TT^Xuv 
 vuffu 'Hpa.K\ei KO.T' oveipov. ^aipuv avrf KpaTTJpa tTptiya, Kal vfi.irl- 
 
 9 CIA ii. 1205 ' Airo\\wvt8ris 'Itpwvos veiv rf IIaXct/^5ei tcpafficev. Luciaii, 
 "Pa/j.vov<rios iepevs yev6fjLevos rif Qjjffei. Charm. 22. 
 
 10 BCH iii. 293 6e$ ff^ovri evtfiv. 19 Aelian, VH viii. 18. 
 
 R. 2 
 
18 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 first and last will be presently considered, and with the others 
 we have no concern. We must, however, mention that models 
 or images of the perishable things offered in the sacrifice were 
 sometimes offered in stone, metal, or clay. Thus among the 
 finds at a sanctuary of chthonian Persephone, unearthed at 
 Tarentum, are a number of clay animals, and in particular 
 a whole series of pigs 1 . One Lysistrate at Athens dedicated 
 to Heracles a stone shaped like a cake, with appropriate in- 
 scription'-. Statuettes of the votary holding a pig or other 
 sacrificial animal are known in several places 8 ; they may be 
 mentioned here because the pig was a favourite offering to the 
 chthonian deities. 
 
 But the most interesting dedications are the reliefs, which 
 survive in large numbers. The hero is represented in various 
 forms. Sometimes he is distinguished by attributes ; as Heracles 
 by club and lion-skin, the Dioscuri by their horses and hats of 
 a peculiar shape. More often the heroes are stalwart young 
 men, as Theseus is represented ; or youths mounted on horseback, 
 or standing beside their horses, with hounds or huntsmen. We 
 learn from Philostratus that these were the forms under which 
 the hero was supposed to appear to his worshippers 4 . He tells 
 us that if they showed themselves in a sweat, it portended 
 storm and flood ; if dusty, drought ; blood on their arms meant 
 plague and pestilence ; and when none of these signs were 
 seen, good seasons would follow and the earth bring forth her 
 kindly fruits. Horse and snake are the general attributes of 
 the hero 8 , and the snake often twines round a tree, repre- 
 senting no doubt the sacred grove. The hero is often found 
 associated with greater deities : as Neoptolemus at Delphi, 
 Erechtheus at Athens, Triptolemus at Eleusis. The type of 
 
 1 JHS vii. 22, 24. horse has a hidden meaning, and is 
 
 2 Sybel 4014; below, ch. vni. meant to symbolize the "mastery" of 
 
 3 Kekule, Terracotten von Sicilian, the ancestor over his descendants; or 
 25 Camarina, 33 Gela, 19 Acragas. that the dog is there because "sacred" 
 
 4 Philostr. Her. 294 (680) iwiroTpo- to certain deities. Horse and dog are 
 <f>eiv re yap <f>atnv avrbv Kal 6ir\iTfvcii> the natural comrades of the hunter ; 
 ical Or/pas airreffOai. The horse was not and they cannot tell us what hero is 
 peculiar to the Dioscuri. depicted. They are properties in a 
 
 5 It is hard to agree with Furt- character costume. See more in ch. 
 wangler (Coll. Sab. i. p. 27) that the xiv. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 19 
 
 hero-reliefs is freely used for sepulchral, where the dead is 
 heroized; but the votive character of many of these is clear 
 from the inscriptions 1 . I shall cite these as votive where they 
 are so inscribed or not at all, but omit those which bear only 
 the usual sepulchral formula. 
 
 The reliefs 2 may be divided into three main classes : scenes 
 of Kitual, scenes of Feasting, and scenes of the hero's Activity. 
 The third class splits into two groups, according as the horse 
 does or does not form an integral part of the composition. The 
 groups overlap to some extent. 
 
 1. Ritual: the Hero Enthroned. Chief and most ancient 
 in this division are the Laconian reliefs mentioned above. 
 Sometimes a heroized pair is seated upon the throne 3 ; or the 
 female stands before the male, pouring the libation for him 4 ; 
 many show the male figure alone 5 , and two male figures even 
 are found 6 . The hero feeds a snake from his goblet 7 ; or a 
 dog fawns upon him 8 . He holds a pomegranate in one hand, 
 the goblet in the other 8 ; or the woman holds a wreath 9 . 
 A horse's head, or a whole horse, appears framed in the corner 5 . 
 Once a youth holding jumping- weights appears between two 
 male figures 6 . The later slabs are inscribed with names 10 . 
 
 The same type recurs in Boeotia. An archaic slab from 
 Lebadea shows the hero seated, with staff and goblet 11 ; in 
 another, of the fifth century, a female pours the libation before 
 him 12 . From Patrae in Achaia we have a seated hero, with the 
 female figure behind, and in front nine worshippers leading 
 
 1 E.g. Cat. Berl. Mm. 807 KaXXtr^- F-W. 55. 
 
 XT/S *AXe I/MXWI avtOrjicev, 4th century. 10 Deneken sees a similar type in 
 
 2 My account is based on Boscher's Crete : Eoscher i. 2569 n. Plutarch 
 Article Heros, but the classification is says that the Spartan tombs were not 
 not quite the same. See also F-W. inscribed with names except when the 
 55 ff. ; AM iv. 125 ff. dead was killed in battle : Inst. Lac. 18. 
 
 3 Coll. Sab. i. l, = Cat.Berl. Sc. 731. AM iii. 317. 9, iv. 270, v. 141: 
 
 4 Ny-Carlsberg 12,=AM viii. 364, F-W. 45. 
 
 pi. xvi. 12 No. 140 in Korte's Catalogue, AM. 
 
 6 AM vii. 260 ff. iii. 301 ft. Sometimes the female figure 
 
 6 AZ xli. pi. 13. 2. becomes the most important of the 
 
 7 AM iv. 127. 4, pi. viii. 2, v. pi. relief, as nos. 3032 in Dr.-Milchh., 
 vii. 1; AZ xxxix. 294; AM vi. 358 62 . AMU. 134, but there is no principle of 
 
 8 A M vii. pi. vii. difference to suggest a new class. 
 
 22 
 
20 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 a ram ; there is a shield hanging upon the wall, and a horse- 
 head in frame 1 . In the museum at Corfu is a terra-cotta slab, 
 with a female pouring the libation before the enthroned hero, 
 and a second female figure also enthroned. The hero feeding 
 a snake recurs in Olbia, where we know Achilles was wor- 
 shipt 8 . In Berlin is a slab of uncertain origin, but of late 
 date, in which we see the hero enthroned on a raised dais by 
 the altar, and a troop of worshippers, one of whom leads a horse ; 
 
 FIG. 2. Hero Eelief, from Patrae. 
 Roscher i. col. 2571, fig. 8. 
 
 there is a tree with a snake twined round it ; and on the wall 
 hangs a case with tools, doubtless meant to indicate the dead 
 man's calling 3 . A fine third-century relief shows a bearded 
 man seated in a chair, under which is a snake ; a female pours 
 the libation. The type resembles Asclepius, but is not that 
 god 4 . Sometimes the hero stands in a sacrificial scene before 
 the altar, as in a relief from Samos 5 . 
 
 2. The Hero reclining, and partaking of a feast. Of this 
 type, which is known as the Hero Feast or the Death Feast 6 , 
 
 1 AM iv. 125. 1, 164; F-W. 1071. 
 See fig. 2. 
 
 2 Roscher i. 2571. 
 
 Cat. Berl. Sc. 804. 
 
 4 AM viii. 364, pi. xviii. 1 (Leiden). 
 
 5 AM xxv. 172 "Hpws A^JTTTJS: 
 altar, one worshipper. The same hero 
 in Peiraeus, coupled with Bendis : 
 BCH xxiii. 370 ; Diimmler, Annali Iv. 
 192. 
 
 6 See Milchhofer, Jahrb. ii. 25 ; Cat. 
 Brit. Mug. Sc. p. 298, and nos. 711 ff. ; 
 Cat. Berl. Sc. 814 ff. ; Wolters, AZ xl. 
 300 ; Gardner, JHS v. 107 ; von Fritze, 
 AM xxi. 347. The last completely 
 disposes of the attempts to explain 
 these as Family Feast simply. The 
 history of the type is dead against 
 supposing them to have originally 
 referred to the mythical Feast in the 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 21 
 
 some three hundred examples remain, the oldest of which comes 
 from Tegea. Most of them belong to Attica, and the type is 
 rare in Peloponnese and the southern islands, somewhat more 
 common in Thrace, Asia Minor, and the northern isles; in 
 Boeotia and Thessaly it is practically displaced by the Rider 
 type. One example comes from Naucratis 1 . 
 
 The Tegean relief is broken, and the reclining hero has lost 
 all but his feet. A seated female figure turns towards him, 
 and before her is a naked lad holding a wreath uplifted in his 
 left hand 2 . A fifth-century relief from the Peiraeus shows the 
 
 FIG. 3. Death-Feast Belief, from Peiraeus. 
 
 hero reclined and holding a bowl, while the female sits as 
 before ; a boy draws wine from a mixing-bowl, a dog eats the 
 
 Underworld; but this idea may have 
 become associated with the old type 
 in later times. The actual moment 
 represented may perhaps be, as von 
 Fritze believes, the dessert ; but too 
 much stress must not be laid on the 
 fact that cakes of pyramidal shape are 
 "not known in the death cult" (349). 
 Do we know everything about the 
 death cult ? It is equally rash to deny 
 the sacrificial character where the hero 
 himself pours the libation : he may be 
 supposed to do so as head of the 
 family. The same type is used for the 
 
 gods, where there can be no question 
 of a family meal. Milchhofer points 
 out that while only one (possibly) is 
 found in a cemetery, many are found 
 in shrines: Sybel 3992, 4093, 4272, 
 4326, 4694, 4897, 4958, 4983, 4985. 
 
 1 Naucratis ii. 22 3: hero reclines 
 on couch, female sits feeding a snake 
 out of a saucer; boy drawing wine 
 from crater; horse's head in corner: 
 one female worshipper with uplifted 
 hand. Samos: AM xxv. 176 ff. 
 
 2 F-W. 54, AM iv. 135, 162, pi. vii., 
 Sybel 3090. 
 
22 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 scraps under the table, and a worshipper is present 1 . An altar 
 for incense often appears, on or near the table 8 ; the crater is 
 constant, and the hero holds a drinking horn 3 . Fruit, especially 
 pomegranates, and cakes lie on the table, the cakes being of 
 a pyramidal shape*. Dog and snake often appear, and the 
 horse is hinted at 8 . Rarely we see a boat, or a man in a boat 8 . 
 Weapons occasionally hang on the wall. Sometimes two male 
 figures recline together 7 , or a woman alone, who perhaps offers 
 drink to the serpent 8 . 
 
 The Death-Feast type has been found, as might have been 
 expected, in the Asclepieum at Athens 9 , in the shrines of Am- 
 phiaraus in Oropus and Rhamnus 10 , and at Athens in company 
 with an Amphiaraus relief". These facts go to show both the 
 votive character of the type, and the heroic character of 
 Asclepius and Amphiaraus. The type of face varies, often 
 approaching that of Zeus or Hades. The same type of 
 relief is associated with Asclepius 12 , with Dionysus 13 , with 
 Hercules and the Muses 14 , with Hades 18 , with Hecate 18 , with 
 the Dioscuri 17 , with Zeuxippus and Basileia 18 , later with Isis 19 . 
 The heroic figures sometimes have the look of portraits 20 . 
 Once the scene is found on a painted vase 21 , and the type is 
 known in terra-cotta groups 22 . 
 
 1 F-W. 1052, Sybel 325. Roscher 9 Jahrb. ii. 26 ff.; AMxviii. 241. 
 
 i. 2555, fig. 3. See fig. 3 in text. From 10 Deltion 1891, p. 27 no. 23 ; AM I.e. 
 
 the place of finding the hero is identi- ll Deltion 1891, p. 115 no. 5; AM 
 
 fied with Asclepius. Cp. F-W. 1053 ff., I.e. 
 
 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 711. 12 F-W. 1070. 
 
 2 If incense was first offered to the 13 F-W. 1135, 1843. 
 
 dead in the Hellenistic age, this proves 14 AZ xlix. 81, Cat. Berl. Sc. 832 
 
 nothing for the origin or general inter- (Roman date, from Smyrna). Cp. 
 
 pretation of the type. another in Tarentum, Roscher i. 2542*. 
 
 3 For the significance of this see 18 Eleusis : 'E<f>. 'Apx- 1886, pi. 3. 
 Athenaeus xi. 461 B, Aristoph. frag. 18 Woman with torch, perhaps the 
 Kock i. p. 517. Maid : Sybel 5931. 
 
 4 See for these AM xxi. 351 2 : 17 Tarentum, terra-cotta : Roscher 
 pomegranates, AZ xxxv. 139 ff., no. i. 2579. 
 
 91, inscr. ...TVXW dirivruv. 18 Jahrb. ii. 27. 
 
 6 No. 92 in von Duhn's list, AZ 19 Antike Bildwerke ii. 193. 
 
 xxxv. 139 ff. Snake: Cat. Berl. Sc. w See Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 734. 
 
 815, 818, etc. 21 AA 1890, p. 89. 
 
 6 F-W. 1057. 22 Tarentum : AZ xl. 286, Gaz. Arch. 
 
 7 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 712. vii. 155. 
 
 8 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 721. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 23 
 
 A combination of the types of Sacrifice and Feast appears 
 on some monuments. Thus worshippers are seen in the corner, 
 assisting at the feast with uplifted hands 1 . The heroes take 
 no account of them, and they stand as accessories outside the 
 picture, just as the dedicators kneel unnoticed in some Italian 
 painting 2 . So too we see victims and sacrificial implements 
 forming part of the festive scene 3 . 
 
 FIG. 4. Hero Feast, from Peiraeus. 
 Le Bas, Voyage, pi. 54. 
 
 3. We come now to the third group, where the Hero 
 appears as Rider or Hunter. In a fifth-century relief from 
 Cumae 4 the hero is a youth clad in chlamys and petasus, and 
 bestrides a prancing steed ; behind him appears the heroized 
 wife. A group of worshippers, of smaller size, face the pair, 
 their hands uplifted; on the wall hang shield and helmet. 
 There are no offerings and no altar, but a hare fawns on the 
 smallest figure. Both hunting and war are thus hinted at in 
 
 1 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 716 ; Le Bas, 
 Voyage, pi. 54; F-W. 1059. 
 
 2 Cat. Berl. Sc. 814 : 4th cent. 
 A similar series in the Samos Museum : 
 AM xxv. 175ft. 
 
 3 Coll. Sab. i. pi. 33, Cat. Ath. 
 Museum Sc. 1516, 1539; AM xxi. 356; 
 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 713, 714 (horse's 
 head also), 717 (same). 
 
 4 Cat. Berl. Sc. 805. See fig. 5. 
 
GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 this scheme, and the combination is clearer still in another 
 example from Tanagra 1 . The rider is armed in the cuirass; 
 
 Fio. 5. Hero Belief. 
 Cat. Berl. Sculptures, no. 805. 
 
 behind him a slave, with the hunting-club, and game on his 
 shoulder, holds fast to the horse's tail. A heroized female 
 figure bears bowl and jug for the libation. Often the hero 
 leads his horse, as in a fourth-century relief from Tanagra 2 , 
 where an altar is present, and libation and adoration are 
 repeated. A fine Attic piece of the fifth century 3 contains two 
 divisions. In the upper is a heroum, containing a statue, with 
 a large heroic figure seated on either side ; below, the hero 
 unarmed leads his horse, the dog following behind. One adorer 
 and an altar complete the group. There is only one early ex- 
 ample from Attica of this type 4 ; but both motives, the warrior 
 and the hunter, become regular for sepulchral monuments. 
 Boeotia presents us with half a hundred monuments of the 
 type now in question, many of them being carved on small 
 altars which were doubtless used for the rite depicted 5 . The 
 hero now bestrides his horse, now stands by it; he may be 
 armed; the horse approaches an altar, or even places a hoof 
 
 1 F-W. 1076, 4th cent. 
 
 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 807 KaXXtrAijj 
 
 F-W. 1073. 
 
 * Cat. Berl. Sc. 808, 4th cent. The 
 worshipper holds out a cake. 
 
 8 Korte, Kat. der boiot. Sk. in AM 
 Hi. 319 ff. quotes 52. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 25 
 
 upon it. A female figure is often present, ready for the 
 libation 1 ; and there are troops of worshippers 2 . The hunt- 
 motive only occurs on the tablet from Tanagra described above. 
 Nearly all are early; one of the fifth century 3 , several of the 
 fourth 4 ; the best show Attic work or influence. 
 
 From Thessaly comes a unique example; there is the youth 
 and the horse, and a group of worshippers ; but there is also a 
 female figure enthroned 5 . The sepulchral slabs from this 
 district, when inscribed, are all dedicated to the heroized dead 6 . 
 The hero on horseback reappears in Laconia, and a beast 
 is offered to him 7 . We shall come later to the Dioscuri, who 
 occur in this scheme. From Argolis we have an actual hunting 
 scene, an armed rider attacking a boar; the altar, tree, and snake 
 occur on this slab 8 . In a Thyrean relief 9 , the youth holds the 
 horse's bridle, whilst he feeds a snake which coils about a tree. 
 On the tree hanging are a shield and a sword, on the ground 
 lance and body-armour, whilst a boy carries the helmet. The 
 type is known in Pergamus, with a female in the divine aspect, 
 and no worshippers 10 . 
 
 Examples have been found in Rhodes 11 , in Lemnos 12 , and in 
 Thasos 13 , but in the small islands only one so far 14 . This is more 
 likely to be due to accident, or to the greater rarity of all 
 works of fine art, than to the nature of the ground 15 . There 
 
 1 Nos. 138, 1434, Cat. Berl. Sc. 807. 10 BCH xiii. 509, pi. ix. 
 
 2 Nos. 145 ff., Berlin 806 f. u AZ xlii. 485. 8= Cat. Brit. Mus. 
 
 3 No. 10, AM iv. pi. xiv. 1 ; perhaps Sc. 753 ; Furtwangler, AM viii. 370. 
 the fragment F-W. 1205, which is 12 Conze, Reise auf Lesbos, 31 pi. 
 made of Boeotian stone. 15. 1. 
 
 4 Nos. 138, 141, 143, 145 ; Berl. Conze, Inselreise, 29 pi. 10. 8, 66 
 807 = Coll. Sab. pi. 29. pi. 10. 6. 
 
 5 BCH xii. pi. v.: ...tot Stf/ujitaxos... u From Amorgos : AM xxi. 195 
 Qpaffvdafios avtOrjKtv. (cut). The hero, in helmet and tunic, 
 
 6 Ussing, Inscr. Gr. med. 39 ; rides a prancing horse. There is a 
 Heuzey, Miss. arch. 418 pi. 26 1 , tree and snake, female divinity, wor- 
 Mont Olympe 469 5 , 475 17 , 476 19 , shippers, and a boy leading a ram to 
 478 w , 483 *; Lolling, AM xi. 51 21 , the altar. Now in Syra Museum. 
 
 54 , 59 *, 120 s1 . 52 , 130 , 131 . 15 Horses are used in every island, 
 
 These references I take from Koscher. and doubtless were used there in 
 
 7 AMU. 422, no. 264. ancient days. Deneken (in Roscher's 
 
 8 AA 1855, 58, and others. Diet.) takes the view that horses were 
 
 9 Sybel 574, F-W. 1812. less likely to be used in small islands. 
 
26 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 are no early examples from the less Greek parts of the 
 Greek world ; but the type is common in Thrace during the 
 later periods and the age of Roman dominion, and then 
 appears in Macedon, Asia Minor, and even Illyria. In Thrace, 
 several were found in a hero-shrine 1 . The Thracian copies are 
 inscribed 'to the lord hero,' with or without the word eu^V, or 
 to the heroized dead 3 , one to Apollo 4 , and one to the Dioscuri 8 . 
 The hero rides or stands by the horse; dog and altar appear, 
 and often the tree with coiling serpent 8 . Sometimes he hunts 
 the boar 7 . Once a woman is present 8 , and once perhaps a 
 worshipper 9 . 
 
 The Macedonian examples are all dedicated to the heroized 
 dead. Among them we meet with the boar hunt, and the 
 snake coiling about a tree 10 . In Illyria the rider is armed, 
 and gallops with lance in rest 11 . Most of the Asiatic types 
 belong to heroized dead 12 . Smyrna has produced several 13 , and 
 Cyzicus a few 14 , amongst the latter being one dedicated to 
 Apollo 18 . One of the Smyrna reliefs, as may be seen below, has 
 travelled far from the original conception, including as it does 
 an honorific inscription. From Pergamus came two rider-reliefs 
 with worshippers, dedicated to the Hero Pergamus 18 . A large 
 number have come to light in Phrygia or Pisidia, inscribed to 
 the Preserving God 17 . Coloe has two, inscribed to heroized 
 dead, one of them to Gaius Germanicus Caesar 18 . 
 
 1 Dumout, Inzer, et mon. fig. de la 'A/ov vof below, ireuSei/rTjs ijpus: 
 
 Thrace, 71. (The reff. to Dumont I 812 (broken). .. .icwfrv : 835 'Awo\\u- 
 
 borrow from Roscher.) t>i8r)s 'Aff/cXijTruxSou rjpws <&i\6ira.Tpis' ol 
 
 2 xvpiy ijpui, Dumont nos. 24, 82, \uplrfoi. ZeXetrtDi' a-refavovviv dtidlw 
 33 c, 39 ; e\>\-f)v 32, 33 a, c, 39/. crrfQavu, ol /cw/u^reoi yvicfyu ore^avw 
 
 8 Dumont 27. deiSi'w trrt<J>ai>u : JHS vii. 250, pi. C. 2. 
 
 4 Dumont 40. 14 AM iv. 14 f., vii. 253 f.; Frohner, 
 
 8 Dumont 61 a. Inscr. du Louvre, 263. 
 
 6 Dumont 58, etc. 15 AM x. 208. 
 
 i Dumont 40, 49, 102. 16 JHS v. 261 ; vii. 250 pi. C, with altar 
 
 8 Dumont 32. and adoring women : ijpui Uepyafiut. 
 
 9 Dumont 33 c. 6e6s ffwfav : BCH i. 366, ii. 170, 
 
 10 Frohner, Inscr. du Louvre, 194,216. iii. 346, iv. 291, pi. ix., x. ; JHS viii. 
 
 11 Heuzey, Hits. arch, de Mac., 399 255 ; Coll. Sab. i. E 36. 3. 
 
 pi. 31 4 , 33 2 . 18 Cat. Berl. Sc. 813 ; AM xiii. 18 ff., 
 
 12 BCH vi. 442. Fcuy TepnaviKif atiTOKparopi Kaicrapi, 
 
 13 Cat. Berl. Sc. 809, 810 ; 811 *Atos female with bound hands 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 27 
 
 The enthroned figure is combined with the horse in an 
 Athenian relief 1 . The rider is also found combined with the 
 Feast type, as in a slab from Tarentum. Here two male figures 
 recline at the festive table, with the usual accessories, whilst a 
 man leads a horse towards them 2 . 
 
 4. In the last type, the horse forms no integral part of the 
 scene. The Hero stands free, and is usually armed ; in an 
 Argive relief he stands before an altar on which a boy is laying 
 fuel 3 . 'In others, the female figure is over against him, pouring 
 a libation. The oldest of this class known comes from Tegea, 
 and is archaic 4 . Another example is in the Corfu museum, and 
 has worshippers 5 . In Attica 6 and in Sicily 7 we meet with the 
 same scheme, and there are others. Or the Hero gives the 
 libation to a snake ; as in certain examples from Sparta 8 and 
 Tarentum 9 . 
 
 A transitional type, between this and the thank-offering 
 for a victory, is seen in the piece from Palermo, where Victory 
 bearing a fillet flies towards the hero 10 ; and in another, where 
 Victory pours the libation 11 . 
 
 We shall now briefly consider dedications made to particular 
 Heroes, and see how far these fall into the classes defined above. 
 Dedications made expressly for stated occasions, such as grati- 
 tude for healing or deliverance, will however be excepted, as 
 I propose to take these in the succeeding chapters 12 . 
 
 1 Sybel 2039, Schone 111. this form so early and leave no other 
 
 2 F-W. 1054. trace ; in late periods of course it is 
 
 3 AM iv. 158. 6. common enough. It is hardly easier 
 
 4 Le Bas, Voyage, pi. 103. 1. to suppose the noun QiotcXrj to be accu- 
 
 5 Roscher i. 2565. sative, as this also is a late formula. 
 
 6 Hon. Grecs pi. 1, = Roscher 406, There seems to be no doubt as to the 
 where it is wrongly explained as Ares reading ; the hero's staff comes be- 
 and Aphrodite. tween the two first words, so it is 
 
 7 Palermo : AM viii. 370. unlikely that Aioa-Kotpoiv can be meant. 
 
 8 Cat. Berl. Sc. 732 (archaic) ; IGA But perhaps the dedication is meant 
 51 ; Collitz iii. 4400 ; Roberts, Gr. for one only ; see p. 30. 
 
 Ep. no. 205. The inscription reads 9 Roscher i. 2566. 
 
 .. fifi 
 
 11 AM iv. 166, note 1. 
 
 restored by Rohl -rol ic6poi QioK\et No- 12 p or Asclepius see ch. v. ; for Per- 
 ixprida, as a dedication by the youths se phone and Demeter in their relation 
 to Theocles, a man. It seems in- to agriculture, ch. u. 
 credible that the dedication could take 
 
28 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Turning first to the chthonian deities, as most closely allied 
 to what we have treated as the earliest type of worship, we find 
 that Hades or Pluto 1 has more of the heroic than the divine 
 about him. There appears to be only one temple recorded 
 where Hades is worshipt under this name and alone, that 
 seen by Pausanias in Elis 2 . He is generally associated, as 
 Hades or Pluto, with the Maid and Demeter or with one of 
 them 8 ; sometimes with other heroic figures, Triptolemus, 
 Eubuleus, or lacchus; sometimes he goes by the name of 
 Zeus Chthonius 4 , or of Buleus 5 . The practice of lectisternia 
 is certain for Athens 6 , and probable for his other centres of 
 worship. A terra-cotta relief from the Malian Locri 7 shows 
 a remarkable likeness to the Spartan Type 1. Scherer can 
 hardly be wrong in his interpretation of this work as Hades 
 and Persephone 8 . The pair, a bearded male figure, with 
 wreath, and a female figure with diadem and veil, sit side 
 by side ; he holds a spray of flowers, narcissus apparently, and 
 she a large bunch of corn and a cock. The arm of the 
 throne terminates in a snake. This is all which remains; 
 one quarter of the original slab. Two reliefs of the Feast 
 Type 2 came to light at Eleusis; these clearly represent the 
 lectisternia already mentioned. They are not of early date or 
 
 1 Pluto is the god of wealth, and as Amorgos : AM i. 334. Myconos : 
 such does not concern us here. The 'AOfyaiov ii. 237. Paros : 'AOrjvaiov v. 
 name is first applied to the lord of the 15. 
 
 underworld in Soph. Antig. 1200. Asia Minor : Acharaca, Strabo xiv. 
 
 2 Paus. vi. 25. 2, Boscher, Diet. 1. 44. Hierapolis, Strabo xiii. 4. 14. 
 ' Hades ' 1788. Halicarnassus, Cnidus : Newton ii. 
 
 3 See Preller, Gr. Myth. 302, note 1. 714. Aphrodisias : Mou<r. TT?J Evayy. 
 Athens: with theEumenides, Paus. i. Zx- p. 180. 
 
 28. 6, and at the Eleusinium, with * Their identity may be seen from 
 
 Demeter, the Maid, and Triptolemus. II. ix. 457 Zetfs re Ka.TaxQbvi.os KOI firaivrj 
 
 Eleusis: with Demeter, the Maid, Hepff((f>6vfia. 
 
 lacchus, and Eubuleus (see below), 8 Eubuleus in Eleusis ; see note 3. 
 BCH vii. 387 ff. CIAii. 948 950, combined: 
 
 Coronea : with Athena, according to tirubifsaTo 6 lepo^cif TTJJ rty K\lvr)v 
 
 Strabo ix. 2. 29. o-ai T< nXotiruvi ical TTJV rpdirf^av A 
 
 Peloponnese : Argos, Corinth, Pylos you /card rrjv /jtavrelav rov 0eov. 
 Triphylia, Sparta, Hermione, Olympia ; 7 Boscher i. 1797, after Ann. d. Imt. 
 
 sometimes as Zeus Chthonius, or as xix. pi. F. 
 
 Clymenus (Roscher, 1788 9). Tegea, Roscher, I.e. There was a famous 
 
 with Demeter and the Maid: AM v. 69. shrine of Persephone in this place. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 29 
 
 of great artistic merit ; but they have considerable interest as 
 attesting the cult of a chthonian pair in Eleusis beside the Two 
 Goddesses. The first shows two pairs, each seated by a separate 
 table, with a pilaster between. The pair on the right are in- 
 scribed To the God and To the Goddess ; the others though not 
 inscribed are probably meant for Demeter and the Maid. A 
 youth holding a jug over a large amphora completes the scene 1 . 
 The other, but a fragment, bears the heads, both inscribed, of 
 Pluto and the Goddess side by side ; Triptolemus was present, 
 and his torch still remains; so was Eubuleus 2 . 
 
 The third type does not appear to be used in connexion 
 with Pluto, but the fourth is found in a late dedication from 
 Macedonia; where the god, his body naked from the waist 
 upwards, stands beside Cerberus 3 . 
 
 Of other heroic personages, the Dioscuri are represented on 
 the oldest known monuments, and these from Sparta, where 
 they had a chthonian character 4 , and where their worship was 
 very ancient 5 . They appear chiefly in Types 3 and 4 : as a 
 pair of naked youths, without attributes, mounted 6 or usually 
 standing beside their horses 7 , or standing opposite each other 
 without horses 8 , or holding a wreath 9 . The inscription on the 
 last example declares that the dedication is made for fear of 
 the wrath of the sons of Tyndarus 10 . A later relief, which may 
 
 1 "&<f>. 'Apx- 1886, 19, plate 3: Auo-i- 5 Plut. De Frat. Am. 1. See Paus. 
 fj-axiSi)? avtOriKe- deac 0eu>i. CIA ii. iii. 24. 5, 26. 3. They were also wor- 
 Add. 1620 b. shipt in Messenia, Arcadia, Argolis, 
 
 2 'E<. 'Apx- 1885, 26, plate 3 2 : Achaia, Attica : see Paus. i. 18. 1, ii. 
 AaicpaTfiSris 2,w<rrpa.Tov 'Iicaptevs Ifpftis 7. 5, 22. 5, 36. 6, iii. 14. 6, 20. 2, viii. 
 0eoO (cat 0eas KO.I Efy3ovA&os...inrp eairroO 9. 2, 21. 4. They were probably the 
 Koi T&V vu>v...Kal rrjs Bvyarpb* X a P l ~ avaKres ircu8es of Amphissa : AMn. 86. 
 ffr-rjpiov Ari/jniTpi ical K6pr]i dvtffriKfv. At Cyzicus, CIG 2157, 2158. 
 H\OVTUV. Bed. Tpnrro'Xe/ioy. Etf/JovXetfs. 6 AM ii. Cat. no. 219. 
 Restorations are certain, and therefore 7 F-W. 67, AM ii. Cat., nos. 14, 20, 
 not indicated. CIA ii. Add. 1620 c. 201,202,209212,220. Crete: AJA 
 
 3 Heuzey, La Ville d'Eane en Mace- N.s. i. 249, fig. 5. 
 dome, Rev. Arch. N.S. xviii. 22: 6e$ 8 A M ii. no. 204. 
 SeffTOTTj IlXouruvi ical Trj TroXei 'Ecu'?? 9 AM viii. 371, pi. xviii. 2. 
 
 T. <\aotftos AeoKas, etc. (Roscher, 1792). 10 1GA 62 a IIAewTiaSas ^ dWOrjice 
 
 4 Pind. Nem. x. 56 virb KfvBecn A.ioffKovpouri.i> a-yaXp-a.. Tivdaptddv 5i8v- 
 yalas ev yva\oi.s Qepairvas. Alcman |u>v fj.ai>iv <57rt556(MVOS. AM viii. 372, 
 frag. 5 virb TTJV yrjv TT;J Qepdirvr)* elvai pi. xviii. 2. 
 
30 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 be votive, shows two youths on horseback, clad in chiton and 
 chlamys, but without the distinctive hat. They are beardless, 
 and their hair is bound with a diadem 1 . In another relief two 
 youths stand with an altar between ; each holds a spear, and one 
 has a bowl, the other a jug 8 . Sometimes they are armed with 
 swords 3 , sometimes their feet clad in boots 4 . The two urns 
 frequently appear 8 , and in one case snakes are wreathed round 
 them. A table also appears with something upon it, the 
 silphium no doubt which we have read of 8 . Animals appear 
 at their feet 7 , and of course the snake 8 ; while cocks may be 
 seen in the gable 9 . 
 
 The identification even when no horses are seen, is made 
 certain by the dedication of one at least 10 . A dedication is 
 found to one of the two alone 11 , which makes it possible to 
 assume the same thing for a fragmentary relief which has been 
 much discussed 12 . One or two late examples are offered by 
 a company of persons, probably those who took part in some 
 great feast 13 . Here a female figure appears, doubtless Helen. 
 A relief found in Cythera shows that the cult was practised 
 there 14 : and a dedication to them comes also from Thessaly 15 . 
 Dedications go on until Roman times 16 . The stars, which later 
 are identified with these heroes as protectors at sea, do not 
 appear ; but if the story of Lysander be correctly interpreted, 
 they were known in the fifth century 17 . At Tarentum the youths 
 often ride or drive in a chariot 18 . 
 
 1 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 780. fftTT/Wvrej M... followed by a list of 
 
 2 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 781, cp. AM officials. The date is not long before 
 ii. Cat. no. 220. the Christian era. 
 
 3 AM ii. nos. 203, 206, iv. p. 126. 14 AM v. 231 M^ovSpos apfuoffr^p 
 
 4 AM ii. no. 212. fivSaplSai... See BCH ii. 394. Paus. 
 8 AM ii. nos. 209, 210. x. 9. 8. 
 
 6 Paus. iii. 16. 3 rpaire^a KO! ari\(f>iov 1B foots neyaXois, relief of Dioscuri : 
 tir' afrrj). Collitz i. 347. 
 
 7 AM ii. no. 213. 19 AMii. Caf.no. 208 with Latin inscr. 
 
 8 AM ii. nos. 209, 220. 17 See Plut. Lys. 18. Euripides asso- 
 
 9 AM ii. no. 209. ciates them with the stars : do-rpou 
 
 10 AM ii. Cat. no. 204 KaXXt/c/xrnjs o/uxutflrre, Hel. 140. But this does 
 TwSapi'Sau. not imply that Lysander meant the 
 
 11 AM ii. Cat. no. 218. stars as "symbols of the Dioscuri," 
 
 12 IGA 51, above, p. 27. see below, p. 135. 
 
 13 AM ii. Cat. no. 202, F-W. 1848, RM xv. 23. 
 Collitz iii. 4440 IT. : the formula is oi 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 31 
 
 The Feast Type is fully represented in a series of reliefs 
 found at Tarentum. The Dioscuri, on horseback, are seen 
 approaching the feast which is set out 
 ready for them 1 , or reclining at table, 
 their horses sometimes appearing in the 
 background'''. There are always two am- 
 phorae placed at the two sides, one for 
 each. These amphorae are associated 
 with the libation in the ritual type, where 
 the Dioscuri themselves pour it upon the 
 altar 3 ; or they stand beside the two 
 youths, who are unclothed and without 
 attributes 4 ; or they stand upon a table 5 , 
 while the youths raise a stlengis to their 
 heads 6 , or drive past 7 . The amphorae may 
 signify either the feast or the libation ; Fl(J 6 Tablet with ^ 
 and where they stand quite alone it is 
 impossible to say which 8 . 
 
 Certain Spartan reliefs show two am- 
 phorae, sometimes standing upon a table. 
 
 A slab, of the second century perhaps 9 , bears the twins clothed, 
 with the typical hats, and standing upon a raised base or 
 platform. A worshipper reaches out his hand to touch one of 
 two large amphorae, which stand also on a high base; below 
 is a small altar, with a pig carved in relief upon it. There is 
 a boat in the background. 
 
 The snake is frequent on these reliefs, and the cock 10 is 
 
 tvia of the Dioscuri 
 (from Tarentum). 
 EM xv. 24, fig. 3. 
 
 1 EM xv. 24. I regard the figures 
 not as sailing through the air, but as 
 approaching. The artist has not the 
 skill to represent the perspective. 
 
 2 EM xv. 27. 
 
 3 EM xv. 7. 
 
 4 EM xv. 8, fig. 1. 
 
 8 The table has a rude shape : two 
 square uprights joined by a balk. This 
 was traditional according to Plutarch, 
 De Fr. Am. 1, and called d6Ka>>a. See 
 EM xv. 43. Perhaps it is meant for 
 their tomb ; so at least implies Etym. 
 Mag. s.v. SOKCLVO.. 
 
 6 EM xv. 8, fig. 3. 
 
 7 EM xv. 22, 23. 
 
 8 K. Petersen (EM xv. 41) thinks 
 they denote prizes of wine. This is 
 pure imagination, and I think the 
 reader will prefer the explanation 
 suggested above. Nor is there any 
 reason to call them symbolic ; which 
 would imply that the pots could repre- 
 sent the heroes. 
 
 9 Laconia ? Now in Verona. AM ii. 
 nos. 209, 210; Eoscher i. 1171: in- 
 scribed. 
 
 10 A M ii. 20. 209. 
 
32 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 also found. We shall meet these beings later as saviours and 
 protectors, especially of those who use the sea, and as givers 
 of victory 1 . There remains the base of one statue at least 
 dedicated to them 2 ; and the little figures two together in 
 a cradle, which have been found in several different places, 
 are supposed to be they or their sons 3 . Altars dedicated to 
 them have also been found 4 . A number of slabs bearing 
 snakes only are in the local museum at Sparta; these may 
 be connected with the Dioscuri, but there is nothing save the 
 place of finding to suggest it. Dedications to the Dioscuri by 
 seafarers do not meet us early ; we may instance a late one from 
 the island Megiste 5 . 
 
 Heracles enthroned (Type 1) is to be seen on a relief of 
 Attic character, found in Andros, and belonging to the fifth 
 century. He sits before a temple or palace, whilst a female 
 pours wine into his goblet 6 . 
 
 In the fourth century the sacrificial scheme takes a different 
 form. Lysistrate dedicates to him a stone carved to resemble 
 a cake or loaf, with a relief: Heracles, wearing the lionskin, 
 stands by a blazing altar, towards which a boy leads a sacrificial 
 swine ; a group of women and children complete the scene 7 . 
 A relief from Ithome 8 shows Heracles standing before a shrine, 
 beardless, with club and lionskin; there are worshippers, the 
 victims are ox and sheep. An ox alone is offered on a similar 
 relief 9 , and there are remains of others 10 . In one relief Heracles 
 appears to be holding out his hand for something 11 . 
 
 1 Chap. v. 7 Sybel 4014 AvvurTparr) inrtp TUV 
 
 2 Argos: AZ 1882, p. 383 TUIV fava.- iral8mv'Hpa.K\fi dvWrjicev ; CIA ii. 1565, 
 (fuv. with 1564, 1565 b, which seem to be 
 
 3 AM x. 81, pi. 4 ; Preller, Gr. Myth. fragments of similar reliefs. The 5th 
 862. cent, piece F-W. 1134 is probably 
 
 4 CIA iii. 195, IGI Hi. Thera 421, Theseus, as the lionskin lacks. 
 
 422, etc. 8 Sybel 320, Schone 112, who illus- 
 
 5 Collitz iii. 4331. trates the offering of these victims 
 
 6 F-W. 1203 ; the editor explains by Died. iv. 39. 1 (Thebes), Pollux i. 
 it as Hebe pouring wine for him in 30. 
 
 Olympus. It is true the sacrificial 9 Described by Schone, col. 56, no. 
 
 character of the relief is not clear; 112. 
 
 but in view of the preceding examples 10 Sybel 372, 383, 5694 ; Cat. Brit. 
 
 I prefer to regard it as a modification Mus. Sc. 791. 
 
 of the votive type. u AA ix. 170: cp. F-W. 1134. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 33 
 
 The Feasting Type (2) is represented by a late relief from 
 Athens, where Heracles appears as one of a group of heroic 
 figures feasting, others perhaps being Apollo and the Muses. 
 The scene is fanciful, including not only the apparatus of the 
 feast, but trees and little winged loves 1 . 
 
 Even the third type is found, although Heracles is no 
 horseman. On a rough Rhodian piece of Roman date he 
 appears club in hand mounted upon an ass 2 . 
 
 The fourth type appears with characteristic variations. In 
 a fourth century piece from Thebes 3 , Heracles, with club and 
 lionskin, stands before a Doric shrine. He holds the horn 
 of plenty in his right hand, and another heroic personage, 
 perhaps meant for Dionysus (for he has the thyrsus), touches 
 the horn in the hand of Heracles. There are fragments of 
 other figures in the scene. He also appears conjoined with 
 Athena and a personification of Demus or Academus 4 . A relief 
 of the fourth century, inscribed to Heracles Averter of 111, 
 represents the hero with Hermes on the steps of a shrine 5 . 
 
 His aid in war is acknowledged by the statues of Athena 
 and Heracles dedicated by Thrasybulus in the shrine of Hera- 
 cles 6 ; and in games, by a relief of Roman date 7 . The hero 
 lies resting, his weapons hung on a tree, and the inscription 
 commemorates an ephebic triumph. 
 
 His figure also appears on decree-reliefs, with Athena for 
 instance 8 . 
 
 Reliefs of the fourth type exist which are dedicated to 
 Theseus. He is a youth, with cloke on shoulder, and cap, other- 
 wise naked, and worshippers appear by his side in the usual 
 attitude 9 . The hero looks very much like Heracles, except for 
 
 1 Sybel 548. Boston Museum. 
 
 2 Cat. Berl Sc. 689 'AiroXXciiaoj 8is 6 Paus. ix. 11. 6. 
 
 'HpaKXet dvt6r}Ke firx^v. 7 At Oxford : CIA iii. 319. Cp. 
 
 3 F-W. 1153 E^Sets dv^Kt, Michaelis, Oxford, 135. 
 
 figured for the first time in Boscher 8 Scenes from the Labours, and 
 
 i. 2188 : cp. Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 791 such as the struggle with the snakes, 
 
 (fragment). are omitted, because votive reliefs are 
 
 4 AZ iii. 130, pi. xxxiii. 'Hpa/tXijs, always connected with cult, and never 
 'AOrjva ...TI/MS. mere records of myth. 
 
 8 A A xii. 73 'H/joKX?os 'AXea/coi; : 9 Mon. delV Inst. iv. 223, figured 
 
 R. 3 
 
34 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the costume ; but where the lionskin lacks, it is safer to suppose 
 that Theseus will be meant. Sosippus the dedicator is pour- 
 trayed ; and another male figure, from its size not human, 
 perhaps a personification of Academus. 
 
 One relief, if properly assigned to Theseus, is of the sacrificial 
 type (1): the hero stands in front of a Doric shrine, club in 
 hand, and holds the horn of a sacrificial bull in token of accept- 
 ance 1 . There are three worshippers. 
 
 These types are also connected with greater deities. Reliefs 
 of the Hero Enthroned are inscribed to Zeus Philios* or to 
 Sabazios 3 . 
 
 The Rider type is used for Apollo 4 . 
 
 As a rule there is no clue to the occasion of these dedica- 
 tions. We find, however, now and then, instances of such as are 
 usually connected with the great gods: victory in war or the 
 games 8 , fulfilment of a vow 6 , even firstfruits 7 or acknowledg- 
 ment of prosperity in trade 8 . In later times, we meet with 
 bases which probably carried commemorative or honorific 
 statues. One from Attica is dedicated to Eubouleus 9 ; others 
 by bodies of men, as the Heracleot thiasus at Megara 10 , or what 
 appears to be a company of athletes at Cefalu in Sicily 11 . 
 Hermon of Oropus gives an offering to Heracles on completing 
 his term of public office 12 , and a board of religious overseers 
 acknowledges to Theseus the vote of thanks and the crown 
 which they had received for their services 13 . Father and sons 
 combine in an offering to Heracles". The votive formula is 
 
 in Boscher i. 2499 : 07j<rei5j- SuHnirwoj IGSI 1002 e&xfy (near Rome). 
 
 HavapxiSov fotOiiKev. CIA ii. 1525, 7 CIA ii. 1547 dirapxfy. 
 
 AZ iii. 130, pi. xxxiii. 8 Apparently the cone of baked clay, 
 
 1 F-W. 1134 ; cp. Schone 113. with an archaic inscr., found in Italy: 
 
 F-W. 1128 (Peiraeus) Mvvviov Ail IGSI 652 Ktpaftffc. 
 
 *tXfwt dW0t)Kc; Scbone, pi. 25. 105; 9 CIA ii. 1620 d. 
 
 Sybel 3751. See fig. 6 a, p. 36. 10 IGS i. 192. 
 
 3 Conze, Inselreise, pi. 17. 7. " IGSI 349 ...Kal ol dXfwfxijtwoi 
 
 4 AM x. 208 (Cyzicus); Dumont, 'H/>a*cXj. 
 
 Mon. fig. de la Thrace, 40. 12 IGS i. 436 "Epnuv 'A\efr>5pov tiri- 
 
 6 Statuette of youth with oil-flask, /ueXijTrjs ycv6/j,et>os 'HpaicXfi: cp. 2235 
 
 and armed warriors, at Tarentum : yv^vaffiapx^ffat- 
 
 AZ xl. 309. Above, p. 33. " CIA ii. 1180 Itpoiroioi. 
 
 6 Base: CIA ii. 1546 eitfo^evoj; 14 CIA ii. 1563, IGSI 718 (Naples). 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 35 
 
 used for the gift of a colonnade at Coronea 1 , and elsewhere it is 
 coupled with the late addition " to the state 2 ." A dedication to 
 the hero Eurymedon was found in Attica 3 . 
 
 It remains to point out that some of these relief types became 
 in later times traditional for tombstones, completely losing the 
 votive character. The transition may be seen in a tombstone 
 from Attica, where beneath the figure of a horseman are the 
 words "Theodorus the Hero 4 ." Boeotia is richest in this 
 type. There a great number of horseman-reliefs have been 
 found on tombs : sometimes with the horseman alone 5 , others 
 with the addition of an altar 6 , others again with mourners 
 in the attitude of adoration 7 . So far is the meaning 
 forgotten, that the horse must needs appear on a woman's 
 tomb ; so Husa holds the animal's bridle, standing beside 
 an altar 8 . So too the same scheme is used where three 
 people are entombed, two men and a woman 9 . Then the old 
 conception dies, giving rise to two developments. On the 
 one hand, Hero is used as synonymous with 'dead,' like the 
 German selig or divus of Roman emperors 10 , and the relief 
 disappears. On the other hand, the horseman survives as 
 a decoration for the tomb of soldiers, as in the monument 
 of Dexileos and others in Attica 11 . It would appear that statues 
 on horseback were often placed by the tomb of dead men, as in 
 a scene depicted on a beautiful Attic vase 12 . 
 
 The Hunt-motive also appears on tombstones 13 , but more 
 rarely; it is however common in sarcophagus reliefs of Roman 
 times. The Banquet type is also found on tombs, although it 
 did not like the horseman set the example for a series of 
 monuments wholly sepulchral. Examples are known from 
 
 1 IGS i. 2874 K ruv iSluv 'Hpa/cXet 7 IGS iii. 1813 with woman and 
 nal Ha\atfj.ovt. TTIV ffroav. child: 'Iic&rios et'pwt <JW0T]K. 
 
 2 IGS i. 2235 yv/jLvaffiapx^ffay, 'Hpa- 8 IGS iii. 1715 eirel Moi/0-p ijpwi. 
 K\eT Kal TT; 7r6\et, rrjv ffroav Kal rty 9 IGS iii. 4244. 
 
 efaoSov Kal ras Otpas. 10 IGS iii. e.g. 2001, 2073, 2110, 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1516. 2123, etc. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1619 Qebdwpos ijpus. " F-W. 1005 : cp. 1004, Cat. Berl. 
 B IGS iii. 2141, 2807, etc. Sc. 742. 
 
 6 IGS iii. 2139, 2140, 2153, 2154, 12 AM xvi. 349 ff., pi. viii. 
 
 2628, 2690. 13 Schone, 78. 
 
 32 
 
36 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Athens 1 , from Byzantium*, from Cyzicus 8 , from Smyrna 4 , from 
 Antioch 8 , and from Kertch 6 ; and the well-known scene of 
 a group of seated figures, with Charon's boat approaching the 
 festive board, which still stands in the Ceramicus, is one of this 
 class. Horseman and Feast types are combined on a late 
 
 FIG. 6 A. Dedication to Zeus Philios. 
 Farnell i., plate ii. b. 
 
 sepulchral monument 7 from Tomis ; and another repeats the 
 last faint and confused echoes of the old types, with the tree, 
 the serpent, and the horse's head 8 . Here ends the history 
 of the heroic reliefs, which from prehistoric days to the 
 last period of Greek art maintain their connexion with the 
 dead. 
 
 1 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 723, with 
 epitaph; 724(?). 
 
 2 Rev. Arch, xxxiii. 12, pi. 1: Mar/jo- 
 dwpou TOV KaXhiyflrovos' KaXXfyeh-aw 
 Marpodupou. A male figure reclines, 
 a female sits, a child offers her tablets, 
 a child stands in attitude of mourning, 
 a third child holds a vase. Tools on 
 the wall. 
 
 3 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 736. 
 
 4 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 737. In Lycian 
 tombs Bellerophon sometimes appears 
 
 on his winged steed: Fellows, Lycia, 
 136, 181, 232. A relief from his shrine 
 at Gjolbaschi is in Vienna : 0. Benn- 
 dorf, VorUluf. Bericht iiber zwei osterr. 
 Exped. nach Kleinasien, Wien 1883 ; 
 Arch.-Epigr. Mitth. vi. 2. 
 
 8 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 738, where 
 relief and inscr. are quite uncon- 
 nected. 
 
 8 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 740. 
 
 7 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 742. 
 
 8 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 745. 
 
THE DEAD, THE HEROES, AND CHTHONIAN DEITIES. 37 
 
 NOTE ON THE MODERN REPRESENTATIVES OF ANCIENT 
 SHRINES. 
 
 I have tried in vain to find some satisfactory enquiry into 
 the genealogy of modern Greek churches and chapels. The local 
 chapels are not marked on the map, and no traveller has taken the 
 trouble to note their names. It would serve no useful purpose 
 to print here all those I have collected ; such as seemed to 
 throw light on the heroes have been given above. I will add 
 a few more churches and chapels which probably stand on the 
 site of ancient temples. Some indeed are built on the old 
 foundations or with the materials of the old building ; amongst 
 them are one or two hero-shrines, but most of these have 
 remained unnoticed. References given only by volume and 
 page refer to Frazer's Pausanias, where authorities may be 
 found cited. 
 
 AMBROSUS : St Elias, v. 449. 
 
 APOLLONIA, near Brusa: St George (formerly Apollo), Geographical 
 Journal, ix. 153. 
 
 ATHENS, Parthenon : the Virgin, Byzantine times (Athena). Monas- 
 tery of Daphni (temple of Apollo), ii. 496. Virgin of the Rock (Artemis), 
 v. 494. Ruined chapel by the Ilissus, v. 487. 
 
 AULIS : Byz. church of St Nicholas (Artemis), v. 79. 
 
 BATHOS : St George (deposit of ancient votive offerings), iv. 314. 
 
 CALYDON : St Theodore (Zeus Scotites), ii. 318. 
 
 CORINTH : St John (Poseidon), iii. 10. 
 
 COTILUS, Mt, near Bassae : ruined chapel on temple foundations, iv. 
 405. Cave and Glen called the Virgin's Gorge (Demeter), iv. 406. 
 
 ELATEA : St Theodore, v. 426. 
 
 ELEUSIS : St George, or the Saviour (Cyamites), ii. 494. Ruined chapel 
 of St David (Hero Lacius), ii. 491. Chapel of the Virgin, above the ruins. 
 
 EPIDAURUS : St Michael and St Damian, a physician (Asclepius). 
 
 ERYTHRAE: ?Byz. church (Demeter), v. 5. ?St Demetrius (Demeter) 
 v. 6. 
 
 HELICON : St Trinity (Muses), v. 151. 
 
 LIVADIA : old church (King Zeus), v. 199. 
 
38 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Lusi, Arcadia: the Virgin (Artemis), Jahrethefte, iv. 33, fig. 19. 
 MEOARA : St Theodore, iii. 3. 
 
 NEMEA : chapel on mound (barrow of Opheltes or Lycurgus), iii. 93. 
 ORCHOMENUS : monastery, v. 186. 
 
 PATRAE : the sacred spring or well, beside the church of St Andrew 
 (Demeter). 
 
 TAN AGRA : ruined chapel (Dionysus), v. 79. 
 
 TEGEA : St Nicholas (Athena Alea), iv. 425. Byz. ruin (Apollo), iv. 441. 
 THEBES : St Nicholas (Heracles), v. 47. St Trinity (Athena), v. 49. 
 TITANE : St Tryphon (Athena), iii. 69. 
 
 One of the unknown hero shrines is marked by a boundary 
 stone found between Zea and Munychia : HEPOIO HOPOS 
 AM vi. 311. The so-called temple of Vesta (? Hercules) near 
 the Tiber, became sacred to Madonna of the Sun (De Brosses, 
 Letters, tr. by Lord R. Gower, p. 162). 
 
 Something is said on this subject by Mr W. M. Ramsay, 
 in his paper On the Permanent Attachment of Religious Vene- 
 ration to special localities in Asia Minor (Transactions of the 
 Ninth Oriental Congress in London, 1893, ii. 381391). 
 
II. 
 
 TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS 1 . 
 
 KA( ce <t><\fNoo roTc 
 
 AAeKATeyToyc TCON 6eu>N ip&c \ONTA KoiAf&c. 
 
 ARIST. Knights 300. 
 
 WHEN the earth and its growths were regarded by the 
 simple soul as possest or protected by unknown powers, any 
 intrusion upon new dominions was thought to be dangerous 2 . 
 To clear the virgin forest or reclaim waste lands for the plow, 
 to dig the foundations of a house, to build a bridge, was to 
 disturb the primeval owners of the place and made necessary 
 a solemn sacrifice. It seems to have been very common to 
 sacrifice human life on such occasions, as we see from the 
 legend of the death of Remus, the figures of straw thrown 
 off the Wooden Bridge at Rome, or traditions on Greek soil 
 like those of the Bridge of Arta 3 . 
 
 Often a plot of land is left barren, or a clump of trees 
 unhewn, to be the abode of the spirit which has been disturbed. 
 
 1 See Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Dekate; Folk-Lore, -a, 184. Cp. Plut. Rom. 11. 
 Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyc. s.v. air- The sacrifice of a youth and a maiden 
 apx~fi, SeKarrj. each year at Patras suggests an agri- 
 
 2 " In Arabia, the local earth-demons cultural origin, for their heads were 
 are still propitiated by sprinkling the bound with corn-ears : Paus. vii. 20. 1. 
 blood of a sacrifice when new land is Pausanias of Damascus says of Se- 
 broken up, a new house built, or a leucus Nicator, on founding Laodicea, 
 new well opened " : Robertson Smith, Ovcridffas Kbp-rjv dSarj 6v6fj.ari 'Aya\jt]v, 
 Religion of the Semites, 159 note, who Troikas avry ffr-/i\ijv x a ^ K ^ v et ' s ^XV 
 discusses the custom. rfjs aiWfc 7r6\ews (Hist. Min. Gr. , ed. 
 
 3 Passow, Carm. Pop. Gr. 511, 512 ; Teubner, p. 160). 
 
40 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 In Greece, when land was occupied by conquest or colonization, 
 a portion of the land was "cut off" (re/iei/o?) for the god's 
 habitation 1 . The sacred grove in an eastern village is probably 
 the last remains of the primeval forest, which since the world 
 began has never been toucht by plow or dug with the spade*. 
 So in Greece, we find often enough the sacred tree in a village 
 square, as the willow of Samos and the holy olive of Delos 8 , 
 the plane tree at Delphi 4 , Helen's plane at Sparta 5 ; or the 
 sacred grove, as the olive groves of Athens 6 , or the groves 
 of Artemis with their game which no man might kill 7 . This 
 may be the origin of the grove at the hero's shrine, of the 
 speaking oaks of Dodona, and of other trees associated with 
 divine beings ; which like their attendant animals appear 
 sometimes to have been selected for no other reason than that 
 they were found on the spot 8 . But when animals were bred 
 for use, and agriculture brought to men the kindly fruits of 
 the earth, their gratitude for past favours and lively sense 
 of favours to come would naturally prompt acknowledgment. 
 
 1 Aesch. Earn. 400; Soph. Track. 
 245 ; Thuc. iii. 30, 50 ; IGA 8 ; CIA i. 
 31, 32; Nicias ap. Ath. xiii. 609 E 
 
 Lv KTicrai>Ta...,fs -fjv KarotKi- 
 Happaffluv Tivas r^/tevos /col ftu/jibv 
 Ar)/j.rrrpi 'EXevcrivia. 
 
 2 Journal of the Royal Asiatic So- 
 ciety, 1899, p. 238. So the last remains 
 of the Cedars of Lebanon are enclosed 
 and bear a reputation for sanctity 
 amongst the Christians. 
 
 3 Paus. viii. 23. 5. 
 
 4 Ath. xv. 701 D. 
 
 8 Theocr. xviii. 45. 
 
 6 Suidas s.v. noplai. 
 
 7 Philostr. Imag. i. 28. 
 
 8 Pausanias tells of the tragic death 
 of Hyrnetho, and how she was buried 
 and a shrine made in her honour; 
 adding that all the "olives and other 
 trees " which grew there were sacred to 
 her (ii. 28. 7). Victors' crowns of wild 
 olive, pine or parsley, and laurel were 
 taken from the trees or plants which 
 grew near. A similar reason is given 
 
 "H/>a 
 
 TOVS 
 
 raws. 
 
 for the use of Xtfyoy at Samos Ath. xv. 
 673 D, and ivy 675 D tiri rbv idaffivov art- 
 <f>avov rj\6ov avr6fjiaT6v re /ecu iro\iiv 6vra 
 xal /caret irdvra rbirov yevvu^evov (Philo- 
 nides). Of course explanatory tales 
 spring up. For the animals compare 
 Ath. xiv. 655 A B and Philonides in 
 'HXfov (iv (paffi ylyvtaOai 
 tv 'AOfycus S( y\avKas ' 17 
 itf\ftas 8ia<pt>povs ' i) d' tv 
 rb \pvaovv, <pa.<rlv, dpvidwv 
 /ca\\i/tt6p<oi;s Ka2 irfpifiXbr 
 C irepl 5 rb iepbv rrjs wapOtvov tv 
 flfflv ol KaXoijfJievoi 6pvi6fs /j.e\eaypides. 
 The commonness of owls at Athens 
 gave rise to the proverb y\a.vic' ' AOrivafc. 
 The owl on Athena's hand, or on the 
 coins, may have been originally nothing 
 more than a mark of differentiation. 
 The inevitable result was that these 
 creatures came to be regarded as 
 sacred. I do not suggest the same 
 origin for them all ; the mouse of 
 Apollo Smintheus, for example, or the 
 bull of Zagreus. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 41 
 
 The beneficence of the earth deities must be recognised, or it 
 might be withheld : hence vintage and harvest time were 
 natural seasons for sacrifice and worship 1 . The offering of 
 firstlings or firstfruits, then, appears to be partly an act of 
 propitiation, by which precious things hitherto forbidden might 
 be made available ; partly an act of gratitude and hope. The 
 rite itself, in some cases at least, had a sacramental character, 
 the god and his worshippers being conceived of as partaking 
 of the same food : a striking parallel to the interpretation 
 already suggested of the Hero- Feast 2 . The idea that these 
 ceremonies made it lawful to enjoy the gifts of the gods is 
 expressly voucht for in Greece 3 . 
 
 We are not now concerned with proving the principles here 
 assumed, nor with illustrating them by examples. It is worth 
 while however to note one or two significant points in the 
 practices of savage tribes. One is, that firstfruits are often 
 offered to the ghosts of departed ancestors 4 . So we have seen 
 the funeral feast held in the shrines of the heroized ancestors 
 in Sparta ; and firstfruits and tithe offered to a hero 5 . Again, 
 the kings or chiefs often take the place of the gods, or, when 
 ritual is developed, the priests have at least a share 6 . So in 
 the Greek temples, the priest always had his perquisite of 
 
 1 For the principles here laid down, /card rds x^P a ^ O-VTOV d<t>TJKev, IV 
 and examples in proof, see Frazer, \vfj.^vtjTai. 
 
 Golden Bough* ii. 318 ff., 459 ff. ; 3 Schol. Arist. Pint. 660 : 6<nw0et'<r7;j 
 
 Robertson Smith, Religion of the Se- TT/J ffvelas KCLI rCiv dirapyndT&v tiri T&V 
 
 mites, 240 ff., 463. In Frazer p. 468 /Sw/u.wi' reOtvruv, d-irrovras rov /Sw/ioO -fj 
 
 the Tonga chieftain thanks the gods TOV KO.VOV ical ewKpOtyyovTai. 6'<ria, /cai 
 
 for their bounty in favouring the land rare e<7Ti rots OTTO TT/S Ovtrtas d5ws 
 
 with a good prospect of harvest, and xpTjffOai. 
 
 prays that their beneficence may be 4 Frazer, 463 (Malay), 464 (Fiji), 
 
 continued. Where the thing is not 466 (Solomon Islands), etc. So the 
 
 sought for use, it was natural to dedi- Scythians did, Herod, iv. 71. The Mag- 
 
 cate the whole : thus Theseus, after netes of Thessaly offered firstfruits of 
 
 mastering the Marathonian bull, sacri- their herb simples to Cheiron, himself 
 
 ficed it to Athena in the name of the of the nature of heroes : Plut. Symp. iii. 
 
 township of Marathon (Paus. i. 27. 1. 3. The Athenians offered firstfruits 
 
 10). to the shades of the na.paduvoijAx.ai. : 
 
 2 Schol. Arist. Knights 1238 Oeneus, Thuc. iii. 58 (irdvruv dirapxds). 
 sacrificing the firstfruits, OVK ZOvaev 5 Above, p. 17. 
 
 66ev 6pyiff8eiffa ffvv fdyav 6 Frazer, 468, etc. 
 
42 
 
 CJREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 a slaughtered victim. Where the tribal feast became a social 
 institution, the tithe still continued to be paid at the feast 1 . 
 And again, firstfruits were offered not only from corn and vine, 
 but from flocks or fish or the produce of the chase ; and loaves 
 or cakes are sometimes made from the sacred portion of grain*. 
 The practice of making up a sheaf of corn or the like into 
 the shape of a human figure, and preserving it until the next 
 year, is also found in connexion with the harvest celebrations 8 . 
 We know so little of the every-day life of the Greek 
 farmer, that it is impossible to say how far he kept up the 
 ancient rites. Were Stratonicus and Eudemus alone, when 
 the one left a plot of ground unsown in his field in honour 
 of Pan 4 , and the other dedicated in his a shrine to Zephyrus, 
 because he had helped him to winnow the corn 6 ? or the old 
 vinedresser in Philostratus, when he set apart a corner for 
 his hero Protesilaus 6 ? What was that local precinct, where the 
 farmers are bidden sacrifice to Asclepius and Hygieia 7 ? or the 
 
 1 Dosiadas, Cretan History, ap. Ath. 
 iv. 143 A ot 5 AVKTIOI ffvvdyovtri i*v TO. 
 Kon'a ffvfffflria oCrws' XicaffTos r(av yivo- 
 fifruv Kapiruv avafepti r^v SeKdrifv fit 
 rr)i> traiplav. 
 
 2 Frazer, 468, 469, etc. 
 
 3 Frazer, 216 ff. 
 
 4 Anth. P. vi. 79. Compare the 
 curious Shetland custom: "In the yard 
 near the stiggie was often to be seen a 
 small skroo of corn, standing apart 
 from the rest. This was the annual 
 offering set apart to Broonie, a house- 
 hold deity whose annual services were 
 thus secured." Shetland Folk-Lore, 
 John Spence: Lerwick 1899, p. 174. 
 " In a corner of the looder [in a Shet- 
 land water mill] stood a toyeg (a small 
 straw basket), containing as much corn 
 as would be a hurd o' burstin. This 
 was the annual offering to the Water 
 Neugle, in order to insure the good 
 offices of his godship. When this was 
 neglected, the Neugle would some- 
 times grasp the tirl and stop the mill, 
 and could only be dislodged by drop- 
 
 ping a fire-brand down by the light- 
 ning tree " (p. 172). So in the N.-W. 
 provinces of India, firstfruits of sugar 
 and corn are dedicated before use : 
 North Ind. Notes and Queries, 1893, 
 203. An old Boeotian inscr., IGS 
 i. 1670, appears to dedicate firstfruits 
 to Demeter. So the farmer, in exor- 
 cising the mice, gives them a plot for 
 themselves : tj-opiclfu (ivs TOVS evravOa. 
 
 a\\ov tdfftrrf diou/ju yap aypbv vfui> 
 r6vde, Geoponica xiii. 6. 4. Compare 
 the story of Poseidon's temple on dis- 
 puted ground, Paus. ii. 22. 4. It is 
 the same idea which makes the Pythia 
 ordain that the Cirrhaean land should 
 lie waste : Aesch. Ctes. p. 406 TTJI> \apav 
 afrrwv (KiropO'fiffavTas Kal afirovt dvdpa- 
 s dvaOewat rip 'Air6\\wvt rtf 
 Kal Ty 'Apr^fjuSi Kal ATJTOI KO! 
 'AOrjvif. Ilpovoia tvi Trd.<ry depyiq. 
 8 Anth. P. vi. 53. 
 
 6 Philostratus, Heroicus 286 = 665. 
 
 7 Attica (Roman date) : Itpbv TO 
 
 TOV 'AffK\i)iriov Kal TTJS ' 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 43 
 
 private plot at Cnidus, consecrated to the infernal deities 1 ? Was 
 the shepherd of Theocritus alone, when he feasted at the altar 
 of Demeter at the threshing-floor, and did he perchance dress up 
 a sheaf to represent bounteous Mother Earth 2 ? These questions 
 can never be answered now; but it does not follow by any 
 means that there was nothing of the kind because we hear 
 so little about it. There needs a reaction from city life, and 
 the self-conscious art of a later age, to suggest that rustic 
 merrymakings are worth describing. But when the glorious 
 prime of the ancient cities is past, and they have all come 
 under the iron rule of Rome, then the old country customs, 
 which had survived so many vicissitudes, come into our view. 
 Such scenes as Longus describes in his pretty pastoral tale 
 could not be the invention of his own day ; and I make no 
 apology for quoting from him in illustration of the time when 
 Peisistratus was not yet born. " A cave of the nymphs there 
 was," he writes 3 , " being a great rock hollow within and rounded 
 without. The images of the nymphs themselves were carved 
 out of stone: unshod feet, arms bare to the shoulder, hair loose 
 and flowing down over the neck, a girdle about the waist, 
 a smile on the brow ; their whole aspect was as it were a troop 
 of dancers. The mouth of the cave was in the centre of the 
 great rock. And from it a spring of water bubbled up into 
 a rippling stream, so that a delightful meadow stretcht out 
 before the cave, with much fresh grass fed by the water. And 
 there were offerings of milk-pails and cross-flutes and pipes 
 and reeds, dedicated there by the older shepherds." Hard by 
 was a pine tree, with an image of Pan ; horned, goat-footed, 
 syrinx in hand 4 . Here the country folk worship the nymphs, 
 sacrificing to them and praying them to interpret their dreams, 
 and in the spring-time wreathing the heads of the statues with 
 
 TOVS yeupyovs Kal TOVS irpo<rx<i>povs <f>ortpriffiv txoura. 
 TOO> ffeoiv ffi 6e/MS, BCH v. 262. 3 Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, i. 4, 
 
 1 Newton, Branchidae 380, 407. iv. 26, 32, 39. Cp. Xenophon, Symp. 
 
 2 Theocr. vii. 154 rolov veKrap...olov vii. 5. 
 
 8^ rdica. irufM 8ieicp<u>d.(ra.Te, vtipQai, 4 Longus ii. 24. Achilles Tatius 
 
 fiunf Trap Ad/xaTpoj dX^dSoj ;...< 5e viii. 6 speaks of Pan dedicating a 
 
 ye\dff(rat dpd.yfjt.ara Kal fj.&Kwvas iv dp- syrinx in a cave. 
 
44 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 flowers 1 . After the vintage and wine-treading, he says of 
 his rustic pair, "in great joy they worshipt the nymphs, 
 bringing them bunches of grapes as firstfruits after the vintage 2 . 
 Indeed, they had not neglected this in the former time, always 
 waiting upon them as they set out for their pasturing, and 
 worshipping them when they returned ; and always they brought 
 some offering, flower or fruit or fresh leafage, or again a 
 libation of milk. And this in time brought them a recompense 
 from the goddesses 8 ." Songs and pipings and dancings in 
 their honour were not wanting 4 . In misfortune, Daphnis 
 vows the sacrifice of a goat for help, and an answer is given 
 in dreams 5 . His prayer heard, he chooses the best of his 
 flock, crowns him with ivy, slays and flays him, and hangs 
 up the skin at the holy place, adding thereto a libation of 
 milk. The flesh, after a portion offered, and the rest of 
 the milk, he and Chloe themselves partake of. The same 
 ceremony, with a libation of wine, is done before the statue 
 of Pan. Limbs and skulls of animals, part of the sacrifice 
 no doubt, were hung up on trees by the farmers to ensure 
 fertility 6 . 
 
 Some such scenes as these we may fairly assume to have 
 been common in Greece from early times. Homer alludes as a 
 matter of course to the altars of the nymphs, where all way- 
 farers did sacrifice 7 , to their caves 8 , and to their dances 9 . The 
 god might vary with place and age, appropriate titles being 
 added to the greater gods 10 , or late-comers taking over the 
 rights and duties of their predecessors as the successive tenants 
 
 1 Longus i. 9, 32. 7 Od. xvii. 210, a spring, a grove, 
 
 2 dirapxds. and wyuds 5' tyvirepOf T^TVKTO vvfjuf>dui>, 
 
 3 Longus ii. 2. 59i irdires tirtpptfcffKov odirai. Coupled 
 
 4 Longus i. 36, 37, ii. 3. with Hermes xiv. 435. 
 
 5 Longus ii. 24, 30, 31, iv. 34. 8 Od. xiii. 350 fftrtos...ti>0a. <ri> ToXXas 
 
 6 Schol. Arist. Plut. 943 eidiOaffi TOIS tpSarKfS v6n<p-Qffi reXi;6ro-as ar6/u/3aj. 
 Stvdpott Kuj\a Kai icpavta. trpoffiraTTa- 9 Od. xii. 318. 
 
 Xetfeti' irpds ajrorpoirijj' pafficavtas ol 10 Demeter XX6^ or Ei/x^6i;. 'Afjutla, 
 
 yew/ryot, irpds TO /XTJ r)pai>()i)vat. avrd. ''Eir&yjju.os ; Dionysus Ai^ln;* ; Zeus 
 
 His explanation is not necessarily "Erdevdpos, 'Ovupefa, 'Ewucdpirios ; Po- 
 
 true, but it is the reason given by the seidon 4>t/T<iX/uos, <l>i5/uoj are a few 
 
 modern Greeks for doing the same examples. See Usener, Gotternamen, 
 
 thing. 242 ff. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 45 
 
 of the oracular cave did at Delphi 1 . We find not only the 
 local hero Agenor blessing the Argive flocks at his tomb 2 , nor 
 the national hero Heracles associated with Hermes and Cybele 
 amongst the mountains 3 ; but the " hero " and the " heroine," 
 nameless, coupled with Zeus Anthaleus in a farmer's calendar*, 
 Demeter guardian of flocks in Sicily 5 as she was giver of 
 corn, Apollo as shepherd's god in many places 6 , perhaps 
 Aphrodite even when she rides on the goat 7 . Sicilians make 
 prayer for prosperity to the Mothers, and offer all kinds of 
 acknowledgments 8 . Gram is offered to Cybele 9 . But the 
 countryman's eyes were generally turned to Artemis and Pan, 
 two of the most ancient deities of the Greeks, coupled with 
 Hermes 10 and the Nymphs. Wreaths of corn were offered yearly 
 to Artemis in Patrae 11 . Artemis is usually worshipt by herself, 
 until later she became associated with Apollo ; but the others 
 go in a group together'for the most part 18 . The Nymphs were 
 often confused with the Graces and the Seasons, but each group 
 seems to have had its own particular dances 13 . 
 
 1 Aesch. Eum. prologue. 
 
 2 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 80. 
 
 3 Aristides v. 65 aXXa /J.TJV "Eppov ye 
 icai 'H/>a/cX^ous ecrrt vvv a'yd X^tara Koivd 
 ...tdois 8' &v /cat ti> opfffi /^(rots 'Hpa/cX^a 
 irapa inijTpi 6euv, /cat ev Affrecn, /cat ira.- 
 \iv o.Z avv AioffKvpois. Pan associated 
 with Cybele, AM xxi. 275. 
 
 4 AJA x. 210 (from Marathon) ijpw- 
 tvrii, 'loX^wt ols, Kou/}orp60wt xo'pos, ijput, 
 Neapfai, Mofpau, Zeiu 'AvflaXei/s, yfj ey 
 ytiais, etc. One Tipuivrj receives TO. upaia ; 
 since no price is named (which is done 
 for the other offerings) I take these to 
 be firstfruits. Zeus was also called 
 Few/xyis. Sophocles speaks of giving 
 T^\T) HyKapira Krjval^) Ai, Track. 238. 
 
 8 MaXo06/>os, Paus. i. 44. 3 ; Collitz 
 iii. 3046. She is worshipt in a cave, 
 Paus. viii. 42. 4. 
 
 6 eTri/u^Xios in Camirus, irolfjLvios and 
 rp&yios in Naxos (Macrob. Sat. i. 17. 
 45, Steph. s.v. rpayia), /j.a\6ets in 
 Lesbos (Thuc. iii. 3, Steph., Hesych.), 
 Kapetos (Preller, Gr. Myth., Index). 
 
 See Stephani, Compte Rendu 1870, 
 p. 100. He is also called lord of the 
 earth, Plut. Quaest. Gr. 24. 
 
 7 (TTiTpayia : compare ^Trt/itijXtoj and 
 rpdyios of Apollo. The artistic form 
 may be due to the form of the word, 
 which might mean riding upon a goat. 
 
 8 Diod. iv. 80. 
 
 9 Dittenberger, Sylloge, 377 8 . 
 
 10 Hermes was a special guardian of 
 flocks : Paus. ii. 3. 4. 
 
 11 Paus. vii. 20. 3. 
 
 12 But first-figs were offered to 
 Hermes. Corp. Paroemiogr. Gr. i. p. 
 157 etTTore ydp <f>aveii) truKov, TOVTO rt$ 
 
 i, TOVTO df oi /3ov\6fj.evoi 
 
 13 Philostr. Apoll. iv. 21. 73 : at the 
 Dionysia there were dances in the 
 theatre, differing from the choric 
 dances, TO. ntv ws w/>as, TO. Se ws vv/j.<j>as, 
 TO. d ws Bd>cx aJ TrpdTTOvffiv. See also 
 Heuzey, La danseuse voilee d'Auguste 
 Titeaux, BCHxvi. 73 ff. ; Heydemann, 
 VerMllte Tanzerin, Halle 1879. 
 
46 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The offerings were made to Hecate also, as to Hermes, at 
 their wayside statues, cakes, cheese, and fish 1 . Firstfruits were 
 also offered to Hestia 8 . 
 
 The worship of Pan and the Nymphs was widespread in 
 Greece, and the literary tradition probably gives a very in- 
 adequate idea of their importance. As the peasant of to-day 
 fears the mysterious Neraidhes, who can bewitch him to death, 
 or strike him deaf, dumb, or blind 8 ; so in ancient days the 
 dweller in solitudes feared that panic madness or nymph-stroke 
 which the god and his woodland elves could plague him with*. 
 Pan ruled the mountains and the forests ; gave luck to the 
 hunter, and kept the flocks from harm 5 . He appears in classical 
 times as the national god of Arcadia 6 , where Artemis was also 
 at home 7 , and where if anywhere we should expect to find the 
 most ancient faith and ritual of Greece : but his sanctuaries 
 are dotted over the land from Cape Malea to Macedon 8 . In 
 particular, wherever there is a notable cave or grotto, there we 
 are likely to find him ensconced. At Delphi, when Apollo was 
 a new-comer, Pan and his nymphs took refuge in the Corycian 
 cave 9 . It was a cave of the Nymphs in which Ulysses hid his 
 
 1 See Pausanias Index for the way- xix. 5. Priapus was also worshipt 
 side Hermes; and for Hecate, AM " where there are pastures for goats or 
 iii. 194. Schol. Arist. Plut. 594 KO.T& swarms of bees " (Paus. ix. 31. 2), but 
 vov(jLrji>la.v ol ir\ov<Tioi tire/j.iroi> Sfiirvov he plays a small part in dedications. 
 Ifftrtpas uffirep dvalav rrj 'EccciTfl iv rotj Paus. viii. 26. 2. 
 
 T/>t65ois. Schol. Arist. Peace 277 5ia- 7 Lusi. 
 
 pbyTov T\V rit Z-qplvdiov dvrpov, tv&a. TT^V 8 Sanctuaries : Heraea (Paus. viii. 
 
 'EKdrijv 6pyidfeiv \tyero, Kal TeXerds 26. 2), near Lycosura (viii. 36. 7), Mega- 
 
 rjyov avry Kal Ktivas tOuov. lopolis (viii. 30. 2), Acacesium (viii. 37. 
 
 2 Schol. Arist. Wasps 846 (she askt) 8) ; also at Sicyon (ii. 10. 2), near 
 dirapxfa Ovontvuv avrrj v^fffOai -a-pury Argos (ii. 24. 7), atTroezen (ii. 32. 5), 
 wapa TUV dvOpuiruv. at Oropus (i. 34. 2), in Thessaly 
 
 3 I met an old goatherd in Lesbos, (Theocr. vii. 103), and others named 
 who told me that one night on the in the text. The Sicilians held feasts 
 hills he heard the sound of bells rung and vigils in honour of the Nymphs at 
 by the Neraidhes, which made him to their own homes : Timaeus ap. Ath. 
 be deaf ever after. For more on this vi. 250 A tOovs ovroj Kara ZuctXlav 0v<ria.s 
 head see Schmidt, Volkslcben der iroifurOau Kara rds olidas rals VVH<JMI.S ica.1 
 Neugriechen, 98 fif., and my paper in trepl T&. dydXnara iravvv\lfiv, /j.tdvffKo- 
 Folk-Lore, vii. 145. /t&ovs, 6pxeiff6ai re wepl rds 0eds. 
 
 4 Paus. x. 23. 7. 9 Paus. x. 32. 7. Still to be identi- 
 8 Paus. viii. 38. 8, Horn. Hymn fied by inscriptions : see Collitz ii. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 47 
 
 treasures when he returned to his native isle 1 . In Attica the 
 popularity of Pan dates from the Persian invasion, although 
 the story implies that he was there worshipt before 2 . The 
 people consecrated 3 a grotto to him under the acropolis, and 
 establisht a torch-race in his honour. At Vari there was a cave 
 and garden of the Nymphs 4 , and a grotto of Pan on Parnes 5 . A 
 shrine of the Nymphs down by the Ilissus was known to Plato, 
 who in speaking of it implies that such a sight was common 6 ; 
 and to Euripides, who alludes to the votive tablets hung in 
 these places 7 . The nymphs had caves in Cithaeron 8 , Samicum 9 , 
 Siphnos 10 , Pan at Marathon 11 and Calamata 1 *. The belief in a 
 plurality of Pans, which has left some traces 13 , may be due to 
 the number of places where he was worshipt, aided no doubt 
 (but at what date first we know not) by a popular derivation 
 of the name from 7ra<f. His general favour is attested by the 
 
 1536. For other sacred caves see : 
 IGS i. 3094 (Lebadea) ; Collitz iii. 
 4673 (Messenia) ; caves in Euboea 
 sacred to Dionysus (Paus. ii. 23. 1) ; 
 in Cyprus sacred to Apollo and Anassa, 
 Collitz i. 31, 32, 38 ; rb Xapdiviov avrpov 
 at Acbaraca, Strabo xiv. 1. 44. The 
 caves of Ida and Dicte in Crete are not 
 alone ; a cave is sacred to Hermes 
 Cranaeus (Mus. Ital. ii. 914) ; another 
 to Hermes at Ehethymna (Melidhoni) 
 (GIG 2569) ; cave of Rhea in Mount 
 Lycaeus (Paus. viii. 36. 3) ; a cave in 
 Phrygia, sacred to the Mother (Paus. 
 x. 32. 3) ; another, to Heracles, Her- 
 mes, and Apollo (5) ; one near Mag- 
 nesia, to Apollo (6) ; cave of Apollo 
 in Delos ; of Poseidon at Taenarum 
 (Paus. iii. 25. 4); of Hecate (Schol. 
 Ar. Peace 277). 
 
 1 Od. xiii. 349. It is identified with 
 a stalactite cavern, just above the 
 little bay of Dhexd, the next " on the 
 right hand " before you enter the 
 harbour of Vathy. 
 
 2 Herod, vi. 102, Paus. i. 28. 4. His 
 worship is alluded to by Lucian, 
 Dialogues of the God*, xxii. 2 ; and 
 
 Schol. to Clem. Alex. Strom, iii. 45, 
 p. 49 in Potter. Schol. Arist. Lysistr. 2 
 liavl upyiafav al yvvaiKes //.era Kpavyfjs. 
 
 3 Or reconsecrated ? 
 
 4 CIA i. 423 ff. 
 
 5 CIA iii. 210, AM v. 291. 
 
 6 Phaedrus 230 B f/ re yap irXaravos 
 avri) fjiaX 1 dfJ.<pi\a^s re Kal 1^77X77, TOV 
 Te ayvov rb C^os Kal rb avffKiov tray- 
 Ka\ov,...TJ re aft Trrjyi) -^apieffTart] virb 
 T^J TrXardVov pel yuaXa \l/wxj>ov liSaros, ws 
 'ye rtfi irodl TK(jnqpacr6ai' Nvfupwv re 
 TIVUV Kal 'A.\e\<jov lepbv airb rGiv Kopuv 
 re Kal d'yaXjudraw l-oiicfv elvai. Dedica- 
 tions to the Nymphs and Achelous, 
 AM x. 282, GIG 470 b. 
 
 I Eur. Ion 492. So in hero shrines, 
 Aeneas Tacticus xxxviii. 10. 
 
 8 Paus. ix. 3. 9. 
 
 9 Paus. v. 5. 11. 
 
 10 IGA 399. 
 
 II Paus. i. 32. 7, still easily identi- 
 fied ; Frazer, ad loc. p. 439. 
 
 12 IGA 74. 
 
 13 Arist. Eccles. 106" w floVes, u 
 Kopi^cwrej. Aristides i. 14, Paus. viii. 
 37. 2. Compare Lucian's remarkable 
 story of Great Pan's death. 
 
48 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 sixth book of the Anthology, where he receives more dedica- 
 tions than any other deity there mentioned 1 . It is remarkable 
 that in the matter of temples and shrines he falls far behind 
 most of the others 2 ; but there are traces that his power had 
 dwindled from what it once was 8 . He is in fact essentially 
 a deity of country life ; and in his worship bears to the great 
 city gods much the same relation as the heroes. We are not 
 surprised to find, then, that he is neglected in after days. 
 " They don't treat me as I deserve at all," Lucian makes him 
 say 4 , " far worse indeed than I might have expected, when I 
 defended them from all that barbarian garboil. However, they 
 do come up twice or thrice in the year, with an unmistakable 
 billygoat smelling most rank; then they sacrifice him, and 
 make a feast of the flesh, calling me to witness their jollity 
 and honouring me with a handclap or two." So we find the 
 farmer or breeder, if he were able, consulting the famous 
 oracles in his own interest. At Dodona, the only place which 
 has yielded a series of such documents hitherto 6 , Cleotas 
 enquires of Zeus and Dione whether he shall have profit and 
 benefit of his sheep-rearing 6 ; others ask how they are to prosper 
 in their business 7 , or desire a recommendation to some other 
 "god or hero" who may be depended upon 8 . I have already 
 pointed out how the later gods usurp the rights of the earlier. 
 At this stage differentiation comes in : thus in a Rhodian 
 
 1 Thirty-four in all ; as against deities outnumber male by 57 to 43 
 Athena 27, Artemis 26, Aphrodite 23, per cent. 
 
 Apollo 21, Hermes and Dionysus 16 3 Paus. viii. 37. 11. 
 
 each, Priapus, Demeter, Cybele 10, * Lucian, Bit Accusatus, 10. 
 
 Zeus, Poseidon, and the Nymphs alone * One fragment was found at Delphi : 
 
 9, the Muses 7, Hera, Heracles 5, Collitz ii. 2970 ; and a few others are 
 
 Asclepius, Ares 3, the others two or one. recorded. 
 
 2 Statistics are given by G. B. 6 Collitz ii. 1559 : tpovriii K\eoi/ras 
 Hussey, A JA vi. 59 ff. ; the order is rbv Ata teal rb.v Ai^xa?, at ten avrol 
 Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Zeus, Aphro- irpo^arfvovri 6vaiov xal d><f>f\i.fj.ov. 
 
 dite, Demeter, Dionysus, Asclepius, 7 Collitz ii. 1561 c, 1568. 
 
 Poseidon, Hera, Cybele, Heracles, 8 Collitz ii. 1582, etc. The god's 
 
 Eileithyia, Dioscuri : after which replies are tantalising indeed, and keep 
 
 Tyche, Hermes, Pan, the Maid, Ares, up the oracular mystery. They break 
 
 Pluto, the Fates, and Ge come to- off at the interesting part, 
 gether. The rest are rare. Female 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 49 
 
 inscription, offerings of grapes are made to Bacchus, of sheaves 
 to Deo, of olives to Athena 1 . 
 
 We may take it, then, that the offerings of firstfruits recorded 
 in the Anthology, though late in date and at times fanciful, do 
 not misrepresent the ancient custom. Sheaves are offered to 
 Deo in thanks for a good harvest 2 ; even if the earing be small, 
 she must have her share, a handful of corn and a few seeds laid 
 on a wooden stool 3 . Or the same offering is made to the 
 Nymphs, as a tithe of winnowing 4 . At the vintage, grapes 
 are offered to Aphrodite*; grapes, figs, and pomegranates are 
 the portion of Priapus 6 . So the herdsman offers his milk to 
 Pan 7 , the bee-keeper his honey 8 . The firstfruits may also take 
 the form of cakes dedicated to Pan and Priapus 9 , or Hermes 
 of the Roads 10 ; a cake is laid in a basket on the threshing-floor 
 as a thank-offering to Demeter 11 . Three jars of wine are offered 
 to Bacchus and the Satyrs as the firstfruits of three vineyards 12 . 
 
 There is a striking parallel to these ancient customs in the 
 communion feast of a modern panegyris, especially when this 
 falls in harvest time or vintage. In some places, the pious will 
 eat nothing of grape or grain until it has been blest by the 
 priest at the harvest home. The service on the saint's day 
 always begins about sunrise; and after it is over, the holy 
 bread (which has been provided by some of the more well-to-do 
 of the company) is handed round. The people emerge : in the 
 precinct stand little tables, on which stand bunches of grapes 
 and small decanters of mastick, also a gift, which all taste of, 
 as they eat the pieces of consecrated bread, wishing each other 
 a happy year in the set formula. Then too in the church may 
 sometimes be seen offerings in kind, when they are such as to 
 last : as the sponge-fisher's tribute, chosen from his last takings, 
 
 1 IGS i. 781. 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 119. 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 36. 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 22. 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 98 <?K fUKpdv 6\L- 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 99. 
 yiffra. Anth. Pal. vi. 239. 
 
 * Anth. Pal. vi. 225. See Dionysius Anth. Pal. vi. 232. 
 
 ap. Ath. ix. 401 F : vvfj.<f>C>v virb air-fi- 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 299 : compare pp. 
 
 \vyya rr\v a.vr()<TTeyov vvaypov fKpb\fiov 45, 46, above. 
 
 ttiOypov /cXi/eij/, $ TrXetoT' airapxas dicpo- u Anth. Pal. vi. 258. 
 
 0tvidofj.ai. 12 Anth. p a i ^ 44. 
 
 R. 4 
 
50 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 which hangs beside the icon of the patron saint. Even a 
 last trace of the Corn-maiden seems to survive, in a curious 
 plaited mat made of the ripe ears, hung up in the peasants' 
 houses 1 , which bears a distant resemblance to a begowned 
 human figure. 
 
 In like manner the huntsman paid his devoirs to Artemis 
 Agrotera, or Pan, or other deities of the woodland, in local 
 shrines or under a tree 2 : where he hung up the head, horns, 
 and skin, and offered a share of the catch 8 . One of the local 
 shrines is described by Philostratus 4 , and another may be seen 
 on a marble relief 8 . " There is a shrine of the goddess at hand," 
 says Philostratus, "and an image smooth with age, and the 
 heads of boars and of bears ; and thereby live wild beasts at 
 large, fawns and wolves and hares, all tame and fearing man 
 not at all." Evidence has at last been found of the antiquity 
 of these customs, in the temple of Artemis at Lusi ; where 
 have been found stags' horns with boars' tusks and the teeth 
 of bears in numbers, apparently the relics of early offerings 6 . 
 Xenophon offered a tenth of his hunting to Artemis in the 
 private shrine which he built 7 . King Philip slew a wild bull 
 at Arbela, whose horns and skin he consecrated to Heracles 8 ; 
 
 1 See my paper in Folk-Lore, vii. and were built up for a whim, like the 
 147, with photograph. I have seen pile of tripods at Dodona (Steph. s.v. 
 these as far east as Lesbos, where they Auduvi)). Deer were sacrificed toArte- 
 are regular, and rarely on the main- mis,attheElaphebolia, inPatrae(Paus. 
 land of Greece. The people call them vii. 18. 12, Bekker, Anecd. i. 249), the 
 \fsd0a, ' mat,' or crirdpi, ' corn,' and have hunter's firstfruit being made a custom, 
 forgotten what they once meant. Skins of African buffaloes were hung 
 
 2 Diodorus (iv. 22) tells of an im- in the temple of Heracles at Rome 
 pious man, iv pv rots tuirpoaOfv (Ath. v. 221 F). 
 
 Xpbvois fluOtvat rCiv \ri<p&tvTwv ffrjplwv 4 Philostr. Imag. i. 28 TT\V 'Ayporlpav 
 
 rets Kf<pa\ds KO.I robs 7r65as dva.Ti$frat irpottvrfs q.ffovra.1, ieu>j ydp TIS avrrjs 
 
 TT; 'Aprt/jLiSi leal irpoffi)\ovv TO<J StvSpeffi, tKfi /cat 8.ya\/M \eioi> virb TOV XP^ VOV 
 
 who dedicated one to himself, with KO.I vvCiv \-0o\ai nal dpuruv, v^/wrai 5' 
 
 disastrous results. atirrj ical 6t)pla dvtra, vffipoi /cat \VKOI KU.I 
 
 3 Schol. Arist. Pint. 943, Diod. iv. \aywol, irdvra ijfj.epa Kal /J.T) 6f5i6ra robs 
 22, Philostr. Imag. i. 28. 6 : wpurdypia, dvOpuirovs. 
 
 irpwr6Xeta, dupoffivia. Or money : Ar- 5 Roscher i. 311, from Braun, Ant. 
 
 rian De Yen. 33. The altar at Delos, Basrel. figs. 9, 10, pi. 77. 
 built of horns, has no demonstrable 6 Jahreshefte iv. 37, 58. 
 connexion with hunting ; the horns 7 Xen. Anab. v. 3. 9. 
 were doubtless relics of many sacrifices, 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 114 116. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 51 
 
 and following the Greek custom, a party of elephant hunters 
 in Egypt dedicated their catch 1 ; whilst Hadrian the Emperor 
 dedicated in Thespiae the firstling of a bear hunt*. In the 
 Anthology, skin and antlers of a slain stag are offered to 
 Artemis 3 , or the horns hung on a tree for Pan 4 . A hunter in 
 chase of a wild bull, knocks off his horn with the hunting- 
 cudgel, and hangs it upon a wild pear-tree 6 . Two brothers 
 dedicate stags' heads to Apollo, hanging them in the porch of 
 his temple 6 . A lionskin and claws are hung on a pine tree 
 for Pan 7 , a wolfskin upon a plane 8 , a boar is offered to him 
 under a birch tree 9 . Hunters' dedications are found as late 
 as the sixth century after Christ 10 . Perhaps we may include 
 here the elephant's skull which Pausanias saw in a shrine of 
 Artemis in Campania 11 . 
 
 The fisherman also dedicates firstlings, and not to one god 
 only. It seems to have been the custom for tunny-fishers after 
 a good haul to offer the first tunny caught to Poseidon 12 ; but 
 the eel-catchers of Copais offered their finest eels to "the gods," 
 by ancient prescription 18 . These gods may be the nameless 
 deities, or the Cabiri, or the Ptoan hero, or Apollo. In the 
 Anthology we find the fisherman offering a crab to Pan as first- 
 ling of his catch 14 ; or a seasnail to the nymphs of the caves 15 ; 
 or a parcel offish, wrapt in seaweed, to Artemis 16 . 
 
 The Magnetan herbalists dedicated firstfruits of their simples 
 
 1 Classical Review xii. 275 ; Brit. 9 Ant h. Pal. vi. 168. 
 
 Mus. Inscr. 1207 (208-6 B.C.). 10 Brit. Mus. Inscr. no. 1043. 
 
 2 IGS i. 1828. Doubtless he com- u Paus. v. 12. 3. 
 
 posed the epigram: u irai ro^bra 12 Antigonus aj>. Ath.vii. 297 D: 'Avri- 
 
 KvTrpidos \iyfi-rjs, 9eer7ratj ' 'EXucwviaiffi yovos 6 Kaptiffrios . . . TOVS a\i4as \tyet. 
 
 valwv, vapKiffffov trapa Krjirov avdiovra., Ovalav tTriTeXovvras r< ILoffeiduvi iitrb 
 
 iXi^Koty TO 5^ rot didiaffi 8!-o a-Kpodelviov rrjv rCiv Otivvuv u>pav, OTO.V evayp^ffuffi 
 
 'Adptavbs apKrov, rjv avrbs K&vev 'nnr60ei> Otietv r< 6e$ rbv irpGiTov d\6vra dtivvov. 
 
 Tvxriaas- fff> 8' avrut x^P iV ^" T ' T v 13 Agatharchides ap. Ath. I.e. : <f>Tr)<ri 
 
 <ra.6<ppwv irveois ovpavias air A<ppo8i- yovv 6 'AyaOapxiSrjs...rat virep<pvfis ruv 
 
 TJJJ. KuiratSuv tyx^euv lepeiuv rpbirov crre- 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 111. <t>avovvras ical Karevxo/j.vovs ov\ds r' 
 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 96. iirif:l<i\\ovra.s B'ueiv rols Oeots TOUS Boiw- 
 
 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 255. rofc. These are ra irpoyoviKa v6fj.i/j.a. 
 
 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 112. " Anth. Pal. vi. 196. 
 
 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 57. 15 Anth. Pal. vi. 224. 
 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 106. Anth, Pal. vi. 105. 
 
 42 
 
52 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 to Cheiron, the Tynans to Agenorides ; the " first physicians," 
 and their own patrons 1 . 
 
 Besides the private celebrations of the countryside and the 
 shore, there were public ceremonies by which the state sought 
 to express gratitude arid to avert dearth. The Hyperboreans 
 used to send firstfruits and tithes in a mysterious fashion to 
 Dodona and Delos 2 . Eretrians and Magnetes paid firstfruits 
 to Apollo as "giver of corn 3 ." At Athens the Eiresione* was 
 a sort of harvest home, at which bread and fruit, honey, oil, and 
 wine 5 were offered to the Sun and the Seasons, or to Athena 
 Polias". The IT pot] poo- ia was similar 7 , and so was the bunch 
 of grapes offered to Dionysus at the Oschophoria 8 . At the 
 Panathenaea, the eiresione was a branch pluckt from the 
 sacred olive groves, and offered to Athena 9 . The Troe- 
 zenians gave firstfruits to Poseidon 10 ; and firstfruits due to 
 Apollo are mentioned at Decelea" and at Delphi 12 , in which 
 latter place the " threshing-floor" had an important part in the 
 
 1 Plut. Symp. Hi. 1. 3 Tvpioi 
 'Ay-qvopidri, 'M.dyvrjre^ 8t Xclpuvi, 
 *T>WTOIJ iarpevcrai Xeyofitvoit, 
 xofjU^ovffiv plfai yap ei'en Kal fiordvai di' 
 
 <j)V lufTO TOI/S Kd/JlVOVTaS. 
 
 2 Herod, iv. 334. Paus. i. 31. 2. 
 Compare Plut. Mor. 1136, Callim. 
 Hymn to Delos 278 d/j.<piTtis 8fKaTT)<p6poi 
 alfr dwapxal V^TTOVTO.!. ; Mannhardt, 
 Wald und Feldkulte 233. The first- 
 fruits are mentioned in an oracular 
 response from Delphi (AM xviii. 193 8 ) 
 and at Samothrace (loc. cit. 349 B 9 ) 
 So too some " barbarians " sent first- 
 fruits to the Syracusan shrines, Thuc. 
 vi. 20. 4. 
 
 3 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 16. He says 
 dvtipuiruv dirapxals, which must be 
 wrong if the reason be right. Query 
 Kapir&v or irdvTuv. 
 
 4 See Dar. and Sagl. s.v. ; Mann- 
 hardt, Wald und Feldkulte 239 ff. ; 
 Botticher, Baumkultus, ch. xxv, who 
 however has misunderstood part of 
 the evidence. The offerings are called 
 
 in Bekk. A need. 246. 
 
 5 The verses they used to sing are 
 given by Schol. Arist. Plut. 1054 and 
 Eudocia, no. 333 : elpeffiwvi) avxa tptpti. 
 Kal irlovas dprovs KO.I /iAi iv KortiXri KO.! 
 f\aiov diro'ij/'fiffaffOa.i Kal KV\IK' fOfapov 
 ws av neOvovaa. KaBtvUy^. Those who 
 wisht to find a reason for the rite 
 ascribed it to a plague: Schol. Arist. 
 Knights 732, Eudocia I.e. If the 
 Delphic oraole commanded the public 
 celebration, that proves nothing for 
 its first origin. 
 
 6 Schol. Arist. Knights 732. Here 
 we see the celebration diverted to the 
 patron deity of the state. 
 
 7 Suidas s.v. ; Schol. Arist. Knights 
 732, Plutus 1054. 
 
 8 Botticher, ch. xxvi. 
 
 9 Schol. Clem. Alex. p. 9. 33 (Potter), 
 quoted by Dar. and Sagl. 
 
 10 Plut. Theseus 6. 
 
 11 Xen. Hellen. iii. 5. 5. 
 
 12 Collitz ii. 2561 D 49 Bowcart'ots rwi 
 AJ irarpwiui Kal rdnr6\\wvi ra dxpotiiva 
 (4th cent.). 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 53 
 
 religious ceremonies 1 . The cereals offered to Zeus and other 
 deities in sacrifice, and possibly the sprinkling of barley meal, 
 would appear to recal the ancient custom 2 . Aristotle says dis- 
 tinctly, that the ancient sacrifices, made after the harvesting, 
 were a kind of firstfruits 3 . We see the old surviving into the 
 new order of things, when the Eleans after their ancient custom 
 sacrificed monthly on "all the altars" wheat kneaded with 
 honey 4 . The custom of sacrificing cakes, and things without life, 
 was ancient in Athens also 5 ; and the traditional offering to 
 Phigalean Demeter was fruit, honeycombs, and wool yet unspun 6 , 
 while the fruits of autumn were offered to Demeter in Myca- 
 lessus 7 . 
 
 The word " firstfruits," although it does not occur in Homer, 
 is implied by the cognate verb which has a ritual meaning 8 , and 
 Homer uses dpy/tara in the sense of cnrap-^aL 9 . The same form 
 occurs in very old Attic inscriptions 10 . Homer recites also how 
 Artemis sent the great boar to destroy the crops, because the 
 usual offerings had not been made to her on the threshing floor 11 . 
 
 1 Collitz ii. 2642 M ironirevbvTta e'/c ray 
 aXcoos ev rbv vaov. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 3636 48 . 
 
 3 Arist. Eth. xi. 1160 a 25 ai yap 
 dpxaiai dvfflou Kal vfooSoi tfoaivovrai 
 ylvevOai fiera ras rCiv Kapir&v avyKopi- 
 Sas olov dirapxai. 
 
 4 Paus. v. 15. 10. 
 
 5 Paus. viii. 2. 3. 
 
 6 Paus. viii. 42. 11. 
 ? Paus. ix. 19. 5. 
 
 8 aTrdpxfo-Bai : II. xix. 254, Od. xiv. 
 428. See for this subject the article 
 dirapxal in Pauly, from which I take 
 a few references which had escaped 
 me. The verb appears to be used, but 
 in the active, on a very old Tanagran 
 inscription, recording a dedication to 
 Hermes; a bronze cup BCH xix. 242, 
 lapbv TW KapvKefid) <&\6fa<fos dirdpxovros 
 XeKTOts 6ij/3aots avtOeav. Cp. Jahres- 
 hefte iii. 137. In Eretria : GIG 2144. 
 {jrapxTl seems to mean a fee or money 
 contribution : CIA ii. 588 eirapxr) ty 
 
 rai ol d7ifj.6rai diro TTJS ap 
 175 &v Xdx, f's fty olKoSo^Lav 
 ruv lepuv Kal TUV olKo8o/j.i)/JLaTuv Kal TTJC 
 'idpvffiv TUV iepw. IGS i. 235 21 . But 
 it also appears to mean firstfruits 
 in Delphi ; and t-n-apy/jLara certainly 
 bears that sense in Thera: IGI iii. 
 436 oBpoi yas Oeuv /j.arpi ... Ovtria 'Ap- 
 
 \LVOV T(Dt ?Tt TUl TTparlffTUl dvffQVTL 
 
 POVV Kal Trvpuv ey fi.e5i/j.vov Kal KpiQ&v 
 ty 5iJO fifSLfjiixav Kal otvov (jLerprfTav Kal 
 dXXa tTrapy/j,ara uv at (Spat Qtpovcri. 
 CIA ii. 632 has tirl -rpaire^av Karapx~nv. 
 aKpo&Lvia is also used for firstfruits : 
 Suid. s.v. al rdv fviavffiuv KapTrwv 
 airapxai. So Hesych., adding Olves 8 
 elfftv ol ffcapol TUV irvpuv Kal Kpi6/Sv. 
 Od. xiv. 446. 
 
 10 iirdpyfj-ara CIA i. 347, cp. GIG 
 2465. ToCybele: Dittenberger, Sylloge, 
 377 14 (Thera). 
 
 11 II. ix. 534 x<aoantvii o pot ( o0rt 
 OdKvoia yovt><f aXw^s poivebs p^'. Com- 
 pare Apollodorus i. 8. 2. 
 
54 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Herodotus, who first uses the noun aTrap^n^ speaks of the first- 
 fruits of his inheritance which Croesus sent to Delphi and 
 elsewhere 1 . Inscriptions mention the firstfruits of corn 2 , of oil 8 , 
 of the fruits of the earth 4 : those of fish and of house-property, 
 in Delos, are probably a civil tax 5 . Firstfruits of tribute money 
 occur often in Attic inscriptions 6 ; and firstfruits of men 7 were 
 dedicated to the gods, originally perhaps for sacrifice, later for 
 use as slaves. The word occurs on inscriptions of Rhodes 8 , 
 Miletus 9 , Delos 10 , and is very common in Athens as we shall see. 
 aicpodlvLov or dtcpoOiva is used in a similar sense ; for firstfruits 
 in kind I have already given an instance", and it is applied to 
 a statue dedicated by a poet or some such person in Phocis 1 *. 
 
 There is nothing to show whether the firstfruits formed any 
 particular fraction of the whole, but the country custom would 
 appear to have been that a sheaf or two was enough for the 
 small farmer. Indeed, so long as there was no organised priest- 
 hood, there would be no reason to offer more than would make 
 a good show. But with the organised priesthood, and with the 
 organised social system, there must needs come a change. 
 A fixt minimum would be appointed by the king or the repre- 
 sentatives of the god, and exacted as a due 18 . Moreover, with 
 large amounts offerings in kind become inconvenient ; and we 
 can hardly doubt that as soon as a fixt currency was intro- 
 duced, whether in tripods, axes, cauldrons, or what not, which 
 each represented some unit of value in kind M , the firstfruits 
 
 1 Herod, i. 92 TWI> irarpyuv xpw^ TW " 8 ^Gl i- 466 statue, Athena Lindian, 
 airapxriv. etc. 
 
 2 xapirov CIG 484 : particulars of 9 GIG 2855. 
 wheat and barley for each tribe, CIA lu BCH xiv. 408. 
 iv. 2. 834 b. Above, p. 52 . 
 
 3 AatoO CIA iv. 1. 27 b. IGS iii. 1. 131. 
 
 4 IGI iii. 436 aira.pyfj.aTa uv at upai ls The tithe of Peisistratus : Aristotle, 
 
 Ath. Pol. xvi. ; Diog. Laert. i. 6. 53 
 
 quoted by avayti STJ t-Kaffros TWV 'AOipaiwv roS 
 
 Homolle, Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Donarium avrov K\jpov deKarriv, OVK 4fj,ol dXXA 
 
 p. 366 note 47 . birbOtv ferai dvaXovv h re 0v<rlas rat 
 
 6 CIA i. 226, 257, etc.; iv. 1. 51. Sij/xoreXtts, *cal etn dXXo TWV KOIVUV, 
 airapxn i s used of money in Eleusis, *ca2 ffv 6 7r6\e^oj r)/j.ds KaraXd/Sj;. Arist. 
 AM xix. 192. Oec. ii. 1346 b 3 eiriKapiria xal SfKartj. 
 
 7 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 35, CIA i. 210, 14 Ridgeway, Origin of Coin and 
 Dionys. i. 16. 44. Weight Standards, Index. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 55 
 
 would be commuted for their value. This is perhaps the origin 
 of the tithe (SeKarr)) 1 ; although since the two words are used for 
 votive offerings side by side, as we shall see, the question is not 
 yet clear. The principle of the firstfruits or tithe offering was 
 extended, as civilisation increased, to merchants and tradesmen ; 
 and was applied also to the portion set apart by states for their 
 patron deity, or for support of some national shrine 2 . The tithe 
 was also dedicated to the gods not only from yearly profits but 
 from occasional gains, such as the spoils of war, and a windfall 
 or lucky find. The same idea prompted the consecration of 
 one-tenth of the land apportioned out for cleruchs' allotments 3 , 
 and one-tenth of confiscated property, which we shall discuss 
 later. 
 
 The evidence for the extent of the tithe offering is not 
 complete. The reason, however, is probably that the inscrip- 
 tions so far discovered are unevenly distributed, whilst smaller 
 towns would have a less organised cult. The earlier inscrip- 
 tions, moreover, have often only the deity's name, often only his 
 and the giver's, with or without a verb ; and as we know that 
 some dedications so inscribed were the firstfruits or the tithe of 
 war 4 , the fact that this is not specified elsewhere does not prove 
 that it was not true. The Pelasgians offered the tithe 8 , as the 
 
 1 Robertson Smith, Religion of the 2 The tithe was a royal tax under 
 
 Semites, 245 ff., 458, discusses the Peisistratus : Arist. Ath. Pol. xvi. ; 
 
 tithe. The tithe appears to have gone and perhaps later, Xen. Hell. i. 1. 22, 
 
 to the kings, and the maintenance of Pollux vi. 128, ix. 28. 
 
 the tribal sanctuaries to have been a 3 Thuc. iii. 50 records this of the 
 
 first charge upon it. See also Trans- cleruchy in Lesbos. We have no 
 
 actions of the Victoria Institute, xxxi. further information on the subject, 
 
 126. The fraction chosen depends on but he mentions it as a matter of 
 
 the fact that a man has ten fingers, course. 
 
 and therefore ten is the natural basis 4 As IGA 32, 46, 510 on helmets 
 
 of arithmetic. SeKafctv, like Trefj.ira.fav, and a lance, each naming an enemy, 
 
 meant properly to ' count ' (not as 5 Stephanus s.v. 'Afiopiyives. Diony- 
 
 Suidas says s.v. dei<dff(r6a.i, derived sius i. 18. 49 Se/cdraj es Ae\0oi)s 
 
 from a marshalling of the recipients av7jyot> rif 6e$ nal TUV dirb TTJS OdXdrTijs 
 
 in tens). Later the word Senary, like w0e\eiw' etirep Twes KO.I aXXoi Xafjurpord- 
 
 SeKareijeiv, may have lost its exact ras. So did the Carthaginians (Justin 
 
 sense, so as to be used for any sacred 18) and the Tyrians (Plut. Symp. 
 
 portion. Cp. IGI iii. 258 detcdrav virep 313). 
 
56 
 
 GRKEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Hyperboreans did J . There are ancient dedications of a tithe of 
 war in many places 8 ; the tithe not specified is offered to Zeus at 
 Thebes 8 , to Demeter by men and women in Argolis 4 , by a woman 
 to Athena at Paestum 5 , to Apollo by a man at Naxos 8 . Statues 
 on the Sacred Way at Branchidae are an early example of the 
 dedication of the tithe to a non-local deity 7 . In Athens we find 
 the war tithe early 8 , and a tithe of slaves is mentioned 9 . A great 
 number of other tithes have been found here, which we shall 
 consider by and by 10 . Dedications from Calabria 11 and Calymna" 
 are specified as a tithe of work. Later, we find the tithe in 
 Anaphe 13 , Boeotia 14 , Crete 15 , Cyrene 16 , Delos 17 , Didymi 18 and Epi- 
 daurus 19 in Argolis, Halicarnassus 20 , Ithaca 21 , Megara 22 , Naxos 23 , 
 Rhodes 24 , Thera 28 . The tithe of trade is alluded to incidentally 
 in a Cretan inscription of the third century 28 . It is also used 
 in connexion with feasts for the dead 27 . The tithe is not 
 mentioned in Homer. 
 
 I Herod, iii. 33 4, Callim. Delos 
 278 ff. 
 
 3 See below, chap. in. 
 
 3 IGA 191. 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 3407, CIG 1172 ; IPI i. 
 580, 977. 
 
 8 IGA 542. 
 8 IGA 408. 
 
 7 IGA 483. 
 
 8 CIA i. 334. 
 
 9 CIA i. 210. Xenophon's men sold 
 their slaves and gave a tithe to Artemis, 
 Anab. v. 3. 
 
 10 Tithe and firstfruit occur together: 
 Ear. 269 CIA iv. 1. 382 p. 154. ..rW 
 dvapx^v tvtjdjwvos StKaTT/v. One is 
 offered by each of two persons, CIA 
 iv. 1. 373 77 . 
 
 II IGSI 643 (Hera) ; see below, p. 92. 
 
 12 Boss, Ined. Insc. iii. 298 Xixiaj /x' 
 dvt6i}Kev ' A.ir6\\uvi tpyuv TTJV SfKariiv. 
 
 13 IGI iii. 257, 258: Apollo. 
 
 14 IGS i. 1739 18 (Thespiae, to Hera- 
 cles), IGA 191 (Thebes, Zeus). 
 
 15 CIG 2556. 
 
 18 Collitz iii. 4839, 4840 (Apollo). 
 AM xxiii. 22: woman to Artemis. 
 CIG 5133. 
 
 17 BCH vi. line 47. 
 
 18 Collitz iii. 3407 : two women to 
 Demeter. 
 
 19 Collitz iii. 3335: a woman to 
 Demeter. 
 
 20 CIG 2660 : Athena. 
 
 21 IGS iii. 1. 654 : Artemis. 
 
 22 Paus. i. 42. 5 : Apollo &CKO.Ti)<f>6pot. 
 
 23 IGA 408 : Apollo. 
 
 24 IGI i. 817 a 3: Athena Lindia 
 (common). 
 
 25 IGI iii. 431 : Heracles (in a cave) ; 
 437 : Mother of the gods. 
 
 86 CIG 2556 M al 5t n ruv Otuv /3wXo- 
 fjL^vuv 2\otfj.ei> dya66v dirb rwv woXffjduv 
 i) Koii'di t!-odouffavTs, j) iStai nvts vap 1 
 ^KO-ripuv rj Kara ydv rj Kard 6d\affffai>, 
 \a."f\a.vl)VT<i)v fKarepoi Kara r6s dvSpas 
 r6$ HPTTOVTO.S, nal ras Sexaraj \a/u/3aj'o'- 
 TUV e/carepot ^j TO.V I5tav iro\iv. 
 
 Heracles, we learn from Diodorus 
 (iv. 21), promised weal and wealth to 
 those who would tithe their goods to 
 him, and many Romans grew rich by 
 that means. 
 
 27 CIG 1034 leaden tablet ri\ ruv 
 rptaKaduv dvitpuffii>...luf>' ijj dfdwxa Sf- 
 KO.TIJV /u^xpt rjfjiepwv 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 57 
 
 At the great national sanctuaries, in which every Greek 
 city was interested, each city which hoped for the favour of the 
 presiding deity made offering occasional or regular 1 . Herodotus 
 speaks of the tithe due to Apollo 2 and Zeus 3 , and each deme 
 appears to have been bound to pay its share 4 . The Athenian 
 theori, who sailed to Delos in the sacred ship of Theseus, in 
 memory of his vow to Apollo 8 , took the firstfruits with them 6 ; 
 and the same was done by other states 7 . Vases were dedicated 
 as firstfruit by Cos 8 and Rhodes 9 ; and the Mapsidichae, perhaps 
 an agricultural tribe, send their firstfruits year by year 10 . The 
 same was the case at Delphi 11 . The Eleusinian shrine was 
 supported from early times by the firstfruits which had been 
 enjoined by a Delphic oracle apparently upon all the Greeks 12 , 
 and were sent to Athens " from all parts." During the fifth 
 century, this pious custom fell into disuse ; and just before the 
 war, a law was past making it compulsory upon Athens and 
 
 1 Cp. Eur. Meleag. fr. 520 Olvets 
 WOT' fx yijs TroXtfyuerpoi' Xo/3oj' ffra.'xyv 
 Otiuv awapxds. 
 
 2 Herod, vii. 132. 
 
 3 Herod, i. 89. 
 
 4 Crates ap. Ath. vi. 235 c: rbv d' 
 e/trea iraptxew ts ra dpxfia r$ 'Awo\- 
 Xowt roi)s 'Axapvtitiv wapaffiTovs dirk rijj 
 tic\oyrjs riijv Kpidwv. Called dirapxal 
 below. 
 
 5 Plut. Thes. 22. 
 
 6 CIA ii. 984, 985 ; BCH xviii. 183; 
 Mommsen, Heortologie 402, Feste der 
 Stadt Athen 451. 
 
 7 BCH xx. 695. Poeta ap. Clem. 
 Al. Strom, iv. 24. 164 6(f>pa...SeKdri)v 
 aKpoGtvid re Kpe/juicrai/j.ei>. 
 
 8 BCH xiv. 408 <f>tdX-r)...rrjs TroXewj 
 TTJS 'Kuiwv dvdOrjfM, rut 'AiroXKuvi 
 dirapx-nv (279 B.C.). 
 
 9 Ibid. These cups are only part of 
 the offering, no doubt. 
 
 10 BCH vi 41 114 , etc. 
 
 11 BCH xviii. 183, xx. 6956 ; Xen. 
 Hell. iii. 5. 5 dpyifouevoi at/rots rrjs 
 ovTiXij^ews TTJS roO ' A.iro\\wvos Senary* 
 
 12 CIA iv. 1. 27 b (ceXeu^Tw 8t 6 lepo- 
 ipdvTtjs Kal 6 SaiSovxos /uixn-rj/ofots dwdp- 
 XfffOai. TOI)S "EXXr/vas rov Kapirov Kard. 
 rd. Trdrpta Kal TTJV /Mvreiav rty ey 
 Ae\<t>uv. The tax was ^ T ; it was 
 paid in kind, and sold ; votive offer- 
 ings were bought with part of it, and 
 inscribed dirb rov Kapirov rrjs eirapx^. 
 See also Korte, AM xxi. 322 ff., who 
 gives the later history of the custom, 
 and makes some interesting deductions 
 as to the price of cattle. He places 
 the date of our decree later than it is 
 done in the Corpus. Cp. Isocr. Paneg. 
 31 ai /ji> yap irXetorat TWC TroXeuv 
 VTr6fj.i>T)/j.a rjjs iraXatas evepyevias dirap- 
 Xas rov fflrov Ka0' 'eKaarov rbv tviavrbv ills 
 ijuds dTTOTT^fjLTrova'i, rals d' fKXfiirovffais 
 7) HvOia irpoatrat-ev diro(j>peii> 
 ruv Kapiruv Kal Troieiv irp6s TT\V 
 iro\iv TT]V T)/j.tr4pav ra irdrpia. Schol. 
 Arist. Plutus 1054 x a P ta " t "hP ta Tavra- 
 
 T&S dirapxds. See also CIA i. 32, Schol. 
 Arist. Knights 727. The Delphic oracle 
 does not imply that the practice was 
 not older : it merely sanctions it. 
 
58 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 her allies, and inviting the other states to join in 1 . Occasional 
 offerings were sent for some special prosperity. Here the tithe 
 or firstfruit assumes a developed form ; it is a thanksgiving for 
 that which gave wealth to the dedicating state. Thus Croesus 
 sends to Delphi an offering of the gold which was found in his 
 country 2 . The Siphnians offer a tithe of their mines 3 ; the 
 Corcyreans acknowledge a special haul of fish at Delphi and 
 Olympia 4 , and Tenedos makes similar acknowledgment ap- 
 parently for a fine catch of crabs 5 ; Selinus renders thanks for 
 its celery 8 , Metapontium 7 , Myrrhina, Apollonia 6 for their corn, 
 all at Delphi. 
 
 The Samian merchants tithed their profits to the amount of 
 six talents ; and with the money they procured a magnificent 
 bronze crater supported on kneeling -figures, which they dedi- 
 cated in the Heraeum 8 . 
 
 When we examine the private dedications of this class, we 
 find a great variety of callings represented. Sometimes the 
 nature of the offering alone shows that it is the tithe or first- 
 fruit of husbandry, orchardry, shepherdry, or hunting 9 ; but in 
 many cases the dedicator records his calling. Actor and 
 physician offer a tithe of profits at Delphi 10 . Ou the acropolis 
 of Athens we find the fisherman 9 , the breeder 9 , and the farmer 11 , 
 before the Persian invasion ; and a fisher apparently vows his 
 first cast to the nymphs of Syra 12 . Among the early inscrip- 
 
 1 tev poAXuvrai. 6 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 16. 
 
 2 Herod, i. 50. 7 Strabo p. 264. 
 
 3 Herod, iii. 57, Paus. x. 11. 2. The 8 Herod, iv. 152 ol 8t ZA/uoi rr,v 
 finding of the mines was an unexpected 5eKdnji> T&V tiriKepSlwv ie\6i>Tes ? 
 windfall, but the offering thereafter rdXavra, etc. 
 
 vowed was to be regular. When it was 8 Cp. Kar. 2, CIA iv. 1. 
 
 neglected, the sea flooded their mines 10 BCH xx. 695 rdde iroXtu ical 
 
 and destroyed them. Idtwrai tirdpZavro. 
 
 4 Paus. x. 9. 3, v. 29. 9. The objects 373 eE-ypas airapxrjv, CIA iv. Suppl. 
 sent were axes. 1. 373 121 p. 182 : Td6t}i>aLai dfKdrtjv 
 
 5 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12. I take dwb \wpiov 'Aenovbdev Xaip^5t]fj.o^ 4>i\&t. 
 TUV Kapxivuv to be the account given to 12 IGA 7, if rightly restored. It was 
 Plutarch and his explanation to be the rule to dedicate the first tunny of 
 wrong. Axes were once a unit of a good haul to Poseidon ; Athen. vii. 
 currency (Ridge way, Or igin 3 19). Why 297s, 302 B, 346. So the fisherman 
 on earth should Tenedos offer an axe in the Anthology dedicates a crab as 
 simply because the pattern on the back the firstfruit of the quest, vi. 196. 
 
 of a crab was like an axe ? 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 59 
 
 tions of Athens are dedications of fullers 1 , potters 2 , a baker 3 , 
 a tanner 4 , a physician 8 , a builder 6 , a recorder 7 , and washermen 
 or washerwomen 7 , who seem to have been a pious tribe. One 
 inscription may refer to a shipwright 8 , a later inscription of 
 Astypalaea to a shipmaster 9 . Elsewhere we read of a butcher 
 or cook 10 , a courtesan 11 , and possibly a smith 12 . Several, both 
 men and women, speak in general terms of a tithe of their 
 earnings or property 13 , or of their blessings 14 , of their skill, or 
 of their holy works 15 ; others pray for skill 16 . Pairs of partners 
 or brothers 17 , and even larger companies 18 , combine in one 
 offering. A vow was often made before the offering 19 . All 
 handicraftsmen at Athens, we know, bearing baskets of offer- 
 ings, used to worship Athena at the feast of Chalces 20 ; this 
 
 1 CIA iv. 373 /, p. 42: 2lfuav...6 
 Ki>a<pfus btKa.rt]v ; others below. 
 
 2 Below, p. 60 7 , 61 i.*- 3 - 4 . 
 
 3 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 264. 
 
 4 <TKV\o5tyi)s CIA iv. 1. 373 s*. 
 
 5 CIA iv. 1. 422 14 , p. 185. Nothing 
 else surely can be the source of another 
 inscription : do-rwv 6a\6vT<av, jro\it}6'xe 
 irbrvC 'A6dva, lEfUKpov KOI iraLStav 
 
 fyoi ijSe 7r6Xu : CIA iv. 2. 373 106 . 
 
 6 CIA iv. 1. 373 262, p . 203. 
 
 7 CIA i. 399, iv. 2. 373 84 . 
 
 8 CIA iv. 1. 373 ", p. 198 : 
 
 Ot\KV TC10T]VCUCH 8eKdTI]V 
 
 Very archaic, vafv- is Naxian. 
 
 9 IGI iii. 203 vaGiv &Kvdp6\t.(ov ir6\\' 
 oiro KTf]a-dfj.evos. vowcXapos TraXXa... 
 Ear. 185. 
 
 10 IGA 543 (Calabria). 
 
 11 Rhodopis: Herod, ii. 135 (Delphi), 
 ep. BCH xv. 113. 
 
 12 BCH vi. 47 168 , &Kfiuv in Delos. 
 
 13 Croesus: Herod, i. 92. CIA i. 345 
 i-pywv a.ira.p'x^v (boustrophedon); Kred- 
 vuv CIA iv. 1. 373 105 - 2 i8 ; ii. 1434; 
 iv. 2. 1550 d ; iv. 1. 373 , EOT. 172 
 5eKCLTt]v 2pYov Kai xP 7 l/ M * TUt '- A dedi- 
 cation to Athena Ergane can only be 
 that of a work-woman : CIA iv. 1. 
 373 wi. So in Delos; see below, p. 
 60 3 . 
 
 14 BCH xiii. 160 ' 
 
 OIJK' A(j>po5iTi]i SCipov a.irap'xriv TTOTVLO. 
 ruv a.'ya.dCiv, rok cri) 5ds d<f>6ovia.v, etc. 
 
 15 Ear. 48 airap-yfia rt\i>ijs. IGS iii. 
 1. 131 ^ offiuv Zpyuv aKpoOiviov. 
 
 16 CIA iv. 1. p. 79. 
 
 17 CIA i. 351, 358, 375, 396; iv. 
 1. 373 215 . dve6tTi)i> is common (373 
 
 113, 183, 189^ 418 0). 
 
 18 CIA iv. 1. 373 124 . 
 
 19 CIA i. 349, iv. 1. 373 202 , etc. 
 
 20 Mommsen,Heortologie,31B: Soph. 
 frag. 724 /3or' tt's 656v Si] iraj 6 x ei P&~ 
 val; Xews of rr)v Aibs yopytatriv 'Epydvrii' 
 ffTCLTOis \IKVOKJLV irpoarptireffde. Of 
 course no special deity was necessary 
 for the artisan to worship ; but Athena 
 in this aspect was often called Ergane, 
 the Worker (Diod. v. 73, Paus. i. 24. 
 3), and coupled with Hephaestus (Solon 
 xiii. 49, Paus. i. 14. 6, CIA ii. 114 ft). 
 Athena Ergane at Sparta, Paus. iii. 
 17. 4 ; Olympia, v. 14. 4 ; Megalopolis, 
 viii. 32. 3 ; Thespiae, ix. 26. 8 ; Organe 
 at Delos, BCH vi. 351 ; Ergatis at 
 Samos, Hesych. s.v. (Farnell, Cults i. 
 410). There is no evidence or likeli- 
 hood of a special type, cult, or temple 
 of Ergane at Athens (cp. Farnell i. 
 344 f.). As Stathmia, she protected 
 commerce, Hesych. s.v. The Bur- 
 
60 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 then would be the season for such offerings, and the custom of 
 dedicating them must have been common. Isaeus speaks of a 
 generous man performing this duty for those who could not or 
 would not 1 ; and the custom is attested by the inscriptions*. 
 Cleon then, is not gibing, when he says to the sausage-seller, 
 "I'll denounce your sausages as confiscate to the gods; never 
 a tithe have you paid on them 8 ." The tithe of profits, with 
 reference to fishermen, is alluded to as a thing of course by 
 Diphilus, but as being sometimes dishonoured in the breach 4 . 
 Later, a cordwainer's guild dedicates a statue in Lesbos 8 . 
 As late as the Roman age a trade-dedication is found in 
 Amphipolis 6 . 
 
 If we may trust analogy, the firstfruit of a craftsman would 
 be his first finisht piece, the 'masterpiece' of the mediaeval 
 workman ; and some of the dedications appear to be of this 
 kind. The most conclusive evidence is furnisht by a covered 
 earthenware jar, found at Athens, and inscribed "Lycinus 
 dedicated to Athena his first piece of work 7 ." "Firstfruit of 
 
 nishers of Olympia sacrificed to the 
 Worker goddess before polishing the 
 image (Paus. v. 14. 5). 
 
 1 Isaeus vi. 42 {TI 5' iv dKpowoXti 
 dirapxa* TUIV OVTWV dvaBtvres TroXXoiy, 
 us dir6 t'Sioj /crijffewj. 
 
 2 CIA i. 349 deKdrijv roO T&KVOV ei>x~ 
 <ra|ilvov ; Collitz iii. 3448 (Anaphe) 
 
 j Ko.1 'AceoTfyi 
 
 Sficdrav ' A.ir6\\ui>i ; IGI ii. 
 258 (Lesbos). 
 
 8 Arist. Knights 300 <r <f>alvu roit 
 wpvrdveffiv ddeKaTfivovs TUIV OfQtv Jp&s 
 XXOVTO. Kot\las. The tithe is mentioned 
 CIA i. 353, 384, 385 ; the firstfruit i. 
 351, 352, 375, 382 ; and in the Acro- 
 polis inscriptions (KardXoyos vol. 1), 
 some 427 in number, dirapxri occurs 
 49 times, SeKdrtj 37, not counting doubt- 
 ful instances ; and both together, dedi- 
 cated each by a separate person, CIA 
 iv. 1. 373 91 (cp. 382). When it is re- 
 membered that hardly any of these 
 inscrr. is complete, and that they fall 
 
 within a comparatively small space of 
 time, it is clear that the practice was 
 common. The tithe of work appears 
 also in Delos, BCH vi. 193 M . Isaeus, 
 as quoted above (note 4 ), speaks of 
 this as a common practice ; so does 
 Demosthenes, alluding to the same 
 age, Androt. 617, airrouj SeKarfvorret ; 
 Timocr. 741 TUIV deteaTuiv TTJS 6fov dfit- 
 \TJffai. War is nearly always specified 
 when it is the occasion. 
 
 4 Ap. Ath. vi. 226 E 01) JTWITOT' IxOvs 
 olSa Ti/juurtpovs Iduv ' H6ffei5ov, el 5ei(d- 
 TTJV t\d/j.pa.t>fs a.{>Tuv . . .iroXt) TUIV BfCiv &v 
 ijffffa TrXowriwrepos. 
 
 8 IGI ii. 109 <rvyKa0itpuff<u> ol TTJV 
 ffKVTiicty rtxmjv epya.f6fj.fvoi. 
 
 6 BCH xix. 110 M. KoiKAios 
 6 xaXcei>j dwo rrjs T^x" 7 ?* # eo 
 rotj iv ZafjwdpdKr). 
 
 7 AVKIVOS dvtOriKfv TTJI 'A.6r)i>dcu r& 
 vpurov TjpydffaTo : BCH ii. 522, 547, 
 with cut. De Witte, who edits it, 
 believes the inscr. to be genuine. A 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 61 
 
 work" is scratcht on a fictile vase found on the Acropolis 1 ; 
 and perhaps some of the famous vase-painters whose names 
 also appear there, such as Aiidocides 2 , Nearchus", aud Euphro- 
 nius 4 , may have dedicated a choice piece of their own. The 
 phrase "with his hands" inscribed on another block may be 
 interpreted in the same way 5 ; the same by one reading may be 
 said of one of the pottery tablets at Corinth 6 . An Aeginetan 
 artist made a statue for his deity 7 . Another inscription, appar- 
 ently from Corinth 8 , records that Midonidas offered a piece 
 which he had himself painted; and a similar formula is found 
 at Athens 9 . An Athenian vase bears the figure of the goddess 
 armed, and upon the shield is the legend " Callis made and 
 dedicated it to Athena Health 10 ." We may perhaps take as 
 the workman's first attempt a rough obelisk of terra-cotta 
 found at Metapontium, and dedicated by a potter to Heracles". 
 A bronze statuette of a youth, ascribed to the fifth century, 
 and dedicated to the goddess at Rhamnus, is a firstfruit 12 . 
 Ecphantus's offering from Melos was made by himself 13 ; it may 
 have been the column, or a statue upon it 14 . Iphicratides of 
 Naxos also dedicated an offering to Delian Apollo which he 
 made himself 16 ; and Tisagoras, "whoever he was," dedicated an 
 
 potter's son, perhaps an apprentice, n Kohl, Imagines xv. 5, Collitz ii. 
 
 dedicates a vase at Athens : CIA iv. 1. 1643 x</*> /&"<* 'Hpa/c\^s. XiK6/*a- 
 
 373 M?. x<5s /*' ^7r6ei, 6 TOL Kpa/j.evs fj.' dv^Orjice. 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1. 373 12 b, c ; f has dfc 8t f iv dv0puiroi<! So^av txn v o.ya6dv. 
 SfK&Tijv. A potter's son dedicates no. Roberts, p. 302; see fig. 7, p. 62. 
 
 373 w. 12 CIA iv. 1. 422 16 AwrucXe^s oW- 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1. 373 215 ; Klein, Griech. OTJKCV 'Eravdpidov vibs oTnjapxV r6v6e 
 Vasen mil Meistersign. 188, etc. 0tdi rrjiSe 17 r6d' x ei rtpevos. Lysi- 
 
 3 CIA iv. 1. 373 91 ; Klein, 38. cleides was perhaps a better craftsman 
 
 4 CZ.4.iv. 1.362; Klein, Euphronios. than poet. 
 
 5 CIA iv. 1. 37S 249 . 13 1GA 412 irat Ai6s 'E^dj/rwi dtai 
 
 6 Reading avTOir6fia with Collitz iii. r65' a/xei^j iryaX/Ma, aol -yhp ttrevxh- 
 3119 M ; but see p. 81 4 . ^ievos TOVT' ^rAecrere yptyuv. 
 
 7 IGA 352 'Ap\iuv tirolr)<re. u &ya\fj.a is any precious thing ; a 
 
 8 IGA 36 a p. 170 Mt8au5as Zypaij/e tripod in two inscrr., Herod, v. 60, 61, 
 Kaj^Tj/te. cp. Paus. x. 7. 3 (quoted by Roberts, 
 
 9 CIA iv. 1. 373 17 * ^Toiet /cdv^/ce p. 32). 
 
 run Oewi, on the fragments of a small 15 BCH xii. 464 fi<f>iKpaTiS^ n' dvt- 
 
 column. 0-riKf 6 Nd|toj iroi^tras (very archaic). 
 
 10 AM xvi. 154 'A077ca<H 'Yytelai The base has rams' heads and gorgo- 
 KdXXis lirolrjcrt Kal dv^t]Kv. neia carved on it. 
 
62 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 FIG. 7. Workman's dedication. Roberts, p. 302. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 63 
 
 iron group of Hercules and the Hydra at Delphi, and iron 
 heads of lion and wild boar to Dionysus at Pergamus, all 
 which he had made himself and were "marvels of skill 1 ." 
 Perhaps the "beautiful partridge" of Protogenes, dedicated at 
 Rhodes, was offered with the like feeling 2 . The wording of an 
 ancient inscription on the steps of the old temple at Syracuse 
 suggests a maker's dedication 3 . Of the same kind will be the 
 two amphorae dedicated at Erythrae, by a master and pupil, who 
 held a contest to see which could make the thinner 4 . Palamedes 
 is said to have dedicated in the shrine of Fortune at Corinth 
 the dice which he had invented 6 . Parmenion a painter painted 
 a pig so naturally that those who saw it expected a grunt ; and 
 this he dedicated 6 . The outline which traditionally suggested 
 to Butades of Sicyon the moulding of portraits in clay, was 
 preserved in the Nymphaeum 7 . Eubulides of Athens, too, 
 made and dedicated a statue of Apollo 8 . Two sacrificial vessels 
 are made and dedicated to Pan and the Nymphs by the same 
 man 9 . It is on this principle I would explain the bronze 
 Apollo, with an inscription in silver letters declaring that 
 Charidamus dedicates it as a tithe to Athena 10 . There is no 
 
 1 Paus. x. 18. 5. ex argilla similitudines Butades Sicy- 
 
 2 Eudocia, no. 994: el 5t x/"7 T *l v onius figulus primus invenit Corinthi 
 vfjcrov ro.i>rt\v o{> /.LOVOV rif neyicrrtf} filiae opera, quae capta amore iuvenis, 
 KoXoo-cry ffeftvvvai, ciXXa Kal fffj-iKpordT^ abeunte illo peregre, umbram ex facie 
 TLVL dirdpai dva.0rifj.aTL- e/cet yap Kal 6 eius ad lucernam in pariete lineis cir- 
 (caX6s wepdi yv, rb TOV Hpuroyfrovs cumscripsit, quibus pater eius impressa 
 v/j.vo>j/j.evoi> irdpepyov. argilla typum fecit et cum ceteris 
 
 3 IGA 509 K\eo/?v77s tirol^e ruire- fictilibus induratum igni proposuit, 
 Xwvt 6 T&CTV?...DO the words refer eumque servatum in Nymphaeo donee 
 to part of the temple ? Mummius Corinthum everterit tra- 
 
 4 Pliny, NH xxxv. 12. 46. dunt. 
 
 5 Paus. ii. 20. 9 with Frazer's 8 Paus. i. 2. 5. 
 
 note. Eustathius on 11. ii. 308 says it 9 AM xxi. 437, Attica : ffTrovSrjs KO.\ 
 
 was a draughtsman, and dedicated at \ifldvov 6e\KT^pia x a ^ K ^ a retinas HavL 
 
 Argos ; perhaps Palamedes distributed re Kal Ntf/i0cus QiJKe <ptpwv NO/UK 6s. 
 
 the set as Alexander did with his Space on top for airovSelov and 6v/j.ia- 
 
 arrns. r^piov. 
 
 6 Corp. Paroem. Gr. i. p. 412 nap- 10 IGSI2274 XapL8a/j.os'A.0Tivala(. 8e- 
 /jLfviuv 6 wypd</>os ui> ypd\j/as dv^dr/Ktv xarav ; archaistic, probably of the 1st 
 yv Kal (p<>)i>T]v d(f>Uvai ol 6eu/j.evoi ^56- or 2nd cent. B.C. The makers' names 
 KOVV. (there were two makers) were engraved 
 
 7 Pliny, NH xxxv. 43. 151 fingere on lead and put inside ; unluckily they 
 
64 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 meaning in dedicating the statue of one god to another, except 
 it be dedicated as a work of art or a thing of value 1 . It 
 can hardly have been dedicated by this man, as a tithe of war. 
 Perhaps too the curious cast bronzes, found in the Idaean 
 cave of Crete, are the maker's masterpiece 8 . I suggest this 
 because they include two or three scenes cast in one piece : a 
 war-galley manned, a man milking a cow, and other incongruous 
 scenes together. Each scene has its own base, so they were 
 meant to be separated ; but there seems no reason why they 
 should be dedicated together unless as specimens of the maker's 
 art. 
 
 A somewhat fanciful extension of this idea suggests to the 
 literary man the dedication of some of his work. Plato is using 
 metaphor, no doubt, when he speaks of the mottoes at Delphi 
 as the "firstfruits of wisdom" dedicated by Solon and other 
 wise men 3 ; and Pindar, when he uses the dedicatory verb of 
 his odes* ; but Heraclitus dedicated his book in the temple at 
 Ephesus 5 . The poems of Hesiod appear to have been dedi- 
 cated on Mount Helicon, where Pausanias saw them engraved 
 on ancient tablets of lead 8 . At Delos were the poems of 
 Alcaeus and the astronomy of Eudoxus 7 , and at Lindus the 
 Seventh Olympian of Pindar 8 . A "golden book" was dedi- 
 cated at Delphi by the poetess Aristomache, who had won 
 a prize at the Isthmia 9 . The custom was not confined to 
 Greece ; for the Carthaginian traveller Hanno dedicated his 
 log-book in the temple of Baal at Carthage 10 . Oenopides of 
 Chios dedicated an astronomical table of bronze at Olympia"; 
 
 cannot be made out, but one was a 5 Diog. Laert. ix. 6 avfOrjice Se avrt> 
 
 Bhodian. it rb rijs 'Apr^iuSos Iep6v. 
 
 1 For Panofka's view see the final 6 Paus. ix. 31. 4. Whether in a 
 essay, ch. xiv. temple is not stated, nor the dedi- 
 
 2 Mus. It. ii. 727 ; see fig. 8. cator. 
 
 8 Plato, Protag. 343 B; cp. Paus. x. 7 Dar. and SagL, Donarium 378. 
 
 24. 1. Isocrates also uses the meta- 8 Schol. Pind. Ol. viii., p. 157, 
 
 phor (Law* Hel. 29 p. 219). Bockh (Lindian Athena). 
 
 4 Pind. 01. xiii. 35 4v 'AX^eoO 9 Plut. Quaest. Conv. v. 2. 9. 
 
 frttOpoiffiv aty\a iroduv dvdKeirai; xi. 10 Bosworth Smith, Carthage 13. 
 
 (x) 8 dtf>6t>v7jTos 5' alvos '0\v/j.wioi>lKais u Aelian, VH x. 7. 
 OUTOJ 
 
TITHES, FIESTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 65 
 
 Xenocrates at the Pythium on Mount Olympus, his calcula- 
 tions of the height of the mountain 1 . 
 
 In later days we find prize poems so treated. Paeans to 
 Apollo have been unearthed in the Treasury of the Athenians 
 
 FIG. 8. Votive offering, from Crete. 
 Museo Italico ii. 730. 
 
 at Delphi 2 , and a hymn to Dionysus in the same sanctuary 3 ; 
 all these of the fourth century. Such another is Thrasyllus' 
 hymn to Apollo Maleatas and Asclepius, found at Epi- 
 daurus 4 . At Delphi also have been found two inscriptions 
 in shorthand, and references to a work of Aristotle 5 . So 
 we see Agathias dedicating his book to Paphia 6 . Perhaps 
 the alphabet inscribed on a piece of pottery, and dedicated 
 to Poseidon at Corinth, may represent a learner's first 
 
 1 Plut. Aemil. 15. 
 
 2 BGH xix. 562, xvii. 561, 569. 
 
 3 BCH xix. 392. 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 3342 (dvterjKe is used). 
 
 R. 
 
 8 BCH xxii. 269, 270. A. received 
 a vote of thanks, and his work was 
 placed in the temple library. 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 80. 
 
66 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 ' masterpiece 1 ' ; and the same explanation may apply to 
 others 2 . 
 
 The offering in kind was often commemorated by a model. 
 There is no reason to think that the models took the place of 
 the tithe or firstfruit; it is rather to be supposed that they 
 accompanied the offering, and were meant to keep it in mind. 
 Thus we find three cities sending "golden harvestings" or 
 sheaves to Delphi 3 , and eleven ears of corn, silver gilt, were 
 among the Parthenon treasures in the -fifth century 4 . At a 
 later date other gilt corn -ears are mentioned here, standing 
 upon a little pillar 8 . For a similar reason, doubtless, Selinus 
 sent a golden head of celery 8 . A golden olive appears at 
 Oropus 7 ; golden vine-clusters at Delos 8 and at the shrine of 
 the Cabiri near Thebes 9 ; at Delos was also a golden sea- 
 lavender 10 . The Ampeliots, a Libyan tribe, sent to Delphi a 
 head of the precious silphium ; an offering small indeed, and 
 perishable too, if it were not a model 11 . All these are men- 
 tioned by the way, but they were certainly not alone : Pliny 
 adds a golden radish, a silver beet, and a turnip of lead 12 , 
 private offerings no doubt. 
 
 Many of the animals mentioned in the Inventories, or found 
 in excavations, may have had a similar origin. Some may have 
 
 1 Oollitz iii. 3019 k ; IGA 20 13 . irore xpwovv ai\t.vov dvadflvat 
 
 As that from Calymna, Inscr. Brit. 7 IGS i. 3498 61 <?Xafa xpv<ri). 
 
 Miw. 123. It may however have been 8 BCH xiv. 406 ayi*?reXoj 
 
 meant for a charm ; alphabets have Also poiai, nr}\oi>, perhaps parts of 
 
 been found in tombs, IGA 390, and on ornaments. 
 
 a vase placed there 524. 9 IGS i. 2425 a 9a.\\w a/j.irt\ov. 
 
 3 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 16 OtpT, \pvvS. 10 BCH vi. 30 \ein6viov. 
 (Myrina, Apollonia); Strabo vi. 264 " Schol. Arist. Plut. 925 = Eudocia, 
 (Metapontium), Hv\lwv 8t \tyerai. no. 226: /cat ol 
 
 Kriffft.a...oi>s OVTUS dirb yewpytas evrvxy- At/Sifyj, AfX< 
 
 ffai (jxiatv wffTt 0tpos \pvoovv ei> AeX^ots ffi\<plov, ws <j>ij<nv 'A\t!;a.i>8pl8r)s. The 
 
 avaOuvai. The ear of corn was a Libyans were connected with the 
 
 device on the coins of Metapontium : Pelasgi : Ridgeway, Early Age 230. 
 
 Head, Hist. Num. 62. 1S Pliny, NH xix. 86 ut est Graeca 
 
 4 CIA i. 161 9 \riiov TTfpixpvffov ffra- vanitas, fertur in templo Apollinis 
 X AI, B.C. 434. Delphis adeo ceteris ibi praelatus 
 
 5 CIA ii. 731 <TTaxi>S Iv irvpylffKwi raphanus, ut ex auro dicaretur, beta ex 
 XoXxtDi lTrl\pwroi. argento, rapum ex plumbo. 
 
 8 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 67 
 
 been dedicated as ornaments or trinkets; and yet it is not un- 
 likely that the Athenian silver duck was a poulterer's offering 1 , 
 or that the goats and rams given at Delos by Parmenion and 
 Timoxenus were firstlings in model 2 . At the Argive Heraeum 
 were found the duck, the cock, the sheep, and the cow 3 . Oxen, 
 sheep, pigs and suchlike found amongst the ruins of a temple 
 may be memorials of sacrifice 4 ; but it is difficult so to regard 
 the riderless horse and the mare. I may mention, then, that 
 models of horses were dedicated in the ancient shrine of 
 Menelaus 5 , at Calaurea 6 , Taenarum 7 , Delos 8 , at Dodona 9 , at 
 Olympia 10 , in Crete", and in the Heraeum 12 , most ancient of 
 all. Bulls, rams, stallions and brood-mares will come under 
 a different category 13 , although it is possible that some of these 
 were model firstlings. 
 
 The fruit or offering in kind which is sometimes seen iu the 
 hands or upon the knees of votive statuettes may represent the 
 firstfruit or tithe. 
 
 There is direct evidence for the hunter's dedication of a 
 model of his prey. Hesychius tells how a Samian hunter made 
 such an offering to Hera in his native isle 14 . Another example 
 will be the bronze hare dedicated to Apollo at Priene 15 . Cakes 
 
 1 CIA ii. 698 n 21 vrjrra dpyvpa. 8 AZ xl. 333: oxen and horses, 
 
 2 BCH vi. 34 49 ffK<i(piov...dirb TUV bronze and clay, in the lowest stratum. 
 aly&v KO.I r(av rpdyuv wv dv^&rjKav Tt/oi6- 9 Carapanos, pi. xx. 4 bull, xxi. 1 
 lej'os Kal Hapfj.ei>i<j}i>. If not, they were mare, 2 ram. 
 
 living firstlings ; but in that case we 10 Bronzen, 28 foil. ; all strata, lowest 
 
 should expect rt/xi? to be added, with mostly horses and cattle : pi. xi xiii. 
 
 the value. I assume the models to bull, ox, horse, mare, pig, ram, goat, 
 have been melted and cast in form of u Mus. Ital. 727 milch cow (Cave of 
 
 a cup : the formula is regular for this Ida) ; 906 bulls, rams, etc. (Cave of 
 
 process (cp. line 51 iffVKrripiov awb rijs Dicte) ; 914 pi. xiv. goat, ox, cow, ram, 
 
 Aa<ov Kal rpdywv). Note that a calf etc. (Cave of Hermes), 
 is offered for a good harvest in Anth. 12 Bull, cow, ox, goat. Bronzes : 
 
 Pal. vi. 258. 10 ff . 
 
 3 Bronzes : 44, 47, 22, 27. 13 Below, p. 75. 
 
 4 See chapter vin. Mandrabolus 14 Hesych.s.u. RaraKdpas- dijoravra 
 certainly dedicated a model of the 6v6fj.ara [perhaps only one, after all] 
 sacrificial animal. fTriy^ypairrai 5 eirl dvaOtf/j-aros v r(j> 
 
 8 Rev. Arch. xxx. 13, early 6th cent. rijj"H/>as iep$ ovrw Bora Kdpas Sa/uoj 
 
 6 AM xx. 308. "H/jfl rfySe 0-^p-ijv aviOyKe. 
 
 7 Frazer, Pausanias, ii. p. 397. 15 IGA 385, Roberts 153, Cat. Brit. 
 
 52 
 
68 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 in the form of deer were offered to Artemis at Patrae at the 
 feast of Elaphebolia 1 . As late as the sixth century after Christ 
 
 FIG. 9. Votive hare, from Priene. 
 
 a hunter in Egypt places a model of his antelope on a pillar, 
 and dedicates it to Isis, with an inscription which he proudly 
 claims to have carved with his own hand 2 . Others are perhaps 
 the deer of silver or gold mentioned in the Delian inventories 8 . 
 Many other animals are named in the lists which may have a 
 similar origin, though it is impossible to say that they were not 
 toys or ornaments : at Delos were two silver beasts in a wooden 
 cage 4 , at Athens a basket with ivory beasts in it 8 . There was 
 
 Mus. Br. 237 : 'Air6\\uvi T 
 fji 1 dv^6rjKv 'H(f>a.iffTi(i)v (date about 
 500). See fig. 9. The bronze hare 
 found on the Athenian Acropolis ap- 
 pears to have had a handle : Cat. 
 Bronze Acrop. Mus. 463. 
 
 1 Athen. xiv. G46 E. 
 
 2 Classical Review xii. 282, Br. Mus. 
 
 Inscr. 1043, from Coptos : " 
 avtOriK 'A flavour a (?) dopxa5a 
 y\v<f>ldt y\d\f/as rbv 
 
 3 BCHvi. 34 . 
 
 4 BCH vi. 32 31 
 
 dpyvpS. II Iv 
 
 CIA ii. 678 A n 9 KO.VOVV Iva. TO. 
 i.va. fwio ; cp. 59 . 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 69 
 
 a bronze bison's head at Delphi, dedicated by a Paeonian chief 1 . 
 It is difficult to doubt that models of beasts of prey or the chace 
 were often, if not generally, the hunter's gift. For such groups 
 as the bull attacked by a lion, found at the Heraeum a , and the 
 stag brought down by hounds, two at least of which kind were 
 found at Olympia 3 , the explanation is practically certain ; and 
 it is likely for the figures of lions, bears, stags, hares and 
 rabbits which have been unearthed at Olympia 4 , at the shrine 
 of Menelaus 5 , at the Cabirium 6 , at Calaurea 7 , at Athens 8 , at 
 
 FIG. 10. Hare, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xiii. 209. 
 
 FIG. 11. Stag on stand, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xiii. 205. 
 
 Naucratis 9 . From the Argive Heraeum come the stag, the 
 wild goat, and wild birds with long beaks, in pairs or singly 10 : 
 these last belong to the stage of geometric decoration. Heads 
 of lions, eagles and other creatures were probably ornamental 11 . 
 
 1 Paus. x. 13. 1. 
 
 2 Dr Waldstein. It is worth noting 
 that a colossal group of a bull attackt 
 by a lion was found on the Athenian 
 Acropolis. 
 
 3 Bronzen, pi. xiv. 219, 220. 
 
 4 Bronzen, pi. xi. 213 stag, 207, 207 a 
 etc. roe, xiii. 208, 209 hare. See figs. 
 10, 11. 
 
 5 Rev. Arch. xxx. 13, lions. 
 
 6 AM xv. 356, hares, bears. 
 
 7 AM xx. 322, hares, rabbits ; cp. 
 
 BOH xix. 171 (Boeotian shrine). 
 
 8 Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 524 deer, 463 
 hare; 53843, 46475, eagles and 
 lions may have been parts of larger 
 objects. 
 
 9 Petrie and Gardner, Naucratis i. 
 14, ii. 56 lions. 
 
 10 Bronzes: nos. 19, 21, 37ft. 
 
 11 Plataea AJA vii. 406 /Sou/ce^aX?;. 
 Delos BCH vi. 49 191 irporow \fovros ; 
 Athens : see Indices. 
 
70 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS, 
 
 The workman or artist might dedicate a picture or model of 
 his work, when the work itself was not suitable for the purpose. 
 Mandrocles, who built Darius's bridge over the Bosporus, spent 
 part of the fee in a picture of the bridge, which he dedicated to 
 Hera in Samos for a firstfruit 1 . A shoemaker dedicated a stone 
 relief of a shoe to an Athenian hero 2 . I have met with no 
 other certain example of the kind, but perhaps the models of the 
 temple at Delos, preserved amongst its treasures, and the wooden 
 pattern of the tiles 3 , were dedicated by the master mason. 
 
 It is a pretty thought which suggests the dedication of the 
 workman's tools, after a successful job, or when they or the owner 
 are past work. I have found no direct evidence for this in the 
 classical age 4 ; but both legend and history prove that it was in 
 accord with Greek ways of thought. The Argo was dedicated 
 to Poseidon after its famous voyage 5 . Meleager, it is said, dedi- 
 cated in Corinth the spear with which he slew the great boar 6 ; 
 and a story of Cimon from the year 480 implies the same idea. 
 When the Athenians, we read, were hurrying out of the city to 
 take refuge in Salamis, " Cimon was the first man that went 
 with a life and jollity into the castle, carrying a bit of a bridle 
 in his hand to consecrate unto the goddess Minerva : signifying 
 thereby, that the city had no need of horsemen at that time, 
 but of mariners and seamen 7 ." Eighty years later, it is on record 
 that Xenophon's men, their long march over, consecrated their 
 
 1 Herod, iv. 88 dtr' uv 5rj Mavdpo- the third century or later. 
 K\TJS dirapxriv, f<pa ypa\j/dfj.vos irdvav 3 BCH vi. p. 105, irapa.deiyfj.aTa ; p. 
 
 TT)V i^fv^iv TOV Bo<nr6pov, (cat flaffi\{a re 48 17Z TVITOV !-ti\u>ov Kfpa.fj.i5wi> rCiv firi 
 
 Aapelov iv Trpofdpiy Karrintvov, ccat TOV T&V KepaTwva. They may of course 
 
 ov avTov diafialvovTa, ravTa ypa\f/d- have been sent in by the contractor, 
 
 aW0i7*ce fs TO 'Hpaiov, tTriypd\f/as and kept for reference; but if so, why 
 
 E6ffiropov ix.Ov6ei>Ta yeQvpdxras were they preserved afterwards ? 
 Ke Mav5poK\tw "Hpij iwyv-bawov * Unless the passage of Alcman, 
 
 *' avT$ /u.iv ffT^<f>avov Trtpideis, 2a- quoted on p. 276 1 , be rightly inter- 
 
 fitoifft, 5t KvSos Aapeiov /3a<n\^os ticTeXe- preted as the dedication of a plough 
 
 ffas /card vovv. See Anth. Pal. vi. 341. (0apo?, schol. aparpov in MS. and 
 
 a Pollux vii. 89 i7/)wj 'A.6rivr]ff<.i> 6 tiri papyrus, so also Herodian ii. 942 13 ; 
 
 /SXat/T?;' aW07;Ke yap TIJ <r/ci/Tor<S/ttos ipapovv dporpidi* Hesych.). 
 /SXatfrTys \idivov TVTTOV. Gp. CIA iii. s Apollod. i. 9. 27. 
 
 411. The title doubtless refers to the 6 Paus. ii. 7. 9. 
 hero's figure. The dedication is not 7 Plut. Cimon 5 ; North's transla- 
 
 early, for reliefs of this sort belong to tion, p. 494. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 71 
 
 staves upon a cairn which they there built where first they had 
 caught sight of the sea 1 . These indications are too scanty to 
 decide how far the customs recorded in later poems of the Antho- 
 logy are true of earlier times ; but in these all sorts and conditions 
 of men seem to conform to them. The hunter hangs club and 
 dog-collar on a plane tree in honour of Pan 2 , or dedicates a 
 spear to Pan and the Nymphs 3 . When he wants a rest, he 
 entrusts his bow and arrows to Artemis " during the truce 4 " ; 
 when he is too old to work, he leaves his gear to Pan 5 . Traps 
 and snares are dedicated to Hermes 6 . The fisherman dedicates 
 rods, nets, and creels 7 , trident and other tackle 8 , his very boat 9 , 
 to Poseidon. The carpenter retiring from business offers to 
 Pallas saw and axe, plane, auger, and footrule 10 . The goldsmith, 
 gone blind with age, gives over to Hermes the file, tongs, and 
 blowpipe of his calling 11 . A plowman dedicates his plow and all 
 his gardening tools to Deo 12 . The lucky delver, on finding a 
 treasure in the earth, offers to Athena his rake, shovel, pick, and 
 axe 13 . So Lucian's Timon, when he accepts the offers of Plutus, 
 exclaims : " my spade, and beloved leather jerkin, now it were 
 well to dedicate you to Pan 14 ." The harpist dedicates his lyre 
 to Phoebus 15 . Spinther the cook, on leaving service, places in 
 the shrine of Hermes his pots and pans, pestle and mortar, 
 chopper and ladle, fan, flesh-fork and sponge, and the key of 
 the pig-sty 16 . The grim pedagogue superannuated remembers 
 Hermes, and hands over his cane and tawse and skullcap 17 . 
 Ascondas the writer, appointed tax-collector, gives his writing 
 
 1 Xen. Anab. iv. 7. 26 dverifffffav 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 296. 
 
 Sep/MTUv ir\ij9os w/uo/Soei'wc KCU f3a.KT-r)pias 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 192, cp. 107 (Pan), 
 
 Kal TO. aJx/uaXwra y^ppa. 4, 5, 25 30, 38. 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 35, 106, 107. 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 1116, 23, 24, 33. 
 
 3 ^n^.Pai.vi.6,57,177,cp.l76. The 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 69, 70, cp. 90. 
 epigram recording the dedication of a 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 103, 204, 205. 
 bow and quiver (326) is clearly modelled u Anth. Pal. vi. 92, 95. 
 
 on the well-known epigram of Mna- 12 Anth. Pal. vi. 104, cp. 21 (Pria- 
 
 salcas (9) ; but here " my arrows are pus). 
 
 in the quarry " is ridiculous. A fine ls Anth. Pal. vi. 297. 
 
 huntsman this, to waste all his shafts 14 Lucian, Timon, 42. 
 
 and bag nothing. 15 Anth. Pal. vi. 83. 
 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 121. 1S Anth. Pal. vi. 306. 
 
 5 Anth. Pal. vL 73, 109. 17 Anth. Pal. vi. 294. 
 
72 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 materials to the Muses 1 . The working woman, her task at 
 length done, consecrates to Athena shuttle and spindle, bobbins 
 and basket 2 . The same thing is seen where a person changes 
 his manner of living. Nicarete turns music girl, and dedicates 
 her bobbins and quiddities to Aphrodite 3 . Bitto offers her 
 Keptei<; to Athena, having found at the age of thirty that more 
 profitable is the cult of Aphrodite 4 . Courtesans on the same 
 principle make free to dedicate their mirrors 5 or other articles 
 of ornament 8 and dress to Aphrodite. The occasion is not 
 always stated ; but it is now a lawful marriage 7 , or again 
 when old age has robbed the woman of her beauty, and her 
 day is past 8 . On the last occasion, one offers a bronze mirror, 
 sandals, girdle, ringlets, and other symbols 9 . When Alexis the 
 eunuch sickens of effeminate revelry, he leaves his cymbals and 
 other gear in the shrine 10 . Cleitosthenes too can no longer use 
 his musical instruments, so to Cybele fall the tambours and 
 cymbals, the flutes and the knife 11 . A eunuch dying of excesses 
 gives to Priapus his muslins and false hair, his box and his 
 pipes 12 . After the orgies, Porphyris of Cnidus gives garlands, 
 thyrsi, and anklet to Dionysus 13 . Many of these epigrams are 
 only half serious, and we are now prepared to find the poet 
 playing with the idea. The effect is pretty enough when the 
 labouring ox, outworn with toil, is dedicated in his old age to 
 peace and rest 14 ; but one Xenophon, after making a night of it, 
 is frankly impious : 
 
 Bibbing Bob to Bacchus brings 
 These his pious offerings, 
 Empty bottle, empty pot 
 All that Bibbing Bob has got 15 . 
 
 The inscriptions furnish hardly anything to bear out this 
 custom. A hunter dedicates his club in a late inscription 16 ; 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 295. 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 210 a T' ov 
 Anth. Pal. vi. 39, 160, 247. 7>6j &<$pas (Aphrodite). 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 285. 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 51 (Cybele). 
 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 47, 48, cp. 74. " Anth. Pal. vi. 94. 
 
 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 1, cp. 1820, 211. 12 Anth. Pal. vi. 254. 
 
 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 206, 207. " Anth. Pal. vi. 172. 
 
 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 208, perhaps 206, 14 Anth. Pal. vi. 228. 
 207, 133. 15 Anth. Pal. vi. 77. 
 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 1, of Lais. i BCH iii. 323 \aywfc. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 73 
 
 and in Athens we find a spool of thread dedicated by a woman 1 , 
 whilst another apparently offers a basket of soft wool 2 , both 
 perhaps given (though this is only a guess) in memory of their 
 part in weaving the peplus*. Wool is also dedicated by a 
 woman at Plataea, why or to what deity is not known*. It is 
 not unlikely that the loom- weights and similar objects found 
 in great numbers under the soil of ancient sanctuaries 8 , were 
 dedicated by work-people ; two or three such loom-weights are 
 inscribed with a woman's name 6 . Physicians at least seem to 
 have consecrated their tools. Even if the /ca^er^pe? of Athens 
 and Delos 7 were not such (the word may mean a necklace 8 ), 
 Medon certainly dedicated his probes 9 ; and for a later date 
 the practice is proved by a relief in stone of a whole case 
 of surgical instruments 10 . A leaden quiver is inscribed, 
 " These saved us from starving 11 ." We meet with no other 
 tools in the Inventories which may be confidently placed in 
 this class ; but there is a fair probability for the iron anchors 
 and the four metal ox-goads at Delos 12 , and the cow-bell dedi- 
 cated to the Cabiri 13 . There are, however, a great many picks 
 and mallets, fleshhooks, scrapers and choppers, and articles of 
 female use and ornament, some of which were votive offerings 
 and all may have been so 14 . It would be rash indeed to assume 
 that every axe was dedicated by a retiring butcher, or a mirror 
 by some lesser Lais or Rhodopis ; but with this caution, we 
 may briefly review the remains. A mirror found at Dodona was 
 dedicated by a woman Polyxena 15 . Most of the objects are 
 
 1 CIA ii. 757 'P68rj \iva tiri Tnjvlois 9 BCH ii. 431, Delos. 
 
 (335-4 B.C.): Artemis? i BCH i. 212 plate ix., 'E<. 'Apx- 
 
 2 CIA ii. 758 38 gpia /xaXa/ca cv /caXa- 1877, p. 166, no. 86. 
 
 0icrKcuL. 11 JHS i. 31 TO.VTO. yap Treivijv Hffwcrev 
 
 3 As epyaffrlvai, two TUV r/pyaff/Jtvuv r^a?. 
 
 1-171 'Afloat rd ?pia, CIA iv. 2. 477 d 12 . 1Z BCH vi. 47 188 , 48 m . 
 
 4 AJA vii. 407. 13 AM xiii. pi. ix., AA ix. 176, Cat. 
 6 E.g. in the Heraeum, Athens, Brit. Mus. Bronzes 318 : Ilvplas Ka/3/- 
 
 Crete, Tegea, Boeotia. put KCU. TTCU&. Proceedings of the Soc. 
 
 6 BCH xi. 416 0e5w/>ij 'ABavau, of Antiquaries, xv. 74. 
 Elatea ; AJA N. s. ii. 593 ' Apxapttrras, u See Indices. 
 
 cave of Hermes, Crete. 15 Carapanos, pi. xxv. 1 : Ilo\v{va 
 
 7 Indices ; BCH vi. 29. raytv dvridriTi TWL Ai /ecu \p^^ara (early 
 
 8 BCH ii. 421. 5th century). So in the Heraeum. 
 
74 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 uninscribed. They include pins, bangles, and brooches in- 
 numerable, mirrors and clasps, in the Argive Herueum 1 and 
 Dodona 2 , rings, pins, and bracelets at Olympia 3 , spindles and 
 pins at Delos 4 and Tegea s , pins 8 , bangles 7 , and brooches 8 , 
 mirrors 9 , earrings 10 , perfume-pots 11 and lamps" on the Acro- 
 polis of Athens, gold or silver girdles and cords, and earrings 
 at Plataea, where one woman dedicates the ornaments she 
 wore 13 . At Dodona were found spurs and horse-trappings, 
 knives and tools 14 ; at Elatea picks and mallets 15 ; at Athens 
 axes and knives 16 ; at Delos are recorded ox-goads and spits 17 ; 
 while quantities of iron spits were found in the Heraeum 18 . 
 
 A remarkable example of the dedication of the tool when its 
 work is done, is the story of Pheidon king of Argos. Pheidon, 
 we are told, was the first to coin money in Aegina ; and 
 he dedicated the metal rods, which formerly past current, in 
 the temple of Hera in Argos 19 . It is interesting to note that 
 large quantities of metal rods have been found there, and 
 some iron objects of huge size, which the discoverers are 
 
 1 Dr Waldsteiu ; and AJA viii. 210, 
 224. 
 
 2 Carapanos, pi. 1, li. 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. pi. xxi xxiii., 
 454 ff., 474. 
 
 4 BCH vi. 31 17 , 46 157 - 167 ; CIA ii. 
 751 u , certainly votive. 
 
 5 AM\. 67. 
 
 6 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 243. All 
 these are votive, if the inscr. (no. 428) 
 refers to them : ol rafilat rdde xaXxia 
 ...{rvXX^cwres, Atds Kparepofypovi Kovprji 
 dvftwav. 
 
 7 Cat. Acrop. Mug. Bronzes 241 2. 
 
 8 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 214 5. 
 
 9 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 2369. 
 
 10 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 243. 
 
 11 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 2501. 
 
 12 Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 425 
 7. 
 
 13 AJA vii. 406 {^vy dpyvpd, d/ti/udrta 
 Svo xpvffa, tv&Tiov, 'flvibx* T&- ^0' 
 avrfjs. For a more probable explana- 
 tion see below, p. 251 2 . 
 
 14 Carapanos, pi. Hi., liii. 
 
 15 BCH xii. 60. 
 
 1B Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes 31934, 
 33648. 
 
 17 BCH vi. 48 171 povirdXiva, 87 note 
 
 18 DrWaldstein. For these however 
 see below, chap. xiv. 
 
 19 Etym. Magn. s.v. d/JeXtV/cos irdv- 
 
 tKO\jsfv tv Aiyivff Kol 5oi)s r6 
 /cat dva\a^<j)v TOI/J 6/3eXi'<TKOi;j, dv^OrjKf 
 rfj iv 'Ap^et "Hpa. For iron currency 
 of this sort see Ridgewa)', Origin of 
 Coin and Weight Standards, 214 ff. 
 The iron flovwdpovs <5/3eXot)s which 
 Bhodopis sent to Delphi as a tithe 
 were perhaps an early currency 
 (Herod, ii. 135). Plutarch calls them 
 'obelisks': De Pyth. Or. 14. The 
 word meant originally a long straight 
 spit. What was the iron currency of 
 Sparta? 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 75 
 
 inclined to explain as the largest multiple of the mint. I 
 suggest, but with diffidence, that the same principle may 
 explain a curious entry of twenty-one golden letters in the 
 list of the Chalcothece at Athens 1 . Could this be the old 
 Athenian alphabet, dedicated when Euclides changed the 
 official script in 403 2 ? The dedication of an alphabet would 
 not be unexampled, if Newton was right in regarding one 
 found at the temple of Apollo in Calymna as votive 3 ; and 
 an alphabet is painted on one of the Corinthian tablets 
 dedicated to Poseidon 4 . 
 
 It is a step further in artistic expression, when the devotee 
 attempts to express by his offering the act or process which 
 the deity has blest to his prosperity. The evidence is scanty, 
 but quite clear. Nothing else can be meant (for a portrait- 
 model is out of the question) by the model of a stone-ram 
 dedicated on the Athenian Acropolis, with an inscription which 
 admits of no mistake 5 . We may therefore interpret in the 
 same way the bronze ram inscribed to Apollo Maleatas 6 , and 
 the rams found or recorded at Delos 7 , Dodona 8 , Lycosura 9 , 
 Olympia 10 , and Naucratis 11 . A group such as the brood-mare 
 suckling a foal, again, several of which were found at Athens 12 
 and at Olympia 13 , can hardly be mistaken ; or the stag brought 
 down by hounds, also found at Olympia 14 ; or the man milking 
 a cow, from Crete 15 . This is the most likely interpretation of 
 
 1 CIA ii. 721 15 xapaKTrjpes AAI, cp. 8 Carapanos, pi. xxi. 2. 
 
 720. 9 Frazer, Pausanias, iv. p. 370. 
 
 2 ABrAEZH9IKAIOOIIPSTT4>X, 10 Bronzen von 01. xii. 195. 
 
 there being no vowel rj (H was the n Petrie and Gardner, Naucratis, 
 
 aspirate), w, , or \f/: Roberts, Epi- i. 14. 
 
 graphy, 106. 12 Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 480, 481. 
 
 3 5th century: see Inscr. Brit. Mw. 13 Bronzen von 01. xiv. 217, 218. 
 123, Roberts, p. 19. See fig. 12. 
 
 4 1GA 20 13 . 14 Bronzen von 01. xiv. 219, 220. 
 
 5 Ear. 72, Cat. Acrop. Mus. Bronzes See fig. 13. 
 
 527 TI)I> tiKdav fte rMfivalai fot8i)icev 15 Mus. Ital. ii. 727. Although this 
 
 (i.e. oxeio-v). group is cast along with two others, 
 
 8 Collitz iii. 4536 MaXedra bis. But not connected with it, in one piece, 
 
 it may be the sacrificial victim ; below, we may argue from the type equally 
 
 ch. vni. as if it had been dedicated alone. 
 
 7 BCH vi. 34 49 ; but see above, p. 67. 
 
76 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 FIG. 12. Mare and Foal, from Olympia. Bronzen xiv. 217. 
 
 the models of stallions 1 , which could not have been sacrificed; 
 and may be the right interpretation of some creatures which 
 
 FIG. 13. Stag attacked by hounds, from Olympia. Bronzen xiv. 220. 
 
 could, the bulls of Argos 2 , of the Cabiri 3 , of Dodona 4 , of Olympia 8 , 
 of Athens 6 , of Crete 7 , of Naucratis 8 , the fine bull engraved on 
 
 1 Bronzen von 01. xii. 171, xiii. 194, 
 perhaps xiv. 216 (bird on rump). See 
 fig. 15. Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 4836, 493, 
 498. I omit the horses of Corinth 
 (Frazer, Pausanias, v. 545), Crete, 
 Delos, Therapne, the Cabirium, and 
 other places, where the sex cannot be 
 distinguished. This is the case with the 
 early terra-cotta animals, innumerable 
 and found in many places, but of form 
 
 so indistinct that nothing definite can 
 be made of them. 
 4 Bronzes : 24, etc. 
 
 3 AM xv. 365. 
 
 4 Carapanos, xx. 4. 
 
 5 Bronzen von 01. xii. 187. 
 
 6 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 517, a fine 
 creature. 
 
 7 Mug. Ital. ii. 736 (Ida), 906 (Dicte). 
 
 8 Naucratis, i. 14. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 77 
 
 a silhouette plate found near Apollo's temple at Metapontium 1 , 
 and the Athenian or Olympian boar 2 . The sire, or the dam 
 with young, thus embodies as it were and sums up the 
 
 FIG. 14. Boar, from Olympia. 
 Bronze n xii. 196. 
 
 FIG. 15. Stallion, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xiii. 194. 
 
 breeder's work. A horse carrying two jars, found in Cyprus, 
 suggests traffic in oil 3 ; one laden with loaves or fruit in 
 baskets may also have been dedicated to Cabirus by a trader 4 . 
 Groups like the milch-cow in milking and the stag at bay re- 
 present the dedicator's work more fully ; and a similar thought 
 may have caused the dedication of a cart drawn by oxen, 
 found in the Dictaean cave 5 . The hunter's dog was sometimes 
 dedicated in effigy, as a late Lesbian inscription testifies 6 , and 
 a poem of the Anthology 1 offers a "stone dog instead of 
 a real one." These may explain the model hounds of Lusi in 
 Arcadia 8 and the Cabirium 9 , and the model hawks of Naucratis 10 . 
 
 1 A JA iv. 28 ff., figured. Mr Emer- 
 son, the editor, suggests this explana- 
 tion as a guess, along with a symbolical 
 interpretation which is quite untenable. 
 The district was noted for agriculture 
 and breeding, as the corn and bull 
 devices on coins of Metapontium and 
 Thurii go to show. 
 
 2 Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 479, Bronzen 
 xii. 196. 
 
 3 Sanctuary of Golgi : Cesnola, 
 Cyprus, 140. 
 
 4 AM xv. 357. A horse carrying 
 two jars was found in the prehistoric 
 palace of Phaestus (Crete) while I was 
 there in 1900 ; but whether votive or 
 not there is nothing to show. 
 
 5 Annual of the British School at 
 Athens vi. 108, fig. 39. 
 
 6 IGI ii. 514 6ea neyd\rj ' 
 TT\V KVVO. KXatfSios Aowaavdj ' 
 
 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 175, 176 (Pan and 
 Nymphs). 
 
 8 Jahreshefte iv. 48, fig. 64. 
 
 9 AM xv. 356. 
 
 10 Naucratis, i. 14. I do not forget 
 the connexion of hawks with Egyptian 
 worship, but there is no reason to 
 separate them from the other animals. 
 Why should the sacred Egyptian bird 
 be dedicated to a Greek deity? The 
 assumption cannot be accepted with- 
 out evidence. See also chap. xiv. 
 
