£^iE&: 
 
'"im-^^^^ 
 
Ofc "^xcct^ncy of 
 OTic PEN ^ nud. JPEHCIL 
 
 yUM^ietrjhpj'at-ie. ^oUertLyotL cml Cfymraions Jmes mlM. 
 
THE 
 
 EXCELLENCY 
 
 OF THE ^ 
 
 PEN =nd PENCIL, 
 
 EXEMPLIFYING 
 
 The Ules of them in the moft Exqui- 
 
 fiteand Myfterious Arts of 
 
 DRAWING, 1 ^PAINTING in 
 ETCHING, C) OYL, 
 ENGRAVING/ WASHING of 
 LIMNING. N( Maps&Pidurcs. 
 
 Alfo the way to Cleanfe any Old Painting, 
 and Prefcrve the ( olours. 
 
 ColieUed {rem the Huntings of the ahlefl Mafiers 
 
 both Antienttind Alodern^ as Albert Durer, 
 
 P. Lomancius , and divers others, 
 
 Furnifhed with divers Cuts in Copper, being 
 Copied from the beft Madcrs, and here inferred 
 for Examples for the Learner to Pradicc by. 
 
 A Work verf ufeful for all Gentlemen^ And othe; 
 JngenioHi Spirits^ either Artificers or others. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed by Thomas Ratclf and Thomai Dankl , for Dorman 
 Herman and Kicbari Jones, and are to be fold at their ihops 
 in L'ntLe Briain, near the Lame HofpUalGarc, at the 
 Chyruigcons Arms, and at ihe Golden Lyon. 1668. 
 
-^ '^ '^ -^ -dSB^ ^ -i^ -^ ^ -*3^ * -ife"^ .^ ^ 
 
 (mmmmmimmmmmmmmmm 
 
 ^i 
 
 •^'' ^ ^ -^^ ^ '^^"^ "^ ^ ^ ^'9' ^ ^ "^ 
 
 To the 
 
 READER. 
 
 L^iong the many Operations of 
 Myfterioui Nature, the InteU 
 leBnal Part of Man hath no 
 equal: Among the multifarious 
 TroduUions of Man^s Vnder^ 
 fianding^ the Art of LiMNiNG 
 is by none excelled ^ whether Vpe conftder the Grandeur 
 of Spirit therein exprejfed , or the Ingenious De- 
 light thereby acquired, what Is ay of the Great 
 Creator's Image is more conjpicuotis in the Soul of 
 Man^ than that of Intense Defire to produce Crea" 
 tures of his own ? And wherein is that Inclination 
 fo compleatly anfwered, as bj Delineating the pyork^- 
 manjhip of God in Artijicial Refemblances contrived 
 and brought bj his proper Wit ? Nor can any 
 SatisfaElion equal what is derived from the Per^ 
 feElion of thefe Defgns. Are the Proportions exaB ? 
 How flronglj do they attraEhths Eje f Be the Sha- 
 dowings accurate ? How firangely do they ajfeB 
 the Mind ^ ButiftheArtiJlhathfiolnfo much of 
 Promethean Tire as to add the Excellency of Life td 
 
 a 2 well' 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 well'Jiffofed Lineament i , refrefcnting the Native 
 Air (indQ>nghtlj/ Gefitire of the Per/on m vivc ^ HoW^ 
 ir/ijpiak/hly doth he gratify kth ? 
 
 To exercife thts h acuity and comply with this 
 Taney in C^Un^ is this little TraH: compiled^ in 
 Five i^ooks. 
 
 J he rirlt lays doTvn the Primordial Rtidimcnts of 
 the Art of Drawing ivith the Pen and Paflthz In 
 A dm and orderly Aiethod frofofwg the De/cription 
 cf Mans Body in its difiinB parts, prefenting jun- 
 dry Lraughts cf them in the plain Circumferential 
 Lines ^ and giving DireUions J or the I roper Shades, 
 as ff Nahjd Bodies^ fo of Drapery •, hy InfiruElions 
 find Copies Jo eafy and intelligible , that the me arte Ji 
 Capacity need not dot^ht to undertake the Drawing of 
 that AdmirAhle pabric\ , and arrive to the Per- 
 ft U ion of this Aiy fiery in ex all Symmetry, fuitalfle 
 r report ions, and enlivening Pcfiures^ if well perused 
 and praElifcd. For which pup'ife a if o certain GeO' 
 metrical KyAcs^ Definitions^ and Figures are infer ted^ 
 to exempUy and adorn this Aiifirefs of / ropertion • 
 i^. the Accomplifjing whereof that nothing may he 
 defeil've, fume fuccinU: Aavertifements concerning 
 Land skip are added in the Clofe. 
 
 Having premifed thefe more plain and eafy- Tun* 
 dciYT-ent^-'ls^ the Second proceeds to dif cover the Secret 
 \.n4 Ingenious SkjH «/ Etching with Aqua fortis • 
 where the mofl per fficHom and familiar Groftnd pof- 
 fble is dcfcribed , and Prefer iptions, for carrying on 
 and per fe Sling that fVorl^^ no lefs Rational annexed, 
 Jrd f^r as much as fome may perhaps taks ^^^^ 
 i le.ifure in^ or reap metre Profit from, that o/Gra- 
 
 ving5 
 
To the Header. 
 
 ving', joH have the JnHrume*its wtfi Nccejfury in 
 that ki^dy And the Manner of ZJpng them weft Con- 
 venient^ fArticpiUrlj demonHrated \ Ti'gethcr T^ith 
 that abftrufe Slight of transferring the Copj upon 
 the Copper. 
 
 Bnt hecaufe this alone may feem ba'ely Mecha^ 
 nick^ , that '^hich fuits ivith the mofi G entile ^ and 
 Can not derogate from the mofl Honour able, t6 offered 
 in the Third ^ -where the Requifits fur Limning in 
 Wacer-C olours are depofed , the Gums and their 
 Waters in few "^'ords dig^fied, the Colours particu* 
 Urly nominated , and the true rvay to prepare and 
 compound them ffecified : All which are but as fo 
 many Degrees and Ingredients ts approach and aCf 
 compli/h the dejirable and ultimate Defign of Mini- 
 ture ; for the PraBice whereof you are throughly 
 furnifhcd '^ith the Choice of the meet eft Light ^ Po* 
 fition, and Implements at hand ^ by the particular 
 Defcription of Drawing a Face to the Life in itcle, 
 according to its duly methodised Prcgrefs at the firjl^ 
 fecond^ and third Sitting ^ not omitting the Orna- 
 ments thereunto perteining. 
 
 And to fuppl) the Fading and Decay ofthefe , the 
 Younh delivers Rules and DircH-ions for Pnintin« in 
 Oyl, anfwerable to that depth of fudgemeKt required 
 in that more durable kind o^ Operation ; naming the 
 proper Colours^ and declaring its pec Miliar XJtenftls^ 
 "^ith accurate In^ruBions how to temper and d'ver- 
 fifie the former^ for aU Complexions and Garments ^ 
 of ^hat variety foever ^ and to ufe the later in the 
 Artificial Painting of a Face ^ the only Exemplar 
 prefcribed , becaufe it includes all the Art and Diff- 
 culty of this Science. a 3 Tht 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 The Fifth, and Ufi^ displays a pretty fuperficUl 
 Experiment •, imparting Vchat Cslours and other 
 Neceffaries are beft fitted for the Waftiing or Co- 
 louring of Maps and Printed pidnres : And^ to help 
 the divers Exigencies that concern this Jffair , fome 
 Expedients put a Period to the \>(>hoie PForJ^. 
 
 Plainnefs and Brevif-y ( which may procure Con^ 
 tempt from the Nice or Vulgar ) are fufficient to 
 recommend this Piece to Ingeniovts Afpirers after any 
 of thofe Excellencies therein taught ; fince they have 
 done the Art and Artijl Plight ^ in ref cuing hoth^ 
 from fuch cbfcure Intricacies and voluminous Imfer- 
 tinencies as would Sf courage the one^ or disparage the 
 ether : And thefe Muniments have fo jufily pre- 
 vented all Cenfure , that nothing can fuggeft the leaf!; 
 Imputation of Difficulty hut want of Diligence, nor 
 any one furmife it Tedious but the Slothfull, 
 
 Farewell. 
 
1^ a^'^ I 
 
 A Ncceffary TABLE, (hewing theChief 
 Matters treated of in this Book. As, 
 
 C H A p. I. 
 
 ji defcripion of all the External Parts of 
 Mans Body, 
 
 SECT. I. Of the Head. Page 2 
 
 2. Of the Ear. ilfid. 
 
 3. Of the Eyes. ibid. 
 
 4. Of the Nofc, Mouth, Chin, Neck, 
 
 and Throat. 3 
 
 5. Of the Fore-part of the Body. 5 
 
 6. Of the Hinder-part of the Body. 6 
 
 7. Of the Arms, Hands, and Fingers. i^J 
 
 8. Ofthc Legs, Feet, and Toes. 8 
 
 CHAP. II. of AEiions^Gefiures^ Decorum, Mo- 
 
 tion, Sfirit^and Grace in PiBures rightly Re fembled. 
 
 SECT. I. OfAAionorGefture. 9 
 
 2. Of the Paffions or Complexions. 10 
 
 CHAP. III. Of Necejfary Inflruments affer' 
 taining to Drawing, 1 1 
 
 How to make Paftils of feveral Colours. 1 2 
 
 A way to Draw an Efcutcheon Geometrically, ib. 
 To Draw a Geometrical Oval. 1 5 
 
 Some Geometrical Definitions. 16 
 
 CHAP. IV. Of the Firfl PraElice of Drawing. 
 SECT. I. Of Geometrical Figures. 18 
 
 Five Columns of Architcdure. 1 9 
 a 4 2. Of 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 2. (^fcheSccofid Pradice of Drawing. 20 
 
 3. Of the Third PraAice. ih. 
 
 4. Ofthe Fourth i radicc. ib, 
 
 C HA P. V. Birenions for Dr Awing ty^ody of 
 Man or Woman, 
 SECT. I. General Rulesfor drawing the l-ace.21 
 
 2. To Draw a Fore-right Face. 22 
 
 3 . To Draw an Lpright Head. ib, 
 
 4. Of the Inclining and Fore-fhortned 
 
 lace. 23 
 
 5. OftheNofc, Mouth, and Chin. 26 
 
 5. Of Hands, both Palm, Back, and 
 
 Jides-, asalfoopenandclofed: and 
 likewifeof Hands and Arms joy ned. 
 
 28 
 
 6. OfFeet in feveralPofidons, both with 
 
 and without Meafurcs-, as alio of 
 Feet and Legs Joyned together. 3 1 
 
 7. Of the Back, Breaft, Secret members, 
 
 Thighes, shoulders, <^r. '34 
 
 8. Of Whole figures from head co foot. 3 6 
 
 9. Rules of Symmetric or Proportion to 
 
 be obferved in Drawing the whole 
 Body of Man or Woman. 41 
 
 10. Tnc Proportion ot the Body of Man. 
 
 46 
 CH APc VI. of Shadowing^ and Rules to be ob- 
 ferved therein, . '47 
 CHAp. VII. Of Draperj, and Rules to b? oh- 
 . ferved therein. 45 
 C HAP. Vm. of Landskip , and Rules tg be ob- 
 • - ferved therein, ' 46 
 - - •• ■• :: ' Of 
 
The TABLE. . 
 
 of Etching and Graving, the Second Book, 
 
 C H A P. L Of Etching "^ith Aqua fortis. 48 
 
 SECT. I. To make Mr. Holiar's Ground, and 
 how to Etch in Copper-, and what 
 inftruments ought co be ufed in the 
 Pradice chereof. ik 
 
 2. How7 to prepare your Copper. 49 
 
 3. How to lay the Ground upon the 
 
 Phte. 50 
 
 4. How to Transfer your defign upon the 
 
 ( oppei-. 51 
 
 5. How to wall about ^ our Plate with 
 
 \V>x, to hy on your Aquafortis^ 
 and to finifti your Work. ih» 
 
 C H A P. 1 r. Of Graving. 
 
 SECT. I. Of necefrarylnllruments belonging to 
 Graving. 55 
 
 1. OfyourOyI ftonc. ib. 
 
 2. Of Gravers. 54 
 
 2. Oi feveral wayes of Holding the Gra- 
 
 ver. 55 
 
 3. The forms of Graving-tools , as alfo 
 
 the manner of Whetting your Gra* 
 ver. 57 
 
 4. The manner how to hold and handle 
 
 your Graver. 58 
 
 5- The mariner of holding your Hand in 
 
 Graving. 59 
 
 6. How to take offany Pifturc, or Map- 
 
 letters, c^^. upon your Copper. 6 1 
 
 ^ Of 
 
 Y 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Of Limning in Water-colours, the Third Book, 
 
 C H A P. I. of Necejfaries belonging to Limning, 64 
 
 SECT. 1. Of Gum-waters ufed in Limning. 65 
 
 OfGura-Lake. ih. 
 
 Of Gum- Armoniack. 66 
 
 Of Liquid Gold or Silver. 67 
 
 2, Of your Grinding-ftone and Mullcr. ii. 
 
 3. Of Colours ib, 
 CHAP. H. of Colours ufed in Limning , their 
 
 names y and hovf to order them, 
 
 SECT. I. Of the Names of Colours, and how 
 
 every Colour is to be prepared ; 
 
 whether Grownd , Waflicd , or 
 
 Steeped. 68 
 
 2. Of thofe Colours that arc to be 
 
 Grownd,& how to Grind them. 70 
 
 3. Of thofe Colours that are to be Wafti- 
 
 ed, and how to Wafti them. 7 1 
 
 4. OfColours to be Steeped. ik 
 
 5. Ofthofe Colours that are to be Wa(h- 
 
 ed and Grownd, and how to temper 
 them in your Shells when you are to 
 ufe them. 72 
 
 6. Of Pencils,and how to choofe them. /^. 
 
 7. Of Compounded Colours. 74 
 <; H A P. 1 1 1. How to pre fare a Table for TiBure in 
 
 . jmaH for Limning^to make ufe of jour Light ^the 
 
 ,. ^ wanner of Sitting in refpeB of Pofition and Di» 
 
 . . , pance, and "What neceffary Inflruments are to Ij/e by 
 
 . . you ^hen you are at ^ork: 1 ^ 
 
 sibCT. I. How to prepare a Table for a Pifturc 
 
 in Small. 76 
 
 2. Of 
 
The T A B L E. 
 
 2- Of your Light. ik, 
 
 3. Of the manner of Sitting. 7; 
 
 4. Of fuch NcccfTaries as arc to Jyc hj 
 
 you while you are at Work, 78 
 
 CHAP. IV. 0; the Mlniture or Limning of ^ 
 Face in ivater- colours, 8 O 
 
 SECT. I . At the firft Operation or Sitting. 8 1 
 
 2. Atthefecond Operation or Sitting.8 3 
 
 3. At the third Operation or Sitting. 85 
 
 CHAP. V. of Draper J ^ and other Ornaments be- 
 longing to a FiEiure in UHiniture, ib, 
 SECT. I. Of Drapery in Limning. ^6 
 2. Ofother Ornaments in Pidares. ik 
 CHAP. VL OfLandskip. 87 
 
 Of Painting in Oyl, the Fourth Book. 
 
 CHAP. r. of the Names of your Colours^ and how 
 
 to Grind and order them. 90 
 
 C H A p. I J. of your Eafel^ Straining* Frame , 
 
 Cloth^ faUat^ Pencils, and Stay . -9 1 
 
 Names of fe veral forts of Pencils. 9 3 
 
 CHAP.. III. How to order your Colours ffponj^ur 
 Pallat, and how to temper Shadows for all Com' 
 flexions. ib. 
 
 1. For a Fair Complexion. 94. 
 
 2. For a more Brown or Swarthy Complexion. 
 
 . 95 
 
 3. For a T awny Complexioa ih. 
 
 4. For an abfolute Black Complexion, g6 
 
 CHAP.^ IV. what Pencils are ufefull for the 
 Painting of a Face, and how todi^ofe thsm. gj 
 
 CHAP. 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 CHAP. V. How to Paint a Face in Ojl-colours. 
 