78 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Perhaps the golden anvil of Delos 1 was another attempt in 
 the same direction. In later days, at least, such models were 
 common. Philostratus describes how in the temple of Dionysus 
 on Mount Nysa, were " sickles, pruning knives, and wine-presses, 
 and all things belonging thereunto, made of gold and silver, 
 and dedicated to Bacchus, as to one concerned in the vintage 2 ." 
 It is fitting also to mention the " foundation deposit " of the 
 temple at Naucratis, which consisted of model knives and 
 axes, hoes, rakes, adzes, chisels, trowels, with libation bowls 
 and other such things ; models of a mud brick and a glazed 
 brick, ingots of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and pieces of 
 precious stone : all the tools and materials used in the 
 building 8 . 
 
 The same explanation must be given of figures representing 
 the worshipper in some characteristic attitude. There is very 
 little evidence for this in early times. At the Argive Heraeum 
 was found the figure of a man cooking or something of the 
 sort 4 ; in Cyprus, a baker kneading bread 5 . From Dodona 
 comes a youth clad in hide or frieze cloke, and carrying a 
 hunting club 6 . At Naucratis was found a hunter's figure 
 carrying game, and inscribed to Aphrodite 7 . Perhaps the 
 " statue with a hare," which is recorded in the Athenian list 
 of bronzes on the Acropolis, may have been dedicated by a 
 hunter 8 . One statuette was found at Paestum, which I cannot 
 explain otherwise, although I do not suggest the present 
 explanation with any confidence. It represents a woman, 
 draped but without distinguishing attributes, one hand raised 
 to support a basket or some other article which has disap- 
 peared. The figure stood on a small pillar, and was dedicated 
 by Phillo to Athena as a tithe 9 . It is impossible to suppose, 
 
 1 ECU vi. 47 168 &KHW. A plow 4 Dr Waldstein. 
 
 found in Boeotia has been claimed 5 JHS xii. 140. Both may be 
 
 as votive, on what grounds I know toys or d-ydX/wtra. 
 
 not : BCH xvii. 80. 6 Carapanos, pi. xiv. 
 
 2 Philostr. Vit. Apoll. ii. 4. These 7 Naucratis, ii. pi. xiii. 5. 
 are a shade less material than the 8 CIA ii. 742 13 . 
 
 dedications of real tools. 9 IGA 542 TaOyvcU 4>iXXw 'Kap/j.vXiSa 
 
 3 Naucratis, i. 28. SfKdrav. Not later than 500. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 79 
 
 as Curtius does 1 , that a temple official dedicates a tithe of her 
 pay, without evidence of such pay, and without authority for 
 such a custom. The word tithe had its proper meaning at 
 this date, and therefore the figure cannot be the memorial 
 of an honourable place in the ritual, the representation that 
 is of a canephorus in some procession. It is conceivable that 
 the figure represented a working woman or huxter ready to 
 trade ; and I can think of nothing else. An equally puzzling 
 object is the well-known marble disc bearing the portrait of 
 Aeneus the physician, inscribed as a "memorial of his skill 2 ." 
 Style and script suit the latter part of the sixth century; and 
 the Aeneus mentioned is probably a physician of Cos, uncle of 
 the great Hippocrates 3 . Where it came from is not known; 
 but it cannot be sepulchral 4 . It may conceivably have adorned 
 some physician's hall ; if it be votive 5 , it differs in formula 
 from all others I have met with, and is the unique example 
 of a votive portrait at so early a date 6 . Even so, however, 
 it will be more than a portrait, and falls in here with the 
 rest. It is at least probable, then, that a successful hunts- 
 man, artist, craftsman, trader would dedicate a figure, in 
 character, as a thank-offering for success in his calling. 
 Further, we have Aristotle's evidence for such a dedication 
 as a thank-offering for good fortune. There was to be seen 
 on the acropolis, he says, the " ancient statue " of a youth 
 standing beside a horse, the figure (not necessarily a portrait, 
 of course ; but an image not divine) of one who by some 
 lucky chance rose from the lowest class into that of the 
 
 1 AZ xxxviii. 27, pi. 6. vi. 215 fj.vdfj.ara vavpaxlas. Once only 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1. 422 u /j.vafj.a r6d' Al- have I met with this type of phrase on 
 velov <ro<t>las larpov aplffTov, Jahrb. xii. an early epitaph, fj.va.fia <f>i\ijfj.offijvr)s 
 pi. 1. CIA i. 472, where it suits the occasion 
 
 3 Jahrb. xii. 1, Steph. Byz. s.v. pat, which /jj>afj.a aortas does not; 
 
 4 nvrjua alone is found on tombs : moreover, there crr/fia is coupled with 
 CIA iv. 1. 477 c, d ; Amorgos, Roberts it. 
 
 158 a, b; Thespiae, IGA 146, 284; 5 Votive plaques of marble like this 
 
 and others. With the abstract noun are known : IGI i. 700, and Jahrb. 
 
 (as here <ro^as) it is common on votive p. 4 note (the last from Priene). 
 monuments. To the exx. given in 6 The characterised figures were not 
 
 the Jahrbuch I add CIA i. 374 fj.vdfj.a realistic portraits, so far as we know. 
 *A/>eos, Simonides in Anth. Pal. 
 
80 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Knights 1 . The ancient fragment of a led horse which is 
 among the votive offerings found there may belong to a similar 
 monument*. 
 
 In a picture, of course, the craft or calling can be more 
 clearly represented ; and it is certain that the practice of dedi- 
 cating terra-cotta tablets was common. Its prevalence cannot 
 be measured by the few which survive, because articles like 
 these, of no intrinsic value, were sure to be destroyed; and 
 those actually found appear to be the refuse of the sanctuary 
 of Poseidon But it so happens that a large deposit of them 
 has been found at Corinth, and these of a high antiquity 3 . 
 Corinth was famed for its potteries in the old days, and 
 Corinthian vases were largely exported to Italy; amongst the 
 tablets are a large number which refer to the potter's craft ; 
 others relate to hunting or to agriculture, others to war or the 
 games. This single find is enough to show that votive offerings 
 of all sorts were made to the patron deity of a city, irrespective 
 of his later traditional character. Some of the sherds are painted 
 on both sides, and therefore must have been meant to hang free, 
 not against a wall. A large number represent Poseidon, with 
 or without Amphitrite, sometimes with other figures such as 
 Athena 4 or Homeric heroes 8 ; besides the votive inscription, 
 the names are often inscribed, and in one case the furnace 6 . 
 With two possible exceptions, the occasion is never mentioned, 
 nor any word said in elucidation of it, but prayers are found 7 . 
 The figures of oxen are common, and in one case they appear to 
 
 1 Arist. Ath. Pol. vii. 21 eltcova.. He Griechische und Sicilische Vasenbilder, 
 quotes two lines of the inscr. : Ai<f>i\ov SS. He quotes Aeneas Tacticus xxxviii. 
 'AvOefj.lwv T-f/vS' dvt6r)Kf Oeois, OTJTIKOU 10, who speaks of such tablets as com- 
 dvrl rtXovs lirirdtf d/j.(i\f/dfjLvo^. Aris- mon in hero shrines: iinrta. <t>u<r<t>6pov 
 totle implies there were other figures rj on dv /3oi)\ei. 
 
 of the kind. * IGA 20 M . 
 
 2 Jahrb. viii. 135, no. 697. 5 IGA 20 45 'AxiXXetfs; Ant. Denk. 
 
 3 Antike Denkmaler i. 7, 8, ii. 23, 24, i. 7. 15. 
 
 29, 30 ; Jahrb. xii. 9 flf. ; IGA 20, Kat. e /cd^^oj : Jahrb. xii. 19, F. no. 
 
 der Berl. Vasensammlung (referred to 482. 
 
 below as F), pp. 48105. More than 7 IGA 20 62 - 4 ri> Si 56$ \apleffffav 
 
 1000 fragments were found. The other dQopfj.dv. 
 
 remains are discussed by Benndorf, 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 81 
 
 be drawing a plow 1 . The vintage is represented 2 , and perhaps 
 the grapes growing on their vines, with a predatory fox below 8 . 
 
 FIG. 16. Artist at work (Corinth). 
 Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 20. 
 
 FIG. 17. Corinthian votive tablet. 
 Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 24. 
 
 One appears to record thanks after a shearing 4 . We see also 
 the hunter and his dog 5 , wild boars 6 , and Poseidon with a hare 7 , 
 all which may be ascribed to the huntsman's life ; perhaps 
 some of the stray beasts 8 have the same origin. One tablet 
 shows a statuary at work 9 . But the potter is most chiefly in 
 evidence. Here are miners, with pads on their heads to 
 support the baskets 10 , or digging the clay underground with 
 picks 11 ; there the craftsman moulds his pot on the wheel 12 , or 
 
 1 Jahrb. xii. 31, F. 729 ; cp. 44, nos. 
 8390. 
 
 2 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 24. See fig. 17. 
 
 3 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 2. This was 
 originally interpreted as the fable of 
 fox and crow, but the letters 90 are the 
 beginning of a name which has since 
 been completed, Jahrb. xii. 34. 
 
 * IGA 20 &t0i)ice HortBavJ. F<- 
 VO.KTI airro7r6/aa ; Jahrb. xii. 23, F. 
 524. Collitz reads cuJroirfcta ; above, 
 
 R. 
 
 p. 61 6 . 
 
 5 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 13 dvtOijKe TUI 
 HoreiSavi. See fig. 18. 
 
 6 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 19, Jahrb. xii. 44, 
 nos. 83 90. 
 
 7 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 27. 
 
 8 Jahrb. xii. 15, F. 422. 
 
 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 20. See fig. 16. 
 
 10 Jahrb. xii. 27, F. 648. See fig. 20. 
 
 11 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 7. 
 
 12 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 17. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 gives it the finishing touches 1 . The stoker pokes up the 
 furnace 8 , the vessels are stackt within it and burnt 8 , out they 
 come and are hung up in the shop 4 , and finally the ship sets 
 sail with the articles strung in a row on the rigging 8 . The 
 voyage safely accomplisht, comes back the 'merchant from 
 Italy or "from Peiraeus 6 ," and pays his offering with a prayer 
 for future blessings 7 , accompanied with adoration and solemn 
 sacrifice 8 . 
 
 Pio. 18. Votive tablet, from Corinth. 
 Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 18. 
 
 An Athenian vase-painting of the fifth century shows a 
 scene which has been interpreted as a tradesman's thanks- 
 giving 9 . The worshipper, a bearded man with a garland upon 
 his head, approaches a blazing altar. On the twigs of an olive 
 tree hang three tablets, perhaps (like those of Corinth) depict- 
 ing his trade ; a statuette which he has dedicated stands on a 
 
 1 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 14. 
 3 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 1, 4, 12, 15, 26; 
 Jahrb. xii. 44, nos. 7480. 
 8 Ant. Denk. i. 8. 12, 19 b. 
 * Jahrb. xii. 26, F. 640, fig. 15. 
 fi Ant. Denk. i. 8. 3. See fig. 19. 
 
 8 IGA 20 5 IIepae60ei' fooM. Not 
 the Athenian port. 
 
 7 IGA 20 M - M . 
 
 Ant. Denk. i. 1. 16. 
 
 9 J. E. Harrison, Mythology and 
 Monuments of Early Athens, 461. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 
 
 83 
 
 slim pillar ; to the right is Athena in the form of the armed 
 Parthenos. Whether the reliefs, which came into fashion in 
 
 FIG. 19. Ship with Freight of 
 
 Pottery, from Corinth. 
 Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 3 a. 
 
 FIG. 20. Miners digging for potter's clay 
 
 (Corinth). 
 Ant. Denk. i. pi. 8, fig. 7. 
 
 the fifth and especially the fourth century, ever represented 
 the tradesman's craft, the remains are too scanty to show. 
 One tithe dedication of an early date is affixt to the remains 
 of a relief 1 , but there is too little left to determine its character. 
 Those which can be made out are mostly sacrificial, that is they 
 represent and commemorate an act of cult 2 . If the tithe were 
 habitually offered at the Chalces the relief might depict the 
 ceremony at that feast. One relief, inscribed to the goddess, 
 shows her standing with an altar upon her left hand, and 
 behind a votive pillar with a sunk panel in it 3 , and a fragment 
 of a similar relief shows the worshipper, a woman in this case 4 . 
 Reliefs to Zeus Meilichios, which show worshippers in the 
 presence of the deity enthroned, have been found at Athens 5 ; 
 and since this deity is connected with agriculture 6 , they may 
 be placed here. The Good Spirit has the same pose and aspect 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1. 373 2 . 
 
 2 See below, ch. vm. 
 
 3 CIA iv. 1. 418 i 'AlVafai av^O... 
 This and the next, if part of hex. 
 verses, may have read dirapxfy- 
 
 4 Syhel 3253 'Adyvalai a^erjKe. Cp. 
 
 5214, 5215. 
 
 5 Cat. Ath. Mus. 1431, cp. 13889, 
 1408; Farnell, Cults i. 117, 119, 
 pi. ii. See fig. 21. 
 
 6 Worshipt at the Diasia : Momm- 
 sen, Feste ; Preller, Gr. Myth. 146. 
 
 62 
 
84 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 on another relief, from Thespiae, which is likely to be a thank- 
 offering for prosperity 1 . Very late we have a barbarous relief 
 to Men, Saviour and Giver of Wealth 2 . 
 
 A P i 1 TAPXHAIlAlETlAlxi**.! \ 
 
 Fio. 21. Dedication to Zeus Meilichios, from Athens. 
 
 We are but little better off with Artemis. Since the god- 
 dess is typically represented in huntress garb, we cannot read 
 any reference to the occasion into such representations of her; 
 they were the natural offering in a shrine where she was 
 worshipt, if the worshipper desired to offer an image 3 . Nor can 
 we interpret so common a motive as holding a flower to the 
 nose, to imply that she was here regarded as goddess of vegeta- 
 tion 4 . But sometimes a hunting scene is suggested ; and it is 
 not too fanciful to interpret as the hunter's thank-offering an 
 Athenian relief which shows a naked figure, apparently in the 
 act of shooting his arrow, with a dog, Artemis appearing in 
 the background among rocks 8 . So too where the goddess is 
 
 1 AM xvi. 25 'Aytffrpbrov Ti/xo/cpd- ical 
 
 Sa.ifj.ovi. The title was applied to the 
 god as giver of all good, Paus. viii. 
 36.5. 
 
 3 BCH xxiii. 388, pi. 1 : Mrjvl Zwrijpt 
 
 3 Such, for example, as the Corfu 
 statuettes : below, ch. vin. 
 
 4 As Farnell does with an old Acro- 
 polis vase, Cults ii. 523. 
 
 6 Sybel 4300. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 85 
 
 striking the animal with arrow 1 or spear 2 , especially if a male 
 worshipper is also seen 1 . In these the deity is conceived as 
 herself carrying out the process which she has blest. Perhaps 
 the Macedonian relief to Fruitful Demeter is a farmer's offer- 
 ing 3 . Perhaps also a relief, dedicated to the river-god Hermus, 
 is a fisherman's ; on a couch a male figure reclines, holding a 
 fish and a vase 4 . 
 
 One class of relief has so obvious a reference to the celebra- 
 tions of country life and the worship of the rural deities, that we 
 may fairly bring it into connexion with the tithe and firstfruit. 
 
 These represent as a rule Pan and the Nymphs, sometimes 
 associated with other deities. The songs and dances which 
 accompanied their festivals have been already described. The 
 scene is a rough cavern, in which is an altar; within the cavern, 
 the nymphs are seen dancing, clad in flowing robes which 
 sometimes shroud the head also. The number is usually three ; 
 they hold by each other's girdles, or some part of the dress. 
 Occasionally Pan, or at times Hermes 5 , is in the cave; other- 
 wise Pan sits in a corner, playing for them upon the pipes. 
 The head of a river-god is usually visible to one side, and there 
 are sometimes small figures of worshippers in the attitude of 
 adoration. Apollo as god of the herds is sometimes found in 
 the same connexion. The grotto at Vari was dedicated to 
 Apollo, Pan, and the Nymphs in common 6 ; and the two deities 
 were neighbours under the Acropolis rock, where they were 
 worshipt far into the Roman age 7 . 
 
 1 Sybel 5995, cp. Cat. Br. Mus. Hours: see AM ui.lSlB., Die Chariten 
 Sc. 778. Same type, with female der Acropolis. Such names as Auxo, 
 worshipper: Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 779. Carpo, Thaleo, Pandrosos, Agraulos 
 See below, chap. vi. point without doubt to natural per- 
 
 2 F-W. 1202. Bonifications; and for our purpose it 
 
 3 Sybel 358 : ... TTTTOS KXeoTrcir/sas is immaterial what they be called. 
 'Aju/ucu'T/ yvfi] avrou A^IJT/H Kapiro- It is very doubtful whether there were 
 (f>6fXf> tv-)(T)v- Demeter with torch, many dedications to the Graces. The 
 burning altar. authorities speak of one famous ex- 
 
 * AM xix. 313 'IXapluv 'Ep/j.wi <ivt- ample, made by Socrates: Schol. Arist. 
 
 Oifxev. Clouds 773, Paus. ix. 38. 5. 
 
 6 For Hermes see BCH xiii. 467. 6 CIA i. 423431. 
 
 It is impossible now to define clearly 7 'E<j>. 'Apx- 1897, 1 ff., 87 ff. 
 the relation of Nymphs, Graces, and 
 
86 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The oldest relief of this class comes from Thasos, which, 
 though not votive, is interesting from its scheme 1 . Apollo, 
 lyre in hand, stands on one side of a door or the opening of a 
 cave ; a female figure crowns him. On the other side of the 
 door are Hermes and three nymphs. Of the typical scene in the 
 cave there are many examples. In one variation, Pan plays on 
 the pipe to three dancing nymphs, one of whom carries ears of 
 corn in her hands 2 . Another shows the head of the river-god 
 on one side 3 . A third, found in the grotto on Parnes, has Pan 
 seated aloft, with goats' heads indicated on the edge of the 
 carving; within the cave, Hermes leads the nymphs in their 
 dance, and as before the river-god's head is visible 4 . A fourth, 
 this from Megara, adds the figures of four worshippers 5 . Yet 
 
 FIG. 22. Pan, Hermes, and Nymphs in grotto with altar and worshippers. 
 Cat. Berl. Sc. 711. 
 
 another variant is seen in the Archandrus relief 6 . Here Pan 
 appears to be peeping out of his grotto upon the dance, whilst 
 
 1 In the Louvre. Rayet, Man. de 
 VArt Antique, ' ' Bas-reliefs de Thasos " ; 
 Harrison, Myth, and Mon. 544. viift.- 
 OrjXv Kal 
 
 ovSt -^oipov, oil waiuvlftTat. 
 Sybel 317, 6961. 
 
 3 Harrison, Myth, and Mon. 547 : 
 this has a hole for suspension. 
 
 4 TijXe^dcTjy di>6r]Ke TLavl Kal Ntf/x- 
 
 <f>ais: Sybel 360, cp. 387 (Megara), 
 1238, 3139 (Eleusis), 3753, 4212 : F-W. 
 1839. 
 
 8 Harrison, 546; Cat. Berl. Sc. 
 711. See fig. 22. 
 
 6 Harrison, 548; Sybel 4040 "Ap- 
 XO-vdpos NiV^ats tal Ilavi. For the 
 portrait figure see AM v. 206 ff. 
 This is the oldest Attic example, 
 5th century. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 87 
 
 a worshipper gazes over the altar at the nymphs, who this time 
 are standing still. The figure of the dedicator seems intended to 
 be a portrait. A slab found in Rome, but of Greek workman- 
 ship, shows this scene with all its meaning refined out of it. 
 There is no cave, no Pan, but Hermes leads three very quiet 
 nymphs towards a worshipper, and from behind a river-god 
 looks benevolently on 1 . 
 
 Three curious reliefs show a pair of Pans in the grotto. In 
 one the Pans carry each a goad, while the nymphs dance above 2 . 
 In another, of later date, the Pans have crescent horns 3 . The 
 popular belief in a plurality of Pans, which was fostered by the 
 derivation of the name from Tra? 4 , has been already mentioned. 
 The dedication of this piece to Cybele reminds us that Cybele 
 and the nymphs are associated as early as Pindar 5 . They are 
 joined in a Tanagran relief 6 , and in the deme Phlya they were 
 worshipt together 7 , as in the grotto of Archedemus at Vari 8 . 
 A sacrificial relief to M 77x77/9 No/iata must belong to this class 9 . 
 But the mass of Cybele dedications have no obvious reference 
 to rustic celebrations. The female deity, with calathus on 
 head, in another relief (4th century) may perhaps be Demeter ; 
 a female idol, holding two torches, meant perhaps for Hecate, 
 is present, and a smaller male figure holds a libation-jug 10 . 
 Another relief, even more puzzling, was found near Phalerum 11 . 
 The slab is carved on both sides: one representing Echelus and 
 Basile, two local heroes, in a four-horse car ; in the other, the 
 
 1 Cat. Berl. Sc. 709. 7 Pans. i. 31. 4. 
 
 2 AM xxi. pi. 8 ; another, p. 276. 8 CIA i. 423431. 
 
 Cp. Beschreibung der Glyptothek zu 9 GIG 6838 M6<rxo$ 'M.rjrpl Nonfat 
 
 Munchen, 456. fvxfy- 
 
 3 AM xxi. 275 EWs bioddipov IK 10 Cat. Berl. Sc. 690. 
 Aafj-irrptuv ~M.ijrpl deuv KO.T' iiriTay^v. n AJA ix. 203, pi. xii., 'E<. 'Apx- 
 iravTa Bfbv ffeninjvofiw. 1893, 128, pi. 9, 10. (A) "ExeXos, 
 
 4 Arist.jEccZ. 1069 w Haves. Cp.inscr. BcunXij. (B) 'Ept*T)i /cai NtVt^ata-w a... 
 in last note, and on the Washermen's Echelus is the eponym of deme 
 Relief iraffi Oeois, p. 88 3 and p. 89 below. Echelidae, Basile is Basileia (CIA iv. 
 Note that other gods are represented 1. 53 a, Diod. iii. 27). I do not know 
 double: Athena and Cybele for instance. any other votive relief with a purely 
 AM xxi. 280, 'E<. 'Apx- 1890, pi. i. mythological scene ; there must be 
 
 5 Find. Pyth. iii. 77 = 137. some reference to cult which has been 
 AM iii. 388. lost. 
 
88 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 three nymphs appear with a river-god, and the other figures are 
 a youth and a bearded man who face one another. A rude piece 
 from the bed of the Ilissus appears to be dedicated to the Naiads 1 ; 
 another shows Achelous, Hermes, and Heracles, the last two 
 pouring libations to a seated god, perhaps Zeus Meilichios*. 
 An interesting memorial of nymph-worship is an Athenian 
 relief, recording a dedication of a dozen washermen and washer- 
 women 3 . Two scenes are represented, a space being left 
 between for the inscription. The upper scene is a grotto of 
 the familiar type ; to the left is the head of the Achelous, 
 towards which advances Hermes leading three nymphs ; in the 
 right Pan squats on his haunches playing upon the pipes. The 
 lower scene represents Demeter and the Maid, facing an altar, 
 towards which advances a bearded man leading a horse. The 
 stature of the man shows that he is not human, and his horse also 
 suggests that we have here some local hero. That washermen 
 should worship the nymphs down by the Ilissus 4 , who sent 
 them water to ply their trade, is as natural as it is for the 
 farmer and the huntsman to thank them for their winnings. 
 
 Dedications are often made to the nymphs alone. The 
 earliest dates from the early sixth century 8 . One which is 
 assigned to the fifth century is fragmentary, but appears to 
 have contained the nymphs only 6 . So we find a dedication of 
 the fourth century to them alone 7 . The groups of three dancing 
 figures, called by some the Graces, would appear to belong .to 
 this class ; and if so, they show an earlier form of the votive 
 tablet than the cave of Pan 8 . In a piece from Naples, a female 
 worshipper joins hands with six others of larger size, doubtless 
 Nymphs and Graces together 9 . 
 
 A series of reliefs from Thrace, of the second or third 
 
 Xeueuriv? Natal AU? 6 AM xxiii. 367 ...K\fwvv6ov Nifyt- 
 
 'E0. 'Apx- 1894, 131. 0eus. Three Nymphs or Graces on a 
 
 2 'E<f>. 'Apx- 1894, 131, pi. 7. Samian relief: AM xxv. 172, no. 67. 
 
 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 709 ol rXwijs Ntfjt- 7 Sybel 4038. It is dated tvl iep<?ws 
 <cus fvdfj.fi>oi. KO.I ffeois va.ffw, followed ' AffK\rfirtoi) . . . No. 5983 is a fragment. 
 by names of ten men and two women. 8 Not inscribed. Discussed as Graces 
 
 * Plato, Phaedr. 230 B. by Furtwangler: AM iii. 181 ff. 
 5 Beschreibung der Glyptothek zu 9 Harrison, Myth, and Mon. 645, 
 
 M line lien, no. 241. fig. 7. 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 89 
 
 century after Christ, may be here mentioned, although they show 
 a debased feeling 1 . Four types are represented. In one (1) the 
 three figures are nude, and stand in a cave, entwined in the 
 attitude of the familiar group of the Graces ; or they dance and 
 wave a veil or a wrap. In another (2) they stand draped 
 in various attitudes. A third (3) adds the figure of a priest 
 placing incense on an altar ; and a fourth (4) adds Zeus and 
 Hera in large size, the nymphs being small. A horseman also 
 appears. The ritual dance and sacrifice here reappear, but the 
 representation has become artificial. In the last type, the 
 nymphs are subordinated to Zeus and Hera; in the early 
 examples, they are always the most important figures. We do 
 find, however, other deities united with them. Cybele, Demeter 
 and the Maid we have seen already 2 ; Dionysus and Pan are 
 found on another piece 3 ; in the second century, Men appears 
 by Pan's side in a grotto 4 ; but the most explicit rendering of the 
 idea that Pan is All Gods has yet to be mentioned 5 . Here 
 a table stands in the grotto, and the river-god's head is upon 
 it. On either side is a group of deities, seven in all ; Zeus 
 enthroned holds the centre, and amongst other figures which 
 cannot be identified, we see the Maid holding two torches, 
 and a male figure holding the horn of plenty. The three 
 dancing nymphs are a subsidiary motive in a late relief dedi- 
 cated to Isis, in which the central figure is a reclining male 
 person, perhaps Achelous 6 . 
 
 Again, the tithe often took the form of a statue of the friendly 
 deity. An example in point comes from legendary times. 
 Ulysses, we are told, being of a mind to breed horses, dedi- 
 cated an image of Horse Poseidon in Pheneus 7 . Bathycles of 
 Magnesia, who made the gold-ivory Apollo at Amyclae, his work 
 done, dedicated statues of his patron deity Artemis and the 
 Graces 8 . Statues appear to have been dedicated in Olympia for 
 
 1 BCH xxiii. 122 ff. N^ats et5xV; 5 Megara: Cat. Berl. Sc. 679. 
 
 one with a name and eyx 7 ?** > icvplcus 6 RM xii. 146 Evvoia "EtcnSi. e^x 1 ?" 
 
 2 Above, p. 87 ; another from Aero- 7 Paus. viii. 14. 5. 
 
 polis, AM ii. pi. 18. 8 Paus. iii. 18. 9. Artemis Leuco- 
 
 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 687. phryene was worshipt in Magnesia. 
 
 4 BCH xx. 78 (cut). It is easy to understand the Graces. 
 
90 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the Naxian builder who invented marble tiles 1 . In Athens, before 
 the battle of Salarais, Phrygia the baxter dedicated a bronze 
 statuette of Athena armed, whose shield remains still*; other 
 such figures remain, one being inscribed as a tithe 3 . The word 
 used on other Athenian tithe and firstfruit dedications is that 
 specially applied to divine figures at this date 4 . The statue is 
 even inscribed as a "maiden "; that is, the image of Athena her- 
 self, otherwise the offering would have no point. When further 
 we find that a private person, and he a man, dedicates as a first- 
 fruit 8 or tithe 8 a statue of the same type as the famous Maidens 
 of the Acropolis, and the same type is seen on reliefs to be 
 meant for the goddess 7 , a new light is thrown on these mysterious 
 statues. Other columns of the same shape as those which bear 
 these inscriptions, and inscribed as the tithe or firstfruit, may 
 well have borne similar statues 8 , and they were so common that 
 Euripides uses them for a simile 9 . Thus some of them were 
 demonstrably the tithe or firstfruit thank-offering of a tradesman 
 or artisan 10 ; and they may all have been such, or at least we 
 
 1 Paus. v. 10. 3 Noios Etiepyos /te 
 yfrtt ArjTovs irope, Bi/few ircus, 8s Trpw- 
 Tiffros revise \t6ov Ktpa.fj.ov. He lived 
 in the time of Alyattes. Pausanias 
 calls the offerings d-ydX/aara, and says 
 that Byzes dedicated them, which seems 
 to imply that the son merely made the 
 formal dedication. 
 
 2 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 260, fig. 60, 
 JHS xiii. 124 $>pvyia avWijice rrji 
 'ABrjvatat rj dpTOTrwXis. 
 
 3 '<*.. 'A PX . 1887, 134. 
 
 4 AyaXfjia, now contrasted with dK&v, 
 ' a portrait.' It occurs in CIA iv. 
 1. 373 10 , cp. "1,218 with wapxfr, 
 373202.216 with 0(K< i T1tv , ciA i. 375 
 (perhaps therefore 351), made by 
 Critias and Nesiotes, must have been 
 a statue. So i. 402, 403 by Cresilas. 
 See also 'E#. 'Apx- 1891, 55, pi. 6 
 a.Trapx~/if. Earlier, aya\na meant any 
 ornament or precious thing : II. iv. 
 144, Hesych. s.v. TTO.V t<p' <J5 TIS d>dX- 
 Xerot. Of a stone basin : Ear. 360. 
 
 5 CIA iv. 1, 373 9 , p. 179: 
 Kopyv a.vtOi)Kfv awapxriv .. .\6xof Ay pas 
 r)v ol -rrovTO/dduv \pvtroT pi'aic' tiroptv. 
 This is not a dedication to Poseidon, 
 as the formula shows. CIA iv. 1. 
 373 179 Nf/cuXXos foWrticev, base, with the 
 statue belonging to it figured in 'E<f>. 
 'Apx- 1887, 134. 'E0. 'Apx- 1886, 81 
 NVap^os Hpyuv a.irapx'hv. 
 
 6 Several pillar-bases in the Acropolis 
 Museum have SeKdr^v, e.g. no. 150. 
 
 7 Acrop. Mus. 581. 
 
 8 CIA iv. 1. 373 /, 373 104 - 197 - n8 : 
 
 9 Eur. Phoen. 220. 
 
 10 For other explanations see BCH 
 xiv. 573, AM xiv. 493; Collignon, 
 Sculpt. Gr. i. 340 ff.; Frazer, Paus. 
 ii. 346. All are full of difficulty ; the 
 figures are too numerous for priestesses, 
 and there is no evidence for the 
 customary dedication of priestesses at 
 this date. They were not dedicated by 
 their makers, nor would a series of 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 91 
 
 may say that all were intended to represent the goddess and 
 to be thankofferings of some sort. Isaeus seems to allude to 
 these divine figures, when he speaks of the custom of dedicating 
 firstfruits of one's substance 1 . The type is the simplest possible 
 conception of an anthropomorphic goddess, without attributes. 
 In this light we may interpret a similar series of Maidens found 
 at Delos 2 , although there we have not the help of inscriptions ; 
 the remains of other such elsewhere 3 ; the series of so-called 
 Apollos, which in their nakedness may often represent other 
 gods 4 ; and the figures of Zeus or other gods without attributes 5 . 
 Indeed, as Phrygia's armed Athena proves, any figure of a deity 
 may have been dedicated on some such occasion as these 6 . 
 
 A few allegorical offerings may be mentioned. There was 
 one at Delphi, attributed to the great Hippocrates ; a moulder- 
 ing corpse, nothing but bones left, perhaps an articulated 
 skeleton 7 . The people of Corcyra, who had been guided to 
 a great haul of fish by the bellowing of a bull, dedicated an 
 image of this animal at Olyrnpia and another at Delphi 8 . 
 Aelian's account of the golden sheep of Mandrobulus was that 
 the lost treasure of the temple had been found by a sheep 9 . 
 There was a group of Earth praying for rain on the Acropolis 
 at Athens 10 . 
 
 So far the offerings have been more or less of an ideal type ; 
 their value depending wholly or in part upon their meaning. 
 But here as elsewhere the offering may be given for its intrinsic 
 
 masterpieces all follow one type. The regards the Delian statues as meant 
 
 word K6pi) is used by Plato of dedica- for Artemis. 
 
 tions to the Nymphs ; Plat. Phaedr. 3 Sicily : Kekule, Terracotten von 
 
 230 B vv^Qiv r rivtav ical 'AxeX^ou -Sic., pi. 1 (life-size). Eleusis : 'E<j>. 
 
 lepbv dirb r&v Kopuv re Kal dya\/j.druv 'Apx- 1885, 179, pi. 8. Marseilles : 
 
 ZoiKev elvai. It is also applied to the Gaz. Arch. ii. 133, pi. 31. 
 
 goddess Persephone. See further in * See ch. xrv. 
 
 ch. xiv. 8 Zeus: Olympia, Bronzen von 01. 
 
 1 Isaeus, De Dicaeog. Her. 113 : oi vii. 40. 
 
 Tf/^Tepot irp6yovoi...tv aAcpoirdXei dirap- 6 Terracotta statuettes are common 
 
 X&s TWV &VTUV dvaOfrrfs iroXXotj, ws in the Maiden type: see below, ch. 
 
 a7r6 ISlas KTrjffews, dydXfJMai x a ^ K L* Ka ' VIII XIV - 
 \i6tvois KeKOfffj.'/iKaffL rb lepov. 7 Paus. x. 2. 6. 
 
 2 BCH xiv. 573 ; AZ xl. 326 ; 8 Paus. x. 9. 3, v. 29. 9. 
 Homolle, De Antiquissimis Dianae 9 Aelian, Hist. An. xn. 40. 
 Simulacris Deliacis (Paris 1885), ch. 2, 10 Paus. i. 24. 3. 
 
92 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 value, and have no reference to the occasion at all. A man 
 of Boeotia offers a sum of money, apparently in gratitude for 
 a legacy 1 . A shrine or other building might commemorate 
 exceptional profits or a lucky windfall. According to the 
 legend, Danaus founded a shrine of Apollo Lycius in Argos, 
 having got the kingdom after seeing the omen of a wolf killing 
 a bull*. The Siphnians built their treasury at Delphi on the 
 first discovery of their gold mines 8 . 
 
 The tithe might be paid in money or valuables bought 
 with money. A silver ingot found in Sicily, and dedicated 
 to Zeus, from the names of the dedicators has been ascribed 
 to a similar origin*. In the Inventories we find such entries; 
 as Andron offered so many gold pieces as firstfruit 5 . The 
 courtesan Rhodopis sent a tithe of her earnings to Delphi 
 in the form of iron bars or goads, which I have already 
 suggested may have been used for barter 8 . Offerings from 
 Corcyra and Tenedos are more than once said to have been 
 axes, which were another ancient unit of currency 7 . Axes 
 of similar shape have been found in the Dictaean cave of 
 Crete 8 , at Dodona 9 , in the temple of Artemis at Lusi (Arcadia) 10 . 
 A bronze axe found in Calabria is dedicated to Hera by 
 a butcher as tithe of his business". 
 
 1 IGS i. 4137 KdTriXXos ST/XITWI'OJ explains by a rnyth, as others have 
 Aypov/jivefc <W0e TV 'AiroXXmvi TV done before him (Aristotle to wit), 
 Tlruiv x a ^ K '* > Spax/^as ireTpa.Kt.^x t -^ as an ^ since. It is natural of course that 
 eirra*carias yapitrreLpiov, *a0ws 4/dpiJ-e when axes were no longer current as 
 6 K\apoi>6/j.os KO.T rav Sia6t(icay...Aui>v- money the sight of them should have 
 ovffiw. suggested the proverb. 
 
 2 Paus. ii. 19. 3. 8 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109, fig. 40. 
 
 3 Herod, iii. 57, Paus. x. 11. 2. 9 Carapanos, Dodone, pi. 54. These 
 
 4 IGA 523 Aids Ai5*a, Tpvydv. are unfit for use, and they were pro- 
 
 5 CIA ii. 652 B 19 (4th cent, early) bably simulacra made for exchange, as 
 'Avipwv 'EXaowrio? dir'/ip^aro xpu<ras \-\-, we shall see in chap. xiv. 
 
 Qpdcrv\\os EiWeus \nvaovv C. 10 Jahreshefte, iv. 49, figs. 67, 68. 
 
 8 Herod, ii. 135, Plut. De Pyth. Or. " IGA 543 ras "Hpas Zepos d/u ras tv 
 
 14; above, p. 74 19 . ireSiw QvvioKos fj.e avfOrjKf upTa/ws 
 
 7 Plut. De Pyth. Or. 12, Paus. v. pipyuv deKarav. It is a very fine 
 
 29. 9, x. 9. 3, 14. 1. The last, an ornamental specimen, and perhaps 
 
 offering of Periclytus, is explained by only took that shape through tradi- 
 
 Pausanias as referring to the pro- tional association, 
 verbial ' axe of Tenedos,' which he 
 
TITHES, FIRSTFRUITS, AND KINDRED OFFERINGS. 93 
 
 But the most numerous dedications are vases and vessels of 
 one kind or another 1 dedicated in the Acropolis. One appears 
 to have been a marble sprinkling-bowl, a firstfruit 2 , and a similar 
 article, given by a washerwoman, is inscribed as a tithe 3 . A fuller 
 dedicates a bronze vase, of which fragments remain 4 ; another is 
 a bronze patera 5 . 
 
 Articles made of gold or of silver were also dedicated as 
 trade-offerings, like the bowl of Dazos 6 or the silver tithe- 
 saucer of Proxenus, in the Delian inventory 7 ; and it is impossible 
 to say how many of the innumerable bowls which are mentioned 
 have the same origin. Bowls are among the offerings made by 
 huntsmen to Pan 8 , or by fishermen as a tithe to Priapus 9 . Two 
 bowls, dedicated to Pedio, suggest a connexion with agriculture 10 . 
 There are two little pots of gold offered at Delos by Cleino, a 
 courtesan of the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus II. 11 
 
 Pieces of several fictile vases were found in the Acropolis, 
 inscribed as votive offerings, one at least with the tithe 
 specified 12 . Vases are dedicated to Pan and the Nymphs 13 . 
 In the Anthology, Eurydice learning to read in her old age, 
 dedicates a crown to the Muses 14 . 
 
 What objects stood on the base which bore a double dedica- 
 tion, perhaps of man and wife, for firstfruit and tithe 15 ; or on 
 
 1 Vases, such as 0ia\cu, were stored 6 BCH vi. 34 line 53 <f>id\-ri, inscribed 
 in vast numbers in the shrines, as a Adfbs Aaficncov 'Afavrtvbs a<j> wv elpyd- 
 convenient way of keeping bullion. aa.ro 'AirdXXwt. A ' masterpiece ' ? 
 They are spoken of as units of value 7 BCH vi. 34. 47 Kvupiov, Hp6^evos 
 by Nicolaus Damascenus (ed. Tauchn.) /cat TratSes SeKarrjv run 'Airo\\uvi. 
 
 p. 11: a reward of 10 talents in gold, 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 35. 
 
 10 gold phialae and 200 silver. 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 33. 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1, 373 v, p. 126, also w, 10 IGA 519, 520 = ZGS7 595, 596 
 Ear. 362, 367, 3713, 375, 378, 379, HeSio?. A "Epa ev ireSiwi has been 
 381, 383, 388390, 393. There are mentioned above, p. 92 . 
 
 several others. u BCH xv. 118 X ot5ia. 
 
 3 CIA iv. 1. 373 s *. 12 CIA iv. 1, 373. 12/, cp. 12 c. There 
 
 4 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 178 HO\VK\T)S were thousands of uninscribed vases; 
 avtOtjKev 6 Kva<f>f{/s ra.6iiva.ian. <j> is for which see chap. vm. 
 
 written 6, and 6 . 13 AM xxi. 437. 
 
 6 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 219, Kor. xvii. 14 Plut. De Educ. 20. 
 
 ebrapx^"- Compare Ear. xiv. xl. Ixvii. 15 Two offerings stood there. CIA 
 
 Ixviii. Ixx. Ixxvii. iv. 1. 373 n . 
 
94 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the oblong base of the potters' offering 1 ; or on the numerous 
 pillars 2 , it is impossible to guess. The boy who has gained 
 a prize of twelve knucklebones for learning to write well 
 dedicates a comic figure to the Muses 3 . Here, as elsewhere, 
 there is no limit : anything may be offered. 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1. 373 18 , tithe. Jahrb. iii. 269. 
 
 2 See R. Borrmann, StelenfUr Weih- * Anth. Pal. vi. 
 geschenke auf der Acropolis zu Athen, 
 
III. 
 
 WAR 1 . 
 
 And the Lord discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host, 
 with the edge of the sword before Barak. 
 
 Judges iv. 15. 
 
 THE Greek army went into battle after solemn libation and 
 sacrifice, singing paeans to invoke the protection of the gods; 
 and victory was celebrated by thanksgivings 2 . We need feel 
 no surprise that the prayer for protection was often accom- 
 panied by a vow 3 , and that victory was regularly followed by 
 an offering. Indeed, inasmuch as war was the natural state of 
 humanity in the early ages, the records of these vows and 
 offerings form a very full series, beginning in prehistoric times 
 and running on to the end of Greek history. 
 
 The Greeks had, however, no single and exclusive God of 
 Battles. We are accustomed to think of Ares as such, and it is 
 true that as early as Homer he is supposed to inspire com- 
 batants, even the very weapons they used 4 . He is fierce and 
 furious, he laps man's blood, he is armed in panoply capapie : 
 the personification of the lust of battle, one would call him in- 
 vincible, it would seem that he alone should be prayed to by 
 this side or that, yet the truth is far otherwise. Ares is on the 
 
 1 In this chapter I have made use deriving the word from 7rai/w. 
 
 of Franciscus Ziemann's program De 3 Besides those recited below, I may 
 
 Anathematis Graecis : EegimontiBorus- mention the vow of Callimachus before 
 
 sorum 1885. Marathon to sacrifice as many oxen as 
 
 2 Schol. Arist. Plutus 636 iranav /jv they should slay enemies (Schol. Arist. 
 Cftvos e<rrlv eis 'AirbXXuva eirl irataei. Knights 660). Compare Soph. Track. 
 XotjitoD q.d6/j.evos, dXXa xai eirl iratifffi. 240. 
 
 iro\tfj.ov, TToXXdm 5 Kal irpoff5oKu/j.{vov 4 II. xvi. 615, xvii. 210. 
 
 Seivov. We need not follow him in 
 
96 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 side of Troy, yet Troy is taken ; the very god of war is himself 
 beaten in the fray. Athene causes him bitter pangs 1 ; and with 
 her aid, the mortal Dioinedes wounds him, and makes him roar 
 as loud as ten thousand men 2 . If Ares or Enyalios is some- 
 times invoked by the fighter 3 , yet the paean belongs specially 
 to Apollo, and no less powerful on the battlefield are Zeus the 
 Saviour 4 , or Zeus of the Rout 5 , Athena, Poseidon", Aphrodite 7 , 
 or even the demigod Heracles 4 . Later, no doubt, some deities 
 had special prestige in this matter, as in the Middle Ages 
 St Peter or our Lady of Walsingham had in danger of ship- 
 wreck 8 ; but the natural instinct of each tribe or each person 
 would be, to call upon that deity who was likely to be most 
 favourable to him in particular. This god was god of the 
 hills, and that of the valleys 9 ; and Ares was the local god of 
 Thrace. The people of Selinus are most impartial, and ascribe 
 their victories to Zeus, Fear, and Heracles, to Apollo, to 
 Poseidon and the Tyndaridae, Athena and Demeter guardian of 
 flocks, to Pasicrateia and all the other gods, but most to Zeus 10 . 
 So when the strife was won, the victorious host would testify 
 their gratitude by some offering to their own deity, in the 
 chief shrine of their own city 11 , or in a national sanctuary like 
 Delphi or Olympia. Thus it is we find offerings in these 
 national shrines made by any of the various states of Greece, 
 and mortal enemies there meet in friendship or truce at 
 least ; whilst war spoils are found on the Acropolis of Athens 
 dedicated to the maiden Athena, and in Samos to Hera, other- 
 wise the goddess of peaceful wedded life. The attitude of the 
 
 1 II. v. 766. Posidonius ap. Ath. viii. 333 D. 
 
 2 II. v. 590909. 7 Ath. xiii. 573 D. 
 
 3 Xen. Anab. i. 8. 18, Hell. ii. 4. 17. 8 Erasmus, Colloquies : ' The Ship- 
 
 4 Xen. Anab. vi. 5. 25 Zei>s 2<m)/>, wreck.' 
 
 'Hpa/fX^s riyeuwv was the watchword. 9 Compare 1 Kings xx. 28. 
 
 Cp. Pans. ix. 11. 6. Altar to Zeus 10 IGA 515. See p. 126 4 below. 
 
 Areios in Olympia, Paus. v. 14. 5. u Soph. Track. 182 /x^X 7 /* Hyovr' 
 
 Offerings of spoils are made to Leto in airapxas Oeoiffi TO?J iyxuplois. So when 
 
 Anth. Pal. vi. 215. Artemis : Farnell, Messene was rebuilt, each helping 
 
 ii. 585. tribe sacrificed to its own gods (Paus. 
 
 6 There was a yearly sacrifice to Zefo iv. 27. 6). Compare Jonah i. 5 " Then 
 
 Tp6jratos on Salamis Day : CIA ii. 467. the mariners were afraid, and cried 
 
 9 A sacrifice to Poseidon Tropaios, every man unto his god." 
 
WAR. 97 
 
 Greek to his patron deity is clear, when we remember that he is 
 the Champion of his city; and so Athena, and even Aphrodite, 
 appears in full armour. Solon's temple 1 is the only historical 
 dedication connected with war, made to Ares, until we come to 
 the later poets of the Anthology*. It is not for nothing, then, 
 that the gods of the Homeric pantheon take sides : the Greek 
 always thought of his gods as taking sides, and his prayers 
 were guided accordingly. 
 
 What vow should be made before the battle, or what offer- 
 ing after, depended of course on circumstances : the importance 
 of the issue, the wealth or number of the combatants, and so 
 forth. It did happen once or twice that a leader, confident in 
 his cause and his own right arm, paid the vow before the 
 battle was fought; but on most of these occasions the deity seems 
 to have mistaken his faith for presumption, and allowed him to 
 be defeated 3 . Legend tells how Polyneices and his Argive allies 
 set up statues of Ares and Aphrodite before their disastrous 
 expedition 4 . As a rule, this kind of faith did not appeal to 
 the Greek ; he waited to let the god fulfil his part of the 
 bargain first. In some cases, however, the deity does not seem 
 to have been displeased by an act of bravado. Aristomenes, the 
 hero of the second Messenian War, struck terror into the 
 Spartans by entering their city by night, and hanging up a 
 shield in the Brazen House of Athena, inscribed with the words 
 "Aristomenes from the spoils of the Spartans 5 ." Afterwards, 
 like King Rameses at Lachish, he is said to have routed a body 
 of Lacedaemonians all by himself. The hero's shield was 
 turned to account before the battle of Leuctra. Before the 
 battle the Thebans had sent to inquire at various oracles, 
 amongst others of Trophonius, who returned them answer that 
 they should set up a trophy and adorn it with this shield. 
 Epameinondas gave orders accordingly, and the trophy was set 
 up by Xenocrates with the shield upon it, in a place where it 
 
 1 Below, p. 119. Xpwrow' Hva. KO.L dpyvpaiov %va Kal x a ^~ 
 
 2 E.g. Anth. Pal. vi. 81, 163. Late KoOj y tir dyaffu. 
 
 in Egypt : GIG. 5128. King Aizanas, 3 Paus. ii. 6. 3 and iv. 25. 1. 
 virep 8 e{i\apiaria.^ rov fj yevvriffavTos 4 Paus. ii. 25. 1. 
 
 dviK-firov "Apews dvtdrjKO. O.VTU avdpiavra. 5 Paus. iv. 15. 5. 
 
 R. 7 
 
98 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 could be seen of the Lacedaemonians. They knew it, and 
 perhaps recalled the old precedent; at all events, the oracle was 
 justified of his words 1 . The statue of Xenocrates was after- 
 wards set up at Thebes 2 . Themistocles, again, founded a temple 
 before the battle of Salamis 3 . So, too, Thrasybulus and his 
 men, on setting out from Thebes to return to Athens, dedicated 
 statues of Athena and Heracles in the Theban Heracleum 4 . 
 
 It is usual to distinguish those offerings which the com- 
 mander made on behalf of his army, or those made by the 
 state, as public, from the private offerings whether of the 
 commander made on his own behalf or of his men. The dis- 
 tinction is merely formal, not one of principle, and as it serves 
 no useful purpose I have neglected it here. The offerings 
 themselves may be broadly classified as follows : 
 
 "I. Spoils : the arms of the vanquish t, or their treasure. 
 
 II. The Victor's Arms or dress. 
 
 III. Other Commemorative offerings. 
 
 I. Spoils. No doubt if the Greek gods had so ordained, 
 the people would not have questioned their right wholly to 
 dispose of the life and property of a conquered race, as was com- 
 manded in the matter of Amalek by the mouth of the prophet 
 Samuel 5 . We know how Cypselus vowed to dedicate all the 
 property of the citizens if he gained possession of Corinth, aud 
 with what skill he observed the letter of his vow whilst violat- 
 ing the spirit 6 . But in practice the gods are not grasping. 
 As they give men the world and its fruits subject to tribute, so 
 
 1 Paus. iv. 32. 5, ix. 39. 14. /uax'as. 
 
 2 IGS i. 2462. See Plut. Pelopidas * Paus. ix. 11. 6. 
 8, De Genio Socratis 25, 30. The in- 5 1 Sam. xv. 3. 
 
 scribed base has been found, as follows : 8 Arist. Oec. ii. 1346 a 32 Ki/^Xoy 
 
 Sevo/cpdr?;?. Qe6irofj.iros. MvatriXaos. e^d^evos r$ Au fay xvpios ytvrjTcu TTJS 
 
 ai'tKa TO "Lirdpra.? titpdrfi S6pv TtjvdKis iroXews rd 6vra. K.opii>6iois wtivra. dva.6^- 
 
 tl\ev AeivoKpdT-rjs xXdpy Ztjvl Tpbiraia. aeiv, etc. For the very opposite Moxus 
 
 tptpeiv, ov rbv OTT' Evpura Seuraj artiKov the Lydian vowed a tithe : Nicolaus 
 
 oi>5 AdKaivav dffirida. " Qrjpaioi Kpeia- Damasc. (Hist. Min. Gr. p. 19) M6oj 
 
 owes fv 7ro\^/tM()." Kapvfffffi Aet//crpotj 6 Au66s...T6' M^Xij*' TT/S Tvpavi/lSos 
 
 viKa<p6padovpLTpoTraia,ov8"Eira/j.(ivuvda Ka&eXwv TOIJ Air&jis irapeKfXfVffaro TTfn 
 
 dfurepoi ^SpdfJ.ofnev. SfKdTijv dirodovvai Ka6d Caro TOJ 
 
 3 'E^.'Apx- 188 5, P- 170 45 : 6 ISpvyaro ^ws. 
 OfuiffTOK\TJs irpb rrjs trfpl ZaXttjiufa vav- 
 
WAR. 99 
 
 they are content to leave the conquerors what they win pro- 
 vided that certain dues are paid, the tithe or firstfruit of the 
 spoils. These dues are voluntary, in the sense that a man may 
 choose whether he do right or wrong, but to deny them would 
 be impious. They are however gladly given for the most part; 
 and they are rightly counted among votive offerings. 
 
 One form of this tribute is the trophy (rpoTraiov) 1 , arms and 
 armour of prize hung about some tree-trunk or pillar, or piled 
 in a heap, on the foughten field : which as its name denotes is 
 a memorial of the rout (rpoir^), and Zeus is invoked as rpoTraio? 
 by the fighting host. I do not doubt that this is an offering to 
 the protecting deity, set up in that spot where he had proved 
 his present power. Sometimes it is distinctly said that trophies 
 are consecrated to the gods of battle 2 , sometimes a permanent 
 trophy is erected in a sanctuary 3 . Sacrifice was done before a 
 trophy periodically by the Athenians both at Marathon and 
 Salamis 4 , and doubtless elsewhere 5 . 
 
 In legend Pollux erects a trophy for his victory over 
 Lynceus 6 . The trophy is recorded as far back as the eighth 
 century in Sparta 7 , the seventh century in Athens 8 , and except 
 Macedon was universal in Greek lands 9 . The trophy was so 
 much a matter of course, that it was erected for victory even 
 when spoils there were none 10 . Perhaps it is not too much to 
 assume that this is the earliest form of war-dedication, inde- 
 pendent of temples, and accepted by the protecting gods as 
 
 1 See Pauly, Realencycl. s.v. 7 Paus. iii. 2. 6, when the Dorians 
 
 2 Dio Cass. xlii. 48 ; the Theban took Amyclae. Plutarch Ages. 33 says 
 trophy from Tolmides, to Athena that in early days the Spartans offered 
 (Paus. i. 27. 4) ; Mantinean trophy to only a cock as vucrjTTipiov, but he must 
 Poseidon for victory over Agis (viii. 10. surely have taken for granted the 
 8). Sometimes made of sacred wood : trophy and spoils. 
 
 Eudocia (Flach) p. 9 avi<TTa<riv avrfj 8 Dem. Amat. 1416 26\uv...r6 irpbs 
 
 (Athena) Tpbirata, e/c v\<av EXaiVwr. Me-yap^aj Tp6iraiov vir6iJ.vi]fj.a Ka.TO.\nri!>i>. 
 
 3 Paus. x. 18. 7 (Delphi). See for others, Herod, iii. 59, Thuc. iv. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 471 26 ' 71 , 467 27 to Zeus 12, vii. 23, Xen. Hell. ii. 3. 8. 
 Tropaios. Paus. ix. 40. 7. 
 
 5 A late vase painting shows Victory 1 In the bloodless battle recorded 
 sacrificing before a trophy: Stephani, by Xenophon, Hell. v. 4. 53: dirtdavev 
 Compte Rendu 1869, p. 161 = AZ 1865, fj.tv ovdfk, fyws dt ol Q^aioi rpbircuov 
 pi. 199. 3. tffT-qaavro. 
 
 6 Paus. iii. 14. 7. 
 
 72 
 
100 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Pan accepted the trophies of the chace hung upon some 
 mountain pine 1 . 
 
 But the usual practice was also to dedicate in some temple 
 the choice pieces, the firstfruits, or the tithe of spoils 2 , as we see 
 in our cathedrals the flags of our ancient foes. The booty was 
 collected, and a portion set apart for the gods; this was either 
 dedicated all, or a part of it, the remainder being sold and the 
 proceeds used to procure some offering of price or magnificence. 
 
 Now and then a permanent trophy made of bronze or 
 some other material was set up in a sanctuary. The Persians, 
 if the common report be true, intended to make one such 
 in 490 if the}' had not been defeated 3 . Pausanias mentions 
 a battle fought in the Altis at Olympia between the Eleans 
 and the Lacedaemonians: the Eleans, who won the day, 
 erected a bronze trophy with an inscription upon the shield, 
 under a plane tree in the Altis 4 . A similar memorial was put 
 up after Leuctra 5 . A bronze trophy was dedicated at Delphi 
 by the Aetolians, after they had chastised the Gauls for their 
 horrific treatment of Gallium 6 . Trophies of Gallic arms in relief 
 were carved on the temple of Athena at Pergamus, built in 
 memory of the defeats of the Gauls 7 . The Mantineans, to 
 commemorate a defeat of Agis, placed a stone trophy " over 
 against the temple of Poseidon 8 "; the Argives, having con- 
 quered the Lacedaemonians, placed the like beside a tomb in 
 Argos 9 . The permanent trophy at Marathon was of white 
 marble 10 . 
 
 When the practice of dedicating the tithe of spoils became 
 general, we have no means of learning. There is no direct 
 evidence in the Homeric poems of a systematic dedication of 
 
 1 Above, p. 51. A miniature trophy of bronze, perhaps 
 
 * dKpoOii>ioi>,aira.px-?i,8eKa.TTi. Herodo- Etruscan, is in the Antiquarium at 
 
 tus viii. 12 uses dxpoOlvia. and dpiarfia. Berlin. 
 
 in one sentence of the same thing, but 8 Cic. De Inv. ii. 23. He tells us it 
 
 not necessarily in the same sense. was not the custom to erect a perma- 
 
 3 Paus. i. 33. 2 ; Anth. App. Plan. nent trophy when Greek met Greek. 
 221, 222, 226, 263. 6 Paus. x. 18. 7, 22. 3. 
 
 4 Paus. v. 20. 4, 27. 11, vi. 2. 3. 7 Paus. i. 4. 6, with Frazer's note. 
 Robert refers the trophy to 418 or 8 Paus. viii. 10. 5. 
 thereabouts, when an Elean contingent 9 Paus. ii. 21. 8. 
 
 aided the Argives (Thuc. v. 5860). 10 Paus. i. 32. 5. 
 
WAR. 
 
 101 
 
 arms or tithe by the conquerors, or of any vow made against 
 the taking of Troy 1 . When Pausanias relates that Polyneices 
 made an offering before attacking Thebes, this is evidence 
 only that the later Greeks believed the practice of their own 
 day to be as old as the heroic age. The inference that it 
 was really so is, however, not unreasonable, in view of the 
 practice of single warriors. Hector, when about to fight with 
 Ajax, vows to dedicate the spoil in Athena's temple at Troy 2 . 
 Ulysses, being out of reach of the temples of his native land, 
 hangs the bloody armour of Dolon " upon the poop of a ship, to 
 make a shrine for Athena 3 ." Menelaus dedicated the spoils of 
 Euphorbus in the Argive Heraeum ; where Pythagoras, who 
 claimed that the soul of the hero breathed in him, proved 
 his claim by recognising the arms he once had borne 4 . In 
 the caves of Dicte and Ida in Crete lance-heads and shields 
 have been found which belong to the Dorian period 5 . We 
 know how Alcaeus' shield was captured by the Athenians in 
 606 and hung up in Athena's shrine 6 . Aeschylus speaks of 
 arms and foemen's dresses pierced with the spear-point as hung 
 in temples 7 , Euripides of the spoils of the Amazons dedicated 
 by Heracles at Delphi 8 , and Pindar of the dedication of choice 
 prize 9 . 
 
 1 Hecuba does however vow to offer 
 a precious robe to Athena if Troy is 
 not taken, II. vi. 269. Compare Hec- 
 tor's offering, ii. 82 ff. 
 
 2 II. vii. 82 foil. 
 
 3 II. x. 460 Kal TO. y' 'AOijvairi \TjLTi5i 
 5toj '05ur<rei)s v\jso<r' aveff-)(e6e. The 
 phrase Athena of the Spoils shows how 
 these epithets do no more than repre- 
 sent one aspect of a deity's power. 
 
 4 Paus. ii. 17. 3, Hor. Odes i. 28. 
 11. 
 
 5 In the Museum of Candia. Mus. 
 Ital. ii. 696, 906; AJA iv. 430, pi. 
 xvi xx. ; Annual of the British School 
 at Athens vi. 110. So elsewhere. In 
 the temple of Ningirsu, at Tello, 
 Babylonia, a bronze spear-head was 
 found inscribed with a king's name : 
 AJA N.a. ii. 105. Appius Claudius 
 
 was said to have first dedicated shields 
 in Borne as a private person, which 
 implies that public dedication was 
 earlier : Pliny, NH xxxv. 3. 12. The 
 sword of Goliath will be remembered : 
 1 Sam. xxi. 9. 
 
 6 Ale. 32 (Strabo xiii. 600, Herod, v. 
 95) (7<j ' AXxaZos "Apr/, t-vrfa 5' ofl' KVTOS 
 dvdKTOpov e's rXav/cttiTw Ipbv 6veKpt/j.affav 
 'ArriKoi. 
 
 7 Aesch. Sept. 265. 
 
 8 Eurip. Ion 1143 irr^pvya 
 
 dvd6rjfj.a Alov irai5 
 ' AfJiafovuv ffKuXev/j-ar 
 
 6e$. Cp. Phoen. 856 r 
 
 ffrtyavov, ws opg.s, lx w Xafiuv aTrapxas 
 
 TroXf/J.iuv (TKvXevfj.drwv. 
 
 9 Find. 01. ii. 4 'OXv/j-iridSa 5' Icrra- 
 ffcv 'Hpa/cX^jjs d.Kp6diva iro\fnov: xi. 56 
 TO.V TroX^toio dbffiv dtcpodiva SteXwp i-Ove. 
 
102 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 There are dedications of the war-tithe at Apollonia 1 , 
 Athens 1 , Branchidae 8 , Crete 4 , Mantinea 6 , Megara 8 , Boeotia 7 , 
 and Sparta 8 ; at Delphi by Athenians", Oaphyes 10 , Cnidians", 
 Liparians 1 *, Spartans 13 , and Tarentines 14 ; at Olympia by Clei- 
 torians 15 , Eleans 18 , Messenians 17 , Spartans 18 , Thurians 19 . But it 
 must be remembered that all dedications of war-spoils are 
 either tithe or firstfruit. 
 
 If cattle formed part of the booty, a part of these would 
 be sacrified 20 . The tithe of captives was also reserved, and 
 sent to Delphi or some other sanctuary: at first for sacrifice 21 , 
 doubtless, or to be temple slaves 22 , which happened to the 
 daughter of Teiresias 88 ; but by softening of manners they were 
 later sent forth to found colonies. The Dryopians, conquered 
 by Heracles, and dedicated, went forth to found Asine 24 . But 
 the Greeks were more merciful than their own Apollo, who hung 
 up the very skin of Marsyas in a cave 28 . Thebes was "deci- 
 mated " by the Greeks for its defection to the Persian side ; 
 and the writers use the phrase in a way which shows it 
 needed no explanation 26 . For other reasons, a tithe of men 
 
 1 Paus. v. 22. 3. 
 
 2 Paus. i. 28. 2, x. 10. 1. 
 
 3 Newton, p. 777. 
 
 4 Man. Ant. iii. 4024. 
 
 8 IGA 100, Collitz i. 1198. 
 
 6 IGS i. 37. 
 
 7 IGA 191 ; A JA N.s. ii. 250. 
 
 8 Paus. iii. 18. 7. 
 
 9 Paus. x. 13. 9. 
 
 10 BCH xviii. 177. 
 
 11 BCH xxii. 592. 
 
 12 Diod. v. 9. 
 
 13 Plut. Ages. 9, Xen. An. v. 3. 4. 
 
 14 Paus. x. 13. 10. 
 18 Paus. v. 23. 7. 
 
 16 Paus. vi. 24. 4. 
 
 17 Inschr. von 01. 259. 
 
 18 Paus. v. 10. 4. 
 Below, p. 106 10 . 
 
 20 Soph. Track. 760 ravpoKrovei 
 
 of human sacrifice in early times, as 
 the story of Aristodemus shows : Paus. 
 iv. 9, see also vii. 19. 4. So at Dodona : 
 Paus. vii. 21. 3. 
 
 22 Eur. Ion 309 TOV Qtou /roXoC/oat Sov- 
 
 /SoDj. 
 
 21 The Delphic oracle was not shy 
 
 fliro; Compare the captives in the 
 Trachiniae, and verse 245. 
 
 23 Diod. iv. 66 ol /u^v lirlyovoi. rrjif 
 iro\iv {\6vrcs Sffipira.aa.tf Kal rijs Teipeffiov 
 Ovyarpfa Aat/'i'^s tyKparfis yv6/j.tt>oi, 
 ro.vrr}i> dv^Oeffav e/s AeX0oi/s, Kara, rtva 
 fvxfy, oiKpoOlviov rtf 0e<. She became 
 a prophetess. 
 
 - 4 Paus. ii. 35. 2, iv. 34. 6 ; Diod. iv. 
 37 ; Apollod. ii. 2. 7 (Pauly). Compare 
 Plut. Thes. 16, Plato, Laws x. 919, 
 Strabo vi. 257. 
 
 25 Xen. Anab. i. 2. 8. The skins of 
 sacrilegious Danes are to be seen on 
 church doors, as at Tewkesbury. 
 
 38 Herod, vii. 132 ri> Si SpKiov w5e 
 elx' off 01 rip llipffj) ESoffav <r^as airroiit 
 
WAR. 103 
 
 was dedicated by Chalcis 1 , and firstfruits of men by Crete 2 . 
 The tithe of ransom was also dedicated 3 . In historical times 
 the consecration of the war-tithe was a matter of course 4 , 
 and applied not only to the enlisted hosts but to privateers 8 . 
 
 We may now pass in review the chief instances of the 
 dedication of spoils, in historical order : and first the enemy's 
 weapons, armour, and equipment, the material of war. 
 
 The earliest recorded naval memorial conies from the war 
 waged between Athens and Megara for the possession of 
 Salamis. The Megarians commemorated one victory (which 
 must have taken place about B.C. 600, before Solon aroused 
 the Athenians to reconquer the island) by placing the bronze 
 beak of a prize ship in the Olympieum at Megara 8 . Another 
 such was erected by the Aeginetans, who somewhere about 
 520 conquered a colony of Samians settled at Cydonia in 
 Crete. The beaks of their ships, which were boars' heads, 
 they hung up in the temple of Athena in Aegina 7 . The beak 
 became the regular token of the captured galley, as we shall 
 see later 8 . It is worth mentioning that the roof of the Odeum 
 at Athens was made from the masts and timbers of Persian 
 ships 9 . 
 
 The great struggle in Sicily between Carthaginian and 
 Greek left, as might have been expected, many traces. 
 Amongst them are the spoils which Pausanias declares to 
 have been dedicated by Gelo and the Syracusans for some 
 victory gained by sea or land 10 : three linen corselets, doubtless 
 
 "EXXiyves f&vres, HT] dvayKacrOfrTes,... r&v vnertpuv TroXtfuuv 5e/caros...ej' 
 
 TOIJTOVS 5e/careC<roi T<$ tv AeX^oari 0e<f>. <wrp07r6X ret dpitrreia TTJS 7r6Xews, a 
 
 Lycurg. Leocr. 193, Diod. xi. 3. 29, Xa/3ej/ airb rCiv pappdpwv. 
 
 Polyb. ix. 39. 5, Xen. Hell. vi. 3. 20. 5 Lys. Polystr. 686 Ai7tf6/j> xai roi>s 
 
 I see no reason why the word should TroXe/u/ouj /caxais firotovv, wore rrj 0<f 
 
 not mean what it says, although rds Se/cciras ^atped^vai TT\(OV 17 rpid- 
 
 Stengel (in Pauly) and others take it KOVTO. ^vas. 
 
 to mean devastation of the whole race. 6 Paus. i. 40. 5 (Zeus). 
 
 1 Strabo vi. 257. 7 Herod, iii. 59 nairptovs txovatwv 
 
 2 Arist. ap. Plut. Thes. 16. ras Trpc^pas. 
 
 3 Herod, v. 77 rCiv \tirpwv TTJV 8e/ca- 8 So in Rome, the column of 
 ri)v. Duilius, the Rostra, etc. 
 
 4 Xen. Hell. iii. 3. 31, iv. 3. 21 ; cp. 9 Plut. Pericles 13. 
 Dem. Timocr. 741 diroffrepw ras dird 10 Paus. vi. 19. 7. 
 
104 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 taken from the dead bodies of their foes. The spoils are 
 generally assigned to the battle of Himera, B.C. 480; but we 
 shall see cause to think that they really belong to an un- 
 known victory of much earlier date 1 . A more interesting relic, 
 from the battle of Cumae in 474, when Hiero defeated the 
 Tyrrhenians and his victory was sung by Pindar himself 2 , was 
 found at Olympia. It is a bronze helmet, much battered, 
 and inscribed in what appears to be a rude attempt at verse *. 
 Two other articles of the same batch of spoils have been found, 
 the remains doubtless of a larger sending. 
 
 In the early years of the fifth century an obscure war 
 between the Phocians and the Thessalians seems to have given 
 cause for votive offerings on both sides. The Phocians we 
 know to have been victorious in one affair, when Tellias of Elis 
 whitewashed six hundred men, who so struck terror into their 
 adversaries that they slew no less than four thousand 4 . For 
 their victory the Phocians sent half the captured shields to 
 Delphi and half to Abae. The effect of the stratagem, though 
 it was intended merely to help recognition, reminds us of Lord 
 Dundonald, when in command of a crazy cockboat he kept the 
 whole Biscay coast on a flutter. He once blacked the faces of 
 his whole crew, including doctor and supernumeraries, and 
 launched upon the deck of a Spanish ship of war every man who 
 had legs to walk ; before the enemy discovered that these yelling 
 monsters were not devils, the Englishmen had won the ship. 
 
 When we come to the Persian Wars, there is some confusion 
 in the accounts of thank-offerings on the Greek side, because 
 Marathon came later to overshadow all other victories in the 
 popular imagination. Whether because this victory was won 
 without any outside help save the Plataeans, or for whatever 
 reason, votive offerings were attracted to it as jokes to Sydney 
 Smith, or Psalms to King David 5 . There are a number of 
 bronze weapons in the Acropolis Museum at Athens, which 
 
 1 See below, p. 123. 250. 
 
 2 Find. Pyth. i. 137 and Scholiast. 4 Herod, viii. 27. 
 
 3 GIG 16, IGA 510, etc. 'Idpur 6 6 See on this subject the judicious 
 Aeico/^veos ical rol ~Lvpa.K(xnoi TUI Ai remarks of Brunn, Gesch. der gr. 
 
 ' da-6 KtVaj. Cat. Br. Mus. Br. Kilnstler, i. 162; and Paus. i. 14. 5. 
 
WAR. 105 
 
 must be earlier than 480, and may well have come from 
 Marathon ; but there is nothing to prove it 1 . Amongst them 
 are helmets, one inscribed to Athena 2 ; shields, but not all 
 these have had to do with war 3 ; heads and butts of lances, 
 some inscribed with Athena's name 4 ; and swords 5 . Plutarch 
 records 6 that one Lycomedes, who captured the first prize at 
 Artemisium, dedicated the ensign or figurehead of this ship to 
 Apollo Daphnephoros at Athens. After Salamis, the Greeks 
 in general dedicated amongst other things three Phoenician 
 triremes : one at the Isthmus, which Herodotus saw ; one at 
 Sunium ; and one to Ajax at Salamis 7 . The Athenians con- 
 secrated in the Erechtheum Masistius' golden cuirass and the 
 sword of Mardonius 8 . In 447 Tolmides led a rash expedition 
 into Boeotia to quell a rising of exiles, and was slain : the 
 Thebans afterwards erected a trophy on Mount Helicon to 
 Athena Itonia 9 . 
 
 All these may be regarded as public offerings; but there 
 are not wanting private ones from the same period. Themis- 
 tocles, we learn, sent a part of his own spoils to Delphi; but 
 the Pythia told him to take them home again. It is hard to 
 say why Apollo, after accepting so many treasures of the vile 
 barbarians, should boggle at this; unless the sender found 
 means himself to procure the answer. The explanation sug- 
 gested by Pausanias, that the god knew Themistocles would 
 end his days in Persia, and did not wish to make the Persian 
 king hate him, does credit to someone's ingenuity. Perhaps 
 
 1 De Bidder, Catalogue des Bronzes 3 Cat. 263 mentions several frag- 
 trouves sur I'Acropole d'Athenes. The ments of large shields. For the 
 letter M seen on some of them is not baker-woman's shield, which belonged 
 at all likely to be the first letter of the to a statuette of Athena, see above, 
 Median name, as some have imagined p. 90. 
 
 (JHS xiii. 53); it is doubtless, like 4 Cat. 266 ft., 282 'AOtivaiai, 287 
 
 other letters of the alphabet, placed 'A6r)vatas. 
 
 there as the ticket of a shelf or division. 6 Cat. 316 ff. 
 
 No. 307 in de Ridder has M, with 'AOij- e Plut. Themistocles 15 TO. irapda'rjfj.a 
 
 vala.3 beneath; 308 and 309 have A. irepiKtya.*; cp. Herod, viii. 11. 
 
 For other examples of letters so used 7 Herod, viii. 121. 
 
 see 283, 284, 289, 290. Compare 8 Herod, ix. 2024; Pans. i. 27. 1. 
 
 chapter xin. 9 Paus. i. 27. 4 ; Plut. Agesilaus 19 ; 
 
 2 Cat. 252 'AOrjvalai. Thuc. i. 103, 108, 113. 
 
106 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 it was an afterthought of the oracle 1 . An Athenian Callias 
 also sent thither a horse, which he had taken in the Persian 
 Wars 2 . Sailors dedicate prize arms to Leto s . 
 
 After the Euryrnedon (469), the southern wall of the Acro- 
 polis of Athens was built with .the proceeds of the spoils 4 ; 
 and Cimon, we are told, adorned this wall with " the spoils of 
 Mycale and the rebellious islands 8 ." The Athenians sent also 
 a tithe of these to Delphi 6 . 
 
 Other dedications of arms are of less certain date. At 
 Dodona 7 a bronze tablet was found, bearing a legend which 
 declares it to belong to Peloponnesian spoils. The shapes of 
 the letters suggest that it dates from the middle of the fifth 
 century ; it has consequently been assigned to the great sea- 
 fight off Aegina in 460, where the Corinthians, Epidaurians, 
 and Aeginetans were defeated 8 . The arms named on the much- 
 talked-of Colonnade of the Athenians at Delphi may have 
 come from the same battle 9 . After the sack of Thurii, the 
 Tarentines appear to have sent captured arms to Olympia. 
 There three spearheads were found, inscribed as spoils from 
 Thurii 10 . Arms taken from the Spartans by the Methoneans, 
 and found in the same place, are ascribed by Ziemann 11 to the 
 period 440 420. 
 
 1 Paus. x. 14. 5, 6, who gives the dnQorepais x e P% xparet iroX^ov. I take 
 words of the oracle. yaly M^Swi/ for Ktiirpy MiJSouj from 
 
 2 Paus. x. 18. 1. Aristides iii. p. 260. 
 
 3 Simonides 134 (Bergk) ; Plutarch, 7 Carapanos, Dodone et ses mines, 
 De Herod. Mai. 39; Anth. Pal. vi. 215. p. 47, pi. xxvi. 2; IGA 5 'A^atoi 
 
 4 Plut. Cimon 13 ; see Frazer on dtrb IleXoirovvriffiuv vav/j.axiai vucfiffavres 
 Paus. i. 28. 3. dW9rav. Phormio's victories, which 
 
 6 Plut. Cimon 2. have been suggested (BCH v. 18), are 
 
 6 Diod. xi. 62 6 5 5-^/uos TUV' A.9r)va.i<i>v, too late for the script. 
 
 SfKdrijv e|\(Syoievos (K ruv \a<pvpuv, dvi- 8 Thuc. i. 105 ; JHS i. 107. A list 
 
 6i)Ke T$ 0e<> Ka ' TV" fir<-ypa.<t>r)t> tiri rb of the fallen is given in CIA i. 433. 
 
 KaraffKevao-fftv dvd6r]/j.a fir^ypatf/f rfySf 9 IGA 3 a, p. 169. See below, p. 
 
 t oC 7' Evpunrrjv 'A<rias S<-X a TTOVTOS 107 1 . 
 
 frfifj-e, Kai 7r6Xioj dinqrCiv Oovpos "Aprjs 10 IGA 548 <ricv\a. dir6 Qovpluv Tapav- 
 
 iir^\fi, ovStv TTW TOIOVTOV ^vix^ovldiv Tivoi dv^6riKav Ad '0\vftirl(ai. 
 
 7^er' dvdpuv tpyov iv rjirfipif) Kal /card Cp. also Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 321. 
 
 irbvTov a/Mi. oi'5e yap iv yairi MiySwi' 163 ; Collitz UL 4615. See Strabo vi. 
 
 TroXXoiis 6\tffavTfs, $>oivlKuv ^Ka.rbv vaus 264. 
 
 i\ov iv irtXayti, dvSpwv TrXyOovvat, n Op. ct(., p. 19. 
 
 /J^ya $' (ffrevtv 'A<ris irr' avruv 
 
WAR. 107 
 
 Phormio, after his brilliant victories in the Gulf of Corinth 
 (429), seems to have dedicated a quantity of arms at Delphi 1 , 
 and the Peloponnesians on their part offered a prize-ship in 
 Poseidon's temple at Rhium not far from the battle-scene 8 . 
 The signal success of Demosthenes over the Ambraciots in 426 
 secured an immense booty. The general's own share of the 
 spoils was no fewer than three hundred panoplies, which were 
 dedicated in the Athenian temples 3 . The shields of the 
 Spartans captured at Sphacteria (425) were hung in the Painted 
 Colonnade 4 . By their side were afterwards hung the shields 
 of the Scionaeans 5 , when their revolt had been quelled in 423. 
 When the Syracusans in 413 annihilated the Athenian army, 
 they must have followed the usual custom ; for in Plutarch's 
 day we learn that a shield magnificently adorned was still 
 shown in one of the Syracusan temples as that of Nicias 6 . 
 
 Passing on to the fourth century, we first meet with a 
 memorial of Iphicrates, who in 392 did a brilliant feat of arms 
 by annihilating a Spartan regiment. It is natural to assign to 
 this victory a gilt shield which he dedicated on the Acropolis 7 . 
 After Leuctra (371), the Thebans hung up the Spartan shields 
 which they had taken in the temple of Demeter at Thebes 8 . 
 Timoleon's victory of the Crimesus (343) may have been com- 
 memorated by the offering of a two-horse car, if an inscription 
 of the fourth century (which is sadly mutilated) be rightly 
 restored 9 . We know there were war- wagons in the Carthaginian 
 host, and that the victor dedicated the best of the spoils 10 . 
 Be that how it might, there is record of a trophy set up by 
 
 1 Paus. x. 11. 6. His mistake in 6 Plut. Nicias 28. He did not see it 
 attributing to him the Colonnade of himself. 
 
 the Athenians may be due to the 7 do-iris tirixpvaos T\V 'ItpiKparys <W- 
 
 fact that these arms were placed OTJKCV : CIA ii. 733 14 , restored with the 
 
 there. aid of 735. 
 
 2 Thuc. ii. 92. 5. For the temple 8 Paus. ix. 16. 3. 
 
 see Strabo, p. 335. 9 AM xx. 483. The words M 
 
 3 Thuc. iii. 114. KapxySoviuv, rCa 'Air6\\wvi, and fcuyos 
 
 4 Paus. i. 15. 4 ; Arist. Knights ZffraOi are certain ; but nothing re- 
 849. mains of the name, restored as Timo- 
 
 8 Thuc. iv. 120, v. 32 ; Paus. i. leon, save the last two letters. 
 
 15. 4. 10 Plut. Timoleon 27. 
 
108 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Mamercus tyrant of Catana, who making common cause with 
 Carthage slew a body of Timoleon's mercenaries. He dedicated 
 their shields, and proud of his poetic skill, himself composed 
 the following epigram, worthy of the latter-day music halls': 
 
 ica 
 a<T7ri8a<? acrTTtStot? 
 
 Alexander the Great, after the battle of the Granicus (334), 
 sent to Athens three hundred suits of Persian mail ; some of 
 the shields were hung on the architrave of the Parthenon-. 
 When he defeated Porus (326), he sent the royal elephant to 
 the Temple of the Sun at Taxila 3 . It is doubtless a mere 
 accident that we hear of no other spoils offered by this magni- 
 ficent person, who was Greek of the Greeks in his religious 
 practices, and spread Grecian customs over half Asia. 
 
 Greece now comes in contact with east and west, yet the 
 practice of dedicating spoils continues. Shields of the Gaulish 
 barbarians, after their repulse in 280, were dedicated at Delphi 4 . 
 Pyrrhus, after his return from Rome, defeated Antigonus at 
 the head of a mixt force of Gauls and Macedonians (274). The 
 arms of the Gauls he offered to Athena Itonia at her temple 
 between Pherae and Larissa; the Macedonian arms he sent 
 to Dodona 5 . Some of the arms found at Dodona by M. Cara- 
 panos, and now in his private museum at Athens, may have 
 been part of this offering. Pyrrhus also made a dedication 
 to Zeus of the Waters at Dodona, for some victory gained over 
 the Romans 6 . In 272 Pyrrhus was killed in the streets of 
 Argos ; and his shield was hung up in the temple of Demeter 
 there 7 . Demetrius Poliorcetes also sent shields to Delphi 8 . 
 
 Foreign potentates followed the same fashion. The long 
 
 1 Plut. Timoleon 31. Anth. Pal. vi. 130. It should be noted 
 
 2 Plut. Alexander 16; Arrian, Hist. that Athena Itonia was invoked by the 
 An. i. 16. 7: 'AXe^avSpos &i\iinrov icai Thessalians in this battle, Paus. x. 1. 
 oi "EXX^vej ir\T)v AaKtSaifiovluv &irb ruv 10. 
 
 f$appdpui> ruv TTJV 'Affiav KO.TOIKOVVTUV. 8 Ndt'os : the inscr. in Hicks, Greek 
 
 3 Philostratus, Vit. Apollon. ii. 12. Historical Inscriptions, 162 ; Collitz ii. 
 
 4 Pans. x. 19. 4. 1368. 
 
 5 Paus. i. 13. 2, where the inscrip- 7 Paus. ii. 21. 4. 
 tions are given ; Plut. Pyrrhus 26 ; 8 Plut. Demetrim 13. 
 
WAR. 109 
 
 struggle between kings of Pergamus and the Gauls seems 
 to have been specially commemorated by Attalus II in his 
 own name and his predecessors' ; and in the splendid memorial 
 pile built for this purpose, the Gallic spoils were displayed 1 . 
 No tribe so obscure that it did not follow this custom 2 . So 
 Mummius, after the custom which also prevailed in his own 
 country, but himself the first Roman to dedicate war-spoils 
 in a Grecian temple, sent to Olympia a number of the shields 
 captured at Corinth (146) 3 . 
 
 The ancient caves of Crete contained, as I have said, arms 
 of offence and defensive armour 4 . In the great sanctuaries 
 of Delphi, Olympia, and Dodona, at Athens, and elsewhere 
 weapons of war have been amongst the finds. At Olympia 
 a large number of bronze shields were found, most of them 
 entire 5 . Sometimes it is possible, as in the case of Hiero's 
 helmet, to identify them ; more often they are without in- 
 scriptions, or if inscribed, give no clue to the dedicator. We 
 have, for example, inscribed spear-heads from Olympia 6 , and one 
 from the Peloponnese bearing what is clearly a private dedi- 
 cation 7 . Spear-heads and lance-butts from the Acropolis of 
 Athens have been mentioned already 8 ; in the same place 
 were found bronze arrow-heads, though none inscribed 9 . At 
 Athens were also found swords, knives, an axe-head, and 
 helmets 10 ; at Olympia shields, greaves and corselets, the last 
 engraved with scenes in the geometric style 11 . A helmet once 
 actually used in war, and dedicated by the Argives, is now in 
 the British Museum 12 ; another very old helmet, found in the 
 Alpheus, is inscribed of Zeus 13 . Yet another, found in South 
 
 1 Paus. i. 4. 6. See below for the cp. IGS 2735. 
 
 other offerings, p. 122, 132. 8 Cat. Bronzes 282, 287, 298, 307. 
 
 2 Paus. vi. 19. 4, the Myanians. So Thucydides speaks of ffKv\a ~M.rjdiKa on 
 the Arvernians hang a captured sword the Acropolis, ii. 13. 
 
 in a temple : Plut. Caes. 26. 9 Cat. 310. 
 
 3 Paus. v. 10. 5. 10 Cat. 310, 336, 319, 252. 
 
 4 Above, p. 101. n Bronzen von 01. Iviii Ix. 
 
 5 Bronzen von Ol. p. 6. 12 rdpyeToi dvWev, JHS ii. 67. 
 
 6 IGA 565 'OXwirfou At6s ; shield 33 13 JHS ii. 68, plate xi. ; IGA 123 
 rdpyeloi dWOtv. Z?;v6j '0\vviriov. 
 
 7 IGA 564 0e65wpos dvtOrjxe curiX; 
 
110 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Italy, is dedicated to Persephone 1 . Shields, bow, and quiver 
 appear in the Delian treasure-lists ; but it is doubtful whether 
 the bow and quiver were not models in the precious metals 2 . 
 In Delos was also a Heracleote bow and quiver, inlaid with 
 gold*, an iron spear 4 , helmets, one being silvered, cavalry 
 swords and sheaths, an e^ivrj a-rpaTioDTiKr) (be that what it 
 may)*, a ship's beak and anchors 6 . A spear-head was found 
 at Acraephia (Boeotia) dedicated to Apollo 7 . Iron lance- 
 heads have been found at Orchomenus 8 , and there was a 
 Sarmatian corselet in the Asclepieum at Athens 9 . A cuirass, 
 said to have come from Epidaurus, is inscribed to Zeus Cronion 10 . 
 To the same class we must assign a marble base found at Delos, 
 which once bore a four-horse chariot dedicated to Apollo "from 
 the spoils 11 ." Perhaps the tithe offered to Athena at Megara 
 by a company of persons, whose names have been lost, was a 
 private dedication 12 . 
 
 Scanning the Athenian lists 18 we see in the Hecatompedos 
 shields 14 , missiles of many kinds 15 , spears 16 , breast-plates 17 , 
 helmets 18 , swords and cavalry sabres 19 , greaves 20 , horse-trap- 
 pings 21 , and a panoply". A spear-stump occurs in the frag- 
 mentary Eleusinian list 23 . It is not certain that all were votive, 
 although most were so. 
 
 1 IGA 538 Hr)pi<pt>va.i clvflh]K<? pe with. 
 Seva-y^ras- " BCH iii. 471 neiffiffrparos 'Apiffro- 
 
 - BCH ii. 325 TOOV a-KvOinbv KO.1 X6%ou 'P65ios vavapx^ffa-^ icai rol avcrrpa- 
 
 <f>ap^rpo.v : Ovptbv TreiK6v (long round Tev6fjLfvoi aird TUV \atf>i'ipui> 'Air6\\ui>i. 
 shield) ; another is said to be gilt, and 12 IGS i. 37 rot'5' diri> XaCas rav 3e/cd- 
 
 was therefore no doubt a real shield. rav dv46r]Kav 'AOdvat, archaic. 
 
 8 BCH vi. 32 (paptrpa 'UpaK\euriKTi 13 CIA i. 117175. 
 
 4 BCH vi. 47, line 171: S6pv aidy- 15 /3Aoj, /3<?\7; Kar(nra.\Tuv, /3eXa5v 
 
 pOVV. Toi-lKUV OKiOej. 
 
 8 BCH vi. p. 130 KOWOS, TTfpiKetf>a\ala 16 d6pv, dopdnov. 
 
 ffiSripd VfpiT)pyvp<t}p.tvri, /udxatpa iiririK^, 17 Oupai-. 
 
 K0\ebv fiaxaipa^ iTrtriKTJs, dxpoffrbXiov. 18 Kpdvos, icpdvos w/xo/SoiVix, KpaviSiov, 
 
 6 BCH vi. p. 47 vews tufioXov. KVVT). 
 
 7 IGS i. 2735 ru Uruieios iapbv. 19 /tdxenpo, ft. liririK^, i0o/xdxat/>a. 
 
 8 BCH xix. 208. K^S. 
 
 9 1'aus. i. 21. 5. 21 KtKpti<f>a\o! iiTTi/c6j. 
 
 10 RM iv. 71 dviOtiKf Al 'K.povluvi. 22 vavowXla. 
 
 (early 5th cent.). This is the only CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 225/, 225 b ffTvpd- 
 
 dedication to Zeus Cronion I have met KLOV S6paros. 
 
WAR. Ill 
 
 Thus we have a continuous tradition of the dedication of 
 foemen's arms from the heroic age down to the loss of Greek 
 independence ; and it would be easy to trace it further. Less 
 commonly heard of is another custom, by which the victor 
 dedicates the arms which helped him to win the victory: or 
 the old warrior no longer fit for the fight, his outworn weapons 
 of war. The thought seems to us so natural, and is indeed 
 so frequently exemplified in later days, that we are surprised 
 at first in meeting with so little evidence before the days of 
 Alexander the Great. Perhaps rightly considered it involves 
 a self-consciousness not suited to earlier and more simple times. 
 Simonides gave it the noblest expression, and he could hardly 
 have been drawing on his imagination when he wrote 1 
 
 ro^a raSe TrroXe/zoto Trevrau/xe^a Satcpvoevros 
 
 7ro\\aKi 8/7 aTovoevra Kara K\OVOV ev Sal' 
 Tlepcrwv i7nrop,d-%<t>v aip,art, \ovad/j,eva. 
 
 Meleager elaborated the same thought from another side, in 
 the lines 2 
 
 Ti? rdSe fjuoi 6vr)TU>v rd Trepl 6pi<yKol<riv 
 
 aKV\a, Travaia'xia-T'rjv reptyiv ' 
 OVTG yap alyaveai Treptayees ovre TI 
 
 a\Ao<o9 ovre <f>6va) ^pavOev aprfpe 
 aXX' atmo? <yavowvra icai d0TV(pe\iKTa 
 
 old Trep OVK evoTras, aXXa ^opatv evapa. 
 049 6d\.afMov Kocr/jLeire yaaij\iov' ovrXa Se \vdpq> 
 
 But there are indications that the custom was not unknown 
 in very early times. I say nothing of the weapons of Homeric 
 heroes, for they were no doubt spurious, and in any case the 
 dedicator generally remains unknown 3 . But Aristomenes the 
 Messenian, who had lost his shield in the victory he gained 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 2. 3 See below, chapter x. 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 163. 
 
112 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 single-handed over a Spartan regiment, on recovering it 
 dedicated it to Trophonius at Lebadea 1 . Simonides celebrates 
 a spear grown old in warfare 2 ; and Anyte, if we may venture 
 to suppose this fine poetess to belong to an earlier age than 
 the third century, may also be brought in evidence 8 . The 
 story of Cimon and the bridle, already related 4 , points in 
 the same direction. Herodotus mentions that King Nekos, 
 after taking Cadytis, dedicated to Apollo at Branchidae the 
 costume he wore on that occasion". There is a spear-head 
 from Sicyon, with the inscription ZeKvwvlwv upon it in very 
 ancient letters, which if dedicated must belong to this class 8 . 
 But these few examples exhaust the list of those recorded before 
 the fourth century. 
 
 From the fourth century come a few more. The shield of 
 Asopichus, a friend of Epameinondas, who did brave deeds, was 
 dedicated in Delphi, but by whom does not appear 7 . Alexander 
 the Great seems to have been struck by the idea, and on visit- 
 ing Troy he left his armour there in the temple, taking thence 
 in exchange some which was reputed to have belonged to 
 heroes of the great siege 8 ; a sacred shield was afterwards 
 carried before him when he went to battle 8 . If we may draw 
 an inference from this, and from the cuirass and spear which he 
 dedicated to Asclepius in the Arcadian Gortys, he may have 
 shed his arms frequently as he marched along his conquering 
 way 10 . His example was followed by his namesake the son 
 
 1 Paus. iv. 16. 7. This partakes also ~ Theopompus ap. Ath. xiii. 605 A 
 
 of the class of spoils. Oavnaffrus avrbv KtvSvvtvw a.va.KfiffOa.1 
 
 - Anth. Pal. vi. 52. 8 rrjv avirida. TOLVT^V iv AX<os iv ry 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 123. <TTO. The word avaKfurOat is so loosely 
 
 4 Plut. Cimon 5 ; above, p. 70. used in this age that it may mean 
 
 5 Herod, ii. 159 iadfc. Cp. Paus. i. nothing more than preservation as a 
 21. 7 " linen corselets may be seen curiosity. 
 
 dedicated in various sanctuaries, par- 8 Arrian, Anab. Alex. i. 11. 
 
 ticularly at Gryneum (to Apollo)." 9 16. ii. 9. 
 
 They are worn by Homeric heroes 10 Paus. viii. 28. 1. The epigram 
 
 (II. ii. 529), by Persians (Xen. Cyrop. Anth. P. vi.97 professes to be inspired 
 
 vi. 4. 2), and are mentioned in the by an inscribed spear dedicated by 
 
 armoury of Alcaeus (frag. 15). See Alexander somewhere to Artemis, 
 
 Frazer on Paus. I.e. which he vowed in the fight, and 128 
 
 6 IGA 27 a, p. 171. has a shield under the same name. 
 
WAR. 113 
 
 of Polyperchron, whose panoply is attested by an inscription 1 
 to have been once on the Acropolis of Athens. A barbarian, 
 probably in the fourth century, dedicated his helmet at Olym- 
 pia 2 . On the same principle, the shield of Leocritus, who was 
 the first to leap into the Museum at Athens, and fell gloriously, 
 when Olympiodorus drove out thence the Macedonian garrison 
 in 288, was inscribed with his name and deed and dedicated to 
 Zeus Eleutherios 3 . So also Cydias the Athenian, who distin- 
 guisht himself in the repulse of the Gauls from Delphi (280), 
 was honoured in like manner 4 . Lastly, in the Roman age, 
 Flamininus, after his defeat of Philip in 197, sent his own shield 
 inscribed to Delphi 5 . So another Roman, perhaps one who 
 fought against Mithradates, dedicated his shield "to the gods" 
 at Syme 6 . An impious offering was that of Alexander tyrant 
 of Pherae, who dedicated the spear which he used to murder 
 his own uncle Polyphron, about the year 370 7 . He was wont 
 in fact to wreathe it about with garlands, and to worship it 
 as a god. 
 
 In the Anthology we meet with the principle of dedicating 
 tools which were to be used no longer, under many forms ; but 
 examples of weapons are not many. In a daring epigram 
 Mnasalcas (about 200 B.C.) imitates his master Simonides, and 
 just overshoots the sublime 8 : 
 
 aol fjiev Kdfjiirv\a ro^a teal lo^eaipa fyaperpa, 
 Swpa Trapd Upof^d^ov, <&ol/3, rdSe Kpe/j,arai' 
 
 lov<s Se Trre/Joei/Ta? ova K\OVOV avSpes e%ovcriv 
 ev tcpaSiais, 6\od geivia 
 
 Paulus Silentiarius makes his Lysimachus dedicate shield, 
 
 1 CIA ii. 723 ira^oir\a rfjv 'AX^- Malory, Morte 14. 
 avdpos 6 IIoXvjr^pxovTOS dv^Orjicev. 6 IG I iii. 7. 
 
 2 Inschr. von Ol. 695 Ftpat> I>d- 7 Plut. Pelopidas 29. 
 
 /3&WOS 1 F^fai'T6s eipu. 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 9. Compare 91. 
 
 3 Pans. i. 26. 2. This very epigram is imitated and 
 
 4 Paus. x. 21. 5. overshot in another, no. 326, which is 
 s Plut. Flamin. 12 (Dioscuri). King mere bathos. 
 
 Arthur dedicates his sword in a church : 
 
 R. 8 
 
114 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 spear, and cuirass to Ares, when he is too old to fight more 1 ; 
 and his Nicagoras dedicates the battered remnants of a shield 
 to Zeus*. Echecratidas the Cretan, in an epigram of Anyte 
 which has all her simple strength, dedicates his spear to 
 Athena 8 ; Timanor to Pallas the shield which has protected him 
 in many battles 4 . The very war-trumpets come in for their 
 turn*. A whole armoury is offered in two other epigrams, one 
 of which is of a degraded style, a vulgar slang, giving only 
 single syllables for whole words 8 . The votive epigram here 
 becomes the means of breaking a paltry jest. But the lowest 
 level is reached in that which celebrates the lover's triumph 
 over Sochares the Cynic, whom he had captivated, and now 
 dedicates over the lintel his staff, slippers and flask, and his 
 wallet stuft full of wisdom 7 . 
 
 Occasionally an offering was specially made in a shape 
 which had direct reference to the spoils of war. Gilded shields 
 have been mentioned already; but sometimes shields were 
 made all of silver or gold, and hung up to adorn the temples. 
 There were golden shields hung on the architrave of the 
 Delphic temple, which Pausanias assigns to Marathon 8 , but if 
 Aeschines 9 be right in telling us that they were inscribed as 
 spoils of the Medes and Thebans together, they must belong to 
 Plataea. In 457 the Lacedaemonians defeated the Athenians 
 at Tauagra, and in memory of the fight they sent a golden 
 shield to Olympia, where it was hung on the gable just under 
 the statue of Victory 10 . Flamininus sent silver targets to 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 81. rots E\\i)<riv efiaxovro ; see Brunn, 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 84. Geschichte der griechischen Kiinstler, 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 123, cp. 122. 163. 
 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 124, cp. 141, 264. 10 Pans. v. 10. 4 xa6j fjiev <f>id\av XP*>- 
 
 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 159 o-dXiri-yf : cp. tr^av ?x et . ^K ^ Tavdypas rd Aa/ce5ai- 
 151, 195, ai)\6j. fj.6vi.oi. ffvnfj.a\ia T' avtOtv 5&pov CLTT' 
 
 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 85, 86. In the for- 'Apydwv Kal 'AOrivalwv Kal 'luvwv, ray 
 mer we have rbv 6(a, Kal raj KVTJ, rdv T' dfKdrav vitas eiW/fa TW TroX^/xw. The 
 dffTr/Sa, Kal 56pv, xal Kpa. shield stood on a block, which was fixt 
 
 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 293, cp. 298. on the top of the gable. Three bits 
 
 8 Paus. x. 19. 5. of it have been found, bearing parts of 
 
 9 Aesch. Ctes. 409 ras xP vff affirl- each line : Olympia, Ergebnisse, Die 
 dasdt>t9fnti>...Kaliirfypd\l/atJ.fi>,'A<)7}vaioi Inschriften, no. 253. They agree with 
 da-6 M^duv Kal Qrj^aiuv, 6re rdvavrla. Pausanias, except in giving TOV instead 
 
WAR. 115 
 
 Delphi 1 . A marble model of a shield was dedicated by a 
 general in Cos 2 ; others in Camirus 3 . 
 
 On the same principle a four-horse chariot of bronze was 
 made about the years 509 505. The Athenians had defeated 
 a Boeotian force, an.d on the same day crossed over to Chalcis 
 and gained a second victory. Several hundreds of prisoners were 
 taken, and kept in chains ; but these being afterwards ransomed, 
 their chains were hung up on the Acropolis, and a tithe of the 
 ransom money was used in preparing the chariot, whose base 
 has been found on the spot. There remain a few fragments of 
 the original inscription, which Herodotus (who tells the story) 
 preserves complete 4 . Perhaps the chariot mentioned above 5 
 was also made, like this, for the purpose of dedicating. 
 
 Another offering of the same class is a group of horses and 
 captive women, made by Ageladas in bronze, which was sent 
 to Olympia by the Tarentines, as victors over the Messapians in 
 a border war (473) 6 . Pausanias mentions " another tithe of the 
 Tarentines, from the spoils of the barbarous Peucetians," sent to 
 Delphi: being images of footmen and horsemen by Onatas, 
 amongst them Opis king of the lapygians who fought for the 
 barbaric foe 7 . Some time before the beginning of the Pelopon- 
 nesian War, the Athenian Knights won a victory which was 
 commemorated by the statue of a horse, set up on the Acropolis. 
 Their leaders were Lacedaemonius son of Cimon, who was 
 
 of the Doric TU>. Pausanias speaks as first and third lines are transposed : 
 though the inscr. were on the shield, CIA i. 334, iv. 1, p. 78, 334 a. Doubt- 
 as such often were; and perhaps the less the monument was destroyed by 
 stone has a later copy made for some Xerxes and afterwards restored with 
 reason. this change. This explanation is pre- 
 
 1 Plut. Flamininus 12. ferable to that of Hicks, Or. Hist. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 3655 ffTparayriffas Gtois Inscr. 27, who supposes the money 
 = Paton and Hicks, Inscr. of Cos, 66, voted for the dedication to have been 
 67. first employed by Pericles about 445. 
 
 3 IGI i. 7013. 5 Page 107. 
 
 4 Herod, v. 77 tdvea. BOMTWV KO.I e Paus. x. 10. 3. An inscription 
 XaXKiS^ow' da/idcravres Trcudes 'Adrivaiuv SeKdrav has been found on a support- 
 tpy/j.a<TLi> fi> TTO\{/J.OV, Se<r/j.wi ev dx^v6evri ing wall close to the spot where 
 <ri5i]ptwi Zffj3e<ra.v vfipw r&v iWovs 3e- Pausanias saw it, which M. Homolle 
 Kdrrjv Ila\\ddi rdffd' Z6e<rcu>. Paus. i. conjectures to have belonged to the 
 28. 2. The inscr. seems to have been Tarentine trophy : BCH xviii. 187. 
 re-cut in the Periclean age, and the 7 Paus. x. 13. 10. 
 
 o o 
 
 o 4 
 
116 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 killed at Potidaea in 429, Xenophon, and another 1 . It is not 
 likely that the statues of men-at-arms, which are found in 
 shrines, were meant for captives. 
 
 It is usually said that mock arms were sometimes made for 
 soldiers to dedicate, but I have not found early evidence in 
 support of this 8 . There was a thin shield found at Olympia, 
 which the Argives dedicated, useless as it stands; but it may 
 have been merely a bronze casing for a substantial frame 3 . 
 The same must be said of the bronze casings from the Idaean 
 Cave 4 . A terra-cotta lance-head in Olympia, if it really be 
 meant for a lance-head, is unique 5 .- Miniature models in 
 the precious metals are not unknown. Lysander sent to 
 Delphi a trireme of gold and silver, which Cyrus had given 
 him in honour of Aegospotami 6 , and there was another 
 such at Delos 7 . Silver shields are known at Athens and 
 Delos 8 . Some of these shields were buttons or ornaments 9 , 
 but it is impossible to say that none were dedicated by 
 soldiers. There have also been found at Olympia knives, axes, 
 helmets, and shields 10 , and at Delos lance-heads and arrow- 
 heads 11 , shields, cuirasses, and axes in Crete and Lusi 1 *, small 
 and of thin foil, which have no use and appear to have had no 
 value. These are usually explained as soldiers' offerings, but as 
 such they would be very mean. It is true that the Greeks 
 were familiar with the idea of dedicating a valueless model, 
 especially models of beasts 13 , but also models of tripods" : it is 
 therefore conceivable that a soldier might have dedicated such 
 trifles as these. On the other hand, he ought to have given 
 part of his spoil, if he won any ; and the things would have 
 no meaning as models of anything but spoil, his own arms 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1, p. 184, 418 h : oi Imfr 8 dffirlt if^vpo. ; see lists and BCH 
 
 iirtt TUV Tro\f/J.luv iifirap\oiJVTuv Aa/ce- iii. 125. 
 
 daifj.ovlov Sfo^wvToj Ilpov.... 9 cLffirlSiov, dffiriSiffKi) ; dcririSlffKcu M- 
 
 Pausanias says shields were hung \iva.i BCH vi. 32. 
 
 in a gymnasium 0fos tv e*o /cot OVK tk 10 Bronzen von 01. 520 27, 530, 1002 
 
 tpyov TTo\t(Mv, vi. 23. 7. 5, 1021. 
 
 3 IGA 33. " AZ \\ 333. 
 
 4 Above, p. 101. " Below, ch. MV.; Mus. Ital. ii. 712. 
 8 Bronzen von 01. 1041. " Chapters vm., xrv. 
 
 Plut. Lytander 18. 14 Below, p. 145, and chap. xrv. 
 i BCH vi. 
 
WAR. 117 
 
 for example. It is not likely that toys would be dedicated 
 at Olympia or Delos, and some of them, the axes at any rate, 
 are so old that they are not likely to have been toys ; for such 
 toys belong to a somewhat advanced stage of culture. I have 
 another explanation to offer of these anon 1 ; and am fain to 
 leave the question open. 
 
 Choice prize, not arms only, was commonly dedicated. 
 Sthenelus is said to have dedicated at Larissa a three-eyed 
 Zeus, taken by him at the sack of Troy 2 . Pausanias saw in 
 temples at Elis and Argos statues taken at the sack of Tiryns 3 . 
 Croesus sent to Apollo of Branchidae spoils taken from "an 
 enemy" who had plotted against him 4 . At Olympia stood 
 a group of suppliant boys, taken by the Agrigentines out of 
 the spoils of Motye, a " barbarian city " of Sicily 5 . Xerxes' 
 silver-footed throne was placed on the Acropolis of Athens after 
 Salamis 6 ; and the Tegeans dedicated to their Athena Alea 
 a bronze manger which they found in Mardonius' tent on the 
 Plataean battle-field 7 . Callias sent a horse to Olympia as 
 part of the spoil taken by himself in the Persian war 8 . After 
 the sack of Thebes, Alexander consecrated to Apollo at Cyme 
 a hanging lamp which Pliny describes 9 . The statue of the 
 jumper which Pausanias saw at Olympia was dedicated by the 
 Thracian Mende, at an unknown date, after the sack of Sipte, 
 as firstfruits of the spoils 10 . Whether the "statues" (dvSpi- 
 ai>T9) dedicated by the Liparians after conquering Tyrrhenian 
 pirates 11 were part of the spoil, or part of a group of victors 
 or vanquish t, does not appear; but we learn that they sent 
 many remarkable tithes to Delphi from their perennial feud 12 . 
 Perhaps the statue of Athena, sent to Delphi by the Achaeans 
 after the sack of Phana in Aetolia, was part of the spoils of 
 
 1 Below, chap. xiv. the Parthenon. 
 
 2 Paus. ii. 24. 3. 7 Herod, ix. 70 <f>drvr} 
 
 3 Paus. viii. 46. 3. Called aicpo6ii>ia., Herod, viii. 121. 
 
 4 Herod, i. 92. 8 Paus. x. 18. 1. 
 
 8 Paus. v. 25. 5, with Frazer's note. 9 Pliny, NH xxxiv. 8. 14. 
 
 6 Herod, ix. 2024, Paus. i. 27. 1, 10 Paus. v. 27. 12, inscribed. 
 
 Demosth. Timocr. 741 ; Harpocration u Paus. x. 11. 3. 
 t.v. 'Apyvpfaefa says it was kept in la Diodorus v. 9. 
 
118 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 war 1 . King Prusias II of Bithynia sent to Branchidae a 
 number of articles which he seems to have taken in his sack 
 of Pergamos (156) 3 . There is some reason to think that the 
 veil of the temple at Jerusalem was dedicated at Olympia 3 . 
 
 III. Other Commemorative Offerings. 
 
 It would be commonplace merely to dedicate to a god the 
 money gained by selling his share of the booty, although such 
 a gift doubtless had its charm for the recipients. Moreover 
 this left no memorial, and was therefore unsatisfactory from 
 the victor's point of view ; hence Agesilaus stands almost alone 
 in our records when he sends a hundred talents of gold to 
 Delphi as the tithe of his Asian spoils 4 . Others may have done 
 it, and the deed thought unworthy of record, especially if the 
 sum were small. Votive coins indeed meet us by thousands in 
 the treasure lists, but there is generally no clue to the occasion. 
 It is however worth while to point out, that some of the 
 magnificent Syracusan medallions bear on the exergue of the 
 reverse a trophy of arms 5 : these then may have been struck 
 out of military spoils, and in particular from the spoils of the 
 Athenian army in 413. If the view be right that the panoply 
 represents a prize in the games, yet these games were instituted 
 to commemorate victories, and these very prizes may have been 
 arms taken from the enemy. 
 
 But the tithe-proceeds usually went to procure some per- 
 manent offering. Sometimes the offering had value chiefly or 
 wholly for itself, as the sacred couches made out of captured 
 iron and bronze, and dedicated to Hera by the Lacedaemonians 
 who had destroyed Plataea 6 . Sometimes the value lay in 
 its meaning, as in the case of pictorial tablets. Usually there 
 is something of both, as there is in the dedication of captured 
 
 1 Paus. x. 18. 1. Evans, Syracusan Medallions, 8, 142, 
 
 2 CIG 2855 <j>iA\r}...fK TT/S diroara- etc. Victory crowns the charioteer 
 \tLffrjs aVopx^s virb /3a<n\^wi npovfftov. on earlier coins of the required date 
 Both he and his queen send other (p. 153) ; they are usually interpreted 
 articles. as being connected with races. 
 
 3 Frazer, Pausaniat, iii. p. 545. 8 Thuc. iii. 68. There is more of 
 
 4 Plut. Agesilaus 9. propitiation than thank-offering here. 
 
 5 Head, Historia Numorum, 154 ; 
 
WAR. 119 
 
 arms 1 . We shall take first those in which material value 
 predominates, the others second. 
 
 1. Buildings. When the tithe was large enough, or the 
 giver sufficiently grateful, a temple or shrine was often built ; 
 and a certain number of these buildings were ascribed by tradi- 
 tion to this origin. Thus Heracles, after conquering Hippocrates 
 and his sons, is said to have built a shrine to Athena Axiopoina 
 and Hera Aigophagos 2 ; after conquering Elis, another to Apollo 
 Pythian in Arcadia 3 ; and a third to Delphian Apollo, after 
 conquering Phylas and the Dryopes 4 . Theseus followed his 
 example after he had vanquisht Asterion, son of Minos, in 
 Crete, by dedicating a temple to Athena the Saviour 5 . Where 
 the Amazons ceased their forward march, near the town of 
 Pyrrhichus in Laconia, a temple was built to Artemis of the 
 War-host 6 . 
 
 Similar traditions, which may be true, but there is nothing 
 to prove it, come from the borderland between history and 
 fable. When the Dorians swarmed into the Peloponnese, they 
 commemorated a victory near Sparta over the Achaeans and 
 Amyclaeans by founding a temple to Zeus of the Rout 7 . 
 In historical times Solon built a temple to Ares after taking 
 Salamis 8 . We have also the temple of Artemis of Good Fame 
 at Athens, built from the spoils of the Medes 9 ; and the shrine 
 of Pan in the cave on the Acropolis. It will be remembered 
 that as Pheidippides the runner was sent to Sparta to appeal 
 for help against the invader, Pan is said to have appeared 
 in his path, upbraiding the Athenians for their neglect, in 
 spite of many good deeds done them in the past, and more 
 which he promised for the future. When the battle of 
 Marathon was won, the runner's tale was remembered ; and 
 "the shrine of Pan was founded beneath the Acropolis," where 
 the Athenians henceforth honoured him with yearly sacrifices 
 
 1 The victor's arms belong to the 6 Paus. iii. 25. 2 'Affrpdreia. 
 second class. 7 Paus. iii. 12. 9 rpbiraios. 
 
 2 Paus. iii. 15. 6, 9. 8 Plut. Solon 9. 
 
 3 Paus. viii. 15. 5. 9 Paus. i. 14. 5; Plut. Aristides 20; 
 
 4 Paus. iv. 34. 6. GIG 467. 
 8 Paus. ii. 31. 1. 
 
120 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 and a torch-race 1 . At Salamis, a serpent appeared among the 
 ships, and was interpreted to be the hero Cychreus; accordingly 
 after the battle the Athenians erected a shrine to Cychreus, and 
 a trophy of the battle, on that island 3 . Themistocles built 
 in Melite a shrine to Artemis of Good Counsel 3 , and one at 
 Peiraeus to Aphrodite 4 . The temple of Athena Areia at 
 Plataea was rebuilt and refurnisht with eighty talents, which 
 the Plataeans had received as the prize of valour at the battle 
 of 479 s . The Athenians erected a shrine by the Ilissus to 
 Boreas, because he blew with his wind, and tho ships of the 
 Persians were scattered 6 . We have also temples erected from 
 the spoils of the Carthaginians at Himera, to Demeter and the 
 Maid, two at Syracuse and one at Etna 7 . The great temple 
 and image of Zeus at Olympia are said by Pausanias 8 to have 
 been built from the spoils of Pisa, which was destroyed by Elis 
 in the sixth century ; but a variety of considerations 9 go to 
 fix the date of this temple between 480 and 457 : if, as seems 
 likely enough, war spoils did give the occasion and the means 
 for building it, they probably came from a later war, perhaps 
 that mentioned by Herodotus and Strabo 10 . The beautiful 
 temple of Wingless Victory on the Acropolis of Athens must 
 commemorate some feat of arms ; it cannot commemorate the 
 capture of Sphacteria (425) and the Peace of Nicias, since the 
 decree which directs the building of it goes to prove that the 
 temple is older than the Propylaea, and it must belong to some 
 earlier battle, Oenophyta for instance, or Oenoe 11 . 
 
 The tithe of spoils won by Xenophon's army of Greeks was 
 allotted to Apollo and Ephesian Artemis, each general taking 
 a portion of it into his charge. What Xenophon did with 
 
 1 Herod, vi. 105 iSpvaavro virb rjj This is unlikely; but see Frazer on 
 
 dKpoir6\i lloi^s Ip6v ; Paus. i. 28. 4, Pausanias i. 1. 3. 
 
 with Frazer's note. B Plut. Aristides 20. 
 
 1 Paus. i. 36. 1. 6 Herod, vii. 189. 
 
 5 Plut. Themistocles 22 d/xoTo/SotfXi;. 7 Diodorus xi. 36. 
 
 His own statue was in it. 8 Paus. v. 10. 1. 
 
 4 Schol. on Hermogenes (Walz, 9 Summarized by Frazer in his note 
 
 Rhttores Graeci, vi. 393), quoting on Pausanias v. 10. 2. 
 
 Ammonius. An inscr. of Roman date 10 Herod, iv. 148, Strabo viii. p. 355. 
 
 probably alludes to this shrine, but n Hiller von Gartringen, Arch. Am. 
 
 says it was dedicated before the battle. xiii. 124 ff., 'E<. 'Apx- 1897, 177. 
 
WAR. 
 
 121 
 
 Apollo's share he does not state ; it was not used for a temple 1 . 
 But the share of the goddess he took with him to Greece, and 
 at Scyllus bought with it a plot of ground upon which he built 
 a temple, which, to compare small with great, was as like as 
 possible to the Ephesian, with a grove about it, and there held 
 annual feasts 2 . 
 
 Conon, after defeating the Persian fleet at Cnidus (394), 
 dedicated a temple to Zeus the Saviour at Athens 3 , and one 
 to Aphrodite at Peiraeus beside the sea 4 . This was probably 
 Aphrodite of the Fair Voyage, under which title she was 
 worshipt at Cnidus. In some feud between Elis and 
 Arcadia, the Eleans founded a temple of Eileithyia and 
 Sosipolis at Olympia 5 , and in Elis a shrine to Sosipolis 
 alone 6 . For material magnificence probably no votive shrine 
 could vie with those which commemorated the victories of the 
 kings of Pergamus over the Gauls 7 . Eumenes II (197 159), 
 we learn from Strabo 8 , adorned the city and temples in many 
 ways, and offered up thank-offerings for his successes ; while 
 
 1 Xen. Anab. v. 3. 5 dvadr)fj.a iroi-rjffa- 
 fievos avariOtjffiv e/s rbv tv AeX0cus TUV 
 'AOrjvaiwv 6-rj(ravp6v. 
 
 2 Xen. Anab. v. 3. 11 Ivi 3 iv T$ iep$ 
 
 al a\ffi) 
 
 fiecrra, IKCLVO. Kal ffvs Kal alyas Kal /3ovs 
 rp<peiv Kal tirirovs, uffre Kal TO. TWV fs 
 T7)v eoprijv itivruv virotfryia evta^fiffOai. 
 vepl Se atirbv rbv vabv a\ffos ijfjifpuv 
 dtvdpwv t<pvTf>bOii ova tarl rpUKrd tiipaia. 
 6 5 vabs us /MKpbs fj.e-ya\(f) rip fv 'E^cry 
 elKavrai, Kal rb %bavov ZoiKfv ws Kvirapicr- 
 fftvov xP vff V t> VTl T V & 'E0^<r<fj. Kal 
 <rrri\ri i-ffTrjKe wapa rbv vabv ypdn/j.ara 
 fyovffa- 'lepbs 6 x&P o * T W 'AprtfjuSos. 
 Tbv ?x VTa Ka l Kapiro'Ufjifvov TTJV fdv 
 dfKarrjv KaraOijeiv eKatrrov Irous. e/e 6 
 TOV trepiTTOv rbv vabv f trier Kevafeiv. av 
 5t rtj ^177 TTOirj ravra rij Oe 
 
 A pious person of Ithaca, emulous of 
 Xenophon, dedicated a like precinct 
 in his native isle, with the same 
 inscription : IGS iii. 1. 654 (2nd cent. 
 after Christ). 
 
 3 Isocr. Euagr. 57. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 1. 3. A dedication to 
 'A<ppodirri Evir\oia has been found at 
 the Peiraeus, CIA ii. 1206 ; and there 
 was another temple of Aphrodite there, 
 founded by Themistocles (above, p. 
 98). Aphrodite appears as guardian 
 of seafarers in later times : see below, 
 eh. v. 
 
 8 Paus. vi. 20. 5. Sosipolis is a 
 title, like Soter, here personified ; it 
 is applied to Zeus in Magnesia : Strabo 
 xiv. p. 648. 
 
 6 Paus. vi. 25. 4. Purgold (Fest- 
 schrift fiir E. Curtiusz. 70. Geburtstag, 
 1884, Olympische Weihgeschenke) as- 
 signs others to this date, amongst 
 them the Hermes of Praxiteles, but 
 without cogent reasons. 
 
 7 See the records of the excavations ; 
 and Baumeister, Denkmaler, s.v. Per- 
 gamon, for references: Paus. i. 4. 6, 
 25. 2. 
 
 8 Strabo, p. 624. 
 
122 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Attalus II seems to have commemorated his predecessors' 
 victories as well as his own, according to the inscription dis- 
 covered on the spot 1 . The temple of Athena was rebuilt, and 
 a great altar was erected to Zeus; the temple was adorned by 
 trophies of arms carved upon it, and the altar with the battle of 
 gods and giants, a "heroic precedent." It remains to mention 
 that after Actium (31), the Mantineans, who fought on Octavius' 
 side, dedicated a temple to Aphrodite Symmachia 2 : this goddess 
 being no doubt chosen because of the legendary connexion 
 of Aeneas with Rome 3 . So, in modern times, after the repulse 
 of the Turks from Rhodes in 1480, d'Aubusson built a chapel 
 to Notre Dame de la Victoire, whose image is still in the Latin 
 chapel at Rhodes 4 . 
 
 A distinct class of votive buildings is formed by the 
 Treasuries and Colonnades, which were erected at great na- 
 tional shrines. The Treasuries are cell-like buildings, much 
 of a shape with temples but on a small scale, being a cella with 
 a foreroom, opening through a couple of pillars between antae. 
 The foundations of twelve have been found at Olympia 5 ; Pau- 
 sanias 6 mentions seven at Delphi, and there were besides five 
 others, making the same total ; at Delos again several are 
 known to have existed 7 . These buildings were used as show- 
 houses for the display of votive offerings. The first we can 
 assign to a victory in war is the Megarian Treasury at Olympia, 
 built with the spoils of some victory we cannot identify. Pau- 
 sanias 8 gives it an absurdly high date, but the evidence of the 
 remains is conclusive for the later part of the sixth century. 
 To the gable was afh'xt a shield, which bore an inscription 
 
 1 /3a<riXei>j*ATra\oj/3a(nX^ws'ATTaX<>u 3 Should the Philippeum, built by 
 Ail KCU 'A.6ijva.i viKy<f)bpu>i x a P tff7 "^IP i0> ' Philip after Chaeronea, be added? 
 Ttav Karii ir6\efj.oi> Ayuvwv, quoted by Paus. v. 20. 10. 
 
 Frazer; BaUmeister, Denkm. 1222. 4 Biliotti, History of Rhodes, p. 
 
 2 Paus. viii. 9. 6. The list might 266. 
 
 be carried further, if it were my 6 Pausanias mentions ten ; but be- 
 
 purpose to go down into Roman times. fore his day two were destroyed. 
 
 The latest I have met with is a shrine 8 Paus. x. 11. 1 fif . Qij<ravpol. 
 
 dedicated to Zeus by Jovianus, about 7 BCH vi. 88 Ai/Xta? ofaos, No^wv 
 
 363 A. D., when he restored the pagan ol^os; 158 'Avdplwv O!KOJ ; 178 
 
 worship, 'EXX^pcw re/j^vrj ical j3wfj.ovs olnos. 
 
 ^aXajroaj: IGS iii. 1. 721. 8 p aus> v i. 19 2. 
 
WAR. 123 
 
 telling that the building had been made from Corinthian spoils. 
 Not much later is the Treasury built by the Syracusans, 
 commonly called of Carthage. It contained a colossal image of 
 Zeus and three linen corslets, which Pausanias declares to have 
 been the offering of Gelo the Syracusan for some victory either 
 by sea or land. The words of Pausanias are not clear to decide 
 whether the Treasury itself was to be of the same dedication, 
 but I think he did mean this, and that its common title, 
 Treasury of the Carthaginians, refers to its origin 1 . The spoils 
 are generally assigned to the battle of Himera (480), but this 
 date is many years too late for the building. It is possible 
 that both building and spoils were dedicated, as Pausanias says, 
 by Gelo, after some victory we know nothing of, when he may 
 have been in command though not yet tyrant; or it may be 
 the spoils belong to Himera, and the building to this earlier 
 victory, by whomsoever dedicated; or the treasury may have 
 been dedicated by the Syracusans before Gelo came on the 
 scene. Style of architecture and sculpture, and the alphabet 
 used in the inscription, alike point to the years 510 500 at 
 latest ; and there are indications 2 that the cities of eastern 
 Sicily did about that time wage a dire struggle with Carthage, in 
 which they were victorious 3 . The Athenian Treasury at Delphi 
 was built out of the spoils of Marathon 4 , and on the metopes 
 were carved the Battle of Gods and Giants, with the deeds 
 of Heracles and Theseus 5 : clearly a heroic precedent like 
 those of Pergamus. " Brasidas and the Acanthians " used the 
 Athenian spoils to build another of these cells in the same 
 place 6 . When the Athenian empire went to wreck in Sicily, 
 
 1 For other views see Frazer's note 5 See Frazer's note, and BCH xvii. 
 on Paus. vi. 19. 7. 217 ff., 612, xviii. 169. A terrace next 
 
 2 See Herod, vii. 158. this building bears the inscription, 
 
 3 See Freeman's Sicily ii. 98, App. which has been cut or re-cut in the 
 vni. pp. 478 9. The Treasury may third century, ' AOrjvaioL Td.ir6\\uvi. 
 be used as another argument in support aKporlvia rrjs MapatfuWj : the explana- 
 of his suggestion. tion is unknown (Cecil Smith, in 
 
 4 Paus. x. 11. 5. The remains of Frazer, I.e.). 
 
 the inscription cannot be fitted in with 6 It contained a statue of Lysander. 
 
 his words : BCH xx. 608 'A0tji>a.?oi rtai Plut. Lysander 1, De Pythiae Oraculis 
 ' Airo\\ij}vi diro MrjSwc dfcpoOiVta rfjs 14, 15 ; cp. Thuc. v. 10. 
 
124 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the Syracusans built their Treasury at Delphi (4 IS) 1 . After 
 the battle of Leuctra (371) the Theban Treasury was founded 
 there also 1 . As to the other Treasuries, it is fair to conjec- 
 ture that some of those whose origin is not attested were built 
 from war-spoils. This is probable for the one which Cypselus, 
 tyrant of Corinth in the seventh century, erected at Delphi 2 , 
 and for the Sicyonian Treasury there, which belongs to the 
 early sixth century 3 . Others are mentioned, dedicated by 
 Croesus and Gyges 4 , by Massilia 8 , and by the city of Spina 
 on the Adriatic coast 6 . The Cnidian Treasury, in spite of 
 Pausanias' statement, seems to have been built from a tithe 
 of war 7 . 
 
 Occasionally the victor preferred to build a colonnade from 
 war-spoil. Thus the Spartans built in their own city what was 
 called the Persian Colonnade, in which were statues of Mardo- 
 nius, Queen Artemisia, and others, "from the Persian spoils 8 ": 
 statues of Persians in their barbaric dress supported the roof 
 in place of pillars 9 . A colonnade of the Athenians at Delphi has 
 given rise to much controversy 10 . The inscription, which is 
 complete, still remains on the spot where it was placed 11 . The 
 alphabet is puzzling, some of the letters pointing forward in time 
 and some back. Kohl assigns it to the time of Peisistratus, 
 U. Kohler to a victory won over the Aeginetans about 490 ; 
 Pausanias again gives the victory to Phormio 12 , which is impos- 
 sible, not only from the antiquity of the script, but because 
 Phormio's victories, though brilliant, were not considerable 
 
 1 Paus. x. 11. 5. adorned with Persian heads, which 
 
 2 Herod, i. 14 ; Paus. x. 13. 5. Ctesylis dedicated at Delphi (BCH vi. 
 8 BCH xviii. 187 fif. ; Paus. x. 11. 1. 152), would have been appropriate to 
 
 4 Strabo ix. p. 471. the great war ; but there is no reason 
 
 5 Diodorus xiv. 93. for assuming any connexion. 
 
 6 Strabo v. p. 214, ix. p. 421; Pliny, 10 Hicks, Gr. Hist. Iwcr. 20; Paus. 
 NH iii. 120. The last reference I take x. 11. 6 with Frazer's note, where the 
 from Frazer on Pausanias x. 13. 5. rival theories are stated. 
 
 7 Paus. x. 11. 5; BCH xxii. 592 IGA 3 a, p. 169 : 'Afl^euoi dv^eyav 
 KvtSioi dvf'OrjKav rbv Orjffavpitv Kal TT\V ffroav xai TO. ovXa. ncai TcUpwnJpta 
 ray<i\fJMTa. "AinJXXwvi IlvOiui Sexarav i\6vres TUV iro\e^iuf. 
 
 airo TWV iro\cp.icjv. ls Paus. x. 11. 6. Some of Phormio's 
 
 8 Paus. iii. 11. 3. spoils may have been added later, as 
 
 9 Vitruvius i. 1. 6. So the bowl, I have suggested (p. 107 1 ). 
 
WAR. 125 
 
 enough to have afforded so rich a booty. The probabilities are 
 in favour of some victory between 490 and the mid-century, 
 such as the sea-fight of Cecryphalea off Aegina in 460. Another 
 colonnade, called Myropolis, was built by Aristodemus, who was 
 tyrant of Megalopolis before the Achaean league, after defeating 
 Acrotatus and his Lacedaemonian soldiers of fortune 1 . There 
 was also a colonnade in Elis built from spoils of Corcyra 2 . 
 Some kind of building appears to have been dedicated at 
 Athens by the Tarentines during the period of their alliance 
 (280 279), perhaps for the victory of Heraclea 3 . Colonnades 
 were amongst the buildings erected by Attalus II 4 . 
 
 To the same category belongs an altar which is connected 
 with Plataea After the battle of 479, the united Greeks 
 decreed exalted honours to the city, promising them eternal 
 independence and protection 8 ; and there they built an altar to 
 Zeus Eleutherios 6 , with an inscription by Simonides 7 . This is 
 the only altar I have noticed as dedicated for a feat of war, 
 until we come to the end of Greek history, when Mummius 
 dedicates an altar to the gods at Thebes 8 . But perhaps the 
 altar of the Chians at Delphi was one such 9 . The altar, how- 
 ever, was not an obvious offering nor a thing beautiful in itself; 
 it was not necessarily built at all, and it was often made of the 
 ashes of immemorial sacrifices 10 . 
 
 2. Divine statues. An obvious dedicatory offering was the 
 statue (aya\/ji,a) of the protecting deity, and examples are 
 many 11 . Cypselus having vowed to dedicate the goods of the 
 
 1 Paus. viii. 30. 7. 9 Herod, ii. 135. The inscr. which 
 
 2 Paus. vi. 25. 1. has been found belongs to the fifth 
 8 Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 163 : fapav- century : X2bt 'AiroXXowi rbv (}W/MI>. 
 
 TIVOI dirb TUV iro\e/j.twv aytdeffav. BCH XX. 617. 
 
 4 Baumeister, Denkmaler, 1222 : 10 See Paus. v. 13. 8, 11, 14. 8, 10, 
 
 above, p. 122 1 . 15. 9, ix. 11. 7. Also of unhewn 
 
 4 Thuc. ii. 71. stones vii. 22. 5; of unburnt brick 
 
 8 Plut. Aristides 19. vi. 20. 11. 
 
 7 Anth. P. vi. 50. u One statue, perhaps of Zeus, at 
 
 8 Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 199. But Olympia, bore an inscr. unique in 
 altars were made to Peace and sacri- form : fa\fluv vepl 'Ofwvolap, Inschr. 
 fices offered after the peace of 374: von 01. 260 (?cp. Paus. v. 24. 4). 
 Nepos, Timotheus, 2. 
 
126 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Corinthians if he won Corinth, used the money to procure a 
 golden Zeus which he sent to Delphi 1 . At the beginning of 
 the second Messenian War (685 668) the Spartans are said 
 to have dedicated a statue of Zeus which Pausanias saw at 
 Olympia, thus inscribed : 
 
 K.poviBa, ZeO 'Q\vvTTi, rca\6v ayaX/ia 
 0vfjL(2i rotX AaxeSat/Jboviois. 
 
 The base of this statue has been found, and is a useful proof 
 of the uncertainty of these early traditions : the alphabet is of 
 the sixth rather than the seventh century, and the inscription 
 has even been claimed for the Messenian revolt of 464 2 . Some 
 warlike feat must be commemorated by the great statues found 
 on the Sacred Way in Branchidae, for nothing else surely 
 could have so magnificent a tithe 3 . The oldest of many 
 memorials of the great struggle between Carthaginian and 
 Greek in Sicily, is an inscription of Selinus, which belongs 
 to the middle of the sixth century ; this appears to record a 
 vow made before the fight, that when peace was made statues 
 of gold should be erected to guardian deities; but the frag- 
 mentary state of it makes certainty impossible 4 . From the 
 same struggle we have an Apollo dedicated by the Massaliots at 
 Delphi, as the firstfruits of the sea-fight with the Carthagi- 
 nians 8 . Gelo's thank-offering after Himera included a colossal 
 
 1 Paus. v. 2. 3 and Frazer's note ; TOUJ 0eoi)j -rotfsSe VIKUVTI rol ZeXivot/v- 
 Strabo viii. 353, 378; Plato, Phaedrus TIOI- 8ia rbv Ala vtKufj.es Kal 5iA -rbv 
 236 E; Suidas and Photius s.v. Ku^e- 4>6/3ov Kal 8<& 'UpaK\a Kal SL' 'A.ir6\- 
 \iSwv dvd6t)fj.a. \wva Kal dia noreiSaVa Kal dia Tvvdapi- 
 
 2 Paus. v. 24. 3; Die Inschriften das Kal di' 'A6ca>a.av Kal 5i<i MaXo- 
 von Olympia, no. 252; Eohl, IGA, <f>6pov Kal 3iA nao-tKpdreiav Kal dia. 
 no. 75. rot')? dXXoi.'s deovs, Sect 6i Aia /id- 
 
 3 Newton, Branchidae, inscr. no. 66, Xtora. 0iXas 5^ ytvontvas ty 
 p. 777 : ra dya\fj.ara rdSe avtOeffav ol xp vff ^ ul ^Xd<ra'ros, rd 8* bvvnara 
 TLvQuvos iraiSei TOV dpxfiyov, 0aX^s Kal ravra /coXdij/ajras S TO ' Airo\\wviov 
 Ilaff(.K\ijt Kal 'Hyriffavdpos Kal AI^KIOS Ka00tfj.fv, rb AIDS trpoypa.tya.VTfs ' rb 
 Kal 'Avaf/Xews, SeKarTjv run 'An-6\\uvi. dt xpvfflov ^tJKovra ra\dvrtav clpcc. 
 British Museum : assigned to the 6th Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 25, assigns this 
 century. See also 780, 781, nos. 67, to the fifth century, and the struggle 
 68. between Selinus and Egesta. 
 
 4 IGSI 268, IGA 515, Collitz iii. Paus. x. 18. 3. 
 3046. As restored, it runs thus : Sia 
 
WAR. 127 
 
 Zeus 1 . There was a standing feud between Thessaly and 
 Phocis; and when fortune looked with favour on the Thessalians, 
 they dedicated a Zeus at Olympia 2 . The Lipari had much ado 
 to protect themselves against Tyrrhenian pirates, and many a 
 victory sent its tithe to Delphi 3 . Once the Pythia, it is said, 
 told them to put to sea with as few ships as possible ; they 
 accordingly sent out a squadron of five. The Tyrrhenians, with 
 more romantic pride than one would expect of pirates, thought 
 shame to meet them with a larger number. The five pirates 
 were defeated and taken, and a like fate befel three other 
 squadrons of five ships each which followed. The victors then 
 sent to Delphi an Apollo for each captured ship 4 . Miltiades, 
 as we have seen, had special cause to be grateful to Pan ; he 
 consequently dedicates a statue of Pan, perhaps in the Acropolis 
 cave, and Simonides writes him the epigram 5 . The famous 
 bronze Athena Champion, which stood in front of the Par- 
 thenon, was said to have been made by Pheidias from the 
 Marathonian tithe 6 ; no doubt it was set up at the close of 
 the Persian Wars 7 , and called after Marathon by the loose 
 convention already spoken of 8 . After Salamis, a colossal image 
 of Apollo was erected at Delphi, and one of Zeus at Olympia, 
 by the Greeks in common 9 . The tithe of Plataea was used to 
 purchase two colossi : one of Poseidon to be placed on the 
 Isthmus, its face set towards the rising sun; and one of Zeus 
 for Olympia 10 . Another Zeus was given to the same place by 
 the Argive Epidaurians, out of Median spoils 11 ; and a third, 
 this colossal, by the Clitorians as a " tithe from many cities 12 ." 
 Deliverance from a wandering horde of Mardonius's men was 
 
 1 Pans. vi. 19. 7. Tttov paid by the Greeks ; xix. p. 478. 
 
 2 Paus. v. 24. 1, x. 1. 3 11 : the He is alone in this view and probably 
 occasion is not known. wrong. 
 
 3 Diod. v. 9, Strabo vi. 275. Paus. x. 14. 5. 
 
 4 Paus. x. 16. 8. 10 Herod, ix. 80; Paus. v. 23. 1, 
 
 5 Anth. App. Plan. xvi. 232 ; Bergk, x. 13. 9. 
 
 Poetae Lyr. Gr. Hi. 1163. " Paus. x. 15. 1. 
 
 6 Paus. i. 28. 2 npfaaxos. The base 12 Paus. v. 23. 7. At Olympia was 
 is identified with CIA i. 333. another Zeus, dedicated by the Eleans 
 
 7 So says expressly the Schol. on for their victory over Arcadia: Paus. 
 Aristides (iii. 320 Dind.). vi. 24. 3. Another from the Psophidii, 
 
 8 Demosthenes says it was an dpiff- v. 24. 4. 
 
128 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the occasion for dedicating the Saviour Artemis at Megara 1 . 
 Later, in 445, the Megarians revolted from Athens, and slew 
 most of the Athenian garrison ; in memory of which they 
 sent an Apollo to Delphi*. After the Sacred War (346), the 
 Amphictyons set up an Apollo at Delphi, and the Thebans 
 a Heracles*. There was a bronze Apollo in the Pythium at 
 Athens, dedicated as a war-tithe about the middle of the fourth 
 century 4 . The people of Patrae, who had helpt the Aetolians to 
 fight the Gauls, set up a statue of Apollo in their own capital*. 
 The Colossus of Rhodes was procured with the money got by 
 selling the siege-engines of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who gave them 
 to the Rhodians when he was forced to raise the siege (303) 8 . 
 Mummius set up at Olympia two bronze statues of Zeus 7 ; and 
 after Actium, one Nicippe dedicated a statue of Aphrodite in 
 the temple then built for her honour 8 . 
 
 We know of one divine statue dedicated by a private 
 person for success in war: Hegelochus the alien did this at 
 Athens in the fifth century 9 . It may be that some of the archaic 
 ' Apollos ' discovered in Boeotia or other places are images of 
 the deity, Apollo or who not, dedicated for this cause. One 
 bronze figure of this type at least is inscribed as a tithe 10 ; and 
 there is no indication that it was a trade-tithe. A fuller dis- 
 cussion will be found in a succeeding chapter 11 . 
 
 Two items call for remark. Cimon, after his victory on the 
 Strymon (477), was allowed as a special honour to set up two 
 Hermae in the Street of Hermae, but without inscribing his 
 name upon them 12 . I do not know whether he regarded Hermes 
 as the source of his good luck, or whether the motive was 
 
 1 Paus. i. 40. 2. Xr/v Si ^tXofewTjs AfKTrjs re ira.ffi)t 
 
 2 Paus. x. 15. 1. fx uv f^"Se ir6\iv vinertu. Kplrios KO! 
 
 3 Paus. x. 13. 1, 15. 1. NijfficiTi;* lirvr\a<iT-t)v . 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1154, 1204. 10 AJA N.S. ii. 50 MAvn/cXdj M' <W- 
 
 6 Paus. vii. 20. 3. ffeiiee feicaj36Xi dpyvpor6^ui raj dcxdrat' 
 Eudocia says it commemorated TV 5t 4>/3e Sidoi \a.plffrra.v d/xotpav. 
 
 victories by sea (no. 994). Archaic. 
 
 7 Paus. v. 24. 4. u Chapters viu. and xiv. 
 
 8 Paus. viii. 9. 6 ; see above, p. 122. " Plut. Cimon 7. Inscribed hernia 
 
 9 CIA i. 374 irapfleWi 'EtcffxivTov ne in Jahrb. ii. 22830, one inscr. = 
 TOTTJP dvtOijKf leal vlbt tvOad' ' A.6i)vaiiji Anth. Pal. vi. 144. 
 
 Tfbvuv 'Apfo* "HyAoxoi. /trya- 
 
WAR. 129 
 
 pride 1 . The other is the dedication of the Saviour Demigods, 
 the Dioscuri no doubt 2 , to Poseidon at Elatea, in memory of 
 some signal deliverance 3 . The inscription dates from the fourth 
 century; and I cannot believe with M. Paris 4 that the lines have 
 been recut and that the dedication belongs to an earlier age, 
 perhaps to the affray when Tellias struck terror into his adver- 
 saries by means of a coat of whitewash 5 , because the dedication 
 of the statue of a deity to whom gratitude is due is always made 
 to that deity himself while Greek religion is sincere 6 . 
 
 3. Artistic representation of the human act blest by the god. 
 To set up a divine statue was one way of acknowledging 
 his power; and although we are not often told what the 
 figure lookt like, we know that the plastic genius of Greece 
 often exprest this power by clothing him in attributes, such as 
 armour, and by placing weapons in his hand. As the faculty of 
 artistic expression grew, attempts were made to depict in some 
 way the effect of that power, or more precisely the event 
 wherein he had shown it. The Odes of Pindar show us how 
 the Greek mind would naturally regard human life in relation 
 to higher things ; and as he seeks out heroic or mythological 
 precedent for the feats which he celebrates, so victories in war 
 were sometimes commemorated by a mythological or allegorical 
 group. So is explained the scene on the Aegina pediment, so 
 the metopes of the Parthenon. In the offeriogs which we have 
 first to do with, there is no realism. At most along with 
 the divine and heroic figures, mortal man whose strong arm has 
 helpt may sometimes be found. 
 
 1 Dem. Lept. 491 cites an inscr. in <r<j>eTtpwi> d\6x^v. The stone reads 
 this street as a chief mark of honour XPONOTIEI in the first line. 
 
 in olden days : <?TTI TUV wpoybvuv iro\\d 4 P. Paris, Elatee, 10, 223. 
 
 dyaffd elpya.ff/j.fvoi rives otidevbs r/^iovvro 5 Herod, viii. 27. 
 
 TOIOVTOV, dXX' dyairrirus eirtypdfj.fj.aTos ev e For this point see ch. xiv. It 
 
 rots epfj.ais erv^ov. is true that if the dedication refers 
 
 2 There was a pavaKeiov at Elatea : to peril at sea, there would be some 
 IGS iii. 1. 129. fitness from a latter-day standpoint ; 
 
 3 BCH x. 367 ; IGS iii. pt. 1. 130 but it has yet to be proved that this 
 irovrlw iinro(j.{dovri Hoffeid&vi xP^ vov was true of the great age. If these 
 vlet i] ir6\is ei/^a/j^vt] rofod' dvedriKe figures w^re a group in action they 
 0ewt, rifuOtovs ffwrr/pas virep irpoyovuv may be older ; see next section. 
 
 re Kal avruv Kal yip KOI rebuts K<d 
 
 R. 9 
 
130 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 This is the meaning of the group sent to Olympia by the 
 Argives for their victory at Oenoe : the seven who fought 
 against Thebes and the Epigoni, together with the chariot of 
 Amphiaraus and his charioteer Baton 1 . At Olympia also, upon 
 a great pedestal, stood Zeus, Thetis, and the Day, with 
 a number of Homeric heroes in fighting pairs, the group 
 being the tithe of Abantis sent by the city of Apollonia on 
 the Ionian sea 2 . A group of Heracles and Apollo, striving 
 for the tripod, was dedicated at Delphi by the Phocians after 
 their defeat of the Thessalians 3 . Attains I commemorated 
 his Gallic victories by several groups on the Acropolis of 
 Athens : battles of the gods and giants, of the Athenians 
 with the Amazons, and the battle of Marathon, then held of 
 equal importance with the great deeds of legend 4 . Perhaps 
 the cedar-wood group of the struggle of Heracles with 
 Achelous, in the Megarian treasury at Delphi, was meant in 
 the same way 6 . At some date unknown, the citizens of 
 Heraclea Pontica, having conquered a barbaric tribe, the 
 Mariandyni, sent to Olympia a group representing the Labours 
 of Heracles: the Lion, the Hydra, Cerberus, and the Eryman- 
 thian Boar". The same principle must also explain an Argive 
 offering at Delphi, a bronze copy of the Wooden Horse of Troy, 
 bought from Lacedaemonian spoils. This should belong to 
 the successful raid of Argives into the Thyreatis in 414, when 
 they took booty to the amount of h've-and-twenty talents 7 . 
 Perhaps the "Wooden Horse" of bronze on the Athenian 
 acropolis had a similar origin 8 . 
 
 1 Pans. i. 15. 1 with Frazer's note ; Frazer on Paus. I.e. 
 
 x. 10. 4. C. Robert (Hermes xxv. 412) s Paus. vi. 19. 12. It should be 
 
 places the battle between 463 and 458 ; noted that the gable had the war of 
 
 this date is supported by IGA 165, gods and giants, and the building was 
 
 where the sculptors of the group, ascribed to a victory. 
 
 Hypatodorus and Aristogeiton, are * Paus. v. 26. 7. 
 
 named in an inscr. assigned to the 7 Paus. x. 10. 9 ; Thuc. vi. 95 ; 
 
 early 5th century. Others place the Brunn, Gesch. der gr. Kiinstler, i. 283. 
 
 date in the 4th century. Pausanias appears to refer it to their 
 
 2 Paus. v. 22. 6. well-known victory of a hundred and 
 
 3 Herod, viii. 27 ; Paus. x. 1. 8, fifty years before ; but Autiphanes, the 
 13. 6. founder of the Horse, was not earlier 
 
 4 Paus. i. 25. 2 ; Plut. Antonins 60. than the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 Ten existing statues are identified as 8 Schol. Aristoph. Birds 1128 ; Paus. 
 originals or copies from these groups ; i. 23. 8 ; CIA i. 406 Xcupt5ri/j.os Evo-y- 
 
WAR. 131 
 
 Another expression of the same idea is a group including 
 the protecting deities, together with personifications of the 
 dedicating states, either in the form of the local heroes or 
 otherwise, sometimes also the commander or anyone who had 
 rendered signal help in the event. The Phocians, after the 
 successful stratagem of Tellias the soothsayer, sent figures of 
 their local heroes to Delphi and Abae, with Tellias and their 
 generals, Rhoeus and Daiphantes 1 . Another group was sent 
 by the Athenians to Delphi after the Persian Wars 2 : in the 
 presence of Apollo and Athena stood Erechtheus, Cecrops, 
 Pandion, Leos, Antiochus son of Heracles, Aegeus, and Acamas, 
 all tribal eponyms; Codrus, Theseus, and Phyleus, ancient 
 chiefs ; and the general Miltiades. The three remaining 
 eponyms, Ajax, Hippothoon, and Oeneus, must surely have 
 formed part of the original dedication; but when Pausanias 
 saw the group, these three statues had been dubbed with the 
 names of Antigonus, Demetrius, and Ptolemy 3 , who had given 
 their names to later Athenian tribes 4 . After Salamis, a 
 colossal statue was set up at Delphi, holding in one hand 
 a ship's beak 5 ; the word dvSpids, used by Herodotus, cannot 
 apply to the Apollo mentioned by Pausanias 8 , and it was 
 probably a local personification of Aegina, or Salamis. The 
 Arcadians, after ravaging Laconia, probably under Epami- 
 nondas (370-69), sent to Delphi a large group: images of 
 Apollo and Victory, of Callisto mother of Areas by Apollo, of 
 
 yt\ov ex Kol\r)s avid-rfKev. But this reason for taking away the three which 
 
 appears to be a private dedication. are missing, and I therefore assume 
 
 1 Herod, viii. 27 ; Paus. x. 1. 8, that only the names were changed. 
 13. 6. 4 E. Curtius, Gesammelte Abhand- 
 
 2 Pausanias says (1) the sculptor lungen, ii. 365. 
 was Pheidias, (2) the group was really 5 Herod, viii. 121. 
 
 and truly part of the Marathon battle- 6 Paus. x. 14. 5. Hero statues were 
 
 tithe. It is hard to reconcile these so called : Arist. Peace 1183 rbv &v- 
 
 statements, unless we suppose that Sptdvra rbv HavSlovos. We read also 
 
 the money was kept unused for a of one of gold, not described, bought 
 
 long time. It should be noted that with Median spoils : Epist. Philippi 
 
 Miltiades soon fell into ill odour, and 179 (speaking of Amphipolis) 'AXe^dy- 
 
 so the date is likely to be after his Spov rov irpoybvov Karatrx^Tos rov rbirov 
 
 death. oOev Kal ruv eu'x/iaAwrwj' M^Stov airap- 
 
 3 Paus. x. 10. 1. If the three last xV AvSpidvra xP vff0 "" o.vfffrijffv els 
 had been new statues, there was no Ae\0otfj. 
 
 92 
 
132 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Areas, and his sons 1 . Tolmides and his soothsayer stood on 
 the acropolis of Athens, as part of a group with Erechtheus 
 fighting against Eumolpus 2 . This should refer to the raid on 
 the Peloponnese in 455, when Gythium was burned and Cythera 
 taken 3 . Similarly Aetolia was placed at Delphi amidst a group 
 of protecting deities, Apollo, Artemis, and Athena, and the 
 generals Polyarchus aud Eurydamus, when the Aetolians 
 conquered the Gauls (280) 4 . A type of Aetolian coins struck 
 after this date seems to have been copied from this figure ; 
 whence it would appear that she was seated upon a pile of 
 arms 5 . 
 
 Lysander's oriental ostentation was doubtless to blame for 
 the tone of his group dedicated after Aegospotami. There 
 stood Zeus, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, and the Dioscuri, there 
 stood Lysander and all his admirals, his pilot, and his priest ; 
 and Poseidon was placing a crown on Lysander's head". 
 
 The event itself might be more realistically presented. 
 A group dedicated by the Tarentines at Olympia consisted of 
 a number of horsemen and footmen, with King Opis coming 
 to help the Peucetii; he is dying, and over him stand the 
 heroes Taras aud Phalantheus, and a dolphin is near. It is 
 inscribed as a tithe of the Peucetian spoils 7 . 
 
 Attalus I added a group representing his Gallic victory 
 to the great historic fights mentioned above 8 . 
 
 Groups representing a man Phormis, a Maenalian, fighting 
 with various foes were dedicated by a friend, Lycortas the 
 Syracusan, in Olympia 9 . 
 
 1 Paus. x. 9. 5 and Frazer, AM xiv. barians, but this was perhaps a super- 
 15 40. ficial view (cp. Eidgeway, Early Age, 
 
 2 Paus. i. 27. 4. 70). 
 
 3 Thuc. i. 103, 108, 114. 5 P. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, 
 
 4 Paus. x. 15. 2, 16. 4, 6, 18. 7, 19. 4. pi. xii. 40 ; Head, Hist. Num., 283 f. 
 The same principle may explain other 6 Plut. Lys. 18 ; Paus. x. 9. 7. Pede- 
 mythological groups. Hercules fight- stals and inscrr. have been found, but 
 ing Achelous, whom Ares helps, with are not yet publisht. 
 
 Zeus and Deianira (Megar. Treas. 01., 7 Paus. x. 13. 10. 
 
 Paus. vi. 19. 12). It is to be noted 8 Paus. i. 25. 2 ; above, p. 130. 
 
 that the Sardinians sent a statue of 9 Pans. v. 27. 7. At Aegira was 
 
 their eponym to Delphi (Paus. x. another group; a warrior who had 
 
 17. 1). Pausanias calls them bar- died fighting bravely, his father in the 
 
WAR. 133 
 
 Towards the end of the fifth century, reliefs began to be 
 commonly used for dedication ; and a few of them suggest war. 
 Some indeed are inscribed ; there is no doubt about the battle- 
 scene dedicated by a cavalry commander at Eleusis, which 
 belongs to the fifth century : horsemen are chasing and cutting 
 down the enemy 1 . Others, though not inscribed, show warlike 
 subjects : Victory and a trophy", warriors armed or wounded 
 men 3 , or a ship 4 . Now a battle-scene on land seems to be 
 represented 5 , now a sea-fight 6 . A Roman copy of a Greek ori- 
 ginal has Victory holding a ship's taflfrail-ornament (a^aarov), 
 and an armed warrior beside a pillar wreathed with a snake 7 . 
 So perhaps the reliefs where Athena stands by a trophy of 
 arms hung on a tree 8 ; or she stands armed, a Victory in her 
 hand, between an armed and an unarmed man, the latter 
 holding up one hand in the attitude of worship 9 . The warrior 
 pouring a libation may represent the thank-offering after 
 battle 10 . That the relief or picture was familiar in the fourth 
 century we learn from the story of Charon, a Theban, who helpt 
 Epaminondas and Pelopidas to free the country, and afterwards 
 won the victory in a cavalry fight shortly before Leuctra (371). 
 Androcydes of Cyzicus was just then at work on a relief or 
 painting (iriva%) of some other battle, which when the revolu- 
 tion took place was all but done. This had been preserved, and 
 Menecleidas, being jealous of the two chief movers, persuaded 
 
 attitude of mourning, three sisters Samoa Museum, no. 54, see AM xxv. 
 
 doffing their trinkets in token of 174. 
 
 mourning, and three brothers. Pau- 3 Sybel 6623, 6711. 
 
 sanias (vii. 26. 9) does not say that it 4 Sybel 1379. 
 
 stood in a temple, but " in a build- 5 Sybel 379. 
 
 ing." 6 gybel 370. 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1. 422", p. 184: ...j 'En-t- 7 A A ix. 171, restored from Louvre 
 ffl\ov iirirapxr\<ra.s dv&t]KCv or the replica; Miiller-Wieseler, Denkm. der 
 like. See AM xiv. 398, pi. xii. CIA ant. Kunst, i. pi. 14, 48. Other exx. 
 iv. 1. p. 84, 373 63 reads Imrapx... in 0. Jahn, Arch. Beitr. 210. Furt- 
 drr6 TWV iroXtptcov ? The relief of a wangler, Meisterwerke 202 2 , guesses 
 horseman and prostrate foe, Sybel that the original may have been dedi- 
 3140, may be a tombstone, like that cated by Nicias. 
 
 of Dexileos. 8 Sybel 4239. 
 
 2 Sybel 368. So on bases : Sybel 9 Schone 85. Victory appears to be 
 6418 (5th century), 6743 Victory and holding out a wreath to the latter, 
 trophy on a relief of Roman date in 10 F-W. 1197. 
 
134 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the people to add Charon's name to it, and to dedicate it in 
 memory of the victory aforesaid 1 . In the Lamian war (323) 
 Leosthenes the Athenian defeated the Lacedaemonians in 
 Boeotia and at Thermopylae, and shut up the garrison in 
 Lamia, where he fell ; a picture was put up in the joint 
 temple of Athena and Zeus at Peiraeus, showing Leosthenes 
 and his sons engaged in the fight'-. Olympiodorus, who raised 
 the siege of Elatea (298), was honoured by a painting in Eleusis, 
 perhaps votive 3 . Porus is said to have dedicated in some Indian 
 temple bronze tablets portraying the feats of Alexander 4 . It 
 will be remembered that Queen Matilda is supposed to have 
 dedicated the famous tapestry in Bayeux cathedral after the 
 conquest of England. 
 
 A fragment of a war scene in bronze repousse was found at 
 Dodona 5 , but I hesitate to place it here as it was probably part of 
 the bronze case of some other object. Similar friezes at Olympia 
 bear warriors fighting 6 . A war galley comes from Crete 7 . 
 
 In Corinth, where painted pottery was made from an early 
 day, the poor man seems to have had the means to make a 
 dedication of this sort. At least, some of the sherds amongst 
 the refuse of Poseidon's temple fall in place here quite naturally. 
 There are pictures of Poseidon and Amphitrite, with other 
 deities, common enough, although giving no clue to the occasion; 
 but others represent Homeric combats, one of the motives as 
 we have seen of the warriors' heroic precedents 8 . Others again 
 bear armed warriors, or two or more men fighting 9 , or a battle- 
 ship 10 . These date from the sixth century or earlier, and there 
 is no reason to suppose that they were not matcht at other 
 places, such as Athens, where such things could be made. 
 Archaic reliefs of warriors, in terra-cotta, come from Praesus 
 in Crete 11 , one leading a captive 12 . 
 
 1 Plut. Pelopida* 25. 9 Antike Denkmiiler i. 8. 13, ii. 23. 
 
 2 Pans. i. 3. 4. 14 6, 24. 24; Gaz. Arch. vi. 107 ; Jahrb. 
 
 3 Paus. i. 26. 3 "to his memory." xii. 16 no. 521, 579, cp. 589, 593. 
 
 4 Philostr. Apoll. ii. 9. 10 Jahrb. no. 621, 647, 650, 654. 
 
 8 Carapanos, Dodone, xvii. 1. n AJA N.S. v. 390, 392, figs. 19, 25, 
 
 6 Bronzen von Ol. xxxvii. 709. plate xii. 3. 
 
 7 Above, p. 65, fig. 8. 12 AJA N.S. v. 390, 392, figs. 19, 25, 
 
 8 Antike Denkmiiler i. 7. 15. plate xii. 4. 
 
WAR. 135 
 
 The following I would also interpret as a representation of 
 the event. After Salamis, the Aeginetans dedicated at Delphi 
 a bronze mast with three golden stars upon it. I can only 
 suppose that St Elmo's fire had been seen on the ships, and 
 that it was thus commemorated as a good omen 1 . One of 
 Ly sander's many offerings after Aegospotami was a pair of 
 golden stars by him sent to Delphi, which may have had a 
 similar origin 2 . Plutarch, who for a sceptical observer was 
 singularly awake to portents, notes that these stars mysteriously 
 disappeared before the battle of Leuctra. 
 
 Further, the story of the Corinthian women should be ex- 
 plained in the same way. It is said that when the Persians 
 invaded Greece, the courtesans of Corinth went to Aphrodite's 
 temple and prayed for the preservation of Greece. After the 
 triumph the people dedicated a picture or a bronze group of the 
 women in the same place, which we are to suppose was not a 
 row of portraits, but the women in act of supplication 3 . 
 
 We have seen in sundry of the groups described, how the 
 victorious general stood in the high company of gods and 
 heroes. The sentiment which caused him to be included is not 
 quite simple, and as the ancients have not themselves analyzed 
 it we should be rash to jump to conclusions. There was a 
 desire, no doubt, to show honour; but this was certainly not the 
 main motive, as it was in honorific statues of later days. 
 Demosthenes 4 recognises the distinction quite clearly, when he 
 
 1 Herod, viii. 122. He says nothing \f/avTwv, rds rare iroiriffa/jitva.* r\\v 
 
 of the Dioscuri, but later writers of reiav, Kal vvrepov irapovaa.?, 
 
 course identified the stars with them. r68f TO eirfypa/u/ta At5' virtp ' 
 
 They do not explain why there were re Kal fvOvpdxuv voXnrrav faraOev 
 
 three, or what the mast meant. As a eOxeffOai Kvirpidi 5a.ifj.ovlq.. ov yap 
 
 fact, the stars are not known as sym- To&tpbpoiffiv e^aaro 81' 'A^poSirij Iltp- 
 
 bols of the Dioscuri until much later. <rais 'E\\fywi> aicpdiroXiv vpod6fj.ev. 
 
 ' 2 Plut. Lys. 18. Plutarch interprets Plut. DC Herod. Malign. 39 says 
 
 them as signifying the Dioscuri. It is bronze statues. 
 
 true the Dioscuri were special patrons 4 Demosth. Aristoer. 686 tKeivoi 9e- 
 
 of Sparta, but see last note. Lysander /utoroKX^a, rov rty iv 2a\afuvi vav- 
 
 mnst have known of the older offering. fiaxio-v vtic/iffavra, /cat MiXnddijv rbv 
 
 3 Theopompus and Timaeus ap. Ath. ^yofyifo" Mapaffuvi, KO.I TroXXoOs dXXouj, 
 
 xiii. 573 . ..Si^aw5?;s, dva.di>TWv T&V Ko- OVK t<ra TOIS vvv ffTparrjyots dyaffa elp- 
 
 pivffiuv TrivaKO, TTJ 0e<p, rbv fn Kal vvv yafffifrovs, ov xaX*coOj Iffraaav ovS' vtrtp- 
 
 Sia^vovra, Kal rds frat'paj iSiq. ypa.- rfydiruv. OVK &pa rots eavrovs dyaObv n 
 
136 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 says that Miltiades and Themistocles did not expect the honour 
 claimed by latter-day captains; no bronze portrait statues 
 were set up to them. The victory was not the captain's but 
 belonged to the Athenian people; and a memorial portrait would 
 have been out of place. And yet Miltiades was one of that 
 Marathonian group which stood at Delphi ; yet the figure was 
 recognisable for the man. If then this figure is to be distin- 
 guisht from an ordinary portrait, the distinction lies not in the 
 form but in the motive of dedication. Perhaps we may regard 
 him as partly the personification of the fighting force, the armed 
 conflict being as it were summed up in its leader appropriately 
 arrayed ; partly the intermediate instrument through which the 
 god worked. The statue was a memorial, not an honour; just 
 as the bronze ass, dedicated by the Ambraciots at Delphi, 
 was to remind all men, how the god had used him as a humble 
 instrument by his braying to reveal the ambush of their 
 Molossian foes 1 . But the essence of the moving idea was 
 exprest by the group, and the single statues had no meaning. 
 
 If Miltiades then, and Tellias, Rhoeus and Daiphantes were 
 to be seen in Delphi, the figures were not placed there as the 
 portraits of great men. By the same principle we must judge of 
 human statues when dedicated alone in the great age of Greece. 
 Statues of Scyllis the renowned diver, and his daughter Hydra, 
 who at the battle of Artemisium were said to have dived under 
 the sea, and cut the Persian cables, sending their ships adrift 
 to destruction, were dedicated in Delphi by the Amphictyons 2 . 
 
 iroiovaiv x^P tv f^X ov 5 fftpbSpa. ye, 0> Avdpes TTJV /j.6pai> K 
 
 'Afljjvcuoi, Kal direbidocrdv ye Kal avrwv vfpl Ndo' Ivlxa vavpaxiav Xa/ip/os. 
 
 Kaxfivuv d'i.iav 6vrts yap TroXXoO irdvTes When Pausanias claimed the victory 
 
 dioi, irpoOKpivov tKfivovs airrQiv jjyflaBai. of Plataea as his own, the Greeks 
 
 Iffn 5t ffu><f>poffiv dv6punrott, Kal vpbs would not have it: below, p. 147. 
 
 d\-f)0iat> f}ov\o/j.tvow ffKowfiv, TTO\{> fj.fi- l Paus. x. 18. 4. 
 
 far Tt/xij TT;S x a ^ K W clK&vot ri> xaXuf 2 Paus. x. 19. 1. Ziemann, p. 16, 
 
 Ka.ya.0uv dvBpuv KfKpiffffat irpurovs. speaks of a statue of Euchidas, who 
 
 Kal ydp TOI -riav tpyuv ruv rbre ovSevbs ran to Delphi and back in one day for 
 
 direffTtpyffaif tavrovs' oi)5' fffriv ovdeis the sacred fire, and fell dead on the 
 
 &rm dv ftwoi TTJV tv ZaXa/xm va.vfj.a- spot, quoting Plutarch, Arist. 20. But 
 
 xiav Qf(uffTOK\tovs, dXX' 'AOyvaluv, Plutarch says nothing of a statue, 
 
 ovd( rr)t> Mapa6wi>t fj.dx"n" MiXrtdSoi;, only that they buried him (lOa^av) in 
 
 dXXa r^j ir6Xwj. vvv dt woXXoi TOVTO the precinct of Artemis Eucleia. 
 
WAR. 137 
 
 The only possible memorial of this deed in the round were the 
 figures of the divers, characterised no doubt in some way as 
 doers of the deed. The same is true of any man who might 
 be thought to have done more than a single man could do ; 
 and yet it is doubtful whether Greeks, with their keen sense 
 of the fitting, would have done at that time what the Lydians 
 did, in dedicating to Artemis a statue of one Adrastus, who 
 fought against Xerxes as a volunteer in the Greek army, and 
 fell fighting valiantly 1 . Arimnestus it is true, who led the 
 Plataean men-at-arms at Marathon and Plataea, was to be seen 
 in the temple of Athena at Plataea 2 , and he seems to have stood 
 alone ; if he was dedicated alone, it would seem that the centre 
 of interest was shifting already, and that the great change was 
 begun which in the next century was to make these dedications 
 morally worthless. Why the statue of Phormio was dedicated, 
 whether for his feats in the Gulf or for something else, is not 
 stated 3 . 
 
 Apart from these I can find no evidence for the dedication 
 of the victorious general alone in the fifth century. But once 
 human statues were dedicated for whatever cause, the motive of 
 compliment was bound to come in sooner or later ; and Lysander 
 gives us the first distinct proof that the change had begun. 
 When Poseidon is made to crown his figure in the memorial of 
 Aegospotami, the human agent not the god becomes the centre 
 of the composition. In the fourth century there are many 
 statues of generals and other such on record. A portrait of 
 Thrasybulus, soothsayer of the Mantiiieans when they fought 
 against Agis, stood at Olympia 4 . Iphicrates was set up by his 
 grateful country, but not until long after his celebrated feat of 
 arms 5 . This distinguisht honour became cheap with Alexan- 
 der, if (as seems likely) he dedicated the statues he had caused 
 to be made of four and thirty Greeks who fell at the Granicus 
 (334) 6 . About the year 300 we find the statue of a certain 
 
 1 Pans. vii. 6. 6. Aristotle, Rhet. 13976; Paus. i. 24. 7 
 
 2 Paus. ix. 4. 2. with Frazer's note, from whom I bor- 
 
 3 Paus. i. 23. 10. row these references. 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 2. 4. 6 Plut. Alexander 16; but the word 
 
 5 372/1 : Dionys. Hal. De Lysia used is 
 indicium 12 ; Demosth. Aristocr. 663 ; 
 
138 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Timagoras, who had commanded in a victorious sea-fight, 
 dedicated at Astypalaea, nominally by Ares himself 1 . Olympio- 
 dorus the Athenian, who raised the siege of Elatea when beset 
 by Cassander (298), was honoured probably at this time by a 
 bronze statue, which the Phocians dedicated at Delphi". There 
 was also a statue of the same man on the Acropolis, and another 
 in the Prytaneum, the former at least votive, dedicated no doubt 
 after he had got rid of the Macedonian garrison in 288 s . The 
 Phocian allies put up there also a statue of their own leader, 
 Aleximachus, who in fighting against the invading Gauls 
 (280) did all that valour could do, and fell 4 . In 207 Philopoe- 
 men defeated and slew Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedaemon ; for 
 which deed the Achaeans dedicated a bronze statue of him in 
 Delphi*. In later days the dedication of a commander was a 
 compliment for ordinary services, like that of an honorific 
 crown". The base of a statue, dedicated by Hermolycus, son of 
 Diitrephes, "as a firstfruit," has been found 7 ; this cannot com- 
 memorate the wanton and horrible raid of Diitrephes mentioned 
 by Thucydides 8 , but must belong to some other event. 
 
 It is to be noted that none of the generals, not even 
 Lysander, dedicates his own statue 9 ; that combination of vanity 
 and impiety was reserved for creatures of Nero's kidney. It is 
 not to be conceived, however, that they made no private 
 acknowledgment of their victory or their deliverance; or that 
 the private soldier, whose safety was not less momentous to 
 
 1 IGA iii. 211 K&ff/j.ov "Apijs varpidi " Kp/j.6\i'Kos Aurpf'^oi'j aira.p\iiv . 
 ffTTJ<re iv06.Se iraTSa IliSwvos Tiftaybpav KpecriXaj tirb-tjffev. CIA i. 402, but the 
 videos va.vfj.axov Tiytfji&vci. editor of the Corpus gives reason for 
 
 2 Paus. i. 26. 3. thinking it is not the same. 
 
 3 Paus. i. 26. 3, 25. 2. 8 Thuc. vii. 29 ; Paus. i. 23. 3. He 
 
 4 Paus. x. 23. 3. held a command in Thrace 411 B.C. 
 
 5 Plut. Philopoemen 11. (see Frazer, on Paus. I.e.). 
 
 8 IGI i. 41 Rhodes ffTparfvffdnevov 9 Paus. vi. 16. 5. But in later 
 
 tv re rots d<t>pdKTois Kai rats Kara<f>pdK- days, Philonides, a quartermaster or 
 
 rotj vavffl /tori ir6\ffjiov. Cf. 40, 42, ' stepper ' of Alexander the Great, 
 
 43,56; and Demosth. quoted p. 135, seems to have dedicated his own statue 
 
 note 4. It has been too readily assumed at Olympia. Hicks, Gr. Hist. Inscr. 
 
 that the statue was that of Diitrephes ; 129 pacrtMws 'AXegdvSpov ^/xepoSpo/uas 
 
 but it probably was that of the wounded neat flr)fj,a.TiffTi)t rip 'Aaiar JuXwviSijs 
 
 man mentioned by Pliny, NH xxxiv. 74 Zurov K/>ijs Xtpffovaffiot dvt0i)Kt Ad 
 Cresilas [fecit] vulneratum deficientem. 
 
WAR. 139 
 
 himself than that of any captain who ever lived, should offer no 
 thanks for this great event beyond a sacrifice at the altar. We 
 do not know how far a private soldier felt bound to tithe his 
 share of spoils which had been tithed in common ; but if he 
 was grateful enough he would not stop to count obols 1 . The 
 question now arises, What is the meaning of those figures of 
 armed warriors so often found in ancient shrines: were they 
 meant for the divinity, or for what ? 
 
 We must first clear our minds of a misconception. The 
 attributes of a Deity were not fixt by immutable laws; they 
 express the conception in the worshipper's mind, which within 
 certain limits might vary 2 . If the deity be conceived as 
 a protector, he will naturally be armed, as the heroes are, 
 now with spears, now swords, now in panoply as Aphrodite 
 and Athena. Although Zeus is from early times armed with 
 the thunderbolt 3 , yet he bears a helmet in Phrygia 4 and 
 a battle-axe in Caria 5 , and there is no reason in the nature 
 of things why he too should not have been represented 
 in the panoply. If armed warrior figures, then, are dedicated 
 to male deities, they may be meant for those deities. But 
 the question takes a different turn when we see that such 
 dedications are found in the shrines of female divinities, as 
 of Athena and Aphrodite. Take this in conjunction with 
 the rare figures in hunter costume 6 , and with those of athletes 7 , 
 and it is clear that we may lawfully deny the warrior figures 
 to be meant for the god. 
 
 It does not follow, however, that they were meant as 
 portraits of the worshipper 8 . The facts given in the last 
 section go to show that for a worshipper to dedicate his 
 portrait would be the height of arrogance. Moreover, one of 
 
 1 After the 4th cent, at least sol- But the votive statuettes of this type 
 diers' dedications are certain. CIA ii. in Dodona are not early. 
 
 962 ol i7T7rs TTji 2a.\a/juvi. avtOeaav for 4 Overbeck, Kunstmyth. pi. i. 1. c. 
 
 defeat of Pleistarchus ; 'E#. 'Apx- 1898, 5 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 45. 
 
 16, no. 10 oi ffTpanwrai oi 'Adrjvaiuv in 6 Above, p. 78. 
 
 wreath. 7 Below, pp. 1689. 
 
 2 See on this point more fully in 8 I am indebted to Dr Waldstein for 
 ch. xiv. a hint which brought these figures 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. vii. 45, viii. 44. into their proper place. 
 
140 
 
 (JREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 these figures is dedicated by two men together. Neither can 
 we fairly interpret them as a personification of the spirit of war, 
 which, if not over-subtile, would at least fail to meet the case. 
 We are supposing that the warrior wishes to commemorate his 
 success in war as the act of his protecting deity ; and his 
 artistic expression being unequal to the task, he embodies the 
 idea of successful war in the concrete figure 
 of an armed warrior in act to strike. These 
 figures are then less and more than portraits: 
 they attempt to express the act which divine 
 protection has blest. 
 
 The footman armed capapie is represented 
 by a fine bronze statuette from Dodona, assigned 
 to the year 600 or thereabouts 1 . Another, but 
 lacking the cuirass, was found in the precinct 
 of Apollo Ptoan 2 . Two warriors were unearthed 
 in Olympia 3 , and one at Selinus in Laconia, 
 armed in the panoply 4 : the last is dedicated 
 to Apollo Meleatas 5 . Another represents a naked 
 bearded man, the hand uplifted to hold some 
 weapon, and is dedicated by two persons in 
 common to Apollo Ismenian 6 . On the Acropolis 
 of Athens were found several ancient figures of 
 armed warriors 7 , and statuettes of warriors were in Cyprus 
 dedicated to the Paphian goddess 8 , to Artemis 9 , to Apollo 
 at Golgi 10 , and to deities unknown 11 . Besides these clearly 
 characterised figures, others of rude make and probably older 
 still were found at Olympia 12 , one in terra-cotta 13 ; others in the 
 
 Fio.23.Warrior, 
 from Olympia. 
 Bronzen vii. 41. 
 
 1 AZ 1882, pi. 1, Baumeister, Denk- 
 miller, fig. 2091. 
 
 2 BCH xi. 360, pi. ix. , and also pi. 
 x. probably. 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. pi. xxv. a. 1, xxiii. 
 2; xxvii. 3. vii. 41, 42. See fig. 23. 
 
 4 ^3/iii. 14, pi. i. 
 
 6 IGA 57; Collitz iii. 4525 Ka>iXoj(?) 
 a.viOf)Kf rwi MaXedrat. 
 
 6 IGS i. 2455 liruituv Macros run 
 'Iff/jLfivlui avatar; Roberts, p. 214, no. 
 202; AM i. 97, pi. v. Berlin Antiqua- 
 
 rium, Bronze Case vm. A, T. 7100. 
 
 7 Cat. ACT. Mus. Br. 741-5, cp. 748 
 (? parts of some other object). 
 
 8 Cat. Cypr. Mm. 5347. 
 
 9 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 55412. 
 
 10 Cesnola, Cyprus, 150. There were 
 also rows of larger figures of the same 
 sort. 
 
 11 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 60015. 
 
 12 Bronzen von 01. xv. 247, xvi. 242, 
 243, etc. 
 
 13 Bronzen von 01. xvii. 288. 
 
WAR. 141 
 
 Idaean cave in Crete 1 , and in the shrine of Therapnae 2 . Armed 
 riders are also known from the Temple of Athena in Calaurea 3 , 
 and some of the Cyprian examples were mounted in chariots 4 . 
 It is perhaps worth while suggesting the question whether some 
 of the Olympian chariots may not have been war-offerings. 
 
 The same principle will explain a series of votive statues 
 found on the Acropolis of Athens, which belong to the time of 
 the Peisistratids. These are the so-called " Persian horsemen," 
 clad in oriental costume, with soft cap and hose fitting tight to 
 the leg. It has been pointed out that the costume is as much 
 Scythian as Persian, and that the style is too early for the 
 Persian wars 5 . It is more likely that they have to do with the 
 rule of Miltiades and his family in the Thracian Chersonese. 
 The romantic story of the first Miltiades, a Greek Rajah Brooke, 
 his victories over the savages, and his marriage with a Scythian 
 girl, seems to have caused intense excitement in Athens ; 
 Scythian caps became all the wear, and amongst other signs 
 of the public interest we have the Miltiades plate, now at 
 Oxford 6 , with a figure almost exactly like the Acropolis horse- 
 men. The adventurers would naturally wear the dress of the 
 natives, which was better suited than their own to the climate. 
 The elder Miltiades we know commemorated one of his exploits 
 by a dedication at Olympia 7 . Similarly these Horsemen may 
 have been dedicated by some of the Scythian adventurers, 
 perhaps in gratitude for a fortune gained in that flourishing 
 colony. One base has been found with a fragmentary inscrip- 
 tion 8 placed on the small end, showing that the sculpture 
 
 1 Mus. It. ii. 731. but in pairs or in rows, both on foot 
 
 2 Rev. Arch. xxx. 13; above, p. 15. and mounted, in relief or repouss6 or 
 Warrior figures, apparently dedicated, silhouette. 
 
 come from Etruria (Baumeister, pi. 3 AM xx. 315. 
 
 Ixxxix.). One from Orvieto is in 4 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 6001 5. 
 
 my own possession. Many warrior 5 Studniczka would assign them to 
 
 statuettes have been found in Sardinia : a Marathonian trophy : Jahrb. vi. 239. 
 
 Gaz. Arch. x. 177 ff. ; and others were 6 See W. Klein, Die gr. Vasen mil 
 
 found in a large votive deposit at Lieblingsinschr. (Wien 1890), pi. 1. 
 
 Este (Notizie, 1888, pi. vii. ff.). The 7 Paus. vi. 19. 6. 
 
 interpretation suggested in the text is 8 npotc(?)Xei'5T?s crn'O^ice | rov Ato- 
 
 confirmed by the fact, that at Este (cA^ous ra.6tjva.(.o.\.. 
 
 were found warriors not merely alone 
 
142 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 upon it was something of the shape of a horse, not a group ; 
 and in fact the base would fit the " Persian horseman 1 ." 
 A similar dedication was made about 446 by a body of 
 knights, who offered the statue of a horse or more probably 
 a horseman out of the spoils 2 . 
 
 A step further leads to personification of an abstract idea ; 
 and one expression of it, the statue of Victory, was especially 
 common as a war-dedication, and is never before the fourth 
 century found dedicated alone for anything else 8 . 
 
 Hiero sent a gold Victory to Delphi after the battle of 
 Himera, and Gelo did the like 4 . Diodorus 5 relates that Hiero 
 dedicated another for the Cumaean victory which has been 
 already spoken of, but this may be the same statue. The most 
 famous example of this class is the Victory of Paeonius, which 
 was found at Olympia 6 . The Messenians themselves declared 
 it to be a thank-offering for their part in the capture of 
 Sphacteria (425), and that the name was omitted from fear 
 of the Spartans 7 . Mr Frazer suggests that it may have been 
 erected after the Peace of Nicias (421), so that it should refer 
 to the general result of the first period of the war: in that 
 case, however, fear of Sparta would hardly have caused the 
 omission of the name. The Athenians took a great pride in the 
 capture of Sphacteria, and we need not wonder at finding that 
 
 1 See Winter, ArchahcheReiterbilder CIG 2069, 2073-4. 
 
 von der Acropolis : Jahrbitch yiii. 135. 4 Athenaeus vi. p. 231, quotiiig 
 
 These are the chief fragments (illus- Theopompus and Phanias. See below, 
 
 trations of most are given) : pieces of p. 146 5 , for the discovery of the base, 
 
 horses once part of a quadriga, Mu- B Diod. xi. 51. 
 
 seum, nos. 575 580; pieces of a 'It is inscribed ~M.fffffa.vtoi teal Nou- 
 
 horseman, no. 590 ; a horseman, no. wdKnoi &i>40ev Ail '0\v/jiiriut SeKarav airb 
 
 1359; another, no. 700 (Collignon, run iro\efjdwv. Ilaiuvios tirolr)ffc MfK- 
 
 Sculpt. Gr. p. 358); the "Persian Scuos, *al roKpurripia irotiav eirl rbv 
 
 horseman," no. 606. va.bv M'/ca. 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1, p. 184 ol hnrijs *.*& rCiv ' Paus. v. 26; Thuc. iv. 9, 32, 36, 
 Tro\ffji.iwv lirirap\o6vTwv A.tuce8aifunflou 41. Pausanias would place it some 
 
 Sevo^uWos Ylpo AI'IKIOS lirolrjaev thirty years earlier, when the Messe- 
 
 'E\ev6tpffo Mupwcoj. nians of Naupactus sackt Oeniadae. 
 
 3 But in later days a silver or gold Schubring, A Z xxxv. 59, recounts all 
 Victory seems to have been offered possible victories, and supports Pylos. 
 as a customary dedication to Apollo So Collitz iii. 4637. 
 
 Prostates at Olbia, by the five strategi : 
 
WAR. 143 
 
 they dedicated a bronze Victory on the Acropolis 1 . If the wing- 
 less Victory, sent to Olympia by the Mantineans, was the work 
 of Calamis, as Pausanias says, it cannot belong to this period, 
 but otherwise it would be possible 2 . The magnificent Victory of 
 Samothrace, now in the Louvre, was dedicated by Demetrius 
 Poliorcetes for his victory of Salamis 3 : she stands poised on 
 the prow of a great stone galley. Lysander commemorated his 
 victories at Ephesus and Aegospotami by presenting two eagles 
 with statues of Victory upon them to the temple of Athena 
 the Worker at Sparta 4 . The ancient winged Victory by 
 Archermus was dedicated in Delos by the Chians ; on what 
 occasion is not specified ; probably, like all the rest, for a feat 
 of war 5 . 
 
 The Athenian temple lists frequently mention golden 
 Victories 6 . There were in Pericles' time no less than ten of 
 these, each weighing about two talents; and it would seem 
 these should have been made at some time when Athens was 
 at the zenith of her power. It is fanciful to suggest, perhaps, 
 that they were part of the imperial tribute, preserved thus 
 against any time of need, and their shape determined by 
 that abiding sense of victory over the barbarian which the 
 Delian League kept ever fresh. Certainly they were most of 
 them melted down before the end of the war. One was melted 
 in 407 7 , and at the beginning of the next century only two 
 of the old ones remain, but a new one appears, perhaps, as 
 is suggested, made out of the goods of the thirty Tyrants 8 . 
 We have no hint of the occasion of these Victories ; but 
 although Eutychides and Timodemus are mentioned as dedi- 
 cators, it seems unlikely that they can be really private offer- 
 ings. The official who had to do with their casting might 
 
 1 Paus. iv. 36. 6. M^Xavos waTpwiov atrrv VCJIOVTCS. 
 
 2 Paus. v. 26. 6. 6 These are treated in the paper, 
 
 3 Revue Archeologique xxxix. pi. ii. Les Victoires en or de VAcropole, BCH 
 * 'A0T)i>a "Eipy6.vri : Paus. iii. 17. 4. xii. 283 ff. They are mentioned in 
 
 The epithet must be meant in a wide CIA i. 32 B, iv. p. 12, p. 63 : 435 B.C. 
 
 sense as the accomplishes eiriffTdrai rotv viicaiv are spoken of. 
 
 5 AMxiii. 149 MtKKid8t]s ToS* dfyaXMct 7 BCH xii. 288. Compare Demetrius, 
 
 jcaXdv 7reTiv6v Hrfv^tv'Apxtpnov ffofyyi- Ilepl 'Ep/u.. 281. 
 
 civ ' 'E*c7//36Xwi ai/r' oj>tQt\Ka.v ol Xtot, 8 BCH xii. 292. 
 
144 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 be said to dedicate them 1 . On the other hand, the small 
 bronze Victories of the Acropolis- may well have been private ; 
 and we are justified in counting them amongst dedications of 
 war, for the reason given above. 
 
 Another aspect of the event is personified in the great 
 statue of Nemesis at Rhamnus, carved (if the common tale 
 be true) out of the very block which the Persians had intended 
 for a statue of Victory 3 . 
 
 A third personification is the Lion. Heracles is said to 
 have dedicated a stone lion which stood before the temple of 
 Artemis Eucleia at Thebes, in commemoration of a victory over 
 Orchomenus 4 . A stone lion was one of the statues found at 
 Branchidae, which can hardly be but a war-tithe 8 . The 
 Elateaus, when Cassander was driven away from their walls 
 by timely help (298), sent a bronze lion to Delphi 6 . The lion, 
 placed on a cliff, overlooking the place where the battle of 
 Cnidus was fought, probably marks the tomb where slain 
 heroes rest; like the great lion of Chaeronea, which still guards 
 the bones of those whom Philip slew 7 , or that other in Ceos 
 which covers unknown dead 8 . It would appear from these 
 instances that the lion laid stress not so much on the victory, 
 as the courage of brave men, whether victors or vanquished ; 
 and the symbol has thus a pathos and nobility of its own, 
 which sets it above the records of mere triumph and pride. 
 
 There is more than personification, there is a complete 
 allegory, in what the Athenians sent to Delphi after the Eury- 
 medon (469) : a palm tree of bronze, with fruit upon it, a gilt 
 Athena and a couple of owls being apparently percht on the 
 branches 8 . This must surely imply that Athena and her 
 
 1 As the rafj.iai did with the old TI^V rwi ' Air6\\ui><.. 
 bronzes, Cat. Acr. Mm. Br. 428. 6 Paus. x. 187. 
 
 2 AM xi. 373. 7 Paus. ix. 40. 10. 
 
 3 Paus. i. 32. 2; Anth. App. Plan. 8 Bent, Cyclades, 453; 'E#. 'Apx- 
 221, 222, 226, 263. 1898, col. 231, plate 14. 
 
 4 Paus. ix. 17. 2. Paus. x. 15. 4; Plut. NIC. 13. 
 6 Newton, Italia, m* 6 : rddyd\/j.ara There was a palm tree with frogs 
 
 rdSe avtOeaav ol TlvQuvos muSes TOV and watersnakes at the foot, in the 
 v, 0X77* Kal llaffiK\rjs Kal 'Hy/i- Corinthian treasury, but nothing is 
 xal Atficioj Kal 'Ava^/Xews, SfKd- known of its origin : Plut. Pyth. Or. 
 
WAR. 145 
 
 favourite cifcy were now possessors of the east and its riches. 
 Plutarch notes that just before the Sicilian disaster, crows 
 peckt off the fruit. So perhaps the horn of Amalthea, sent by 
 Miltiades the elder to Olympia, after taking a city 1 . Pausanias 
 explains on a like principle why the Corcyreans and the 
 Eretrians sent to Olympia 2 , the Plataeans and the Carystians 
 to Delphi 3 , each a bronze ox, after the Persian wars ; because, 
 says he, they were now able to plow in peace. It would be more 
 satisfactory to have the givers' word for it, but the thing is not 
 impossible. The Council of the Areopagus dedicated a bronze 
 bull on the Acropolis, which, if it belongs to the same period, 
 may have a similar reference to stock-breeding 4 . But all five 
 may be memorials of sacrifice. A distinct example of the 
 sacrificial model is known as a war dedication. Orneae, having 
 conquered Sicyon, in the heat of gratitude rashly vowed to 
 institute in the god's honour a daily procession at Delphi, and 
 to sacrifice such and such victims ; but this proving a burden 
 upon them, they dedicated a bronze representation of the whole 
 procession, victims and all, instead 5 . 
 
 Tripods form a large class of war-dedications, and I have 
 reserved them for this place because the motive of choice 
 differs in different ages 6 . Originally they are dedicated for 
 their value ; and this explains why in the first Messenian War 
 (743 724), when the Messenians shut up in Ithome enquired 
 of the Delphic oracle what they must do to prevail, the reply 
 was, That whichever side should first dedicate a hundred tripods 
 to Zeus of Ithome was to possess the Messenian land. The 
 Messenians being too poor to make these of bronze in due 
 
 399 F. Another in Delos : Ath. xi. * Paus. x. 16. 6. 
 
 502 B "ZrjfjLos d' kv A^Xy avaKfiffdai <j>rj<ri 4 Paus. i. 24. 2; see AZ xviii. 
 
 XO^KOVV (fioiviKa NaZiuv avdffijfM ical 37. It does not help us to know that 
 
 Kapvuras <f>id\as \pv(ra,s. Hera was worshipt in both places, 
 
 1 Paus. vi. 19. 6 Zijvi /*' S.ya\p.' avt- and that a cow or bull is seen on 
 OrjKav 'QXv/jnriy tic Xepovfjffov re^os coins of Carystus (Head, HN 294, 
 e\6vres 'Apdroir eirrjpx.e d MtXTtdfojj 302). 
 
 ff<t>lv. 5 Paus. vi. 18. 5. 
 
 2 Paus. v. 29. 7 : the base of one of 6 For the history of the tripod see 
 them, and one ear, remain : Inschr. ch. xiv. 
 
 von 01. 248 "Eperpirjs TUI A. 
 
 K. 10 
 
146 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 form, proceeded to make images of them in wood; but mean- 
 while Oebalus a Spartan, a man of no mark but shrewd 
 enough, made him a hundred tripods of clay, and having by 
 stratagem got within the walls of Ithome, set these up before 
 the god at dead of night 1 . In this way the Spartans were 
 victorious ; and at the close of the war they used part of the 
 spoils to procure three tripods, each having a statue beneath it, 
 of Aphrodite, Artemis, and the Maid, which they dedicated to 
 Apollo of Amyclae 2 . 
 
 But in course of time the tripod became a traditional form 
 of dedication, which endured long after the bronze article ceased 
 to circulate. The beauty of its shape no doubt helpt to keep 
 the type in use ; but that tradition had more to do with it, is 
 clear from the miniature mock tripods and kettles which were 
 found in great numbers at Olympia, some cut out of thin foil, 
 others in model 3 . But when they are made of gold the orna- 
 mental side becomes important. Tripods of gold were sent to 
 Delphi after Himera by Hiero and Gelo both 4 . An epigram by 
 Simonides mentions the four brothers ; and as four tripod bases 
 have been found together, two of which are those of Hiero 
 and Gelo, it is likely that all four did dedicate tripods, and 
 that the first two eclipst the more modest offerings of the 
 others 5 . A tripod of Hiero's, sent to Delphi after the battle of 
 Cumae (474), is also mentioned 6 . Most famous of all votive 
 tripods, and perhaps of all dedications, was the golden tripod 
 
 1 Paus. iv. 12. 9. spurious. See Freeman, Sicily, ii. 190, 
 
 2 Paus. iv. 14. 2, with Frazer's note. 206 ; T. Homolle, cited in next note. 
 Either date or artist's name is pro- 5 T. Homolle, Melanges Henri Weil, 
 bably wrong. Pausanias may have 212, who discusses the whole question, 
 mixt up the different Messenian wars. Inscrr. on the bases : (1) lYXuw 6 
 For a statue beneath a tripod see Aeivo/ji^vtos dvldtjKf Tu>ir6XXow 2i/pa- 
 Paus. i. 20. 1. 9<4<rtoj' TOV rpiiroSa ical TTJV V\.K.T\V tpyd- 
 
 3 Bronzen von Ol. xxvii. 536, 540, ffo.ro Blui> AioSwpou wos MtXij<rios ; (2) 
 etc. 'Idpwv 6 AavofwVos dvtOtjKf, with 
 
 4 Schol. Pind. Pyth. i. 155 ^r/fj.1 firrd iu>a.l at end as part of the weight 
 lYXow' 'Itpwva Ho\vi)\oi> Qpa.<rvfiov\ov, (fragm.). Schol. Pind. Pyth. i. 151 
 TratSas Afivo/jdvovs, TOVS rpiiroSas Oepfvai, says Gelon offered three, tva. ^v Si' 
 fidpfiapa j't/ojcrtu'Taj fOvrj, xroXXV Se ^avrdv, 5i/o 5 Sid rovs dde\<f>ovs : the 
 irapa.ffXfii' ff^fJ-fJ-a-X " "EXXijffU' xp' ey discrepancy may be explained if we 
 t\ev6eplriv. Anth. Pal. vi. 244, the suppose that Hiero's was independent, 
 last two lines of which are probably 6 Diod. xi. 21. 
 
WAR. 147 
 
 bought from the Persian spoils, and set up at Delphi after Plataea 
 had been fought and won j . It stood on a bronze pedestal made 
 of three snakes intertwining, and this seems to have been 
 supported on a stone base which was found in the recent 
 excavations. Pausanias had a couplet composed by Simonides, 
 and engraved upon the base, as follows 2 : 
 
 '}L\\r]v(0v apxyyos eirei arparov o>Xe<re MijBwv, 
 
 Tlava-avias 4>o//3&> pvrjjjL aveQijtce roSe. 
 
 The Amphictyonic Council, incensed at his arrogance in 
 claiming the victory of Greece for his own deed, caused this 
 inscription to be erased, and the following to be put in its place 3 : 
 
 'EAAa6o9 evpw%6pov (rwrripes rovS" aveOijtcav 
 
 8ov\va-vvrj<? crrvyepas pvcrdfjievoi TroXta?. 
 
 At the same time they engraved on the writhing snakes the 
 names of all those Greek states which had fought at Plataea or 
 Salamis, thus changing the character of the monument which was 
 originally a memorial of Plataea only 4 . The golden part of the 
 monument 5 was carried off by the Phocians in the Sacred War; 
 and the bronze column, which Pausanias saw on the spot, was 
 taken by Constantine to his new city, where it still stands in the 
 Hippodrome, broken and defaced. To the same period we 
 may assign the marble group of Persians supporting a bronze 
 tripod, which Pausanias saw in the Olympieum at Athens 6 . A 
 remarkable group of tripods is associated with Plataea. We 
 have seen how great importance the Greeks attached to this 
 victory, and how yearly sacrifices were decreed in memory of it. 
 Part of the ceremony may have been the dedication of a 
 magnificent tripod ; but whether that be true of the fifth 
 century or not, it appears that in the fourth and third centuries 
 a board of seven magistrates was elected for the purpose of 
 
 1 Herod, ix. 80 ; Paus. v. 23. 1, x. history of the monument. The heads 
 13. 9 ; Diod. xi. 33 says SeKdrrj, Time. of the serpents were broken off by the 
 i. 132. 2 axpoOivtov, Dem. Neaera 97 Turks, but one is in the Museum at 
 dpiffTeiov rip ' Air6XXwt dv4driKav. See Constantinople. 
 
 also Jahrb. i. 176. 5 Some think that the framework 
 
 2 Thuc. i. 132 ; Anth. Pal. vi. 197. was of bronze : see Frazer on Pau- 
 
 3 Diod. xi. 33. sanias, I.e. 
 
 4 For list of states see IGA 70, 6 Paus. i. 18. 8 ; Ziemann, p. 17. 
 where references are given for the 
 
 102 
 
148 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 performing certain ceremonies 1 , at the end of which they dedi- 
 cated a tripod. Three of these dedications have been found, 
 dedicating the tripod to Zeus Eleutherios at Plataea 2 ; one 
 at Thespiae to the Muses 8 ; seven at Acraephiae to Apollo 
 Ptoan 4 ; one at Orchomenus to the Graces 8 . As the formula 
 in each shows the dedication to be made in the name of the 
 Boeotian community, we may perhaps fairly assume that the 
 occasion was one, and that the place, and consequently the 
 deity, varied for political reasons 6 . To assume further that 
 the memory of Plataea was the occasion, is to go beyond the 
 evidence; but in default of a better explanation I would 
 suggest it. Three tripods are mentioned as dedicated by 
 Phormio on some occasion unknown, perhaps for one of his 
 victories 7 . Two bronze tripods were dedicated at Amyclae from 
 the spoils of Aegospotami 8 . Some Knights of Thespiae, sent 
 home in 330 by Alexander, dedicated a tripod to Zeus, the 
 inscription of which is preserved in the Anthology 9 . Perhaps 
 the Knights of Orchomenus, their companions, made the same 
 offering to Zeus the Saviour, but it is not described 10 . 
 
 One very artificial offering remains to be mentioned. Aris- 
 tonous wrote a paean in commemoration of the repulse of the 
 Gauls from Delphi, which was performed at the Soteria, a 
 yearly festival of thanksgiving for the deliverance. This was 
 engraved on a slab and set up in the Athenian treasury there, 
 together with a list of honours decreed to the successful poet 11 . 
 This dedication has wandered far from the simple piety or 
 thankfulness of earlier use, and is a mere method of self- 
 glorification. 
 
 1 d<f>tSpiaTfVfiv t as interpreted by the iM\v()8u>oi>. Some adjective of metal, 
 editor of the Corpus, W. Dittenberger. gold, silver, or bronze, must have been 
 
 2 IGS i. 1672 4. added to the rpJiroSas in the original. 
 
 3 IGS i. 1795. 8 Pans. iii. 18. 8. 
 
 4 IGS i. 27234, 2724 a, b, c, d, e. 9 BCH iii. 457; Anth. Pal. vi. 344. 
 
 6 IGS i. 3207. 10 BCH iii. 453 rol linr&s roi iv 
 8 IGS i. 1672 BoiWToi Ad 'E\ev6fplui T&V 'Atrlav 0TpaTv<rdp.voi (3a.o-iX.ios 
 
 rbv TpforoSa Kara ria> /j.avTftai> ru> 'A\cdv8pu ffrparayiovTOS QtoSwpu 
 
 'Air6\Xwvos. ft\idpx<>vTOS, Ail 'Zwr-fjpi dvl6f<rav. 
 
 7 Cratinns, frag. 456 Kock, quoted " BCH xvii. 561 ff. The slab has 
 by Zonaras 1366 : bopfduv rpea tyy been found. 
 
IV. 
 
 GAMES AND CONTESTS 1 . 
 
 K&KOJN |-<*P ONTCON MypftON KA0' 'EAA<\A<\ 
 
 oyAeN KAKION ecriN AGAHTtoN feNoyc. 
 
 EURIPIDES, Frag. 282. 
 
 ATHLETIC games, races, and contests of other kinds are 
 found amongst the Greeks from very early times. In Homer 
 a chariot-race is spoken of as the natural thing to celebrate the 
 death of a warrior 2 . Hesiod visited the Games of Amphidamas 
 in Chalcis, where many prizes were given, and himself won 
 a tripod for victory in song 3 . In the historical period we find 
 this competitive spirit exprest in the four great Games, which 
 later sprouted into innumerable off-shoots 4 ; whilst many cities 
 had their own special games, as Athens had the Panathenaea. 
 It is not our purpose to discuss the history of these ceremonials, 
 but merely to consider how they were commemorated by votive 
 dedications. 
 
 The prizes at these games were, according to the earliest 
 records, articles of recognized value, but of many different 
 kinds. Homer speaks of tripods, kettles, and slave-women as 
 prizes 5 . Besides these, Pindar mentions vessels of gold 6 and 
 
 1 In this chapter I have used Emil 4 See list of local Olympia in Smith's 
 
 Keisch's Griechische Weihgeschenke Diet. Ant., s.v. These games, accord- 
 
 (Abh. des Arch-Ep. Sem. der Univ. ing to legend, were originally sepul- 
 
 Wien, viii.) : Wien 1890. I acknow- chral. 
 
 ledge special obligations for the sec- 5 II. xxii. 162 4, xxiii. 264 ; cp. xi. 
 
 tions on musical and dramatic con- 701; Hesiod, Shield, 312 (golden tripod). 
 
 tests. s Find. Isthm. i. 18 ft T' at6\oi<ri 
 
 II. xxii. 162 4. Qlyov irXtiffruv aydivuv, Kal Tpiir65effffu> 
 
 3 Hes. Op. 654 7 fv9a (it tfnifu Sfivif ^K6fffj.r)<rai> d6/j.ot> Kal Xe/JiJre<rcrt (j>id\ai<rl 
 viKr)<Tavra tfitpetv rpiiroS' 
 
150 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 silver 1 , articles of bronze 8 . Bronze tripods were given in the 
 Games of Heracles at Thebes 8 ; a bronze shield at the Argive 
 Heraea 4 , bronze articles in the Arcadian feast of Lycaean Zeus 8 , 
 a kettle often 8 , a crater at the Games of Aeacus in Aegina 7 ; 
 silver cups at the Heraclea of Marathon 8 ; a cloke or frieze 
 jerkin at Pellene 9 . One of the oldest inscriptions of Troezen 
 records the winning of a tripod at Thebes 10 . A prize kettle for 
 the long race is commemorated by an epigram in the An- 
 thology 11 . Apparently a cuirass was also given at Argos, if we 
 may judge from a mutilated inscription 12 . At the Panathenaea 
 the prize was so many jars of oil made from the sacred olives, 
 which only victors were allowed to take out of the country". 
 It will be rioted that at Athens, Pellene, and Argos the prize 
 was an article of local make 14 . The others, whether of local 
 make or not, were given for their own value, not for any hidden 
 meaning supposed to be implied by them ; and the tripod must 
 
 1 Find. Nem. ix. 51 dpyvp4ai<Ti...<pid- 
 \aiff i... as iroff' frnroi KTri<rd/jiei>ai, etc.; 
 x. 43 iKvui>66f 5' dpyvpwfftvTfs <rvv 
 
 2 Find. Nem. x. 22 dyuv ^dX/ceos. 
 
 3 Schol. Find. 01. vii. 152 tSidoro rots 
 viK-fi<raffi. rplirovs x a ^ K v*' 
 
 4 Schol. Find. Ol. vii. 152 xaX/o) 
 dffirls Kai (TTe'i/xii'os e\- ftvpaivris. 
 
 5 Schol. Find. 01. vii. 152 tricevtffi 
 XaXKois. A bronze basin from Cumae 
 is inscribed tiri rots 'QvofMurrov rov 
 4>et5wXew d0Xois tOt6i)V. Roberts, no. 
 174, Cat. Br. Mug. Bronzes 257. Bather 
 interprets two Athenian inscriptions 
 in the same sense: JHS xiii. 233. 
 
 Schol. Find. Nem. x. 84 \t$irra....iv 
 iroXXoij TWC dywvuv. 
 
 7 Schol. Find. Ol. vii. 176 tcpa-Hip. 
 
 8 Schol. Find. 01. xii. 155 dpyvpai 
 <f>id\ai. 
 
 Find. Nem. x. 44 IK di HeXXoKos 
 iirifOffdfJievoi vGrrov /xaXaxalcrt Kp6Kais ; 
 Schol. ad loc. riOerai 8t Trax^a i/mna 
 iv MeXX^?; &yva<f>a. So Schol. Find. 
 01. xiii. 155. Also called di<f>8(pa. 
 
 10 BCH xvii. 85 on a column : 
 r6Sf cra/xa <f>i\a ffpyaaa.ro 
 ' A\i<pi8d/J.a. 01) yap iraiSft 4vi neydpois 
 tytvovro Kal rpliros &v 6^/3atr(rt deov 
 
 iraiSi. This is of course an epitaph. 
 
 11 Anth. Pal. xiii. 8 *K So\ix<>v r6t>5f 
 
 tpvp^Xarov, (is Tdx*<- Kpar^ffas, vlot 
 
 12 CIA iii. 116. 
 
 13 Schol. Find. Nem. x. 64 riOfvrai 
 yap 'AflT^cuj iv (irdOXov rd^ft vSpiai 
 TT\r)p(is e'Xai'or, quoting Callimachus 
 frag. 122 ai 70^ 'AO-rivalois irap' tirl 
 ffrtyos Itpbv ijvTai Ka\iriSfS, ov xoff/j.ov 
 ff^fji^oXov, dXXa TrdXT/j. On 57 he says 
 dn<pupopev<Tt xaXxojj; but Pindar him- 
 self yaia 8t xavOfiffa vvpi Kapirbs e'Xai'as 
 ...fv ayyediv epKeffiv irafjurotKiXois. CIA 
 ii. 965 gives so many d/j.<j>oprjs fXalov 
 as the prize for athletic events, a vdpla 
 for the torch-race. For the fiopiai see 
 Schol. Arist. Clouds 1005. 
 
 14 Schol. Arist. Birds 1421 xXafrat 
 8e dia<f>tpovffai Iv IleXXiJc?; ylvovrai. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 151 
 
 be included, for as we shall see below 1 , it is not confined to one 
 deity or one occasion. It is in fact given for wrestling in the Iliad 3 , 
 and appears on a Corinthian tablet between two men-at-arms 3 ; 
 on vase-paintings it stands as the prize for chariot-races 4 and 
 other races 5 , and for boxing and wrestling 6 . The tripod continued 
 to be given as the traditional prize for the lyrical chorus at 
 Athens 7 , long after its origin was forgotten. It was also given 
 at the Panathenaea 8 . In the great games no prizes were given 
 but the wreath of glory ; but in local games prizes of value con- 
 tinued to be the rule. Money was given at the Salaminian boat- 
 race 9 , weapons and other articles at Delos 10 ; at the Panathenaea 
 a gold crown for the harpist, a hydria for the torch-racer, an ox 
 for the pyrrhic chorus 11 ; at the Pythia a gold crown for the city 
 which sent the finest sacrificial ox 12 ; fine arms and armour or 
 golden crowns for soldiers' sports 13 : these are a few examples. 
 
 We may divide the offerings in this chapter into three 
 classes: (1) The Prize, (2) The Instrument, (3) Other Com- 
 memorative Offerings. 
 
 1. The Prize. 
 
 On the same principle which suggested the consecration 
 of war-spoils, the victor often made an offering of his prize. 
 There is no trace of this custom in Homer, although one 
 of the Delphic tripods was traditionally ascribed to Diomede, 
 who should have won it at the funeral games of Patroclus 14 . 
 Hesiod however brings back his prize from Chalcis and dedicates 
 
 1 See chap. xiv. xvi. 550, pi. iii., vii. ; CIA iv. 2. 1305 6; 
 
 2 II. xxiii. 702. cp. Gerhard, Auserles. Vasenb. iv. 17, 
 
 3 Cor. Tablet, no. 697. pi. 247. 
 
 4 Dipylon vase (Mon. delV Inst. ix. pi. 9 BCH xvi. 797 ; cp. CIG 2758. 
 39. 2) ; Corinthian (ibid. x. pi. 4. 5) ; the 10 CIG 2360. 
 
 Francois vase and elsewhere (Reisch). u CIA ii. 965. 
 
 5 Vases : Berlin 1655, 1712 ; Ger- 12 Xen. Hell. iv. 4. 9. 
 
 hard, Auserles. Vasenbilder iv. 17, 13 Xen. Hell. iii. 4. 8, iv. 2. 7. 
 
 pi. 247, 256 (Reisch). 14 Phanias ap. Ath. vi. 232 c M 5e 
 
 6 Amphora by Nicosthenes : Klein, rpiirodos, 6s T\ V eft TUIV eirl Jlarp6K\< l > 
 Heistersig. 31 (Reisch). Bather in &0\wt> TcOfrruv x<& K *fa fy" rpiiroin, 
 JHS xiii. 267 18 gives references to two Hv0ol 5' dva.Kfifj.ai aya\fn.a, ical p' ivl 
 vases, chest of Cypselus, throne of T\a.Tpt>K\ip BTIKSV ?r65aj O>KI>J 'AxtXXei's. 
 Apollo, and Hesiod, Shield, 302, 313. TvSeld^ 5' avtdtiice /SoV d-yatfos Aio- 
 
 7 So at Delos : CIA ii. 814 32 , p. 279. n^Sri s vuchaas Iwiroicri irapi TC\O.TVV 
 
 8 Base of Bryaxis. BCH xv. 369, 
 
152 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 it appropriately enough to the Muses of Helicon, where they first 
 made him master of the singer's craft 1 . In the temple on 
 Helicon Hesiod's reputed tripod was to be seen, and perhaps the 
 obviously spurious epigram, preserved in the Anthology, was 
 engraved upon it 2 . Others were there also, some of which may 
 have been prizes 3 . In the first Pythian Games prizes appear 
 to have been given; and a tripod (perhaps one of them) was 
 dedicated to Heracles at Thebes by the Arcadian musician 
 Echembrotus 4 . Of the sixth century, or earlier, is the Athenian 
 dedication of a tripod won for tumbling or juggling 8 . A bronze 
 kettle, of which a fragment was found on the Acropolis, appears 
 to have been dedicated as a prize ; this comes probably from 
 the sixth century 6 : and a tripod is named in another dedication 7 . 
 From the fifth century we have a tripod dedicated at Dodona 
 by a rhapsode Terpsicles 8 . Herodotus mentions a tripod at 
 Thebes the offering of a victorious pugilist 9 . By Herodotus' day it 
 was a matter of course with victors in the Triopia to offer their 
 prize tripods to Apollo ; indeed they were not allowed to take 
 them out of the precinct 10 . Many tripods have been found, 
 whole and in fragments, at Athens, Delos, Delphi, Dodoua, 
 
 1 Hes. Op. 654 IvOa S' tyw fir' ae0\a (JHS xiii. 129, 233) sees prizes in 
 5at<j>poi>os 'AfJ.<j>i8jfj.avTos XaXxiSa T' several Acropolis fragments of bowls 
 etffeirtpriffa.' ra 5t irpoirf(t>pa.8^va iroXXa or tripods. No. 62 TWV tir\ A.a.fj.ffiSa.1 
 a6\' tdtaav iraiSes /ufyaXijropes Hv6a &9\<i>v...KO.Tt(>r)Kfi>. 646 liri 'Pax^iSai 
 fd 0i7/u fywcj; vixriffaitTa <f>tpeu> rpiirod' TlvBluv /xe KaT^6TjKv...Aaj'(rei5oi/ "ZOevi- 
 urdxvTO.. rov ptv tyu MoiVats 'EXtKw- Sat. Cp. Od. xxiv. 91 oT ejri ffol Kart- 
 vtddfffff' dv^d-rjKa, (v6a /ue rb irpurov tfjj/ce 6ta. irepiKa\\f ae#Xa. We need 
 \tyvprjs tirtpriaav aotSrjs. not suppose with Bather that these 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vii. 53. were placed on the Acropolis as de- 
 
 3 Not however of the Musaea, where posits. 
 
 the prizes were garlands : IGS 1735, 8 1GA 502 Ttp\f/iK\j)s T( Al Nafon 
 etc.; Plut. Amatorim 1. pa\{/wi56s av46r)Ke; Carapanos, Dodone, 
 
 4 Paus. x. 7. 6 inscr. ' Ex^Pporo^ p. 40, pi. xiii. 2. 
 
 'Apicds tffijKe T$ 'Hpa.K\ei viK^ffas r6d' 9 Herod, v. 60 inscr. S/rotos vvy- 
 
 dya\/j.a 'An<fnKrv6vuv ti> d^0Xois"EXX?j<n' p.ax.^v fj.e tKrifidXy 'A.ir6\\wi>i Pi/njeraj 
 
 8' q.5<ijv fj^Xea KO.L eX^-yous. This would dv^0i)Ke retv ire/ji/caXXes AyaXfjui. 
 be in the year 586. 10 Herod, i. 144 tv ybp r<p dyuvi rov 
 
 6 CIA iv. 1.373 79 , p. 86: r6vSe $i\wv TpioTrtov 'Air6\\u>>os trlOfffav rb ird\ai 
 
 &v{6r)Ktv ' AOyvaiai rpiiroSiffKov 0a.6fjLa.ffi rplTrodas x a ^ K ^ ovs Tolffi viKutffi' Kal roti- 
 
 viKTrfffa^ ^j ir6\u> apfffiov. TOVS XP^ V T v* Xa/tt/3dvo'Taj K TOV Ipov 
 
 6 Kar. iv. &$\6i> /x6....&v^Oi)Kfv. A"? tiafrtpeiv, dXX' avrov dvariOtvai rt? 
 
 "' Kar. 236 ; CIA i. 493. Bather Oe$. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 153 
 
 Olympia, and elsewhere x ; but without inscriptions we cannot 
 assign them to any particular occasion. 
 
 The musical prize in Sparta was an iron object, part of the 
 ceremonial headgear, and named crrXe77t9 from its likeness to 
 the body-scraper 2 . There are dedications of these to Artemis 
 Orthia, and one of them still remains fixt in the stone 3 . A strigil 
 now in the British Museum was a prize 4 ; and many such are 
 mentioned in the Athenian and Delian inventories 5 , which, like 
 Xenophon's gold ones 6 , may have been the same. Bronze 
 vessels, or other prizes, may have stood on certain bases with 
 dedicatory inscriptions of torch-race runners, but there is 
 nothing to prove it 7 . One of these bases has round holes, as 
 if for torches ; and torches, or torch-holders, appear to have 
 been dedicated as prizes, at least there is one such dedication 
 to Hermes and Heracles from the second century after Christ 8 . 
 In the third century B.C. Straton a flotist won a prize, which he 
 dedicated in Thespiae 9 ; and a harpist appears to have dedicated 
 his in Athens 10 . The Argive shield is modelled in relief as late as 
 the age of Hadrian 11 . Other dedications of prizes are recorded, 
 whose nature is not known. Such are the torch-racer's prize to 
 Hermes and Heracles at Byzantium 12 , the harpist's to Apollo and 
 
 1 See chap. xiv. NtKt'as ' 
 
 8 So used in Sparta : Sosibius ap. 6 Above, note 2 . 
 
 Ath. xv. 674 A ffVfj.^aivei...KaXdfj.ois 7 CIA ii. 1229 'Aica/uaVTls MKO. Xa/j.- 
 
 ffT<f>avovff6ai fj trrXeyyidi. InAndania: irdSt Havaff-^vaia TO. /j.eyd\a (346/5), 
 
 Collitz iii. 4689 13 . As prizes in an with round depression; cp. 1230, 1232, 
 
 dyuv : Xen. Anab. i. 2. 10 rd 8t adXa 1233. 
 Jfyav ffrXeyyiSes xP Vffa ^- See further 8 CIG 250 
 
 Collitz iii. Nachwort p. 143. d#Xa TO. TTJS vlicris wpapios 'H/)aK\Wh]S 
 
 3 Collitz iii. 4498 ...olNiKri<j>6povi>iKd- Xa/*7ra5as 'Ep/xei'at t)9)Ke /cat 'HpaK\fi. 
 avrep Ka.aa'tipa.Tbpiv, pwav KCLI \wav For models of torches see chap. vm. 
 'Aprtfjudi Btop^o dvt0T)Kav (temp. Marc. 9 IGS i. 1818 roibffS 1 e&v deipar' tic 
 Aurel.) ; 4501 'Opdelij S&pov Aeovrei)? Mowrav tpt 'Zrpdrtav dywvos. 
 
 dvedrjKe fioaybs fj.Cia.v viK-fjffas Kal rdd' 10 CIA iii. 112 viicas ' A\Kij3id5ov 
 
 firadXa Xa^uv. ffTj(i-f)iov tvOdde Kf'i/j.ai, ffraffe dt p.' ov 
 
 4 Cat. Bronzes Br. Mus. 326 rpia- /xoXiras a\\' dperas dfOXov. 
 
 KO.TIUV ddXov. n CIA iii. 127 rrjv {% 'Apyovs dtnriSa. : 
 
 5 See Indices. A TriXos dpyvpovs is mentioned, not dedicated. 
 
 also mentioned in Delos: BCH vi. 12 Collitz iii. 3058 ore^aj'wtfeij rat 
 
 33 38 , x. 465 115 , 465 113 ffrXtyyides eirt- Xa/j.irdSi. rwv avri^wv . . .rb a.8\ov 'Ep/j.ai 
 
 TIJKTOI. /cat <7T^0a^os H 1 1 1 &ffraroi, as Kal ' Hpa/cXet. 
 
154 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the Muses in Cos 1 , and a third from some unknown contest in 
 Aegae 1 . Even perishable wreaths may have been dedicated, as 
 the Cretan A Icon did at the Isthmia 3 , the soldiers of Agesilaus 
 did with theirs at their friendly contests in Ephesus 4 . In 
 a Delian temple-inscription is a long list of articles handed 
 on from archon to archon, and apparently votive offerings; 
 all are goblets of the different kinds mentioned among the 
 temple treasure: since a list of victors in the artistic contests 
 is also given, it looks as though these might be prizes 6 . In 
 the list for the year 364 we find irorijpia ^opela, ^laXtj vnco- 
 8p6[ieio<;, and eleven silver goblets, which had been prizes in 
 the horse-race 6 . 
 
 We have seen that the panathenaic amphorae are mentioned 
 as early as Pindar, who speaks of the " fruit of the olive in 
 gaily bedeckt jars 7 ." These jars have been found in many 
 places, a large number of them in Etruria, others in Cyrene, 
 in the Crimea, and in various parts of Greece 8 . The oldest 
 existing specimen bears the inscription, in archaic script, TWV 
 'AOijvijBev X&Xwv dpi: the goddess, armed with helmet, shield, 
 and spear, and clad in the embroidered peplus, stands turned to 
 the left, brandishing the spear, and holding the shield so as 
 to show the device upon it 9 . So far the form is stereotyped, 
 except that between 336 and 313 the figure for reasons un- 
 known is turned to the right 10 ; in most specimens a pillar or 
 two pillars are drawn, with sometimes a cock upon them, or an 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 3651 viKa.<ra.s...Ki6apiffiJ.C)i the last, <f>id\ai apyvpat A I, 50Xa, irepi- 
 ...rb TfOev a.0\ot> 'A7r6XXaw xal Mo&rats. y(v6nevat (K rijs iiriroSpofilas, does not 
 Ancient dedications of Kiffapydol in imply that they were dedicated by the 
 Athens : CIA i. 357, 372. victors. They may have been extra 
 
 2 Bahn - Schuchhardt, Alterthiimer stock kept until next time. The 
 von Aigai, 43 yuccas eWflijure rb axpo- phrases dn<popiffKos ir<mu'iot, Kparqp 
 dtviov ? rpirip-irnKfa (466) may refer to shape. 
 
 3 Simonides 158 (Bergk) Kpr)s"A\icuv * Page 150 18 . 
 
 AidvfjLov Qoifty ffrtyo* 'IffOfj-i' t\wv irv. 8 Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 1151, 
 
 4 Xen. Hell. iii. 4. 18 rods AXXovs gives references. I take from him the 
 ffTparuirras iareffxtvufilvov^ dird TUV yvn- description of the vases. 
 
 vaffiuv a.Tri6vTas Kal ava.TiOivTas roin 9 Baumeister, fig. 1346 ; Mon. dell' 
 
 ffTe<pavovs Tg 'AprefilSt. Inst. x. pi. 21. 
 
 8 BCH ix. 147 ff. di>t0i)K( occurs 10 The dates of later specimens are 
 
 line 15. known by the archon's name. 
 
 6 BCJI x. 462. But the wording of 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 155 
 
 owl, a panther, a Victory, a figure of Athena herself 1 . On the 
 reverse of the vase is another scene, generally agonistic. As 
 fragments of these jars have been found on the Acropolis, it is 
 natural to suppose the winners, who received a certain number 
 of jars for each victory 2 , sometimes offered one to Athena. 
 Perhaps they also dedicated the prize at home : at least, one 
 victor in the Eleusinia offered something in Lesbos, and on the 
 inscribed slab is carven an amphora and olive leaves 3 ; and 
 a panathenaic amphora was found at Eleusis 4 . One such vase 
 appears to be dedicated to Asclepius 8 . 
 
 The golden crowns and the like, won in public contests, 
 were sometimes consecrated. In the Panathenaea a crown was 
 the reward of musical contests, which by Pericles were added to 
 the list of events 6 . Xenophon relates how athletic and military 
 competitions were held for the army of Agesilaus at Ephesus ; 
 among the prizes were fine arms and golden crowns 7 . There are 
 a large number of gold crowns in the Athenian inventories, 
 but few can be identified 8 . In the Delian lists one donor is 
 Xenophantus, whom Homolle identifies with the famous flotist 9 . 
 There are some fifty gold crowns mentioned in the list 10 ; myrtle 
 crowns are dedicated by the Delian girls as the prize of 
 dancing 11 . One laurel crown bears the name of Nicias 12 . The 
 state is also found dedicating a victor's crown 13 . Nero, who was 
 nothing if not a mimic, dedicated in the Argive Heraeum a 
 
 1 One of them shows a male figure 9 Homolle, Les archives de Vinten- 
 holding a Victory ; interpreted by C. dance sacree. a Delos, p. 68 ; Plut. Dem. 
 Torr as Lycurgus (Plut. X. Or. vii. 5, 53 eXXoyindraros avXrir^. He lived in 
 iii. 4). See Rev. Arch. xxvi. 160. the early third century. 
 
 2 The prizes vary from 8 to 60 jars : 1 BCH vi. 120. 
 
 Mommsen, Heortologie, 141. u BCH vi. 29, line 5 a-T^JMvia xpvffS,, 
 
 3 IGI Lesbos 132 viKacrcus 'EXeu- ded. to the Graces ; 30, line 7 ff. <rrt- 
 crivia, dV5pas ffradiov. Cp. 133. <f>avos 6pv6s, Ki<r<rov, 56.<f>vi]s, fivpaivris, 
 
 4 AM xvii. 126. p. 39 Aates. 
 
 5 AM xxi. 294. 12 BCH xiv. 411 ffrtyavos XP* 
 
 6 Mommsen, Heortologie, 151 ; Si- Nudou avdOrifw., with 42 leaves 9 berries, 
 monides, frag. 155 (213) /cai UavaffTjvatois l3 CIA ii. 652, line 36: err^acos 0aXXoO 
 0Te<f>cu>ovs Xa/3e irfrrt : CIA ii. 965. xP vff v*> & v "h ""<^'* da>0riKC TO, viKtjT^pia 
 
 7 Xen. Hell. iv. 2. 7. TOV KiOap<?8ov, list of 398/7. Or can 
 
 8 CIA i. 170 172. Many were this have been deposited against the 
 honorific : see below, ch. vii. next contest ? 
 
156 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 golden crown and a purple robe; the first doubtless 1 a musical 
 prize, the latter the dress he performed in 2 . So also he sent to 
 Olympia a golden crown*. 
 
 The most important series of prizes thus dedicated, are the 
 tripods awarded for the best tribal chorus at the Dionysia and 
 cyclic chorus at the Thargelia 4 . The origin of the form has 
 been spoken of; here it remained as an honorific prize, its very 
 type, its shape and size, the ornamental lion-claws and so forth, 
 being traditional. In the vase paintings, it should be noted, 
 there seems always to be a kettle too. This tripod is usually 
 represented as being taller than a man 5 . Ever since the tribal 
 competition was establisht by Cleisthenes the tripod seems to 
 have been the only prize 8 ; there is clear evidence for the fifth 
 century 7 and for the fourth 8 . Simonides mentions fifty-six 
 tripods won by his choruses 9 . In the earlier part of the fourth 
 century we find the usual victors' records of choregi 10 ; but as the 
 city became poorer, the choregia had to be shared between two 
 or more, whose names appear jointly as victors 11 . By the end of 
 this century the burden appears to have grown too great for 
 private citizens, and the state takes it over 12 , placing the celebra- 
 tion in the hands of a public official, the Agonothet 13 . This 
 reform is ascribed to Demetrius of Phalerum, who presided at 
 the Dionysia in 309/8 14 . The records after this date are not full, 
 but we find dedications in the second century 15 . Outside Attica 
 
 1 As Eeisch suggests (p. 60). 10 CIA ii. 3. 1229 ff. ; inscrr. in 
 
 2 Paus. ii. 17. 6. Delos BCH ix. 147 ; further list in D. 
 
 3 Paus. v. 12. 8. and S. s.v. Chorepug. 
 
 4 See especially Reisch, chap. iii. n CIA ii. 3. 1280 ff. There is an 
 In antiquity Heliodorus wrote a work example of joint dedication before 404, 
 irepl ruv 'AOrivrjcn rptirbduv (Suidas s.v. when Gnathis and Alexandrides com- 
 TiMiov). memorated two victories, of a tragedy 
 
 5 Beisch discusses the existing bases by Sophocles and a comedy by Aristo- 
 75 ff. ; the vase evidence 68, 80 ; the phanes. The stone was found in 
 reliefs 70. A pillar usually supported Eleusis. But this is clearly a dedica- 
 them in the middle ; one remains, tion of a different sort. 
 
 'Ae^vatov i. 170. 12 CIA ii. 3. 1289 6 5^/xos ^opiftei ; 
 
 6 Hermes xx. 66. ff. 
 
 7 Isaeus v. 41, cp. Xen. Hieron. 13 aywvoOtri]*, I.e. 
 
 ix. 4. i< AM iii. 229 ff.; CIA ii. 3. 1289 
 
 8 Demosth. Meid. 6. note. 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. xiii. 28. 15 CIA ii. 3. 1298. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 157 
 
 we have no means of knowing how far the choregic customs 
 prevailed ; but there are traces of such dedications at Eretria in 
 Euboea 1 , at Orchomenus 2 , and elsewhere. The practice seems 
 to have died out for a time, perhaps for lack of musical talent. 
 After the Christian era the competition seems to have been 
 artificially revived 3 . The Thargelian contest ceases to have 
 importance as early as the fourth century. 
 
 Originally the Dionysiac tripods were dedicated in the 
 precinct of Dionysus 4 , and the Thargelian in the Pythium 5 . 
 But when there was no longer room, or the choregus became 
 more ambitious, they were set up in a street close by called 
 after them The Tripods 6 . The state used to pay a thousand 
 drachmae towards the cost 7 ; but the opportunity for magni- 
 ficence or display was not neglected by the choregus, and thus 
 the offering partook of both public and private character. They 
 were placed on a plain basis, or on steps, or on a pillar 8 , like 
 that of Aristocrates, which is still preserved. It seems pro- 
 bable, as Reisch suggests, that the three-sided marble bases, 
 with concave sides, some inscribed, some bearing Dionysiac 
 reliefs, even tripods, were intended to carry votive tripods 9 . 
 Nicias would seem to be the first who made the base of a 
 
 1 AJA o.s., x. 335. 7 CIA ii. 814 a A 31 rplirodes viicf)- 
 
 2 IGS i. 3210. njpta rots xP? s Ka ' T( ">i ipyeurufUfVt 
 
 3 CIA iii. 68 b, 79, 82 c. Inscrr. on (375/4). Theoretically, the offering was 
 bases : CIA i. 336, 337, iv. 1. 337 a, ii. therefore public ; but practically pri- 
 1250 (B.C. 415), ii. 1281 (early 4th vate. This feeling is perhaps exprest 
 cent.), 1240 (B.C. 344/3), 1249, 1258, by the change of formula from the 
 1262. For the Thargelia : CIA i. 421, tribal name to the choregus', 6 dciva, 
 422. Beisch adds reff. to Athen. ii. xop-rtyuv MKO. : cp. CIA ii. 553 (400 
 37; Arg. to Dem. Or. xxi. p. 510, B.C.), 1234, and later. The choregus 
 Schol. Aesch. Tim. 10 p. 255 Schulz. is victor in the Thargelia, CIA i. 422, 
 
 4 Isaeus v. 41 jwij/ueia rrjs O.VTUV Aristocrates, whose offering is mention - 
 dpeTrjs avfOetrav, TOVTO ptv iv Aiovfoov edinPlato,Gor<7is472A(below,p. 158 J ). 
 rpliroSas, oOs xwyowres Kai viKuvres 8 See the vases figured in Reisch, pp. 
 t\a.pov : of a man who died in 429. 68, 80. Three cylindrical bases from 
 Cp. Anth. Pal. vi. 339. the Thargelia, p. 88. Reisch is in- 
 
 5 Suidas s.v. HvOiov lepbv 'AwiXXw- clined to ascribe this to Delphic tradi- 
 vos, ' A6-fivi]ffi,v virb Heiffiffrparov yeyot>6s, tion. The first certain evidence for 
 efc 8 TOUS rpliroSas ^rlOeaav ol T KVK\i(f pillars under the Dionysiac tripod 
 X<5py viK-fiffavTfs TO. Qapy/i\ia. comes from imperial times, p. 89. 
 
 6 Paus. i. 20. 1, with Frazer's note. 9 Reisch, pp. 90, 92 note. 
 
158 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 tripod something more than a base. Plato alludes to the 
 tripod of Nicias and his brothers in the Dionysium, and to 
 the " beautiful offering" of Aristocrates 1 ; and the words of 
 Plutarch 1 imply that those of Nicias were placed upon some 
 kind of a shrine, on the gable top and ends perhaps. Whether 
 or no Nicias may claim to be the inventor of the tripod shrine, 
 the latter half of the fourth century saw a number of these 
 erected in the Street of Tripods, of which the beautiful monu- 
 ment of Lysicrates (335/4) still remains on the spot 3 . The 
 tripod stood probably on the trefoil ornament, and the frieze, 
 which represents scenes from the life of Dionysus, was doubtless 
 taken from the prize poem. A similar monument, called the 
 Lantern of Diogenes, is described by a traveller as standing in 
 1669 4 . Another choregic inscription (of the year 323/2) is 
 carved on a piece of a Doric epistyle 5 . The well-known monu- 
 ment of Thrasyllus, who won a victory with the men's chorus in 
 320/19, was placed against the Acropolis rock over the theatre, 
 and there its remains are still" ; a second Nicias won with the 
 boys' chorus in the same year, and built a little Doric shrine 
 for his tripod above the Odeum 7 . The agonothetae probably 
 continued the practice of the choregi, as we see from a similar 
 inscription on the fragments of an Ionic architrave 8 , and there 
 is evidence for similar buildings in the imperial age 9 . 
 
 The tripods themselves were sometimes covered with silver, 
 
 1 Plato, Gorg. 472 A : /j.aprvp^ffovffi 1675, quoted by Beisch : Laborde, 
 trot, Idv fi.lv potXy, NiKlai o NiKT/paroi; Athenes, i. 219, 244, ii. 33. 
 
 K<d ol a,Sf\<f>ol ner' abrov, ut> of rplirodes 8 CIA ii. 1245. 
 
 ot <?<ei?s ^riDr^y elffiv iv T$ ^tovvffitf, 6 Dorpfeld in AM x. 227; CIA ii. 
 
 ear 5i* /3cw\77, 'ApterTOKpaTTjj 6 Z/ceXX/oi/, 1247. His son Thrasycles won two 
 
 oO <x& tffnv tv HvOlov TOVTO rb KO.\OV victories with choruses furnisht by the 
 
 dvaOripa. state in 271/70, and commemorated 
 
 2 Plut. Nic. 3 6 rots xopW " r pL- them on the same spot : CIA ii. 1292, 
 iroaiv vvoKfinevos (v Aiovvffov pewj. 1293. 
 
 3 Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of 7 Dorpfeld in AM ix. 219, with 
 Athens, i. 32 ; C. von Liitzow, Ztschr. restoration, pi. vii. ; CIA. 
 
 /. bild. Kunst, 1868, p. 233, 264 S. The 8 CIA ii. 1264, AM iii. 234 : but it 
 
 inscription runs CIA ii. 1242 Av<ri- is doubtful. 
 
 KpaTijs Kucvvvfi/s f\op^iyei, 'AKanavTls 9 CIA iii. 68 b : the tripod, or a 
 
 iralSwv iviKa, Q4ut> riC\ti, AwrtaS^s memorial of it, is dedicated to Ascle- 
 
 atos tSidaffxe, Evalvero* f/pxe- PIUS privately, and not in the year it 
 
 Guillet, Athenes anc. et nouv., Paris was won. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 159 
 
 as that of Aeschraeus in the fourth century 1 ; and some of them 
 had statues enclosed between the legs. The suggestion came 
 doubtless from ornamenting the pillars, which as we have seen 
 stood below the belly of the cauldron for support. 
 
 Praxiteles placed his famous Satyr under one of the 
 tripods in this street 8 . A Dionysus, with Victory by his 
 side, made by the same artist and doubtless dedicated by him, 
 is alluded to in the following lines 3 : 
 
 e tcai rt<? Trporepwv 
 
 lepd, KOI Nt/cr?* roidSe Swpa 
 r}v Trdpe&pov Bpo/uon K\IVOI<> ev dyaxri re 
 
 Tlpaj~ire\r)<; St<7<rot? eicraff VTTO rpiTrocrtv. 
 
 Perhaps the group of Apollo and Artemis slaying the Niobids, 
 seen by Pausanias, was there placed 4 . One Praxiteles placed 
 statues of Victory under two tripods, probably for musical 
 victories 5 . A similar tripod, with Dionysus beneath it, is 
 mentioned in the Anthology as dedicated by Damomenes the 
 choregus 6 . The practice is illustrated by a marble tripod found 
 at Magnesia on the Maeander, which has Hermes between the 
 legs 7 . A portion of what seems to be the marble base of a tripod 
 is preserved in Madrid : it is three-sided, and there remain two 
 graceful figures of dancing girls 8 . Three dancing figures of a 
 similar type found at Delphi seem to have adorned a tripod base 9 . 
 
 1 Harpocration s.v. Kararo/j.r] : <l>cX<5- mean "in the grotto"; it can hardly 
 Xopos ev ZKT-TI oi/rws' Altrxpaios 'A.vayv- mean, as Reisch suggests, they were 
 pd<rtoj <W0T//fe rbv virtp Otarpov rpl- ornamental work on the tripod, which 
 iroda Karapyvpuxras, veviKriicws rf irpb- Pausanias expresses by ireipyaff/j,tvos. 
 repov trei xop-riywi' iraiuL. Perhaps the scene was taken later by 
 
 2 Paus. i. 20. 1. The interpretation Christians to mean devils attacking 
 has been doubted, but seems to follow the Virgin, and hence the modern 
 from a reasonable rendering of Pau- consecration of the grotto to Our Lady 
 sanias. See for a discussion of pros of the Cave, Speleotiosa. 
 
 and cons, Eeisch, pp. 111112. 5 CIA ii. 1298. 
 
 3 CIA ii. (3) 1298. The dedicator 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 339. 
 
 alludes to the work of Praxiteles as a 7 AM xix. 54. It is not of the 
 
 thing known. choregic type. 3rd century. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 21. 3 ffir-/i\ai6i> e<rriv... 8 AA viii. 76, 77. Attic, early fifth 
 rpiwovs 5 ftrecTTt KO.I ro^ry > A7r6X\wj' century. 
 
 8 4v avrtfi KO.I "Apreyous TOI)S TraiSds fiffiv 9 BCH xviii. 180. 
 
 avaipovvres rovs Nto/Sr/s. But this may 
 
160 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The model of a tripod in stone was dedicated at Tremithus 
 in Cyprus, apparently by the winner 1 . 
 
 2. The Instrument. 
 
 As the victorious warrior might consecrate his own arms, so 
 the athlete might do with the implement of his game. This 
 class, like the corresponding class in the last chapter, is smaller 
 than the preceding ; but there is evidence for it from either 
 extreme of Greek history, which may throw light on the 
 obscurity which lies between. At the same time, quite a num- 
 ber of competitions are by their nature excluded. Singing 
 choirs used nothing which would suggest an offering ; the pent- 
 athlete had his quoit, his weights, his javelin, but the runner 
 had nothing to show ; neither had the hoplite, who for obvious 
 reasons must not run in his own armour 2 . It is in fact the 
 contest of quoit-throwing, or putting the weight, which is most 
 useful to us just at this point. 
 
 In Olympia is a huge irregular stone, declaring by an 
 inscription that Bybon threw it over his head with one hand 3 . 
 We know that the stone was used in putting before quoits 
 came in 4 ; and although this has no dedicatory inscription, the 
 place of its finding implies that it stood in the holy place. We 
 cannot feel quite certain about the quoit called of Iphitus, on 
 which was engraven the formula of the sacred truce 5 . But a 
 very ancient bronze quoit from Cephallenia is inscribed with 
 words which leave no doubt 6 : 
 
 Kovpoiv 
 
 A thousand years later we find a quoit dedicated as a thank- 
 offering by Publius Asclepiades in the year 241 of our era 7 . 
 
 1 Collitz i. 122 Tfy4aX/toj...f' eXwv of strength; we read of one weigh- 
 ...6vt0rjKe 'Air6\uvi. ing 200 Ibs. (Games of Argyllshire, Folk- 
 
 2 Paus. v. 12. 8. Lore Soc., 1900, p. 233). 
 
 3 IGA 370 ; Koberts 167 : Erf/Suv 4 Paus. ii. 29. 9. 
 
 T-tfrtprii xpi vvtp Ke<f>a\S.s u7rep^/3aXe rb 8 Paus. V. 20. 1 ; Hicks, Gr. Hist. 
 
 ov<f>6pa (t). It measures 0'68 x 0-33 Inter. 1. 
 
 x 0-29 m. Such stones used to be 6 IGS iii. 1. 649. 
 
 kept by highland chieftains for trials ~ Inschr. von 01. 241 IIoTrX. \\a-K\rj- 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 
 
 161 
 
 Again, a victorious pentathlete of the sixth century dedicates 
 at Athens a base with a flat circular depression, which may have 
 held a quoit 1 . What more natural, then, than to assume that 
 two quoits, engraved with scenes from the five events, either 
 were votive or represented a votive type ? Both represent the 
 jump and the javelin, which with the quoit were therefore the 
 three events which the owner won. One is from Sicily, and is 
 dated about 500 2 ; the other, found in a tomb in Aegina, belongs 
 
 FIG. 24. Discus with representation of two events of the pentathlon, leaping 
 
 and javelin-throwing. 
 Cat. Brit. Mus. Bronzes 248. 
 
 to the fifth century 3 . These, or such as these, may be models 
 made for memorial or dedication. Several discs, not inscribed, 
 were found at Olympia, which are most likely to be votive 4 . 
 To the same class belongs the leaden jumping weight of 
 
 3 Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Discus, figs. 
 251,2462; Ann. d. Inst. 1832, pi. B; 
 Friedrichs, Berl. Ant. Bilder, ii. 1273 ; 
 Baumeister, Denkm. fig. 612; Schrei- 
 ber, Atlas, xxii. 11. The beautiful 
 quoit of the sixth century, bearing a 
 dolphin, must have been made as a 
 memorial of some sort : HavaO-qvaia, ii. 
 31 ; Jahreshefte ii. pi. 1. 
 
 4 Bronzen von 01. 179; AZ 1880, 
 p. 63. 
 
 11 
 
 opivdios irtvraOXos e 
 Atei 'OXi>MTtw OX. ffve ( = 01. 255). 
 There is a mysterious legend on the 
 other side which I have no concern 
 with here. 
 
 1 Ear. 13; CIA iv. i. 373 189 ...oj 
 
 2 Cat. Brit. Mus. Bronzes 248, figs. ; 
 Gaz. Arch. i. 131, pi. 35; Schreiber, 
 Atlas, xxii. 15. See fig. 24. 
 
 R. 
 
162 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Epaenetus, found at Eleusis 1 . There was a stone weight found 
 at Olympia inscribed with a name, but without a dedication 8 . 
 Two weights were found at Corinth, but without inscription*. 
 I do not know whether we ought to call votive the stone flute 
 found in Ithaca 4 . 
 
 If Arcesilas IV of Gyrene, who won the Pythian race in 
 466, did as it seems dedicate the car he drove in, this would 
 be another example of the same principle 6 . Euagoras did 
 so at Olympia 6 ; and perhaps we may take it that this was 
 the earliest, as it is the most natural, custom. 
 
 Trappings of horses have been found at Dodona 7 , Olympia 8 , 
 and elsewhere, but to assign these to any special class would be 
 guessing. 
 
 But in the fifth century the victor in musical and scenic 
 contests dedicated the trappings of his work. Lysias speaks of 
 the dedication of stage trappings by the choregus 9 ; and an 
 inscription of Teos mentions the masks and the crowns 10 . A 
 fragment of Aristophanes 11 alludes to the "bogie-masks" hanging 
 in the precinct of Dionysus ; and a number of reliefs from the 
 Athenian theatre show tragic masks suspended in rows 12 . The 
 masks appear to have been either hung on the walls, or placed 
 on their own bases 13 . Such reliefs may have been themselves 
 votive, just as a trophy might be made in permanent form of 
 bronze; or they may simply reproduce the appearance of the 
 
 1 CIA iv. 1. 422 4 d\6(j.evo3 vlxi^ffev <rtn> rrj TTJS VKevrjs dvaOtati irevT 
 'Eiralvtros, ovvrica rwde dX.TTJp ____ ; 'E0. dpaxpds: 700 tiri 8t EvK\fiSov apxovros 
 'A.px- 1883, 189 : sixth or seventh Kw^ySots xopVfvi' 'K.T)<}>iffo8wp<p tvixuv, 
 century. Kal dt>ri\uffa avv rfj TT?S ffKevrjs dvaOfcti 
 
 2 IGA 160 Kvudlas ; Bronzen von tKKalSetca /was. 
 
 01. 1101. 10 Le Bas, As. Min. 92 : ra irp6ffwira 
 
 3 'E0. 'Apx- 1883, 104, figs. xal rovs ffrttfidvovs. 
 
 4 IGA 337; IGS iii. 1. 655 tap6s. " Arist. Geras, 131 Kock: rkav (f>pd- 
 8 Find. Pyth. v. 32 KaW/cXcwe yap ffeif irov '<m rb J\IOVV<TIOI> ; oirov rb. 
 
 d\\a Kp4fj.ara.t, fj.opfjiO\vKela trpoffKpt(j.dvvvTai. 
 
 uv 5a/5a\' &ywv ia AZ xxiv. 170, Abb. 13; Reisch 
 
 Kpiffdiov \6<j>ov &/j.i\f/ev, etc. 145, 146, figs. 13 and 14. 
 
 8 Paus. vi. 10. 8. Pompeian wall-pain ting, Mus.Bor- 
 
 7 Carapanos, Iii. ban. i. 1; Helbig 1460; Reisch 145; 
 
 8 Bronzen 1102 ff. theatre ticket, Hon. d. Inst. viii. 52, 
 
 9 Lysias, Dorod. v. 698 di>8pd<rt XO/MJ- 732. 
 yZv efr Aioi>v<ria ivlicrjaa. Kal dvtjKwffa 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 163 
 
 temple walls with real masks hanging upon them. The dedi- 
 cation of the real mask comes first in point of development, 
 although since this class of dedication does not appear 
 until the practice of dedicating models had begun, there is 
 nothing to show which kind, if either, comes first in time. 
 A large number of model masks are preserved; Sybel notes 
 about thirty of them in Athens 1 , and the practice will doubtless 
 have been followed elsewhere. A fine tragic mask of terra- 
 cotta, with holes for hanging, came from Thebes 2 . A disc, of 
 the Roman period, made for hanging, bears on one side two 
 Bacchic masks, and on the other a Satyr 3 . 
 
 A few other examples may be mentioned. Athenaeus alludes 
 to a Contest of Beauty which Cypselus founded in honour of 
 Eleusinian Demeter, in which his own wife was the first victor 4 . 
 In a poem of the Anthology a victorious maiden offers as 
 trophies of such a contest a fawn-skin and a golden vase, together 
 with her dress and trinkets, to Priapus 5 . A votary dedicates 
 to Hermes the torch which he had used in the torch-race 6 ; 
 Charmos offers to Poseidon his whip, curry-comb, and the other 
 trappings of his horses after winning the Isthmian race 7 ; the 
 trumpeter dedicates his trumpet 8 , and the actor his mask 9 . An 
 oil-flask appears to be dedicated in a Boeotian inscription of the 
 third century 10 . 
 
 3. Other Commemorative Offerings. 
 
 The most important offerings, however, connected with the 
 Games are those which represent the act or process blest by the 
 god. 
 
 1 Sybel 3875, 3877, 38823, 3968, Coll. Castellani, 671. 
 3978, all from the theatre; 1069 ff., 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 1042. 
 
 3256, 3467, 3531, 4095, 4107, 41412, 4 Ath. xiii. 609 P AT^T/H 'EXeimi'/p, 
 
 4145, 4155, 4803, 5744, 6130 (2527), rjs ev ry eoprfj ical rov rov /cdXXovs dyuva 
 
 6475, 6566, 6810, 7134; Keisch 146. iiriTeXtvai [Kv\j/f\oi>], KaivtKTJffanrp&rov 
 
 The item from the Delian inventories avrov TTJI/ yvvaiKa'flpodLKirjv. 
 
 (BCH ii. 325) irlva irptxrMira. ^" 5 A ^th. Pal. vi. 292. 
 
 rpia cannot be taken of masks, as 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 100. 
 
 Eeisch diffidently suggests ; irptxruirov 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 246 ; so 233. 
 
 is used in the Inventories of 'persons' 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 350. 
 
 (e.g. CIA ii. 83S 33 ), and the irlva was 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 311. 
 
 a relief. 10 IGS i. 3091 tX-qoxplffriov. 
 
 2 NowinMadrid:^l^lviii.95; another, 
 
 112 
 
164 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The athletic and equestrian contests gave good scope for 
 those representations in modelling. The chariot with its team 
 and driver, the race-horse and jockey, and the athlete with dis- 
 tinguishing marks or attitudes were at once simple as con- 
 ceptions and effective as memorials. An ideal element was 
 often added to the chariot by placing a statue of Victory beside 
 the driver. 
 
 The earliest dedication of the chariot-model recorded by 
 Pausanias is probably that of Cleosthenes the Epidamnian, 
 victor in 516 1 . He and his driver stood in the car, and he went 
 so far as to inscribe the names of the horses upon them. 
 Gelo, despot of Gela and afterwards of Syracuse, won the 
 race and dedicated a similar group in 488 8 . The chariot of 
 Hiero, who succeeded him, was dedicated at Olympia by his 
 son 3 ; and the remains of a magnificent monument found at 
 Delphi testify to a Pythian victory for the same man. It is 
 a bronze charioteer, with the wreath of victory on his head, and 
 parts of the horses 4 . Others recorded are those of Cratisthenes 
 the Cyrenian 8 , and of Cynisca, daughter of Archedamus of 
 Sparta 6 . Cratisthenes was probably the first to place a Victory 
 beside the driver 7 ; but in other cases appears a "maiden" 
 who is probably meant for this personification 8 . Pliny mentions 
 another, that of Tisicrates, by Piston 9 ; and probably the tirvrot 
 %a\Kai of Cimon, said by Aelian to have been in Athens, were 
 the memorial of a successful race 10 . Calamis, Aristides, and 
 Euphranor, as well as Lysippus, Euthycrates, Pyromachus, 
 Menogenes, and Aristodemus, made well-known chariot-groups, 
 
 1 Paus. vi. 10. 7 inscr. KXeo<r0^i?s VAcad. des Inscr. xxiv. 186. A plate 
 fj.' divtOijKev 6 H6vrios t 'Eiri8d/j.vov, of the charioteer in AA xi. 174. 
 wfiffas iTTirots Ka,\bv dyuva Ai6s. Names 8 Paus. vi. 18. 1. 
 
 of horses &olvi, K6pa, KvaKlas, 2d/j.os. 6 Paus. vi. 1. 6: 4th century. See 
 
 2 Paus. vi. 9. 4 : part of the base is below, p. 165. 
 believed to have been found : Inschr. 7 Paus. vi. 18. 1. 
 
 von Olympia 143 ; IGA 359 ; and see 8 p a us. vi. 4. 10, 12. 6. 
 
 Frazer's note on Pausanias I.e. 9 Plin. NH xxxiv. 89. 
 
 3 Paus. vi. 12. 1, inscr. in viii. 10 Aelian, VH ix. 32. Cimon the 
 42. 9. elder won three chariot-races, Hdt. vi. 
 
 4 Dedicated by his brother Polyzalos: 103. His horses were buried near 
 AJD N.S. ii. 440; Comptes Rendus de him. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 
 
 165 
 
 some of which we may assume to have been votive. Quite late, 
 the chariot of Lampus of Philippi in Macedon is mentioned 1 . 
 
 These models we may assume to have been full size, but 
 others were small. That Glaucon the Athenian's chariot was 
 small is proved by its base, which has been found 2 . Cynisca 
 also placed a small chariot in the ante-chapel at Olympia 3 , and 
 the car of Polypeithes the Laconian was " not large 4 ." What 
 may be the wheel of one such model was found, it is said, in 
 Argos, and it is dedicated to the Dioscuri 8 . Fragments of 
 chariots and drivers were found at Athens 6 . A number of 
 smaller models in bronze and 
 terra-cotta were found at Olympia 7 , 
 so many indeed, and such trifles, 
 as to suggest a doubt whether they 
 can be meant for this great event. 
 Can it be that such things were 
 offered beforehand with the pro- 
 pitiatory sacrifice ? I know of no 
 evidence for this, however. A 
 number of wheels were found which 
 had no chariots belonging to them ; 
 they are cut out of thin foil 8 , or 
 cast 9 , most being of the four-spoke 
 type, but two, the wheels of the 
 mule-car 10 , with five spokes. All are 
 older than the traditional founding 
 of the Games. It may be that 
 some are the bases of animal 
 figures 11 , but this will not help with the rest. Reisch believes 
 
 FIG. 25. Charioteer, from 
 
 Olympia. 
 Bronzen xv. 249. 
 
 1 Paus. vi. 4. 10. 
 
 2 Paus. vi. 16. 9, Inschr. von 01. 
 178 Ad 'OXi>(iiri T\O.VKWV 'Ereo/cX^- 
 ovs 'AOyvalos. 
 
 3 Paus. v. 12. 5; Collitz iii. 4418; 
 she claims that she was the only Greek 
 woman to win the chariot-race. 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 16. 6. 
 
 5 IGA 43 a rol(v) fav6.Koi(v) elfd. EtfS 
 . . s dv^6r)Ke. But see chap. xiv. 
 
 6 Cat. Acr. Mus. Bronzes 753. 
 
 7 Bronzen von 01. xv. 24850, 253, 
 etc.; p. 40. Terra-cotta, xvii. 285. 
 See fig. 25. 
 
 8 Bronzen 498 ff. 
 
 9 Bronzen 503 ff . 
 
 10 Bronzen 510. 
 with the mule-car 
 
 There were races 
 air-tivrj between 01. 
 
 70 and 84 : Paus. v. 9. 1. 
 11 Bronzen 509. 
 
166 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 that they were dedicated for the whole car by a convention, 
 and so explains also the Argive wheel mentioned above 1 . If 
 the Greeks could have dedicated a wheel for a chariot, they 
 could have dedicated the leg of a tripod for the whole ; and 
 there is no evidence whatever that they ever made such an 
 artistic blunder. They might restore Heracles from a foot, 
 but they would hardly offer a foot for Heracles. I shall offer 
 another explanation of these wheels by and by 2 . 
 
 Turning to the horse-race, we find figures of jockeys on 
 horseback placed on either side of Hiero's chariot 3 . We learn 
 that Canachus, Hegias, and Calamis made such groups 4 . 
 Crocon the Eretrian was another 
 who dedicated his horse 6 , and al- 
 though no jockey is mentioned 
 he would be necessary to express 
 the idea we have seen in these 
 groups. There is one example of 
 the animal dedicated alone, but 
 then there was a reason for it. 
 At the outset of this race the 
 jockey who was riding Pheidolas's 
 mare fell off, yet the mare ran on 
 
 and came in first; so Pheidolas was adjudged victor, and was 
 allowed to dedicate his mare alone 6 . But the animal is singled 
 out for special honour in another Olympian victory of the sons 
 of Pheidolas 7 . Other victorious jockeys are thus represented ; as 
 Aesypus who rode for his father Timon 8 . These statues might 
 also be dedicated at home ; the base of Onatas on the Athenian 
 Acropolis seems to have borne some such group 9 . Whether the 
 equestrian statue of Isocrates was dedicated for a race, or for 
 
 FIG. 26. Rider, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xv. 255. 
 
 1 Reisch p. 61; accepted by Furt- 
 wangler, Bronzen, p. 68. 
 9 Chap. xiv. 
 
 3 Paus. vi. 12. 1. Pliny, NH xxxiv. 
 5. 19 says sed illi celetas tantum dica- 
 bant in sacris victores, postea vero et 
 qui bigis vel quadrigis vicissent. Cp. 
 Pind. 01. i. 
 
 4 Pliny, NH xxiv. 19, 75, 78. 
 
 6 Paus. vi. 14. 4. 
 
 6 Paus. vi. 13. 9: about 500. She 
 was named A0/xt. 
 
 7 Paus. vi. 13. 10 
 
 .ira.1-, 5t/o 5' 
 vaidwv tffTf<t>a.vdi 
 
 8 Paus. vi. 2. 8. 
 
 9 CIA iv. 1. 37399, 
 p. 146. 
 
 AI//COS 
 
 So.uocs. 
 
 . 'A.p X . 1887, 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 167 
 
 some athletic contest, is not stated : but there it stood on the 
 Acropolis of Athens 1 . Statuettes of riders were found at 
 Delos 2 and Olympia 3 , one at Dodona on a galloper 4 , a galloping 
 and a walking or trotting horseman at Athens 5 , an archaic 
 jockey in Argos 6 , a youth in the attitude of riding at 
 Megara Hyblaea 7 . Horses alone are quite common as votive 
 offerings, as has been pointed out : in the Cabirium there were 
 riders also 8 . 
 
 When we come to the statues of athletes, we are met by 
 a very puzzling question. The athlete, we are told, was 
 allowed to dedicate a statue of himself for each victory; the 
 girl runners at the Heraea, pictures of themselves painted 9 . 
 The question is, whether these were really votive offerings, or 
 nothing but an honour done to the winner. 
 
 Now Pausanias says distinctly that whilst all the objects on 
 the Athenian Acropolis were votive, statues included, the athlete 
 statues at Olympia were not; but that, as a kind of prize, the right 
 of dedicating them was given 10 . Since in the time of Pausanias 
 dvariOevai and dvd0r)fj,a were used of honorific statues, it 
 is likely that he got this distinction from an earlier writer". 
 It is true also that the inscriptions on many of these 
 statues are not dedicatory 12 , that the right to erect one was 
 
 1 Plut. X. Or., Isocrates, 42. rrj ' ' M^v-gym o't re dvSptavTes Kal 
 
 2 AZ xl. 328 61 . &\\a, TO. irdvra effTiv 6/uo/ws ava.OrifjLa.Ta.' 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. xv. 255, xvi. 258. ev 5t r-g "A\rei TO. fj.ev Tififj rrj ts r6 
 See fig. 26. Oeiov avaKfirai, ol 8 avdpiavTes r<av 
 
 4 Carapanos, 183, pi. xiii. 1, 3: VIKWVTWV ev 6.6\ov \6yu ff<j>i<ri. Kal OVTOI 
 other fragments xi. 3, xii. 2. The diSovrai. Furtwangler (AM v. 29 ff.) 
 same attitude as in old Attic tombs, and Curtius (Inschr. von Ol. p. 235) 
 where the dead man's feats were repre- agree with this view. Beisch p. 35 
 sented : AM iv. 36, pi. ii. regards all as votive, because they 
 
 5 Cat. ACT. Mus. Bronzes 751, 752. stood in the precinct. This misses the 
 Also Sybel in AM v. 286. point which I have tried to bring out 
 
 6 Catalogue, no. 3. in the text, that the motive was 
 
 7 Mon. Ant. i. 932 115 . changing. Moreover, a thing might 
 
 8 AM xv. 357. belong to the god and yet not be a 
 
 9 Paus. v. 16. 3 dvaOeivai ff<j>i<rii> e"<TTi votive offering. 
 ypaif/afdvau eiKovas. This does not u Frazer, ad loc. 
 
 mean " statues of themselves with their 12 E.g. Inschr. von 01. 146 Ka\X/as 
 
 names inscribed," as Frazer trans- AiSvuiov 'A0r/va?os ira.yKpa.Tiov 
 
 lates, but something painted. ivoiijfffv 'A^aios. 
 
 10 Paus. v. 21. 1 ev axpoiroXei pen yap 
 
168 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 held to be a high honour, and that this fact is sometimes 
 stated or implied in the legend 1 . On the other hand, we have 
 seen that it was a recognised principle to make the votive 
 offering a representation of the event ; and this could be done 
 for athletes by showing them in some characteristic attitude or 
 holding characteristic attributes. There is therefore nothing 
 in the nature of things to prevent the athlete dedicating in 
 the true sense such a figure of himself. Further, some of the 
 athlete statues have true dedicatory inscriptions; and the 
 chariot groups are admitted to be truly 'votive*. 
 
 The truth seems to be, then, that some athlete statues 
 were votive and some were not. Here in fact is the earliest 
 beginning of that change which is completed in the fourth 
 century, by which the votive offering becomes chiefly a means 
 of self-glorification. Why the change should begin here is easy 
 to see. Victors in the chariot-race did not owe their victory 
 to themselves alone 8 ; horses, car, and driver had a share in it, 
 and the group was distinct from the owner: but the athlete 
 stood alone, and in his case to represent the deed in doing was 
 to represent the man. The inevitable result was that pride 
 swallowed up piety, and in the fifth century or even earlier 
 the athlete's statue became a memorial of a personal honour. 
 
 I take it then, that originally the Olympian athlete statues 
 were as truly votive as the chariot groups or race-horse and 
 rider, and as truly as athlete statues continued to be votive 
 which the victor dedicated at home. Pliny gives a hint in the 
 same direction, when he implies that they were generally 
 not realistic portraits*. But those actually recorded must be 
 divided into two distinct classes, those which are votive being 
 
 1 As by Euthymus : below, p. 169. viK-^cras 8t Kal diropuv xputn'ov, Kurd riva. 
 
 2 Inschr. von Ol. p. 239. eoprijv tirfxupiov K(Kofffj.r)p.tvas ISuv rctj 
 
 3 Yet two chariot-victors, Timon ywaiKcu, wdvra. a^eJXero rbv Koapov, 
 and Telemachus, seem to have dedi- Kal fire^e rt> dvd6ri/j.a. Perhaps it was 
 cated their own statues alone: per- in the car. 
 
 haps the effect of the athletes (Paus. 4 Pliny, NH xxxiv. 4. 16 omnium 
 
 vi. 2. 8, 13. 11). Diogenes Laertius qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat, 
 
 i. 7. 3 says that Periander offered a eorum vero qui ter ibi superavissent, 
 
 golden statue of himself: "E<popos Iff TO- ex membris ipsorum similitudine ex- 
 
 pei wj eCatTo, el vucfiatitv '0\vfjLina pressa. 
 Tt6plirir<f, xpuaovv dvSpidvra dvadelvai. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 
 
 169 
 
 inscribed to that effect. If the dedicator was content to 
 describe his statue as a votive offering, I am content to 
 take him at his word, without assuming that he would say 
 what he did not" mean, because like a fourth-form schoolboy 
 he wanted to make his verses scan 1 . 
 
 One of the few that remained truly thankful for his mercies 
 was Euthyrnus the boxer, who won his third Olympic victory in 
 472 Z . He is however not unmindful of his own pride, but 
 another boxer Damarchus is more modest 3 . The same formula 
 is used of Tellon in the fifth century 4 , and of Milo the wrestler 5 . 
 These are the mainstays of my argument; but I may add 
 Cyniscus 6 from the early fourth century, after which no others 
 demonstrably 7 use the formula until the first century 8 , when 
 the practice becomes general 9 . 
 
 If the principle of dedication which I have adopted is 
 correct, the dedicatory statues must have been intelligible to 
 
 1 As Curtius in the Inschr. von 01. 
 p. 239. He overlooks no. 213, which 
 is in prose. So Furtwangler, AM v. 30. 
 
 It is hardly possible to argue that the 
 word avt6-riKev was losing its force thus 
 early, because (1) athletic statues were 
 actually dedicated at home, and (2) the 
 word has full force elsewhere for an- 
 other century or more, whilst Lysander 
 has already given a sign that the motive 
 of dedications was to change (above, 
 p. 132). 
 
 2 Inschr. 144; IGA 388 E06v/j.os Ao- 
 Kpbs 'A<TTVK\eos rpls 'OXv//7ri' V'LK<I)V, el- 
 Kova d' tffTri<Tev Tr/vSe /Sporots fcropav. 
 E00v/ios AoKpbs a.irb Ze<pvplov av^O-r/Ke. 
 Paus. vi. 6. 6. The dedication, it will 
 be observed, is in prose. I do not 
 think that even the fourth-form boy 
 would believe the last line to be a 
 hexameter. 
 
 3 Paus. vi. 8. 2 uids Aivvvra Act/oiapxos 
 ravd' av46riKev elKov' O.TT' 'A/caStas Hap- 
 patriot yevedv. 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 2. 9, IGA 98; Inschr. 
 147 : the dedication is in later letters, 
 but the whole inscr. has been recut 
 
 and part of the older remains. 
 
 5 Paus. vi. 14. 5; Inschr. 264; IGA 
 589 MCXwv AiOTt/iou dvWriKev. Curtius 
 and Adler deny the restoration because 
 it contradicts their canon about prose ; 
 there is no other reason. They ought 
 to have heard of Dawes. For Milo see 
 Simonides 156. 
 
 6 Inschr. 149; IGA p. 175; Paus. vi. 
 4. 11. 
 
 7 Other examples of avtOrjicev are 
 IGA 563 (stadium), and 355 (cp. Paus. 
 vi. 10. 9 ?) ; but the object is obscure. 
 
 8 Inschr. 213. 
 
 9 Furtwangler, AM v. 30 note, cites 
 the following (for which see the place, 
 and the Index to Pausanias) : early 
 4th cent. Aristion, Critodamus, Da- 
 moxenidas, Eucles, Pythocles, Xeno- 
 cles; later 4th Troilus, Telemachus; 
 3rd Philippus, Archippus; 2nd Acestori- 
 des, Hellenicus. None of these use 
 the votive formula. Telemachus won 
 in the chariot-race; Troilus acknow- 
 ledges the help of Zeus (Inschr. 166) ; 
 the others are bald descriptions for the 
 most part. 
 
170 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the chance beholder. And in fact so were those which are 
 minutely described. Damaretus, the first victor in the hoplite 
 race, was armed with shield, helmet, and greaves 1 . Glaucus 
 was in the attitude of sparring 2 ; Diagoras had the left hand 
 guarding the mark, the right uplifted 3 . The base of Athenaeus 
 the boxer shows that he was in the act of striking 4 . The 
 knuckle-dusters or thongs of cow-hide bound on the hand 
 (//zai/res) also served to make out the boxer, as in the case 
 of Arcesilaus 8 . Tisicrates the pancratiast was represented as 
 boxing 6 . The wrestler Xenocles was apparently poised as about 
 to grip 7 . Other motives are possible: as the luctator anhelans 
 of Nauceros. The leaper, or pancratiast, might hold the leaping- 
 weights 8 ; the discobolus holds or hurls his quoit, the doryphorus 
 his spear. The racer might be crouching down to prepare for 
 the start 9 . More general attributes would be the hand upheld 
 in prayer for victory, the oil-flask 10 , the wreath 11 , and the palm 
 of victory 18 . 
 
 It would serve no purpose here to enumerate the statues 
 we know of, from the wooden figures of Praxidamas and 
 Rhexibius down to the age of Hadrian 13 ; for without inscrip- 
 tions we have no clue to guide us as to the motives of the 
 dedicator. But it is fair to assume that statues in the attitude 
 of adoration were really votive. In this attitude were Anaxan- 
 
 1 Paus. vi. 10. 4 (65th 01.). Helmet athlete statues; now in Ath. Mus. 
 and greaves were afterwards discarded See YlavaO-^vaia, vol. ii. plates. 
 
 for this race. 8 Paus. v. 27. 2 (part of spoil, yet 
 
 2 Paus.vi. 10.3 ffx^d' ffKiafjMx ""' 1 ' ^'- an athlete statue originally). 
 
 early 5th cent. 9 So apparently Ladas, Anth. Pal. 
 
 3 Schol. Find. Ol. vii. p. 157 Bockh. xvi. 54; and the running maiden of the 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 4. 1; Imchr. 168: 4th Vatican. 
 
 cent. 1( > Keisch 46 : he would add Apoxyo- 
 
 6 Paus. vi. 7. 1; Schol. Pind. I.e. meni. Cp. F.-W. 462 f.; Pliny, NH 
 
 The battered ears of the Olympian xxxiv. 76 pueri destringentes se; 34, 
 
 head are due to realism and have no 86, 87 perixyomeni. 
 
 value here. 11 F.-W. 325 (the Olympian bronze 
 
 6 Lowy, Imchr. der gr. Bildhauer, head). 
 
 12 - 12 Sybel 411; Pliny, NH xxxv. 75; 
 
 7 Paus. vi. 9. 2; Inschr. 164; Ergeb- C p. 63, 71, 106, 130, 138. 
 
 nisse, Tafelband, ii. 150. Part of what w Paus. vi. 18. 7 ; Pind. Nem. vi. 15. 
 seems to be a group of wrestlers was It was always placed in the victor's 
 dredged up in the sea at Cythera, with hand, Paus. viii. 48. 2. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 171 
 
 drus, victor in the chariot-race 1 , and Diagoras and Acusilaus 
 the boxers 2 . There is a bronze boy in Berlin, holding up 
 one hand in prayer, and with the other holding a leaping- 
 weight 3 . If it could be shown that this attitude was taken 
 by any other of the athlete statues, we should have to alter 
 our view of them ; but we do not know how far it was 
 customary 4 . 
 
 At Delphi, the wider religious interest eclipst the games ; 
 and neither there nor on the Isthmus, nor at Nemea, did 
 Pausanias think it worth while to go into detail. A. great 
 many of the Olympic victors did however win also at one or 
 more of the other three places, and we may shortly hope to 
 be in a position to judge how the monuments at Delphi are to 
 be regarded. Statues were, however, not infrequently set up 
 at home for victories abroad. Callias in the fifth century 
 stood upon the Athenian Acropolis, and the inscription may 
 confidently be taken as votive 6 . There were also Herrnolycus 
 the pancratiast 6 , and Epicharinus, who won the hoplite race 7 . 
 Promachus of Pellene 8 , and Aenetus of Amyclae 9 , had statues 
 dedicated at home. Agias the pancratiast was honoured in the 
 same way in his Thessalian home 10 . The man "in the helmet" 
 in the Athenian Acropolis may have been a hoplite racer 11 . 
 The victor's portrait is spoken of as a matter of course in the 
 fourth century 12 . 
 
 It does not seem to have been the custom to dedicate 
 musical victors in this way. The statues which existed at 
 
 1 Pans. vi. 1. 7. 9 Paus. ii. 18. 5. 
 
 2 Schol. Pind. OL vii. 10 E. Preuner, Ein delphisches Weih- 
 
 3 Catalogue 6306; AM vi. 158; cp. geschenk (Teubner 1900), 17, 18: the 
 Paus. v. 27. 2, vi. 3. 10. victor borrowed the epigram used by 
 
 4 See Scherer, DC Olympionicarum Daochus at Delphi, p. 3. 
 
 statuis, 31 ff. n Paus. i. 24. 3 Kpdvos tiriKel[j.ei>os 
 
 5 CIA i.419Ka\Masdv^9riKvorKoT. dv/ip ; Eeisch (p. 39) points out how 
 163 KaXX/aj Ai8vjj.Covdv^Or)KJ'tK3v with like the phrase is to what is said of 
 list of victories. The restoration of Telesicrates, avyp ^x (av Kpdvos, Schol. 
 dv^&rjKe is justified ; see note 8 . Pind. Pyth. ix. 401 Bockh. 
 
 6 Paus. i. 23. 10. 12 Xen. Mem. iii. 10. 6 OTI/J^V dXXofovs 
 
 7 Paus. i. 23. 9; CIA i. 376 'ETTI- Troietj apo/xeay re na.1 iraXcucrras ical TTWCTOS 
 Xapivos a.vidi)Ki> . . . KO.I irayKpaTiaffTas bpu re Kal olSa (said 
 
 8 Paus. vii. 27. 5. to a sculptor). 
 
172 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Delphi 1 do not appear to have been votive in the true sense; 
 and the same may be said of heralds and trumpeters 2 . There 
 were statues of poets or musicians in Mount Helicon who won 
 the prize there, and an epigram of the fifth century which was 
 on one of them is votive in form 8 . The relief of Pythocritus the 
 flotist in Olympia is also uncertain 4 . The pretty tale of the 
 cicala is worth mentioning. A musician broke his string, and 
 a cicala settling upon the lyre buzzed the note of the broken 
 string so well that he gained the prize. An image of the little 
 creature was dedicated in remembrance of this timely help 8 . 
 
 FIG. 27. From Olympia. 
 Bronze.n vii. 48. 
 
 FIG. 28. The Tiibingen bronze. 
 Jahrb. i. pi. 9. 
 
 Some of the statuettes found at Olympia appear to have 
 been athletes, and these are certainly votive. One naked 
 youth held an object in each hand, perhaps leaping- weights 6 ; 
 others, with one foot advanced, are not clearly characterised 7 . 
 
 1 Paus. x. 9. 2. 
 
 8 Reisch, p. 54 note, gives examples. 
 3 Ath. xiv. 629 A quoting Ampbion 
 irepl TOV tv "EXiKwvi 'M.ovffetov : 
 
 Avdpas' 6 8' ai)XjTaj yv "Avaicos 
 
 pa 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 14. 9 dvrip 
 
 5 Clem. Alex. Protrept. i. 1. 1 ; Anth. 
 Pal. ix. 584 ; Strabo vi. 260. 
 
 6 Bronzen von 01. viii. 47 (oldest of 
 all). An Etruscan statuette holding 
 the weights is inscribed : Gaz. Arch. 
 xiv. 59, pi. 13. A possible athlete at 
 Delphi, BCH xx. 702. 
 
 7 Bronzen von Ol. vii. 48. But these 
 seem to wear ceremonial stlengis. See 
 fig. 27. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 173 
 
 There is a boxer 1 , a quoit-thrower's arm 2 , and many fragments 
 of similar figures. A bronze quoit-thrower was dedicated in 
 the Cabirium 3 . A group of wrestlers 4 , a boxer 5 , and the arm of 
 
 FIG. 29. Victorious athletes with votive tablet and prize. 
 Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vas. pi. ix. 
 
 a quoit-thrower 6 in small were found on the Athenian Acropolis. 
 The running girl of Dodona wears the short tunic of the Spartan 
 racers 7 . The hoplite-runner has been seen in a remarkable 
 
 1 Bronzen von 01. viii. 57. Wien, pi. 37. 4, 35. 1. 
 
 2 Bronzen von 01. vi. 59 (5th century). 4 Cat. ACT. Mus. Br. 747. 
 
 3 AM xv. 365 Kafilpov, archaic. 5 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 746. 
 Such statuettes are not rare, but it is 6 Cat. Acr. Mus. Br. 636. 
 uncertain whether votive : Keisch re- 7 Carapanos, xi. 1. She is not likely 
 fers to JHS i. 177 ; Sacker-Kenner, Die to be Atalanta. 
 
 ant. Bronzen im k. Munzkabinet in 
 
174 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 figure called the Tubingen bronze 1 . At Delphi was found 
 a very ancient statuette of bronze, girt in a loincloth, the 
 hands clencht as though holding something; which may be 
 meant for a runner 2 . 
 
 Pictorial representations of the act or process appear to 
 have been common, although we hear little of them. Some 
 such are upon the Corinthian tablets dedicated to Poseidon 8 : 
 a pair of pugilists, riders, and what not. There is a vase 
 which shows a youth, carrying a Panathenaic vase and a tablet 
 on which a human figure is painted 4 ; one was held in the hand 
 of a statue which used to be at Olympia 8 . I do not know 
 whether we might venture to explain the scenes on some 
 Athenian tablets which remain as due to mythological pre- 
 cedent ; otherwise the apotheosis of Hercules might be used by 
 some one who could claim connexion with him, to indicate 
 labours accomplisht 8 . The painter Nicomachus made a scene 
 of Victoria quadrigam in sublime rapiens, in which Victory 
 seems to have been driving, and holding a palm 7 . Nothing 
 but a more florid group would suffice the imagination of 
 Alcibiades, who dedicated two pictures in the Pinacotheca. 
 In one, Olympias and Pythias were crowning him ; in the other, 
 Nemea was sitting with him upon her knees 8 . One is reminded 
 of Pindar's phrase that the victor "falls at the knees of 
 Victory 9 ." A similar picture, apparently the memorial of a 
 race, is described by Pliny 10 : Nemea palm in hand is seated 
 
 1 Hauser, Jahrb. ii. 95; AA x. 183; 6 Benndorf, pi. iii. : Heracles and 
 L. Schwabe, Zur Tiib. Bronze, Jahrb. i. Athena in car. Others are: iv. 1 
 153, pi. 9, believes him to be a charioteer, Athena in car, Hermes standing by; 
 which is impossible, because (1) the iv. 2, v. 6 Athena meets car ; v. Pro- 
 attitude does not suit, (2) he wears a cession of the gods. 
 
 helmet, (3) he stands on a base and 7 Keisch, p. 149. 
 
 therefore did not stand in a chariot. 8 Athenaeus xii. 534 D, K 5i)o iriVaxas 
 
 See fig. 28. avtOyKev, ' Ay\ao(f>uvTo^ ypa.<t>r)V wv 6 
 
 2 BCH xxiii. 620, pi. x., xi. /xei/ et^f 'OXu/tiridSa ical HvOidSa <rre- 
 
 3 Gaz. Arch. vi. 107 fig. Antike Qavofaas airrbv, tv dt OartfHf Ne/iedj rjv 
 Denkmfiler i. 8. 24. See above, p. 81, Ka0rj/j.^vri ical tirl TUV yoviruv a&rrjs 
 fig. 17. 'AXw/StdSijj ; cp. Pans. i. 22. 6. 
 
 4 Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vatenb., PinA. Nem. v. 42; Isth. ii. 26: 
 pi. ix. See fig. 29. viKas iv yovvaaiv, Iv dyK<bi>f<Tffi vtrvuv. 
 
 6 Pliny.NHxxxiv. 59Libyn, puerum 10 pii nV) NH xxxv. 27. 
 tenentem tabellam. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 175 
 
 upon a lion, and by her side stands an old man with a staff, 
 over whose head hangs a picture or tablet with a two-horse 
 car upon it. 
 
 I must not omit to mention that the scene of the contest, 
 or something connected with it, is sometimes depicted upon the 
 prize (as in a Panathenaic vase 1 , and perhaps the quoits of 
 Sicily and Aegina), or upon the base which supported the 
 offering. An archaic base from the Athenian Acropolis shows 
 a four-horse car 2 , one from Aegina the pair-car 3 ; others show 
 the Pyrrhic dance 4 . The well-known base of Bryaxis (4th 
 century), which once upheld the memorial of the Athenian 
 contest in horsemanship (avOnnraa-ia) 5 , was dedicated by a 
 father and two sons. Upon it the hipparch is seen advancing 
 at full gallop to receive the prize, a large tripod 8 . A boy on 
 a race-horse appears elsewhere 7 . 
 
 But reliefs independently dedicated form a very large class, 
 which I cannot here do more than indicate in its main 
 features 8 . The interpretation of details, the fixing of the 
 occasion, and so forth, is still mainly a matter of guess. The 
 publication of the whole mass in some handy form would 
 probably make it possible to advance a step or two further. 
 Meanwhile, it is encouraging to see that most of the existing 
 reliefs fall into certain main categories, and that these fit in with 
 what we see elsewhere. 
 
 Taking the pieces which seem to be agonistic, we may 
 divide them threefold : (i) The Contest, (ii) The Victory and 
 Prize, (iii) The Sacrifice or Libation. Each is a different aspect 
 of the act or process blest by the deity. 
 
 We shall take first athletic and equestrian contests, and 
 secondly those relating to music or the drama. 
 
 (i) The Contest. Part of a chariot and pair in full course, 
 found at Cyzicus, is ascribed to the sixth century; but there is 
 
 1 Baumeister, fig. 1156. 6 CIA iii. 1291 d.v6tinra.(rlq. Uava- 
 
 2 Schone 73 ; Sybel 6741. Orivaia TO, fj.eyd\a. 
 
 3 Collection Sab. i. pi. xxvi. ; another, 7 AZ xxxv. 139, no. 89 (von Duhn). 
 Sybel 6739. 8 Reisch 49 ff. has discussed this 
 
 4 Sybel 6569. group, and I have borrowed a number 
 
 5 Xen. Hipparch. iii. 11. of examples from his list. 
 
176 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 no proof that it is votive 1 . Archaic reliefs of the Acropolis 
 show similar scenes, one with a shielded person who may 
 perhaps be an apobates*. There is no doubt in the case of 
 a remarkable Spartan monument. Damonon, who has won 
 a number of victories, several of them with the same team, 
 dedicates to Athena a pillar recording the victories, with a 
 relief of himself driving his quadriga 3 . 
 
 A group of athletes has also been found with names 
 inscribed 4 . There are representations of Pyrrhic dancers 5 and 
 of victors in the torch-race 8 . Some of the scenes are explained 
 as referring to victorious apobatae, since the driver is armed 7 . 
 The scene may depict various moments of the contest or its 
 conclusion. Here the driver is mounting upon his car 8 or 
 driving at speed in the race ; or the steeds move at a moderate 
 pace, before the start or after the finish 9 . A more solemn pace 
 is seen in a tablet from Palermo 10 . Or again, a boy gallops 
 past on his racer 11 . Lads leading horses, perhaps victorious 
 ephebes, appear on one Atttc relief 18 ; a mounted boy on another 13 . 
 A horseman leading a group of other horsemen may refer to the 
 anthippasia u . A puzzling relief shows two male figures seated, 
 of heroic size, betwixt whom is a lad leaning upon a spear, and 
 apparently holding the jumping weights 1S . 
 
 1 BCH xviii. 493. Pliny, NH xxxv. F-W. 1838. 
 
 99, describes a similar piece by Aristides 8 Sybel 6741. Compare F-W. 1838 
 
 the elder. Gazette des beaux arts (1882), 452, 456. 
 
 2 Acr. Mus. no. 1391 : traces of inscr. 9 Sybel 6739; cp. Coll. Sab. xxvi.; 
 
 3 IGA 79; Roberts 264. ^a^vuv Oropus, Cat. Berl. Sc. 725, and per- 
 dvt6r)Ke 'AOavatai IloXtdxwi IHKCL&S ravra haps Bull, de Com. Arch. iii. 247 
 cir' otfSrjs Tr-rjiroKO. ruv vvv. rdde Mnat (Athens) ; cp. Sybel 5128 ; Gall, di 
 Aap.wvwv rtDi avrui TtQpiirirui aiirbs Firenze, iv. vol. 2, pi. 86. Thebes, 
 avioxiw (list)...<MKij "E\ /cal 6 /cAij Le Bas, pi. 92. 2; AM. iii. 414; Delphi, 
 d/j.5. avrfa dvioxiuv ivfifiwais Virirots, etc. Pomtow, Beitrdge zur Topographie von 
 
 4 Sybel 6154 'Avriy^s, Aad57?j, Delphi, 107, pi. xii. 32. 
 'ISo/iifvfvs "Orjffev, 'Avr... 'Axap"etfs. 10 Beisch 50. 
 
 5 Sybel 6151 CIA iii. 1286 with " Terra-cotta from Thera; BCH v. 
 relief, seven lopevroLl and x<V"776s. 436. Cp. F-W. 1206. 
 
 6 Cat. B. Mus. 813 (slab) ; CIA ii. 12 Sybel 307. 
 
 1221 ; cp. 1229. 13 F. von Duhn, AZ xxxv. 139 ff., 
 
 7 Cat. Berl. Sc. 725; AM xii. 146; no. 88. 
 
 Bull, de Com. Arch. iii. 247 ; some u Schone 79. 
 reliefs in Lisbon, see BCH xvi. 325 ff.; 15 AZ xii. pi. 13. 2. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 177 
 
 (ii) The Victory and the Prize. The moment of victory is 
 anticipated, when Victory throws a wreath on the driver's head 
 as he mounts 1 , or flies through the air to place the crown on 
 the victor's head, he driving at full speed the while 2 ; or upon 
 the head of a victorious steed 3 . Victory herself may even 
 drive the chariot 4 , or the victor wears a fillet upon his brow 8 . 
 The quadriga, and apparently Victory in it, appears on a curious 
 relief dedicated to Hermes and the Nymphs, from Phalerum 6 . 
 Perhaps the deity offers a winged Victory to her worshipper 7 , 
 or Victory holds a fillet over his brow 8 . There again stands 
 the prize by the hurrying chariot ; an amphora in one relief 9 , 
 a tripod perhaps in another 10 . Even the votive tablet appears 
 to be depicted in the left-hand corner of the Oropus relief". 
 The judge crowns the victorious runner in the torch-race, 
 whilst three athletes are grouped near by 12 ; or the whole troupe 
 of runners. A fine relief in the British Museum shows a 
 company of eight naked youths headed by two men draped, one 
 of whom offers a torch to the statue of Artemis Bendis 13 . 
 
 An Athenian relief assigned to the fifth century combines 
 Types i. and ii. There are two divisions : below are fragments 
 of two horses ; above, a man as it were engaged in sacrifice 14 . 
 
 (iii) The Sacrifice. I know of no instance which distinctly 
 refers to athletic or equestrian contests, although some of those 
 in which Victory appears may be such. The class of sacrificial 
 relief is, however, very large, and as a rule the occasion is not 
 clearly indicated 15 . 
 
 1 Brit. Mus. Anc. Marbles, ix. 38. 2. (archaic). These may refer to the 
 
 2 Cat. Brit. Mm. Sc. 814 ; cp. 815. Panathenaea. 
 
 3 Schone, pi. 18, 80 ; F-W. 1142 ; n Berl. Cat. 725. 
 
 cp. Sybel 7014. 12 CIG 257 \a.fj.irddi vucfiffas yv/jLvaffi- 
 
 4 Hiibner, Bildwerke in Madrid, apxCiv ; Hicks, Inscr. B. Mus. I. xli. ; 
 241, 559 ; Ann. d. Hist. 1862, pi. G, Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 813. The lad 
 p. 103 ; Acropolis Museum 1342. carries a whisk for sprinkling ; there 
 
 5 In the Palermo relief, Reisch 50. is an altar. 
 
 6 "E<f>. 'A PX . 1893, 108, pi. 9, 10 A. 13 Br. Mus. no. 7* ; AA xi. 143 ; 
 
 7 Schone xix. 85, xxi. 93. Plat. Rep. i. 1. See C. Smith, Class. 
 
 8 AM xxv. 169, to Hera (Samos). Review, xiii. 230. 
 
 9 Reisch 50; Marm. Taurin. ii. pi. 14 von Duhn, AZ xxxv. 139 ff., no. 
 xxxiii. ; Dutschke, iv. 92, no. 174. 69. 
 
 10 Sybel 308, 6619, 6741 with biga 15 See chap. vm. 
 
 R. 12 
 
178 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 We now come to the musical and scenic class, for which 
 direct evidence is scanty. That some dedication was customary 
 in the fourth century is clear from what Theophrastus says of 
 the Mean Man. " When he wins a prize at the tragedies," 
 says Theophrastus, " he is content to offer a wooilen slab to 
 Dionysus, with his own name upon it 1 ." Plutarch tells us 
 that Themistocles dedicated a TTIVU^ r^ viict)<$, inscribed 2 ; and 
 the same word is used by Aristotle of the victory of Thrasippus 3 . 
 Simonides also alludes to a dedicatory iriva% which he finally 
 offered after winning fifty-six prizes 4 . Now the word TriWf 
 may be used of an inscribed slab and no more, and we know 
 that the yearly victories were recorded on such slabs. But on 
 the other hand, this was done officially, and our authorities 
 refer to the victor's dedication. Moreover, iriva% is so often 
 used of reliefs or paintings, that we may assume some such 
 memorial was meant here 5 . At all events, there exist still 
 a certain number of reliefs whose subjects are connected with 
 the stage ; and we may provisionally take these to be the votive 
 offerings of victorious composers, or perhaps actors. 
 
 (i) The Contest. There is a work apparently of Roman 
 date, which however seems to imply an earlier Greek original, 
 where we see a man crowned with ivy and clad in stage costume 
 and buskins, seated upon a kind of throne, and holding a 
 sceptre in his right hand. On one side is a boy playing upon 
 the flute ; on the other what seems to be a dancing girl 8 . 
 Another is a relief in the Lateran. Here a young man, appa- 
 rently a portrait figure, sits on a chair, holding a mask in one 
 hand, while on the table before him lie two other masks and a 
 roll of manuscript. A woman stands beside him in the attitude 
 of declamation 7 . A variant of this type shows the artist gazing 
 
 1 Theophrastus, Charact. xxii. : viic/i- avSpCiv tvS6!-ov NiVew ay\ai>v apfji 1 
 
 (raj Tpayydots raiviav v\lvijv avaOtivai 8 The Picture Gallery on the Acro- 
 
 T(j3 Aiovfat?, 4iriypd.\f/as tavrov rb 6vofJLa. polis was called the Pinacotheca. Paus. 
 
 2 Plut. Them. 5. i. 22. 6. 
 
 3 Arist. Pol. viii. 6. 1341 A. Reisch 56, quoting Cabinet Pour- 
 
 4 Simonides, Anth. Pal. vi. 213 | firl tales, pi. xxxviii. ; HUB. Pio-Clem. 
 TTfvrriKovTa, 2i/xuW5i;, ijpao ravpovt Kal ii. I, iv. ; Wieseler, Denk. der Biihnen- 
 rpLwoSas, vplv T&V$' dvOtntvai vivaKa. wesen, iv. 10. 
 
 5' IfjifpfavTa. di8adjjvos xopop 7 Reisch 54, quoting Benndorf and 
 
GAMES AND .CONTESTS. 179 
 
 upon a mask which lies in a box before him 1 , or holding one in 
 his hand' 2 . 
 
 (ii) The Victory and the Prize. A certain number of 
 Athena reliefs may belong to this class. The goddess sets 
 a garland upon a man's head; she is armed, standing 3 or 
 seated 4 , sometimes with her owl fluttering near, and wor- 
 shippers are present. Similar scenes with armed men may 
 represent the victorious hoplite-races 5 . Hints of the same 
 origin, in the case of the wreath, appear on Dioscuri reliefs 
 from Tarentum 6 . A relief-fragment from Athens 7 shows a 
 bearded man beside a gigantic tripod, which should be regarded 
 as a choregic offering, or perhaps the poet's own 8 ; doubtless 
 the offering of the bull, so often coupled with the tripod on 
 vase paintings, occupied the missing part of the scene 9 . In 
 yet another scene, beside the man whom we may regard as the 
 poet and dedicator is a bearded satyr, who places the tripod 
 upon a base 10 : the satyr may be a personification of the 
 dithyramb, as such a one is inscribed on a certain vase 11 . A boy 
 holding a palm is seen on a late relief standing beside a grown 
 man and a herm 12 . 
 
 (iii) The Sacrifice or Libation. The so-called Harpist 
 Reliefs are perhaps memorials of a musical victory 13 . On one 
 of these the scene is laid before a temple ; Apollo, holding the 
 lyre in one hand, with the other reaches a bowl towards Victory, 
 
 SchSne, Lateran, no. 487 ; Wieseler, as Sybel 5013 says, there is a tripod. 
 
 op. cit. iv. 9 ; Michaelis, Ancient None is visible in Schone's sketch. 
 Marbles, 457 (replica). Schreiber, Cult- s So Simonides in Anth. Pal. vi. 213 
 
 hist. Bilderatlas, v. 4, for reasons best (above, p. 178 4 ). 
 known to himself, entitles this Philis- 9 Reisch 57. 
 
 cus tragoediarum scriptor meditans. 10 Sybel 3983. 
 
 1 Mm. Borbon. xiii. pi. xxi. (Naples); u Ai0upa.fj.j3os, Welcke, Alte Denkm. 
 Zoega, Bassirilievi, pi. xxiv. (Villa iii. 125, pi. x. 2, quoted by Reisch. 
 Albani). 12 Maas, Jahrb. xi. 102 ff . ; he sug- 
 
 2 Cat. Berl. Sc. 951 (Hellenistic). gests for the female Tragedy, Hypo- 
 
 3 Sybel 5026. crisis, Didascalia, the T^x" 7 / of t^ 6 
 
 4 Sybel 5121 ; Schone 87. guild, or what not, 104. Inscr. 'Hpaeis 
 
 5 Schone 85. Aiovvvui ai^(h]Kav. 
 
 6 EM xv. 1 ff. 13 We must not be too sure, how- 
 
 7 F-W. 1196 ; Schone 82; Wiener ever, since the traditional attributes of 
 Vorl.-Bl. viii. pi. x. So the relief with a deity need not indicate the occasion. 
 Athena and seated men, Schone 83, if See ch. xrv. 
 
 122 
 
180 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 who standing beside an altar pours from a jug into the bowl. 
 Artemis and Leto follow the god '. One found in Euboea, near 
 a shrine of Artemis, bears Artemis, Leto, and Apollo with 
 a male worshipper*. Much the same type is seen in the rest of 
 this class. An Attic relief of the fourth century was dedicated 
 by an actors' guild to Dionysus. A draped female figure, 
 probably a personification, holds a tragic mask, and three more 
 masks hang on the wall; a boy is engaged in libation, and 
 there are traces of a male figure, perhaps Dionysus himself 3 . 
 
 The Sacrifice proper may be rendered in some of those 
 indeterminate scenes where Victory sacrifices a bull. Less 
 obscure is a relief from Coropi, where a male deity, perhaps 
 Dionysus, holds a cup, and by him stand sixteen men (the 
 choregus, that is, and his chorus), whilst a boy leads a pig to 
 the altar 4 . 
 
 The Sacrifice proper is often replaced by the Feast scheme, 
 which we have already considered. Here the type has clearly 
 become traditional, and that it is votive is attested by an 
 Athenian example which bears the inscription of a choregus 8 . 
 Another appears to be the dedication of a poet 6 . An old man, 
 crowned with ivy, whose features are distinctive enough to be 
 a portrait, reclines on a couch. At his feet sits a maiden, and 
 before them is a table laden with light food ; a lad pours wine 
 for the banqueters. To them enters the youthful Dionysus, 
 holding a thyrsus, and a snake appears on the scene. The 
 female figure is probably allegorical 7 , Poesy or Comedy perhaps, 
 as she probably is in a relief of the fourth century not dissimilar. 
 Here the reclining male figure may be Dionysus himself; 
 the female wears a fawn-skin. Hard by stand three actors, in 
 stage dress and masks ; and the inscription has been interpreted 
 as Tlai&rja (i.e. HcuSet'a) 8 . A large class of reliefs, which have 
 
 1 Cat. Berl. Sc. 921 (archaistic : im- 6 F-W. 1843 ; AZ xxxix. 271, pi. 14 
 perial age) ; F-W. 427 ff. (Louvre). 
 
 2 'E0. 'Apx- 1900. P- 4, pi. 2 (4th 7 So in the Decree relief F-W. 1181 
 century). the figure is Eirraa. 
 
 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 948 ; cp. 10556. 8 F-W. 1135. The reading is very 
 
 4 Beisch, p. 124, fig. 12. unlikely to be right, but it is clear that 
 
 5 Milchhofer, Jahrb. d. Inst. ii. 27 12 : the female has something to do with 
 Av<r/as ' AiroXXoScfyxw xopayCiv. Dionysus. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 181 
 
 been interpreted without good reason as the visit of Dionysus 
 to Icarius, show the god, sometimes with satyrs in company, 
 breaking in upon a scene of feasting. Masks are also some- 
 times represented in these scenes ; and taking all points into 
 consideration, it is possible that they were the votive tablets of 
 poets or actors 1 . Dionysus and Victory are found on a tripod 
 base which once stood in the Street of Tripods 2 . 
 
 These examples do not by any means end the tale of scenic 
 dedications, but the most part give no hint of the object 
 dedicated. We may fairly assume, however, that since these 
 dedications, ranging from the earliest times to the Roman 
 empire, from Sicily to the Crimea, from Macedon to Crete, 
 fall into a few well-defined classes, those which have perisht 
 belonged to some of them. A few early examples may be here 
 added. There is an archaic pillar from the Argive Heraeum, 
 inscribed with a dedication, and mentioning Nemean and other 
 games 3 . Aristocrates son of Scelius made a dedication at 
 Athens 4 ; there are records of a chariot- victory at Eleusis 5 , 
 and at Athens of the victory of Alcibius, a flotist from Nasus 
 in Asia Minor 6 . There is a dedication to the Twelve Gods for 
 Isthmian and Nemean victories 7 ; and the offering of Phayllus, 
 thrice Pythian victor 8 ; and a pillar on which can be dis- 
 tinguisht an allusion to the games 9 . Plato also speaks of 
 dedications made for such victories 10 . 
 
 In the fourth and succeeding centuries we meet still with 
 victories in the great games : Hegestratus conquers at Nemea 11 ; 
 Diophanes wins the youths' pancratium at the Isthmus, and he 
 mentions with pride a success of his grandfather's 12 ; another 
 man, whose name has been lost, wins the pair-horse race at 
 Olympia 13 , another is victor in the three remaining celebra- 
 tions 14 . The allusions to these games become fewer, however, 
 
 1 F-W. 1844, 1843, 2149, etc. ; Cat. 47 : he commanded a ship at Sala- 
 
 Berl. Sc. 919, 920. mis. 
 
 8 F-W. 2147 ; Sybel 305. 9 CIA iv. 1. 2. p. 91, 373 108 : rbv 
 
 3 A JA ix. 351 Tifj.oic\fjs p tO-qice. ayuva. 
 
 4 CIA i. 422. 10 Plato, Laws 955 B. 
 
 5 CIA i. 419. u CIA ii. 3. 1300. 
 
 6 CIA L 357. 12 CIA ii. 3. 1301. 
 
 7 CIA i. 420. 13 CIA ii. 3. 1303. 
 
 8 CIA iv. 1. 373 258 , see Herod, viii. " CIA ii. 3. 1304. 
 
182 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 though we do find the -rrepioBovUt]^ quite late 1 ; and the interest 
 is diverted to a host of minor celebrations which spring up else- 
 where. The Panathenaea is always with us a , and the 'Argive 
 shield ' is not uncommon 3 ; but along with them come Ephesia, 
 Claria, and Iliaea 4 , Eleusinia 8 , Amphiarea 6 , Trophonia in 
 Lebadea, Dionysia 7 , Thargelia 8 , and Naa in Dodona 9 , Delia, 
 Soteria 10 , Heraclea in Thebes 11 . During the Roman period we 
 find the Thesea", Epitaphia 13 , Hephaestea 14 , Charitesia in Orcho- 
 menus 15 , even Panellenia, Hadrianea, Eusebea, and Capitolea 16 . 
 The events in these are often athletic, but oftener still of other 
 types which will shortly engage our attention. 
 
 Outside Attica the records are less complete, but they suffice 
 to show that the victor's pride was as great, and his gratitude 
 acknowledged in the same way, all over the Greek world. An 
 ancient inscription of Argos describes how Aeschyllus won the 
 stadium four times, and the race in armour thrice, at the home 
 games, for which he dedicated to the Dioscuri a slab depicting 
 them in relief 17 . A Theban pancratiast erects a memorial to 
 his Pythian victory at home 18 . Another has won the boxing 
 at the Trophonia, Coriasia, and Poseidea 19 . A redoubtable boxer 
 of the second century has twelve victories to his credit 20 , and 
 another athlete of three or four centuries later no less than 
 twenty-four 21 . A man of Tegea wins forty-three victories in 
 racing on foot or on horse back, including the Asclepiea, Lycaea, 
 Hecatombaea, and Basilea 22 . A Delphian records victories at 
 Olympia, Nemea, the Isthmia and the Pythia 23 . Victories are 
 also still recorded in Sparta 14 . An Athenian commemorates at 
 
 1 CIA Hi. addenda 758 a ; cp. ii. 3. ia CIA iii. 107. 
 1319, 1323. 13 CIA iii. 108, 110. 
 
 2 CIA ii. 3. 1289, 1302, 1304, 1314, 14 CIA iii. 111. 
 1318, 1319. 1S CIA iii. 115. 
 
 CIA ii. 3. 1320 ; iii. 116, 127. 16 CIA iii. 128. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 3. 1311. " IGA 37. 
 
 6 CIA ii. 3. 1313, 1316. 18 IGS i. 2533, Add. p. 749. 
 
 6 CIA ii. 3. 1312. "> IGS i. 47. 
 
 7 CIA ii. 3. 1314. IGS i. 48. 
 
 8 CIA ii. 3. 1302. M IGS i. 49 : age of the Antonines. 
 
 9 CIA ii. 3. 1318. ** CIG 1515. 
 
 10 CIA ii. 3. 1319. * CIG 1715. 
 
 11 CIA ii. 3. 1323. M CIG 1397, 1418, 1430. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 183 
 
 Oropus his victory in casting the javelin on horseback 1 . A 
 victor of Elatea mentions eight victories, the Nemean amongst 
 them 2 . Victors of Megara dedicate some building at home for 
 victories abroad 3 . So too with the island communities. Doro- 
 cleidas of Thera wins the boxing and pancratium, and dedicates 
 a thank-offering to Hermes and Heracles 4 . A Rhodian wrestler 
 commemorates his success at half-a-dozen places, including 
 Nemea and Delphi 5 ; others a victory with a chariot in Olympia 6 , 
 a pancratium 7 , arid so forth. In Asia Minor the same features 
 offer themselves 8 . 
 
 The variety of local games will not fail to have struck 
 the reader in examining the inscriptions quoted above. And 
 along with the new Games new kinds of contests come into 
 notice. At Delos, for example, we find recorded the regu- 
 lations for a yearly feast, probably that called the Coressia 9 . 
 The youths are to be carefully trained, and fined for absence ; 
 in the final contest there are prizes for shooting with the bow, 
 (1) a bow and full quiver, (2) a bow ; for casting the javelin, 
 
 (1) three javelins and a irt-piKefyaXaia, (2) three javelins ; 
 the KaTa7T\ra(f)Tr)^ receives (1) a 7repiK(f>a\aia and KOVTOS, 
 
 (2) a KOVTOS ; the leader of a torch-race, a shield ; and boys, 
 a portion of meat. These contests of the youths on entering 
 manhood were customary also elsewhere. In Athens 10 the 
 ephebes appear to have been educated by the state for military 
 purposes. We have no record of their organisation, if there was 
 any, in the fifth century, and it is now generally believed to 
 belong to the fourth, from which time the inscriptions go on for 
 some six hundred years. In the fourth and third centuries the 
 military spirit gives way before a growing interest in things 
 intellectual or artistic. In the fourth century they were under 
 
 1 IGS i. 444. pia 5' dws dls Awpo/cXet'Sax ftttv de6\o- 
 
 2 IGS iii. 1. 138 (Roman age). <f>bpov. 
 
 3 IGS i. 47; cp. 48, 49. 8 IGIi. (Rhodes) 73. 
 
 4 IGI iii. (Thera) 390, Anthol. Ap- IGI i. (Rhodes) 76 apfiari. irwXucwt. 
 pendix (Cougny) i. 168 : Awpo/cXef5as 7 IGI i. (Rhodes) 77. 
 
 'I/*I'/JOI>TOJ 'Epyitat *ai 'HpaK\- a vlKa. 8 GIG 2723, etc. 
 
 ?ri;/cTcu0 p ( Si' afyiaTos' a\X' Irt BepfjAv 9 CIG 2360. 
 
 in>ev/j.a (fitpuv <TK\r)pas ircus dir6 iriry/xa- 10 See Art. Epheboi in Dar. and 
 
 X^as 1-ffTa ira-yKpariov flapiiv irbvov a. Saglio. 
 
184 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the charge of Sophronistae 1 , who at the end of this period were 
 themselves subordinate to a Cosmetes*. During the same 
 period we find two Paedotribae 8 who managed the gymnastic 
 part of the youths' training, assisted by other officials for the 
 bow, the javelin, the catapult, or other arms 4 . They cele- 
 brated feasts with appropriate competitions, including races and 
 regattas. Athenaeus tells us that the prize for the foot-race 
 was a KtsXtff*. At the end of their time it was customary to 
 pass votes of thanks to the officials, whose statues or busts were 
 put up in the Gymnasium 8 ; and reliefs have been found, which 
 appear to have been dedicated on such occasions, bearing 
 representations of the boat-races or athletic exercises 7 . Similar 
 institutions are recorded for all parts of the Greek world : 
 Megara, Peloponnese, Boeotia, Euboea, Thessaly, Thrace and 
 Macedon, Chios, Cyprus, Corcyra, Cos, Delos, Icaria, Naxos, Paros, 
 Rhodes, Samos, Tenos, Thera, the chief cities of Sicily and 
 Asia Minor, Gyrene, and Massalia 8 . Amongst the competitions 
 of later days, which we may assume to have been .practised by 
 this class, are reading, painting, calligraphy, general progress, 
 and others which are hard to interpret, besides various kinds of 
 musical and dramatic competitions 9 . As regards the more 
 general competitions, an inscription of Aphrodisias 10 mentions 
 the trumpeter, herald, encomiast, in addition to others more 
 familiar. Mention is made of the erecting of statues for the 
 victors". In the commemoration of these victories, the old 
 
 1 BCH xiii. 283 ; represented on a " viropoXrjs dt>ra.ir{>8uff<.s, 
 
 relief, D. and S. fig. 2679; CIA iii. iro\v/Jia6ia, faypa<pla, Ka\\iypa<f>ta, 
 
 1152. ^aX/uos, /aflapicr/uos, KiOapydia, pvOfjio- 
 
 AM iv. 326. ypa<f)la, Kwfjufdia, Tpa.y<pdla, fif\oypa.<f>ia : 
 
 3 Arist. Ath. Pol. 42. GIG 3088 (Teos). The dvayvAffr-ns was 
 
 4 CIA ii. 471 6ir\ondx^> d/coi'TtonJs, probably a priest who recited the for- 
 To6T7j, d^TTjs; Arist. I.e. mula. See list of Spartan officials in 
 
 6 Athenaeus xi.495F ty-fifiuv &p6/j.os- Collitz iii. 4440. 
 
 6 viK-fiffas Xa/n/Sdvet KV\IKO. rijv XtyofUvrjv 10 ffa\iriyKr/it, icrjpv, tvKWfuoypdipot, 
 
 Trfi>Tair\6av Aral KUfidfei /aera \opov. iroir)T^, Tratj KiOapwtdos, 116010* av\r)- 
 
 6 A fine series in the Athenian Na- TTJJ, KIJK\IOS av\TjTris, rpaywtSos, KU^UI- 
 tional Museum. Cp. CIA ii. 466, 480, 56s, ypannarcvs, iravriyvpidpx'ri*, x<v>ai5- 
 etc. Xi;j, xppoKiOa.pos, irvppi\^, vdrvpos, and 
 
 7 D. and S. figa. 2681, 2682. To athletics: CIG 2758. 
 
 Heracles (Rom. date), CIA iii. 119. " Ephesus dv$piivTa.t TO?J dyuviffraTt 
 
 8 References in D. and S. p. 634. dvaffTJi<ravr&: CIG 2954; cp. 2758 Jin. 
 
GAMES AND CONTESTS. 185 
 
 simplicity of dedication is quite gone. The statues become 
 practically honorific, and although the old formula is used, they 
 are placed in the gymnasium or elsewhere ; whilst the word has 
 so far lost its old meaning, that a sacred month may be said 
 dvatcelffOai rfjt 0(bt l . So too the victors no longer dedicate 
 their offering out of pure thankfulness of heart. The in- 
 scriptions, with their long list of distinctions and their carven 
 wreaths, become a means of advertisement or self-glorifi- 
 cation. Finally, the offering becomes compulsory, and is 
 looked on by the temple officials as a source of revenue 2 . 
 
 In reviewing the dedications of this chapter the reader 
 will be struck with certain contrasts as against those of other 
 kinds. There is no dedicating of shrines, divine statues, or 
 Victories. The only thing of the kind I have met with is 
 a couple of model shrines of bronze, offered by Myron tyrant 
 of Sicyon for an Olympian victory in 648 3 . Victory appears in 
 groups, but not alone, unless it be implied in a late inscription of 
 Tegea which records victories in the games 4 . A dedication 
 which I am at a loss to explain is the p.rj\a of latter-day 
 Athens 5 . Another freak is the slab with a shaggy head 
 in relief, dedicated with a set of verses to the Muses at 
 Thespiae 6 . Stratonicus the musician plays with the dedicatory 
 idea when he sets up a trophy in the Asclepieum, after 
 vanquishing his rivals at Sicyon, and labels it "Stratonicus from 
 the bad harpists V 
 
 In this chapter we see the old simplicity and devotion being 
 gradually overlaid with ostentation and show, until nothing 
 else remains. The beginnings perhaps are earlier here than 
 elsewhere ; and the seed of degradation which lay in the 
 
 1 GIG 2954. 6 BCH xiv. 546, pi. ix., x.:...'A/^t- 
 
 2 Delphi: Collitz ii. 2501 ^ X/w/o-n}- Kplrov Modern ai>{0r)ice. 
 
 piov [sic'] afrts .fj.rj jrap^x'7 l > fKa/rov 7 Ath. viii. 351 E viic/iffas d' v St/ci/wvt 
 
 ffTarfipas 6<t>e<.\ru (4th century). robs array wviffTcis dvtOrjKev els rb 'AffK\ri- 
 
 3 Paus. vi. 19. 2. Frazer in his note ^leto- rpoiraiov iiriyptyas- CrpATO- 
 shows that Pausanias was wrong in NtK oc <ur6 TU>N KAKCOC Ki0&pizoN- 
 including the Treasury itself. TCON vil( ^ fffri)ffe TpArata ig U8ed 
 
 4 GIG 1519 'A-ya^/ww lics in XP*>- metaphorically of Magnes, by Aristoph. 
 ffov ^pei. Knights 521. 
 
 8 CIA iii. 116. 
 
186 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 dedication of athlete statues began to sprout, it may be in the 
 sixth century; but the critical point, or rather perhaps the 
 point where the new spirit stood revealed to itself, was in the 
 fourth. The lowest pitch of degradation, and the highest point 
 of self-glorification, is reached in that hideous monument of 
 Porphyrius, victor in the chariot-race at Constantinople. In 
 that monument piety there is none ; but every feat of the victor 
 is represented in artistic style as bad as its taste, and we 
 leave him with relief to enjoy the applause of a shouting 
 populace 1 . 
 
 1 AM v. 294 ff. pL xvi. 
 
V. 
 
 DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 \Afpoic ANA TT&fHON, 6c MeAeic TPI'KKHC 
 KA! KCON r^Y Ke ^ AN KHTT(AAYPON CPKHKAC. 
 
 HEKODAS iv. 1. 
 
 rroAAol TOYT<*> AoycAMeNOi ocjjGAAMoyc eKO/v\fcANTO, noAAol Ae 
 TTIONTGC CTepisiON IAGHCAN KA} TO ANAI-KATON TTNeyMA AneAABoN, T>N 
 Ae TioAAC eScopGcoce, TOON Ae AAAo TS, HAH Ae TIC ni<i)N e5 A<J)CONOY 
 
 <t>60NHN A()>HK6N. 
 
 ARISTIDES, Els TO (frpeap roii 'A(rcAi;7rto{;, 445. 
 
 WE have seen reason to believe that the cult of heroic 
 spirits was widespread on Greek soil, and prevailed from the 
 earliest to the latest times. They were propitiated or worshipt 
 as beings of great and mysterious powers, and as such likely 
 to be useful both in their general influence on the daily life 
 and in occasional times of need. In their first aspect we find 
 recurrent feasts held in their honour, and memorial offerings 
 of these feasts dedicated, whilst tithes or firstfruits are some- 
 times offered to them ; nor have there been wanting some 
 indications that they were approached in time of need. All 
 inscriptions which mention the vow or prayer imply help given 
 in some such time 1 . We have seen that the hero-shrines may be 
 supposed to have had much the same part in the national worship 
 as the scattered chapels of to-day ; they would be the natural 
 places for use of the country folk who lived afar from large cities. 
 In the cities themselves ancient shrines of this sort would 
 remain by tradition when new manners had come in, just as 
 
 1 See ch. xn. 
 
188 
 
 OREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Holywell so long remained in London, or Baruwell still remains 
 in Cambridge 1 , as the well of divination remained and still 
 remains in Patrae 2 , or like the shrines of Amynos and the Hero 
 Physician in ancient Athens 3 . But side by side with this 
 ancient popular worship grew up the cult of the great gods; 
 and it usually happened that the gods were invoked for the 
 same purposes as the heroes were, and under similar titles. 
 Zeus is connected with the underworld as Catachthonios 4 , and 
 he is also Meilichios 5 and Soter 6 . Apollo is Alexicacos 7 and 
 latros 8 ; Artemis is Soteira 9 , and so is Demeter 10 ; Dionysus is 
 also latros " ; Athena is Hygieia, Health 12 . The worshipper in 
 offering his prayer adds naturally such titles as these, to indicate 
 the manifestation of the divine power which he desires. Indeed, 
 he goes into detail so far, that when about to sacrifice he may 
 invoke the hero as Flycatcher 13 , or Zeus as Averter of Flies 14 . 
 No less naturally does he address his prayer for protection to the 
 patron deity of his city, who may be supposed to be most 
 powerful there ; and if at the same time he addresses the local 
 hero, that is but prudence 18 . 
 
 1 I have known a person send to 
 Barn well for water in case of sickness, 
 for superstitious reasons. 
 
 2 Paus. vii. 21. 12. There is a well 
 there still held in repute, close by 
 St Andrew's Church, which therefore 
 probably covers the site of Demeter's 
 temple. 
 
 8 Demosth. xix. 249, CIA ii 403. 
 We see, in fact, Asclepius and Amynus 
 worshipt together in this shrine : 
 AM xviii. 234. 
 
 4 II. ix. 457; Hesiod, Op. 465. 
 
 5 ECU vii. 407. 
 
 6 Aesch. Suppl. 26. 
 
 7 Paus. i. 3. 4. Dedication to Zeus 
 Eubuleus in Amorgos: AM i. 331. To 
 Zeus Asclepius GIG 1198. 
 
 8 Arist. Birds 584, cp. Kaibel Ep. Gr. 
 798. 1 IrjTijpi. v6<rtav. 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 267. 1. Farnell 
 ii. 585. A dedication to her by this title 
 comes from Phocis : Collitz ii. 1528. 
 
 10 Arist. Frogs 378 ; she is also Chtho- 
 nia: GIG 1198. 
 
 11 Kock, Com. Frag. iii. p. 423. 
 
 12 Ancient worship on the Acropolis. 
 Farnell, i. 316. Cp. Aristides ii. 25 
 'A.9i)i>aiti)v ol wptffpfrraToi KO.I 'T-yie/oj 
 
 13 Paus. ix. 26. 7 Aliphera. 
 
 14 Paus. v. 14. 1 Elis. 
 
 18 Very few of the old Acropolis dedi- 
 cations can be referred to sickness. 
 I have noted two ancient ones from the 
 Acropolis: CIA i. 362, iv. 1. p. 79 
 Ei/^pdftos xepa.iJ.fvs ittttriav'Tyitlai. Kar. 
 96 'Affrjvalot rrji 'AOrivaiat riji 'Tyiflai. 
 Several have vvtp (49, 189, 238, 246), 
 but this formula may be used of an 
 ordinary tithe or firstfruit (238). We 
 may infer that the people visited latros 
 or Amynus in that case. Perhaps 
 Pericles' own dedication was made 
 on purpose to assist in transferring the 
 popular allegiance. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 189 
 
 It is chiefly sickness, danger, or sudden calamity which 
 directs the soul to the unseen powers : and these are the special 
 occasions when the ancient Greek paid his vows or exprest his 
 gratitude. One constant and pressing source of danger was 
 war, but the dedications connected with war have been already 
 dealt with ; in this chapter we shall take the rest, and chiefly 
 the vows and dedications made in time of sickness. This it so 
 happens is the easier, because in early times certain divinities 
 had come to be regarded as specially powerful against the ills 
 which the flesh is heir to. We have already seen that the 
 protective power of the heroes was quite general; but as the 
 great gods relieved them of responsibility in their more public 
 and striking aspects, the private function of alleviating the 
 pains of sickness became their peculiar care, and in particular 
 devolved upon two or three personages who by accident or 
 otherwise achieved notable fame. 
 
 In accordance with the principle suggested in the last 
 paragraph, public offerings for deliverance from plague and 
 pestilence are generally dedicated to one of the great gods. 
 Epimenides, summoned to Athens in time of pestilence, is said 
 to have cleansed the city, and built a shrine of the Eumenides 1 . 
 Three temples are referred to afterclaps of the great plague 
 at Athens (430 427). One is the romantic fane of Apollo 
 the Helper, erected among the mountains at Bassae by the 
 village of Phigalea, and looking down over the Messenian plain 
 to far distant Ithome 2 . Next comes the temple of Apollo 
 Healer at Elis 3 ; and last that of Pan Deliverer in Troezen, 
 who had revealed to the city magistrates in a dream how they 
 might heal the plague 4 . A public dedication of some statue 
 to Athena Hygieia exists, but this is too trifling to refer to the 
 great plague 5 . There seems to have been a temple and statue 
 of Heracles Averter of 111, dedicated in the deme Melite whilst 
 
 1 Eudocia, no. 349 : TWV cre/wwj' 0ewv 3 Paus. vi. 24. 6. 
 
 lepbv Ka.6a.irep v Kpriry lSpfiira.ro. 4 Paus. ii. 32. 6. We have no means 
 
 2 'EiriKotipios : Paus. viii. 41. 7. The of determining the date of the last 
 architect was Ictinus, who built the two. 
 
 Parthenon, and the style favours a 5 CIA i. 335, Kar. 96 (above, 
 
 date later than 431. p. 188). 
 
190 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the plague was raging 1 . Early in the fifth century Hermes was 
 said to have averted a plague at Tanagra by carrying a ram 
 about the walls ; and in gratitude the people caused Calamis to 
 make them a statue of Hermes the Ram-bearer 2 . In similar 
 danger the people of Cleone, in obedience to an oracle, sacrificed 
 a he-goat to the sun ; and when the plague was stayed, they 
 dedicated a bronze he-goat to Apollo at Delphi 8 . Statues of 
 Apollo Averter of Mischief, by Calamis 4 , and of Heracles under 
 the same title, by Ageladas 8 , which existed at Athens, may be 
 referred to a similar origin. Indications are not wanting that 
 the practice continued later ; one such is a hymn composed and 
 sung to Asclepius on deliverance from a noisome pestilence 6 . 
 
 The same practice holds for other dire visitations. Deliver- 
 ance from a plague of locusts was recognised by a statue of 
 Locust Apollo, attributed to Pheidias 7 . Perhaps the cult of 
 Mouse Apollo in the Troad was originally due to a plague 
 of mice, although it may be propitiatory or even totemistic 8 . 
 There was a statue of Earth praying for rain on the Athenian 
 Acropolis, dedicated therefore probably to Athena, which com- 
 memorated a drought 9 . We do not know the date of this, but 
 Pausanias would have heard more about it if it had been near 
 his own day ; and if not, the dedication may be illustrated by 
 an inscription on the rock, of the first or second century after 
 Christ, which mentions Earth the Fruitful 10 . We read of another 
 
 1 Schol. Arist. Frogs 501 77 6t Wpwrtj 24. 6. 
 
 lytvero KO.TO. TOV /jL^yav \oifjav, oOev Kal * Schol. Arist. Frogs 504. 
 
 ira.vffa.To i] v6<ros. 6 CIA iii. 171. 
 
 2 Kpto06pos: Paus. ix. 22. 1. The 7 napvoirtos : Paus. i. 24. 8. 
 
 type will meet us again ; it occurs also 8 Zfuvffftis: Paus. x. 12. 5. Votive 
 
 on coins, Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, bronze mice have been found in Pales- 
 
 Niimismatic Commentary on Pausanias, tine : M. Thomas, Two Years in Palestine 
 
 116, pi. X. x. xii. The story seems to (1899), 6. The reader will recall the 
 
 be an attempt to explain the type, but cult of the Brazen Serpent, Numbers 
 
 is good evidence for all that. xxi. 9; and the mice in the Ark, 
 
 :l Paus. x. 11. 5; see Frazer's note 1 Samuel vi. 5. 
 
 for connexion of Apollo with the goat. 9 Paus. i. 24. 3. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 3. 4 'AXei/ccucoj, wrongly 10 yrjs KapTrotf>6pov Kara nwreiav CIA 
 
 assigned to the plague of 43027. iii. 166. The Delphic oracle orders 
 
 Calamis flourisht 500 460. Apollo sacrifice to Ge Carpophores and Posei- 
 
 was also Healer in Elis : Paus. vi. don Asphaleios, Collitz ii. 2970. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 191 
 
 great drought that fell over all Greece, so that envoys were sent 
 to Delphi to enquire what help there might be. They were 
 instructed to propitiate Zeus by means of Aeacus as inter- 
 mediary, and messengers were sent to Aeacus asking his aid. 
 By prayers and sacrifices to Zeus Panhellenian the drought was 
 stayed ; and the Aeginetans set up images of their envoys in a 
 precinct called the Aeaceum 1 . 
 
 Such offerings were most naturally promised beforehand 
 and paid on deliverance, but they were occasionally made in 
 faith while the devastation went on. Thus during a flood of 
 the Eurotas, an oracle commanded the Spartans to build a 
 temple to Hera Protectress, which they did 2 . To avert from 
 their vines the baleful influence of the constellation called the 
 Goat, the Phliasians dedicated a bronze goat in the market 
 place 3 . To end a barrenness in the earth, the Epidaurians set 
 up statues of Damia and Auxesia, personifications of Subduing 
 and Increase 4 . 
 
 There are not wanting private dedications to the gods for 
 healing and deliverance. Alyattes the Lydian, early in the 
 sixth century, offered at Delphi for the cure of a disease a great 
 silver bowl, with a stand of welded iron, which struck the 
 imagination of Herodotus 5 . A relief dedicated to Athena seems 
 to acknowledge help of this sort 6 , and perhaps another to Paean 
 Apollo is of the same class 7 . Pericles we know dedicated a 
 statue to Athena Hygieia, for saving the life of a workman 
 who fell from a scaffolding there 8 . Demeter was a healer at 
 
 1 Pans. ii. 29. 7. Athenian people. See for Ath. Hyg., 
 
 2 "Tirepxeipla: Paus. iii. 13. 8. Farnell, Cults i. 316. I suggest that 
 
 3 Paus. ii. 13. 6. Pericles made the dedication on pur- 
 
 4 Herod, v. 82. These occur on pose to support the worship of Athena, 
 inscrr.; as Collitziii. 3337 (Epidaurus), then not fashionable with the con- 
 4496 (Sparta). servative nobles or with the country 
 
 5 Herod, i. 24. Alyattes died in folk. The question is too wide to be 
 560. The stand was there in the time discussed here ; but some suggestive 
 of Athenaeus (v. 210 B). evidence is to be found in Aristophanes, 
 
 6 F-W. 117. where the oath by Poseidon is the 
 
 7 F-W. 1849. favourite with these classes (see e.g. 
 
 8 Plut. Pericles 13. The statue CIA Knights 144, 551, 843, and Neil's 
 i. 335 cannot be this offering, for that notes). 
 
 of Pericles was not dedicated by the 
 
192 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Eleusis 1 ; and when Asclepius came to Athens he must needs 
 be initiated into the mysteries and so be affiliated to her*. 
 She appears to have had the same function elsewhere*. 
 Artemis Lye was invoked for sickness in Sicily* ; Artemis 
 Oulia and Apollo Oulios at Lindos in Rhodes", and at Miletus 8 . 
 Appeals in sickness are made to Lathrie 7 and to Cytherea 8 . 
 Micythus of Rhegium, who in his son's sickness had spent 
 much on many physicians without avail, dedicated at Olympia 
 a number of statues and other offerings " to all gods and god- 
 desses 9 ." The Mothers in Sicily 10 , Hecate", Cybele 12 , and Men" 
 are appealed to in sickness, and a river is called Saviour 14 . The 
 oracle at Dodona, and doubtless not only that oracle, was con- 
 sulted in the same case 15 . Perhaps Good Luck and the Good 
 Daemon may be added to the list. 
 
 But although the greater gods were a present help in time 
 of danger, if they could be prevailed on to act, a being of humbler 
 origin won the highest fame in this sphere, and finally himself 
 attained to divine honours. This was Asclepius. 
 
 All indications point to Thessaly as the original home of 
 Asclepius 16 . He was the founder and deified ancestor of the 
 Phlegyae and Minyae, the ruling class in Tricca and one 
 or two neighbouring towns. In Homer he is neither god nor 
 hero, and his two sons, Podaleirius and Machaon, are mentioned 
 
 1 AM xx. 361. She was recognised 6 Macrob. i. 17. 
 
 in the Asclepieum, and at Epidaurus ; 7 Anth. Pal. vi. 300. 
 
 p. 3656. 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 190. 
 
 2 'E0. 'Apx- 1894, p. 171. Herodes, 9 Herod, vii. 170, Pans. v. 26, IGA 
 who brought Asclepius to Athens, 532. Cp. Newton, Branch, p. 751, 
 dedicated the god's statue on this oc- no. 32 : x a P ta " re ' a y TO-PI Otois, Oepairev- 
 casion as a mystic. " ; ?. 
 
 3 See below for the marble breasts at 10 Diod. iv. 80. 
 
 Cnidus, p. 216. Artemidorus, Onelrocr. u IGI i. 958 Itpa aurretpa, A.-E. 
 
 ii. 39: AT/^TT/P Kbpy ical "lajcxoj TOUJ Mitth. xviii. 4, Roberts 242 a. 
 voaowTas dittffTaffi Kal ffu^ovffi. Relief 12 AM xxi. 292, CIA iii. 134. 
 
 from Philippopolis Overb. Kunstmyth. 13 BCH xx. 75, etc. 
 
 pi. 1 and 7 inrtp rrjs 6p<f<rewy 0e AT;- 14 Herod, viii. 138. 
 
 rfrpt. 8upov, Anth. Pal. ix. 293. " Collitz iii. 3407*. 
 
 4 Diomed. iii. p. 483, Probus on 16 The account of Asclepius is based 
 Virgil, Eel. p. 2. 28 (Keil); cp. Anth. on the articles in Pauly-Wissowa and 
 Pal. vi. 240, Theognis 484. Roscher. See also Preller, Gr. Myth. 
 
 5 IGI i 834 3 , cp. CIG 2566. 514 ff. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 193 
 
 in the Catalogue of the Ships 1 . If there were legends connect- 
 ing him with Messenia and Arcadia, these rest on later authority, 
 and were doubtless local attempts to claim him when he had 
 become famous. The Arcadian legend makes Apollo his father, 
 which alone is enough to condemn it 2 : this is just one of those 
 attempts which we not seldom find, to make the pantheon 
 symmetrical, by reconciling conflicting claims. Strabo follows 
 the general opinion of antiquity in calling the shrine of Tricca 
 " the oldest and most famous" of those which Asclepius had*. 
 Cheiron was his teacher, and Cheiron stands as the embodiment 
 of all natural lore, woodcraft, and herb simples 4 . On the mount 
 Pelion, where he got all his master could teach him, Asclepius 
 first associated himself (we are told) with the serpent, which 
 afterwards became his attendant and attribute. He is still 
 a man, if a mighty and wise man, and his death by the bolt 
 of Zeus is not consistent with any higher character. After 
 death he becomes a hero, famed for his healing powers, and 
 a chthonian oracle. 
 
 With the wanderings of his clan, in their career of migration 
 or conquest, Asclepius gradually moves southwards, and we find 
 him next in Boeotia and Phocis. Here he comes into conflict 
 with Apollo: the god proves victor, but their feud is reconciled 
 by the legend which makes Asclepius son of Apollo by Coronis, 
 who should be faithless to her husband. We next see traces of 
 Asclepius in the Peloponnese, in Titane and Arcadia. Messenia 
 claims him for her own, and warps the legend to suit her claim. 
 Finally he appears in several parts of Argolis, and particularly 
 in the great shrine which afterwards became most famous. 
 That the Epidaurian shrine is one of the latest is shown by 
 the fact that the legends have changed under the influence 
 of Delphi, and have forgotten their origin at Tricca 5 . From 
 Epidaurus, now become his headquarters, came a number of 
 'offshoots 6 . Chief of these were : (1) Sicyon, at a date unknown ; 
 
 1 II. ii. 729 32 ; Machaon again II. 5 Maleatian Apollo was apparently 
 iv. 200, 219, etc. united with him here: Cavvadias, 
 
 2 Paus. ii. 26. 4. Fouilles d'Epid. i. 75, no. 235. 
 
 3 Strabo p. 437. 6 Paus. ii. 26. 8, x. 10. 3, iii. 23. 6; 
 
 4 II. iv. 202, 219; Mannhardt, Wald Julian, Adv. Christ, p. 197. 
 und Feldkulte, 48. 
 
 R. 13 
 
194 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 (2) Athens, founded in 420 ; (3) Balagrae in the Cyrenaica ; 
 (4) Epidaurus Limera; (5) Cos, though Herodas will have it 
 the cult came straight from Tricca 1 ; (6) Naupactus, about 300; 
 (7) Tarentum ; (8) perhaps Syracuse ; (9) Pergamus ; (10) Rome. 
 Besides these he is found at Clazomenae, Delos*, Teos, and 
 Phocaea, and cults connected with him at many other places. 
 
 By this time Asclepius has become a full-fledged god, and 
 his family has increased and multiplied. His sons Machaon 
 arid Podaleirius belong, as we have seen, to the earliest period 
 of the legend ; but he has now more, whose names indicate 
 personifications of his powers, laniscus and Alexenor 3 , and 
 Euamerion also called Telesphorus or Acesis 4 . A blooming 
 bevy of daughters has also sprung up around him, laso, Aceso, 
 Aegle, and Panaceia 5 , together with the more general personi- 
 fication Hygieia or Health. The last is assumed by some to be 
 not a daughter, but an independent personification, which was 
 naturally associated with him and then became younger to suit 
 her new character 8 : the cult of Athena Hygieia makes for 
 this view. His wife's name is differently given as Xanthe, 
 Lampetie, Aglai'e, or Hipponoe 7 . 
 
 Amphiaraus in some points resembles Asclepius. He ap- 
 pears in legend as a doughty hero, who took part in adventures 
 such as the hunt of the Calydonian Boar 8 , the voyage of the 
 Argo 9 , and through the covetousness of his wife Eriphvle, who 
 accepted the famous necklace as a bribe, in the war of the 
 Seven Against Thebes 10 . Fleeing before his foes in his chariot, 
 drawn by the two renowned horses Thoas and Dido, he was about 
 to be overtaken, when Zeus cleft the earth with a thunderbolt 
 and he plunged in. Hence arose the great shrine of Amphiaraus 
 at Oropus near Thebes, the seat of an oracle and a health resort, 
 where the heroized seer gave responses and healed the sick". 
 
 1 Herodas ii. 97. p. 28 (Teubn.). 
 
 - BCH vi. 343 M , xvi. pi. vi. 7 Roscher i. 621 c. 
 
 3 Schol. Arist. Pint. 701. 8 Apoll. i. 8. 2. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 11. 7. Apoll. i. 9. 16. 
 
 8 Schol. Arist. Plut. 701 ; Suid. s.v. 10 Apoll. i. 9. 13, iii. 6. 2. 
 'Hirt6?i7. n He received the gift of divination 
 
 6 Eorte, AM xviii. 250. She is by sleeping one night in the " House of 
 
 called daughter of Asclepius by Eudocia, Divination " at Phlius, Paus. ii. 13. 7. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 195 
 
 Amphiaraus was not, like Asclepius, a colonising deity 1 . As 
 communication became easier, patients made it a commoner 
 practice to visit shrines of repute, which thus became health- 
 resorts and places of pleasure not unlike the Baths or the Wells 
 of eighteenth-century England. Moreover, Amphiaraus had 
 not the advantage of belonging to a wandering clan ; and 
 when the time of his fame arrived, it was too late for colonising : 
 he had been outstript by his rival 2 . Like Asclepius, Amphiaraus 
 in time becomes a god, first recognised by the Oropians but 
 afterwards by all the Greeks 3 . 
 
 It is with these two deities we shall have chiefly to do in 
 the following pages ; but it will be convenient to collect at the 
 same time such instances of thank-offerings to other gods as 
 come within the scope of this chapter. In the Roman age we 
 find a large number of new rivals for fame as healers and 
 deliverers, especially Men and Anaitis in Asia Minor, Sarapis in 
 Egypt and in Greece. But by this time the old ideas had lost 
 their significance, and such examples will only be adduced for 
 illustration. For the same purpose I shall refer to Cybele, 
 Hecate and others, whose functions were not restricted to healing. 
 Hecate, indeed, with or without a consort, had sometimes 
 a special power in this department. A throne cut out of the 
 rock is dedicated to her in Rhodes as Saviour 4 , and in the 
 island of Chalce a similar throne is ascribed to her 5 . 
 
 Three shrines are chiefly important for our survey : those of 
 Asclepius at Epidaurus and at Athens, and that of Amphiaraus 
 in Boeotia. Each of these fills up a gap in the record, and 
 from the three we are able to piece together a fairly complete 
 account of the cult. We may assume that the practice at 
 Athens and at Epidaurus did not materially differ; and the 
 points peculiar to the third will be noted in their place. 
 
 The story how the Asclepieum at Athens was founded is 
 
 1 He only colonised Byzantium ; but through Greek history, 
 he had another shrine at Ehamnus. 3 Paus. i. 34. 2. 
 
 2 The Theban oracle was very old, 4 IGI i. 914 lepb. adrreipa evaicovs 
 but the sanctuary of Oropus seems to <f>w(r<t>6pos eivoSia. 
 
 date only from the fifth century. 6 IGI i. 958 Aios, 'EKOTIJS; A.-E. 
 (Frazer on Paus. ix. 8. 3.) For dream- Mitth. xviii. 4. For Cybele see CIA 
 oracles Amphiaraus was worshipt all iii. 134. 
 
 132 
 
196 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 interesting and instructive in more ways than one, and fortu- 
 nately we have a full account of it 1 . In founding a new shrine 
 the custom of the Epidaurian priests was to send out one of the 
 sacred snakes* from their sanctuary. Pausanias describes how 
 Asclepius came to Sicyon under the form of a snake, in 
 a car drawn by a pair of mules 3 . The same thing is told 
 of the founding of Epidaurus Limera 4 , and of the temple 
 on the Tiber Island at Rome 5 . So when Telemachus of 
 Acharnae proposed to found the Athenian shrine, in the year 
 420, the same procession of snake and car may be assumed 8 . 
 Asclepius then, or the priest perhaps or even the serpent, in 
 place of him, was actually initiated into the Mysteries at 
 Eleusis, and a statue was set up on that occasion 7 . The priest- 
 hood of the Goddesses appears to have welcomed him at first, 
 it may be in the hope of retaining him in their shrine ; but 
 when it appeared that Telemachus was for building a new 
 shrine at Athens, they turned round and fought him tooth and 
 nail. Part of the precinct would lie in the Pelasgicum, which 
 as we know was better empty 8 ; and whether or not for this 
 reason, the college of State Heralds were egged on to claim the 
 land. In time however the god prevailed, and after a few years 
 he had settled down comfortably at Athens. 
 
 The shrine of Asclepius at Athens 9 , thus erected at the close 
 of the fifth century, stood in a grove of trees like the ordinary 
 hero-shrines' . There were porticoes or covered buildings for the 
 patients to sleep in when they consulted the god 11 . In the 
 
 1 Paul Girard, L'AscUpieion d'A- ~> 'E<j>. 'Apx- 1894, p. 171: 
 tkenes (Paris, Ernest Thorn, 1881) ; 'HpuSrjs 'A.<rK\riiri&i> etaa.ro Aijol vovaov 
 Korte, AM xviii. 249. dXe^ffavr' dprtxa/uftf/xei'os. See also 
 
 2 These were of a special breed kept Paus. ii. 26. 8 ; Philostr. Apollon. iv. 
 in the precinct: Paus. ii. 11. 8; Arist. 18. 
 
 Plut. 733; Herodas iv. 90. 8 Thuc. ii. 17. 1 rb neXaayiKOv apyov 
 
 3 Paus. ii. 10. 3. ap.ti.vov. 
 
 4 Paus. iii. 23. 7. 9 There was another in Peiraeus: 
 4 Livy, Epitome xi. ; Ov. Met. xv. Schol. Arist. Plut. 621, etc. Beliefs 
 
 626744; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 94. have been found there. 
 
 8 If we accept Korte's clever restora- 10 f<f>vrevfff occurs in CIA ii 1649. A 
 
 tion, A 31 xviii. 249. In CIA ii. 1649. tree appears on many of the reliefs. 
 
 7 the letters ...ytv Sevpe ty\.. suggest n Girard 19; for regulations see 
 
 rjyaytv devpe ty apfiaros. See also 'E#. 'Apx- 1885, p. 96. 
 1650. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 197 
 
 precinct was a spring, and perhaps a basin of water for 
 ceremonial use 1 . In the same precinct were afterwards erected 
 a number of altars and statues of various divinities, Demeter 
 and the Maid, Athena, Aphrodite, Hermes, Pan and the 
 Nymphs, the hero Heracles, and later Isis and Sarapis 2 . Many 
 of the votive offerings stood here, but the more precious were 
 kept within the temple, stored away, placed on shelves, or on 
 the walls and ceiling 3 . Withinside was a statue of Asclepius 
 himself, a sacred couch and table, tripods, altars, and tables of 
 offerings. The effect of the scene is well described in Herodas, 
 who represents two women in the temple of Cos, in a passage 
 which is worth reproducing 4 . 
 
 Phile. Hail, healer Lord, who rulest Tricca and hast made thy 
 abode in lovely Cos and Epidaurus ; and withal Coronis thy mother and 
 Apollo hail, and Health, whom thy right hand touches, and those of whom 
 are these honoured altars, Panace and Epio and leso, hail ; and ye who 
 sackt the city of Laomedon with its fortress walls, healers of fierce disease, 
 Podaleirius and Machaon, hail, and all gods and goddesses who are housed 
 by thy hearth, father Paean 5 .... Put the tablet on the right hand of 
 Health, Coccale. Ha, my dear Cynno, what fine statues ! why, what artist 
 wrought this stone, and who offered it ? 
 
 Cynno. The sons of Praxiteles : don't you see the writing upon the 
 base there ? And Euthies son of Prexon is the dedicator. Paeon bless 
 them and Euthies for the fine things. See yon girl, Phile, looking at the 
 apple ? Wouldst not say she will die outright if she do not get it 1 
 
 Phile. And the old man there, Cynno. By the fates, how the boy 
 throttles the fox-goose. If 'twere not for the stone beside you, you would 
 say the thing will speak. Ha, the time will come when mortals will make 
 the very stones live. Dost see how that statue of Batale 6 stands, Cynno ? 
 If one has never seen Batale, look at this portrait and never miss the 
 other.... And if I scratch this naked boy, won't there be a wound ! 
 There's the flesh throbbing warm as it were, all warm on the tablet. And 
 the silver tongs ! why, if Myellus or Pataeciscus see it, won't their eyes 
 fall out of their heads thinking it is really made of silver 7 ? And the ox, 
 
 1 Girard 19; Arist. Pint. 656: 0<L- 1482. 
 
 \arra does not necessarily mean sea- 5 A paean was sung when sickness 
 
 water, Aesch. Again. 932. was cured, according to Schol. Arist. 
 
 2 Girard 19. Pint. 636. 
 
 3 Girard 16; CIA ii. 766, 835. EaraX^ TTJS fUJTrew. Is this a 
 
 4 Herodas iv. It is curious that a proper name? or is it Batale the blind 
 woman named Phile dedicates her girl? 
 
 breasts to Asclepius in Athens, CIA ii. 7 This points to painting or silver- 
 
198 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 and the man leading him, and the woman who follows, and this old hook- 
 nose, to the very life ! I don't want to do what ill becomes a woman, or 
 I would have shrieked for fear the ox should hurt me, with that wicked 
 squint in his eye. 
 
 The Epidaurian shrine was laid out on a still more mag- 
 nificent scale, with every convenience for patients and visitors. 
 The temple 1 contained a gold-ivory statue of the god seated, 
 which is copied in many of the votive statuettes or reliefs there 
 found 2 . Besides the ordinary dormitories and porticoes, there 
 was the curious Rotunda, perhaps a pump-room, with a grove, 
 a stadium, and a theatre which was the pride of the place 8 . 
 Its fame lasted undiminished to Roman times, and under the 
 empire Antoninus (probably Pius) built a place outside the 
 precinct for women lying-in and for the dying 4 . 
 
 Our information as to the priesthood of the Athenian shrine 
 is fairly full 8 . Chief of all is the priest, elected yearly until the 
 Roman period, when the Zacoros grows into greater importance. 
 A board of officials presides over the sacrifices. Of temple 
 servants we read of the sacristan and fire-bearer, and two 
 women, the basket-bearer and the Arrephoros. Some persons 
 went by the title of physician, and both the priest and the 
 Zacoros at least occasionally held this office 6 . A board was 
 nominated yearly by the people to inspect and catalogue the 
 ex-voto. In Epidaurus there were priest, pyrophoros, dadouchos, 
 and zacoros ; a hierophant is also mentioned 7 . In Cos we find 
 a Neocoros presiding at the occasional sacrifice of the devout, 
 killing the victim, and offering prayer 8 . There were two great 
 feasts in Athens, Epidauria and Asclepiea, and apparently also 
 a more modest feast, the Heroa. The Epidauria celebrated the 
 
 leafing of the reliefs, unless a picture 8 Girard 22 34 lepevs, fik-opoj ; Itpo- 
 
 be meant. The Athenian reliefs show votoi; *c\ei5oi/xos t Trvp<pbpos, Kavrt<p6pos, 
 
 traces of colour. The names are doubt- appri<f>6pot. 
 
 less meant for well-known silversmiths. 6 Onetor the priest and physician: 
 
 1 See Frazer's Pausania*, iii. p. 237 CIA ii. 835 l3 - 74 . Zacoros: CIA iii. 1. 
 for a map and account of the place. 780. 
 
 2 Cavvadias, Fouilles d'tipidaure, i. 7 Cawadias, p. 114. A society of 
 pi. ix. 21 24; Paus. ii. 27. 2. Asclepiasts was found there later: 
 
 3 Paus. ii. 27. 3ff. p. 115. 
 
 4 Paus. ii. 27. 6. 8 Herodas iv. 79. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 199 
 
 initiation of the god at Eleusis ; and a relief offered perhaps 
 on this occasion has been found, where Asclepius, leaning upon 
 a staff, stands in the presence of Demeter and the Maid, and 
 a troop of six worshippers approaches them 1 . This is con- 
 jectured to be a formal public offering on behalf of five magis- 
 trates or others who represent the city, having received a vote 
 of thanks and a crown each for their services 2 . The Asclepiea 
 seems to have been less important, as no inscriptions have been 
 found which relate to it. The Heroa was doubtless held to 
 keep up tradition, and we may suppose that this is the occasion 
 when the Death -feast reliefs were dedicated. At the public 
 feasts an ox or a bull was sacrificed ; there was a lectisternium 
 and a watch-night with illuminations, as in the worship of 
 other gods 3 . It is to be noted that the sacrifice had to be 
 consumed within the precinct at Epidaurus and Titane 4 , at 
 Athens 5 , and at the oracle of Amphiaraus 6 , which was the 
 custom with heroes in some cases at least 7 . 
 
 The private worshipper, who wisht to offer his prayer or 
 find a cure for his complaint, probably had to prepare himself 
 by a ceremonial purification. We know that death or birth 
 was supposed to pollute a Greek shrine 8 , and in particular 
 neither should take place in the shrine of Epidaurus. So 
 there are indications that the worshipper was expected not 
 to come in contact with such things, and must keep conti- 
 nence for a certain time before he approached the god 9 . But 
 let that pass : and now suppose the worshipper duly prepared. 
 
 1 AM ii. pi. 18, Girard pi. ii. 835 6, e.g. 836 82 . 87 - 94 . 
 
 CIA ii. 1449. Names are engraved 3 0v<ria, ffrpwffis Trjs K\ti>ris, /cioy^crtj 
 
 above the figures, and below are five TT?J rpcnrtfrs, iravvvxl* ' Girard 39. 
 
 names within garlands. Only three Compare CIA ii. 1. Add 435 b, 453 c, 
 
 have the hand uplifted; the rest may Add. Nova 3736. For the table in other 
 
 be friends, three of each set being the cults see CIA i. 4; Herod, i. 181 3. 
 
 same. A dedication to Demeter and 4 Paus. i. 27. 1. 
 
 Asclepius was found in the precinct, 6 Arist. Pint. 1138. 
 
 AM ii. 243; and the two are again * IGS i. 235 31 . 
 
 associated on a relief, BCH i. 163, 7 Paus. x. 4. 10. 
 
 no. 33. 8 'E</>. 'Apx- 1894, p. 167 f. (inscr.); 
 
 2 Five human names are enclosed Thuc. iii. 104. 
 
 in wreaths: Girard I.e. Dedications 9 Rev. Arch, xxxix. 182. 
 of "the people " to Asclepius in CIA ii. 
 
200 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 He must probably first pay an entrance fee of a few obols 1 , and 
 then perform the preliminary sacrifice*. At Epidaurus, when 
 the worshipper desired to be cured of a disease, it appears that 
 the 7rvp<f>6po<; asked for a solemn engagement that he would 
 make the customary sacrifice and offering if a cure was effected, 
 which was undertaken by the patient or by some one else for 
 him 8 . The patient then underwent a ceremonial cleansing 
 with water 4 ; after which prayers were offered at the altar, and 
 cakes were offered upon it, sometimes perhaps being burnt 5 . 
 This done, he waited for the night. 
 
 The central ceremony of the whole was that of sleeping 
 in the precinct, technically called incubation 8 . That this took 
 place originally in the temple there can be no doubt, and at 
 Tithorea such continued to be the custom 7 . But at the larger 
 health resorts, halls or colonnades were provided for the pur- 
 pose. There were two at Oropus, and probably at Epidaurus 8 ; 
 but the description of Aristophanes implies that men and 
 women occupied the same hall at Athens, doubtless each sex 
 to a side 9 . Even their friends could accompany them, if the 
 
 1 This is not certain for the shrines <rrov <(>\oyL 
 
 of Asclepius, but was the practice at 6 ^yicofyiijtns, eyKafJetSeiv ; the dormi- 
 
 Oropus: IGS i. 235 etrapx-f) 9 obols. tory was ^y/cot/^rpioc or cLfiarov. See 
 
 It was placed in the Treasury (0ij- besides the authorities to be cited, 
 
 ffOLVpos). There was a Oyffavpbs at the Aristides i. p. 446 ; Marcus Aurelius 
 
 shrine of Asclepius in Lebena (Crete). v. 8 ; Philostr. Apoll. i. 9, Vit. Soph. 
 
 2 tlffiTfjT-fipiov, irpoOvfffffai Cure inscr. ii. 25. Incubation is known also at 
 3339 42 ; TT pod u ^ara. Arist. Plut. 660. Sicyon (Paus. ii. 10), Troezen (Cavva- 
 
 3 The formula is given in Cures 3339. dias, no. 2), Rome (Plant. Cure. 245). 
 43 4 6 ITOUJ 6 r$ 6e$ irvp<f>opwt> ... See Pauly 1690. See also L. Duebner, 
 
 TOV tviavrov Tvx&vra ttf d De Incubatione (Teubner, 1900). A 
 
 airo8vffeit> TO. ta.rpa.',...vvoUKO- vivid account of the visions of a 
 
 IMI. dwoirt/j.irfii> tarpa 3340 35 , airoSi- neurotic subject is given in Aristides 
 
 56wt 3339 88 , dirdyftv 3340 8 . xlviii.. (Keil), ifpw \6yuv ii. 
 
 4 Arist. Plut. 656 vpCrrov ^v avrbv ' The reader will remember how 
 cirl 6d.\a.TTav yyouev, lireir' tXovutv. young Samuel slept in the Tabernacle 
 This was not the sea, for the scene and had a dream : 1 Samuel iii. 
 
 was in Athens not at the Peiraeus: 8 For a description of the remains 
 
 Schol. v. 621 and Frazer on Paus. ii. see Frazer on Paus. ii. 27. 2. It was 
 
 27. 2. At Epidaurus there was a well. certainly enclosed with walls: see 
 
 8 Arist. Plut. 655 with Schol., 661: Cures in Baunack i. p. 118. 
 ir6iraa>a, Kal wpo6v/jMTO., irt\avos 'H<f>ai- B Arist. Plut. 688. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 201 
 
 poet has kept to fact, which there is no reason to doubt 1 . 
 During the night, the god was expected to appear in a vision, 
 and either to treat the patients or to tell them what to do. 
 Hear Aristophanes describe the scene : 
 
 "All round," says Carion in the comedy, "were people sick of all 
 manner of diseases. In comes the verger 2 , puts out the lights, and bids us 
 sleep ; and, quotha, if you hear a noise, keep a quiet tongvie. So we all 
 composed ourselves decently for sleep. But sleep I could not, for my eye 
 caught a pot of pease which stood just behind the old gammer's head, and 
 I had a monstrous craving to crawl after it. Then I looked up, and what 
 should I see but the priest grabbing the cakes and figs from the sacred 
 table. Then he made the round of all the altars, to see if there was a 
 biscuit or two left, and these he consecrated into a bag he had with him. 
 I looked on the performance with much awe, and up I got to fetch the 
 pease." " You bold bad man," says the other, " weren't you afraid of the 
 god ?" "Afraid ! yes, afraid that he might get there first with his garlands ; 
 the priest showed me the way, you see. Well, when gammer heard the 
 noise I made, she got hold and tried to pull it away ; but I gave a hiss and 
 bit her, as though I had been one of those hooded snakes." 
 
 Cario then tells how the priest, with laso and Panacea, went 
 round inspecting all the diseases ; and although the story 
 now becomes pure farce, it is clear that he diagnosed them 
 after a fashion, examining the wounds, and treating them with 
 his drugs. When he came to Plutus, after treating his blind 
 eyes, he whistled, and a couple of great snakes came out which 
 proceeded to lick them ; and the blind was made whole 3 . 
 
 This picture is certainly true to life, for it can be paralleled 
 in almost every particular from the votive reliefs and from the 
 Cures of Epidaurus. These remarkable inscriptions, which 
 Pausanias saw in the dorter 4 , contain a long list of miraculous 
 cures, which remind one of nothing so much as a modern patent 
 medicine. There were similar tablets at Cos and Tricca 5 , which 
 have not yet been found; and fragments of others have been 
 
 1 Arist. Plut. 658. The inscrr. date from the 4th cent., 
 
 2 TT/aoTroXos, Plut. 670 ff . but they contain older cures (Aelian, 
 
 3 Arist. Plut. 732. Nat. An. ix. 33, mentions the woman 
 
 4 Paus. ii. 27. 3; Cavvadias, i. 23 ff.; of Troezen with a worm inside her). 
 Baunack, Studien, i. 120 ff. ; IPI i. Another Epidaurian miracle in Didot, 
 9512; Collitz, Gr. Dialekt-Inschr. Frag. Hist. Gr. ii. 158. 
 
 iii. 33393341. I quote from Collitz. 5 Strabo, viii. p. 374. 
 
202 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 unearthed at Lebena in Crete 1 . In the Epidaurian Cures we 
 see that the patient lay to sleep just as the poet describes. 
 Faith he must have had, or he would never have got so far ; 
 and in his exalted state he was prepared to believe that the 
 figures which appeared before him were really divine. We can 
 hardly doubt that the priest and his attendants were got up to 
 represent the god and his sons and daughters, which would help 
 the illusion. So in the votive tablets, which we shall examine 
 by and by, the divine personages feel the diseased part, and 
 apply remedies to it. In the Cures the god, or a "hand- 
 some man," as he is realistically described sometimes 8 , pours 
 medicine into diseased eyes, and anoints them with ointment 3 . 
 Or he uses massage, chafing the stomach 4 or the head 5 , and 
 giving medicine and instructions how to use it 8 . He even 
 attempts surgery, extracting a lance-head 7 or cutting an ulcer 8 . 
 Now and then he enquires the symptoms 9 ; he even condescends 
 to ask what the patient will give if he be cured, and can enjoy 
 a humorous answer 10 . Nothing is too humble for him : he will 
 even compound me a hair-restorer for one whose bald head has 
 been the mock of his friends". The tame snakes 12 and dogs 18 are 
 frequently mentioned ; they come out and lick the sores or the 
 eyes of the sufferers. Dogs appear also at the Asclepiari shrine 
 in Peiraeus 14 . 
 
 Some of the cures are clearly made up, or doctored for 
 effect. Sheer impossible miracles are to be found among them, 
 such as the mending of a broken earthenware pot 18 . The sceptic 
 who will not believe is trotted out and convinced 16 , and solemn 
 
 1 I saw them there in August, 1900. 9 Cures 3340 30 . 
 No doubt other such were found else- 10 Cures 3339 69 . 
 where. " Cures 3339 l24 . 
 
 2 Cures 3339 117 SoKftr veavlffKov et- Cures 3339 113 6.vr,p SO.KTV\OV laOi) 
 irpevi) rii/j. p.op<pdv lirl rbv SO.KTV\OV vv6 o<f>ios...0wov dt viv Xa/SjpTos Iv 
 iirnrr)v <f>apfjMKoi>, 3340 30 . TOI/TOH Spaicuv K rov dparov ti-eXOuv 
 
 3 Cures 33S9 39 ' 77 - 121 , 3340 in . lnaa.ro rai yXAffffat. 
 
 4 Cures 3340 125 . 13 Cures 3339 127 <j>a.ptMKwi...lhrap i/iro 
 
 6 Cures 3340 M . KW&S Oepawevbutvos, 3340 87 rat y\uff<rai 
 8 Cures 3340 1M : he gives a 0td\o, tOfponrfwre. 
 
 with directions. 14 'E#. 'Apx- 1885, 88; CIA ii. 1651. 
 