 98 
 CHAP. VI. of Garments of fever aI Colours y and 
 ef their proper Colouring, ib. 
 
 CHAR V I r. To temper Colours for feveral occa- 
 Jions, 104 
 
 Of things meet to be known. 1 05 
 
 The Difcovery , how to Cleanfc any Old Paint- 
 ing, fo as to Preferve the Colours • with Cau- 
 tions to thofe that through Ignorance, have 
 in flead of Cleanfing, quite Def ced, or irre- 
 coverably loft the Beauty of good Colours in 
 an Old piece ofPainting. 106 
 
 Of Wafliing or Colouring of Maps and Printed 
 
 Pictures : the Fifth Book. 108 
 
 CHAP. I. jvhat things are neceffary to he alwayes 
 
 ready for PVafhing of Maps or Ptflures. lb. 
 
 SECT. I. Of Colours for Wafhing. ih. 
 
 Colours to be ufed in Wafhing, which are nor 
 
 ufcd in Limning. 109 
 
 2. Of other Ncceffaries. ik 
 
 1. Of Allum-water, how to make it. 112 
 
 2. How to mike Size. ik 
 
 3. How to Temper Gold to write with a Pen or 
 Pencil. 1 1 3 
 
 4. Of Pencils. 114 
 
 CHAP. II. of other Colours for IVaJhing, both 
 Simple andCompounded. ib. 
 
 1. How to make a <3rcen Colour of Copper 
 Plates. Of. 
 
 2. To make a Green another way. ik 
 
 ^. An- 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 3. Another Green. 115 
 
 4. For a Light Green. i^. 
 
 5. To Shadow Greens. Of. 
 
 6. Greens for Landskips and Rocks. 1^. 
 
 7. To make a Blew. it. 
 
 8. Of Shadowing Blews. 116 
 
 9. To make a Brown. 1^. 
 
 10. Spam/h Brown, ih 
 
 1 1. how to make an Orange. colour, ik 
 
 12. A Flefli.colour. 117 
 1 5 . Colours for the Sky. ik 
 
 14. To make Colours for precious Stones. ik 
 
 15. Colours for Landskips. 118 
 
 16. Colours for Buildings. 119 
 
 17. How to Shadow every Colour in Garments 
 or Drapery. ik 
 
 CHAP. lU. General Rules to he ohferved. 120 
 
 What Colours fets ofTheft together. ik 
 
 SECT. 2. Diredions for the Mixing of your 
 
 Colours. 12 X 
 
 Thefe 
 
'fhefe ^hh fever d other Books are Printed for , and 
 to be fold by Dorman Newman at theChyrur- 
 geons Arms in Little Britain, near the Hoffital 
 Gate, 
 
 folio. 
 
 A Large Body of Divinity, in cen Books, wherein the 
 Fundamenrals and Giounds of Religion arc opened, 
 ^li the contrary Errors refuted, and all the Scriptures ex- 
 plained; with the Addition of 200 flieets. By Edward 
 Le'f.zh , Efq-, M. A. 
 
 Fourty Sermons by the Ri*ht Reverend Father In God, 
 Ralph Erownrigy late Bifhop cf Excetcr. 
 
 A Relation in form of a Journal, of the Voyage and Refi- 
 dence 0^^ Charles the id. King of Great Britain^ &c. Rcndred 
 intoEnglifliby Sir^f'^//w»»Ltfwr/• Knight. 
 
 7he chrlftian Mam Calling , or a Trcatif* of making Reli- 
 gion ones Bufinefs , wherein the nature of it is d.fcovcrcd, as 
 alfo the Chriftian diredted how he may perform ic in Reli- 
 gious Duties, Natural Adlons, his particular VoCition, his 
 rarailyDitedion, and his own Recreations: To be read in 
 Families, for their Inftruftion and Edification. The Firft 
 Part. 
 
 The Second Part of this ^Treatlfc of the Cb'7]2i;j» Mans Cal- 
 ling , wherein a Chiiftian is direded how he may perform his 
 Duty In the Relations of Parents? ChildreOjHushatids, Wives, 
 Mailers, Seivants, in the Conditions of Profperity and Ad- 
 verfity. 
 
 The Third and laft Part of the Qhr^ian Mdm Calling; 
 wherein the Chriftian is dire(^cd how to make Religion his 
 Bufinefs, in his Dealings with all men, in the choice of his 
 
 Com- 
 
Companions, in his cairiagc in Good Company , in Bad 
 Company , in Solitarimfs , or when he is alone, on a Week- 
 day from Morning to Night, in Vifiting the Sick, on a Dy- 
 ing bed ; as alfo the Means how a Chriftian may do this, 
 and forae motives to it. All three by George Sw'mruck M. A. 
 preacher of the Gofpcl late at Great K^mbd in the County of 
 
 Bucks. 
 
 The Ufe and PraSlce of Faith, or Faiths univerfal Ufc- 
 fulnefs and Qulckning Influence into every Klndc and Degree 
 of the Chriflian Life. Delivered in the Publick Ltfturcs at 
 Ipfwitch , by the lace eminent and faithfull Servant of the 
 Lord Mr. Mauherv Linvnnck , Preacher of the Word to the 
 faid Town. 
 
 The vertue and value of Baptifm , Catechetically prooou*- 
 ded, as an Antidote againft all Baptifm-defpifing Diaate?. 
 To which is added , A Sermon Preached by the Author , the 
 day after his coming out of the Tower. By Zacb, Crofton^ late 
 Miniftcr of Botolpb Aldim, London, 
 
 Farewell Sermons, 4to, 
 
 AUyn*s Works. 
 
 OftAVO, 
 
 God Fearers are Gnds Fnvonritex, or an Encouragement tc 
 be good in thewoiftof Times. Sermons on Mai. 4,8, By 
 A. TuckcYyM'nidtr of Vortfmouth. 
 
 Twenty Sermons of Mr. James lialten late Miniftcr in 
 FoHer-iane, London. 
 
 The ChiiflUni great lntere[l. By ^^'. Gutbry Miniftcr in 
 Scotland. 
 
 The Life of Cardinal if'oolfiy, the famous Lord Chmccllour 
 of England, &e. with the Remarks upon thofe times. 
 
 Rebukes for Sin, by Gods burning Anger, by the Burning of 
 the City, the Burning of the World , the Burning of the 
 Wicked in Hell ; With a Difcourfe cf Heart- fixednefs. By 
 Th^, Voo'itel, late Minifter of Alpbage, London. 1 1°. Together 
 with feveral other pieces of the fame Author. 
 
 htaven on Earthy or, the Beft Friend in the Werft of 
 Times : Being a Legacy to London. By /. /. Large 8vo. 
 
 A Sermon upon ihc Firc< By Mr. Robert Ehboroughf 
 
 Mmiaer 
 
Mlnjfter of the Parlfii chat was lacely Sz. Lam CKcePduntncyy 
 London. 4ro. 
 
 fair P,ay on both fides, or the Sureft way fo Heaven : Difco- 
 vcred in a Dilpute between a Roman CathoUck and a Pro- 
 tcAant. By bamitcl Hyeron. 
 
 A Guide to yo.ing Women and Maid' ns, dlrefting them 
 how to behave themUlvesin all cfl-ircs, relations, and.condi- 
 dit^onsj from their Childhood down to Oid Age. By Hi»- 
 nah'-iooUty. 8vo. 
 
 There is now extant, ihit much Expefted Book of Mr. 
 Jer. BHyrougl)s , Inftulcd , Go^i Rmiljhi, bcirg th; Se- 
 cond Part uf his Book cali'd The Evil of Sui Wherein is 
 difcovered , i. The many and grt at Golpel Myfteries therein 
 conramed. z. The p,lorious Effjds prccicdmg ficm it. 
 3. The great Miftakcs that are made about it. 4 The true 
 bigns and Symptoms of jt. %. The way and means, how to 
 obtain it. Publ (hed ly the fame hand, in 410. 
 
 A Guide to the true P.eligio.ij d reding to make a wife 
 choice of that Religion men vcnrure their balvation upon. 
 By /. CUphm, M. A. 
 
 Fanatjcks Primmer, for the Inftruftion of the Little ones, 
 in order to pcrfeft Reading By Henry Adls. 
 
 The Complear Phyfician qualified and dignified. By 
 £. M^ynwmngDo^otinVhyCick, 
 
 o F 
 

= THE !V: OHDERS or ARCHITECT 
 
(1) 
 
 O F 
 
 DRAWING 
 
 The Firft Book- 
 
 The Introdudion. 
 
 DRAWING confifis offeveral Generall pre- 
 cepts to he learm of every one that is defiroHs to 
 Attain to PerfeEiion therein ^ the practice of which re^ 
 ejmres Obfervation, Difcrccion, and Judgement -, in 
 which^ Proportions, Motions, and Adions are mtb 
 great care and diligence to he foUowed : And therefore 
 he that will attain to the perfeElien of this excellent 
 FraElice^ it is necefary he fhokld not he ignorant of 
 Mathematical Demenfiration in the Rules of Geo- 
 metry and Perfpcdive-, of which in this Book^you 
 fhali receive InfirttElioni. Of all other proportionr, 
 the Body of Man hath the preheminence for excellency^ 
 from which all other Arts are derived, as many of the 
 learned have concluded -^ for Vkruvius note th, that 
 the ArchiteB hence took, the ohfervations of his Build' 
 ings , Man heing the flrji pattern of all Artificial 
 things : and Antiquity hath f-o graced Painting, ( as 
 being the chief Mifirefs of Proportion ) fo that all 
 other Artificers are called Handy-crafts er Me^ 
 chanickj. 
 
 A CHAP. 
 
The Excellency of 
 
 CHAP. r. 
 
 J defcription of all the External parts 
 of Man's Body. 
 
 S E C T. I. of the H E A B. 
 
 N Man's body the highefl: part is 
 the HEAD., the fore-part 
 is called the Forehead ; the turn- 
 ing of the hair, the Crown -^ the 
 root of the hair above the fore- 
 ht^ijihtCenter-^ the parting of the 
 hair, (efpecially of Women ^ is called the Seam. 
 The Forehead contcineth all the fpace between 
 the root of the hair before, and the eye-browes : 
 the Vnlfe is the higheft part of the forehead, ending 
 with the hair : Metone is the fwelling out in the 
 forehead above the eye-browes : the Temfles lye 
 betwixt the pulfe, the forehead, and the ear. 
 
 SECT. II. Of the EAR. 
 
 THq E A R turns between the temples, the up- 
 per part of the cheek, and the root of the hair; 
 by the fide of the head the lower part is called the 
 tipp , in the midft whereof is the hole where the 
 found entreth in. 
 
 SECT. 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 
 
 SECT. in. of the E r E S. 
 
 THe ETE'BROfVES are thofe thick 
 hairs at the bottom of the forehead : the 
 upper eye-lid is that little part which compaffeth the 
 upper part of the eye : the eye is that round ball 
 which is contained between the upper and lower 
 eye-lids : the hUck of the eye is the round fpot in 
 the midftofthat little circle, by virtue whereof wc 
 fee , and is called the apple or fight of the eje : the 
 outward corner of the eye is next the ear , the inner 
 is toward the nofe-, all the fpacc between the up- 
 per eye. lid and the outward corner of the eye , and 
 the whole turning of the eye to the upper part of the 
 cheek is called the cafe or hollow of the eye. 
 
 SECT. iV. Of the NOSE, MOVTH, 
 CHIN, NECK .andTHROAT. 
 
 TMe NOSE is between the cheeks, defcend- 
 ing from betwixtiihe eyes, and endeth at the 
 noflriis which hang out on each fide at the bottom 
 thereof, each whereof hath an hole or paflage, 
 whereby we fmell. 
 
 The lower end of the no(e which ftandeth for- 
 ward is called the t9p or point, the nfingin the midfl: 
 the ridge or grijlle -^ the upper Cheek is that fpace 
 between the ear, the hollovy of the eye, the nofe, 
 
 A 2 and 
 
4 T/je Excellency of 
 
 and the lower Cheek •, whereof the part rifing to- 
 wards the eye, is named the i;a/l : the iower Cheek 
 is bounded with the upper, the noftrils, the mouthy 
 the chin , to the throat SLud the neck^ under the ear : 
 the Vpper lip is that red piece of flefh above the 
 mouth. 
 
 The MOVTH is that divifion between the 
 upper and neither hpps, which is red like the other ., 
 that concavity which cometh down from the bottom 
 of the nofc to the upper lip, is the gutter of the 
 mfe. 
 
 The roef of the mouth is called iht fallat \ the 
 tongue is that which moveth in the mouth • the 
 paffage between the lungs and the mouth is called 
 the wind-ftp^ through which the breath pafleth •, 
 iht gum is that piece of flefh in which the teeth arc 
 faftned • the four firft whereof are called dividers^ 
 next unto which on each fide are the dog-teeth ^ the 
 other five on each Mt with their roots, arc the 
 grinders or cheeks-teeth j fo that the full number of 
 Teeth is thirty two. 
 
 The CHIN or place of the ^^^r^, is the ex- 
 tremity beneath the lip and the end of the face, 
 whofe beginning is the root of the hair. 
 
 The hinder part of the head under the crown is 
 called the nape, where the hairs grow ^ behind is 
 the bcgi nning of the neck 
 
 The THRO AT is between the chin and the 
 beginning of the body or trunk, in the midft where- 
 of is that rifing called the throat-bone ^ the conca- 
 vity of the neck before , between the end of the 
 throat and the beginning of the breaft, is the throat- 
 Pit. The 
 
the Pen and Pencil . 5 
 
 The NECK ii thn part behind between the 
 root of the hair and the beginning of the back-bone, 
 which on cither Mt is joyned with the throat , and 
 at the lower end of the neck with the flioulders, 
 whereof the bone in the midft is called aflragalns^ 
 or the bone that knits the neck with the fhoulders • 
 the whole trunk or body before containeth the up- 
 per fork of the flomack or bread, which begins at 
 the end of the throat-pit. 
 
 SECT. V. Of the FORE-PART 
 
 of the Fody, 
 
 THe fore-part of the body , as the Breafis or 
 Pafps^ end with the fhort ribs, and they are 
 called the part under the papps, and in Women are 
 called dtiggs , the heads of which whence the milk is 
 fuckt out are called Nipples •, the fpace between the 
 breads or duggs at the lower fork of the brcaft is 
 the cheft ^ the arm-fits are the hollows under the 
 armes, where the hairs grow. 
 
 The Short-ribbs begin at the end of the papps, 
 and reach to the flanks near the belly ^ the Fhnks 
 begin at the end of the bread , and are called the 
 0^aj}e ^ the upper part of the belly lies between the 
 hollow of the bread, the wade above, the navel, 
 and the ribbs ^ the knitting of theintrails is called 
 the Navel. 
 
 The Paunch lieth between the wade, the privi- 
 ties, and the flanks, and is alfo called the Belly ; efpe- 
 cially in Women •, where the hairs grow under the 
 
 A 3 belly, 
 
6 The Excellency of the 
 
 belly, is the Privities ; the hollow compafs at the 
 top is called Corona , the place which the urine paf- 
 feth through is called the Hole , the two little balls 
 that hang under the Yard the Stones, the Privities of 
 a Woman are called, &c. 
 
 SECT. VI. Of the HINDER'? ART 
 of the B^dy. 
 
 THe hinder part of the body called the Bacl^ or 
 ChimconMsoUheJhoulder'hUdey which is 
 the part behind the (boulders end, with part of the 
 chine and loynes ; the reft of the back reacheth 
 down along from the neck to the beginning of the 
 cleft of the buttocks, the loynes lie between the 
 (boulder- blades^ the ril^h and the reft of the 
 chine to the reins or wafie. 
 
 The RE INES reach from the loynes to the 
 buttocks, and do properly belong to the part below 
 the Waftc. 
 
 The BVTTOCKS are that flefby part 
 which ferve us for fitting. 
 
 SECT. VIL Of the AKMES^ HANDS, 
 and FINGERS. 
 