 7 Cures 3339 98 , 3340 67 . Cures 3339 79 
 
 8 Cures 3340 61 . 16 Cures 3339 M . 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 203 
 
 warnings are addrest to the scornful. Aeschines was a naughty 
 lad, who climbed up in a tree and peept into the place 
 where the suppliants were sleeping. He immediately fell down, 
 and his eyes were put out by the fall. Now he was compelled 
 to eat humble pie, and to become a suppliant himself, when the 
 god magnanimously cured him 1 . Terrible also is the fate of 
 those who forget to pay their dues after they have been cured. 
 A blind man who received sight and then declined to pay, became 
 blind again until he had done so 8 . Another man, who had been 
 cured of disfiguring marks on the face, sent his fee by a friend's 
 hand, but the friend disowned the payment. It so happened that 
 the friend came to be cured of a similar affliction ; and as he lay 
 in the holy place, the god took down from the wall the other 
 man's bandage (which had been left in grateful remembrance 
 of the cure) and laid it upon the deceiver's face ; who departed 
 thence punisht like Gehazi, with the original scars besides 
 his own 3 . In view of such things as these, it may be objected 
 that there is not a tittle of evidence for the truth of one of 
 them. To this I reply, that there is no reason why some of 
 them should not be true. In cases of nervous disease, such as 
 paralysis 4 , the high-strung imagination may have worked a 
 cure, as it does to this day at Tenos or Lourdes. Nor is there 
 any reason why the priests or doctors, call them what you will, 
 should not have had some rough and ready knowledge of drugs 
 and surgery, like the bone-setters or herbalists of rustic England, 
 which they found it convenient to use with a certain amount of 
 mummery. In fact they took up the same position with regard 
 to the unlearned, as in our own day priestly advocates of the 
 esoteric interpretation of ritual take up towards the laity. One 
 of the Epidaurian cures, that of a Roman, M. Julius Apellas, 
 describes minutely both the symptoms of the disease and the 
 treatment, which was chiefly dietary 6 ; and a fragment of a 
 similar document was found at Lebena 6 ; Hippocrates himself, 
 if we are to believe tradition, learnt the elements of his craft 
 from the Cures of Cos. But whatever be the fact about the 
 
 1 Cures 3339 90 . 5 Cures No. Ix. 
 
 2 Cures 3340 7 . 6 Seen by the writer, 1900. Other 
 
 3 Cures 3339 60 . records from this place in AM xxi. 
 
 4 Cures Nos. xiii., xiv. 67 ff. 
 
204- GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 cures, yet the setting of them must have been true. If there 
 were no incubation, no vision of a god or a handsome man, no 
 dogs and snakes, the testimonials would have simply excited 
 the laughter of those who came to seek health from the god. 
 
 Incubation was also practised at the oracle of Amphiaraus, 
 but the ceremony which preceded it differed from that we have 
 described above. Those who would consult the oracle first 
 purified themselves, then sacrificed a ram, and slept on his skin 1 . 
 
 And now, in spite of all reasons to the contrary, the patient 
 is cured : he is to pay the thank-offering due. A private 
 person, unless he be rich, can hardly be expected to offer a bull, 
 or even a pig 2 ; his tribute was commonly a cock. We return to 
 Herodas, who describes this part of the proceedings 8 . 
 
 " Hither come," cries Phile, invoking the gods named, " and be kind to 
 us for this cock which I sacrifice to thee, the herald of the house, and 
 accept the cakes and fruit 4 . We have not much substance nor to spare, 
 else would I bring thee an ox, or a sow in pig 5 fat enough, and no cock, to 
 pay for the healing 6 of the diseases which thou hast wiped away, with thy 
 gentle hands touching them. Put the tablet on Health's right hand, 
 Coccale." 
 
 The victim is handed to the attendant 7 , who goes out and 
 kills it. When the worshippers have gazed their fill at the 
 sights, they recall him, and he enters through a door 8 , with the 
 words 9 , 
 
 Good is your sacrifice, women, and promises well for you ; no one ever 
 had greater favour of Paeon than you have. Ie ie Paie'on, be gracious to 
 these women for this sacrifice, and to their lovers if they have any, 
 and their offspring to come. Ie ie Paieon, so be it, amen ! 
 
 1 Pans. i. 34. 5; cp. Lucian, De models have been found at several 
 Dea Syria, 55 ; Strabo, vi. p. 284, places (see chapter vm.) ; but I do not 
 describes a similar rite in the shrine venture to assert that these are for 
 of Calchas at Drium (Apulia); so at healing. They may be models of a 
 Athens, Hesych. and Suid. .t>. Aio? quite common sacrifice. 
 
 KuOiov. * rdiriSopira. 
 
 2 BCH ii. 70 ; Herodas, iv. 15. 6 vevrjutviiv xotpoi'. 
 
 3 Herodas iv. 12 ff. ; Lncian, Bis 6 trjrpa ; cp. tarpa Cures passim. 
 Ace. 5; Artem. Oneir. v. 9; Pint. 7 veuK6pos. 
 
 Pyrrhus iii. 8; GIG 5890. 66. Socra- 8 i] Otpri yap wucrai icdvfiO' 6 iraoroj, 
 
 tes" last words, then (Phaedo 118 A), 55. 
 
 would appear to be ironical. It 9 Herodas iv. 79 ff . 
 
 should be mentioned that cock- 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 205 
 
 Phile. Amen, so be it, O mighty! and in all health may we come 
 again with husbands and children bringing greater victims. Coccale, 
 don't forget to cut the leg of the fowl for the attendant, and pop the cake 
 into the serpent's hole in dead silence, and moisten the barley-meal. 
 We'll eat the rest at home. And don't forget to give some for Health. 
 
 Thus the thank-offering is made, the prayer is said ; the 
 temple receives its dues, and the rest of the victim makes all 
 merry at home. At Epidaurus and at Oropus the whole had 
 to be eaten in the precinct, and none might be taken away 1 ; we 
 do not know what was the rule at Athens. 
 
 We read of a physician, it will be remembered, in the 
 Athenian inscriptions, and it is worth while enquiring what 
 the relation was of the Asclepian shrines to scientific medicine 
 or surgery 2 . Scientific doctors there were in ancient Greece, as 
 we know, the most notable being the medical school of Cos 
 with its great leader Hippocrates 3 ; where also at a later date 
 the professional physician is known 4 . In the works which have 
 come down to us under this name are included a large number 
 of independent treatises by different persons ; some of which 
 are of real value, and show that the ancient schools used 
 research and experiment, and had more than empirical know- 
 ledge of their art. There are also collections of cases among 
 them, which describe symptoms, treatment, and result. How 
 seriously the physicians took their calling may be seen from 
 the remarkable oath which all had to take before admission to 
 the guild 5 . That there were professional physicians practising 
 at Athens in the sixth century is proved by the tablet of 
 Aeneus already described 6 . In the fifth century we find private 
 practitioners 7 , and also public physicians appointed by the state 
 
 1 Paus. ii. 27. 1 ; IGS i. 235. Did Thucydides draw on professional 
 
 2 La Medecine publique dans I'anti- knowledge in describing the plague ? 
 quite grecque, Rev. Arch, xxxix. 99, 4 Collitz iii. 3618 TUV larpuv rwv 
 231, 309, 348. 8ajio(Tiv6vTwv, etc. 
 
 3 See the chapter in Gompertz, 5 Littre, (Euvres d'Hippocrate, iv. 
 Greek Thinkers, i. 275 ff. An interest- 628 S. 
 
 ing inscription of Cyprus records the 6 Above, p. 79. 
 
 hire of a doctor by the king of Idalion 7 Idturetoi'Tes, Plat. Polit. 259 A ; 
 
 to treat his wounded soldiers, Collitz Gorgias 514 E; Aristoph.-Eccfes. 365 6. 
 i. 60. So in Carpathos, IGI i. 1032. 
 
206 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 to a dispensary or hospital 1 . Herodotus* speaks of one Demo- 
 cedes, of Croton, most famous physician of his day ; and at 
 an early date we find Menocritus of Samos practising in 
 Carpathos 8 . These physicians were distinct from the staff of 
 the Asclepieum, but there does not seem to have been any 
 antagonism between them. In the third century it was an 
 ' ancient custom ' for the public physicians to sacrifice twice a 
 year to Asclepius and Hygieia, and to make an offering on 
 their own behalf and their patients 4 . Such may have been the 
 origin of the relief already described, where six worshippers 
 approach Asclepius, Demeter, and the Maid 8 ; of the three 
 names inscribed above the tablet, two are known to have been 
 physicians, Epeuches and Mnesitheus 8 . Perhaps the people on 
 this occasion voted money for the cup mentioned in the Ascle- 
 pian lists, as they did for the ephebes at Eleusis 7 . The fact is, 
 the physicians and the temple appealed to different classes of 
 persons. The fullest information available as to the ancient 
 dedicators comes from the Inventories of the Athenian shrine 8 . 
 There the women are slightly in excess of the men 9 . A number 
 of priests are among them, but their dedications do not 
 concern us here 10 . Nicomachus is called physician as well 
 as priest", and so is Onetor 12 . Half-a-dozen more priests 
 
 1 iarphs S-rjuofftftjuv, elected by x- CIA ii. 835 6. 
 
 porovla: Schol. Ar. Ach. 1030. Plato, 8 CIA ii. 766 (B.C. 341/40), 835, 836 
 
 Gorg. 455 B. For the larpetov see Eev. (B.C. 32017), 839. 
 
 Arch, xxxix. I.e. 9 I make the proportion 291 : 233, 
 
 2 Herod, iii. 125, 131 2. but the same name often recurs, so 
 
 3 Rev. Arch. viii. 469 (Girard). See that the number of dedications is 
 p. 205 3 . considerably greater. One person dedi- 
 
 4 CIA ii. 352 b (Add. Nova) {weidy cates no less than fifteen times. 
 Tr&rpwv tffTiv rot-s larpolt Sffoi 8i)no<rifu- 10 They were official, not thank-offer- 
 ovffiv 0uivTui'A0K\Tiiriui Kal Trji'Yyiflai ings; thus Nicomachus dedicates a 
 Sis TOV tviavTov vvep re avT&v Kal ruv censer made out of old offerings melted 
 ffufidrwv uv ZKCUTTOI Idaavro: early 3rd down CIA ii. 836 33 ; Lysanias spends 
 century. the price of a sacrificial ram on an 
 
 5 AM ii. 243, pi. xviii. ; Girard 43, offering 836 33 . 
 
 pi. ii; BCH ii. 88. " CIA ii. 836 17 ss 'OvtJTwp larpbs. 
 
 6 AMi%. 80; above, p. 199 1 . 12 CIA ii. 835 13 - 84 itpevs ' 
 
 7 CIA ii. 471. 34. There are several MeXtrei/j. 
 dedications of the people in the lists 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 207 
 
 are named : Archicles, Antocles, Ctesonicles, Philocrates, Theo- 
 dorus, Xenocritus. One dedicator is termed ap^i^e'topcx? 1 . 
 Beyond these there is nothing to tell who the dedicators were, 
 or what was their calling in life 2 . The names are as other Greek 
 names, but those of women are often diminutives. It must be 
 borne in mind that these lists do not include all the offerings 
 in the temple, nor perhaps the chief of them. There are no 
 inventories amongst the Epidaurian inscriptions, but in the 
 Cures there is evidence that it was usual to dedicate a 
 memorial after cure 8 . Childish anecdotes like the Epidaurian 
 Cures would have been rejected by Plato or Sophocles as readily 
 as by any educated man of to-day ; such as these, and doubtless 
 the richer citizens, with a few exceptions like Theopompus 4 , 
 went to the physicians. But the ordinary Greek was simple, 
 and tried the faith cure, which was at once cheaper and more 
 in accord with ancient tradition. If we set aside the temple 
 officials, who naturally would support the establishment, most 
 of the dedicators' names in the lists lack the demotic adjective; 
 which may imply that they were foreigners, or humble trades- 
 men, not citizens of Athens. Or the temple might be the last 
 resort of those who could get no relief from the physicians, as 
 Micythus of Rhegium 5 , and the sufferer in the Anthology 6 : 
 a small indication, but it points the same way as our theory. 
 In this respect modern analogies are instructive. To pass by 
 the peasants of Europe, who still consult their wise women and 
 seventh sons of a seventh son, the sanctuaries of the Levant 
 show much the same thing as we are assuming for the ancient. 
 There are properly trained doctors in every part of the Greek 
 world ; yet the people still throng to the feast of the Virgin at 
 
 1 CIA ii. 835 *>. foOt^a. 3339 59 . Cp. 3339 39 - 7 - 60 - 89 . 
 
 2 From Phocis we have a stone- 4 See below, p. 217 l . 
 mason's dedication: <f>L\uv \t6ovpybs 5 Herod, vii. 170; above, p. 192. 
 'Ao-KXcuriwt, Collitz ii. 1541. On the 6 Anth. Pal. \i.S30 OvriTtav ptv T^xva-i? 
 Acropolis, before the Persian invasion, airopovtj.fi>os, es 5 TO Oeiov tXirtSa irairay 
 & fuller makes a dedication to Health, tx uv > TpoXnrwv eSTraiSas 'Atfi^as, Id6r)v 
 above p. 188 13 , 191 8 . t\dwv, 'Ao-/cX^7Tie, ny>ds TO <r&v <SX<roj, 
 
 3 Xti/Suv whiMTa. ware avOtnev T$ Oe(j) AKOS fyuv Ke0aXijj eviadffiov , tv rpurl 
 Cures 3339 54 , el \oi xp^juara eiriBrjv 
 
208 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Tenos or Ayassos, and to many another shrine ; the monasteries 
 generally contain one or more families who come in hope of 
 healing and deliverance 1 . 
 
 We may classify as follow the offerings which commemorate 
 a deliverance from sickness. 
 
 1. The Image of the Deliverer. 
 
 2. The Image of the Person Delivered. 
 
 3. Representation of the act or process. 
 
 4. Miscellaneous. 
 
 (1) Image of the Deliverer. A number of bases, or frag- 
 ments of bases, found at Athens, seem to have borne statues 
 of Asclepius. Asclepius was probably dedicated by Cichesippus 
 in the fourth century*, and Hygieia with him in another case 8 ; 
 she also stands alone 4 . Herodes dedicates to Demeter a statue 
 of the god as initiate 8 . It is possible, of course, that some of 
 these bases bore statues of the persons delivered. At Epidaurus 
 were found many statuettes of the god, some inscribed, but 
 none of early date 8 . One bears the legend, " Ctesias to the 
 Saviour 7 " ; another has a verse inscription of Plutarchus, high- 
 priest of Bromius in Athens in the fourth century after Christ 8 . 
 Statuettes of Hygieia are also preserved 9 , one dedicated to her 
 as Saviour and Telesphoros 10 , one as medical fee". A statuette 
 of Athena, of Roman date, is inscribed to Athena Hygieia by 
 a priest of Asclepius 1 *. It would seem, then, that the image 
 of the god was not dedicated by private persons in early times 
 for the healing of disease. Perhaps the seated image of Hecate 
 from Attica belongs to this place ; but who knows 13 ? 
 
 1 See below, p. 236. Lebena in Crete. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1455 'Ao-KXijTrtwi Ktxi}<riir- " Cat. Ath. Sc. 270. 
 
 iroj Atocvo-fov 'Avaicaiei)? <W0rjK, 2rpa- 8 Cat. Ath. Sc. 264. 
 
 ruvidrjs tirbrjtrt. There has been a 9 Cat. Ath. Sc. 271 ff. 
 
 verse inscription below, of which the 10 Cat. Ath. Sc. 272 ffUTeiprj xal Te- 
 
 words dujpov 0u>( tlvat appear. \tff<p(tpu. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1551. " Cat. Ath. Sc. 271 tarpa; cp. Epid. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1446, if the inscr. is com- Cures. 
 
 Plete (?). 12 Cat. Ath. Sc. 274 'ABijvai " 
 
 5 'E0. 'Apx- 1894, 171; see p. 196 7 . 6 2epei>j rov ffurrjpot ' A(nc\T}iriou. 
 9 Cat. Ath. Sc. 263 ff. Others at " CIA iv. 2. 422 s Atyuv 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 209 
 
 The same idea, but distorted, suggested the dedication of 
 the physician. In the latter part of the fourth century a sick 
 girl seems to have vowed this offering in ease of cure, and her 
 father paid it 1 . This is practically a honorific statue, and it 
 falls after the great dividing line. The statue of Polycritus, 
 which was represented with a libation vessel in its hand, if he 
 were the famous physician of Mende, was probably honorific ; 
 but it may belong to the next class 2 . 
 
 Several of the offerings are snakes. Four little snakes are 
 offered together 3 ; a woman of Megalopolis gives a silver snake, 
 weighing nearly 25 drachmae 4 ; another is given by Philista 5 . 
 It is conceivable that these had some reference to the temple 
 snakes, which as we have seen used sometimes to lick the 
 patients ; and the snake is found carved alone on reliefs of late 
 date 6 . The snakes in that case would by a convention represent 
 the instrument by which the god acts. But there is no evidence 
 whatever for this, and I do not believe it. They may be all 
 ornaments, bracelets or what not ; but it is only fair to mention 
 them here, because at the end of the fourth century many 
 things are possible which would have been impossible in the 
 fifth. It should also be added that terra-cotta serpents were 
 found in the shrine of the Mistress at Lycosura 7 . 
 
 (2) The Image of the Person Delivered. There are no 
 examples of this class before late in the fourth century, when 
 honorific statues were common 8 . Herodas speaks of a portrait 
 statue of a worshipper at Cos 9 , but we do not know the date 
 of Herodas. At Epidaurus, Clearista dedicated a statue of her 
 
 Berl. Hus. Three - figured pbs TOU dvdpidvros TOV HoXvicplrov. 
 
 hecataea are more probably the me- 3 CIA ii. 836. 14 SpaKovria r^rrapa. 
 
 morials of some feast: AM xxv. 173 4 CIA ii. 836. 66 dpdKuv dpyvpovs. 
 
 (Samos). 5 CIA ii. 835. 7 otpidiov dpyvpovv. 
 
 1 CIA ii. 1461 Qavforparos. A-n\o(pdv-r]s 6 Page 222. 
 
 dv^6r]K XoXap-yevs tlicova njvSe rrjs av- 7 Frazer, Pausanias iv. 370. I should 
 
 rov Ovyarpos AupCSos v|a(ivr]s A.V&I- like to see those serpents. Ancient 
 
 /tax 7 ?' yap Wpl 8os ircuwviov \8wv bronze serpents were found on the 
 
 \eipa. fitja-s (rwTT?/3...opryv. As to the Acropolis of Athens, all which may 
 
 part of the restoration which I am re- have been parts of larger objects and 
 
 sponsiblefor, seeSuidass.i;.0e67ro/roy, probably were so. 
 
 below, p. 217 1 . 8 For IGA 549 see ch. vni. 
 
 2 CIA ii. 766. 28 olvoxo-n tic rfc x- 9 Herodas iv. 36, 37. 
 
 R, 14 
 
210 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 son to Asclepius 1 , and the date of this is taken to be about 300. 
 A father similarly dedicates his son in the Athenian shrine to 
 Asclepius and Hygieia*. No doubt other bases, inscribed on 
 a son or a daughter's behalf, bore portrait statues. The only 
 parallel I have noticed in the lists is the child of Philostratus 3 , 
 a gold or silver statuette of eight drachmae weight. A number 
 of statuettes of children, found in the Athenian precinct, were 
 doubtless votive*. One patient in the Epidaurian Cures promises 
 to set up a portrait 8 ; and a man and wife dedicate their two 
 sons in fulfilment of such a vow 8 . We must not forget, how- 
 ever, that these images or reliefs, as the descriptions show, are 
 commonly in the attitude of prayer, and thus fall into line with 
 the earlier representations of the act or process which the god 
 has blest (section 3 below). It is only late we could expect 
 to find a realistic figure of a patient in the last stage of 
 consumption, like that from Soissons 7 . 
 
 During the same period another custom grew up, that of 
 dedicating models of the diseased part 8 . This custom shows 
 
 1 Cawadias, no. 23. 
 
 * CIA ii. 1500. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 836 ^ ircuSiov 
 end of 4th cent. 
 
 * AM ii. 197, note 2. 
 
 8 avOrjffelv oi flKbva ypaij/d/j.evos 
 3339 M ; marble was painted, so it is 
 not possible to say which is meant. 
 
 6 Collitz iii. 3301 ZTpdruv Qeuvls 
 'Apyeioi robs fioi)s y Air6\\uvi 'Ao'/cXa.TritDi 
 fvxdv. Later, and in modern times, 
 the idea has seemed natural. Compare 
 the passage from Aristides xlviii. quoted 
 below, p. 211 *; and see De Brasses' 
 Letters, tr. Lord Ronald Gower, p. 283 
 (Casa Santa at Loreto): "Opposite, 
 an angel in silver presents to the 
 Madonna a little Louis XIV in gold, 
 of the same weight as the prince 
 weighed when he first appeared in 
 this world : it was a vow of Anne of 
 Austria." With the same idea, the 
 lover in a late Greek romance dedi- 
 cates to Aphrodite a golden image 
 
 of his beloved lady: Chaereas and 
 Callirrhoe, iii. 6 : elSe irapd rrjv Oebv 
 eli<6va. Kd\\ipp6j]s xP vff ^ v t dvddrjfia. 
 Aiowffiov. It was recognised by her 
 husband. The same feeling in modern 
 Greece is echoed by the poet Solomos, 
 who, speaking of a shepherd girl who 
 has lost a lamb, makes her say: a> 
 TravayLO. ftov, icdfie TO 6avfjM, Kal va. at 
 Kdfj.w Zva dpvl. 6V dffrjfjif'vio va. TO Kp/j.diru 
 eh Ti)v fiKova (rov TT) (mm-/! (Works, 
 p. 285). 
 
 7 Rev. Arch. i. 458, pi. B ; CIO 
 6855 b ; Michaelis, Richmond 29 : sick 
 man in chair, bronze with silver eyes, 
 
 8 C. F. Pezold, De membris humanis 
 diis gentium dedicatis ; J. J. Frey, De 
 more diis simulacra membrorum con- 
 secrandi ; these books I have not been 
 able to get. The bronze or marble 
 hands, with all kinds of symbolic 
 things upon them, have nothing to 
 do with us here (see Elworthy, Horns 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 211 
 
 how low the artistic taste of the Greeks had already fallen, 
 but it is not without its moral interest. We are not to suppose 
 any idea of mystical substitution 1 ; as before, it is the simple 
 wish to perpetuate the memory of the divine help, but the fact 
 that the old idea takes a new shape proves that it is alive. 
 Whilst in other directions piety had generally become an empty 
 form, here it lived still, and it has continued living from that 
 time to this. 
 
 These objects made of gold or silver are extremely common 
 in the lists. In modern times they are made of the thinnest 
 possible silver foil, very rarely of gold or gilded 2 ; but as one 
 or two in the lists are said to be hollow 3 , the implication is that 
 they were then usually solid. It must be remembered that the 
 patients practically paid their doctors' bills in this way ; and 
 
 of Honour). Some of the Italian offer- 
 ings of this class have been described 
 by L. Stieda, R. M. xiv. 230ff. Aristides 
 vi. 69 dXXa Kal fj.t\r) TOV erw/ctaroj airovv- 
 TaL Tives, Kal avSpes \tyta Kal yvvaiKes, 
 Trpovoia TOV 6eov yevecrOai. ff(f>iffl, TUV 
 irapa T??J (ftvffew SiatpOaptvTwv. Kal 
 KaTa\eyovffiv aXXos aXXo n, ol /J.ev airb 
 <TT6fjiaTos ovTWirl (ppdfrovres, ol S' Iv TO?J 
 avad-f]fJ.O(Tiv e^r]yov/j.evoi. ij/juv Toivvv 
 ov"xl fdpos TOV (rwytiaros dXX" ciirav rb 
 ffCjfJLa. ffvvffets Te Kal ffvfaw^^as avTbs 
 ZSuKe Supedv. Clem. Alex. Stromata 
 v. 566 D TO. Te uTa Kal TOI)S 6(pda\fju)vs 
 oi 8-rifj.iovpyovvTes el- v\-ns Ti/jdas Ka6ie- 
 pouffi rots 6eois ava.Ti6vTes tls rous vewj. 
 Parts of the body named in CIA ii. 
 835 and 836. Doubtful names and 
 words are not counted : the numbers 
 must be taken as approximate only. 
 aido'tov 11, y6vv 1, SO.KTV\OS, SO.KTV\OI 3, 
 TJpr) ywaiKbs 2 (once ^77 of a man), 
 iffxta 2, KapSia 4, Ke<pa\ri 1, 6d6vTes 
 1, ouj, <5ra, wrdpia 20, 6<p6a\/j.6$ , 
 6<f>0a\fju>i 121, 7r65ej 1, irpbauirov (or 
 part) 10, pis 1, fftay<l}i> 2, cncAos, ffK^Xrj 
 36, ffTrjtios 2, <rr6 / ixa 7, crw/io, <ru/juiTiov 
 58, TiT06s, TT^, TiTdlov (sing, or pi.) 12, 
 1, x e ^P> X e ip e *> "Xfi-pi^ov 18. 
 
 Shrine of Hero latros CIA ii. 403: 
 /j-Tjpoi, 6(f>6a\/j.ol, xdp. Golden models 
 of parts of the body in India : North 
 Ind. Notes and Queries, 1893, ii. 6; 
 silver eyes offered in smallpox, iv. 42. 
 
 1 Nor the sacrifice of a part for the 
 whole, another idea which is found 
 late. Aristides xlviii. 27. 472 describ- 
 ing what the god told him to do, says : 
 5eiv Se Kal TOV <rw//.aro$ avrov irapa,Tp.ve(.v 
 virep ffUTr/plas TOV iravTbs ' dXXa yap 
 flvat TOVTO pyu>5fs ' TOVTO /Jifv yap Si) 
 TrapUvai fj.oi, dvn Se TOVTOV TOV SaKTV\tov 
 ov efopovv irepi{\6/j.evov dvaOeivai T$ 
 Te\e<r<p6p<j}. TO yap avTo Troieiv uxrirep 
 av ei TOV SdKTvXov avTov TrpoelfJ.r]v. At 
 Gurgaon, in India, there was a man so 
 fond of a shrine, that he happening to 
 die there his body could not be re- 
 moved until one of his fingers was cut 
 off and buried in the shrine: North 
 Indian Notes and Queries, v. 544. The 
 sacrifice of a finger is sometimes a 
 substitute for human sacrifice; see 
 Frazer, Pausanias, iv. 355. 
 
 2 I have seen gold or gilt specimens 
 in Patmos, Tenos, and Calymnos, but 
 I remember no others. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 835. 
 
 142 
 
212 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 a fashionable physician's fee would make a very respectable 
 silver leg. The favourite disease in Athens during the fourth 
 century seems to have been bad eyes : votive eyes, in ones and 
 twos, make up two-fifths of the whole number. Next to the 
 eye comes the trunk : this may betoken internal pains, or it 
 may include various segments of the body which would tell 
 different tales if we could see them. Two patients out of every 
 fifteen suffered from bad legs, and one out of fifteen from ear- 
 ache or diseases of the hand. Breast, face, mouth, and penis 
 are each several times represented ; and now and then half 
 a face or the lower part is specified. Head, feet, fingers, knee 
 and jawbone also appear; one man had toothache, while one 
 man and one woman gave their hearts to Asclepius in fact 
 the woman actually offered two. 
 
 If Asclepius was successful as an oculist, Amphiaraus seems 
 to have been a specialist in lung complaints. At least his list 
 contains dozens and dozens of breasts, all presented by men ; 
 one man gives sixty or seventy of them to the shrine. There 
 are also the face, the hand, the nipple, and the pudenda ; but 
 the number of such things is small 1 . The worshippers evidently 
 consulted the oracle about other things than bodily health, so 
 that we cannot assume that the votive bowls and baskets, 
 scrapers, lamps, and masks, or the figures of Victory", had 
 necessarily to do with sickness or health. How far these things 
 were common elsewhere we do not know ; but there is apparently 
 a golden model of the pudenda muliebria in Delos 3 , where also 
 were a bronze leg and ear 4 (perhaps fragments of vessels), and 
 a number of golden or silvern breasts 8 (possibly a kind of vase). 
 
 Parts of the body were also made in relief or repousse* work. 
 Amongst these we have the trunk 6 , the eye 7 , the ear 8 , the leg 9 , 
 
 1 The parts of the body mentioned * BCH vi. 33, lines 44, 93, xiii. 412. 
 are : aldoiov, /uaoTos, irpbffuirov (wpoffA- See Athenaeus 487 B. 
 
 irtov), TiT06s, x e fy> : for yua<rr6$ see note 5 . 6 CIA ii. 835 ^ TI/TTOJ n-pAs irivaidui, 
 
 2 Yet there were Victories dedicated tvi ff&/j.a dv5/>6s. 
 
 in the Asclepieum : CIA ii. 766 15 . No 7 CIA ii. 835 14 trw/ta fr -njirwi Kal 
 
 doubt ornaments. 600aX/x6s. 
 
 3 BCH vi. 50, line 202 : xp^ofo TI/TTOJ 8 CIA ii. 835 17 TUTTOI, oCs / 
 jur7T/HK6s. rt> elanrpaxO^v. 
 
 * BCH vi. 47, line 167. CIA ii. 835 * <rxAof. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 213 
 
 and doubtless a fine variety of other members and sections of 
 them. But while the round form is best suited to metal work, 
 the relief is suited best for stone ; and the parts of the human 
 body represented in this way are very numerous. These hardly 
 appear in the fourth century, but in the third they spring 
 suddenly into favour and never lose it again. The reason may 
 well be, as Bruckner has plausibly suggested 1 , the law which 
 Demetrius of Phalerum made during his rule over Athens 
 (317 307), forbidding the custom of erecting sepulchral reliefs. 
 This killed the whole industry, and in a generation there were 
 few workmen skilful enough to do more than rudely to carve 
 a limb. There appear to be only three which can be assigned 
 to the fourth century. One is a woman's breasts, dedicated by 
 Phile to Asclepius 2 ; another is also a breast, found in the 
 neighbouring shrine of the hero Amynus 3 ; the third is a fore- 
 head and a pair of eyes dedicated by Praxias 4 . Amongst others 
 are Menestratus' leg 8 , a foot and leg 6 , part of the trunk 7 , the 
 upper part of a couple of thighs 8 , breast 9 , penis 10 , finger 11 . Most 
 of those just mentioned are quite late. A new type which comes 
 into favour in the Roman age, is represented by a pair of large 
 feet in the round, placed upon a small base 12 . In Roman times 
 this practice must have been very common, and feet in clay 
 of all sizes may be seen in nearly every museum. Of those 
 which may be assigned to Greek cities I would name one 
 which came from Athens 13 ; and two colossal feet with sandals, 
 finisht off at the top and not fragments, coquettishly poised 
 
 1 A A 1892. 23; cp. AM xviii. 245. and Hygieia. Compare 3709, 4764; 
 So in one generation the art of wood CIA iii. 132 h. 
 
 engraving has been killed by the de- 7 Sybel 2982 4 ('A<r*cX. ei>xw), 4689. 
 testable 'process.' 8 CIA iii. 132 g: inscr. to Ascl. and 
 
 2 CIA ii. 1482 $1X17 'AoTcXTjTrtuH. Hyg. evxfy- 
 
 Other breasts : Sybel 941, 1133, 1154. 9 CIA iii. 132 k : Ascl. eW- Sybel 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1511 c; AM xviii. 241 2995, 3015 &vd8wa 'E/cdX^s. 
 (woodcut). 10 Sybel 4058. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1453 inrtp rfc yvvaiKtis n Sybel 4385. Nose Sybel 1126, ear 
 IIpata.s 'Aer/cXTjTriwi. 1151. 
 
 5 CIA ii. 1503 MfvtffTparos evxV 12 CIA iii. 132 i : <X. 'Ea-f/mjTos to 
 avifa\Kev : Sybel 7213. Ascl. and Hyg. ei/xty- 
 
 6 Sybel 2980 : inscr. to Asclepius 13 Cat. Berl. Mus. 661. 
 
214 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 on a base, which were found in South Russia 1 : these are of 
 stone. Melition of Thera, who seems to have suffered from 
 elephantiasis, hit on a quaint way of indicating her gratitude 
 to the god ; around the word which described her disease she 
 had drawn a line representing the gigantic size of her foot 
 before the divine power came upon it 8 . A ghastly pair of ears, 
 done in relief and painted, from Epidaurus, belongs to the 
 Roman age 3 . From Melos comes half a left leg 4 . 
 
 There were even models of disease, like the golden boils and 
 blains in the ark of Jehovah. Thus Timothea dedicates an 
 ulcer 8 ; and possibly the Epidaurian patient who was cured 
 of the same thing may have commemorated it in the same 
 way 6 . Perhaps the inner part of another's ear was realistically 
 portrayed in diseased form 7 . 
 
 A large number of these articles come from the shrines of 
 other healing deities. There was in Athens, near the Areo- 
 pagus, a shrine and a cult of a hero Amynus, the Helper, 
 excavated a few years since 8 . It was ancient, as is proved by 
 archaic terra-cottas which were found in the precinct; as old 
 as the sixth century, and probably older. At the coming of 
 Asclepius there was a danger of the old hero losing the popular 
 favour ; but perhaps through the influence of the poet Sophocles* 
 he continued to be worshipt, and a society of Orgeones kept 
 his name alive. Here was found one of the oldest limb-reliefs, 
 belonging to the fourth century : it shows the lower part of 
 
 1 In the Hermitage : no. 110 ; cp. have been a priest TOV "AXwvos, which 
 117, 123. Meineke emended to "AX/cwvos. Korte 
 
 2 IGA iii. 388 X^TTOI/J MeXinov.... ingeniously suggests that the reading 
 
 3 'E</>. 'Apx- 1885, p. 199. should be 'Apwov, and uses this to 
 
 4 Cat. Brit. Mm. Sc. 809 ' A.<rK\r)irt<p explain the heroizing of Sophocles 
 Kal 'Tyiely. evxapiaT-fipiov. under the name of Dexion, " because 
 
 8 CIA ii. 836 B1 Kapidvos. he welcomed Asclepius" (Etym. Mag. 
 
 Cures 3340 68 . Aeiu>'). Sophocles may have been 
 
 7 n-fiKtav, CIA ii. 836 *. the priest of the old deity, and have 
 
 8 By Dorpfeld. See A. Korte, AM welcomed Ascl. into the shrine, as was 
 xviii. 231 ff., xxi. 303 ff. As usual, done at Eleusis, so that the shrine 
 it had a spring of water. The altar became sacred to both jointly. There 
 has a snake carved upon it are dedications to both personages 
 
 9 In the Life Sophocles is said to together, AM xxi. 294, 296. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 215 
 
 a female body, from the ribs down 1 . There were found also 
 a female breast, of the third century 2 , several fingers, a pair 
 of ears, and a penis, with ground painted red, and a hole in 
 the tablet for hanging. Another series of these objects, found 
 in a cave, on the terrace called the Pnyx, are dedicated to 
 Zeus the Highest 3 . Amongst these are several breasts, the 
 pudenda muliebria, a female body from the waist downwards, 
 a pair of arms, part of a thigh, the eyes, and the forepart of 
 the right foot. From Golgos in Cyprus 4 come a face, ears, 
 eyes, thumb, breasts (perhaps with disease markt), a penis, and 
 an inscribed slab with two painted eyes in relief 5 . Other 
 fragments had nothing visible upon them, and were doubtless 
 painted. From Cyprus also comes an ear with the disease 
 inscribed in words 6 . There is a model of pudenda muliebria 
 in Samos 7 ; a relief of the hands and part of the arms is in 
 Sparta 8 , with a small stone foot 9 . A foot dedicated to Zeus 
 comes from Asia 10 . An eye is dedicated to Athena in Lesbos 11 ; 
 a foot in Samos to Hera 12 . A tiny leg from the Idaean cave 
 in Crete 13 is perhaps an ornament, as nothing else of the kind 
 was found there. A series of double breasts in marble were 
 
 1 ...owis (W9r]K 'A\kwui. 9 Not inscribed. Other limbs in 
 
 2 CZ4ii. 15116; .Ofxviii. 241'H5era the School at Mavromati (Ithome), 
 'AffK\r)Triui. M. Carapanos' private museum at 
 
 3 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sculpt. 799808; Athens (from Dodona), Odessa (from 
 CIA in. 150156 ; Cat. Berl. Sc. 718 Olbia). 
 
 721. They are mostly inscribed Ad 10 GIG Add. iv. 6832 ' A/j.fj.eiai>bs Aid 
 
 vil/lffTip evxfy or without At. The title ei/x^"- 
 
 is known in Thebes, Corinth, and u IGIii. 121. I have a clay eye and 
 
 Olympia : Paus. ix. 8. 3, cp. Find. Nem. foot from Borne. We may suppose that 
 
 i. 60. the very poor offered these models in 
 
 4 Cesnola p. 158, BCH xix. 362. clay. Numbers have been found in 
 
 5 6t$ tyiffTy eva/ji:fvi\. The same Rome and Veii. An altar, with two 
 deity was worship! in Olbia (Odessa ears in relief, inscribed to the Bona 
 Museum, no. 130, inscr.). Another Dea, is in the museum at Aries. Others 
 penis from Rhodes, Cat. Berl. Sc. 728. in Orvieto. 
 
 Collitz, i. 103 air' urodaKuv. An 12 AM xxv. no. 55 in Samos Cata- 
 
 ear from Cyrene not inscribed, Cat. logue. One, inscribed of Lucilia Pom- 
 
 Br. Mus. Sc. 810. pilia, was found in the Pool of Bethesda: 
 
 7 AM xxv. 174 ZfMpdySiv : cp. CIA M. Thomas, Two Years in Palestine, 
 ii. 1569, iv. 2. 155S (Aphrodite, Daphni) , 132. 
 
 Cat. Berl. Mus. Sc. 721. 13 Annual Brit. Sch. Ath. vi. 112. 
 
 8 Aa/actr/Mos 'Etriyevfia 'KOa.va.Te.... 
 
216 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 found at Cnidus ; but as each specimen has a handle, and as 
 they bear some proportion in weight to each other, it is very 
 unlikely that they had to do with disease 1 . 
 
 Another shrine which had similar reliefs was one sacred to 
 Artemis Anaitis and Men Tiamou in Asia Minor 2 . The objects 
 are of late date, and inscribed in horrible Greek. One re- 
 presents the arm from the elbow ; another has a whole batch 
 together, two female breasts, a right leg percht on a cushion, 
 and two eyes, dedicated by a whole family in common 8 . 
 
 (3) Representation of the act or process blest by the god. 
 
 The relief carvings which are among the most interesting 
 remains connected with the worship of Asclepius, fall into four 
 classes, according as they depict the Visitation of the Sick, the 
 Prayer or Adoration, the Sacrifice, or the Banquet 4 . 
 
 (i) Visitation of the Sick. This type is voucht for in the 
 early days of the Athenian shrine. Suidas tells us that Theo- 
 pompus, the comic poet, who flourisht about 400, fell very ill, 
 but being cured by Asclepius, he was able to go on composing 
 comedies. On his recovery, he caused a memorial to be carved 
 of Parian marble, inscribed with his name and patronymic. 
 Theopompus was represented lying upon a couch, and beside 
 him the god stood " stretching out his healing hand." Another 
 figure was a young lad with a smiling countenance, whom 
 
 1 Newton thinks they are standard ffdntw jjuirtpav 'Avatinv virlp T^KVUV 
 
 weights : Branchidae, Halicarnassus, /ecu Ope^druv, tvypa<f>ov tcrTijaav frous 
 
 and Cnidus, ii. 386, 805. We have H 
 
 , j ^ u i- T-K'AM favSiKov. Leemans reads 
 
 already seen Demeter as a healing 
 
 , ., ei\Affa/j.ev Ofj.ijTfpay, which is nonsense. 
 
 ' See Verhandl. der kon. Akad. der J take d**"^ to be for IX^d/ie, 
 
 Wetemhappen, xvii. 1 fit.; Leemans, and ^ r ^ av an earl y form of the acc ' 
 
 Griekshe Opshriften uit Klein-Azie. which afterwards became regular, as 
 
 Perhaps the shrine was in Coloe, where U now is ' < Co P ied from the 8toue ') 
 a similar relief was found: BCH iv. " The y have been collected and 
 
 128. The Mother of the Gods was examined b J P - Girard > Ex-Vato a 
 
 also addrest as a healer: CIA iii. Esculape, BCH ii. 68&.; I^Asclepieion 
 
 134 29 ff. ; F. von Duhn, AZ 1877, 139 ff. ; 
 
 /, ~ > . , I. Ziehen, Studien zu den Asklepios- 
 3 Ota AvafiTi KCU M^vi Tta/xoi; Ti/x? 
 
 . , . reliefs, AM xvii. 229 ff. Compare also 
 Kol 2ocpa7-ns /cat Auutacos Acat Tp6rf)iuoj 
 
 . , . . _ AM ii. 214 ff. pi. xiv. xvii., BCH i. 
 
 ol Afj.ti.iov, Kal <PiA77T77 KCU iwKpcma at 
 
 , . .. 156 ff. 92 pieces). 
 
 A/x/aiddoj, iror}ffa.VTCS ro ifpoir(rr)na, el\a- 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 217 
 
 Suidas takes to be a personification of the comic poet. " If any 
 one thinks otherwise," quoth he, " let him keep his opinion ; but 
 he must not worry me." I would fain not disturb Suidas in his 
 grave, but the figure is more likely to be one of the Asclepiad 
 family, or perhaps the attendant who carries the medicine-case 1 . 
 The existing remains well illustrate this description. They 
 represent scenes in the dortor, where the god's representative 
 attends to the needs of his patients. The following may be 
 taken as types, (a) Now Asclepius sits by the bed ; near the 
 
 FIG. 30. Asclepius by the sick-bed. 
 Sybel 7161. 
 
 head of the sufferer is one of the god's sons, holding over him 
 an object which cannot be made out, perhaps a surgical tool. 
 Behind the god's throne are two worshippers, distinguisht as 
 
 1 Suidas s.v. Oe6iro/ti7roj ori 'Atr/cAij- 
 TTIOS /cat T<J)V iv iraidelq. rjv vpo^Or)^. 
 ipObri yovv Qe6iro/J.irov pLviJj^fvbv re Kal 
 \eif36/j.fvov ld.cra.To, Kal Ku^diav avdis 
 SiddffKeiv iTTTjptv, 6\6/c\77p6j' re /cat <rwv 
 /cat aprefJiT) pyaffd/j.evos. /cat 
 Kal vvv VTTO \i6<p QeoTr6fj.irov, irarp 
 
 os airrbv TOV 
 (Tiffa/j.evov yap rjv ui6$,) dSui\ov Ilap/aj 
 \L6ov. Kal Hffri rb tvda\fj.a TOV iraQovs 
 yaaXa evapyts, K\ivr) Kal 01)777 \i0ov. eir' 
 avTrjs /cetrat voffovv TO teeivov <pdff/j.a 
 
 Oeds Kal dptyei oi TT^V iraiuviov x e *P a > 
 
218 
 
 GHEEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 usual in such cases by their smaller size 1 , (b) Or Asclepius 
 stands, leaning upon his staff, about which a snake is entwined*. 
 Over the sick man leans a bearded figure, who holds the man's 
 head in both hands 8 , (c) Or 
 again, a female figure, Health, or 
 one of the four daughters. Those 
 who attend to the sick man are, 
 in this case, from their size, clearly 
 meant for human beings. By 
 the bedside is another figure, 
 apparently female, but also not 
 divine 4 . Behind Asclepius, who 
 gazes upon the bed, are four wor- 
 shippers, men and women, and 
 an attendant leads up a pig for 
 sacrifice. At the side of the bed 
 a large basin rests upon the floor 5 . 
 (d) Another relief shows not only 
 Asclepius seated, with a snake 
 under his chair, but Epione seated, 
 and Aceso, laso, and Panaceia 
 
 standing. There are traces of a group of worshippers 6 , (e) The 
 two sons of Asclepius, Podaleirius and Machaon, are seen with 
 
 FIG. 31. Tending the sick in the 
 sanctuary of Asclepius. 
 
 Sybel 3010. 
 
 Kal irais veapbs viro/j.eiSiitji' Kal ouros. 
 ri df apa voei 6 vats; ycb ffvflr)/j.i TOV 
 <t>i\oira.lffTip> ironfrriv inrodr)\ovv ' yf\q. 
 yap Kal T?Js KW[j.u5ia.s rb IStov dia, <TV/JL- 
 /36\w' alviTTfrai. el 8 dXXoj voei 
 s, Kpareiru rrjs eavrov yvd/j,r)s, t/d- 
 The account is quoted 
 from Aelian, as may be seen under 
 llamas \l0ov and <f>96i]. I cannot 
 follow Ziehen in regarding this as 
 meant for the Death-Feast : the god's 
 healing hand seems conclusive. It is 
 to be noted, however, that in one 
 relief, while Asclepius sits, Hygieia 
 standing holds forth a hand as it were 
 blessing a suppliant who is seen beside 
 the altar (AM ii. pi. xvii). 
 
 1 Sybel 7161 ; von Duhn 115. Frag- 
 ments of similar reliefs are figured in 
 AM xvii. 231. See fig. 30. 
 
 8 Sybel 3010; Ziehen, fig. 3. In- 
 scribed : dW07?/ce 'AffK\T)irup. In Ziehen, 
 fig. 4, the doctor also touches the 
 head. See tig. 31. 
 
 3 Cp. Arist. Plut. 728 ; Epid. Cures 
 3339 117 . 
 
 4 Another attendant? or a friend? 
 See Arist. Plut. 653. 
 
 6 From Peiraeus; now in private 
 hands; Ziehen, fig. 5. Drawn from 
 a photograph of the English Photo- 
 graphic Company. 
 
 6 AM xvii. 243: inscr. 'Hiriovt], 
 w, 'Ia<ro>, Ha.va.Keia. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 219 
 
 him in a fifth tablet, which comes from Epidaurus 1 . One 
 of them offers Asclepius something which may be a surgical 
 tool. Two worshippers are present with uplifted hands, and 
 there is a dog 2 . On another tablet a woman receives something 
 in a bowl, perhaps a medicine 3 . The gestures and implements 
 differ with each case, and suggest that these tablets were 
 usually made to suit the dedicator and at his order. It is 
 to be noted that two distinct scenes are represented, both 
 the cure and the service of thanksgiving. The divine persons 
 take no notice of the worshippers, who are of course only present 
 by a convention : the interest centres upon the sick-bed. A 
 relief of this type may be that in which Athena hands some 
 indistinguishable object to a man seated in a chair 4 . 
 
 (ii) Prayer or Adoration. The scene is laid usually in a 
 shrine, symbolised by a couple of pilasters supporting an archi- 
 trave and gable end. On one side sits Asclepius, with or 
 without the deities associated with him ; on the other the 
 suppliants approach, upraising the right hand. There is nothing 
 characteristic in the attitude or the dress of the suppliants. In 
 one fragment, the oldest perhaps of all which have survived, 
 Asclepius stands, while a horseman approaches him, followed by 
 his horse 5 . Hygieia stands behind the god, holding a jug. One 
 of this type was found in the shrine of Amynus 6 . A remark- 
 able tablet from Cythnus shows Asclepius and his four sons, 
 with a worshipper; and the god holds out his right hand to 
 another heroic figure. It is suggested that Asclepius here 
 recognises the power of a local brother in the craft, as we have 
 seen him in partnership with Amynus 7 . 
 
 There are a few reliefs from the sanctuary of Anaitis, which 
 
 1 AM xvii. 244, fig. 8. Machaon There is no altar ; god and worshippers 
 named also in Sybel 4047, = von Duhn touch; and the face looks like a por- 
 25. trait. 
 
 2 See p. 202 13 . AM xxi. 290, male and female 
 
 3 BCH i. 168, no. 79. So Cures worshippers. 
 
 3339 124 6 0e6s xpls> 117 ^iirrjv ipapfui- 1 AM xvii. 246, pi. xi. ; there were 
 
 KOV, 3340 126 <f>ia\av ol d6/j.ev, 63 fyaaOai. hot springs in Cythnus. Asclepius 
 
 4 Schone 86. The figure is small, and his whole family appear only on 
 and clearly human. one relief from Argos : Annali xlv. 114, 
 
 5 AN 201 is in the pre- pi. MN. 
 
 Eucl. alphabet: AM ii. 214, pi. xiv. 
 
220 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 I may just mention for their intrinsic interest, although they 
 hardly belong to Greek religion. One represents a god with 
 radiated head, and Artemis-Anaitis in the mural crown, with 
 veil, fillet, and crescent ; the inscription mentions that the 
 dedicator was healed by an incantation chanted by the priestess 1 . 
 The standing goddess appears on others, but the formulae 
 greatly differ 2 . 
 
 (iii) The Sacrifice. Where the scene is intended to repre- 
 sent a sacrifice the altar is present, sometimes with fire burning 
 upon it 3 . The only animals found on the Athenian reliefs are 
 ram or sow 4 ; the cock is not found at all ; it is the poor man's 
 
 FIG. 32. Sacrifice to Asclepius. 
 BCH ii., pi. vii. 
 
 gift, and probably those who dedicated it would be not usually 
 able to afford much more. In Cos, however, we have seen the 
 two combined 5 . The worshippers approach with the same 
 
 iea.1 
 
 (date). The others 
 
 1 No. 1 : 'Aprffjddt 'Avaetrt 
 'ATro\\uvlov, TffpLirrufjLO. cr^oCc 
 tfoffBeiffo. iiirb TTJS iepdas, evxtf 
 
 2 No. 2: (names, etc.) virep vyieias 3 Nat. Mus. Ath. 1333. 
 
 TUV 6<j>6a\fjiuv evxfy, a.vt<si~t\atv. No. 3 : 4 Ram and pig together, Nat. Mus. 
 (names) dvtSuKav TO iepoirbrifjia. evxo.- Ath. 1395. 
 
 call for no remark. 
 
 (date). No. 5 : (name) dva- 6 Herodas, quoted on p. 204. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 221 
 
 gestures as before, and the animal is held by a small figure, 
 which often has likewise a knife or a bowl 1 . Behind follows 
 a figure with a large cylindrical box or basket upon the head, 
 half covered with a cloth ; this may have contained cakes or 
 fruit 2 . Sometimes a little casket is carried, containing perhaps 
 a more precious offering. Fruit often appears, grapes or pome- 
 granates and the poppy; snake and tree also appear 3 . The 
 picture of the scene may be completed from a Boeotian vase, 
 which shows a girl bringing in a tray of cakes, in one of which 
 
 FIG. 33. Offering in a healing shrine : a girl bearing a tray of cakes with 
 
 lighted taper, and a jug. Votive limbs on the wall. 
 
 'E0. 'Apx- 1890, pi. 7. 
 
 is a lighted taper. The remains of a sacrificial relief, with the 
 leg of an ox and the word " hero " upon it, were found in the 
 Amphiaraum at Oropus 4 . Others were in the shrine of 
 Amynus 5 . 
 
 (iv) The Banquet. Beside a table sits or reclines a male 
 figure, naked to the waist. On a table are cakes of various 
 sorts, always some of a pyramidal or conical shape. The 
 worshippers face the deities, and a horse's head appears in the 
 corner. Near the table is a crater, from which an attendant 
 
 1 BCH ii. pi. vii. In Nat. Mus. Ath. 
 1408 an adorer kneels, receiving a bowl 
 from Asclepius. 
 
 2 Arist. Thesm. 284 <3 Qp^rra, rj\v 
 Kiffrrjv Ka.6e\e, KQ.T' IfeXe TO irdiravov, 
 OTTWS \afiovffa. 0i5(rw rolv Oea.lv. 
 
 3 AM ii. 220, pi. xvi.; CIA ii. 1477; 
 BCH ii. 73, pi. viii. ; Cat. Nat. Mus. 
 1330, 1333. 
 
 4 IGS i. 440. 
 
 5 AM xviii. 238 (woodcut), 241. 
 
222 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 takes wine and offers it to the banqueters 1 . The scheme 
 resembles that of the Death-Feast, which was doubtless the 
 original type of it. Fragments of this scheme, showing amongst 
 other things the horse's head in a frame, come from the shrine 
 of Amynus*. 
 
 We have seen above that there are combinations of the 
 types of healing and of worship. There is also one relief, found 
 in Delos, of careless workmanship, which 
 combines the types of Banquet and Sacri- 
 fice. The god, holding a patera, reclines 
 by a table heapt up with fruit ; one 
 worshipper stands in the corner, and an 
 attendant leads up a ram for offering 3 . 
 
 Ruder reliefs, all of late date, some- 
 times show the serpent alone. There are 
 several serpent slabs now in the Museum 
 at Sparta ; others were found in Athens, 
 with the serpent only 4 , or entwined about 
 a tree 5 . A serpent-relief was found in 
 the Athenian sanctuary of the hero 
 Amynus 6 . 
 
 In the same shrine, amongst frag- 
 ments of the familiar types of Reliefs 
 sacrificial, with libation or with victim, 
 and the Death-Feast, came to light a 
 relief which is unique. It represents 
 a bearded man, who holds in both hands a colossal leg, nearly 
 as big as himself, with a thick varicose vein, which may be 
 anatomically correct, but does not look it. He is evidently 
 offering this in the shrine, for a pair of votive feet can be seen 
 inside a recess of the wall 7 . 
 
 FIG. 34. Man with votive 
 
 leg : votive feet visible, 
 
 affixt to the wall. 
 
 AM xviii., pi. xi. 
 
 1 Girard BCH ii. 68 ff. mentions 
 three only of this type. See also 'E<p. 
 'Apx- 1885, p. 9, pi. 2. 
 
 2 AM xxi. 290, xviii. 241. 
 
 3 BCH xvi. pi. vi. : 'Ep^to/cpdr^s avi- 
 
 0t]KV ' A<TK\TJ1TIW. 
 
 See Cat. Nat. Mus. 1462. 
 
 5 CIA ii. 1509 : perhaps a fragment 
 of a larger scene. See Cat. Nat. Mus. 
 1335. 
 
 6 AM xviii. 242. 
 
 7 AM xviii. 235, pi. xi.: ....wv rev- 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1445 Hv66dwpos Al6a\ldr)s |a wv 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 223 
 
 From the Inventories it is clear that similar reliefs or 
 repousses, made of gold or silver, were equally common. This 
 kind of course were sure to go into the melting-pot when hard 
 times came, or to be carried off by a Sulla or a Brennus ; indeed, 
 they were melted down each year to make room for others : so 
 that we need feel no surprise that none have survived the 
 changes and the chances of two thousand years. Those we read 
 of bore the same general character as those I have described. 
 There were usually figures of one or more worshippers 1 ; some- 
 times the god stands with them 2 , but no further description of 
 the scene is given. One or two are said to be in a little cell or 
 shrine 3 . They were generally inscribed with the names of the 
 offerers ; the figure on the relief is always of the same sex as the 
 dedicator, except where it is given on another's behalf ; and in 
 one case at least the worshipping figures are expressly identified 
 with the dedicators 4 . The figures were intended then to repre- 
 sent or recall the dedicators. They were therefore made to order, 
 as votive paintings of the same sort are made in Italy to-day. 
 Considerably over a hundred reliefs or chasings are mentioned 
 in the lists ; and they are not only offered singly, but sometimes 
 one person gives two, four, six, or as many as fifteen 5 . The 
 pious Sibylla probably did not consecrate all her fifteen at one 
 time, but we may take her to be a chronic sufferer, whose faith 
 rose triumphant after every relapse. The same practice held at 
 other shrines whose lists have been spared by time ; as that of 
 the Hero Physician, where a number of reliefs are mentioned 6 . 
 
 (4) Miscellaneous. 
 
 Heracles, we learn, being healed of a wound in the hollow of 
 his hand, built a temple to Asclepius Cotylean 7 . Unfortunately 
 
 Av<n/jAx v 'Axapj/evs. Early 4th 3 CIA ii. 766 4 , cp. 75 : Trp6ffuiiroi> 
 
 century. No such indication of the /juKpbv lv KaXidSt. 
 
 interior of a shrine is known on the 4 CIA ii. 835 m -rtiros /j-tyas Kard- 
 
 other reliefs, but one is seen on a vase, HOLKTOS, Zveuri Trpocrevxbv-evoi KaXXto-rw, 
 
 'E</>. 'A PX . 1890, pi. 7 : see fig. 33. 'A06/3^Tos. So in 766, the formula is : 
 
 1 CIA ii. 835 3o TIJTTOS -y/*a/CTOs, irpdff- 6 deiva tv Tri.vaidi$. 
 wirov yvvaiK&s irpofffvxofitvrjs. 5 CIA ii. 835 54 . 
 
 2 CIA ii. 835 31 T^TTOS Kard/uiKTOj, 6 CIA ii. 403. 
 
 tv Jt tvi 8ebs Kal irpoffVX^>/J'i>o3. 7 Paus. iii. 19. 7. 
 
224 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 for our faith, in the days of Heracles Asclepius was not yet 
 born. But in historical times two patients showed their gratitude 
 by building each a new temple for Asclepius, whom they thus 
 introduced into their own places. One was Archias, who built 
 a temple at Pergamus, when a strained limb had been healed 1 ; 
 the other, Phalysius of Naupactus, who received his sight in a 
 miraculous manner, which those who wish may see set forth by 
 Pausanias in the last paragraph of his wonderful book 2 . Altars 
 are dedicated to this god as to others, but late 3 . 
 
 Asclepius, like other gods, received a vast number of odd- 
 ments which it is impossible fully to classify. Some of them, 
 with the temple just named, are given for their own value ; 
 others for their ideal ; others again partake of both kinds. 
 Amongst these now and then we meet with surgical instruments 4 
 which if the surgeon dedicated, they belong to another class, but 
 it is possible that the patient may have done so, on the same 
 principle as he might dedicate his doctor's portrait or the 
 image of the saviour god. The conception is crude, no doubt, 
 but that is not enough to exclude it. More natural is the 
 feeling which suggests a dedication of something which the 
 patient has used or worn 5 . Pandarus, whose sores were cured at 
 Epidaurus, who left his bandage behind him hanging upon the 
 wall 6 , and the lame woman who left her crutch by a healing 
 spring 7 , act on the same principle as the soldiers who dedicate 
 a worn-out helmet. The offering of a trinket or garment is 
 different, and less obvious ; but it is difficult to see what other 
 reason there could be for keeping three pairs of women's 
 slippers in the shrine of Asclepius 8 , or a cloke 9 , a leather 
 
 1 Paus. ii. 26. 8. of magic. 
 
 2 Paus. x. 38. 13 ; the remains de- 6 Cures 3339 53 . 
 
 scribed in AH iv. 22 ff. ' Anth. Pal. vi. 203. St Giovanni 
 
 8 ECU xiii. 304 (Asia Minor). e Paolo at Venice and St Nicolo at 
 
 4 nrjXat ' probes,' CIA ii. 836 64 ; per- Verona are half full of crutches, 
 haps KadeTTjp vd\ivos or SidXitfos, which 8 CIA ii. 766 30 viroSrm&rtav ywai- 
 often occurs, is the instrument for Kflwv fetf-y?? III. These are not stated 
 emptying the bladder, though it may to be votive, nor the next ; but of 
 be a necklace (Pollux v. 98). course they would have no inscription 
 
 5 This is not the same thing as the on them, 
 dedication of garments or rags by way 9 CIA ii. 766 18 . 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 225 
 
 bottell 1 , a soft pillow 2 . When Myrrhine dedicates together 
 a female trunk and a bangle, " on behalf of herself and her boy," 
 it is difficult not to see a relation between the bangle and the 
 boy; and none so simple as that he should have worn it 8 . 
 Whether any such thought were in the worshipper's mind 
 or whether the pious offer them simply as the most precious 
 things they had, we find a great quantity of jewellery and 
 ornaments, of gold and of silver, of brass and even of iron. 
 The ornamental head-dress of wire 4 , bracelets and armlets, 
 serpent-bangles, earrings, mirror, fan, unguent-box; finger- 
 rings of all sorts, and engraved gems or cylinders; sard and 
 jasper, " stones like the sea 5 ," crystals all these appear, some 
 of them again and again. The pushing snob in Theophrastus 
 " dedicates a brass finger-ring to Asclepius, and wears it down 
 to a wire by his eternal oilings and burnishings 6 "; but many 
 poor folks offer their brass or iron trifle with a full heart, and 
 surely with acceptance. No such personal reference can fairly 
 be assumed for the numerous oil-flasks and horns, cups and 
 bowls of all sorts, which occur in the lists 7 . Some indeed, as 
 the Thericlea, are of special make, or perhaps bought out of the 
 income of a dead man's bequest, as has been suggested ; but 
 most will have been given for their value. The same may be 
 true of a wooden seat, if this be votive 8 . So with the rarer 
 things : such as a scraper 9 , or a small tripod with chain and 
 
 1 CIA ii. 766 33 XiJ/c vOos <r/cirrCvT). scription such as Kpovov iral, a simple 
 
 2 CIA ii. 766 M TrpoffKe<pd\aiov epeovv. vocative.) 
 
 3 CIA ii. 835. 47 cru>/jt.a ywaucbs /cat 4 KeKpv<f>a\os. 
 
 irepiffKfXidiov 6 avtOriKev Mvppivy vTrtp 5 CIA ii. 835 Xi'0os 0aXa<nroet5?7S ; 
 
 avTrjs /cat TOV waidiov. Compare Aris- 67 XtddpLov ffTpoyyvXov did\evKov. 
 
 tides xlviii. 27. 472 : in the vision, 6 Theophrast. Mi/c/xx^iXoTt^tcw Kal 
 
 after certain directions for sacrifice, dvadeis 5<x/cTi)\iov ^aX/coOy & T V 'Acr/cXTj- 
 
 de'iv 8e Kal TOV crw/xaros avTov irapa- wieiy TOVTOV eKTpifieiv ari\in><2v Kal ciXet- 
 
 r^fj-veiv virep aurypias TOV TravTbs- ciXXd (f>eiv 6<nr)[j.tpai. 
 
 yap flvai TOUTO ipyudef TOVTO fj.tv yap 7 One who gave a bowl at Oropus 
 
 5rj irapitvai /xot, curl 5e TOVTOV TOV 5a/c- was Ptolemy Philopator, IGS i. 303 59 . 
 
 TV\IOV ov (j>6povv Trepie\6fjLei>ov avaOflvai 8 Opbvos v\ivos CIA ii. 766. 
 
 T<> Te\fff(p6pij}. TO yap avTb irateiy wffTrep 9 <TT\eyyls (perhaps head-dress): there 
 
 an ei Tbv SaKTv\ov afobv trpod^v eiri- is another in Oropus, also a colander, 
 
 ypdif/ai 5 ets TTJI> ff<pevd6ft]v TOV oaKTv- a basket of metal, and a lamp with 
 
 \iov, K.p6vov Traf. Tavra TTOLOVVTI ata- three wicks. 
 
 rrjpiav elvai. (I have met with no in- 
 
 R. 15 
 
226 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 cauldron 1 complete ; or small shields 8 , or little statues of Victory 
 or of Aphrodite 3 . Almost anything would do for an offering, 
 here as elsewhere. The number of coins is very great, and 
 they comprise triobol, drachma, tetradrachm, and all sorts of 
 intermediate sums up to 153 drachms and 125 tetrachms offered 
 each sum by one person. . The commonest coin is the tetrachm, 
 a four-drachma piece 4 . What strikes one as odd is, that these 
 coins were kept carefully apart like the other offerings ; doubt- 
 less they were used eventually, but for a time at least there 
 they remained in little heaps. So I have seen in a Greek 
 church coins affixt to the face of an image with wax 8 . 
 
 Quite unique is the humour of one case, where the god of 
 Epidaurus bids an unbeliever to dedicate a silver sow in memory 
 of her folly 6 . The worshipper's thoughts are generally very far 
 from subtile ; and none of them would have understood the 
 humble devotee, who in a chapel above the Pool of Bethesda 
 dedicates his heart to the Virgin "in gratitude for his conversion 
 from Protestantism 7 ." 
 
 As regards deliverance from peril of other kinds, there are 
 a good many instances recorded. Alcathous, when he slew the 
 lion of Cithaeron, built a temple to Apollo and Artemis in 
 Megara 8 . On hearing of the death of Polycrates, Maeandrius 
 his successor erected an altar to Zeus of Freedom 9 . The 
 famous chest of Cypselus was dedicated to Zeus at Olympia by 
 his family, as the means of a notable deliverance, he having 
 been hidden in a chest to the saving of his life 10 . Themistocles 
 built a shrine to Dindyrnene, who in a dream had warned 
 
 1 fnirvpov. 6 Sanctuary of St Michael in Manda- 
 
 2 CIA ii. 835 w dffirlSey rpets, with madhos, Lesbos. The figure is a black 
 representations of a horseman, a hop- image, not a picture. 
 
 lite, and Theseus facing the Minotaur; 6 Cures 59 s9 vv dpyvptov vir6(ju>aij.a. 
 
 datridiov in the shrine of Hero latros, TTJS d/xa&'as. 
 
 no. 403. There was a Sarmatian 7 M. Thomas, Two Years in Pales- 
 corselet in the Asclepieum : Paus. i. tine, 133. 
 21. 5. s p aus< j. 4i. 3> 
 
 8 ret fuclSia CIA ii. 766 15 , 'Atppo- i\ev6fpios : Herod, iii. 142. 
 
 dtffia Illl 836 14 . There are viKijr-ftpia. 10 Paus. v. 17. 3. Perhaps the 
 
 in Oropus, IGS i. Treasury at Delphi had the same 
 
 cause. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 227 
 
 him of a plot to murder him 1 . His sons also, after their return 
 from v exile, placed a memorial picture containing his portrait in 
 the Parthenon 2 . Pericles dedicated to Athena Health a statue 
 in memory of a workman who had fallen from a scaffolding, but 
 was saved 3 . Athena too was the goddess whose help Lycurgus 
 acknowledged for the sight of his eye, and built her a temple 
 under the title Optilitis or Ophthalmitis 4 . So no doubt in 
 other less common deliverances. Parmeniscus, we know, could 
 not laugh until he saw the wooden image of Leto at Delos ; 
 and it is odd that one Parmeniscus in the fifth century 
 dedicates at Delos a magnificent crater of silver 5 . Battus 
 consulted the Delphic oracle about his stutting tongue 6 , and 
 it would be strange if he were not prepared to acknowledge 
 help in that matter ; or if the ugly babe, whom Helen's spirit 
 made beautiful, and who after became Ariston's wife, had 
 no thank-offering to make 7 . Gratitude for any favour was cause 
 sufficient ; for Amphictyon erected an altar to Dionysus 
 Orthus, because he had taught him so simple a feat as to 
 mix wine with water 8 . What a difference between this simple, 
 if childish thought, and the base flattery which deified the 
 mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and built a temple to 
 Aphrodite Lamia 9 . 
 
 1 Plut. Them. 30. %opos 5t <t>T)<nv ' ' K^LKT^OVO. rbv ' AOyvatuv 
 
 2 Paus. i. 1. 2 : doubtless not his /Sao-iX^a, fj.a66vra irapa Aiovfaov rijv rov 
 portrait alone. otvov Kpa<riv, irpurov Kepdvai. dio Kal 
 
 3 Plut. Per. 13. Pliny, NH xxii. 44 opdobs yevfoOai TOVS dvOpwirovs OVTW 
 appears to confuse this statue with Tvlvovras irpbrepov virb rov aKpdrov Kafjar- 
 the famous splanchnoptes, a slave TO^VOVS- Kal Sia rovro IdptiffavOai /3w- 
 represented in the act of inspecting fj.6v 'OpOov Aiovtiaov ti> TQ TUJV wpw^ lepQi- 
 the entrails of a victim. avrai yap Kal rbv rrja dfj.irt\ov Kapirw 
 
 4 Plut. Lycurgus 11 ; Paus. iii. KTpt<f>ovcri. ir\ri<riov d' avrov Kal TCUS 
 18. 2. vti/jKpais PW/JLOV tdfi/j.ei>, vTr6fj.vrjfj.a TO 
 
 5 BCH xv. 127; cp. Ath. 614 A xpu^" 01 * T ?7 J Kpdcrews Trotoifytei'os Kal 
 (quoted by Homolle). The motive is yap Aiovfaov rpotpol al vtip,<t>ai \tyovrat. 
 familiar in folk-tales; see Grimm, no. The epithet '0/>06s shows how such an 
 4, 121 ; Zeitschr. des Ver. f. Volksk. offering was regarded as a memorial of 
 iii. 456 ; Alcover, Aplich de Rondayes the whole process. 
 
 Mallorquines, ii. 193 ; Rand, Legends 9 Polemon ap. Ath. vii. 292 A 9i?/3cuoi 
 
 of the Micmacs, 34. KoXa/cetfopres rbv Ar)/J.rfrpioi> Idpijcravro 
 
 6 Herod, iv. 155. vabv 'A<ppodlrr)s Aaftlas' tpu/j.tvr) 8t j]v 
 
 7 Herod, vi. 61. avrri TOV Arjfj.r}Tptov. 
 
 8 Philochorus ap. Ath. ii. 38 c <i>i\6- 
 
 152 
 
228 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Most of the records of this class refer to peril by sea, and 
 they begin with legendary times. Britomartis fishing with 
 nets fell into them, and being saved by Artemis, built a temple 
 of Artemis Dictymna in Crete 1 . Daedalus delivered from 
 the sea erected a statue to Heracles at Thebes". The Argonauts, 
 after their perilous voyage, built a temple to Athena 3 , and 
 dedicated the Argo herself to Poseidon at the Isthmus 4 . Arion 
 on his miraculous escape placed at Taenarum a group repre- 
 senting himself upon the dolphin 8 . Diomede, who escaped 
 shipwreck after the sack of Troy, built a shrine to Apollo 
 Epibaterios in Troezen 6 ; Agamemnon dedicated his rudder to 
 Hera in Samos, as the means of his deliverance 7 . In the 
 Odyssey Eurylochus vows a temple to the Sun if he return 
 safe 8 . Herostratus voyaging from Cyprus, and having in his 
 possession a small figure of Aphrodite, off Naucratis a storm 
 arose ; he prayed to his divinity, and the sea fell calm, and when 
 he came safe ashore he dedicated the figure in Aphrodite's temple 
 in that place 9 . 
 
 The idea of Divine protection at sea is thus regarded as 
 natural, but the deity is not always the same. It might be 
 a " saving fortune " who alighted upon the ship, and steered it 
 safe 10 ; it might be Poseidon 11 , or the Cabiri 12 , or the Dioscuri 13 
 who came to be confused with them ; a local protector, Apollo 14 , 
 Athena 15 or Aphrodite of the Fair Voyage 16 , or the Delian Brizo 17 , 
 
 1 Schol. Arist. Frogs 1356. 
 
 2 Paus. ix. 11. 4. 10 Aesch. Ag. 644 rv^n & ffWT 
 
 3 Paus. iii. 24. 7. 6t\ovff' efafcro u>s /XT;T' ev op/xoi 
 
 4 Apollod. i. 9. 27. ^d\r)v tx eiv M^ T> ^o/cetXat Trpds npa.Ta.l- 
 8 Paus. iii. 25 ; Herod, i. 24 ; an Xeow yBbva.. 
 
 epigram written for this is in Aelian " Apollod. i. 9. 27. 
 Hist. An. xii. 45, Cougny, Appendix " Anth. Pal. vi. 245. 
 to Anthology i. 3. 1S Roscher, i. 1171. 
 
 8 Paus. ii. 32. 2. 14 Paus. ii. 32. 2 ; CIA iii. 236. 
 
 7 Callim. Hymn to Art. 228 and 15 Od. ii. 267, etc. 
 
 Schol. i6 Stephani, Covipt . Eendus 1881. 134. 
 
 8 Od. xii. 346 irlova. v-rfav rev^ofjifv, Iv 17 Ath. viii. 335 B TOUTTJ ovv \T-Q 
 Se /te Oeiptv dyd\fJ.ara iro\\a nal tcrOXd. orav Ovwaiv at AT/XtdSes 
 
 9 Polycharmus ap. Ath. xv. 676 A, B O.VTTJ <r\-d0as irdvrwv TrXijpetj 
 dyaXfidrtov 'A<f>po5irr]s ffiri9afudtoi> dp- irXriv Ixdvwv, Sid rb tCxe<r&ai TO-tiry irepl 
 Xa-iov r-g T^x v tl &v-qadfj.fvos jfei <pipwv re irdvrwv Kal virtp rrjs TUV irXoluv 
 e/s Trjv yavKpanv ...dvaOth rrj 'AtppodiT-Q 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 229 
 
 Hera 1 , Hermes 2 , the Theban Heracles 8 . But in any case, the 
 rescued mariner must needs make his acknowledgment*. In- 
 scriptions which record a safe return belong to the same class 2 . 
 Asclepius himself was worshipt as a protector from peril in 
 general 5 ; and here I see not an extension of the older idea, 
 but a survival of the general protective powers of the Hero as 
 Saviour. In Syros offerings are made to him for protection 
 from shipwreck 6 , and even in Epidaurus he is acknowledged as 
 a god with more powers than medicinal 7 . Among the Athenian 
 reliefs is one in which a man, together with his family, renders 
 thanks to Asclepius and Hygieia for being ransomed out of the 
 hands of the enemy 8 ; and the fragment of another, which shows 
 only the remains of two horses' heads, may be part of a scene 
 which depicted the devotee in danger of being dasht over the 
 rocks in a runaway carriage 9 . From the fourth century we 
 have a dedication of a portrait to Pallas for deliverance " from 
 great dangers 10 ." From Camirus comes another, offered to 
 
 1 Callim. Art. 223 and Schol. 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1. 373 208 , p. 204: 
 'EP/J.TJI aya\fj.a "Eipfj.offrpa.Tov ' 
 ZaTyffefi. TroXXds 6t]<rd/j,evos irfaijas 
 cent. Collitz, iii. 3776 VOOTOV 
 
 5th 
 
 3 Paus. ix. 11. 4. 
 
 4 Diphilos ap. Ath. vii. 292 A 
 vavK\Tjpos airo6vei TIS evxyv, aTro@a\ui> 
 TOV iffrov 77 TTT/SdXia ffvvrptyas j'ftis, 
 
 77 <f>oprC t$-tppi\l/' virtpavT\os yevbfj.evos. 
 There is a story of drunken youths 
 in Acragas, who thought they were 
 at sea, and cast all the furniture 
 out of the windows. The town guard 
 came up and they cried av \i/j.4vos 
 7TJ%w^tey airaXXayfrTes TOffofrrov K\V- 
 5<i)vos, (TWTTJpas i)/xas /nerd. T&V 6a\afffftuv 
 Sai/J.6vuv v TYJ irarplSi idpv<r6fj.eda u>s 
 at'o-i'ws ij/juv eiri<j>a.v{vras : Timaeus ap. 
 Ath. ii. 37 E. An early inscr. of 
 Cephallenia appears to record a de- 
 liverance : Collitz, ii. 660 Mvdcrios 
 KXedptos ffduffrpei (? = (TWT%H); cp. Cat. 
 Ath. Sc. 276. 
 
 5 Aristides xlii. (Keil) p. 337 17577 
 
 ToLvvv TIVWV TJKovffa \fy6vTwv ws avrois 
 Kal Oopv^ov/j^vois (pavels 6 Oeos 
 tSpfi;et>, Hrepoi dt tprjoovffiv ws Trpdy- 
 /j.ara &TTO, Ka.Tup9w<Tav irrofrfJKau d/co- 
 XovOrfffavTes TOV 0eov...d\\d KOU ao<f>lff- 
 
 /J.O.Ta WVKTIKO. TTVKT7] Tivl T&V Ifi rjfjLUV 
 
 lyKaOevSovTL irpoenrelv \^yeTai...fia6^- 
 /jLaTa. dt i]fjuv Kai /uArj Kal \6yuv VTTO- 
 Otcreis Kat irpbs TOVTOIS evvo^^aTa, avrci 
 Kal TTJV \tt;iv. 
 
 6 'M-fivaiov iv. 20, no. 33 f. 
 
 7 Cavvadias, Fouilles, no. 2. 20, 7. 
 57; Collitz, iii. 3340 20 . 
 
 8 BCH i. 157. 4; AZ xxxv. 152. 32 ; 
 CIA ii. 1474 <rw#ets K rw/u iroX^/juav Kal 
 
 9 CIA ii. 1441 TU>/J. ireTpuv 
 
 ...... v ffwOels 5 'AffK\-r)irit, TOVTO d.vt- 
 
 0T|Ka ...... v ts T^/j.evos TWI SiSov evrv\iav. 
 
 The last word I have restored. Similar 
 scenes of runaway horses are common 
 among the votive pictures of St Nicolo, 
 Verona. 
 
 10 CIA ii. 1427 ffuOels <?/e (jieydXw 
 KivStivwv eiKOvo. Tfybf ffTTJffev Avoifj.ax.os 
 IloXXdSi rpiToyevei. 
 
230 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Hecate and Sarapis on a similar occasion 1 . A wayfarer in 
 Phrygia, who escaped drowning at a perilous ford in a river, set 
 up a memorial to Zeus, Poseidon, Athena, and all the gods*. 
 Three persons with Roman names give thanks in Lesbos to 
 God on High for deliverance after a tempest*. Eutychus, who 
 may have been a skipper, returns thanks at Delos to Fair- 
 weather Zeus and the Egyptian deities, on behalf of himself 
 and his son and all on board 4 . In Delos also, and to Anubis, 
 Demetrius of Sidon dedicates a part of the ship's deck, which 
 we may suppose to have saved his life when the ship went to 
 pieces 8 . There is a relief with a boat upon it, dedicated to the 
 Dioscuri, which possibly is a seaman's thank-offering 6 . In the 
 second century after Christ, Artemidorus and his family 
 dedicate a relief, representing a sacrificial scene, for deliverance 
 at sea 7 . 
 
 Perhaps a silver trireme in the Delian shrine may be a 
 sailor's thank-offering 8 . In the same treasury were silver 
 anchors 9 and a ship's beak 10 , and a beak there was also in the 
 shrine of Hero latrus at Athens 11 . No doubt the images of 
 Calm and of the Sea, which were dedicated to Poseidon at the 
 Isthmus, had reference to perils upon the deep 12 . A dedication 
 by an admiral Pantaleon to " Poseidon saviour of ships and to 
 Aphrodite mistress of ships" was found at Kertch 13 . Some of 
 the paintings in the temple of Phocaea may have been thank- 
 offerings of seafarers, which depicted perils on the deep 14 . 
 
 1 IGI i. (Rhodes) 742. ' r r\f/in48ui>...ovi>eKdoi eirfrevffa.* I'Seii/ dX6s 
 
 s BCH iii. 479 M?)m Adou Ail Kal &cro0t yaiav. The tree still appears in 
 
 Hoffeidwm Kal 'AG-qva Kal irdffiv 0ews this relief : and burning altar. CIA 
 
 ei>xapiffT-/ipioi>, Kal iroTa/j.w Evpu Ktvdvveu- iii. 170. 
 
 ffas Acoi SiaffwBels tv rwSe rQ> T6wu. 8 BCH vi. 32, line 31 : Homolle takes 
 
 3 IGI ii. (Lesbos) 119 : (names) x- this for an ornamental vase. 
 
 es tv ireXdyu flew vif/lcrru xp 7 !' " BCH vi. 47, line 168. 
 
 (sic). 10 BCH. vi. 130. 
 
 4 BCH vi. 328 22 Zei)j Ovpiot, Sarapis, CIA ii. 403 72 . 
 Isis, Anubis, Harpocrates, vwtp iavrov 12 Paus. ii. 1. 9. 
 
 Kal TOU vlov Eu/36\ov Kal virtp ruv 13 Stephani, Comptes Rendus 1881. 
 
 ir\ol'fofj.^vuv irdvTiav. 134 : Ilo<reiduin ffwfflvey, ' A.<f>po8irri vav- 
 
 5 BCH vi. 340 ". apxiSi. 
 
 6 Figured in Boscher, i. 1171: 'Ap- lt Herod, i. 164; cp. Anth. Pal. vi. 
 yevldas 'ApiffToytvida Ato07c6/>ots evxdv. 221. 
 
 7 Sybel 362 : verses addrest to 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 231 
 
 A sacrificial relief dedicated to Poseidon is probably due to a 
 like cause 1 . Another from Halicarnassus, now published for 
 the first time, represents three scenes carved on a marble drum : 
 (1) two seamen in a boat under full sail; (2) Poseidon on a 
 galley, resting on an oar, and holding a dolphin, and a 
 worshipper kneeling before him ; (3) Asclepius, Hygieia, and 
 the serpent, with a worshipper between 2 . 
 
 Of other occasions I may mention a few examples. The 
 famous work of Lysippus, Alexander's Hunting in Delphi, was 
 dedicated by Craterus who had saved the king's life from a 
 lion 3 . Deliverance from earthquake is also recorded 4 , and 
 deliverance in general terms 6 . The people of Aegae build a 
 temple to Apollo Chresterius, for having been " saved by the 
 consul Publius Servilius 6 ." Prayer and thanksgiving are 
 offered for deliverance from poverty 7 or for general goodwill 8 . 
 
 One allegorical dedication may be added. After the ex- 
 pulsion of the Peisistratids (510), the people set up a bronze 
 lioness on the Acropolis, in memory of Leaena Aristogeiton's 
 mistress, who had been tortured and found faithful unto 
 death 9 . The lion we have already seen allegorically used of 
 the courage of brave men 10 ; and it never was more appropriate. 
 
 Whilst athletic victories gave rise to the glorious odes of 
 
 1 AM xvi. 140 Horeidai'i evxfy- ae/tv/iv ; IGSI 1030. 6 IK peydKuv 
 
 2 In possession of Mr W. R. Paton, Kw&tvuv iroXXdicis, 997 tt- vdaruv, 2564 
 to whose kindness I owe the photo- K iro\t}j.ov, all late. 
 
 graphs. Efiir\oid aoi evTuxr) ( = evrijx.fi) 6 Bahn-Schuchhardt, Alt. vonAigai, 
 
 Qe6dov\e' Trepl (?) idiov \[/v%aplov TW 47: 6 dafjios 'Air6\\tavi XprjffTTjpiwi xa.pi- 
 
 OToXo; dv^drjKa. arripiov cruOeh vir6 HoirXiu 2epoi/t\/w 
 
 3 Plut. Alex. 40 ; Pliny, NH xxxiv. IloirXtw vlu TU dvdvirdrw. 
 
 19. 64 ; BGH xxi. 598, where the inscr. f Anth. Pal. vi. 190, 231, 245. 
 
 recently recovered is given ; xxii. 566. 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 143. 
 
 The motive has more of pride than of 9 Paus. i. 23. 2 ; Plut. de Garrul. 8. 
 
 gratitude. When the Aetolian confederacy in 
 
 4 IGI i. 23 perd rbv ffet<rfj.6i'. later days dedicated an image of 
 
 5 CIA iii. 134 (Mother of the Gods) ; Cylon, who freed the Eleans from the 
 BCH xx. 107 Phrygia wepl ffunjpias tyrant Aristotimus (Paus. vi. 14. 11) ; or 
 Aii ppovrwvn evxfy ', IGS i. 3416, iii. 1. the Achaeans did the like for Philo- 
 134 ; IGI i. 914, etc. ; Anth. Pal. vi. 109 poemen, after he slew the tyrant; 
 (nymphs). GIG 6810 (Germany) <rw- we have little more than honorific 
 0eis tic fj-eyaXw Kal d/j-erp^Tuv ftdXa. statues. 
 
 ev^dfievos dv^BrjKa Feviov eiK&va 10 Above, p. 144. 
 
232 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Pindar, gratitude for deliverance has left little mark in litera- 
 ture. The earlier dedications are as simple as they could 
 possibly be, and the vast majority of the objects described in 
 this chapter were ticketed merely with the names of the giver 
 and the god, or the giver alone. Verse dedications, so common 
 in other cases, are rare in this, and I know of none which are 
 very early. We have met with a few upon the offerings in 
 Athens 1 , and one is quoted in the Epidaurian Cures'. In the 
 sixth book of the Anthology there are only two dedications to 
 Asclepius 3 , and some half dozen references to disease 4 . On the 
 other hand, the records of other perils are many. Dionysius 
 alone was saved from shipwreck out of forty persons, by virtue 
 of a charm which he tied on his thigh ; he now dedicates an 
 image of the saving "tumour 8 ." Diogenes perhaps cannot 
 afford to buy an offering, but dedicates his cloke to Cabirus, 
 who being invoked in a storm saved him from the perils of the 
 great deep 6 . The hair might also be offered on such occasions 7 . 
 Shepherds delivered from a ravening lion dedicate to Pan, and 
 hang upon an oak tree, a representation of the adventure 8 . 
 A variation on this theme gives several epigrams, which 
 describe how an emasculate votary of Cybele is saved from a 
 lion, and dedicates to the goddess his trappings with locks of 
 his hair 9 . A father who had shot a snake which was coiling 
 about his son's neck, hangs up his quiver on an oak to Alcon 10 . 
 A mother thanks Aphrodite Urania for taking care of her 
 children 11 . A thirsty traveller led by the croak of a frog to a 
 place of water, dedicates the frog's image in bronze at this 
 spring 12 . Self-conscious literary art plays with this idea, but 
 
 1 Above, p. 209 1 e.g. 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 245. 
 
 2 Cures 3339 7 01) /tye0os irivaicos Oav- 7 Lucian, irtpl ruv tirl mady avvbv- 
 
 v, d\\a rb 6tiov, wtvfl' frij wj TUV, init. 
 ey Kaffrpi K\eu> /3d/>oj, (are fry- 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 221. 
 
 Ori, /ecu /" Wi?*e 1)7*77. 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 217 220, 237. 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 147, 330. 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 331. 
 
 4 Exclusive of childbirth, for which n Anth. Pal. vi. 340. 
 
 see below, chapter vi. See Anth. Pal. 12 Anth.Pal. vi. 43. There is actually 
 
 vi. 191, 300. a votive frog known (Dar. and Sagl. 
 
 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 166 Vc*a TTJS K^\?;S. fig. 2538, s.v. Donarium), inscribed 
 Sacrifices of animals for protection 'A/xaw ZcwAov Bofoovi or Bodawn, in 
 upon the deep, 231, 245. retrograde writing, Collitz, iii. 3159, 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 233 
 
 FIG. 35. Votive frog. 
 Daremberg and 
 Saglio, s.v. Dona- 
 rium, p. 375, fig. 
 2538. 
 
 hardly improves upon it. Thus Callimachus makes his Eu- 
 demus offer a salt-cellar to the Samothracian gods, in token of 
 deliverance from "storms of debt 1 ." 
 
 There remains yet one class of dedications to be mentioned, 
 those connected with trials by law, vengeance, imprisonment, 
 slavery and the like. When Heracles punisht 
 Hippocoon, he built a temple to Athena 
 Axiopoinos 2 . Orestes, acquitted before the 
 Areopagus of the guilt of murder, dedicated 
 an altar on the spot 8 . We learn that those 
 who were acquitted in that court used to 
 sacrifice to the Eumenides ; and the occasion 
 would be a fitting one for a votive offer- 
 ing 4 . Hypermestra, who had disregarded 
 her father's command to kill Lynceus her 
 husband and was brought to trial for the 
 same, on being acquitted set up a statue of 
 Victorious Aphrodite, and built a shrine of 
 Artemis surnamed Persuasion 5 . In the temple 
 of Athena Alea at Tegea were fetters hung, which the Spartans 
 had once brought for the enslavement of the Tegeans ; but 
 being defeated, they had themselves to wear them, and they 
 were afterwards preserved in memory of the great deliverance 6 . 
 There was a similar memorial on the Acropolis of Athens 7 ; and 
 in Phlius prisoners set free used to hang up their fetters in a 
 sacred grove 8 . The idea of memorial is clear, but with other as- 
 sociations, in a story told of Croesus. When Cyrus proffered him 
 a boon, he requested that his chains might be sent to Apollo 
 
 IPI i. 357 ( from the Peloponnese) . The 
 deity was probably a local hero, addrest 
 by an epithet appropriate to the occa- 
 sion, or the personification of some 
 by-dwelling spirit assumed. Frankel, 
 without authority, identifies him with 
 Apollo. Those who wish may believe 
 with Frankel that the frog was likely to 
 please Apollo, because the creature is 
 endowed with " seherische Kraft " 
 (Jahrb. i. 48 foil.) : 4ft^ 5e ^ tvo-x\ovv- 
 TWV. See fig. 35. 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 301 \finuves davtwv. 
 
 2 Paus. iii. 15. 6. 
 
 3 Paus. i. 28. 5. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 28. 6. Compare Aristoph. 
 Plutus 1180. 
 
 8 Paus. ii. 19. 6, 21. 1. 
 
 6 Herod, i. 66 ; Paus. viii. 47. 2. 
 
 7 Herod, v. 77 : of ransomed Boeo- 
 tian and Chalcidian prisoners, about 
 B.C. 507. 
 
 8 Paus. ii. 13. 4. 
 
234 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 at Delphi, and that the god might be asked why he had so 
 deceived him 1 . 
 
 Two dedications to Nemesis show the goddess trampling 
 upon a prostrate man, and beside her a serpent and a griffin ; 
 in one of them she is winged, and holds a wheel. They come 
 from Gortyn and Peiraeus. The inscription which is found on 
 the latter does not imply any special occasion 2 . A late relief 
 is dedicated to Nemesis 3 as a thank-offering for freedom. 
 
 A curious group of inscriptions, dating from the end of the 
 fourth century or thereabouts, refer to the dedication of a thank- 
 offering by freedmen 4 . When a slave had acquired his freedom, 
 whether by purchasing himself or by his master's grace, he was 
 expected to perform certain duties to his old master, chief of 
 which was to choose him for patron 8 . The enfranchised now 
 took the position of a fterot/co?, and could engage in business. 
 If he failed to perform his bounden duty, an action at law 
 would lie against him 6 . If the former master prosecuted him 
 under this law, and won his case, the man was sold ; if he lost, 
 the man was forever free of obligation. From our inscriptions 
 it would appear that the slave on winning his case presented a 
 silver bowl to Athena. Here we have lists of the bowls kept 
 in the treasury, which all appear to have been inscribed with 
 the necessary particulars ; they would serve as an official 
 register of the fact. They were periodically melted down 
 into silver hydriae, and a record made of the names 7 . The 
 connexion of these lists with the &IKT] anroa-raa-iov is shown 
 by the recurring word aVo^trytuy or d-nofywyovcra, and by one 
 allusion to the trial 8 . Men, women, boys, and girls appear 
 
 1 Nicolaus Damascenus (Tauchnitz), XaiWoio-i TVTTOIS. The voice of Artemi- 
 p. 11 : alrovfjuil <re dovvai fioi Tr^/i^cu dorus will be heard again. 
 
 IIu0u>Se ras iredas rdffSe, /cai rbv Oebv 3 GIG Add. vi. 6834 Aei>0e/>fas x a P iff - 
 
 tpeffOat ri waBCev e'&irdTa fj.e rrjs xP r l ff ~ Typta. rr\i Ne/*^<r 'Pafivovvr66fv N^aipa 
 
 /lots e"irdpa.s ffrpareveiv e"irl (re ws irepieffb- 'ABrjvaia xa/>""o/3X^0a/)o$ dveO^Kev. 
 
 fj.evov. ('8TovavT<j>TddedKpo0ivia.Trtfj.iru. * CIA ii. 768 775 4e\ev6epiicfa, not 
 
 2 BCH xxii. 599 ff., pi. xv., xvi. : a7reXeu0e/>os, is the word used. See 
 el/j.1 fiv, us iffopq.^, ytfj.effis p-tpovuv AM in. 172, AJA iv. 154. 
 
 d' dvd Kka^ov del wo\v- 6 Sixt) diroffTOfflov. 
 
 i 0vfj.w, SepKOfj^va dvaruv <pv\ov del 7 CIA ii. 720 A 1, 729 A 8 11. 
 
 d\\d fj.e (reyw^s dvi)p Tevas 8 CIA ii. 776 diroffrafflov. The 
 
 ' Aprtntdupos ffrqffev eir' evx^dis formula is, e.g. Evrvxk Kair^Xtj, diro- 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 235 
 
 as parties; they follow all sorts of occupations shopman 1 , shop- 
 woman 2 , farmer 3 , hired man 4 , vinedresser 8 , woolspinner 6 , shoe- 
 maker 7 , merchant 8 , baker 9 , fishmonger 10 , secretary 11 , harpist 12 . 
 One of the inscriptions is a puzzle 13 . The formula here 
 differs 14 , the citizen's name being in the nominative and the 
 other's in the accusative case. It seems natural to assume 
 that in these cases the citizen won his suit ; and for reasons, 
 religious or legal, commemorated the fact in the same way. 
 An enfranchised slave's thank-offering for freedom comes from 
 Thessaly 15 . Freed slaves at Epidaurus dedicated a seat in the 
 stadium 16 . 
 
 The practices of the modern Greeks show in many respects 
 an instructive parallel to the ancient worship of the healing 
 gods. Everyone has heard of the famous sanctuary of the 
 Virgin at Tenos, but this is a quite modern foundation, and 
 there are many local shrines less known but no less effective to 
 their end. The most remarkable of all is perhaps the Church 
 of the Virgin at Ayassos in Lesbos. The panegyris falls at the 
 end of the Sarakoste fast, on August the fifteenth (old style), 
 and thousands of persons assemble from the villages of Lesbos 
 and from all Greek settlements within reach. The last night of 
 the fast is kept as a vigil 17 : there is a service in the church, and 
 afterwards all the world dance and make merry, feasting their 
 eyes on the red joints of meat which to-morrow they hope to 
 consume, which in the meanwhile hang tempting on their 
 hooks, covered with pieces of gold foil 18 and adorned with sprigs 
 
 <f>vyov<ra "ZuffTpaTOv, ~M.vriffiffTpa.Toi>, 9 111 apToiru>\^. 
 
 'A\wTreKrj0ev, <j>ia\T), ffTadfibv H 768 16 ; 10 773 Tapi^oiruiK-ris. 
 
 or IlXivva t/j, Heipaiei olxovffa 768. u 772 ypa.fifia.Tfvs, 769 vTrorypafj.ua- 
 
 Occasionally the prosecutor is a cor- Tevs. 
 
 porate body, 768. Cp. Arist. Pint. 1179 12 773 /a0a/>wt56s. 
 
 6 (lev av TJKUV Zfiiropos i-Ovffev lepeibv TI 13 772 B. 
 
 ffwOeis, 6 5t rts av 5'iK^v airo<f>vyuv. 14 HoXvffTpaTos Ho\vffTpdT(ov) 'ETTIKIJ- 
 
 1 773 /caTTT/Xos. <piffios "Swcriav yewpydv ev 'H<|>arr(a- 
 
 2 768 /caTTTjXfc. (duv) oiKovvra, <f>id\T) H. 
 
 3 768 7eu>p76s. ls Collitz i. 368 'A.ir\owi TenireiTa 
 
 4 769 /juff6wT6s. ' Ai'erxiAis "ZaTvpoi e\tvdtpia. 
 
 5 773 anTre\ovpy6s. 16 IPI i. 12191245 (late). 
 
 6 772 Ta\a0t.ovpy6s. 17 So Asclepius had his iravvv^ls. 
 
 7 772 0KVTOT6(j.os. ' 18 So the horns used to be gilded, 
 
 8 773 tfLTTopos. above, p. 13 3 . 
 
236 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 of leaves. Those who are ill and hope for cure take care to 
 spend the night in the holy precinct. The church stands in a 
 paved quadrangle, the sides being formed by buildings in two 
 stories arranged much like an English College or Inn. The 
 upper floor opens upon a loggia, the lower directly upon the 
 court ; the buildings consist of a long series of small cells, with 
 living rooms for the priests, kitchens, stores, and other such 
 necessary apartments. During the panegyris all the cells are 
 filled to overflowing, the balconies and the court itself are 
 strewn with beds, each family with its bundle of rugs, stores of 
 food, and all things needful. Not only that, but the church 
 itself is invaded : the first comers have taken up their abode 
 here, with their blankets and cooking pots, and line the side-aisles 
 and almost every square foot of the floor : there in the church 
 they sleep ; and next morning, when the priests march round in 
 solemn procession, the sick ones throw their bodies across the 
 path that the priests may step over them. Every year mira- 
 culous cures are said to be wrought here. So too at Tenos, 
 where those who can find room pass the night in a little under- 
 ground chapel which marks the site where the sacred picture 
 of the Virgin was found. Other shrines have a local reputation, 
 such as the remarkable sanctuary of St Michael of Manda- 
 madhos, also in Lesbos, which can boast of possessing the only 
 image used in the Greek Church, where images are unlawful. 
 Hideous is the archangel, and black as a boot 1 ; he is said to be 
 made of plaster, and to be complete, though to outsiders 
 nothing is visible but the head. This curious exception to 
 a strict rule suggests that St Michael has inherited the powers 
 and the form of an earlier deity. But sickness is not confined to 
 the month of August ; and those who are so unlucky as to be 
 sick when there is no panegyris to hand, are accustomed to 
 take up their abode in one of these holy quadrangles, or in the 
 nearest monastery, there to remain until they are killed or cured. 
 The priests pray over them regularly, and although no charge 
 is made, the sufferers if cured naturally make what acknow- 
 ledgment they can : some an offering of value, or even a lock of 
 
 1 I have described him, with a photograph, in the Annual of the. British School 
 at Athena, vol. i. 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 237 
 
 hair. So it is that all the holy places mentioned, and almost 
 every other church in the Levant 1 , has its store of votive 
 offerings in silver. These are dedicated not only for the 
 cure of disease, but for escape from peril of every kind, 
 especially at sea. In Tenos are a host of silver boats, smacks, 
 barques, brigs, and steamers, modelled in the round, and hang- 
 ing by strings from the lamps; or made of flat foil, and arranged 
 along the walls in rows 2 . There are also human figures of all 
 ages and ranks: soldiers and sailors, men or women in European 
 dress and others with the Albanian petticoat and leggings, boys 
 and girls, and babies in their cradles or in swaddling clothes, 
 and cradles empty. Here is to be found every conceivable part 
 of the body hand, ear, leg, heart, breast, whole body or half 
 body naked : animals horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, turkeys, fowls, 
 and fish: coach and four, carriage and pair, horse and cart: trees, 
 barrels, ears of corn : swords, scissors, fiddles, even keys : huts, 
 houses, manufactories with smoking chimneys 3 . Sometimes an 
 attempt is made to represent a scene : in one piece, a patient 
 is represented lying in bed, with the family standing round; 
 in another, a row of men stands, each holding his hat in his left 
 hand and placing his right hand to his breast, a crude method 
 of expressing adoration 4 . From time to time accumulations of 
 
 1 Especially the churches in sea- "Epfj.oinr6\ei, 1884, p. 7). 
 
 ports or fishing villages, often sacred 3 In a collection of these which I 
 
 to St Nicholas, the patron of sailors, bought from the monastery of St 
 
 whose icon hangs in every ship. The Michael Panormites at Syme, occur 
 
 old cathedral at Athens, sacred to St the following : babies in swaddling 
 
 Eleutherios ( = Eileithyia?), is a fa- clothes; women, girls, or boys, the 
 
 vourite for women in labour. Eings, hands folded across the breast ; others 
 
 earrings, parts of the body, children, holding up the right hand, the left 
 
 and ships are found here. laid upon the heart ; figures with 
 
 2 A paddle-steamer is inscribed : 6 the left hand or both hands uplifted, 
 TrXoiapxos /cat TO ir\-/jpufj.a dr/j.oir\oiov or both held by the sides (many of 
 Iltrpov 4>o(TK6\ou 6 AeKe/j.j3piov 1892. these very grotesque); others holding 
 So in Psara, as the historian tells us a cross or a palm-branch ; head and 
 of the treasure of St Nicholas' church bust; eye or eyes, ear, teeth, arm, 
 before the Turks destroyed it : jjffa.v finger, leg, ribs, and nondescript. One 
 8\wv TUV TrXoidpxuv TO. Tr\ola...irdvTa figure is a girl with a swollen face, and 
 dpyvpa...elxoi> Se ical &vefj.6fj.v\ov, 6v an expression of pain, holding one 
 
 TV<J>\OS ns ("H./j.epo6ffia 2u/i- hand to her cheek. 
 TTJS dXwo-ews rwv ^appuv: tv 4 Compare the reliefs, p. 219. 
 
238 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 these things are melted down, and a large censer or lamp made 
 out of them, or the proceeds used for the purposes of the 
 church 1 . 
 
 So far as I have seen, paintings of this class are never used 
 for dedication in Greek lands, but they are very common in Italy; 
 and for the sake of the ideas implied in them, it may be worth 
 while to examine one collection 2 . This is preserved in the 
 entrance corridor of S. Nicolo in Verona, and consists of about 
 one hundred pictures. All the pictures are much of a size ; they 
 are oil paintings of ten to twelve inches square, and coarsely 
 painted. Most of them belong to the eighteenth century, but 
 one bears date as late as 1892. They have on them usually an 
 inscription, the giver's name, the circumstances of his deliver- 
 ance, and the letters, P. G. R., pro gratia recepta, or per grazia 
 ricevuta, with ex voto appended. They depict all sorts of danger 
 and catastrophe. The commonest type is the patient in sick- 
 bed, with or without the friends praying at the bedside. In 
 the air usually hovers the patron saint, or the Virgin ; some- 
 times a group of heavenly beings is seen in the clouds, and 
 below others in the pangs of purgatory. We see a boy tum- 
 bling from a ladder; a child falling down stairs; a man run 
 over by a cart, or a cart falling over a precipice ; a building 
 falls, cariying some workmen with it ; and so forth. Here are 
 shipwrecked mariners on a raft, while a boat rows up to rescue 
 them. There is an attempted murder outside the amphitheatre 
 at Verona, which is unmistakably portrayed in the back- 
 ground 3 . Two women and a man are welcomed by nuns at a 
 convent door, and the legend informs us that they were led by 
 God's invisible hand*. One picture, curiously realistic, repre- 
 sents two scenes, which are placed together without division. 
 In the first, a man drest in tail coat and tall hat sits in a dog- 
 cart drawn by a runaway horse. He looks horribly frightened, 
 throws up his hands in despair, and his tall hat has been 
 
 1 The former is done I know at " Italian Votive Offerings." 
 Tenos and Ayassos, and probably 3 Inscribed : P. G. K. 1847 M. P. 
 elsewhere. The latter is done at 4 Tre Germani traviati il gran Gae- 
 Symi. tano conduce a Dio con invisibil ma-no. 
 
 2 See my paper in Folk-Lore, v. 11 ff. : 
 
DISEASE AND CALAMITY. 
 
 239 
 
 knockt to the back of his head. Back to back with this we 
 see the same dog-cart quietly stopt at a door, the man looking 
 happy, and his hat straight again 1 . Votive limbs and other 
 offerings like those of ancient times are common not only in 
 Italy but in other parts of the Continent : in France, Austria, 
 Switzerland 2 . The church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, in 
 Venice, has a shrine of S. Vincenzo, who is credited with the 
 power of healing cripples by miracle : near it hang a number 
 of modelled limbs, together with the crutches of grateful 
 patients who no longer had need of them. 
 
 1 Others of great interest, which I 
 have not seen, are in Locarno and 
 Oropa (three hours from Turin by rail). 
 They are mentioned by S. Butler, Alps 
 and Sanctuaries, 220, 350, who gives a 
 sketch of one (p. 160). Mr Butler in- 
 forms me that the oldest he has seen 
 is dated about 1480 in the Museum at 
 Varallo. Others in Sta Maria in ara 
 Cieli and Pantheon (Kome), Naples, 
 etc. 
 
 2 Ships at Marseilles; eyes at St 
 Ottilien near Freiburg i. B. ; etc. At 
 Marseilles are votive pictures: sick- 
 beds, burning houses, runaway horses, 
 lightning, railway train passing over a 
 bridge, ships in rough weather. Even 
 pictures of limbs in Sta Maria in ara 
 Cieli. Lever describes similar scenes 
 
 from South America: " Upon several 
 of the altars, pieces of solid gold and 
 silver lay in security... while lamps of 
 pure silver hung in profusion on every 
 side, surrounded by votive offerings of 
 the same metal such as shovels, bar- 
 retas, picks and sieves.... Pictures, 
 representing terrible catastrophes, by 
 falling masses of rock, irruptions of 
 torrents, and down-pouring cataracts, 
 showed what fates were ever in store 
 for those who 'forgot the Church.' 
 And as if to heighten the effect, wher- 
 ever a cayman or a jaguar was ' sloping 
 off with a miner in his mouth,' a 
 respectable saint was sure to be de- 
 tected in the offing wiping his eyes 
 in compassion, but not stirring a finger 
 to his assistance." 
 
VI. 
 
 DOMESTIC LIFE. 
 
 eyY err} AnAcy eB&iNe MOTOCTOKOC EiAefGyiA, 
 AH TOTC THN TOKOC eTAe, MeNofNHceN Ae TKec6<M. 
 AMC})} Ae 4>o(iMiKi B&Ae rrHxee, foyNA, A' epeice 
 AeiMcoNi M&AAKO)' MefAnce Ae r<*f yneNepOeN. 
 
 HOMER, Hymn to Apollo Delian, 117. 
 
 SACRIFICE and offering was customary at each of the two 
 great moments of human life : at marriage and childbirth. We 
 may fairly take it that in prehistoric Greece, as elsewhere, 
 puberty and marriage came close together ; and that the offer- 
 ings originally commemorated puberty, which is a natural 
 change, and not marriage, which is an artificial institution. 
 But in civilised countries the second it is which attracts chief 
 attention, and it is not possible wholly to explain how the 
 Greeks regarded the two as connected. 
 
 The most peculiar practice connected with puberty is the 
 dedication of the hair, a very ancient survival which held its 
 own long after the Greeks had outgrown any real faith in their 
 theology. It will be well to collect here the various instances 
 of the practice, although some of them will be obviously due to 
 other occasions than puberty 1 . 
 
 The earliest form of the custom would appear to be the vow 
 or dedication of hair to a river 2 , to be cut either at puberty or 
 some other crisis, or after escaping some threatening peril. 
 
 1 See on this subject Inscriptions ship, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit. 1878, 173 ff. 
 du temple de Zeus Panamaros, BCH For parallels to the hair offering, 
 xii. 479 ff. ; Dar. and Sagl. s.v. Coma. Frazer on Paus. viii. 34. 3, 41. 3. 
 
 2 See P. Gardner, Greek River-Wor- 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 
 
 241 
 
 The river- worship here, as we have seen it in conjunction with 
 Pan and the nymphs, is a mark of antiquity 1 . Achilles at the 
 funeral of Patroclus shore the locks " long kept for Spercheus, 
 if he should return safe 8 ." Ajax made a similar vow to the 
 Ilissus 3 . Orestes laid on his father's tomb the hair he had 
 vowed to Inachus 4 , perhaps one lock of hair left to grow long, 
 as the Brahmins use in India. Similar vows are recorded for 
 the Cephisus 6 and the Neda at Phigalea 6 , and the same is 
 implied by the story of the mythical Leucippus, who was 
 keeping his hair long for the Alpheus 7 . When the great gods 
 come in fashion, they attract this offering like the rest. Thus 
 Agamemnon in perplexity tore out handfuls of hair as an 
 offering to Zeus 8 ; hair was also dedicated to Phoebus 9 , Zeus and 
 Artemis 10 , the Heroes 11 , and Health 12 . It was an old custom, says 
 Plutarch, for lads to " offer firstfruits of their hair" at Delphi, and 
 he describes how Theseus went thither for that purpose 13 ; the 
 custom is also recorded in history 14 . The hair offering is known at 
 Athens 15 , Argos 16 , Delphi", Delos 18 , Megara 19 , Troezen 20 , Titane 21 , 
 
 1 Like the worship of Poseidon and 
 the Cretan old men of the sea. Cp. 
 the dedication from Asia Minor, AM 
 xix. 313 \alveov /ue T^x.vafffJ.a iffopq,* 
 dXnja ytpovra, OrJKe 5 ' ATroXXaws dvdffrj- 
 fia Noffeiddwvi. 
 
 2 II xxiii. 141. 
 
 3 Philostr. Her. xii. 2. 
 
 4 Aesch. Choeph. 6 irXoKafj-ov 'I 
 
 5 Paus. i. 37. 3. Cp. Philostr. Imag. 
 i. 7. 1 (Memnon) 6 TUV fioffTpvxuv Sara- 
 Xvs oOs ol/xai NeiX(fj frp<j)e. 
 
 6 Paus. viii. 41. 3. Frazer in his 
 note gives parallels from India and 
 Australia. See also North Indian Notes 
 and Queries, v. 544: children cat off 
 their scalp-lock at a shrine. 
 
 7 Paus. viii. 20. 3. 
 
 8 II. x. 15 TroXXds eK Kf>a\T)s irpo- 
 OeXti/jivovs Z\Kero xalras vtf/66' tovrt 
 Aii. 
 
 R. 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 278. 
 
 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 242 ; Plut. Thes. 5. 
 
 11 Paus. i. 43. 4, ii. 32. 1. 
 
 12 GIG 2391. 
 
 13 Plut. Thes. 5 dirdpxfffOai rip 6e$ 
 
 14 Theopompus op. Ath. xiii. 605 A 
 eis AeXc^ous ira.pa.yevofjL^vif T<$ HvOodupov 
 rov 'ZiKvuviov viq diroKeipofdvq rty 
 
 K6fJ.T]V, 
 
 15 Pollux, Onom. iii. 3 ; Hesych. 
 ydfiuv tdri; Diphilus fragm. 66. 6 
 (Kock). 
 
 16 Stat. Theb. ii. 254 with Schol. 
 
 17 Plut. Thes. 5. 
 
 18 Paus. i. 43. 4 ; Callim. Hymn to 
 Delos, 296. 
 
 19 Paus. i. 43. 4. 
 
 20 Eur. Hippol. 1421; Orest.113, 128; 
 Lucian, De Dea Syria, 60. 
 
 21 Paus. ii. 11. 
 
 16 
 
242 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Paros 1 , Thessalian Thebes 8 , Phigalea 8 , Erythrae 4 , Hierapolis 8 , 
 Alexandria 6 , and Prusa 7 ; whence it would appear to be a 
 general custom among the Greeks. A special lock seems to 
 have been kept for the sacred purpose 8 , and it was so common 
 as to give rise to a proverb 9 . 
 
 The later records attest the same custom. A child's first 
 hair was so dedicated, with a prayer that he might live to be 
 old, or that Acharnian ivy might afterwards grace his head 10 . 
 The first down on a man's chin was also thus dedicated 11 . Girls 
 also cut and dedicated their hair before marriage (at puberty, 
 that is, according to the original conception), to Hippolytus at 
 Troezen", to Iphinoe at Megara 13 , to Athena in Argos 14 , and at 
 Delos, where lads and lasses both shore it in honour of the 
 Hyperborean Maidens ; the lads winding their hair (or first 
 beard) in wisps of a certain grass, the lasses their hair about a 
 spindle, and laying it upon the maidens' tomb 15 . Several Delian 
 inscriptions relate to this. According to Pollux 16 the hair was 
 regularly dedicated before marriage to Hera, Artemis, and the 
 
 1 CIG 2391. 'Eira<f>p6di,TOS...virp rov wai&iov . . . Tyr 
 
 2 Inscribed tablet with hair carved ircuSixV rplxa 'Tyitia Kal 'AffK\t)irtw; 
 on it, see below. 2392 ri}v trpwrdr/MriTov rpixa TJ]V tyyfii- 
 
 3 Paus. viii. 23. 3, 41. 3. K^V Kelpas ; so 2393 with variations. 
 
 4 Inferred by W. Robertson Smith n Anth.Pal. vi.242 ; Lucian, De Dea 
 from the story of the rope of hair in Syria, 60 : T&V yeveluv dirdpxovTai. 
 Paus. vii. 5. 5 ; see Frazer ad loc. 12 Lucian I.e. ; Paus. ii. 32. 1 ; Eur. 
 
 8 Lucian, I.e. Hippol. 1424. 
 
 6 Catullus, Coma Berenices ; Hygin. 13 Paus. i. 43. 4. 
 
 Poet. Astr. 11. 24. " Stat. Theb. ii. 253 ff. hie more 
 
 7 Himerius, Or. xxiii. 7. Berenice parentum lasides, thalamis ubi casta 
 vowed if her husband returned from war adolesceret aetas, virgineas libare co- 
 unwounded to dedicate her hair in the mas,primosquesolebantexcusaretoro8. 
 temple, and did so (p. 245). w Herod, iv. 34 ; Paus. i. 43. 4 ; Cal- 
 
 8 Diphilus ap. Ath. vi. 225 B tvravda. lim. Hymn to Delos 296 ff. 
 
 yovv tffriv TIS virtpriKOVTiKus, K6fju)i> u Pollux iii. 38 "Hpa rAetos rj <ri'fu- 
 
 Tp{</>uv ftfi> Ifpav TOU Ofov, ws <f>rf<rlv yla, TOI/TTJ y&p TOW TrporeXe/ots irpovrt- 
 
 ov 6ia TOUTO y' d\\' tffTiytufros, irpb TOV \ovv rets *c6/)as, Kal 'AprtfjiiSi Kal Mot'pcus, 
 
 (jLeruirov Trapajr^TOff/i' afirrjv fai. Kal rrjs K6/j.ijs Sf r6re airJipxovTo rats 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 310 tepos 6 irX6/cajuos, Otals al K6pai. Frazer on Paus. ii. 
 Tofift^v 6veiap ffjLol. Eur. Bacch. 494 32. 1 quotes parallels from Fiji and 
 Jepdj 6 TrXoKa/ws- r$ Oetp 5' avrbv Tpt<f>w. Cambodia, from Africa, and from 
 
 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 278, 279; CIG 2391 America. 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 243 
 
 Fates. In the Syrian Hierapolis, Lucian tells us that the hair 
 when offered was preserved in sacred vases ; he himself in his 
 youth had conformed to the custom 1 . A series of inscriptions, 
 found at Panamara in Oaria, throw some light on the hair- 
 offering 2 . They belong to Roman times, and to Asia Minor ; 
 but there is nothing in them which may not be genuine Greek. 
 The devotees enclose their hair in a small stone coffer, made in 
 form of a stele, which is set up in the precinct. A slab covers 
 the hole, and an inscription is placed upon it. The poorer sort 
 are content to make a hole in the wall, or even hang up their 
 hair with the name only attacht. Even slaves are among the 
 dedicators. It is peculiar that no women's names are found at 
 all, though the inscriptions number more than a hundred ; and 
 that the deity honoured is Zeus, never Hera. Possibly, as the 
 editors conjecture, women were not allowed within the precinct. 
 
 Pausanias saw the statue or relief of a youth shearing his 
 hair in honour of the Cephisus 3 . A curious memorial of the 
 custom is seen in a stone from Thessaly, upon which are carven 
 two long plaits of hair dedicated to Poseidon 4 . 
 
 A few further examples may be added from the Anthology 
 to show the variety of possible occasions for this rite. A woman 
 offers the hair to Cybele with a prayer for a happy marriage 5 , 
 or in honour of Pallas on attaining marriage with her lover, 
 
 1 De Dea Syria 60. sometimes. Formulae are: 61 
 
 2 See Deschamps and Cousin, In- Aiovveiov tvrvx.us, 66 T^xjl dyaOy Ati 
 scriptions du temple de Zeus Panama- Havafj-dpy ef>x^ v KO/J.O.S with name, 74 
 ros, BCH xi. 390, xii. 82, 249, 479, {nrtp evxtjs; indications of a recurring 
 xiv. 369 ff. The dedications are in rite no. 80 8h c6/iou. An interesting 
 varying forms, and many are illiterate. name is given in 76, 'EiriKT-f/Tov KO^OLI. 
 We find dedications of many persons In Egypt, parents used to pay the 
 together as xi. 39 firl ieptws Tt. 4>Xo. weight of the children's hair in silver 
 Atvdov 'Idaovos, KOfiai Xai/aiy/uovos 'Aya- for a vow; see p. 244 9 . 
 
 BofiovXov 'IepoK\tovs Aiovvvtov 'Hpct/r\e/- 3 Paus. i. 37. 3. The dedication to 
 
 dov MavTiBfov; BCH -ai. 390: a house- Cephisus from Lilaea in Phocis may 
 
 hold, xii. 487 ff. no. 115 6yucu <pafj.i- be similar: IGS iii. 1. 232. 
 
 \las Qv\Triov'AffK\T)TridSov: of children, 4 $i\6/j.j3poTos ' A<p66i>T)Tos &e<.vo/j.dxov 
 
 no. 103 K(5/uai EfljraSos Kal iraidiuv at- IloffeiSuvt.. Figured in Dar. and Sagl. 
 
 TOV, 104 Kal vlwv, 111 /cat T^KVUV; of s.v. Donarium, p. 376, fig. 2543. See 
 
 brothers, 110 c6yucu 'Epwros KCLI d8e\<j>ov fig. 36 below. 
 
 and BCH xiv. 371, of slaves, 117 ol- 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 281. 
 
 KfTuv. The singular KO'/W? is found 
 
 162 
 
244 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 and after the birth of a male child desired 1 . A man offers his 
 white hair, having vowed it when dedicating the first locks of 
 
 FIG. 36. Votive hair, from Thessaly. 
 Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. Donarium, p. 376, fig. 2543. 
 
 his youth*. A eunuch after his orgies dedicates his hair to 
 the Sangarian mother 3 . A lock of hair is offered by an elderly 
 courtezan with other gifts to Cypris 4 . So Marcellus on return- 
 ing to Italy victorious from the east, dedicates the first shaving 
 of his beard 8 . The offering takes a sportive turn, when Lucil- 
 lius dedicates hair to all the sea deities named in a string, 
 because he has nothing else to give 6 . The growing of sacred 
 hair is also attested for Rome 7 ; and Herodotus mentions that 
 the priests of Egypt wore their hair long 8 , and that vows were 
 paid by weighing silver against the shorn hair 9 . He also tells us 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 59. 
 * Anth. Pal. vi. 193. 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 234, 173. 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 200. 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 161. 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 164. 
 7 Suet. Nero 12; Xiphil. Nero 19; 
 Martial i. 32; Stat. Theb. 493; Petron. 
 
 29 (see the article cited from BCH). 
 
 8 Herod, ii. 36; Plut. Is. p. 352. 
 
 9 Herod, ii. 65 ei/xof^foi T< 0e$, rov 
 SLV 77 -rb Oriplov, vpovvres TWV iraidlwv rj 
 iracrav rr)i> /ce^aArji' rj rb rplrov fdpos TTJS 
 KeQaXrjs, Iffraai ffraOfjup irpbs dpytipiov 
 rds rplxa.s. rb 5' &v f\Kvffrj, TOVTO Ty 
 fjie\fSuv<f rdiv Orfpluv diSoi. 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 245 
 
 that the Arabs used to shave their heads in honour of God 1 . 
 The custom is still used, when Arabs offer the hair to God or 
 the heroised dead*, and women lay theirs on the tombs of tribal 
 benefactors 3 . 
 
 When the Delians place locks of hair on a tomb, they 
 furnish a link with another common occasion of dedicating the 
 hair. Heracles built a tomb for Leucippus, and offered there 
 some of his hair 4 . The Achaeans used to cut their hair in 
 mourning 5 . Achilles, as I have mentioned, shore his at the 
 funeral of Patroclus 6 ; and the soldiers of Masistius, at their 
 leader's death, clipt not their own hair only but the manes of 
 their horses and mules 7 . So did the soldiers of Pelopidas over 
 their leader's corpse 8 . At Hephaestion's death, Alexander the 
 Great had his animals clipt 9 . It will be remembered that hair 
 is among the things offered to heroes. Oddly enough, we are 
 told that the Syracusans shore the captive horses after Nicias 
 was taken 10 . There are several allusions to the custom in the 
 dramatists 11 , and Sappho mentions it 12 . 
 
 Further, it was often vowed in time of peril and offered in 
 gratitude. Orestes shore his hair when he came to his senses 13 . 
 Berenice vowed and paid her hair for Ptolemy's safety in war 14 . 
 The statue of Health at Titane was covered with locks of 
 women's hair 15 . A mariner offers his hair to the sea-gods 16 , and 
 Lucian mentions a similar vow". St Paul, it will be remem- 
 bered, shore his hair at Cenchreae in fulfilment of a vow 18 . 
 
 We may now pass on to a general consideration of the 
 marriage offerings in Greece. It is unfortunate that here, as in 
 
 1 Herod, iii. 8 ; Robertson Smith, 10 Plut. Nic. 27. 
 
 Kinship and Marriage in Ancient Ara- u Aesch. Cho. 6 ; Eur. El. 91 K6ni)s 
 
 bia, p. 152. dirrjpZdnrjv, Or. 96 *6juijs dirapxds, 
 
 2 Goldziher, Rev. de VHist. des Re- Phoen. 1525. 
 ligions, x. 351, xiv. 49. 12 Sappho 119. 
 
 3 Goldziher, op. cit. xiv. 352. ls Paus. viii. 34. 3. 
 
 4 Paus. vii. 17. 8, where Frazer gives 14 Catull., Coma Berenices; Eudocia, 
 modern parallels. no. 218. 
 
 5 Eudocia, no. 518. 15 Paus. ii. 11. 6. 
 
 6 II. xxiii. 141. 16 Anth. Pal. vL 164. 
 
 7 Herod, ix. 24 ; Plut. Arist. 14. 17 Lucian, irepl rCiv 4irl /uffOy avvbv- 
 
 8 Plut. Pel. 33. TUV, init. 
 
 9 Pint. Pel. 34, Alex. 72. 18 Acts of the Apostles, xviii. 18. 
 
246 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 other things of every day, our information is scanty ; but we 
 know that sacrifices were customary before marriage, and where 
 there is sacrifice there may always be votive offerings. In 
 some places initiation formed part of the wedding ceremony 1 , 
 and the priestess of Demeter officiated at weddings*. The 
 little girls of Athens used to take part in a ' mystery 8 ,' 
 imitating bears in honour of Artemis Brauronia, whose shrine 
 stood on the Acropolis. The accounts of this rite are confusing, 
 but in one it is said to have been done by all the girls as a 
 preliminary to marriage 4 ; and in any case it looks like an 
 ancient ceremony to mark the time of puberty 6 . If another 
 writer be correct in confining the ceremony to a select few 6 , the 
 word Setcareveiv used as a synonym for dpicreveiv to designate 
 it, suggests that the maidens were a tithe of the women, like 
 the tithe of men described above 7 . When marriage actually 
 took place, a sacrifice was made to the gods of marriage 8 , who 
 are variously given as the Furies 9 , Zeus and Hera 10 , or Hera, 
 Artemis, and the Fates 11 , or the Nymphs 12 , later to Aphrodite 18 . 
 At Sparta, mothers would sacrifice to Hera and Aphrodite 
 when their daughters married 14 . We may assume that, as in 
 other cases, each tribe would originally sacrifice to its own 
 
 1 Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 386: rah 5e 
 reXevfAf'vais Kal rats tirtvv(j.<f>evo(dvais 
 rin-ev rai dri\ojj.e'vai K0.66.irep Kal irplv 
 irw\r)Tav yeveaOon rav lepditrvvav crwe- 
 
 j, TrevTOJ36\os SiSowrcus diroXeXinrffai 
 dva.\w(j.dTwv irdvTUv ' jrapa- 
 de rcus TeXevfdvais ras iepjjj 
 TO, vo/j,Lfo/j.(va. 
 
 2 Plut. Con/. Praec. ad init., quoted 
 by Paton. 
 
 3 T6/ui0T77/HO<rweTAovi', Schol. Arist. 
 Lys. 645. 
 
 4 *pk ydnov, a second schol. ad lac. 
 
 8 The age is given as five to ten 
 years, but Mommsen gives reason for 
 believing this to be a mistake (Heort. 
 406 note). He suggests 10 to 15. 
 
 6 etriXfybnevai wapOevoi, Schol. Arist. 
 Lys. 645. 
 
 7 It is usually referred to the chil- 
 dren's age as being about ten years. 
 
 8 irpore'Xeia, ydfjiuv, irpoydftfta : Oeol 
 yafj.ri\toi. See also Anth. Pal. vi. 55, 
 318, and for Sparta Paus. iii. 13. 9. 
 
 9 Schol. Aesch. Eum. 834 ws irport- 
 
 TCUJ 'Epivfoi. 
 
 10 Diod. Sic. v. 73; Aesch. Eum. 214. 
 Cp. Ath. xv. 694 D "Aprefj.iv a ywaiKwv 
 fj.ty' fyei Kpdros (Scolion). 
 
 11 Pollux iii. 38 ; Artemis in Boeotia 
 and Locris, Plut. Aristid. 20. The 
 Furies in Aesch. Eum. 835; cp. p. 254 
 below. 
 
 14 Plut. Amat. Narr. 1, p. 944. 
 
 13 Paus. iii. 13. 9 Hera-Aphrodite. 
 It will be remembered that Aphrodite 
 was not a Greek goddess. She was, 
 however, worshipt on the Athenian 
 Acropolis in the sixth century, as in- 
 scribed potsherds prove: A A viii. 147. 
 
 14 Paus. iii. 13. 8. 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 
 
 247 
 
 gods ; and that the country folk, perhaps following the oldest 
 custom, would sacrifice to the nymphs or heroes. But as 
 theology became systematic, Zeus and Hera as the divine 
 wedded pair seem to have gained the chief importance as 
 patrons of wedlock. Hera, indeed, as the Maid, the Wife, and 
 the Widow, represents the whole life of woman on earth 1 ; and 
 the Holy Marriage ceremonial is connected with her and Zeus at 
 
 FIG. 87. Zeus and Hera, from Samos. 
 Farnell, Cults, pi. v. b. 
 
 Samos and elsewhere 2 . This ceremonial is perhaps commemo- 
 rated by a terra-cotta group from Samos, probably representing 
 Zeus and Hera as bridegroom and bride 8 , which we may suppose 
 to have been dedicated at some human marriage. The principle 
 
 Theocr. xv. 24). 
 
 3 Farnell i. 208, 238, plate v. 6, 
 see fig. 37, in text. A scheme with 
 the same attitude as the metope of 
 Selinus appears in the fragmentary 
 relief, from Athens (?), Cat. Brit. Mus. 
 Sc. 770. The relief may, however, 
 commemorate the ceremony ; see chap. 
 
 , reXeia, x^P a ' see Farnell, 
 Cults, i. 190 ff. But elaborate symbol- 
 ism is foreign to early Greek religion. 
 2 Farnell i. 192, 200, 208, 244. It 
 appears to have been a very early part 
 of the cult. Athens (Photius s.v.), 
 Plataea (Paus. ix. 3. 1, 16. 57), 
 Argos (Paus. ii. 17. 3), Euboea (Schol. 
 Arist. Pax 1126), Hermione (Schol. 
 
248 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 would be that of mythological precedent; and that it was 
 natural here is seen not only from a comparison of parallels, 
 but by the fact that Sappho in an epithalamium sings of a 
 mythological wedding 1 . Perhaps this is the origin of an Athe- 
 nian painted tablet, which bears the apotheosis of Heracles*. 
 The sacrifice of a pig before marriage is attested by Varro for 
 the Greeks of Italy 3 ; and an inscription to be quoted below 
 may refer to this. Perhaps the dedication of a garland to Hera, 
 which Alcman speaks of, may refer to the marriage feast 4 . 
 
 Some legendary dedications are connected with marriage, 
 and are of interest as showing how natural the practice was 
 felt to be. Pelops, when he prayed for success in his suit for 
 Hippodamia, dedicated in Temnus an image of Aphrodite made 
 of a growing myrtle tree 5 . Theseus, when he took Helen to 
 wife, built a temple of Bridal Aphrodite 8 . He also dedicated in 
 Delphi a statuette of Aphrodite which he got from Ariadne 7 , 
 and set up portraits of Ariadne in Cyprus 8 . Menelaus, after 
 sacking Troy and recovering Helen, set up statues of Thetis 
 and Praxidica (' exacter of punishment ') hard by the temple of 
 Aphrodite Migonitis in Gythium 9 . This temple was reputed as 
 the foundation of Paris himself for the rape of Helen 10 : let those 
 believe it who will, and those who will not, may choose. Icarius 
 commemorated the wooing of Odysseus by an image of Modesty". 
 Odysseus himself founded two temples after vanquishing the 
 competitors for Penelope's hand, but the motive must remain 
 doubtful 12 . Equally legendary, no doubt, was the temple to 
 Aphrodite Callipygos built by the two maidens who were so 
 
 1 Sappho 51. 5 Paus. v. 13. 7. 
 
 2 Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vasenb. Paus. ii. 32. 7 Ni^fa. 
 pi. iii. 7 Plat. Thes. 21. 
 
 8 Varro R. R. ii. 4. 9 nuptiarum 8 Plut. Thes. 20. 
 
 initio antiqui reges ac sublimes viri in 9 Paus. iii. 22. 2. Kuhnert conjec- 
 
 Etruria in coniunctione nuptiali nova tures Themis for Thetis, Jahrb. f. Cl. 
 
 nupta et novus maritus primumporcum Phil. 1884, p. 252 n. 3 (Frazer). Praxi- 
 
 immolant. Prisci quoque Latini etiam dica is invoked in curses ; see CIA 
 
 Graeci in Italia idem factitasse viden- Defix. Tab. 109. 2. 6. 
 
 tur. 10 Paus. iii. 22. 1. 
 
 4 Alcman 18 ical rlv eGxofi.cn. ftpoiffa. u Paus. iii. 20. 10: see the story 
 
 T6vS' f\ixpvffta TuXewra KrjpaTu KViralpu. there. 
 
 Athen. xv. 618 A, 678 A. 12 Paus. iii. 12. 4. 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 249 
 
 proud of their figures, when they obtained rich husbands 1 . 
 Charmus, a lover of Hippias, is said to have built an altar to 
 Love in the Academe 2 . 
 
 Maidens before marriage, originally perhaps at puberty, 
 were accustomed to dedicate along with their hair the dolls 
 and other toys of their past childhood, on the same principle 
 as the warrior dedicates his worn-out arms, or the workman 
 his tools. They also offered their veils 3 , or with obvious sym- 
 bolism their girdles*. Thus the Troezeuian girls offered their 
 girdles to Apaturian Athena 5 . Timareta, in an epigram which 
 appears to have been copied from the stone 6 , mentions drest 
 dolls, ball, tambourine, and her own headdress 7 . Similar dedi- 
 cations occur of garlands, girdle 8 , mirror 9 , and /jbirpai 10 . Alcibie 
 (perhaps the well-known courtezan) dedicates her hair-net to 
 Hera on obtaining a lawful marriage 11 . So Calliteles, on coming 
 of age, consecrates to Hermes his hat, buckle, cloke, ball, 
 scraper, bow and arrows 12 ; Philocles to the same god ball, rattle, 
 knuckle-bones, and bull-roarer 13 . 
 
 Such things as these, being perishable and not precious, 
 could not have survived in any numbers. Yet jointed dolls 
 were found at Delos 14 , in the shrine of the hero Amynus 15 , and 
 
 1 Ath. xii. 554 T\V KaXKiirvyuv feu- 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 276. 
 
 705 tv 2vpa.Kovffa.is. avrai oSf, tiri\a- n Archilochus, 18 Bergk: 'AA/ci/Sb; 
 
 fio/Mvai ovffias \a/j.irpds, ISpuffavro ' A0po- TT\OKa./j.ui> lepijv av0T)Ke KaXinrTpyv "Hpy, 
 
 5tT?js iepov, Ka\tffa<rai Ka\\iirvyov TTJV Kovpidiwv evr' tKvpyffe yd/j-uv. Anth. 
 
 Oebv, ws IffTopei Kal 'A.pxf\aos <h> rots Pal. vi. 133. Cp. 206, 270. Compare 
 
 t<i^/3oty. The story is of significance Herod, ii. 182. The courtezans appear 
 
 as throwing light on the distinctive to have had their guilds and their own 
 
 epithets of the gods. KaXXiirvyos is goddess, unless the curious inscr. of 
 
 not meant to describe Aphrodite, but Paros stood alone (A Jfxviii. 17). There 
 
 to recall the occasion. they worshipt Olffrpu. 
 
 2 Cleidemus ap. Ath. xiii. 609 D. 12 Anth. Pal. vi. 282. 
 
 3 Pollux iii. 38. 13 Anth. Pal. vi. 309 iralyvia. Com- 
 
 4 at yap irapOtvoi ^XXovcrai irpfo /J.fii- iv pare Collitz iii. 3339 70 'Eixftdi'rjs 'Ejri- 
 <tp-X<fOa.(., dverlOeffav ras irapfffviKas at)- Satipios irats... I5oe 5 avrut 6 6e&s 
 rdv fwvas rrj 'Apre/j-iSi, Apostolius x. 96 tiriffras eiTreiv, rl /J.QI 8w<reis at TV KO. vyii) 
 in Corp. Paroem. Gr. ii. 513. TTOITJCTW; avrbs d <p6.[j.ev, MK" dar/ja- 
 
 5 Paus. ii. 33. 1. 6 &5if\ov. yd\ovs. rbv Si 6ebv yeXdvavra <f>dfj.ff vw 
 
 7 KfKpv<f>a.\os : Anth. Pal. vi. 280 icavaeiv. In Thebes, dffrpaydXus irtr- 
 (Limnatis). rapas IGS i. 2420 22 . 
 
 8 Anth. Pal. vi. 59, 210 (Aphrodite). 14 BCH xi. 423. 
 
 9 Anth. Pal. vi. 210. 15 AM xviii. 243. 
 
250 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 on the Acropolis at Athens 1 ; dolls, masks, and grotesque heads 
 in the Cabirium 2 , at Tegea 8 , at Calaurea 4 , at Lysi in Arcadia 8 , 
 in the temple trench at Cnidus 6 , grotesques at Naucratis 7 ; and 
 many of the innumerable clay animals found upon sacred sites 
 may have been children's toys. In the Pelopium at Olympia 
 were found a number of miniature bronze kettles, cymbals, 
 small axes, and the like, some of which may have been toys 8 , 
 and a miniature bucket of silver in the sanctuary of Athena 
 Cranaia 9 ; but all these may be better explained on the 
 principle to be set forth later 10 . The inventories include such 
 things, but there is nothing to show why they were offered; 
 we may however claim as toys the Delian rattles 11 , the tops of 
 Oropus 12 , perhaps also four little snakes and Timothea's crab". 
 
 It is probable that three dedications to Limnatis belong to 
 this place ; several small cymbals have been found in Laconia, 
 which were probably children's toys 14 . A fourth, the much 
 discussed offering of Camo, is probably dedicated to the same 
 deity for the same cause 18 . All the dedicators are women. 
 
 1 In the Museum. 
 
 2 AM xiii. 426, xv. 358 : tops and 
 other toys of terra-cotta and bronze, 
 knuckle-bones, small vases, Sileni, 
 children in goat-waggon, caricatures 
 of lyre-players, masks, are among 
 them, not to mention animals. 
 
 3 AM iv. 170. Archaic woman on 
 camel, man clinging under a ram. 
 
 4 437 xiii. 3223. 
 
 8 Jahreshefte iv. 43,48: satyr, cocks, 
 horses, little axes marked as dice, 
 swordlets, comic figures : some 5th 
 century. Many miniature vases. But 
 see chap. xiv. 
 
 6 Newton, Branch. 397. 
 
 7 Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. v. 72. 
 
 8 Olympia : Ergebnisse, Textb. iv. 3. 
 But see chap. xiv. below. 
 
 9 BCH xii. 47. 
 
 10 Chapter xiv. 
 
 11 BCH ii. 431 Kpt>ra.\ov. Cp. jrcu5i<ci 
 \LOiva. ?f, 325. 
 
 12 IGS i. 2420 25 <rrp6/3(Xoi. 
 
 13 SpaKovria, KapKlvosTinoOtas, line 51 
 I.e. A number of supposed playthings 
 of lead were found in the temple pre- 
 cinct of Jupiter at Tarracina : chairs, 
 tables, and other furniture, cooking 
 utensils, candelabrum, boy with tray, 
 plates with viands upon them, etc. 
 AJA o.s. x. 256. 
 
 14 See AM xxi. 442 ft. IGA 50 
 Aifj.va.Tis, Gl'Ojrwpis bvtOriKe AijtwdTt, 73 
 noXvavflis avtdrjKe rdi A.i/jn>6.Ti : figures 
 given. Above, p. 249 7 . 
 
 15 Ka/xw Ov tffvffe rat Kdpfai, Cat. Ath. 
 Sc. no. 7959, IGA 324. This seems to 
 record the marriage sacrifice of a pig. 
 For another interpretation see AM xxi. 
 240 ff . ; it does not touch the present 
 point. Collitz i. 373 takes f0vfff = ^y 
 Ofays, which would make it a ritual 
 offering. The aorist could not be 
 used to denote an official. It should 
 be mentioned that the inscr. has also 
 been read Kdfj.ow = K.dfj.ui>, a man's 
 name (AZ xxxiv. 28). 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 251 
 
 There is a pair of cymbals, dedicated by a man to the same 
 deity, and one by a man to Asclepius 1 . On this principle I 
 would explain the woman's dedication in Plataea of " what she 
 had on," her trinkets probably to judge from the context 2 . 
 
 I do not know what to make of the bridal baskets 3 , the 
 bridal cauldron 4 , and the bridegroom's footstool 5 mentioned in 
 the Athenian Inventories. There is no proof that these were 
 votive offerings, but they may be such. 
 
 At marriage, prayers and vows were offered for fruitfulness 
 and prosperity 6 . It seems likely that a relief from Sicily of 
 the second century, dedicated by a man and woman to Artemis, 
 was offered on the occasion of marriage 7 . Artemis Eupraxia 
 is clad in a chiton which leaves bare the right breast ; in her 
 right hand she holds a torch, in her left a basket ; before her 
 stands an altar. We may suggest the same explanation of 
 Polystrata's offering, an Argive relief of the fifth century, 
 showing Artemis alone clad in Doric chiton, with bow, quiver, 
 and torch 8 ; and of others which show the goddess with her 
 usual attributes, and a female worshipper 9 , or with male and 
 female 10 . 
 
 At childbirth, prayer and vow were made to various deities, 
 no doubt to any patron deity of a tribe or a family. Hera and 
 Artemis are the favourites. A late inscription u from Paros names 
 a whole group of divinities : Hera, Demeter, Thesmophoros, the 
 Maid, Zeus Eubuleus and Babo. Asclepius was also invoked by 
 
 1 Fava^'Xas K, i.e. (c6/>eu : AA xii. 73. Aristid. 20. 
 
 IPI i. 1202. 8 Cat. Berl. Sc. 682 TioXuffrpdra &vt- 
 
 2 AJA vii. 406 74 'Hvi6x a Ta <' ay- tfij/Ke: rough bottom to fix in ground or 
 T?;J. base. Farnell, Cults, ii. 539, pi. xxxiv.a. 
 
 3 KO.VO. vvfj-fpiKb. CIA ii. 678 B ; KO.VOVV A similar one from Asopus, in private 
 ya/MKbv ii. 850. collection : Collitz iii. 4559 Hedirls dvt- 
 
 4 X^STJS vv(uf>tK6$ CIA ii. 721. 6r)Ke 'Aprdfju; AZ xl. 145, pi. vi. 
 
 5 vTrbfiaOpa. VV^IKO. Svo CIA ii. 671 ; 9 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 779 : huntress 
 appevos vTTofidTTjs 678 55 . Artemis, hound, altar, stag. 
 
 6 Compare Aesch. Eum. 834 iro\\rjs 10 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 778. 
 
 dt x^po-s TTJcrd' ?r' dxpoBlvia, Binrj trpb iral- u Athenodor. v. 15 ' Epaffiinrr) Upd- 
 
 Suv KO.I yafj.rj\iov rt\ovs. <Tuvos"Hpri A^yuijT/u Qftr/M)<f>6ptj> KO.I K6py 
 
 7 GIG 5613 b Tlpuros Kal Mevlirirrj icai Ad Ei5/3oiAet KCU Ba/3ot. Farnell, ii. 
 'AprffuSi EvTrpala.t.. Farnell, Cults, ii. 194, takes it, no doubt rightly, as a 
 531, 575 ; cp. Anth. Pal. vi. 276; Plut. thank-offering after childbirth. 
 
252 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the would-be mother 1 . On such occasions a title appro- 
 priate would be added, as Courotrophos to Athena* and 
 Demeter 3 , Epilysamene to Demeter 4 , Eileithyia to Hera 8 and 
 to Artemis 6 , Locheia to Artemis ; and it appears that Eileithyia 
 and Lecho are titles of the divine powers, personified as 
 the protectors of childbirth 7 . The spirits who preside over 
 childbirth were also called Genetyllides 8 . The scanty evidence 
 goes to show that the prayer for a safe delivery was often 
 accompanied by the dedication of a veil or hair-net or some 
 such trifle 9 . Articles of dress were also offered after the birth : 
 sandals it might be, or a part of the robe, a girdle, a breast- 
 band 10 . Later we find these offerings made to Aphrodite; 
 the girl in Theocritus intended her breast-band for this 
 purpose 11 . The clothes of women who died in childbirth were 
 left at the grave of Iphigenia in Halae 12 . Herodotus says that 
 women made a special practice of dedicating their pins in 
 Argos and Aegina 18 . Perhaps some of the dresses dedicated 
 to Artemis Brauronia or to an unknown deity at Thebes were 
 due to childbirth or the like"; and the beautiful pins, earrings, 
 fibulae and diadems of Lysi in Arcadia, offered to Artemis 16 . 
 There seems to have been a kind of churching for women, 
 sitting publicly in the shrine of Eileithyia 16 . 
 
 Women's dedications to Eileithyia, in Laconian Eleuthia, 
 
 1 Cures ofEpid., 3339 7 . 8 Paus. i. 1. 5, Aristoph. Clouds, 52. 
 
 2 The dM<i8pW were held in " Anth. Pal. vi. 270274, 276. 
 honour of Athena Koi;po7-p6<os : Eu- 10 Anth. Pal. vi. 200 Eileithyia, 201, 
 docia, no. 54. 271, 272 Artemis. 
 
 3 CIA iii. 172, etc. " Theocr. xxvii. 54 <f>ev <j>ev, /rat rav 
 * Hesych. s.v. ''EiriXva-a/j^vr). ulrpav dWffxuras' & fl S' ?Xi/<ras; rq. 
 8 Argos, Hesych. .r."Hpa fr'Apyti', lla<pia vpdriffrov fyu r6de dwpov 6ir<ifa. 
 
 Athens, inscr. in Roscher, col. 2091 In Herodotus ii. 181 Ladice vows a 
 
 (Farnell). Dedications to Hera, Anth. statue to Aphrodite ijv ol IT' ^Kflv^v 
 
 Pal. vi. 243. rty VVKTO. fuxOrj 6 "A/ucwts. 
 
 6 Farnell, ii. 615 2 , gives reff. : Attica, ia Enrip. 1. T. 1464. 
 Sparta, Boeotia, Crete. Compare Anth. 13 Herod, v. 88. 
 
 Pal. vi. 201, 271, and see IGS i. 3214, CIA ii. 751 ff. ; IGS i. 2421. 
 33856, 341012, 'AirAXXcwoj Aet^cct- 16 Jahreshefte iv. 51 ff., diff. dates. 
 ipopiu 'AprdMtSo* ZowSkas 3407. 16 Isaeus v. 39 rty de nrjrfpa rip 
 
 7 So also Farnell, ii. p. 608. Com- oirroO KaQri^vtiv tv r<# TTJS El\i)0vias 
 pare Anth. Pal. vi. 200. In Sparta we 2ep<p ird^res tupav, Kal TOI/T^ fyKaXoCffar 
 find an old dedication to Lecho: Ae^ ' ^y^ alffxtivojuu \tyeiv, ovros 5t 
 IGA 52. O 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 253 
 
 Eleusia, or Lecho, are not uncommon 1 , but what was the 
 thing dedicated does not appear. A woman offers a bowl to 
 Eileithyia in Delos 4 , and an amphora in Peiraeus to the 
 Nursing Mother 3 . The Acropolis vases dedicated to Aphrodite 
 have been already mentioned 4 . 
 
 Existing remains are few. We may perhaps regard as a 
 wife's offering the silver pin dedicated to Hera which was 
 found in Argolis 5 , and a gilded bronze pin from Cyprus 6 . 
 Innumerable brooches, pins, armlets, and suchlike ornaments 
 have been found in the Argive Heraeum 7 , and one of the 
 mirrors is inscribed with a woman's dedication 8 . A number 
 of women's ornaments are mentioned in the inventories, but it 
 is impossible to decide upon what occasion offered. In Delos 
 we find Melitta's crystal or glass unguent box 9 , a bronze mirror 10 , 
 golden pins 11 , and buttons, earrings, necklets or armlets, head- 
 bands, fly-flappers, and rouge-pots 12 . In a shrine on the 
 Acropolis slope, probably the Asclepieum, we find mention of 
 earrings 13 . Perhaps it was on such an occasion that Roxana 
 sent a gold vase and necklet to Athens 14 . The shrine of Athena 
 Cranaia has yielded up a gold bangle 15 , with buckles, hair-pins, 
 spirals, and fibulae of bronze 18 . At Dodona was found a mirror 
 dedicated by a woman 17 . A glass ring and toilet-casket, in- 
 scribed to Habrothaus, have been found in Cyprus 18 . 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 4584 (Hippola), 4462 9 BGH ii. 430 6 ^dXuirrpov {id\ivov 
 Aexoc (Sparta), 4466 'A^poStrcu (ibid.), MeXn-T?;s. 
 
 'E0. 'Apx- 1900, 59 Aphr. (Thessaly), 10 BCH ii. 430 10 Kdrpoirrof [sic] 
 
 all by women : 4431 MaxafiSas dvtOrjKe xaX/coOi'. 
 
 rat 'EXewtai (Sparta). u BCH vi. 38 s5 ir6prri) xpvrf- 
 
 2 BCH vi. 34, line 50. 12 BCH vi. 125 dffin5i(TK-q, evtbiriov, 
 
 3 'E<. 'A.px~ 1885, 94 JXiKOvrpdrr) evuirldiov, e^aXfiirrpa, /Mvoabfiai, Trepi.- 
 KovpoTp6^>tti. (T/ceXt's, Trepbvr), iropTrrj, ffrXeyyis, ffrXey- 
 
 4 A A viii. 147 ; above, p. 246 13 . yiSiov, <pvKla xpvffd, ^Xiov. 
 
 5 ras "Upas (arcbaic) : AA xii. 196 : 13 BCH iii. 125. 
 in Britisb Museum. 14 CIA ii. 737. 
 
 6 JHS ix. 223, pi. xi.: ' A.<f>podiTrj 15 BCH xii. 46. 
 Ila0ta EujSouXa evxty }] ytiiT) TJ 'Apdrov 16 BCH. xii. 54. 
 
 TOV ffvyyevovs nai Tayakra. 17 ColUtz ii. 1369; Carapanos, Do- 
 
 7 Bronzes : Inventory 1105 ff. rings done, xxv. 1 : noXu^a raytv dvaridriri. 
 of various sizes, 1571 ff. mirrors, 1614 roi At Kal xprifJ-ara. 
 
 ff. small discs perforated, 1695 ff. the 18 Collitz i. 129130 Aa/3t'5^s 'A/3po- 
 same larger. 6dw. 
 
 8 Bronzes, 1581. 
 
254 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 As regards the other offerings made on this occasion, we 
 read of one or two temples which were due to it. Helen, after 
 bringing forth a daughter, is said to have founded a temple of 
 Eileithyia in Argos 1 . Again, the women of Elis, long barren, 
 when at length they found themselves with child, built one to 
 Athena the Mother 2 . The image of the protecting deity here 
 as elsewhere is a natural offering. Phaedra is said to have 
 dedicated two ancient statues of Eileithyia 3 . A statue of 
 Artemis offered at childbirth is attested by an inscription 4 . 
 There exists also a late statuette of Eileithyia dedicated by a 
 woman 5 ; and a pillar inscribed with the name of Asclepius pro- 
 bably supported a statue of him dedicated on the like occasion 6 . 
 Perchance the archaic statue of Artemis, dedicated at Delos by 
 a woman, belongs to this class 7 . Little altars are often dedi- 
 cated to Artemis the Nurse in Roman times 8 . 
 
 Three ancient reliefs from Argos are dedicated to the 
 Eumenides by women, and the connexion of these beings with 
 childbirth has been already indicated 9 . The three goddesses 
 stand, holding each a snake in the right hand and a flower in 
 the left, with worshippers in their presence 10 . A relief of two 
 female figures with torches may refer to this occasion". 
 
 The most characteristic records of this occasion are those 
 which represent the act or process blest by the god. This 
 class is represented by groups of statuary or small figures, 
 and by reliefs. An archaic marble statue from Sparta repre- 
 sents a female figure kneeling, with a small male figure on her 
 right holding one hand to his lips, while on the other a second 
 male figure presses his hand over the woman's womb. It 
 should be remembered that women in ancient Greece knelt to 
 
 1 Paus. ii. 22. 6. ^(C77/36Xwt loxeaipijt Qo^prj AeivoS6Krjo TOV 
 
 2 Paus. v. 3. 2. Nation |oxos aXr/uv, Aeivo/jitvovs 6 
 
 3 Paus. i. 18. 5. Kaffiyv^rr), <&p<i!-ov 5' a\ox6s (*. 
 
 4 GIG 24 'Aprefu, aol rbV &ya\n' 8 'E<p. 'Apx- 1896, 54 'Aprtfudi Kovpo- 
 
 tivydrrip (Peloponnesus). 9 Aesch. Eum. 835. Pregnant sheep 
 
 Sybel 3153 Ea\0ia 'A\e%di>5pov inrtp sacrificed to them at Sicyon, Paus. ii. 
 
 'El\ti&viri ffufovvi) evxfy- H- 4. See p. 246. 
 
 8 Sybel 7215: the inscr., much 10 AM iv. pi. ix., x. ; Collitz iii. 
 
 damaged, contains the words ' A.aK\tjirU, 3279 f. (name) TZvfj.ft>l<ru> 
 
 dvtBriKe -yi/vrj, vt> tfipvov. u ECU iii. 195. 
 7 BCH ii. 4 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 255 
 
 bring forth a child 1 . These two guardian daemons are doubtless 
 assisting at the birth, one as a midwife does, the other signing 
 for silence from inauspicious words 2 . A statue in a similar 
 pose comes from Myconos 3 , and a relief from Cyprus 4 . Nude 
 female figures, apparently lying down, with one hand held to 
 the breast, have been found at Naucratis ; and these were 
 perhaps thank-offerings for childbirth 6 . An ivory casket from 
 Athens unmistakably portrays a birth. The newly-delivered 
 mother kneels on the ground, and by her side stands a female 
 figure, much damaged, which supports her with one hand. As 
 this figure holds a lance or staff she is interpreted to be Athena. 
 The midwife is bathing the babe. On the left another female 
 figure is standing, half-draped, with a long staff in the left 
 hand, and in her right she holds a jug. I suggest that this 
 casket may have been dedicated as a mother's thank-offering, 
 although there is nothing to prove it 6 . Perhaps I might venture 
 to suggest further, that the female figure of gold sent by 
 Croesus to Delphi, and called locally his ' baker- worn an/ was 
 really a woman (his queen perhaps) in the attitude of child- 
 birth, which might easily be mistaken for one kneading dough, 
 or even so miscalled in jest. It should be noted that his 
 queen's girdles and trinkets are mentioned along with it 7 . 
 
 1 Homer, Apoll. Del. 116 ft., and the original it is impossible to judge 
 other citations in an article on this how far the reproduction is accurate ; 
 group by Marx, AM x. 177 f. It was but I see no trace of an aegis, and if 
 the position of the image of Eileithyia the ' lance ' were not so clear this 
 in Tegea (Paus. viii. 48. 5), which no figure would be better taken as a mid- 
 male eye might see (ii. 35. 11). wife or an attendant. The figure on 
 
 2 AM x. pi. vi. the right may then be Hecate or 
 
 3 Mon. dell' Inst. i. 44 ; AM x. 187. Eileithyia with a torch. 
 
 4 Cesnola, Collection of Cypr. Ant., 7 Herod, i. 51 ywaucbs etdwXov \p6- 
 i. pi. 66. ffeov rpiirrfxy, rb AeA0o2 TTJS &pTOK(>irov 
 
 5 Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. v. 83, pi. xiv. TTJS Kpolffov eiK6va \tyov<ri elvai. Trpbs 
 
 6 Schone 149, who refers it to the 5 ical rrjs ewvrov ywaucbs ra airb TTJJ 
 child Dionysus. I differ entirely from Sdprjs dv^d-qice 6 Kpoaros /cat ras fwvas. 
 him ; the scene as sketcht has every Compare the dedication in Plataea, 
 appearance of a transcript from real 'Hw6xa rb ty' airrijs, AJA vii. 406 74 . 
 life. In the sketch, the kneeling figure It is fair to add that Plutarch says this 
 appears to be naked from the waist baker had saved Croesus' life, and the 
 down. She is pouring water from a figure was dedicated in gratitude, 
 jug into the basin. Without seeing Pyth. Or. 10. 
 
256 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Other reliefs show different moments. Some from Cyprus 
 have the figure of a woman seated upon a chair, and holding 
 a swathed infant. There is fruit in one hand, and beside her 
 a child stands, also holding a fruit 1 . In a relief from Sigeum, 
 the enthroned figure seems to represent Eileithyia or some 
 suitable divinity : to her approach three women bearing infants 
 upon their arms, and a fourth with a dish or casket 2 . One 
 4 harpist ' relief may belong to this place. Apollo, holding 
 lyre and bowl, stands beside Artemis (who pours a libation), 
 Leto and a female figure who is inscribed KovpoTp6<f>o<> holding 
 a torch ; a male worshipper stands near, holding up one hand 3 . 
 An archaic Italian relief in terra-cotta, where Aphrodite holds 
 Eros on her arm, is too vague to interpret 4 . 
 
 An attempt has been made to show that the mysterious 
 relief of the Acropolis, where Athena is seen leaning upon a 
 spear in an attitude of grief, and contemplating a square pillar 
 with ( nothing upon it, is really a dedication to her as Nursing 
 Mother 5 . A vase is cited which shows a similar scheme, but 
 a child's figure is upon the pillar, and the pillar bears a dedi- 
 catory inscription 6 . The child's figure on the relief is assumed 
 to have been painted. If this be correct (and it is most 
 ingenious), the relief will be an example of 'divine precedent'; 
 for Athena is supposed to be contemplating the infant Erich- 
 thonius. To the same occasion M. Lechat assigns a relief of 
 the fourth century, where a babe lies on the ground between 
 Demeter and the Maid 7 ; one which shows a man and a small 
 child before Athena 8 ; and one where are a man and wife, with 
 
 1 Cat. Cypr. Mus. (Idalion) 6311, birth, this is evidence that the harp 
 6313. has no special meaning in these re- 
 
 2 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 789 : there liefs. 
 
 taken to be the base of a statue. 4 Farnell, Cults, ii. 697, pi. xlviii. 
 
 Similar Roman reliefs show the mother 5 H. Lechat, Mon. et M6m. iii. 21, 
 
 with a child in her arms, or the child pi. i. 
 
 being given to her, with other figures : 6 Benndorf, Gr. und Sic. Vasenb. 
 
 Arch.-Epigr. Mitth. xix. 1 ff. Pettau, xxxi. 1. 
 
 18 Italy. 7 AZ xxv. 94* &V^KI\V (sic) ; cp. 
 
 3 AA ix. 26 : 5th cent., oldest of Benndorf 57. 
 the Harpist class, and the only one 8 Schone 87. 
 with dedicator. If it really belongs to 
 
DOMESTIC LIFE. 257 
 
 a child in a tub or basket on the ground 1 . These he interprets 
 to represent the ceremony of the father's acknowledgment. 
 
 The act or process is also represented by small figures of 
 nursing mothers, which cannot be meant for the deity 2 . Many 
 have been found in Sicily and Paestum, and although the place 
 of their finding is not conclusive, they were probably a votive 
 type 3 . One of them appears to represent a woman in child- 
 bed 4 . We know that the Sicilians used to pray to the Mothers 
 and make them rich offerings 6 . In Cyprus, a great many have 
 been found within temple precincts. In one case the infant 
 holds up its hand in the familiar attitude of adoration 8 . Some- 
 times a female figure enthroned holds the infant 7 . The figure of a 
 woman erect, holding a child on her arm, was found in an ancient 
 shrine of the healing hero Amynus at Athens 8 . A large archaic 
 group of a woman suckling a child comes from Sparta 9 ; and 
 statuettes with the same subject have been found on the 
 Acropolis of Athens 10 . One mother, in Roman times, dedicates 
 an image of her breast to Aphrodite, a cruder hint of the idea". 
 From the Argive Heraeum comes the unmistakable figure of a 
 pregnant woman 12 , but I know no parallel. 
 
 The modern Greek regularly dedicates her silver babe, in its 
 swaddlings, or even the cradles they lie in, made of the same 
 metal 13 ; and it seems to us natural that the ancients should 
 
 1 Schone 66. 7 a c. Cp. Usenet, Gotternamen, 
 
 2 We have one piece of direct evi- 124 ff.; AJA 1895, 209 ff. 
 
 dence in the late romance of Chaereas 6 Cat. Cypr. Mus. : Idalion 109, nos. 
 
 and Callirrhoe. A mother places her 30959 ; Chytri 149, nos. 521747 ; 
 
 babe in the arms of Aphrodite's statue, Citium 153, no. 5520. 
 
 and the writer says: Kal uxfrOt) 6^afM /cd\- 7 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 5217 ff. 
 
 \iffrov, olov afire ({>ypa<f>os Hypa\j/fv o&re 8 AM xviii. 243. 
 
 Zir\a<rev otirc irotijr^j i<rr6/>ij(re 9 AM ii. 297. No. 1 in Dressel- 
 
 v ouSeJs yap afrruv iiroi^ffev Milchhofer's Catalogue. 
 
 17 'A6i]t>a>> /3/><?0os dv ayKtiXais 10 In the Museum. 
 
 Kofj.lfov<rav (iii. 8). u Sybel 4542 'A<j>po5^T7; iv r6icoi.s. 
 
 3 Kekule, Terracotten von Sic., 8, 19, 12 Excavations of the Am. Sch.: the 
 23 ; Gerhard, Ant. Denkm., 96. 8. Heraion, i., pi. viii. 19. 
 
 4 Kekul6, Terracotten, fig. 38. ls So in India : North Ind. Notes and 
 
 5 Diod. iv. 79 rCiv tiartpwv . . . dvaOj- Queries, 1893, 198 Saharanpur: "Close 
 ficLffi TroXXots KOfffjiovvTes rb lepbv atiTuiv. to the temple of the Deib, under a tree, 
 Cp. GIG 5570 b, 5748 /; IGS 2407. on a raised platform, I found the broken 
 
 K. 17 
 
258 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 have done the same for the child granted like Samuel in answer 
 to prayer 1 . Yet I can find no evidence for this, even at the 
 time when models of limbs were so common. The marble 
 figures of little children found beside the Ilissus, hard by a 
 dedication to Eileithyia, are not infants ; and their interpretation 
 remains doubtful 2 . Equally doubtful are the figures of young 
 children found in the Cabirium, which are most likely toys*. 
 
 head of an image of Debi surrounded touched by the hand of the children." 
 
 by wooden statuettes representing chil- 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 357 t fvxf)t 
 
 dren. Women who pray for birth or 2 AM ii. 197. 
 
 longevity of children visit this place, * AM xv. 363. 
 and offer these wooden statuettes 
 
VII. 
 
 MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 
 
 H Ae MiKpO(}>iAoTiM(A AoSeieN AN eTNAi 6pe5ic 
 TIMHC ANeAeyeepoc. 
 
 THEOPHRASTDS. 
 
 oyY AN erto Zep((J>ioc CON epeNOMHN eNAoJEoc, oyre cy 'AGHNAfoc. 
 
 THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 IT does not appear that in early times an official dedicated a 
 thank-offering for his office as a matter of course. Only a few in- 
 stances are found, and we should regard these as due to the same 
 feeling of gratitude which prompts freewill offerings in other 
 cases. In the sixth century we find two altars which may be 
 referred to such an occasion. At Athens the Peisistratids, we 
 are told, kept up the old forms of government, but took care 
 that one of themselves should be archon; and Peisistratus, son of 
 Hippias, who held this office under his father, set up an altar in 
 the market-place to the Twelve Gods, and one to Apollo in the 
 Pythium 1 , the inscription of which still remains 2 . Another altar 
 from Amorgos bears an inscription of the same date, recording that 
 it was the offering of two archons 3 . An archon of Ceos makes a 
 thank-offering to Aphrodite*. In the year 408/7 the Athenian 
 prytanes of the Erechtheid tribe made a joint dedication to the 
 
 1 Thuc. vi. 54. 6 UeurlffTpa. 6 2 CIA iv. Suppl. 1. 373 e, p. 41 : 
 
 'Iirirlov TOV Tvpavvfv<ravTOS vios...os r&v fj.vr)/jia, r6d' i$s dpx 7 ? 5 TleiaiffTpar 
 
 5w5e/cct tie&v fiufiibv rbv ev T-Q dyopq. vif>s OiJKev 'Air^XAwfoj Hu6iov ev Te 
 apxuv dv6r)Ke /cat rbv TOV 'Air6\\uvos tv 3 BCH vi. 189 apxovres. 
 
 Ilv6iov. 4 IGA 397 apas. 
 
 172 
 
260 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 goddess 1 . It is stated that the Athenian college of archons used 
 to dedicate an inscribed herm in the Street of Herms if they 
 had reason to be proud of themselves'; and when the Long 
 Walls were begun, they did erect a statue of Hermes 8 . A 
 state herald dedicates a statue of Hermes for a memorial*. 
 There is a pillar dedicated on the Acropolis before 480 by an 
 overseer of moneys 5 . Herodotus saw a tripod at Thebes, 
 reputed to have been dedicated by Laodamas to Apollo during 
 his rule*. Pausanias also dedicated at Byzantium a bronze 
 bowl as a memorial of his rule 7 . There is even apparently one 
 of that class of offerings which indicates the human activity or 
 process blest by the god : the figure of a man seated, and appa- 
 rently writing upon tablets, which may be that of a recorder or 
 temple steward, found upon the Athenian citadel 8 . Probably 
 we should also add the ancient statue of Chares, potentate of 
 Teichiusa, which he set up at Branchidae to the glory of Apollo 9 ; 
 whether this be regarded as another instance of the plastic 
 representation of human activity, or (in view of the eastern 
 character) as mere self-glorification. 
 
 Later, the number of these dedications increases so enor- 
 mously, that it appears to become the regular thing that an 
 official should make an offering on taking or leaving office 10 . It 
 is in the fourth century that this change begins, and it coin- 
 cides with other changes in the old simple ways, which rob the 
 
 1 Kar. 99 ; CIA 338. /ww' operas avt6i)Kt, Hofftidduvi S.VOLKTI. 
 
 2 Harpocr. s.t'.'Ep/u; cp. Dem.Lept. Ilowraiuas, apx^" 'EXXdSos evpvx&pov, 
 491. irbvrov tir' Ev^fivov, \a.Kf$aifj.6vios yivos, 
 
 3 Wachsmuth, Die Stadt Athen, i. vtos KXeivx/3p6roi;, apx a '<" 'H/xucX^oj 
 208. yfveas. 
 
 4 CIA iv. 1. 482, fj.vqp.oa'uv^ fr/exa. 8 AM v. 174, pi. vi. (so Furtwangler). 
 For Hermes as the herald's patron see Perhaps the recorder of the old Acro- 
 Aesch. Suppl. 895. polls inscriptions is a case in point : 
 
 6 CIA iv. 1. 373 23 ?, p. 199: bvi^Kev above, note 5. 
 
 'M-nvala. Xaipiuv ra.fju.evuv. So ii. 1209 9 IGA 488 Xd/j?;* et/J.1 6 KXe/crtos 
 
 rauias. Tdxiovtrijt apxfo' aya\fj.a TOV 'Air6XXw- 
 
 6 Anth. Pal. vi. 8. Herod, v. 61 vos. 
 
 Aao5d/taj rplirod' avrbv fiiffK6ir< i > 'A.ir6\- I0 This appears from the aorist tense 
 
 \wvi fiowapxtuv oW077/te rttv vfpiKaXXts generally used. The present implies 
 
 aya\na. that the dedication is made during 
 
 7 Herod, iv. 81 ; inscribed accord- office, and its cause can only be in- 
 ing to Nymphis (Athen. xii. 536 6) ferred. 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 261 
 
 votive offering of its grace and moral worth, and turn it into a 
 formality. There are indications that these offerings, with 
 those for victory in the games, were even made compulsory by 
 law. A decree of an Attic deme exists which is not likely to 
 be unique in Attica. It appears that the deme, whether by 
 battle, earthquake, or other cause, had fallen on evil days, so 
 that money was scarce for religious purposes ; and it was con- 
 sequently decided that every person elected to an office should 
 pay a contribution. The decree proposes a vote of thanks to a 
 man who had undertaken to help in rebuilding the shrines and 
 in placing offerings in them 1 . A similar record comes from 
 Caria 2 . Here the dedication has become a duty, like the litur- 
 gies ; and that it was also regarded as a personal honour is clear 
 from inscriptions which expressly give leave to dedicate 3 . Thus 
 the freewill gratitude of earlier days has given place to a feeling 
 which is partly public spirit and partly pride. We are not 
 surprised, therefore, to find dedications made not only to the 
 gods, but to the people. 
 
 At Athens, the Senate appears to have made a yearly dedi- 
 cation to Athena at Athens 4 , and perhaps to the goddesses at 
 Eleusis 5 . One altar exists dedicated by them to Aphrodite 
 Guide of the People and to the Graces 6 . We now find these 
 dedications made by the Archon 7 , the Basileus 8 , the Polemarch 9 , 
 
 1 CIA ii. 588 (late 4th cent.): KOI avrwi xpt> vul norr/pia rpia rj 0iAas (sic) 
 dva&ri/j.ara dvaBr/ffeiv fv ro?s iepo?j trpoff- rpets. 
 
 a.va\i<TKwv TOW 5rj/j.6rais trap 1 eavrov tirl 3 IGI iii. 170 (Astypalaea) : to an 
 
 TTji lirapxyi r}v ttrdpxovrai oi 5ijn6rat dyopav6fio$ : Qiffrw 5 avr&i KO.I dvd6i)fj.a 
 
 dirb TTJS dpxw ffooroj 175 av Xdx 7 ?', et's dvaffffifi' oirai /ce XP 1 ? 1 ? 7 ? 1 r * s dyopas. 
 
 rrjv oiKodopiav rwv lepCov Kai TWC dvaOij- Not in a temple now, observe. 
 /j.dT<i}v...VTrp vyitias ai)rwv Kal TTJS TOV 4 CIA ii. 652 46 ^d.-)(aipa....ra.'jTriv ij 
 
 Si]|j.ov o-wTTjpfcxs- Compare 741 e dedi- f)ov\r) dv^driKev r^ M... ; or crowns (list 
 
 cations Kara rbv vbp.ov. in 698, restored from others). 741 e 
 
 2 A J/ xv. 261 OTTWS /j.7)6v r&v ffvfi- adds Kara rbv v&nov. 
 <j>ep6vr<i> irapoXeiTTTyrot, 8&ox6ai ocroi av 5 CIA iv. 2. 767 b ** <pia\t). 
 
 r(av <pv\eru>v rinyBuviv inrb rrjs 0u\ijj 6 CIA iv. 1161 b T]ye/J.6vei rov Sijfj.ov. 
 
 ...dvariOfrai %Ka.trrov rui Aii TM 'Tap- 7 CIA ii. 1325, 1348, iii. 88, 97; 
 
 fieavr&v irorripiov dpyvpovv r\ <pi<L\ijv dirb apparently golden crowns in ii. 698 
 
 Spaxpuv 'A\f$av8peiuv eKarbv, inscribed (371 B.C.). So down to Augustus iii. 
 
 with the occasion, and weight, within 1. 88. 
 
 six months ; tav 8t d(j> er^pas <f>v\rjs 8 CIA iii. 95 (Trajan). 
 
 nt rini}0TJi avartd^ria iv TWI 9 CIA iii. 91 (Trajan). 
 
262 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the strategus 1 , the archon of a clan 2 , by thesmothets 8 , curators 4 , 
 secretaries 8 , inspectors of markets 6 ; dejnarch 7 , gymnasiarch 8 , 
 lampadarch ; so the priest 10 or sacrificer 11 , the leader of a pilgrim- 
 age or religious procession 12 , the Trvpo<j>6po<; ia , Superintendent 
 of the Mysteries 14 , or of any public place 15 , by a board chosen to 
 make a statue of Aphrodite 18 or Dionysus 17 . Demetrius of Pha- 
 lerum, on being chosen Epistates, makes his offering with the 
 rest 18 . The gymnasiarch at the Dionysia appears once at least 
 to have dedicated tripods 19 . Officials of a guild dedicate a great 
 silver goblet 20 , with many fine offerings 21 . The ephebes by custom 
 offered a silver bowl at the Eleusinian Mysteries 22 , to the Mother 
 of the gods 28 , to Dionysus 24 , as it would appear in short at all 
 the great public feasts they were concerned in ; the cosmete 
 would join in the offering 25 , and the gymnasiarch dedicate arms 28 . 
 The ephebes make a dedication to Hermes when their training 
 is over 27 . 
 
 In other parts of the Greek world we find the same practice 
 observed within the same limits of time ; for earlier days there 
 is no evidence. The earliest official dedication of a prytany 
 outside Attica comes from Corcyra in the fourth or third century 
 
 \fipoTovi)6eis, CIA iv. 2. pluv yfi>6/j.tvos. 
 
 1206 b ; ii. 1195, about 200 ; 12067, 18 CIA iii. 89. 
 
 in the year 97/6, to Aphrodite Euploia. 16 CIA ii. 1208, dedicated to Aphro- 
 
 2 CIA ii. 1359. dite. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1187. 17 CIA iv. 2. 1211 b. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1209 tiri(jie\i)Ta.l Kal rafjdai. 18 CIA ii. 584, if correctly restored. 
 8 CIA iii. 87. 19 CIA iv. 2. 373 g. 
 
 6 CIA iii. 98 dyopavdfjio*- '* CI ^ iv - 2 - 615 b 'for^piov. 
 
 7 CIA ii. 1211. 21 CIA iv. 2. 673 d. 
 
 8 CIA ii. 1227; of a tribe at the ^ CIA ii. 467 <f>ta\r]v AfarjTpi K al 
 Panathenaea 1181 ; iv. 2. 1233 6 Kop-qi xapiffrfyiov. 
 
 Bhamnus. 23 CIA ii. 467, 468 etc. 
 
 9 CIA ii. 1228 to the Muses. M CIA ii. 470. 
 
 10 CIA ii. 1205. CIA ii. 471 79 . 
 
 11 CIA ii. 1329 ifpoiroifcavTes, iii. 94 " 6 CIA ii. 594 dvtOijKev Si Kal oTrXa 
 lcpa.Tf6o-a.ffa. <5KTi6 (shields). 
 
 18 CIA ii. 1325 iro^iroffTo^ffar, base, 27 CIA ii. 1225 ft., iv. 2. 1225 6, d. 
 
 Sybel 4999 (2nd cent.). In the archonship of Heracleides there 
 
 13 To Artemis : Collitz iii. 3333 4. was only a solitary one : 1226 c. 
 
 14 CIA ii. 1148 iirt/ji(\r]T7)s rdv 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 263 
 
 and is inscribed to Artemis 1 ; others more detailed contain 
 the official title 2 . The Damiorgi of Megara 3 , and all the public 
 officials of Acrae 4 and Himera 5 in Sicily, make joint offerings to 
 Aphrodite. In Delos the archon was supposed to make a yearly 
 gift to the temple treasury 8 . Dedications are made by the archon 
 in Olbia 7 , by the poliarchs in Thessaly 8 , by the cosmetes in 
 Crete 9 , by the strategus in Olbia 10 and Rhodes", by the hiero- 
 mnamons in Epidaurus 12 and the mnamons in Acrae 13 , by the 
 agoranomus in Opus 14 , Amorgos ls , Olbia 16 , Sicinos", and many 
 places 18 , by gymnasiarchs in Delos 19 , Lesbos 20 , Melos 21 , Tegea 22 , 
 lulis 23 , by the agonothet in Branchidae 24 and other parts of Asia 25 , 
 Boeotia 26 , Opus 27 , Selymbria 28 , by the recorder at Cnidus 29 , by 
 the harbour-master at Thespiae 30 , by a senator in Sparta 31 . 
 
 The largest number of such dedications are connected with 
 the priesthood or temple service. Oldest I should also have 
 said, were it certain that priests dedicated their own statues, 
 or that the state did this for them ; but although statues of 
 these officials existed, there is no information as to who 
 dedicated them, and on what occasion. Most of this class are 
 
 1 IGS iii. 1. 706 <t>i\ofej/oy A^X^'OH/OS IGI ii. 134. 
 Kal ffvvdpxoi 'Aprd/juri. 21 GIG 2430 
 
 2 IGS iii. 1. 706 10 irpvraveijffas. Hermes and Heracles. 
 
 3 Collitz iii. 3030. M CIG 1517. 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 3240 ff. ; IGSI 209 ff. ^ CIG 2367 c, d "Eprfi. 
 
 6 IGSI 313. 24 The five agonothets offer each a 
 
 6 BCH vi. <j>ia\T) : unpublisht (kindly communi- 
 
 7 CIG 2076, Achilles Pontarches. cated by M. Haussoullier). 
 
 8 Collitz i. 1330 'ABdva Ho\ia5i oi ^ AM xix. 37 Magnesia; Newton, 
 TToXtdpxoi. Halic. 802 103 Bargylia. 
 
 9 BCH xiii. 69 'E/ycai bpofdui. 26 IGS i. 3091, 1830 ri>v tpuTa Kal ra 
 
 10 CIG 2067 ff., Apollo Prostates. iv TWI irpovaiui dvp^nara, K ruv Idiuv 
 
 11 IGI iii. 1077. iireaKttaaev. 
 
 12 Collitz iii. 3328. IPI i. 978 ff. IGS iii. 1. 282. 
 
 13 IGSI 204: ayvais Beats nvafievefoau. * Collitz iii. 3071. 
 
 14 IGS iii. 1. 282. ^ Collitz iii. 3511 ypa/j.fj,a.Tevwi> pov\ai 
 
 15 AM xxi. 199. 'Adavat Nt/cij^opwi Kal "Evriat BouXa/oi 
 
 16 CIG 2078 /. (3rd cent.). 
 
 " CIG 2447 d 'Epw. 30 IGS i. 1826 \ifjxvapx-/i<ras Sis AHXT- 
 
 18 Hirschfeld, Zeitschr. f. ost. Gymn. Kotpois xal rrji iro\ei. 
 
 1882, p. 502 3, quotes fourteen ex- 31 Collitz iii. 4465 ytpovreijuv, rut 
 amples. 
 
 19 BCH xv. 251, Apollo and Hermes. 
 
264 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 honorific and of late date 1 . This is however the proper place 
 to mention that the statues of the priestesses of Hera at 
 Argos, but of what period is not plain, were seen before her 
 temple*. The same is related of the temple of Demeter at 
 Hermion 8 , and the shrine of the Eumenides at Cerynea in 
 Achaia 4 . There is some evidence for priestly statues at Athens 
 (and the figure of Lysimache has been claimed for one 5 ), but 
 not enough to show custom. The Butaclae, a very ancient 
 Athenian clan descended from the early kings, furnisht the 
 priestesses of Athena Polias and the priests of Erechtheus, who 
 were both worshipt in the Erechtheum. Paintings of the 
 Butadae were on the walls of that temple 8 , and wooden statues 
 of the orator Lycurgu.s and his sons (who belonged to the 
 family) were also there 7 . Habron dedicated their pedigree on 
 his election to the priesthood, and no doubt all the statues had 
 reference to this right. A priest's statue stood in the temple 
 of Artemis at Cnidus 8 . If this really was an early custom, the 
 statues were doubtless properly characterised, and will have 
 represented the priest's function in plastic form. Mere portraits 
 they could not have been. 
 
 In later times priestly dedications are very common. 
 Hierarchs 8 , priests 10 , overseers of sacrifice 11 , and their staff" 
 occur amongst these, but the usual designation is vague 13 . The 
 
 1 Thus a priestess characterised, for life. Epidaurus : IPI i. 995 ff . 
 holding a patera, is dedicated by her " dpx<-fpo()vTa.s IGS i. 788, Sa/iioi/pyi)- 
 son in Bhamnus : CIA iv. 1380 b. <ras 704, 705, iepapxfaas Thebes IGS 
 
 2 Pans. ii. 17. 3. The canephorus i. 2480, (jriffTdrai Delos BCH ix. 155. 
 cited here by Frazer was a tithe; see " iepoirotoi IGS i. 705 Lindos, IGS 
 above, p. 79. i. 653 Ithaca (archaic), CIA ii. 1333 
 
 3 Paus. ii. 35. 8. Attica, Delos (yearly) BCH ix. 155. 
 
 4 Paus. vii. 25. 7. lif ieparefoaffa Athens CIA Hi. 94, 
 8 Frazer on Paus. ii. 346, quoting Halicarnassus CIG 2661 b, lepTjrftffai 
 
 CIA ii. 13778, 1386, 1392 b, all late Boeotia IGS i. 3097, cp. 3215, 3219, 
 
 and of no account for our argument. Delos BCH xii. 250, Corcyra IGS iii. 1. 
 
 8 Paus. i. 26. 5. 712, Bhodes IGI i. 31, 62, 825, 832, etc. 
 
 7 Pint. X. Orat. 39. (regular), <?iriXaxu> itperij 833 ; lapa- 
 
 8 Collitz iii. 3502. reiWa Boeotia IGS i. 3216 ; iepoevrj- 
 
 9 BCH xix. 375. <ras Rhodes IGI i. 836 ; iapireiuv Cyrene 
 
 10 Cyprus: Collitz i. 1. Liudos: IGI Collitz iii. 4841 ff.; ia/>ireiVcu>Te 4649 
 i. 788. Bhamnus: Sybel 6221. Athens: (Messenia); two women Oe 
 
 CIA iv. 2. 1205 b, on becoming priestess Aetolia IGS iii. 1. 421. 
 
MEMORIALS OB' HONOUR AND OFFICE. 265 
 
 inferior temple officials, such as ^dicopos 1 , Trvp<f)6po<; z , <TT<j)avr)- 
 </>o/909 3 , v8po<j>opo<;*, 7rpo<?;T?7<? 5 , are not wanting, nor the band- 
 master himself 6 and the sacred crier 7 . A whole group often act 
 together; as in the dedication to Zeus Soter and Aphrodite, 
 apparently made after some games 8 , or in the sacrificial body 
 mentioned above 9 , or these and the mystae in Samothrace 10 . 
 
 The priest of Apollo at Thebes often, if not regularly, used 
 to dedicate a tripod 11 . The sacrificial staff at Cos appears to 
 have made periodic dedications". A woman who carried the jar 
 of water in the rites at Branchidae, dedicated a vessel of some 
 sort in memory of the occasion 13 . 
 
 The occasion of these offerings cannot be distinctly made 
 out: it cannot be stated, that is, how far they were thank- 
 offerings for election to the office, and how far due to special 
 occasions. The formula now and then seems to indicate that 
 the election itself is the reason 14 ; and a similar idea perhaps 
 suggested Peisistratus' altar 15 . But such phrases as 'thank- 
 offering' tell us nothing 16 , while those which were made in 
 obedience to a dream" do not belong to this place at all. It is 
 fair to assume that where the aorist participle is used, the 
 offering has a direct reference to the office 1 *; the present parti- 
 ciple implies only that the dedicator was in office at the time. 
 It is possible that where the present participle is used, all, as 
 certainly some, were paid for out of the temple funds and that 
 
 1 CIA iii. 102 ; Asclep. and Hyg. inr6fj.vT\\i.a. dvcOTjKC. 
 
 2 Argolis: GIG 1178 iepei>s irvptpopos. 14 iepei)s yevofj-evos Sybel 6221 ; fd/copos 
 IPI i. 1050 ff. yevtfj.evot 6222. So IGI iii. 117 (Lesbos) 
 
 3 CIG 2713 ffT<pai>i)<t>opi2v. iepa.T(v<ras x a P LffT 'hp'- ov > BCH xviii. 290 
 
 4 CIG 2886 vdpo<j>opov<ra. (Rhodes) ^irtoraTei/o-as x a P lffT1 1P lot 'i * 
 
 5 Rhodes : IGI i. 833. Hermes Propylaeus ; IGI ii. 112 K a<r- 
 
 6 fjio\Trapxriffa.s, Amorgos, BCH xv. raOeis fiiro raj /JoXXaj evxapiffrripiov ; 
 597. 117 tepOTet/crais x a P tffl "nP lov (Lesbos) ; 
 
 7 iepoKi)pv, Amorgos, BCH xiv. 596. BCH xviii. 290 eTao-rarei/cras xapiff- 
 
 8 Epirus : CIG 1798 pdvTis, avXijTas, r-fipiov (Rhodes). 
 
 Kapv%, ei/>6s, oivoxfa. 1S fivijfM dpxrjs, above, p. 260. 
 
 9 Note 12 , p. 264. is IGI i. 31. 
 
 10 CIG 2157 lepoiroiol Kal /ttforat ev<re- 17 CIG 1176 6 lepoQavTW KO.T' ovap. 
 Pels; cp. 2160. is But one inscr. has fipfas, birtp -rijs 
 
 11 Paus. ix. 10. 4. 0vyarp6s, and etd(ievo<i( Cyprus): BCH 
 
 12 Collitz iii. 37089. xix. 340. 
 
 13 CIG 2855 dvytiov 6 i>dpo(popri<raffa. 
 
266 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the dedicator was acting officially for the hierarchy 1 . These 
 refer perhaps to buildings or repairs, consecrated thus by the 
 officials*. 
 
 A key to the occasion is found in a large class of decrees 
 which record a vote of thanks past to an official after his 
 term, which was usually accompanied by a crown 8 , either of 
 leaves or of gold, according to the importance of the person. 
 The recipient seems to have made a sacrifice of thanksgiving 4 , 
 and he naturally wisht to commemorate the occasion in some 
 way. Megacles of Rhamnus dedicates a statue to Themis on 
 receipt of this honour from his demesmen 5 ; the usual thing 
 was to dedicate the crown at least. The fact is frankly 
 recognised in an inscription which records the gift of a crown 
 to Spartocus and Pairisades, of Bosporus, in 346, who as 
 foreigners might have neglected the wholesome use : they are 
 directed to dedicate their crowns on the Acropolis forthwith 6 . 
 This custom explains the immense number of crowns recorded 
 in the Inventories. One of the Athenian lists, from the latter 
 part of the fourth century, consists wholly of such crowns 
 dedicated by the recipients 7 ; three of the persons mentioned, 
 Nausicles, Neoptolemus, and Charidemus, are stated by Demo- 
 sthenes to have received honorific crowns 8 . Dedications, cer- 
 tainly or probably including the crowns, are made by bodies of 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 4844 e/c ras ruv TW &va.Ti6tva.i row ffre<pdi>ovs iirtypd\f/a.i>Tas' 
 'AiriXXawos iepttav firtdbffios ; ibid. 4845 ZTrdproKos ical naipurdS-ris A(6K<avos iraT- 
 iic rav TU> 'AiriXXwpos irpoffbSuv, both of Ses dvtOeaav rrjt 'AByvaiai ffrt<pa.vtj)6tvTts 
 Koi nun date. viro TOU 5Jj/j.ou TOV 'AOrjva.lwi'. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 4842 lepeiretuv TO.V 7 CIA ii. 741, p. 511 (338 B.C.). 
 Kpdvav tireffKfvafff. s Dem. On the Crown 114, p. 264 ; 
 
 3 For a discussion of the inscrip- cp. Aesch. iii. 46. A Rhodian inscr. 
 tions which are accompanied by a tells of several honorific crowns and 
 crown carved in relief, see AJA vi. fillets, dedicated by the recipient to 
 69 ff. several gods: IGI i. 155 11B df^xe 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 3106 r6v re dvSpLdvra Atoi'&rwi BaKj^wi *cal TUI KOIVUJI (the 
 dvaffrAffas Wvffe vaffi rots Oeois Kal guild), also the odd phrase 155 50 dvt0i)K 
 ISlirvifff rovs TroXe/ras irdvras. rats Tpieryplffi Kal rCii KOLVWI. The man 
 
 5 CIA iv. 2. 1233 e. So in Lesbos : was periodically to receive a crown 
 IGI ii. 96 dydXfjMTa, t{5paii. bought by a poll-tax, and after his death 
 
 8 CIA iv. 2. 109 b 33 tireidr} Se TOI)J the money was to be used to buy a 
 aretpdvov* dvanOfaai rrji 'Affyvai rfji crown, which was then to be sold, 
 IloXtddi, TOI>$ d0Xodlra$ efr rbv vew the sum being entered in the books, 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 267 
 
 men in common: by "archons and parasiti" at Pallene 1 ; by the 
 senate of Athens in recompense for its services*; by a board of 
 arbitrators which has given satisfaction 3 ; by the prytanes of 
 the tribe which has best approved itself in the tribal competi- 
 tion 4 ; by bodies of thiasotes or orgeons 4 . A decree of Minoa 
 ordains that each year the officials who did sacrifice in the most 
 magnificent way should be crowned 6 . .Here is a man thus 
 honoured by a public vote of the senate, the soldiers, and the 
 deme 7 ; there is a general so honoured 8 , or the trainer of a band 
 of youths 9 , or a guild official 10 . Bare justice and upright dealing 
 is cause sufficient 11 , or even public spirit 12 . Several crowns 
 conferred by the Athenians upon distinguisht men are found 
 amongst those dedicated on the Acropolis ; amongst others, one 
 of Alexander the Great, and one of the Paeonian Tisamenes 13 . 
 Lysander after the defeat of the Athenians received crowns 
 from many cities 14 ; and crowns are known to have been dedi- 
 cated by him both at Delos 15 , and, by a refinement of insult, at 
 Athens also 16 . Conon after his victory over the Lacedaemonians, 
 and Chabrias after the sea-fight off Naxos, dedicated crowns on 
 
 evepy^Ta ffTe<f>a.v(iidtvTos 8 CIA ii. 1194 ffTpar-qybs tirl TT)I> 
 
 ffTe(f>dvbji es TOV del \pbvov, TrapaXtav. 
 
 ffT(f>dvov TOV 7r/>a0eVTOs 155 65 . 9 CIA iv. 2. 1571 b. 
 
 1 Ath. vi. 234 F iv 51 Ua\\i]viSt rois 10 CIA ii. 987, etc. One of these 
 ava.d-qna.Giv fTriytypa.TTTai.Ta.5e' apxovTts dedicates a firstfruit : CIA ii. 9 airap- 
 Kal Tra.pa.ffi.TOi dv^dfffav oi firi HvBoSupov x*l v ffTetpavuQeis vrrb r(av erracrtwrcoi'. 
 (LpxovTos ffTe<pa.vw6tvTS xP vff V ffTe<t>dvi$ u BCH xviii. 505 Imbros : ffT<f>avo}- 
 eVi AK^/XTJS lepelas. fleVrej StKaioffvv-rjs frtKa. 
 
 2 Probably : CIA ii. 1157 (a statue), 12 IGS i. 1863 Thespiae : apiffTa. TTO\I- 
 cp. 1174. Tevaa.fj.fvov. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 942, 943 (B.C. 325/4), 1182. w CIA ii. 741 / 4 ffrefdvw Svow, ok 
 Arbitrators themselves offer a silver 6 Sr}/ios IffTecpdvuve 'A\t%a.v5pov, etc. 
 bowl : ii. 733 with 735. 14 Xen. Hell. ii. 3 <rTe<pdvovs of)j irapa, 
 
 4 For the competition, see CIA i. TWV 7r6\ewi> ^Xa/3e. 
 
 338 (408/7); BCH xiii. 346 (360/50), i BCH vi. 153, xiv. 407: crr^aiw 
 
 v. 362 (340) ; for the crowns CIA ii. nvpplv^ x/wo-oDs, Avffdvdpov Aa/ce5at/xo- 
 
 864 viKriffavTfS, 56av rwt STJ/JLUI, with vlov avdd^^a, O\KT^V dpaxfJ-a.1 P P h h H 
 
 the following inscrr. ff vv rut poSut. He also offers a crown 
 
 5 CIA ii. 988, 990 (statue to Ascle- of vine and a third of laurel, 410. 
 plus). is QIA jj ego I5 <rT<?0avoj xpwrovs 8v 
 
 6 Rev. Arch. xxix. 79. AvffdvSpos A-aKedai^oviov drf0T)Kfi>, ffra.6- 
 
 7 CIA ii. 1191. tf> v roinov P P|-|-|-. 
 
268 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the Acropolis, which may be assigned to a similar occasion 1 . 
 Amongst the donors in the Delian treasure lists is Pharax, 
 doubtless the Spartan admiral who aided Dercyllidas in the 
 invasion of Caria (397): he offers a gold crown to Apollo 
 Pythian 8 . Another crown is set down to Ameinondas, perhaps 
 a mistake for Epameinondas, who occurs in a different list, if 
 we may suppose the inscription to have been damaged 3 . Other 
 dedications at Delos are Callicrates, King Demetrius, Antipater, 
 Philocles King of Sidon, and Polycleitus admiral of Ptolemy*. 
 A golden circlet, offered by Datis at Delos, may be mentioned 
 here ; although whether Datis were the Persian leader, or what 
 the occasion of the offering, does not appear 6 . Flamiuinus, 
 after his victories in Greece, sent a gold crown to Delphi 8 ; and 
 L. Cornelius Scipio one to Delos 7 . Four crowns were dedicated 
 by Nero in Olympia, but these were probably his prizes 8 . 
 
 Golden crowns were commonly presented to the Athenian 
 people by states which had cause to be grateful to them, and 
 these also were dedicated on the Acropolis. What pride the 
 Athenians took in these memorials is told us by Demosthenes 9 . 
 "I think all of you," he says, "have seen the red letters inscribed 
 under these crowns, setting forth how The Allies crowned the 
 Athenian people for its courage and uprightness, or The 
 Euboeans saved and set free crowned the people." In the 
 fourth century we find these crowns of honour presented to the 
 people by Andros, Arethusa, Carthage, Elaeus, Erythrae, 
 
 1 Demosth. Timocr. 756 ewfytypatrrb 6 Plut. Flam. 12. 
 
 TTOV trd\iv' K.6vuv dirb rrjs vavfj-axtas TTJS 7 BCH vi. 39 90 ffrparrjybs 'Pti>fj.aiuv. 
 
 irpbs Acucedaifioviovs, Xa/3/n'as dirb rTjs v 8 Paus. v. 12. 8. 
 
 Ndy vavfiaxias. So again in Androt. 9 Demosth. Timocr. 756 ofyu yap 
 
 616. vfj,as diravras opdv virb TUV <rre<t>dv<ijv 
 
 2 BCH xiv. 409. Tails x MVlK ^ <ft ndrufffv yeypafufj^va' ol 
 
 3 BCH XV. 134. The crown was ffvfj.fj.axoi rbv drjuov rov ' Adrjvai'^v dvdpa- 
 older than 364; the entry alluded to yaBias ?' foTf<pdvuffav >rcu SiKaioffvvV 
 belongs to 279. ^f, ol ffvfj.fj.axoi dpiffre'iov ry 'A0i)v$ dvt- 
 
 4 BCH xiv. 407, 409. Bfffav rf Kara 7r6XetJ, ol delves rbv Sfjfiov 
 8 BCH vi. 152, xiv. 410 ffrpeirrbv earf<t>dvu><rav, ffw&4i>Tes iiirb rov drjfwv, 
 
 Xpvffovv AdrtSos dvddijfua. A similar olov Ei//3oe?j audevres Kal IXevOepwOevTes 
 
 circlet was the customary offering of tartyavwaav rbv orifj-ov. He calls them 
 
 the five generals at Olbia " for the *aX4 *al fi/Xwri fwiypdfj.fj.ara. Cp. the 
 
 prosperity of the city, and for their Androtion, 616. 
 own safety and courage," CIG 2067 ff. 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 269 
 
 Mytilene, Samos, perhaps Thasos and Naxos 1 , by Boeotia 2 , 
 Alopeconnese, Chersonese, and Samothrace, and by the soldiers 
 in Sciathus. Methymna sends a flute-case 3 . Paros sends a 
 crown to the Boule 4 . Others come from Myrrhina, Tenedos, 
 Pontus 8 . Similarly, a golden crown given by Athens to the 
 sanctuary at Oropus was dedicated there 6 . 
 
 It is but a short step from these to the honorific statues, 
 which in the later ages and especially under the Roman rule 
 meet us in swarms 7 . The dedication of these is a departure 
 from the simple thanksgiving of the older worshippers, which 
 recognised only the divine help, to a feeling which soon 
 degenerates into flattery or self-glorification. It was in fact an 
 honour pure and simple, so that decrees are past giving the right 
 to dedicate 8 . We see the beginning of the practice in the 
 dedication of the statues of victorious athletes, and in those of 
 groups containing victorious generals and deliverers ; and by 
 their side we may place a few others which are not undeserved. 
 The difference is, that they commemorate rather a general 
 respect and feeling that honour is due, than a special de- 
 liverance where the man may be looked on as the instrument 
 of God. This seems to be the origin of the statues of Epami- 
 nondas, several of which are mentioned. One the Thebans 
 dedicated in Thebes, with an inscription which sums up his 
 achievements 9 ; there was another in the sanctuary at Epi- 
 daurus 10 , and a third in Messene 11 . Several statues or reliefs 
 were erected to Polybius, for his services done to Greece 
 after the conquest; at Mantinea 1 ' 2 , Megalopolis 13 , Acacesium 14 , 
 
 1 CIA ii. 699 701 ; called crrtyavoi TTJS TroXews Tj/JuSv TOTTW. Many other 
 ^Tr^reiot in 701 18 . examples. 
 
 2 CIA ii. 736. Paus. ix. 12. 6, 15. 6. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 660 ffvp-fivr). 1 Paus. iv. 31. 10. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 700. 11 Paus. iv. 32. 1. 
 
 8 CIA ii. 733. 12 Paus. viii. 9. 2 TOVTO KvKbpra. iraidl 
 
 6 IGS i. 7r6Xis 7re/XKaXXs aya\fj.a avrl KO.\UIV 
 
 7 Details are given in many inscrr., Zpyuv 'iaaro HovXvftty. The stele, with 
 e.g. one from Bithynia, where a man portrait relief, and part of the inscr., 
 is rewarded fLabvi ypawry 4v6ir\if KO.I has been found : BCH xx. 145. Inxchr. 
 AXXfl fii<6vt Ka.i djaX/jLari fj.apfj.aplv(f>, and von 01. 449 ivravda dvrjp fireipyaffrat 
 a marble statue for his mother : BCH O-T^XTJ IloXtf/Jios 6 Awc6pra. See also 
 xvi. 320. Polyb. x. 46, xl. 8. 11. 
 
 8 CIG 2152 6 13 ttTvai Se avro'ts dva- " p aus . v iij. 30. 8. 
 deivai Kal a.v5pid.vra.s iv T& firiffr]fj.oTa,Tta 14 Paus. viii. 37. 2. 
 
270 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Pallantium 1 , Tegea*, Olympia", and Cleitor 4 : and certain exiles, 
 who had been befriended by Aratus, did the same for him 6 . 
 Statues of Isocrates were dedicated at Eleusis by a friend 6 , and 
 at Athens by his adopted son 7 . Pupils dedicated the statues 
 of their masters. Thus in Peiraeus, sacred to the Muses, 
 were statues of Artemon, Dionysius, Philetairus 8 ; in Athens, 
 Attains II and Ariarathes V set up a statue of Carneades, 
 who taught them philosophy 9 . A well-known story tells how 
 Pyrrhias went so far as to sacrifice an ox to his benefactor 10 . 
 
 To enumerate the world of honorific statues or pictures 11 
 which are attested by inscriptions would serve no useful pur- 
 pose ; but it may be worth while to give a few examples of 
 their kinds. The ground of the dedication is either some 
 specific act of generosity or service, or even the vaguest good 
 life 12 or good citizenship 13 . The people, or the senate and the 
 people, dedicate statues of officials who have done their duty ; 
 thus Salamis does honour to her general 14 , Athens to her 
 taxiarch 15 , trierarch 16 , or admiral 17 . The members of a deme erect 
 the statue of a gymnasiarch 18 . The troops on service at Phyle 
 and Eleusis dedicate a statue of their captain to Demeter at 
 Eleusis 19 , mentioning on the same slab his victories in the 
 games, as one might now add a man's titles or degrees. The 
 ephebes honour their trainer, and the senate both trainer and 
 
 1 Paus. viii. 44. 5. 10 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 34. 
 
 2 Paus. viii. 48. 8. " E.g. CIA ii. 621 ava.eelva.i 5e avrou 
 
 3 Inschr. von Olympia 449. tiKova tfj. irlvaKi. tv TCJI vaui. So tli<uv 
 
 4 AM vi. 154 ff. with AZ xxxix. ypairrrj frequently. We also find silver 
 153 ff. masks mentioned (Trp6ffuira). The 
 
 5 Plut. Aratus 14: BCH xiii. 193 word aya\/j.a is used of a honorific 
 (Troezen) "Aparov KXtivia "ZtKvuviov 6 statue in Messenia (3rd century or so), 
 SOMOJ cW07?/ce. Collitz iii. 46512, 4660. 
 
 6 Plut. Vit. X. Or. 27 elKwv xoXio}... 12 Collitz iii. 3435,3439 (Anaphe) plov 
 Kal tiriytypaiTTai, ' Ti/i60eo? <j>t\ias re apiffra flHixravTa. 
 
 \dpiv, vve<rii> re irporifjiui' 'Iffoicpdrovs 13 Collitz iii. 4658 a-purra TroXirewnx- 
 
 fku> Tjd' dvter)Ke 0eeuj. fixvov. See also p. 267 12 . 
 
 7 Plut. Vit. X. Or. 41 *v>ds T<?'O\UM- 14 CIA iv. Suppl. 2. 1161. 
 wtfl v , wy M dovos K al trtypafcv ls CIA ii. 1340 (B.C. 346/5). 
 'lowpdrovs 'A^>api>s irarpos flKbva. r^vS 1 18 CIA ii. 1354. 
 
 dvtQriKf Zrjvi, Oeovs re atfiuv Kal yovtuv 17 CIA ii. 1359. 
 
 dp fT fy. u CIA ii. 1340. 
 
 8 BCH vii. 767. 19 CIA ii. 1217. 
 8 A M v. 2846. 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 271 
 
 ephebes 1 ; merchants the captain, who has probably helped to 
 preserve them and their trade 2 ; a school of art their poet 3 ; 
 similar honour is paid to the gymnasiarch 4 or agonothet 6 , to 
 the public physician 6 , the hierophant 7 , the manager of the 
 Mysteries 8 , priest or priestess 9 , leader of a pilgrimage or pro- 
 cession 10 , the canephori 11 or arrhephori 12 , the priestess of a guild 13 . 
 Even the upright judge 14 and the ambassador 18 are not for- 
 gotten; an official is dedicated by his colleagues 16 . There 
 seems to be absolutely no kind of service which might not be 
 recognised in this way. It becomes indeed so commonplace 
 a compliment, that parents dedicate the statues of children", 
 children of parents 18 , and mothers 19 , grandfathers 20 , sisters 21 , 
 brothers 22 , uncles 23 , husbands 24 , wives 25 , even nurses 26 , are found 
 among the dedicators or dedicated. Commonly these statues 
 were erected in sacred precincts ; but when the sacred 
 character of the dedication was obscured, they came to be 
 set up in the gymnasium or the market square or in any place 
 which might be convenient. These statues are seen all over 
 the Greek world ; and in particular, the Roman emperors were 
 put up everywhere with a rivalry of adulation, being coupled 
 with gods, called Hero and Founder, or even themselves divine 27 . 
 It may be worth while to mention one peculiar case, that of 
 Artemidorus of Perga in Pamphylia, who was a prominent 
 
 1 CIA ii. 1350. 17 CIA ii. 1402; a daughter 1383. 
 
 2 CIA ii. 1329, cp. 1206. 18 CIA ii. 1397. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1351. Even the senate 19 CIA ii. 1376 ; IGS iii. 1. 287. 
 does this : IGI iii. 519. 20 CIA ii. 1391 ; IGS i. 3423. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1340. 21 CIA ii. 1392. 
 
 5 CIA iv. Suppl. 2. 14026. 22 CIA ii. 1398. 
 
 6 IGI i. 1032. 23 CIA ii. 1403. 
 
 7 CIA ii. 1345. 2* CIA ii. 1413. 
 
 8 CIA ii. 1346, 1358. 25 CIA ii. 1413. 
 
 9 CIA ii. 1598. BCH xix. 113 ff. Eleusis : rty 
 
 10 CIA ii. 1358. ea.vrrjs r-f}Qtjv, ifp6<f>a.vTiv i/ewre/xw: 'E0. 
 
 11 CIA ii. 1345, 1387, 1388. 'Apx- 1900, 31 'Yylav Zir6j>&; i> eavrijs 
 
 12 CIA ii. 1383, 1385. Bpeirriiv (JLV/IMS x^P'" (relief of woman) 
 
 13 CIA ii. 619 dvaOeivai Se avrrjs dicttva. shows the type used for sepulchral 
 ev rui vaui, etc. tablet. 
 
 14 CIA ii. 1358 SiKatn-Tjv SiKaiotrvvr)! w As in Sparta, Zavl 'EXevOepioi 'A.v- 
 tveKfv. See also p. 267 n . ruvlvoi Swr-^pt, Collitz iii. 4492 ; Lesbos 
 
 15 CIA ii. 1359. IGI iii. 140201. 
 
 16 IGI i. 43. 
 
272 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 citizen of Thera under Ptolemy Euergetes. He seems to have 
 had a mania for building altars. Having served in an expedition 
 against the Troglodytes, he built an altar to Pan of the Safe 
 Journey, which was found in Nubia. In Thera he built altars to 
 Hecate, Priapus, and the Dioscuri ; and cut a number of others 
 out of the native rock, inscribed to 'O/j,6voia, the Samothracian 
 gods, and others, in verses which he doubtless thought elegant, 
 in all which the name of Artemidorus is prominent. The 
 consequence was that the Therans crowned him, and set up a 
 memorial of himself which was to last "as long as the stars 
 shine in the sky, or the solid earth remains 1 ." 
 
 As regards the objects dedicated, there is little to say. I 
 have already mentioned statues, crowns, and altars 2 . Once or 
 twice we find an inspector of markets most appropriately dedi- 
 cating his measures and weights, the measures being cut into a 
 stone table 3 ; and it is clear that the object of the dedication 
 was not thanksgiving or prayer, but simply a record of fair 
 dealing. Priests and temple officials, so far as we can learn, 
 seem to have chosen such things as would be useful in the 
 temple; such as a number of stone tables for playing at 
 draughts 4 , or stone lavers 8 , which have been found at Epidaurus. 
 The same idea may have suggested an omphalos dedicated to 
 Apollo in Rhodes 6 . Now and then the inscription names the 
 gift, as one from Crete names a human statue and a gold 
 crown 7 . 
 
 1 F. Hiller von Gaertringen, 'Apre- appear to have been kept in temples, 
 nidupos, in the local paper Zavroplvri, but not inscribed as sacred. Thus on 
 Aug. 2, 1899. fju>r)(j.6ffvvov Qripg. icai ?ws the Acropolis of Athens we find one 
 TTO\OV dffrp' Imr AXet, 7175 ?5a06s re fdvei, with a dolphin upon it, with the words 
 6vo/J.' ov \tirev 'Aprefu&upov. Again : i)fj.t.crTa.Trjpov, dr)/j.6ffiov ' Adrivaiuv ; also 
 Qrjpatoi &ffTe<t>dv<aaa.v tv ...ffivtouriv f\alas a dfKaffTdr-rjpov (both early). Lolling, 
 tpvecriv 'Apre/jiLdtapov, 8s devdovt nrlffe KardXayoi i. 122, 123 (= museum 
 /3wyaoi)y. numbers 6994, 11457). 
 
 2 Above, pp. 270, 266, 259. * AM xxiii. 1 fif. with figures. These 
 
 3 CIA iii. 98 vyi>i> Kal TO. fjuirpa ; bear merely names, no titles. 
 
 Eph. Nov. 416 Gythium Se/Saorot* Kal 8 AM xxiii. 21 ifpofwdfiovf, p. 22 
 
 rfj ir6\ti Kdpiros dyopai>ofj.&t> dvtQrjKf TO. lapevr^wv. 
 
 fi^rpa, with stone table as described. 6 IGI i. 733. 
 
 A leaden weight found in Euboea, 7 Mus. Ital. iii. 588 Itanos: 'A7r6X- 
 
 near a shrine of Artemis, is inscribed \uvi Ilvrivi loparewas . . .TOV 
 
 'Aprtjudos, 'E#. 'Apx- 1900, 21. It Kcd rbv \pvvtov <rrt<t>a.vov. 
 
 should be noted that standard weights 
 
MEMORIALS OF HONOUR AND OFFICE. 
 
 273 
 
 In later times a large number record buildings put up or 
 repaired or something done for the beautifying of the temple 
 property. It would appear to be one of the prerogatives of 
 office to pay for any necessary repairs, which were regarded as 
 'dedicated' by the official 1 . Thus we find seats 2 or an exe.dra 
 erected 3 , a fountain with images beside it 4 , shrines 5 , porticoes 6 , 
 even a proscenium 7 and pillars 8 . A gymnasiarch of Cythera 
 commemorates his tenure of office by dedicating a vapour- 
 bath and an arena to Hermes 9 . Dedications are found of 
 pillars, pediment, and screen 10 , of a stage in the theatre of 
 Dionysus 11 , windows or doors 12 , colonnades 13 , a fountain and 
 conduit 14 , a wine-fat 15 , a round-house 16 , guest-rooms 17 , a treasure- 
 chest 18 , and chambers or shrines 19 . Even two large tiles are 
 dedicated by two persons, whose calling is uncertain 20 , and a 
 clock in Cos was dedicated to Good Luck, the Good Spirit, and 
 the people 21 . On the same principle, the ephebes were in later 
 days expected to make certain contributions to the public 
 good ; amongst them, the gift of a hundred volumes to the 
 ' Ptolemaeum.' These they are said to ' dedicate,' but in 
 doing so they obeyed a law 22 . 
 
 1 See e.g. CIA ii. 489 b, where an 
 official is thanked for this kind of 
 dedication (av6t)Kev) ; and iv. 2. 169 b, 
 623 d ; Rhodes, IGI i. 832 ; Aetolia, 
 Collitz i. 311; Aspendos 1260. Cp. 
 CIA HI 385 ff . 
 
 2 CIA ii. 1570. 
 
 3 GIG 2430; IGS iii. 1. 96. 
 
 4 IGS i. 3099, iii. 1. 282. 
 
 5 ytvei Se/3a0"rtDj' /cat TT; 7r6\ei rdv 
 VOLOV 'Aprtfudi, etc. IGS i. 2234. 
 
 6 yvfj.vacriapx'flo'ci'S K r&v iditav aW- 
 
 0r)KfV TT)V ffTOaV Kal TTJV ftffodoV Kal T&S 
 
 Ovpas 'Ep/xTJ, 'Hpa/cXet, Kal ry 7r6\et 
 IGS i. 2235 ; rrjv TracrraSa /cat TO irpo- 
 irv\ov Collitz ii. 1519. 
 
 7 IGS i. 423. 3409. 
 
 8 CIG 27134 Mylasa: areQavr,- 
 ff>opCiv...Kiova. ffbv ffireip-g Kal Ke<f>a\rj ; 
 AM xv. 260 iepfvs Atos 'Ocroyu Zrjvo- 
 TrocretStDvos. 
 
 9 Collitz iii. 4553 yvfj.va.i 
 irvpia.T-fipi.ov Kal TO K6vi<T/j.a 'Ep/tai. 
 
 10 CIA iii. 162. 
 
 11 CIA iii. 239 ; cp. Collitz iii. 3738 
 
 12 IGS i. 1830, 2873, 2876, 2235 ; 
 BCH iii. 324 (Chios). 
 
 13 IGS i. 2235, 2874. 
 
 14 IGS iii. 1. 47, 282, 390 ; IGI iii. 
 129. 
 
 15 IGS iii. 1. 282. 
 
 16 BCHxix. 46 (Magnesia). 
 tf Collitz iii. 3634 (Cos). 
 
 18 IGI iii. 443 ert<ra.vp6v, 3rd cent. 
 
 19 BCHxviii. 26; AM xx. 468; IGS 
 i. 2873 f., 2233, etc. 
 
 20 CIA iii. 206 iepfo 3Lt)Tpl 6euv Ato- 
 
 VVfflOS Kal 'AyUyttWJ'lOJ. 
 
 21 Collitz iii. 3650. 
 
 22 CIA ii. 468, 482 ; cp. 466, 478. 
 
 B. 
 
 18 
 
VIII. 
 
 MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS 
 
 TOGETHER WITH HUMAN AND DIVINE FIGURES, MODELS OF ANIMALS, 
 AND INDETERMINATE RELIEFS. 
 
 'EpexOefAAiciN, ocoi TTANAfoNoc &CTY 
 NAiere, KA! nATpfoici NOAAOIC lOyNee' eoprAC, 
 /v\e/v\NHC9Ai BAKXOIO, KA! eypyxopoyc KAT' ArY IAC 
 
 iCTANAI cbpAfoiN BpOMfo)! X*P IN AMMIfA TTANTAC, 
 KAl KNICAN BtOMOTCI, KApH CT<J>ANOIC TTyKACANTAC. 
 
 Oracle of Dodona. 
 
 VERY many of the recorded dedications cannot be assigned 
 to any of the above classes, and it will be convenient to group 
 the more important of them together now as memorials of re- 
 current festivals. Since an offering might commemorate any 
 rite which a worshipper took part in, so at certain customary 
 feasts it was the custom to make a dedication, public or private, 
 in a general spirit of thanksgiving and prayer. It is possible 
 that many of the dedications we are now to speak of were 
 given on some occasion of private importance, but there is 
 nothing to show it, and hence provisionally they are placed 
 here. That votive offerings were to be expected at festival 
 times is clear from the Andanian inscription 1 , not to mention 
 other indications. 
 
 The ancient Greek sanctuaries had naturally their special 
 celebrations yearly on fixt days, as a modern church observes 
 the holy day of the saint. It seems to have been a common 
 thing, that the most ancient and revered idol of a city, itself 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 4689 91 S.v n elcdtfqua into TUV 6v<riaf6vTui> 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 275 
 
 often hideous or without form, was deckt out on solemn 
 occasions with magnificent robes of state. Such robes would 
 be an appropriate offering, whether in time of special need, or 
 at intervals when the old robes were worn out. For worn out 
 they were, inasmuch as they would be worn from time to time, 
 and washed, and perhaps regularly discarded, as is still done 
 in India. The earliest mention of such customs is found in 
 the Iliad, where Hecuba propitiates Athena by the gift of the 
 finest robe in her stores ; which by the priestess is laid on the 
 goddess's knees 1 . The statues of Eileithyia in Attica were 
 draped 2 . Amongst the catalogues of temple treasures are lists 
 of sacred robes belonging to different sanctuaries. There is 
 one list of the divine robes from Samos, tunics, girdles, veils, 
 clokes, and so forth 3 ; there are others of those belonging to 
 Arte*mis Brauronia at Athens, for whose wardrobe the English 
 language is insufficient 4 ; dress of Athena at Lindos 5 is also 
 mentioned, and of Dione at Dodona 6 , to whom the Athenians 
 sent a whole outfit ; Asclepius at Titane was clad in a woollen 
 shirt and a mantle 7 ; and there is no reason to suppose that 
 these were exceptional, especially in view of the practice of 
 other nations 8 . Garments were offered to the Cabiri in Boeotia 9 ; 
 Laodice sent from Cyprus a robe to Athena at Tegea, in 
 memory of her ancestral connexion with Arcady 10 ; King Amasis 
 sent an embroidered linen tunic to Athena of Lindos 11 , and 
 another to Samian Hera 12 . A statue said to have been once 
 worshipt as Poseidon, seen by Pausanias in the city of Olympia, 
 wore clothes of linen and wool 13 . Alcman's Partheneion seems 
 to commemorate the dedication of a robe to Artemis Orthia 
 
 1 II. v. 87, vi. 301. 7 Paus. ii. 11. 6. 
 
 2 Paus. i. 18. 5. He does not imply 8 See Frazer's Pausanias ii. p. 575, 
 that others were not draped, only not and note on v. 16. 2. 
 
 so fully. 9 IGS i. 2421, 3rd cent. 
 
 3 Curtius, Samos, pp. 10, 17; BCH 10 Paus. viii. 5. 3. 
 
 ix. 90. " Herod, ii. 182 STI TO Ipov TO Iv 
 
 4 CIA ii. 751 8 (some inscribed); Alvdt? TO rijs 'Affrivat^ A^yeTOi TCLS TOV 
 see Indices. Cp. Paus. i. 23. 7. AavaoO 0irycn-^pas lopvffOai. 
 
 5 IGI i. 764 contributions <fs TO.V 12 Herod, ii. 182 KO.TO, ^etvlrjv TT\V tuv- 
 diroKa.TdffTa.ffiv TOV K&ff/j.ov TO.I 'AOavdi. TOV icai Ho\VKpa.Ttovs. 
 
 6 Below, p. 278. Hyperides iii. col. 1S Paus. vi. 25. 5 <?<r0j/ra tpedv ical diro 
 35 37 (Blass), quoted by Frazer. \lvov re Kal /3iWov. 
 
 182 
 
276 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 by women 1 . In the great pomps described by Athenaeus, the 
 divine and heroic figures are quite naturally drest*. 
 
 We see then in the famous peplos at Athens no isolated 
 offering, but a kind which was probably more general than we 
 now know. It was presented at the Panathenaea, which in- 
 cluded a harvest thanksgiving, sacrifices to Athena Health 
 and Athena Victory, a watchnight and dances ; which feast 
 being celebrated in autumn appears to be an old agricultural 
 feast with such additions as city life would suggest. The 
 great ship, which was drawn in procession with the peplos 
 outstrecht as a sail, looks towards the imperial power of 
 Athens won at sea 8 . But although there are thus late 
 elements in the feast, its origin was older than the Athenian 
 empire, older perhaps than the city of Athens itself. Although 
 Peisistratus was the first to make the dedication of the peplos 
 customary, we may infer from the other evidence that he did 
 not invent the practice 4 . At this feast, chosen maidens of 
 Athens, the Ergastinae, under the priestess and two Arrhe- 
 phori, embroidered the robe with the exploits of Athena 8 ; and 
 in the procession were other maidens bearing baskets upon 
 their heads (canephoroi). Besides the peplos itself, other 
 offerings were sometimes given by the maidens thus honoured, 
 but the examples do not come from early times. An inscription 
 giving a list of the Ergastinae records that the people dedicated 
 a bowl in memory of their public spirit 6 . Often the maidens 
 who took a prominent part in the ceremony had their statues 
 dedicated, in later times at least ; and a number of the bases 
 have been found which once bore arrhephoroi 1 . A girl who bore 
 
 1 Alcman, 23 (Bergk); better in 8 See Harpocration and Et. Mag. 
 Smyth, Greek Melic Poets, p. 6: ral s.v. dppr]<f>opeiv ; Hesych. s.v. ipfaffrivai ; 
 TreXeidSes yap afiiv 'OpOlq. <t>apos (f>epol<rais AM viii. 57 ff. ; Mommsen, F esle, 107. 
 vfara. Si' dfj-fipofftav are <rfytov dffrpov They might be as young as seven, 
 dveip6fj.e>>ai /j.dx oirTCU - Arist. Lys. 641 and Schol. Doubtless, 
 
 2 Ath. v. 198 A, 200 c, etc. as M. suggests, their touch was sup- 
 8 It is not known when this practice posed to be lucky. 
 
 began : Mommsen, Feste, 115 z . 6 AM viii. 57 ff.; CIA ii. 477, which 
 
 4 Mommsen, Feste, 113. With P. doubtless refers to the ipyaffTivai; CIA 
 
 it was offered every four years; later iv. 2. 477 d. 15. 
 
 every year. Diod.xx. 46 (late 4th cent.); 7 CIA ii. 137885, 13901, 1393; 
 
 Schol. Arist. Knights 566. Hi. 887, 91618 ; Symmachus, Ep. i. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 277 
 
 water in the sacred feast of Branchidae offers a piece of tapestry 
 to Artemis 1 ; and small figures of water-bearers are known in 
 Tegea 2 . A priest at Magnesia on the Maeander dedicates a 
 hydria 3 . 
 
 Two other dedications of the same kind as the peplos are 
 recorded. Sixteen Elean women every four years made a 
 similar robe and dedicated it to Hera at Olympia 4 ; and at 
 Amyclae, women made a tunic for Apollo 6 . 
 
 Priests and priestesses seem occasionally to have dedicated 
 their own robes or ornaments, used on solemn occasions. Such 
 occasions were no doubt commemorated by the toilet reliefs of 
 late date, found near Amyclae ; on which are carven mirror, 
 torch, spindle, phial, a nest of boxes, pestle and mortar, knife, 
 strigil, bottle, two bodkins, a pair of shoes, a cap, and other 
 like objects 6 . The dedications of robes to Brauronian Artemis 
 may be similar 7 , and the marble footstool dedicated by a 
 priestess to Demeter at Cnidus 8 . We shall see that the mystae 
 dedicated their garments at Eleusis 9 . It seems likely that 
 the stlengides of the Sybarites were dedicated at Delphi as 
 part of the ceremonial costume 10 ; and possibly a series of bronze 
 fillets found in Laconia were dedicated to Apollo Hyperteleatas 
 by the priests whose names they bear, although it is true the 
 formula of dedication is wanting 11 . A stlengis found at Dodona, 
 with a nonsensical inscription, which seems to refer to ritual, 
 is a real scraper 12 . When the Oijaavpos or offertory-box was 
 
 33. There is no evidence earlier than 'Ay-fira ' Avrnrarpov ttpeia ; F-W. 1851 
 
 these inscrr. The statuette of a so- 2 ; Newton, Essays, 193. 
 
 called canephorus found at Paestum 7 CIA ii. 751 ff. ; above, p. 275. 
 
 has been otherwise explained : p. 79. 8 Newton, Halic. 392. 
 
 1 vdpo4>opov<ra TO Tra.pa.TrtTa.fffj.a, GIG 9 Below, p. 282. 
 2886. 10 Below, p. 281. 
 
 2 See below, p. 288. n 'E<. 'Apx- 1884, p. 79 ff. Names, 
 
 3 AM xix. 42 KX&upos KXealvov dp- iepeus, Trvpo(j>6pos, etc. Ancient dedica- 
 XiepyTfvuv ri)v vSpiav. tions to the same god found with them, 
 
 4 Paus. v. 16. 2, vi. 24. 10. The 198 ff. 
 
 Sixteen appear to represent the chief 12 Carapanos 107, pi. xxvi. 3: Zijv' 
 cities of Elis, v. 16. 5. IKSTTJ (ia.(ri\el yjnyra.i...^JMt Naow KCU 
 
 6 Paus. iii. 16. 2. Auoj/as XPW"* xal epyaffias airaff... OI)TOJ 
 
 6 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 811 ' AvOofot) 
 ov viroffTOLTpia.; 812 KXcuSia 
 
278 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 opened at Eleusis, part of the money found there was used in 
 buying an offering 1 . 
 
 It is natural to suppose that a sacred embassy, which un- 
 doubtedly performed sacrifice, brought also some offerings for 
 dedication ; and there is not a little evidence which points that 
 way. It is recorded that an Athenian who conducted an 
 embassy to Delphi took a tripod with him*. Hyperides gives 
 details of one of these sacred missions 8 . From Demosthenes 
 we learn that the Athenians were on one occasion commanded 
 by an oracle of Dodona to deck out the statue of Dione, and 
 to send certain victims, a bronze table, and the gift which the 
 Athenian people had offered 4 . A phiale or bowl appears from 
 our records to have been the usual gift of a theoria. Cyzicus 
 sends a bowl to Branchidae, yearly if we may argue from the 
 scanty evidence 8 ; and occasional dedications are recorded of 
 the theori from Ephesus 6 , of those from king Ptolemy and the 
 people of Alexandria 7 , of kings Prusias 8 , Seleucus, Antiochus 9 , 
 and Queen Camasarya I0 . A tribal offering is also mentioned 11 . 
 In one year were dedicated at Branchidae silver bowls from 
 Alinda, Carthage, Chalcis, Chios, Clazomenae, Cos, Cyzicus, 
 
 1 'E0. 'A.px- 1883, p. 125 3 . Kal 6ewpiav Kal ffvyiav TTO\\UV 
 
 8 BCH xviii. 92. In the previous diroffTflXavres aireKo<r/xi?<rare rd I5os 7-775 
 
 inscr. (p. 87), it is true, he brought it AIC&PT/S a/ws Kal vpCiv ain&v Kal 7-775 Oeov 
 
 back again (dire/c6/xt<r'), so perhaps ...tdv/j.tv roivvv TO, irepl r^v <f>id\r)v yeyo- 
 
 the object of the mission was to get v6ra tv dSiK^fian \f/rj(piffriffOe elvai, etc. 
 it blest. Or did he fetch the sacred 4 Dem. Meid. 531 eV AwSwv^j /j.av- 
 
 fire, as the Lemnians did each year reiai. T$ 3r)MV T V ' A-6ijvatuv 6 rou Aids 
 
 (Philostr. Her. xix. 14)? So did the fftj/j-aivef Sri ras w/jaj wa.privtyKa.Tf 7-771 
 
 allies : CIA i. 37. Bvalas Kal 7-77$ Oewplas, aiperoi/s Trt/j-weiv 
 
 3 Hyperides, Euxenippus xxviii.: KeXevei ^ewpoiis elW^a 5ta rdxew, rip Aii 
 
 delegates were sent to sleep in the T<$ Nafy rpfls /3oOs Kal 7r/>6s fKaffrq /3of 
 
 shrine and report their vision : 6 S^/uos Svo ols, TTJ Atw7; fiovv Kal apva. iepeta, 
 
 irpofftra(v Evevlirirui. rpirui o^rwt ^7- Kal rpdire^av \a\Kriv irpos TO avaOtifJM 6 
 
 KaTaK\i0TJi>ai eis r6 Ifp6v, OVTOS df KOI/J.T)- dv^drjKfv 6 dijfMO^ 6 ' Affr/valuv . 
 0els Mirvittv <fn}ffiv idfiv 6 TUI S^wt s CIG 2855, 2858. 
 
 diraryXat. Then xxxv. : vjuv yap 6 6 CIG 2860. 
 
 Zei>j 6 AwSwi/atos vpofffTa^ev tv TT> 7 CIG 2860 (thrice repeated). 
 fj.avTeiai Tb &ya\fjM Trjs Aiaii'T/s fin- 8 CIG 2855. 
 
 Kal vfieis irp6ffwir6v re Trotrj- 9 CIG 2852. 
 
 wj 0161* Tf KdXXiffTov Kal Ta\\a 10 CIG 2855. 
 
 xdvra rd d^XovQa, Kal K^fffnov iro\iiv u CIG 2855 KOVOVV TT)S <f>v\r)s rf)s 
 
 Kal To\irre\7; TTJI 6ewi irapaffKfvdffavTet 'AffurrlSos (?). 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 279 
 
 Erythrae, lasus, Megalopolis, Mylasa, Myrrhina, Rhodes and 
 Smyrna 1 . At the public feasts of Delos too, foreign cities and 
 potentates regularly sent their offerings 2 . Thus the islands of 
 Cos, Calymnos, and Rhodes sent a bowl thither year by year in 
 the hands of their theori 3 . So too the kings of Egypt and 
 Macedon, less regularly of Syria 4 . We have mention of Ptolemy, 
 and Berenice, Demetrius, Stratonice, Philocles of Sidon, and 
 others. 
 
 The temple officials dedicated bowls yearly at the feasts of 
 Eutychea and Philadelphea 5 ; and from the names of other 
 vessels it would appear that private persons may have left a 
 sum of money for such a yearly gift, as the mediaeval Christians 
 founded their chantries 8 . Delian women, the dancers at the 
 feast, appear again and again offering a crown 7 ; and the Thyes- 
 tidae and Ocyniadae, two Delian trittyes, offer a bowl each year 8 . 
 
 It will be convenient here to gather together some vases 
 with dedications upon them : again not to assume that they 
 all commemorate a ritual act, but that they may. Often, no 
 doubt, vases were dedicated for their own worth, and we have 
 seen that there were many occasions when such offerings were 
 made. Some of them were dedicated by priests, as in the 
 Boeotian Cabirium 9 . A number of bronze vessels on the Acro- 
 polis of Athens bear dedications 10 , but many of these were 
 firstfruits. In the same place was found a vase of pottery, 
 with the formula of dedication painted upon it ; this contains 
 a picture of Artemis, and in the missing part there is room for 
 her name 11 . One Acropolis vase is inscribed Of the Good God 12 . 
 
 1 MS. catalogue from an inscr. dis- its maker, and possibly these were the 
 covered by M. Haussoullier, who kindly same : Athen. xi. 467 B. For endow- 
 sent me a copy. ments see IGS i. 43. 
 
 2 BCH vi. 144; Ziemann, p. 4. 7 BCH xiv. 407, xv. 120. 
 
 3 BCH vi. 29 ff., lines 31, 35, 37, 8 BCH xv. 139. 
 
 38, 39, 94, 95, 107, 109, 162; xiv. 408; 9 AM xv. 409 89 lapets, $iX6xo/>oj 
 
 xv. 125. iapcvs : cp. ss . 
 
 4 BCH vi. 157, 158 ; xiv. 407 (gold ' 10 JHS xiii. 126 foil. 
 
 crowns, myrtle, ivy), 409. u AM v. 256, pi. x. : 6 wals *ca\6s. 
 
 5 BCH vi. Ill : they are called ei)ri5- <W0i7/ce.... 
 
 Xos and 0iXa5A<eios. 12 Rev . Arch, xxxii. 185 070^00 0eou. 
 
 6 BCH vi. 110, 111 : yopyieios named Another from Athens, AIOJ SWT%>OJ, 
 from Gorgias, /uKiH6eios from Micythus. ibid. 
 
 6i)piK\eu>v is a special kind named from 
 
280 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 In Boeotia a few have lately been found, inscribed to Apollo 
 Coryceus or Pythian l ; at Dodona vases dedicated to Zeus 
 Naios 8 . Vases inscribed to Athena were found in the temple 
 of Athena Cranaia at Elatea 3 . A fragment dedicated to Ascle- 
 pius was found in the shrine of the hero Amynus at Athens 4 . 
 
 Stone vessels, perhaps for holy water, were dedicated in 
 Athens 5 . A kind of stone laver was dedicated at Epidaurus, 
 meant no doubt, like the draught tables, for use in the precinct 6 . 
 At Naucratis, numbers of pottery fragments were found, with 
 dedications to Apollo and Aphrodite scratcht on them 7 : others 
 were dedicated to Hera and the Dioscuri 8 , to Heracles 9 , and 
 to the "gods of Greece 10 ." Among the dedicators is one 
 historical name, if the Phanes who presented a magnificent 
 bowl" be the same who deserted Amasis for Cambyses 1 *. Perhaps 
 the sculptor Rhoecus is another 18 , and the courtezan Archedice 1 *. 
 The vessels are cups and bowls, plates, ewers and craters, in 
 great variety 18 . A vase dedicated to Hermes comes from 
 
 1 'E<. 'A?*. 1900, 107 ff. : 
 
 lapbv 'ATiXowoj KapvKtfio ; iapov rov 
 TlvOlov FifffbStfos ov<?077Ke. Apollo Py- 
 thian at Epidaurus : IPI i. 1169. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 1373 Zwraipos av^Kf 
 Ail Naiwt. 1374 adds d eCaro. Cp. 
 1375. 
 
 3 BCH xii. 41 'Aeavat 2ep6s, and 
 fragments with a.vtOrjKe. The editor 
 suggests these may have been the 
 dffdfj.iv6ot in which the child-priestesses 
 of Athena bathed : Pans. x. 34. 8. 
 
 4 AM xxi. 294. Epidaurus: IPI i. 
 1203. 
 
 8 CIA i. 343. 
 
 6 'Etf>. 'Apx- 1898, 17 EvapxiSas 'Apiff- 
 
 /tjs fi.e dvtOtjKe TT)<f>podirr)i ei/x^^ ', 
 787 rat 'AtppoSlrai; 787 93 are in 
 Aeolic, and use /cd00r;/ce ; they are made 
 of different ware, probably Lesbian. 
 
 8 No. 833 Axr9ofyois; 845 "Hp-qi. 
 [Argive Heraeum TOIS "Hpas dpi. IPI 
 i. 507.] 
 
 9 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. 39. 
 
 10 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. So 73 " 76 0eo?s 
 
 * Naucratis, i. 12, 47, 54, ii. 61 ff., 
 pi. v. viii. No. 1 TloXefjMpxfa |u 
 dW(h]K TwTnJXXawt Kal rty irp6xovv 
 Kal TO viroKpirr^piov ; 1 a 'Air6\\(av6s 
 tl/u ; 1 b *Air6XXw <r6j elm ; 3, 4 ' A7r<5XXw 
 ffov elfu ; 109 ff. 'Air6\Xw abv ei/ti, 
 <r6i> el/j.t. No. 752 TTJS 'A0po- 
 s, dvt6i\K(v 'Epfwyevrjs ; 753 Ei)/cX^j 
 dv(6r)K(v Itpty rri<j>po6iTi)i. ; 776 7 Xdp- 
 
 11 No. 218 ^di/Tjj fj. dvtOijKf ruir6\- 
 \u>t>i TWI MiXTjff/wt 6 TXav^ov. 
 
 12 Herod, iii. 4, quoted by the editor. 
 
 13 Naucratis, i. (Inscription*). 
 
 14 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. v. 56 108 ; Herod. 
 ii. 135. 
 
 15 These inscrr. are often scratcht 
 anyhow over the design, and the editor 
 explains them as discarded fragments 
 thus markt to keep from profane use 
 after they were cast into the temple 
 limbo. It is unsafe, however, to argue 
 from the carelessness of the inscrip- 
 tions, for in votive inscriptions all 
 variety of carelessness is found. More- 
 over, the variety and beauty of the 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 281 
 
 Clazomenae 1 ; vases probably dedicated to Zeus have been found 
 at Megara 2 , to Apollo at Cynuria 3 , and Epidaurus Limora 4 , to 
 the Paphian in Cyprus 6 . Besides these, there are innumerable 
 fragments of pottery uninscribed, from Argos, Athens, Eleusis, 
 Naucratis, Olympia, and all the chief temple-sites. 
 
 At Delphi we find mention of four golden stlengides, which 
 have obvious reference to a sacred pomp, dedicated by the 
 Sybarites ; a silver goblet by the Phocians ; a gold crown of ivy- 
 leaves by the Peparethians, others of laurel by Ephesus and 
 Lampsacus, which may have had some connexion with the same 
 occasion 6 ; we also find mention of many others at Olympia 7 . 
 In the temple of Apollo Ptoan (Boeotia), there are several 
 dedications from delegates of the Boeotian confederacy 8 , and 
 several from separate cities, such as Thespiae and Acraephiae. 
 A bronze vase found at Olympia was dedicated by the people 
 of two cities of Elis 9 , and one by the Spartiates 10 . So too 
 the initiated mystae made dedications in Samothrace" and 
 elsewhere. Such an offering is attested by inscriptions found 
 in Thessaly 12 and at Magnesia on the Maeander 13 . We learn 
 
 fragments indicate that they were dvo, dTroffvffrdviov dpyvpovv, <pid\ai rpets 
 
 offered by votaries, not used and then Mxpvffoi. vabs Bvfavriwv, tv $ Tptruv 
 
 discarded. Nor are there such inscrip- Kvira.plffffi.vo3, Zyuv Kpardviov dpyvpovv, 
 
 tions on the rude cups characteristic "Zfiprjv dpyvpa, Kapx^ffia Svo dpyvpa, 
 
 of Hera (ii. 61), nor is the supposed KV\I% dpyvpa, oivoxor) xpvffrj, Ktpara dvo. 
 
 custom found elsewhere. 'Ev Se T< va$ rijs "Hpas T ira\ai$ 
 
 1 AM xxiii. 63 ' A0r)vay6pi) 'Ep/jLrji. <pid\ai dpyvpai rpidnovra, Kpardvia dp- 
 
 2 IGS i. 3493 Ei)/cXei'5ay /cai MXo... yvpd ovo, -^vrpos dpyvpovs, diroOvffTa.viov 
 dve'9ev: 3494 Ail 'Altaian carelessly xpvvovv, Kpariyp xpvffovs, KvpT)t>aiwv dvd- 
 scratcht. 6r)/j.a, fiaria-Kiov dpyvpovv. 
 
 3 Collitz iii. 4535 Mej-oCrtos a.ve0t)Ke 8 BCH xiv. 200; four in 4th cent., 
 ruk Il.v6a.Ltl; IGA 59. six in 3rd cent. 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 4539, 4541, 4540 TWI 9 IGA 120 'AXao-^j /cat 'Aicpwpeioi 
 
 5 Collitz i. 62, 77, 96, 102. 10 IGA 63. 
 
 6 Theopompus ap. Ath. xiii. 605 B, c H CIG 2157. 
 
 2vpapiTuv dvaO^aTa, ffrXeyyiSia. xpvffd 12 A slab shaped like a shrine, once 
 
 rfffffapa, Kapxjjffiov dpyvpovv ^taKa^wv painted : Ad/ttarpi /cat K.6pa M^Xieraa 
 
 Ka.1 ffrtcpavov xpvffovv KITTOV HeirapTjdiwv, Te\ftov/J.a, AM viii. 110. 
 ffrt(pa.vov dd<pvr)s, '~E<j>e<rt<av dvd&fifj.a., etc. 13 AM xvi. 249 0D Aiovfow AiroXXw- 
 
 7 Polemon ap. Athenaeum xi. 480 A vios Mo/c6XX?;y dpxaios fjLvffrris apxatov 
 vaos Merairovrivuv, ev y <j>id\ai dpyvpai XPV I MOV ^ lr ^ OT^XTJS dvaypdif/as ffvv TW 
 exarbv rpidKovra dvo, oivoxoai dpyvpai jSw/i.w a.vtdr)Kev. 
 
282 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 from Eudocia's notes that mystae used to dedicate their dress at 
 Eleusis 1 . At Megara was a yearly sacrifice to Apollo Protector, 
 and the magistrates on this occasion used to make a dedication 
 of some sort*. 
 
 Even a joyous celebration of any kind might suggest an 
 offering. The state gave the men of Phyle a thousand drachmas 
 for a sacrifice and votive offerings 3 . When Demetrius Polior- 
 cetes came to Athens, he was received in triumphal pro- 
 cession, and a decree was past to give a prize in money to him 
 who made the most sumptuous show, which money he was to 
 expend on a votive offering 4 . 
 
 Again : colonists sent offerings to the great feasts of the 
 mother city. We know that the Athenian colonies sent an ox 
 each to the Panathenaea 8 ; and two dedications of colonies 
 made in Athens are extant 6 . In Sparta was a statue of Athena 
 dedicated by the Tarentine colonists 7 . 
 
 Private persons of course also made dedications on con- 
 sulting an oracle. There is a fine relief from the Pythium at 
 Athens, representing the god seated upon the tripod, and two 
 other figures, female, of divine size, one with her hand upon 
 the god's shoulder 8 . This may be a thank-offering for some 
 oracular response. In later times the offering seems commonly 
 to have taken the form of a small altar. One such comes from 
 Troezen, and is inscribed with the question put to the oracle 
 and the answer 9 . This was the custom at the oracle of Libyan 
 Ammon, and Pausanias saw there altars with the questions of 
 Eleans and the answers given them 10 . The first celebration of 
 the taurobolium at Athens was commemorated by an altar, and 
 
 1 Eudocia (Tenbner) 656 irtpl T&V 6 CIA i. 339, 340, 5th cent. : Eretria, 
 
 tv 'EXevfflvi /jLvffTrjpluv : ir6.Tpi6v iffn Potidaea. 
 
 TCUJ 0ea?j dvifporv xal ras trroXaj TOI>S 7 Paus. iii. 12. 5. 
 
 (ju&ffTas tv aft rvxoifv /xi/i;0^iT, quoting 8 Cat. Ath. Sc. 1389: ...EaKxtov avt- 
 
 Melanthius. BijKe. 
 
 8 IOS i. 89 ; Collitz iii. 3027 f. For BCH xvii. 85 EMvfdSa* <W<V* , 
 
 the god see Paus. i. 44. 2. a KO. woiuv irol rbv Oebv ioirji Xowra/iepoj 
 
 8 Aesch. Ctes. 187. dayvai xpyfai'. 0<jffaiJ.ev 'Hpa/cXet ...fwj 
 
 4 Pint. Demctr. 12. lUvra. eVi XcuA oluvbv. 4th cent. IPI 
 
 8 Schol. Arist. Clouds 385 ; cp. CIA i. 760. 
 
 i. 9 (of Erythrae), 31 (Brea). 10 Paus. v. 15. 11. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 283 
 
 the same offering was repeated at a later. date 1 . A series of 
 altars, all late, were found in the port of Delos 2 , which may be 
 assigned to pilgrims ; they record the dedication of other things, 
 such as a shrine 3 , a circuit- wall 4 , statues of Athena 5 , Heracles 6 , 
 Maia 7 , and other gods. Memorials of a periodical sacrifice to 
 some deity unknown are cut in the rock at Lindos, with the 
 names of those who performed it 8 . In Egypt records have been 
 found of the pilgrimage of devotees to the shrine of Isis, all of 
 late date 9 . The answer of a god might be dedicated alone 10 . 
 
 A large number of dedications have reference to the sacri- 
 fice itself. We may classify them thus : 
 
 (1) Figures or groups which represent the devotee pre- 
 
 pared for sacrifice, or engaged in some ritual act. 
 
 (2) Models of the thing sacrificed. 
 
 (3) The articles used in the ritual. 
 
 (4) The deity to whom sacrifice is made. 
 
 (1) Figures or groups which represent the devotee. 
 
 The figures found in the temple precincts are difficult of 
 interpretation. The question is, whom do they represent ; the 
 deity, the priestly person, the devotee, or (it is even asked) the 
 devotee in the garb and aspect of the deity ? The last sugges- 
 tion may be dismist. Whatever be the origin of sacrifice, what- 
 ever the practices of savages, I know of no evidence to show 
 that the Greek devotee in sacrificing regarded himself as one 
 with the god. Indeed, Pausanias speaks of a figure of Alexander 
 in the garb of Zeus, with a tone which suggests that it was an 
 impious thing 11 . If one priest on a great day wears the mask of 
 Demeter 13 , if a priestess of Artemis rides in a car drawn by 
 
 1 CIA iii. 172, 173 ; Sybel 581 ; to Aanr6Xioj (pyovwv ir/xxrxapcuos ffvffla. 
 Attis and Bhea. The name of the ceremony was Bou- 
 
 2 BCH xxiii. 60 ff. icoirla. 
 
 3 No. 6 ol avrol Kal roih Ofobs ot Kai 9 CIG 4846 TO irpoffKtiinjfia 'Aire\\as 
 T-bwabvavtO-qKav. This has a relief also. \6yyov; 4897 ff., 4981 ff., 4917 TJKU 
 
 4 No. 9 ot Kal rbv TrepifioXov. Kal irpoffKeKVvqffa ^ : r\v Kvpiav *I<riv Kal 
 
 5 No. 8 ot Kal Ti]v 'A8t]vav. ireiroi-qKa TO irpoffKvvtjfj.a TUV </>t\oiWw' 
 
 6 No. 7 of xal ryv "KpaK\ijv (sic). ^e. See also JHS 1899, p. 13. 
 
 7 No. 5 ot TV Malav ol afcol Kal rbv 10 IPX i. 492 Mycenae (6th century). 
 /Sw^op. So in Epidaurus : IPI i. 873. ll Paus. v. 25. 1. 
 
 8 IGI i. 791 ff. : e.g. ruv GdXXtoj Kal 12 Paus. viii. 15. 1. 
 
284 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 deer 1 , these need prove no more than that a mystery-play was 
 being acted ; and even so, they are exceptions. This mystical 
 notion was, if I read aright, foreign to the sanity of the Greek 
 intellect, and their idea of the sacrifice was much more simple. 
 As regards the other interpretations, some figures are quite 
 clearly meant for the deity, others, as male figures offered to 
 a female deity 8 , quite clearly are not; very many are doubtful. 
 Again: of those which are not divine, some may be priestly 
 persons, some cannot. The last class cannot be all ornaments, 
 because many of them are not ornamental ; even supposing 
 toys to have been used and dedicated at an early date, they 
 cannot all be toys, because some have direct reference to cult 
 (as the ring-dancers), some have the attitude of worship, some 
 represent the phases of human life at which votive offerings 
 were customary. We have already seen how war 3 and athletic 
 prowess 4 , the earning of daily bread 8 and the birth of children 6 , 
 are indicated in this way. It follows, then, that the devotee 
 was sometimes represented by votive figures. But, as I have 
 before pointed out, it is the devotee doing something or other. 
 Portraits are out of the question, so is all idea of substitution 
 by similitude. The figures represent the act or process, the 
 human activity which has been blest by the god, or which the 
 man desires to keep in remembrance. The sacrificial group 
 of Oenoe is the most complete example of the attempt to 
 perpetuate the memory of a sacrifice 7 . 
 
 Here we have specially to consider those human figures 
 which suggest the rites of sacrifice ; and I shall first name the 
 most significant examples, passing on to interpret others in the 
 light of these. 
 
 First, the archaic statue of Rhombus or Combus found on 
 the Acropolis of Athens, bearing a calf on his shoulders 8 . He is 
 clad in a shepherd's cloke of thick frieze or hide, which hangs 
 
 1 Paus. vii. 18. 12. Page 163. 
 
 a Examples will be given p. 289 ; to 5 Page 80. 
 which add a find of male and female ' Page 254. 
 
 statuettes together at Corinth: AJA 7 Page 130. 
 xi. 371 ff., JHS xvi. 340. 8 CIA iv. 1. 373 215 , p. 198: ' 
 
 3 Above, p. 129. dv^Kev 6 lld\ov. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 285 
 
 down before and behind him. I am aware that this is the 
 attitude of Hermes Criophorus 1 , but here we are in Athena's 
 shrine ; moreover, the attitude is exactly that of the modern 
 Greek peasant, who may be seen any Good Friday in the streets 
 of Athens, thus bearing the lamb which he is to slay for his 
 Easter Feast. I take Rhombus, then, to have set up this 
 memorial of the sacrifice which he did, perhaps for some un- 
 exampled prosperity or the present help of the goddess. A 
 bronze statuette from Crete 2 , like Rhombus bearing an animal, 
 clad in the ancient loincloth of the Mycenaeans 3 , and standing 
 upon a base, was no doubt dedicated for the like reason. A 
 ram-bearer of the same type comes from the Theban Cabirium 4 , 
 and one was found at Gela 5 . Pausanias saw in the temple of 
 Apollo Lycaeus at Argos the statue of a man Biton with a bull 
 on his shoulders : a story was told to explain it, of course; but 
 we may place him by the side of Rhombus 6 . In the Cabirium 
 too 4 were several figures holding a lamb under the arm, which 
 we may now interpret in the same way. Others carry a cock or 
 some other bird 4 . In the temple of Apollo at Naucratis there 
 are two figures of a man leading a bull 7 . A bronze ox being led 
 to sacrifice stood in the Eleusinium at Athens 8 . Very ancient 
 figures, from Praesus in Crete, hold some offering in the hand 9 . 
 Finally, some figures of Artemis found in Corcyra show a human 
 figure dancing before her, or clasping her knees 10 . 
 
 1 On this divine type see A. Veyries, 4 AM xv. 359 : why should they be 
 Les Jig. criophores dans Vart grec, called Hermes ? 
 
 Thorin, Paris, 1884 ; K. Friederichs, 5 Kekule, Terrac. v. Sic., pi. iii. 3. 
 
 Apollon mit dem Lamm, Winckel- 6 Paus. ii. 19. 5. 
 mannsfest, 1861. Hermes Criophorus 7 Naucratis, i. 13. It may be worth 
 
 at Corinth, Paus. ii. 3. 4 ; in Messenia, while to mention that figures of a man 
 
 iv. 33. 4 ; at Olympia, v. 27. 8. Com- riding upon a ram (AZ xl. 320), and 
 
 pare Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1869, of a man clinging beneath a ram, 
 
 96 S. perhaps Odysseus (AMiv. 170 foil.), are 
 
 2 Annali Hi. 213, pi. S. also known ; the first from Tarentum, 
 
 3 The loin-cloth also on archaic the second from Tegea : both are 
 statuettes from Olympia (Bronzen, pi. probably toys. 
 
 xvi.), statuettes and the great Naxian 8 Paus. i. 14. 4. 
 
 Apollo of Delos (AZ xl. 329), perhaps 9 AJA N.S. v. 381. 
 
 Delphi (BCH xxi. pi. x.), statuettes 10 BCH xv. 1 ff., pi. i. viii. See 
 
 in the Dictaean cave (Ann. Br. Sch. fig. 38. 
 
 Ath. vi. 107). 
 
GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 We have now a criterion to determine the interpretation of 
 the numerous figures which bear a calf, pig, cock, dove, or other 
 bird, fruit or flowers, and other things 
 which could actually be offered. Other 
 figures, again, have reference to the 
 ritual. Unmistakable are the ring- 
 dances of women, a whole series of 
 which were found at Olympia 1 and in 
 Cyprus ; and by their help we shall 
 explain figures which play upon the 
 pipes or the harp, or which carry a 
 musical instrument, a bowl and jug or 
 a lustral spray, or a jar of water upon 
 the head, which clap the hands, or 
 imitate any act of the possible ceremony. 
 Further: figures are found which hold 
 up the hand in the attitude of worship, 
 as at Cyprus and Tegea. It will now 
 be useful to consider the centres one 
 by one, in order to give some idea of 
 the variety to be found in each. 
 
 Beginning with the Mycenaean age, 
 a few figures are known which play 
 upon the harp or the pipes*. In the 
 Argive Heraeum, probably the most 
 ancient shrine in Greece, we find both 
 male and female figures, but few human 
 figures which have reference to ritual. FlG - 
 There are however a few women who 
 appear to be carrying something; and 
 male figures are found, which cannot 
 represent the goddess. At Olympia 
 
 the ring-dancers, and a number of figures of both sexes, 
 one a female holding a dove 3 , but nothing else characteristic 
 of cult*. At Dodona we have bronze ritual figures which 
 
 1 Bronzen von 01. 263, pi. xvi. See 8 Bronzen von Ol. 56, pi. ix. : called 
 fig. 39, p. 287. Aphrodite by the discoverers. 
 
 2 Perrot and Chipiez, Hist, de I'Art, 4 Bronzen von 01. 263, 38, 44. 
 vi. 751. 
 
 38. Artemis with 
 fawn and dancing votary 
 (Corcyra). 
 
 BCH xv. pi. vii. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 
 
 287 
 
 may be meant for the priest, holding in his hand objects 
 used in the cult ; the priestess, holding a dove, vase and 
 saucer, or some similar object; and a sacrificer, with a knife 1 ; 
 
 FIG. 39. King-dancers, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xvi. 263. 
 
 also a flute-girl with double flute, of the sixth century 2 . At 
 Amyclae was found a bronze male figure in ceremonial head- 
 dress, which once held something in the hand 3 . On the Acro- 
 polis of Athens are a male 4 and a female 5 figure of bronze which 
 appear to be dancing ; and a naked man holding up a wreath 
 as if offering it 6 . Large numbers of clay figures here found are 
 unarmed, and hold a bird, an apple or a pomegranate 7 . Stone 
 figures of boys holding a dove or some such object 8 , and of a girl 
 with a holy-water basin, are also known at Athens 9 . From 
 Eleusis comes the figure of a boy carrying a bundle of sticks, 
 which are familiar in the cult 10 . The Cabirium yielded some 
 hundreds of male figures, both clothed and naked, carrying 
 a lamb, or holding a cock to the bosom, and in the other 
 hand a jug or bowl, or holding hare and bowl, lyre and 
 
 1 Carapanos, pi. xiii. 3, xxi. 4 ; 
 BCH xiv. 159, pi. iv., v. A dove held 
 in the hand : Carapanos xxi. 4 bis. 
 
 2 Carapanos 31, pi. x. 1. 
 
 3 'E0. 'Apx. 1892, pi. 2. 
 
 4 Cat. Acr. Br. 757. 
 
 5 Cat. Acr. Br. 787. 
 
 6 Cat. Acr. Br. 731. 
 
 7 AM xix. 492. 
 
 8 Sybel 43015. 
 
 9 Sybel 4308. 
 
 10 AM xx. 357 ; A A 1892, p. 106. 
 
GRKEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 bowl, or a bird, or with jug and bowl together 1 . At Tegea 
 were some hundreds of girls bearing water-pitchers, female 
 figures standing with a pig or a wreath in the 
 hand, and a few dancers*. Figures of girls 
 carrying pigs were found at Paestum* and 
 several places in Sicily, Acragas, Camarina, and 
 Gela 4 ; girls with pig and torch at Camarina 8 , 
 girls with dove or wreath at Megara 8 . A shrine 
 near Catania contained many archaic figures of 
 girls holding a pig 7 , a flower or fruit 8 , basket 
 of eatables 9 , torch or sceptre 10 ; but some are 
 probably divine. Naucratis gives us stone figures 
 of the sixth century holding the libation bowl, 
 and females in terra-cotta playing upon the 
 pipes or the lyre 11 ; from the temple of Aphrodite 
 came male figures draped and nude 12 , flotist and 
 harpist 13 . The female figures holding bird, goat, 
 or flower to the breast, are perhaps the god- 
 dess 14 . The girl flotists in the hero-shrine at 
 Therapne have been mentioned already 15 . There 
 were silver and gold statuettes in Delos, and 
 one held two Attic drachmae in the hand: a 
 new motive 18 . The scheme of the Hero Feast 
 is represented in ninety-nine per cent, of terra-cotta examples 
 from Tarentum 17 . In the Dictaean cave of Crete were figures 
 
 9 Mon. Ant. vii. fig. 38. 
 
 10 Mon. Ant. vii. figs. 3941. 
 
 11 Naucratis, i. 13, 14. 
 
 12 Naucratis, ii. 56. 
 
 13 Naucratis, pL xvii. 4, xiv. 14. 
 
 14 Naucratis, ii. 56; Ann. Brit. Sch. 
 Ath. v. 72 ff., 83. 
 
 15 Rev. Arch. xxx. 13. 
 
 16 BCH x. 464 " dvSpiarrlffKot ; 
 avdpiavrlffKos xP vff vs Q silver base ; 
 dvdp. dpyvpovs TT/OOS riji x fl pl ^X w>/ 
 Spaxc-as dr-n/cAs II, coins affixt to the 
 hand. 
 
 17 AZ xl. 286 ff. ; Gaz. Arch. vii. 
 155 ff. 
 
 FIG. 40. 
 
 Mon. Ant. vii. 
 237, fig. 29. 
 
 1 AM xv. 359. 
 
 2 AM iv. 170 ff. ; Gaz. Arch. iv. 42 ff.; 
 Nuove Memorie delV List, di Corr. Arch. 
 72 6, pi. vi.j Gaz. des beaux Arts, 
 xxi. 108. Gerhard, Bilderkreis von 
 Eleusis, Arch. Aufs. ii. 561, 563, quotes 
 parallels from Megara, Thebes, Sicily, 
 Thespiae, Cnidus. 
 
 3 Ann. delV Inst. 1835, p. 50. 
 
 4 Kekule", Terracotten, 19, 25, 23. 
 
 8 Kekule', Terracotten, pi. v. 18; 
 Mon. Ant. ix. 231, figs. 236. 
 
 6 Kekul, Terracotten, 9, 10. 
 
 7 Mon. Ant. viL 235, figs. 25, 29, 30, 
 pi. vii. See fig. 40. 
 
 8 Mon. Ant. vii. pi. iv. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 289 
 
 both male and female, the hand being frequently raised to the 
 head as in adoration 1 . Similar is a statuette from Athens, of a 
 female deity holding a torch or staff, whose hand rests on the 
 head of a small figure of a man by her side 2 . Abundant evidence 
 for this practice comes from Cyprus. At Voni, in the sanctuary 
 of Apollo, were found a host of figures, draped, and all male 
 except two, ranging from the archaic to late periods. Some 
 are playing on the double flute 3 , some hold a dove and pyxis 4 , 
 or a pyxis and a branch 5 , others have no attributes at all 6 . 
 They are bearded 7 or beardless 8 , and some of later date appear 
 to be meant for portraits 9 ; one is inscribed 10 . There is great 
 variety of type. The two female figures" are explained by the 
 compilers of the catalogue as " inappropriate offerings brought 
 from home," a somewhat lame explanation. At Chytri, a 
 sanctuary of the Paphian goddess, there are " crouching boys," 
 holding a bird or a patera, perhaps the temple attendants 12 ; 
 female devotees, erect, with hands raised to the head, or by 
 the sides, or touching the breasts 13 , holding a pyxis 14 , drum or 
 tambourine 15 , or a flower 16 , playing on the flute 17 or dancing in a 
 ring 18 . At Soli both male and female figures are found 19 , with a 
 number of ring-dances' . At Citium, in the sanctuary probably 
 of Artemis, most of the figures are female, but male are found. 
 Commonest is the votary, male or female, playing upon the 
 tambourine 21 ; two or three play upon the harp* 2 . Others bring a 
 flower or wreath 23 , dish of cakes 24 or bowl of wine 25 , bird 26 , or calf 27 ; 
 
 1 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 107, pi. x. 14 Catalogue, 5284. 
 
 2 Annali xxxvi. pi. G. Jahreshefte 15 Catalogue, 5296 ff. 
 iv. 37, 38, fig. 30. 16 Catalogue, 5289. 
 
 3 Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, 17 Catalogue, 5302 3. 
 50012. 18 Catalogue, 531534, 529095. 
 
 4 Catalogue, 501931. Catalogue, 5484 ff. 
 
 5 Catalogue, 503247. 20 Catalogue, 5401 ff. 
 
 6 Catalogue, 500310. 2l Catalogue, 5501 ff. 
 
 7 Catalogue, 5012 ff. 22 Catalogue, 5516. 
 
 8 Catalogue, 5003 ff. 23 Catalogue, 55334, 5538. 
 
 9 Catalogue, p. 141. 21 Catalogue, 55224. 
 
 10 Catalogue, 5009 FtXXi/cas Ka.Ttara.ffe ^ Catalogue, 55257. 
 
 6 SracriK/xiTeos (Cypriote script). 26 Catalogue, 5529 31; swan or dove, 
 
 11 Catalogue, p. 141. 55357. 
 
 12 Catalogue, 5201 ff. ^ Catalogue, 5528, 5532. 
 
 13 Catalogue, 5253 ff. 
 
 R. 19 
 
290 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 a few, all female, have a lamp on their heads 1 . These objects are 
 of importance, because some of them have the hands in a posture 
 of supplication, and are therefore unmistakable as devotees 8 . 
 In the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Idalium, all the statuettes 
 are female. Many have no attributes, but there are others bear- 
 ing flowers 3 , cakes 4 , or birds 5 , clapping the hands 6 , playing 
 upon lyre 7 or tambourine", or with arms raised or extended 9 . 
 A series of large terra-cotta figures come from Salamis, which 
 from their look and costume seem certainly meant for human 
 votaries 10 . The female type holding fruit, flowers, or animals 11 , 
 tambourine or bowl 12 , is represented, and male figures also 
 hold flowers 13 or kids 14 . From Tamassos come a number of 
 statuettes, all male, apparently of the votary 15 , sometimes 
 offering a plate of fruit 16 , or holding a bird, pyxis, or lustral 
 spray 17 . At a sanctuary in Asia Minor, probably that of 
 Artemis Anaitis, were found a number of objects which show 
 an economical way of representing this idea : they consist 
 of the hand as far as the elbow, holding fruit, birds, or some 
 other offering 18 . In view of this evidence, we must conclude 
 that the statuettes were not all meant for the deity ; that 
 some at least were meant for human beings ; and that prob- 
 ably there were worshippers as well as priests among them. 
 But once more, these are not portraits : they represent an 
 act. 
 
 It will be convenient here to enumerate such votive reliefs 
 as we have not been able to find a place for. We have seen 
 that these reliefs (with one possible exception) 19 never represent 
 a myth or legend as such, but are divisible into those which 
 exhibit (1) the power of the deity, (2) the act or process which 
 
 1 Catalogue, 5540. " JHS xii. 140. 
 
 2 Catalogue, 55179. 12 JHS xii. 158. 
 
 3 Catalogue, 5604, 5641, 5650, etc. 13 JHS xii. 147. 
 
 4 Catalogue, 56601. " JHS xii. 155. 
 
 5 Catalogue, 5717. 15 Catalogue, 6014 ff., 6156 ff. 
 
 6 Catalogue, 5705. 16 Catalogue, 6025. 
 
 ? Catalogue, 5674, 571015. " Catalogue, 6092 ff. 
 
 8 Catalogue, 5601, 57079. 18 In Leyden Museum. 
 
 9 Catalogue, 56865704. 19 Page 87 ". 
 
 10 Catalogue, p. 161 ; JHS xii. 163. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 291 
 
 he has made to prosper, or (3) the ritual. It is likely that 
 most votive reliefs commemorated not an ordinary but an 
 extraordinary moment, some signal favour of the god for which 
 his worshipper has done sacrifice ; but generally we cannot 
 divine the occasion. The indeterminate pieces cannot, however, 
 fairly be left unnoticed ; and provisionally they may be placed 
 here. I shall include any which do not violate the principles 
 shown in the others; feeling quite certain that the presence 
 of worshippers or a sacrificial scene is conclusive for their in- 
 terpretation as votive. 
 
 An unmistakable votive tablet, found lately in Euboea, 
 shows Artemis, Apollo, and Leto in the presence of a wor- 
 shipper : Apollo is playing upon the harp, Leto apparently holds 
 a sceptre (painted), and Artemis holds torches 1 . Sacrifices to 
 the three deities together were made at Delphi 2 . One with a 
 similar scheme, on which however Artemis takes an arrow 
 from a quiver, and a gazelle stands by her side, and which lacks 
 the worshipper, is in the Athenian Museum 3 ; and a third is 
 inscribed with a dedication 4 . These are strong evidence that 
 the series of Harpist reliefs is votive ; but prove nothing for 
 the occasion, which may be other than a musical victory. A 
 fragment, inscribed as a dedication of two men, from the late 
 fifth century, shows Apollo seated upon a rock 5 . The society 
 of Pythaists, singly or in groups, made similar dedications to 
 Apollo. The god sits on the omphalos, a bowl in his right hand, 
 a lustral spray in his left ; beside him Artemis, with quiver ; a 
 worshipper uplifting his hand completes the scene 6 . Another 
 shows Apollo playing upon the lyre, Artemis, and Leto, with a 
 male worshipper 7 . Other thiasi or similar societies thus com- 
 memorated their festival times. Thus Xenodotus dedicates a 
 
 1 'E0. 'Apx- 1900, 4 ff., pi. 2. 1. Ath. 
 
 2 Collitzii. 264255. 6 AJA v . 471; pL xi . . Icaria; 4th 
 
 3 Cat. Nat. Mus. Sc. 1400. cent. : nu0cu<rrf/s HeiffiKpdrTis 'AKporifiov 
 
 4 Cat. Nat. Mus. Sc. 1380 T6pyuv... wtB-qKev. 
 
 avtdrjKe (Thessaly). 1 AJA I.e. Buck, Papers of the Am. 
 
 5 AM vii. 320 ...pdrijj ical A W o..., School, v. 119, pi. vii. 3; CIA iv. 2. 
 ...i/j.ij\ov viei dve9{T>\v, Central Mus. 1190 b, c. 
 
 192 
 
292 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 feast-relief to Apollo 1 ; and Golgos yields a relief of Apollo 
 enthroned, with a procession of worshippers ; the lower division 
 of the slab shows a feast and a ritual dance*. Apollo is also 
 associated with Athena 8 , and in a piece from Cyzicus, with 
 Dionysus and Zeus 4 . The beautiful terra-cotta relief of 
 Aphrodite from South Italy is probably meant to suggest the 
 goddess's divine power. She stands before Hermes, holding 
 out to him in one hand a pomegranate, in the other a winged 
 love 8 . Another, of the type called Aphrodite and Ares, 
 shows a goddess pouring a libation into a bowl held by 
 an armed warrior over an altar ; a worshipper in the corner 
 proves the votive character 8 . Arctinus and Menecratia dedicate 
 a relief to her as Leader of the People 7 . Athena also appears 
 on reliefs which tell no plain tale, other than by their altar or 
 sacrificial scene or inscription that they are votive 8 . The 
 Acropolis relief of Athena offering a hand to a seated man 
 has been spoken of already 9 . Again, an archaic female 
 figure offers a cake or garland with one hand, and holds some 
 vessel in the other 10 . A man and a small boy appear as wor- 
 shippers in another case, but all that remains of the goddess is 
 her hand with an owl percht on it 11 . The goddess sometimes 
 brandishes her spear 12 , sometimes sits with her helmet upon her 
 lap", or by her side 14 , or stands in a quiet attitude 16 . Once she 
 appears robed like the archaic Maiden statues of the Acropolis, 
 but with a helmet, in company with two other female figures of 
 divine size before a group of three worshippers who are leading 
 a sow 16 . There is also the much discussed relief-niche in which 
 
 1 Rev. Arch. xxv. 159 Se^Soroj 9 Above, p. 219. No. 577 in the 
 'Air6XXwj/i. Acropolis Museum: Schone 83; cp. 
 
 2 Rev. Arch. xxv. 159. 77. 
 
 3 Sybel 4319. 10 No. 593. 
 
 4 Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 817 Aii ity tory u Schone 87 : the man's face looks 
 KCU rip xPV T ^ v Te\afj.wva air t 5w KO.. like a portrait. 
 
 8 Farnell, Cults, ii. 697, pi. 48. 12 Schone 84, 95. 
 
 6 Farnell, Cults, ii. 702, pi. 506. . ls Schone 91. 
 
 7 Farnell, Cults, ii. 662 (3rd cent.) " Schone 92. 
 T]yffj.6vt]i TOV drifjLov. 15 Schone 61, 94. 
 
 8 CIA iv. 1. 418 1 ...'ABrjvaiai dve- 16 'E<f>. 'Ap*. 1886, 179, pi. 9. So 
 0T]Kcv. Acrop. Mus. no. 581. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 
 
 293 
 
 are two armed Athenas side by side 1 . She is joined also with 
 Cybele and a bearded male figure in a mantle who holds a club, 
 probably from Asia Minor*. 
 
 Characteristic offerings to Cybele were the votive niches or 
 small shrines, none of them early, 
 in which she is seated upon a 
 throne with various accessories. 
 She sits in the shrine alone, 
 holding a bowl and tympanum 3 ; 
 or she has attendants, a youthful 
 male with sacrificial vessels, and 
 a bearded deity, perhaps Hermes 
 and Priapus 4 . On the pilasters 
 of the shrine are often engraved 
 the figures of worshippers 5 , who 
 also appear within 6 ; even Pan 
 appears on the pillar 7 . A lion 
 is at her feet 8 , or two lions 9 , or 
 she is even seated upon a lion. 
 An altar sometimes appears, or a scene of sacrifice 10 . These 
 little shrines come from Peiraeus 11 , Ephesus 12 , Minutoli 13 , 
 Sardis 14 , Perinthus 15 , and Samos 16 , and go back to the fourth 
 century. One fine specimen of terra-cotta was found in a 
 tomb 17 . They are sometimes inscribed 18 . A double Cybele 
 
 FIG. 41. Belief dedicated to Cybele. 
 Cat. Berl. Sci. 691. 
 
 1 'E<. 'Apx- 1890, 1, pi. 1 ; explained 
 by Mylonas as Athena in two aspects, 
 those of peace and war, or Polias 
 and Parthenos. But Athena is also 
 Ergane, Hygieia, and so forth ; and 
 there is no difference between the 
 two figures. Mylonas compares several 
 other double Athenas, and also double 
 Cybele, Zeus, Hermes. This was 
 found on a tomb, but the type is 
 votive. 
 
 2 F-W. 1845. Unexplained. 
 
 3 Cat. Berl. Sc. 692, 694, etc. 
 
 4 Cat. Berl. Sc. 697; F-W. 1846 
 (Petersburg). 
 
 8 Cat. Berl. Sc. 692. 
 
 6 Cat. Brit. Mus. Sc. 782. 
 
 7 AM xxi. 280. 
 
 8 Cat. Berl. Sc. 697, 703, etc. 
 
 9 Cat. Berl. Sc. 732. 
 
 w Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 782. 
 
 11 Cat. Berl. Sc. 692,694, etc.; prob- 
 ably Cat. Br. Mus. Sc. 782, etc. 
 
 12 Cat. Berl. Sc. 699, 704. 
 
 13 Cat. Berl. Sc. 701. 
 
 14 Cat. Berl. Sc. 702. 
 
 15 Cat. Berl. Sc. 703. 
 
 16 Samos Museum 51 ; AM xxv. 174. 
 
 17 AM ii. 48, pi. iii. 
 
 18 CIG 6837 MTJT/M Of^v 'Ayylvret 
 'A/oi^/H/ivcs otVoi'6/xoj TTJS 7r6Xews ebxfy. 
 AZ xxxviii. p. 1 ff. MdpT/s M.rjTpl Kai 
 Mka Mrirpl 6euv; Sybel 3099 (4th 
 cent.. 
 
294 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 has also been found in several examples', like the double 
 images of Athena and Pan. There is also a fine relief of the 
 early fourth century, where Cybele sits sideways, holding bowl 
 and tympanum, a lion at her foot, and facing her is a female 
 figure bearing a torch. Here also ' Hermes' appears 2 . Another 
 relief is in Venice, and shows Cybele with attributes, Attis, 
 a woman worshipper and a female attendant 8 . A relief bust 
 from Mysia is inscribed 4 . 
 
 Dedications to Demeter and the Maid, which represent 
 scenes from the Mysteries, belong to this place. One such 
 appears to be the famous relief from Eleusis, representing the 
 goddesses with Triptolemus standing between 8 . Another 
 represents Triptolemus on a throne before the goddesses', or on 
 a waggon with snakes attendant 7 . Demeter sits on a throne, 
 holding sceptre and ears of corn, while the Maid with her 
 torches draws nigh ; or the Maid stands behind Triptolemus, 
 who sits on a winged throne, whilst a train of worshippers 
 approaches 8 . Others similar exist, one inscribed 9 . On a slab 
 in the Eleusis Museum the Maid holding torches approaches 
 Demeter enthroned ; and others show Triptolemus seated in a 
 throne with snake and wing, the Maid holding torches on his 
 left, and Demeter on the right, with four worshippers. Other 
 reliefs, which show two female divinities, one with a torch, the 
 other resembling the typical Demeter, are assigned to this 
 pair; the presence of worshippers will attest the votive 
 character 10 . A late relief from Sparta represents standing in 
 the centre Demeter and the Maid, holding torches; one is 
 seated, and Cerberus beneath the throne ; to their right, a man 
 with a long staflf, and to their left a girl holding a bundle and 
 some fruit ; over the girl's head is a winged figure with wreath. 
 
 1 F-W. 1133; Sybel 386 (Eleusis), 6 AA xi. 100; AM x. pi. vi. 
 
 3049, 4381, 6139; AM xxi. 280. Ex- 7 F-W. 1132. 
 
 plained as Cybele and Aphrodite by 8 AM xx. 245 ff., pi. v. (early 5th 
 
 Foucart, Ass. liel. 100. See/l^xxxviii. century), vi. (4th century), 
 pi. 2. 1, xxxix. p. 1. 9 AM xx. 258 n\aro Aiovvfflov 
 
 '* Cat. Berl. Sc. 691. See fig. 41. KKBaOrivaUws dv^Kc. Another in AM 
 
 3 Monuments Green, p. 11, pi. 2. xxvi. 49. 
 
 * CIG Add. iv. 6836 'AvSip^ I'M- 10 Cat. Brit. Mm. Sc. 793; Sybel 323, 
 
 KLVVO. Mijvo^wvros Otwi ayvTJi evx^. cp. 361, 1488 ; Munch. Glypt. 198 ; 
 
 8 F-W. 1182. AA 1855, 57. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 295 
 
 It is inscribed as a thank-offering ; the meaning is not clear, 
 but a ritual act most likely 1 . It may be worth while to 
 mention a beautiful vase found in Eleusis, depicting the 
 Rape of Persephone, and with a dedicatory inscription scratcht 
 upon it 2 . 
 
 Dionysus also appears in groups which do not suggest a 
 musical or dramatic victory. Thus in a Theban relief he sits 
 on a rock, thyrsus in hand, and before him stands a female 
 deity 3 . He appears on his throne, a snake beside him 4 ; or as 
 Sabazios he is seated in a biga, having snake and eagle 5 ; or 
 he is in company with a goddess clad in the fawnskin 8 . 
 
 The usual scenes of adoration and sacrifice occur 7 . 
 
 Many offerings are made to Hecate ; and the variety of her 
 functions, as a chthonian deity and therefore connected with 
 the worship of the dead, as well as likely to be appealed to for 
 help, or as connected with marriage and birth, or in other 
 capacities, makes it impossible to guess at the occasion. None 
 of the reliefs are archaic. She appears triform in a votive niche, 
 holding torches and the vessel of libation 8 ; or in the hideous 
 oriental shape 9 . Hestia is also thus commemorated on a 
 Thessalian stone 10 . There are one or two dedications to Zeus 
 Philios, whose occasion can only be guessed 11 ; and another relief 
 to Zeus, with worshipper, is a thank-offering 12 . 
 
 The crudest example of this idea in art is the relief of 
 two hands alone 13 . 
 
 (2) Model of the thing sacrificed. 
 
 We have already seen animal models forming part of a 
 
 1 AZ xii. 223, pi. 13. 1 : Turi/c/>dnjs F-W. p. 165 ; Baumeister 632. 
 
 ' A.ya.6oK\eiav TO.V idiav Bvyarepa Ad/iarpt 9 Cat. Berl. Sc. 683 : from Magnesia. 
 
 ical K6pai xa.piaT-iipiov;?=AM ii. 378 193 . Also Stephani, Compte Bendu 1870, 
 
 2 AM xxi. pi. xii. 'A.v6iinri\ oVe-flij/ce. 191 : hecateum Bd0v\\os A<?p/uos 'Erdnj 
 
 3 Sybel 352 ; Schone 110. S7rd/jr??s f/.edeo6(n\. 
 
 4 Conze, Inschr. d. thrak. Meer, pi. 10 BCH xii. 184. 
 
 17. 7. u Farnell, Cults, i. p. 118. 
 
 5 Roscher i. 1111. 12 GIG Add. iv. 6831 AiJ eflxapHrrrf- 
 
 6 Sybel 585. piop. 
 
 7 Sybel 373: man, woman, and l3 GIG Add. iv. 6845 b Kovnuptpa biriu 
 child. Dionysiac precinct, Athens. ical Siicalw (Trieste). 
 
 8 Farnell, Cults, ii. 552, pi. 39 c ; 
 
296 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 sacrificial group, and we are prepared to find them dedicated 
 alone. This is in fact the simplest permanent memorial of a 
 sacrifice, if the offerer wishes to commemorate it at all. It is 
 well known that the Greeks often dedicated cakes in the form 
 of animals : at the Diasia, for instance, an ancient agricultural 
 feast, held in honour of Zeus Meilichios, cakes were offered in 
 this shape by tradition 1 . The lexicographers mention a cake 
 in ox-shape s , which was offered no doubt by the poor; and 
 a peasant in the Anthology offers cakes in the shape of oxen 
 to Deo 8 . The cake itself was even modelled in marble 4 , and 
 the clay model of a tray of edibles was found in the Argive 
 Heraeum 8 . The relief of Philombrotus's hair is another example 
 of the same principle 6 . 
 
 But we are not left to inference from analogy in the inter- 
 pretation of animal models. By a great stroke of luck, the 
 Acropolis of Athens has furnisht a beautiful sheep, bearing the 
 legend in very ancient letters, " The supplication of Peisis 7 ." 
 The proverbial Mandrobulus, too, having found a treasure in 
 Samos, offered to Hera a golden sheep the first year, one of 
 silver the second, and one of bronze the third 8 . This may be 
 the true explanation of the bronze oxen sent to Olympia by the 
 Corcyraeans and the Eretrians 9 , the bronze oxen at Delphi 
 
 1 Thuc. i. 126, or gloss : Otovai turn to the traditional offering by 
 ToXXoi ofy Ifpeta, dXXA ff^ara eiri- praying that Deo will bless his real 
 X^pta ; schol. cited by Poppo rtvi oxen. 
 
 Trinnara els fy(i>v yuop^ds Terviru/jifra. * Sybel 4014. 
 
 Plato Laws 782 c wtXavoi xa.1 ^\ITI 5 Dr Waldstein. In the Castle at 
 
 Kapirol dtdev/jiivoi Kai roiavra d\\a ayva Mytilene are a number of such trays 
 
 0v/j.a.Ta. Mommsen thinks the first- of food in relief, all of late date. 
 
 fruit corn at Eleusis was workt up 6 Pages 243, 244. 
 
 into such cakes. 7 CIA iv. 1. 373 a, p. 41; Bidder 529 
 
 2 Hesych. s.v. ?j85oM05 /Sous' eZSos IT^M- Ile/o-iSos ketrt'a. 
 
 Aiaroj Kipa.ro. tx ovro *- /3oOr voirav6v 8 Corp. Paroem. Or. Zenobius iii. 
 
 TI TWV OvofLfvuv ofrrus iv rais ayiura- 82; Greg. Cypr. iii. 50; Aelian, Hist, 
 
 rats ' A0rii>7}ffi Ovfflats' %v Se /3of irapa- An. xii. 40. 
 
 ir\-fl<noi>. Suidas *.r. /3. ?/35. adds that 9 IGA 373 <ttX 170-105 eVo/ci* 'EpcrpiTjs 
 
 it was made like the crescent moon ; TWI A( (early 5th cent.) ; Paus. v. 27. 9. 
 
 if this refers not to shape but to in- Bronze oxen seem to have stood on a 
 
 terpretation, it is naught. CIA ii. base dedicated to Zeus Atabyrius in 
 
 1666 altar 0viv rpetj ^336/w /3oOs. Rhodes : IGI i. 31 roui /3oOs x a P l<rTT J- 
 
 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 40: he gives a new ptov. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 297 
 
 given by the Plataeans and the Carystians 1 , the bronze bull 
 dedicated by the Areopagus' 2 , and a bronze ox by the courtezan 
 Cottina in Sparta 3 . Another explanation has been suggested 
 of the bulls and rams which have been found : but it is clearly 
 possible they may be sacrifices like that of Peisis. It will be 
 well, then, briefly to enumerate here as well those animals 
 which are inscribed as those which are not. 
 
 But first we must form some idea, what animals could be 
 sacrificed. It is true, certain deities preferred certain animals, 
 as Demeter and Persephone the swine, or refused them alto- 
 gether, as this creature was refused by Aphrodite. Local and 
 special rules, again, prescribed certain victims, for certain places 
 and times. But sheep and oxen were always welcome, and wild 
 animals were never part of the ordinary sacrifice 4 . It is pro- 
 bable, however, that there was more licence than we now 
 imagine. Thus there was no necessity in most cases for the 
 sex of the victim to be that of the deity. And further, the poor 
 could probably sacrifice much as they would. The cock must 
 have been a common offering, to judge from the way Aristotle 
 speaks of it, and we are given to understand that they were not 
 necessarily slain but simply presented 5 . I take this to have been 
 the poor man's offering to other gods than Asclepius 6 . I shall 
 venture, then, to cite the models of cocks in this section, not 
 forgetting that they may sometimes be fighting cocks offered 
 for other reasons 7 . So also, the doves and other birds held in 
 the hands of votive figures are fairly to be taken as meant 
 for offerings given or accepted ; and if so, models of these 
 creatures may be interpreted in the same way. The dove is 
 certainly not a necessary attribute of Aphrodite, as we have 
 
 1 Paus. x. 16. 6. 6 Herodas iv. 15. The last words 
 
 2 Paus. i. 24. 2. of Socrates have probably caused a 
 
 3 Polemon ap. Ath. xiii. 574 D ova- mistaken idea of some close connexion 
 0-ij/j.a 5 O.VTTJS <TTI Pot5i6v n X<&KOVV. between the cock and Asclepius. 
 
 4 For the rare exceptions sec Stengel, 7 Suid. s.v. aXexTpvova. d9\r)Triv Ta- 
 DieGriech. Kultusalterthumer{M.ul\eT's vaypaiov adovrai 5 evyeveis OVTOI. 
 Hdbch), 83 5. cuptrjffi T$ ' AffK\i)iri$ dvdfftjud re Kal 
 
 5 Arist. Hist. An. 614 a 8 iv ^v yap advpua elvai, oiovel Oepairovra Kal OIK{- 
 TO?S iepols, otrov dvev 6t)\et.>v dvaKeivrai, TTJV irepnroXovvTa rip veip, rbv 6pviv 6 
 rbv dvaTi0^/j.evov irdvTes ev\6yus 6xfvov- 'Atrir&'Stos offros. 
 
 <nv. So Ath. ix. 391 D. 
 
298 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 seen 1 . To Artemis Laphria at Patrae were offered " edible 
 kinds of birds and victims of every sort 2 ," and it would be rash 
 to assert that she was alone. To the Mistress in Lycosura, 
 every one sacrificed what he had 3 ; at Aulis all victims were 
 lawful 4 . In Messene, says Pausanias, at a " hall of the Curetes, 
 they sacrifice all victims alike ; they begin with oxen and goats, 
 and end with birds, throwing them all into the flames 6 ." 
 A sacrificial calendar from Marathon, which gives details 
 of many sacrifices, does not observe any rule as to the 
 sex of the victims being the same as that of the deity. 
 Ram, goat, sheep, kine, and pig are mentioned ; and the 
 sacrifice made to Athena is an ox, three sheep and a pig 8 . 
 In the shrine at Patrae wild boars, deer, and roe were offered, 
 even the cubs of wolves and bears, or the full-grown beasts. I 
 regard these as originally the firstlings of the hunter, and 
 have already cited other examples under the same head 7 ; 
 they will therefore not come in here. Nor will the models 
 of horses, which were only sacrificed on the rarest occasions 8 , 
 and which are more naturally regarded as firstlings; nor the 
 figures of dogs, although the sacrifice of these creatures is 
 not unknown 9 . The general principle seems to have been that 
 the victims should be edible food for men ; and Suidas mentions 
 as the regular ones sheep, kine, swine, goats, fowls, and geese 10 . 
 We may now take a general review of the animal models : 
 not to imply that they must commemorate a sacrifice, but that 
 they may. The Argive Heraeum yielded hundreds of animals 
 in bronze and clay 11 : bulls, cows, oxen and ox-heads, goats, 
 
 1 Page 289. Plutits 277, Plut. Quaest. Ram. 52 (who 
 
 2 Pans. vii. 18. 12. also mentions the custom for Argos); 
 
 3 Pans. viii. 37. 8. Hesyoh. s.v. TeveTv\\k- ywaiKela. Oebt 
 
 4 Paus. ix. 19. 7. ...toucvta TJ; 'E/cdTTj Sib Kal rai/rj? KVVO.S 
 
 5 Paus. iv. 31. 9. irpoeTl6f<rai>. 
 
 6 AJA x. 210. 10 Suidas, s.v. Ovaov 8n If Ovalat 
 
 7 Page 50, above. t f^vx^v tBvovro, irpofiaTov Ms /3ois 
 
 8 Paus. iii. 20. 9 Tyndareus sacri- alybs tipvidos x 7 ?"^' tWero ?/35o|xos 6 t 
 ficed a horse and swore the suitors of aXeupov. See /SoOs ?/35oMos. Dogs were 
 Helen upon the pieces of it. eaten by the Thracians, " and this 
 
 9 Puppies to Enyalius by Spartans, may have been an old Greek custom"; 
 black female puppies to Einodia at Sext. Empir. (Bekker), 174. 
 Colophon, Paus. iii. 14. 9 ; to Hecate u Dr Waldstein. A sheep, no. 22 ; 
 in the Zerinthian cave, Schol. Arist. wild goat, 27; duck, 44; and others. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 
 
 299 
 
 sheep, cocks, ducks and other birds, including perhaps a 
 swan. Olympia 1 yielded thousands of beasts cast in bronze 
 
 FIG. 42. From Olympia. 
 Bronzen xi. 148. 
 
 FIG. 43. Cock, from Olympia. 
 Bronzen xiii. 212. 
 
 or copper, a few of metal foil cut in profile, mostly cattle 2 ; they 
 belong to the earliest strata and become fewer as time goes on: 
 
 FIG. 44. Animal in thin foil, from 
 
 Olympia. 
 Bronzen x. 99. 
 
 FIG. 45. From Olympia. 
 Bronzen xiii. 213. 
 
 bull 3 and ox 4 appear, ram 5 , goat 6 , and pig 7 , cocks 8 and other 
 birds 9 . One of them is an oddity which I cannot name 10 ; if it 
 
 1 Bronzen von 01. 28 ff. 
 
 196. 
 
 2 Bronzen von Ol. x. 99 ; see fig. 44. 8 Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 212 ; see 
 
 3 Bronzen von 01. pi. xii. 187. fig. 43. 
 
 4 Bronzen von Ol. pi. xi. 148, 224; 9 Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 210, 211, 
 see fig. 42. etc. 
 
 6 Bronzen von Ol. pi. xii. 195. 10 Bronzen von 01. xiii. 213; see fig. 
 
 6 Bronzen von 01. pi. xiii. 225. 45. I do not know why a sechsbeiniger 
 
 7 Bronzen von 01. pi. x. 133, xii. Kdfer should be dedicated. 
 
300 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 had fewer legs it might be a tortoise. At Dodona were fewer : 
 but the bull 1 , ram 2 and dove 3 appear. In the Cabirium 4 is a 
 total of more than 500 animals in bronze and lead, the greatest 
 number being bulls or oxen ; more than twenty-five bulls are 
 inscribed 5 . They include a few goats and rams; and in clay 
 were hundreds of bulls or oxen, sheep, and pigs. All whose 
 sex can be made out are male, but many are indeterminate. 
 Numbers of bulls and horses were found in the sanctuary of 
 Poseidon at Taenarum 8 . Models of animals were found on the 
 Acropolis of Athens 7 : besides the sheep of Peisis, and the stone 
 ram 8 , there are the bull 9 and the ox 10 , the sheep or ram 11 , and 
 cocks 12 . Other birds there were, which were probably parts of 
 vases or held in the hand of some figure 13 , as indeed the cocks 
 may have been 14 . The bull and bullock were found at Eleusis in 
 bronze, with fragments of earthen rams and oxen 15 . A bronze ram 
 from Prasiae is inscribed to Apollo Maleatas 16 . Fragments of 
 rams came to light at Amyclae 17 . At Lusi animals were found, 
 but mostly wild ones; there were doves, however, among them 18 . 
 From Crete we have a bull and fragments of animals in the 
 Idaean cave 19 ; oxen, goats, rams, kine, of bronze and terra-cotta, 
 in the cave of Hermes 20 ; bulls, with rams and many other 
 animals, in the Dictaean cave 21 . In a shrine near the Boeotian 
 Orchomenus were found numbers of beasts, with an ox-head 
 
 1 Carapanos, pi. xx. 4. 10 Bidder 513. 
 
 2 Carapanos, pi. xxi. 2. " Bidder 5258 ; JH S xiii. 242. 
 
 3 Carapanos, pi. xxi. 5. This must 12 Bidder 535, 3789. 
 
 not be taken alone, and referred to 1S In particular, owls, for which see 
 
 the oracular doves, but explained along chap. xiv. ; and a crow, Bidder 541. 
 
 with other doves. " See CIA ii. 742 16 . 
 
 4 AM xv. 355 ff . 15 AM xx. 306 ff. 
 
 8 AM xv. 365, 388; IGS i. 2457, 16 IGA 89 ; more probably a breeder's 
 
 2459 : three had ^curoN-Sets avtOciKc, offering, see p. 75. 
 
 one adding run Kafielpwi ; others lapfo 17 'E<f>. 'A.px. 1892, pi. 3. 
 
 Kafiipu, run iraidi, 6 5e1va Ka/Se/pwt, etc. 18 Jahreshefte iv. 39. The cocks, 
 
 One has found its way to the Athenian p. 49, were brooch-pins or something 
 
 Acropolis : Kar. i. 129 'Em^tS^ Kafil- of the sort. 
 
 pt, : Bidder 515. 19 Mus. It. ii. 736. 
 
 8 Frazer, Pausanias, iii. 396. * Mus. It. ii. 914, pi. xiv. 
 
 7 AA ix. 140. a Mus. It. ii. 906, pi. xiii. ; Ann. Br. 
 
 8 Above, pp. 296, 75. Sch. Ath. vi. 108. 
 
 9 Bidder 514, 51721. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 301 
 
 and a rabbit 1 . In Therapne were found some of the bases 
 which support models of animals 2 . A marble ram was dedicated 
 at Cnidus to the Maid s . Archaic Greek models of votive oxen 
 were found in Apulia 4 , and in Tarentum (where was a shrine of 
 Persephone) a whole series of pigs 5 . Some of the golden or 
 silver animals mentioned in the lists may have been dedicated 
 on the principle here discussed 6 . There were fifty or sixty 
 golden ox-heads, modelled with an axe between the horns, found 
 in one of the tombs at Mycenae ; perhaps representing sacrifice 
 to the dead. The same may be true of the magnificent ox-head 
 in gold and silver 7 . It is recorded that a priest spent the price 
 of a ram on a votive offering 8 . 
 
 (3) Articles used in the ritual. 
 
 From. the long series of vases found in the tomb at Menidhi, 
 it would appear that the vessel used to hold the food or what 
 not which was brought to the sacred place was left ^vith it and 
 formed part of the offering. This will explain the hosts of rude 
 vases, usually all of a shape, found at sacred places. Examples 
 are: the Argive Heraeum 9 , the Dictaean cave 10 , Naucratis 11 , at 
 Olympia seemingly 12 , and at Eleusis, in which last place the 
 visitor may still grub up tiny pots from the loose earth. To 
 dedicate these was probably a common custom. 
 
 Lamps appear also to have been offered, and a number 
 were found in Athens 13 , Bathos 14 , and the Cretan cave 15 . There 
 are some indications, though I cannot call them conclusive, that 
 models of the wreaths which were worn, or some other objects, 
 were possible dedications. A few of these were found in the 
 
 1 AM xix. 171; above, p. 69. TI/J.TJS TOV xpiov (Asclepius). 
 
 2 Rev. Arch. xxx. 17 ; found with 9 Dr Waldstein. 
 
 animals on them at Olympia. 10 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 101. 
 
 3 Collitz iii. 3518 "Kovp-rj IIXaBatvis, u Gardner, Naucratis, ii. 61 ; cp. i. 
 IIXctTWj'os yvvrj. 12, etc. 
 
 4 CIA ix. 120. Oxen also at Este : 12 Bronzen von 01. 198 ; Frazer, 
 Not. degli Scavi, 1888, pi. vii. ff. Pausanias, iii. 556. 
 
 5 JHS vii. 24. is Ridder, Cat. 425-7. 
 
 6 As the rpayLffKoi at Delos, BCH " J#s x iii. 227 ff. 
 
 xiv. 404. 15 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 105. At 
 
 7 Schliemann, Mycenae, 218. Cnidus : Newton, Halic. 494. 
 
 8 CIA ii. 836 33 lepete Avffavias & TTJS 
 
302 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 hero-shrine at Amyclae 1 ; and in Olympia, fragments of bronze 
 wreaths or sprays 1 . It is not likely, but not impossible, that 
 models of wreaths might be dedicated, since the figure of a man 
 bearing a wreath has been found. The wreath would bear the 
 same relation to the figure as the separate animal to a figure 
 holding an animal. I can see no other reason for the dedication 
 of models of torches made of the precious metals, recorded in 
 Boeotia, than that they are memorials of some vigil or ceremony 
 where the dedicators had held them 8 . 
 
 (4) The deity. 
 
 We have seen that one of the most common offerings for 
 occasions of all sorts was the figure of the deity ; and we may 
 assume therefore that a pilgrim would as naturally dedicate 
 one when he paid his devoirs at the shrine, as the pious Catholic 
 offers a figure of the Virgin and Child. I propose here to 
 consider those large series of divine figures, which have come 
 to light in many parts of the Greek world, which were offered 
 on occasions unknown by generations of worshippers, and which 
 in default of direct evidence may be supposed to have been 
 given at the recurrent feast or pilgrimage. And first, the facts. 
 
 The earliest figures of this class are rude female idols of 
 stone, quite naked, of which examples have been found in Delphi 4 
 and on the Acropolis of Athens 8 . The former, being made 
 of Parian marble, should have been carried to Delphi by a 
 visitor, perhaps when Delphi was the oracle of her whom 
 Aeschylus calls Themis, or the Earth 6 . Others of this type 
 have been found in the islands, placed in ancient tombs. 
 There are also figures of a female deity with wings, found 
 at Amyclae and Therapne, which may be referred to another 
 ancient goddess, she who is identified by the Greeks with 
 Artemis 7 . A series of goddess-figures with animal heads is said 
 
 1 Rev. Arch. xxx. 19 : but the object ya a time. AJA vii. 406. 
 
 has a handle, and is really a hoop 4 AM xvi. 361, Perrot and Chipiez, 
 
 with jags attacht. vi. 738, fig. 325. 
 
 s Bronzen von 01. 1171 ff. 5 AM xvi. 57. 
 
 3 Plataea : a catalogue. All the 6 Aesch. Eum. init. 
 
 dedicators are women ; 33 5afS ; 7 Rev. Arch. xxx. 10, 19. 
 offered singly, once three, once five 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 303 
 
 to have been discovered 1 . But these are isolated ; and the 
 types we have next to consider show a series long and unbroken, 
 reaching back to pre-historic times. 
 
 In the Argive Heraeum 2 thousands of terra-cotta figures are 
 found in pockets, probably round altars which go back beyond 
 the Mycenaean age. They range from the earliest primitive 
 idol, shapeless, without mark of sex, and naked, to the seated 
 and standing figures of the so-called Tirynthine type, to the 
 class called Mycenaean, these more nearly indicating the human 
 head on a rude body, down by regular transition through the 
 Dipylon stage to archaic Greek : and there they stop. A few 
 bronze figures are also found. The immense preponderance of 
 female figures suggests that the goddess is represented by 
 most of them ; for men worshipt Hera, and men were not 
 forbidden her temple ; moreover, after reading the earlier chap- 
 ters of this book, the reader will I think not be inclined to 
 admit special deities for males and females in the ancient days 3 . 
 It will be noted that the goddess is not characterised by cuckoo, 
 peacock, or other distinctive attributes. 
 
 The earthen fragments found on the Acropolis at Athens 
 number about five thousand. They include two shapeless idols 
 in a standing posture, and some three hundred seated idols of 
 the same class, which appear to belong to the Mycenaean age ; 
 about a thousand standing and seated female figures of a more 
 advanced style, clothed, and not unlike the ' Maiden ' statues, 
 but for a headdress which they wear. The standing figures 
 are for the most part without attribute ; but some have the 
 shield and gorgon's mask 4 , or a plume on the head, and hold a 
 fruit or bird to the breast with the right hand ; others have the 
 right arm raised as if in battle, although no trace of a spear 
 was found. The seated figures sit on a throne wide or narrow 8 , 
 wearing stephane or polos, a hand sometimes holding fruit. A 
 
 1 BGH xxiii. 635. The heads may tombs : Hist. vi. 759. 
 
 have been meant for human shape. 4 Acrop. Hits. no. 625; no. 593 holds 
 
 2 For this information I am indebted oil-flask to bosom. 
 
 to Dr Waldstein. See also the Pre- 6 This is evidence for a seated 
 
 liminary Report of Excavations. Athena in this place. But the seated 
 
 3 Perrot points out that the stone goddess has been found in the shrine 
 female idols are found in warriors' of the hero Amynus, AM xxi. 293. 
 
304 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 number of pieces are the head only, in high relief and hollow, 
 or upon a flat slab, with holes for hang- 
 ing. As these are all female, and not 
 distinctly marked as the devotee, they 
 should be meant for the goddess her- 
 self 1 . In the same place statues of 
 Artemis were found, but less numerous. 
 She also appears both seated upon a 
 throne and standing erect. The seated 
 figures hold a fawn with one hand or 
 the other; those standing hold a fawn 
 in the right hand, a flower or leaf in 
 the left 2 . At Eleusis is a whole series 
 of seated goddesses of the familiar 
 type, not distinguishable from those 
 found elsewhere 3 . In a sacred precinct 
 at Tegea, much the same features re- 
 appear. There are figures both seated 
 and standing, fifteen hundred in number, 
 all female with perhaps one exception ; 
 which makes it likely that the figures 
 are meant for the deity, were it Athena, 
 Demeter 4 , or who not. This must be 
 true of the most part, but some which 
 hold pigs in their arms, or carry jars 
 of water, or dance, may perhaps be 
 human beings who took part in the 
 sacrifice. The enthroned figures gene- 
 rally hold a bird, or a flower, close to 
 the breast ; grapes lie sometimes upon 
 the lap 6 . In a sanctuary of Artemis in 
 Corcyra were some thousands of draped female figures 6 , mostly 
 
 FIG. 
 
 46. Artemis with 
 fawn (Corcyra). 
 BCH xv. pi. iii. 
 
 1 A A viii. 140 ff.; AM xix. 491. 
 Castriotes explains them as devotees, 
 virgins who took part in the Pana- 
 thenaic procession, made in Athena's 
 type. No proof is given. 
 
 * AA viii. 146. Artemis Brauronia 
 was seated in historical times. 
 
 8 In the Museum. 
 
 4 Paus. viii. 53. 7. 
 
 5 AM iv. 170 ff. Offerings were laid 
 on the knees of seated deities, II. vi. 273. 
 
 6 In Carapanos Museum, Athens. 
 See BCH xv. Iff., pi. i. viii. See 
 fig. 46. 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 305 
 
 archaic, which hold a garland or flower, a bird, fruit, or some 
 such offering, or nothing at all. The interpretation of these is 
 as before doubtful; but there are others which represent the 
 goddess herself, in her character of goddess of the wild woodland. 
 She holds a deer with one hand to her breast ; or animals 
 fawn upon her, which she caresses, hare, deer, boar, panther, or 
 lion ; again she holds her bow, and in the other hand a bird, 
 deer, or lion, dangling by one leg; sometimes she stands in 
 a chariot behind a pair of deer 1 . Most characteristic of this 
 shrine are others which show a small human figure in front 
 of the goddess, apparently in the act either of dancing past or 
 of clasping her knees 2 . Thus the goddess is clearly intended 
 by independent figures similarly attired. Figures of a similar 
 type, the goddess with her hand on the head of a lion or 
 stag, or with a dog or some animal fawning upon her, come 
 from a grotto near Syracuse 3 . Characterised figures of Artemis 
 come from Locri 4 . Figures of the goddess have also been found 
 in the precinct of Athena Cranaea ; and amongst the hundreds 
 labelled " nondescript " we may see the goddess herself without 
 attribute 8 . So in the shrine of Aphrodite at Naucratis, figures 
 were found which are believed to represent the goddess 6 ; for 
 one female figure dedicated by a man Polyhermus, cannot be 
 meant for the dedicator 7 . Figures of Apollo occur at his shrine 
 in Voni (Cyprus), with eagle, fawn, or Victory as attributes, 
 and with the " temple boy " or votary 8 . A rough female head, 
 from Thessaly, is dedicated to the Earth by a man 9 . 
 
 In the western colonies similar series have been found. 
 Thus at a shrine near Catania, we see the matronly type and 
 the maiden type, both standing, the latter holding pig, fruit, 
 flower, or torch; and seated female figures of wooden modelling 10 . 
 At Megara Hyblaea are the upright draped figure, xoanon type, 
 the seated Demeter type, having the calathos headgear, and 
 
 1 Compare Paus. vii. 18. 12. fj,' dv8r)K rrji ' 
 
 2 See above, p. 286, fig. 38. 8 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 5048 ff. 
 
 3 Notizie degli Scavi, 1900, 353 ff. 9 Rev. Arch, xxxiv. 329, pi. xii. (3rd 
 
 4 Jahreshefte iv. 48 ff. century) Td Ylavrap^ra Kaw'eus TleiOoti- 
 
 5 BCH xi. 412 with pi. v. veto*. 
 
 6 Naucratis, i. 58. 10 Hon. Ant. vii. 217 ff., pi. iii. ff. 
 
 7 Naucratis, pi. xxi. 794 : Ho\vep/MS 
 
 R. 20 
 
306 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the maiden standing with hand to breast, and holding a bird 
 or other object in it 1 . Masks are also found in some places. 
 
 The female standing type called Maiden is also known in 
 two series of large marble statues at Athens and at Delos, and 
 in scattered analogues elsewhere*. One holding a dove comes 
 from Marseilles 3 ; one from Eleusis 4 , two from the neighbour- 
 hood of Apollo Ptoan 8 ; one from Samos is dedicated to Hera 
 and differs somewhat from the rest in appearance 6 . A certain 
 variety in the costume is to be seen at Athens, but, magnifi- 
 cent as it is, the costume is human, no doubt the Athenian 
 lady's gala-dress of the sixth century 7 . As a rule they 
 carry nothing in the hand, but one holds a strigil and a 
 flask 8 . The human air of these figures is most markt, and has 
 suggested that they may be meant for priestesses or arrhephori. 
 I have already given strong reasons for thinking that some 
 must, and all may have been meant for the goddess 9 ; and 
 pointed out, that as there is no evidence for the honorific 
 dedication of priestesses thus early, so the statue of an official, 
 if it was dedicated, must be more than a mere human figure, 
 and must in some way represent the function fulfilled. The 
 question becomes clearer still when viewed in the light of 
 these large series of divine figures. It was clearly needless 
 to characterise a deity always in the same way ; whilst various 
 deities are drest alike, stand in the same pose, and are in- 
 distinguishable from each other and from human beings 10 . A 
 seated statuette, which otherwise might be taken for Demeter, 
 is inscribed as Hecate 11 . A statue from Samos, inscribed to 
 
 1 Mon. Ant. i. 913 ff. word K6pr) has been taken to imply 
 
 - Gaz. Arch. ii.!33pl. 31; Collignon, humanity, seeing that Demeter's 
 
 Hist. Sc. Gr. i. 120, 340. daughter goes by that name alone. 
 
 3 Gaz. Arch. ii. 133, pi. 31. 10 The reader will no longer dub a 
 
 4 Collignon i. 122, fig. 60. goddess Aphrodite because she holds 
 
 5 Collignon i. 122, 123, figs. 61, 62 : a dove (as Lenormant does, Gaz. Arch. 
 perhaps Artemis. ii. 133) ; or he must see Aphrodite in 
 
 6 Collignon i. 163. Athens, Tegea, and Corcyra. 
 
 7 Collignon i. 342. One is inscribed. AZ xl. 267 ; CIA iv. 1. 422 3 Ai-yaw 
 IGS i. 2729 ...pwv dvt6fiK( rui 'AirbXuvi dvtdrjice fl^arTji. These are very rarely 
 rCii IlTwter ...OTOI tirolffiffe. inscribed; another from Aegina, per- 
 
 8 Collignon i. 353, fig. 178. haps Athena therefore, has ... fc V I A 
 
 9 Page 90. It is strange that the 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 307 
 
 Hera, much resembles the archaic Delian series 1 . When the 
 conception of a deity becomes clearer, the attributes emerge; 
 and Athena protectress assumes now helmet, now shield, now 
 spear, or all together. This brings us to the definite type of 
 armed Athena, in act to strike with the spear, which is repre- 
 sented by a number of bronzes found on the Acropolis 2 . 
 
 The question of the male figures, found in the shrines of 
 male deities, is similar, but it is complicated by the fact that 
 such figures may be meant for athletes. There is a series of 
 archaic stone figures from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoan, quite 
 naked and without attributes of any kind, some inscribed 8 . 
 One found in Samos 4 , and an archaic bronze figure of a similar 
 type, probably from Thebes, are both inscribed like these to 
 Apollo 6 . 
 
 Single examples of a similar type are known from Orcho- 
 menus 6 , Thera 7 and Sparta 8 , in the same attitude but of style 
 more advanced from Tenea 9 and Naxos 10 , from Melos, Paros, 
 Phigalea, Actium and many other places 11 . It will be noticed 
 that all those inscribed are dedicated to Apollo. Now an athlete 
 statue must be either honorific, or by the principles we have 
 everywhere seen, it must represent somehow the act recorded. 
 But honorific statues were known before the fourth century in 
 no divine precinct except at Olympia, and perhaps the other 
 
 Z xxv. 123, pi. 228. 3. rpdrov, in sixth century alphabet, may 
 
 A goddess enthroned, doubtless Hera, perhaps belong to one such. 
 
 comes from Samos : AZ xxii. 140, pi. 4 Aetfotos avtO-nicev rut 'Avo\\uvi : 
 
 jg2 2. Gymnasium Museum, Vathy, no. 25. 
 
 1 BCH iv. 483 ff. Xijpafiirtjs /*' art- The name Lychas occurs in Bran- 
 OTiKtr rf,w<- aya\/jia. chidae. Apollo in Samos, Paus. ii. 
 
 2 Ridder, Cat. 31 - 9 - 
 
 3 BCH x. 66, 98, 190, 269, pi. iv. 5 AJA N - s - 25 MavriKXos p avt- 
 ix.; xi. 275, 354, pi. ix. x.; x. 196; eeiKe FeKafioXwi apyvporofat ras deKaras' 
 IGS i. 2732 Kldos avMeiKe TW Hrwiett ; Tl) S * *te SlSoi x.a.plhrrav a>oiFav. 
 BCH x. 18... ov <W0i7/ce r<Si 'Air6\\wi TUL * Collignon i. 114. 
 
 Urwet (boustrophedon) ; IGI EiJ . en-fas 7 Gardner, Gr. Sc. 123. 
 
 drt0r) Ke - rw Uruieios ; 270 (corrects xi. 8 Collignon i. 132. 
 
 287) Hi/Was wK-pai0tei)s ical Alaxpluv 9 Collignon i. 202. 
 
 wfOfrav with a fragm. of dpyvporofai ; 10 CoUignon i. 253. 
 
 IGS i. 2729, 2730. Collignon i. 196 ff. "Gardner, Hist, of Gr. Sculpt., 
 
 An inscription found in the same Index, s.v. Apollo. 
 
 precinct, "Iirwapxos drtOrjinfv 6 Ilcwrwr- 
 
 202 
 
308 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 centres of the great games ; therefore they can hardly be 
 seriously considered for the Ptoan precinct. As the statues 
 are naked, most of the contests are excluded also. A runner 
 ran naked, and so fur the statue might be an athlete ; but as 
 we saw in the hoplite-runner of Tubingen, he could assume a 
 characteristic attitude. If therefore these were athletes, duly 
 dedicated to Apollo, they should show it in their attitude. 
 It must be admitted, however, that the statues might possibly 
 be meant to represent the ^V^VLKO^ dy<av l ; so that this 
 argument by itself is not conclusive. Further: athletic dedi- 
 cations always record the occasion ; these use mostly a bare 
 formula, but the only one which says anything of the occasion 
 calls the statue a tithe. It follows that one of the Ptoan statues 
 was not an athlete, that none of them need have been an 
 athlete, and that such evidence as is to be had goes to show 
 that they were not. We may therefore assume that they were 
 meant for Apollo; and his naked figure stands in the same 
 relation to that armed with the bow, as the Athenian Maiden 
 to the Promachos. How far the same explanation is true of 
 the so-called Apollos depends on the place they stood in ; and 
 as this is generally unknown, I leave them alone. But the 
 Samian and Theban figures go with the Ptoan 2 . Figures of 
 Apollo have been found at Delphi 3 and Amyclae* ; and we are 
 told that an Apollo was the oldest of all the dedications at the 
 Delphic shrine 6 . 
 
 The question of Zeus is easier. Most of his figures (there 
 are not many) found at Olympia and Dodona are characterised 
 by holding the thunderbolt, or seem to have held it 6 . Two have 
 the bolt and what is called an eagle 7 . So also at Dodona 8 . 
 But the bearded male figure in a mantle, which once held 
 
 1 This was suggested by Prof. E. A. girdle. 
 
 Gardner. 3 BCH xxi. pi. xi. 
 
 8 The male figures on the Acropolis 4 'E<f>. 'Apx- 1892, pi. 2. 
 
 of Athens (Cat. 734, 736, 737, 740) all B Paus. x. 16. 8. 
 
 appear to have held something in the 6 Bronzen von 01. vii. 43, 46. 
 
 hand. These were certainly not 7 Bronzen von 01. vii. 45, viii. 44 ; 
 
 Apollos; but no doubt athletes. A see fig. 47. 
 
 figure called Apollo at Delphi, BCH * Carapanos xii. 4 (2nd cent, archa- 
 
 xxi. pi. x., xi., is naked but for a metal istic). 
 
MEMORIALS OF FEASTS AND CEREMONIALS. 
 
 309 
 
 something (now gone) in his left hand 1 , may be Zeus as truly 
 as the Maiden type may represent Athena. I do not know 
 
 FIG. 47. Zeus with thunderbolt, from 
 Olympia. 
 
 Bronzen viii. 44. 
 
 FIG. 48. Figure from 
 Olympia (Zeus?). 
 
 Bronzen vii. 40. 
 
 how to interpret the seated male figure with long braided 
 hair and conical hat, also found at Dodona 2 . 
 
 1 Bronzen von 01. vii. 40; see fig. 48. 
 
 2 Carapanos x. 2. 
 
IX. 
 
 PROPITIATION. 
 
 oi AAKeAAiMONioi eKeAeyoN royc ' 
 
 HC 6eoy- 
 
 THUG. i. 126. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the greatest part of recorded offerings were 
 promised or given, from thankfulness for favours bestowed or 
 intelligently anticipated, there were others due to fear. It is 
 possible, as I have already suggested, that fear may have entered 
 into the offering of firstfruits ; but the feeling is clearer where 
 a votary has to propitiate some offended deity. The feeling is 
 illustrated by the words of Telemachus to Odysseus, whom he 
 takes for a strange god of unknown tastes : " Be gracious, that 
 we may give thee sacrifices to please thee, aye and gifts of 
 wrought gold 1 ." Sin-offering and thank-offering are mentioned 
 as natural complements in, a story of Orestes*. Such offerings, 
 it is true, lack the freewill which is the essence of the rest, but 
 it would be amiss to pass them by without notice. 
 
 The most of this class were dedicated to atone for a definite 
 breach of rule or of duty. So, in Homeric days, Artemis must 
 be appeased by the sacrifice of Iphigenia, and sacrifice has to 
 be rendered for the violation of the priest 3 ; Aegisthus 
 propitiates heaven with gifts of garments and gold*; and 
 
 1 Od. xvi. 184 dXV f\ij0' ha TOI *ex- 3 Cp. Iliad, i. 22, 428, 441. 
 pi.fffj.tva. o<l)0fj.v Ipd 7)5t xj>v<rea owpa * Od. iii. 274 rroXXA 5' dyaXfjiar' 1 drrj- 
 Tervyft^va. \J/(v, v<f>dff/j.ard re 
 
 2 Paus. viii. 34. 3. 
 
PROPITIATION. 311 
 
 it is likely that sacrifice was often done on similar occasions. 
 The crew of Odysseus, about to steal the oxen of the sun, vow 
 to build a temple to the sun, and fill it with fine offerings 1 . So 
 Croesus, who had offended the oracles of Greece by doubting 
 their power, which he put to the test by asking them a 
 ridiculous riddle, tried to appease 2 the two which were found 
 true, by offering magnificent gifts. At Delphi, after first sacri- 
 ficing, he presented the shrine with a large number of golden 
 ingots of two standard sizes, which were piled in a heap to be 
 the base of a great golden lion ; a gold and a silver crater, four 
 pitchers of silver, a gold and a silver holy-water basin, and other 
 objects 3 . To Amphiaraus he sent a gold shield and a golden 
 spear*. Xerxes too, after flogging the Hellespont, propitiated 
 the powers of the sea by sacrifices done on the bridge, and 
 by casting into the waters the golden bowl which he had used 
 in libation, with a golden crater, and a Persian sword 5 . When 
 the Lacedaemonians had so treacherously murdered the Plataean 
 prisoners, and razed their city to the ground, they built a new 
 temple for Hera and used the bronze and iron they found within 
 the place to make fittings for it 6 . 
 
 At Olympia, he who broke the rules of the games had to pay 
 a fine, which was used to purchase a bronze statue of Zeus ; these 
 
 1 Od. xii. 343 d\X' ayer', 'HeXioto Kal fj.vpffivriffi ffropvvvres TTJV 65ov. wj 
 pouv ^Xdffavres dpiffras pe^ofifv dOavd- d' e"irav{reX\e 6 rJXios, <rirfi>5uv e XP V ~ 
 rotffi, rot ovpav&v evpvv tjfawTOf. el 8 ffr)s tpidXrjs Sifp^rjs es ri]v BdXaffffav, 
 Kev els 'I6dKriv d<pLKolfj.eda irarpiSa yaiav, evxero ?rp6s -rbv yXtov ...ev!;dfj.voi 8t 
 atyd Kfv 'HeXicjj 'Tirepiovi iriova vybv e<re/3ctXe rrjv (pidXtjv es rdc'EXXijtnroi'Toi', 
 Tetil;on.ev, ev 86 Ke 6eijj,ev dydX/j.ara iroXXd Kal xp^ fffov Kprirrjpa Kal HfpffiKbv i<f>os 
 Kal fcr6\d. ei d x o ^- u<r i l JLfvo ^> e ^c. r ^ v eucii'dx^f xaXtovffi. ravra OVK ?x<a 
 
 2 So I interpret iXdcrKero; cp. IXav- drpeictus diaKplvai, afire ei T< i)Xitfj dva- 
 ftoi for bloodguilt, Plut. Solon 12. riOels Karijice es TO ireXayos, which is 
 
 3 Herod, i. 50, 51. These were not far from likely, ovre ei peT/j.tXrj(T ol 
 dedicated all at the same time; see rbv'^XX-fiffirovTov naffTiyiixravri, xai dvrl 
 above, p. 255. It should be mentioned Tovrewv rrjv OdXaa-crav edwpefro. Offer- 
 that he also burnt a number of articles, ings of gold, silver, and fine raiment 
 furniture and fabrics included, e\irl- were thrown into a river at Aphaca in 
 $tav TQV 6ebv /juiXXov TI Tovrouri dvaKT~q- Syria : Zosimus, i. 58. 
 
 ffevBaL. 6 Thuc. iii. 68 Kal rots dXXou (expij- 
 
 4 Herod, i. 52. ffavro) a rp> ev rif re/x et T"rXa, ^aX/cos 
 
 5 Herod, vii. 54: at sunrise, Ovfju-fifiard Kal <ri8r)po$, KXivas KaraffKevdeavTes dvt- 
 re iroXXa. eirl rdv yetyvpeuv Karayifovres, Oecrav r-g "H^^. 
 
312 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Zanes, as they were called, stood in a row near the Treasuries. 
 The first offence recorded is that of Eupolus of Thessaly 1 
 (98th Ol.) who bribed his competitors in the boxing. The whole 
 six of them were fined, and appropriate inscriptions were 
 placed upon the statues, as thus: "the victory is won by strength 
 and swiftness, not by money": " the statue stands for honour to 
 God, for the piety of the Eleans, and fora terror to evildoers." In 
 Ol. 110 Callippus of Athens bribed his rivals in the pentathlon 1 . 
 The Athenians took the matter up, and sent the orator 
 Hyperides to plead for him ; but he lost the case. Still, the 
 Athenians refused to pay, and consequently all of that city were 
 excluded from the games until by oracle from Delphi they 
 were persuaded to pay the fine. A curious case was that of the 
 Alexandrian boxer, Apollonius 3 . He arrived late, and pleaded 
 baffling winds ; but the fact was he had been prize-hunting all 
 over the Aegean, and this made him to be late. When the 
 judges refused to admit him to compete, and the victor had the 
 wreath awarded to him without a contest, in fury Apollonius 
 rusht at him ; and for this contempt of court he was fined. In 
 Ol. 192 even an Elean dared to cheat. The competitors, 
 Polyctor and Sosandrus, were on this occasion held guiltless, 
 or at least one of them*. The two fathers were punisht in the 
 usual way. In 01. 201 Serapion of Alexandria, who had entered 
 for the pancratium, played the coward and departed before 
 the event, and for his cowardice was fined 8 . Fines were 
 customary at Olympia for other breaches of sacrificial rules 6 . 
 
 When the Athenians fell into arrears with their sacred 
 mission to Dodona, they were enjoined to sacrifice, and to offer 
 a bronze table with some other object not specified 7 . 
 
 There is an indication that the practice was wider than we 
 know, in a late inscription from Coloe. On a slab of marble, 
 beneath a relief of a mounted hero or god holding a double 
 axe, is a legend which informs us that this was dedicated by 
 Antonia to Apollo, as atonement for having attended a cere- 
 
 1 Paus. v. 21. 2. 5 Paus. v. 21. 18. 
 
 2 Paus. v. 21. 6. Collitz i. 1158. 
 
 3 Paua. v. 21. 12. 7 Quoted by Dem. Meid. 15, p. 
 
 4 Paus. v. 21. 16. 630. 
 
PROPITIATION. 313 
 
 monial dance in a dirty dress 1 . The base of a "thank-offering 
 and atonement" was found at Cnidus*. The Epidaurian pig 
 demanded as a punishment for scepticism, will be remembered 8 . 
 Two entries in the catalogue of the Asclepieum suggest fines 4 . 
 
 In some sanctuaries, where the worshipper's dress was 
 prescribed, jewels and ornaments were not to be worn ; any so 
 brought in were forfeit, and consecrated in the shrine and to 
 the deity 5 . This was the law in the temple of Despoina at 
 Lycosura, for garments purple or black, or of any bright colour, 
 sandals, rings, and gold ornaments 6 . A similar rule held in 
 Andania 7 , lalysus 8 , and perhaps elsewhere. We find "false 
 staters," apparently confiscated from Lacon, in the temple of 
 Brauronian Artemis at Athens 9 . So also at Delos 10 . Dionysius 
 of Syracuse made all the women dedicate their ornaments, 
 which he then seized; if anyone thereafter wished to wear 
 gold, she had to dedicate a votive offering of some sort 11 . 
 
 For the crime of bloodguilt, expiation was sometimes made 
 in the same way, as Plutarch implies 12 . The Metroum at 
 Athens was founded to propitiate the soul of a murdered 
 man 13 . In the story of Coroebus and his slaying of Poene, 
 the oracle of Apollo commanded him to expiate the guilt 
 by founding a temple 14 . A statue of Cylon on the Acropolis 15 
 may perhaps have been dedicated because of the murder 
 of the conspirators in violation of the sanctuary of the 
 
 1 Cat. Berl. Sc. 680 'A.vruvLa 'Av- 9 CIA ii. 652 B 
 
 Tuviov 'ATroXXow 0e Bof^pw did rb tv Kif3ci>T(u>i o-ta~t\\i,a.a-/j.^voi ol Trapd 
 
 dvafte^riK^ve /j.e tirl TOV -)(opbv ev pvirapu AdKwvos; CIA ii. 654 B apyvpiov K- 
 
 tirevSim), Ko\acr6icra d d^<afJ.o\oyr)ffdfj.Tjv ftdyXov rb 'E\evffiv66fv. 
 
 K dvtBrjKa evXoyiav on iyevo^-qv 6X6- 10 BCH vi. 
 
 /c\7?pos. n Arist. Oec. ii. 1349 a 24 MXevtre 
 
 2 Newton, Branchidae, i. 380. rty ftov\o^v-rjv xP Vffo< t >0 P f ' v fdypu n 
 
 3 Page 226, above. ivanQtvau. et's rb iepbv. 
 
 4 CIAii.835 ls aXvffiov TO flffTrpaxOtv, 12 Plut. Solon 12 ZXa<7ju,ots run Kal 
 64 Kv/J-filov TO elairpa.'xfl^v. Ko.da.piJ.ols /cat ISpfoefft. 
 
 5 Cp. aly\oi Kal dcmol e^dyiffTOi, in a 13 Suidas s.v. (jnjTpayvpTrjs, f}dpa.6pov; 
 catalogue of Eleusis, CIA iv. 2. 7676. Photius s.v. MriTpfov; Schol. Arist. 
 
 6 dvaet iv Tb iep6v, 'E0. 'A/>x- 1898, Plut. 431 ; Frazer, Pausanias, ii. 67. 
 249. " Paus. i. 43. 8. 
 
 7 Collitz iii. 4689 22' 26 - 39 - 88 . Paus. i. 28. 1. 
 
 8 IGI i. 677. 
 
314 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 goddess 1 . The same principle is seen in two statues of Pau- 
 sanias, dedicated in the Brazen House at Sparta, from which 
 he had been dragged forth and slain 2 . Perhaps we may con- 
 jecture that one was intended to lay the ghost of Pausanias*. 
 and the other to lay the ghost of the hapless Cleonice, who was 
 killed by Pausanias in mistake. We are told that Pausanias 
 had tried in vain to set her spirit at rest, what with wizards 
 and what with sacrifices to Zeus, as god of Flight 4 . These dedi- 
 cations were enjoined by the Delphic oracle. When a certain 
 Timagoras, a foreigner, was bidden by his Athenian lover to 
 cast himself down from the Acropolis, he did so ; whereupon 
 the lover did the same. For this the foreigners of Athens 
 dedicated an altar to Anteros, or as Suidas says, a statue of the 
 Athenian 5 . A temple of Artemis at Tegea was built to expiate 
 the slaying of the tyrant Aristomelidas by one Chronius, who 
 did it in obedience to a vision of Artemis 6 . The Argives, after 
 an internecine feud, expiated the bloodshed by setting up a 
 statue of Gracious Zeus 7 . We might be tempted to place here 
 the reliefs dedicated to Zeus under this title, but that he was 
 worshipt as Gracious by the farmers 8 . Propitiatory offerings 
 were certainly made to him under this title 9 . 
 
 Treaties and laws were sanctioned with fines for the break- 
 ing of them 10 : although these are assessed in money, the sums 
 were, sometimes at least, expended in a votive offering, so that 
 they cannot be excluded. Periander decreed that anyone who 
 helped his banished son should pay a fine to Apollo". In the 
 ancient Elean treaties, the violator was to pay a sum of money to 
 Zeus Olympius 12 . Similar rules appear in Athenian documents 1 *, 
 
 1 Herod, v. 71: Schafer, A. Z. xxiv. 6 The tyrant himself was blood- 
 183. It may have been dedicated by guilty. Paus. viii. 47. 6. 
 
 himself for his Olympic victory in 640. 7 Paus. ii. 20. 2. 
 
 2 Paus. iii. 17. 7, 9 ; Thuc. i. 134. 8 Above, p. 83. 
 
 3 Plut. dt ser. num. vind. 17. 9 Paus. ii. 20. 1. 
 
 4 Paus. i. 28. 1. 10 So in Assyria: a common penalty 
 6 Paus. i. 30. 1, Suid. g.v. MAijroj. for breach of contract was to dedicate 
 
 Suidas says Meletus offered Timagoras a bow to Ninip. Kidgeway, Early Age 
 
 some cocks, and when they were scorned, of Greece, i. 616. 
 
 threw himself down. The statue, we ll Herod, iii. 52. 
 
 are told, represented a youth holding 12 IGA 112, 115. 
 
 two cocks. 13 CIA i. 41, ii. 11. 
 
PROPITIATION. 315 
 
 and in the treaty between Orchomenus and the Achaean 
 League 1 . The Amphictyonic Council imposed fines, not only 
 on states (as in the case of Phocis") but on single persons for 
 breach of oath 3 . Other ordinances of Delphi, such as a vote of 
 privilege to a distinguisht man, were guarded by fines in case 
 of violation*. For any offence against a certain decree of Acrae- 
 phia, two thousand staters were to be paid as sacred to Apollo 8 . 
 Emancipations were sometimes similarly guarded. At Messene, 
 he who infringed the liberty of an enfranchised slave paid ten 
 minae to Limnatis 6 ; at Delphi, a silver talent to Apollo 7 ; at 
 Elatea, ten minae to Asclepius 8 . So in Coronea 9 , Daulis 10 , 
 Hyampolis 11 , Stiris 12 . 
 
 At Athens, officials who broke their oath or neglected their 
 duty were compelled to make an expiatory offering. Under 
 the Solonian constitution the nine archons swore in such case to 
 dedicate a golden statue, which from the words used appears to 
 have been meant for a portrait 13 . Suidas 14 appears to imply that 
 three were to be offered, in Delphi, Olympia, and Athens, one 
 each ; and Plato 15 and Plutarch 16 add, that it was to be of equal 
 weight with the offender. The archon who failed in his duty 
 to orphan heiresses, by not compelling the next of kin to wed 
 or to dower them, paid a thousand drachmae to Hera 17 . 
 Archons who failed to punish tradesmen for using false 
 measures, were fined a thousand drachmae sacred to Demeter 
 and the Maid 18 ; and those who violated a law concerned with 
 trierarchy paid a like sum to Athena 19 , as also did prytanes or 
 
 1 Collitz ii. 1634. n IGS Hi. 1. 86. 
 
 2 IGS iii. 1. 110, 111. 12 IGS iii. 1. 34. 
 
 3 CIG 1688 19 , etc. 13 Arist. Const. Ath. 7 ol 5' twta 
 
 4 Vote of thanks to an architect: Apxavres 0/xviWes irpbs T$ Xifftf /care- 
 Collitz ii. 2522. <pa.Tiov dvaOrifftiv dvdpidvra xpvvovv i&v 
 
 5 AM xvi. 349 86ca /JLVO.S dpyvpiov TWO. irapa^ucn TWV vbntav. Sdev frt Kal 
 icxpds rat At/apart. vvv oOrws o^viiouffiv. So ch. 55. 5. See 
 
 6 Collitz ii. 1532 ft. next two notes. 
 
 7 Collitz ii. 1548. 14 Said. s.v. \pvffT) eiK&v. 
 
 8 IGS i. 2872. 15 Plat. PJiaedr. 235 D xp 
 
 9 Collitz ii. 1523 10 ; IGS iii. 1. 66. Iffo^rp^rov. 
 
 10 BCHxiv. 21, line 21 : dvoreiffdrw 6 18 Plut. Solon 25. 
 
 dSiKuv 5rx'Mous <TTa.TT)pas KCLI 8 CLV Kara- 17 Law ap. Dem. Macart. 1064. 
 
 P\d\f/rii, rot 5 KaradiKcurOfrTa. x/M^aTa J 8 CIA ii. 476. 
 
 iepk Iffru TOV 'ATToXXfcwos ToO Urwtov. 19 CIA ii. 809 b 5 (about 330). 
 
316 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 presidents who failed in their duty 1 . The magistrate who had 
 not past his audit was forbidden to make any votive offering at 
 all"; possibly to prevent a sham dedication after the principle 
 of corban. If a member violated a rule of the phratry he 
 paid a hundred drachmae to Zeus Guardian of the Phratry 3 ; a 
 similar penalty fell on the offending priest of a body of thia- 
 sotes*. A breach of law at Eleusis involved a fine to Dionysus*. 
 At Chalcedon, any proposal contravening a sacrificial law, made 
 in the assemblies, was atoned for by a fine to Asclepius 9 . 
 A similar provision was made at Lampsacus 7 ; and a Carian 
 law was sanctioned under a thousand drachmae paid to Zeus 8 . 
 A tomb in Asia Minor is guarded against violation under fine 
 to Hephaestus 9 ; a very common thing in the later times. Even 
 in a decree for army transport during the Peloponnesian war, 
 the provision is made that a neglect of contract should involve 
 a fine to Athena 10 . 
 
 The tithe of certain fines was due to the gods. This was 
 done when a man was mulcted for damaging the sacred olives 
 at Athens", in Rhodes for violating a certain decree 12 . A portion 
 of confiscated goods was also consecrated. After the fall of 
 Polycrates, his secretary dedicated in the Heraeum the splendid 
 furniture and ornaments of his hall 13 . At Athens, it was 
 the tithe of the confiscations which the goddess claimed 14 . 
 Anyone who spoke or acted against the constitution of Brea, 
 a colony founded about 444, must forfeit his goods, of which 
 one tenth went to Athena 18 . In the treaty between Athens 
 
 1 Law ap. Demosth. Timocr. 707. 8 AM xv. 269. 
 
 2 Aesch. Ctes. 21, 373. The law rbv 9 GIG Add. 4325i. 
 itirttidvvov OVK Of. rrjv ovffiav Kaffiepovv, 10 CIA iv. 1. 35 C. 
 
 ovd' di>d6T)fjM dvadflvai. u Law ap. Dem. Macart. 1074. 
 
 3 CIA. ii. 8416 ( a b ou t 350) iiiv ia IGI i. 977 M . 
 
 Si \fsri<piffatJ.v<i)i> TUV Biaffdrrwv elvai 13 Herod, iii. 123 rbv Kbffnov rbv K 
 
 a&Tots (pparipa oi dXXot (ppartpes diro\fsi)- rov dvSpeCivo^...il)vra dio0triTov dv^O-qice 
 
 <f>lff(j}vra.(. 6<pfi\6vT<av fKarbv 5/>axM&s lepds ir6.vra. it rb '~B.pa.1ov. 
 
 TWI Atl rw 3?parplwi. So 841 b p. 535 14 Law ap. Andoc. Myst. 96 ; Xen. 
 
 (396/5), and CIA iv. 1, p. 206. Hell. i. 7. 10 rd di yj^fMra aiirov 817- 
 
 4 CIA ii. 614. fuvOrjvai Ko.1 Trjs 0fou rb 
 
 6 CIA iv. 2. 5746. efccu; Plut. X. Or. 834. 
 Collitz iii. 3052. 1B CIA i. 31, cp. 32 21 . 
 
 7 CIG Add. 3641633. 
 
PROPITIATION. 317 
 
 and Chalcis, all men of age had to swear good faith on pain 
 that his goods be confiscate, and a tithe of them given to Zeus 
 Olympius 1 . The same provision was made for a tithe to Athena 
 in the treaty made between Athens and a number of states in 
 378 2 . 
 
 The fines and votive offerings touch in the Zanes ; and they 
 touch also in the case of Themistocles, who, when overseer of 
 the water supply, used the fines of those who had diverted 
 the water to purchase and dedicate a bronze ' maiden,' that is 
 on our supposition a statue of Athena, which the Persians 
 afterwards carried away amongst their booty to Sardis 3 . 
 
 1 CIA iv. Suppl. I. 27 a (about 445). 
 
 2 CIA ii. 17 57 (378 B.C.) tiriSti<a.Toi>, cp. ii. 65. 
 
 3 Plut. Themist. 31. 
 
X. 
 
 RARITIES AND VALUABLES. 
 
 cy WN NYN AAOI rreieoMerwoc, nofncoN rrpoc TAC eyryxfAC 
 
 C TO AN eypHC t6n TGI TTAei'cToy A^ION, KA) en' t$ cy 
 ATToAoMeiMCjj MAAICTA THN YYXHN AAfHceic, TOYTO AirdBAAe oyrco, 
 OKCOC MHKeri H5ei ec ANSpconoyc. 
 
 AMASIS TO POLYCRATES: HEROD, iii. 40. 
 
 How David poured out before the Lord the water which 
 his chiefs brought him from the well of Bethlehem, is a story 
 familiar to all. The same spirit which moved David is seen 
 amongst the Greeks also: it is in fact what prompted the 
 dedication of the dicpoOLviov. Anything rare or strange would 
 naturally be a fit offering for a god ; and the legends of heroic 
 ages gradually became attached to these offerings. Thus the 
 pious Greek could behold at Delphi the very stone which 
 Cronus swallowed in place of Zeus, still ceremonially anointed 
 with oil and held in honour 1 . At Chaeronea he could see that 
 sceptre, made for Zeus by Hephaestus, which had past through 
 the hands of Hermes, Pelops, Atreus, Thyestes, and Agamemnon, 
 and was found buried on the confines of Phocis ; to which the 
 Phocians ever after paid supreme honour, doing sacrifice before 
 it, and setting out a sacred table laden with all manner of 
 meats'. At Olympia were the bones of Geryones, dedicated by 
 Heracles 3 . The shrine of Asclepius in Megalopolis contained 
 enormous bones, greater than human, which had once been those 
 
 1 Pans. x. 24. 6. gold, and therefore may have been laid 
 
 2 Pans. ix. 40. 11 6euv /tdXiora at- in some prehistoric tomb-chamber. 
 {iov<m> -. it was kept by a priest elected See Iliad ii. 101 107. 
 
 yearly in his own house. It was 3 Philostr. Her. 289 (672). 
 said to have been found along with 
 
RARITIES AND VALUABLES. 319 
 
 giants who helped Rhea in her revolt 1 . So in later days, the 
 fisherman dedicated to the sea-gods a huge rib which his net 
 had caught 2 . The flutes of Marsyas were preserved at Corinth, 
 in the shrine of Persuasion, where they had been dedicated by 
 the shepherd who found them 3 . The Golden Fleece found a 
 last resting place in one temple 4 , and in another were the wings 
 of Daedalus 5 . Of the Calydonian boar, both skin and tusks were 
 preserved in the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea; the tusks 
 were three feet round, and no doubt belonged originally to some 
 mammoth 6 . So mammoth ribs found in Warwickshire have been 
 popularly assigned to the terrible Dun Cow slain by Guy of 
 Warwick. Meleager was so considerate as to leave the spear 
 he slew the boar with at Corinth, where it was dedicated rather 
 inappropriately in the shrine of Persuasion 7 . Even the fatal 
 necklet of Eriphyle was dedicated at Delphi by the sons of 
 Phegeus 8 ; and an imitation of it is mentioned in the temple 
 catalogues of Delos 9 . It consisted of " light-coloured stones," 
 amber perhaps, strung upon gold. In Gabala, Pausanias saw 
 the robe which was wrapt round the infant Alcmaeon, when 
 he was delivered to Eriphyle 10 . The gold-hafted knife of 
 Oenomaus was in the Treasury at Olympia 11 ; there also the 
 sword of Pelops, with a golden hilt, was preserved 1 ", and his 
 chariot stood on the roof of the Anactorium at Celeae 13 . At 
 Olympia, under a roof set up to protect it, stood a wooden 
 pillar which once supported the roof of Oenomaus' house, thus 
 inscribed : 
 
 teal yap ey&> K\eivdSv et'/u,' w j~eve \eltyavov OIKWV, 
 
 CTT{)XO<? ev Olvofj,dov irpLv iror eov&a SO/JLOK' 
 vvv Se Trapa KpoviSrjv Keipai raS' e%ovcra TO. 
 ot>8' 0X0?) Satcraro <Xo //, 
 
 1 Paus. viii. 32. 5. fered by Alcmaeon to cure madness 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 222, 223. (vi. 232s). 
 
 3 Pans. ii. 7. 9. 9 BCH xiv. 406. 
 
 4 Schol. Ap. Rhod. iii. 584. 10 Paus. ii. 1. 8. 
 
 5 Justin, Paraenet. 34. u Paus. vi. 19. 6. 
 
 6 Paus. viii. 24. 10, 46. 1, 47. 2. 12 Paus. ii. 14. 4. 
 
 7 Paus. ii. 7. 9. 13 Paus. v. 19. 6. 
 
 8 Paus. ix. 41. 2 Ai0ot x^po/. " Paus. v. 20. 7. 
 Athenaeus says the necklace was of- 
 
320 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 These words suggest that the ancient column, saved thus 
 miraculously from the burning, was consecrated as a thing 
 holy and in a way under the protection of the god. From the 
 Homeric age we have a stone on which Manto, daughter of 
 Teiresias, used to sit, which was preserved at Thebes 1 . At 
 Nicomedeia was the knife of Memuon 2 . The spear of Achilles 
 found its way to Phaselis 3 , and an epigram speaks of the dirk 
 of Helicaon 4 . The lance of Caeneus was also to be seen 5 ; arid 
 in the temple of the Mothers at Engyion in Sicily were spears 
 and helmets, used by Meriones and others, and then dedicated 
 by Odysseus 6 . Helen's golden stool was to have been given to 
 the wisest man in the world; but as all the wise men of 
 Greece were too modest to take it, a final home for it was 
 found in Delphi or the temple of Apollo Ismenius at Thebes 7 . 
 Hippodameia's couch was to be seen in the Heraeum at 
 Olympia 8 , Nestor's cup was dedicated to Artemis in Capua 9 , 
 and the cup of Odysseus somehow found its way to south 
 Italy 10 ; while the Argonauts left a number of cups in a shrine 
 at Samothrace". Still more notable, the very goblet which 
 Zeus gave to Alcmene, when he assumed the shape of 
 Amphitryon, was preserved, and doubtless this too was dedi- 
 cated in a temple 12 . A folding chair made by Daedalus was 
 preserved in the temple of Polias at Athens 13 . Cypselus, who 
 sacrificed some magnificent oxen to Zeus at Olympia, seems to 
 have dedicated their horns 14 . 
 
 Arimnestus, king of Etruria, dedicated his throne at 
 Olympia 15 . A huge ornamental crater of bronze, sent as a gift by 
 the Lacedaemonians to Croesus on their alliance, came somehow 
 
 1 Paus. x. 10. 3. ypafj.fMLTiKbv avaKtifjuvov tv Kairvrj 
 
 2 Paus. iii. 3. 8. ~K.a/j.irai>[a.s, inscribed ws rb 
 
 3 Paus. iii. 2. 8. ov, cp. 489 B. 
 
 4 Anth. App. 213. 10 Strabo v. 232. 
 
 5 Schol. Apoll. Rhod. i. 59. n Diod. iv. 49. 
 
 8 Plut. Marcellus 20. Others at 12 Athen. xi. 475. 
 
 Troy, Arrian V.H. i. 11. 13 Paus. i. 27. 1. 
 
 7 Plut. Solon iv. Schol. Arist. 14 IGA 27 d /3owv Kv^Xov, as ex- 
 Plutus 9. plained by Rohl. 
 
 8 Paus. v. 20. 1. ls Paus. v. 12. 5. 
 
 9 Ath. xi. 466 E 
 
RARITIES AND VALUABLES. 321 
 
 to Samos, where it was dedicated in the Heraeum by the 
 Samians 1 . At Delphi was Pindar's seat 2 . Phryne appears to 
 have dedicated at Thespiae the famous Love which Praxiteles 
 made for her, on the same principle 3 . A curious piece of 
 quartz or some such stone, mounted upon a wooden base, was 
 dedicated at Athens to Athena*; a curiously shaped shell was 
 found at Delphi 5 . Some lead ore was preserved at Delos*. In 
 the temple of Heracles at Erythrae were to be seen the horns 
 of a certain Indian ant, which were there set up for a wonder 
 to posterity 7 . 
 
 A few objects of this class have survived. In Corcyra was 
 found an unhewn stone of conical shape, a kind of baetylus 
 perhaps, bearing a very ancient inscription with the dedicator's 
 name 8 . This, as Six suggests, may have been meant for Apollo 
 Agyieus, who is described as a conical pillar 9 . Two other 
 conical stones in Corcyra are inscribed with a river-name in 
 the nominative 10 . A similar stone found in Gaul was dedicated 
 to Aphrodite 1J . 
 
 It is perhaps this principle which suggests the preservation 
 of laws and official documents in temples, where they were 
 always set up 12 ; and it was also the custom to erect there the 
 tablets which bore official decrees and lists, as well as votes of 
 honour and gifts of citizenship 13 . 
 
 1 Herod, i. 70. 9 Harpocration.v.'A7wei;j- Kluv ek 
 
 2 Paus. x. 24. 4. <5i> \riywv, Hesych. 'Ayviefa, Pans. viii. 
 
 3 Strabo ix. 410, Anth. Pal. vi. 260, 32. 4. 
 
 Athen. xiii. 591 B T) S eXo^vr, rbv 10 IGA 347 ; see p. 325. 
 
 "Epura ai>t0rjKei>, etc. n IGA 551. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 676 9 XP V <" T '* M0s <W 12 E.g. a law at Olympia Iap6s IGA 
 Kiovos %v\ivov. 112. ypa/j.jjLa.Ttiov Delos. 
 
 6 BCH xx. 604. 13 Athens, CIA ; Carpathos IGI i. 
 
 6 BCH vi. 47. 1033 ; Cos, Collitz iii. 3619 ; Rhodes, 
 
 7 Pliny, NH xi. 31. IGI i. 761 50 ; Olympia, Collitz iii. 
 
 8 AM xix. 340, Indogerm. Forsch. 1173 32 ; Sparta, Collitz iii. 4516; 
 1893, 87: MOj ^ taa-ro. Thessaly, Collitz i. 345 w , 1332 32 . 
 
 B. 21 
 
XL 
 
 FORMULAE. 
 
 AN inscription was no necessary part of a votive offering. 
 The mere fact of its being laid in the shrine with intent to 
 dedicate, could suffice 1 ; and the large majority of things which 
 have been found in sacred places, such as statuettes, articles 
 of use, spoil of war, toys, and toilet utensils, are wholly without 
 inscription. So, too, were the greater part of the articles 
 named in the Inventories. But it was natural that the 
 dedicator should wish the memory of his gift to be kept, and 
 this we shall see later to have been a prevailing motive in 
 the dedication ; so when letters began to be commonly used, 
 an inscription was naturally made. As it is the mark of early 
 inscriptions to be sparing of words, and as the god to whom 
 the offering was made would be clear from the place, (1) we may 
 expect that the earliest dedicators contented themselves with 
 recording their own names. But (2) a large number of ancient 
 objects bear the god's name without a dedicator's. Many 
 of these may have been not dedications at all, but like 
 Ptolemocratia's "sacred pail of Venus," which sang its own 
 song, and told by letters whose it was 2 , they may have been 
 bought out of temple funds for every-day use. This, however, 
 is not true of others, such for example as the bulls of the 
 
 1 This fact has been taken to prove may be iep6s, without being an 
 
 the votive character of the Olympian pa; for example, the tiles of his roof. 
 
 athlete statues (above, p. 167). But 2 Plautus, Rudena 478. So irorripioy 
 
 a thing may belong to the god, that is, ypafj.fj.aTiK6f, p. 320 9 . 
 
FORMULAE. 323 
 
 Cabiri, which were dedicated without doubt by pious wor- 
 shippers; hence we are justified in recording such in this 
 place. (3) A third class will show both devotee and deity, 
 (a) either the names only, or (6) along with a verb ; and to 
 these will be added (4) others which offer a reason for the act, 
 or (5) a prayer, or (6) both together. The more ambitious 
 dedications are written in verse. Such is the main classification 
 of the formulae, which in later times appear in many and 
 striking variations. 
 
 The verb avari&rjiu, in passive sense avaicelp,ai, and its 
 derivative dvd0r)/j.a, are universal for the votive offering. The 
 noun appears locally in the form dvd0fj,a l , avBefJM* or dprrj^ia 3 , 
 while eirdvderos*, in Argos 7rdv0efj,a s , in Athens eVereto? 6 , is 
 applied to the dedications of the current year.' For human 
 gifts, the proper words are 8&pov and StSovat or eViStSoz>at 7 ; 
 but Swpov is found early in conjunction with votive formulae, 
 and late by itself 8 . For tombs, the formula is riOrj/ju, or eVt- 
 TiOrjfjbi*, sometimes e</icm;/u 10 . Later the votive avariBifiu 
 loses its force, and is applied to games and months and the 
 like 11 ; while by its side we meet with ridtj^i the simple 
 verb 12 , which occurs once in an archaic dedication from Argos 13 , 
 t 14 , ia-rijfj.1 and compounds 15 , even ev^apia-rco 16 , and 
 
 1 IGS i. 303 40 (Oropus); IGSI 608 p. 44 Supov. Aegina IPI i. 12. Cp. 
 (Sardinia, late) ; BCH vi. 30 (Delos), dwpov in Homer, Od. xvi. 185, and 
 Collitz iii. 4689 91 (Andania), etc. Hesiod in Plato Rep. iii. 390 E. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 3339 59 (Epidaurus) ; 161 9 IGA 495 : tirl with name alone and 
 i. 783. no verb; IGA 131, etc. 
 
 3 Hon. Ant. iii. 402 (Crete). i IGA 265. 
 
 4 IGS i. 3498. 11 Collitz i. 1231, Schol. Find. Nem. 
 
 5 AJA ix. 357. IPI i. 526 6 . ii. 1, of games. Aeschylus is said 
 
 6 CIA ii. 660 58 . to have "dedicated his tragedies to 
 
 7 Collitz iii. 3164 'Eiralverds p.' tduice Time," Athenaeus viii. 39. 
 Xap67rwi; IGA 206a, 219 ; 210a tirtduict. 12 Collitz i. 37. 
 
 In Athens tiridoo-is is a contribution for 13 AJA ix. 351 Ti/xoKXijs jj? 26r)Ke. 
 
 public purposes. 14 Collitz i. 41, dirtduKa BCH xvii. 
 
 8 As SZpov dTrapx-nv: Kar. 261 = OL4 520, xx. 57, AM xx. 506 + tirayjl\as. 
 iv. 1. 422i 3 , 3 73c . cp- 5- fotOiiKe late 15 ffrrjffe early Kar. 131 = 014 iv. 1. 
 IGSI 982, 981 Ot\wv. Annali xxxiii. 373 iil6 ; lori/o-e IGSI 608; dv- AM xxi. 
 pi. S 0ea A^fj.Tjrpi S&pov, BCH xxiv. 112 : Collitz i. 37 narta-raffe. 
 
 161 (Thrace). Carapanos, Doddne, pi. i6 IGSI 832, etc. 
 xxiii. 4 Ati fi&pov avtdt)Ke TnSXts Aexutw, 
 
 212 
 
324 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 coupled with Tt0r}pi or avarlBijfJU 1 , aTrobiSovai*, eVreXeii/ 8 , and 
 barbarously Troteii/ 4 . Even icadiepovv is sometimes found 8 . 
 Another group of words, iSpvw and i^pufia, are used of buildings 
 and altars, trophies and statues 6 . Kararid^fii is used on the 
 earliest Lesbian dedications known, which were found at 
 Naucratis 7 , and in Cyprus 8 . TrapaKa-randevat, and TrapaKara- 
 drjKT] are used of things deposited in temples for safe keeping 9 . 
 
 (1) No deity is named. I have met with no votive offering 
 which bears the offerer's name in the nominative case alone 10 ; 
 but there are examples of it in the genitive. The statue made 
 by Tharrymachus, and inscribed "of Praxilas," is probably one 11 . 
 A vase found in the temple of the Cabiri is labelled " of the 
 Thebans 12 "; there are similar inscriptions at Corinth 13 and 
 Athens 14 . 
 
 Most of those which belong to this class have a verb of 
 dedication added. One of the oldest is the baetylus dedicated 
 by Mys at Corcyra, which takes the quaint form of a speech 
 from the stone to the spectator 18 . So also does the Corey ran 
 bronze plate of Lophius 16 . 
 
 Others have the commoner shape of the Olympian stone 
 
 1 IGSI 2524, 892 dva-, etc. Athens be a prize formula, as Bather 
 
 2 IGSI 2427, Collitz iii. 3072, AJA suggests: JHS xiii. 129 62 , 233 rur rl 
 xi. 599. Aa.M<n5cu aOXa>v ? 6 Sciva Kar^Tjucef. 
 
 3 IGSI 873. 8 Collitz i. 1 etc. 
 
 4 IGSI 1025, 1124. 9 CIA ii. 660 50 irapa.Ka.Ta6-/tKi) 'A0ij- 
 
 5 Collitz iii. 3596 ffvyKaOitpwfff. The vala.s. 
 
 simple verb is the regular general 10 Perhaps the vase inscribed Hpixuv 
 
 word for consecration. is one, IG.4 126 a ; cp. 130. The 
 
 6 I take the following reff. from owners of vases are inscribed in the 
 Dar. and Sagl. Donarium. iSptiu: genitive; IG.4 247 a Topyldao riftl, 521, 
 temple or altar Herod, i. 69, vi. 105 ; 524. 
 
 trophy Eur. Heracl. 786; statue Arist. n IGA 449 Hpal\a fal- Qapp6n*X* 
 
 Pint. 1153, Peace 1091. tSpvpa : tern- f vo iei (Thera). 
 
 pie Herod, viii. 144, Aesch. Ag. 339 ; 12 IGS i. 3595 e^atuv. 
 
 altar Dion. Hal. i. 55; statue Aesch. 13 IGA 20 ' 6 ...ov elfu. 
 
 Pers. 811. pwftbv I8pvffa.ro, IPIi. 1009 6 . " Kar. 97, 98. 
 