 '^ He Arme contains the (boulder, behind which 
 
 1 is the back, beginning between the neck and 
 
 throat, and reacheth to the fiioulder-blade , behind 
 
 which place is properly called the Back^ \ the part 
 
 of 
 
the Fen and Pencil. 7 
 
 of the arme from the elbow upward, is called the 
 Hffer hravpn of the arme ^ the Elbow is the bow- 
 ing of the arme , the infide whereof is the ^ojnt ; 
 and at the lower part of the arme begins the 
 JVrifiy where the arme is joyned to the hand, the 
 falm is the infide of the hand between the wrift 
 and the fingers , the thumb is the biggeft and 
 (hortcft of the fingers. 
 
 The Fore-finger is next to the thumb , the middles- 
 finger is that which (lands in the midft, and is longer 
 then the reft •, next unto this is the Ring-finger , the 
 Ear-finger or Little finger is the leaft and laft. 
 
 The ^oynts of the fingers are even in number, vtK,, 
 three upon each , except the thumb , which hath 
 but two. 
 
 The hinder part of the arme reacheth from the 
 end of the fhoulder or arme-pit to the elbow, 
 where the fecond part of the arme bcginneth, reach- 
 ing to the wrift-joynt. 
 
 , The back of the hand reacheth from the wrift to 
 the firft joynts of the fingers , and is called PeEhen^ 
 the fpaces between the joynts are called Intemodi^ 
 which are two upon each finger, except the thumb, 
 which hath but one; in thefpace between ihe laft 
 joynt and the top of the finger is the Nail , whofe 
 bowing is called Corona , ( I mean where it toucheth 
 the flefli or skin. 
 
 The whole hand begins at the wrift , and reach- 
 eth to the top or extremity of the fingers. 
 
 A 4 SECT. 
 
8 The Excellency of 
 
 SECT. VlU. of the LEGS, FEET, 
 
 and Toe s. 
 
 T He LEG confiRs of thcfe parts ; the thigh, 
 which begins at the trunk of the body , and 
 ends at the k^iee ^ the hollow of the thigh is the inner 
 fide below the frivities:, the l^ee begins at the 
 round bone at the end of the thigh, and reaches to 
 the beginning of the yZ'iw-^ow^^ the infiep begins at 
 the end of the (hin-bone, and reaches to the begin- 
 ning of the /o^/ , and is called the upper part of the 
 foot, the ancle is thatbonc which buncheth Out on 
 each fide between the inftep and beginning of the 
 hccl. 
 
 The Small of the leg is the fpacc between the end 
 ofthe two calves above, and the ancle, inflep , and 
 heel below ^ the Pit ofthe foot is the hollow under 
 the hill or higher bunch of the foot towards the 
 folcs. 
 
 The TOES have alfo joynts as the fingers , 
 though they be fomewhat fliorter , and have alfo 
 nails in like manner, and are otherwife called, as 
 
 1.2.3.4.5. 
 
 The hinderpartofthe leg begins under the but- 
 tock, and is called the thigh^'^mi endech at the hinder 
 part ofthe knee, called the hamme or bending ^ the 
 calves of the legs begin under the hamme , and are 
 two upon each leg ; the outward , which endeth 
 fomewhat high ^ and the inward, which reacheth 
 nearer to the fniall of the leg , which diiKinifheth 
 
 by 
 
the Ptn and Pencil. 9 
 
 by degrees to that part a little above the ancle ; 
 the heel is that part of the foot which rifeth out 
 backwards, reaching from the end of the leg to the 
 bottom of the foot,called the Sole , which beginnetb 
 at the end of the heel , and reacheth to the top of 
 the toes, containing likewife the fpaccs between the 
 Joynts underneath orderly. Thus much for the 
 External parts of Mans Body^ all which are deci- 
 phered in the Sculptures following. 
 
 CHAP. IT. 
 
 ofAEiionsy Gefiures^Decorum^ Motion^ Spirit^ 
 and Grace in F inures ri^htl') re\embUd. 
 
 SECT. I. Of AEiionsorGeflHres, 
 
 THefe are thofe that moft nearly rcfcmWe the 
 life, be it either in laughing, grieving, 
 flceping, fighting, wraflling, running, leaping, and 
 the like. 
 
 Amongft the Ancients, famous for lively motion 
 and gcfture, Leonard Vincem deferves much, whofe 
 cuftom was to behold clowns , condemned perfons, 
 and did mark the contracting of their browes , the 
 motions of their eyes and whole bodies •, and doubt« 
 lefs it cannot but be very expedient for an Artift in 
 this kind to behold the variety of exercifes, that 
 difcover various adions , where the motion is dif- 
 covered between the living and the dead , the fierce 
 and the gentle, the ignorant and learned, the fad and 
 the ra^rry. 
 
 John 
 
lo The Excellency of 
 
 fohn de Brtiges was the firft invcnter of Oyl- 
 painting that dcferved excellently in this particular. 
 
 SECT. II. Of the Pafions or Complexes. 
 
 MAnsBody is compofed of the four Elements. 
 MeUncholj refembics Earth. 
 Plegm the JVater, 
 Choler the Fire, 
 
 Bhnd the Air •, and anfwerablc are the 
 Geftures and Humours. 
 
 MeUncholj bodies are flow , heavy , and rc- 
 fti'ained ; and the confequents are anxiety , dif- 
 quictnefs, fadnefs, ftubbornnefs, &c. in which hor- 
 ronr and difpair will appear. 
 
 Tl(gmatick\>o^\t^ are fimple, humble, mercifull. 
 Sufiguine bodies are temperate , modeft , gra- 
 cious, princely, gentle, and merry ^ to whom thefe 
 affedions of the minde bed agree , vi^, love, de- 
 light, plejifure, defire, mirth, and hope. 
 
 Cholerick. bodies are violent, boyfterous; arro- 
 gant, bold, and fierce ^ to whom thefe pafTions 
 appertain , anger , hatred , and boldnefs • and ac- 
 cordingly the skiifull Artift exprefTcs thefe motions 
 of thefe feveral bodies , which ought Philofophi^ 
 callytobe underftood. 
 
 Now to proceed according to our promifed Me- 
 thod, to the Pradical part . and here firft the 
 Learner muft be provided with feveral Inftruments. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
ifje ren and Pencil. 
 
 i& 
 
 C H A P, III. 
 
 Ofnicejfary Inflruments affertaining 
 to Drawing. 
 
 I. Q Allow coals fplic into the forms of Pencils, 
 i3 which you may beft have of thofe that fell 
 Charcoal ready burnt for your ufe • thefe are to 
 be prepared by (harpning them at the point , their 
 ufe is to touch over your Draught lightly at the firih 
 you may know Sallow coals from others by the 
 finenefs of their grain. 
 
 2. You muft alfo have a Feather of a Ducks 
 wing , with which you may wipe out at pleafurc 
 what you defire to alter in your Draught, 
 
 3. Black-lead Pencils, to go over your Draught 
 more exadly the fecond time. 
 
 4. Pens made of a Ravens quill, to finifli your 
 dcfign-, which will flrike a more neat ftroke then 
 the common quill : but you muft be very exad 
 here, for there is no altering what you do with the. 
 Pen. 
 
 5. A Rule and a pair of Compafles with three 
 Points to take in and out ; one for Chalk , another 
 for Black lead, or red Chalk, or any other Pafte, 
 The ufe of the CompaiTes is required in mort things 
 you draw , which you are to ufe after your ouc- 
 ftroke is done, by trying how near your Draught 
 and Pattern agree , and this being only toucht out 
 in Charcoal, you may alter at pleafure. 
 
 6. Paftils 
 
12 The Excellency of 
 
 6. Paftils made of feveral Colours, to draw up* 
 on coloured Paper or Parchment, the making where- 
 of is as folio weth, 
 
 f/otb to make Pa^fils of feveral cokurs. 
 
 Take the Colour that you intend to make your 
 Paflil and grind it dry, or rather only bruife it fomc- 
 what fine •, to your Colour (whatfocver it be) add 
 a rcafonablc quantity ofplaifterof P^r^ burnt and 
 finely (ifted , mix and incorporate the Colour and 
 Plaifter together with fair Water till it be ftifflikc 
 Clay or Dough • then take it and rowl it between 
 your hands into long pieces, about the bignefs of the 
 ihank of a Tobacco-pipe , then lay them in the Sun 
 or W ind to dry. They being thus dr^^ed arc ready 
 for ufc , being finely fcraped to a very fmall point ; 
 and if they be ftiort, put them into an ordinary 
 Goofe-quillto lengthen them. 
 
 And here note , that you may by this means 
 make Paftils of what Colour you pleafe , either fim- 
 ple or compounded , if you know what ingredients 
 tnd mixtures will make fuch a Colour as you defire • 
 which you will underftand in the third Book, where 
 we treat of the Mixture of Colours. And further 
 obferve, that the Plaifter of P^ir^ is onlytobinde 
 the Colours together ; and therefore according as 
 your Colour or Colours you are to make are more 
 hard or more foft, you rauft add the greater or lef- 
 fcr quantity of Plaifter. 
 
 By this means of tempering and mixing of feveral 
 Colours together, you may make (indeed) what- 
 focver 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 15 
 
 focvcr colour you plcafe ; as all manner of Colours 
 for the Face or Bodie of Man or Woman, all kind of 
 Greens for Landskip, for Rocks, Skies, Sun-beams^ 
 all colours for Buildings , with their Shadows. 
 
 Thefe Paftils «^e very fine and commodious for 
 drawing upon coloured papers ^ and therefore I 
 would have you, 
 
 7. Provide your felf alfo of fine Blew paper; 
 fonie light-coloured , other-fome more fad ^ as 
 alfo with Paper of divers other colours, which i;ow 
 is v^ry common to be fold in many places. 
 
 8. Have alwayes in a rcadincfs by yon the 
 Crumbs of fine Manchet or White-bread • the ufe 
 whereof is, when you have drawn any thing with 
 Black-lead that difliketh you, you may drew fome 
 of thefe Crumbs upon the defedive member , and 
 with a linnen cloth rub it hard upon the defective 
 place, and it will fetch out the Black-lead, and leave 
 the Paper or Parchment fair and white. It is alf<5 
 ufefull when you have finiihed a piece, either Head, 
 Leg, Arme, or whole Bodie with Black-lead, and 
 would trace it over with Ink to finifh it , the Black- 
 lead will be fcenin many places, being thicker then 
 the line of ^^ur Pen • wherefore when you have 
 finifhed your Drawing with Ink, and that dry, rub 
 it over with thefe Crumbs, and it will not only take 
 offthe fuperfluous Black-lead, but all other fpots of 
 your Paper. 
 
14 The Excellency of 
 
the Fen and PenciL 15 
 
 A way to Draw an Bfcpttcheon GeometricaUy, 
 
 FIrft ftrikc a Circle at pleafure, as your occalion 
 requires. 
 Then ftrike the Diameter as BC, thenfct one 
 foot of the CompafTes in B, and ftrike the crooked 
 lines D D and D D , then keeping the CompafTes 
 at the fame diftance , ftrike the other crooked lines 
 EE and EE, then where they do interfedl as FF, 
 there ftrike the crofs Diameter , then divide the 
 upper Semidiameter into three parts, and take two 
 of them , there make the Crofs-Iine , by fetting 
 one foot of the CompafTes in B , and make the 
 crooked line G G, then at the fame diftance make 
 the crooked line H H, by fecting then> in C, then 
 flrike the line 1 1, then meafure two or three of 
 tht)fe parts, and fet off towards B and C, then fee 
 the CompafTes in K , and firike the lines L L and 
 L L, then fet the Ruler in M M and MM, and 
 flrike tlie lines in N N and N N , and divide the 
 lower Semicircle in two equal parrs , then fet the 
 Compafs in O, and (Irike the lines PP and pp 
 from A A, then meafure from MN downwards, 
 five of thofe parts of the upper meafure , then fee 
 the CompafTes at N 5 and N 5 , and (trike the 
 lines K P and K P , and you have your defire. 
 
 To Draw a Geometrical OvaL 
 
 THis Oval is drawn by drawing two equal Cir- 
 cles, then kt the CompafTes in D, and ftrike 
 
 the 
 
1 6 Tlje Excellency of 
 
 the Arch B C, and at the fame diftance fet them in 
 D , and ftrikc the Arch F E , then fet them in G, 
 and ftrikc the Arch C F , then kt them in H, and 
 ftrikc the Arch BE. 
 
 Some Geometrical Definition f, 
 
 I, A Point is void of magnitude. 
 
 xjL 2. A Line is a length without breadth or 
 thicknefs ; and of the three kinds of magnitudes in 
 Geometry, vit. Length, Breadth, and Thicknefs, 
 aLineisthcfirft. 
 
 3 . The ends or bounds of a Finite-line are points ^ 
 bntin a circular Line, the points motion returns to 
 the place where it firfl: began, and fo makes the 
 Line infinite, ^nd the ends or bounds undeter- 
 minate. 
 
 4. A Right- line lyeth equally betwixt his points. 
 
 5. A Superficies hath oncly Length and Breadth. 
 
 6. A plain Superficies is that which lyeth" equally 
 between his Lines. 
 
 7. A plain Angle is the inclination, or bowing of 
 two Lines the one to the other, the one touching the 
 other, and not being diredly joyned together : an 
 Angle commonly Hgned by three Letters, the raid- 
 dlemoft whereof (hews the Angular point. 
 
 8. If the Lines that contain the Angle be right 
 Lines, then it is called a Right-lined Angle. 
 
 9. When a Right-line ftanding upon a Right- 
 line, makes the Angles on either fide equal , then ei- 
 ther of chefc Angles is a Right-angle, and Right-line 
 
 which 
 
the Pen and PendL 17 
 
 which ftandscrcfted, is cailed a Ferpendicular.Iinc 
 CO chat wherein ic ftands. 
 
 10. An Obtufe-angie is tbac which is greater 
 then a Right- angle. 
 
 1 1. An Acute-angle is lefs then a Right-angle. 
 
 12. A Limit or I'crm , is the end of every thing. 
 
 13. A rigure is that which is contained under 
 one Limit or Term, or many, vit. a Round-Iine, 
 three Right-lines, four Right-lines, five Righc- 
 lincs, &c, 
 
 14. A Circle is a plain figure contained dnder 
 one Line, called a Grcumference. 
 
 1 5. A Diameter of a Circle is a Right-Jine drawn 
 by the Center thereof, and ending at the Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 1 6. A Semicircle is a figure contained under the 
 Diameter, and that part of the Circumference cue 
 offbythie Diameter. 
 
 1 7. A Sedion or portion pfa Grcle, is a figure 
 contained under a Right. line, and a part of the Cir- 
 cumference greater or lefs then a Semi-circle. 
 
 18. Right-lined figures are fuch as are contained 
 under Right lines. 
 
 1 9. Three-fided figures are fuch as are contained 
 under three Right lines. 
 
 20. Four-fided figures are fuch as are contained 
 under four Right lines. 
 
 21. Many-fided figures are fuch as hare more 
 fides then four. 
 
 22. All-threc-fided figures are called Triangles. 
 
 23. Four-fided figures a Quadrater^ a Square is 
 that whofe Sides are equal, and his Angles right. 
 
 B 24. A 
 
1 8 It he Excellency of 
 
 Z4* A Long-fquarc is that which hath right An- 
 gles, but unequal Sides. 
 
 25. A Rhombus is a figure having four equal 
 Sides, but not right Angles. 
 
 26. A Rhoraboides is a figure whofe oppofitc 
 Sides are equal, and whofe oppofite Angles are alfo 
 equal , but it hath neither Sides, nor equal Angles. 
 
 27. All other figures of four fides, befides thcfe, 
 are called Trapez, as fuch are all figures of four fides, 
 in which is obferved no equality of Sides or Angles, 
 
 28. Parallel or equi-diftant Right-lines are fuch, 
 which being in one and the fame Superficies , and 
 produced infinitely on both fides, do never in any 
 part concurr, but ftiU retain the fame diflancc. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 of the frfi Pralticc of Vnwing. 
 
 SECT. I. of Geometrical Figures. 
 