 7 Gardner, Naucratis, DOS. 78793 ls MOs pe laaro, above p. 321 8 . The 
 Ka60riKc; perhaps 185. ..(wia* /car^Ke address is common in early inscrr., 
 rwt..., which he suggests may have e.g. on a tomb, IG.4 256, 344. 
 
 been a deposit. But the others must 16 A<ty><6s /*' dvtOijice (complete), IG.4 
 be votive, even if the example in 341. 
 
FORMULAE. 325 
 
 "Hiero was the dedicator 1 "; or the Samian stone which adds 
 the patronymic 2 . Other such came from Melos 3 , Argos 4 , 
 Samos 5 . 
 
 The father's name may be added 6 . 
 
 (2) The deity's name without the dedicator's. 
 
 Many very ancient dedications show this type. The name 
 appears very rarely in the nominative, as on a greave found 
 in the temple at Olympia, which bears the legend Zeus 
 Olympian 7 ; and perhaps on two conical stones from Corcyra, 
 inscribed with the name of a river 8 . It is not uncommon in 
 the genitive case, as at Olympia 9 , Thebes 10 , Athens 11 , Sparta 1 ' 2 , 
 .Naucratis 13 ; or in the dative, as in Sparta 14 . Once the word 
 "firstfruit" occurs in the nominative with the deity in the 
 dative 15 . Or again, the offering utters a voice and addresses the 
 bystander. " I am the hero's," quoth an ancient vase of 
 Mycenae 16 . So say the vases of the Cabiri 17 , and the dedica- 
 tions to Paphia in Cyprus 18 . Some say more fully "I am 
 dedicated 19 "; and the word "sacred" may be added 20 , or even 
 " offering 21 ." In a series of inscriptions from Naucratis, the 
 offering lifts up its voice and addresses the deity, " Apollo, I 
 am thine 22 ." The word iepos is used alone sometimes to 
 characterise offerings which are certainly votive, such as the 
 bulls offered to the Cabiri in Boeotia 23 , or a lance-head sacred to 
 Apollo Ptoeus 24 . Others have the god's name added in the 
 
 dvt6rjice, IGA 82, cp. 120. 14 Aexoi, IGA 52 (broken, however). 
 
 2 IGA 386. 15 KO.T. Ixxiv. avapxr) rd6r]vcila.i. 
 
 3 IGA 420. 16 IGA 29 rov ijpwoj i)/, Collitz iii. 
 
 4 IGA 45. 3313. 
 
 6 IGA 386. 17 IGS i. 3969. 
 
 6 Kar. W = CIA i. 358. 18 Collitz i. 4. 
 
 7 IGA 559 Zei)j 'OMirios. la Kar. 48 dvdKCifJiai. 
 
 8 IGA 347 'Poos IIvtfaFos; see above, 20 Collitz ii. 1601 lapbv avte-iiKev rat 
 p. 321. 'Apr^/uSi. 
 
 9 IGA 123 Zr,v6s 'OXvpiriov, cp. 24 ; 21 AM xv. 391 HvOfua rut iratSl ru> 
 (vase) 561 rov Atos; 565 (spear). Ka^ipu. 
 
 10 IGS i. 3907 Ka^tpw, etc. M Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 1 b, 
 
 11 EOT. xcii. 'AtfTjvaj, xciii. 'Affyvalas 'AiroXXw o-6s el/u, 109 ft. 'AiroXXw or 
 (helmet), and many other weapons: 'Qir6XXw <r6v elfu, 3 4 'A7r6XXw <rov 
 abbreviated 'A.0i)v. ciii. efy. 
 
 12 IGA 89 MaXedra. M IGS i. 2459 laptv. 
 
 13 Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. la. ^ IGS i. 2735 rov nrweios lap&v. 
 
326 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 genitive, as others of the Boeotian bulls and vases 1 , a vase of 
 Athena Cranaia 2 , and many more. But vases which bear this 
 legend may have been articles of use ; although their number 
 makes it unlikely. They are found in Athens 3 , Phocis 4 , and 
 elsewhere. The god's name occurs in the dative amongst the 
 Theban offerings 5 , and at Athens 8 . Finally the offering speaks, 
 as before, in Athens 7 and Olympia 8 . Occasionally the dedi- 
 cator's name is added in a new sentence ; as " I am of the 
 Anakes: Eudemus offered me," in Argos 9 , as at Thebes 10 , 
 Athens", Naucratis 12 . 
 
 (3) Both deity and devotee are named. 
 
 Some of these have nothing more than the two names. Ex- 
 amples are found in Athens 18 , Boeotia 14 , Elis 18 , Italy 16 , Thessaly". 
 The patrouymic may be added 18 , and the fatherland 19 , and the 
 words "daughter" or "wife" sometimes occur 2 ". But most 
 contain also the verb of dedication. These occur in Boeotia* 1 , 
 Epirus 22 , the Italian Locris 23 , the Peloponnese 34 , Phocis 25 , Priene 46 , 
 Sicily 27 . Official dedications are followed sometimes by lists 
 of names 28 , and the dual is very common* 9 . The fatherland 
 
 1 IGS i. abbreviated HI KABIPO 
 3588. iapds Kaplpu, Zapds rC> Kafiipu 
 3942. 
 
 2 BCH xii. 41. 
 
 3 Kar. Ixxix. iepa 'Atfjji/a/aj, Ixxxi. 
 lepbv TTJS 'A6i)vaia.s, etc. 
 
 4 IGS iii. 1. 149 ff. 
 
 5 IGS i. 3953 TWI KaflCpwi Jap6s. 
 8 Kar. Ixxx. lepbv rrji 'AtfT/vaiat. 
 
 7 Kar. Ixxxviii. 
 
 8 Collitz i. 1148 Jap6s TOV Ai6s 
 elfu. 
 
 9 IGA 43a Tol(v) pav6.Koi(v) dpi- 
 EC5ap>s 6.vt6t)Ke ; Collitz iii. 3333 (Epi- 
 daurus), 3262 (Argos). 
 
 10 IGS i. 3968 (Thebes), 2730. 
 
 11 KO.T. 143 IlaXXdSoj dpi 6 fat, &vt- 
 0r]Kf 64 /j.' EvSLKOv vi6* = CIA iv. 1. 
 373 218 . 
 
 12 Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 752: 
 
 14 IGA 151 Kplruv Kai 0et6cr5oTos rui 
 A2 Tuijrwp^t; Kar. cxxix. 'E7ri9^5ijs 
 Kat. (from Thebes); BCH xi. 416 
 0e5w/Hj 'AOavai (Elatea). 
 
 15 IGA 373. 
 18 IGA 549. 
 
 17 IGA 327. 
 
 18 Collitz iii. 3330 (Epidaurus). 
 
 19 IGA 339 *t\o(cXei5o($) 6 Aano<t>l\ov 
 Aevuddios Ai Nai'toi. 
 
 20 Cnidos: Collitz iii. 35145. 
 
 21 IGS i. 2732. 
 
 22 Collitz ii. 1372. 
 
 23 IGA 537. 
 
 24 IGA 564, 59, 61. 
 
 25 Collitz ii. 1516, 
 IGA 385. 
 
 27 IGA 57. 
 
 28 Athens: KOT. 99 (408/7). 
 
 29 CIA i. 351, 358, 375, 396, iv. 1. 
 373 18S , etc. 
 
 13 Kar. 96. 
 
FORMULAE. 
 
 327 
 
 and patronymic also appear 1 , with other such details 2 ; the 
 word son 3 or wife 4 or daughter 8 is actually used. Demotic 
 adjectives are common with the older Athenian inscriptions, 
 rare in the offerings to Asclepius, perhaps because of the 
 rank of the dedicators 6 . Further a description of the dedicator 
 sometimes appears ; as the rhapsode of Dodona 7 , at Athens 
 the fuller 8 , the harpist 9 , the potter 10 , the builder 11 , and others 
 in combination with the word tithe or firstfruit. So we 
 find the "cook " at Epidaurus 12 ; perhaps "bankers" in Athens 13 . 
 Officials, however, as the priests or physicians of Asclepius, do 
 add their titles 14 . This is so common in later days as to need 
 no illustration. The word lepos may be added, as in the 
 previous section 15 . It is unnecessary to name the object, but 
 this is often done in the verse inscriptions. Thus we find 
 aya\,/j,a or "ornament," specially used of a divine statue, but 
 not always so, in Samos 16 , Paros 17 , Melos 18 , frequently at Athens 19 . 
 The word is applied also to a stone vase 20 . A human portrait is 
 named in Olympia 21 , Cyprus 2 *, and commonly in honorific in- 
 scriptions; a cauldron 23 and a tripod in Athens 24 ; a goblet in 
 Cyprus 25 ; an altar in Crissa 26 , and elsewhere 27 ; a relief or picture 
 
 1 IGA 388 Etffluyuoj AoKpbs dirb Ze0v- 
 plov av6r)Ke, Ear. 67 (Athens) ; Collitz 
 iii. 3382 (Argolis). 
 
 2 IGA 402, 407 XiKdvdpr, /*' dvt0i, K e 
 
 eivo&Kew TOV 
 
 t), $>p<it;ov d' fiXo^os jUifv : Kar. 
 46 ~X.aiptdr)tJ.os EtfayyAou tc Ko^Xijs dvt- 
 Ot)Kfv, 105 ncucwetfs. 
 
 3 Collitz iii. 3391 (Hermion), prob. 
 KOT. 153, 220 (Athens). 
 
 4 Kar. 148. 
 6 KCLT. 119. 
 
 6 See CIA ii. 766, 835. 
 
 7 IGA 502. 
 
 8 Kar. xxxvi. 
 
 9 Kar. 53, from several fragments; 
 106 = CIA i. 357. 
 
 10 KOT. 144; so in Italy Collitz ii. 
 1643. 
 
 11 KOT. 283 = CIA iv. 1. 373 262 . 
 
 12 Collitz iii. 3224. 
 
 13 CIA ii. 1507 
 
 14 CIA ii. 835 13 , 836 . 
 
 Kar> 
 
 8. 
 
 18 Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 753 Ei)- 
 
 16 IGA 384 
 
 fj. 
 
 17 IGA 401, 402. 
 
 18 IGA 412. 
 
 19 Rax. 12, 102, 180, 207, 220. 
 
 20 KaT. 360, 369 = CI4 iv. 1. 373u>. 
 20, 24. 
 
 21 IGA 388 el K 6va. 
 
 22 Collitz i. 76. 
 
 23 KaT. 229 X.f/3T]Ta? 
 
 24 KaT. 215 = CIA iv. 1. 373 79 rpnro- 
 
 SiffKOV. 
 
 25 Collitz i. 102 diiras. 
 
 26 Collitz ii. 1557. 
 
 27 IGSI 608, IGS i. 
 
328 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 in Rhodes 1 , a jug and a stand in Naucratis*, and war-spoils 
 often* ; a human statue or a pillar in Thera 4 , tables in Lesbos 8 , 
 a slab or stone base in Asia Minor 8 ; mules and men in 
 Branchidae 7 . The word aya\pa, at first an ornament, later 
 used specially of divine figures, needs no illustration. More 
 often, however, some periphrasis like "from the enemy" is 
 enough 8 . An epithet of the deity is often added, and this may 
 give a clue to the occasion of the otfering. Thus Athena is 
 addressed as Poliouchos 9 , Hygieia 10 , Ergane 11 ; Zeus as Oporeus", 
 or Giver of Fruits 13 , or Protector of the City 14 , Saviour 15 , or 
 god of Strangers 18 ; Dionysus as god of the Grape 17 ; Heracles, 
 Averter of 111 18 ; Artemis, Saviour 19 , and so forth. 
 
 The occasion of the dedication is more clearly indicated, 
 when the words tithe, firstfruit, or vow are added. The first 
 two are exceedingly common in the early inscriptions of Athens, 
 where the practice, known indeed elsewhere, seems to have 
 been regular ; as to its distribution and nature the reader may 
 refer to the fuller discussion above 20 . The word tithe, like 
 other of the formulae, loses its meaning in later times ; so that 
 a man can dedicate an honorific statue as a tithe 21 . The word 
 firstfruit also loses its meaning 22 . The vow is also attested for 
 early Athens, but it is only named in the periphrastic phrases 
 
 1 IGl i. 914 rb/j. viva. 8 Kar. 63, etc. 
 
 2 Gardner, Naucratis, i. no. 1 TT]V 8 Kar. 34, 158. 
 irpdxow, rb tfjroKpj/TjJpioc. 10 Kar. 96. 
 
 3 See chapter m. above. cncCXa: n Kar. 119. 
 IGA 548 a, oirXa in Delphi, etc. 12 IGA 151. 
 
 * IGI iii. 410 'Ayvfji 6tu>i rov iciova 13 AM vii. 135 Aii Kaptrodorg. 
 XapiffT-fiptov ; 419 rov avSpidvra Aiovu- u IloXtevj in Rhodes, Collitz iii. 
 fftui. 4614. 
 
 5 IGI ii. 535 * A(j>aiffTis Qeodupeia ls ZWTTJ/> IGI i. 32. 
 
 ytfm rais rpaintfais Marpi. 16 S#-ios IGSI 990. 
 
 Cat. Br. Mu. Sc. 817 (Cyzicus); 17 EiVrd^eXos IGS i. 3098 Lebadea. 
 Stephani, Compte Rendu, 18828, 18 IGS i. 3416 Boeotia. 
 
 nine names o.vtari\ao.v rbv reXo/^wva 19 IGI i. 915. 
 
 6cui 'AjriXXawi. Cp. the archaic Argive ^ Chapter n. 
 
 inscr. : IPI i. 517, AJA xi. 43 d <rrdXa a CIG 5133 Cyrene : name rbfi. ira- 
 
 Kal o reXa/xui. rtpa "Aval-iv Zeui/*cixw rwt 'AwfoXXuvi 
 
 7 Haussoullier, MS. catalogue, No. 48: SeKdrav 6.vtOi)Kev. Also above, p. 79. 
 
 fei/y>; TJ/JUOVIKO. irtvTf (cat roiis ^(rraXju^ony ffl CIA ii. 1329 d^rapxV ffTf<pavu6ets. 
 tirl T-^S rovruv ^e/xtireias dvdpas tr^vre. 
 
FORMULAE. 
 
 reXetra? 2 , and the like. So in Boeotia we 
 find ev^av Kre\ecravri a . Here the vow is sometimes paid by 
 another than he who made it 4 . But the later custom is to 
 affix the word ev-^v or ev^wKrjv to the simple formula; and 
 this is found earliest in Naucratis 5 , and in dedications of the 
 third century or later at Athens 6 , Argos 7 , Messenia 8 , Sparta 9 , at 
 Selinus 10 and Apollonia", at Cnidus 12 and in other parts of Asia 
 Minor 13 , and in Anaphe 14 , Cyprus 15 , Delos 16 , Lesbos 17 , Melos 18 , 
 Rhodes 19 , Thasos 20 , Thera 21 , Thrace 22 ; further, in Boeotia 23 , and 
 in Greater Greece 24 . Kar ev^rjv also occurs 25 . Extraordinary to 
 relate, the formula with ev^v is used for a late tomb in Asia 
 Minor 26 . 
 
 Another word xapumjpiov becomes very common in later 
 times. It is foreshadowed, like ev^v, by a paraphrase in the 
 old Athenian inscriptions, <rol xdpt,v dvrt&iSovs'* 7 , but like 
 ev^v is only common after the Alexandrine period, and chiefly 
 in the Roman age. We find it in Arcadia' 28 , Attica 29 , Boeotia 30 , 
 
 1 Kar. Iviii., Ixxvi., 56, 102, 180, etc. 12 Collitz iii. 3519. 
 
 This remains the formula in Athens: 13 Arclt.-Ep. Mitth. xix. 51, 60, 61 
 
 CIA ii. 1458, 1481, etc. So in latest (late, with simple formula). 
 
 times : IGSI 922, 958, etc. Collitz ii. 
 1374 Awpo/3tos avtQijKe a AioTrtBys etforo 
 (Dodona). Late /ca0u>s virfrxero (Caria) 
 BCH ix. 78. 
 
 2 Kar. 182. 
 
 3 IGA 284; IGSi. 1794. 
 
 4 Kar. 243 rov T&KVOV etffa^j'ou = 
 CIA i. 349 : later such formulae as 
 virtp TUIV iralduv ev^dfj-evos CIA ii. 1481 
 become very common, especially in 
 cases of sickness. See 1440, 1453, 
 1485, 1494, 1497, 1501. Kar. 189 virip 
 tavrov Kal TWV ira8wv ? is a similar ex- 
 ample from the early days. So 231, 238. 
 
 5 Gardner, Naucratis, ii. no. 776: 
 
 So 777. 
 
 6 CIA ii. 1503. Cp. BCH vi. 33. 
 
 7 Collitz iii. 3280. 
 
 8 Collitz iii. 4657. 
 
 9 Collitz iii. 4607. 
 
 10 Collitz iii. 3049. 
 
 11 Collitz iii. 3222. 
 
 14 IGI iii. 259. 
 
 15 Collitz i. 27 evxu\ri. 
 
 16 IGS i. 560, 2736, etc. 
 
 17 IGI ii. 114. 
 
 18 IGI iii. 1087. 
 
 19 IGI i. 23 (?). 
 
 20 BCH xxiv. 271. 
 
 21 IGI iii. 434. 
 
 22 BCH xxiv. 160. 
 
 23 Inventory: BCH vi. line 193. 
 
 24 IGSI 860. 
 
 25 IGI iii. 263 Anaphe; IGS i. 252 
 Megara. 
 
 26 BCH xxii. 237, citing Gott. Gel. 
 Anz. 1897 p. 409: dydey rtxy 26Xw' 
 iepbs Kara ^irirayriv Ail Ai^) ei)xV K<: 
 favr<j> fwj'. 
 
 27 CIA i. 397 ; \dpiv lKTt\t<ras IGS 
 iii. 1. 390. 
 
 28 Collitz i. 1223 /tcrr/at x a /"< J " r7 7/"'- 
 
 29 CIA ii. 1503. 
 
 30 IGS i. 3100. 
 
330 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 and Phocis 1 , in Asia Minor*, in the islands, such as Anaphe 8 , 
 Crete 4 , Delos 8 , and Megiste", Nisyros 7 , in Rhodes 6 , Thera 8 , and 
 in Italy 9 . Once it appears to be used for victory in a chariot- 
 race 10 . The plural ^apiarrjpia occurs also 11 . Variants, all late, 
 are v%api<TTijpiov l * and ^apia-relov", and once %dpiv 14 . We also 
 find now and again such words as o-worpa 18 , eXevtfepia, e/cri- 
 jAarpa 17 , \vrpov 16 . Gratitude is more freely expressed in some 
 inscriptions ; like that of Hegilochus, who acknowledges " a 
 great share of hospitality and all manner of goodness " on the 
 part of his adopted city 19 . 
 
 Another group of phrases glances at the injunction of a 
 dream or an oracle. Marreioz> occurs in an old Attic inscription, 
 which is unfortunately mutilated 20 , and Oeov <f>paSai<; in another 21 . 
 The commonest phrases are /car' ovap ", /tar' ovetpov, ovap IBcov 2 *, 
 Kad' opa/jLa' 25 , KCLT fTrKfxiviav* 6 ', once or twice o^iv iSovcra aperrjv 
 T?7<? 0eov'*, icaff' VTTVOV once in a relief offered to Zeus Xenios 28 , 
 
 1 Collitz ii. 1536, IGS iii. 1. 89. 
 
 2 A.-E. Mitth. xv. 93. 
 
 3 IGI iii. 261. 
 
 < BCH xxiv. 245. 
 
 8 Inventory : BCH vi. line 148. 
 
 IGI i. 21, 770, etc. 
 
 7 IGI iii. 96, 103. 
 
 8 IGI iii. 410. 
 
 9 IG-SI 720. 
 
 " IGI i. 1039. 
 
 11 IGS i. 2469 a Boeotia; IGSI 988 
 Borne, etc. 
 
 12 IGS i. 3417 Boeotia ; IGI iii. 1086 
 Melos, 458 Thera, with &vtO-t)Ke. 
 
 13 IGI iii. 416 Thera; Collitz iii. 
 3517 Cnidus; 3528 (plural). Mm. It. 
 iii. 588 Crete ; xp^ffT-fipiov i Q Lesbos is 
 a blunder IGIii. 119. ei>xa.v xai x a P tff ' 
 njov Crete, Mas. It. iii. 684. 
 
 " BCH xxiv. 235 Crete, 4th cent.: 
 Tov8* otvl0T|Ke va.bv <t>oipui x^P lv 'HpfXa 
 wos Aa^tO\tip7;s Wi''<ras I'Kart KO.I duo 
 /3ouj. The poetic style would suggest 
 that the metre chose the word. 
 
 14 IGSI 967 Rome. 
 
 18 See General Index : Greek. 
 
 Collitz iii. 3517. 
 
 18 BCH xx. 57. 
 
 19 CIA i. 374 neyd\ri>> Si 
 
 ITCUTTJI /J.oipai> (x 
 
 20 Ear. 66. 
 
 21 KOT. 244 = CI^1 iv. i. 422 \ 
 
 22 IGSI 2256 Italy; IGI i. 979 
 Ehodes; CIA iii. 128, 224; Mug. It. 
 iii. 724 Crete; IPI i. 1008 Epidaurus. 
 
 23 IGS i. 1829 Boeotia; iii. 1. 134 
 (pi.) ; CIA iii. 199. 
 
 24 CIA iii. 211. 
 M IGI iii. 137. 
 
 26 Koscher, ii. 524; cf. Ath. xv. 672 A 
 rijv r 
 
 "BCH xiii. 168 (Athens early 4th 
 cent.); CIA iv. 2. 14266. Compare a 
 statue of Cybele inscribed 'P65a 'Apre- 
 fj.tdupov aptrav rrjs $cov, BCH xxiv. 
 239. 
 
 28 IGSI 990. A late inscr. with 
 hideous hybrid relief has TOT&IJTI Oeo- 
 Sai/j.ovi Oirvwi, followed by a Homan 
 name: BCH xxii. 350. 
 
FORMULAE. 
 
 331 
 
 ' 7TLTayiJ,a l , e eTTirdyfAaTos*, perhaps rayev 3 ; 
 rov deov*, Kara 7rp6crrayiJ,a s or /car' eTrirayijv 6 , once apparently 
 TTorLTayjAa 7 in apposition like ev)(riv, Kara fceXev&iv rov deov 8 , 
 
 9ff 1 ^ / 9 \ ' 1O \ / 11 \ 
 
 e eytcehevo-ecas , Kara ^prja-fjiov , Kara / xpr)jj,ario-/*ov , Kara 
 pavreiav, Kara cruvrayrjv 13 . Again : rv^obv vyieias 14 , vjrep 
 o-&>T77/Ha<? 15 or vyieias 16 may be added, even v-jrep ei^r??' 7 or 
 rrjs ef'%779 a7roSocre&>9 ^dpiv 18 , even virep et^aptcrri'a? 19 and ev^s 
 %dpiv' M . vTrep is added also with the names of family or friends 21 , 
 whose welfare the dedicator has at heart. This is especially 
 common in the Asclepian dedications, as we see from the 
 Inventories 22 . 
 
 Amongst the earlier records, the only others which give 
 definite explanations of the occasion are the dedications of 
 victors in the games and war-spoil, of which enough has been 
 said 23 . But later the practice grows of recording prayers for a 
 safe voyage 24 , or such grounds for thankfulness as rescue from 
 peril 25 or sickness 26 ; or again, some honour or office, as has been 
 
 Uo\v&i>a raytv 
 a (Dodona). 
 
 1 CIA iii. 163. 
 
 2 Boscher ii. 524. 
 
 3 Collitz ii. 1369 
 d.vaTi0rjTL roi Ai xai 
 
 4 CIA ii. 1491. 
 
 5 IGSl 608, 974; GIG 2304, etc.; 
 CIA iii. 164. 
 
 6 IGIii. 108, i. 785 (Twelve Gods); 
 BCH xx. 57. 
 
 7 Arch.-Ep. Mitth. xviii. 1; IGI i. 
 957, 962. 
 
 8 IGSl 984, etc.; BCH iv. 293. 
 
 9 Boscher, ii. 524, mentions it ; I 
 have noted no example. 
 
 10 IGS i. 3098 Lebadea; Collitz iii. 
 3597 Calymna. 
 
 11 IGI ii. 108. 
 
 12 CIA iii. 166; IGS i. 1672. 
 
 13 IGS iii. 1. 717. 
 
 14 CIA iii. 138. 
 
 18 IGSl 688, etc.; CIA iii. 266. 
 
 16 IGSl 1037, etc. 
 
 17 BCH xiv. 371; IGSl 1042, 446, 
 179; IGI i. 903 (Christian), cp. 9112. 
 
 18 IGS i. 413 (by Sulla). 
 
 19 7GS7915. 
 
 20 IGSl 991, CIA iii. 142; A.-E. 
 Mitth. xv. 214. 
 
 21 See General Index : Greek. 
 
 22 OL1 ii. 766,835: virtp avras, tirtp 
 rov iratSfo, etc. Cp. CIA ii. 1440, 1453, 
 1481, 1485, 1494, 1497, 1501. 
 
 23 I may add from the old Attic 
 inscrr. i/iKiJ<ras or VIKU>V Kar. 13, 163, 
 215. 
 
 24 ei>7r\olas treica or the like. IGSl 
 452 (Sic.), 917; compare the prayer 
 cut on a rock in Prote: Ai6<r/coi//xH 
 eOirXoiav Collitz iii. 4686. 
 
 25 IGSl 1030 <rw0eis 6/c /jifydXw KIV- 
 Stivwv 7roAXd/us, cp. IGI i. 742 (to 
 Hecate and Sarapis) ; IGI i. 23 ica.6' 
 a.v fvfd^avro yuerd rbv fffifffj.6v ev~)(jiv ; 
 CIA ii. 1474, 1441; Bahn-Schuchhardt, 
 Alterthilmer von Aigai, 47 : 6 Sa/ios... 
 ffuffeis virb (name). 
 
 26 IGSl 2283 larpeveds. The occa- 
 sion is never given in the Attic inscrr. 
 to Asclepius, unless it be other than 
 sickness (? perhaps in CIA ii. 1461). 
 
332 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 already explained. These often give in much detail the cir- 
 cumstances of an offering. Earlier, we find only a few examples, 
 such as the great stone of Bybon, or now and again in the 
 poetical inscriptions to which we shall come immediately. I 
 need do no more than briefly indicate the varieties of the 
 honorific class. These are dedications by the TroXt? 1 or the 
 Sripos*, or the fiovXrj 3 , sometimes both the last two together 4 , 
 the <J)v\ri* or the KOIVOV, whether a state 6 or guilds or a mere 
 society of men 7 . "By the resolution of the senate" or a like 
 phrase is added sometimes 8 . 
 
 The dedications are made to the gods all or singly, some- 
 times coupled with the people 9 . Here the phrase loses its 
 force and becomes a mere compliment. When we find dedica- 
 tions "to the community" of buildings or land for common 
 use 10 , and a man is spoken of as having " dedicated the bath to 
 the young men 11 ," the word is indistinguishable from its English 
 equivalent". 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 1252 Arcady, 3394 
 Argolis. 
 
 2 Collitz iii. 3433 Sparta (6 5o>os r&v 
 AaKedaifioviuv rbv da.fj.ov TOV ' AXelwv) ; 
 3596 Calymna, 3433 Anaphe; etc. 
 
 3 See IGI iii. 140201, 202-267, 
 516, 541 etc., and Indices. 
 
 4 Collitz iii. 3666 Cos, 3432 Anapbe. 
 s Collitz iii. 3296 Argos. 
 
 6 Collitz ii. 1635 Achaeans, iii. 3298 
 Argos, IGI i. 40 Rhodes. 
 
 7 BCH vii. 474 Delos TUH KOIVM 
 ^Tjpvriuv efj.iropuv Kal vavK\-f)puv Kal 
 
 lyOO\(ti3V TT\V ffTOiLV dveOyKtV. 
 
 8 Collitz iii. 3429 /caret TO yeyovbs 
 \f/d<t>ur/Mi virb TOV 6-/I/J.OV ; IGS iii. 1. 322 
 \fs(ri<t>lffnaTt) P(ov\rjt). IPI i. 783, \f>. 5. 
 
 9 See Collitz iii. 3482 Astypalaea, 
 3650 Cos, 3595 Calymna; IGS iii. 1. 
 282 Locris. An early inscr. from 
 Eleusis is generally quoted as the 
 earliest example: CIA i. 332 fo^tot 
 'A0Tivaluv...avi9i\Kfv. The stone has 
 disappeared, and as no such expression 
 appears in Greece for a couple of cen- 
 
 turies later than this seems to be, 
 I do not believe the restoration can be 
 right. 
 
 10 IGI i. 36 Rhodes : rui KOIVUI (of 
 a guild), etc. So a bronze weight GIG 
 Add. iv. 8545 b 0eots <re/3ao-rot$ Kal TW 
 Sdfj.w. From Erythrae : 
 rr)v 'AyaOijv Tt/x*?'' T( 
 1172. Wood's Ephesus, p. 
 dpyvpta 'A0T)va.s ffafj.f*ovffov . . . 
 T-fj re 'A.prt/j.i5i Kal ro? 
 
 AM xxvi. 
 36 
 
 11 Collitz i. 31 1 40 bvOtvra. rd /Sa 
 
 rois veoiffi (Cyme in Aeolia). Compare 
 iii. 3664 roti v^ois Kal TWI 8a.fj.wt (Cos) ; 
 4560 dvOevra TO *\aiov. IPI i. 777 rr)i 
 irarpidi (Troezen), 782 riji ir6\ei. 
 
 12 So dva.Kelfj.ai is used of cities and 
 things which cannot hang, such as 
 months : ir6\eis Paus. i. 34. 2, dvd(p.tv 
 of the same in an oracle BCH xiv. 
 21. Ath. xv. 701 E says 'HpaK\dSrjt 
 TlovriKos . . .rb rpifjterpov KaXovfievov dva- 
 TlBr)ff(. rif 0e$, gives it a close connexion 
 with him. The verb is used in classi- 
 
FORMULAE. 333 
 
 Along with the offering a prayer is commonly found. 
 " Grant me," says the potter of Metapontium, " to have good 
 fame among men 1 ." " Herodorus has dedicated me to Aphro- 
 dite as a gift, a firstfruit of his goods ; to whom do thou, 
 O queen, grant abundance, and thwart all those who falsely 
 speak evil against him 2 ." Aigialeus, in dedicating his first- 
 fruit to Athena, has paid his vow, and shown gratitude to her : 
 for which he prays that she may preserve him in well-being and 
 make a return on her own part 3 . Others pray that all may 
 go well with their work 4 , or ask for a " pleasant return 8 ." 
 Telesinus, in dedicating a statue to Athena, asks, in simple 
 shrewdness, that the goddess will give him the means to dedicate 
 another 6 . Pyrrhis of Italy would drive a bargain, and asked 
 his deity to give him twice as much as he had earned before 7 . 
 The idea of pleasing the divinity is clear in many, whether 
 implied by the complacent "fine" or "faultless ornament 8 ," or 
 stated in plain terms 9 . The verse-inscriptions often take the 
 form of a direct address to the god 10 , and his glory is set forth 
 either by epithets or rarely in some other form 11 . Artists' names 
 and explanatory inscriptions are sometimes added to the votive 
 offering. This is especially common with the statues at Athens 
 and Olympia, and with reliefs or painted tablets such as those 
 of Corinth. Such additions however form no part of the votive 
 inscription. 
 
 One or two offerings are inscribed only with a general 
 
 cal Greek in the sense of ascribing or 5 IGA 20 62 ff., 108a ri> Si 56s x a p' lfff<fa - v 
 
 making someone responsible for a d/j.oifdv or d<popfjuii>, a common formula 
 
 thing. at Corinth, like "Afflictions sore long 
 
 1 Collitz ii. 1643. time he bore " in village churchyards. 
 
 2 CIA iv. 1. 422 13 = KoT. 261 'Hp6- 6 Kar. 207 0a/>0<?/e, ev d K poir6\ei 
 5w/>6s p a.vtQi]K 'Atf>podLrTg Sdpov airap- TeXecrtvos dyaX/A 1 dvt0T)Kev KiyTios, wi 
 "Xri", TOTVIO., T&V dyaduv, ry cri> 56y x a fy> ol/cra Sidoi-rjs a\o dvaOeivai. Many 
 d<f>6ovlai>, o'i Te \4yovffi \6yovs <i<5tKa>? prayers for prosperity in CIA iv. 1. 
 ^euSets Kar' t'/ctivov rwv... Compare the 373 1 ~ 250 . 
 
 Delian couplet, BCH vi. 33. 7 Collitz ii. 1657 reads Sis WTJ Uvppi 
 
 3 CIA i. 397 er<j5f'e...T<2j'5e \a.p\v 9- 56s Toi6v viv eVcuraro. 
 
 |MV7i; iv. 1. 373 107 = Kar. 245 x^P iv a IGA 412 dtfri r66' &nev<f>fs &ya\na. 
 
 dvnSidov. 9 Kar. 51 rrji d 0euu \a.piev, etc. 
 
 4 CIA iv. 1. 373 1 = Kar. 237 T^V 10 IGA 402; IGS i. 3598; Ear. 123. 
 \d>'iov geiv ; compare the formula of con- n Collitz i. 69 (altar) riyuw TO, Suparo- 
 sulting the oracle, Collitz ii 1561, etc. dipao Hcupiya ye 5ifj.uois. 
 
334 OREKK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 description of the dedication in the nominative case. Such 
 are " the supplication of Peisis " at Athens 1 , the firetfruit in 
 the same place 2 , "Anaus's prayer" in Cyprus*. 
 
 Speaking generally, the dedicative formulae are made in 
 prose from the earliest times to the latest ; and they keep to 
 certain quite simple types. The most verbose expansion of the 
 early type, which yet means no more than the simple form, 
 is seen in Cyprus. " I am of Prototimus, priest of the Paphian," 
 says one record, " and he dedicated me to the Paphian Aphro- 
 dite 4 "; or "I am of the Paphian goddess; now Onesithemis 
 dedicated me 5 ." Many of the Cyprians, who are most free 
 in their handling of the types, add " in luck " or " with good 
 luck 6 ," " for the best 7 ," even a note of time 8 . But attempts at 
 verse, more or less successful, are found quite early and in many 
 parts of the Greek world. They are mostly hexameters, one or 
 more 9 , not seldom elegiacs in one 10 or more couplets", and now 
 and then a rude sort of iambic 12 . Some licence is allowed in 
 the case of proper names which may be difficult or impossible 
 to scan 13 . In the fourth century begins, and later grows to 
 great lengths, the custom of adding self-glorification of all sorts,' 
 which robs the offering of its pious simplicity. 
 
 1 Ear. xxxiv. lleifflSos iKfffla. s Gollitz i. 76. 
 
 2 K.CLT. Ixxiv. IGA 20 7 (Corinth), 37 (Argos), 
 
 3 Collitz i. 96 dp*. 'Avdw (statuette). 120 (Olympia), 314 (Phocis), 407 
 
 4 Collitz i. 1 ripwrorfyiw rjfj,l TOLS (Naxos), 512 (Syracuse). 
 
 HcKplas TOV leptfos- /cds p.e KartdriKe TO.I 10 IGA 99 (01.), 354 (Aegina), 412 
 
 Hafoai 'A</>/>o3/rcu. See for the verb, (Naxos), 62 a (Laconia). 
 
 above, p. 324. u IGA 401 (Paros), Ear. passim. 
 
 5 Collitz i. 2 ras 0eas raj llamas ij|if 12 IGA 32, 36a (catalectic). 
 
 airrdp fu *car^0T]Ke 'Ovacufle/us. 13 20 7 Zifuuv, 512 T<U ZvpaKbcrioi, 
 
 6 Collitz i. 47, 17 lv TV-%O.I, rvx^t or rol SJpa/cwrtot, something wrong 
 dyaBrji: i TI^XCU dfaflai 37: 120 <rii either way; Kar. 261 'HpoSwpos. Few 
 rvxai cp. IGS i. 3100 Boeotia. can beat the Delian bard in this line: 
 
 7 Collitz i. 37 rdirl 8etui. Compare 'loriatei/s p avtOrjicev KdXXwvos vvtp- 
 evrvx&s in Caria, BCH xiv. 371 ; Ov- <j>L\' 'AirbXXuv rfySe ffvva./j.<j>ortpois evrv- 
 pavia "Hpa 'A/i/iou'tos d.^6r)Ke tir' dyaOu X^ v faaffov. BCH vi. 33. 
 
 CIG Add. iv. 7034. 
 
XII. 
 
 LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA. 
 
 HTU) ANA6e/V\A. 
 
 1 Ep. ad Cor. xvi. 22. 
 
 WE have already seen that human beings were once dedi- 
 cated to the gods, whether for service or sacrifice ; and although 
 an investigation of this topic does not lie within our scope, it 
 suggested a curious development which must be mentioned, 
 the formality of emancipation. In many Greek states, eman- 
 cipation was a civil act 1 ; but in some, it took the form of 
 a dedication of the slave to the patron deity of the city, by 
 which act he was made free of human control, and that 
 meant (since the deity did not enforce his claim) his own man. 
 Witnesses or guarantors are sometimes present at the transac- 
 tion, which is a legal fiction. A payment of money, and other 
 legal processes, are occasionally alluded to 2 ; some contain the 
 word 'sold 8 .' 
 
 The practice is not attested in Greece for the early times, 
 
 1 As at Delphi, Collitz ii. p. 184 ff. ; rb yu>6/j.(vov dpaxn&s PLKO.TI 
 
 Daulis IGS iii. 1. 63 KaXetravres tirl So in Collitz ii. 1461 is a list of slaves 
 
 TT}V idiav iffrlav, another form like the each paying fifteen staters. 
 Eoman manumissio per mensam; Hy- 3 So all the Delphians; Tithora, 
 
 ampolis 86; Elatea 109, 120127; dtrtSoro lir' eXevOeplai TUI 6eui IGS iii. 
 
 Calymna Collitz iii. 3599; Epirus 1. 188 90; Amphissa 318; Chalium 
 
 Collitz ii. 1349 ; Aetolia 412. 331 ; Physcus 349 ff. ; Naupactus 359 ff .; 
 
 2 IGS i. 3303 TO.V av&Oeaiv iroiounevos Phistyum 417 ; Stratus 447 ; Chaleion 
 Sia ru) ffvvfSpiw KO.T rbv v6fj.ov, Kal KCLT^- Collitz ii. 1477, where the price is 
 
 ra/jLtrj TV eiri TWV iapwv x/wj/udrwi' named, and receipt given. 
 
336 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 but the same seems to have been used by the Semites 1 . One 
 from Phocis* belongs to the fourth century, but as the beginning 
 is lost, whether the votive formula was used or not cannot be 
 made out ; most of them date from the third or second 
 century, or even later. The custom depends, however, on the 
 right of sanctuary, known to us from the stories of Cylon and 
 Pausanias, and from the ancient practice of sparing captives 
 who took refuge in a temple 3 . Slaves too might be protected 
 from their masters by fleeing to the Theseum or the fane of 
 the Eumenides at Athens 4 . 
 
 In Coronea 5 , Orchomenus 6 , and Chaeronea 7 , the owners dedi- 
 cate their slaves to the Egyptian gods, Sarapis, Isis, and Anubis, 
 under certain restrictions ; if any one in Coronea infringes his 
 liberty, he is to pay a fine of a thousand drachmae to those 
 gods. At Lebadea, the slave was dedicated to Zeus the king 
 and Trophonius, whose priests were charged to make good the 
 act against aggression 8 . In Stiris, they are dedicated to 
 Asclepius 9 ; in Daulis, to Athena Polias 10 . The only Messenian 
 emancipations which have been found are too badly broken 
 clearly to show whether they were dedicatory ; but as a fine 
 has to be paid to Lirnnatis they are likely to have been so 11 . 
 Fifth and fourth-century dedications of slaves to Poseidon, by 
 
 1 Robertson Smith, Kinship and ftria 36ca, /caflwj 6 irardp iroTtTaf. 17 
 Marriage in Early Arabia. 5t *ca tri Swti 'A.davo$upa, ftffi 'A.v5piK&s 
 
 2 IGS iii. 1. 119. A list of gods is <f>6pov rbv iv rfj 0eki; ytypa.nfi.tvov -f)bfTi 
 named at the end. KO. irdfffi ' AOavoSupa., ira.pfj.fvi 'Av5pt<c6j 
 
 3 Xen. Hell. iv. 3. 20. It was im- rbv irepiTrbv xpbvov wap AonXoi', tima. 
 pious to disregard this, yet that was Iap6s tffriv, pel iroBlKwv p.eiOfvl peiOtv, pel 
 sometimes done, Xen. Hell. vi. 5. 9. faatlnev Se KaradovXirraffOij 'Avdpixbv 
 
 * Arist. Knights 1312 and scholiast; peiffevl, 'Avdpucbv 5e \tirovpytntv iv rrjs 
 Thuc. i. 126 ; Pint. Thes. 26. flwm;* ruv 6tuv ofrrwv. 
 
 5 IGS i. 2872 (dvarietaffi. Iep6v). 9 IGS iii. 1. 36 ive\evOtpuffw ica.1 
 
 IGS i. 3198. AvtO-nKav, 39 d^ar^etrt TU> 0D ru 'A.<rff- 
 
 7 IGS i. 33013377, 33803. /c\7prtw. 
 
 8 IGS i. 3080 foil. No. 3083 may 10 IGS iii. 1. 66. The words oOj 
 be given as a specimen: 0i6y rov^a dvtOrjKf are used of the emancipated, 
 dyaffd. faffrlao &PXOVTOS BotwrOs, tv 5 Collitz ii. 1523. 
 
 AtpaSelriAlpKuvos, AwfXos'I/jav^wdvaT/- u AM xvi. 349, cp. Le Bas-Foucart 
 
 Oeiri rbv fldtov Oepdirovra. 'AvdpiK&v rv 309, 310, 310 a. Collitz iii. 4642 re- 
 
 At TV paffiXfit ici] ru Tpo<pwvlu, lapbv el/j.ev stores 
 
 ira.ptiflva.VTO. irdp TO.V (juiTf'pa 'A.6avo8tl)pav 
 
LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA. 337 
 
 a very simple formula, are found at Taenarum 1 : it should be 
 remembered that Poseidon was the god of the ancient popula- 
 tion of Laconia, who were reduced to slavery by their con- 
 querors 2 . Manumissions of the same class have been found 
 at Olympia 3 , and allusions to such are known in Cos* and 
 Epidaurus 5 . 
 
 The formula shows a transition in Stiris, where the slave is 
 set free and 'deposited' before the gods, Asclepius, and the 
 citizens 6 . 
 
 In the second place, curses are often conceived of as a kind 
 of votive offering. The curses have been found in Attica, 
 Boeotia, Megara, Italy, Crete, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Africa. 
 The specimens to be quoted are not older 7 , and most are later, 
 than the fourth century ; but the practice was old without 
 doubt. Plato mentions it 8 , and there are allusions in many 
 other classical authors. Its association with the worship of the 
 dead suggests a hoary antiquity, since this worship is charac- 
 teristic of the earliest inhabitants of Greece. The practice of 
 writing the spells backwards may perhaps have begun when 
 Greek was written that way 9 . Curses show a very strange and 
 pathetic side of ancient religion. They were commonly used 
 under the influence of passion ; but to judge from the numerous 
 remains, the people would resort to them on any provocation. 
 One could pardon the man who complains of assault and 
 battery 10 , the lover who invokes curses on a rival or a faithless 
 mistress"; but there is small excuse for the unsportsmanlike 
 
 1 Collitz iii. 4588 ff., e.g. avtBriice 7 No. 26 may be fifth century. 
 
 rcDi Hooiddvi Qeapys KXevyfrij, *E<o/>os- 8 Plato, Rep. ii. 364 c, Laws xi. 933 A. 
 
 Aafoxos, firaw 'Apiuv, Avuv. IGA 88 9 Wulsch (p. iv.) suggests that it 
 
 (5th cent.). was done for a magical effect, like 
 
 2 Schol. Ar. Ach. 510. walking widershins ; and in 67 this is 
 s IGA 552 d<pfJKe...lapus rou Ai6s... stated, uffirep ravra ^f%pa /cat firapi- 
 4 Paton, Inscr. of Cos, p. 66. artpa. oCrws ra Kpdri?TOS ra prifj.a.Ta. 
 6 Baunack, Studien. ^ v XP a /ca ' eirapiarepa ytvotro. This 
 6 IGS iii. 1. 34 d<pir)Ti (names) TO, need not have been the original motive. 
 
 tSia ffd/jLara {\etidepa. (names), Kal irapa- 10 Newton, Branchidae, 95, p. 745. 
 KararldevTi irapa TOI)S 6eo\>s Kal rbv 'A<r- u CIA Appendix: Defixionum Tabu- 
 K\i)iribv Kal robs TroXiVas Kal TOUJ <!>WKS. lae ; Theocr. ii. passim; Newton, .Bran- 
 Deposits were commonly left in the chidae, no. 87, p. 739. Latin curses 
 temples (Trapa/caro^/cij) : e.g. CIA ii. on lead at Carthage : Classical Review 
 660 M . xi. 415. 
 
 R. 22 
 
338 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 boxer who prays that his antagonists may lose their strength 1 , 
 or the litigant who asks that his opponent's tongue may be as 
 cold as the lead he writes on a , or the ill-wisher who invokes 
 misfortune on his friends, feet and hands, soul and body, their 
 works and their craftsmanship, their brothers, sisters, wives, 
 children, and associates. The descriptions are full : here is a 
 helmet-maker 8 , there a maker of panspipes 4 ; shoemaker 8 , silk- 
 spinner 6 , carpenter 7 , actor 8 , are anathematized with all the 
 brains in their heads and all the goods in their shops. One 
 aggrieved person "sends a letter to the spirits and Persephone" to 
 call their attention to "Tibitis, who does me wrong, her daughter, 
 husband, and her three children, two girls and a boy 9 ." The 
 curses are as detailed as that of the Jackdaw of Rheims. 
 Hermes is the favourite god for these invocations, and others 
 are Demeter, Persephone, Hades, the Earth, and mysterious 
 demons 10 . The curses are engraved on leaden sheets, and 
 buried in the earth, often in the tombs 11 . 
 
 The material is in later times supposed to be symbolic, 
 whatever were the original motive for using it : " as this lead is 
 useless, so be so-and-so useless 12 ," or " as the lead is cold, so 
 grow he cold 13 ." In the Attic inscriptions, the formula is 
 generally KaraBda "I bind"; but we find also " I send as a gift 14 ," 
 and " I deposit 15 ." The Boeotians have KaTaBiBrj/ju or Kara- 
 iypd<j)(i); TrapaBiBojfjLt 17 occurs in imprecatory inscriptions on 
 tombs. It is hard to draw the line at this period between 
 votive offerings and other gifts from the formulae used ; but 
 we are justified in mentioning them here, because a certain 
 
 1 Def. Tab. 102 b Kar6xovt rty TTJV 9 Def. Tab. 102 ; so frequently. 
 rovs irvxTas 'Apiffr6/j.axos KO.I 'Apurruv- 10 dupoi, Def. Tab. no. 62, p. xvi, 
 vv.uos xdrtxe TT\V 6vva/j.iv airaaav (icel- etc. ; see Indices for the rest. 
 
 vwv. So the horses of the green " Def. Tab. pref. p. xxx. (papyrus), 
 
 faction are cursed (Carthage), OIL 12 Def. Tab. 1066. 
 
 12508. Def. Tab. 107 a. 
 
 2 Def. Tab. 105, 94. " Newton, Branchidae, no. 81 ff. p. 
 
 3 Def. Tab. 69. 719 f. 
 
 4 Def. Tab. 55 a. Def. Tab. lOOa, CIL 12508 uv rd. 
 
 6 Def. Tab. 12. <$p6/xard <roi TrapaKarar^O^Ka. 
 Dff. Tab. 85 a. 16 Def. Tab. p. viii. 
 
 7 Def. Tab. 55 a. CIA iii. 1423 e.g. 
 
 8 Def. Tab. 45. 
 
LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA. 339 
 
 number contain the technical term. The Furies also claim the 
 bloodguilty as "dedicated" to themselves 1 . Those documents 
 which were found at the shrine of Demeter at Cnidus begin 
 with aviepol or dvarLOifi^i (dvari07)Ti)*. These also, with another 
 from south Italy, show that it was a custom to dedicate a lost 
 or stolen article to a deity, with a curse for those who kept it ; 
 and so apparently with false coins 3 . Hegemone of Cnidus 
 devotes to Demeter and the Maid the bracelet she lost in the 
 gardens of Rhodocles ; good luck to him who brings it back, 
 but if the possessor do not, then let the gods see to it 4 . 
 Collyra of Bruttium devotes to the temple officials a cloke and 
 ornaments which Melita will not return to her ; Melita must 
 pay the goddess twelve-fold and a measure of incense, and may 
 she not die till she does it 6 . Later we see the word avade^a- 
 ri(i) in use 6 , and the familiar "anathema" in St Paul's Epistle 
 will be remembered 7 . The curse itself is sometimes called 
 Kardde/^a, a curious opposite of dvd6e/j,a, quite appropriate to 
 the buried lead 8 . One tablet promises a sacrifice if the prayer 
 should be answered 9 . A large number of names inscribed on 
 lead were found in a tomb in Euboea ; it seems possible that 
 they were intended as curses 10 , although their number is against 
 that supposition. 
 
 The curse is even found combined with a relief in the 
 sanctuary of Men at Coula. Artemidorus, having been insulted 
 by Hermogenes and Nitonis, denounced them to Men in a 
 votive tablet (TriTTaKiov); whereupon Hermogenes, punished by 
 the god, offered a propitiatory sacrifice and changed his ways 11 . 
 Two orphans sacrifice to the same god, and offer a relief repre- 
 senting an altar, a man and a boy, for his protection against 
 
 1 Aesch. Eum. 304 KaOiepuntvos. Oewi. So gold coins stolen are devoted 
 
 2 Newton, no. 81, p. 719 ff. to Juno Lacinia GIL 5773. 
 
 3 JHS iv. 246. Def. Tab. pref. xiii. 
 
 4 Newton, no. 86. ? j ^or. xvj [ 2 2. Still used in this 
 
 5 IGSI 644 aviepi^fi Ko\\tipa rals sense. 
 
 7rpo7r6Xots ras 0ew TWS T/JIS xP va tus, TU>S 8 Def. Tab. p. xxiii. 
 
 IXa/3e MeXh-a Kal owe AtroSiSuri- foOdy 9 Def. Tab. 109 euayyAta Ofow. 
 
 TO.I 0f&i dvuSeKiiirXwas ffvv /j.edi/j,i>ui 10 IGA 372. Kohl thinks they were 
 
 \ifiavta rak ir6\is vofjii^ei. fj.7) irpbrepov sortes vel tesseras. 
 
 dt rbi> ^vxav dvdr,, lore d.v6dt) rat n CIG 3442, BCH xx. 58. 
 
 222 
 
340 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the evil devices of their enemies 1 . Again: Scollus has borrowed 
 money from Apollonius, and refuses to repay; Apollonius 
 devotes Scollus to Mother Atimis and Men Tiamou, by 
 whom Scollus dies. His son paid the debt, and this pillar 
 records the recipient's gratitude*. As the hand held up is 
 carved on a curse-slab 3 , it may be that the bronze votive hands 
 in the same position found in the temple of Artemis at Arcadian 
 Lusi, were dedicated for some such purpose*. 
 
 With the further developments, when Semitic and Gnostic 
 titles appear, El, Michael, Nephtho, Sabaoth, and the por- 
 tentous 'Ephesian' nonsense-jingles, we have no concern. 
 It may however be worth remarking, that the formulae of 
 cursing have remained much the same for two thousand years, 
 and I am much mistaken if they are not still in use 5 . At 
 least, "binding-spells" or Befiara are still the terror of the 
 Greek bridegroom. 
 
 The votive type is also used for money gifts or legacies 
 given to a shrine for paying the cost of sacrifice, and the like. 
 So Agasicratis of Calaurea dedicates to Poseidon three hundred 
 drachmae for buying victims 6 . So the money sent by king 
 Attalus to Delphi, for education and the keeping up of 
 sacrifices, was sanctified to the god that the gift might be in 
 force for ever 7 . Diomedon of Cos left property by will for 
 founding a shrine 8 , as Epicteta did in Thera 9 , and the same 
 thing is known in North Greece 10 . 
 
 There remains to mention in a brief word the Decrees of 
 the Greek states. These did not adopt the votive formulae, 
 except in so far as Oeois was sometimes prefixed"; but often 
 
 1 AM vi. 273, BCH xx 59. 210 A. D. compiled in 1798 in the island of 
 
 3 BCH xx. 59. Calymnos (see Folk-Lore x. 156 ff.). 
 
 3 Jahreshefte iv. Beiblatt 14 and 6 Collitz iii. 3380ci^077Ke... wore 01/etJS 
 cut. etc. 
 
 4 Jahreshefte iv. 48, fig. 61, 62. They 7 Collitz ii. 2642 OTTWS vvdpxri a 
 could hardly have been dedicated for duped e/s irdvra rbv \p6voi> euSios...eZ/i' 
 healing, or there would have been other rb dpytpiov irodlepov TOV Oeov. 
 
 parts of the body. Besides, the prac- 8 Paton, Inscr. of Cos, 36. 
 
 tice of dedicating votive limbs is not 9 IGI iii. 330. 
 
 older than the late fifth century. 10 IGS i. 1786, iii. 1. 87. 
 
 8 I have a number of them in a MS. u IGSI i. 43. 
 
LATER USES OF THE VOTIVE FORMULA. 341 
 
 when they recorded an alliance they adopted the scheme of the 
 sacrificial votive relief: the personified figures of the contract- 
 ing states joining hands, with an altar beside them. A sacrifice 
 ratified the treaty as a matter of course. The gesture is more 
 than a mere greeting ; it is the solemn symbol of friendship or 
 pact 1 ; and the scene is the memorial of the solemn libation 
 and sacrifice done to ratify the pact. The curse or sanction 
 is usually recorded in them. 
 
 1 Xen. Hell. iv. 1. 31. 
 
XIII. 
 
 DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS. 
 
 TTTHNOON A|~A&C A? BAATTTOyCIN 
 
 ANAGHMATA, roSoiciN e/v\oTc 
 
 6HCO/v\eN. 
 
 EUR. Ion 106. 
 
 THE offerings when brought by the worshipper, after the 
 proper invocation and sacrifice had been made, were then laid 
 on the table, or set up in the precinct, doubtless under direction 
 of the officials. Statues, large vases, tripods, carven slabs, and 
 other such things were placed upon bases which stood all round 
 in the precinct, or sometimes within the temple itself 1 . The 
 bases were shaped to suit the offering, but very many offerings 
 stood on small pillars 2 ; and the inscription was commonly 
 graven upon the base. The offering was often fixt in a slab of 
 stone, and some such have survived ; in other cases the marks of 
 attachment or a sunken panel are still to be seen 3 . The hosts 
 
 1 A slab on a pillar is shown on a being fastened to it with a chain : 
 
 voti ve relief : CIA iv. 2.418 i. Thuc. iii. 104. 2 Ho\vKp&nit...r^9 
 
 3 The Acropolis pillars have been 'P^vaav Awv avtOrfKe T$ 'A.ir6\\<ai>i 
 
 examined by R. Borrmann, Jahrb. iii. r<p ArjX/y ctXwrei Sijous wpbs rJjr 
 
 269 ff. : Steten fiir Weihgeschenke auf A^Xov. The Ephesians besieged, thus 
 
 der Akropolis zu A then. A pillar from fastened their city to the temple 
 
 Epidaurus Limera Collitz iii. 4537 of Artemis : Herod, i. 26 av^deaav r^v 
 
 has Mevecrri/cX^j rui 'AirAwi't dv'0t]K ; iruXtv Ty 'Aprt/jitdi t!;d\j/ai>Tes tic TOV vrjou 
 
 one from Eleusis. ffxowiov ^s TO ret^os. (Cities dedicated 
 
 3 CIA ii. 1453. So the hair-caskets to a god iu IGS i. 4136.) Cylon's 
 
 in temple of Zeus Panamaros: liCH rebels fastened themselves by a string 
 
 xii. 479. Fastening by a thread or to Athena: Plut. Solon 12. Fillets 
 
 the like may have been used as a sign used to tie objects to a shrine, which 
 
 of dedication with larger objects. are seen in works of art, would therefore 
 
 Bhenea was dedicated to Delos by seem to imply dedication. 
 
DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS. 343 
 
 of smaller offerings were arranged within the temple or its 
 storehouses, such as the treasury 1 , or the show places of 
 separate states 2 . Things of no value, such as the clay figures 
 or models, were, no doubt, deposited upon the holy table for 
 the nonce, and afterwards (like the tapers in a Catholic church) 
 removed by the attendants. What became of the objects in 
 gold or silver which abound in the fifth and succeeding 
 centuries, we can say with some certainty. I combine into 
 one picture the information from several sources, as there is 
 no reason to think that the customs greatly differed in different 
 parts : indicating at the same time what those sources are. 
 
 When the offering was brought, it was entered with the 
 giver's name upon an official list 3 , which would be used later 
 for checking. Sometimes a number 4 , a letter of the alphabet 5 
 or other sign 6 , was inscribed on them singly or in groups, with 
 the weight of the metal. They were then placed on shelves 
 or affixt to the wall in batches or rows 7 , or hung over the door 
 or windows, in fact wherever it might be convenient 8 . They 
 were generally placed in order as they came 9 , but objects of 
 the same kind were often kept together. Crowns and other 
 such objects, and others in strings, were hung on the walls. 
 As long as there was room, there they all remained ; but if 
 necessary they were then stored in boxes 10 or in store chambers 
 
 1 6r)<ravpol at Olympia and Delphi ; Bronz. 283, 307, etc. (earlier than 
 at Delos BCH vi. 1. 76. There were 480 B.C.), BCH ii. 421 ; CIA ii. 726 A, 
 6t]<ra.vpoi elsewhere, but mostly used as 731, 741 B b, 751; Dodona: Carapanos, 
 money-boxes (Epidaurus Collitz iii. DodoneSl, pi. xx. 4, 9; Delos: BCH 
 3325 2 31 , Andania Collitz iii. 4689 90 vi. 89. 
 
 Oyffavpoi \lffivot Suo K\aiKTol, Thera 6 For the symbols of Epidaurus see 
 
 Collitz iii. 4768). below, p. 379. 
 
 2 At Delos "Avdplwv ol/cos line 155, 7 pvpol. Delos : BCH vi. passim ; 
 TLwpivos olxos 178, Ari\iwi>, Naftai' p. Athens : CIA ii. 642 f. 
 
 88, besides several temples ; similar 8 Delos : BCH vi. line 34 (wall), 52 
 
 treasuries or show-rooms at Olympia twiOvpov, 94, 115 virtp TO Qtiperpov, 67, 
 
 and Delphi. 70, 115 virtp rb virtp6vpov. 
 
 3 Delos : irlva.% , 5<f\T j, xaprai, \et- 9 BCH vi. 100, 101. 
 
 KWfia. BCH vi. p. 88 (4th cent, and 10 K TOV irpurov pvpov TOV K TTJS 
 
 later). KifiwTov BCH vi. 25. iv Kifiurlwi CIA 
 
 4 Halicarnassus : Newton, p. 670. ii. 751; lettered A, B, etc., and weight 
 
 5 Athens : Ridder, Cat. Acr. Mus. put on them, 706. 
 
344 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 assorted. Thus we find whole collections of crowns 1 or bowls* 
 or silver hydriae catalogued together. So too the other things, 
 bronze articles, statues and the like, often had their own place*; 
 Artemis Brauronia 4 and Hera of Samos 8 had a huge wardrobe 
 of clothes. The articles themselves were often ticketed or 
 inscribed with the names of the givers, and other details in 
 prose or in verse. 
 
 Each year a board of magistrates (ten at Athens under 
 presidency of the strategus) was appointed to take stock of 
 the treasures. At Athens these were the "stewards of the 
 sacred moneys," whom we find in a very early inscription col- 
 lecting and cataloguing the bronze articles 6 . Later we have 
 regular accounts of them for a few years preceding and following 
 400, and for the middle of the fourth century 7 . At Athens, 
 besides the Acropolis records, we have others for the Asclepieum 8 
 and the shrine of the Hero Physician 9 . At Delos, the Am- 
 phictyons or the 'lepojroiol had this charge 10 , and similar lists 
 prove the practice for Aegina", Argos 12 , Branchidae 13 , Delphi 14 , 
 Eleusis 15 , Oropus 16 , Paros 17 , Plataea 18 , Samos 19 , so that it is likely 
 they once existed at other shrines. Demosthenes has told 
 us of one decree past for recasting, and how scandalously 
 Androtion carried it out 20 . 
 
 1 CIA ii. 699701 (begins 357 B.C.), Delos : CIA ii. 813 foil., see note I0 . 
 728, 736. 8 CIA ii. 836. 
 
 2 CIA ii. 768; BCH vi. 105 fifty- CIA ii. 403. 
 
 three bowls grouped together, which 10 BCH vi. 87 ; lists in ii. 570 ff., 
 
 had been described in previous lists as vi. 29 ff., x. 461 ff., xiv. 389 ft.; CIA 
 
 they came in. ii. 813 ff. 
 
 3 CIA ii. 7425. " IPI i. 1588. 
 
 4 CIA ii. 7514. AJA ix. 357, IPI i. 526. 
 
 8 ECU ix. 90 avXaiai, Ifjuina, KI- ls GIG 28529; other unpublisht 
 
 ffuves, KeKpv<f>a\oi, Kp-^Se/j-va, fitrpai, inscrr. found by M. Haussoullier. 
 
 irapairfTafffiara, irepifafna, ffirXrjvlffKoi : 14 Fragm. BCH vi. 457. 
 
 Curtius, Samos, 15. 15 CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 1. 225 /, 2256. 
 
 6 ra.fj.lai T&V iep&v xpwaTuv. Bidder, 'E<. 'A.px- 1890, 5, 90. 
 
 Cat. Ath. Br. 428 : ol rafjdai rdSt xa\Kla 18 IGS i. 3498 (about 200). 
 
 ffv\\tfcvTfs, etc. 17 CIG 2384 g. 
 
 7 CIA i. 117175 (435 B.C. onwards), 18 AJA vii. 406. 
 
 lists in Parthenon, Hecatompedos, 19 Curtius, Samos, Inscr. no. 6. 
 
 Pronaos, temple of Brauronia ; ii. 403, x Dem. Timocr. 755 rl yap fiovKtaOe 
 
 404 (same) ; ii. 835 foil. Asclepieum. elvu ; ra iro/iireta ws ^ire<r/cewi(ta<rt ; /cal 
 
DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS. 345 
 
 The new gifts of the year were described in detail 1 , with 
 nature, weight, and inscription (if any) ; the older ones named. 
 Sometimes those which were broken were repaired, but for the 
 most part they were left alone until they fell to pieces or until 
 there was need to make room for more 2 . What followed then 
 may be told in the words of the Oropan inscription. " Since 
 some of the plate on the table of Amphiaraus has become useless, 
 and some is in need of repair, while some of the offerings on 
 the walls have fallen down," three men were to be chosen, 
 who were to receive such articles from the hierarchs, and to 
 melt them down under supervision. A portion of the gold 
 was to be kept as a sample, the rest to be recast as a golden 
 bowl. The names of all those whose offerings were thus 
 treated were to be inscribed on stone, together with the 
 weight and description of each offering 3 . Allusions to this 
 practice are found elsewhere. Thus at Delos a bowl takes the 
 place of a condemned vessel 4 ; or certain articles are said to be 
 handed over to the workmen 5 ; in Athens we have a crater 
 made from the freedmen's bowls 6 and bowls made from melted 
 crowns 7 . The same practice is still kept up in the Levant. 
 At Tenos, the countless offerings are cast in the shape of hang- 
 ing silver lamps, or the silver is sold and the money used in 
 beautifying the precinct or in public works. The same is done 
 to my knowledge at Ayassos in Lesbos and in Syme, and doubtless 
 enquiry would show it to be done elsewhere. Amongst other 
 things, the road and harbour mole at Tenos have been built 
 by this means, and a road at Ayassos. The silver bowls or 
 hydriae which were thus made in ancient times were kept as 
 
 TTJV T&V ffTf<t>dv<av KaBalpffftv ; 7) TTJV r&v ' Avdporluvos ^TTL/J.\OV/J^VOV 
 
 <pia\>v iroir)(nv TT\V KaXr/v ',...rd fj.fr ot/v ^iriytypaTrrai. 
 
 TToXXa uv \tywv v/j.as tyevaKifrv 'Avdpo- l Formulae above, p. 323. 
 
 rivis, irapa\el\f/b>. <t>-f)<ras 8 diroppeiv TO. 2 BCH vi. 92. 
 
 <j>v\\a T&V <TTe(pdv<i)v Kal ffawpovs elvat IGS i. 303. 
 
 dia TOV xpofov, uffirep tuv 77 pbSuv 5vras 4 BCH vi. 94. So we read of a 
 
 dXX' ov xP vff ' i0v i ffvyx&veveiv fireifffv. silver tripod Kal TO irepiyevo/j.fvov x^M* 
 
 alpeQeh 8 tirl ravra, he proceeded to Kal doKifj-eTa 149. 
 
 destroy the inscriptions which you 5 vi. 31 irapadoOtvros rots dvdpdffiv. 
 
 took such pride in (quoted already, 6 CIA 720 A 1. 
 
 p. 268), tirl dt rats (pidXais as dvr 7 Above, p. 344 20 . 
 
 ^Keivwv ^Troi^(ra6 J vfuv 6 irbpvos euros, 
 
346 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 part of the temple treasure, almost as convenient as ingots and 
 more beautiful, until they were wanted for public purposes 1 . 
 
 Objects of clay, images and vases and such things as were 
 of no intrinsic worth, when their number became overwhelm- 
 ing, were put in store-rooms or finally buried in trenches class 
 by class. Store-chambers have been found at Camarina a , at 
 Cnidus 8 and in Cyprus 4 ; and trenches, in which the objects 
 were laid side by side and buried, in the Cabirium 8 , Corcyra 8 , 
 Delphi 7 , Elatea 8 , Naucratis 9 , Olympia 10 , Praesus in Crete", 
 Tarentum 12 , perhaps Paestum"; probably in Argos 14 , Tegea 18 , 
 Camarina 18 , Catania 17 , Megara Hyblaea 18 . 
 
 It is assumed by some that the articles were intentionally 
 broken either in order to sanctify them more effectually (as 
 savages do for the dead) or to prevent their being turned to 
 profane uses 19 . The same reason is assigned for the inscriptions 
 scratched on earthen vases. This cannot have been a general 
 practice, because many hundreds of these offerings are still whole. 
 The idea is not without parallels, and the assumed custom is 
 possible, but it was certainly not always followed. 
 
 What became of the larger objects we cannot certainly say. 
 That so many bronze statues were stored together in the Bronze 
 House on the Acropolis of Athens 20 would suggest that the less 
 recent ones were commonly so disposed of. The fact that so 
 many female statues, made within a few years, were standing and 
 were thrown down at the time of the Persian invasion, points 
 in the same direction. The number of such offerings must 
 have been enormous ; and got rid of somehow they must have 
 
 1 Sometimes the treasure was kept n AJA N.S. v. 378. 
 
 in the form of ingots: BCH vi.' 94 12 JHS vii. 1 ff., Gaz. Arch. vii. 
 
 (\vn<t.). 155 ff. 
 
 2 Man. Ant. ix. 226. l * Many of one type, Berlin Museum, 
 
 3 Newton. Terracottas sect. v. 
 * Cat. Cypr. Mus. 14 Dr Waldstein. 
 8 AM xv. 355. 15 AM iv. 170. 
 
 6 BCH xv. 9. 18 Mon. Ant. ix. 226. 
 
 7 BCH xviii. 181, 183. " Mon. Ant. vii. 217 ff. 
 
 8 BCH xi. 406. 18 Mon. Ant. i. 913 ff. 
 
 9 Naucratis i. init. 19 BCH vi. 407, xv. 9. 
 
 10 Bronzen, 28, 43, etc. 2 CIA ii. 742 ff. 
 
DISPOSAL OF THE OFFERINGS. 347 
 
 been, unless there were any special reason in the fineness of 
 the object or the fame of its maker or dedicator, to leave it 
 unmolested. 
 
 The number and variety of the objects dedicated may well 
 cause surprise. In Delos, we find about sixty different kinds of 
 vessels ; and there were some sixteen hundred phialae in the 
 temple of Apollo alone 1 , smooth, fluted, figured, or chased, 
 damascened or inlaid with gold, set with gems, some of gold 
 solid. There were fifty or more golden crowns of all sizes ; 
 with rings, bangles, necklets, bracelets, anklets, chains, brooches, 
 headbands, earrings, scentbottles, rouge pots, and fans. All 
 manner of weapons were found there : helmet, shield, and 
 spear, bows, arrows, ox-goad, dirks, with ship's beak and rudder. 
 There were anvil and spindles, figures of human beings and of 
 animals, balls and discs, and other things nondescript. The 
 same variety is seen in the other great shrines, and is of 
 importance as we shall see for the interpretation of the idea 
 which votive offerings imply. 
 
 1 BCH vi. 109 ff. See the lists below. 
 
XIV. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH 
 
 OP THE CUSTOMS CONNECTED WITH VOTIVE OFFERINGS, THEIR ORIGIN, 
 
 AGE, DISTRIBUTION, AND MEANING, TOGETHER WITH A CONSIDERATION 
 
 OF CERTAIN QUESTIONS ARISING OUT OF THEM. 
 
 WE are now in a position to take a review of the whole 
 subject. 
 
 The period we are concerned with is comparatively short. 
 True, there is evidence that the custom of dedicating divine 
 images at holy shrines is very ancient. Even if we set aside 
 the rude female idols of stone, which have been found in the 
 islands and rarely on the mainland of Greece 1 , we have for 
 example in the Argive Heraeum a series of idols, ranging in an 
 unbroken series from the archaic Greek period back through all 
 periods intermediate to the Mycenaean age, and earlier still, 
 for how many centuries we can but dimly guess 2 . We have 
 evidence also, that tithes and firstfruits were offered by the 
 country people to their most ancient gods, and there is a pro- 
 bability that this custom is as old as the other 3 . So too in the 
 ritual of the dead, food and drink, with the vessels containing 
 it, were offered at the tomb from the Myceneau age to historic 
 times 4 . But apart from these, where evidence as to motive and 
 meaning is vague, the practice of dedicating what are techni- 
 cally called avadrifiara, that is permanent memorials of a 
 special benefit, at first (as the name denotes) intended to be 
 
 1 Page 286. 3 Page 55 ff. 
 
 2 Page 286. 4 Page 4. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 349 
 
 hung in the shrine, but including later all objects which 
 embodied the idea, the evidence for this practice is confined 
 within narrow limits. I do not imply that it was unknown 
 before, but we can only trace it where it is attested by the use 
 of a fixt formula; we depend, that is, upon literary and epigra- 
 phical evidence. With the aid of this evidence, we are able to 
 interpret the archaeological remains in certain holy places; and 
 these remains show a variety of new features within the same 
 limited period. 
 
 The Homeric poems attest the dedication of things which 
 have a material value, as Hecuba's robe, and a temple full of 
 fine ornaments 1 ; but they say little of the dedication of things 
 for their meaning sake, such as blood-stained spoils of war 2 ; and 
 in neither case does the poet use for them the regular formula 
 of later days, which he indeed uses in a different sense 3 . But 
 Hesiod speaks of dedicating his prize as a matter of course, and 
 uses the proper verb of dedication 4 . Now the formula is neces- 
 sarily later than the beginning of practice, but not much later ; 
 and if Homer records a few instances of the practice, but with- 
 out the formula, we may fairly infer that the practice was 
 beginning in his day amongst the people he wrote for 5 . But it 
 was recognised in Hesiod's day; therefore it became recognised 
 somewhere between the two, that is between the eleventh and 
 the eighth centuries. The archaeological evidence enables us 
 to trace the custom back to the eighth century or thereabouts 
 at Olympia, at Argos perhaps further ; and the oldest offerings 
 in Delphi, Lusi, Thebes, perhaps Athens, Corcyra, and Samos 
 can hardly be much later. Again : in the fourth century the 
 motives of dedication undergo a change so markt as to rob the 
 custom of all its meaning, except in case of deliverance from 
 disease and peril, and in other cases with humbler folk 6 . The 
 
 1 Page 311. 5 This does not imply that avad-f)- 
 
 2 Page 275. fiara were not offered by the humble 
 
 3 II. xxii. 100 fj.oi ^Xe7x 7 ? J ' toaO-fttrei, country folk, or by another race than 
 ascribe: Od. i. 152 dvadri/j.ara 6aiT6s, the Achaeans. 
 
 graces or luxuries, something over and 6 This coincides with the decay of 
 
 above what is necessary, added to give religious faith in general. It has been 
 
 delight. pointed out, for example, that in the 
 
 4 Page 152. fourth century the character of sepul- 
 
350 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 beginning of memorial dedication, then, other than the vaguest 
 sort, may be placed in the ninth or tenth century, its end in the 
 fourth ; while as in the case of religion and the fine arts 
 generally, its noblest and fullest expression is seen in the sixth 
 and fifth. 
 
 It was a very simple conception of the deity which suggested 
 the votive offering. He was a being not very different from 
 his worshipper, and likely to be pleased with a gift. Croesus, 
 it will be remembered, burnt his offering, that Apollo might 
 get it sooner 1 , just as offerings made to the dead were 
 burned or buried according to the conception of the other 
 world which the survivors had. A god needs a house to live 
 in, and furniture ; even food does not come amiss, and the 
 libation and sacrifices provide for this. If he gives wealth or 
 a lucky windfall, some acknowledgment must surely be made : 
 a portion of the wealth, the best piece of the find, will content 
 him, and the worshipper may enjoy the rest. So the warrior 
 dedicates a part of his spoil, the tradesman or farmer a part of 
 his profits. If the god is offended by a breach of law, wilful or 
 unwitting, amendment must be made in proportion as would be 
 necessary in social life. Is the votary delivered from peril or 
 sickness, it is natural to acknowledge the favour in the same 
 way. If he has cause to pray, he will be wise to accompany his 
 prayer with a vow, and even perhaps to do his part beforehand*. 
 
 The essence of a votive offering is freewill. It may be 
 customary, as the firstfruits ; of fixt proportion, as the tithe ; 
 
 chral monuments undergoes a change of a human feast viii. 549 Kvlirijv IK 
 
 such that it is no longer possible to wedloC &vtfj.oi fapov ovpavbv efaw rjde'ia.v 
 
 see any religious meaning in the TT)S 5' oCri 0tol Sar^ovro ovd' tt)e\ov. Fire 
 
 designs. Examples of rank impiety was specially the gods' ytpas, which 
 
 have been given above, pp. 50 2 , 72, Prometheus stole and gave to men. 
 
 113, 283. The natives of Borneo have the same 
 
 1 Herod, i. 50. The god enjoyed idea as Croesus; when they send a 
 
 the smell or smoke of the offering, message to the omen-birds, they light 
 
 as men enjoyed it by eating. II. a fire and ask the fire to tell the bird 
 
 xxiv. 70 oO not wort /3w/xos fSttfTo (Haddon, Head-Hunters, 337, 344). 
 5air6j, Xoi/3^j re icvlffijs TC TO yd.p 2 Eur. Ion 1380, Ion offering his 
 
 .fv ytpas rjfieh ; i. 66 af Ktv irws cradle Kal vvv \aftiav rfyS' dvTiirrjy' 
 
 KvlffT)t alyuv re reXeiuv /SotfXerat ofou 6f &' eOpu fujStv uv ov /3oi/Xo/xat. 
 uv diro \oiybv d/j.vvai ; and 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 351 
 
 but it must not be compulsory, or it becomes a tax. This does 
 not imply that the deity is not to resent a denial of his share. 
 Such a motive as led the Siphnians to refuse a tithe of their 
 mines 1 to the deity whose act they saw in the finding of them, 
 would be mean towards men, and was no less so towards 
 Apollo ; Artemis may fairly retaliate if her firstfruits are 
 withheld 2 : but custom is not compulsion. The element of 
 compulsion is one of the two which rob the later offerings of 
 their moral worth. This premised, the ruling motive in the 
 giver may be one of three : thanksgiving, propitiation, or 
 prayer. By far the commonest in earlier times is the thank- 
 offering ; I know of one only where fear is stated as the 
 ruling motive 3 . Offerings may be made in fulfilment of a 
 vow, but one of these motives will also be present. A few 
 of early times, and many later, declare obedience to the bid- 
 ding of the god; whilst the divine oracle was not above asking 
 payment for its help 4 . When complete, the offering stands 
 as a memorial for ever: it may be to remind man of God's 
 providence, or to remind the god of his worshipper's gratitude, 
 or both. But from the fourth century the giver desires his 
 gift to be a memorial to men of his own piety or virtue 5 , or 
 of his own great achievements; and the latter motive, as we 
 have seen, began earlier still 6 . Thus the votive offering be- 
 comes a means of self-glorification ; and this is the other 
 element which robs it of its moral worth. 
 
 The distinction usually made between public and private 
 offerings rests on no principle: because the same feeling prompts 
 both, and they are both meant to have the same effect. Public 
 offerings are more often customary, as public prayers are now-a- 
 days; being dedicated (for instance) by sacred embassies or 
 
 1 Page 58 3 . eXwp dirb fffjs d\6x l deiprjs, ov irore 
 
 2 Page 53; cp. Livy v. 23. Ktirpis !So>x' 'EXeV?; fdya 'x.a.pij.a.. wr 
 
 3 Page 29 10 . <rot 'A\t%av8pos -r'unv t\Ql<Tri)v diro- 
 * Ephorus ap. Ath. vi. 232 E Delphic Saxret. 
 
 oracle to Alcmaeon : Tifi/fjtv /*' carets 5 Clearly stated e.g. in CIA ii. 470 
 
 d&pov, Caviar a.Troirav(rai. Kal ffv <j>tpeiv virbSeiyjJia /cara\iir6vres rijs ir/ws TO\)S 
 
 Tt/j.T)ev /j,oi ytpas, $ TOTS /j.T?iT-r)p'Afji:<f>i<i- 0eoi)s etf<re|3eaj : /caXXwrtw \nrb5eiyna. 
 
 paov ?Kpvif/' u?rd yyv ai)ro?(ri <rvv 'lirirois. TTJS idlas <t>i\a.ya0las. 
 To Menelaus : -irayxp^ " <t>tp e K&<THOV 6 Page 147. 
 
352 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 upon recurrent festival days. Yet they are no less free, that is 
 compelled by no law 1 . On the other hand, public offerings 
 may be occasional, as in the dedication of war-spoil; and 
 private offerings may be customary, as those of pilgrims or 
 mystics. Again: public offerings may be more magnificent; but 
 if a man gave what he could afford, he felt that the gift was no 
 less acceptable because it was small 8 . 
 
 We find that these gifts are appropriate to all times and 
 seasons. Gratitude for success in war or the games, for pro- 
 sperity in one's calling, for unexpected good luck, for deliver- 
 ance from disease or peril, for election to an honourable post, 
 for the care which has brought a man to his manhood, a woman 
 to her marriage clay; propitiation of the mighty dead or of the 
 gods who are mightier still, as a precaution or in consequence 
 of a fact ; prayer for help and deliverance, relief from adversity 
 or continued prosperity: there is no part of human life which is 
 not included under one of these. 
 
 Neither is there anything in the world which cannot 
 become a votive offering. Yet for all this infinite variety, the 
 offerings fall into a few well-defined classes. There are two 
 main divisions : I. Material : things which are given for their 
 own value, and II. Ideal : things which are given for what they 
 imply 3 . It is obvious that any object of the first class may on 
 occasion be found under the second ; and we shall often find the 
 same object dedicated under both heads. Both are prompted 
 by the same feeling, fear, hope, or gratitude ; but the first 
 involves a cruder conception of the deity than the other. 
 
 I. Material : Objects given for their own intrinsic worth. 
 Here the thing given is regarded as payment made to the god, 
 whose favour is either bought, or requited with something like 
 an equivalent. 
 
 (1) First among these come such things as the god might 
 be supposed to need, if he were a being not unlike mankind. 
 He must, for example, have his house and grounds, with the 
 
 1 The distinction is very real, as 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 98 K /j.ucpwv 6\l- 
 may be seen in the story of Ananias ytffTa. 
 and Sapphira, Acts of the Apostles v. 3 Here I follow Reisch (p. 5). 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 353 
 
 proper furniture for all uses, and beautiful things for his 
 delight 1 . Thus the dead and the hero spirit are allotted their 
 precinct and shrine 2 , the patron deity his portion of land 
 conquered 3 or newly settled 4 , wherein a temple must be built 
 and furnisht. Buildings such as the shrine or temple, the 
 treasury or show-chamber and the colonnade, may be erected 
 for any reason proper to the subject we have in hand. Danaus 
 erects one when he has acquired the kingdom of Argos B . For 
 success in war, so do Heracles and Theseus, and the Dorians 
 after their invasion ; the Athenians thus testify their gratitude 
 to Pan, when he appeared to Pheidippides 6 ; the Eleans build 
 the great sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia 7 . Salvation from 
 plague or pestilence is repaid by the shrine of the Eumenides at 
 Athens, by the temple of Apollo at Bassae 8 ; from flood, by 
 that of Hera at Sparta 9 . Diomedes thus returns thanks for 
 being saved from shipwreck 10 , Themistocles when Artemis 
 revealed to him in a dream how they plotted against his life ". 
 Odysseus erects three shrines on winning his wife 12 , Helen builds 
 one at Argos for the birth of a daughter, the women of Elis 
 long barren when at length they discover themselves to be 
 with child 13 . Hypermestra, acquitted on trial for her life, 
 uses the same means of acknowledgment 14 . In expiation of a 
 crime the temple of Artemis at Tegea is built 15 . Even the 
 part of a temple might be separately dedicated, as Croesus 
 and other kings dedicated the pillars of the great temple at 
 Ephesus 16 . The treasury may be built for success in war ", or 
 for prosperity in trade 18 . The colonnade occurs also as a war 
 dedication ; that called of the Persians at Sparta, that built by 
 the Athenians at Delphi 19 . 
 
 1 aya\fw.Ta. n Page 226. 
 
 2 Pages 4, 9, 10. 12 Page 248. 
 
 3 Page 40. 13 Page 254. 
 
 4 Page 55. " Page 233. 
 6 Page 92. 15 Page 314. 
 
 6 Page 119. 16 Herod, i. 92 ; Cat. Brit. Mug. Sc. 
 
 7 Page 120. 29 cto-i\vis K/JOWTOS dviQ^Kfv, 1201. 
 
 8 Page 189. 17 Page 124. 
 
 9 Page 191. 18 Page 92. 
 
 10 Page 228. 19 Page 124. 
 
 R. 23 
 
354 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 So with the furniture of the sacred place. An altar is 
 erected after the victory of Plataea ', or on acquittal of a charge 
 of life and death, as that of Orestes 8 . We also find altars dedi- 
 cated as a memorial of office by Peisistratus the younger, by the 
 archons of Amorgos, and by the magistrates of the Athenians 8 . 
 Numerous other altars are known, some being apparently 
 memorials of some feast or ritual act 4 . These may often 
 belong to the second class ; and the image of the deity usually 
 does, unless it were the original cult-image ; but of the dedi- 
 cation of these we have no information. But where garments 
 were used to clothe it, they may be placed here. Hecuba offers 
 a robe to Athena, with a prayer for Troy's salvation. Amasis 
 sends embroidered garments to Samian Hera for friendship 
 sake, to Lindian Athena because of ancient kinship 5 . Periodical 
 offerings, which later came to partake of the ideal, were made 
 by the Athenians to Athena 8 , the Eleans to Hera, and 
 the Amycleans to Apollo 7 . Garments were also dedicated 
 to Cabirus, Tegean Athena, to Olympian Poseidon, to 
 Artemis at Athens, and to Hera at Samos 8 . We find no 
 dedications of articles directly intended for the use of man 
 in the sanctuary, until comparatively late days ; but then 
 the repairs of the sanctuary 9 , and the supply of tables or 
 basins for worshippers 10 , are the recognised duty of priestly 
 officials. When Livia dedicated the golden E at Delphi, and 
 probably when the Athenians dedicated theirs of bronze, they 
 simply gave what were meant as ornaments to the sanctuary. 
 What the original wooden E was, who offered it, and why, we 
 have no means of knowing ". 
 
 (2) For the support and glorification of the shrine the 
 offering of tithes and firstfruits in kind must have been 
 
 1 Page 125. no. 6. 
 
 2 Page 233. 9 Page 273. 
 
 3 Page 259. 10 Page 272. 
 
 4 Page 282. " Plut. De El apud Delphos. It 
 8 Page 275. has been ingeniously explained by Mr 
 
 6 Page 276. A. B. Cook as Poseidon's trident: part 
 
 7 Page 277. of an old image. 
 
 8 Page 275. Curtius, Samos, Inscr. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 355 
 
 customary from the earliest times : whether given by farmers 1 , 
 breeders 2 , or hunters 3 , whether corn, grapes, and oil, or slaves 
 and captives 4 . The tithe of precious minerals was given on 
 the same principle 5 ; and many offerings are recorded, or still 
 exist, which must be regarded as valuables in bulk. Of this 
 kind are Rhodopis' iron bars 6 , ingots of silver 7 , and such 
 manufactured articles as tripods, cauldrons, and axes 8 , perhaps 
 knives, wheels, and shields in early times, gold and silver bowls 
 or crowns in later. The tripod is dedicated for war 9 , and as 
 a musical prize 10 , and large quantities of tripods and cauldrons 
 have been found which bear no record. Axes, which are also 
 frequently found, are dedicated as tithes" and therefore as 
 articles of value. The immense number of bowls, not in- 
 frequently their uniform size, and the fact that small objects 
 were melted and cast in this form, appear to show that they 
 were often regarded as so much precious metal stored in a con- 
 venient way. The large mixing-bowls, however 12 , and sprinkling- 
 bowls or lavers 18 , may have been used, but they also were 
 probably intended as dyaX/j^ara. The bowl is dedicated by 
 Alyattes for cure of disease 14 , by Croesus and Xerxes for 
 propitiation 15 , by the Samians as a trade-tithe 16 , by Pausanias 
 as a memorial of his rule at Byzantium 17 , by ordinary persons 
 as a firstfruit 18 , by a courtezan with the same idea 19 , by a 
 woman for childbirth 20 , by slaves who win a lawsuit 21 , by theori 
 and temple officials at Delos 22 , by the Ergastinae at Athens 28 . 
 Marble and bronze sprinkling-vessels are dedicated as tithe or 
 
 1 Page 49. 12 Page 320. 
 
 2 Page 58. 13 Pages 272, 280. 
 
 3 Pages 50, 58. Page 191. 
 
 4 Page 102. 15 Page 311. 
 
 5 Page 58. 16 Page 58. 
 
 6 Page 92. 17 Page 260. 
 
 7 Page 92. 18 Page 93. 
 
 8 Pages 92, 145. See below, p. 385, Page 93. 
 for a discussion of tripods, cauldrons, M Page 253. 
 and axes. a Page 234. 
 
 9 Page 145. Pages 263, 296. 
 
 10 Page 156. ^ Page 276. 
 
 11 Page 92. 
 
 232 
 
356 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 firstfruit at Athens 1 . Rings, bracelets, jewels, and ornaments 
 of all kinds are also offered for their own value on many 
 different occasions 8 . Lastly, coins are offered in large numbers 
 at all shrines, and probably on any cause ; the fines (so far as 
 they can be considered votive) are nearly always estimated in 
 current money 8 . 
 
 When Megalopolis was built, the Phigalaeans sent a 
 statue of Apollo "as a contribution to the adornment" of the 
 place*. 
 
 (3) Thirdly, those objects which come under the title 
 ciKpodivia were dedicated for their own worth. Anything 
 specially rare or precious would be an acceptable gift to a deity 
 of like passions with the giver. Thus we find preserved in 
 temples marvellous things like the stone which Cronus 
 swallowed 8 , a thunderstone or meteorite 6 , things too mysterious 
 and precious for human hands to hold ; or oddities, such as 
 the mammoth's bones 7 ; or relics of old days, the arms and 
 armour of heroes long since dead 8 , the sceptre of Hephaestus 9 , 
 the throne of Arimnestus 10 , the golden tripod of the wisest man 11 ; 
 things famed in legend, Eriphyle's necklace 12 or Daedalus' 
 wings 13 . The choice piece of war-spoil was dedicated as a 
 matter of course : a fine piece of statuary, a divine image, 
 the throne of Xerxes, the manger of Mardonius, the Theban 
 lamp which Alexander admired 14 . The idea in this custom may 
 have been originally the same as caused Polycrates to cast 
 away his precious ring. 
 
 II. Ideal: Objects dedicated for what they imply. But 
 by far the greater proportion of votive offerings imply something 
 more than the crude notion of payment ; for the Greeks knew 
 as well as we do that the thought sanctifies the deed. The 
 
 1 Page 93. 8 Page 320. 
 
 2 See Indices. Page 318. 
 
 3 Page 314. 10 Herod, i. 14, p. 320. 
 
 4 Paus. viii. 30. 3. J1 Page 320. 
 
 5 Page 318. 12 Page 319. 
 
 6 Page 376. 13 Page 319. 
 
 7 Page 319. 14 Page 117. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 357 
 
 whole of this class may be called ideal, as meaning more than 
 appears on the surface ; and memorial, as intended to keep 
 the god's beneficence before the mind of the man, and no less 
 the man's piety or gratitude before the mind of the god. This 
 persistent idea is illustrated on the one side by the silver sow 
 of Epidaurus 1 , on the other by the recurrence of the word 
 'memorial' on so many early inscriptions 2 . In the later age, 
 when thoughts were no longer understood only, but exprest, 
 the idea is distinctly stated : as when Akeson, in offering 
 a relief to Asclepius, says, " you know why ; if not, this tablet 
 will remind you 8 ." 
 
 (1) The most obvious offering of a grateful worshipper is 
 the Image of the Patron Deity. The deity is most naturally 
 represented in his traditional form, that is the' image will re- 
 produce in essentials the cult-image of the temple. In early 
 times we must not expect any subtilty of thought ; an armed 
 god need not imply that the offering is made for success in 
 war, but may mean only that the god in that place was familiar 
 in this guise. Nor can we otherwise interpret the seated 
 statuettes of Athena found in Athens, of Demeter in Eleusis, 
 or the figures of Artemis with the fawn found in Corcyra. The 
 absence of all attributes, again, implies nothing as to the 
 aspect of the deity which the worshipper may have in mind ; 
 if the naked statues of Boeotia and Samos were really Apollo, 
 as I have given reason to think, we may infer that the local 
 type was without attributes. To interpret the ' Maidens' 
 of Athens, Delos, Eleusis, Massalia, Naxos and other places 
 as a kind of domestic type of the goddess, is to go beyond 
 the evidence. The interpretation may be right; but on the 
 other hand, these figures may represent simply the cult-statue 
 drest in its ceremonial robes. It is true, however, that about 
 the beginning of the fifth century we find the beginnings of 
 differentiation by attribute: when, for example, the statue 
 offered for a naval victory is made to hold a ship's beak in 
 
 1 Page 226. iii. 1285, fju>rjiJ.eTov iv. 2. 1512c; at\it.tiov 
 
 2 fj.vTJ/j.0. CIA i. 374, Kar. 104, etc. ; iii. 112. 
 
 compare in later days fj.t]fj.6a-vvoj> CIA 3 Anth. Pal. vi. 147. 
 
358 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the hand 1 . On the other hand, the dedication of an armed 
 Athena by a baker woman is conclusive against the strict 
 connexion of attributes with occasion 2 . 
 
 In early times, the deity does not necessarily vary with the 
 occasion. We find a statue dedicated for success in war to 
 Zeus as early as the seventh century, when the Spartans con- 
 quered the Messenians 3 ; and there are many more. Others 
 honoured in the same way on a similar cause are Athena, 
 sometimes differentiated as Promachos 4 , Aphrodite 6 , Apollo', 
 Artemis the Saviour 7 , Hermes or Heracles 8 , Pan 9 , Poseidon 10 , 
 and the Saviour Demigods". For deliverance from plague 
 and pestilence, we have statues of Hermes Ram-bearer" and 
 the Locust Apollo 13 in the fifth century, Asclepius in the 
 fourth 14 ; in childbirth, Phaedra dedicates an Eileithyia 16 , another 
 woman an Artemis 18 . Magistrates 17 , tradesmen, and artists 
 offer the Athenian 'maidens/ often as tithe 18 ; a baker offers a 
 statuette of Athena armed 19 ; Bathycles, after completing the 
 Apollo at Amyclae, offers statues of Artemis and of the 
 Graces 20 . Many statues of Zeus, and doubtless of others, are 
 recorded, both public and private dedications, without cause 
 assigned". The herms in the Street of Hermae at Athens, de- 
 dicated by all sorts of people, amongst others by Cimon after 
 the Eurymedon, were perhaps a recognition of good fortune in 
 general rather than meant to refer to a special occasion 22 . Small 
 images, in bronze or terra-cotta, of uniform type, were dedicated 
 in hundreds on occasions now unknown, and have been found 
 of Athena on the Acropolis of Athens, and the Cranaean 
 shrine, of Demeter in Eleusis and Tegea and Cyprus, of Aphro- 
 
 1 Page 131. 12 Page 190. 
 
 2 Page 91. 13 Page 190. 
 
 3 Page 126. " Page 208. 
 
 4 Page 127. Page 254. 
 8 Page 128. ' 16 Page 254. 
 
 6 Pages 127, 128. 17 Themistocles, p. 317. 
 
 7 Page 128. 18 Page 90. 
 
 8 Page 128. Page 90. 
 
 9 Page 127. 2 Page 89. 
 
 10 Page 127. 21 Pans. v. 23 foil. 
 
 11 Page 129. Page 128. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 359 
 
 dite in Cyprus and Naucratis, of Artemis in Athens and 
 Corey ra, and of Menelaus and Helen in Sparta, a few of Zeus 
 in Olympia and Dodona, of Apollo in Delphi 1 . The image of 
 Zeus was bought with fines at Olympia, that of a 'maiden' by 
 Themistocles at Athens 2 . We may perhaps add the image 
 of a goat, dedicated by the Phliasians to propitiate the goat 
 constellation 3 . 
 
 (2) The deity represented in his power. I have given 
 reasons for doubting whether in the classical age the attributes 
 of the deity could be used to differentiate the various aspects 
 of his power. I do not imply that the attributes were not 
 meant originally to express his power, because I believe they 
 were; only that in dedicating statues they were reproduced 
 conventionally, because the type had become fixt. Once the 
 type is fixt, innovations such as the representation of Apollo 
 with a spear, are few 4 . The same must be said of those reliefs 
 which show the god or hero in his conventional aspect, as 
 armed man, rider, hunter, or the like. We must therefore 
 read no inner meaning in the reliefs of Heracles with club 
 and lionskin 5 , Dioscuri armed and mounted 6 , the Saviour God 
 holding the war-axe 7 . These types could be used for different 
 occasions; thus the armed Apollo appears on one relief 
 which was offered for a breach of temple rules 8 , and a harpist 
 relief is inscribed with the title Kovporpcxfros 9 . But the idea 
 of the divine power, if vague, was there ; and at the end of 
 the fifth century finds a clearer expression in the reliefs which 
 show Asclepius visiting the sickbed, diagnosing or applying 
 remedies to the patient 10 . He even appears, like the saint in 
 
 1 Pages 302 ff. * Plut. Pyth. Or. 16 Meyapcu... pivot 
 
 2 Pages 311, 317. We must not a-xeSbv evrav0a \6yx'n v tx ovra r v 6 e v 
 suppose that any allegory was im- taT-r\au.v diro TTJS M^X 7 ?*) V 'Atf^vafovj 
 plied. There is no reason to think yuerd TO, Hep<nKa...viKi?iffavTes 
 
 that the gift was taken to mean the 5 Page 32. 
 
 triumph of the deity over wrongdoing, 6 Pages 29 ff. 
 
 but the motive here will be as simple 7 Page 26 17 . 
 
 as in other dedications of the divine 8 Page 312. 
 
 image. Page 256. 
 
 3 Page 191. 10 Pages 216 ff. 
 
360 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 some modern picture, guiding a team of runaway horses to 
 a safe place 1 . Similar reliefs were dedicated by women in 
 childbed, not only to Asclepius but to others 2 . One there 
 is, which shows a group of goddesses, the nurse and child 8 ; 
 one, the act of birth 4 . The 'nursing mother' appears on 
 reliefs or suckling the new-born babe, in some series of 
 statuettes, but these are probably meant for the mother 
 herself 5 . The principle is the same, when Victory drives 
 the victor's car 6 , perhaps where in the Corinthian pictures 
 Poseidon and Amphi trite appear in their chariot 7 . So also 
 with a relief from the Athenian Pythium, which represents 
 the deity seated on the oracular tripod 8 . The ' harpist' reliefs 
 may also be included 9 , and those where Artemis stands armed, 
 or shoots at the prey 10 . 
 
 (3) The Human Activity, the Act or Process blest by the god, 
 may equally be represented. This meets us early in allegorical 
 form, some mythological or heroic precedent being chosen 
 which suggests the later event in plastic or pictorial art as 
 Pindar's myths suggest it in poetry. The same principle is 
 exemplified in the pediments of Aegina and the metopes of 
 the Parthenon, or the architectural carvings of Treasuries at 
 Delphi and Olympia. Tellias commemorates his victory by 
 a group of Heracles and Apollo striving for the tripod"; the 
 battle of Oenoe suggests a group of the Seven against Thebes 
 and the Epigoni" ; the sack of a hostile city is commemorated 
 by a model of the Wooden Horse 18 ; the people of Heraclea 
 Pontica, mindful of their eponym, dedicate groups representing 
 the Labours of Heracles 14 ; others go to the Homeric poems for 
 
 1 Page '238. 10 Page 84. 
 
 2 Page 256. n Page 131. Euripides invents or 
 
 3 Page 256. describes another mythological group 
 
 4 Page 255. at Delphi: Ion 1163 K^Kpoira Ovyarfpuv 
 6 Page 257. irAas ffireipauriv flXlffffovr' 'A6r)valuv 
 
 6 Page 177. TWOS dvo^/ua. 
 
 7 Page 80. 12 Page 130. 
 
 8 Page 282. ls Page 130. 
 
 9 Page 291. l Page 130. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 361 
 
 inspiration 1 . A step further, and the human instruments are 
 more vividly suggested. A group commemorating the battle of 
 Marathon includes protecting deities, eponymous heroes, and the 
 victorious commander 2 ; the human element is stronger in the 
 memorial of Aegospotami 3 ; and when we come to Attalus of 
 Pergamus, the human affray is modelled realistically side by side 
 with the heroic battles of ancient times and the war of gods 
 and giants 4 . Lastly, the human battle is represented alone 
 in some relief carving of a cavalry skirmish or a sea-fight, 
 sometimes raised to a higher level of thought by the figure 
 of Victory standing beside a trophy 5 . Perhaps the battles of 
 Marathon 6 and Oenoe 7 were commemorated by votive paintings; 
 the Lamian war certainly was so 8 . How far the rank and file 
 used this pious wont is not clear; but it seems unlikely that 
 Corinth was alone in its series of terra-cotta tablets. In these 
 it is hard to interpret the scenes which represent Homeric 
 combats or the fights of armed men as anything but a soldier's 
 thank-offering 9 . 
 
 The human act might also be indicated by human figures 
 engaged in the act, or so posed or equipt as to suggest it. 
 Thus Battus in his chariot was dedicated by the Cyrenaeans at 
 Delphi "because he founded the colony 10 "; and Cleobis and 
 Biton were represented in the Argive Heraeum, no doubt in 
 such a way as to recall the act of filial piety which won them 
 the best gift of the gods 11 . Of this class are the statuettes of 
 armed warriors from the seventh century in Calaurea, Cyprus, 
 Dodona, Laconia, Olympia, Thebes, and their ideal character 
 (as opposed to portraiture) is clear from the fact that two men 
 may dedicate one figure in the name of both 12 . So too with 
 the victor in his chariot, often raised above common life by 
 the presence of Victory in person by his side ; or the jockey 
 on his racer. Athletes in characteristic guise are here also : 
 
 1 Page 130. 7 Pans. i. 15. 1. 
 
 2 Pages 130, 136. 8 Page 130. 
 
 3 Page 137. 9 Page 134. 
 
 4 Page 132. 10 Paus. x. 15. 6. 
 
 5 Page 133. Herod, i. 31. 
 
 6 Paus. i. 15. 3. 12 Page 140. 
 
362 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 the sparring Glaucus of the fifth century, the discobolus 1 , 
 the runner in act to start 2 , the leaper holding his weights 8 . 
 An athlete absolutely without attribute, and standing stiff, 
 ought not to be counted with these ; and it has yet to be 
 proved that such figures were truly votive. But true examples 
 are the humble son of the people who became a knight, and 
 stood with his horse on the Acropolis of Athens 4 ; the " Persian 
 horsemen" of the sixth century 8 ; the hunter with his game, 
 certain for the fourth century and probable earlier 6 ; the dairy- 
 farmer milking his cow, in that ancient cave of Crete 7 ; sailors 
 rowing their galley, from the same place 8 ; the scribe of Athens, 
 with his tablets 8 ; the baker woman of Cyprus 10 , the cook 
 of Argos 11 ; the pregnant woman, the woman in childbirth, 
 the nursing mother, from Argos, Athens, Laconia, Sicily, 
 Cyprus 12 : perhaps the physician in his consulting chair 13 . In 
 later days we have realistic presentations of a patient in the 
 last stages of disease". 
 
 When painting or relief-carving was in use, the scene might 
 be more fully set out before the eye. Sometimes it is the 
 warrior leading his captive, or two men fighting together 15 . 
 A few scenes of hunting and fishing occur on reliefs, but 
 none very early 16 ; it is in Corinth we find clearest evidence 
 that this custom existed. There we see every part of the 
 potter's craft portrayed, from the digging of the clay to 
 the working and painting, baking and export of the finisht 
 ware" ; there too huntsman and farmer, vine-dresser and 
 statuary are seen at work, often in the gracious eye of 
 Poseidon 18 . More commonly, the scene of athletic contest 
 is represented. This may be seen on a prize vase 19 or 
 
 1 Page 170. " Page 78. 
 
 2 Pages 170, 172. 12 Pages 255 ff. 
 
 3 Page 170. 13 Page 79. 
 
 4 Page 79. u Page 210. 
 
 5 Page 141. 18 Page 134. 
 
 6 Page 78. 16 Pages 84, 85. 
 
 7 Pages 64, 65, 75. " Page 81. 
 
 8 Pages 65, 134. Pages 81, 82. 
 
 Page 260. 19 Page 155, cp. 173. 
 
 10 Page 78. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 363 
 
 quoit 1 or the base of a dedicated offering 2 . Oftener it is an 
 independent painting or relief. Now it is the victor leading 
 his horses or mounting upon his car, or driving it, while Victory 
 crowns his head with a wreath 3 ; again Victory stands in the 
 car or herself drives it 4 ; the judge places the crown upon his 
 head 5 , or he offers his prize to his patron deity 6 . Apobatae 7 , 
 athletes 8 , jockeys 9 , Pyrrhic dancers 10 , torchracers", all appear 
 in this scheme. These memorials may perhaps go back as far 
 as the sixth century, but they are commonest in the late fifth 
 and the fourth. 
 
 Representations of the act of worship may also be classed 
 with these, if we may suppose the worshipper to have faith in 
 the efficacy of prayer. Such are the sacred pomp of Orneae 12 or 
 Aegina 13 ; the ring-dances of Olympia and Cyprus 14 , the dancing- 
 girls of Corcyra 15 ; figures (whether priestly or other) in ritual 
 costume 10 , holding the knife, the bowl or jug, the jar of water, 
 the lustral spray, known in Dodona, Cyprus, Tegea, Calaurea, 
 Thebes". Or again, the musician with {Jipes or with harp 18 , found 
 in Cyprus and Tegea 19 . Others bear the sacrifice: as the Athenian 
 Rhombus and his compeers of Crete, Boeotia and Tegea 20 , the girls 
 bearing a pig or bird, fruit, flower, or garland 21 . Even hands are 
 found, holding the fruit or victim which is to be offered to the 
 god 22 . The athlete or ordinary votary with hand uplifted belongs 
 to this class 23 ; perhaps we should add the figures from Crete 
 and elsewhere which are described as " saluting 24 ." Models of 
 
 1 Page 161. was represented in character : Herod. 
 
 2 Page 175. iv. 13 15. Anyhow, he was more 
 
 3 Page 175. than mere man. 
 
 4 Page 177. 17 Page 287. 
 
 5 Page 177, cp. 179. 18 To these mayperhapsbeaddedpre- 
 
 6 Page 177. historic figures of flotists and harpists 
 
 7 Page 176. in stone, found at Ceros. Perrot and 
 
 8 Page 176. Chipiez, Hist, de VArt, vi. 760, 761. 
 
 9 Page 151. 19 Page 286. 
 
 10 Page 176. 2 Page 284. 
 
 11 Page 177. 21 Pages 285, 286. 
 
 12 Page 145. 22 Page 290. 
 
 " Page 191. Pages 170, 171. 
 
 14 Page 286. M Cp. the Mycenaean woman in 
 
 15 Pages 285, 286. Perrot and Chipiez vi. 735. 
 
 16 Probably the marvellous Aristeas 
 
364 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 sacrificial beasts were also dedicated; such as the series of 
 pigs at Tarentum 1 , the "supplication of Peisis" at Athens 2 , the 
 three rams of Mandrobulus 3 at Samos, the he-goat of Cleone 4 , 
 the cock of the Dioscuri 5 , and many other animals inscribed 
 with deities' names, from Boeotia and the Peloponnese 6 . 
 Perhaps the statues of priestesses at the Heraeum and at 
 Hermiori, later at Athens, should be added. Later we have 
 statues of arrhephori and canephori, but I do not find these 
 before the fourth century 7 . 
 
 I conjecture that we should also place here statues which 
 were dedicated by way of propitiation. It does not seem likely 
 that a Pausanias 8 or Timagoras 9 , or the offending Athenian 
 archon 10 , would be an acceptable offering as a portrait ; but the 
 case is altered if we may suppose them to have exprest by 
 some gesture their contrition or subordination to the god's 
 will. Confiscated articles, such as ornaments or dress worn in 
 contravention of temple rule 11 , or spurious money", also 
 belong to this class, being a memorial of the error punisht by 
 the god. 
 
 Beginning in the fifth century, and lasting well over the 
 fourth, sporadically later, we find a more complete record of the 
 act of cult in the reliefs. These are chiefly of three types : the 
 dance, the prayer, sacrifice, or libation, and the feast. The first 
 type is found in the fifth century with the Eumenides 13 , the 
 Graces, Hours, or Nymphs 14 , and Pan 15 ; their distribution has 
 been already examined. In the fourth century and later we 
 find other deities in conjunction : Hermes, Apollo, Zeus, and 
 even (by popular etymology) All Gods 16 . The prayer type is 
 exemplified with Asclepius, Bendis, and others. The sacrifice 
 or libation type is commonest; and is found with Athena 17 (one 
 
 1 Page 301. 9 Page 314. 
 
 2 Page 296. 10 Page 315. 
 
 3 Page 296. " Page 313. 
 
 4 Page 381. 12 Page 313. 
 
 5 Pages 300, 301. 13 Page 254. 
 
 6 Page 264. u Page 88. 
 
 7 For the woman of Paestum, see 15 Page 85. 
 
 p. 78. 16 Pages 85, 87, 89. 
 
 8 Page 314. 17 Pages 83, 292. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 365 
 
 example being a tithe), Asclepius 1 , Cybele 2 , Apollo 8 , Demeter 
 and the Maid 4 , Dionysus 6 , Hecate 6 , Hera 7 , Zeus 8 , the heroes 9 , 
 or various combinations of these. The feast-type is common 
 with heroes 10 , and is found also with Asclepius 11 . 
 
 It is not easy to interpret the few monuments which repre- 
 sent the 16/30? 7/zo9. It is possible to regard them as offered by 
 couples on marriage, which we know was preceded by a sacrifice 12 , 
 but even so they should refer to an act of cult, perhaps the 
 mystery-play regarded as a mythological precedent. There is 
 no reference to ^anything but the power of the deity in reliefs 
 to Artemis which I have referred provisionally to marriage 13 . 
 
 A more summary representation of the activity blest by the 
 god is seen in the stone-ram of the Athenian breeder, and 
 perhaps therefore other rams from Athens, Boeotia, Laconia 14 ; 
 bulls from Athens, Dodona, Boeotia, Olympia 15 ; horses from 
 Argos, Athens, Boeotia, Dodona, Olympia 16 , and half-a-dozen other 
 places. Similar are the mare suckling a foal known in Dodona, 
 Olympia, and Athens"; the stag brought down by hounds, from 
 Olympia 18 . So an ass sums up the story of a night surprise 
 forestalled by his bray 19 ; a sheep tells of a treasure lost and found 
 by a sheep's guidance 20 ; the bull recalls how a bull led the 
 Corcyreans to a great find of fish 41 ; a frog, how a thirsty 
 traveller was enabled to find a hidden spring 2 "; a cicala, how a 
 musician broke his string and yet won the prize 23 . The bronze 
 lioness dedicated in memory of the brave Leaena sums up her 
 story in a metaphor 24 . Probably we should add the hunter's 
 hound of Athens, Delos, and Lusi 25 ; perhaps the fighting cock 
 
 1 Page 219. 14 Page 75. 
 
 2 Page 293. 15 Page 76. 
 
 3 Page 291. 16 Pages 75, 76. 
 
 4 Page 294. 17 Pages 75, 76. 
 
 5 Page 295. 18 Page 75. 
 
 6 Page 295. 19 Pans. x. 18. 4. 
 
 7 Page 89. 2 Page 91. 
 
 8 Pages 83, 295. a Page 91. 
 
 9 Page 19. 22 Page 232. 
 
 10 Page 20. 23 p a ge 172. 
 
 11 Page 220. Page 231. 
 
 12 Page 246. Page 77. 
 
 13 Page 247. 
 
366 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 of Thebes 1 . It may be also that the Asclepian snakes were 
 meaut to recall how the temple snakes lickt a patient's sores 3 . 
 Here also come the models of disease and of parts of the body, 
 as a summary method of indicating what the god's blessing has 
 done 3 . These begin in the fourth century, and in fine become 
 practically universal. 
 
 (4) The Winnings. The prize or gain of the acts which 
 have been blest is another common dedication. The earliest 
 we know of, and perhaps almost as old as the worship of the 
 gods, is the dedication of war-spoil, whether as a trophy upon 
 the battle-field or in a temple. This custom is known to 
 legend and to Homer 4 , and dedicated arms and armour have 
 been found in some of the most ancient sanctuaries of Greece, 
 the cave of Mount Ida in Crete 5 , Delphi, Dodona, Olympia 8 . 
 There is a continuous record testifying to this custom from 
 Alcaeus 7 in the seventh century until long after the Christian 
 era. As before, these dedications are made to almost every 
 god or goddess, and even to the heroes. A secondary develop- 
 ment was to dedicate gold or silver, or gilt models of shields 8 , 
 a silver trireme 9 , and such like : the permanent bronze trophy 10 , 
 and models of horses or captive women 11 . 
 
 As with prize of war, so with the prizes won in the games 
 or musical contests. This custom is recorded for the eighth 
 century, if that was Hesiod's date 12 , for the early sixth century 
 in the person of Echembrotus 13 , and is exemplified later by the 
 choric tripods at Athens 14 , the tripods of the Triopia 18 , the 
 stlengis, vase 18 , crown", and what not. What were or may 
 have been prizes have been found by excavation at Athens 18 , 
 
 1 AM xv. 355 ff. 10 Page 100. 
 
 2 Page 209. " Page 115. 
 
 3 Pages 210 ff. 12 Page 151. 
 
 4 Pages 99, 101. 1S Page 152. 
 6 Pages 101, 109. " Page 156. 
 6 Page 109. 15 Page 152. 
 i Page 101. 18 Page 153. 
 8 Page 114. 17 Page 155. 
 Page 116. 18 Page 155. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 367 
 
 Delos, Delphi, Dodona, and Sparta 1 . In this section too 
 models were sometimes made, as of the tripod 2 and the shield 3 , 
 in stone. 
 
 Honorific crowns come into the same category. These 
 begin with Lysander 4 , and grow very common indeed in the 
 fourth and succeeding centuries, when it became a matter of 
 course to dedicate them 5 . States like individuals dedicate 
 crowns of honour 6 . 
 
 All these are what may be called occasional prize ; but the 
 prize of work, although more regular, is also suitable for dedica- 
 tion. It is not absolutely certain that the Greek craftsman 
 would dedicate the first specimen of his skill, or a choice piece 
 of his own work, in gratitude for the divine help in his calling ; 
 but he did dedicate tithes or firstfruits of his profits in some 
 form, and the form was often a piece of work made by his own 
 hands. Thus we have Lycinus' pot, "the first he ever made 7 "; 
 Ecphantus of Melos, with his "fine ornament 8 "; the rival 
 potters of Erythrae, with their superfine pots 9 ; Protogenes and 
 his partridge 10 ; and others from Athens 11 , Aegina 12 ,Metapontium 18 , 
 Naxos 14 . So the author (from the fourth century at least) 
 might dedicate his book 15 , the poet his poem 16 ; and if I have 
 rightly interpreted the Corinthian fragment, a learner might 
 dedicate his alphabet 17 . 
 
 The workman would also at times dedicate a picture or 
 model of his work. One such is the picture of Mandrocles' 
 bridge over the Hellespont, which dates from 480 18 ; possibly we 
 may add models of the temple of Delos 19 . Hippocrates, with 
 grim humour, offered as the result of his labours the model 
 of a corpse or skeleton 20 . 
 
 1 Pages 152, 153. Page 61. 
 
 2 Page 160. 12 Page 61. 
 
 3 Page 153. 13 Page 61. 
 
 4 Page 267. 14 Page 61. 
 
 5 Page 266. 15 Page 64. 
 
 6 Page 268. i Page 65. 
 
 7 Page 60. i? Pages 65, 66. 
 
 8 Page 61. 1S Page 70. 
 
 9 Page 63. 19 Page 70. 
 
 10 Page 63. 20 Paus. x. 2. 6. 
 
3G8 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 The grower or breeder commemorated some special luck by 
 models of the prize of his calling. Of this class are the golden 
 sheaves of Delphi and Athens, the golden silphium, vine, and 
 olives of Delos and Oropus 1 ; and perhaps one or another horse 
 or goat, silver duck, or goose, or bronze bullock. The huntsman 
 on the same principle dedicates a model of his prey : a hare at 
 Samos and Priene 2 , perhaps the deer, bears, or other game 
 found in excavations or ancient lists 8 . 
 
 (5) The Tool or Means. An appropriate memorial of a 
 successful piece of work is the tool it was done with. This 
 class is not so large as the last ; but it is exemplified in legend, 
 for example the Chest of Cypselus, and voucht for in literature 
 from a very early date. There are a few examples of the arms or 
 the clothes worn and used in a battle being dedicated. Earliest 
 is the shield of Aristomenes the Messenian, from the seventh 
 century 4 ; King Nekos of Egypt and the spear sung by 
 Simonides 8 come next ; by Alexander's time and a little later 
 the examples become more numerous 6 , but there is no reason 
 to deny this to be an ancient custom, and it never (except 
 perhaps in Alexander's own case 7 ) loses the simplicity and 
 dignity of olden days. 
 
 The objects used in the games were dedicated on the same 
 principle : the victor's chariot, the weight or quoit, and doubt- 
 less did we but know others besides. Bybon's huge stone was 
 dedicated as much for his own glory as for the glory of God, 
 but there it is still in Olympia, where it has rested for twenty- 
 six centuries 8 . From the same early date come an Eleusinian 
 leaping-weight 9 and a Corcyrean quoit 10 ; in legend we have the 
 quoit of Iphitus". The earliest racing-car dedicated, which is 
 on record, is that of Arcesilas (466)'*. 
 
 As regards other tools, we have from legend the spear of 
 Meleager 13 ; otherwise there are very few indications that the 
 
 1 Page 66. 8 Page 160. 
 
 2 Pages 67, 68, 69. 9 Page 161. 
 
 3 Pages 63 ff. 10 Page 160. 
 
 4 Page 112. " Page 160. 
 Page 112. ia Page 162. 
 Pages 112, 113. 13 Page 170. 
 7 Page 112. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 369 
 
 practice was ancient. Later, as exemplified in the Anthology, 
 the custom seems to have been common enough 1 . In these later 
 days, physician and author followed suit; indeed, physician's 
 tools are not unknown as votive offerings in the early fourth 
 century 2 . Even models of tools are found : a golden anvil at 
 Delos 3 ; sickles, pruning-hooks, and winepresses in the time of 
 Philostratus 4 . 
 
 But to show that they were sometimes dedicated with a 
 rather different idea, as things worn out, whose work is over, the 
 evidence is slightly less scanty. The story of Cimon's bridle 5 , 
 taken in conjunction with one or two epigrams of the fifth 
 century 6 , and with the walking-sticks of Xenophon's host 7 , 
 implies that the practice was ancient if not common. Later, 
 the motive becomes a commonplace 8 . Now also the sick 
 man's bandage and the lame man's crutch are dedicated 9 . 
 Here tod we have the parallel of toys, trinkets, and other 
 such things dedicated at puberty, when the owners put away 
 childish things 10 . Both arms 11 and tools (e.g. loom-weights 
 inscribed 12 ) have been found on sacred sites; whilst female 
 ornaments and trinkets, brooches and pins, combs and mirrors, 
 have turned up in Argos, Athens, Delos, Delphi, Dodona, 
 Elatea, Tegea, Thebes, and almost in every temple which has 
 been excavated 13 . Why these were dedicated, however, we 
 cannot tell for certain ; we have choice of more than one 
 explanation. Further examples of the principle we are dealing 
 with were Pheidon's currency-bars 14 and possibly the old Attic 
 alphabet 15 . 
 
 One step further, and we come to clothes or trinkets worn 
 in time of peril. These are dedicated as things done with, but 
 also as memorials of the peril happily by God's grace escaped. 
 We hear little of this in early days: hardly anything in the 
 
 1 Page 71. 9 Page 224. 
 
 2 Page 73. 10 Page 249. 
 
 3 Page 78. n Pages 112, 113. 
 
 4 Page 78. 12 Page 73. 
 
 5 Page 70. 13 See Index. 
 
 6 Page 112. 14 Page 74. 
 
 7 Page 70. 15 Page 75. 
 
 8 Pages 71, 113. 
 
 R. 24 
 
370 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 fifth century, except captives' chains or chains intended for use 
 on the victors 1 . After childbirth however something of the 
 kind used to be done*. In the fourth century, shoes are found 
 in the Asclepieum 8 ; in the Anthology, men saved from ship- 
 wreck dedicate their clothes 4 . 
 
 As memorials of the act of worship, the clothes or orna- 
 ments 5 worn by the worshippers were sometimes dedicated ; 
 perhaps, though there is no direct evidence here, the vessels 
 used in the rite. This might explain the hosts of small 
 cups, all of a shape, found on certain sacred sites 6 . Examples 
 of the first group are the stlengides or head-ornaments in 
 Delphi 7 , Delos 8 , Athens 9 , and elsewhere, and the clothes of 
 mystae 10 . 
 
 The offering of the hair must not be omitted, though it is 
 difficult to find the right place for it. It is a custom of the 
 highest antiquity, and originally (to judge from analogy) 
 implied that the worshipper placed himself in the power of the 
 god ; but in the classical age it was traditional and its meaning 
 had long been forgotten. The hair is the 'firstfruit' of the 
 worshipper, and as such it was offered at Delphi to Apollo 11 . It 
 is offered to rivers and heroes ; the right is absorbed by the 
 great gods, and it is then claimed later by many of them, 
 especially Hera and Zeus 12 . The long youthful hair, or the first 
 down on the chin, is offered at puberty, or at marriage ; it is 
 also cut in mourning 13 . As a vow in time of peril and a dedica- 
 tion for safety the rite is known from Homer to Lucian and 
 St Paul 14 . Sometimes the cutting of the youthful lock is kept 
 in the god's mind by a carving or an inscription 15 . 
 
 Lastly, certain kinds of dedications are Allegorical. Such 
 are those which personify the power of the god under the title 
 
 1 Pages 115, 233. See Index .u. ff T\eyyh. 
 
 2 Page 252. Page 277. 
 
 3 Page 224. " Page 241. 
 
 4 Page 232. 12 Page 241. 
 
 Page 277. 13 Pages 242, 245. 
 
 Page 301. " Page 245. 
 
 7 Page 231. ls Pages 243, 244. 
 
 8 Index. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 371 
 
 of Victory ; which independently is a thank-offering for war 
 alone 1 , but plays a part also in agonistic reliefs 2 . Of the same 
 kind are the personified statues of Good Luck and the Good 
 Spirit 3 , or of Vengeance 4 ; and such figures as Praxidica 8 , 
 Damia and Auxesia 6 , Hygieia 7 . On the reliefs we also find 
 personifications of Telete or Initiation, of the Dithyramb 8 , and 
 of Good Order 9 : these last are not found independently, either 
 as offerings or as deities to receive offerings. As a whole, this 
 class is rare, but ancient. Enyalios, Eileithyia, and Lecho are 
 probably personified epithets 10 ; Praxidica belongs to the legen- 
 dary age ; Damia and Auxesia are ancient, and had a larger 
 place in cult than appears on the face of it ; Victory is a votive 
 offering as early as Archermus, and is not uncommon in the 
 best age. 
 
 The Epidaurian silver pig 11 is also allegorical, translating a 
 metaphor into concrete form. The allegory is more elaborate 
 in the group of Athena perched upon a palm tree, which was 
 dedicated after the Eurymedon 12 ; and in the group of Alcibiades 
 on Nemea's lap, dedicated for a Nemean victory 13 . A punning 
 dedication by Comaras 14 , who offered the model of a strawberry, 
 completes our list 15 . Allegorical figures and personifications are 
 not unknown in the great age of Greek art 16 ; but in the fourth 
 century they become common, not only on decree reliefs, but 
 elsewhere 17 . 
 
 It will be noticed that the portrait of the worshipper does 
 not appear at all in the above classification. It is true that 
 
 1 Page 142. probably from South Greece. 
 
 2 Page 177. 15 The reader will recall the device of 
 
 3 Page 192. a rose on Rhodian coins. 
 
 4 Pages 144, 234. P. Gardner, JHS ix. 57 ff. He 
 
 5 Page 248. quotes Night carrying Sleep and Death 
 
 6 Page 191. on the Chest of Cypselus; Corinth 
 
 7 Page 208. and Leucas on a fifth century mirror ; 
 
 8 Page 179. to which may be added Hesiod's Dike 
 
 9 Page 179. and Eris, Works and Days 220, 256, 
 
 10 Page 252. 11 ff. The oldest on a decree is given 
 
 11 Page 226. in AZ 1875 p. 104. 
 
 12 Page 144. 17 As the figures in the Pomp of 
 
 13 Page 174. Antiochus II and that of Ptolemy IV, 
 
 14 IGA 556 9o/tdpas vvt6i)Kf : Athenaeus v. 1946. 
 
 242 
 
372 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 many of the examples which I have recorded have been taken 
 by others to be portraits; but I have found no reason to believe 
 that the portrait as such was ever dedicated by a Greek until 
 the votive dedication had lost its meaning. I do not say that 
 Miltiades, for example, in the Marathonian group, was not 
 recognised for Miltiades, or that he was not represented in form 
 and feature to the life ; that may well have been so, and yet no 
 dedicatory portrait. It makes all the difference in the world 
 that Miltiades was part of an ideal group. So it was with all 
 the other human figures in question which are clearly described : 
 something of the ideal was in them, so that they suggested not 
 this or that man, but this or that action or event. And since 
 this principle seems never to be forgotten in the great age of 
 Greece, I have ventured to assume it for the very few cases 
 where nothing but the name or office of the person is given. 
 I take it that to dedicate a portrait as such would have seemed 
 the height of arrogance to a Greek, as the story of Pheidias and 
 the shield of Athena implies, and as Demosthenes implies in 
 an age when the thing was common 1 . And a few instances 
 which I have yet to mention fully bear out this idea. It was 
 no Greek, but the Egyptian Amasis, who sent two portraits of 
 himself to the Argive Heraeum, and one to Gyrene*; it was the 
 Asiatic Chares of Teichiusa who placed his own statue at 
 Miletus 3 . These were the kind of men who would think their 
 own image an ornament to any shrine: a peck of pride to a 
 speck of piety. Pausanias himself did not dare to follow this 
 example ; but the colossal vanity of Alcibiades was flattered by 
 a statue dedicated in the Heraeum*, where also Lysander and 
 his captains, many of them men otherwise unknown, were placed 
 side by side with the Egyptian 5 . If these statues were portraits 
 and nothing more (as the words of Pausanias suggest) we have 
 here the earliest examples of honorific statues. But meanwhile 
 an evil leaven had been working in the whole lump. The 
 
 1 Page 135*. 
 
 2 Herod, ii. 182 <?s ~K.vp^rjv...dK6va 3 Page 260. 
 tuvrou ypa.<pij flKafffdvyv, 4s Zdjuoc T-Q 4 Paus. vi. 18. 2. 
 "H/>]7 tiKWas fuvrov Buftaffias v\lvas, at ' Paus. vi. 3. 15. 
 
 i5pva.ro fri tl 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 373 
 
 athlete statues of Olympia were generally not dedications, but 
 set up as an honour 1 ; these had accustomed men to the sight of 
 human figures in the divine presence, and the thought had 
 become familiar that honour might be done to a man by 
 placing him there. This new idea was turned to account, and 
 the statues of the famous dead were placed in temple precincts : 
 as Pericles and Anacreon on the Acropolis of Athens 2 , Anaxi- 
 menes 3 and Aristotle 4 at Olympia, Gorgias at Olympia 5 and 
 Delphi 6 . Now too the statues of living men were added. Conon 
 and his son Timotheus were placed on the Acropolis in their life- 
 time 7 , but without the dedicatory formula. The dedication of 
 men like Epameinondas and Philopoemen was natural ; and 
 Alexander the Great made the honour cheap. So by the end 
 of the fourth century we have honorific statues dedicated with 
 all formality for trivial reasons. More, the licence becomes 
 impiety in the golden image of Phryne ; and Cottina of Sparta 
 had the effrontery to dedicate her own image to Athena 8 . 
 Long before the Delphic oracle had not refused the offering 
 of Rhodopis ; but now so low had the gods sunk, that they 
 could accept the image of a common strumpet, the trophy of 
 Grecian intemperance. 
 
 We have seen that the ideas of the dedicator, until Greek 
 religion began to lose its sincerity, were simple; but as many 
 have used symbolism largely as a principle of interpretation, it 
 is necessary to examine the question. It has been asserted, for 
 instance, that the attributes of a deity were regarded in some 
 sort as representing him, and that they were dedicated to him 
 for that reason ; that Artemis, say, was specially pleased by the 
 
 1 Page 167. 6 Athen. xi. 505 D Topyia* fj-erd. ri> 
 
 2 Paus. i. 25. 1. There is no reason iroiriffaffBai rr)v avadeviv TJJS iv Ae\</>o?s 
 to suppose that the portrait of Pericles eavrov xpi'0">7S einovos. 
 
 was dedicated during his lifetime. 7 Paus. i. 24. 3; CIA ii. 1360 K6vw 
 
 3 Paus. vi. 18. 2. Ttyuotfeov, Tt/u60eoy Kbvuvos, without 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 4. 8: set up by a pupil, dedicatory formula. 
 
 or a soldier who knew that Aristotle 8 Polemon ap. Ath. xiii. 574 D av6.- 
 
 had great influence with Antipater and 6t)/j.a 5e atfrijs e<rn...r6 
 
 with Alexander before him. elK6viov. 
 8 Paus. vi. 17. 2, 17. 7, 18. 7, 19. 1. 
 
374 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 offering of a deer, Athena by an owl, Zeus by an axe 1 . Let us 
 see whether there are grounds for this statement. 
 
 The objects associated with the gods are of two kinds : 
 living creatures and inanimate things. Of the first kind are 
 Athena's owl and serpent, Poseidon's dolphin, Hera's peacock, 
 Aphrodite's dove or swan, the fawn of Artemis, the sacred crows 
 of Apollo 3 , the eagle of Zeus, the horses of the Dioscuri, the 
 snake of Asclepius. Of the second kind are Athena's aegis, 
 gorgon-mask, lance, helmet, and shield ; Poseidon's trident ; 
 the bow of Artemis ; the thunderbolt of Zeus ; the caduceus 
 and hat of Hermes ; spear or sword, cloke, and conical cap of 
 the Dioscuri ; Heracles' club and lionskin ; Apollo's harp or the 
 tripod ; the fawnskin and thyrsus of Dionysus. 
 
 To prove the symbolic use of these things it would be 
 sufficient to show that the things in question were treated in 
 the same way as their owners, that is worshipt ; to prove their 
 symbolic dedication, in default of direct statement, it must be 
 shown that certain articles, characteristic of a deity, were 
 dedicated to that deity and to no other. Even then the motive 
 would not be certain, but the hypothesis might nevertheless 
 pass for the nonce. 
 
 The first point is easily disposed of. There is no worship of 
 the owl, the dove, the eagle, the peacock, or the fawn. The 
 serpent comes nearer to being a symbol of Asclepius : it is 
 credited with a share of his power, helps in his cures, and is 
 fed by the worshippers with sacrificial cakes 8 . It is on some 
 occasions regarded as a kind of embodiment of the god himself 4 ; 
 and on the reliefs takes its place almost as one of the family. 
 But the snake is also associated with Athena, and it is never 
 treated as an embodiment of that goddess ; it is also associated 
 with the heroes, Dioscuri and others. Since then the snake is 
 
 1 Reisch, p. 9; Bather, JHS xiii. 
 
 242; Evans, JHS xxi. 99 fit.; Hogarth, 4 Paus. ii. 10. 3. So a serpent was 
 
 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 114. said to be a hero i. 24. 7, 86. 1, iv. 14. 
 
 1 Schol. Arist. Plutus 604 irtpl rbv 1. Dedications to it are only found 
 
 nayaffijTiKov ic6\irov eldov irepiwTa/j.ti>ovs very late, as Rev. Arch. xxvi. 27 Troiak, 
 
 TOUS ToO 'AiriXXwvos kpous KopaKas. Ti. Claud. Kufus 5p6.Kovn -njJ w5e 
 
 3 Page 205. So the dogs in Pei- r^co^eVy Supov, with relief of the snake 
 
 raeus : "E0. 'Apx- 1885 rpia irbirava. rots approaching a cup. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 375 
 
 not confined to Asclepius, nor even to the heroes, its figure 
 must be a very imperfect symbol ; for no one seeing it alone 
 would understand what it was meant to symbolize. There are 
 it is true reliefs which show the serpent alone, without a divine 
 figure, and there is even a dedication to the serpent 1 ; but these 
 may all be disregarded, for they fall after the great dividing 
 line of the fourth century. Nor can I admit that the owl as a 
 coin type is a symbol in the proper sense. Rather it is a 
 shorthand mark, so to say, for Athens, which was noted for its 
 abundance of owls, and it doubtless had for the ancients the 
 same meaning as the Russian Bear in a cartoon of Punch, or 
 the beaver and the kangaroo on a postage stamp. It is in fact 
 a pictorial representation of Athens, not of Athena, and need 
 have no more religious significance than the rose on a coin of 
 Rhodes. Athena with the owl is recognisable for Athena with 
 Athens in her hand, as Athena with the raven or crow is Athena 
 ruling Corone 2 . The Bull Dionysus, the Wolf Apollo, and such 
 like cannot be brought in evidence ; for these are not attendant 
 animals at all, whatever their meaning may be. No one has 
 ever yet heard of an Owl Athena, an Eagle Zeus, or a Peacock 
 Hera. The attendant animals are therefore not treated as 
 equivalent to their deities, and are therefore not proved to 
 be symbols of them. 
 
 Nor is there any evidence, before the fourth century, of any 
 tendency to treat the inanimate attributes of a deity as his 
 equivalent. Again I must draw a distinction. There are traces 
 of fetishism, that I freely admit. The sceptre of Hephaestus 
 was worshipt in Lebadea; but for its own sake, not as the 
 symbol of any god. A legend tells how Aeneas set up a spear 
 in the market-place, and bade the people worship it ; but he 
 did not call it a symbol of Athena, of Aphrodite, of the Dioscuri. 
 
 1 Page 374*. But in IGA 162 6<f>ie<rffi KOP&VTJ 8' ek TT\V ' AdrjvaLwv 6.Kpl>iro\iv 
 is wrongly restored. See IGS i. 2734. OVK forw ^Tri/Sara, but he does not say 
 
 2 At Corone she carried a crow why. Perhaps because it was thought 
 (Paus. iv. 34. 6), which was no doubt to be an enemy to the owl, Arist. Hist. 
 a plastic pun like the rose. What did An. xi. 608 a 8, Plut. de inv. et od. 
 she carry in Ithaca? Aelian mentions 537s, Neil on Knights of Aristoph. 
 (Hist. An. v. 8) that ravens were not 1051. For figures of ravens or crows, 
 allowed on the Athenian Acropolis, see below p. 383. 
 
376 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 I do not know whether any one will summon to court the mad 
 tyrant of Pherae, who worshipt his own murderous spear 1 ; or 
 the Scythian Sauromatae, who worshipt a dirk 8 , or the Arcadian 
 chieftain in Aeschylus, who swore by a spear-head 8 . The stone of 
 Cronus was regularly oiled and worshipt 4 ; but not as a symbol 
 of Zeus. Stones, which may have been meteoric, were deified 
 at Thespiae and Ephesus 8 . To the thunderbolt were paid divine 
 honours in Seleucia, and in the Hellenistic age 8 ; it may be in 
 Arcadia 7 and Olympia 8 at an earlier date. But fetish worship is 
 quite a different thing from symbolism. The stones are feared 
 for their supposed power, and were probably worshipt before 
 iconic deities were known : they are not the distinguishing 
 mark of a deity, abstracted from his whole figure and worshipt 
 in his place. The only possible exception is the case mentioned 
 by Arrian ; even that is not certain, and in any case the date 
 puts it out of court. For the other attributes as symbols there 
 is not a particle of evidence. There is not a sign that the 
 aegis, spear, or shield was worshipt or even held in special 
 honour as representing Athena; there is no worship of the 
 tripod or the lyre, of the thyrsus and fawnskin, of the trident, 
 of the herald's staff, of Hermes' topboots and wideawake hat. 
 
 When we examine these attributes, they are seen to be all 
 (with three exceptions) things of every day : club, bow, and 
 spear, or battleaxe, helmet and shield ; travelling boots, hats 
 conical or flat ; fawnskin or lionskin ; sheaves of corn, a bunch 
 of grapes; torches, hunting-spear or harpoon. They are in fact 
 simply the properties of a character costume. If the god is to 
 be represented before the eye as a protector, he will naturally 
 
 1 Page 113. 7 Collitz i. 1197. 
 
 2 Herod, iv. 62 dKwd/cijs <n5i)peos... 8 Paus. v. 14. 9. It may be merely 
 tffrl TOV "Aprjos TO aya\/j.a. Clem. Alex. that the noun is put in apposition 
 A dm. ad Gent. 43 A "2,KvOu>v 5t ol 2av- like Athena Hygieia, and that the 
 pofj-drat, ws <fyrj<riv 'IK&HOS fr r$ irepl phrase meant the same as Zeus Bronton 
 (jLVffTTiplwv, dicii>dKi)v fftfiovffiv. (BCH xx. 117) or Zeus Brontesios. 
 
 3 Aesch. Sept. 516 o/wwi 5' alxj^i]v How loosely such appositions could be 
 rjv #x> IM\\OV Oeov ff^eiv ireiroiOAs. used is seen from the Torch Dionysus 
 
 4 Page 318. at Pellene (Paus. vii. 27. 3), for whom 
 8 Paus. ix. 27. 1. a torchlight vigil was held. So Aphro- 
 8 Appian, Bell. Syr. 58. dite Symmachia, Paus. viii. 9. 6. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 377 
 
 be armed; but the arms do not distinguish between Athena 
 and Aphrodite 1 . Or again, in a place where the warrior rides, 
 he may be mounted on horseback ; but horse and spear do not 
 distinguish the Dioscuri from Poseidon 2 . If he is to be regarded 
 as a traveller, he wears hat and boots; but the} 7 do not 
 distinguish the Dioscuri from Hermes 3 . Poseidon holds a 
 trident because the trident was used in fishing, or in war, or 
 both 4 . Hermes bears the herald's staff because he is herald of 
 the gods ; but Iris on the same duty carries it too 5 . 'Examples 
 of the staff exist which once belonged to human heralds 6 ; and 
 it bears a striking resemblance to the shepherd's crook 7 . And 
 as the attributes do not distinguish one deity from another, so 
 they are not essential nor constant. If the conception is that 
 of a deity, male or female, and nothing more particular, the 
 deity will naturally be arrayed as a human being would be. 
 So the simple woman's dress does not distinguish between 
 Athena, Artemis, and Demeter. The figures found on the 
 Acropolis of Athens, which I have given reason to take for 
 Athena, represent now a beautiful maiden in gala dress 8 , now 
 the matronly figure seated upon a throne, indistinguishable 
 from Demeter or Hecate ; or again, many possible variations 
 of garb, the maiden simply draped holding a spear or a shield 
 and approximating to the belligerent type in panoply with 
 spear at thrust 9 . The seated Demeter of Eleusis might be 
 Athena; and at Tegea the explorers hesitate which name to 
 
 1 Armed Aphrodite at Corinth, Paus. 8 Gaz. Arch. i. pi. 15, r.-f . vase ; 
 ii. 5. 1 ; at Cythera, iii. 23. 1 ; Sparta, Hon. Ined. vi. pi. 58 ; etc. 
 
 Plut. de fort. Rom. 317 r. Cat. Br. Mus. Bronzes, 319. 
 
 2 Paus. i. 2. 4; cp. vi. 25. 5. 7 See the Crook of Talthybius, 
 
 3 The shape of the hat worn by the Wiener Vorlegeblatter, Series C. vi. viii. 
 Dioscuri varies ; but it depends on 3. The snakes are a later develop- 
 local custom. ment, like the wings on his boots ; the 
 
 4 Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1867 p. staff has a very simple origin. The 
 89, 1868 p. 65. It is borne by Taras, mystical interpretation must not be 
 Bellerophon, Amphitrite, Pan and A- suggested for early days, as Frazer does 
 polio, in Asia Minor by Osogos and (Pausanias iii. 649). 
 
 Zeus Labrandeus, who has both axe 8 It should be noted that the 
 
 and trident. For trident as fish-spear, simple drapery appears on some reliefs, 
 
 see Anthol. Pal. vi. 30, 38; Eudocia and is very frequent with the helmet 
 
 (Teubner) p. 571. I have seen it so and spear only, 
 
 used myself in Greek waters. 9 A A viii. 140 ff. 
 
378 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 use 1 . At Erythrae, Athena holds a distaff in either hand 2 , 
 the embodiment no doubt of good housewifery. Apollo holds 
 now a lyre now a bow, or again he is stark naked and 
 unarmed 8 . Artemis appears in the same temple now with 
 torches, now with bow and arrow 4 . Zeus himself, if I am not 
 mistaken, appears at Olympia drest as a man of reverend 
 and benevolent aspect, without thunderbolt 6 . The truth is, 
 that the meaning of these figures is conveyed by the whole, 
 not laid on in the shape of external attributes 8 . Coupled 
 with the whole figure, the attributes have meaning ; alone they 
 have none. There are only three which were not common 
 articles of use: thyrsus, aegis, and thunderbolt. The thyrsus 
 was however used by human beings on special occasions, and 
 we may suppose the god to carry it because his worshippers 
 did, not vice versd. The aegis, again, was in all probability a 
 goatskin once used as a cape by the people who worshipt 
 Athena 7 ; but its origin forgotten it became a traditional 
 ornament. Remains the thunderbolt, which as represented in 
 art is perhaps an attempt to reproduce the aspect of forked 
 lightning; but its origin does not matter for my purpose, as 
 I shall be able to show that it does not help the symbolists. 
 
 This view of the divine attributes applies ex hypothesi down 
 to the fourth century ; after which a great change takes place. 
 Now the religious conception of the gods decays, and what may 
 
 1 AM iv. 170 ff. to suppose that a poet can personify 
 
 2 Paus. vii. 5. 9. anything by giving it a capital letter; 
 1 Paus. ii. 30. 1. or that a soldier would salute his 
 
 4 Paus. ix. 19. 6. Compare Anth. colonel's dress tunic. 
 
 App. Plan. xvi. 253 "Apre/xt, irov <roi 7 Herod, iv. 189 T^>> 8t Apa fffffrjra. 
 
 To|a, trapavxtvlTi re <f>ap^rpi}; irov ot Kal rds aiyidas ruv dyaX/Miruv TTJS 'AOrj- 
 
 A.vKaffreiwv iv6pofi.it dppvXiSwv, ir&pin] valrjt K r(av Aipwrfftuv tTrorfffavro ol 
 
 5 xpvffoio Tcrvytdvri, 176"^ irpbs AKprjv "EXXT/yes 1 wXty yap rj on ffKvrivi) ri 
 
 lyvvrjv <f>otvi irtir\os i\ ur<r6fji(vos ; Kfiva <rOris ruv Aifiufffftuv tarl, Kal ol Oixravoi 
 
 fj^v eis Aypriv oirXlfofiai- s Si 0vr)\bs ol K ruv alylSuv airryffi OVK o^t^j dffi, 
 
 fl/ji aOrws, Ipuv dvro/J^vr] ffv^uv. dXXA. IfjAvnvof TO. 5 &\\a irdvra. (carA 
 
 5 Bronzen ton 01., vii. 40. TWVTO tffTa.\Tai...a.iy4as yap ire/)i/3dXXov- 
 
 6 As has been well said of allegorical rai ^iXij irepl rty iffOffro. a.1 Alfivffffai. 
 figures in good art by P. Gardner, JUS The goatskin is used as a war-coat in 
 ix. 57. To give meaning to the attri- Borneo : Haddon, Head-Huntert, 352. 
 bate alone is as crude a thought, as 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 379 
 
 be called idolatry takes its place. The first trace of an abstrac- 
 tion of divine attributes which I have met with is in the 
 Pomp of Ptolemy described by Athenaeus 1 . Here amidst a 
 magnificent spectacle of gods, heroes, and personifications, are 
 a gilded caduceus of forty-five cubits in length, and a gilded 
 thunderbolt of forty cubits. And Artemidorus, the man who 
 built so many altars in Thera 2 , when Ptolemy Euergetes was 
 King of Egypt, engraved on a rock the figure of an eagle with 
 a dedication to Zeus, and the figure of a dolphin dedicated to 
 Poseidon 3 . The same tendency is shown in a series of catalogue- 
 marks used by the Epidaurian priests to distinguish the property 
 of the various deities which were in their place 4 . A number 
 of these appear to be arbitrary, or at least they have been 
 conventionalized out of recognition ; but many are easily 
 distinguishable as attributes which had by that date become 
 traditional. Athena is denoted by spear and shield in outline ; 
 Artemis by an arrow drawn to the head in a bow ; Poseidon by 
 the trident ; Hygieia by the snake 5 . These of course are mere 
 shorthand marks and bear no religious significance; but they 
 illustrate the tendency of the day. At the same time, fanciful 
 interpretations began to be given for the association of this or 
 that with a deity 6 , of which the most striking example is 
 Plutarch's debate on the significance of the Delphic E. 
 
 1 Athenaeus v. 202 c KyptKeiov tirl- Fortune. 
 
 Xflvffov ITIJXUV TfffffapaKOVTa irtvre, Ktd 6 Athenaeus vii. 325 A TJ 5' 'E/cdri; 
 
 Kepavvbs tiri\pixros ir-r]X^> v TeffffapaKovTa. diroSlSoTai 17 rply\ij Sid. TIJV rijj dvo/Jiafflas 
 
 2 Above, p. 272. Koivb-rqTa. rpiotiiris yap Kal TplyXrjvos- 
 
 3 F. Hiller von Gaertringen, 'A.pre/j.1- Kal rats rpiaKdffi dt afrrrj TO. Seiirva. 
 Swpos, in the local paper lE,avropivij, fapowi. Kara TO irapair\-t]ffiov 8' ot- 
 Aug. 2, 1899. At* '0\vfiirl<i>. 'Aer&v Keiovfftv 'Atr6\\uvi fjLev KiQapov, 'EpM 8e 
 v\f/iiTfrrj Atos d'yyeXoi' 'Apre/j.ldupos attv /36aa, Aiovi/o-y 8 Kirrdv, Kal 'A<f>poSirrj 
 Ty ir6\ei eke Kal dBavdroiffi ffeoifftv. <pa\api8a...KaTa ffwepQaffiv rov <pa\\ov. 
 H<xrei8u>vi IIe\a7^. Il^rpa ev aKO.fia.Tri Kal TTJV vrfTTav KaXovfUv-rjv HoffeiSuvl 
 Se\<piva Beolfftv ^Tev^ev, eCvovv avQp&irois Tives olKeiouffi, etc. Even Nestor's 
 vevopifffdvov 'Apre/iiSwpoj. prize at the funeral games, a 0iXi7, is 
 
 4 AM xxiv. 386 ff., IPI i. p. 186 ff. said to be given in Sia TT\V QiXoirwriav : 
 
 5 Others are: three dots for the sons Ath. x. 433 D. So Pausanias (vii. 23. 
 of Asclepius, scales for Justice, a twig 6) explains the torches of Eileithyia 
 for Zeus, hammer and tongs for as either symbolizing the fiery pangs 
 Hephaestus, sistrum for Isis, whip for of childbirth, or the ushering of the 
 Poseidon Hippius, horn of plenty for child into the light of day. 
 
380 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 If this reasoning be sound, it follows that the Greeks would 
 not consecrate an attribute, or an attendant animal, as an 
 equivalent for the deity himself; nor was there any reason 
 why they should expect the deity to be specially pleased with 
 such a gift. Let us see whether the facts fit in with this view. 
 If I can show (1) that some attributes supposed to be specially 
 agreeable to a deity are not consecrated to that deity at all, in 
 kind or in model; (2) that some of those which are so con- 
 secrated, are given to other deities as well ; (3) that where the 
 reason is recorded, it is not that the thing was the deity's 
 attribute or attendant animal : I shall be justified in denying 
 the principle and in leaving the burden of proof with those who 
 uphold it. If I find this rule violated after the fourth century, 
 I shall regard this as further evidence that the change of idea 
 which I see in the fourth century did take place. And first as 
 to the animals. 
 
 (1) Before the fourth century there is no recorded dedica- 
 tion of an owl to Athena 1 , an eagle or a dove to Zeus, a cuckoo 
 or peacock to Hera, a dolphin to Poseidon, or of a snake to 
 Asclepius or the heroes. But on the other hypothesis we 
 should expect to find whole series of these objects in the 
 shrines. 
 
 (2) The stag or fawn was sacrificed to Artemis Laphria at 
 certain seasons, and models of wild game are dedicated to her 
 at Lusi. But the stag or fawn, the hare, bear, or lion are 
 dedicated in model also to Zeus, to Cabirus, and to Menelaus 
 and Helen, whose attendant animals they are not. Now on the 
 other hypothesis we should expect not a few, but whole series 
 of such dedications at the chief shrines of Artemis ; yet there 
 are none, I believe, either in Delos or in Corcyra. I have given 
 reason to think that these models are hunters' offerings, or that 
 after a certain date they may be toys. If they were hunters' 
 offerings or toys when dedicated to Zeus and Cabirus, they may 
 fairly be regarded as the same when dedicated to Artemis. 
 These animals must also be taken in conjunction with the 
 bull, the ram, the goat, the sheep, and the horse, which are 
 
 1 For the bronze owls of the Aero- the Inventories, 383 -. 
 polls see below, p. 383 ; for the owls of 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 381 
 
 also widely distributed ; and if simple ideas can be suggested, 
 that they were a memorial of an act or process, or models of 
 prey or gain, to cover all, they are more likely to be true than 
 a subtile philosophising reason for which no evidence can be 
 produced. 
 
 (3) I find in the Anthology a bronze cock dedicated to the 
 Tyndaridae, but for victory 1 ; and a lion dedicated to Cybele, 
 but because the beating of the priest's tympanum saved him 
 from a lion*. Two gold eagles were dedicated at Delphi, and 
 the reason given is not that they were symbols of Zeus, but that 
 they might be memorials of the legendary meeting of two eagles 
 at the centre spot of the earth 3 . All these, moreover, fall after 
 the fourth century; and in the same period there is an owl 
 dedicated by Phaedus on the Athenian Acropolis 4 , and a peacock 
 dedicated by Hadrian to Argive Hera, "because the bird is 
 held to be sacred to Hera 5 ." The dedication of the owl, so far 
 from appearing a natural thing, seemed ludicrous, and the 
 familiar proverb was applied to it with a difference, as though 
 the man had sent coals to Newcastle. Thus we are not at 
 liberty to interpret the ancient bronze owls found on the 
 Acropolis as independent dedications, but as parts of statuettes 
 or other objects 6 . The eagles and doves found in Olympia and 
 Dodona were also not independently dedicated 7 . There were 
 terra-cotta images of snakes found in the sanctuary of the 
 
 1 Anth. Pal. vi. 149. no clue to their origin. They may 
 
 2 Anth. Pal. vi. 218 9. have been part of a group. See note 
 
 3 Schol. Eur. Or. 331 ava.Ket<r0a.t dt 6. The tortoise called votive in the 
 Xpwovs aerovs faffi ruv fj.vdevo/j.frwv Cat. Cypr. Mua. 3277, was found in a 
 deruv viroiJ.vTtfM.ra.. Similar memorials tomb. 
 
 of a myth may be the goat suckling 5 Paus. ii. 17. 6. It will be remem- 
 
 Apollo's children in Crete (Paus. x. 16. bered that Hera at Argos had a cuckoo, 
 
 5) ; these were the founders of the not a peacock, which was her bird in 
 
 state. And Procne and Itys at Samos (Athen. xiv. 655 B). 
 
 Athens (i. 24. 3). 6 Bidder, Cat. 532 ff. Like the 
 
 4 Corp. Paroem. Gr. i. p. 391 7X011$ swan (530), the eagles (538 40). No. 
 iv vbXei- virb &al8ov dvertOTj y\av iv 534 however is doubtful. There are 
 aicpoTrbXei. I will not assume that the also crows in this place (541 3) and 
 tetradrachm is meant, Hesych. s. v. snakes (544 ff.). 
 
 7Xatf. A rude stone owl is in the 7 Bronzen von 01. xiii. 210, 211 etc.; 
 
 Acropolis Museum, No. 1347, and one cp. vii. 45, ix. 56. Carapanos, Dodone, 
 or two others were found; but there is xxi. 5, cp. xxi. 4 bis. 
 
382 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Mistress in Arcadia; but their date is unknown, and their 
 object is unknown 1 . There were gold or silver snakes 
 dedicated to Asclepius in Athens, but not before the fourth 
 century: these were probably bangles, which went by the 
 name of snake. A bronze peacock was found in the Heraeum ; 
 this too may have been part of another object, or if not, 
 why should it not be a toy or ornament equally with the 
 porcelain monkey and the porcelain cat 2 ? A few doves, 
 one pair billing together, were found by the shrine of 
 Aphrodite at Daphni 3 and in Cyprus: if they were votive 
 offerings, what was their date? and were they dedicated 
 perhaps as a model of sacrifice, or as an allegory of human love ? 
 Crows are found in the shrine of Athena at Athens ; but we 
 hear nothing of their being sacred to her there or elsewhere. 
 Aphrodite stands in Elis with her foot on a tortoise, " a hint to 
 wives," says Plutarch, " that they should stay at home and hold 
 their tongues 4 "; but more prosaic souls will remember that 
 the tortoise was a common form of footstool 8 . Lais was killed, 
 it is said, by jealous Thessalian women, who beat her to death 
 with "wooden tortoises" in the temple of Aphrodite 8 . I do not 
 know how it is to be proved that these were models dedicated 
 to the goddess for mystical reasons, and not rather footstools 
 caught up or brought from home as a ready weapon. 
 
 The facts may be summed up thus. There is no series of 
 attendant animals dedicated to a deity on which an argument 
 can be based. A few sporadic examples of these animals are 
 found ; but such animals dedicated to one deity generally are 
 dedicated to one or more others. Those which can be shown to 
 imply the idea that a deity preferred his attendant animal as a 
 
 1 Frazer, Pausanias iv. 370: the Kal <rtwir7?s. Representatives of this 
 date of the temple is later than the type are known in art: Roscher i. 
 fourth century. 412 ; Bernouilli, Aphrodite, 150 2 , 323 
 
 2 Frazer, Pausanias iii. 177 8. (quoted by Frazer on Paus. I. c.). 
 
 3 Frazer, Pausanias ii. 497. 8 Athen. 589 B, Hesych., Suid. 
 
 4 Paus. vi. 25. 1 leaves the curious 6 Schol. Arist. Plut. 179 xa.1 
 to guess the meaning of the tortoise on frXoTwirovffat. al QerraXal yv 
 and the goat. Plut. Pr. Con. 142 D tybvevaav OI/TTJC ^l 
 'A.<f>podlrT)v 4>ei5/aj iiroljiffe xeK&vyv ira- rovffai iv T<J5 ie/xj> -rijs ' 
 
 , olxovpias ff6(i./lo\ov TCUS yvva.1%1 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 383 
 
 votive offering, are all too late to be brought in evidence 1 ; 
 those of which this cannot be shown are better explained on 
 other and simpler principles. The doubtful ones cannot be 
 proved to have been dedicated independently, and most of them 
 are clearly parts of something else. Some few, apparently old 
 and genuine, remain unexplained, such as the crows and the owl 
 of Athens which stand on independent bases 8 . I will grant these 
 to the symbolists; to build up a reversed Chinese pagoda, on 
 a point supported by three crows and one obscure bird of night. 
 Next, the inanimate attributes. 
 
 (1) The only divine attribute which is really distinctive is 
 the thunderbolt, and this would make a pretty object for 
 dedication ; in fact objects of the same shape as the bolt of 
 Zens are now made and used as charms in India under the 
 name of Indra's thunderbolts 3 . But the thunderbolt is never 
 dedicated to Zeus or anybody else, neither has one been found 
 in any of his shrines except in the hand of a figure. The 
 symbolic argument fails utterly, then, just where it should be 
 strongest, and gives presumptive evidence against the symbolic 
 theory elsewhere. 
 
 (2) Arms and armour are the attributes of Aphrodite, 
 Athena, Apollo, Artemis, the Dioscuri. They are constantly 
 dedicated, and not to these deities only 4 but to Zeus who does not 
 wear them. The distinctive mark of Athena, the aegis, is not 
 dedicated to any ; nor are the hats of Hermes and the Dioscuri. 
 Clothes and shoes are dedicated, not to these deities, but to 
 Artemis and Asclepius, to Athena, Apollo, and Poseidon 5 . Corn, 
 or its model, is dedicated not only to Demeter but to Apollo, 
 Athena, Artemis 6 ; grapes not to Dionysus only, but to Athena, 
 Apollo, and Amphiaraus 7 , to Pan and Cabirus 8 . Skins of beasts 
 
 1 Tortoises on Mt Parthenius were here will exclude the other. Owls were 
 sacred to Pan, and were not allowed welcomed in this spot, crows or ravens 
 to be slain (Paus. viii. 54. 7), but we driven away. 
 
 hear nothing of the votive dedication 3 I have several in my possession. 
 
 of tortoises to him by worshippers. 4 If there is an exception, they are 
 
 2 Bidder Cat. 541 3, 534. The owls accidental. I do not remember a dedi- 
 of the Athenian Inventory (see p. 394) cation of spoil to the Dioscuri. 
 
 are not earlier than the fourth century. 5 Pages 249 9 , 275. 
 
 It should be observed that a symbolic ex- 6 Pages 66, 53. 7 Pages 52, 66. 
 
 planation which suits either owl or crow 8 Chap. n. ; page 66. 
 
384 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 are offered to Artemis, Pan, and the Nymphs 1 as well as to 
 Heracles and Dionysus. Torches are offered not to Hecate but 
 to Athena 2 . No lyre is dedicated to Apollo, who bears it, but it 
 is dedicated to Athena, who does not 8 . Tridents are offered 
 to Poseidon, the thyrsus to Dionysus and to no one else : but 
 why ? This brings us to the third point. 
 
 (3) The reasons given for dedication are never symbolic 4 . 
 The arms and armour are spoils of war or weapons used in war ; 
 clothes and shoes are firstfruits of work, thank-offerings for 
 healing, or meant to dress the god's image. Corn and grapes 
 are the firstt'ruit or tithe. Skins of beasts are the hunter's 
 firstfruit, the fawnskin and thyrsus 8 are the ceremonial dress 
 dedication in memory of the orgy. Torches are a prize or a 
 used tool, tridents the fisherman's spears which have been used, 
 or are now past use. The lyre is a gift from Lesbos, where 
 such things were made 6 . 
 
 In and after the fourth century, I still find no thunderbolts 
 and no caduceus ; but Antiochus, it is said, " dedicated " a gold 
 aegis with a gorgoneum upon it, above the theatre in Athens 7 ; 
 as little a true dedication as an honorific statue set up in the 
 agora. 
 
 I think I have proved that there is no case for the dedica- 
 tion of attributes or attendant animals to a deity for the reason 
 that they were his attributes or attendant animals. What 
 originally suggested the mistaken idea was a difference in feeling 
 which has grown up between then and now, and especially the 
 reverence of Christendom for the Cross. It follows that the 
 object dedicated, such as a wolf, cock, or torch, cannot be made 
 a criterion for deciding to what deity it was offered 8 . 
 
 Two articles need further consideration, because a symbolic or 
 
 1 Pages 44, 50, 51. ception ; but it is later than the fourth 
 
 2 Page 177 13 ; see also Indices *.t>. Soft, century. 5 Anth. Pal. vi. 172. 
 
 3 Cakes in lyre form, or stampt with 6 See Index i., and cp. p. 269 s . 
 
 a lyre, are mentioned by Steph. Byz.*.r. 7 1'aus. v. 12. 4. The aegis in the 
 
 Jldrapa, as offered to Apollo in Lyciau Athenian Inventory is probably, like 
 
 Patara; but we know neither their the Gorgon-mask, a shield-device (see 
 
 date nor anything more about them. p. 894); but in any case both are not 
 
 There is no parallel dedication of the earlier than the fourth century, 
 
 real lyre, as in the case of animal cakes. 8 As is done in AJA vii. 406 fif. by 
 
 4 Anth. Pal. vi. 158 is a possible ex- B. B. Richardson. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 385 
 
 hieratic meaning has been attached to both : the tripod, which 
 is supposed to have special reference to Apollo ; and the double- 
 headed axe, which has been similarly associated with Zeus 1 . 
 
 In Homeric days tripods and kettles formed no small part 
 of human wealth ; they were given as prizes and gifts, and they 
 are spoken of in numbers just as one might speak of so many 
 ounces of gold 2 . They were dedicated in hosts at the great 
 shrines, where they were one of the most notable sights 3 . At 
 Dodona the old ones appear to have been so many, that piled 
 in heaps they formed a wall 4 . Quantities of fragments have been 
 found at the Heraeum, at Athens, Delos, Delphi, and Dodona. 
 It appears, indeed, that like other material wealth, these had a 
 certain fixed value, and past current like coins from hand to 
 hand. Tripod and kettle are the names of units of currency in 
 Crete 6 ; whether these were coins with that device on them or 
 not, they can only be explained by supposing that the real 
 things had once been such units 6 . This will account for the 
 common use of the tripod as a prize 7 ; originally given for what 
 it was worth, it became a thing of tradition. The ancient 
 symbolists gave the tripod a mystical meaning, (for example) 
 that the three legs symbolized past, present, and future ; and 
 they associated it with Apollo because of his prophetic truth, 
 with Dionysus because there is truth in the wine-cup 8 . The 
 
 1 See Eeisch p. 6; Evans, Mycenean Kartdvo-e Sib rpnr65wv tpirifjuav; iii. 178 
 Tree and Pillar Cult, JHS xxi. 99; ~n.vOu>va...tvOev aXts TpliroSas irepiica\- 
 Hogarth, Ann. Sr. Sch. Ath. vi. 114. X&w rjdt X^rjras iropdrfffu ical xP vff ^>"> 
 Bouse, The Double Axe and the Laby- aXis r 1 aWuva ffidypov, ml iro\\V 
 rinth, JHS xxi. 268 ff. ^eifra. 
 
 2 II. viii. 290, ix. 122, 264, xix. 243, 4 Carapanos, Dodone, 216 (Heuzey) ; 
 xxiv. 233; Od. iv. 129, xv. 84, 129; Steph. By/. s. v. AwdAvr]. 
 
 Hymn iii. 61 rpiirodas /card foiKov tiry- s Mus. It. ii.195 32 , 222; Roberts, p. 53. 
 
 eravovs re \tftrrra.s ; Theopompus ap. 6 Ridgeway, Currency, 314 ; Hon. 
 
 Ath. vi. 231 F r/v y&p rb waXaibv rb Ant. i. 79 85. 
 
 lepbv KfKo<rfj.r]fji^vov ^aX/coIy avaQ-fjuaffiv, 7 Above, pp. 151, 152, 156. 
 
 ofiK dvdpido-iv dXXa \t/3i)<n Ka.1 rpliroffi. 8 Diod. xvi. 26 ; Ath. ii. 37 F rb 
 
 So in Sicily: Phanias ap. Ath. vi. viK-rjT-/ipiov iv Aiovfaov rplirovs- ical y&p 
 
 232 c. As prizes, see p. 151 above. K rpiirodos \tyeiv tf>afj.tv rous a\-r]6eijov- 
 
 Pindar Pyth. xi. 4 says of Ismenian raj...5t6 ' A.ir6\\wi>os /j.ti> ofoetos did, rty 
 
 Apollo : xP vff twv is S.dvrov Tpnr65u>i> K (jiai>TiKrjs aM]6eiav, Atovi^erou $ Sii 
 
 6i]ffavp6v. T$IV 4v fJ^By, Schol. Arist. Plutus 9 
 
 3 Horn. Hymn ii. 265 ts S' ddvrov rpliroSi XP^) Tal 'A?r6XXwi' 8ib rouj rpets 
 
 R. 25 
 
386 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 moderns, perhaps without going so far, have yet sometimes 
 seen a special appropriateness in the gift of a tripod to these 
 two gods. But the tripod has no special connexion with either. 
 It is dedicated not only to Dionysus as a musical prize ; not 
 only to Apollo in the shrines of Amyclae 1 , Delphi 2 , and Delos 3 , 
 Apollo Ismenian 4 and Apollo Ptoan 8 : but to Zeus at Dodona 8 , 
 Olympia 7 , and Ithome 8 , to Hera in Argos 9 , to Athena at 
 Athens 10 , to the Graces and Muses 11 , to Heracles at Thebes 12 , in 
 the Hierothysium at Messene 13 , and in the Idaeau cave of 
 Crete". 
 
 The double-headed axe also appears to have had a fixt 
 value in early days, and to have been a unit of currency ; as it 
 once was in America, and still is amongst backward races of 
 men in Africa 18 . The people of Tenedos send axes to Delphi as 
 a thank-offering for what appears to have been a large catch of 
 crabs 16 . A Greek butcher in Italy offers an axe as tithe of his 
 profits 17 . Silver bowl and axe of price were a gift from Timasion to 
 Seuthes 18 . As the tripod, so also the axe forms a coin-device in 
 Crete, Tenedos, and Pherae 19 ; and the " silver axe " is a coin in 
 Cyprus 20 . These indications throw light on the store of axes in 
 the palace of Odysseus, which were doubtless part of his wealth"; 
 and on the axe as a prize in games 22 . But the axe has no 
 
 Kaipovs r> irpayfj.d.Twv...T<i T ovra rd ll IGS. i. 1795. 
 
 T' tabneva. irp6 r tbvra.. There is safety 12 Paus. x. 7. 6. 
 
 in numbers. 13 Paus. iv. 32. 1. 
 
 1 Paus. iii. 18. 7. 14 Museum of Candia; Mus. It. ii. 
 
 2 In the Museum at Delphi ; Athen. 742. 
 
 vi. 231, 232. " Ridgeway, Origin of Coin and 
 
 3 BCHvi. 118. Weight Standards, 317; Early Age, i. 
 
 4 Find. Pyth. ix. 5; Herod, i. 92, 443. 
 
 v. 59; Paus. ix. 10. 4 (quoted by 16 Plut. Pyth. Or. 12; above, pp. 58 5 , 
 
 Reisch). 92 7 , JHS xxi. 271. 
 
 8 BCH ix. 478, 480, 524; AM iii. 17 IGA 543; above, p. 92. 
 
 86. 18 Ath. iv. 151 C Kai ftfj-affiuv irpoirlvuv 
 
 8 Carapanos, Dodone, xxiii. 3. <pid\yv re dpyvpav ical KoiriS' di-iav d^Ka, 
 
 7 Bronzen von 01., p. 72. /JLVUV. Xen. Anab. vii. 3. 18. 
 
 8 Bronzen von 01., p. 13, Paus. iv. u Head, Hist. Num. 
 12. 9. 20 Collitz i. 60 etc. 
 
 9 Dr Waldstein. m Od. xxi. 76. 
 
 10 Ridder, Cat. Index ; JHS xiii. Od. xxiii. 851. 
 233; CIA iv. 1.373". 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 special connexion with Zeus : it is found not only at Dpdoha 1 , 
 Olympia 2 , and in Crete 3 , but is dedicated to Apollo in Delphi 
 and elsewhere 4 , and to Artemis in Arcadia 5 . It is also seen in 
 the hands of Dionysus 6 , the Amazons 7 , local heroes of Asia 
 Minor 8 ; and Apollo in the same region 9 ; on a relief from Melos 
 it is used to slay the Calydonian Boar 10 ; Ino attempts to kill 
 Phrixus with it"; Theseus rights with it 12 . Double axes with 
 marks of use on them have been found in a carpenter's shop at 
 Anthedon 13 . There is nothing holy about this kind of axe, and 
 if Zeus carries one at Labranda 14 , he does so because it is a 
 weapon ; he stands for the protector of the city as Athena is 
 with her spear and shield. There is 
 therefore no recondite or symbolical mean- 
 ing in the dedication of axes to Zeus or 
 anybody else : indeed, where the reason 
 is stated, they are either a tithe or spoil 
 of war 15 . 
 
 But there is another point to discuss. 
 Both tripods and axes are made in 
 miniature. At Olympia hundreds of tiny 
 tripods were found; some carefully cast 
 models 16 , others merely cut out of foil, the 
 object being indicated in the rudest way 17 : 
 many of which would be of no conceivable 
 value to god or man. All the axes found in the Dictaean cave 
 of Crete are unfit for use, the largest being too thin, and the 
 smaller mere simulacra 19 . The small ones are of different 
 
 FIG. 49. Tripod and 
 
 Cauldron, from Olympia. 
 
 Bronzen xxvii. 536. 
 
 1 Carapanos, pi. liv. 
 
 2 Bronzen von 01., xxvi. 520 7. 
 
 3 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109. 
 
 4 Plut. Quaest. Gr. 45, AZ xxxviii. 
 38, Cat. Berl. Sc. 681. 
 
 8 Jahreshefte iv. 69. 
 
 6 Stephani, Compte Rendu 1863, 
 128 ff. 
 
 7 Vase paintings ; see last note. 
 
 8 AM*. 12, BCH iv. 294. 
 
 9 Cat. Berl. Sc. 680. 
 
 10 Benndorf, Heroon von Gjdlbaschi, 
 
 108; Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1868, 
 75. 
 
 11 Annali xxxix. pi. c. 
 
 12 Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1867, 
 177. 
 
 13 A JA vi. 104 pi. xv. 
 " Plut. I. c. 
 
 15 Plut. I. c. 
 
 16 Bronzen von 01., pi. xxvii. 536 ; 
 see fig. 49. 
 
 17 Bronzen von 01., pi. xxvii. 540. 
 
 18 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 108. 
 
 252 
 
388 
 
 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 types: thick and solid, like stone axes 1 ; thin, and sometimes 
 markt with dots like dice 3 ; some are quite microscopic 3 . Many 
 
 FIG. 50. 
 
 FIG. 51. Miniature axes, from Dodona 
 
 (50) and Olympia (51). 
 
 Ridgeway, Early Age, fig. 79 ; Bronzen 
 
 xxvi. 520, 525, 527. 
 
 FIG. 52. Miniature shield, from 
 
 Olympia. 
 Bronzen, pi. viL 40. 
 
 have handles of the same material, which may be perforated 
 at the upper end 4 . They are made of copper or bronze 5 ; and 
 it is to be noted that similar axes have been found made of 
 gold at Mycenae 6 and on Mount Sipylus 7 , made of bronze in 
 tombs at Hallstatt 8 and Cyprus 9 , and of bone in a tomb at 
 Syracuse 10 . Other bronze specimens have been found in Egypt, 
 made on the model of axes of the stone age 11 . Now what can 
 
 1 Bronzen, xxvi. 520 ; see fig. 51. 
 
 2 Bronzen, xxvi. 524 5 ; Ann. Br. 
 Sch. Ath. vi. 109; with dot-marks, 
 Bronzen xxvi. 524, 527 ; Jahreshefte 
 iv. 49 fig. 67 two dots, fig. 68 six dots. 
 See figs. 50, 51. 
 
 3 Bronzen, xxvi. 522 ; Ann. Br. Sch. 
 Ath. vi. 109 6 . 
 
 4 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109 3 - 8 ; 
 Jahreshefte iv. 49 fig. 67 (perforated 
 handle). Another from Silchester in 
 Reading Museum ; others in the British 
 
 Museum ; all with perforated handles. 
 8 Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109. 
 
 6 Schliemann, Mycenae, 253 s68 . 
 Two axes, of different sizes, are 
 figured on a gem as hanging together, 
 ibid. 354. 
 
 7 BCH iii. pi. 4, 5. 
 
 8 Ridgeway, Early Age i. 443. 
 
 9 Cat. Cypr. Mus. 3825. 
 
 10 Notizie degli Scavi, 1895, 127. 
 
 u In the possession of Prof. Ridge- 
 way. 
 
PLATE I 
 
 FIG. 53. 
 
 Fio. 54. 
 
 FIG. 55. 
 
 FIG. 56. 
 
 (Journ. Anthr. Inst. N.S. ii. pi. xx.) 
 The side numbers are those of the original plates. 
 
 1. Shield from Guadalcanal 1 , S. Pacific ; used for payments of high value. 
 10. Caroline Islands millstone money. 13. African spade used as currency. 
 14. African conventional spear-head. 15. African real spear-head. 16. Con- 
 ventional iron plaque used for a girl's dowry (Africa). 18, 19. Conventional 
 spear-heads from the Upper Congo. 
 
PLATE 
 
 FIG. 57. 
 
 FIG. 58. 
 
 IS 
 
 FIG. 59. 
 
 10 
 
 FIG. 60. 
 
 FIG. 61. 
 
 FIG. 62. 
 
 l(Journ. Anthr. Inst. N.S. ii. pi. xxi.) 
 The side numbers are those of the original plates. 
 
 1, 2, 4, 6. Imitation axes. 3. Imitation spears, used as money (Africa). 
 7, 10. Chinese knife-cash. 12. Imitation hoe, used as money (Congo). 
 18. Conventionalised frying-pan used for money (Assam). 23, 26. African 
 
 ring money. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 389 
 
 the meaning of these things be ? There is no evidence for the 
 
 dedication of toys, or indeed for their existence, thus early; 
 
 and the tombs were not the tombs of children, but of kings, 
 
 warriors, full-grown men. It has been already 
 
 pointed out, that there is evidence for the axe 
 
 as a unit of currency; and where large axes 
 
 still circulate, small ones in bundles of ten, 
 
 each representing a fraction of the axe-unit, 
 
 are used for exchange 1 . Little axes have also 
 
 been found in Mexico, which are said by the 
 
 Indians to have been used as money 2 . This 
 
 must explain our axelets ; and the hole in the 
 
 handle will have been meant to string them 
 
 like Chinese cash. Whether the dots had 
 
 any relation to the value there are too few 
 
 examples to decide. Here I may mention, 
 
 that Homer recognises the fractional half-axe 3 . 
 