 BEing provided of all necefTiry Inftruments for 
 Drawing, proceed to Pra<flice ^ and firft bc- 
 gi>i v^ith plain Geometrical figures, fpch as the 
 Circle y Ovd^ Square ^ Triangle^ Cone, Cylinder ; ail 
 which your Rule and Compaffes will help you in : 
 Sue firR endeavour to draw them by hand , which 
 mil. a little pradice you may attain. I have my 
 felf, by taking a black-lead Penct! in my hand , and 
 holding it as 1 ~4o a Pen, and refting the end of my 
 
 little 
 
the Pea and TemiL ip 
 
 little finger upon my paper , turning the paper 
 about with my left hand , and have defcribcd a 
 Circle fo^xad, that a pair of CompafTcs could not 
 difcover an errour : I fay, pradice the making and 
 drawing of thefe by hand, for they are all ufefull in 
 one kind .or other. E x ample. 
 
 The Circle will help you in all OrhictiUr ferms ; 
 as, the Sun in its glory , the Moon either full or ere- 
 fcent^^nd infinite other Circular (liapes. The Oval 
 is a diredion for the Face, for the mouth or foot of 
 2i^ineor hfer-£lafs^ the mouth of ^\^ell, &c. The 
 .y^/z^rf isafiiftanttoyouin confining your Pifture 
 you are to copie , and keeping it within bounds. 
 Th^ Triaftgle for th^ half-face, as in the Figures 
 following you will eafily difcern. The Cone will 
 help you in drawing o^Flute'Colaffes, now much in 
 fafhion ^ as alfo in Spire-Steeples and tops Oi Tew* 
 trs. The Cylinder will be of good ufe in drawing 
 ofall manner of Co/«»f»/, F/'/Z^r/and Pilafters, with 
 their Ornaments, Thefe ( indeed ) are fo ufefull, 
 that hardly any thing can be cffsded in which they 
 they arc not ingredient. • 
 
 And now, fince it falls in my way fo opportunely, 
 I will infert the fign of the Five orders of Archite- 
 dure, that you may know them when you fee 
 them either painted, or built in Briclv or Stone. 
 
 place here the Five Columns of ArchiteElure, 
 
 B 2 SECT. 
 
20 The Excellency of 
 
 SECT. II. Ofthefecondfr^HiceofJDrH'^irtg, 
 
 HAving pradifcdthefeiigures, proceed to the 
 drawing of cherries , Pe4rs, yiffles^ Afri- 
 cochj^ Peaches^ Grapes, StrdWtferries, Peafcods, But' 
 terflies , and fuch like. 
 
 I 
 
 SECT. 1 1 1. 0/ the third PraUice. 
 
 Micate Flowers^ as Rojesy Tulips, Carnations , &c. 
 _ AlfoBeafts' firft the more heavy and dull , as 
 the Elephant, the Bear^ the BhII, the Goat, the 
 Sheep, &c. Then them more fleet and nimble , as 
 the Sra£y the Hart, the Nag, the Vnicorn , and the 
 like. Then pradice Birds , as the Eagle, the Svpan^ 
 the Parrot, the King-fijher , the Partridge , the 
 Pheafant , and fuch like. Then Fifies , as the 
 ivhalcy Salmon, Herring, Pil^e, Carp, Thdrnback^^ 
 Lohfler, dec. Of all which there are Books to be 
 bought at very reafonable rates. 
 
 SECT. IV. Of the fourth PraUtce. 
 
 I Micate the Body and Parts of the Body of Man; 
 in the pradice whereof beware of the common 
 errors ufually commicced , as of drawing the Head 
 
 too 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 1 1 
 
 too big for the Body, and others the Hke ; which to 
 prevent, you have here prefcnted to your view the 
 Heads, Nofes^ Mouthes^ Hands ^ Arms^ Feet^ Legs^ 
 Bodies i alfo "^hole Figures of Men^ Women , and 
 Children in fevcral poftures, being Copies of the 
 bcft Mafters extant, with Rules and diredions for 
 Drawing every particular member of the bodic,and 
 that I would have you now to practice, you having 
 gone fufficiently forward with the others before 
 noted. 
 
 C H A P, V. 
 
 DireSiidnsfor 'Dramng the Body afiian 
 cr noman. 
 
 SECT. I General Rules for Drawing the Face, 
 
 IN Drawing the Face, obferve its motion whe- 
 ther forward , upward , downward , or fide- 
 wayes , by your Eye ^ touch lightly the features 
 where. the Eyes, Nofe, Mouth, and Chi;i ftiould 
 ftand , and then go over them more pcrfedly. 
 The Crrdr, Squares, and Triangles that are ufcd in 
 a Face, ferve to guide your judgement where to 
 place the fevcral features. 
 
 Obferve diligently the principal Mufcles of a 
 Face, thefc appear mpft in an aged man or wo- 
 jaans face. 
 
 Y There is ufually a three-fold proportion obferved 
 
 B 3 rv^t i" 
 
22 The ExcdUncy of 
 
 in a Face : i. From the top of the Fore-head to ] 
 the Eye-browes : 2. From the Eye-browcs to 
 the bottom of theNofe : 3. From thence to tfre 
 bottom of the Chin-, but infome the Fore-head is 
 lower • others Nofes are longer. 
 
 The Diftances betw^eri the Eyes, is the length of 
 one Eye in a full face - but in a three-quarter , or 
 fide-face, the diftance is leffened anfwerable. 
 
 The Noftril'0«ght to be plac'd cxadly agaidft the 
 corner of the Eye. 
 
 In a fat Face you will perceive the Cheeks fwell, 
 in a lean Face the Jaw-bones ftick out , and the 
 Cheeks fall in. 
 
 A fmiling countenance is difcerned by the Mouth, 
 when the corners of the Mouth turn up a httle. 
 
 A frowning countenance is difcerned iri the Fore- 
 head, Eye-browes, bending and fomewhat wrink- 
 ling about the top of theNofe, &c. 
 
 SEC T. I r. % Jrarfi dF^r^tghn Fack 
 
 MAkc the form of a perfexft Oval divided into 
 three equal parts by two Lines ^ in the firft 
 part place the Eyes, in the fecond part the Noftrils, 
 and in third part the Mouth. 
 
 Note , that the Eyes muft be diftant one from 
 the other the length of one of the Eyes, and that 
 their inner corners be perfedly over the out-fide 
 of the Noflrils. 
 
 SECT. 
 
the Pen afjd Pencil. 25 
 
 SECT. III. Tq draw rnVfright He4d. 
 
 WHich is made with three Lines equal every 
 way, either upwards, downwards , higher 
 of lower ^ and thatmnflbe divided as the former 
 into three equalparts , as in the Example. 
 
 SECT. IV. Of the Inclining ani Fore- 
 fljortned Fa$e. 
 
 THis is plainly feen by the Lines, how they con- 
 cord together , and you may with facility 
 draw in their proper places the Nofe, Mouth, ana 
 other parts with a little praftice, and obfervng dili- 
 gently the Examples following. 
 
 B4 In 
 
M The Excellency af 
 
thi Fen and Pencil. 2 j 
 
 In thcfc Formes you muft be very perfcft, it be- 
 ing a Role that in mod Faces you may have occafion 
 to make ufe of: for of all the partsof Mans bodic the 
 Face is the moft diflficuIcBut having got the Propor- 
 tions with their Meafures , you will be able ( which 
 way foever a Face turns ) to form it out , whatever 
 proportion your Face is you are to imitate, fo muft 
 your Out-flroke be formed ^ whether long, round, 
 fat, or lean. 
 
 Bccaufeprefidents are moft ufefull, I have here 
 thought good to give you the forms of feveral Eyes 
 more at large , by which you may with more cafe 
 know the truth of their proportions. 
 
 As alfoEars, which are exactly to be known -, and 
 then the forms of feveral Nofes and Mouthcs -, all 
 which are taken from eminent Mafters, as Palma 
 and others. l^Inthefollor&ingPage.'^ 
 
 SECT, 
 
 oiii!:bi:i 
 
16 
 
 The txcellency of 
 
 SECT V. Of thtNoft^ Mouthy and Chin. 
 
 rHc Nefe is the moft eminent part of the Face • 
 in which obferve the hollownefs , roundnefs, 
 andtheNoflrils, as they appear in thcfe feveral Fi- 
 gures borrowed from Fiolet, 
 
 1 . Defcribe a Semi-circle downwards. 
 
 2. Make the Holes of the iVV^. 
 g . The addition of the Noflrils. 
 
thertttMidTetKit. i7 
 
z8 
 
 The biicellemy <yj 
 
 SECT. V. Of Bands, both ?Alm, BacI^, and 
 Sides ^ as alfo open anJ clofed : and Hkpvife of 
 Hands and Armes joyned, 
 
 HAving fafficicntly praftifed the Drawing of 
 Mouthes and Nofes , let your next excrcife 
 be in drawing of Hands inallpofitions, both by 
 meafares, and without ^ as alfo Hands and Armes 
 joyned. 
 
thePensttdFeml. 2^ 
 
3« The Exceliettcy rf 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 3 1 
 
 S E C T. V I. Of Feet in feveral f options , both 
 with and without meaf tires , as alfo of Feet and 
 Legs j ojned together. 
 
 BEing expert in the Drawing of Hands and 
 Arms^ proceed to the Drawing of Feet in all 
 pofturesj both with and without meafures ; which 
 having attained, exercife your felf in Drawing of 
 Legs and Feet joyned together , as before you did 
 oi Hands and Arms •, that fo you underftanding the 
 particulars of the whole Bodie, you come with the 
 more judgement to that great difficulty of Figures 
 of the whole Bodie of Man. To help you therein , I 
 have fet before you the eafieft and trucft Rules thac 
 the beft Mailers of Proportions have publifhed, with 
 a Difcourfc of their true Meafures : which will be 
 the more cafie , if you ferioufly weigh the fore- 
 going Chapter , treating of all the external parts of 
 Mans bodie, for then you will have occafion to 
 obfervc it ; but firfl: exercife your felf in following 
 thefe examples of Feet , as alfo of Feet and Legs 
 joyncd together. [ See the z.fofiowing PagesJ] 
 
3» The Excellency of 
 
 A 
 
 SSCT. 
 
the Pen and FenciL 
 
 py 
 
54 T^he ExctUency of 
 
 SECT. VII. Of the Back,, Breafi^ Secret mem- 
 ber Sy Thighs y Shenlders , &c. 
 
 HAving Efficiently pradifcd the Drawing of 
 the feveral Limbs of Man and Woman , as 
 Head^ Month, Nofe^ Hands ^ Arms, Feety and 
 Legs J proceed next to the drawing of the other 
 parts of the Bodie: as the ^^r;^. Belly ^ Shoulders^ 
 Breafi, Secrets^ znA Thighs ^ therein following the 
 example of this noble Mafter Talmas, in the fol- 
 lowing Figure. 
 
 SECT. 
 
the Pefta/tdPetteil. 
 
 Cz 
 
^6 The Excellency of 
 
 SECT. VIIL Of'^hUe Figures from head to f<30U 
 
 OF whole Figures I have furniftied you with va- 
 riety of examples • as firft, of a Child (land- 
 ing backward and forward, which is neceffary to 
 befirftpradifed, becaufe thefe are the more ^aiie, 
 being more plump and round then the Body of Man, 
 without that observation of the Mufclesand other 
 parts , which I defire you in a methodical way to 
 imitate often before you adventure upon the other 
 Figures , which are Man and Woman (landing for- 
 ward, and after that Man and Woman (landing 
 backward , as alfo in other poflures ; and the fame 
 order that was at fir ft propofed about the HeAds, 
 Hands^ and Feet^ &c, by touching out every Figure 
 firft with Charcoal ^ is iexaftly to be obferveS in 
 chcfe Figures alfo. 
 
 SECT. 
 
tUfenandTencil %7 
 
 Ci 
 
 SECT. 
 
38 
 
 The Excilkncy cf 
 
 la, 
 
 38 
 
the Fen attdPencih 
 
 39 
 
ao 
 
 Tbc Excellency of 
 
the Pen and Pencil 41 
 
 SECT. I X. Rules ofSjmmetrie or Proportion to be 
 obferveci in Brewing the '^hole Body of Af an or 
 H^omdn, 
 
 FO R your further help in Drawing the fol- 
 lowing figures , take notice of thefe neceffary 
 Rules : Begin at the Head^ and fo proceed by de- 
 gree , as your pattern direds • and be carefull thac 
 your parallel Jojnts, Sinerps^ or Mnfcles be diredly 
 oppofitc •, alfo that the Motion of the Bodie be 
 anl werable one part to another , and that the parts 
 and limbs of the bodie have a due fymmetrie ^ not 
 a great Arme^ and a fmall Leg-^ or a fmall Hand^ and 
 a great Finger , &c. Let not one part be too long 
 for another. Of all which, you muft know , that 
 at firft you will be apt to commit many errours, but 
 be not diftieartned • proceed, and your labour will 
 not be4oll, experience is gained by pradicc ; be but 
 diligent, and you will find more eafe then you could 
 imagine : at firft all things that are attainable feem 
 difficult-, we have a good old faying. Nothing U 
 hitrd to a ^'illing mind ^ and I can fpeak it by expe- 
 rience. I might fpcnd time to tell you many To- 
 ries how to proceed to Figures clothed , &c, but 
 if you can draw a Naked figure well , for the order 
 of Garments, you will be able to do that with eafe. 
 
 And 
 
4* The Excellency of 
 
the fenaad feneii 4J 
 
 43 
 
44 The Excellency tf 
 
 -^ 
 
the F*tt aad fmal' 45 
 
46 The Excellency of 
 
 And now, having brought you thus far in Pra- 
 ftice, and given you a more cxaft order to proceed 
 with fo many feveral Examples more than larger 
 Volumes have produced ^ which you having well 
 followed, and attained to fome rcafonable meafurc 
 of proportion , you may now proceed to that which 
 may be more profitable , if you firft pradicethofc 
 things that may be eafily (hadowed with a Pen, 
 and that will fit your hand for Etching with Acfua 
 fortis, which (hall be perfe<fHy taught in the next 
 Chapter j wherein you have the mixture of the 
 Ground to Etch upon, the order how to prepare 
 your Copper , and how to order your Aquafortu, 
 what Inftrumcnts you are to ufe about the fame, 
 and how to take off your defign on the Plate; 
 which is an experimental Rule pradifcd by the 
 beft Etcher in £'«^/^W, namely Mr. w. Hollar, 
 
 S E C T. X. The Proportion of the Body of Man. 
 
 FO R your further information, and to direft 
 your judgement in Drawing of whole Bodies, 
 obferve thefe following Proportions. 
 
 A Man {landing, from the top ofthe Head to the 
 bottom of the Feet, is eight times the length of the 
 Head. 
 
 The Arme hanging ftraight down , it reacheth 
 within a fpan ofthe Knee. 
 
 A Hand muft be the length ofthe Face, the Hand 
 (pread abroad muft cover the Face, and no more. 
 Note, that in Drawing a Figure ftaqding, you 
 
 muft 
 
the Fen and PcnciL 47 
 
 muft firft draw that Leg which the Body ftands 
 firmeft upon ^ otherwife your Figure will yield one 
 way or other, as it were falling. 
 
 A Mans Armes extended is the juftlength of the 
 whole Body. 
 
 The like proportion is obferved for Women, and 
 therefore one example fcrvcs for both. 
 
 The Proportion of a Child , according to our 
 learned Author LomantiHs , confifts of five lengths 
 of the Head ; according to the Figure exprefs'd in 
 our Difcourfe, for an example to the praftitioner. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 ofShAdowingy andMks to be observed therein. 
 
 TH E out-lines of any Draught or Pi<fturq 
 give the Symmetrie or Proportion, which 
 is enough to a good judgement : So the 
 Figures before in this Book have only the out-lines, 
 and thofe are bed to prad:ifc firft by : I fay^ 
 the Out-lines (hew the Proportion to a good Judge- 
 ment ^ but the Lines and Shadows give the lively 
 hkenefs. In Shadowing therefore of any Pidure 
 you muft obferve thefe Rules following. 
 R V L E J. 
 Caft your Shadows alwajes one way, that is^ 
 on which M^ you begin to (hadow your Figure, 
 cither on the right or left Mc^ you muft continue 
 fo doing through your whole work. As in the 
 figure of a Man , if you begin to (hadow his Icfc 
 
 Cheek. 
 