 But while the large axes could be used, 
 the small ones were of no use ; they were in 
 fact tokens, half-way between the implement and the coin. 
 It may be suggested that the small tripods and kettles 4 of 
 Olympia were also tokens, having no value, but representing 
 a fraction of the full-size article in exchange. It may be that 
 this is true only of the better specimens, those cut out of thin 
 foil being simulacra, dedicated because the tripod was a tradi- 
 tional form of dedication. That the idea of dedicating simulacra 
 was not unknown we see from the story which tells of wooden 
 and clay tripods dedicated at Ithome 5 . 
 
 Once the key is found, it may open more than one lock. We 
 have already seen that iron bars were dedicated as a tithe 6 , and 
 that bars of iron are recorded in the Delian shrine 7 . The late 
 
 1 Kidgeway, Origin, 40 (figs.) ; Early 6 Page 92. Perhaps the original 
 
 FIG. 63. Miniature 
 axe, from Mexico. 
 
 Kidgeway, Early 
 Age, fig. 80. 
 
 Age, i. 443. See fig. 58. 
 
 2 Kidgeway, Early Age, i. 443, fig. 
 80. See fig. 63. 
 
 3 II. xxiii. 851 dtica. ptv ireX&ceas 
 
 4 Bronzen von 01. 115 pi. xliv. 
 6 Paus. iv. 12. 9. 
 
 iron money of Sparta was in the shape 
 of manufactured articles. Why is it 
 just here that we find iron ' money ' ? 
 Did the Dorians first introduce iron 
 into Greece, or first use it to any extent? 
 7 See Index vi. s.v. ovdXiov, 
 
390 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 excavations at Argos have revealed a vast number of these 
 bars ; and it is suggested that large objects of iron the size of a 
 mountain gun may have been the largest multiple of the bar 
 currency, perhaps the very ones dedicated by Pheidon himself 1 . 
 There are also a large number of objects hitherto unexplained, 
 which perhaps may be brought under the same category. These 
 are the rings of Argos a , Olympia 3 , and other places, lances and 
 arrowheads of thin foil from Delos 4 , the miniature swords or 
 knives 8 , and helmet 8 of Olympia, the miniature shields of 
 Olympia 7 and Crete 8 , the miniature cuirasses of Praesus in 
 Crete 9 , the miniature wheels of Argos 10 , Dodona", Lusi 12 and 
 Olympia 13 . 
 
 Now Phanias speaks of bronze knives along with tripods 
 and kettles as part of the wealth of Sicilian shrines 14 , just as 
 bars are mentioned as partof the wealth of Delphi byEpicharmus 15 . 
 Shields in full size, and in miniature as fractions of the same 
 shape as the larger, are used in South America for exchange 18 . 
 There is evidence that shields were once so used in Greece 17 . 
 Many of the small ones found are indistinguishable from the 
 heads of large pins or buttons ; but in view of the facts given 
 
 1 Dr Waldstein ; above, p. 74. s Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 109. 
 
 2 Bronzes, 1614 ff., 1695 ff. AJA N.S. v. 383, 384, fig. 13. 
 
 8 Bronzen von 01., 454 ff. (immense 10 IGA 43 a, IPI i. 566 ; also one in 
 
 quantities in the Pelopeum). the Heraeum, Bronzes 2254. 
 
 * AZ xl. 333; useless for practical n Carapanos, Dodone, pi. xxvi. 1 
 
 purposes. '&<f>e\iui> ' A^poSirat Av^&rjKf, hardly in- 
 
 B Bronzen von 01., xxvi. 530 ff. telligible unless given for its value real 
 
 Some of the Cretan knives may be or traditional. 
 
 simulacra: Ann. Br. Sch. Ath. vi. 110. 12 Jahreshefte iv. 51 74 . 
 
 The little knives however may have 18 Bronzen von 01., p. 68: some cut 
 
 been used as the hillmen in India do out of thin foil 498 ff ., some cast 503 ff. 
 
 now; beside their curved klmkree they 14 Phanias ap. Ath. v. 232 c Iffropet 
 
 have a little knife about 4 inches long Qavlas tv T$ irtpl rwv iv "LiKeKlq. rvpdv- 
 
 in a sheath of its own within the vuv, ws x a ^' c< *'*' OVTUV T&V ira\a.iu>v 
 
 larger sheath. So the Celts also: dvaOfi/Miruv nal Tpiir65ti>v ical Xe/3i^rwv 
 
 Poseidonius ap. Ath. iv. 152 A t&v Si ical ^yx et P l ^ uv - 
 
 5 TI dvffairfoiraffTov, youxxatp'v M'^PV JS -^p. Ath. viii. 362 c X^STjTef \4.\- 
 
 ira.pa.Ttjj.vovTes, 6 rots /coXeots iv Idiq. /ceoi, Kpariipes, 65t\oi. 
 
 e-fiK-g Trapd/teiTat. 16 Prof. Ridgeway has a specimen 
 
 6 Bronzen von 01., no. 1041. of a miniature shield. See also fig. 56. 
 
 7 Bronzen von 01., no. 1002 5. See 17 Ridgeway, Origin, 331, 334. 
 fig. 52, p. 388. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 391 
 
 above we need not fear to call them shields. Any article under 
 the sun, used in exchange, might be modelled as a token; as we 
 see from the researches of Ridgeway and Temple. I may here 
 call attention to the ancient coinage of China, which imitates in 
 metal a ring or a knife 1 , a bale of cloth, a spade or hoe, or a 
 wheel 2 . So also we find shields in the South Pacific and in North 
 America used as currency 3 ; and models of axes 4 , spear-heads 5 , 
 hoes 6 , millstones 7 , even a conventionalised frying-pan 8 , are found 
 in different parts of Africa, Asia, or America. If this explana- 
 tion be right, the wheels of Olympia may have nothing to do 
 with chariots or chariot-races ; and perhaps even the chariots 
 themselves may often be simulacra given instead of the real 
 thing. The Greeks were on the same path as the Chinese 
 took ; but they did not follow it out to its logical conclusion, 
 and offer paper money to the shades. 
 
 . Two other classes of dedications demand a brief word : the 
 dedication of one god in the temple of another, and the dedica- 
 tion of grotesques or genre figures. 
 
 The figure of a god might be dedicated in any temple as an 
 ornament to the temple, choice spoil of war, and the like 9 ; of 
 which we have seen examples in the old statue from Tiryns at 
 Argos 10 , the Hermes of Praxiteles and Aphrodite which stood in 
 the Heraeum at Olympia 11 , and probably the figure of Apollo 
 dedicated as a tithe to Athena 12 . So Theseus dedicates at 
 Delphi an image of Aphrodite which had belonged to Ariadne 18 . 
 
 1 E. C. Temple : Beginnings of Cur- anciens de consecrer la statue d'un dieu 
 rency, in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. N. s. ii. a un autre dieu: Rev. Arch. i. 439 ff. 
 117, 122, pi. xxi. 7, 10. See pi. ii. Lettre a M. Hillingen, Annali vi. 198 ff. 
 figs. 60, 61, 62. GIG 3159 says as much, late as it is: 
 
 2 AJA iv. 284 pi. xii., xiii. KOVIVTOS BaXfyios 'lovXtavds HfjLvpvaios 
 
 3 Journ. Anthr. Inst. N.s. ii. pi. xx. 'AffK\t)Trif ti/r^pi Aids 'Ztarjjpos &ya\fj.a 
 1, 2, see pi. i. fig. 56. criiv /Mcrei apyvp^ri yti\j/ov neffrfj av40i]- 
 
 4 Ibid. pi. xxi. 1 6, see pi. ii. fig. 58. Kev, but he seems to feel some appro- 
 
 5 Ibid. pi. xx. 14, 15, 18, 19, see priateness in selecting Zeus Soter. 
 pi. i. figs. 53, 54. The figure that Letronne calls Apollo, 
 
 6 Ibid. pi. xx. 11, 12, xxi. 12, 13, which is dedicated to Asclepius, is more 
 see pi. ii. fig. 57. probably a worshipper in ritual act. 
 
 * See pi. i. fig 10. 10 Page 117. 
 
 8 Ibid. pi. xxi. 18, see pi. ii. fig. 59. u Paus. v. 17. 4. 
 
 9 This principle is correctly laid 12 Page 63. 
 down by Letronne, Sur I'usage des 13 Paus. ix. 40. 3. 
 
392 GREEK VOTIVE OFFERINGS. 
 
 Others are less clear. Hermes was said to have been dedicated 
 by Cecrops in the temple of Athena Polias, where he stood 1 . 
 The Eleans dedicated an Athena at Olympia 2 . Micythus 
 dedicated Amphitrite, Poseidon, and Hestia in the same place 8 . 
 Besides these Pausauias mentions Artemis in a temple of 
 Demeter 4 , Aphrodite and Athena in a temple of Zeus 5 , Apollo, 
 the Muses, and Heracles in a temple of Asclepius 6 , Artemis 
 Leucophryene dedicated by the sons of Themistocles on the 
 Acropolis at Athens 7 , Enyo, two statues of Aphrodite, with 
 Heracles and Apollo, in a temple of Ares 8 . With what thought 
 these were dedicated there is no saying. If such figures are 
 part of a group, then the dedication is easily understood, and 
 falls under one of the great principles we have seen working 
 everywhere 9 . Perhaps they were all dedicated as dydX/jLara. 
 But I cau find no authority for the dedication of one deity as a 
 deity to another until very late times ; when it is exemplified 
 by a dedication of Artemis to Apollo 10 , Sabazius to Zeus", 
 of Heracles to Asclepius 12 , of Aphrodite to Asclepius 13 , of 
 Athena to Artemis 14 or Asclepius 15 , of Hermes to Pan arid the 
 Nymphs 18 . These are an extension of the vicious idea which 
 brought honorific statues into the temples. There were of course 
 often altars of other deities in a divine precinct, as at Athens, 
 Olympia, Epidaurus, and there seems to be no reason why a 
 dedication should not be made at those altars to those deities : 
 
 1 Paus. i. 27. 1. Another from Ephesus: see above, 
 
 2 Paus. v. 26. 6. p. 391 8 . 
 
 8 Paus. v. 26. 2. Perhaps the group " BCH i. 308 Ail Kopv<j>alw A/a Zaovd- 
 
 was meant to represent the act of salva- fror NeauXeir^i' (name) (vrfv; cp. Rev. 
 
 tion done upon him. Arch. i. 280 Cereri Dianam e. p. con- 
 
 4 Paus. viii. 37. 4. secravit. 
 
 5 Paus. vii. 24. 2. 12 GIG 1794a. 
 
 6 Pans. iv. 31. 9. 13 Cat. Ath. Sc. 285 'A^pi/ccwii 6 
 
 7 Paus. i. 26. 4. iepei/t r6 F 'A<rcrK\ijireiw TT} 'A(f>poSirr]v. 
 
 8 Paus. i. 8. 4. M Cat. Ath. Sc. 275 6toS ttpoarayri 
 
 9 Above, p. 129 ff. So the Dioscuri 'A\tav8pos rty ' Ad-fivaiav ry 'Apr4fj.tdi. 
 are dedicated to Poseidon, if the Another from Ephesus, see above, 
 interpretation of IGS iii. 1. 130 be p. 391 8 . 
 
 right, as engaged in some act of 18 Cat. Ath. Sc. 276 irarpoKao-v^vr^fiiv 
 mercy. 'AffK\rjTriu elffar' 'A6t]vi)v 'AffKAXov tic 
 
 10 CIG 6797 Gaul 'Air6\\wvi Avacrffav yairit ffCxrrpa <ptpuv Fec^Xts. 
 
 18 Anth. Pal. App. (Cougny) 342. 
 
GENERAL SKETCH. 393 
 
 but this is different. There are no figures demonstrable for other 
 gods, and not part of an ornament or group, amongst the 
 Acropolis remains, at Dodona, or in the part of Olympia which 
 belonged specially to Zeus. On the other hand, in the Cabirium 
 came to light twenty-five Pans, one inscribed to the son of the 
 Cabirus 1 ; at Elatea, in the shrine of Athena, were twenty-two 
 figures of other gods, Eros, Psyche, Leda, Dionysus, Aphrodite, 
 Demeter ; in the shrines of Amynus were some ancient seated 
 goddesses 2 . With the exception of the last, which may have got 
 there by accident 3 , all these are probably given as pretty things 
 which had some value for the givers ; the dedication of Pan to 
 the Cabirus' little boy looks like a sympathetic thought. This 
 will also explain the Silenus figures and grotesques, which meet 
 us in shoals 4 . 
 
 In taking a last look backwards it is impossible not to feel 
 with a new force how little there is in early times of the 
 specialization of functions. The local deity or hero was lookt 
 to for help in all emergencies, and all sorts of offerings might 
 be paid to him. Panofka 5 has written an elaborate study to 
 prove that the dedicator chose his deity for some supposed con- 
 nexion, based largely on names, that is by his hypothesis on 
 the family worship : a man named Diodorus preferring Zeus, 
 Apollonius Apollo, and so forth. The reader will search in 
 vain in this book for evidence to support that ingenious theory; 
 neither will he find it necessary to call in mythical kinship to 
 explain the dedication of a statue of Athena to Apollo. And 
 as our study has shown what variety of blessing one deity could 
 dispense, so it shows the infinite variety of objects which could 
 be dedicated for one cause. Every kind of prayer can be 
 addressed to Athena, Apollo, Poseidon, or Zeus ; almost every 
 kind of object is given to Asclepius for one and the same boon. 
 
 1 AM xv. 359, 391 &v6efj.a TUI iraibi (Carapanos, p. 31, pi. ix.), two centaurs 
 TU Ka/3i>w. on the Acropolis (Ridder, Cat. 429, 430). 
 
 2 AM xviii. 243, xxi. 293. 5 Panofka, " Von einer Anzahl An- 
 
 3 The Cybele probably did. tiker Weihgeschenke und den Beziehen 
 
 4 Seventy in the Cabirium, AM xv. ihrer Geber zu den Orten ihrer Bestim- 
 359; a dozen at Elatea, with seven mung": Abhandl. der Akad. der Wiss. 
 hundred genre figures ; one at Dodona in Berlin, 1839. 
 
INDICES. 
 
 Only one or two references as a rule are given. The word is quoted in the 
 nominative, unless for special reasons an exact quotation is desirable. Restored 
 letters are not indicated unless doubtful. It is not certain that all the articles 
 mentioned were votive offerings, as miscellaneous stock is sometimes included in 
 the lists ; but where the articles were clearly not votive they have been left out. 
 
 I. ATHENS : Treasure of Athena and the other Gods. CIA i. 
 117175 (EG 434 ff.), ii. 642738 (4th century and later), 
 Suppl. iv. p. 175182. 
 
 atyis 679 16 
 aKicd/ojs \pvff ovs or 
 646 
 
 649 7 
 
 652 W 
 
 678 B 76 
 <?a 652 18 
 dfitpoptvs, dfj.<poplffKos 678 B 10 
 
 161 6 , 
 
 678 B 70 
 dirapx-fl 225 i, cp. 652s 19 
 dirdirrvyna 652 20 
 diroppavr-fipiov 143 8 
 dpyfipiov KLf3dr)\ov 660 B3 
 dpyvpls 125 18 
 dpurreiov (a crown, usually named) 
 
 652 so, B 17 , 700 8 , 732 
 do-Ti-Jj 161', 648 s , 716 8 , 720 n 17 (tin), 
 
 dffirlSiov irofiiri.K6v, dcririSeiov 720 n 18 , 
 
 dffiridlffKt) 713 18 , dffirtdiffKiov 733 n 7 
 ar/xt/cros iv 716 b 
 
 /S^Xos 720 B I 22 , /S^Xi; KaTaTraXriKwi' 
 702 B i 25 , /SeXtDv TO^IKO 
 733 B 22 
 
 i\e<t>dvTivov 652 B 4 , 713 16 
 
 7\aO 678 B 78 (nine), 706s 3 , y\avKldioi> 
 
 dpjvpoOv twi KiovLffKov 735 s3 
 yopyoveiov 161 7 , 660 S3 , see 
 
 poro/ji'/i 170", 677 n 28 
 170 U , 648 6 , 67S 22 
 
 ioj 646 8 (Art. Braur.), 652 B 28 
 , see ^irLcr-rifJLa 
 os 678 B 73 
 i' 720 B n 22 
 ' 5i)o feiVyi; 652s 28 
 678 B 78 
 
 s, one with silver feet 161", 646 13 , 
 673 
 
 doKifteiov 698 n 26 
 dopdnov 735 
 86/>i;, Sopdrtov 675 8 , 735 
 Spd/cwj/ 173 7 
 697 7 
 
 cl\t/m)p 698 n 20 
 
 tKOLTOffT-tl 721 A I 12 
 
 tKiruna. 649 18 
 
 if/err; 652 42 
 
 ^/wtStoK, some of tin 645 1B , 652 B 29 
 
 itrlffi^jM. dcnrldwv 1 1 1 1 5e\<pls, yopyb- 
 
 veiov, a/er6s, I'TTTTOS 678 B 37 
 #pia 720 B n 25 
 
 OS 720s II 49 
 
 675 " 
 
 652 B 24 , 660 8J 
 
 , faiSdpiov 678 B 69 , 714 2 * 
 675 ** 
 
 678 B 7 
 161 8 , 652 17 
 
 ^ 1> 675 7 
 
INDICES. 
 
 395 
 
 689 a 
 
 0ep(j.dffriov 678 B 44 
 BepfMffrpLs 675 ^ 
 Opbvos 161 u , 647 1 
 Ov/juarjpiov 161 6 , 646 17 
 161 10 , 652" 
 
 663 4 
 
 i>ds 728 4 
 
 iftdriov 720 B II 17 
 
 tWos dpyvpoh 164 17 , 678 B 64 
 
 /tdSoy 678 B S , KaSlffKos 678s 27 
 
 KaOerfy 678s 27 
 
 170" 
 
 oOi' 161 6 , 668 s , /rava vvv<piKd 678 B 9 
 xV'O" 149 10 , 649 12 (Zeus Polieus) 
 Tjs 733 B 9 
 
 KdrpoTTTov 720 n 40 
 
 /carwpis 652 22, 660 " 
 
 Ke/c/>t)0aXos Z7T7riK:6s 652 B 24 
 
 ic^aj 12-2 7 , 665 7 
 
 K0a\iJ 652 > 7 
 
 Kijfibs 663 11 
 
 /ct|8wT6s 720 n 49 
 
 KiO&viov iv 7166 
 
 f\i}is 675 44 , 682 c (iv. p. 178) 
 
 K\IVTI 161 9 , 646 18 
 
 Krntiis 678 B 5 , 714 17 
 
 Koirr, 161 , 665 s 
 
 KovSvXwrbv 660 *> 
 
 (f6/)7j xpwi) irl ffT7i\r)s 142 6 
 
 Kopv/j.j3os 731 B 6 
 
 Kpdvos 161 12 , 716 9 , Kpdvos uf 
 721 n 16 , KpavLdiov 676 40 
 
 /cparefr^s 678 B 53 
 
 /cpar^/) 660 s0 , 668 12 
 
 K/^a7/)a 678 B 80 
 
 AfptoO K6(^O\77 656 2 
 
 Kpovoy x a ^ K fc 678 B 42 
 /crets ffiSrjpovs 678s 41 
 -i)a(?os 678 B 30 
 Kt\iv5pos 733 A 17 
 *ci>\t 126 19 , 660 ^ 
 LSiov 731 B 15 
 tX^ts 660 8 
 
 i} 161 8 , 676 11 , 678 B 
 OUV 678 B 58 
 
 678 B 69 , X^T?S vv^i K 6s 721 3 
 Xetat xP vffa i 5oKifj.fia 698 n 26 
 Xe/cdi^ 678 B 58 
 
 ice<t>a\-/i 170 12 
 oj Trporo/xT? 677 n 28 
 ireplxpvcrov 161 6 
 161", 648 9 , 718 10 etc., XtfoK 
 676 s6 
 
 118 9 , 678 B7, XuxJ-etoj- 675 s8 
 
 v^rra 698 n 20 
 HKT? xP Vff TJ 652 16 
 viKt}i~fipiov 652 B 37 
 
 fw.Xai.pa 652 ^ fjAxaipa liririic/i 735 s7 
 fj.ij\ov, of wood gilded 652s 27 
 MvltrKos 678 B 48 
 
 xaipa 162", 677 II M , 735 s8 
 161 10 , 677 n 16 
 673 9 , 676 35 
 
 6|3eX/(r/cos 678 B 72 
 otvoxori 652 ^ 
 6 K Xa5ia 161", 676 28 
 oXiceTov 678s 11 
 ovvt 172 - >:) , 652s 12 
 Spues 170 1 -, 648 7 , 652 A 17 
 d^Wtoi' 722 A 17 
 oxffoipos 652 B 34 
 
 TraXXd5io', one of ivory 652 B 17 
 ira.voir\la. 723 
 
 irapdpv/jia rplxwov 721 B I 24 
 irA-n? 164 17 , 723 2 
 ir'Ta>/K>/3os 683 ^ 
 ireplu$ 720 n 22 
 irepovrj 652 20 
 ir/ia| 661 d 9 , 677 n 39 
 TrXda-rpa 679 16 
 irXrJKrpov 652 B 30 
 678s 76 
 
 Trip 678 B 58 , irooa.vtwrijpi8i.ov 
 721 n 9 
 
 TroSetoj' 678B 67 
 iroT-fjpiov 130 9 , 678 B 30 
 irpoffutrof 161 6 
 ...irpoTOfj-j 649 14 
 7roi5j 652 20 
 Trtpavvov 722s 9 
 
 (ra/id/oi' 70S 9 
 <rrifj.a.To<j>opeioi> 731 B 14 
 o-Xos 660 19 
 
 678 B 18 
 652 4 
 
 Xos 652 24 , 660 12 
 o-TrdOrj, or <T7ra9(s 720 B ii 49 
 ara.eiJ.Lov 6S2 46 
 o-TttT^/o 652 42 , B 20 , see X^tov 
 
 fioTJKoi 652 B 11 
 731 B 20 
 <rr{pi<pov 652 2 s 
 <rre<j>dvr) 652 17 
 
 o-r^avos 122", 698 i, 692, 700, 701 
 (rT^taros ^aXXoO 652 28 
 o-rXeryij 666 14 , 678 B 
 ffrpeirr&s 652 ^ 
 tfrp6<piov 652 19 
 vrvaKiov 678 B 52 
 
 170 19 , 646 10 
 v 689 7 
 652, 652B 28 - 38 ff. 
 
396 
 
 INDICES. 
 
 660" 
 720 II M 
 678 B 74 
 
 Td\avTov ffioypovv 678 B * 
 Tpdwffr 161 13 , 676 a9 
 rpl^-qvov 721 H 10 
 Tpiuj3o\ov 675 s0 
 
 WXij'oi' 646* 
 
 udXioy dpyvpovv 645 21 
 
 vdpia 660 23 , 737 A i, (twenty-seven) 699 
 (Athena Nike 4, Artemis Brauronia 
 7, Demeter and Phersephatta 5, 
 Aphrodite 1, Anakes 3, Athena 
 Polias 7) 
 
 vir&pa0pa vvv<f>iKO. Svo 731 B 19 
 
 wro/Jd-njs Appevos 678 B 55 
 
 inroSepls 652 17 
 
 inrifuyta 678 B 80 , 728 12 
 
 VTroirbdtov 646 15 
 
 VTct>ffTO.TOV 660 20 
 
 678 B 67 
 
 660 33 
 
 ^taXij /SaXavwn) 678 B 110 
 
 irnXam} 701 
 ^.idXtoi' 722 A 8 
 <f>v<ri)r6v, of wood gilded 652 B t7 
 
 678 B M 
 678 B 41 
 
 ej AAI 720 n 54 , 721 n 9 
 dpio-repd 652 18 , 660 9 
 Seftd 652 21 , 660" 
 
 679 7 
 678 B S 
 \epvifielov 660 4l 
 XtraJi' 675 !6 
 X*TWV oTforTrtvoj 675 M 
 xXiSwv 652 B 38 
 xXtSwvtov 70S 9 
 XoOs 678 B- 19 
 
 v 658 3 
 &wpov 652*' 
 155 10 , 660 8, 
 652 '8 
 
 \l6os 713 
 
 678 B 13 
 
 650, 
 
 II. ATHENS: CATALOGUE OF BRONZE STATUES: 
 Descriptive phrases. CIA ii. 742 ff. 
 
 dytveios 743 12 #X ei & T ^) i dpurrepai 744 B 7 
 
 dtcpoOivia. 745 9 
 
 6irX(ro5p6|AO$ 744 2 
 yevei&v 745 5 
 
 7i3^ Ta -yi;av6s 744s 14 
 
 III. ATHENS : ARTEMIS BRAURONIA. CIA ii. 751 ff. 
 
 aXovpylt 754 49 
 &.fjiir^-xovov 754 18 
 dvddrifM 758 B n" 
 6,ffiri8tffKTi 751 i a 8 
 
 754 
 
 (OJ 751 la 4 
 751 ud 
 
 751 n ft 19 
 751 ii d 
 
 4irlfi\riiJ.a 
 
 fwta del-tot fifva 754 ^ 
 
 754 15 
 
 758 B in 21 
 
 751 n d 
 
 KardffTiKTos 758 Bii 18 
 
 e/j. 
 
 754 31 
 
 ffirtvSuv /cat 
 
 fyidria /xecraXoupy^ 757 al 
 
 Z^dTio< di/Spetov 754 47 (offered by a 
 
 woman) 
 l/xdrtov ywaiKeiov irXaruaXou/xyes irepi- 
 
 icu/adrtoi' 754 18 
 IfiAriov \evKov ywauceiov tfj. wXawfwi 
 
 754 16 
 Ifjidriov XevKov jrapaXovpye's rouro TO 
 
 \iOivov HSos dM^xerat 754 s7 
 Ifidnov watdeiov 751 II B 7 
 
INDICES. 
 
 397 
 
 757 9 
 
 KdSos 757 19 
 KdXv/4/Mi 758 B II 25 
 Ka.vOa.piov 751 la 10 
 Ktivdvs Trot/aXos 754 19 
 Ka,p\-r)ffiov 751 ii d 
 KardffTiKTov durrtpvyov 754 s8 
 |uffrt5wr6v 754 u 
 XfipiSuTov 754 6 
 
 Karpoirrov 4\e<pa,vriviiv Xa/Siyv ^X 01 ' 754 s3 
 KeKpt<pa\os 757 18 
 Kifiuriov 758 B in 24 
 KpOKiarbv SnrXovv 754 62 
 v 751 life 10 
 s 7 
 
 ' 757 30 
 757 31 
 
 rl m/viois 757 19 
 ov 758 B in 29 
 754 
 
 i>6/j.Lff/j.a 751 n 6 17 
 
 irapa\ovpyidiov J(iaw 
 wapaTroiKiXos 754 19 
 7T^a| 758 BUI s 
 ir\d<TTpa 751 la 11 
 irX6/cto' 751 1 6 22 
 iro/j.<j>6\vyes 758 n 13 
 
 TTOT-flptOV 757 315 
 
 ir^Sa^ 758s in 22 
 751 n d 
 
 751 1C 17 
 es 758 in 38 
 (rrXe77/s 751 i 6 11 
 <r<ppayis 758 n 5 
 
 754 s4 
 
 rapavrivov 754 37 
 rapavrivov i)fuv(ps 757 19 
 rpipwvtov 754 M 
 rpoxiXeia 751 lid 
 Tpti(j>rj/jia 758 B ii M 
 
 vvoSepls 751 i 9 
 757 ^ 
 
 \a\Klov 758 B in 32 
 
 X<.6wviffKOS KTCVUTOS irepiirotKiXos- OVTOS 
 ivixpafffdva. 754 9 
 754 10 
 
 754 51 
 LT&VI-OV 751 II B 3 
 
 0d\f/ivov vapaXovpyts 757 19 
 &r67TTuxes 754 M 
 ffTinrvivov 751 II B 
 iTuvlffKiov Kaprbv iraidfiov avevlyptHpov, 
 irapv<f>i)i> tx el Oepp-affriv 754 ^ ( 
 
 aXovpyos Trot/ciXos ^/i TrXaurfwi 
 754 12 (two women) 
 <-ruvlffK03 di'dpe'ios 758 B ii 26 (by a 
 
 woman) 
 
 parpaxeiovs 758s n 12 
 7Xai>Keio{is 758s ii 16 
 i^iffTuv /crejwr6s 754 30 
 
 754 ** 
 s 754 43 
 aXovpye? 
 754 2J 
 
 Trvpy<irr6s 7S4 26 
 r^ aypatbos irapdBoXov ?YOf(ra 
 75489 
 
 Xcw'crjuoj' iraidiov Xevicbv xapr&v 754 40 
 airvpov 751 i a 5 
 
 758 B ni 37 
 
 IV. ATHENS: Asclepieum. C/4 ii. 766 (341/40), 
 835840 (320327). 
 
 836 20 
 
 rpov 836 a 38 
 
 ' 835 18 
 dy5/)ids 766^ 
 ...apairXerpis 836 108 
 dpyvpiov 766 10 
 d<T7rs 835 6 s 
 dcrr/>a7aXto>' 766 32 
 dffrpdyaXoi dopicddeoi 766 2S 
 avX6s 766 31 
 d<j>po8lffiov 836 c 14 
 836 a 35 
 
 836 108 
 P<a/*lffKos 836 a 39 
 
 836 30 
 
 766 J 
 5dfcri;Xos 766 
 8apei K 6s 766 1 " 
 deicApoXov 837 ^ 
 
 XWtvos 836 32 
 766 17 
 836 s4 
 
INDICES. 
 
 SoKi/xcioy 835 a 84 
 
 836 s4 
 
 dpa.K6Tio>> 836c" (four), 83& n - M (two) 
 
 T^5at 830* 8 
 
 dpdKwx 836 M 
 
 irtpiffKeXidiof 835 47 
 
 SpaxM^l 766 31 
 
 ir/i/a^ 766 31 
 
 Spax/ty xpwvi 766 J1 
 
 irorrjpldiov 836 86 
 
 
 TTOTJplOV 766 14 
 
 ^wi5ia 836* 
 
 T/xxTKc^dXaioy fpeovv 766 s8 
 
 ^dXetirrpov 836 c 8 
 
 irptxruirov 766 4 
 
 17/817 836 39 - 109 
 
 ptTfj 836 c 10 
 
 qSvirbTiov 836 s4 
 
 #j 835 9 
 
 
 pw6v 836 31 
 
 0t}piK\fioi> 836 81 
 
 pvr<xj>la\ov 836 c 10 
 
 tfoXWtov 836 94 
 
 
 tfoXlov 766 31 
 
 adpStov 766 w 
 
 Opbvos ^Xivos 766" 
 
 fftaytiv 835 38 
 
 6vft.ia.T-fipi.ov 766 7 
 
 ffKd<pi.ov 836 2 * 
 
 
 ffxtXos 766 ** 
 
 fa<77ns 766 25 
 
 o-r^^avoj 766 J 
 
 io-xiov 835 s0 
 
 (rr^eoy 836 " 
 
 
 \ ^^^^/t -vmi/rni(i/ ftHfi 22 
 
 Ka6fT-/ip 835 9 , 5idXi0os 836 a 30 
 
 ffrXeyyfj 766 24 , ffidypa. 766 43 , x a ^^ 
 
 KaxoDj- 835 
 
 766 s4 
 
 KapSia 766 16 
 
 ffTofj-a 835 21 
 
 /ta/JKixoj 836 51 
 
 a<f>payldt.ov 766 81 
 
 KdrpoTrrov 836 c 10 
 
 fftppayis 766 18 
 
 Kf K pv<t>a\o<i 766 JOJ 
 
 <rwyna d'5/)6y 835 M 
 
 Kepxviov 766 19 
 
 "ywauciis 835 ^ 4 
 
 Ace^aX^ 839 12 
 
 o-w/adrtoc 835 45 
 
 K< ^yx s 766 s 
 
 
 tcparriplffKos 836 a 44 
 
 TCTpadpaxp-ov 766 ^ 
 
 /cwiflos 836 s8 
 
 TfTpcLxfAov 835 
 
 /cyXn'5poj 835 70 
 
 TiTtfT? 8S6 68 
 
 /cuXtx^s 766 31 
 
 Ttrtftov 835 M 
 
 KVfj.j3idiov 835 s8 
 
 T/T00J 835 s8 
 
 /ci/M^ov 766 15 
 
 r/jax^Xos 835 s3 
 
 
 rpurodlffKos 766 17 
 
 \riKteiov 835 s5 
 
 Tpi<l)8o\ov 836 "^ 
 
 X^/ci/^os 766 s2 
 
 Tl/TT/StOV 835 73 
 
 \-fiKvOos ffKirrlvr) 766 s3 
 
 Tvirlov 836 C 4S 
 
 Xi/Savarrij 836 a 28 
 
 T^ITOS 766 30 
 
 Xttfdptov ffrpoYyvXov SidXevKov 835 w 
 
 
 Xt^os 0aXarroet5^s 836 a 33 
 
 UTrep ai/7^j /cal TWI< iraiSluv 835 s9 , cp. S9 , 
 
 (?) <frt)yo(id-/is 835 ra 
 
 836 4S . W 
 
 Xiry-yoivptOl' 835 s9 
 
 inrodr]fj.dTUV yvvaiKeiwv ^1/717 III 76fi 30 
 
 Xi5pa 766 35 
 
 
 
 <fnd\ri 766 12 
 
 MKW 836 s 8 
 
 ^yoeiS^j, see XWos 
 
 /XI^XT; 836 64 
 
 (fiidXiov 835 7 
 
 v/5tov 766 15 
 
 Xe/p 835 21 ; of gold, silver, and stone 
 
 
 835 4 
 
 65ot/s 766 ^ 
 
 Xfipidiov irai$i K 6i> 836 n , cp. 836 * 
 
 olvoxfa) 766 B 
 
 xXa/ti)s 766 8 
 
 oi/u| 766 28 
 
 Xo/<rKtos 766 10S 
 
 ous 835 19 
 
 Xofo-Kos 766 118 
 
 6<f>0a\/j.6s 76622 
 
 Xjtufflov 766 19 
 
 d^/Stov 766 16 , 835 6 - M - w 
 
 XvrpiSt-ov 835 8 * 
 
 no\vffTparov SSe 23 - 49 
 
 836 48 
 
INDICES. 
 
 399 
 
 Y. ELEUSIS. CIA ii. 682 c, iv. 7676; AM xix. 192. 
 
 a\Kovs \vxvfiov 
 
 KO.SOS 
 
 KO.VOVV 
 
 /coruXos 
 
 Kpadevrris 
 
 Kpedyptov 
 
 (ivory) 
 
 i-i<f>idiov 
 
 S/3/XOS 
 
 TrXdoT/w 
 
 1TOT7}plOV 
 
 irodavnrr^p 
 
 ff(f>ayeiov 
 
 cr<ppaylSiov 
 
 <r<j>payis 
 
 vdpla 
 i/iroSepis 
 
 d6paros 
 
 \ej3-fiTiov 
 
 yafj-iKoi iv 767 6 63 
 
 VI. TREASURE AT DELOS : BCH vi. 20 ff., x. 461 ff, 
 xiv. 389 ff. 
 
 dyKvpa ffidijpa vi 47 168 
 
 cue-rcSy x 465 102 
 
 aierov /ce^aXr; xP vff V v ^ 49 191 
 
 &K/J.UV vi 47 168 
 
 dXd^ao-ros x 464 s8 
 
 fijUTreXos xP vff ^i ^^ 406 
 
 d(ji<t>idta x 463, xiv 412 
 
 fo vi 50 199 
 
 x 466 128 
 dva7/catoir6ri7S vi 51 209 
 dvSpi.avTLSi.ov vi 47 167 
 dvSpidvriov xiv 412 119 
 dvdpiavrlffKos x 464 ".93. 95 
 vi 34 60 
 
 v xiv 406 81 
 dTrapxi? vi 41 "4 
 dpytipiov a(rrifj.ov x 464 7S 
 d/xyv/)^ vi 44 142 
 dpvffrrip x 463 58 
 
 vi 39 s * 7 
 
 vi 32 32 
 do-TTis dpyvpa vi 48 178 
 
 jSariaioJ xiv 412 m 
 /3artd/cto>' vi 108 
 /3ou/3dXtoi' xiv 412 
 (3ovK(pd\iov xpvffovv vi 50 199 
 fiovjrdXivov vi 48 171 
 
 yaffTp6irTTis xiv 467 142 
 ytpavos i] Ka\ovjj^vr] x 464 s4 
 
 5a,KTv\i5iov xiv 412 118 
 Sa/crtfXtos x 463 B1 
 Se/cdri? vi 34 47 
 5eX0is xiv 403 18 
 x 462 51 
 vi 46 157 
 >v fftdrjpovv vi 47 171 
 
400 
 
 INDICES. 
 
 ffKvraXai API I vi. 47 190 
 s, see vfiis, rpirjpuiv t/j./3o\(H 
 
 xiv 412" 
 tvdrriov vi 34 M 
 
 fKTTWfJ.0. X 464 
 
 ttdXeiirrpov vi 430 8 
 x 466 14 
 to!' vi 48 l78 
 vi 48 179 
 (?) vi 47 1M 
 xiv 412 
 vi 48 172 
 xiv 411 103 
 vi 45 14S , 50 193 
 xiv 415 12S , xv 160 
 ffTaTi<imic/i xiv 413 125 
 
 i' vi 32 , xiv 412 116 
 xiv 403" 
 
 fjSviroridiov vi 108 
 
 vi 30 7 
 vi 32 27 
 
 rfKa.Ka.rn vi 31", 32 <28 , xiv 403 
 ri/j.iKi>K\i.ov vi 32 31 
 fimxav x 466 
 
 6i]piK\tios vi 108, see /ci/Xi 
 vi 32 28 
 
 vi 35 ^ 
 
 vi 39 98 
 KO-Oer-qp vi 29 
 Ka^oOj' vi 39 93 
 Kapdla xiv 412 
 Ka.pxf]ffLov x 462 
 Kafffftrtpov (TKvraXai vi. 47 170 
 Kepa/j.v\\iov vi 48 179 
 <?pas vi 50 204 
 AC^/XW t\d<j>io>> x 462 21 
 /c?/>as K-pioO vi 47 167 
 Kepx"'a x 464 80 
 
 K-tKeiov vi 32 28 , 47 162 , xiv 410 M 
 vi 34 62 
 
 aoJ' ^^"'ov TrepucexpvffUfj^vov 6<j>f- 
 criv dpyvpois dif^fj^vov x 465 103 , xiv 
 405 * 
 
 \lvri x 467 143 
 y i 48 179 
 
 /coXeoj /iax a 'P as iTT'^s xiv 410 97 
 K6v5i; vi 108 
 KovSvXiov vi 39 98 
 xicryuos xP vff v* t^l <f>oiviKi5iov ' ~ 
 vi 50 200 
 
 oj x 466 1S7 
 ios vi 108 
 xpar^p vi 32 
 
 TpllJpTrjTtKbs X 466 131 
 
 Kpa.njpL5i.ov vi 108 
 s x 462 
 
 x 462 "< 
 vi 39 93 
 KVO.VOVV vi 48 17:l 
 ci;\/Kto' vi 33 41 
 
 KvXivdpos, Kv\u>5plffKos vi 426 70 , xiv 406* 8 
 wXi^ vi 45 14 
 
 A.aicuviic/1 x 462 18 
 
 toj xiv 404 s7 
 ijj xiv 409 79 
 K r) x 462 18 
 x 464 s7 
 i 108 
 
 plw vi 33 41 
 ^?; dpyvpd xiv 408 78 
 u x 462 s1 
 wv vi 108 
 /oj vi 37 7B 
 
 vi 47 J88 
 
 s vi 47 167 
 
 vi 47 166 , 51 2 , x 466 13 
 
 w vi 47 167 , x 464 s6 
 
 dvaOffj.a. 
 
 ' AffK\r]irlui vi 30" 
 XeovTos Ke<pa\T?i x 464 s6 
 trporo/jiTfl vi 4 1 108 
 Xijv/s x 464 * 8 
 Xt/Savwrfy vi 39 93 
 vi 49 191 
 (loXvfidovs vi 47 168 
 
 xiv 406 49 
 x 466 137 
 Xi/x^^a xiv 415 
 \vxvovxos x 466 
 
 /id^j vi 34 * 
 /J.CLVIOV vi 108 
 fMffr6s vi 33 , 39 M 
 /j.r]\ov x 462". 90 , xiv 406 
 fj.i\i]<novpyT?is vi 108 
 vi 32 33 
 
 vews t/j.j3o\ov vi 47 167 
 V^/CT; ^iri Urlvov xiv 415 
 voiJ.ifffj.aTa. specified vi 49 189 , 50 w8 
 dapeiK6s x 464 69 
 5Lvop.ov vi 5 1 216 
 SpaxMT? 'AXe^a^Spefa vi 30" 
 'ArTtio) x 463 
 A7?X/a x 465 10 
 2i//>fa x 465 105 
 if[uw{i\toi> ' KTTLKOV X 465 106 
 v6fj.os vi 5 1 218 
 
 (5/3oXos 'Ap/3uXi*c6y xiv 409 ^ 
 'Arrt/c6s x 465 s7 
 A^Xtos x 465 73 
 'Opxo/^vtos x 463 59 
 4>acai(c6s xiv 404 n 
 Alyivaios x 463 60 
 xiv 404 2 
 xiv 404" 
 
INDICES. 
 
 401 
 
 Ndtov 
 
 nroXe 
 
 rerpdvo/Mov vi. 51 215 
 
 464 7S 
 
 463 61 
 
 oj' xiv 404 21 
 464 7 
 j' xiv 409 30 
 
 vi 30 14 
 vi 30 14 
 IlroXe/tat/cd xpuffa xiv 387 4 
 
 MapwvtTiKdv x 463 62 
 v 'Amicbv x 464 73 
 'ATTIK&V x 465 101 
 3?uKiK6v x 465 10 
 4>w/cafs xiv 404 
 Xpv<rovs 'A\ei-dv5pfio$ vi. 29 7 
 <J>iXf7nreios vi. 29 7 
 
 6pe\l<ricos xiv 411, 467 142 
 olvox^Tl vi 39 93 
 oX/ceio? x 466 137 
 <J#j vi 108, x 462 
 6vpa<pov x 464 17 
 op/uSs vi 50 199 
 <50i5iov xiv 406 51 
 o<pu x 465 97 
 
 s vi 51 205 
 xiv 404 19 
 irepidepidiov xiv 406 42 
 irpiK<pd\aiov xiv 409 77 
 ipiov x 466 139 
 
 vi 50 199 
 irepovT) vi 46 157 . xiv 407 
 TrtXos dpyvpovs vi 33 36 
 iriva.Kl<TKos x 462^ 
 7r/va| passim 
 TTodavnrT-fip x 466 138 
 x 462 18 
 
 VI 38 85 
 
 vi S2 27 , 34 52 
 v x 466 131 
 x 460 14 
 xiv 412 116 
 
 vi 45 148 
 xiv 406 ^ 
 
 vi 34 s6 
 
 djuTrAou x 410 90 
 
 Sd^^j x 464 n 
 
 5pi;6s vi 30 7 
 
 Aaiaj vi 39 90 
 
 KtTToD xiv 407 M 
 
 Hvpplvijs x 464 82 
 
 crrX/77ts x 464 s8 
 aTpe7rr6s vi 32 s4 
 O-TI/MJ xiv 415 
 <r0at/>a vi 30 13 
 cr^7f vi 50 19 
 ff<f>payl6ioi> xiv 406 ** 
 <r<j>payl<; x 462 51 
 
 Tou-fa vi 32 s3 
 
 vi 108 
 xiv 41 1 101 
 
 xiv 404 24 
 rpdirefa vi 46 157 
 v x 462 
 
 dpyvpa SeXei^Kou dvdde/j.a vi 32 31 
 ^/i/3oXot x 466 138 
 rpiir6Siov 5e\<piic6v vi 33 s9 
 T^TTOUJ vi 45 148 , 47 169 
 TtyTros xiv 412 
 TI^TTOS /iijrpt/c6s vi 50 202 
 TI/TTOS ^Xtvos Kepa/j-lduv vi 48 172 
 
 Wp/a x 466 126 
 viroSfpls x 465 97 
 
 a vi 32 32 , xiv 411 10 
 vi 34 w 
 
 dKTivtlrrr) x 462 s4 
 /SaXa^wTT? x 462 
 yop7tetos vi 4 1 109 
 ^KTI/TTOS, 1/criiTra 
 /xara 
 
 po5ia.KT?i vi 108 
 p65oK x 465 7 
 poia vi 50 192 , xiv 406 
 poird\iov vi 45 146 
 pimSx vi 32 s7 
 
 ffarvpi&Kos x 462 
 <rKd<pr) vi 108 
 <rKd<piov vi 32 s8 
 O-K^XOJ vi 47 167 
 
 s vi 47 170 
 ov vi 47 170 
 vi 32 30 
 
 463 49 
 vi 51 206 
 os xiv 413 122 
 vr) vi 30 13 
 
 R. 
 
 fltf vi 49 138 
 vi 33 40 
 X 462 ls 
 x462 13 
 Xeid vi 37 79 
 
 7 ^ x iv 408 70 
 os vi 44 14S 
 /j,eios x 462 22 
 ^ vi 49 182 
 ios vi 33 43 
 Xe\idovfios vi 32 M 
 XpvaoK\vaTos xiv 403 13 
 0tdXio" x 462 -^ 
 <pvKiov xiv 406 4 ' 2 
 
 xdXKiox vi 108 
 Xap:<T7T7ptoJ < vi 45 148 , 49 183 
 Xetp <ri577pa xiv 414 129 
 vi 32 M 
 
 26 
 
402 
 
 INDICES. 
 
 iov x 466 
 is vi 108 
 XctSiov x 466 
 Xor&u\to>> (sic) vi 35 81 
 
 v KaOapov iff-qnoy x 463 s0 
 x 466 is4 
 vi 108 
 
 vi 39 M 
 
 vi 50 W1 
 x 466 < 37 
 vi 34 * 
 
 vi 30 14 ' 
 
 In the 1 Mi ;u i lists are dedications to Apollo and Artemis vi 44 1M , Apollo, 
 Artemis, and Leto 44 139 , to Leto 29 4 , to Artemis and Hecate 48 178 , to Apollo 
 and Aphrodite 43 131 , to Aphrodite 48 181 , to Asclepius 30", 41", Eileithyia 34 >, 
 Hestia 44 lw and Pan 34. 
 
 VII. TREASURE AT DELOS. CIA ii. 813828 
 (BC 377 ). 
 
 SXvffit 820 8 
 avSputvTlffKo 
 d/uireXos 820 9 
 
 820 ls 
 
 dpiffreiof 814 31 
 dpwTTi)/> 818 21 
 
 j8Jp<ro 827 M 
 
 5a/cTi/\ioy 813 B 9 
 SapfiKfc 813 B U 
 827 19 
 813 B 12 
 
 818 19 
 
 820 7 
 
 ticrvirov dpyvplov 813 B 6 
 SIS'" 
 818 19 
 817 3 ' 
 
 819" 
 817 30 
 826 13 
 
 826^ 
 826 13 
 
 KCM'oOl' 818 18 
 
 KepaWiov 826 M 
 /c^pas 820 7 
 
 817 '^ 
 
 p rpirjpiriKos 818 ** 
 
 j 818 41 
 
 817 31 
 
 \fp-fiTior 827 8 
 Xux^t'ov 827 5 
 
 827" 
 
 V 814 31 
 
 0^0x617 818 20 
 oX/teio? 817 2S 
 
 TTfplppaVTTIpiOV 818 26 
 
 iroTiov 818 22 
 8 18 2 
 826 14 
 
 826 M 
 s 817 14 
 818 7 
 SIS 13 
 ff<f>payis 813 B 2 
 
 ajKvpfiov 827 n 
 
 rpdir^a. 817 32 
 
 t/u.po\oi 8 
 813 B 14 
 
 ia 817 21 
 
 827 n 
 
 818 6 
 
 fiov 817" 
 817 - 7 
 
 P 817 M 
 iov 818* 
 
INDICES. 
 
 403 
 
 VIII. AMPHIARAUM, 16 S i. 303, 3498 (about 200 B.C.), 
 CABIRIUM (2420), AND OTHER THEBAN SHRINES 
 
 (24214). 
 
 aldo'iov 303 70 
 oXwrts 2420 
 
 2420 
 
 rTJpos 2420 
 3498 7 .- 2 . 82 . 
 
 s 3498 lu 
 
 eXaia. xpvfffj 3498 60 
 3498 82 
 
 dfc 3498 10 
 6(pidiov 303 71 
 
 jredlffKat 2422 
 trpoffuiriov 303 ^ 
 irptxTwirov 303 , 2422 
 
 ^ iepd, p 
 
 3498 7 
 
 ijSviroTiSiov 303 73 
 riSv-n-oris 3498 s 
 3498 10 
 
 2420 
 
 /cdSoy 3498 17 
 
 AcaXvTrTTjpes ^ dvaffTpo<piff/J.aro^ 3498 a 
 
 /cavow 303 55 
 
 /c/wj/iaTtj 3498 s2 
 
 /ci5a(?os 3498 7 
 
 Ai6W 3498 10 
 
 KwOuviov 303 s 6 
 
 \ipavwrts 303 73 
 X^or 3498 5 , 2422 
 
 jyiiox lepov 3498 9 
 
 2420 
 
 1 dTro TU>V irepifffiri/jidTUv 3498 21 
 
 8498" 
 
 iov (six) S498 27 etc. 
 3498 12 
 303 103 
 
 ov irpbffUTrov 3498 2l 
 ffivdtbv 2421 
 ffKd<piov 303 63 
 crrar^ 303 M 
 o-raros 3498 13 
 2420 
 
 2421 
 303 78 
 303 6 
 
 d 3498 3 
 303 ^ 
 
 3498 51 
 
 303 57 
 <pidXiov 303 57 
 
 dpyvpovs irapd rrjv effriav ativ- 
 3498 8 
 
 303 73 
 
 2420 
 2421 
 
 <ws 303 97 
 (ingot) 303 1W> 
 3498 14 
 3498 13 
 
 dirb TWV tiro. 
 
 3498 w 
 
 IX. PLATAEA. 
 
 tpia 
 
 (AJA vii. 406. All the dedications by women, whose names are given 
 without further explanation.) 
 
 iriva.% 
 
 ffTf<f>dv<afj.a 
 ffrvXLSiov 
 
 rd <p' airrijs 
 5ats (many) 
 
 Ha.pa.v6fM 
 p6v 
 fflfi.a 
 
 262 
 
 Among the names are: 
 
 'HdiffTa 
 
 Zwirvpa 
 
 Xa/J.irdSiov 
 Xa/a?rds 
 
 Kofffila 
 
404 INDICES. 
 
 X. TEMPLE OF HERA AT 8AMOS, 436 B.C. 
 Curtius, Samos 6. Stamatiades, 2a/xos, i. 218 ff. 
 
 we pi f 'tafia aXovpyovv irot/ciXov 
 8l<f>pos inscribed 'Hp65oro$ ZiJvwvos'Hpjji m55es X0wot 
 
 r ir/xkrwTrov 
 
 XtT6> 
 
 (rrpoufloi 
 
 virdpyvpoi 
 ff<j>e\l<TKos 
 icrj ptiicf lov <r<j>vd6vai Xtvcu 
 
 KiBtllV KdTdffTlKTOS 
 
 KiOuv Avdios T^rri-yes 
 
 Koirls viroK<pd\a.ia. Svo 
 
 Kp^defiva firrd 
 
 Ki5/cXos x a ^ K v* <f>id\at (ninety-two) 
 
 /jidxaipat f*. fj.axat-po9^Kei 
 filTpi) Xiri) ffrviriTfiov 
 
 ira.pd\afffft.s 
 
 XL TREASURE OF APOLLO AT BRANCHIDAE. 
 
 GIG 2855 ff. 
 
 &ya\fj.a 2860 iraXifjuroTov 2862 
 
 dyytlov 2855 irXaxoOs irfpir\pyvptfifvov 2862 
 
 2855 iroXwiptfTjj 2862 
 
 iroT-fipiov 2862 
 2862 
 
 (Tivduv 2862 
 
 2859 (r/c^oj 2862 
 
 <r/ii/p'77 2862 
 KavoOi' 2855 
 
 2862 Wp/a 2855 
 
 XijSovwT/y 2855 <f>id\r) 2855 etc. 
 
 Xi/3avwr6y 2862 
 
 XuxvJa 2862 X'^wv xP^o^s 2862 
 
 OK 2862 ^I/ACTI)P 2862 
 
 2862 
 
INDICES. 
 
 405 
 
 XII. FRAGMENT OF LIST FROM AEGINA. 
 IP I i. 1588. 
 
 dya\fj.a 
 dyaXftaT 
 affTridicn 
 dffirls 
 
 \vxvlov 
 
 iravaypls 
 
 irepovat in batches from 
 five to 120 
 
 p6a 
 <pidXri 
 
 XIII. INDEX TO THE DEDICATIONS IN THE 
 ANTHOLOGY. 
 
 (Book VI. unless otherwise stated; App. means Cougny's Appendix (Didot).) 
 
 &TPOLKT<K 39 4 , 160 3 
 <xu\6s 51 8 , xiii. 20 
 
 pdicrpov 203 10 
 Podypiov ix. 323 J 
 
 OL 1 2 V Af\1 
 
 poe K lUapys 40 * 
 
 Popees raxivol KaXuv 205 2 
 fiorpvs 22 3 
 /SoOs 156 3 
 
 s ix. 332 2 , App. i. 293 
 295 4 
 
 ravpoSfm 41 2 
 
 pu/i6s 10 3 , 50 4 , 145 1 , ^|>p. i. 31, 212, 
 292, 302, 311, 313 
 
 yavXbs 35 6 
 
 ytXyiBes 232 5 
 
 7eveidj 161 3 
 
 ^e^iywj' fftjtlyKTop' evppa.<f>ea. 233 2 
 
 y\ti<t>avov KaXd/j.ov 63 7 
 
 7\u0ts 64 6 
 
 ypliroi 23 5 
 
 CT? 2546 
 34 3 
 
 7 2 , 8 2 , 144 1 , 268 1 , 338 2 , 347 1 , 
 xiii. 19, App. i. 6, 16, 17, 18, 20, 
 34, 41, 43, 55, 60, 64, 110, 228, 
 255, 327, 347 
 
 AyKiffrpov 4 1 
 
 ayxvpa 5 6 
 
 dypi<t>T) 297 ! 
 
 dyporis aiyavta 57 4 
 
 a0\a App. i. 206 
 
 aiyavta 163 s 
 
 &KO.IVO. fiovir\tiKrpos 41 s 
 
 aids dyiclffTpov 5' 2 
 
 dKov-q Ka\dfj.uv 64 2 
 
 dxpoBiviov App. i. 56, 242 
 
 dupbirrepov aUrov 229 1 
 
 d/cro KpyTaus 299 5 
 
 &KUV 177 3 
 
 dXtKTUp 155 3 
 
 d\^KT<ap x^fetos 149 s 
 &\li] 301 ! 
 
 160 2 
 306 7 
 297 2 
 
 232 3 
 
 Tpov 185 2 
 diruprjs 154 5 
 na App. i. 253 
 T) dypas 196 5 , cp. ^^p. i. 33, 127 
 
 ia dXlwv 187 3 
 dpls 103 2 , 205 5 
 dpiffTfiov App. i. 21 
 d/wcus 14 2 
 dpvaj 157 4 
 Aporpov 104 4 
 "Aprefjus 266 1 
 d/mjy 105 3 
 dpvffrpis fw/uoD 306 5 
 do-Trts 81 , 124 ! 
 derT/)a7dXat 309 3 
 a T' oy <f>tj)VT)Ta. irpos AvSpas 210 5 
 
 336 3 
 
 i5eti' 225 5 
 SfKdrevfia 290 3 , xiii. 25 (KepSt 
 denary 214 4 , 285 9 , 288 3 , 343*, 
 
 53, 60, 63, 105, 243 
 5^7ras 332 3 
 depdyxv 109 3 
 depatoirtSa 14 4 
 
 168 8 
 
 X^OVTOS 57 3 
 
 *C<SA 200 3 
 SlBvpcrov 172 x 
 21 l 
 s <rr6pt)vy!; 111 5 
 
406 
 
 INDICES. 
 
 II 1 
 
 d6va( 23 
 SoiVdf 5 1 
 Sovpara 4 1 
 
 Soxftci ypa<f>iKoto peidpov 63 s 
 dpay/jia 36', 225* 
 SpdKwv 206 7 
 21 a 
 95 s 
 
 /xds 109 5 
 a 299 4 
 
 5<ipoK ^/>p. i. 2, 44, 53, 74, 77, 92, 
 117, 214, 312 
 
 86 ! 
 
 xiii. 11, App. i. 27, 52, 72, 73, 80, 
 85, 86, 90, 93, 107, 112, 120, 123, 
 144, 145, 154, 218, 219, 220, 295, 
 304, 334 
 
 riis xiii. 24 
 flfju 136 - 
 etpia 250 5 
 t\dr, 102 
 Aafa 190 s 
 s 21* 
 v 236 l 
 280 4 
 217 10 
 132 l 
 Kia xiii. 18 
 
 21 3 
 
 294' 
 296 s 
 343 4 
 ririroi 135', 
 
 104 s 
 42 s 
 170 s 
 
 274 ] 
 
 191 3 
 iiri\f<t\iov 233 4 
 fpyov fvypafos 221 9 
 
 4 
 
 ^s 259 J 
 
 336 2 
 
 211 >, 260 
 101 4 
 
 p^. i. 313, 209, 302 
 App. i. 33 
 
 41 s 
 
 101 5 
 59 2 
 105 3 
 
 101 3 
 n; 39 4 , 174 4 
 
 220" 
 254 3 
 tj 156 1 
 Ovda. 306 7 
 evptaffiri* 131 
 ^upe6s 129' 
 
 158", 165 4 , xiii. 24 
 86 ', 129 2 
 
 . i. 150 
 
 160 s 
 63 4 
 106 s 
 
 206 s 
 133 * 
 
 KdfJULJ; 131" 
 
 (cavom 62 s 
 
 KO.VWV 63 2 
 
 cdpa/3oy 89 4 
 
 KapKlvos 111 1 , 295 5 
 
 KapKlvos wi'/ja-y/^njs 92 3 
 
 Kdpvov 22 4 
 
 /car' oveipov App. i. 153 
 
 Karoirrpov 1 3 
 
 K(Kpv<f>a\os 206 4 
 
 xtvrpov 104 5 
 
 75 ^ 
 39 s 
 
 . i. 99 
 
 112 2 
 166 1 
 
 233 2 
 
 KTjpLov 55 ' 
 
 83 * 
 
 294 3 
 
 62 3 
 
 134 4 
 
 Ki'(T7-; /iteXaj 
 /cXotoj 107 8 
 s 109 3 
 86 J 
 App. i. 114 
 
 171 
 
 51 8 , 155 1 
 KOVTOS 91 4 
 KOTT/J 129 2 
 Koivij 35 3 
 81 4 
 246 2 
 122 , 
 
 Kpdvos 129 r 
 Kpedypa 101 6 
 Kpeaypls 306 1 
 KPTJT-/IP 33 s 
 21 1 
 
 65" 
 
 123 1 
 
 63 J 
 
 33 
 
 51 5 
 
 wv 175 J 
 202 ' 
 
 KVTTf\\OV 170 3 
 
 209 1 
 
INDICES. 
 
 407 
 
 Ktuv 176 1 
 
 oTvos 44 4 
 
 KWTTTJ 5 l 
 
 ois 258 ! 
 
 
 oXirT; 26 1 2 
 
 Xa.pvptv0o* elvdXios 224 l 
 
 faXov 178 1 
 
 \dyvvos 248 J 
 
 opynilj 4 2 
 
 Xayw/36Xo>> 152 1 
 
 opuf 297 4 
 
 Xaifj.oTr^da.1 16 4 
 
 Sffirpia 98 4 
 
 Xa/uTdj 100 J , App. i. 149, 206 
 
 ox^Mtt ^^>p. i. 3 
 
 X<?/3?7s 153 J, xiii. 8 
 
 
 X^Krpov 58 ! 
 
 7rd777 23 5 
 
 X<fa> 218 
 
 iravh 27 3 
 
 Xi/3d6Vs 170 3 
 
 irdyovpos 196 4 
 
 M/Savoy '231 6 
 
 Tra^ta 309 4 
 
 XWoj 63 s 
 
 nav painted 315 l , cp. x. 10, xvi. 232, 
 
 XWos Tru/xroriKos 27 4 
 
 258, 259 
 
 XW (nets) 12 1 
 
 7rcto"crctXoy 21 
 
 Xfvos 5 3 
 
 7rf5iXa 208 l 
 
 X67X*? 107 2 
 
 Tntfa 287 2 
 
 XiVoy 148 2 
 
 TT^fa Treplff(pvpos 211 2 
 
 \c6irtoi' 245 5 
 
 fl-Ae/ci>s 103 s 
 
 Xwroy 94 3 
 
 Tr^TrXos 200 s , ^p. i. 19 
 
 
 i / -t r7rt o 
 7TpLO'(pL'piOt f L t 
 
 fi&fr 251 3 
 
 irepbv-n 282 3 
 
 Atdo-rtf 233* 
 
 _,'_ OQO2 
 
 7TeTCt(70S ZO^ 
 
 (id* 234 4 
 
 Tr^rpos (flint) 5 5 
 
 iMffTodfrov 201 4 
 
 TTIJKTri 55 l 
 
 ^Xav 64 5 
 
 TTTjXljf 163 3 
 
 /uAi 55* 
 
 TT^T? 160 5 
 
 MeXia 52 ! 
 
 ir^cy 288 6 
 
 fj.fXuro'ui' d/j.ppcxrir] 232 4 
 
 Trijpa 95 2 
 
 /j.rjXoi> 22 l 
 
 T^XI/S 204' 
 
 MXovxos 211 3 
 
 7Tt00S 77 X 
 
 MtXretoj' 205 3 
 
 TTIXOS 90 5 
 
 ^irpa 201 \ xiii. 24 
 
 7TiW| 147 4 , 213 2 
 
 ya^yaa 197 2 , App. i. 12, 32, 40, 44, 51, 
 
 TrXaKous 155 3 
 
 257, 318 
 
 7rXd App. i. 217 
 
 fj-vTJfj.' dperijs App. i. 38, 58 
 
 ^-\^,^ r ;-^, Qnou 
 Tr\ct,To.yTj ouy 
 
 IJ.v-fjfj.ij App. i. 127 
 
 > ' , 1 H A 2 
 TTAO.TGCJ'OS All/ 
 
 fivrHtAffwov 341 2 , App. i. 13 
 
 irXtK^/s 295 6 
 
 /t6Xt/3os 62 J 
 
 irXoKafj-ls 59 1 , 60 2 
 
 fj.6(rxos 258 2 
 
 iroddypa 296 J 
 
 /ii/eXot e/c ffTpofilXuv 232 2 
 
 7ro5ew' 95 5 
 
 fj.v<j}ip 95 * 
 
 TroSiffTpa 107 6 
 
 
 TroTrciKet^a 231 3 
 
 vd/cos 78 J 
 
 ___'_ 0004 
 TTOTTCtS ^O^5 
 
 va6s 53 i 
 
 TTp^WJ' 103 4 
 
 vdpdos 231 5 
 
 TrpOKa\VfJL/Jia TTpOffWTTOV 207 5 
 
 vd/x9^ 294 2 
 
 irpoxo'h 292 6 
 
 yaOs 69 a , -4/?jp. i. 5 
 
 TrreX^a 170 : 
 
 j'e/Spfy 87 J 
 
 * / jt fio 4 
 TTTW/vOS TTOOCS y^ 
 
 J^XT; (net) II 2 
 
 
 y^/ia 286 5 
 
 pd^35os 246 3 
 
 vltcq App. i. 327 10 
 
 pai<rT-/ip 117 x 
 
 
 pti/at xapasrai 206 J 
 
 6avov 189 4 , ix. 601, xvi. 248, App. i. 
 
 P/PT? 92 2 
 
 268 
 
 plTT.S 101 2 
 
 iwn)/j 205 5 
 
 p65o/ 158 ! 
 
 
 potd 22 J 
 
 (5^3eX6y 306 5 
 
 pou^os 165 1 
 
 o7x>"7 232 5 
 
 powaXov 3 4 
 
 of os (p-ftyivos 37 J 
 
 potrrpov 74 7 , 165 3 
 
408 
 
 INDICES. 
 
 pVKdrq 204 s 
 
 rfrri^ x a ^- K v* ^8 S^ 1 
 
 pvffia 274 * 
 
 T<^a 2 1 
 
 
 Top^fi y&fjL<f>uy 205* 
 
 ffdyapit 94" 
 
 ropvvi\ 306* 
 
 <rdcos 84 
 
 rpd7oj 32 4 , 167 2 
 
 (rdXwryS 46 s 
 
 rplatva 38 s 
 
 o-dvSaXa 201 * 
 
 rp/;3oXoj 104* 
 
 ^dri'pos 56 
 
 rp7Xa 105 l 
 
 ff7j/ia ^^. i. 39, 253 
 
 rpka 95 4 , 104 6 
 
 (nmeior ^pp. i. 211 
 
 rpt65ouj 4 s 
 
 ffifivmjt 93 1 8 
 
 T/rfTow 8 1 , 103, 214 s , 339', 344 4 , cp. 
 
 o-^i/vov 176 
 
 xiii. 13, 28, App. i. 208 
 
 <rJ/u'os 102 5 
 
 rp/xeJ 164* 
 
 <r/ca^j 297 
 
 rpt>iratoi> App. i. 83 
 
 ffKdQos 21 7 , Xpp. i. 1 
 
 nJAtTavov 51 7 
 
 ffK^irapvov 205 * 
 
 Ti/w6j 299 4 , cp. xiii. 2, .4j>p. i. 351 
 
 ffKiira.* euvrjs 58 l 
 
 
 ffKJTrwv 294 ! 
 ffKoXovfvdpa. 222 l 
 
 C5wp 42 
 ft-tj 104 4 
 
 <r/cCXa 163 2 , App. i. 109 
 
 virtvSvfM 292 J 
 
 <nctfXos 35 2 , 165 2 
 
 
 <r/jJ.\r) 62 2 
 
 
 ffirdvfj ^88 
 
 ^aixdj 254 5 
 
 trirbyyos 60 
 <nrvpk 4 2 
 
 <^)apos 208 
 
 ardO^y 103 * 
 
 (pap^Tpij 9 ^ 
 
 <rrdX t $ 109 4 
 
 ^>eXX6j 5 4 
 ^otj 258 2 
 
 <TTdxus 98 3 
 
 ^idXa; App. i. 53 
 
 ffreydvy xpar6j 294 4 
 ffrtfjifjia 172 J 
 <rr^^aj'oj 59 J 
 ffT-r)\rj App. i. 83, 225 
 
 0pa5ai<ri vvfKpav App. i. 48 
 ^>wds 105 ' 
 0(}\Xa pbSwr 154 6 
 
 o-TXe77is 282 s 
 
 
 <rryXis rprfpovs 342 ', cp. ^Ipp. i. 26 
 ffiryxir 294 4 
 
 Xatrai 173 5 
 XaXiy6s 131 , 233 ! 
 
 O-OKOJ- 22 2 
 
 XaX/cos dpoTpijTT^s 41 J 
 
 ff<f>ayls 306 4 
 
 XaX/cos Siairy^s 210 s 
 
 (r^atpa 280 2 
 
 XdpTjs K<i3fj.iK&s 308 3 
 
 o-00pa 103" 
 
 xdpts App. i. 33 
 
 <rxtfa 282 s 
 
 X^f 231 4 
 
 o-Xoivoj 103 
 
 X^Atapos 134 4 
 
 (TWTTJptO 216 ^ 
 
 Xtriiy 81 3 , ^4pp. i. 117 
 
 
 XtrtDves rpiy\o<j>bpoi (nets) 11 s 
 
 raXapicr/coj 174 3 
 TdXapos 39 s 
 
 XXa/xiys 282 4 
 XtfT/xw 306 l 
 
 Tffdvi) Affiropa 79 l 
 
 
 rtpcrpov 103 5 
 
 \f/aiffTd 190 6 
 
 TerpdTrous 101 s 
 
 ^Tj/crpa 233 6 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 A^arov 200 6 
 'Afiopiytves 55 5 
 253 12 
 xjl 329 ^ 
 oO 279 12 
 irapx'n 59 14 
 
 &ya\/j.a 327, 328, 376 2 ; see 
 a-yuH> x 1 *^ 605 150 2 
 d7^at 0eai 263 13 
 ci-yopd 26 1 3 
 
 dyopav6(u>s 261 3 , 262 6 
 'Ay port pa. 50 4 
 'A7wetfj 321 9 
 dSe/cdreuros 60 3 
 fiSTjXoy 249 7 
 a Aiow^0T)S eCZa.ro 329 * 
 a eflfaro 280 2 
 'A6V- 325 " 
 'A6iiva.s 325 11 
 
 325 u 
 405 
 376 3 
 o-co 218 6 
 mis 376 2 
 184 4 
 fjuii 49 4 
 
 v, see 
 
 Oj 33 5 , 75, 190 4 
 dXo-os 207 6 
 'A^aia 44 "> 
 
 307 5 
 
 '/)76s 235 5 
 s \alov 150 13 
 ts 184 9 
 Ti/s 184 9 
 323 
 Ti{eiv 339 
 
 57 8 , 121 1 , 167, 169 1 , 322 1 , 
 323, 349 3 , 360 u , 373 8 , 390 14 
 vaO^fiara : 
 
 (LyaXfw. 47 6 , 61 13 - 14 , 90 1 - 4 , 91 1 , 124 7 , 
 125, 126 3 , 143 B , 144 5 , 145 \ 151 14 , 
 152 4 , 229 2 , 260 , 266 5 , 269 7 - 12 , 
 270 u , 307 l , 310 4 , 31 1 1 , 333 6 . 8 , 
 353 J , 355, 391 8 , 404, 405 
 v 405 
 
 . 
 
 dyyetov 265 , 404 
 a-yKiarpov 405 
 AyKvpa 399, 405 
 dypl<t>i) 405 
 381 3 
 , 323 
 
 152 6 , 153 8 - 9 - 12 , 154 1 
 alyls 394 
 
 aldolov 210 8 , 212 1 , 397, 403 
 aZer6s, ateroO Acec^aXi} 399 
 d/cat^a 405 
 a/caK0os 399 
 dKivdKrjs 31 1 5 , 394 
 d/ds 405 
 
 59 12 , 78 S 399 
 405 
 
 iva 101 9 
 iva 52 12 
 
 iviov 50 3 , 51 2 , 54, 57 7 , 100 2 , 
 102 23 , 117 7 , 123 4 - 5 , 147 1 , 154 2 , 
 234 1 , 251 6 , 394, 396, 405 
 a,Kpo6ivLov i-pydiv offluv 59 ls 
 aKpoirrepov 405 
 
 O.KpOffTO\lOV 110 4 
 
 dKpwrjpiop 124 u , 394 
 
 d/crij 405 
 
 d/c^wv 399 
 
 dXd/Saerros 399 
 
 dXdpaffTpov 397 
 
 d\fKrpv<J}v 297 7 
 
 dX^/crwp 405 
 
 dXteus y^puv 241 J 
 
 dXiT? 405 
 
 d,XK<yw' 405 
 
 d\6rpi\f/ 405 
 
 dXou/xy^s 396 
 
 dXTTj/) 162 ! 
 
 aXwru, dXi)<rtoi/ 313 4 , 397, 402, 403 
 
 d/w; 405 
 
 oLUftAriov 74 13 , 403 
 
 dMTeXoy 17 18 , 402 
 
 dyUTreXor xpvrf 66 8 
 
 d/iTrAon ^aXX6j 66 9 
 
 a.fjiiri\ovov 396 
 
 a,(j.irpov 394 
 
410 
 
 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 405 
 
 Tpov 405 
 <LfjL<t>idta 394, 399 
 dnipopti'S, dfj.<j>oplffKOt 394, 399 
 dvayKatoir&rqs 399 
 dvddrjfj.a 396 
 di'Sptdi'Tios 272 7 
 drSptdvTiov, dvdpiavridiov, dvSptavri- 
 
 ffKm 288 18 , 394, 399, 402, 404 
 dvSpid* 97 2 , 131 8 , 167 10 , 209 2 , 266 4 , 
 269 8 , 315 13 , 328 4 , 350 2 , 397, 399 
 399 
 
 41 s , 53 10 , 54 4 
 T^X"?J 59 18 
 dirapxt 9 6 , 34 7 , 41 4 , 44 2 , 46 2 , 49 4 , 
 52 >- 4 , 53, 53 s - 8 , 54, 54 , 56 10 , 
 571. 4. s, i 2i 58 io t 5913. u t 60 i. s t 61 i2 > 
 
 64, 70', 90 4 - 8 , 91 *, 93 2 . 8 - 18 , 96 11 , 
 100 2 , 10 1 8 , 102 20 , 103, 131 8 , 138 6 , 
 245 >!, 328 2a , 333 2 , 394, 399, 404, 
 405 
 dirapx''] dyaffwv 59 14 
 
 avOpuiruv 52 3 
 fpyuv Kal KT(dvui> 59 13 
 
 Konfjs 245 u 
 dirotfu<7Tdvio' 281 7 
 d7roirTiry/aa 394 
 diroppavTT)piov 394 
 dpyfiara 53 
 dpytpiov 397, 399 
 dpyuptov Kij35ri\oi' 313 9 , 394 
 dpyvpls 394, 399 
 dpfc 405 
 
 dpicrrerov 103 4 , 127 8 , 147 J , 405 
 &PKVS 405 
 &porpov 405 
 dproj 52 5 , 405 
 dpwas 399 
 dpwmjp, 399, 402 
 dpvffrpts 405 
 dff/cor 313 5 , 399 
 do-TriStov 116 7 , 226 2 , 394 
 dffiridiffKT) 116 7 , 253 12 , 394, 396, 399, 
 
 405 
 
 dairtdiffKiov 394, 405 
 do-Trfj 107 7 , 114 6 , 226 2 , 394, 397, 
 
 399, 405 
 dffTrij dpyvpa 116 8 
 
 - xpvffij 114 9 
 dffrpayd\i), d^rpd-yaXos, d<7Tpa7d\ioj' 
 
 249 ' 4 , 397, 405. 
 
 a T' ov <pwvt]ra. irpos dvSpaj 72 9 , 405 
 drpo/cTos 394, 405 
 oi)\6s 114 5 , 397, 405 
 iov 226 3 , 397 
 s 397 
 405 
 ia 71 J 
 v 405 
 332" 
 
 pandKiov 281 7 , 399 
 396 
 397 
 
 JsAos'llO 14 , 394 
 Podyptov 405 
 poiSiov 297 :t , 394 
 Pbrpvs 405 
 povpd\ioi> 399 
 p v K ((f>d\ij 69 ", 403 
 BovKed>d\iov 399 
 
 74", 399 
 405 
 a? 405 
 405 
 402 
 
 r^vicos 397, 403 
 /3wya6s 40 ', 259 \ 281 13 , 283 7 , 297 3 , 
 404, 405 
 
 7CUTT pOTTTTJS 399 
 
 7aiX6s 405 
 7^X71$ 405 
 7'etdj 405 
 7<?pavos 399 
 : ppa 71 J 
 
 ^0^, 7X0^5401*, 381 4 , 394 
 \.v<pavov, y\v<f>is 405 
 76x1; 210 8 , 397 
 yopyoveiov 394 
 405 
 
 .405 
 
 ypvirbs wporofj.^ 394 
 7wpir6j 405 
 5ais 302 :t , 403 
 da.KTv\ios, da.KTv\idiov 225 3 - 6 , 394, 
 
 396, 397, 399, 402, 403 
 5d/cTi;Xos 210 8 , 397 
 SapeiKoj 397, 400, 402 
 Sd<pvr] 405 
 SeKdrevpa 405 
 
 SeKdrr, 42 a , 54 13 , 55, 55 1 - 8 , 56 10 - 28 - 27 , 
 57 7 - 11 , 58 8 , 59 1 - 8 , 60 2 - 3 - 4 , 61 1 , 
 63 10 , 78 9 , 83 1 , 90 4 - 6 , 92 n , 93 2 - 7 - 18 , 
 94 ', 98 8 , 100 2 , 102, 103, 106 6 , 
 110 u , 114 10 , 115 4 , 116 S 121 2 , 
 124 7 , 126 3 , 128 10 , 142 6 , 144 s , 
 147 !, 328 21 , 399, 405 
 Stttdr-n tpyuv 56 1 - 
 
 ruv 59 13 
 ov 58 10 
 397 
 
 !>' 394, 397, 399 
 405 
 405 
 
 405 
 71', 405 
 
 394 
 ita 405 
 
 405 
 iia 397 
 5iceXXa 405 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 411 
 
 SIKTVOV 394, 406 
 
 iiriraiviSiov 400 
 
 
 Slvo/j-ov 400 
 
 tiri<pv\\is 406 
 
 
 SIVos 3;i7 
 
 ^irix^TTjs 400, 402 
 
 
 SIOTTCU 394, 399 
 
 eir^Xiov 406 
 
 
 dlffKos 394, 399 
 
 ZirXevTov 400 
 
 
 5t<p6^pa. 402 
 
 ^p^rr; 406 
 
 
 50pos 394, 404 
 
 #pta 403, 406 
 
 
 >a| 406 
 
 pta /xaXa/ca ec Ka\at)iaKui 73 2 , 
 
 394 
 
 Sop&nov HO 15 , 394 
 
 ^pTruXXos 406 
 
 
 SopKds 68 2 
 
 ^pwy, ^pwrtoj' 263 ^ 321 3 , 400, 
 
 406 
 
 Sopu HO 3 , 394, 399, 406 
 
 tpuriffKos 394, 403 
 
 
 doxttov 406 
 
 <?(rxdpa 394, 400, 402, 406 
 
 
 Spa.yfj.0. 406 
 
 <?ffXapis 400, 404 
 
 
 SPO.KOVTLOV 209 3 , 250 13 , 398 
 
 ^Xf"X^ts y<>/j.<f>os 406 
 
 
 Spd/fcw 209 4 , 394, 398, 406 
 
 <?X^"i 394 
 
 
 dpax/J-ds 7rfTpaKwxXfas 92 * 
 
 ^X 17 ?'' 7 ? 400 
 
 
 SpaXA"? 394, 400, 402 
 
 eX^ 1 ? ffTpOTlUTlKlfl 110, 400 
 
 
 dpfirdvT], Sptwavov 406 
 
 ^X'"os 399, 406 
 
 
 dpvTrira 406 
 
 feiryos 107 9 
 
 
 E 354 1J ' 
 
 fi/76' 272 3 
 
 
 eyxeiptSiov 390 14 
 
 <" "ua ^Xe^dj/Tti/a 68 5 
 
 
 ?7X Xi's 51 13 
 
 fwtSdpta dpyupa 68 4 , 394, 400 
 
 
 fyXs 406 
 
 ifaidtoj' 394, 400 
 
 
 eTSwXov 7i/vat/c6s 255 7 
 
 fw/xa 396 
 
 
 '(> 80 \ 167 9 , 169 2 - 3 , 210 s , 229 2 - 10 , 
 
 fwAwfcwrij 394, 396, 399, 406 
 
 
 255 7 .269 7 ,270 6 ' 7 - 11 ,27]. 13 ,315 14 .i5 > 
 
 fwvi7 255 7 , 403, 406 
 
 
 327 - 1 , 372 2 , 373 5 - 8 , 406 
 
 fuij'')/ dpyvpd 74 13 
 
 
 flKuv Tfviov 231 5 
 
 ^77 TrjpeeviKri 249 5 
 
 
 eiKaw TT/S (07X775 232 5 
 
 fwpos 406 
 
 
 elXiKT-hp 394 
 
 ^ 210 8 , 398 
 
 
 eZ>ta 406 
 
 T/Si/TTorts, ydviroTiov, TjdvTroridiov 
 
 398, 
 
 flpeai&vT) 52' 
 
 400, 403 
 
 
 etVoaos 35 2 , 273 6 
 
 i70M6s 394, 399, 400, 403, 406 
 
 
 fKa.Tofji.fir) 44 8 
 
 fjXaKdrr) 396, 400, 406 
 
 
 ^xTrw/ia 394, 400, 402 
 
 ijXos 394 
 
 
 /CTT? 394 
 
 f]fJLlKVK\lOV 400 
 
 
 ZKTVTTOV 402 
 
 rifj.iTvfii.ov 404 
 
 
 Aa/a (xpwrij) 66 7 , 403, 406 
 
 7j>txo' 400 
 
 
 Aatoy 52 5 , 332 10 
 
 i)fj.ixovv 399 
 
 
 eXatpjv 403 
 
 rHuuptXw 394, 400, 402 
 
 
 i\44at 400 
 
 /9n.Xn./i7? 406 
 
 
 j\ / -i f . i it 
 e\i)oxpi<fTiov loo 
 
 6aXXbs dfj-ir^Xov 66 9 
 
 
 ipfidSei 406 
 
 OipiffTpov 406 
 
 
 l/i/3oXos 400, 406 
 
 OepnavTripiov 395 
 
 
 (fLTTVpOV 226 J 
 
 6epfj.dffTiov 395 
 
 
 dvde<Tfj.is 400 
 
 depp.a.ffTpis 395 
 
 
 ^Si/Awx 406 
 
 ^pos xP vffo v v 66 3 
 
 
 tvdvrov 406 
 
 07jp?7 67 u 
 
 
 tvwidiov 394, 396, 398, 399, 403 
 
 6r)pi.KXfiov 398, 400 
 
 
 evwiridiov 253 12 , 403 
 
 B-qaavpbs 124 7 
 
 
 tv&inov 253 12 , 400, 403 
 
 6>6Xtov, BoXifaov 398 
 
 
 ^dXetTrrpo^ 253 9 - 12 , 396, 398, 400, 
 
 0pt {(fafiiKri, iraiSiK-f), irpwroT}, 
 
 L7/TOS 
 
 404 
 
 242 10 ; cp. 406, 408 
 
 
 etavffrrip 400, 402 
 
 flpovos (ftfXivos) 225 8 , 395, 
 
 398, 
 
 i48pa 266 4 
 
 405 
 
 
 lira6Xoy 153 3 
 
 flvefa 406 
 
 
 ?7rap7/u.a 53 8 
 
 evfj-iaT-fipiov 63 9 , 395, 398, 400, 
 
 402 
 
 wifi\y}fj.a. 396 
 
 Ovvvos 51 12 
 
 
 iTiMmTw 316 14 , 317 2 
 
 0i^pa 35 3 , 273 6 
 
 
 eTTlTTOpTT/S 406 
 
 Ovpta.* 406 
 
 
412 
 
 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 ava.Orina.Ta. : 
 
 0vp6s HO 1 , 406 
 406 
 263* 
 
 110 18 , 395, 396, 405, 406 
 iris 398 
 ia 296 7 
 s 406 
 
 TIOV 396, 404 
 m) 406 
 euj <p<i>ff<p&pos SO 3 
 
 Jjnr^/coj 115 4 , 164, 404, 406 
 Kov 410 
 
 402 
 
 SoTj 406 
 406 
 
 210 8 , 398 
 
 Soy, /caSfo-icos 395, 397, 399, 400, 
 402, 403 
 
 73, 224 4 , 395, 398, 400 
 
 406 
 
 KdXa/xos 406 
 Ka\avpoif> 406 
 KdXivx/ia 397 
 
 /caXthrretpa 406, KaXvirrpa 249 12 , 406 
 Ka\vw-Hip 403, 406 
 /caXutdtop 402 
 406 
 
 395 
 
 KdvSvs 397 
 
 Ko.vd6.piov 397 
 
 KayoO* 278", 395, 398, 399, 400, 
 
 402, 405 
 
 KO.V&V, Kavovls 403, 406 
 Kdpaflos 406 
 /tapSta 210 8 , 398, 400 
 xap/c^os 214 8 , 250 13 , 398, 406 
 Kapvov 406 
 Kapx-hfftov 281 6 , 395, 397, 399, 400, 
 
 405 
 
 Kaffffirepos 400 
 Ka.Taird\Tr)S 395 
 Kdroirrpov 395, 397, 398, 406 
 KdTwpls 395 
 /cavXos ffi\<(>iov 66 11 
 Kficpv<t>a\os 225 4 , 249 8 , 397, 398, 
 
 404, 406 
 
 K(Kpt<}>a\o< ITTITIK^ HO 20 , 395 
 K^vrpov 406 
 K^pas, Kepaidiov, Kpa/J.v\\t.ov 281 7 , 
 
 395, 400, 402, 404, 406 
 s 406 
 
 os, nepxviov, 398, 399, 400 
 Tj 50 2 , 210 J , 395, 398, 406 
 232 s , 406 
 s 395 
 Krjptov 406 
 Kqptxfiov 400, 404, 405 
 
 V 399 
 
 397, 399 
 395, 405 
 
 406 
 ov 395 
 400 
 406 
 t 406 
 406 
 
 /WV 273 8 , 328 4 
 395 
 
 400 
 
 31 1 6 , 395, 400 
 406 
 s 406 
 
 ^ HO 19 , 395, 406 
 s 398, 400, 406 
 
 395 
 
 400 
 
 406 
 
 24 1 13 - 14 , 243 2 , 245", 406 
 xbvdv, Kov6v\tov 400 
 Kovr6s 406 
 KOTT/S 404, 406 
 K6fnj 90. 10 , 395 
 Kupvfj.f-Sos 395 
 Koptivij 406 
 406 
 
 316 13 , 400, 406 
 <c6rra/3os 400 
 6ri;Xoj, KoryX?/ 397, 399 
 Koraweios 400 
 KpaSfUT^s 399 
 Kpavlov 44 6 
 
 Kpdvoj, /cpdveto, Kpavioiov 395, 406 
 Kpa.Ta.viov 281 7 
 Kpareirnjj 395 
 /cpa-nfc 281 7 , 311 5 , 390 15 , 395, 400, 
 
 402, 406 
 
 KparypiSiov, KpaTTjpiffKos 398, 400 
 Kpedypa, Kpf6.ypi.ov, icpfaypls 395, 399, 
 406 
 
 v 404 
 
 403 
 
 icpiov Kf<pa\Ji 395 
 Kp6^os 395 
 
 250" 
 395, 406 
 Kua^j 400 
 /ctfatfos 395, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403 
 
 of'v 400 
 
 406 
 
 404 
 
 iffKos 400 
 
 395, 398 
 
 /n/Xt{, KV\IKIO>> 281 7 , 395, 400, 406 
 KuXtx^s, KV\IXVLOV, KvXixvidiov 395, 
 
 397, 398, 400 
 ov 406 
 400 
 
 uplov, KVfipiStov 93 7 , 313 4 , 397, 
 
 398, 400 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 413 
 
 Kviracrcris 406 
 KijweXXov 406 
 
 KVpfif] 400 
 
 Ktipros 406 
 
 /CI/T-OS 101 6 
 
 KVWV 46 \ 406, 407 
 
 K&dv 400 
 
 Kcitfwv 395, 397, 399, 400, 403 
 
 KuOuviov 403 
 
 K&\ov 44 6 
 
 /cuvos HO 4 , 400 
 
 KUTT1) 407 
 
 Xa/fty 400 
 
 \a.ptpiv6os 407 
 
 XdYi/poy 407 
 
 Xayu/SoXov 407 
 
 Xa7<oyy 72 16 
 
 \atfJMir5r) 407 
 
 Xa/i7rade2bc 399 
 
 XaMTrdy, Xa/wrdStov 153 8 , 400, 403, 
 
 407 
 X<^y 327 23 , 390 14 - 15 , 395, 399, 400, 
 
 402, 407 
 
 XepJTiov 397, 399, 400, 402 
 Xeteu 395 
 
 Xei/jLwviov 66 10 , 400 
 XeKdvT, 395, 400 
 Xticrpov 407 
 X^ovros Ke<paMi, irpoTo/j-ri 69 11 , 395, 
 
 400 
 
 Xtfaw 407 
 \-fldiov 397 
 
 \rjiov trepixpvffov 66 4 , 395 
 XIJKU^OS, \riKv6iov 398 
 XijKf^os ffKvrivrj 225 1 
 X77J/IS 400 
 \ipavos 407 
 
 \tpavurls 398, 400, 403, 404 
 Xifiavurbs 404 
 Xi^ds 407 
 
 Xi0os, \i8dpiov, 398, 400, 407 
 a\a<nroei.5-/is 225 5 
 rt Tiji'fots 73 J , 397 
 407 
 Xot/3is 399 
 Xon^noj' 405 
 Xiryyotfptov 398, 400 
 Xi5/)a, Xi^/Jiof 395, 398 
 Xi^x^ 05 ) Xix'o''i Xuxi/foi* 395, 399, 
 
 400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407 
 XvxPoOx * 400 
 \unriov 407 
 Xwr6s 407 
 Atafa 407 
 
 ftafow6fu> 403, 404 
 fjidvr)s, fi6.vi.ov 400 
 /tdo-Ti^ 407 
 /icwrru 407 
 fj-affToderov 407 
 yttao-r6s, /JLaffriov 212 1 , 400, 403 
 
 ipa HO 4 , 395, 400, 402, 404 
 v 407 
 
 roO crwpiaToy 210 8 
 52 B , 407 
 /a 407 
 pa 272 3 
 ca/ 2147, 398 
 
 224 4 , 398, 407 
 ov 66 8 , 185, 395, 400 
 s 407 
 395, 399 
 
 %)OS 210 8 
 
 Kbs TUITOS 212 3 
 
 lov 407 
 252 n , 395, 404, 407 
 
 oj 407 
 407 
 
 i; 253 12 , 400 
 fj.vu\f/ 407 
 y<x/cos 407 
 
 vo6j 158 2 , 228 8 , 273 5 , 283 3 , 311 l , 407 
 vdpdos 407 
 ydp^| 407 
 vavs 407 
 ye/3ps 407 
 ve<f>4\T) 407 
 
 yews fyfioXov HO 5 , 400 
 pij/ua 407 
 v^o-os 342 3 
 
 VTJTTO. apyvpa. 67 1 , 395 
 vfKTj 146 6 , 395, 400, 407 
 t>iKrjr-/ipiov 99 1 , 155 13 , 226 3 , 395, 402, 
 
 403 
 
 vLKidiov 226 3 , 398 
 v6/Mfffjia 397, 400 
 vonos 400 
 
 ^0o/idxatpa HO 18 , 395 
 ^(^oy, fi^Wtoj- 311 5 , 395, 399 
 \bavov 407 
 ^a-r-^p 403, 407 
 ^i/crris 395 
 d/3eXtcr/coy, (5/3eX<5y 74 "- 19 , 395, 399, 
 
 401, 407 
 
 6p \6s 390 15 , 400, 403 
 
 7X"7 407 
 
 <55o^y 210 8 , 398 
 
 ofoy 407 
 
 olvos 407 
 
 0^0x6?; 281 7 , 395, 398, 399, 401, 
 
 402, 404 
 oly 45 4 , 407 
 6/ceia 75 s 
 6K\adia 395 
 
 oXmov 395, 401, 402 
 
 0X71-77 407 
 
 6vv% 395, 398 
 
 6ls 401, 403 
 
 6^a<t>ov 401 
 
 67rXtro5p6^.oy 396 
 
 oVXo.' 124 11 , 26226, 328 s , 407 
 
414 
 
 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 407 
 
 395, 399, 401 
 opi 407 
 Sffirpia 407 
 <w 210 8 , 212 8 , 398 
 <ty0aX/i6$ 210 8 , 212 7 , 398 
 tyloiov '209 s , 395, 398, 401, 403 
 o<j6is 401 
 ox0oios 395 
 Td-yij, JT07/J 407 
 ird-yoiipos 407 
 ira^ia 249 14 , 407 
 raiding. \lOiva 250" 
 iraiSlov QiXoffrpdrov 210 3 , 398 
 iraXi^irirjjs, iraXfynroTOv 401, 404 
 iraXXaSiov, TraXXdfnoi' 395 
 ira.va.ypls 405 
 
 irai/orXia HO 21 , 113 \ 395 
 irapdy\vfj.fjM 398 
 ira.pdofiyfj.a 70 3 
 irapdXa<r(m 404 
 irapair^Tafffj.a 277 J , 404 
 irapdpvfJM 395 
 irapdffijfjia 105 6 
 irdtrcraXos 407 
 TajTds 273 6 
 *-<?Scu 234', 398 
 407 
 
 irepltr<j>vpos 407 
 Ktvoj 405 
 407 
 
 110 13 , 395 
 
 opos 395, 401 
 407 
 it 63 2 
 ire/>t/3oXos 283 4 
 irtpideplSiof 401 
 irepifrl; 395 
 irepifwfJM 404 
 irepiKe<pa\ala 110 4 
 ireptAce^>dXaio>' 401 
 Kfpi.ppa.vT-tipi.ov 401, 402 
 ireptffKf \LSiov 225 3 , 398 
 wepiffKe\is 253 12 , 401 
 irepiff<f>vpiov 407 
 iretrax^Xia 395 
 
 253 12 , 395, 401, 405, 407 
 
 407 
 407 
 
 407 
 
 407 
 IT^CTJ, ir^vLov 407 
 
 TTT^pO 407 
 
 fl-^xfs 407 
 
 irftfos 407 
 
 irtXos (d/yyupoOj) 153 s , 401, 407 
 
 */<, irica/c^Kos 133, 135 3 , 174 8 , 
 
 178 4 , 232 2 , 270", 328 1 , 395, 397, 
 
 398, 401, 405, 407 
 iriTr6.Ki.ov 339 
 
 dvadr^xara : 
 
 irXaKoDt 404, 407 
 irXd| 407 
 
 vXdffrpa 395, 397, 399 
 irXarayi) 407 
 395 
 407 
 407 
 
 0peim}/>ioi 241 4 
 397 
 irj'i'yetyj 395 
 iroSdypa 407 
 7ro5a'tirT')Jp, jroSa.vfirrrjplSiot' 395, 399, 
 
 401 
 
 7ro5e?ov 395 
 irooedjv 407 
 woSlffTpa 407 
 iroXis 342 s 
 
 404 
 
 vt 397, 401 
 ta 407 
 iroTravov 296 2 
 u-oirds 407 
 7r6/)7n7 253 12 , 401 
 
 iror/ipiov, ironjpldiov 261 2 , 262 20 , 
 320 10 , 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 
 404 
 
 TTOI/J 50 2 , 210 8 , 395, 404, 407 
 irpiuv 407 
 irpoKd\vfj./j.a 407 
 TrpoTrv\ov 273 6 
 
 irpoffKf<f>d\aiov tpeovv 225 2 , 398 
 404 
 
 rpoffuiriov 212 1 , 210 8 , 270 11 , 
 395, 398, 403, 404 
 
 TTpOTOfli) X^OVTOS 69 1J 
 
 '/i 407 
 
 oWto*' 280 7 , 328 2 , 401, 
 402, 404 
 Trpvfj.vr)ffia 402 
 irpwdypia 50 3 
 irpw6\(ia 50 3 
 JTTW/COJ ?r65ej 407 
 iruXew 248 4 
 irfodai; 397 
 irijpavvov 395 
 irvprfviov 401 
 407 
 407 
 403 
 407 
 
 398, 407 
 pis 210 8 , 398 
 poSta*^ 401, 403 
 p^oi/ 401, 407 
 po/a 66 8 , 401, 405, 407 
 p<5/x0oj 407 
 
 poirdXioi 1 , pbiraXov, pbinpov 401, 407 
 408 
 397 
 22 3 , 398, 401 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 415 
 
 dva6rjfj.ara : 
 
 pvro<t>ia\ov 398 
 ffdyapis 408 
 <rdKos 408 
 <rdX7ri7f 114 s , 408 
 ffdvdaXa 408 
 ffdpSiov 395, 397, 398 
 ZarvpiffKos 401 
 Sdrvpos 408 
 Zeip-nv 281 7 
 (T^Xivop xP vff v v 66 6 
 ffT)/j.aro(j>opeiov 395 
 < rta7w' 210 8 , 398 
 ffifivvris 408 
 0-17X05 313 5 , 395, 399 
 ffiyvvov 408 
 
 (TIKUOS 408 
 
 StXiji'oO irp!)ffU3irov 403 
 
 <ri\<f>iov 66 11 
 
 ffivduv, ffivSovlffKij 404 
 
 ffKa,<f>fiov 395 
 
 <d07;, <TKd<t>tov 395, 398, 401, 402, 
 
 403, 408 
 <TKd<f>iov diro r&v aly&v ml rpdyuv 
 
 67 2 
 
 o-/ca0h 408 
 
 <Aos 210 8 , 212 9 , 395, 398, 401 
 ffK^irapvov 408 
 (TK^Tras ewijJ 408 
 <rce^ 162 9 
 
 ffK^TTUV 408 
 
 ffKo\oTT^vdpa 408 
 ovcDXa 106 10 , 328 3 , 408 
 e^fj.aTa. 101 8 
 408 
 
 401, 404 
 397 
 408 
 (rnvpvr) 404 
 o-Trd^T? 395, 408 
 
 ff1T\1)vi<TKOS 404 
 
 triniyyos 408 
 
 airovSeiov 63 9 
 
 fftrovdox&'ri, ffirovSoxolSiov 401 
 
 ffirvpls 408 
 
 ffTdOw 408 
 
 <rra.6fj.lov 395 
 
 <rraXi 408 
 
 <TTd/J.t>OS 401 
 
 o-rar^p 395, 400, 403 
 (TTar^p d/387jXos 313 9 , 395 
 ffrafpvX'/i 408 
 o-rdx^ej 66 4 , 395, 408 
 ffreydvri /cparis 408 
 crr^/jifia. 408 
 395 
 
 395, 401 
 
 tyavos 101 8 , 153 s , 154 4 , 155 12 , 
 266 6 , 269 1 , 272 7 , 281 6 , 344 19 , 395, 
 398, 401, 402, 403, 408 
 
 dva.0-fifjia.Ta : 
 ffTt<j>dvu>fi.a. 403 
 
 <7T^</OJ 154 3 
 
 o-r^^os 210 8 , 398 
 
 <rr7jXi7 408 
 
 o-rXerx^toi' 253 12 , 281 6 , 398 
 
 ffT\eyyU, ff r\iyyis 153 s , 225", 253 12 , 
 
 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 
 
 408 
 
 ffrod 35 1 - 2 , 124", 273 6 , 330 7 
 o-roX^ 282 l 
 ffTbfM 210 s , 398 
 
 405 
 
 oj 395, 401, 402 
 \ov 250 12 , 403 
 Js 404 
 ov 395 
 
 s, ffTvMSiov 401, 403, 408 
 (rrDXos 319 
 
 ffTvpdKiov doparos HO 22 , 395, 399 
 ffvp-rivr] 269 2 , 395 
 (Tiryxts 408 
 ffvKov 52 5 , 408 
 a-<payflov 395, 399 
 fffayis, 408 
 o-^atpa 401, 408 
 cr0eXtV/cos 404 
 ff<f>evdovr) 404 
 0-^47$ 401 
 ffippayis, ff<ppayi5iov 395, 396, 397, 
 
 398, 399, 401, 402 
 o-^pa 396, 408 
 o-xtfa 408 
 o"X,otviov 402 
 crxolvoj 408 
 
 a-w/^a 210 8 , 212 6 .7, 225 3 , 398 
 ffufidnov 210 s , 398 
 <rwpaKos 396 
 TOI OTTO TTJS Sei'pTjj 251 7 
 rd ^' a^s 74 13 , 251 2 , 403 
 raivia v\ivr) 178 1 , 401 
 rdXavroj' 396 
 rdXapos, TaXapt<r/cos 408 
 rapavrlvov 397 
 reXafjubv 328 G 
 rtfj-fvos 40, 408 
 riperpov 408 
 rerpddpaxfJ-ov, Terpa.xiJ.ov 226 4 , 398, 
 
 401, 403 
 
 TfTpO.VOfJ.OV 401 
 TCTpttTTOUJ 408 
 
 rerriyiov 401 
 
 r^TTtf 404, 408 
 
 TIT010V 210 8 , 398 
 
 rir^ 210 8 , 398 
 
 Tir06s 210 8 , 212 J , 398, 403 
 
 ro|ov HO 1 , 113, 401, 408 
 
 ropeys 408 
 
 TOpVVT) 408 
 
 rpa7os 408 
 Tpayiffxos 401 
 
416 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 328 5 , 396, 401, 402, 403 <om xXicoOj 144 10 
 
 t 210 8 , 398 QvKlov 253 12 , 401 
 
 Tpiaiva 408 0i'ius 408 
 
 rplpXtov 401 ^Xaf 403 
 
 rptpoXot 408 <t>wi)Tbv 396 
 
 rpipdviov 397 x<" 24 1 8 , 408 
 
 TpryXa 408 xaXi^j 396, 408 
 
 401 XiX/dof 396, 397, 402 
 
 401, 402 x*P*KTW" AAI 75 l , 396 
 
 rpi/j.7]vov 396 Xdpijs KWfjuK^s 94 3 , 408 
 
 Tp^a 403 Xe'/> 210 8 , 212 1 , 396, 398, 402, 403, 
 
 rptofloi/s 408 404 
 
 rpiiroStffKos, rpiirbdiov 152 5 , S27 24 , x^P^o" 21 8 . 398 
 
 398, 401, 403 - x^P^ivrpov 396 
 
 TpfTToi.s 146 8 , 148 7 , 149 3 , 151 14 , 152 10 , xP^a 396, 399 
 
 157 4 ' 8 - 7 , 178 4 , 260 6 , 385, 390", X fp"^ov 396, 402, 404 
 
 401, 408 x 1 ?" 408 
 
 rptrrifibptov 401 X'M* 1 /' 05 408 
 
 TpiruH' Kviraplffffivos 281 7 \ir<i)v, x'Tuivtov, x iTI ' )v l ffKO *i X lTU "^ ff ~ 
 
 rpiuptXiov 401 KIOV 396, 397, 404, 408 
 
 rpiApoXov 396, 398, 402 xXa/it/J 398, 408 
 
 rpbiraiov 408 xXa''^, xXa^^iov, xXavurKiov 397, 404 
 
 rpixprjua 397 X ' 5l "' 9 a ". 401 
 
 rtjfj.ira.vov 408 xolpos 45 4 
 
 TWOS, Ti)irtov, rw/Stoi' 63 7 , 223 1 - 2 - 4 , xo'"*. xo^f'os 398 
 
 398, 401, 403, 408 xo^s 396, 397 
 
 s 212 3 xM/tora 73 ls , 253 17 
 
 Ktpa/jddwv 70 3 x/>w^" 396, 397, 398, 401 
 
 396 XP 1 "^'^, xp vff ^ i0lr 396 
 
 up/a 277 s , 396, 399, 401, 402, 403, XP" Xi^os 321 4 , 396 
 
 404 xpwrw* 401, 403 
 
 i/l6 j 210 6 x^a 403 
 
 On* 408 X^pa. X^s. \vrpi^ov 398, 399, 
 
 virtv8v/Mi 408 401, 402, 403 
 
 virbpaBpov 396 X^po* 281 7 , 408 
 
 viropdnis 396 X^poj 121 2 
 
 396, 397, 399, 401 ^aurr6 408 
 
 7-a 224 8 , 398 f^Xiov 253 12 , 402 
 
 396, 402 Wtcrpa 408 
 
 Vaiov 404 ^iMTifa 396, 397, 399, 402, 403, 404 
 
 280 7 , 328 2 \l/vKT-tipiov diro TTJS eXd<pou teal rpdywr 
 
 vTToirjSiov 396 67 2 , 402 
 
 virbararov 396 cipata 9 6 , 45 4 , 121 - 
 
 uj 63 6 drrdpiov 210 s , 398, 402 
 
 C^cwia 396 dya/cero-^ai 112 8 , 185, 323 
 
 0ai/cds 408 AvaKf! 17 8 
 
 HO 2 , 113, 401, 408 &va.KTt<i iraides 29 5 
 
 70, 276 1 , 408 dvanetvcu 64, 167, 169 1 , 323, 324, 336, 
 
 vov 408 339, 349 3 
 
 117 7 d^Spa^a^tas 1-vfKa. /cat 5iKaio<rvvr)s 288 9 
 
 ; 408 dv8pids 184 ai , see dvaff^fjura. 
 
 408 'Avdpiwv olicos 122 7 , 343 2 
 
 57 8 , 118 2 , 144 10 , 261 2 - 8 , dv f 6ti~r,v 59 17 
 
 262 21 , 26S 24 , 278 3 , 281 7 , 311 s , dvt/j.6fj.vXov 237 2 
 344 19 , 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, dvijp x<"" ^pdvos 
 
 402, 403, 404, 405, 408 'AvOaXcts 45 4 
 
 396, 398, 401, 403 di/fo/xa 207 3 , 323 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 417 
 
 &v6e/j.a TW iraidi 325 a 
 
 d^TT;s 184 4 
 
 dvBtpev 207 3 
 
 d<Jrr)p<aifa 9 8 
 
 dvdi.Tnra.ff la 175 
 
 d^' wv elpydffaTO 93 6 
 
 dvdpwirdjv dirapxal 52 3 
 
 
 dvieplfav 339* 
 
 fiaffnavla 44 6 
 
 dj/iepow 282 !, 339 
 
 Bdra Kdpas 67 14 
 
 avTldep-a 405 
 
 A... ^-,', n 1QQ9 
 pTJIU,aTlffTTlS loo 
 
 dvTtxa/'fo/ie'os 196 7 
 
 /Stoi' apiaTa fiiuffavTa 270 12 
 
 djrd7eiJ' Jarpa 200 3 
 
 /3oa7os 153 3 
 
 __/),/ ooft2 
 
 aTTttiTTjc/eiS ^^u 
 
 /36af 379 6 
 
 dTrdpxeo-tfcu 53 8 , 57 12 
 
 Bodcrwi/ 232 12 
 
 dirapxeffBai. TTJS /co^s 241 13 , 242 16 , 245" 
 
 Bof 771/6$ 313 J 
 
 TUI> yevfluv 242 u 
 
 .y, ,, A . ,*_ OQ38 
 BQV KOTTtCt ^5OD 
 
 dirapx 7 ?, see dvaOri/jiaTa 
 
 BoiAcu'a 263 29 
 
 in nominative case 325 
 
 /3oi/X^ 332 
 
 To.6riva.lai 325 5 
 
 */3oOs tpdo/jLos 298 10 
 
 dTrapxV ffTf<t>avwefls 267 10 , 32S 22 
 
 BpoyTtDv 231 5 
 
 dTntfw/ca 323 14 
 
 
 dTrtdwKav TO lepoTrorjfia 220 2 
 
 yajj.ri\ioi Ofol 246 8 
 
 dTT^I? 165 10 
 
 yevtffta 4 1 
 
 dn-TjpfciTO 92 5 
 
 TeveruXXt's 298 9 
 
 diro5i5<Wt 220 2 - 3 , 324 
 
 7e'6/ie'os lepetis etc. 265 14 
 
 ctTroSiSovcu farpa 200 3 
 
 yepovTftuv 263 31 
 
 diroSiS' trffaL 335 3 
 
 Tewp76s 45 4 , 235 3 
 
 cbroSocris 331 
 
 Fi) ^v 7<;ats 45 4 
 
 dirodveiv evxr/v 229 4 
 
 7XaO' 'Atfifcafe 40 8 
 
 dTro^i'/etv ra farpa 200 3 
 
 rop7ietos 279 6 
 
 'ATroXXw ffov et'yu.1, <r6s ei'yu.' 325 ffl 
 
 ypafjifiaTevs 184 10 , 235 u 
 
 airoua-vSaXta. 10 8 
 
 'VpCt//./XCtT6lyWJ' 263 
 
 diroirf/j.irfiv taTpa 200 3 
 
 7pa/u / uart(c6s 320 10 , 322 2 
 
 aTfOffTafflou ^o4 
 
 yvp.vaffiapXT)ffas 34 12 , 35 2 
 
 aTrd T^S vai/yaax'os 268 1 
 
 7i>/ui>acriapxw' 177 12 
 
 d7r6 r^s r^x"?s 60 6 
 
 yv/j.t>iKos dyuiv 308 
 
 aTTOrp^Tratos 7 5 
 
 
 dTro^irywv 234, 234 8 
 
 da/j-iovpyr/ffas 264 n 
 
 air' wroSa/cwj/ 215 6 
 
 Sdi/os 233 ! 
 
 dpd 334 4 
 
 5e/cdf V 55 ! 
 
 dpyvpaire^a 117 6 
 
 SeKaffTaTTjpov 272 s 
 
 dper^v rijs 0eoO 330 
 
 5/careue' 55 *, 60 3 , 102 26 , 246, 405 
 
 apiffTa iro\iTevffd/j.evos 267 12 
 
 Ae/caTTj06pos 56^ 
 
 dpiffTfiov 268 9 , 394, 402 
 
 S^Xros 343 3 
 
 > r> /-v 1 OA 'i 
 
 ApiO'TOpov\'rj &0 * 
 
 5^/ia. 340 
 
 dpKTffclV 246 
 
 ae<-6T7js 29 3 
 
 (ip|as 259 4 
 
 Ar/Xiw^ ol/cos 122 7 , 343 2 
 
 dpas, i^TT^p T^S OvyaTpbs ei^a/xepos 265 18 
 
 A77X67TT17S 20 5 
 
 dppri<t>6pos 198 5 
 
 8i7Mxr t ei^eti' 205 4 , 206 J - 4 
 
 ctpT07ru)X?/s 235 
 
 dTJfj-os 332 ' 
 
 dpTOTTUJXlS 90 2 
 
 5i7jiiwi 332 9 
 
 dpxieparei;a)f 277 3 
 
 diaffwefls 230 2 
 
 dpxiepo0(h-as 264 11 
 
 ftitlfivni ^9^ 
 
 dpxt^wpos 207 
 
 At^ypa/x/3os 179 al 
 
 dpxos 260 9 
 
 5tKato<rwr;s ^esa 267 u 
 
 dpxaw 259 3 , 260 7 , 261 7 , 267 1 
 
 SI'KT; diroffTafflov 234 6 
 
 do'd^u'^os 280 2 
 
 diKfjv aTro(pvywv 234 
 
 'AffTpaTfia 119 6 
 
 Atos KwSiov 204 J 
 
 ai)X7;nJs 184 10 , 265 8 
 
 Sis KO/XOI 243 2 
 
 A^ITTJS 44 9 
 
 S^S TTT; IIi/ppi 56s 333 1 
 
 ai>ro7r6eia? 61 6 , 81 4 
 
 Slxpova 4 1 
 
 / 9 Ql 4 
 
 56/cava 31 s 
 
 d<pe5piaTffaw 148 x 
 
 SoKifj.eiov 394, 398 
 
 K. 
 
 27 
 
418 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 Wfav TUN drifj.ii}i 267 4 ^iri/xeXijr^j TUV (nwrrriptw 262" 
 
 dpaxfJ-ai Ifpal 316 s 'Eiri/tT}Xios 45 8 
 
 Sports 171 M tTiviKia 406 
 
 topo* 113, 153 3 , 192 s , 208 2 , 252 , tirivv^tv^eva.!. 246 J 
 
 310 1 , 333 2 , 374 4 , 406 ftrMnceudfeti- 266 J 
 
 Supof dirapx^v 59 14 , 323 8 , 333 2 Imordrcu rotv vlKanv 143 8 
 
 tiri.ffTa.TT,* 264" 
 
 j35ojuos 8ov$ 290 <?7ri(TT(XT6i/<rcis 265*^ 
 
 K 200" tiriTietvai 323 
 
 f<70cu 278 s ' ETTiTpa-y/a 45 7 
 
 200 8 'Ejr^Mtos 44 10 
 
 o- 200 8 'Epydi'T; 59 20 , 143 4 
 
 223 l tpyuv dirapx^l 59 1 * 
 
 217 l tpyuv dfKdrr) 56 12 
 
 324 1S tpyuv 6<riuv dKpoOlvtov 59" 
 
 Si'a 195 4 epnai 129 1 
 
 t 265 8 dprifj.oK\riffid 12 3 
 
 200 2 tvO-f,* 112 3 
 
 /$ 313 8 eiaryAto 339 9 
 
 394 Ei}j3ovXetfs 29 2 
 
 eii' 324 etXoyla 3131 
 
 330 eifd/ie^oj 34 6 , 215 8 , 231 5 , 329 
 
 330 E07rXota 121 *, 231 2 
 
 t XCLpiffr/lpio- 234 3 tCir\oiav 331 w 
 
 >s 226 9 euTrXo^as ^vfAca 331 M 
 
 229 8 , 268 9 E^ir/ja^a 251 7 
 
 'EXeu<r/a 253 1 Eu<rTd^>Xoy 328 17 
 
 oj 234 8 , 235 8 Ein-a^ia 180 7 
 
 4 1 EirrAxctps 279 8 
 
 5pos 44 10 etrruxws 243 2 , 334 7 
 Trpoffevx.t>nevoi KaXXrra> 'A<p6pr)- ei/xav tKTe\tffo,VTi. 329 
 
 ros 223* evxapiffTfiv 323 
 
 'viatnepa 4 1 evxapiffrfpiov 89 J , 160 7 , 214 4 , 230 2 , 
 
 Trivadwi 223 4 265", 330 
 
 - r6Ko 257" etxa-pur-ruv 220 2 
 
 is 313 8 evxt 26, 26 2 , 33 2 , 34 6 , 87 9 , 89 1 - 8 , 
 4 a 210, 213". 7 . 14 , 215 3 - 10 , 220 1 - 2 , 229 4 , 
 
 a 220 1 23(), 231 '. 8 , 243 2 , 253 6 , 254 8 - 8 - 10 , 
 
 331 293 19 , 294*, 323, 329, S29 24 , 330 13 , 
 
 Tdy/MTO* 331 831, 392 10 - , 400, 40q 
 
 irwv 231 s EvxKrn 44 10 
 
 234 4 e^XwX^ 280 7 , 329, 329 8 - 18 , 406 
 
 12 3 fuxuXi/v Tf\tffas 329 
 
 ?w 97 s , 334 8 t<(>T,pwv dpuftos 184* 
 
 iy 323" t<piffTo.va.(. 323 
 323 
 
 323 fd/copos 198 8 , 265, 265" 
 
 tirdfx&reai 261 J ZeC/J KoraxWwof 28* 
 ^7ra/x^ 53 8 , 200', 261 J QMrua 325 7 
 
 OCQI ooa 4>tXios 34 2 
 
 -i09 , 646 
 
 it 323 LrivowoffeiSuv 273" 
 
 2ggi Zijdy OXvyurfov 325 9 
 
 Iv^a 207 3 fwy/w0/a 184 9 
 
 ia 54 13 - 10^2 
 
 * cavaKeiov 129^ 
 
 rdva/ces 14 8 , 32 2 , 165 8 
 
 18 f furrfct 829 
 epeiis 264" 
 
 262 4 'H^e/xii'T; roO Sr}fjtov 261 8 
 
 Vi>6utvos 34 1 nXios 311 8 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 419 
 
 324 10 
 
 138 9 
 389 3 
 
 272 3 
 
 vrj 218 s 
 ij 45 4 
 3p 4 
 
 6 eirl ftXavrr) 70 2 
 Htpya.fji.os 26 16 
 iffTiwv 67 18 
 
 0a\dffffioi 8a.lfj.ovfs 229 4 
 
 OdXarra 197 J , 200 4 
 
 GapdTTT/j, OapaTTos, Al' 13 4 
 
 0av/j.a.fft viKr/ffas 152 5 
 
 0ed 29 J ' 2 
 
 0fa.ffa.fj.tvt]>> TTJV TTJS "Hpas {"TT 
 
 330 a 8 
 
 0eoi Ate7dXoi 30 16 
 0eol oJ 'EXX^vwv 280 10 
 foots ffepaffrois 332 10 
 Oeo&via 10 
 6>e6s 29 J - 2 
 
 0e6s o-c&fwi' 17 10 , 26" 
 ?s 330 
 s 192 10 
 264 13 
 i'a 278 3 
 ^ewpot 278 4 
 (ftves 53 8 
 6-npi K \eiot> 279 6 
 
 8i)ffdfj.fvos TToXtjas iroXXds 229 2 
 erjffavp6s 200 1 , 277, 343 J 
 6v/j.ara eirtx^pta 296 J 
 283 8 , 298 10 
 
 Jape^s 301 8 
 
 'laati 218 6 
 
 farpa 200 3 , 204 6 , 208 11 
 
 larpfiov 206 J 
 
 larpevOds 331 * 
 
 iarpos drj/jioffievuv 205 4 , 206 1 
 
 idicarevuv 205 7 
 ISiwreveiv 205 7 
 Idpvfiv 324 
 idpv/Mi 324 
 Idpvffeai 275" 
 %>wny 313 12 
 Jepa 'A^va/as 326 3 
 lepapx 1 ? 17 " 05 264 al 
 
 iepare^a-as 262 11 , 264 13 , 265 14 , 272 7 
 ieparei^w)/ 264 13 , 266 2 
 Zepeta 277 6 
 
 ie/je^s 198 5 , 206 , 265 2 , 277 n , 279 9 
 ifpoOvT-/i(ra.s 264 13 
 
 IfpOKTJpVJ; 265 7 
 
 te/jov 120 ! 
 
 fe/w' T^S ' Adyvaias 326 3 
 tepo7roi77<ras 262 11 
 ifpowoioi 344 
 
 34 13 , 198 5 , 264 12 , 265 10 
 280 '. 3 , 322 J , 325, 327 
 6 7rX6Ko^ioj 242 9 
 
 265 17 
 liceffla 334 
 
 ^ai 311 2 
 311 2 , 313 12 
 JMs 170 
 Iv rvx at 334 6 
 'loX^ws 45 4 
 
 133 J 
 eiyj 116 3 
 
 8uv 129 3 
 tcraro 32 1 8 , 324 15 
 'Itryaijj'ios 140 6 
 icrrd^at 138 , 323 
 t TVXO.I dfo^ai 334 6 
 
 Ka/3t 326 14 
 Ka.0ap/j,6s 313 12 
 Ard^^/ce 280 7 , 324 7 
 Ka.0iepovv 316 2 , 324 
 KaOiffTdvai 289 10 
 *ca^' 8pa.fj.a 330 
 /ca^' CTTVOJ' 330 
 
 329 J 
 184 9 
 269 2 
 /caXiKs 150 13 
 Kdfj-ivos 80 6 
 
 /cava vvfj,(piKd, KO.VOVV yafJUKbv 251 
 Kavr]<pbpos 198 5 
 KcurTjMs 234 8 , 235 2 
 Kd7n?Xos 235 J 
 KapirodoT7)s 328 13 
 Kapvetoy 45 6 
 Kapiro(p6pos 190 10 
 KapvKfpios 280 ! 
 Ka.arTo.6ds 265 14 
 Ka,Taypd<f)iv 338 
 Karadflv 338 
 Ka,TaSLdr)fj.i 338 
 Kard0efj.a 339 
 Kara KfXfVffiv 331 
 /card fj.a.VTelai' 331 
 Kara irpbffTa,yfj.a, 331 
 Kara ffwrayyv 331 
 Kara rd irdrpia 57 12 
 /card r^j/ /j.avTfiav 57 12 , 148 6 
 /card ro -yeYovoy if/d<pifff4a 330 8 
 (card xpr/juaricrju.^ 331 
 Kara xP r l ff ^ v 331 
 Kar' tTriTayjv 87 3 , S24 24 , 331 
 /car' eiriTayna. 331 
 /car' e'iri<f>dvia,v 330 
 Kar' ei)x i ?' / 329 
 Kar' wap 265 17 , 330 
 Kar' ovetpoy 17 8 , 330, 406 
 223 2 ' 4 
 183 
 
 272 
 
420 
 
 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 KararMvai. 152 7 , 280 7 , 324 
 
 /udjTi 265 8 
 
 KaTax^^'OJ Zeuj 28 4 
 
 /xapa^uyo/xdxat 41 4 
 
 Kdroirrpov 253 10 
 
 /i*Xea"ypii 40" 
 
 Ktxpo\l/ 360 !1 
 
 fj.(\oypa.<f>ia 184" 
 
 K t\rf 176 8 
 
 /xerd TOV ff(tfffi6v 331 M 
 
 Kfpaufvt 34 8 , 61 
 
 fttTOlKOS 23 4 
 
 KIJI-CMOJ 45 4 
 
 Mi/c^tfeios 279 8 
 
 KWMtotor 379 > 
 
 /twflwriij 235 4 
 
 *%>., 184 10 , 265 8 
 
 M-^a 59 8 , 79 4 , 128 9 , 259 2 , 357 2 , 407 
 
 (tiwr<Sj 343 10 
 
 /ipTj/i' dperaj 260" 
 
 Ki8a.piff(j.fa 184 9 
 
 Hrriti.elov 157 4 , 357 2 
 
 KlOapos 379 8 
 
 fJ-vilfJiri 407 
 
 Ki6apuiSia. 184 9 
 
 fivrtubffvvov 272 ^ 357 2 , 403 
 
 *i0apwiS6s 154 ', 235 12 
 
 fi.vrifj.offvvrit tvfica. 260 4 
 
 xi?5i/i'Mras <cal 5iacrw0e/s 230 2 
 
 /toXTrapx^ffas 265 8 
 
 xkSwot 229 10 , 231 s 
 
 Mopmi 40, 15.0 3 - 13 
 
 xioxris 379 6 
 
 fjLOpfM\ VKIOV 162 U 
 
 X<7TJ 22 1 2 
 
 ftovvapx^v 260 8 
 
 *XeiSoCxos 198 8 
 
 fj.6x&ot 231 B 
 
 icva^y 59 ', 93 4 
 
 MOs 321 8 
 
 KOIVUV 332 
 
 fj.vffr-/ipiov 246 3 , 282 ' 
 
 \ /) / QIQl 
 KOAtKTc/CiS 0X0 
 
 ^<mj9 265 10 
 
 KoXoffO'os DO 
 
 /iuia' K'at Xiiay 153 3 
 
 K6/xr; tepd 242 8 
 
 ' , 
 
 K6/U.TJS dirapxo-i 245 11 
 
 vapviriiyfa 59 8 
 
 KOVT(ij 183 
 
 Ndios 280 2 
 
 Kopi? 250 16 , 306 9 
 
 Na^/wv okos 122 7 , 343 2 
 
 Kop^avrej 47 13 
 
 Nai'apx's 230 1S 
 
 Kofpor/)60oj 45 4 , 253 3 , 255 
 
 i/at^/cXapoj 59 9 
 
 /cpdvos 4iriKei/j.fvos dv/)p 171 11 
 
 Neai'tes 45 4 
 
 ivpto05pos 190 
 
 j/fWKopos 204 7 
 
 Kpovov TTO.I 225 3 
 
 yijTra 379 8 
 
 KTedvwv dirapx^ 59 13 
 
 WKT; 185 4 
 
 KTlffTTJS 8 8 
 
 vtK:iJ<raj 152 4 - 8 . 9 , 153 3 , 154 1 - 2 , 161 J , 
 
 ^/cXtos oiXijnJj 184 10 
 
 164', 176 3 , 177 12 , 267 4 , 331' 23 
 
 /ctfXt 184 
 
 Nt(c^6po5 122 J , 26S 29 
 
 /cupios ^pwj 26 2 
 
 Na.ids 153 s 
 
 Ktfi/'eXos 320 14 
 
 viKo8pbfi.fios (pid\Tj 154 
 
 KUfiuiSia 184 9 
 
 VIACWV 171 8 , 331 23 
 
 /caytanSoj 184 10 
 
 vbffTov x^pf 229 2 
 
 Aa/i/a 227 9 
 
 W/u/nc S9S16 
 
 .^.M tOS >_' ' 
 
 X^/3?js vv/jL<puc6s 251 4 
 
 lej'tff^s 10 10 
 
 Aei)/cio9 307 4 
 
 |6axov 121 2 
 
 XevKUfj-a 343 3 
 
 
 Aexot 325" 
 
 O/KKTTl}! S 8 
 
 Aex& 253 J 
 
 olicoi>6fj.os r^j ir6Xewj 293 19 
 
 \i6ovpyfc 207 2 
 
 oros 122 7 , 343 2 
 
 Xi/ievapx^o'tts 263 s " 
 
 ol Kpeirrovfs 7 s 
 
 At/t^am 249 8 , 280 ls 
 
 olvoxbo* 265 8 
 
 AovKiifdpa 295 13 
 
 O/o-rpti 249 12 
 
 Xiryos 40 8 
 
 oZ ffvfj.fiaxoi 268 9 
 
 \vrpov 330 
 
 ol rV aKvTiKTjv T^xvyv ipya6(j.ti>oi 60 8 
 
 
 6 X/0os 315 ' 3 
 
 MaXedraj 140 8 , 325 12 
 
 6X K 7) 267 18 
 
 MaX6s 45 8 
 
 ovap I5wv 330 
 
 M XodS'nos 45 8 
 
 6 iratj AcaX6r 279 n 
 
 MavSpoKX^s 70 : 
 
 oTrXo^dxos 184 4 
 
 A * ~t' OQ 10 
 
 'Ojrwpetfs 44 10 
 
 /j.arTioi> 330 
 
 <Jp7tdfeti' 46 !, 47 2 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 421 
 
 'OpOla. 276 * 
 
 irpoff(vx&f*.fvos 223 1>2 ' 4 
 
 'Qoffos 227 8 
 
 wpoffKvvelv 283 9 
 
 dpx^ffOai 46 8 
 
 Trpoo-Ktivwa. 283 9 
 
 'Offoyus 273 8 
 
 TrpoffTa.ca.VT03 TOU 0ov 331 
 
 oif/iv ISovffa 330 
 
 TrpooraTTjs 234 5 
 
 
 Trp6ffUTrov 162 10 , 223 3 
 
 7ra7/cpaTia<TT7)s 171 12 
 
 irpbffwirov yvvaiKos irpoffevxo(Jitvr)S 223 x 
 
 TTfltfif U7"nC TI/M 1C 2fi^ 
 
 TrporAeia 246 8 - 9 
 
 HaiSija 180 
 
 irpo<f>7fT'f}s 2 bo 
 
 Trats /a#apau56s 184 10 
 
 / QA^2 
 
 __ \ _.__-!.., T71 12 
 TTttAttlCTTTyS 1.1 A 
 
 IlTWt6^S 316 
 
 nava7ia rdXcrou 13 4 
 
 nu0aieyj 281 3 
 
 na.vd.Kfia, 218 6 
 
 ntfflios 280 1 
 
 Haves 47 13 
 
 n^fltos auX77T77s 184 10 
 
 7rav777upidpx??s 184 10 
 
 TTtfKTTJS 171 12 
 
 7ravtu)vtos Io4 
 
 7ri/po</)6poj 277" 
 
 iravvirY'fe'v 46 8 
 
 jrvppixrjf 184 10 
 
 Trawi/xts 235 16 
 
 7Tup06pos 198 5 , 200, 262, 265, 265 3 
 
 irapaSiSovat. 338 
 
 Htipivos ol/cos 122 7 , 343 2 
 
 TrapaSoOels rots dvSpdffiv 344 5 
 
 
 /i ' QO 4 
 TTCipGLKaTauTJKT] O^-i 
 
 paii'wtSiis 15 2 8 
 
 a/ H24 SS8^^ 
 
 Poos Ili/^aios 325 8 
 
 irapderiros 267 1 
 
 pv6fj,oypa<pia, 184 9 
 
 wapaT^fj-vfiv vwep fftirrrjplas TOV iravros 
 
 pu^os 348 7 
 
 225 3 
 
 piVta 408 
 
 naptfeVos 247 1 
 
 
 Ila^oTTtos 190 7 
 
 o-aX7rt7/cT7)s 184 J 
 
 TrAavos 200 5 
 
 o-apdvra 4 1 
 
 TreXeia 40 8 
 
 o-drupos 184 10 
 
 Tr^Xe/cus 389 3 
 
 o-awa-rpe? 229 4 
 
 Tnf/iytittTCl ^9 6 
 
 ffeifffj,6v, /aera TOV 231* 
 
 '/" ^I^l 
 
 ffffival deoi 189 J 
 
 TTVTa.e\C)V 161 ! 
 
 o-^a 408 
 
 Treat ISiov \f/v)(a,plov 231 2 
 
 err?Mov 153 10 , 357 2 , 408 
 
 TrfpLK(f>a\a,ia. 183 
 
 ffLTO.pt 50 X 
 
 TrepioSoviicrjs 182 
 
 (T/aa^axav 170 2 
 
 irept ffbrnqplas 231 
 
 ffKv\o8ty-r]s 59 4 
 
 7Ttva| 178, 343 3 
 
 ffKvrord/jLos 235 7 
 
 TTlTTdKLOV 339 
 
 Z/juvOfvs 190 8 
 
 n-Xo/apxos 237 2 
 
 (7"Oi VCtptJ' CtJ'TtOtOOL'S O!J..T 
 
 7ro6iepos 340 7 
 
 <r6s e^A" 280 7 , 32S 22 
 
 TToterv 324 
 
 ffvyKaOiepovv 324 5 
 
 TTO^TTjs 184 10 
 
 o-i^vapxot 263 x 
 
 noi/avtos 45 6 
 
 ffvffffLTia, 42^ 
 
 7r6Xe/ios 229 8 , 231 5 
 
 o-u Ti>x 334 7 
 
 IloXteus 328 14 
 
 ffTa.ep.bs 267 16 
 
 7r6Xis 332 
 
 <rrXe77is 153 2 
 
 IIoAiy6pju.os 305 
 
 <TTe(f>a.vt]<f>6pos 265 
 
 TroXv/jiaOia 184 9 
 
 ffTe<pavt)<popwv 265 3 , 273 8 
 
 -v / OAO 12 
 
 o-T^avos 267 13 - 14 ' 15 - 16 
 
 n6vnos 129 3 
 
 o~T^0avos ^/c fivpffLvrjs 150 4 
 
 TriTravoj' 200 s , 221 2 , 374 3 
 
 ffTf<t>avudels 153 12 , 266 6 , 267 1 - 10 . 11 
 
 wopirrj 253 J1 
 
 ffrpaTtiyrfffas 115 2 
 
 TrOTLTCLy/iiQ, 331 
 
 o-TpaTTyos 262 1 , 267 8 
 
 nplwv 324 10 
 
 ffTpaT-rjybs 'Pw/j-aiuv 268 7 
 
 Trpoydfjifia 246 8 
 
 o-TpaTtarr^s 139 ! 
 
 irporipoffio. 52 
 
 o-Tpe7TT6s 268 5 
 
 irpodveffOai 200 2 
 
 <rw0eis 229 8 - 10 , 231 s - 6 , 235 8 , 268 9 , 331 26 
 
 irp66vfj.a 200 2 - 5 
 
 o-tDjaa 337 6 
 
 n/xi^axos 127 6 
 
 Sajo-/vewj 230 13 
 
422 
 
 GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 
 
 330 
 
 192 12 , 195 4 , 208 10 
 8 8 , 17 2 , 129 3 , 208 12 , 228 10 , 229 4 , 
 328 1S 
 
 408 
 
 228 17 
 
 332 10 
 
 TUH Kafilpui Iap6s 326 s 
 Twt xotvwt 266 s , 332'. 10 
 TWV 'XOijvriOev d6\uv elfjii 154 
 TWV firl Aafurldai &ff\uv 152 7 
 
 73 1S , 253", 331 
 313 
 
 icrqplffi 266 8 
 Ta\affiovpybs 235 8 
 Ta^as 260* 
 Ta.fj.lai 144 l , 262 4 
 racial T&V lepCiiv xp 1 Jf J - a ' rul ' 344 6 
 Tafuevuv 260 s 
 
 Tot? ISlav Ovyartpa x a P t<r7 "^P lo> ' 295 J 
 Tdirl 5eiuu 334 8 
 Tdiridopira 204 4 
 Taptxoiru\ris 235 10 
 ratij 40 8 
 
 TeXe/a 242 16 , 24? l 
 Tf\eiovfM 281 12 
 Te\c<r<p6pos 208 10 
 reXerai 46 J 
 
 dirapyjjM 59 19 
 271 ' 
 Tji irar/)/5t 832" 
 
 T~g 7r6X 35 2 , 272 3 , 273 8 - 8 , 332 11 
 Trjs ' A.<j>podtT-r]s 
 
 326 12 
 
 T^J ei^X^ J a5ro56<rewj xdpiv 331 
 rt^i-at 323, 324 
 Tt/iav 333 
 rots ^ois 332" 
 TOIJ irat<ri 332 10 
 r6yu iraT^pa 5e/cdra' 328 21 
 Togfap 184 4 
 TO Trp&TOv r)py<i<ra,TO 60 7 
 roO TJpuos rjfj.L 325 16 
 ToO riTwtetos iapov 325 M 
 TOV T^KVOV evaiUi>ov 329 4 
 Tpav/a, Tpdyios 45 6 
 Tpayuidia 184 9 
 184 10 
 327 13 
 es 4 ' 
 379 6 
 4 ! 
 
 6s 154 8 
 Tplodoi 46 ' 
 ra 4 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 99 2 , 185 7 
 
 119 7 
 
 263 8 
 56s xa.p 
 80 7 , 333 
 228 10 
 
 d>a(?5 243 2 , 334 6 
 TVXW vyielas 331 
 
 'Tv^ia 61 10 , 188 1S , 208 i2 
 vdpia. f\aiov ISO 13 
 i>5po<t>opJ)ffa.s 265 13 
 i'8po<t>6pos 265 
 
 265 4 
 277 J 
 250 18 
 i-ir^p 216 3 
 
 i/ir^p avTTJs Kal TOV iratSiov 225 3 , 398 
 virlp ^aw^j 254 B 
 yjr^p lavrov Kal TOV vlov Kal irirfp TU 
 
 TrXoi'foyU^i'Wj' irdvTuv 230 4 
 virep ei/xapiariaj 97 2 , 331 
 i-irep evxv 243 2 , 331 
 ii?re/3 ffUT-qplas 331 
 
 T^J 7uvatAc6j 213 4 
 T^J 6/)d<rewj 192 3 
 TOV iraidiov 242 10 
 inrep TUV iraiowv ev^dfitvos 329 4 
 virep vyielas 220 2 , 331 
 inrep uyifias Kal crwrypias 261 l 
 'eipla 191 2 
 330 28 
 
 vv/j.<ptKd 251 5 
 Apptvos 251 5 
 wo/SoX^j diTa7r65w(rts 184 9 
 viroypafj./j.aTtvs 235 u 
 inroyvfivaffiapx^ffas 263 21 
 vir6deiyfj.a ev<ref3fias, <pi\aya6las 351 5 
 57 12 , 99 8 , 227 8 , 265 13 
 TTJS dfj.a6ias 226 8 
 
 277 8 
 230 7 
 215 
 
 <pa\apls 379" 
 ^.idX^ 234 8 , 235 w 
 4>tXa5A</>eios 279 s 
 ^tXfas x^/>'" 270 8 
 
 vvfj.<pwv 408 
 316 3 
 44 10 
 332 
 
 44 10 
 195 4 
 
 60 8 
 344 8 
 324, 330 
 cta 192 10 
 330 
 330 13 
 330 
 57 12 , 
 
GENERAL INDEX GREEK. 423 
 
 254 8 , 262 21 , 265 14 , 295 1 , 296 9 , 328 4 , xfmpdruv SeKdrrj 59 13 
 
 329, 329 28 , 330, 402 xpn^piov 330 13 
 
 343 3 X/ >6 /ttt 4 1 
 
 262 1 xuplov deKdrij 58 10 
 XfipoTovta. 206 l 
 
 yeXwi'T? 382 4 - 6 i,W0a, 50 l 
 
 247 x ^aXytt6s 184 10 
 
 307 l $ /3- 3328 
 
 XX6i? 44 10 f. 6. 332 8 
 t vfvt\)j.ivt\ 204 5 
 
 ^cD' 180 5 <l}Kv5p&/jLa$ 166 7 
 
 'XTjs 184 10 '07r6XXw (T6C efyu, croO e//tt 325 ^ 
 
 i TTorripia. 154 wpra/j-os 92 n 
 
 XopoitlOapos 184 10 (l}ffxo<f>opia 52 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Abantis, tithe of 130 
 
 abbreviated inscriptions 325 u , 326 13 
 
 Academus 34 ; altar of Love 249 ; 
 personified on a relief 33 
 
 Acamas in a group 131 
 
 Acanthian treasury at Delphi 123 
 
 accessories on reliefs 23 
 
 Acesis, son of Asclepius 194 
 
 Aceso, daughter of Asclepius 194 ; on 
 reliefs 218 
 
 Achaean s dedicate a soldier's statue 
 at Delphi 138; dedicate spoil 117; 
 defeated by the Dorians 119 
 
 Acharaca, cave of Hades and Perse- 
 phone 13 7 , 46 9 
 
 Achelous in group 130 ; dedications to 
 47 6 . See also Pan on reliefs 
 
 Achilles dedicates his hair 241 ; his 
 spear 320 ; worshipt at Olbia 20 
 
 Achilles Pontarches, dedication to 263 7 
 
 Acraephiae, decree of 315 ; makes 
 dedication to Apollo Ptoan 281 ; 
 tripods dedicated there 148 
 
 Acragas, drunken youths of 229 4 
 
 Acropolis, bronze store-house 346 ; 
 overseer of moneys 240; walls 106 
 
 Acropolis of Athens 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : 
 allegorical group 91; animal and 
 plant models 67, 69, 75, 76, 144, 
 296, 300; athlete figures 167, 171; 
 breeders' offering 75, 270, 296 ; bridal 
 baskets, stools, etc. 251 ; Criophorus 
 285; crowns 155, 268; Cylon's statue 
 313 ; dancers 287 ; divine figures 
 90, 127, 303, 306; dolls and toys 
 250; dress 277; fetters 233; first- 
 fruits and tithes 32, 60 3 , 61, 90, 93 ; 
 forfeits 313 ; grotesques 393; human 
 figures 79, 138, 140, 284, 287, 289,313; 
 jockey 167 ; knight and horse 79 ; 
 lavers 280; Leaena's statue 231 ; 
 maidens 90, 306, 317; male figures 
 308; nursing mother 257 ; orna- 
 ments 74, 253; picture relating to 
 
 games 174, of Themistocles 227; 
 
 prize 152; ritual figures 284, 287, 
 
 289; spoil of war 105-110; toys 
 
 250; trade-model 78; traders 58, 59, 
 
 90; vases 253, 279; Victories 143; 
 
 votary with wreath or other offering 
 
 287 ; warrior 140 
 Acrotatus, defeat of 125 
 Act or Process blest by the god 360, 
 
 361, 365 
 
 Groups : agriculture 75 ; child- 
 birth 254 ; games 164 ; marriage 
 
 247; puberty 243; war 130 
 Pictures: agriculture 80; games 
 
 174; trades 81 ff.; war 134 
 Reliefs: agriculture 80; disease 
 
 and peril 216; games 175, 177, 178, 
 
 179; war 133 
 
 Summarily represented in model : 
 
 animals 75 ; athletes 166 ; mast and 
 
 stars 135; warrior 139 
 Actium 128; temple built after 122 
 actor's figure on relief 178 ; relief 181 ; 
 
 tithe 58 
 
 actors' guild 180 
 Acusilaus, statue of 171 
 adoration or prayer, attitude of 170, 
 
 210, 290 ; figures in this attitude 257 ; 
 
 on reliefs 219, 295 ; modern attitude 
 
 237 
 
 Adrastus, figure of 137 
 Aeaceum, dedicatory group in 191 
 Aeacus 191 
 
 Aegae, prize dedicated in 154 
 Aegeus in a group 131 
 Aegina, dedicatory group 191 ; in- 
 scribed statuette of Hecate 306 ; 
 
 masterpiece 61 ; personified 131 ; 
 
 prize 150; sea fight off 106, 124; 
 
 temple inventory 344 
 Aeginetans dedicate a mast and stars 
 
 after Salamis 135 ; beaks of ships 
 
 103 
 Aegira, group of warriors and mourners 
 
 at 132 9 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 425 
 
 Aegle, daughter of Asclepius 194 
 Aegospotami 116; spoil 132; tripod 
 
 dedicated at Thespiae 148 ; Victories 
 
 on eagles dedicated at Delos 143 
 Aeneas a hero 9 4 
 Aenetus, statue of 171 
 Aeneus the physician 79 
 Aeschraeus, votive tripod of 159 
 Aeschyllus, agonistic dedication of 182 
 Aesypus the jockey 166 
 Aetolia personified 132 
 Aetolians dedicate a group 132 ; league 
 
 231 9 
 Agamemnon a hero 9 4 ; dedicates his 
 
 rudder 228 ; offers his hair to Zeus 
 
 241 ; his sceptre 318 
 Ageuor, a hero in Argos, blesses the 
 
 flocks 9, 45 
 Agenorides, herb-firstfruits offered to 
 
 52 
 
 Agias, statue of 171 
 Agis defeated by Mantineans 137; 
 
 trophy from 99 2 
 Aglaiie, wife of Asclepius 194 
 agonistic scenes on Panathenaic vases 
 
 155 ; dedications in later times 181 
 agonothet 156, 263 
 agricultural feasts 276, 296, 314 
 Agrigentines dedicate spoil 117 
 Ajax a hero 9 4 ; dedicates his hair 241 
 Alcaeus, his poems at Delos 64; his 
 
 shield 101 
 
 Alcathous dedicates a temple 226 
 Alcibiades, pictures of 174 ; statue 372 
 Alcibius the flotist makes a dedication 
 
 181 
 
 Alcmaeon's swaddlings 319 
 Alcmene's goblet 320 
 Alcon, quiver offered to 232 
 Alea, Athena 117, 233 
 Alexander a hero 9 4 ; dedicates his 
 
 own armour 112; dedicates spoil 
 
 108, 117; his Indian campaign 134; 
 
 his crown 267 ; his Hunting 231 ; 
 
 his panoply 113 ; makes statues of 
 
 fallen Greeks 137 ; assumes the garb 
 
 of Zeus 283 
 
 Alexander of Therae 113 
 Alexandria, hair-offering 242 ; sends 
 
 theori to Branchidae 278 
 Alexenor, son of Asclepius 194 
 Alexicacos Apollo 188, 190; Heracles 
 
 33 5 , 190 
 
 Aleximachus, figure of 138 
 Aliphera, Hero Fly -catcher in 188 13 
 all Gods 230, 266 4 ; dedication to 192 
 allegorical offerings 91, 144, 145, 190, 
 
 191, 226, 231, 365, 370 
 alphabet dedicated at Calymna 66 2 ; 
 
 possibly at Athens when the official 
 
 script was changed 75 
 
 alphabets in tombs 66 2 
 
 Alpheus a hero in Sparta 9; hair 
 
 sacred to 241 
 altar, how made 125 ; of horns 50 3 ; 
 
 dedicated for war 125; as memorial 
 
 of ritual 282, 283; of oracle 282; 
 
 of deliverance 233, 354; to heroes, 
 
 to Heracles, to the Dioscuri 17, 282 ; 
 
 of Zeus at Pergamos 122; at Plataea 
 
 354 ; altars at Delos 283 ; of nymphs 
 
 44 ; on reliefs 20, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 
 
 220, 230 7 , 251, 251 9 ; with burning 
 
 fire 27, 32; on tomb reliefs 35; 
 
 with reliefs on them 24 
 Altis, trophy in the 100 
 Alyattes 19i, 355 
 Amasis 275, 354; his statue 372 
 Amazons repulsed 119; group of the 
 
 fight 130 
 
 ambiguous offerings 112 
 Ambraciots dedicate an ass at Delphi 
 
 136; spoil of 107 
 Ambrosus, St Elias at 37 
 Ameinondas (?Epaminondas) 268 
 Ammon, altars dedicated at 282 
 Amorgos, dedication to Zeus Eubuleus 
 
 188 7 ; official dedications 263 ; rider 
 
 relief from 25 14 
 Ampeliots of Libya dedicate silphium 
 
 66 
 Amphiaraus 8 ; origin and history 194 ; 
 
 oracle at Oropus 194, 199 ; at Thebes 
 
 195 2 ; becomes a god 195; A. and 
 
 the hero-feast 22; A. in a group 
 
 130 ; offerings of Croesus to him 
 
 311 
 Amphictyon builds an altar to Dionysus 
 
 Orthos 227 
 Amphictyonic Council dedicates an 
 
 Apollo 128 ; figures of Scyllis and 
 
 Hydra 136 
 
 Amphidamas, games of 149 
 Amphione invoked 12 2 
 Amphipolis, trade-dedication at 60 
 Amphitrite on votive tablets 134 
 amphorae in cult of the Dioscuri 31 ; 
 
 on reliefs 177 ; alone on reliefs 31 ; 
 
 at Panathenaea 154 
 Amyclae conquered by the Dorians 
 
 119; trophy of the capture 99; 
 
 models of rams found there 300; 
 
 winged goddesses 16 ; figure of votary 
 
 287 ; tripods dedicated there 146 ; 
 
 tunic offered to Apollo 277 ; figures 
 
 of ' Apollo ' 308 ; tripods dedicated 
 
 after Aegospotami 148 
 Amynus a hero 8, 11; his precinct 
 
 188, 214; finds there, dolls 249; 
 
 limb-reliefs 213, 222 ; seated goddess 
 
 303 6 ; woman holding child 257; 
 
 vases dedicated to Asclepius 280; 
 
426 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 sacrificial relief 221 ; reliefs of ser- 
 pent, sacrifice, libation, feast 222; 
 A. and Sophocles 214 
 
 Anacreon's figure 373 
 
 Anaitis 290 ; limb-models 216 ; reliefs 
 220. See alto Artemis 
 
 Anassa, cave sacred to 46" 
 
 anathema 339 
 
 Anaus' prayer 33 9 
 
 Anaxandrus, statue of 171 
 
 Anaximenes' figure 373 
 
 Andania, forfeits 313; offerings at the 
 festivals 27 * 
 
 Andocides the painter 61 
 
 Audros, Heracles relief 32 
 
 Androtiou and the votive crowns 344 
 
 animals, why sacred 40 8 ; dipt at a 
 death 245; on reliefs 30; held in 
 the hand of votaries 290; animal 
 models 300 
 
 Anne of Austria dedicates the image of 
 Louis XIV as a baby 210 6 
 
 Anteros, altar of 314 
 
 Anthaleus Zeus 45 
 
 anthippasia 175, 176 
 
 Antigonus, figure of 131 ; heroized as 
 Soter 8; spoil taken from him 107 
 
 Antiochus sends theori to Branchidae 
 278 
 
 Antiochus, son of Heracles, in a group 
 131 
 
 Antipater's crown 268 
 
 Anubis 230, 230 4 , 336 
 
 Apaturian Athena 249 
 
 Apellas, M. Julius, cure of 203 
 
 Aphaca, river-worship in 311 5 
 
 Aphrodite. Titles: Callipygos 249; 
 Epitragia 45 7 ; Guide of the People 
 261; Lamia 227; Migonitis 248, 
 294 \ 306; Nauarchis 230 13 ; Nym- 
 phia 248; of the Fair Voyage 228; 
 Symmachia 122; Urania 232; Vic- 
 torious 233 ; figures of the goddess 
 228, 248, 289; in armour 139; on 
 a goat 45; on reliefs 292; under a 
 tripod 146; her statue set up after 
 Ac-limn 128; as guardian of seafarers 
 121 4 ; of marriage 246; as a war- 
 goddess 96 ; A. and Eros on a relief 
 256; "A. and Ares" so called 292; 
 conical stone dedicated to her 321 ; 
 A. in the Anthology 48'; in the 
 Asclepieum 197 ; A. invoked 12 2 
 
 Dedications and dedicators: agri- 
 culture 45 ; animal models 77 ; 
 baker- woman 78; bobbins 72; breast 
 257; breeding 145; childbirth 257; 
 devotee 289 ; disease and peril 
 192, 232; divine figures dedicated 
 by a man 305 ; dress and ornaments 
 252; games 265; garland 249 9 ; 
 
 grapes 49 ; hair 244 ; hawk 77 ; 
 hunting 78; huntsman 78; law 233; 
 limbs 215, 257 ; male figures 288 ; 
 marriage 246, 248, 249 ; official 259, 
 263; ritual 135, 288-290; seafaring 
 228; temple 122, 248; toys 247 9 , 249; 
 vases 280, 281 ; war 97, 122, 128 
 
 Aphrodite Urania, dedication to 232 
 
 apobates 176 
 
 Apollo: 51, 289. Titles: Agyieus 
 321 ; Alexicacos 188 ; Asclepius 194 ; 
 Chresterios 231 ; Corycios 280 ; 
 Delphinios 12 2 ; Epibaterios 228; 
 Epicourios 189 ; Healer 189 ; Hyper- 
 teleatas 277; latros 188; Ismenian 
 140 ; Lycaeus 285 ; Maleatas 65, 
 140, 300; Oulios 192; Poitios 12 2 ; 
 Prostates 263 10 ; Ptoan, 11, 281, 
 305, 306; as shepherd's god 45; 
 lord of the earth 45 s ; saviour at 
 sea 223; from pestilence 189; from 
 locusts 190; invoked in war 126 *; 
 land sacred to him 10 10 ; caves 46 9 ; 
 fines paid to him 314, 315; pro- 
 pitiated 310; hangs up the skin of 
 Marsyas in a cave 102; associated 
 with Artemis 159, 226, 256, 292; 
 with Asclepius 193, 197; 'Apollo,' 
 figures so called 91, 307; A. Crio- 
 phoros 285 ; enthroned 291 ; rider- 
 type 34 ; his figure on reliefs 34, 
 179, 191, 256, 282, 291, 292; colossal 
 figure 127 ; Apollo and Artemis slay- 
 ing the Niobids, group in Athens 
 159; temple to the two in Megara 
 226 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : agri- 
 culture 58, 85 ; altar 283 ; anchor 73, 
 230; anvil 78; arms and armour 
 104 ff.; ass 136; Athena, statue of 
 117 ; athlete figure 174 ; axe 58, 387 ; 
 beasts in cage 68 ; beet-model 66 ; 
 bison 69; bull 91; button 253; 
 cicala 172; colonnade 124; corn- 
 model 66; corselet 112 6 ; courtesan 
 92, 93; criophorus figure 284, 285; 
 crown 267 ; devotee 287, 289, 296 ; 
 disease and peril 189, 190, 215, 226, 
 231 ; divine figure 126 ff., 305, 307; 
 doll 249, 250; domestic life 241; 
 dress 277 ; earrings 225, 400 ; female 
 figure 289 ; firstfruits 57 ; fishing 58 ; 
 games 152 ; goat 190 ; gold ingots 
 118; groups of figures 130 ff.; hair 
 241; hare-model 67; headbands 253; 
 horse-model 67; hunting 51, 67, 68; 
 hymn 65; lamp 117; laver 311; lead 
 ore 321; liou-model 311; literary 
 works 64 ; loom-weight 73 ; lyre 71 ; 
 mining 58; musician 71; necklace 
 253, 319; official 259 ; omphalos 272; 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 427 
 
 ox-goad 73, 74 ; ox-model 145 ; palm- 
 tree with accessories 144, 144 10 ; 
 physician 73 ; pin 74 ; poet 64 ; pomp- 
 model 145 ; prize 152 ff. ; probe 73 ; 
 puberty 241; radish-model 66 12 ; 
 ram-model 300; rattle 249, 250; 
 reliefs 291 ; rider-figure 167 ; rouge- 
 pot 253 ; sacrificial group 285 ; seat 
 321; sheep-model 67, 300; shell 321; 
 spindle 72, 74 ; spoils 104 ; stag 51 ; 
 stlengis 281 ; stool 320 ; temple 189 ; 
 temple-boy's figure 305; tile 70; 
 tithe 52, 55, 58, 60 2 , 83, 93, 102; 
 trade 58, 93; treasury 122; tripod 
 146; trireme 116, 230; tunic 277; 
 turnip-model 66 12 ; vase 227, 280, 
 281, 311; Victory 142; war 96 ff., 
 102, 104-108, 110, 112, 130, 140, 
 142, 146, 148, 152 ff. ; warrior's 
 figure 140 
 
 Apollonia dedicates a group 130 ; 
 golden harvesting at Delphi 66 ; 
 tithes corn 58 ; war tithe there 102 
 
 Apollonia, St George at 37 
 
 Apollo's figure dedicated to Athena 63 
 
 'Apollos' so called 91, 128, 307, 357 
 
 apoxyomeni 170 10 
 
 Appius Claudius dedicates spoil 101 5 
 
 Apulia, animal models from 301 
 
 Aratus, honorific statue of 270 
 
 arbitrators 267 
 
 Arcadia, Pan and Artemis 46; prizes 
 there 150 ; temple built by Heracles 
 119 
 
 Arcadians dedicate a group 131 ; spoils 
 of A. 127 12 ; feast in honour of heroes 
 10 
 
 Arcesilas IV dedicates his car 162 
 
 Archermus, Victory of 143 
 
 Archias builds a temple for Asclepius 
 224 
 
 archons and parasiti 267 
 
 archon's thank-offering 259, 260, 261, 
 262, 263, 267 ; sin-offering, a golden 
 statue 315 
 
 Areia Athena 120 
 
 Areios Zeus 96 4 
 
 Areopagus, altar of Orestes on 233 ; 
 dedicates a bronze bull 145 
 
 Ares as war-god 95 ; invoked 12 2 ; in 
 a group 132 4 ; in the Anthology 48 1 ; 
 arms dedicated to 114; temple 119; 
 late date of most dedications 97 ; 
 nominally dedicates a soldier's statue 
 138 
 
 Argive raid into Thyreatis 130 ; shield 
 182 
 
 Argives commemorate Oenoe by a 
 group 130; dedicate a propitiatory 
 statue 314; spoil 109 s 
 
 Argo dedicated 70, 228 
 
 Argolis, hunter reliefs from 25; pin 
 dedicated to Hera 253 
 
 Argonauts build a temple to Athena 
 228; dedicate cups 320 
 
 Argos, spoil of Tiryns at 117; dogs 
 sacrificed at 298 9 ; Holy Marriage 
 there 247 2 ; hair-offering 241; Pan 
 worshipt 46 s ; Eileithyia 254; hero 
 Agenor 9; prize shield and cuirass 
 in the games 150; agonistic dedica- 
 tions 181, 182; favissae 346; crio- 
 phorus figure from A. 285; jockey 
 167 ; statues of priestesses 264 ; re- 
 liefs to Artemis 251 ; Eumenides 
 254; Asclepius 219 8 ; inventory of 
 temple 344 
 
 Ariadne, portraits of 248 
 
 Ariarathes V dedicates his teacher 270 
 
 Arimnestus, figure of 137 ; his throne 
 320 
 
 Arion upon the dolphin 228 
 
 Aristeas' statue dedicated in Delphi 
 9 8 , 363 17 
 
 Aristides on visions 200 6 ; on Asclepius 
 229 5 
 
 Aristides the sculptor 164, 176 1 
 
 Aristoboule, Artemis 120 
 
 Aristocrates, agonistic offering 181 ; 
 tripod 157, 158 
 
 Aristomache dedicates her golden book 
 64 
 
 Aristomelidas, slaying of 314 
 
 Aristomenes as a hero 8 9 ; his bragga- 
 docio 97; his shield 112 
 
 Ariston, wife of 227 
 
 Aristotle's works at Delphi 65 
 
 Aries, relief in 215 " 
 
 armed Aphrodite 377 1 ; armed Athena 
 306, dedicated by a baxter 90; 
 armed men in reliefs 179 
 
 arms and armour on hero reliefs 17, 
 20, 23; as attributes 17, 24, 26, 
 139 
 
 arrhephori 276, 306 ; of Asclepius 198 
 
 arrogance of Pausanias rebuked 147 
 
 Artemidorus 230, 234 2 , 271 
 
 Artemis. Titles : Aristoboule 120 ; 
 Astrateia 119; Bendis 177; Brau- 
 ronia 246, 275, 344; Courotrophos 
 254; Dictymna 228; Eileithyia 252; 
 Eucleia 119, 144; Eupraxia 251; 
 Laphria 298; Locheia 252; Lye 
 192; Orthia 153, 275; Oulia 192; 
 Persuasion, Peitho 233; Saviour, 
 Soteira 128, 188. As goddess of 
 childbirth 251; of marriage 246; 
 of country folk 45; of hunters etc. 
 50 ff.; invoked 12 2 ; appeased 310; 
 impersonated by priestess 283; in 
 the Anthology 48; worshipt in Ca- 
 pua 320; Patrae 68; on the Aero- 
 
428 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 polls of Athens 304; her sacred 
 grove and game 40; Artemis never 
 represented holding a child in her 
 arms 257 2 ; Artemis and Apollo 45; 
 Artemis replaced by the Virgin Mary 
 and by St Nicholas 37; her figure 
 under a tripod 146; land sacred to 
 her 42 *; at Patrae deer-shaped cakes 
 offered to her 68; a shrine of Ar- 
 temis 50; priest's statue 264 
 
 Dedications and dedicators: agri- 
 culture 56; altar 254; axe 250 s ; 
 ball 249; bird 298, 304, 305; bow 
 and arrows 71 ; brooch 252 ; cake 
 68 ; childbirth 251, 252 ; cock 
 250 5 ; corn-wreath 45; cup 320; 
 cymbal 250 ; deer 68, 305 ; devotee 
 140, 285; disease and peril 192, 
 216, 226; divine figure 254, 289; 
 doll 249, 250; dove 300; dress 275; 
 elephant's skull 51 ; feet of prey 
 50-; firstfruits 53; fish 51; fishing 
 51 ; games 177, 180 ; grotesque 250 ; 
 groups of figures 2^5 ; hair 241, 242; 
 hand holding fruit and food 290; 
 head and horns 50; horse 250 s ; 
 hound 77; hunting 50, 51, 71, 77, 
 84; limbs 216; lion 144; literary 
 works 64 ; male figures 289 ; marriage 
 246, 250; mask 250; official 263, 
 264 10 ; propitiation 310; puberty 
 241-243, 250; relief 84, 177, 180, 
 251, 291 ; sacrificial group 285 ; 
 satyr 250 5 ; seafaring 228; stlengis 
 153; sword 250; tapestry 279; 
 temple 120; tithe 56; vase 279, 
 320 ; Victory 226 ? ; warrior's figure 
 140; wreath 154 
 
 Artemisia, statue of, in Sparta 124 
 
 Artemisium, spoil of 105 
 
 Artemon's statue 270 
 
 Arthur's sword 113 s 
 
 arts and crafts, Athena protects 59 ^ 
 
 Arverians dedicate spoil 109 2 
 
 Asclepiasts, society of 198 7 
 
 Asclepiea in Athens 182, 198 
 
 Asclepieum founded at Athens 195; 
 sacrifice must be consumed in pre- 
 cinct 199 ; oddments dedicated there 
 224 ff . ; tines there 313 ; inventory 
 344 
 
 Asclepius, origin 7, 8, 192 ; legends, 
 migrations 193; becomes a god 194; 
 his family 194 ; shrine founded at 
 Athens 195 ; initiated at Eleusis 
 192, 196 ; description of Asclepieum 
 196 ; his statue 197 ; scene at Cos 
 197 ; Epidaurian shrine 198 ; priest- 
 hood and organisation at Athens and 
 Epidaurus 193; sacrifice 191, 200; 
 fee 200; formula 200; incubation 
 
 200, 204; cures at Athens, Cos, 
 Epidaurus, Lebena, Tricca 201, 202; 
 snakes and dogs 196, 202; dedica- 
 tions to him, armour and bones 
 226 2 , 318; slaves 336; tripod 158 9 ; 
 vases 280 ; divine statues 208, 254 ; 
 votary's figure 209, 210; hero-feast 
 relief 22 ; temple dedicated by Hera- 
 cles 223; at Naupactus and Pergamus 
 224; land sacred to him 42 7 ; 
 hymns 65, 190; rarity of verse in- 
 scriptions 232 ; fines paid to him 
 315 ; helps boxers, poets, philo- 
 sophers 229 s ; helps in childbirth 
 251 ; as saviour at sea 229 ; in re- 
 liefs 199, 217 ff. ; with Hygieia 229, 
 231 ; his type 20 ; his statue robed 
 at Titaue 275 ; worshipt with Amynos 
 188 3 ; in the Anthology 48 1 ; As- 
 clepius Cotylean 223 ; as a title of 
 Zeus 188 7 ; replaced by St Michael 
 and St Damien 37 
 
 Asia Minor, agonistic dedications 183 ; 
 altars dedicated to Asclepius 224 3 ; 
 hero-feast reliefs 21 ; rider reliefs 
 26 
 
 Asine founded by tithe of captives 102 
 
 Asopichus' shield dedicated 112 
 
 Asopus, relief from 251 8 
 
 Asphaleios Poseidon 190 10 
 
 Ass dedicated in model 136 
 
 Asterion defeated by Theseus 119 
 
 Astrateia Artemis 119 
 
 Astypalaea, soldier's statue dedicated 
 at 138 
 
 Atabyrius, Zeus 296 9 
 
 Athena: 304, 309. Titles: Alea 117, 
 233; Apatouria 249; Areia 120; 
 Axiopoina 119, 233; Courotrophos 
 252 ; Cranaia 250, 253 ; Ergane 
 59 13 , 143; Health 61, 188, 189, 191, 
 208,237,276; Itonia 108 s ; Mother 
 254; Nicephoros 122 1 , 263 29 ; Opti- 
 litis, Ophthalmitis 227; Polias 52; 
 Poliouchos 12 2 ; Promachos 127; 
 Pronoia 42 4 ; Stathmia 59 '">; Vic- 
 tory 276. As deliverer 230; as 
 healer 189, 191; as saviour at sea 
 228; as war-goddess 96, 108 l , 126; 
 fines paid to her 315, 316; manu- 
 missions 247 s ; invoked 12 2 , 108 s , 
 126 4 ; sacrifice to 298; her armour 
 and dress 139. 179, 275 ; her attitude, 
 never represented holding a child 
 257 2 ; Athena on reliefs 179, 191, 
 219; with Apollo 292; Cybele 293; 
 Hades 28 3 ; Heracles on decree re- 
 liefs 33; Athena and the taurobo- 
 lium 282; Athena in the Anthology 
 48 J ; in the Asclepieum 197; re- 
 placed by the Virgin Mary 37; by 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 429 
 
 St Nicholas, St Tryphon and St 
 Trinity 38 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : agri- 
 culture and breeding 58; Apollo, 
 statue of, as tithe 63 ; arms and 
 armour 103 ff., 110, 115; artisan 58, 
 59, 72, 73, 90; auger 71; axe 74; 
 bangle 253 ; basket 250 ; beasts in 
 cage (model) 68; boar-model 77; 
 boxer's figure 173, 174; bridle 70; 
 brooch 253; brood-mare 75; bull 
 297 ; Calydonian boar, relics of 319 ; 
 centaur 393 4 ; chains 115, 233; chair 
 320; chariot 115; childbirth 252, 
 254, 256; cock 300; coins 72; corn- 
 model 66; criophorus figure 284; 
 crow 301 ; crown 266 ff. ; dancing 
 figure 287 ; devotee's figure 260, 285, 
 287 ; disease and peril 61 10 , 181, 191, 
 215, 227, 229, 230, 233, 234; divine 
 figure 127, 282, 303, 306; doll 249, 
 250; dress 249, 276; earrings 253, 
 394; earth praying for rain 190; 
 eiresione 52 ; firstfruits 52, 53 ff . ; 
 fishing 58 ; flute and flute case 269 ; 
 games 155, 171, 174, 176, 179; 
 girdle 249 ; groups 130, 190 ; hair 243 ; 
 helmet 105 ; horse 67 ; huckster's 
 figure? 78; hunting 78; huntsman's 
 figure 78 ; knife 74 ; knight and 
 horse, figure of 79 ; lamp 74, 301 ; 
 land 42 4 ; lion 231; literary works 
 64; loom-weight 73; lyre 71; male 
 figures 79, 141, 166, 167, 173; mallet 
 74; manger 117; marriage 249; 
 masterpiece 63; mirror 74; nursing 
 mother 257; official 289; olive 49; 
 owl 301; ox 298, 300; panoply 113; 
 Pausanias' statue 314 ; perfume pot 
 74; pick 71, 73, 74; pin 253 ; plane 
 71; portrait 229; puberty 242; 
 quoit-thrower's figure 173; rabbit 
 69 ; rake 71 ; ram 300 ; relief 176, 
 179, 256, 292; rider's figure 141, 
 166, 167; sceptre 294; scribe's figure 
 260; seafaring 228; shield 105; 
 shovel 71; shuttle 72; slaves 336; 
 spear 105, 114; spindle 72, 74; 
 spoils 99 ff. ; spool of thread 73 ; 
 stone 321; stone-ram 75; temple 
 119, 122; thread 73; throne 117; 
 tithe 56, 60 4 ; toys 249 f.; trade 61, 
 82, 90: see arts and crafts; trinkets 
 253; tripod 152; trumpet 114, 163; 
 vase 60, 280, etc. ; Victory 143 ; war 
 33, 96, 97 ff., 101, 103, 105, 107-109, 
 119, 120, 122, 127, 133, 140, 143; 
 warrior's figure 140, 141 ; weaver's 
 comb 72 
 
 Athenian colonnade at Delphi 124; 
 treasury 123; spoils dedicated at 
 
 Delphi 123 ; the Athenians dedicate 
 an Apollo 128; a group 131; Pelo- 
 ponnesian spoils 106; war tithe at 
 Delphi 102; shrine to Pan 353 
 
 Athens, agonistic relief 177 4 ; agonistic 
 dedications 181 ; altars of Peisis- 
 tratus 259 ; archons' statues 315 ; 
 reliefs 18, 27, 33, 36, 176, 217 ff.; 
 dedications of colonies 282 ; of a 
 crown by Lysander 267 ; of senate 
 and officials 261 f. ; priestly statues 
 264 ; feasts of Asclepius 198 ; found- 
 ing of the Asclepieum 194; hair- 
 offering 241; hero Amynos 8; Holy 
 Marriage 247 2 ; lyrical prize 151; 
 professional physicians in 205 ; 
 temple inventory 344 ; tithe of war 
 102; Zeus the Highest in Athens 
 215 3 ; the Virgin replaces Athena at 
 37 
 
 athlete becomes a hero 9 
 
 athletes 306, 361 ; athlete statues 167 ff. ; 
 characterized 308 ; group in relief 
 176 ; athletes make a dedication in 
 common 34 ; athletes holding prize 
 and votive tablet, on a vase painting 
 173 
 
 athletic victory and prize on reliefs 
 177 
 
 Atreus' sceptre 318 
 
 Attalus I dedicates a group of his 
 Gallic victory 130, 132 
 
 Attalus II, Gallic victories 122 ; dedi- 
 cates spoil 109 ; builds a colonnade 
 125; dedicates his teacher 270 
 
 Attis in relief 294 
 
 attributes, divine 129, 139, 303, 307, 
 357; of athletes 160, 170; of hero 
 18 ; meaning 256 with 3 , 297, 306, 
 373; not dedicated as such 380 
 
 Aulis, St Nicholas at 37 
 
 Auxesia and Damia 191 
 
 Averter of Flies, Zeus 188 
 
 axe as attribute of Zeus 139 ; axe of 
 Tenedos 58 5 , 92 7 ; axes dedicated 
 355, 386; in miniature 387 
 
 Axiopoina, Axiopoinos Athena 119, 
 233 
 
 Ayassos, votive offerings at 345 ; feast 
 of the Virgin 208, 235 
 
 Baal, dedications to 64 
 
 Babo as goddess of childbirth 251 
 
 Bacchus, grapes offered to 49 
 
 baetylus 321, 324 
 
 baker's lawsuit 235 ; tithe 59 ; model 
 
 of baker 78. See baxter 
 banquet in Asclepius reliefs 221 
 barbarians offer firstfruits 52 2 
 barley in sacrifice 51 13 , 53 
 barrenness 191 
 
430 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 bases of tripods 158, 159 
 
 Basileia 182 
 
 basileus 261 
 
 basket-bearing figures 288 ; in cult of 
 Asclepius 198 
 
 basket or box on reliefs 221 
 
 Bassae, temple of Apollo 189, 353; 
 modern chapel of St Healer 13* 
 
 Bathos, St George at 37 
 
 Baton in group 130 
 
 battle realistically pourtrayed in sculp- 
 ture 132 ; in relief 133 ; on votive 
 tablets 134; in group 130, 132 
 
 Matins consults the Delphic oracle 
 227; receives divine honours 4 3 ; 
 his figure 361 
 
 baxter dedicates an armed Athena 90 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry 134 
 
 beak of ship as attribute 131 
 
 beardless Heracles 32 
 
 'bears' 246 
 
 Beauty Contest 163 
 
 beehive tomb at Menidhi 4 
 
 bee-keeper's tithe 49 
 
 Bellerophon on Lycian reliefs 36 4 
 
 Bendis coupled with Deloptes in 
 Periaeus 20 B . See also Artemis 
 
 benefactor's image 231 9 
 
 bequest, votive 225 
 
 Berenice dedicates her hair 242 7 , 245 ; 
 dedication at Delos 279 
 
 bird as attribute 289, 290, 303, 306, 
 306 10 ; held in the hand or other- 
 wise 285, 287, 288 
 
 Biton carrying a bull 285 
 
 blazon on shields 226 2 
 
 blessing on reliefs 217 l 
 
 bloodguilt 313 
 
 boar-hunt on relief 25, 26 
 
 boar sent by Artemis to waste the 
 crops 41 2 , 53 
 
 boatrace at Salamis 151 
 
 body, parts of 200, 225 
 
 Boeotia, altar dedicated to Heracles 
 17 ; confers a crown of honour 269 ; 
 Hector a hero there 9 ; hero reliefs 
 19 ; official dedications 263 ; tombs 
 with reliefs 24 ; of rider-type 35 ; 
 vases with dedicatory inscriptions 
 280; vase with scene in a healing 
 shrine 221 
 
 Boeotian confederacy, dedications of 
 281 
 
 Bona Dea, altar with ears in relief 
 dedicated to 215 u 
 
 boots as attributes of the Dioscuri 30 
 
 Boreas, shrine built to 120 
 
 Bouleus 28 
 
 bow and arrow as attributes 291 
 
 bow and quiver, as prize 183 ; as 
 attributes of Artemis 251 
 
 bowl as attribute on reliefs 30, 287, 
 289, 290, 291 ; bowl and tympanum 
 as attributes of Cybele 293 ; of 
 medicine on relief 219, 221 ' 
 
 bowls as bullion 93 
 
 bowmanship, prizes for 183 
 
 box or basket on reliefs 221 
 
 boxer 170, 171, 173, 182; picture 81, 
 174; statue 169 
 
 boxing prize the tripod 151 
 
 branch as attribute 289 
 
 Branchidae, dedications by Croesus 
 117; bytheori278; by hydrophoros 
 277 ; by officials 263 ; inventory of 
 temple 344 ; dedication of dress 112; 
 spoil 117, 118; vases 265; Sacred 
 Way 56, 126; lion 144; statue of 
 Chares 260 ; modern shrine of St 
 Healer at 13 4 
 
 Brasidas dedicates a treasury at Delphi 
 123 ; heroized as Soter 8 
 
 Brauronian Artemis 246, 275; robes 
 dedicated to her 277 
 
 breeder's thank-offering 16, 145 ; tithe 
 58 
 
 Bridal Aphrodite 248 
 
 bridal baskets, cauldron and footstool 
 251 
 
 bridge of Mandrocles 70 
 
 Britomartis builds a temple to Artemis 
 Dictymna 228; invoked 12 a 
 
 Brizo as saviour at sea 228 
 
 broken pot miraculously mended 202 
 
 Bryaxis, base of lol 8 
 
 builder's tithe 59 
 
 buildings and parts of buildings dedi- 
 cated by officials 273 ; for agonistic 
 victory 183 
 
 bull 285 ; attackt by lion 69 ; on reliefs 
 179, 180 ; sacrificed to Asclepius 199; 
 model dedicated for allegorical rea- 
 sons 91 
 
 bundle of sticks as attribute 287 
 
 burning an offering 311 3 ; for the dead 
 4 1 ; burning or burying 3 
 
 butcher's tithe 59, 60 
 
 Butes' altar in the Erechtheum 11 
 
 Bybo's stone 332 
 
 Byzantine chapels 12 
 
 Byzantium, Pausanias there 260 ; 
 tombs with rider reliefs 36; prize 
 dedicated 153 
 
 Cabiri 51; as saviours at sea 228, 
 232. Dedications and dedicators : 
 animal models 69; bulls 76; child- 
 ren's figures 258; cloke 228 l2 , 275; 
 cowbell 73 ; criophorus figures 285 ; 
 devotee's figure 285 ; doll 250 ; dress 
 275; goat 300; gods, other 393; 
 grotesques 250; hair 245; horse 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 431 
 
 laden 77 ; hound 77 ; knuckle-bones 
 250; mask 250; ox 300; Pan 393; 
 rabbit 301; sheep 300; top 250; 
 vases 279 ; vine -model 66 
 
 Cabirium, favissae at 346 
 
 Cadytis, sack of 112 
 
 cakes 200, 290; in death cult 20 6 ; 
 offered to serpent 205 ; on rider 
 relief 24 4 ; on reliefs 32, 221 ; in 
 shape of deer 67 ; oxen 296 ; lyre 
 and spear 384 3 
 
 Calabria, tithe from 59 10 
 
 Calaurea, armed riders 141 ; dolls, 
 masks, grotesques 250 ; horse-models 
 67 
 
 Calchas, shrine of 204 J 
 
 calf 205; as attribute 289 
 
 Callias dedicates a horse at Delphi 
 106; spoil 117; his statue 17.1 
 
 calligraphy, contests in 184 
 
 Callipygos, Aphrodite 249 
 
 Callis the potter 61 
 
 Callisto in a group 131 
 
 Gallium, destruction of, a trophy of 
 Gallianus erected when Vergeaea 
 was taken 100 
 
 Calydon, St Theodore at 37 
 
 Galydonian boar's skin and tusks 319 
 
 Calymna sends a boat to Delos 279 ; 
 models of birds there 211 
 
 Camarina, favissae 346 ; store-chamber 
 346 
 
 Carnasarya, Queen, sends theori to 
 Branchidae 278 
 
 Camiros 45 6 , 115, 230; portrait dedi- 
 cated to Hecate 229 
 
 Camo's dedication 250 
 
 canephori 276, 364 
 
 cap as attribute of Theseus 33 
 
 Caphyes dedicate war tithe at Delphi 
 102 
 
 captive horses shorn 245 
 
 captives in model 115 
 
 captivity, release from 229 
 
 Capua, Nestor's cup in 320 
 
 Carneades, honorific statue of 270 
 
 Carpathos, professional physicians in 
 205 
 
 Carthage confers a crown of honour 
 268 ; sends a bowl to Branchidae 
 278; offers tithe 55 5 ; log-book dedi- 
 cated there 64 ; treasury of Carthage 
 at Olympia 123 
 
 Carthaginians, spoil from 103, 107, 120 
 
 Carthaginian Wars in Sicily 126 
 
 Carystians dedicate a bronze ox 145 
 
 casket on reliefs 221 
 
 caskets for hair 340 3 
 
 Catachthonios Zeus 28 4 
 
 Catania, female types 305 ; favissae 
 346 
 
 causes for votes of thanks 267 ; for 
 
 dedicating honorific statues 270 
 cave of Anassa 46 9 ; Apollo 45, 46 9 ; 
 
 Demeter 45 s ; Dionysus 46 9 ; Hecate 
 
 46 1 - 9 ; Heracles 46 9 ; Hermes 46 9 , 
 
 67 "; the Mother 46 9 ; Nymphs 43, 
 
 44, 46, 47; Pan 46 ff.; Bhea 46 9 ; 
 
 cave of oracle 8 ; tithe dedicated in 
 
 a cave Se 28 
 Cecrops in group 131 ; in group at 
 
 Delphi, described by Euripides 360 
 Cecryphalea, seafight of 125 
 Celeae, Pelops' chariot at 319 
 celes 166 3 
 Cenchreae, St Paul shaves his head in 
 
 245 
 Ceos, archon's offering in 259 ; lion 
 
 144 
 Cephallenia, record of deliverance 229 4 ; 
 
 votive quoit 160 
 
 Cephalu, dedication by athletes at 34 
 Cephisus, hair sacred to it 241 ; statue 
 
 of youth shearing hair 243; dedica- 
 tion to the river 243 3 
 Ceramicus 36 
 Cerberus in a group 130 ; on a relief 
 
 29 
 
 ceremonial headgear as prize 153 
 ceremonial, memorials of 274 
 Cerynea, statues of priestesses at 264 
 Chabrias's crown 267 
 Chaeronea, emancipations 336 ; the 
 
 lion 144; sceptre of Pelops 318 
 chain used in dedications 342 3 
 Chalce, throne in rock sacred to 
 
 Hecate 195 
 Chalces, feast of 59 
 Chalcis dedicates tithe of war 103 ; 
 
 sends a bowl to Branchidae 278; 
 
 early games there 149 ; war 115 
 change in motive of dedications 137, 
 
 168, 269, 349, 378 
 character costume 18 s 
 characterization of athlete statues 170 
 Chares of Teichiusa 260, 372 
 chariot on Dioscuri reliefs 30 ; others 
 
 177 ; on a base 175 
 charioteer of Hiero 164 
 chariots of Olympia 141, 361 
 charm tied on the thigh 232 
 Charmus builds an altar to Love 249 
 Charon's boat on tombs 36 ; relief on 
 
 picture 133 
 Charonian cave 46 9 
 Cheiron, a hero 9 4 ; receives firstfruits 
 
 of herb simples 41 4 , 51; teaches 
 
 Asclepius 193 
 Chersonese, hero Protesilaus there 9 ; 
 
 confers a crown of honour 269 
 Chians dedicate a Victory 143 
 child in the hero-feast scheme 16 
 
432 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 childbirth 251, 355, 358; attitude of 
 254; scenes 255, 257 
 
 child's first hair dedicated 242 
 
 Chios sends a bowl to Branchidae 278 ; 
 hero Eumenes there 8 
 
 choice prize 117, 350 
 
 choregia 156 
 
 choregic relief 179; inscribed 180 
 
 choregus and chorus on a relief 180 
 
 Chresterius, Apollo 231 
 
 Christian influence in interpretation 
 159 4 , 384 
 
 Chthonian deities 13 
 
 Chthonios Zeus 14 
 
 Chytri, figures from 289 
 
 Cicala, the benevolent 172 
 
 Cinion dedicates his bridle 70, 112 ; 
 two hertns 128 ; spoil 106 ; his 
 horses 164 
 
 Cithaeron, cave of nymphs on 47 
 
 cities dedicated to a god 342 3 
 
 Citium, figures from 289 
 
 clapping hands 290 
 
 Clazomenae, inscribed vase from 281 
 
 Cleitor, statue of Polybius 270 
 
 Cleitorians dedicate war tithe at 
 Olympia 102; a Zeus 127 
 
 Cleobis and Biton 361 
 
 Cleon and the sausages 60 
 
 Cleone dedicates a bronze goat 190 
 
 Cleonice, murder of 314 
 
 Cleosthenes, chariot of 164 
 
 cleruchs 55 ; dedicate tithe of land 55 3 
 
 cloke as attribute of Theseus 33 ; as 
 prize at Pellene 150 
 
 club as attribute of Heracles 32, 33 ; 
 hung on plane tree for Pan 71; 
 hunter's club 72 
 
 Clymenos 28 3 
 
 Cnidian treasury at Delphi 124 
 
 Cnidians dedicate war tithe at Delphi 
 102 
 
 Cuidus, animal model 300; offering 
 for atonement 313 ; official dedica- 
 tions 263 ; priestly statue 264 ; sacred 
 plot of land 43; dolls, masks, gro- 
 tesques 250; marble footstool dedi- 
 cated 277 ; breasts in model 216 ; 
 the lion 144 
 
 cock 285 ; offered to the dead 5 ; to 
 the Dioscuri 381 ; to Asclepius 204, 
 297 7 ; as a sacrifice 297 ; Spartan 
 offering for victory 99 7 ; not found 
 on Asclepius reliefs in Athens 220; 
 poor man's offering, and a common 
 one 204, 297; as attribute 314 e ; on 
 reliefs 28, 30, 31 ; in hand of figures 
 285, 287 ; models of cocks, see Things 
 dedicated; not symbolic, but in 
 modern Greece scares the goblins 7 3 
 
 Codrus, figure of 131 
 
 coinage, early 74 ; false coins 313 ; 
 
 cow or bull on coins 145 4 
 coins affixt to an image with wax in 
 
 Lesbos 226 
 Coloe, propitiatory offering from 312 ; 
 
 relief 216' 2 ; rider reliefs 26 
 colonists' dedications 282 
 colonnades 273,353 ; dedicated to Hera- 
 cles 35 ; colonnade of Athenians at 
 Delphi 106 
 
 Colophon, dogs sacrificed at 298* 
 Colossus of Rhodes 128 
 columns bearing votive statues 90 
 Comaras and his strawberry 371 
 combination of types on reliefs 23, 
 27, 177; banquet and sacrifice 222; 
 healing and worship 219 ; rider and 
 banquet 27 ; rider and throne 27 
 comedy personified 180 
 commerce, Athena protects 59 M 
 communion of living and dead in 
 
 ritual banquet 7 
 
 compulsory dedication 152, 185, 261 
 confiscated goods and coins 313, 316, 
 
 364 
 
 Conon dedicates temples to Aphrodite 
 and Zeus 121 ; his crown 267 ; 
 statue 373 
 
 consumptive patient, figure of 210 
 contest depicted on prize or instru- 
 ment 175 ; contest of skill 63 ; 
 scenic contest on reliefs 178 
 conventional representation of deities 
 
 84 
 
 cook dedicates his gear 71; tithe 95 
 Copais, eels sacrificed at, 51 
 Corcyra, Artemis at 304 ; heroes 
 98; river worship 321; baetylic or 
 conical stones 324, 325; fuvingae 
 346 ; prytanes' dedication there 
 262 ; Corcyra dedicates bronze bulls 
 91, 145; tithes a haul of fish 58; 
 spoils of Corcyra 125 
 cordwainers' guild offer tithe 60 
 Corfu, hero relief from, 20, 27 
 Corinth conquered by Cypselus 126 ; 
 deposit of votive tablets 80 ; with 
 scenes from games 174, war 134, 
 agriculture and trade 80 ; alpha- 
 bet inscribed 65 ; masterpiece 61, 
 63 ; jumping weights 162 ; flutes of 
 Marsyas and Meleager's spear pre- 
 served there 319 ; votive picture of 
 praying women 135 ; Poseidon at 
 Corinth 80; Zeus the Highest 215 3 ; 
 St John 37 
 Corinthian treasury at Delphi 124, 
 
 226 10 
 
 corn on reliefs 28 ; corn ears as attri- 
 bute 294 ; on coins of Metapontium 
 66; corn tithed 58 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 433 
 
 Corn-maiden in modern Greece 50 
 
 Coronea, colonnade dedicated to 
 Heracles at 35; emancipations 315 
 336 
 
 Coronis, 193, 197 
 
 corpse or skeleton dedicated by Hip- 
 pocrates 91 
 
 corruption in games 312 
 
 corselets of linen worn by warriors 112 5 
 
 Coryceus Apollo 280 
 
 Cos, a clock dedicated there 273 ; 
 Asclepius worshipt there 194, 197 ; 
 scene in the Asclepieum 197; be- 
 quest 340 ; Cure Tables 201 ; sacred 
 tree, 13 2 ; marble shield dedicated 
 115 ; musician's prize dedicated 154 ; 
 worshipper's portrait dedicated 209 ; 
 sends a bowl to Branchidae 278; 
 to Delos 279; shrine of Virgin, 13 4 
 
 cosmetes 184, 262; in Crete 263 
 
 Cotilus Mt, chapel on ancient foun- 
 dation 37; the Virgin there 37 
 
 Cottina dedicates a bronze ox 297; 
 her statue 373 
 
 Cotylean Asclepius 223 
 
 Coula, Men at 339 
 
 countryman's deities 45 
 
 Courotrophos, a title of Artemis 254 ; 
 Athena 252 ; Demeter 252 ; on harp- 
 ist relief 256 
 
 courtesan 93, 249, 297, 355 ; dedicates 
 hair 244; statue 321; trinkets 72; 
 tithe 59 ; in picture 135 ; her figure 
 373 
 
 craft or calling depicted 80 
 
 crafts and arts, Athena protects 59 20 
 
 craftsmen's feast at Athens 59 
 
 Cranaia, Athena 250, 280 
 
 crater as prize in Aegina 150; on 
 hero-feast reliefs 22; on reliefs 22 1 
 
 Craterus saves Alexander's life 231 
 
 Cratisthenes, chariot of 164 
 
 Cretan gods 241 1 ; Artemis Dictymna 
 228; Eumenides 1 89 * ; sacred caves 
 49"; spoil dedicated there 109 
 
 Crete, animal models 67 11 , 300; 
 horses 67 ; limbs 215 ; criophorus 
 type 285; warrior 141; masterpiece 
 64 ; dedicates firstfruits of men 103 ; 
 war tithe 102; official dedications 
 there 263; reliefs 19 10 
 
 Crimesus, spoil from the battle of 107 
 
 criophorus figures 284; Hermes 190, 
 285 
 
 Croesus 320, 350 ; appeases the oracles 
 311; dedicates a tithe of gold 58, 
 59 ll ; firstfruits of his inheritance 
 54; a traitor's spoils 117; pillars at 
 Ephesus 353; bowl 311, 355; his 
 fetters 233, 234 ; builds a treasury at 
 Delphi 121 ; burns his offerings 350 
 
 E. 
 
 Cronion, sole dedication to 110* 
 
 Cronus, stone swallowed by 318, 356, 
 376 
 
 Croton, hero Philippus at 8 
 
 crouching boys 289 
 
 crown 34, 261 7 , 267, 344; carved in 
 relief 266 3 ; placed on victor's head 
 in a group 132 ; crowns of leaves for 
 victors 40 8 ; of gold as prize 151 ; 
 honorific crowns 266, 367; conferred 
 by states 268, 269 
 
 Ctesias, dedication of 208 
 
 Ctesonicles, priest of Asclepius 206 
 
 cuckoo as attribute, 303 
 
 Cuirass as prize at Argos 150 
 
 Cumae : helmet from the battle 104 ; 
 tripod dedicated 146 ; Victory 142 ; 
 hero reliefs 17 ; rider relief 23 
 
 cure, temples built for 223, 224 
 
 cures of Asclepius 201 
 
 currency 54 
 
 curses 337 ; for lost property 339 
 
 customary feast the time of dedica- 
 tion 14 
 
 Cyamites replaced by St George 37 
 
 Cybele in the Anthology 48 *; on the 
 mountains, 45; as healer 192, 195 5 ; 
 hair dedicated to her 243, 244; on 
 reliefs 293, 294; relief of Cybele 
 found in tomb 293; eunuch's dedi- 
 cations to her 232 ; associated with 
 Pan 45 3 
 
 Cychreus a hero, identified with a 
 snake 6 2 ; shrine built to him 120 
 
 Cylon 336; his statue 231 , 373; Cy- 
 lon's rebels bind themselves by a 
 string to Athena's statue 342 3 
 
 Cyme, arms dedicated there, 113; 
 lamp dedicated by Alexander 117 
 
 Cynisca's chariot 164, 165 
 
 Cyniscus, statue of 169 
 
 Cynuria, inscribed vases from 281 
 
 Cyprus, cave of Apollo and Anassa 
 46 9 ; store chambers in Cyprus 
 346 ; votive figures 257, 289 ff. ; 'nurs- 
 ing mother 257 ; childbirth relief 
 255 ; inscribed vase 281 ; vase dedi- 
 cated to hero found there 17; in- 
 scribed pin dedicated to Aphrodite 
 253; limb-models 215; stone tripod 
 160; portraits of Ariadne 248; Ha- 
 brothaus in Cyprus 253 ; Zeus the 
 Highest 215 B ; professional physi- 
 cians 205 3 
 
 Cypselus founds a Contest of Beauty 
 163 ; dedicates his chest 226 ; horns 
 320; a Zeus 126; his vow 98, 126, 
 his treasury at Delphi 124 
 
 Cyrene sends a crater to Olympia 
 281 7 ; limb-model found there 215 6 
 
 Cyrus and Lysander 116 
 
 28 
 
434 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Cythera, finds off 170 7 ; Dioscuri relief 
 
 30; Asclepiad relief 219 
 Cythera taken 132 
 Cytherea invoked in sickness 192 
 Cythiiun, temple of Aphrodite in 248 
 Cyzicus : Apollo relief 34 ; rider reliefs 
 26 ; rider relief on tombs, 36 ; sends 
 a bowl to Branchidae 278 
 
 Daedalus' chair 320 ; wings 319 ; he 
 
 makes a statue of Heracles 238 
 daemons of Homer 10 
 Daiphantes, figure of 131 
 Damarchus, statue of 169 
 Damia and Auxesia 191 
 Damiorgi of Megara 263 
 Damomenes 159 
 
 Damonon, athletic monument of 176 
 Danaus 92, 353 
 dancers 288, 289, 304 ; on reliefs 178, 
 
 292 ; dancers offer a crown at Delos 
 
 279; dancing nymphs 43; dances 
 
 45, 276; rustic dances 44; prizes for 
 
 dancing 155 
 dangers mentioned in the inscriptions 
 
 229 
 Daphni, monastery of, on site of a 
 
 temple of Apollo 37 
 Darius' bridge over the Bosporus 70 
 dates of the practice of dedicating 
 
 a.va0-/i/JLa.Ta 349 
 Datis, his circlet 268 
 d'Aubusson 122 
 
 daughters of Asclepius on relief 218 
 Daulis, emancipations at 315, 336; 
 
 hero-sacrifice there 7 4 
 Day in a group 130 
 dead invited to join in the banquet 
 
 10 ; hero reliefs dedicated to them 26 ; 
 
 tithe in connexion with the dead 56 ; 
 
 sacred precinct 353 
 Death Feast or Hero Feast 20 ff.; in 
 
 model 16 
 
 deceit punisht 203 
 Decelea, tithe in 57 u 
 declaiming female figure on relief 178 
 decrees 340; kept in temples 321; 
 
 decree reliefs 33 
 dedication to a city 29 s 
 dedications of the Anthology summa- 
 rized 48 l 
 
 dedicators in Asclepieum 206, 207 
 deer sacrifices 298; deer models 69; 
 
 deer-shaped cakes 68 
 degradation of taste and feeling 114, 
 
 209, 211, 227 
 degraded epigrams 114 
 Deianira in a group 132 
 deified men 4, 7 
 Deiphobus a hero 9* 
 Delian feasts 279 
 
 deliverance from peril 226 ff. ; in lite- 
 rature 232 
 
 deliverer, human, image of 209 
 
 Deloptes a hero at Samos 8; Pei- 
 raeus 20 8 
 
 Delos, Apollo Oulios known there 192 ; 
 Asclepius 194; Athena Organe 59 "; 
 Brizo 228; Egyptian deities 230; 
 Fairweather Zeus 230; dedication 
 to Eileithyia 253 ; prize of weapons 
 there 151; lyrical prize 151 7 ; horn 
 altar 50 s ; sacred olive 40; sacred 
 cave 46 9 ; Lysander dedicates a 
 crown 267 ; temple management 344; 
 recasting of offerings 345 
 
 Dedications: animal and plant 
 models 66 ff., 75; bowls 279; crowns 
 268, 279; divine figures 254; dolls 
 249; firstfruits and tithes 52, 59", 
 93 ; forfeits 313 ; jockey 167 ; Maidens 
 306 ; masterpiece 61, 64 ; official 
 263 ; ornaments 268 ; pilgrim's al- 
 tars 283; prize 154; rarities 319; 
 reliefs 222 ; combination relief 222 ; 
 ritual figures 288; simulacra 116; 
 theori 279; tithe 59 12 ; tools 73; 
 toys 250 ; trade-model 78 ; vases 
 227 
 
 Delphi : pictures by Lysippus 231 ; 
 sacrifice to Apollo Artemis and 
 Leto 291 ; sacred plane tree 40 ; hero 
 Phylacos 8 ; human sacrifice 102 21 ; 
 tithe of captives 102; oracle 48 5 ; 
 demands payment 278, 351; oracular 
 cave 45; treasuries there 122; 
 Corinthian treasury 226 10 ; Athe- 
 nian colonnade 106 ; temple inven- 
 tory 344 ; favissae 346 ; educational 
 bequest 340 ; Neoptolemus 18 ; 
 Croesus' ' baker woman ' 255 ; tripod 
 brought by a sacred embassy 
 273; tripod of Diomede 15 ; Pe- 
 lasgian tithe 55 5 ; refuses spoil 
 105 
 
 Dedications : allegorical offering 
 (?) 91, 145; animal models 91, 
 145, 297; Aphrodite, figure of 248; 
 archons' statues 315 ; axes 92 ; 
 bowl of Alyattes 191; bull of Cor- 
 cyra 91, cp. 145; choice prize 117; 
 colonnade 124; Croesus' offerings 
 311 ; crowns 268 ; disease 191 ; 
 divine figures 126, 127, 308; E 354; 
 groups 130 ff., 145, 360 11 , cp. 91; 
 hair 241; Hippocrates' corpse 91; 
 human figures 137, 140, 255; ingots 
 311 ; masterpiece 63, 64 ; official 
 315; oracle 48 s ; ornaments 255; 
 pomp, model of 145; propitiatory 
 315 ; rarities 318, 320, 321 ; ritual, 
 articles used in 277, 281; sacrifice, 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 435 
 
 model of 145 ; spoil 104, 106, 107, 
 108, 115, 117; tithe 55, 55 8 , 56, 
 102; tithe of profits 59 n ; tithe of 
 war 102; treasuries 123, 124; tri- 
 pods 15 *, 145, 146; trophy 100; 
 vases 281; Victories 142; war tithe 
 102; warriors 140 
 Delphidios 263 31 
 Delphinios Apollo 12 2 
 Demeter 28 ; replaced by St Andrew 
 38; by St Demetrius 37; by the 
 Virgin 37 ; Asclepius dedicated to her 
 as mystic 208. Titles: Chloe 44 9 ; 
 Chthonia 188 10 ; Courotrophos 252; 
 Enchloe 44'; Epilysamene 252; 
 Epogmios44 9 ; Soteira, 188; Deme- 
 ter and the Maid in the Asclepieum 
 197 ; on reliefs 190, 199, 199 J , 339 ; 
 with babe between 256, 294 ; fines 
 paid to them 315; Demeter associated 
 with Hades 28 s ; invoked in curses 
 338; in war 96; a healer at Eleusis 
 191 ; guardian of flocks 45 ; harvest- 
 home for her 43 ; contest of beauty 
 in her home 163; her mask worn 
 by priest 283 ; statues of priestesses 
 264; her priestess takes part in the 
 marriage ceremony 246; relief to 
 Demeter offered in a cave 192 3 ; 
 Demeter in the Anthology 48 *; pre- 
 cinct set apart by Cypselus for 
 Demeter Eleusinian 40 1 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : agri- 
 culture 45, 49, 85, 87; bowl 252; 
 bull model 300; cakes 296; child- 
 birth 251, 256 ; devotee's figure 
 264 ; disease and peril 191 ; divine 
 figure 304 ; dress of mystic 282 ; 
 nrstfruits 42 4 ; footstool in marble 
 277 ; fruit 53 ; honey 53 ; hydrophoros 
 figure 277; initiate's figure 208; 
 jumping weight? 161 ; loom-weight 
 73; marriage 246; ox-model 296, 
 300 ; plow 71 ; ram-model 300 ; relief, 
 ritual figure 287 ; sheaf 49 ; spindle 
 74(?) ; tithe 56, 57; vases 281 etc.; 
 war 96, 107, 110 
 
 deme-tithes 57 
 
 Demetrius, figure of 131 ; at Delos 279 ; 
 his crown 268; heroized as Soter 
 8 
 
 Demetrius of Phalerum reforms the 
 choregia 156; makes a dedication 
 as epistates 262; his law about 
 sepulchral reliefs 213 
 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes 282; dedicates 
 spoil 108; his siege-engines 128; 
 dedicates the Victory of Samo- 
 thrace 143; his mistress 227 
 
 Democedes the physician 206 
 
 Demosthenes dedicates spoil 107 
 
 Demosthenes the orator on honorific 
 crowns 135, 268; on recasting votive 
 offerings 344 
 
 Demus personified on relief .33 
 
 Deo 296 3 ; sheaves offered to her 49 
 
 Despoina 313 
 
 developments of the votive formula 
 335 
 
 devotee, figures of 284 
 
 Dexion, title of Sophocles 8 7 , 214 9 
 
 diadem as attribute of female figure 
 on reliefs 28; of Dioscuri on reliefs 
 30 
 
 Diagoras, statue of 171 
 
 Diasia 83 6 , 296 
 
 Dicte, sacred cave of 46 9 
 
 Dictymna Artemis 228 
 
 Didascalia personified 179 12 
 
 dietary inscription 203 
 
 Diitrephes, figure of 138 7 
 
 Dindymene, temple of 226 
 
 Diogenes 232 
 
 Diornede a hero 9 4 ; builds a shrine 
 to Apollo Epibaterios 228, 353; 
 dedicates a tripod 151 
 
 Diomedon's will 340 
 
 Dione 48; her dress 275; Athenians 
 bidden to deck out her statue 278 
 
 Diouysia 262; dances there 45 12 ; 
 prizes 156 
 
 Dionysiac precinct, tripods dedicated 
 in 157 
 
 Dionysius 232; of Syracuse 313 
 
 Dionysus and the hero-feast 22 
 
 Dionysus, titles: Auxites 44 9 ; latros 
 188; Orthus 227; cave sacred to 
 him 46 9 ; fine paid to him 316 ; 
 temple on Mt Nysa with offer- 
 ings 78; statues of him 262, 270; 
 tripods 156; bowl 262; reliefs 180; 
 paean at Delphi 65 ; associated with 
 tragic contests 178; the Dionysus 
 of Praxiteles 159 ; his figure on 
 tripod base 181; Dionysus in the 
 Anthology 48 l 
 
 Diophanes 181 
 
 Dioscuri 129 ; deified men 76 ; dress 
 30, 31; where worshipt 29 4 - 5 ; as 
 saviour at sea 228; invoked in war 
 126 4 ; agonistic dedications to them 
 179, 182; official dedications 263 30 ; 
 theoxenia 10 ; associated with Hera- 
 cles 45 3 ; reliefs 29, 179, 182; rider- 
 type 26; with boat 230; feast-type 
 22 ; offerings made to them 16 ; altars 
 17 ; quoit 160 ; vase 280 ; in a group 
 132 ; single Dioscurus 14, 30 ; their 
 stars 135 1 - 2 
 Diphilus on tithes 60 
 Dipylon figures 307; armour 109 
 discobolus 170 
 
 282 
 
436 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Disease and Peril 187 ff. : local wor- 
 ships 187; gods appealed to 188; 
 public dedications 189; private 191; 
 plague and pestilence 190; Ascle- 
 pius : his origin 192 ; wanderings 
 193; offshoots 194; becomes a god 
 194 ; his family 194 ; Amphiaraus : 
 origin 194 ; hero and god 195. 
 Other deities 195. Founding of the 
 Athenian Asclepienm 196 ; descrip- 
 tion 197; scene in the Asclepieum at 
 Cos 197; Epidaurus 198; priesthood 
 and administration 198; worship- 
 per's procedure 199; incubation 200; 
 Aristophanes' description and paral- 
 lels from Epidaurus 201; the 'Cures' 
 202 ; thank-offerings 204 ; physicians 
 in Greece 205 ; the dedicators 207 ; 
 offerings classified : image of De- 
 liverer 208 ; of person delivered 209 ; 
 of diseased part 210 ; ophthalmia 
 and lung complaints 212 ; limb- 
 models 213; models of disease 214; 
 offerings to other deities 214. 
 Beliefs: actor process 216; prayer 
 219; sacrifice 220; banquet 221. 
 Miscellaneous : temples 223 ; tools, 
 bandage and crutch, trinkets and 
 dress 224 ; humour 226. Other peril 
 226; by sea 227; sea deities 228; 
 Asclepius as protector at sea and 
 other peril 229 ; this theme in litera- 
 ture 232; deliverance at law 233; 
 modern parallels in Greece 235 ; and 
 Italy 238 
 
 disease inscribed on limb-model 215; 
 models of 214 
 
 dish of cakes as attribute 289 ; of 
 fruit 290 
 
 dispensary 206 
 
 disposal of ancient offerings 342 ; 
 modern offerings 237 
 
 Disposal of the offerings : how fixt 
 342; inventories 343; administra- 
 tion 344; recasting 345; favissae 
 and stores 346 ; variety of objects 
 347 
 
 distortion of votive idea 209 
 
 Dithyramb personified 179 
 
 divination 204 
 
 divine figures 288, 357, 358 ; precedent 
 256, 360; wedded pair 247 
 
 Dodona, dedications at: animal mo- 
 dels 67, 75, 76, 300; athlete figure 
 167, 173; axes 92; disease 215 7 ; 
 first fruit and tithe 52; games 182; 
 horse-trappings (?) 262 ; human 
 figures 286; human sacrifice 102 21 ; 
 jockey 167 ; mirror 253 ; oaks 40 ; 
 oracular inscriptions 48; orna- 
 ments 74, 253; pile of tripods 50 s ; 
 
 prize 152; ritual, articles used in 
 277; ritual figures 286; spoil of 
 war 106, 108; tripods 152; vases 
 280 
 
 dogs eaten by the Thracians 298 10 ; 
 on reliefs 22, 26; Asclepius reliefs 
 219; hero reliefs 18 5 , 21; Spartan 
 reliefs 5; sacrificed 298; to Hecate 
 46 1 ; at Epidaurus and Peiraeus 202 
 
 dolls found in excavations of temples 
 269 
 
 dolphin as attribute of Poseidon 231; 
 Arion's 228 
 
 Domestic Life. Puberty: dedication 
 of the hair 240 ; its distribution 
 241; child's first hair 242; river- 
 worship 240; great gods supplant 
 their predecessors 241 ; permanent 
 memorials of hair offering at Pana- 
 mara and elsewhere 243 ; hair offer- 
 ing in funeral rites 245; marriage 
 offerings 246; the Bears 246; holy 
 marriage 247; legendary dedications 
 248 ; dolls, toys, dress 249 ; prayers 
 for fruitfulness 281 ; childbirth and 
 its deities 251, 252 ; dedication of 
 dress 252; Eileithyia and kindred 
 deities 251, 253; existing remains 
 253. Other dedications : temples, 
 images, reliefs 254 ; groups 255 ; 
 nursing mothers 257 ; modern 
 parallels 257 
 
 Dorians build a temple 119 
 
 dortor at Oropus, Epidaurus, and 
 Athens 200, 201; scenes in it de- 
 picted on reliefs 217 
 
 double Athena, relief 293; dedication 
 on one base 93; Cybele 293 
 
 doves sacred to Aphrodite 40 8 ; as attri- 
 bute 289 ; in hand of figure 286, 
 287 
 
 down on chin dedicated 242 
 
 drachmae held in the hand of a figure 
 288 
 
 dreams 44, 189 ; commanding a dedi- 
 cation 17; interpreted by nymphs 43 
 
 dress dedicated by mystae 282 ; of the 
 divine image 275; of Dioscuri 30; 
 of Theseus 33 
 
 drinking-horn as attribute of hero 22 
 
 Dromios Hermes 263 9 
 
 drought 191 
 
 Dryopes defeated by Heracles 119; 
 they found Asine 102 
 
 duck at Athens 67 
 
 Duilius, column of 103 8 
 
 Dun Cow of Warwick 319 
 
 Dundonald, Lord 104 
 
 dust gods 275, 276 
 
 E, Delphian 354 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 437 
 
 eagles 308; as attribute 305; of Dio- 
 nysus 295; models 69 
 
 Earth, dedication to 305; invoked in 
 curses 338; praying for rain 91, 
 190 
 
 earthquake 231 
 
 echoes of old types on tombs 36 
 
 Ecphantus' pillar 61 
 
 egg offered to the dead 5 
 
 Egypt, Kings of 279 ; model of prey 
 dedicated in 68 
 
 Egyptian deities at Delos 230 ; slaves 
 dedicated to them 336 
 
 Eileithyia, how depicted 255 l ; her 
 temple in Elis 121; statues 254; 
 draped 275 ; as title of Hera and 
 Artemis 252 ; dedications to her 
 253; perhaps figures of children 
 258 ; replaced by St Eleutherios 237 l 
 
 Einodia, dogs sacrificed to 298 9 
 
 Eiresione 52 
 
 Elaphebolia at Patrae 50 3 , 68 
 
 Elatea, siege of 134, 138 ; emancipa- 
 tions 315; favissae 346; saviour 
 gods dedicated there 129 ; agonistic 
 dedication 183 ; St Theodore there 
 37 
 
 Elateans dedicate a bronze lion 144 
 
 Elean women make a robe for Hera 
 277 ; women build a temple to Athena 
 Mother 254 
 
 Eleans dedicate altars at Ammon 282; 
 a Zeus 127 12 ; war tithe at Olympia 
 102 ; found temples 121, 353 
 
 elephantiasis 214 
 
 Eleusinia 182 ; victor dedicated in 
 Lesbos 155 
 
 Eleusinium (Athens), group of ox led 
 to sacrifice 285 
 
 Eleusis, Deineter a healer there 191 ; 
 local divine pair 14, 29 ; Tripto- 
 lemus 18, 294; temple inventory 
 344; offertory boxes 278; breach of 
 law there 316 ; dedications, chariot- 
 victory commemorated 181; Ascle- 
 pius as initiate 196 ; statue of 
 Isocrates 270 ; votive war-picture 
 134; hero-feast relief 22 15 , 28; other 
 reliefs from 294; divine figures 15; 
 inscribed vases 295 ; dedications of 
 Athenian senate at 261 ; ' Maiden ' 
 found there 306 ; jumping weight 
 found there 161 ; St George, St 
 David, the Virgin at 37 
 
 Eleutherios, title of Zeus 113; altar 
 226 
 
 Eleuthia, dedications to 253 
 
 Elias, St 13 
 
 Elis conquered by Heracles 119; tem- 
 ple built after the conquest 119 ; 
 conquers Pisa 120 ; temple of Apollo 
 
 Healer 189; temple of Hades 28; 
 Zeus Averter of Flies 188 l4 ; colon- 
 nade 125; spoil of Tiryns there 117; 
 two cities of Elis send a vase to 
 Olympia 281 
 
 emancipation 335 ff. 
 
 embassy, sacred 278, 351 
 
 Emperors of Borne, Founder and Sa- 
 viour 8 
 
 enfranchised slaves dedicate a seat in 
 stadium at Epidaurus 235 
 
 enfranchisements guarded by fines 315 
 
 Engyion, Homeric relics at 320 
 
 enthroned figures 303 ; female figure 
 with infant 257 ; goddesses in Athens 
 and Eleusis 304; hero 19 
 
 Enyalios 96 ; dogs sacrificed to him 
 298 9 
 
 Epameinondas 131, 268; honorific 
 statues 269, 373 
 
 Epeuches the physician 206 
 
 ephebes 262 ; votive offering supplied 
 by the state for them 206; ephebic 
 constitution in Athens 183 ; else- 
 where 184 ; contests 183 
 
 Ephesus dedicated to Artemis 342 3 ; 
 sends theori to Branchidae 278; a 
 crown to Delphi 281 ; literary master- 
 piece there 64; Cybele relief 293; 
 Lysander's victory there 143 
 
 Epibaterios, title of Apollo 228 
 
 Epicharinus, statue of 171 
 
 Epicteta's will 9, 340 
 
 Epictetus 243 2 
 
 Epidauria in Athens 198; relief of- 
 fered there 199 
 
 Epidaurians dedicate a Zeus 127 
 
 Epidaurus, Asclepius as protector in 
 general 229 ; Damia and Auxesia 
 there 191; figures of Asclepius 208; 
 reliefs 219; official dedications 263; 
 lavers 280 ; slaves' dedications 235 ; 
 vases 232 ; dedicatory hymns 65 ; 
 statue of Epaminondas 269 ; a 
 mother dedicates a son's statue 209 ; 
 St Michael and St Damian there 37 
 
 Epidaurus Limera, worship of Ascle- 
 pius at 194 ; Asclepius in form of a 
 snake 196; inscribed vases 281 
 
 Epigoni in group 130 
 
 Epilysamene Demeter 252 
 
 Epimenides 12 1 ; cleanses Athens 189 
 
 Epio 197 
 
 Epione on reliefs 218 
 
 epithets, meaning of 227 8 - 9 , 233, 249 2 , 
 252; of gods 96, 188, 252, 376 8 ; on 
 inscriptions 328 
 
 eponymous heroes in groups 130, 131, 
 132 
 
 Erechtheid prytanes 259 
 
 Erechtheum, altar to Butes there 11 ; 
 
438 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 priestly paintings 264; spoils dedi- 
 cated 105 
 
 Ercclitheus at Athens 18 ; fighting a- 
 gainst Eumolpus, a heroic precedent 
 132 
 
 Eretria, choregic dedications at 156 
 
 Eretrians dedicate a bronze ox 145; 
 pay firstfruits 52 
 
 Ergane 328; as title of Athena 59 M ; 
 dedication to Athena Ergane 59 18 
 
 Ergastinae 73 3 , 276, 355 
 
 Ergatis, Athena 59 m 
 
 Erichthonius 256 
 
 Eriphyle's necklace 319, 356 
 
 Erythrae confers a crown of honour 
 268; sends a bowl to Branchidae 
 278; hair offering 242; horns of 
 Indian ant there 321 ; masterpiece 
 63 
 
 estate left by will to found a shrine 9, 
 17 
 
 Etruria, warriors from 141 - 
 
 Etruscan athlete, figure of 172 6 
 
 Euamerion, son of Asclepius 194 
 
 Euboea, choregic dedications at 156; 
 Holy Marriage there 247 2 ; sacred 
 cave 46" 
 
 Eubouleus 28; dedication to him 34; 
 and Hades 28 s ; title of Zeus 251 
 
 Euchidas 136 2 
 
 Eucleia Artemis 119 
 
 Eudoxus, his astronomy at Delos 64 
 
 Eumenes a hero 8 
 
 Eumenes II, his dedications for defeat 
 of the Gauls 121 
 
 Eumenides 85 ; acquitted persons sa- 
 crifice to 233 ; reliefs 254 ; statues of 
 their priestesses 264 ; shrine built 
 by Epimenides 189, 353 ; a sanctuary 
 for slaves 336; Eumenides and 
 Hades 28 3 
 
 Eunostos a hero at Tanagra 8 
 
 Euphorbus a hero 9 4 
 
 Euphranor the sculptor 164 
 
 Euphronius the painter 61 
 
 Euploia Anhrodite 228 
 
 Eupraxia Artemis 251 
 
 Eurydamus, figure of 132 
 
 Eurymedon a hero, dedication to him 
 35 
 
 Eurymedon, spoils from the 106 
 
 Euthymus, dedication of 168 ', 169 
 
 evil eye in modern Greece 44 8 
 
 eye-disease in ancient Athens 212 
 
 eyes, votive, of Praxias 213 ; at St 
 Ottilien 239 2 
 
 Fair Voyage, Aphrodite of 121 
 Fairweather Zeus 230 
 faith 202, 207 
 false coins 313 
 
 family of Asclepius all together on one 
 relief 219 8 
 
 farmer's law suit 235; tithe 58 
 
 Fates as deities of marriage 246 ; hair 
 dedicated to them 243 
 
 father and sons make a common offer- 
 ing 34 
 
 fatherland specified in inscriptions 326 
 
 far issue 346 
 
 'fawn as attribute 304, 305 
 
 fawnskin on relief 180 
 
 fear, dedication due to 29 
 
 Fear invoked before battle 96, 126 4 
 
 feast, memorials of 208 13 , 274 
 
 Feasts and ceremonials 274 ff. ; offer- 
 ings at customary celebrations 274 ; 
 dress of the image 275; peplos 
 276 ; dedication of the dress of 
 priests 277; mystae 277, 282; dedi- 
 cations by sacred embassy 278 ; 
 Branchidae 278; Delos 277; in- 
 scribed vases 279; colonists' dedica- 
 tions 282 ; thank-offering for oracle 
 282. Altars and reliefs 282. Further 
 classification: devotee's figure 283; 
 discussion of votive figures in 
 general 284 ; dancers 286 ; other 
 ritual figures 288; unclassified re- 
 liefs 290 : Apollo, Artemis, Leto 
 291 ; Cybele 293 ; Demeter and the 
 Maid 294; Dionysus, Hecate, Zeus 
 295. Model of thing sacrificed 
 295 ff. ; what could be sacrificed 
 297; animal models 298. Articles 
 used in ritual 301 ; wreaths 302 ; 
 figure of the deity 302 ; ' Maidens ' 
 306, 317; 'Apollos' 307 
 
 feast-type on reliefs 23, 292 ; on choregic 
 reliefs 180; on tombstones 35 
 
 female alone on hero-feast reliefs 22; 
 deities and male 48 2 ; figures of- 
 fered to male deities 289; by male 
 persons 305 ; enthroned, relief from 
 Thessaly 25; on hero reliefs 19 12 ; 
 rider relief 26 ; healing deity '221 
 fig. 33; idols, naked 302 
 
 fertility, how secured 44 
 
 fetish 375 
 
 figure of Dioscurus 14 
 
 figures of worshipper in some charac- 
 teristic attitude 78; without attri- 
 butes 289 
 
 fillet on reliefs 27, 177 
 
 fillets, how used in dedication 342 3 ; 
 of priests of Apollo 277 
 
 fines 315, 359; tithed 316 
 
 finger as substitution for life 21 1 1 
 
 fire on altar in relief 220, 230 7 ; the 
 gods' property 350 l 
 
 fire-bearer of Asclepius 198 
 
 firstfruit and tithe together 56 10 , 93 ; 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 439 
 
 corn at Eleusis, how used 296 l ; 
 as thank-offering 328 22 ; as a tax 
 54 
 
 firstfruits 267 10 , 328, 348, 354; hair 
 241; men 103; spoils 99; in money 
 92 ; statue as firstfruit 90 ; offered 
 to heroes 9 ; to the dead 4 ; the word 
 used metaphorically 64 
 
 firstlings in model 67 
 
 fish sacrificed to heroes 10 ; tithed 58, 
 60 4 
 
 fisherman's firstlings 51 ; tithe 58 ; 
 dedicates bones 379 ; dedicates tools 
 71 
 
 fishmonger's lawsuit 235 
 
 Flamininus, his crown 268; his shield 
 113 
 
 flattery 269 
 
 Flight, god of 314 
 
 flocks blest by dead hero 45 
 
 flogging the Hellespont 311 
 
 flood 191 
 
 flotist 288, 289; dedicates a crown 
 155 ; a prize 153 ; figure at Dodona 
 287; on relief 178; Mycenaean figure 
 286 
 
 flowers as attribute 288, 289, 290, 304; 
 on reliefs 28, 254; of the Eumeni- 
 des 254; meaning of flower held to 
 nose 84 
 
 flute as attribute of figure 289 
 
 flutes of Marsyas 319 
 
 Flycatcher Hero 188 
 
 food fallen from the table sacred to 
 heroes 10 ; sacrificed to dead 4 
 
 ford, memorial of deliverance at a 230 
 
 forfeited articles 313 
 
 formal dedication 266 
 
 Formulae 185, 200, 322 ff., 349 ; no in- 
 scription necessary 322; verbs and 
 substantives 323; deity not named 
 324 ; deity without dedicator 325, 
 with dedicator 326 ; additions, the 
 object named 327 ; the occasion 
 328. Appositional phrases 329 ; ex- 
 planatory phrases 328, 331. The 
 formula loses force 323, 328, 332; 
 prayers 333; words in the nomina- 
 tive case 334 ; verse and prose 335 ; 
 later uses of the formula : emanci- 
 pations 336 ; curses 337, with reliefs 
 339; gifts and legacies 340 
 
 Fortune as saviour at sea 228 
 
 foundation deposit at Naucratis 78 ; 
 sacrifice 39* 
 
 Founder, as title of Roman emperors 8 
 
 fountain 273 
 
 fourth century, limb reliefs from 213 ; 
 change of motives in dedications 
 260 
 
 Francois vase 151 4 
 
 freedman's bowls 234 
 
 freedom, dedications for 234 
 
 Freedom, Zeus of 226 
 
 freewill 310, 350 
 
 friend pays tithe 60 
 
 frog 232 ; frogs in group 144 10 
 
 fruit or offering in kind in the hands 
 or on the knees of votive statuettes 
 67; in hand as attribute 237, 288, 
 290, 303; offered on reliefs 221 
 
 fuller 93; fuller's tithe 59 
 
 functions of heroes 7, 8, 9 
 
 funeral games 149; offerings 3 
 
 Furies as deities of marriage 246 
 
 Gabala, Alcmaeon's swaddlings at 
 319 
 
 Gaius Germanicus Caesar, rider relief 
 dedicated to 26 
 
 game, sacred 50 4 ; to Artemis 40 
 
 Games and contests 149 ff. : prizes 
 149 ; prize dedicated 151 ; tripod 
 152; stlengis, torches 153; wreath, 
 panathenaic amphora 154; crowns 
 155 ; Dionysiac tripod 156. The in- 
 strument 160. Model groups 164: 
 jockey 166 ; athlete statues 167 ; 
 pictures 174 ; reliefs 175 ; scenic and 
 musical reliefs 178. Later times 181. 
 Local games 182; ephebes 183 
 
 games at funeral 149; local 182; 
 soldiers' games at Ephesus 155; 
 on rider relief 24 
 
 garden of the nymphs 47 
 
 garlands as prizes 151, 152 3 ; in 
 model 15 ; on reliefs 179 
 
 Gaul, Aphrodite in 321 
 
 Gaulish spoils 128, 132; at Delphi 108 
 
 Gauls, defeat of, by Eumenes 121, 
 138; repulsed from Delphi 113; 
 paean dedicated there 148 
 
 Ge Chthonia and Zeus Chthonios 14 
 
 Ge invoked 12 2 
 
 Gela, criophorus type in 285 
 
 Gelo dedicates spoils 103; a gold tri- 
 pod 146 ; a Victory 142 ; his dedica- 
 tions at Olympia 123 ; his chariot 
 164 
 
 general does not dedicate his own 
 statue 138; figures in dedicatory 
 groups 131; otherwise 137 
 
 Genetyllides 252; dogs sacrificed to 
 them 298 9 
 
 Geranda, St Healer at 13 4 
 
 Germania on a relief 26 18 
 
 Geryones, bones of 318 
 
 gilding the horns of the victim 13, 
 235 
 
 Glaucon's chariot 165 
 
 Goat constellation 191 
 
 goat sacrificed to heroes 10; to 
 
440 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 nymphs and Pan 44; models 67 n ; 
 at Argos, Delos 67; as attributes 
 288; of bronze dedicated to propi- 
 tiate the Goat constellation 191 
 
 goblet on reliefs 19 
 
 God and Goddess at Eleusis 14, 29 
 
 god dedicated to another god, 64, 129, 
 391 
 
 God of the Grape, epithet of Diony- 
 sus 328 
 
 God on High as deliverer from peril 
 by sea 230 
 
 goddess, winged 15 
 
 Gods of Greece, vases inscribed to the 
 280 
 
 gods absorb earlier worship 241 
 
 gods and giants, battle of (group) 
 130 
 
 gods and kings 41 
 
 gods in groups 130 ff. 
 
 gods without attributes 91 
 
 gold tithed 58 
 
 Golden Fleece 319 
 
 goldsmith dedicates his tools 71 
 
 Golgos 291; limb-models 215 
 
 Good Fame, Artemis of 119 
 
 Good Friday in Athens 285 
 
 Good God, vase belonging to the 
 (Athens) 279 
 
 Gorgias' figure 373 
 
 Gortyn, Nemesis at 234 
 
 Gortys (Arcadia), arms dedicated at 
 112 
 
 Graces 45; dedication to 261; crown 
 155; tripod 148 
 
 Gracious Zeus, see. Meilichios 
 
 Granicus, battle of the 137; spoil 108 
 
 grapes on reliefs 221 ; on lap of figure 
 304 
 
 gratitude 73, 227, 255 7 , 331, 340, 
 352; exprest 330 
 
 grotesque and genre figures 391 
 
 grotto at Vari 85 
 
 group of envoys 191 ; of statues 117 ; 
 eponymous heroes, horses and cap- 
 tives 115; suppliants 117; warriors 
 116; in scheme of hero-feast 22 
 
 groups of men dedicate in common 
 266; agonistic groups 164; groups 
 depicting childbirth 254 
 
 grove, sacred 18 ; fetters hung there 
 233 
 
 Guardian of Phratry, a title of Zeus 
 316 
 
 Guide of the People, a title of Aphro- 
 dite 261 
 
 Gyges builds a treasury at Delphi 
 124 
 
 Gythium burned 132 
 
 Habron dedicates pedigree 264 
 
 Habrothaus, dedication to 253 
 
 Hades associated with other deities 
 28 3 ; and the hero-feast 22 ; invoked 
 in curses 338 ; temple dedicated to 
 him 28 ; and Persephone invoked in 
 sickness 13 7 ; on relief 28 
 
 hair, dedication of 240, 370; in peril 
 232 ; carved in relief 243 ; weighed 
 against silver 244; dedicated for 
 gratitude 245 
 
 hair-restorer 202 
 
 Halicarnussus, relief from 231 
 
 hand and arm alone holding object 
 290; hand of deity resting on vo- 
 tary's head 289 ; hand held to breast 
 255; hand held up carved on a 
 curse-slab 340 ; hand in obscure 
 attitude 5 ; raised to head, or touch- 
 ing breast, attitude of statuettes 
 289 ; uplifted as in prayer 290, 363; 
 on reliefs 23; clapping 290; hands 
 up, arms extended 290 ; two hands 
 in relief 295 
 
 Hanno dedicates his log-book 64 
 
 hare on hero reliefs 23 ; held in hand 
 as attribute 287 
 
 harp as attribute 289, 290 
 
 harpist 288, 289, 290; figures of 
 harpists 287 ; Mycenaean figure of 
 harpist 286 ; harpist's lawsuit 235 ; 
 the harpist's prize, a gold crown 
 151 ; dedicates a prize 153 ; dedi- 
 cates his instrument 71 ; ' Harp- 
 ist' reliefs 179, 291; with Couro- 
 trophos 256 
 
 Harpocrates 230 4 
 
 harvest home 52 ; for Demeter 43 
 
 hats as attributes 18 ; of the Dioscuri 
 31 
 
 Healer, Saint 13 
 
 healing hand on reliefs 216, 217 
 
 Health, Athena 61, 276 
 
 Health, hair dedicated to 241 
 
 heart, symbolical modern offering of 
 226 
 
 Hecataeum 208 13 , 295 
 
 Hecate as healer and saviour 192, 
 195; dogs sacrificed to her 298 9 ; 
 food offered to her 46 ; in Camirus 
 230 ; inscribed image 208, 306 ; rock 
 thrones 195 ; triform oriental 295 ; 
 and the hero-feast 22 
 
 Hector a hero in Eoeotia 9 ; vows 
 the spoil of Ajax 101 
 
 Hecuba dedicates a robe to Athena 
 275, 349, 354 ; her vow 101 l 
 
 Hegias the sculptor 166 
 
 Helen and Menelaus, figures of 15 
 
 Helen builds a temple for Eileithyia 
 254, 353 ; on Dioscuri reliefs 30 ; rape 
 of Helen, 248 ; her marriage 248 ; 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 441 
 
 her plane tree 40; her stool 320; 
 her spirit makes a babe beautiful 
 227 
 
 Helenas a hero 9* 
 
 Helicon, Hesiod's poems dedicated 
 there 64 ; Hesiod's tripod 152 ; a 
 trophy there 105 ; St Trinity 37 
 
 Heliodorus on Tripods 156 4 
 
 Helios 228; invoked 12 a 
 
 Hellespont flogged and appeased 311 
 
 helmet as attribute of Zeus 139 ; as 
 prize 183 
 
 Hephaestion 245 
 
 Hephaestus, fine paid to him 316 ; 
 sceptre made by him 318 ; asso- 
 ciated with Athena 59 20 
 
 Hera. Titles: Aigophagos 119; Eilei- 
 thyia 282; as goddess of marriage 
 246, 247 ; of childbirth 251 ; protects 
 at sea 229. Her attributes 303; 
 dress 275, 344; ' Maiden ' type 306 ; 
 Hera at Plataea 311 ; in the An- 
 thology 48 1 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : axe 
 92; bangle 74; bars 74; bird-models 
 299; brooch 74; bull-model 298; 
 bull attackt by lion 89 ; cat-model 
 382; childbirth 251; cock-model 
 298; cook's figure 78; couch 118, 
 311 6 , 320; cow 298; crater 58; crown 
 155; devotee's figure 296; disease 
 and peril 19 1 , 215; divine figure 
 303; dress 249; duck 299; fines 315; 
 furniture 316; games 33, 155, 177, 
 181; garland 248; goat-model 298; 
 hair 242; hair-net 249; hare 67; 
 hunting 67, 69; loom-weight 73; 
 male figure 286 ; marriage 246, 247, 
 249; mirror 74; monkey-model 382; 
 official 264 ; ox -model 298 ; painting 
 of bridge 70 ; peacock 382 ; pin 74, 
 253; pregnant women's figure 257; 
 priestesses' statues 264; puberty 
 242; relief 177; rudder 228; sea- 
 faring 228, 229; sheep-model 299; 
 spoils 101; temple 119; tithe 56 n , 
 78; trade 58, 70, 74 ; vases 280, 301; 
 war 101 
 
 Heraclea, battle of 125 
 
 Heraclea at Thebes 182 ; tripod as 
 prize 150 ; of Marathon, prizes at 
 150 
 
 Heraclea Pontica dedicates epony- 
 mous group 130 
 
 Heracles, Averter of 111 189 ; delivers 
 from plague 189 ; invoked in war 
 96, 126 4 ; saviour at sea 228, 229; 
 agonistic dedication to him 184 7 ; 
 Heracles at Erythrae 321 ; cave 
 sacred to him 46 9 ; beardless Hera- 
 cles 3 2 ; he builds a temple to Ascle- 
 
 pius 223 ; to Athena Axiopoinos 223 ; 
 apotheosis 174 ; altar dedicated to 
 him 17; in groups 130; withAchelous 
 132 4 ; with the Hydra 63; torches 
 dedicated to him 153 ; tripod 152 ; 
 vases 280 ; and the hero-feast 22 ; 
 associated with the Dioscuri 45 3 ; 
 with Hermes and Cybele in the 
 mountains 45 ; with Hermes on 
 relief 33 ; with Athena on decree 
 relief 33 ; dedicates his hair 245 ; 
 dedicates bones of Geryones 318 ; 
 dedicates spoils 101 ; a stone lion 
 144; temples 119, 353; dedication to 
 him on completing term of office 34 ; 
 Heracles enthroned on reliefs 32 ; 
 his figure 15 ; riding on an ass 33 ; 
 his garb 18 ; his Oeoti>ia 10 ; hot 
 baths sacred to him 8 14 ; in the 
 Asclepieum 197 ; at Borne 50 3 ; in 
 the Anthology 48 J ; replaced by 
 St Nicholas 38 
 
 Heraclitus dedicates his book 64 
 
 Heraea at Argos 150 
 
 Heraea, Pan at 46 8 ; victors 167 
 
 Heraeum, dedications at (Argos) : 
 animal models 298; crown 155; 
 devotee's figure 259, 286; divine 
 figure 296; dress 155; food on tray 
 in model 296; games, pillar record- 
 ing 181; ornaments 253; ritual 
 figures 286 ; trade-models 78 ; at 
 Olympia 320 
 
 herald 260, 265 ; competition of 
 heralds, 184 ; heralds' statues not 
 votive 172 
 
 herb simples offered to Cheiron 41 4 
 
 herm on relief 179; herms dedicated 
 by archons and herald 260 
 
 Hermae, Street of 128, 260, 358 
 
 Hermes 260 ; Criophoros 190, 285 ; of 
 the Eoads 49 ; and the dead 6 ; 
 caves sacred to him 46 9 ; his theo- 
 xenia 10 10 ; first figs offered to him 
 45 a ; dedication of ephebes to him 
 262; invoked 12 2 ; in curses 338; 
 delivers from plague 190; dedication 
 to Hermes Dromios 263 9 ; agonistic 
 dedication to Hermes and Heracles 
 183, and Nymphs 177; Hermes 
 and Heracles on relief 33 ; Hermes 
 on reliefs 292, 293 ; torches dedicated 
 to him 153, 163 ; toys and dress 
 249; vases 280; dedicated to Pan 
 and the Nymphs 392 ; in the As- 
 clepieum 197 ; in the mountains 
 45 ; in the Anthology 48 1 ; of Praxi- 
 teles 121 6 
 
 Hermion, statues of priestesses at 
 264 
 
 Hermione, Holy Marriage at 247 2 
 
442 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Hermolycus, statue of 171 
 
 Hermus, river god 85 
 
 Heroa in the Asclepieum of Athens 
 198 
 
 Herotles brings Asclepius to Athens 
 192 2 
 
 Heroes, origin 4, 7, 9; connexion 
 with snakes 7 ; with gods 7, 11, 12, 
 13, 18 ; their functions as protectors 
 and healers 8 ; prophetic powers 8 ; 
 punish error 9 ; human sacrifice 
 done to them 10 ; firstfruits and 
 animals sacrificed, libations poured 
 to them 10; a hero shrine 11; im- 
 portance and antiquity of their 
 worship 11 ; figure of the hero 14 ; 
 warriors, female figures, musicians, 
 runners, dancers, animal models, 
 garlands, centaur 15 ; tripods, 
 vases, rings, needles, ornaments 16 ; 
 worshipt by warriors 15, 17, 33 ; 
 huntsmen and breeders 16 ; athletes 
 34; the sick 8, 11, 193, 213 ; reliefs 
 5, 19 ff. : as rider or hunter 23 ; 
 standing free 27 ; feasting 20 ; arms 
 and armour 17 ; furniture 17 ; food, 
 flowers, wreaths, hair 17; models of 
 perishable things 18, 32 ; 'hero' used 
 of the dead 35; trade dedication 
 70 ; how represented 18 ; as saviours 
 229 ; bless flocks 45 ; in ancient 
 precincts 11; associated with greater 
 deities 18; invoked in oaths 7 5 , 12; 
 and heroines invoked 12 2 ; and 
 heroine in farmer's calendar 45 ; 
 partake of feast 17 18 ; worshipped 
 at sunset and powerful especially 
 at night 7 2 , 73; on mountains 13; 
 eponymous heroes, in groups 131; 
 hero enthroned 19; same type used 
 for Zeus or Sabazios 34; erect on 
 reliefs 27; the hero holds the horn 
 of victim 34; the hero-feast 288; 
 when dedicated 199 ; examples from 
 Tarentum 31 ; the hero as horse- 
 man 312 ; Pergamus 26 ; Hero 
 Physician at Athens 8, 11, 108; 
 reliefs in his shrine 223 ; inventory 
 344 ; Ptoan 11 ; number of hero 
 shrines 12 2 ; votive tablets in hero 
 shrines 47 7 ; hero shrine in Attica 
 38 ; dedications at hero shrine at 
 Therapne 15 ; heroes become gods 
 15 8 , 194, 195; hair dedicated to 
 heroes 241; hero shrine replaced 
 by chapel 38 ; replaced by St David 
 37 
 
 heroic precedent 122, 123, 129, 132, 
 132 4 , 134, 174, 360 
 
 heroized men 7 
 
 heroizing by public vote 9 
 
 Herostratus dedicates an image of 
 Aphrodite 228 
 
 Hesiod dedicates his prize tripod 151 ; 
 his poems dedicated 64 
 
 Hestia, firstfruits offered to her 46; 
 dedication to her 295 ; invoked 
 122 
 
 Hestia Boulaia, official dedication to 
 263 w 
 
 hexameters 334 
 
 Hierapolis, hair-offering at 242, 243 
 
 Hiero dedicates a helmet 104; a gold 
 tripod 146; a Victory 142; his 
 chariot 164; his jockeys 166 
 
 hierophant of Asclepius 198 
 
 Highest, Zeus 215 
 
 Himera, spoils from the battle 104, 
 123, 126 ; temples built out of the 
 spoil 120; Victory dedicated 142; 
 gold tripods 146; officials of 263 
 
 Hippias 205, 249 
 
 Hippocrates 79, 91 ; and the Cure 
 Tablets 203 
 
 Hippocrates defeated by Heracles 119 
 
 Hippodameia, marriage of 248 ; her 
 suitors heroized 9 1 ; her couch 
 320 
 
 Hippolytus, hair dedicated to 242 
 
 Hipponoe, wife of Asclepius 194 
 
 Holy Marriage 247 
 
 Homeric combats on votive tablets 
 134 ; heroes in group 130 ; warriors 
 as heroes 9 
 
 honorific inscription on a hero relief 
 26; statues 14 6 , 135, 185, 231 9 , 
 269, 270, 307; dedicated as a tithe 
 328 
 
 Honour and Office: no offering cus- 
 tomary in early times 259; altars 
 259 ; later very common 260 ; com- 
 pulsory 261, 266; yearly dedications 
 at Athens 261; elsewhere 262; the 
 temple service 263 ; statues of priests 
 264; tripod 265; occasion of these 
 offerings 265 ; vote of thanks 266 ; 
 crown of honour 216; public crowns 
 268; honorific statues 269; and their 
 occasions 270; erected in agora or 
 gymnasium 271 ; other objects 272 ; 
 articles for use 272 ; buildings and 
 repairs 273 
 
 hoplite-racer's statue 170, 173 
 
 horn of plenty in the hand of Hera- 
 cles 33 
 
 horns of victim gilded 235 
 
 horseman on Asclepius reliefs 219 
 
 horsemanship, contest in 175 
 
 horses sacrificed 298; to heroes 10; 
 at tombs 10 5 ; as attributes 18; on 
 reliefs 19, 24, 29, 177; interpreta- 
 tion 18 5 ; horse's head on reliefs 19, 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 443 
 
 23 s , 221, 222; horse-statues beside 
 a tomb 35; relief on a woman's 
 tomb 35; in the islands 25 1S ; 
 horses' names inscribed 164; cap- 
 tive horse dedicated at Delphi 106 ; 
 models 15, 67, 116 
 
 hot baths sacred to Heracles 8 14 
 
 hound on reliefs 251 9 
 
 House of Divination at Phlius 194 n 
 
 human deliverer's image 209; figures 
 in model 237; portrait not dedi- 
 cated alone in the great age 135; 
 sacrifice for fertility 39 3 ; on found- 
 ing a city 39 3 ; at Delphi and Do- 
 dona 102 ; to the dead 4; to 
 heroes 10; statues 264, 314 
 
 humorous dedication 202, 226 
 
 Hunter hero 23 
 
 hunter's dedications in sixth century 
 A.C. 51 ; thank-offering 16, 50 ; first- 
 lings 51, 298; tools 71, 72; hunt- 
 ing scene on reliefs 25, 84 ; on pic- 
 ture 81 ; hunting-club on rider relief 
 24; model of huntsman 78; hunt 
 relief on tombs 35 
 
 huxter's model 78 
 
 Hyampolis, emancipations at 315 
 
 Hydra's figure 136 
 
 hydrophori 277 
 
 Hygieia and her relation to Ascle- 
 pius 194, 197, 229; dedication to 
 her 210; statue 208; on reliefs 
 217 1 , 219; land sacred to her 42 7 ; 
 hair dedicated 241 ; a tithe of Athena 
 61, 328 
 
 Hyperborean tithe and firstfruits 52, 
 56 l ; maidens, hair dedicated to 
 242 
 
 Hyperides 312 
 
 Hypermestra builds a shrine of Vic- 
 torious Aphrodite 233, 353 
 
 Hyperteleatas, Apollo 277 
 
 Hypocrisis personified 179 12 
 
 Hyrnetho, tomb and shrine of 40 8 
 
 lacchus 28; as healer 192 3 ; and Hades 
 
 28 3 
 
 lalysus, forfeits at 313 
 laniscus, son of Asclepius 194 
 laso, daughter of Asclepius 194, 201 ; 
 
 on reliefs 218 
 lasus sends a bowl to Branchidae 
 
 278 
 latros, epithet of Apollo and Dionysus 
 
 188 ; name of a hero 8, 11, 108 
 Icarius dedicates an image of Modesty 
 
 248; reliefs 181 
 Ida, sacred cave of 46 9 
 Idalium 290 
 ideal element in groups 164; in other 
 
 offerings 91, 352, 356, 372 
 
 identity of figures on reliefs 223; see 
 
 also portrait 
 Idomeneus a hero 9 4 
 leso 197 
 Ilissus, shrine of Boreas hard by 120 ; 
 
 shrine of Nymphs 47 ; hair-offering 
 
 241 ; figures of children found near 
 
 258 
 
 . Illyria, rider reliefs from 26 
 image of deity 254 ; made of a growing 
 
 tree 248 ; image in a modern Greek 
 
 church 226 ; image of the deliverer 
 
 208 
 
 immolation at funerals 3 
 impersonation of god by priest 283 
 impious dedications 50 2 , 72, 113, 283 
 Inachus, hair sacred to 241 
 incantation, cure by 220 
 incense offered to the dead 22 2 
 incubation 200, 204 
 India, dedication in 134 
 infant on reliefs 256 
 infernal deities, land sacred to 43 
 ingratitude punisht 203 
 initiation as part of marriage 246 
 initiation of Asclepius 196 
 inscriptions of Olympian victors 167; 
 
 on votive tablets 80 ; on reliefs 223 ; 
 
 unique votive inscription 125 u 
 interpretation of figures 284 
 inventories 223, 266, 343, 344 
 Iphicrates dedicates a gilt shield 107 ; 
 
 his figure 137 
 Iphicratides dedicates a masterpiece 
 
 61 
 
 Iphigeneia 310 
 
 Iphinoe, hair dedicated to 242 
 Iphitus, quoit of 160 
 iron currency 74 19 
 Isaeus on tithes 60 
 Isis 230 4 , 336; dedications to her 283; 
 
 and the hero-feast 22; dedication 
 
 of prey to her 68 2 ; and Sarapis 14; 
 
 in the Asclepieum 197 
 islands, hero-feast reliefs from 21 
 Ismenian Apollo 140 
 Isocrates, equestrian statue of 106; 
 
 honorific statues 270 
 Isthmian wreath dedicated 154 
 Isthmus, Argo dedicated at 228; 
 
 trireme dedicated there 105 
 Ithaca, cave of the Nymphs in 44, 46; 
 
 shrine of Artemis there 121 2 
 Ithome, limb-models in 215 9 ; Heracles 
 
 relief 32 
 
 lulis, official dedications in 263 
 ivy crown 44; on reliefs 180; why ivy 
 was chosen 40 8 
 
 javelin as prize 183 
 javelin-casting on horseback 183 
 
444 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 jockey 361 ; on base of votive offering 
 
 175 
 Jovianus dedicates a shrine to Zeus 
 
 122 2 
 judge represented on agonistic relief 
 
 177 
 jug as attribute on reliefs 30; with 
 
 bowl 287, 288 
 
 juggling or tumbling, prize for 152 
 jumper on relief 176 
 Juno Lacinia, stolen coins devoted to 
 
 339 
 
 Kalloni, Lesbos, sacrifice at local feast 
 
 13 3 
 
 Kertch, rider relief on tombs at 36 
 kettles as prizes 149, 150, 151; for 
 
 tumbling 152 
 
 kings dedicate coins at Delos 268 
 kings, priests, and gods 41 
 knife on reliefs 221 
 knights, the 116; dedicate a horse or 
 
 horseman 142; dedicate a tripod at 
 
 Thespiae 148 
 
 Labours of Heracles in group 130 
 Lacedaemonian spoils 130 
 Lacedaemonians defeated by Conon 
 
 267 
 
 Lacedaemonius' victory 116 
 Laconia, Ulysses a hero in 9; slaves 
 
 there 337; rider relief 25; ancient 
 
 hero relief 19 ; birth-groups 254 
 Ladas 170 9 
 
 lamb 285 ; held as attribute 287 
 Lamia Aphrodite 227 
 Lamian war 134 
 lamp as attribute 290 
 Lampetie, wife of Asclepius 194 
 Lampsacus sends a crown to Delphi 
 
 281; breach of law at Lampsacus 
 
 316 
 
 Lantern of Diogenes 158 
 Laodamas dedicates a tripod at Thebes 
 
 260 
 Laodice sends a robe to Athena 
 
 275 
 Laodicea, human sacrifice on founding 
 
 39 3 
 
 Laphria Artemis 298 
 Larissa, spoil of Troy at 117 
 Lathrie invoked in sickness 192 
 laws 233, 314 ; preserved in temples 
 
 321 
 
 lawsuit 234, 355 
 laying the ghost 314 
 lead, things made of 73; crosses 336 n , 
 
 338; tablets 64; toys 250 13 ; turnip 
 
 66 
 
 Leaena, image of 231 
 leaper's statue 170-172 
 
 learning to read or write, thank-offering 
 for 93, 94 
 
 Lebadea, games 182 ; King Zeus wor- 
 shipt there 37 ; emancipations 336 ; 
 relief 19 ; sacred cave 46 ' 
 
 Lebena, Cure Tables at 202; figures of 
 Asclepius 208 
 
 Lecho 252 ; dedications to her 253 
 
 lectisteruia 28, 31, 197 
 
 led horse on reliefs 24 
 
 legacies 340 
 
 Lemnos, rider relief from 25 
 
 Leocritus' shield 113 
 
 Leos in a group 131 
 
 Leosthenes in votive picture 134 
 
 Lesbos 50 1 ; Apollo Maloeis worshipt 
 there 45 H ; cordwainer's tithe 60; 
 victor's dedication 155; limb-models 
 215; official dedications 263; sea- 
 farers' dedications 230; Neraidhes 
 46 s 
 
 Leto invoked 12 2 ; land sacred to her 
 42 4 ; on reliefs 180, 291 
 
 letters as catalogue marks lit.") 1 . 343 
 
 Leucippus dedicates his hair 241 ; hair 
 offered at his tomb 245 
 
 Leuctra, dedication to Heracles at 
 178; the battle, human victims 
 sacrificed before 10; trophy set up 
 before 97; trophy after 100; spoil 
 107, 124 
 
 libation 31, 32 ; meaning 5 ; libations 
 to heroes 10 ; libation on reliefs 27, 
 180, 218, 292 ; on hero reliefs 19 ; 
 on rider relief 24 
 
 library of temple at Delphi 65 
 
 license, metrical 334 
 
 limbs in model 237, 239; in relief 
 212, 213; painted 215; limb-models 
 as accessories on a relief 222 ; on a 
 vase 221; limbs of sacrifice hung on 
 trees 44 
 
 Limnatis, fines paid to her 315 ; slaves 
 perhaps dedicated 336 ; cymbals, toys, 
 or dress dedicated to her 249 8 , 280 
 
 Lindos, Artemis Oulia and Apollo 
 Oulios 192 ; records of sacrifice 283 ; 
 robes of Athena 275; poem dedi- 
 cated there 64; church there 13 4 
 
 lion as a personification of valour 
 144; meaning 231 ; deliverance from 
 lions 231, 232 ; models 69, 144 ; in 
 relief as attribute 293 
 
 lion of Githaeron slain 226 
 
 lionskin as attribute of Heracles on 
 reliefs 32 
 
 Liparians dedicate divine statues 127; 
 spoil 117 ; war tithe at Delphi 102 
 
 local gods 247; prizes of local make 
 150 
 
 Locarno, votive paintings at 239 l 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 445 
 
 Locheia Artemis 252 
 
 Locri, Artemis figures from 305; hero 
 
 relief from Malian Locri 28 
 Locust Apollo 190 
 
 loincloth 285 ; on human figures 174 
 Long Walls begun 260 
 lord hero 26 
 
 lost property, curses for 339 
 Louis XIV, image of, dedicated to the 
 
 Virgin 210 6 
 
 loves, winged, on reliefs 33, 292 
 luctator anhelan* 170 
 lung complaints in Boeotia 212 
 Lusi 50; dolls, masks, grotesques 250; 
 
 animal models 300; Virgin at 38 
 lustral spray 289, 290, 291 
 Lycaeus, Apollo 235 
 Lycaeus Mt, sacred cave in 46 9 
 Lycomedes dedicates figurehead of ship 
 
 105 
 
 Lycortas dedicates his friend 132 
 Lycosura, forfeits at 313; Pan 46 8 ; 
 
 the Mistress there 298; terra-cotta 
 
 snakes 209 
 Lycurgus builds a temple to Athena 
 
 227 
 
 Lycurgus on a Panathenaic vase 155 1 
 Lycurgus, figure of 264 
 Lvdians dedicate a figure of Adrastus 
 
 "137 
 
 lyre in the hand 287 ; on reliefs 291 
 Lysander's offering after Aegospotami 
 
 116, 132; golden stars 135; golden 
 
 Victories mounted upon eagles 143 ; 
 
 his dedication at Delphi 30; his 
 
 figure 132, 372; his crowns 267 
 Lysicrates, choregic monument of 158 
 Lysimache, figure of 264 
 Lysippus paints Alexander's Hunting 
 
 231 
 
 Macedon, rider reliefs from 26; relief 
 
 to Hades 29 
 Macedonian garrison expelled from 
 
 Athens 113 
 
 Machanidas, defeat of 138 
 Machaon 192, 193 1 , 194; on reliefs 
 
 218 
 
 Madonna of the Sun at Rome 38 
 Maeandrius dedicates an altar to Zeus 
 
 226 
 Magnesia: mystae 281; marble tripod 
 
 159 ; official dedications 263 K ; 
 
 priestly dedication 277 ; sacred cave 
 
 46 9 ; Zeus Sosipolis 121 s 
 Magnetan herbalists 51 ; Magnetes 
 
 offer firstfruits of herb simples 41 4 , 
 
 52 
 Maid, the 28 ; as goddess of childbirth 
 
 251 ; her figure under a tripod 146 
 maiden runner of the Vatican 170* 
 
 'Maidens' 30 3 , 305, 306, 309, 317,357, 
 377 ; on reliefs 180, 292 ; in chariot 
 164; meaning of the word 90; dedi- 
 cated as tithe or firstfruit 90 
 
 male and female deities, temples of 
 48 2 
 
 male figures 306; male person dedi- 
 cates female figure 305 
 
 Maleatas, Apollo 140, 300 ; associated 
 with Asclepius 193 5 
 
 Malophoros invoked in war 126* 
 
 Mamercus dedicates spoil 107 
 
 man and woman dedicate a relief to- 
 gether 251 
 
 Mandrobulus 67 4 , 91, 296 
 
 Mandrocles' bridge 70 
 
 Mantinea, statue of Polybius there 269; 
 war tithe 102 
 
 Mantineans build a temple after Ac- 
 tium 122; dedicate a Victory at 
 Olympia 143; dedicate their sooth- 
 sayer 137 
 
 Manto's stone 820 
 
 manuscript roll on relief 178 
 
 Mapsidichae at Delos 57 
 
 Marathon 131 2 ; cave of Pan there 47, 
 cp. 119; importance of the battle 
 130; permanent trophy of white 
 marble in the plain 100 ; spoils 123 ; 
 golden shields 114 ; silver cups as 
 prizes in games at Marathon 150; 
 farmers' sacrifice at Marathon 298 
 
 Marathonian bull sacrificed to Athena 
 41 
 
 Marcellus dedicates his beard 244 
 
 Mardonius, his statue in Sparta 124; 
 his sword 105; his charger 117 
 
 Mariandyni, spoils of 130 
 
 Maron a hero in Sparta 9 
 
 marriage 249, 251; ceremonies 246; 
 dedications 72 ; deities 246 
 
 Marsyas' flutes 319 ; his skin 102 
 
 Masistius' golden cuirass 105 
 
 mask of Athena 303; masks 162, 163 ; 
 masks on reliefs 178, 179, 180, 181 
 
 massage 202 
 
 Massalia, 'Maiden' from 306 
 
 Massaliot treasury at Delphi 124 
 
 Massaliots dedicate an Apollo 126 
 
 masterpiece, craftsman's 60, 367 
 
 material value of offerings 352 
 
 matronly and maiden types 305 
 
 medicinal spring 13 
 
 medicine in Greece 205 
 
 medicine on relief 219 
 
 Megalopolis, Athena Ergane at 59 s0 ; 
 sends a bowl to Branchidae 278 ; 
 statue of Polybius 269 ; colonnade 
 125 ; giant bones 318 ; statue of 
 Apollo 356 
 
 Megara, agonistic dedications 183 ; 
 
446 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Damiorgi 263 ; hair-offering 241 ; 
 vase with dedicatory inscription 
 to hero found there 16 ; inscribed 
 vases 281 ; Saviour Artemis dedi- 
 cated 128 ; temple of Apollo and 
 Artemis 226 ; thiasus of Heracleotes 
 34; war tithe 102; St Theodore's 
 Church 38 
 
 Megara Hyblaea, favisaae 346 ; jockey 
 model 167 ; female types from 
 the place 305 
 
 Megarian treasury at Olympia 122 ; 
 group in the treasury 130 
 
 Megarians dedicate an Apollo and an 
 Artemis 128 ; dedicate the beak of 
 a ship 103 
 
 Megiste, dedications to Dioscuri by 
 seafarers at 32 
 
 MeilichioB, a title of Zeus 14, 83, 314; 
 farmer's god 296 ; propitiatory offer- 
 ing to him 314 
 
 Meleager's spear 319 
 
 Melidhoui, sacred cave of 49 9 
 
 Melite, deme, temple built there by 
 Themistocles 120 ; temple and 
 statue of Heracles 189 
 
 Melos, 'Apollo' from 307; official 
 dedications 263; masterpiece 61 
 
 memorial character of dedications 136, 
 351, 376; see fivijfJM, etc. 
 
 men and women in the Asclepieum 
 206 
 
 men, firstfruits of 54 
 
 men's god 243 
 
 Men as healer 192 ; Saviour and 
 Giver of Wealth 84; reliefs 339; 
 limbs dedicated to Men Tiamou 216 
 
 Mendeans dedicate spoil 117 
 
 Menecrates the physician 206 
 
 Menelaus a hero 9 4 ; horse models 
 found in his shrine 67 ; figures of 
 Menelaus and Helen 13; dedicates 
 images to Thetis and 1'raxidica 
 248; dedicates spoils 101 
 
 Menidhi tomb 4, 16 
 
 merchants' tithe 58 
 
 Messapians, defeat of 115 
 
 Messene, emancipations 315, 336 ; 
 sacrifice 298 ; statue of Epami- 
 nondas 269 
 
 Messenia, sacred cave in 46 9 
 
 Messenian War, First 145 ; Second 
 126 
 
 Messenians dedicate war tithe at 
 Olympia 102; Victory 142 
 
 Metapontium dedicates golden har- 
 vesting at Delphi 66 ; tithes corn 
 58 
 
 meteorite 356 
 
 Methoneans dedicate spoil at Olympia 
 106 
 
 Methymna sends a flute-case to Athens 
 
 269 
 
 Metroum at Athens 313 
 mice dedicated in Palestine 190 8 ; 
 
 plot of ground set apart for mice 
 
 42 
 
 Micythus 192, 207 
 Migouitis Aphrodite 248 
 Miletus, Apollo Oulios at 192 
 military spirit, decline of 183 
 Milo's statue 169 
 Miltiades 135 4 , 136; his figure 131; 
 
 dedicates a Pan 127 
 Miltiades the elder 141; sends Amal- 
 
 thea's horn to Olympia 145 
 miniature arms and armour 116, 388, 
 
 390; axe, tripod 387; wheel 390 
 Minutoli, Cybele relief from 293 
 miracles 202 
 
 Mistress, the, at Lycosura : terra- 
 cotta snakes in her precinct 209 ; 
 
 sacrifice to her 298 
 Mithradates 113 
 model or picture of work 70 
 models of diseased part 210 ; of sacri- 
 fice 18; of things sacrificed, 295; 
 
 of tithe or firstfruit 66 ; of temple 
 
 at Delos, and its tiles 70; of tripods 
 
 146; of arms 115 
 moderation in Greek sentiment 137, 
 
 147 
 
 modern examples of substitutory offer- 
 ing 210 8 
 modern Greece, evil eye in 44 6 ; pane- 
 
 gyris 49; Neraidhes 46 
 modern parallels 285 ; to the ritual 
 
 of Asclepius 207, 235 ; figures of 
 
 babes and cradles 257 
 modern representatives of ancient 
 
 shrines 37 
 
 Molossian defeat 136 
 monasteries resorted to in sickness 
 
 208, 236 
 
 Mother, a title of Athena 254 
 Mother of the Gods as healer 216 2 ; 
 
 as deliverer 23 1 5 
 Mothers, the, in Sicily 45, 192, 257, 
 
 320 
 motives of dedication 1, 145, 351 ; 
 
 change 137, 168, 269, 349, 351 
 Motye, spoils of 117 
 mountains, gods associated with 45 ; 
 
 shrines 13 
 
 mourners in a group 132' 
 mourning, hair cut in sign of 241 
 Mouse Apollo 190 
 mule-car wheels 165 
 Mummius dedicates an altar 125 ; 
 
 two statues of Zeus 128 
 murder 313, 314; acquittal 233 
 Muses and hero-feast 22 ; harpist 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 447 
 
 dedicates prize to the Muses 154; 
 
 honorific statues dedicated to the 
 
 Muses 270 ; late relief dedicated to 
 
 them 185; tripods offered to them 
 
 148 ; tripod dedicated by Hesiod 
 
 152; Muses in the Anthology 48 x ; 
 
 Muses replaced by St Trinity 37 
 musical competitions 184; prize at 
 
 the Panathenaea 155 ; reliefs 178 ; 
 
 victors' statues not votive 171 
 musician dedicates a prize 153; a 
 
 tripod 152 
 
 Myanians dedicate spoil 109 J 
 Mycale, spoils of 106 
 Mycenae, golden ox-heads from 301 ; 
 
 vase dedicated to hero found there 
 
 17 
 Mycenaean dedications 16 ; idols 302, 
 
 303 ; loincloth 285 
 Myconos, childbirth group from 255 
 Mylasa sends a bowl to Branchidae 
 
 278 
 Myrina dedicates golden harvesting 
 
 at Delphi 66 3 
 Myropolis colonnade 125 
 Myrrhina confers a crown of honour 
 
 269 ; sends a bowl to Branchidae, 
 
 278 ; tithes corn 58 
 myrtle tree used for an image of 
 
 Aphrodite 248 
 Mys 324 
 mystae 265, 277, 281, 282, 352; statue 
 
 192 2 
 
 Mysteries 294; Eleusinian 192; dedi- 
 cations of ephebes, 262 
 mystery of Artemis Brauronia 246 
 mystery play 283, 284 
 mysticism 211 
 mythological precedent 248 ; scenes 
 
 on votive tablets 80 ; on reliefs 
 
 33 8 , 87 
 Mytilene confers a crown of honour 
 
 269 
 
 Naios Zeus 280 
 
 name of dedicator in genitive 324 ; 
 deity and devotee 326 ; god in geni- 
 tive or dative 325 
 
 nameless altars in Athens 12'; gods 
 of the Pelasgians, 8, 12, 51 
 
 names inscribed on reliefs 223; hero 
 reliefs 19 
 
 Nasamones, death-oracle among 8 
 
 Nauarchis Aphrodite 230 13 
 
 Naucratis, Aphrodite worshipt there 
 228 ; favissae 346 ; figures of women 
 found there 255 ; inscribed vases 
 280 ; grotesques 250 ; hero-feast 
 relief 21 
 
 Naupactus, temple of Asclepius 224; 
 worship of Asclepius 194 
 
 Nausicles, crown of honour 266 
 naval memorial, earliest 103 
 Naxos, ' Apollo ' from 307 ; Apollo 
 Tragios worshipt there 45 6 ; confers 
 a crown 269 ; seafight off Naxos 267 
 Neda, the, hair sacred to 241 
 Nekos king of Egypt after a victory 
 
 dedicates his costume 112 
 Nemea personified in picture 174 ; 
 
 chapel on site of hero shrine 38 
 Nemesis, relief dedicated to 234 ; 
 
 ' statue 144 
 
 Neocoros of Asclepius in Cos 198 
 Neoptolemus at Delphi 18 
 Neraidhes 46 
 Nero dedicates a crown 155, 268 ; a 
 
 robe 156 
 
 Nestor a hero 9 4 ; his cup 320 
 new gods supplant old 188, 191 8 
 Nicephoros, Athena 122 *, 263 *> 
 Nicias, his capture 245 ; dedication 
 possibly by him 133 7 ; his votive 
 shrine for tripod 157, 158; Peace 
 of Nicias 142 ; his shield 107 ; de- 
 dicates stlengides and crown 153 B , 
 155 
 Nicomachus, priest of Asclepius and 
 
 physician 206; a painter 174 
 Nicomedeia, Memnon's knife at 320 
 Night, connexion with the heroes 73 
 nursing mothers, figures of 257 
 Nymphia Aphrodite 248 
 Nymphis cited 260 r 
 Nymphs 46 ; tithe of fish offered to 
 58; as deliverers 231 5 ; as deities 
 of marriage 246; nymphs' caves 43; 
 altars, caves, and dances 44, 227 8 
 Nymphs, Graces, and Hours 85 s 
 Nymphs in the Anthology 48 1 ; how 
 represented 43; nymphs and Ache- 
 lous, dedications to 47 6 
 nymph- stroke 46 
 
 oar as attribute of Poseidon 231 
 
 oaths, fashionable 191 *; by the heroes 
 7 5 ; by Pan 7 5 ; the physicians 205 
 
 occasion specified on the inscription 
 328 , 
 
 Odeum, roof of the 103 
 
 Odysseus 285 7 , 310, 311, 320; his cup 
 320; a hero 9 4 ; in Laconia 9; de- 
 dicates an image of Horse Poseidon 
 89 ; dedicates spoil 101 ; founds 
 temples 248, 353; wooing of 248 
 
 Oeniadae, sack of 142 7 
 
 Oenoe, battle of 120, 130 
 
 Oenomaus' knife 319 ; his pillar 319 
 
 Oenophyta, battle of 120 
 
 Oenopides dedicates astronomical 
 table 64 
 
 offertory-box 277 
 
448 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 official dedication 143, 206 10 ; docu- 
 ments in temples 321 
 
 officials of guild 262; punisht 315 
 
 oil from sacred olives, prize at the 
 Panathenaea 150 
 
 oil-flask as athlete's attribute 170, 
 303 5 
 
 Oistro worshipt by courtesans 249 1S 
 
 Olbia, Achilles at 20 ; hero reliefs from 
 20 ; crowns dedicated by officials 
 268; limb-models 215 9 ; hero So- 
 sias there 8; Zeus the Highest 215 C 
 
 old men of the sea 241 J 
 
 olive at Delos, sacred 40; groves at 
 Athens 40, ISO 13 ; how damage was 
 punisht 316 
 
 Olympia, Athena Ergane 59 *; draped 
 Poseidon 275 ; Zeus the Highest 
 215 3 ; hero in the Altis 11; archons' 
 statues 315; favissae 346; great 
 temple of Zeus 120; honorific 
 statues 307; athlete victors 314 *; 
 dedications at : allegorical models 
 91, 145; animal models 69, 75, 
 76, 91, 145, 296, 299; arms of 
 victor 113; astronomical table 64; 
 car 162, 164 ; choice prize 117, 
 118; crowns 156, 268; divine figures 
 126, 127; games 162, 164, 166, 167; 
 groups 69, 130 ff., 162, 164, 166; 
 horse-trappings (?) 162 ; horse-mo- 
 dels 67; human figures 137; hunt- 
 ing groups 69 ; jockey 166 ; master- 
 piece 64 ; ornaments 74 ; propitiat- 
 ing 315; rarities 318-320; ritual 
 vases 301 ; robe to Hera 277 ; simu- 
 lacra 116; spoil of war 109, 114, 
 117, 118; tithe 102; tool 160, 162, 
 226; treasury 122, 123; tripods 
 145; trophy 100; vases 281, 301; 
 Victories 142 ; war tithe 102 ; war 
 groups 130ff. ; warrior 140; weight 
 160, 162; Zanes 312 
 
 Olympia personified in picture 174 
 
 Olympiodorus, figures of 138 ; in votive 
 picture 134 
 
 Olympius, title of Zeus 314 
 
 Olympus, dedication on 65 
 
 Olynthus, customary sacrifice to the 
 dead in -1 ' 
 
 omphalos dedicated 272 ; on reliefs 
 291 
 
 Onatas, horse group of 166 
 
 Onesilos, a hero at Amathus 8 
 
 Onetor, priest of Asclepius and physi- 
 cian 198 , 206 
 
 ophthalmia in ancient Athens, 212 
 
 Ophthalmitis, Optilitis Athena 227 
 
 Opis, King 116; his figure 132 
 
 Oporeus Zeus 328 
 
 Opus, official dedications in 263 
 
 oracle 312, 314; asks payment 351; 
 commands firstfruits 52 s - 8 ; com- 
 mands offering 278 ; dedications on 
 consulting 282 ; consulted on stut- 
 tering 227 ; represented on relief 282 
 oracles of Dodona 48; consulted in 
 
 sickness 192; appeased 310 
 oracular caves 8 ; response 282 
 Orchomenus, Apollo ' from 307 ; ani- 
 mal models 300 ; cboregic dedica- 
 tions 156 ; defeat of, by Heracles 
 144 ; emancipations there 336 ; games 
 182 ; monastery 38 ; treaty with 
 314 ; tripods dedicated 148 
 Orestes dedicates an altar on the 
 Areopagus 233 ; dedicates his hair 
 245 
 
 Organe, Athena 59 * 
 Orgeones 267 ; of Amynus 214 
 orgies, dedications after 72, 232 
 Orneae dedicates a group 145 
 Oropus, shrine of Amphiaraus there 
 194 ; incubation 200 ; golden olive 
 dedicated 66; stlengis 225 9 ; tops 
 250; agonistic dedication 183; ath- 
 letic reliefs 176 8 ; hero-feast reliefs 
 22; sacrificial relief 221; official 
 dedication 34 ; inventory of temple 
 344 ; receives a crown of honour 269 ; 
 Pan at 46 8 
 
 Orthia Artemis 153, 275 
 Orthus Dionysus 227 
 Oschophoria 52 
 Osogos 273 
 
 Oulia Artemis, Oulios Apollo 192 
 Ourios Zeus (Fairweather) 230 
 owl on Athena's hand or on coins 40 8 ; 
 on Panathenaic vases 155 ; as at- 
 tribute on reliefs 179, 292 ; sacred to 
 Athena 40 8 ; in allegorical group 144 
 ox sacrificed to Asclepius 199 ; on 
 reliefs 32 ; explanation of ox in 
 dedication 145 ; prize for finest 
 sacrificial 151 ; oxen in model 67 ; 
 painted 80 
 
 paean 95, 96; sung on cure of sick- 
 ness 197 B 
 
 Paeoniau chief dedicates prey at Delphi 
 69 
 
 Paeonius, the Victory of 142 
 
 Paestum, favissae at 346 ; girl carry- 
 ing pig 288 ; nursing mothers 257 
 
 Painted Colonnade at Athens 107 
 
 painting 361; of marble 210 5 ; of re- 
 liefs 197 
 
 paintings not dedicated in modern 
 Greece 238; but in Italy 238 
 
 Paion 197, 204 
 
 Palamedes a hero 9 4 ; dedicates his 
 dice or draughtsmen 63 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 449 
 
 Pallantium, statue of Polybius 270 
 
 Pallas, see Athena 
 
 palm as victor's attribute 170; on 
 relief 179 
 
 Pan 46 ; Pan and Cybele 45 s ; Pan and 
 Nymphs in the Asclepieum 197; 
 masterpiece dedicated to them 63; 
 Pan before Marathon 119; statue 
 of him dedicated by Miltiades 127 ; 
 Pan Deliverer, temple of 189 ; 
 delivers from plague 189; Pan the 
 countryman's god 45; Pan of the 
 Safe Journey 272 ; Pan in the An- 
 thology 48 J ; Pan invoked in oaths 
 7 5 ; Pan dedicates a syrinx 43 4 ; 
 Pan on reliefs 293 ; Pans, plurality 
 of 47, 87; Pan's sanctuaries 46 8 ; 
 shrine under Acropolis 119 ; un- 
 cultivated plot sacred to 42 ; his 
 image under a pine tree 43 
 
 Panace 197 
 
 Panaceia, daughter of Asclepius 194, 
 201 ; on reliefs 218 
 
 Panamara, hair-offering in 243 
 
 Panathenaea 182, 276, 282 ; prizes 
 150, 151 ; amphorae 154 ; scene of 
 contest painted upon them 175 ; 
 Panathenaic vases found on the 
 Acropolis and at Eleusis 155 ; gym- 
 nasiarch's dedication at the 262 8 ; 
 eiresione 52 
 
 pancratiast's statue dedication 170, 
 171, 182, 183 
 
 Pandarus' bandage 224 
 
 Pandion in a group 131 
 
 panegyris, modern Greek 49, 235 f. ; 
 at local chapels 13 
 
 panic madness 46 
 
 panther on Panathenaic vases 155 
 
 Paris dedicates a temple to Aphrodite 
 Migonitis 248 
 
 Parmeniscus who could not laugh 227 
 
 Parnes, cave of Pan in 47 
 
 Pares, ' Apollo ' from 307 ; childbirth 
 dedication 251 ; courtesans' guild 
 249 u ; hair-offering 242 ; temple in- 
 ventory 344; crowns the Senate 269 
 
 part for whole 211 * 
 
 parts of body 210 
 
 Pasicrateia invoked before battle 96, 
 126 4 
 
 patera as attribute 289 ; of priestess 
 264 * 
 
 Patmos, burial customs at 4 1 ; models 
 of limbs 211 * 
 
 Patrae, sacred well in 38, 188 ; sa- 
 crifice to Artemis Laphria at 298; 
 Elaphebolia 50 3 ; human sacrifice 
 39 3 ; corn-wreaths offered to Arte- 
 mis 45 ; hero relief from Patrae 19 ; 
 dedicates an Apollo 128 
 
 R. 
 
 Patroclus' funeral 241; hair offered 
 at his tomb 245 ; games 10, 151 
 
 patronymic on inscriptions 327 
 
 Pausanias 336; his statues 314, 364; 
 tripod 147 ; dedicates a bowl at 
 Byzantium 260 
 
 Peace, altars dedicated to 125 8 
 
 peacocks sacred to Hera 40 8 ; as at- 
 tribute 303 
 
 Peiraeus, Aphrodite Euploia at 121 4 ; 
 Asclepieum200 4 ; Courotrophos253 3 ; 
 hero Deloptes 20 5 ; Nemesis 234; 
 temple built there by Themistocles 
 120; statues there 270; Cybele 
 reliefs 293 ; hero-feast relief 21 ; 
 war-picture dedicated 134 
 
 Peisis, supplication of 296, 334 
 
 Peisistratids, expulsion of 231 
 
 Peisistratus and the peplos 276 ; his 
 tithe' 54 13 , 55 2 
 
 Peisistratus, altars of the younger 259, 
 354 
 
 Pelasgians 8 ; offer tithe 55 ; worship 
 nameless god 5, 8, 12, 51 
 
 Pelasgicum, 196 
 
 Pellene, official dedications at 267 ; 
 prizes at 150 
 
 Pelopeum II 2 ; possible toys found 
 there 250 ; other finds 16 
 
 Peloponnese, hero-feast reliefs from 21 
 
 Pelops dedicates an image of Aphro- 
 dite 248; his sword and chariot 
 319 
 
 Penelope, wooing of 248 
 
 pentathlon 161 
 
 people, dedications to the 261, 272 3 , 
 273, 372 ; by them 332 
 
 Peparethus sends a crown to Delphi 
 281 
 
 peplos 276 ; a possible memorial the 
 dedication of wool, 73 
 
 Pergamus, masterpiece at 63 
 
 Pergamus, hero 26 
 
 Pergamus, colonnades there 125 ; wor- 
 ship of Asclepius 194 ; his temple 
 224; votive buildings 121,122; rider 
 reliefs 26 ; hero relief 25 ; spoil of 
 Pergamus 118 
 
 Periander and his son 314 
 
 Periander's statue 168 
 
 Pericles dedicates a statue to Athena 
 Health 191, 227 
 
 peril, hair vowed in 245 ; thank-offer- 
 ings for escape 226 ; modern 238 
 
 Perinthus, Cybele relief from 293 
 
 perixyomeni 170 10 
 
 permanent trophy 100 5 
 
 perquisite of the priest 41 
 
 Persephone in Apulia 301 ; her shrine 
 at Tarentum 18; invoked in curses 
 338 
 
 29 
 
450 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 Persephone and Hades 28 s 
 
 Persian colonnade in Sparta 124 
 
 " Persian horsemen " 141 
 
 Persian wars, Pan's service 47 ; con- 
 fused traditions as to the dedications 
 104 ; group dedicated after the wars 
 131 ; bronze oxen 145 ; picture of 
 supplicating women 135 ; Persian 
 spoils 117, 127, 128; in Sparta 124; 
 Persian trophy proposed 100 
 
 Person Delivered, image of, not found 
 early 209 
 
 personifications 140, 144, 164, 174, 
 179, 180, 341 ; in groups of statues 
 131 
 
 Persuasion, Artemis 233 
 
 Persuasion, shrine of 319 
 
 Peucetians, defeat of 116, 132 
 
 P. G. E. 238 
 
 Phaedra dedicates statues of Eileithyia 
 254, 358 
 
 Phalantheus in a group 132 
 
 Phalysius builds a temple for Ascle- 
 pius 224 
 
 Phana, spoil of 117 
 
 Phanes dedicates a vase at Naucratis 
 280 
 
 Pharax dedicates a crown 268 
 
 Phaselis, Achilles' spear at 320 
 
 Phayllus, agonistic offering of 181 
 
 Pbegeus dedicates Eriphyle's necklace 
 319 
 
 Pheidias 190 
 
 Pheidippides 119, 353 
 
 Pheidolas, mare of 166 
 
 Pheidon dedicates old iron currency 
 74 
 
 phialae 347 ; the usual gift of a theoria 
 278 
 
 Phigalea erects a temple 189; hair- 
 offering there 242; 'Apollo' from 
 the place 307 ; sends a statue to 
 Megalopolis 356 
 
 Phigaleian Demeter 53 
 
 Philetarius, statue of 270 
 
 Philip, King 50 
 
 Philippeum, the 122 3 
 
 Philippopolis, relief from 192 s 
 
 Philippus a hero at Croton 8 
 
 Philocles of Sidon at Delos 249, 
 279; his crown 268 
 
 Philoctetes a hero 9 4 
 
 Philombrotus' hair 296 
 
 Philonides, figure of 138 9 
 
 Philopoemen, image of 138, 231 9 
 
 Phlius, fetters dedicated at 233 
 
 Phocians carry off the gold tripod of 
 Pausanias 147; dedicate a group 
 130, 131; spoil 104; a soldier's 
 statue 138 
 
 Phocis, dedication to Artemis Soteira 
 
 188 9 ; dedication to the Cephisus 
 243 s ; stonemason's dedication 207 a ; 
 treasure-trove 318; vase dedicated 
 to hero 17; hero Theagenes at 9; 
 sends a goblet to Delphi 281 ; 
 punisht 315 
 
 Phoenix a hero in Thera 9; invoked 
 12 2 
 
 phoenix sacred to the sun 40 8 
 
 Phormio's victories 124 ; he dedicates 
 spoil 107; tripods 148; his figure 137 
 
 Phormis, figure of 132 
 
 Phrygia, sacred cave in 46'; rider 
 reliefs 26 
 
 Phryne dedicates Love 321 
 
 Phylacos a hero at Delphi 8 
 
 Phylas defeated by Heracles 119 
 
 Phyle 282 
 
 Phyleus, figure of 131 
 
 physic 202 
 
 physician heroes 52 
 
 physicians, public and private, and 
 their relation to Asclepius 205; 
 elected by show of hands 206 l ; 
 tithe 58, 59; dedicate tools 73 ; image 
 dedicated by patient 209 
 
 pictures at Marseilles 239 2 ; in South 
 America 239 2 ; in Italy 238; of girl 
 victors 167; or model of work 70; 
 or relief of peril 229, 232 
 
 pig sacrificed before marriage 248, 
 250 1S ; sacrificed to heroes 10; 
 models 67 10 ; held in hand as at- 
 tribute 288, 305; with torch 305; 
 on reliefs 180, 218, 220 4 ; carved 
 on altar represented on reliefs 31 
 
 pilgrims 262, 352 ; records in Delos 
 283; Egypt 282, 283 
 
 pillars for votive offerings 83, 94, 
 273, 342 2 ; under tripods 156 5 
 
 pilot's figure 132 
 
 Pinacotheca 174, 178* 
 
 Pindar's Olympian VII dedicated 64; 
 his seat at Delphi 321 
 
 pirates, spoils of 127 
 
 Pisa, spoils of 120 
 
 Pisidia, rider reliefs from 26 
 
 plague or pestilence 189, 353, 358 
 
 planes, sacred, at Delphi and Sparta 40 
 
 Plataea, battle of 114, 120; temple 
 erected 120; altar 125, 353; tripods 
 147 ; statue 127 ; bronze ox 145 ; spoil 
 117; spoils of the town 118; tem- 
 ple of Athena Areia there 120; Holy 
 Marriage 247 2 ; temple inventory 
 344; dedication of trinkets at 251; 
 other offerings 302 3 ; figure of Arim- 
 nestus 137 
 
 Plataean warriors heroized 9 
 
 Plataeans murdered by Lacedaemo- 
 nians 311 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 451 
 
 platform on Dioscuri reliefs 31 
 
 Plato on agonistic dedications 181 
 
 plots of land left uncultivated for 
 divinities 42 
 
 plume on head as attribute 303 
 
 Plutarchus, dedication of 208 
 
 Pluto 28 
 
 Podaleirius 192, 194; on reliefs 218 
 
 poems dedicated 64 
 
 Poene, murder of 313 
 
 Poesy personified 108 
 
 poet's offering, a relief 179, 180, 181 ; 
 statues on Helicon 172 
 
 Poitios Apollo 12 2 
 
 police deified 229 4 
 
 Poliouchus Athena 328; invoked 12 2 
 
 poll-tax of guild 266 6 
 
 Polyarchus, figure of 132 
 
 Polybius, honorific statues of 269 
 
 Polycrates, fall of 316; altar dedi- 
 cated 226 ; his ring 356 
 
 Polycritus, image of 209 
 
 Polydamas a hero 9 4 
 
 Polyneices dedicates Ares and Aphro- 
 dite before his expedition 97 
 
 Polypeithes, chariot of 165 
 
 Polyphron, murder of 113 
 
 Polyzalos 164 4 
 
 pomegranate 19, 22, 287; on reliefs 
 221, 292 
 
 pomp 145, 281 
 
 pomps in Athenaeus 276 
 
 Pontarchus, Achilles 263 7 
 
 Pontus confers a crown of honour 269 
 
 poop of ship serves as a shrine 101 
 
 poppy on reliefs 221 
 
 popularity of various gods 48 1 < 2 
 
 Porphyrius, dedication of 18 6 
 
 portrait 139, 227, 229, 248, 264, 284, 
 315; -like figure on reliefs, from 
 fifth century 86 6 , 139, 178, 180, 
 219 6 ; on hero reliefs 22; in Ascle- 
 pieum 197; relief of Polybius 269 12 ; 
 statues 168 4 ; votive portrait not 
 known early 79, 210, 371 
 
 Porus dedicates tablets with the feats 
 of Alexander 134 ; spoil taken from 
 him 108 
 
 Poseidon 237. Titles: Phycios, Phy- 
 talmios 44 10 ; antiquity 241 J ; oath 
 by him 191 3 ; cave sacred to him 
 49 9 ; as deliverer 230; at sea 228; 
 as war god 96; invoked in war 126 4 ; 
 his temple on debatable ground 42 * ; 
 at Ehium 107; legacy to him 340; 
 his dress 275; Poseidon in the An- 
 thology 48 1 ; Poseidon with hare 81; 
 colossal image 127 ; on reliefs 231 ; 
 pictures 134; Poseidon replaced by 
 St John 37 
 Dedications and dedicators : agri- 
 
 culture and breeding 80, 81, 89; 
 allegorical 230 ; Argo 70, 228 ; bird- 
 model 299; boat or ship 70, 71, 107, 
 228; bowl 260; bull -model 300; 
 Calm, image of 230; creel 71; curry- 
 comb 163; firstfruit 52; fishing 51, 
 58, 70, 71, etc.; fishing-rod 71; 
 games 174; hair 243 4 ; horse-model 
 300 ; horse-trappings 163 ; painting 
 [agonistic 81, 174; agriculture and 
 vintage 80, 81 ; beasts 81 ; hunting 
 81; pottery trade 81, 82; statuary 
 81; war 134]; puberty 244; relief 
 231, 243 4 , 244; sea, image of the 
 230; slaves 336; spoil 105, 107; 
 tithe 60; trade 82; trident 171; 
 trophy 100; tunny 51, 58"; war 
 96, 100, 107, 127, 134; whip 163 
 
 potter 60 7 , 81, 82, 94; tithe 59 
 
 potteries of Corinth 80 
 
 poulterer's offering 67 
 
 Praesus (Crete), votive tablets from 
 134 ; favissae 346 ; votary with offer- 
 ing 285 
 
 Prasiae, ram inscribed from 300 
 
 Praxidamas, statue of 170 
 
 Praxidica, statue dedicated by Mene- 
 laus 248 
 
 Praxiteles, Dionysus and Satyr of 
 159; Hermes 121 6 ; Love 321; his 
 sons 197 ; a second Praxiteles 
 159 
 
 prayer 231, 242, 243, 248, 307 5 , 331, 
 333, 350 ; the attitude 210 ; for fame 
 61 u : for happiness 229 9 ; for return 
 128 10 ; for skill 59; for wealth 59 14 ; 
 on reliefs 219 
 
 prayers inscribed 80 
 
 precedents, medical 205; heroic or 
 divine 122, 123, 129, 132, 132 4 , 134, 
 174, 256, 360, 365 
 
 pregnant sheep sacrificed to the Eu- 
 menides 254 9 
 
 preservation, thank-offering for 17 
 
 Preserving God 26 
 
 prey, model of 67 
 
 Priapus 46 5 ; on reliefs 293 ; in the 
 Anthology 48 1 
 
 pride 231 s , 261 
 
 Priene, hare-model from 67 
 
 priest 262, 264 ; priest's figure 132, 263 ; 
 dedication on election to office 
 17 ; dedicate vases 279 ; hydria 
 277 ; their own garments and 
 trappings 277 
 
 priestesses 306 ; their statues 264 ; 
 officiate in marriage 246 
 
 priesthood of Asclepius 198 
 
 private and public dedications 98, 351 
 
 private dedication of divine statue for 
 success in war 128; of spoil 117; 
 
 292 
 
452 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 of Victory 144; soldier's dedica- 
 tions 139 
 
 privateers' tithe 103 
 
 prize 64, 183, 366; dedicated 268; on 
 reliefs 177, 179; of valour 120; 
 poems dedicated 65 
 
 problems 309 
 
 proerosia 52 
 
 profession or calling specified 327 
 
 profits tithed 58 
 
 Promachos a hero at Psophis 8 
 
 Pronmchus, Athena 127, 309; statue 
 171 
 
 property, tithe of 59 
 
 Propitiation 41, 118 8 , 310 ff., 339, 
 350, 353, 355, 364; sin-offering for 
 breach of rule 310; Zanes, reliefs 
 312; forfeits, bloodguilt 313; breach 
 of law 314; of oath 315; tithe of 
 fines 316; relation of fines to votive 
 offerings 317 
 
 proportion of gift to blessing 127 
 
 prose formulae 334 
 
 Protector of the City, epithet of Athena 
 and Zens 328 
 
 Protesilaus a hero in Chersonese 9; 
 his shrine 11 ; uncultivated plot 
 sacred to him 42 
 
 Protogenes' beautiful partridge 63 
 
 Prusa, hair-offering at 242 
 
 Prusias II dedicates spoil 118 ; sends 
 theori to Branchidae 278 
 
 prytanes, dedications of 259, 262, 267; 
 punisht 315 
 
 Psophidians dedicate a Zeus 127 ls 
 
 Ptoan Apollo 11, 281; warrior figure 
 from his shrine 140; his figures 
 140, 307; 'Maiden' found near his 
 precinct 306; hero 11, 51 
 
 Ptolemaeum, the 273 
 
 Ptolemy makes a dedication at Delos 
 279; figure of 131; sends theori to 
 Branchidae 278 ; Berenice's hair 
 offered for Ptolemy's safety 245 
 
 Ptolemy Philopator dedicates a bowl 
 at Oropus 225 7 
 
 puberty 146, 249 ; and marriage 240 ff . 
 
 public and private offerings, no real 
 distinction 98, 351 
 
 public physicians sacrifice to Ascle- 
 pius 206 
 
 public thank-offerings for deliverance 
 made to the great gods 189 
 
 puer tenens tabellam 174 5 
 
 pueri destringentes se 170 10 
 
 pugilist dedicates a tripod 152 
 
 pupils dedicate masters 270 
 
 Pyrrhias sacrifices an ox to his bene- 
 factor 270 
 
 Pyrrhic chorus, the ox a prize for 
 151 
 
 Pyrrhic dance on base of votive offer- 
 ing 175; on relief 176 
 
 Pyrrhicus, temple built at 119 
 
 Pyrrhus dedicates spoil 108 ; his shield 
 dedicated after his death 108 
 
 Pythagoras 101 
 
 Pythaists 291 
 
 Pythia personified in picture 174 
 
 Pythia, prizes at 152 
 
 Pythian Apollo 280; oracle 127 
 
 Pythium at Athens, Apollo in 128; 
 altar 259; tripods dedicated there 
 157 
 
 Pythium on Mount Olympus 65 
 
 Pythocritus the flotist, relief of 172 
 
 pyxis 290; as attribute 289 
 
 quoit, engraved 161 ; of Iphitus 160 
 quoit-thrower's statue 170, 173 
 
 racer's statue 170 
 
 racing prize, the tripod 151 
 
 rags, dedication of 224 5 ; hung on trees 
 13 
 
 railway train in modern votive paint- 
 ing 239 2 
 
 ram-bearers 285 
 
 ram on relief 220, 222 
 
 ransom tithed 103 
 
 Rape of Persephone 295 
 
 Rarities and valuables 318; exist- 
 ing remains 321 ; laws and official 
 documents 321 
 
 realistic figures 210; of sufferer 237 3 ; 
 on reliefs to Asclepius 217 
 
 reconciliation of divinities 219 
 
 recorder 260, 263; tithe 59 
 
 regatta 184 
 
 relationship specified on inscriptions 
 327 
 
 relief and curse 339 ; relief as a 
 tradesman's offering 83; as tithe 
 dedication 83 
 
 reliefs 19, 359, 361, 364 ; dedicated to 
 Aphrodite 292 ; Apollo 291 ; Artemis 
 84; Asclepius 216; Athena 292; 
 Cybele 293; Demeter 85; D. and 
 the Maid 14, 294 ; Dionysus, Hecate 
 Hestia 295; to hero 312; Pan and 
 Nymphs 85 ; Zeus 295 ; unclassified 
 290; inscribed 291 ; relief of limbs 
 213 ; surgical instruments 73 ; toilet 
 case 277 ; food 296 ; worship 291 ; 
 oracular relief 282 ; reliefs in silver 
 and gold 223 ; dedicated for peril at 
 sea 230 7 ; depicting woman holding 
 infant 256 
 
 repairs dedicated 273 
 
 reproach offered to a god 234 
 
 response of god dedicated 283 
 
 retrograde writing 337 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 453 
 
 Bhamnus, dedication to Theseus there 
 17 9 ; firstfruit 61 ; gymnasiarch's 
 dedication 262 8 ; hero-feast reliefs 
 22; priestess dedicated 264 1 ; statue 
 of Nemesis 144; Themis 266 
 
 rhapsode dedicates a tripod 152 
 
 Bhea, caves sacred to 46 9 
 
 Khenea chained to Delos and dedi- 
 cated to Apollo 342 3 
 
 Bhetbymna, sacred cave of 46 9 
 
 Bhexibius, statue of 170 
 
 Bhium, ship dedicated at 107 
 
 Bhodes, colossus 128 ; Heracles relief 
 33; rider relief 25; official dedica- 
 tions 263; throne in rock sacred 
 to Hecate 195; limb-models 215 s ; 
 omphalos dedicated 272; breach of 
 law 316 ; chapel of Notre Dame de la 
 Victoire at 122; sends a bowl to 
 Branchidae 278; to Delos 279 
 
 Bhodopis sends iron bars to Delphi 
 74 19 , 92 
 
 Bhodopis' tithe 59 n 
 
 Bhoecus at Naucratis 280 
 
 Bhoeus, figure of 131 
 
 Bhombus with calf 284 
 
 rider hero 23 ; approaching a feast 31; 
 rider reliefs in hero shrine 26 ; type 
 used for Apollo 34 ; riders on picture 
 174 
 
 rights of the gods 98 
 
 ring-dancers 286, 289 
 
 rites done for the dead in ancient and 
 modern Greece 4 
 
 ritual banquet 7 ; relief 247 s 
 
 rivers invoked 12 2 ; called Saviour 
 192; offerings to 230 2 , 311 5 ; hair 
 offered to them 240, 241 
 
 rock on reliefs 291 
 
 Boman emperors 271 
 
 Borne, dedication of Heracles near 15; 
 incubation there 200 6 ; worship of 
 Asclepius 194; limb-models 215 11 ; 
 sacred hair 244; skins dedicated 
 50 3 
 
 Bostra 103 8 
 
 Botunda at Epidaurus 198 
 
 round-house 273 
 
 Bout, Zeus of the 119 
 
 Boxana's dedication 253 
 
 rules, fines 312 ; penalty for breaking 
 rules of games 311 
 
 runaway horses 229 
 
 runner 172, 174 
 
 Sabazios 295 ; reliefs dedicated to him 
 
 34 
 sacramental character of firstfruit 
 
 offering 41 
 Sacred War 128, 147 
 Sacred Way at Branchidae 56, 126 
 
 sacred wells and trees 13 
 
 sacrifice 1, 51 1S ; endowed by legacy 
 340; what animals could be sacri- 
 ficed 297 ; before marriage 246, 248; 
 in thanksgiving 82; sacrifices of the 
 farmer 45 4 ; sacrifice to Apollo in 
 Thasos 86 1 ; to Asclepius, ox or bull 
 199, 204; cock 204; pig 204; to be 
 consumed in the precinct 199 ; or not 
 205 ; sacrifice or libation on reliefs 
 177, 179, 197, 218, 220, 221, 230, 
 231; to horseman 25; sacrificial im- 
 plements on reliefs 23 ; sacrificial 
 competition 267 ; memorials of 
 sacrifice classified 283, 320; carved 
 in rock 283 ; sacrificial models 18 ; 
 as a war dedication 145; relics of 
 sacrifices 50 3 ; figures of sacrificers 
 262, 265, 287; the sacrificial scheme 
 32; to a man 270 
 
 sacristan of Asclepieum 198 
 
 St Andrew replaces Demeter 38 ; St 
 Andrew's at Patrae 188 2 
 
 St David replaces a hero 37 
 
 St Demetrius replaces Demeter 37 
 
 St Eleutherios replaces Eileithyia 237 
 
 St Elias 13 ; at Ambrosus 37 
 
 St George at Apollonia 37 ; at Bathos 
 37 ; at Eleusis 37 
 
 SS. Giovanni e Paolo at Venice 224 7 , 
 239 
 
 St Healer 13 
 
 St John replaces Poseidon 37 
 
 Sta Maria in Ara Cieli at Borne 
 239 1 
 
 St Michael and St Damian replace 
 Asclepius 37; St Michael in Man- 
 damadhos, Lesbos 226 5 , 236 
 
 St Michael's monastery in Syme 237 3 
 
 St Nicholas, patron of sailors 237; at 
 Aulis 37; replaces Athena 38; re- 
 places Heracles 38 
 
 St Nicolo in Verona, pictures at 224 7 , 
 238 
 
 St Paul's hair 245 
 
 St Theodore at Elatea 37 ; at Megara 
 38; replaces Zeus 37 
 
 St Trinity replaces Athena 38 ; replaces 
 the Muses 37 
 
 St Tryphon replaces Athena 38 
 
 St Vincenzo heals cripples 239 
 
 Salamis, feud for possession of the 
 island 103; conquered by Solon 119; 
 trireme dedicated there 105 ; the 
 battle, serpent appears 120; temple 
 founded by Themistocles 98; spoil 
 117; statue 127; triremes from the 
 spoil 105 ; group 131 ; mast and 
 stars 135 ; boa trace at Salamis with 
 money prize 151 
 
 Salamis (Cyprus), figures from 290; 
 
454 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 victory of Salamis, won by Deme- 
 trius 143 
 
 Salamis personified 131 
 
 Samicum, cave of the Nymphs at 47 
 
 Samos, Athena Ergatis there 59 20 ; 
 hero Deloptes 8; famous bowl dedi- 
 cated there 321, 355; Helen's stool 
 320; limb-models 215; agnus castus 
 there 40 8 ; sacred willow 40 ; Holy 
 Marriage aud votive group 247 ; 
 Agamemnon's rudder dedicated to 
 Hera there 228; Samiau hare 67; 
 Samian merchants tithe profits 58 ; 
 'Apollo' found there 307; 'Maiden' 
 306; hero reliefs 17 ; hero- feast 23 2 ; 
 Cybele relief 293 ; victory relief from 
 133 2 ; temple inventory 344; divine 
 wardrobe 275; Samos confers a 
 crown of honour 269 
 
 Samothrace : dedications by the Argo- 
 nauts 320; dedications of mystae 
 265, 281 ; Samothrace confers a 
 crown of honour 269; victory of 
 Samothrace 143 
 
 Samuel's vision 200 6 
 
 sanctuary, right of 336 ; sanctuary 
 violated 313 
 
 Sarapis 336; as a deliverer 230; in 
 Camirus230; in the Asclepieum 197 
 
 Sarapis and 1 sis 14 
 
 sarcophagi, Roman 35 
 
 Sardinia, warriors from 141 2 ; Sar- 
 dinian hero in group 132 4 
 
 Sardis, Cybele relief from 293 
 
 Sarpedon a hero 9 4 
 
 satyrs 49 ; on reliefs 179, 181 ; Satyr 
 of Praxiteles 159 
 
 Sauromatae 376 
 
 Saviour, as title of Artemis 128, 328 ; 
 Asclepius 208 ; Demeter 188 ; Hecate 
 195 ; heroes 8 ; rivers 188 ; Zeus 96, 
 121, 188, 328 
 
 Saviour Demigods dedicated toPoseidon 
 129 
 
 Scedasus 10 
 
 scenic reliefs 178 
 
 sceptic convinced 202 
 
 scepticism, punishment for 313 
 
 Scipio, L. Cornelius, his crown 268 
 
 scissors in model 237 
 
 Scyllis the diver's figure 136 
 
 Scyllus, Xenophon's temple at 121 
 
 Scythian memorials 141 ; offerings to 
 the dead 4 
 
 sea deities 228 ; hair dedicated to them 
 244 
 
 sea, peril by 228, 231; seafight 133 
 
 Seasons 45 ; eiresione offered to them 
 52 
 
 seats 235, 273, 321 
 
 Seleucus sends theori to Branchidae278 
 
 Seleucus Nicator sacrifices a maiden 
 on founding Laodicea 39 3 
 
 self-glorification 148, 185, 260, 269, 
 334 
 
 Selinus tithes celery 58 ; dedicates 
 golden celery at Delphi 66 ; vow of 
 Selinus, before war 126 ; war prayer 
 96 
 
 Selinus in Laconia, warrior figure 
 from 140 
 
 Selymbria, official dedications in 263 
 
 Semitic names in curses 340 
 
 senate 267 ; crowned 269 ; dedicates 
 332; makes a yearly dedication at 
 Athens 261 
 
 sepulchral monuments 35 ; rider 
 motive 24 ; reliefs 25 
 
 serpent 374 ; how associated with Ascle- 
 pius 193 ; appears before the battle 
 of Salamis 120 ; cake offered to 
 serpent 205 ; on reliefs 231, 234 ; 
 alone 222; brazen 190 8 
 
 Seven against Thebes, heroic pre- 
 cedent 130 
 
 sheaf drest up in human form 42, 
 43 
 
 shearing, thank-offering for (Poseidon) 
 81 
 
 sheep, model dedicated for allegorical 
 reasons 91 ; inscribed 296 ; in the 
 Heraeum 67 ; elsewhere 296 ; sacri- 
 ficed to heroes 10; sacrificed on 
 reliefs 32 
 
 shepherd's god 45 
 
 shield as prize 183 ; at Heraea 150 ; 
 as attribute 303 ; in relief 153 ; 
 of Aristomenes 97 
 
 shields in Painted Colonnade 107 
 
 ship at the Panathenaea 276 
 
 shipmaster's tithe 59 
 
 shipwreck 232 
 
 shipwright's tithe 59 
 
 shoe in stone relief 70 
 
 shorthand inscriptions at Delphi 65 
 
 shrine for tripods 158 ; of Artemis 
 described 50 ; of hero 11 ; repre- 
 sented on reliefs 32, 33, 34, 219; 
 on rider relief 24 ; miniature shrine 
 223 
 
 Sicilian disaster, omen before 145 ; 
 vigils for the Nymphs 46* 
 
 Sicily, Athenian expedition to 118, 
 123 ; agricultural deities in 45 ; 
 Artemis Lye 192 ; the Mothers 
 257; hero reliefs from 27; nursing 
 mothers 2"57 ; girls carrying pig 
 288 
 
 Sicinos, official dedications at 263 
 
 sickbed scene in relief 237; in paint- 
 ing 238; Athena relief which may 
 refer to sickness 219 ; Chthonian 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 455 
 
 deities appealed to in sickness 13 ; 
 heroes 8; old dedications of the 
 Acropolis referring to sickness 
 188 15 
 
 Sicyon, Asclepius comes thither, under 
 form of a snake 196 ; his worship 
 193; incubation 200 6 ; Eumenides 
 there 254 9 ; Pan 46 8 ; defeat of 
 Sicyon by Orneae 145 ; spear dedi- 
 cated at Sicyon 112 
 
 Sicyonian treasury at Delphi 124 
 
 silence in ritual 205 
 
 silphium dedicated 66 ; on Dioscuri 
 reliefs 30 
 
 silver beet at Delphi 66 
 
 silver on tripods 158 ; silver shields 
 114 
 
 Simonides, his prizes 156 
 
 simulacra dedicated 92, 115, 116, 146, 
 387 
 
 sin-offering 310 
 
 Siphnians, tithe 58, 351 
 
 Siphnos, cave of the Nymphs in 47 
 
 Sipte, spoil of 117 
 
 skin of ram in divination 204 
 
 skulls of sacrifice hung on trees 44 
 
 slave 235 ; on rider relief 24 ; slaves 
 dedicate their hair 243 2 ; slaves 
 dedicated to gods 336 ; tithe of 
 slaves taken in war sent to Delphi 
 56, 102 ; feast with masters in 
 Arcadia 10; slave-woman as prize 
 149 ; slavery 233 
 
 smith's tithe 59 
 
 Smyrna, hero-feast relief from 22 14 ; 
 rider reliefs 26 ; rider relief on 
 tombs 36; Smyrna sends a bowl 
 to Branchidae 279 
 
 snakes 250 ; their sanctity 6, 7 ; on 
 Spartan reliefs 5; tombs 6; identi- 
 fied with hero 6 2 ; on hero reliefs 
 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 71; 
 snakes at Epidaurus 202 ; sent out 
 by Epidaurus when a new shrine 
 was founded 196 ; snake coiled on 
 tree 25 ; snake as attribute of the 
 Eumenides on reliefs 254 ; of 
 Athena, Asclepius 301 ; snake on 
 reliefs 214 8 , 218, 221, 294, 295 ; 
 fed on reliefs 27 ; relief of snake 
 only 32 ; models 209 
 
 Socrates, last words of 204 3 , 297 6 
 
 Soissons, realistic figure of patient 
 from 210 
 
 Soli, figures from 289 
 
 Solon builds a temple to Ares 119 ; 
 his firstfruits of wisdom 64 
 
 sons of Asclepius in relief 217-9 
 
 soothsayer's figure 131, 132, 137 
 
 Sophocles and Amynus 214 
 
 Sophocles heroized as Dexion 8 7 
 
 Sosias a hero 8 
 
 Sosipolis 121 ; his shrines in Olympia 
 and Elis 121 
 
 Soteira, epithet of Artemis andDemeter 
 188 ; in Thebes 182 
 
 Soter 121 5 ; as title of heroes and 
 emperors 8 ; of Zeus and rivers 
 188. See also Saviour 
 
 Soteria at Delphi 148 
 
 sow on reliefs 220 
 
 Sparta: Athena Ergane 59 w ; temple 
 of Hera Protectress 191 ; sacred 
 plane 40 ; statues of Pausanias 314 ; 
 'Apollo' found there 307; Spartan 
 tombs, when inscribed with names 
 19 10 ; Spartans heroize dead warriors 
 9; agonistic dedications in Sparta 
 182; athletic monument 176; official 
 dedications 263 ; dedication of 
 colonists 282; war tithe 102; Cot- 
 tina's ox 297; musical prize in 
 Sparta 153; reliefs 5, 294; dedi- 
 cated to the Dioscuri 31 ; hero 
 reliefs 27; limb-models 215; child- 
 birth groups 254 ; woman suck- 
 ling child 257 ; Spartans dedicate 
 tripods with statues beneath 146; 
 war tithe at Delphi and Olym- 
 pia 102 ; a Zeus 126 ; spoil of 
 Spartans 106 ; dogs sacrificed at 
 Sparta 298 9 
 
 Spartiates send a vase to Olympia 
 281 
 
 spear deified by maniac 113 ; out- 
 worn 112 ; as attribute on reliefs 
 30 ; spearhead dedicated in Babylon 
 101 5 
 
 specialization of function in heroes 8 
 
 Spercheus, hair offered to 241 
 
 Sphacteria, spoil of 107 ; Victory dedi- 
 cated 142 
 
 spoil of war 98, 349, 366; existing 
 remains 104, 106, 107, 109; dedi- 
 cated in Kome 101*; in Cretan caves 
 101 
 
 spring, sacred 214 8 ; at the Asclepieum 
 197 ; crutch dedicated beside 224 ; 
 frog's image dedicated near 232 ; 
 springs invoked 12 2 
 
 staff as attribute of hero 19 
 
 stag on relief 251 9 
 
 stars as attributes or symbols of the 
 Dioscuri 30, 135 * 
 
 state, dedications to 35 ; dedications 
 by 332; states confer crowns 268 
 
 Stathmia, Athena 59 20 
 
 Sthenelus a hero 9 4 ; dedicates spoil 
 from Troy 117 
 
 Stiris, emancipations at 315, 336, 337 
 
 stlengis 172 7 , 277; as attribute of the 
 Dioscuri 31 ; as prize 153 
 
456 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 stone anointed 318 ; tripod 160 ; 
 
 trophy 100 ; vessels or lavers 280 
 stonemason's dedication 207 2 
 store-chambers for old offerings 346 
 Stranger Physician a hero at Athens 
 
 10 5 
 
 Street of Hermae 128, 129, 260 
 Street of Tripods 157, 181 
 Strymon, memorial of the 128 
 stutting tongue, oracle consulted about 
 
 227 
 substitution not the idea of the votive 
 
 offering 211 
 Sun as saviour at sea 228 ; eiresione 
 
 offered to Sun 52 ; temple 228 
 Sunium, trireme dedicated at 105 
 sunset sacrifice to heroes 7 3 
 superannuation 72 ; offerings after 
 
 71 ; arms dedicated on 111 
 suppliants in picture 135 ; supplication 
 
 of Peisis 334 
 
 surgery 202; on relief 217 
 surgical instruments in relief 73 ; used 
 
 by figures on reliefs 217, 219 
 survival of unbloody sacrifices 53 
 swords as attributes of the Dioscuri 
 
 30; in model 237 
 Sybarites dedicate stlengides at Delphi 
 
 277, 281 
 symbols and symbolism 30, 31 8 , 211, 
 
 283, 374 
 Syme, Monastery of St Michael at 
 
 237 3 ; modern dedications at 345 
 Symmachia Aphrodite 122 
 Syra, tithe of fish at 58 
 Syracusan medallions 118 ; treasury 
 
 at Delphi 124 ; at Olympia 123 ; 
 
 worship of Asclepius at Syracuse 
 
 194 
 Syracuse, Artemis-like figures from 
 
 305 ; temples at 120 
 Syria, kings of 279 
 Syros, Asclepius in 229 
 
 table on Dioscuri reliefs 30 
 
 tablet in athlete's hand 173 ; in hand 
 of statue 174; votive tablets 204; 
 on reliefs 177 ; in caves 47 ; hanging 
 in hero shrine 80 s ; on trees 82 
 
 tabor 313 
 
 Taenarum, Arion and the dolphin at 
 228 ; emancipations 337 ; horse- 
 models found there 67 ; sacred cave 
 46 9 
 
 taffrail ornament as an attribute 133 
 
 Tallaios, Zeus 12 2 
 
 tambourine as attribute 289 
 
 Tanagra, hero Eunostos at 8 ; plague 
 and statue of Hermes 190 ; rider relief 
 24 ; temple of Dionysus 38 ; the 
 battle : golden shields dedicated 114 
 
 tanner's tithe 59 
 
 taper, lighted, in the ritual 221 
 
 Taras in a group 132 
 
 Tarentines dedicate a building in 
 Athens 125 ; a realistic group 132 ; 
 war tithe at Delphi 102 ; war dedica- 
 tion to Olympia 115; a statue of 
 Athena in Sparta 282; tithe from 
 the Peucetians 116 
 
 Tarentum, Dioscuri reliefs 31 ; favia- 
 aoe 346; hero-feast groups 288; 
 hero-feast relief 22 14 ; sanctuary of 
 Persephone 18, 28 8 ; of Dioscuri 16; 
 vase dedicated to the Saviour 17 ; 
 worship of Asclepius 194 
 
 Tarracina, temple of Jupiter at 250 13 
 
 taurobolium 282 
 
 Taxila (temple of the Sun) receives 
 spoil from Alexander 108 
 
 Techne personified 179 12 
 
 Tegea, Artemis there 314 ; archaic 
 hero relief 27 ; image of Eileitbyia 
 there 255 ; statue of Polybius 270 ; 
 relics of Calydonian boar 319 ; official 
 dedications 263 ; hero reliefs 27 ; 
 dolls, masks, grotesques 250 ; hero- 
 feast relief 21 ; garments dedicated 
 275 ; fetters dedicated 233 ; favissae 
 346 ; inscribed vases 280 ; figures of 
 votary 15, 288 ; building of the 
 temple 353 ; St Nicholas 38 
 
 Tegeans dedicate spoil 117 
 
 Teichophylax a hero at Myrina 8 
 
 Teiresias' daughter sent as war-slave 
 to Delphi 102 
 
 Telemachus 310; statue 167; founds 
 Asclepieum at Athens 196 
 
 Telesphorus, son of Asclepius 194 
 
 Tellias and his whitewashed men 104, 
 129, 131 
 
 Tellon's statue 169 
 
 Temnus, image of Aphrodite dedicated 
 in 248 
 
 temple boy 305 
 
 Tenea, 'Apollo' from 307 
 
 Tenedos confers a crown of honour 
 269 ; tithes a catch of crabs 58 
 
 Tenos 203, 208; sanctuary of the Virgin 
 235; feast 236; models of limbs 
 there 211 2 ; recast offerings 345 
 
 Terpsicles the rhapsode 152 
 
 terra-cotta tablets 134 ; hang free 80 
 
 Teucer a hero 9 4 
 
 Thargelia in Dodona 182 ; prizes 156 
 
 Thasos confers a crown of honour 269; 
 rider relief from Thasos 25 
 
 Theagenes a hero 9 
 
 Thebes, games held there 182; hair- 
 offering 242; liberation of Thebes 
 133; 'Apollo' statue found there 307; 
 Daedalus' statue of Heracles 228; 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 457 
 
 stone of Manto 320 ; Zeus the 
 Highest 215 3 ; tripod of Laodamas 
 260; tripod dedicated to Apollo 265; 
 tripod dedicated by pugilist 152 ; 
 lion dedicated 144; war tithe 102; 
 athletic reliefs 176 9 ; others 295; 
 Thebans dedicate a Heracles 128; 
 spoil 107; spoil of Thebes 117; 
 Thebans build a temple to the Mis- 
 tress of Demetrius 227 9 ; treasury at 
 Delphi 124; statue of Epaminondas 
 there 269; St Nicholas and St Trinity 
 38 
 
 Themis, statue dedicated to 266 
 
 Themistoclesl35 4 , 136; builds temples 
 120, 353 ; before Salamis 98 ; builds a 
 temple to Dindymene 226 ; dedicates 
 a 'Maiden' 317; spoil 105; picture 
 of Themistocles 227; statue 120 3 
 
 Theocles, puzzling inscription of 27 8 
 
 Theodorus, priest of Asclepius 206 
 
 Theopompus, relief dedicated by 207, 
 216 
 
 theori 278; dedicate firstfruits 57; 
 bowls 279 
 
 Thera, ' Apollo ' from 307 ; bequest at 
 Thera 340; Epicteta's will 9 
 
 Therapnae, worship of Dioscuri at 
 29 ; finds 15 ; warrior figures 141 ; 
 animals 301 
 
 Thermopylae warriors heroized 9 
 
 Theseum a sanctuary for slaves 336 
 
 Theseus dedicates a temple 119 ; to 
 Bridal Aphrodite, and dedicates a 
 statuette of this goddess 248; an 
 altar 17 ; his hair 241 ; dedication to 
 Theseus by a board of magistrates 
 34; sacrifices the Marathonian bull 
 41 1 ; his figure 131; how repre- 
 sented 18 ; reliefs dedicated to 
 Theseus 32 7 , 33 
 
 Thesmophoros 251 
 
 Thespiae, Athena Ergane 59 20 ; makes 
 dedication to Apollo Ptoan 281 ; tri- 
 pods dedicated there 148; prize 
 dedicated 153; the Love of Praxiteles 
 321 ; official dedications 263 
 
 Thessalians dedicate a Zeus 127 ; spoil 
 of Thessalians 130 
 
 Thessaly, firstfruits 41 4 ; head of 
 Earth 305; dedications to the Dio- 
 scuri 30; mystae from Thessaly 
 28 l ; official dedications 263; Pan 
 46 8 ; relief with female enthroned 
 25; sepulchral reliefs 25 
 
 Thetis in a group 130 ; statue of Thetis 
 dedicated by Menelaus 248 
 
 Things dedicated 
 
 [Abbreviations : Amph(iaraus), 
 Ap(ollo), Aphr(odite), Art(emis), 
 Ascl(epius), Ath(ena), Cab(iri), Cyb- 
 
 (ele), Dem(eter), Dion(ysus), Dios- 
 (ciiri), Eil(eithyia), Eum(enides), 
 Hec(ate), Herc(ules), Herm(es), 
 Hyg(ieia), N(ymphs), Pers(ephone), 
 Pos(eidon), Pri(apus), Thes(eus), 
 Troph(onius), Z(eus)] 
 
 alphabet 65 (Pos); altar 17, 32, 
 122, 125, 125 8 , 224, 227, 227 s , 254, 
 282, 283 (Ap Art Ascl Dion Dios 
 Hec Here hero N Peace Pri Thes the 
 gods Z); Amalthea's horn 145 (Z); 
 anchor 73, 230 (Ap) ; animal models 
 15, 16, 18, 63, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 
 136, 145, 172, 190, 226, 237, 250 5 , 
 296-301; anklet 72, 253 (Dion Hera); 
 anvil 73 (Ap); Aphrodite, figure of 
 226 (Ascl) ; Apollo 63 (Ath) ; Argo 
 70, 228; armlet 225, 253 (Ascl Hera 
 Ap); arms and armour 16, 17, 105, 
 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 
 140, 311 (Ares Amph Ap Ath Dem 
 hero Pers Pelops spring Troph Z) ; 
 ass 136. (Ap) ; astronomical work 64 ; 
 Athena's figure 117 (Ap) ; athlete 
 figure 117, 174 (Ap Z) ; auger 71 
 (Ath); axe 58 4 , 71, 73, 74, 92, 250, 
 250 5 , 301 (Ath Ap Art Hera Pelops 
 Z); baker-model 78 (Aphr?); ball 
 249 (Herm Limnatis) ; bandage 224 
 (Ascl); bangle 74, 225 (Ascl Ath 
 Hera Z); bars 74, 92 (Ap Hera); 
 basket 72, 225 9 (Ath Amph) ; beak 
 of ship 103 (Ath Z) ; bear 51, 69 
 (Eros Z) ; beasts in cage 68 (Ath 
 Ap) ; bell 73 (Cab) ; beta ex argento 
 66 12 (Ap); bird 69, 77, 298, 299, 304, 
 305 (Hera Art Aphr Z) ; bison's head 
 69 (Ap) ; blowpipe 71 (Herm) ; boar 
 51, 63, 77 (Ath Dion Pan Z); boat 
 or ship 71 (Pos) ; bobbins 72 (Aphr 
 Ath); body, parts of 200, 225; 
 bones 318, 319 (Ascl Z) ; bow and 
 arrows 71, 249 (Art Herm) ; bowl 93, 
 191, 225, 252, 253, 260, 262, 278, 279, 
 311 (Ap Ath Ascl Cyb Dem Dion 
 Eil Pedio Pos) ; box 72, 183 (Pri) ; 
 boxer's figure 173, 174 (Ath Pos); 
 bracelet 74, 225 (Ascl Z) ; breast 215, 
 257 (Aphr Z) ; bridge, picture of 70 
 (Hera) ; bridle 70 (Ath) ; brooch 74, 
 253 (Art Ath Hera Z); brood-mare 
 75 (Ath Z); buckle 249 (Herm); 
 bull 67 10 ~ 12 , 76, 77, 145, 296, 298, 299, 
 300 (Ap Aph Ath Cab Dem Hera Pos 
 Z) ; bull attackt by lion 69 (Hera) ; 
 bull-roarer 249 (Herm) ; button 253 
 (Ap); cake 18, 49, 67, 200, 205, 
 290, 296 (Dem Hec Herm Pan Pri 
 serpent) ; cane 71 (Herm) ; cat 382 ; 
 cauldron 226, 250 (Ascl Pelops); cen- 
 taur 15, 393 4 (hero Ath); chains 115, 
 
458 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 233 (Ath) ; chair 320 (Ath) ; charac- 
 terized figures 16, 78, 137, 257, 286, 
 305 ; chariot 107, 115, 141, 162 (Ath 
 Ap Z); cheese 46 (Hec); chest of 
 Cypselus 226 (Z); child 210, 258 
 fAscl Cab Eil?); chopper 71, 73 
 (Herm) ; cicala 172 (Ap) ; clasp 74 
 (Hera Z); cloke 224, 232, 249 (Ascl 
 Cab Herm); cock 67, 204, 250 5 ,297ff., 
 300, 381 (Art Ascl Ath Cab Dios Hera 
 Z) ; coins 226 (Ascl) ; colander 225 9 
 (Amph) ; colonnade 35, 124 ( Ap Here) ; 
 comic figure 94 (Muses) ; cone of clay 
 35 8 ; conical stone 321 (Aphr river); 
 cook 78 (Hera); cord 74; corn- 
 model 66 (Ap Ath); corn- wreaths 
 45 (Art); corselet 103, 112 6 , 123, 
 226 2 (Ap Ascl Z); couch 118, 311 6 , 
 320 (Hera); cow 64, 67, 298, 300 
 (Hera Herm Z) ; cow-bell 73 (Cab); 
 crab 51 (Pan) ; cradle and pair of 
 children 32 (Dios); crater 58, 227, 
 311, 320 (Ap Hera); creel 71 (Pos); 
 criophoros 284, 285 (Ap Ath Cab) ; 
 crow 301 (Ath) ; crown 92, 155, 266, 
 267, 268, 269 (Amph Ap Ath Hera 
 Graces Muses Dion) ; crutch 224 
 (spring) ; crystal 225 (Ascl) ; cuirass 
 114 (Ares); cup 17, 225, 320 (Art 
 Ascl Protesilaus) ; currycomb 163 
 (Pos) ; cylinder 225 (Ascl) ; cymbal 
 72, 250, 251 1 (Ascl Cyb Limnatis 
 Pelops) ; dancer 15, 286 ft. (Ap Aphr 
 Art Ath Dem hero Z) ; deck of 
 ship 230 (Anubis) ; deer 50 3 , 58, 69, 
 305 (Ap Art Ath) ; devotee's figure 
 131, 137, 170, 209, 227, 260, 283, 
 286 ff., 289, 305 (Ap Aphr Art Ascl 
 Ath Cab Dem Hera hero Pelops Z) ; 
 dice 63 (Fortune); disc 253 7 ; divine 
 figures 15, 33, 61, 117, 126, 127, 
 128, 171, 189, 190, 208, 210, 228,248, 
 249, 254, 260, 262, 267 5 , 282, 283, 
 290, 303-5, 312, 314 (Ap Aphr Art 
 Ascl Ath Dem Eil Hera Heracles 
 Herm Hyg Maia Nemesis Pan Z) ; 
 dog 77 (Pan N) ; doll 249, 250 
 (Amynus Ap Aphr Ath Art Cab Dem 
 Limnatis); dove 300 (Art Aphr Z); 
 dress 72, 112, 156, 163, 232, 249, 
 252 10 , 275, 277, 344 (Ap Aphr Art Ath 
 Cab Cyb Eil Hera Pri) ; duck 299 
 (Hera); earrings 74, 225, 253 (Ap 
 Ascl Ath); Earth praying for rain 
 91 (Ath) ; eel 51 (the gods) ; ele- 
 phant's skull 51 (Art) ; false hair 72 
 (Pri); fan 71, 225 (Ascl Herm); 
 fawnskin 163 (Pri) ; feet of prey 50 2 
 (Art); female figures 15, 255, 289 
 (Ap hero, see also devotee) ; fetters, 
 see chains; figs 45 u , 49 (Herm Pri); 
 
 file 71 (Herm) ; fish 46, 51 (Art Hec); 
 fishing-rod 71 (Pos) ; flesh-fork 71 
 (Herm) ; flotist figures 15, 287 (hero 
 Z) ; flowers 17, 44 (hero N) ; flute 
 43, 72, 114 (Ath Cyb N), 319 (Per- 
 suasion) ; flute-case 269 (Ath) ; fly- 
 flapper 253 (Ap) ; food 17, 46 (hero 
 Herm) : foot-rule 71 (Ath) ; frog 232 
 (spring); fruit 53 (Dem); furniture 
 17, 316 (Hera hero); garland 15, 72, 
 249, 348 (Aphr Dion Hera hero); 
 gems 225 (Ascl) ; girdle 72, 74, 249, 
 255 (Aph Atli Z) ; goat 67, 69, 190, 
 299, 300 (Ap Cab Helios Hera Herm 
 Z) ; gold 118 (Ap); golden arms and 
 armour 114, 311 (Amph Ap Z) ; 
 gorgou-masks 16, 303 (Dios Ath); 
 grape-model 66 (Ap) ; grapes 44, 49 
 (Aphr Dion N Pri) ; grotesque 250, 
 250-- 5 (Aphr Art Cab); groups of 
 figures 16, 63, 115, 116, 117, 129, 130, 
 131, 144, 145, 190, 228, 285, 289, 305 
 (Ap Ath Art Dios Z); allegorical 
 144; sacrifice and ritual 16, 117, 145, 
 190, 285; hair 17, 233, 240-245, 250 
 (Ap Aphr Art Ath Cab Cyb Fates 
 Hera hero Hyperboreans Hippolytus 
 Hyg Iphinoe Pos rivers sea-gods Z) ; 
 hair-net 249 (Hera) ; hair-shearer's 
 figure 243 (river) ; hare 67, 69 (Ap 
 Ath Cab Hera Z) ; hat 249 (Herm) ; 
 hawk 77 (Aphr) ; head and horns 50 
 (Art Pan); headdress 225 (Ascl); 
 heads in ceremonial headdress 16 
 (Dios); head of animal 63 (Dion); 
 headband 253 (Ap); helmet 104, 
 105, 113 (Ath Z); herbs 51, 52 
 (hero); honey 49, 53 (Pan Dem); 
 hoplite runner 171; horn 225, 321 
 (Ascl Here); horns 50, 51, 320 (Ath 
 Here Pan Z) ; horse 15, 67, 117, 
 250 5 , 300 (Ap Art hero Menelaus 
 Pos Z); horse laden 77 (Cab Aph); 
 horse-trappings 74, 162, 163 (Pos Z) ; 
 hound 77 (Art Cab); huntsman 78 
 (Ath Aph Z) ; huxter? 78 (Ath) ; 
 hydrophoros 277 (Dem) ; ingot 92, 
 118, 311 (Ap Z) ; initiate 208 (Dem) ; 
 island 342 3 (Ap) ; jerkin 71 (Pan) ; 
 jewellery and ornaments 72, 74, 225, 
 249, 253; jockey 166 (Ath Z) ; jump- 
 ing weight 161 (Dem?) ; key 71 
 (Herm); knife 72, 74, 319(Cyb Ath Z); 
 knight and horse 79 (Ath) ; knuckle- 
 bones 249, 250 3 (Cab Ascl Herm); 
 lad on ram 16 (Dios) ; ladle 71 
 (Herm); lamp 74, 117, 225 9 , 301 
 (Amph Ap Ath Z) ; lance 105, 115 
 (Ath Z); laver 272, 311 (Ap Ascl); 
 lead ore 321 (Ap); leather bottell 
 224 (Ascl) ; limbs 211 ff.-215 5 - 7 (Amph 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 459 
 
 Amynus Ap Aphr Anaitis Ascl Hera 
 Men Z) ; lion 15, 63, 69, 144, 231, 311 
 (Ap Art Ath Dion hero Menelaus) ; 
 lionskin and claws 51 (Pan) ; literary 
 works 64 (Ap Art Ath Baal Muses 
 Z) ; loom- weight 73 (Ap Ath Dem 
 Hera Herm) ; lyre 71 (Ap Ath); 
 male figures 16, 137, 260, 286, 289 
 (Ap Art Ath Aphr Hera Pelops, see 
 also devotee) ; male and female vo- 
 tive figures in the same precinct at 
 Corinth 284 2 ; mallet 74 (Ath); man 
 clinging beneath ram 250 3 (Dem); 
 man milking a cow 75 (Z) ; manger 17 
 (Ath) ; marble shield 115 (the gods) ; 
 marble footstool 277 (Dem) ; mare 
 7 10 , 75 (Ath Z); mask 16, 162, 163, 
 250, 304 (Art Ath Cab Dion Dios) ; 
 mast and stars 135 (Ap) ; milk 44, 49 
 (N Pan) ; milk-pail 43 (N) ; mirror 72, 
 73, 74, 225, 249, 253, 253 1 (Aphr Ath 
 Ascl Hera Z) ; mitra 249 (Aphr) ; 
 money 17, 92, 118 (Ap heroes); 
 monkey 382 ; muslins 72 (Pri) ; naked 
 figures 15 (hero) ; necklace 253, 319 
 (Ap); needle 16 (Pelops); net 71 
 {Pos); nursing mothers 257 (Aphr Ath 
 Amynos) ; obelisk 61 (Here) ; oil- 
 flask 163, 225 (Ascl); old man of 
 the sea 241 J (Pos) ; olive 49 (Ath); 
 olive-model 66 (Ath Amph); om- 
 phalos 272 (Ap) ; ornaments 16, 
 72, 225, 273 (Aphr Ascl Pelops); 
 outline of head 63 (N) ; owl 301, 381 
 <Ath); ox 67, 145, 296, 297, 298, 
 299, 300 (Ap Ath Cab Dem Hera 
 Herm Z) ; ox-goad 73, 74 (Ap); 
 painting: agonistic 81, 174 (Pos); 
 agriculture and vintage 80, 81 
 (Pos) ; beasts 81 (Pos) ; bridge of 
 Mandrocles 70 (Hera) ; hunting 81 
 (Pos) ; peril 232 (Pan); pottery 81, 
 82 (Pos) ; statuary 81 (Pos) ; sup- 
 pliants 135 (Aphr); 
 palm leaf 15, 16 (hero) ; palm tree and 
 accessories 144, 144 10 (Ap) ; Pan 16 
 {Dios); pan 71 (Herm); panoply 113 
 (Ath) ; partridge 63 ; Pausanias 314 
 (Ath) ; peacock 381, 382; perfume- 
 pot 74 (Ath) ; pestle and mortar 71 
 <Herm) ; pick 71, 73, 74 (Ath) ; pig 
 63, 67 10 , 226, 299, 300, 301 (Ascl 
 Cab Pers Z) ; pillar 18, 319 (Z) ; 
 pillow 225 (Ascl); pin 25 3 , 74, 253 
 (Ap Aphr Ath Hera Z) ; pipes 43, 72 
 <N Pri) ; pitcher 311 (Ap) ; plane 71 
 {Ath) ; plow 71 (Dem) ; pomegranate 
 49 (Pri) ; pomp 145 (Ap) ; pot 71, 93 
 (Herm Ap) ; pregnant woman 257 
 {Herm) ; probe 73 (Ap) ; quiver 73, 
 232 (Alcon); quoit 160 (Dios Z?); 
 
 quoit-thrower 173 (Ath Z) ; rabbit 
 69, 301 (Ath Cab) ; racer 182; radish 
 66 12 (Ap); rake 71 (Ath); ram 67, 75, 
 299, 300, 301 (Ap Ath Cab Dem 
 Aphr Despoina Herm Pers Z) ; 
 rattle 249, 250 (Ap Herm) ; reed 43 
 (N); 
 
 relief: agonistic 176, 177, 179, 180, 
 182 (Ath Dion Dios Hera Herrn 
 N); domestic 247, 254, 256 (Art 
 Ath Bum) ; feast 26, 291 (Ap hero) ; 
 food 296 (Hera); harpist 179 (Ap); 
 hunting 84 (Art); limbs 213 
 (Amynos) ; oracle 282 (Ap) ; Pan 
 and Nymphs 85; peril 229, 230, 
 231 (Ascl Dion Hyg Pos) ; rider 23 
 (hero, etc.) ; sacrifice and ritual 
 23, 32, 33, 221, 231, 291 (Amynos 
 Amph Ascl Here hero Pos Thes) ; 
 serpent 221 ; sickness 192, 217, 223 
 (Ascl Dem Hero-Phys) ; surgical 
 tools 73 ; toilet-case 277 ; unclassed 
 14, 19, 84, 85, 185, 191, 219, 234, 
 247, 256, 290, 293 (Ap Art Ascl 
 Ath Dem Dion Eil Hec hero Muses 
 Nemesis Z) ; war 133 ; 
 rider 141, 166, 167 (Ap Ath Hera 
 Z); ring 16, 74, 225, 253 7 (Ascl 
 Pelops Z) ; ring-dance 286, 289 (Ap 
 Aphr Z) ; ringlets 272 (Aphr) ; ritual 
 figure 286 (Z) ; rouge-pot 253 (Ap) ; 
 rudder 228 (Hera) ; runner 173 (Z) ; 
 sacrificial group 285 (Ap Art) ; san- 
 dals 72 (Aphr) ; satyr 250 5 (Art) ; 
 saw 71 (Ath) ; sceptre 294 (Ath) ; 
 scraper 225, 249 (Ascl Herm) ; scribe 
 260 (Ath); seasnail 51 (N) ; seat 
 225, 235, 321 (Ap Ascl) ; ' serpent ' 
 209, 225 (Ascl Despoina Ath) ; sexual 
 symbols 72 (Aphr) ; sheaf 49 (Dem) ; 
 sheep 67, 296, 299, 300, 334 (Ap 
 Ath Cab Hera Z) ; shell 321 (Ap) ; 
 shield 105, 113, 114, 226 (Ap Ares 
 Ascl Ath the gods hero Z) ; ship 70, 
 107, 228 (Pos) ; ship's figurehead 
 105 (Ap) ; shovel 71 (Ath) ; shuttle 
 72 (Ath); sickle 78 (Dion) ; Silenus 
 16, 250 2 (Dios); silver shield 114 
 (Ap) ; skin, horns, tusks 44, 50, 
 51, 319 (Art Ath Pan tree Here); 
 skullcap 71 (Herm) ; slippers 224 
 (Ascl) ; spade 71 (Pan) ; spear 71, 
 114 (Ares Ath Pan N) ; spindle 72, 
 74 (Ath Ap Dem) ; spoils 101, 109, 
 117 (Ap Ath Hera Z) ; sponge 71 
 (Herm) ; spool of thread 73 (Ath) ; 
 spurs 74 (Z) ; staff 71 ; stag 69 (Hera 
 Z) ; stag and hounds 69 (Z) ; stage- 
 trappings 162 (Dion); stag's head 
 51 (Ap) ; stallion 76 (Z) ; stlengis 153, 
 225, 277, 281 (Ap Z Art Ascl Amph) ; 
 
460 
 
 GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 stone 321 (Ath) ; stone ram 75 
 (Ath) ; stool 320 (Ap) ; suppliants 135 
 ( Aphr) ; surgical instruments 2*24 
 (Ascl) ; swan 299 (Hera) ; sword 
 250 s , 311, 319 (Art Dios 319?); 
 syrinx 43 (N) ; table 272, 278, 312 
 (Ascl Dione Z); tablet 61 (Pos); 
 tambour 63 (Cyb) ; tapestry 279 
 (Art) ; tawse 71 (Herm) ; temple and 
 shrine 70, 92, 119, 122, 185, 189, 
 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231, 233, 
 248, 249, 254, 311, 313, 314 (Ap 
 Apbr Art Atb Ascl Cyb Eil Bum 
 Hera Here Helios Pan Z) ; temple 
 boy 305 (Ap); thread 73 (Ath); 
 throne 117, 320 (Ath Z) ; thyrsus 
 72 (Ath Dion); tile 70 (Ap); tongs 
 71 (Herm); top 250 (Cab); torch 
 153, 163 (Herm Here); toys 249, 
 250, 299 10 (?); traps and snares 71 
 (Herm); treasury 92, 122, 125 (Ap 
 Z); trident 171 (Pos); trinkets 163 
 (Pri); tripod 16, 145, 147, 148, 
 152, 158 9 , 225, 260, 262, 265 (Ap 
 Ascl Ath Dion Here Graces Muses 
 Pelops Z) ; trireme 116, 230 (Ap) ; 
 trophy 99, 100, 105 (Ap Ath Pos Z) ; 
 trumpet 114, 163 (Atb); tunic 277 
 (Ap) ; tunny 51, 58 11 (Pos); turnip 
 66^ (Ap); tusks and teeth 50 (Art) ; 
 ulcer 214 (Ascl); unguent-box 225, 
 253 (Ascl Ap) ; vase 16, 17, 57, 60, 
 61, 63, 93, 155, 163, 250, 253, 262, 
 279, 280, 281, 301, 320 (Ap Aphr 
 Art Ath Ascl Cab Dem dead Dios 
 good-god gods-of-Greece Hera Here 
 Herm hero Pan Pri Pelops N 
 Z); veil 249; victory 142-3, 212 2 , 
 226 (Ap Ath Art Z Ascl); warrior 
 15, 16, 34 5 , 140-1 (Ap Art Ath 
 Menelaus Dios Z hero) ; water 
 carrier 277, 288 ; weaver's comb 72 
 (Ath); weight 160, 162 (Z); wheel 
 165, 390 (Art Dios Hera Z) ; whip 
 163 (Pos) ; wine 49 (Dion) ; wine- 
 press 78 (Dion) ; winged figures 15 
 (hero) ; woman on camel 250 s (Dem) ; 
 wooden slab 178 (Dion); wool 53, 73 
 (Ath Dem); wreath 17, 154 (hero 
 Art) ; writing materials 71 (Muses) ; 
 youth with oil-flask 16 (Dios) 
 
 Thirty Tyrants 143 
 
 Thrace, hero-feast reliefs from 21 ; 
 rider reliefs 26 
 
 Thracians eat dogs 298 10 
 
 Thrasybulus dedicates statues of 
 Athena and Heracles before setting 
 out for Athens 33, 98 
 
 Thrasybulus the soothsayer's figure 
 137 
 
 Thrasycles, choregic victory of 158* 
 
 Tbrasyllus, choregic monument of 
 158 
 
 Thrasyllus dedicates hymn 65 
 
 thread in dedication, use of 342 s 
 
 three-eyed Zeus 117 
 
 threshing-floor at Delphi 52; offering 
 to Artemis and Demeter on thresh- 
 ing-floor 53 
 
 thrones cut in the rock 195 
 
 thunderbolt 308; as an attribute 139, 
 376; never dedicated 383 
 
 Thurians dedicate war tithe at Olym- 
 pia 102 
 
 Thurii, spoil from 106 
 
 Thyestes' sceptre 318 
 
 Thyestiadae 279 
 
 thyrsus 378, 384 
 
 Timagoras casts himself down from 
 the Acropolis 314; his figure 138, 
 364 
 
 Timoleon dedicates spoil 107 
 
 Timou's statue 167 3 
 
 Tiryns, spoil of 117 
 
 Tirynthine idols 303 
 
 Titane, Asclepieum at, sacrifice con- 
 sumed within the precinct 199 ; 
 draped Asclepius there 275 ; hair- 
 offering at 241 ; St Tryphon 38 
 
 tithe 79, 308, 328, 351 ; and firstfruit to- 
 gether 56 10 , 93; dedication on relief 
 83; in valuables 92; of cattle and 
 slaves 102 ; of confiscated property 
 55; of confiscated goods 316, 317; 
 of fines 316 ; of men sent out to 
 found colonies 102 ; of ransom 103 ; 
 of spoils 99, 100; of war, geo- 
 graphical distribution of 102; paid 
 at tribal feast 42 ; of pay not known 
 for temple officials 79; the word 
 tithe loses its meaning 55 l ; statue 
 90; tax 55 2 
 
 Tithes and firstfruits: 90, 93, 316; 
 origin and principle 39 ff . ; sacred 
 plots and groves 39, 40, 42, 43; 
 connexion with heroes and the dead 
 41; their part in the farmer's life 
 42 ; harvest and vintage celebrations 
 43 ff. ; gods of the countrymen 45 ; 
 Pan and Nymphs 46 ff . ; modern 
 parallels 49 ; huntsman's tithe 50 ; 
 fisherman's 51 ; herbalist's 51 ; 
 public harvest celebrations 52; the 
 words for firstfruits 53; their pro- 
 portion 54; word for tithe and 
 extent of the custom 55, 56; man 
 tithe, slave tithe 56; tithe at national 
 sanctuaries 57 ; merchant's and 
 tradesmen's tithe 58 ff.; craftsman's 
 masterpiece 60 ff. ; literary master- 
 piece 60 ff . ; prize poems 65, 66 ff. ; 
 models of the kind-offering 66 ff. ; 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 461 
 
 plants 66; animals 66-7; model of 
 work 70; dedication of used tools 
 70 ff. ; extension of the principle 
 74 ; act or process, model of 75 ff . ; 
 picture or relief 80; objects bought 
 with tithe 89, 93 ; commuted for 
 money, <fec. 92 
 
 titles of gods 188; personified 8; 
 specified on inscriptions 327 
 
 toilet reliefs 277 
 
 Tolmides, trophy from 99, 105; his 
 figure 132 
 
 tomb, curses in 339 ; horse sacrificed 
 at tomb of a girl 10 5 ; guarded 
 against violation 316; hair dedi- 
 cated on 241, 242, 245; trophy set 
 up beside 100 ; scenes on Attic tomb 
 167 4 ; Cybele relief in a tomb 293 
 
 tombstones, Charon's boat on 36; 
 combination of horseman and feast 
 types, tree, serpent, and horse's 
 head 36; feast relief and hunt 
 relief used for 35; heroic types on 
 35 
 
 Tomis, horsemen and feast types com- 
 bined on tombs 36 
 
 tool 228, 368; done with 232 
 
 tools, case of, on hero relief 20; on 
 wall in relief 36 2 
 
 torch as attribute 22 16 ; of Artemis 
 251; Athena 294 ; on reliefs 29, 254, 
 256, 291; models in gold or silver 
 302 
 
 torch-race prize, a hydria 151 
 
 torch-racers in relief 176, 177 
 
 torch-racers' dedications 153 
 
 tortoise 382 
 
 Toxaris a hero 10 5 
 
 toys 16, 117, 249, 258, 285 7 
 
 trade-tithe 56 
 
 tradesman's thank-offering, the act 
 painted on an Attic vase 82 
 
 Tragedy personified 179 12 
 
 transfer of divine properties 44; of 
 rites 52 6 
 
 treasure-trove 296; offering of tools 
 after finding 71 
 
 treasury 343, 353; at Amphiaraum, 
 Lebena 200 *; at Olympia and Delphi 
 319 
 
 treaties 314 
 
 trees 248; sacred 13, 40; why selected 
 40; associated with Athena, Deme- 
 ter, 148; Zeus 40; offerings hung 
 on 51; placed beneath 50; pictures 
 hung on 232; on reliefs 18, 25, 33, 
 220, 221, 222, 230 7 ; with snake 25, 
 26 ; on feast relief 33 
 
 trenches for burying old offerings 346 
 
 trials 233 
 
 tribal competition 267; deity 52 6 , 96, 
 
 96", 251, 279; tithe paid at tribal 
 feast 42 ; tribal offerings at Branchi- 
 dae 278 ; at Delos 57 ; a tribe dedi- 
 cates 332 
 
 tribute money, firstfruits of 54 
 
 Tricca 8, 197 ; original home of Ascle- 
 pius 192 ; Cure Tables 201 
 
 trickery in dedication 146 
 
 Triopia, the 152 
 
 tripod, its history 151, 385 ; of Plataea 
 147 ; on relief 177, 179 
 
 tripods as prizes 149, 150, 156, 175; at 
 the Triopia 152 ; as lyrical prize 151 ; 
 as war dedications 145, 355; dedi- 
 cated by a gymnasiarch 262 ; Street 
 of Tripods 117, 158; brought to 
 Delphi by sacred embassy 278 ; with 
 statues of Aphrodite, Artemis, and 
 the Maid beneath them (Apollo) 146; 
 piled at Dodona 50 3 
 
 Triptolemus 28 ; at Eleusis 18 
 
 Triptolemus and Hades 28 3 
 
 Troezen, Apollo Epibaterios in 228; 
 girls' dedications 249; hair-offering 
 241; incubations 200 6 ; Pan 46 8 ; 
 temple of the Deliverer in 189 ; 
 votive altar 282 
 
 Troezenians offer firstfruits 52 
 
 Tropaios a tithe of Poseidon 96 6 ; of 
 Zeus 96, 119 
 
 trophies dedicated 99 
 
 Trophonia 182 
 
 Trophonius 8 ; arms dedicated to him 
 112; slaves dedicated 336 
 
 trophy, the 99 ; trophies dedicated 99 ; 
 sportive dedication by musician 185 ; 
 made of sacred wood 99 " 
 
 Troy, sack of 228, 248 ; spoil of 117 
 
 trumpeters' statues not votive 172 
 
 trumpeting, competitions in 184 
 
 Tubingen Bronze 172, 174, 308 
 
 tumbling or juggling, prize for 152 
 
 Twelve Gods, altar of 259; agonistic 
 dedication to the 181 
 
 two male figures on hero relief 19, 22 
 
 Tyndareus sacrifices a horse 298 8 
 
 Tyndaridae invoked before battle 96 
 
 tyrant, death of 231 9 
 
 Tyrians dedicate herbs to Agenorides 
 52; offer tithe 55 8 
 
 Tyrrhenian pirates, spoils of 127 
 
 Tyrrhenians, spoil of 117 
 
 uncultivated plots left for the guardian 
 
 spirits 39 
 unity with the god not a Greek idea 
 
 283 
 
 Urania Aphrodite 232 
 urns on Dioscuri reliefs 30 
 
 Vari, grotto of 47 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 vase of Miltiades 141; inscribed vase 
 with appropriate painting upon it 
 295; inscribed with dedications 279; 
 as firstfruit 57 
 
 vases used in ritual dedicated (at tomb) 
 16, cp. 301 ; not broken on purpose 
 280 18 
 
 Veii, limb-models from 215 u 
 veil as attribute of female figure on 
 
 reliefs 28 
 
 veil of the temple of Jerusalem dedi- 
 cated at Olympia 118 
 Venice, crutches dedicated in 224 7 ; 
 
 SS. Giovanni e Paolo 239 
 verb in dedications 323, 324, 326 
 verger 201 
 
 Verona, St Nicholas, paintings dedi- 
 cated there 238; crutches 224 7 
 verse formulae 334 ; dedication for 
 
 healing 232 
 Vesta, so-called temple of, at Rome 
 
 38 
 
 victims on reliefs 23 
 Victoire, Notre Dame de la 122 
 Victoria quadrigam in sublime rapient 
 
 174 
 
 Victorious Aphrodite 233 
 victors' crowns of leaves 40 8 
 victor's statue or picture 167 
 Victory alone a war-dedication 142 ; 
 a customary offering at Olbia 142 s ; 
 possibly late as a dedication for the 
 games 185 ; Victory and thank- 
 offering combined 27 ; Victory and 
 trophy on a relief 133 2 ; image of 
 Victory in the Asclepieum 212 2 ; in 
 groups 131 ; in chariot 164, 361 ; in 
 relief 133, 177, 180 ; offers a wreath 
 133 9 ; on coins 118 5 ; on pana- 
 thenaic vases 155 ; on tripod base 
 181; sacrificing before a trophy 99 6 ; 
 scenic victory on reliefs 179 ; as 
 attribute 305; Victory a title of 
 Athena 276 ; temple of Wingless 
 120 
 
 vinedresser's lawsuit 235 
 vintage 49, 81; firstfruits 44 
 Virgin, church dedicated to, in a 
 town which once worshipt Athena 
 13 4 ; feasts of the Virgin 235 f . ; 
 Virgin in votive painting 238 ; 
 heart-model dedicated to her 226 ; 
 Virgin Mary replaces Athena, Ar- 
 temis, Demeter 37, 38 
 vision- 314, ' 
 
 visitation of the sick on reliefs 216 
 Voni, figures from 289 ; Apollo figures 
 
 305 
 
 vote of thanks 34, 266, 267 
 votes of honour and fines 315 
 votive offerings bought from proceeds 
 
 of tax 57 12 ; given by public vote 
 206; in tombs 4 4 
 
 vows 210, 228, 245, 252", 310, 311, 
 328; before Marathon 95 s ; paid in 
 anticipation 97 
 
 War : battle-gods 95 ; vows and offer- 
 ings before the battle 97; classi- 
 fication of votive offerings for war 
 98; trophy 99, 100; Homeric evi- 
 dence 100; choice piece, firstfruit, 
 or tithe of spoils 100, 117; extent of 
 the custom 102; spoil actually found 
 109; weapons used in the fight 111, 
 113; model weapons and arms 114; 
 chariot 115; miniature 116. Build- 
 ings: temples 119; treasuries 122; 
 colonnades 124 ; altars 125 ; divine 
 statues 125. Act or process 129; 
 groups 130 ; reliefs 133 ; pictures 134. 
 General's statue, limits of dedication 
 135; warrior statues 139; personifi- 
 cations 142 ; allegory 144 ; tripods 
 145 
 
 wardrobe of goddesses 344 
 
 war-gods, Greek 95 
 
 warrior figures 140, 361 
 
 washerman's tithe 59 
 
 washermen dedicate a relief to the 
 Nymphs 88 
 
 watchwords in battle 96 4 
 
 watersnakes in group 144 9 
 
 wayfarer saved 230 
 
 wayside Hermes 46 ' 
 
 weapons as prizes 150, 151 
 
 weight inscribed on votive offering 
 15, 16, 146 8 , 267, 343; standard 
 weights kept in temples 272 3 
 
 wells, sacred 13 
 
 wheel as attribute of Nemesis 234 
 
 willow of Samos, sacred 40 
 
 Winged Nemesis 234 ; throne 294 ; 
 Victory 143 
 
 Wingless Victory 120, 143 
 
 winnings dedicated 366 ; see also prize 
 
 winnowing-tithe offered to the Nymphs 
 49 
 
 woman dedicates spool of thread to 
 Athena 73; loom-weights 72 
 
 women as dedicators 250 
 
 women and men in the Asclepieum 
 206 
 
 women's tithe 56, 59 
 
 Wooden Horse, copies of 130 
 
 wooden statues 264, see Ilhexibius 
 
 workwoman's tithe 59 1S 
 
 worn garments 277, 369 
 
 worshippers 133, 217, 220, 291, 294, 
 295, 363 ; figures of 16 ; on reliefs 22, 
 23, 83, 85, 219, 223, 231, 251, 256, 
 292; on hero relief 19; on tomb 
 
GENERAL INDEX ENGLISH. 
 
 463 
 
 reliefs 35 ; portrait-statue of wor- 
 shipper 209 ; worshippers alone on 
 reliefs 223 
 
 wreath as attribute 132, 133 9 , 289, 
 295; of victor 170; held in the 
 hand 287, 288 ; on reliefs 19, 29, 
 177, 180 
 
 wrestlers 173, 183; tripod as prize of 
 wrestling 15 l 
 
 wrestler's statue 169 
 
 Xanthe, wife of Asclepius 194 
 Xenocrates dedicates his calculations 
 
 to Apollo on Mount Olympus 65 ; 
 
 statue of 98 
 
 Xenocritus, priest of Asclepius 207 
 Xenophantus the flotist 155 
 Xenophon's men dedicate their staves 
 
 70; his tithe 50, 120; his victory 
 
 116 
 Xerxes appeases the Hellespont 311, 
 
 355; throne of Xerxes 117, 356 
 xoanon type 305 
 
 Zanes 312, 317 
 
 Zenoposeidon 273 6 
 
 Zerinthian cave 46 1 ; dogs sacrificed 
 298 
 
 Zeus. Titles: Anthaleus 45; Areios 
 96 4 ; Asclepius 188 7 ; Averter of 
 Flies 188; Catachthonios 188; 
 Chthonios 14, 28 ; Eleutherios 125 ; 
 Endendros 44 10 ; Epicarpios 44 10 ; 
 Eubouleus 188 7 , 251 ; god of Flight 
 314; the Highest 215; Meilichios 
 14, 188, 296 ; Naiios 280 ; Olympios 
 314; Oporeus 44 10 ; Ourios 230; 
 Panhellenian 191; Philios 295; 
 Poliouchos 328; Phratrios 316; 
 Soter 96, 121, 188, 265, 328; Tal- 
 
 laios 12 2 ; Tropaios 96, 
 Xenios 328; Zeus armed 139; as 
 god of marriage 246 ; as saviour 230 ; 
 giver of fruits 328 ; invoked in war 
 126 4 ; worshipt on mountains 13; 
 Zeus in the Anthology 48 l ; temple 
 
 dedicated to him by Jovianus 122 *; 
 colossal figures 123, 126 ; Zeus re- 
 placed by St Theodore 37 
 
 Dedications and dedicators : agri- 
 culture and breeding 45, 75; altar 
 125 ; Amalthea's horn 145 ; arms and 
 armour 104 ff . ; athlete figure 167 ; 
 axe 92, 250, 388; bangle 74; bird- 
 model 299 ; brooch 74 ; brood-mare 
 67 10 , 75; bull-model 76, 299; chariot 
 and model 162, 164 ; chest of Cypse- 
 lus 226; cock-model 299; corselet 
 103 ; cow-model 299 ; devotee's figure 
 255, 286, 287; discus 160, 161; 
 disease and peril 191, 225, 226, 230 ; 
 divine figure 123, 126, 308 ; female 
 figure 255, 286 ; fines 311, 314, 316, 
 317; flotist figure 287; games 156, 
 160, 161, 162, 167, 173, 265 ; girdle 
 255 ; goat-model 299 ; groups of 
 figures 130 ff . ; hair 241 ; helmet 
 104; horse-model 67, 67 10 , 75; horse- 
 trappings 74, 162; hunting 69, 75; 
 huntsman's figiare 78 ; jockey figure 
 166; knife 74; lamp 301; lance 106; 
 limb models 215; literary works 64; 
 man milking cow 75 ; mare, see 
 brood-mare ; marriage 246 ; mirror 
 73, 74; ox-model 299; pig-model 
 299 ; pin 74 ; puberty 241, 243 ; quoit- 
 thrower's figure 173 ; ram-model 299 ; 
 relief 34, 295; rider figure 167; 
 ring-dance 287 ; ritual figure 286 ; 
 runner's figure 173 ; sheep-model 
 299; shield 113, 114; slaves 336; 
 spoils 103 ft. ; spurs 74 ; stag and 
 hounds 69; stallion 76; stlengis277; 
 table 278; temple 119 ff., 122 a ; 
 throne 320 ; tithe 102, etc. ; of con- 
 fiscations 317 ; tortoise ? 299 ; tripod 
 145 ff . ; trophy 99, 100 ; vases 281, 
 301 ; Victory 142 ; war 96, 101-104, 
 108, 109, 114, 119-123, 126, 127, 
 130, 137, 145; warrior figure 140; 
 weight 160, 162; wheel 390 
 
 i ALOY81U8' CCLLEUfc, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY j. & c. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
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