48 The Excellency of 
 
 Check, you muft fhadow the left fide of his Neck, 
 the left fide of his Armes , the left fide of his Bodie, 
 the left fide of his Legs , &c. Except the light fide 
 of the Figure be darkned by the oppofition of feme 
 other body {landing between the light and it. . As 
 if three Men were landing together , that Figure 
 which ftands in the middle muft be darkned by the 
 foremoft, except the light come between them. 
 KV L E II. 
 All shadows muft grow fainter and fainter, as they 
 arc farther removed from the opacous body from 
 whence they iflfue. 
 
 KV L B III. 
 
 In great Windes, where Clouds are driven to and 
 frofeveralwayes; as alfoinTempeftatSea, where 
 Wave oppofeth Wave ; here contrary fhadows 
 muft concur , as ftriving for fuperiority : here in 
 fuch cafes you muft be fure to fupply the greateft 
 firft, and from them, according to your Judgement, 
 fupply the leffer •, pradice and imitation of good 
 Copies will be your beft diredor. 
 KV L B IV. 
 
 All Circular bodies muft have a Circular (liadow, 
 as they have a Circular form , and as the ob jed of 
 light which caufcth (hadow is Circular, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
the Pen a fid Pencil. 45 
 
 CHAP. VI L 
 of Drapery, and Rules to ht chferved thmiffi 
 
 AS in Naked figures you draw the Out- 
 lines firft , the like you muft do in 2)r^- 
 f€rj, leaving rooni within for your greater 
 indlcfler folds • then draw firft your greater folds, 
 md then break your greater folds into lefTer con- 
 aincd within them -. the clofer the Garment fits to 
 he bodic, the fmallcr and narrower muft the folds 
 oe. shadow your folds according to the direAions 
 )f the laft Chapter • the innermofl harder, and the 
 ()Uter more fofter. As in Shadowing^ fo in Bra* 
 ^ery , good copies of Prints inftrud bcft ; yet take 
 hefe general Rules following. 
 
 R V L E h 
 Continue your great folds throughout your Gar- 
 nent, and break offyourfhorter at pleafurc. 
 R V L E II. 
 The finer your Draperj is, the fuller and (harper 
 nuft your folds be, and the fliadows ti»e ftronger^ 
 mt yet fwcet. 
 
 R V L E in. 
 • That part of any Garment that fits clofe to the 
 jody, as the Doublet of a Man, theBreafts of a Wo- 
 nan^ and the like , you muft not fold at all ^ but 
 •ather udth your fweet (hadow reprefent the pare 
 Df the bodic chat lies under the Girment, as a Wo- 
 wansBreaft, with a fweet round (h^dow, &c. 
 
 D CHAP. 
 
46 The Excellency of 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 of Laridskip , and Rules to ie obfervedthirein. 
 
 LAndskif is chat which cxpreffeth in Pidurc 
 whiicfoever may be beheld upon the Earth, 
 within the i^^aV/ of Sight-, which is the 
 termination of a fair Horizon, reprefenting Towns, 
 Villages, Caftles, Promontaries, Mountains, Rocks, 
 Vallies, Ruines, Rivers , and whatfoever elfe the 
 eye is capable of beholding within the ^ecies of 
 the Sight. To exprefs which, and to make all things 
 appear in Draught or Pidurc according to true 
 proportion anddiftance, there are feveraT Rules to 
 be obfcrved, ofwhich take thefe few following. 
 
 R V L E I. 
 
 In every Landskif fliew a fair Horizon , the Sky 
 cither dear or overcaft with Clouds, expreffing the 
 rifing or fetcing of the Sun to iffue (as it were) 
 from or over fome Hill , or Mountain , or Rock ^ 
 the Moon ©r Stars are never to be exprcffed in a 
 fair Landskip, but in a Night-piece, I have often 
 feen it, as in a piece of our Sari»ffs being taken by 
 night, and in others. As an Aftronomer with his 
 Quadrant taking the height of the Moon , and ano- 
 ther with his Crofs ftaff taking the diftance of cer- 
 tain Stars, their Man flanding at a diftance with his 
 Dark-lanthorn, to fee their Degrees when they had 
 made their obfervation-, thefe chings.as taking of the 
 Partridge with theLoo-bell^ and the like, become 
 Night pieces very well. RV LE 
 
the Pen and PenciL 47 
 
 R V L E II. 
 If you cxprefs the Light of the Sun in any Land- 
 skip , be fare that through your whole work you 
 caft the light of your Tr^es, Buildings, Rocks, Ru- 
 ines, and all things clfe exprcffcd within the verge 
 thereof thitherwards. 
 
 RVLEIU. 
 
 Be Cure in Landskip that you leffenyour bodies 
 proportionably according to their diftanccs, fo 
 that the farther the Landskip goeth from your eye, 
 the fainter you muft exprefs any thing feen at di- 
 fiance , till at laft the Sky and the Earth feeni to 
 meet, as the Colours in a Rainbow do. 
 
 There are many excellent pieces of Landskip to 
 be procured very eafily • as alfo of Landskip and 
 Perfpedive intermixed, which pieces to me were 
 ever the mod dclightfuil of any other; andfuchi 
 would advife you to pradife by •, they , if they be 
 good, being the only helps to teach you proportion 
 of Bodies in any poficion, either near or a- far off. 
 
 I might here fpeak further of Bamaskjng^ An» 
 tiquty trifcoy GrotefcOy Tracerj ^ and the like ^ but 
 thefe are things that when you are expert in good 
 Draught, as ( by diligent pradice and following the 
 Rules and Examples before delivered,) I hope (by 
 this time) you are , thefe things will come of them- 
 felves, and indeed, no fooner heard of or feen, but 
 done. And thus I conclude this firft book of 
 Drawing with the Pen and Paftils, and (hall now 
 proceed to the fecond Book, which teacheth the 
 Art of Etching and CrAving 
 
 D 2 OF 
 
48 The ExctUency of 
 
 ii 
 
 O F 
 
 ETCH ING and GRAVING- 
 
 The Second Book. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 of Etching with Aqua fortis. 
 
 THcre are feveral wayes for Etchings and 
 fever al Grounds of divers colours, ufed by 
 feveral men , I (hall deliver here onely 
 one, and that fo familiar, cafie, and true , that I be- 
 lieve there is not a better Ground, nor a more ac- 
 curate way performing the work intended, than that 
 which fhall be here taught ; it being the only way, 
 fo many years pradifed, and to this day continued 
 by that unparailel'd defigner and incomparable 
 Etcher in ylqna fortis , Mr. HolUr •, the manner 
 of performing the whole work is as followeth. 
 
 S E C T. I. To make Mr. Hollar'^ Ground , and 
 how to Etch in Coffer , and what InHrumints 
 ought to he ufed in the fraBice thereof , , ; ^ 
 
 ^r^Ake three parts of Virgins wax ^ one part of 
 A Affhaltumy onepartof tbebeft-<^w/?/V)(;.-, if 
 
 you 
 
the Pen andVencth 49 
 
 yoa will , you may take away a third part of the 
 A^haltum^ and put inftead thereof as much refined 
 Rofint\\2X is tranfparent and clear, for this will be 
 better to fee through the Ground, to ftop up what 
 you have occafion for. Beat your Ajphaltum and 
 Rofin together to powder , and put your fvax into 
 a clean Pipkin that hath never been ufed before, and 
 fet it over a gentle fire, and let it boy! ; then pour 
 in the Aff^haltum and Rofin into it, and mingle them 
 all together. Then take a Porenger or fuch like 
 thing full of clean water, and pour that boyling ftuflf 
 when all is melted into the water , but pour not 
 out the dregs, then when it is cold work it up into 
 a coal or ball ; and when you are to ufe it, then 
 take a clean rag and double it, that no dregs or knots 
 may come through the rag, and tie it faft with a 
 piece of thread ^ To is your Ground prepared. 
 
 SECT. II. How to fref are your Copper, 
 
 YOur Copper muft be well planiflit , that it 
 may lie level ; and before you lay on the 
 Ground, take your Plate, and with a Charcoal well 
 burnt coal it over with very clean water •, then wafh 
 it off with clean water never ufed before , and fet it 
 floping to run off-, when it is dry, then fcrape fomc 
 Chalk fine all over it, and with a very clean fine rag 
 rub it over •, but let not your fingers touch upon the 
 Plate, till you have put the Ground on, which you 
 muft lay on thus. 
 
 D 5 SECT. 
 
JO The Excellency of 
 
 SECT. III. How to iajf thtGrofiftdftfon the Pl/Ue. 
 
 Put into fome fire-pan fomc fmall-coal or coal- 
 fire, for charcoal is too hot , then lay down 
 the Copper Over that, foflsthe fire may have air ^ 
 then take your Ground, it being in a cloth as aforc- 
 faid, and rub up and down the Copper, fo ask fuffi- 
 ciently may cover the Plate, not too thin nor too 
 thick ; then take a Ducks feather of the wing and 
 fmooth it as well nspollibly you can all one way, 
 and then crofs and crofs until it lie well to your 
 eye • but take heed that your Copper be not too 
 hot , for if it lie until the Ground fmoak all the 
 moiflure of the Ground is burnt away, and that will 
 fpoil your piece in Etching , becaule the Ground 
 will break or fly up^ this done, let your Plate be 
 cold , then grind fome White-lead with Gum- 
 water , and note, that as much Gum as the bigncfs 
 ofaCherrry-ftone will fervefor a piece of White- 
 lead as big as a Nutmeg ;** but you rauil underftand, 
 that you mud put fo much water that the white may 
 be of convenient thicknefs to fpread on the Copper. 
 
 Then you muft have a large Pencil or fmall Bruib, 
 as the Painters ufe, of the bigncfs of a Walnut, or 
 more efpecially for a large Plate, and with that ftrikc 
 over the Plate crofs twice or thrice, till you fee it 
 fmooth. 
 
 Then ^^n mufi: have another Brudi larger then 
 the firil:, but very fmooth, made of fevcral Squirels 
 tails, with that you may fmooth gently the White, 
 
 which 
 
the Pen and FenctL 5 1 
 
 which you conld not do with the other Brtrfh , and 
 then let it lie till it be dry. 
 
 SECT. IV. How to transfer J OUT defign 
 upon the Coffer, 
 
 THen take your defign or Copie after which you 
 are to work, fcrape on the back-fide thereof 
 fome red Chalk all over, then go over thatby fcra- 
 ping fome foft fmall-coal till it mingle with the chalk, 
 then take a Hand-brufh or great Pencil that is very 
 ftiff, and rub it up and down till it be fine and even, 
 and fo lay down the defign on your Plate, and with 
 a blunt Needle or Point draw over the out-ftroke ; 
 you muft have feveral Needles, fome bigger, and 
 fome finer, put them into a pencil-ftick of the length 
 of a writing, pen, and on the other end keep one 
 Pencil to wipe away the Ground that your Needle 
 fetches off when you work. To blunt your Needle 
 point you muft do thus, blunt it on a Table, or on 
 the back-fide of a Copper plate, ft ill holding the 
 point downward , and carry your hand circular that 
 you keep the point round •, the fineft Needles you 
 muft ftiarpen upon a fine Whcct-ftone, and ftill 
 turning it betwixt your fingers as you whet it, as 
 the Turners do their work, to keep it round , then 
 after fmooth it upon a Table-book leaf-, and as you 
 work you need not fcratch hard into the Copper, 
 only fo as you may fee the Needle go through the 
 Ground to the Copper, and alwayes when you 
 leave your work wrap your Plate up in paper , left 
 
 D 4 your 
 
52 'the ExcsUeney of i 
 
 your Plate get fcratcbes, which it will be apt to do, 
 and the Ground will be apt to be corrupted lying 
 open in the air, and the moiflure drawn out of the 
 Ground, and the fame inconveniency will accrue 
 by letting your Ground lie too long upon your 
 Plate before you finifh, three or four moneths time 
 will cat out the moilture of the Ground , and in 
 Etching it will fcem broad and deep , and when you 
 think it eaten enough, you will find it to be eaten 
 little or nothing: in Winter time wrap your plate 
 in a Blanket as well as Paper when you leav^ your 
 work • if the Copper get froft , it will caufe the 
 Ground to rife up from the Copper in the eating 
 with the AqnafortJ^, 
 
 SECT. V. How to W^// ahoHt yeur Plate about 
 n^ith IFax, to Uj on jour Aqua fortis, and to finifb 
 your '^^orki 
 
 Your Plate being prepared, your Ground laid 
 on, and your Defign transferred upon your 
 Plate ^ when you are going to Etch, then take green 
 Wax and melt it in fome little pipkin, and with a 
 Pencil cover round about the edges of the Copper ^ 
 ^"c^^ with the hot Wax Rick it round about the 
 Plate as a wall to keep in the Ac^na fortis , that it 
 may flick fad, let the fame be of Green wax alfo, 
 which draw out into long pieces of the thicknefs of 
 ftrong pafte-board, and as broad as a knife , then 
 f'tften it about the edge? with a Httle ftick being 
 broad on the end , and (harp edged , and with it 
 
 thruft 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 55 
 
 thruft down the Wax to make it flick , then if your 
 work be fine, take of y^^//^/or^^ the third part of 
 an ounce, and break it with your other water that 
 hath been ufcd before twice or thrice, and take ac 
 leaft two parts of the old to one part of the new. 
 In cafe you have no Aijuafortis formerly ufed, take 
 good Wine-vinegar to mix with your Aquafortis^ 
 butifyour workbc courfe, you may ufe your three 
 pence the ounce Water only ^ and for fuch things 
 as you will have fine and fweet, you muft firft pour 
 out your Jqna fortis into fome earthen difli , then 
 wafhoffthe -r^^«<i /orr^ with clean water, and lee 
 it be dry, then melt fome Candle-grcafe with a little 
 Ground, and with a Pencil cover thofe things you 
 will have to lie faint, then pour on your Aqua fortis 
 again as oft as you fee need ; then melt your Ground 
 the fame way you laid it on , and with a linncn rag 
 wipe clean your Plate, and fo is your work finiflicd. 
 
 CHAP. I L 
 Of G R A r 1 I^ G. 
 
 SECT. I. Of nece^ary InfirHments belonging 
 to Graving. 
 
 HE that will undertake the Art of Graving, 
 muft know how to Draw, and hatch with a 
 Pen ; which, I doubt nor, but he that hath obferved 
 the former Rules can do. 
 
 I. Of 
 
54 TTi^ Excellency of 
 
 I. OfjourOyl'fiotte, 
 
 The firft thing you are to do, is to provide a good 
 Oyl'ftone , which you may have of thofe that fell 
 feveral Tooles for the Goldfmiths j which, let be very 
 fmooth, not too hard nor too fofr, and be fure it be 
 without pin-holes. Now to fit your felf aright, 
 you are to refolve what kind of Graving you will 
 follow-, if you follow Pidure or Letter- work, 
 that is a work more curious than the Goldfmiths : 
 Arraes and Letters are upon Silver or Pewter , and 
 accordingly your Gravers muft be fliap'd. 
 
 2. of Gravers. 
 
 GdUfmiths Gravers are crooked, that they may 
 more readily come at hollow work, but for Copper- 
 pidurcs or Letters the bcft Gravers are the ftraight, 
 which chufe thus -, Take a File and touch the edge 
 of the Graver therewith , if the File cut it, it is too 
 foft and will never do you good ; but if the File will 
 not touch it by reafon of the hardnefs, it will ferve 
 your occafiop, although fuch a Graver be apt at firft 
 to break ihort off, after a little ufe by whetting it 
 will come to a good temper and condition, as by 
 experience I have found • though fome ignorant of 
 what they have writ , would puzzle you about al- 
 tering the temper. 
 
 SECT. 
 
the Pen and Pencils 5 5 
 
 SECT. II, The fever alwajes of holding 
 the Graver, 
 
 LEt the end of the haft of the Graver reft againft 
 the ball of the thumb , and let the fore-finger 
 guide the Graver, which is done by refting fteadily 
 upon the point of your Graver. 
 
 You muft alfo provide a Bag of Sand to lay your 
 Plate upon, on which you may turn your Plate at 
 eafe every way : Ana note , that with your left 
 hand you muft turn your Plate as theftroaksyou 
 grave do turn, which is not eafily attained without 
 diligent care. 
 
 You Copper plates ready polifhed do often come 
 from Holland^ or elfe you may have them prepared 
 by fcveral in England-^ you may be diredcd how 
 to have thefe Plates by moft Printers of Plates in 
 London , and therefore I forbear to trouble you or 
 my fclf about dircding you how to prepare Plates 
 for your ufe. 
 
 SECT. 
 
56 The ExceUeney of 
 
 f 5S 
 
the Fen and Pencil. 57 
 
 SECT. III. The forms of Graving-mls, at alf9 
 the mantHT of ^heuing jsur Graver, 
 
 THe upper part of this figure will (hew two forts 
 of Gravirig- tools, the one formed fquare, the 
 Other lozeng : the fquare Graver makes a broad 
 and (hallow ftroke, or hatch • and the lozeng makes 
 ! a deep and narrower ftroke. The ufe of the fquare 
 Graver is to make the krgefl ilrokes, and the ufe of 
 the other is to make the llrokcs more delicate and 
 lively. But I preferre a Graver made of an indiffe- 
 rent fizc betwixt both thefe two , which will make 
 your ftrokes, or hatches, ihow with more life and 
 vigour , and yet with fufficient force, according as 
 you (hall manage it in your v;orking : The forms 
 of which Will appear in the i. and 2. Hgurcs. 
 
 The 3. figure (hews you how to whet the two 
 fides of your Graver, which is to be done in this 
 manner following • you muft have a very good Oyl- 
 ftone fmooth and flat , and having powred a little 
 Sallad-oyi thereupon, take the Graver , and laying 
 one fide of it ( that which you intend (hall cut the 
 Copper) fiat upon the ftonc, whet chat fide very flat 
 and even • and to that purpofe have an efpeciai care 
 CO carry your hand (ledfaft , and with an equal 
 ftrength, placing your fore-finger very firm upon 
 the oppofite fide of your Graver, to the end that 
 you may guide it with the more exadnefs : then 
 turn the very next fide of your Graver , 2nd whet 
 that in the like manner, as you did the other- (o 
 
 that 
 
58 Tbe Excellency of 
 
 that there may be a very (harp edge for the fpace of 
 an inch or better • then turning uppermoft that 
 edge which you have fo whetted, and fecting the 
 end of your Graver obliquely upon theftone, carry 
 your hand exadly even , to the end that it may be 
 whetted very flat and Hoping, in the form of a lo- 
 zeng, making to the edge a fliarp point, as the 
 iigure4. fhewsyou. 
 
 it is very neceffary that you take great care in the 
 exad whetting of your Graver ^ for it is impoffible 
 that you (hould ever work with that neatnefsand 
 curiofity as you defire, if your Graver be not very 
 good, and rightly whetted. 
 
 1 cannot demonftrace it fo plain and fully by 
 figures, and difcourfe, as I would : if you have ac- 
 quaintance with an Artift in this way,you may eaiily 
 iinderftand in a fliort time. 
 
 SECT. IV. The manner hoW to hold and handle 
 jfour Graver. 
 
 IHe uppermoft part of this figure defcribes to 
 you the form of two Gravers, with their 
 handles, fitted for the whetting. They that ufe this 
 Art, do before they make ufe of them, commonly 
 tut away that part of the knob or bowl th ^t is at the 
 end of their handles, which is upon the fame line 
 with the edge of their Graver,to the end it may not 
 hinder them in their graving , as the figure 2, 
 {hews you. 
 Tot if you work upon a large Vlate you will find 
 
 that 
 
the Pen and Pencil* 59 
 
 that part of your handle f if it be not cut away) will 
 fo reft upon the copper , that it will hinder the 
 fmooth and even carriage of your hand in making 
 your ftrokes or hatches ^ alfo it will caufc your 
 Graver to run into the copper in fuch fort, that you 
 fhali not be able to manage it at your pleafure. 
 
 The 5. figure defcribes to you the way of hold- 
 ing your Graver • which is thus , place the knob 
 or ball of the handle of your Graver in the hollow 
 of your hand, and having extended your fore-fingc* 
 towards the point of your Graver, laying it oppofite 
 to the edge thatjfhould cut the copper, place your 
 other fingers on the fide of your handle, and your 
 thumb on the other ddc of the Graver, in fuch fort 
 that you may guide your Graver flat and parallel 
 with the plate •, as you may fee in the figure. . 
 
 And be very carcfull that your fingers do not 
 interpofe between the plate and the Graver, for 
 that will hinder you in carrying your Graver level 
 with the plate, fo that yon cannot make your 
 ftrokcs with that freedom and neatnefs, which other- 
 wife you may. This 1 think fit to give you notice 
 of, becaufe the skill of holding your Graver is that 
 which you muft fir ft perfedly learn. 
 
 SECT. V. The manner of holding jour hand 
 in Graving, 
 
 HAving defcribed the way of holding your 
 Graver, the next thing is to (hew you how to 
 guide your Graver upon the plate in making of your 
 
 ftrokes. 
 
^o Tlje Excellency of 
 
 ftrokeg, which are fliaight or crooked ; that you 
 may work with the more eafc and convenience, you 
 muft have a ftrong round leather Cufhion fill'd with 
 fandorfineduft • let in be made about half a foot 
 broad in the diameter, and thrceor four inches deep; 
 Jay this upon a table which ftandeth faft and firm : 
 then lay your plate upon the cuftiion, as isdefcribed 
 in the 6. figure. 
 
 When you are to make any flraight (Irokcs, hold 
 your Graver as is direded in the former Scdion > 
 and if you will have your ftrokes deeper or broader 
 in one place than in another , in that place where 
 you would have them deepcll: you muii prefs your 
 handhardeft •, but efpecially in making of a flraight 
 flroke^ becarefull to hold your plate firm and flcd- 
 faft upon the cufhion. 
 
 And if you make any crooked or winding flrokes, 
 then hold your hand and Graver ftedfafl ; and as 
 you work turn your plate againft your Graver ; for 
 otherwife it is impolTible for you to make any 
 crooked or winding flroke with that neatnefs and 
 command, which by this means you may, if you do 
 not move your plate, and keep your arm and elbow 
 fixed or refted upon the table. 
 
 If as you are working your Graver happen to 
 break often on the point, it is a fign it is tempered 
 too hard •, to help this take a red hot charcoal , and 
 lay the end of your Graver upon it, and when you 
 perceive your Graver to wax yellowifh, dip it in the 
 water : If your Graver become blunt without 
 breaking, it is a fign it is nothing worth. 
 
 After you have graved part of your work, it will 
 
 be 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 6i 
 
 be neceflary to fcr^pe it with the (harp edge of a 
 Burniiher, cirrying it along even with the pi tre, to 
 take off the roughnefs of the ftrokes ; but in fo doing 
 take heed of making any fcratches in your work. 
 
 To the end you may better fee that which is gra- 
 ven, they commonly roll up clofe a piece of a black 
 Felt or Caftor, liquored over with a little Oyl , and 
 therewith rub the places graven : And if you per- 
 ceive any fcrarches in your plate, rub them out with 
 your Burnifber : and if you have graved any of 
 your ftrokes too deep, you make them appear fainter 
 with rubbing them with your Burnifher. 
 
 SECT. VI. How to take cjfanj PiEture, or Map- 
 letters^ &c. uport jour Copper, 
 
 TAke your Plate and heat it over the fire , and 
 having a piece of yellow Bees wax, put into, 
 and tyed up in a fine Holland rag , try if your Plate 
 be hot enough to melt your Wax, if it be, lightly 
 wipe over your plate with that wax, until yon fee it 
 be covered over with wax, but let it be but thin- 
 if it be not even, after it is cold you may heat it 
 again, and with a feather lay it even, which at firf^ 
 you will find a little difficult. 
 
 Now ifwhu you are to imitate bean exad copy^ 
 you rauft note it muft {^and the contrary way in the 
 plate, and therefore your beft way will be to track ic 
 over in every limb with a good Black-lead Pencil, 
 efpeciaily if it be an old pidure,which having done, 
 take an old Ivory haft of a knife, and placing yout 
 
 E pifturc 
 
6i T/^ Excellency of 
 
 pidurc exadly on your copper, the face downward, 
 take your hafc and ligluly rub oVer your print, and 
 you (hall perceive the perfed proportion remain 
 upon the wax that is upon the place ^ then take a 
 long Graver, or another piece of licel grownd fharp, 
 and with the point thereof go over every particular 
 limb in the out-ftroke, and there will be no difficulty 
 to mark out all the (hadows as you go to engrave 
 your work, having the proportion before you. 
 
 And it will be more ready , if alfo you note your 
 {hadows how far they be dark, and how far light 
 with your black-lead, before yourub it off^ but a 
 learner may be puzzeled at firft with too many 
 obfervations. 
 
 At firft you will find fome difficulty for carrying 
 your hand, and for the depth of your ftroke you are 
 to engrave-, but take this experiment inyourfirft 
 beginning • learn to carry your hand with fuch a 
 flight, that you may end your ftroke with as light 
 a iTroke as you began it , and though you may have 
 occafion to have one part deeper or blacker than 
 another, do that by degrees ^ and that you may the 
 more diftindly do it , obferve your ftrokes that 
 they be not too clofe nor too wide : and for your 
 more exad obfervarion , pradice by thofe prints 
 that are more loofly (hadowed at firft, left by imi- 
 tating thofe dark and more (hadowed, you be at a 
 lofs where to begin or where co end-, which to know, 
 is only got by pradice : Thus for Pidures. 
 
 Now for Letters, if copies, every word and let- 
 ter muft be either writ with ungumm'd Ink , or 
 clfe gone over with Black-lead, and rubb'd on the 
 
 pjate 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 6^ 
 
 plate .when it is waxed , "s before ^ but if a Map 
 or other Mathematical Inflrument, every circle, 
 fquare, or perpendicular muft be drawn over as be- 
 fore, or elfe you cannot exactly imitate the fame- 
 but if you be to cut any Face, Armes, Inftruments, 
 or Map not to be printed, then if you black over 
 the back-fide, as you are direded for your defign 
 in Exching, that will ferve your turn; onely for 
 Etching you ufe a mixt ground, and for to Engrave 
 you onely ufe wax. . 
 
 And thus, in a plain flyle, I have given yoju an 
 account of the whole myflerie of Engraving, 
 
 El OF 
 
^4 T^he Excellency of I 
 
 F 
 
 LIMNING 
 
 1 N 
 
 WAT ER-COLOURS. 
 
 The Third Book. 
 
 TH E pr-dice of Limning is a quality com- 
 mendable in any perfon , and a pradice 
 meet for the Nobleft perfonage of what 
 quality foever ., I (hall fay no more in the praife of 
 it, it mny fpeak for it felf, but come immediately to 
 (hew you the manner how to perform it^ therein 
 fol'owing the Rules now practifed by the moft emi- 
 nent Malbrs in that faculty : and firft, • (hall begin 
 in this as in the other parts of this Book, what things 
 are to be in a readinefs prepared for the prafticc 
 of it. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 of neceffarks belonging to Limning. 
 
 TO the Limning in Water-colours there be- 
 longs feverai thing , as Gamms of fcveral 
 forts, and iVaters made of them, a Grinding-fione 
 
 and 
 
the Pen and PenciL 6^ 
 
 and Mu/ier, fcveral Colours, Liq Mid Gold tnd SiU 
 ver^ feveral Siz,es to lay Gold, Parchment of the 
 fineO, as of Abortive Sl^ns , Pencils of divers forts ; 
 of the making and preparing all chefe in their orUer, 
 and chen to their ufe. 
 
 SECT. I. OfCumms and Gum-'^aters ujed 
 in Limning. 
 
 THe principal Gum is Gum- Arabic J^, get the 
 bell that may be, which you (hall know by 
 the ^hitenefs and clearnefs ^ if it be yellowilh, of an 
 Amber colour, it is naught. 
 
 To make Gum-water hereof, do thus, take a clc^n 
 earthen Veflcl, Pan, Difh, ot the like, put therein 
 the faired Spring-w iter you can procure, thencrkc 
 a quantity of Gum->^r4^/V)^,and tie it in a nne denn 
 Linnen cloth , as in a b^.g , ?.nd hang this in the mid- 
 dle of the water , and there lee it reft till the Gum 
 be diflblved •, if you find your water be not ftiff 
 enough of the Gum, put more Gum into your cloth, 
 and let that diflfolve as the other did ^ if it be too 
 ftiff,idd more Water : of this Gum-water it is abfo- 
 lutely neceffary you have alwayes by you two forts, 
 one ftrong, the other weak •, and of thefc two, you 
 may make a third at pleafure-, preferve thefe in 
 clean GiaiTes for your ufe. \a-.- 
 
 Of GVM-LAKE, 
 
 Gum-Lake is a compounded Gum made of many 
 ingredients, as of whites of Eggsht^ven andftrained, 
 
 E 3 of 
 
66 The Excellency of 
 
 oi Homy ^G and of Ivy^f^rcng. TVort^ thefe ingredients 
 mingled together will at kit runlikean Oyl, which 
 aC'laft will congeal and be hard. Trouble not your 
 iejf to naake it, but buy it readie oade^ • chufe it as 
 yoa do the Gum- Aml^ick^, by the clearnefs , and 
 then you need not fear it. 
 
 To ra:5ke Water thereof, ufeic in all refpeds as 
 yoij did your Guwy^raHck^, by tying it in a cloth 
 and diflblving it in fair water ; oF this water alfo 
 have of two forts , a weaker and a ftronger. 
 
 '' Of'bvM'ARMONlAC K> 
 
 Of this Gum you may mike a Water, that what- 
 foever you write therewith you may lay in Cold. 
 . The manner of m iking the Water rs thus ^ take 
 your Gum and grind it w/ith the juiceofGarlickaj 
 line as may be^ thereunto add a few drops of weak 
 wacerofGum-virr^^;V,^miiking it offuchathickncfs 
 as you may conveniently write with it with a pen. 
 ., With this liquor write what you will, and let it 
 drie, butnot too long, forifyoudo, the Gold will 
 not Hick, and if you lay on your Gold too foon, it 
 will drown it. When you would lay your Gold pp- 
 ^ it being dric, do thus, geta Gold-cuihion, which 
 youmay thus make^ take a piece of Calyes-leather 
 rough,and get a board about fixincheslong, and five 
 ^nchcs :bro.^d,, upon this board lay fome woollen 
 clorh four or hve times double, and over all yout; 
 Leather with the rough fide outwards , nailing the 
 edges of the leather to the fides of the board ; fo 
 5S your Cu(hion made, 
 
 ,;VU[ion ibi? Ciifiiionlay your Gold-leaf, and with 
 "' ^ i . ■ : a knife 
 
the Pen and Pencil 67 
 
 a knife chat hath a very (harp edj^e, cup your Gold 
 upon your Culhion into pieces, fo that it may quite 
 cover what you have written , then breacheupon 
 your writing, and with apiece of white Cotton- 
 wool f breathing upon that alfo ) lay it upon your 
 Gold and it will take it off from your Cufhion, 
 which prcf$down hard upon your Writing , and it 
 will there ftick ^ then with other Cocton-woof dry, 
 wipe away the looie Gold, and your Writing only 
 will remain, which when it is through drie you may 
 burni(h with a Tooth , and it will (hew fair. 
 
 Of LI SSUD GO LD or SILVER. 
 
 You may with Li^tfidGold or Stiver Draw or 
 Write any thing with the Pen or Pencil, as with 
 any other liquid colour-, I could fhew you how to 
 make it, but to make a fmall quantitie it is not 
 worth the while, neither will it quit the cod ; there- 
 fore I would advife you to buy it re^idie prepared, 
 which you may do where you buy your Colours, or 
 offome GoU'beAtersy who make it of their cuttings 
 of the ragged edges of their Gold. 
 
 When you uie it do only thus , put into your 
 Sheila drop or two of fair water, and with a clean 
 Pencil temper up fo much Gold as will ferveyour 
 occafion at that time, with which Write orDraw 
 what you will-, then about two or three hours after, 
 the longer the better, burnifh it by rubbing hard up- 
 on it with a Dogs-tooth, and it will be pure Gold ; 
 this is the beft and eafieft way of laying Gold that 
 I know of 
 
 E 4 SECT. 
 
^8 
 
 The Excellency of 
 
 SECT, rr, OfyoHrGrinding-ftoneAndMullcr, 
 
 GEt a ' tone of Porpherj or Serpentine , or rather 
 a Pf^^/e, (if you light of one large enough^ is 
 beft of any ether. Butinfhort, ^ec as good an one 
 asyoucnn, which your Marhkrs m London may 
 help y u to • keep this and your Muller alw^iyes very 
 clean and free from dull. 
 
 SECT. rir. of Colours. 
 
 THere are fimply {'lyi^ vU. fvhite ^ Eiacl^, 
 Red, Green ^ Yellow^ and Blew -^ to which 
 we may add Browns , but they are compounded. 
 
 Of either of thefe there arc^ fevcral forts , the 
 names whereof, and the manner'of ordering of them 
 fhall be (hewed in the enfuing Chnpter. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 of Colours ufed in Limning : their nameSy 
 and horv to order them, 
 
 SECT. T. of the Names of Colours^ dndho"^ every 
 Colour is to he prepared , whether Grownd, pyajhd, 
 or Steefd. 
 
 BLACKS. 
 
 Cherryftoneshfirm, 
 Ivor J burnt. 
 Lam^-black:, 
 
 WHITES. REDS. 
 
 Cerufe, Red-Lead, 
 
 white-Lend, Lake. 
 
 GREENS. 
 
the 
 
 ? en and Pencil. 6^ 
 
 GREENS. 
 
 BLEWS. YELLOWS. 
 
 Bife. 
 Pink. 
 
 Sa^'green, 
 CecUr-green, 
 
 JnMco. EnghdiO^fr. 
 
 Vltramarine, M^fticote. 
 
 Bife. BROWNS. 
 
 Smalt. Vmber. 
 
 Spanifh Brcivfn, 
 QoWci's Earth. 
 
 Thefe are the principal Coloursufed in Limning, 
 I have omitted many others, but tbcy are fuch that 
 are noc fitting for this Work , which 1 (hall fpeak of 
 when I come to teach how to fVafi Maps and printed 
 Pidurcs , for which ufe thofe Colours I have omit- 
 ted are only ufefull. 
 
 Of the Colours here mentioned, ufefull in Lim* 
 ning, they are to be ufed three feveralwayes, vi^., 
 cither Wajhed, Grorpnd, or Steefed. 
 
 The Colours to be only ivajhed are thefc : 
 
 Bife. Cedar. Red-Lead, 
 
 Smdit. Vltramarine. Mafiicete. 
 
 Tohc Steeped^ only Sap-green. 
 
 The Colours to be fVaJhed and Grownd, are thefc : 
 
 Cerhfe. Pin^. Spanifh Brown. 
 
 fVhite-Lead. Indice. Ivory ^ | 
 
 Luke. Vmber. & U/^r^. 
 
 Englilh Ok^r, Colens Eartk Cherrj^fiofse] 
 
 SECT. 
 
7vO The Excellency of 
 
 SECT. II. Ofthofe Colours that are to be Grownd^ 
 and ho^ to Grind them. 
 
 IHavc in the laft Secf^ion told you what Colours 
 are to be Grownd, whicli Wafhed, and which 
 to be Steeped ^ it refteth now, to fliew you how to 
 Grind thofe Colours that are to be grownd ^ I (hall 
 not run over every Colour particularly , but (hew 
 you how to grind one Colour , which take as an 
 example for all the reft. 
 
 For our example in grinding of Colours, let us 
 take the original of Colours, viz,, Cerufe, or White- 
 lead, there is little difference between them, only 
 one is refined, the other not. 
 
 To grind it do thus ^ Take a quantitie thereof, 
 or of any other Colour to be grownd, being cleanfed 
 from ail matmer of dirt or filth, which you muft 
 firft fcrape off-, then lay the Colour upon your 
 Stone, and with your Muller bruife it a little , then 
 put thereto fair fpring-water , and between your 
 Muller and Stone grind the Colour well together 
 with the water till the Colour be very fine , which 
 when you find to be enough , have in a readinefs a 
 great Chalk-ftone , in which make certain troughs 
 or furrows, into which pour your Colour thus 
 grownd , ard there let it reft till it be thorough 
 drie, then take it out and referte it in papers, and 
 thofe papers in boxes , for your ufc. This order 
 you are to obfervc in all Colours that are to be 
 Grownd. 
 
 SECT. 
 
the P^n and Pencil. 7 1 
 
 c-SECT. III. of thefe Colotirs that are to be 
 i— JVafhed ^ ayid how to fVapj them, 
 
 AS in the Grinding of ( olours I gave you an 
 inftance but in one for all the reft, the like I 
 
 I ihall do for thofe Colours which are to be wafhed ; 
 
 I I will make my inftance in Red-lead^ which you are 
 I to Wa{h in this manner. 
 
 Put a quantity thereof into a clean earthen difb, 
 : and pour thereto t^ir water, ftirring the colour and 
 water together with your hand or otherwife , then 
 lee it ftand a while, and you (hall fee a filthy grcafie 
 fcum arifc and lie above the water, with other filth ; 
 pour this water quite away, and put other clean wa- 
 ter to the Colour, and ftir it about again, pouring 
 away the water (if foul ) the fecond or third time -, 
 then z6.(i more water, and flir the Colour about 
 again till the water be thick and troubled •, but yet 
 free from filthy then gently pour this troubled water 
 into a fecond earthen diffi, leaving in the firfl: dilh 
 all the dregs. 
 
 Into the fecond bafon put more fair water, and 
 with your hand llir about the Colour as before •, do 
 thus two or three times, and take (if your Colour be 
 very foul ) a third earthen difb, and add more wa- 
 ter, and keep ftirring, till at laft the water become 
 clear , and the Colour remain fine at the bottom 
 of the difh • pour away your water gently, and yoa 
 will find fome Colour remaining and flicking to the 
 edges of t1"ic difh , which when it is dry , you may 
 
 ^ ^with 
 
72 The Excellency of 
 
 (with a feather) ftrike atvay like flower, which re- 
 fcrve as the choiceft and pureft of all • if in a pound 
 of this Red-lead you have an ounce of good indeed, 
 prize it, for it is troublefome to procure. The 
 Other, which is not ^ilcogether fo pure, m^y be fer- 
 viceable for Come ufes, though not for all. v^ hat 
 hath been faid of this Colour is to be underflood of 
 all other that are tn be wafhed •, thereiorc for 
 Wafhing of Colours let this fuffice. 
 
 SECT. IV. OfColohrs to he Steeped. 
 
 ISaid (among the Colours before mentioned)- 
 there was only Sap-green to be Steeped, though 
 in Colours to wafh Maps and prmts there are many, 
 but of thefe, when we come to fhew how to Wafh 
 Maps^ &c. To Steep your S^p green do thus, take 
 a quantity thereof and put ic into a Shell, and hll 
 the ftiell with fair water, to which adde fome fine 
 pow^der of Allura to raife the colour; let it thus 
 deep twenty four hours , and you will have a very 
 good Green. 
 
 SECT. V. Of thefe Coloftrs that are PFafied and 
 Crownd^ ho^ to temper them in your fhells ^hen 
 you are to ufe them. 
 
 Y 
 
 Ou having all Colours both Grownd ^nd fVafh- 
 ed by you in a readmefs, when you begin 
 
 any 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 7^ 
 
 any piece you muft temper thetn as followctfr, 
 for which take one example for all. 
 
 Take any Colour, a fmall qnantitie thereof, and 
 put ic into a clean (hell, then add thereunto a drop 
 or two of Gum-water, and with your finger ( bdi^ 
 dean) work it about the fides of the Hiell, and there 
 let it flick till it be dry • when the colour is dry in 
 the fticll, draw your finger over it •, if any Coioor 
 come off, you muft M itronger Cum- water to it. 
 But, if when your Colour is dry in the (hell, it glitter 
 orfhine, it is align there is too much Gum in it; 
 iheretbrc remedy that by tempering your Colour 
 up again with fair water only, without any Gum. 
 
 There are fome Colours, as Laks^ Vmhtr^ and 
 Other hard Colours , which when they are dry in 
 the (hell will crack , and look like parched ground 
 in a drie Summer ^ to fuch colours as thefe , when 
 you temper them for ufe, add to them a fmall quan- 
 tity of white ugar-candy in fine powder , which 
 temper with your Colour and fair water with yonr 
 finger in the (hell till the Candy be diflblved-, and 
 this Will keep them from peeling when you have 
 laid them on your \v ork. 
 
 Norc here, that thefe Colours following , vi^^ 
 Vmher^ p ini(h-.5rcw;7, Qo\tn'Eart'h, Cherry-fieue 
 and Ivorj-bUck^ arc to be burnt before they be 
 Wa(h*d or Grownd. 
 
 To burn any of them do thus , put the Colour in- 
 to a Crucible, fuch as Gold^fmiths melt their (ilver 
 in . if you will, cover the mouth thereof with clay, 
 and fet it in a hot fire, there let it reft till it be red 
 hot ; when the • olour is cold you may Grind or 
 Wa(h it according to former DireAions. SECT, 
 
74 The Exceikncy of 
 
 S E C T. V J. Of P^ncils^ and how to choofe them, 
 
 YOu are in the nexc place to furnilh your felf 
 with Ftncils of all forts ^ which how to choofe i 
 do thus, take a Pencil and put the hairy end between 
 your lips, wetting it a little by drawing it through 
 your lips, being moid:, two or three times; fothat 
 the Pencil being large will come to a point as fmall 
 as a hair, which if it do, it is good ^ but ific fpread, 
 oranyexcravagiint hairs flick out of the fides, they 
 arc naught; you may try them by wetting in your 
 mouth, and attempt to draw a line on the back of 
 your hand. 
 
 S E C T.' V 1 1. Of Compounded Colours. 
 
 OF the the fix fimple Colours before named, 
 together with the Browns:, many others may 
 be compounded for Faces of all CompLxions^Gar- 
 ments > LAndskjp , Building ; for Birds , Fifhes^ 
 Beafis,^d what not F I will fhew how to compound 
 fome, and by thofe you may by pradice find out 
 and invent infinite more, I fhall inftance in thefe 
 following:. As, 
 
 ■CJ' 
 
 j4 Violet, Li^ht-a-ree^ 
 
 jf L^ad'Colour, Purple. 
 
 Flame-colour, A Bay-colour. 
 
 Scarlet, A Murrey. 
 
 To 
 
the Pea and VenciL 75 
 
 To make a Violet-cclajir. 
 Indieo^ }vhite, and Luk^ make a good Violet- 
 colour-, you may make ic lighter or darker at plea- 
 fure, as you may all other compounded Colours. 
 
 Lead'ColoMr. 
 Indico and ivhite make a Lead-colour. 
 
 Colour for FUmingfire. 
 Red-lead and MaTiicote^ heightned with white. 
 
 S c AY kt' colour. 
 Red-lead, Lake and Vermilion , very little or no 
 Vermilion, for it is not good in Limning. 
 
 Light-green, 
 
 PinkjLnd Smalt, with H^hite to make it lighter, 
 if you require ic. 
 
 A. P fir pie- colour. 
 
 Indico, Sp3ni(h-^r^w«, divA lyhits. 
 
 A Bay colour. 
 
 Spani(h-^row'» and fvhite. - f- 
 
 A Mmrej- colour. ' -^ 
 
 Lak^ and white make a Murrey- colour. 
 
 Of thefe infinite others may be made, but I leave 
 them to your own ingenuity to find our, which with 
 little pradice you will foon do. The next thing 
 yoQ (hall be informed in, is how to prepare your 
 Table for Limning, and fie all things for your worl^ 
 which (hall be declared in the next Chapter, > 
 
 CHAP. 
 
yo The Excellency of 
 
 CHAP. HI. 
 
 H^rv to prepare a Table for a Figure in f mall for 
 Limntn<{ , to make choice of your Light , the 
 manner of Sitting in rejpeff o, Pofuion and 
 Dt fiance y and what necejfarj Inliruments 
 are to lie hj yoti whenjott are at work. 
 
 WE now draw pretty near to our intended 
 purpofe, viz, Miniture or Limning to the 
 life in Water-Colours : but 
 
 SECT. L How to prepare a Table for a 
 Pi^lure in fmalL 
 
 GE T pure fine Pade-board, fuch as the ordi* 
 nary playing Cards are made of, you m-jy 
 have of what fize and thicknefs you pleafc, 
 and very finely flick'd and glazed , at the Card^ 
 makers: Take a piece of this Pafte-board of the fize 
 you mtend your Pidure, then take a piece of Inarch- 
 ment of the fineft and whitcft you can get, which 
 arc the skins of abortives or coftlings, cut a piece of 
 this skin of equal bignefs with your Pafte-board, 
 and with thin white Starch new made pade the 
 Parchment to the Pafte-board, with the out-fide 
 of the skin outcrmoft- lay on your Starch very 
 thin and even ^ then your Grinding-ftone being 
 made very clean , lay the Card thereupon with 
 
 the 
 
 • • 
 
the Pen and ^encit yy 
 
 the Parchmcnt-fide downwards, ^nd as hard aj 
 you can, rub the other fideofthePaftc-board with 
 aBoars tooth fct in a ftick for that purpofc , when 
 it is through drie it i§ fit to work upon. 
 
 SECT, II. Ofyanr Light. 
 
 Concerning your Light^ let it be fair and large, 
 free from being (hadowcd with trees or hoii- 
 fcs, but ^ clear sky^lighc , let it be a dired lighc 
 from above, and not a traverfe-light ^ let it be a 
 Northerly and not a Southerly light, for the Sun 
 fhining either upon you, your work, orthcpsrtic 
 fitting, will be very prejudicid- as your rOom 
 muft be light, fo let it be alfo dofe and clean. And 
 obfeirve , that you begin and end your work by the 
 fame light. 
 
 SECT. III. of the manner of sitting, 
 
 LEt your Desk on which you work be fo fituite, 
 that when you fit before it your left arme may 
 be towards your light, and your right ar me from 
 it, that the light may ilrike in fideling upon your 
 Work. Thus for your own fitting. 
 . Now for the manner of the parties fitting that is 
 to be Drawn , it may be in what pofture he or fhe 
 (halldefign., but list the pofture be what it will, let 
 it not be above two yards off you at the moft , and 
 level with you ^ but if the partie be tall, then above. 
 
 F Mark 
 
yZ The Excellency of \ 
 
 Mark well when the party that (itsmoveth, I 
 though never fo little, for the Icaft morion of the 
 body or face , if not recalled, may in (hort time 
 caufe you to run into many erronrs. 
 
 The Face of a party being finiftied, let him fland 
 and not (It to have his pofture drawn , and that at 
 a farther diftance than two yards , vU, four or five 
 yards. 
 
 SECT. IV. of fuch ftecejfaries as are to Ik hjyou 
 Tvhile yofi are at ^ork^ 
 
 i.'VT'Ou muft have two fmall Sawcers or other 
 X C^/>4-di(he5, in either of which there muft 
 be pure clean Water ^ the one of them is to wa{h 
 your Pencils in being foul, the other to temper your 
 Colours with when there is occafion. 
 
 2. A large, but clean, fine and dry Pencil , to 
 clcanfe your work from any kind of dut that may 
 by accident fall upon it : fuch Pencils they call 
 Fitch' Ptneils. 
 
 3. A fharp Pen-knife to take off hairs that may 
 come from your Pencil, either among your Colours 
 or upon your Work , or to take out fpots that may 
 come to fall upon your Card. 
 
 4. A Paper, having a hole cut therein, to lay up^ 
 on your Card to cover it from duft , and to reft 
 your hand upon , to keep the foil and fwcat of your 
 hand from fullying your Parchment , and alfo to try 
 your Pencils on before you apply them to your 
 
 Work. 
 
the F$n and PenciL 7p 
 
 Work. Let your Sawccrs of Water, your Pen- 
 knife and Pencils lie all on your right hand, 
 
 5. Have a pretty quancitie ot Carnation (as feme 
 call it,) or Flcfh-colour, fomcwhat lighter than the 
 Complexion of the party you are to draw , tem- 
 )crcd up in a (hell by it felf with a weak Gom- 
 ratcr. If it be a Fair complexion. White-lead and 
 Icd-Iead mixed. If a Swarthic or Brown com- 
 >lexion, to your White and Red lead addaquan- 
 ^dc of Mafticoce, or EngliJh»Ok^v, or both if occa- 
 
 [lon be. But whatever the Complexion be , be furc 
 ^ou temper your Flefli-colour lighter than the 
 wrtie •, for by often working upon it you may 
 bring it to its true colour , it being firft too light • 
 i)ut if it be firft too fad, there then is no remedy. 
 
 6. Having prepared your FleQi-colour, take a 
 arge Shell o^ Met her of Pearl, or a HorfcMuffel' 
 Shell , which any Fijherman will help you to, and 
 :hcrein (as Painters in Oyl difpofe their Colours 
 ipon their Pallat for their working of a Face , fo 
 nuft you ) place your feveral Shadows in this 
 Jhcll in httlc places one diftind from another. 
 
 Note , that in all your Shadows you muft ufe 
 fome White, wherefore i. lay a good quantitie 
 )f White by it felf, bcfidcs what the Shadows are 
 irft tempered with. 2. For Red for the Cheeks 
 
 d Lips, temper Lake and Red-lead together , fome 
 :.ife Vermilion, but I like it not. 3 . For your Blew 
 Jhadows, asunder the Eyes, and in Veins, &c. In- 
 BcoandWhite, or Ultamarine and white. 4. For 
 lOMtGraj, faintifti Shadows, take yN\\\ic Englifh" 
 Dkcrandlndico, or fometimes Mafticote. 5. • or 
 
 F 2 Beef^ 
 
8o 
 
 Tbe Excellency of 1 
 
 Teefjhddorvs^ White, Englijh Oktr^ and Umber. 
 6. \ or Dark^fiadoivs in mens Faces, Lake and pink, 
 which make an excellent flefhy fhadow. Many 
 other Shadows yoii may temper up , but thefe arc 
 the chiei •, your own judgement, when you look 
 upon the partie to be Drawn, will bed diredt you, 
 and inform your fancie better than a thoufand 
 Words. 
 
 Thus are you abfolutely prepared of all neceffa- 
 ries , it is now fit time to go to work ^ and firft wc 
 will begin with a Face. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Miniture or Limning of a. Face 
 in Water-Colours. 
 
 ^1 ff Aving all things in a rcadinefs, according to 
 1 — J the directions before delivered, upon that 
 Ja. jL part of your Card where you intend the 
 lace of your pi&ure to be, lay that part of the 
 Card over with your Colour that you have before 
 prepsred , anfwerable to the Complexion of the 
 p rtie 5 It being well tempered, pretty thin , with 
 a icncil bigger than ordinary, fpread your Colour 
 very even and thin , free from hairs or other fpots^ 
 in your Pencil, over the phce where you are to 
 make the Face of your pidurc. The Ground be- 
 ing laid, you may begin the Draught, the partie 
 being ready to fit. Now tothefinifhingofaFace 
 there will require three Operations or Sittings at 
 
 the 
 
the Ten and Fencih 8 1 
 
 tcr, the lead. At the firft fitting you do only dead 
 
 ioi Colour the Face, and this takes about two hours 
 
 m time. At the fccond fitting you arc to go over the 
 
 3rc Face more curioufly , obferving whatfoever may 
 
 ook : conduce to the graces or deformities of the partie to 
 
 OD to be Drawn , together with a fwect difpofe and 
 
 i[j couching of the Colours one within another, and 
 
 this fitting will take up fome four or five hours. Ac 
 
 t the third fitting you may finifh the Face , this takes 
 
 ^i up fome three hours time ^ in wliich you perfect 
 
 what was before impcrfed and rough, in putting 
 
 the deep and dark (hadows tntheF^ce- as in the 
 
 '^ Eyes, Eye brows hair, and Ears , which things arc 
 
 the laft of the Work, and not to be done till the 
 
 Hair-curtain or the back-fide of the Picture, as alfo 
 
 the Drapery be wholly finiflicd. Of thefe three 
 
 fittings or operations we (hall make three Sedions, 
 
 as followeth : Then in the next Chapter fhew how 
 
 the Drapery and other ornaments are to be per- 
 
 ; formed : then in the next Chapter fomcthing of 
 
 Landjkjp in Miniture, or Limning, and fo con« 
 
 elude. 
 
 SECT. I. At the prHOferation or Sitting, 
 
 YOur Ground for the general Complexion be- 
 ing laid , the firft work at your hrit firing 
 mud be to draw the Porphile or out-lines of the 
 Eace, which you mu^ do with Lake and White mm- 
 gled^ draw it very faintly, fo that if you mifsor 
 
 F 3 yotr 
 
Si The Excellency of 
 
 your Proportion you may alter it with a deeper 
 mixture of the fame Colour. 
 
 The proportion of the Face being drawn , add 
 to the former colour fome Red-lead, temper it to 
 the colour of the Cheeks, Lips, &c. but faintly, for 
 (as I faid before) you cannot lighten a deep Colour 
 when you would. Ycu mu{^ now put in the Red 
 fhadows in their due places , as in the Cheeks, Lips, 
 tip of the Chin, about the Eyes, the tip of the Ears, 
 and about the rgots of the Hair. All thefe Shadows 
 muft be put in, not with the flat of the Pencil, but 
 by fmall touches, after the manner of Hatching- in 
 this manner going over the Face, you will cover 
 your ground with thefe and the following (hadows. 
 In this Dead- colouring you need not be over- 
 curious, buclirive to imitate Nature as near as may 
 be , the roughnefs of the Colours may be mended 
 at the fecond Operation. 
 
 Having put in your Red (hadows in their due 
 places, put in next your faint Blew (hadows about 
 the corners and balls of the Eyes, and yourGrayilh 
 blew (hadows under the Eyes and about the Tem- 
 ples • work thefe fweetly and faintly all over by 
 degrees, heightningyour (hadows as the light falls ; 
 as alfo thofe harder (hadows in the dark (ide of the 
 Face-, under the Eye-browes, Nofe, Chin,and Neck, 
 with fome flronger touches in thofe places than on 
 the light fide of the Face. Bring all your Work 
 together toancqualroundnefs, and give perfedion 
 to no parti cukr part at this time, but view your ob- 
 ject well, and fee how near you hit the Life, not only 
 in feeming likenefs, but in roundnefs boldnefsof po- 
 flure, colouring, and fuch like. Having 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 8 j 
 
 ''^1 Having wrought your fainter (hadows into the 
 n Red ones before laid, you may now have a touch at 
 ^ the Hair, difpofing of it into fuch curls, folds, or 
 form as (hall beft grace the pifture, or pleafe the 
 partic. You muft only draw the Hair-with-foAie 
 colour fuitable to the life, fill up the empty and void 
 ^ places with colour, and deepen it fomewhat more 
 ^ ftrongly than before in the deepcft fliadowed 
 ^ I places. And let this be your firft operation. 
 
 " j SECT. II. At the fecondOjerAtion or Sitting. 
 
 AT the fecond fitting let the partie fit in the 
 fame place and poflure as he did at the firft 
 fitting, then obferve and delineate with your Pen- 
 cil thofe varieties which Nature affords you ; and 
 I as you did them but rudely before, you muft now 
 with the fame Colours, in the fame places, by work* 
 ing drive and fweeten the fame Colours one into 
 another, fo that no lump of Colour, or any rough 
 edge may appear in your whole work , and this 
 work muft be performed with a Pencil fomewhat 
 (harper then that which yOu ufed before, fo as your 
 Shadows may be foft and fmooth. 
 
 Having made this progrefs in the Face , leave it 
 for this time, and go to the back-fide of your Pi- 
 fture ; which is fometimes a piece of Landskip , but 
 moft commonly a Curtain of blew or red Sattin. If 
 it be of blew Sattin , temper as much Bife in a (hell 
 as will cover a Card, let it be moift, but well bound 
 with Gum^ then with a pencil draw the Porphile or 
 
 F 4 out- 
 
84 T/;^ Excellency of 
 
 out-line of your Cur(*ain,as alfo of your Pidure, tlien 
 with a large Pencil lay over carefully, but thin and 
 aery, the whole ground you mean to lay with Blew ; 
 then afterwards again with a large Pencil, asbcfore, 
 lay O^r the fame ag?^in with a fubftantial bodie of 
 colouf-, in doing of which you muft be expedi- 
 tious, keeping your Colour alwaycs moift, letting 
 no one part thereof be dry till you' have covered the 
 whole. 
 
 If your Curtain be CrImfon,thcn trace it out with 
 Lake, and lay the ground with a thin colour, then 
 where your ftrong lights and reflexions fall , there 
 lay your lights with a thin and Waterifh colour, 
 and while the ground is yet wet , with a ftrong 
 and dark colour tempered rcafonable thick , lay 
 the hard and ftrong ftadows clofe by the other 
 lights. * 
 
 ► After you have thus laid the back-fide of your 
 Pidure with Blew, or Red, or any other Colour, 
 lay your Linnen with a fair White, and the Drapery 
 likewifeilat of the colour you intend it. 
 
 Then repair to the Face again, and view your 
 objcd well, and fee what fhadows are too light or 
 too deep for the Curtain behind, and the Linnen and 
 Drapery may fomcwhat alter the propertie to the 
 eye, and make the Pidare appear otherwife than it 
 did when there was only the colour of the Parch- 
 ment about it •, I fay, view your objed: well, and 
 endeavour to reduce each Shadow to its due per. 
 feftion : then draw the lines of the Eye-lids, and 
 rtiadow the entrance into the Ear, the deepnefs of 
 the Eyc-browes, and thofc more eminent notes and 
 '♦' marks 
 
!0I 
 
 ihe Pen and Pencil. 8j 
 
 marks in the Face , and thefc muft be done with a 
 very curious and fharp Pencil. 
 
 The F:ice done thus far, go over the Hair,height- 
 ning ordeepning it as it appears in the life, calling 
 Over theground fomeloofe hairs, which will b^ 
 pleafing, and make the Pidurc ftand as it were at a 
 diflancefrom the Curtain. 
 
 To (hadow your Linnen, ufe Black, White, a 
 little Yellow, and lefs Blew-, the Black muft be decp- 
 ned with Ivory-black, with which mix a little Lake 
 and Indico, And thus far have we proceeded at the 
 fecond operation^ 
 
 SECT. HI. Jt the thirdOferAtion^ or Sitting. 
 
 THe third and hft operation of the Face will 
 be wholly fpent in giving of ftrong touches 
 where you fee ca ufe-, and inobftrvations neccflary 
 for the rounding of the Face, which will betcer be 
 feen how to perform now, than before the Curtain, 
 Drapery, and Linnen were laid. In this laft fitting 
 pbferve very diligently and cxaftly whatever may 
 conduce to fimihtude, which is a main thing, as 
 Scars or Moles in the l^ct^&c. cafts of the Eye, 
 circumflcxions or windings ot the mouth. Thus much 
 for the third operation and finifliingoftheFace. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
%6 The Excellency of 
 
 C H A p. V. 
 
 of Drapery , and other orrtaments belonging to 
 
 a PiSiure in Miniture. j[, 
 
 TH E Face being compleatly finiflicd , and j '^ 
 the Apparel rudely put on , let us now 
 come to fliew how to fettle them in their \ ^ 
 right gcers, (as the faying is,) as alfo to put on | | 
 fuch Ornaments as are ufualin Piftures of this na- 
 ture. And thefc fhall be exprefled in the Sections 
 following. 
 
 SECT. I. of Draferj in Limning. 
 
 HAving laid a good, fat, and full Ground all over 
 the Drapery you intend to make • if Blew, 
 then all over with Bife fmoothly laid : the deep- 
 ning muft be Lake and Indico , the lightning White, 
 very fine, faint, and fair, and in the extreme light 
 places. What hath been faid of this Blew Draferj^ 
 the like is to be underftood of all other Colours. 
 
 It is rare to fee Drapery exprefled by lightning of 
 of it with fine (hell- Gold, with which it muft be 
 hatched andwafhcd, what a luftre it gives to well- 
 coloured Drapery , either Crimfon, Green, or 
 Blew, but much more if with the Ground it felf 
 you mix Gold when you lay it on, 
 
 SECT, 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 87 
 
 SECT. II. of other Ornaments in FiUffre. 
 
 I .T F the Body you are to draw be in Armor , lay 
 X liquid Silver all over for your ground , well 
 dryed and burnifhed, fhadow it with Silver, Indico, 
 and Umber ^ work thefc (hadowsupon the Silver 
 as the life dircds you. 
 
 2. For Gold Armor, lay liquid Gold as you did 
 the Silver, and (hadow upon it with Lake, Englifh^ 
 Oker, and a little Gold. 
 
 3 . For Pearls , your ground mqft be Indico and 
 White i your fhadows Black and Pink. 
 
 4. For Diamonds, lay a ground of liquid Silver, 
 deepen it with Cherryilone and Ivory-black. 
 
 C H A P. V I. 
 of L A N D S K I F. 
 
 TH E bounds and limits of Landskif arc 
 inexprelTiblc, they being as various as 
 fanq^ is copious ; I will give you only 
 feme general Rules for painting of Landskip , and fa 
 conclude this third Book. 
 
 In painting of any Landskip alwayes begin with 
 the Sky, the Sun-beams, or lighted parts firft •, next 
 the Yellow beams, which compofe of Mafticotc 
 and White ; next your Blew skies, with Smalt only. 
 At your firft colouring leave no part of your 
 
 ground 
 
88 I'he Exctllency of 
 
 ground uncovered , but lay your Colours fmooth 
 and even all over. Work your Sky downwards to- 
 wards your Horizon fainter and fainter, as it draws 
 nearer and nearer to the earth , you muft work 
 your tops of Mountains andobjedsfar remote, fo 
 faint that they may appear as loft in the Air : Your 
 lowed and rteareft Ground muft be of the colour of 
 the earth, of 3 dark ycllowilh brown Green, the 
 next lighter Green, and fo fuccclfively as they lo'fe 
 in their durance they muft abate in their colour. 
 Make nothing that you fee at a diftance perfeft; 
 as if difcerning a Building to be fourteen or fifteen 
 miles off, T know not Church, Caftle, Houfe, or the 
 like ^ fo that in drawing of it you muft exprefs no 
 particular fign, a^ Bell, Portcullis, or the like • but ex- 
 prefs it in colours as we kly and faintly as your eye 
 judgeth of it. Ever in your Landskip place light 
 agamft dark, and dark againft light, which is the 
 only way to extend the profped far off* , occafioned 
 by oppofing hght to (hadow ^ yet fo as the (hadows 
 muft lofe their force in proportion as they remove 
 from the eye, and the ftrongeft fhadow muft 
 alwa^^.es be neareft hand. 
 
 T 
 
 O F 
 
the Pen and Tentil. %^ 
 
 W)fe^ <i8^ ^ >^ Hfii^ -idf^ •^ -^ 'idi^ -ift^ 'i^' ^ 
 
 O F 
 
 IPAINTING in OYL. 
 
 The Fourth Book. 
 
 PAinting in Ojl is of mofl efteem of any other 
 Painting, and indeed it reqiairctfi the 
 greatcft Judgement in the performance, of 
 any other kind of Painting. I (hall (according to 
 the weaknefs of my ability ) dehver unto you fuch 
 Rules and directions , as being well minded apd 
 praftifed, may in a fhort time make you a good 
 proficient therein : Prefuppofing you have read 
 the three foregoing Books , efpecially the Firft and 
 Third , and that you underhand Draught of any 
 kind j and alfo the nature ( if not the manner of 
 working with ) Water-colours , yet at leaft have 
 read the Rules there delivered concerning the ufe of 
 them , you may fall to pradife the Painting in Oyl ^ 
 in which obfervc the direftions following. 
 
 c H A p; 
 
po The Excellency of 
 
 c H A p. r. 
 
 of the Names of jour Cohnrs^ and how to Grind 
 and order them. 
 
 Names of the Colours in 
 
 Oyl. 
 
 BLACKS. 
 
 WHITES. 
 
 GREENS. 
 
 Lamp-black: 
 Seacoal' black. 
 Jvorj'black. 
 Charcoal-blacks 
 Earth of Qokt\. 
 
 white-Lead, 
 
 Verdigreafe. 
 Terra vert. 
 Verditer. 
 
 BLEWS. 
 
 REDS. 
 
 YELLOWS. 
 
 Bife 
 
 Indico. 
 
 Smalt. 
 
 Vltamarine, 
 
 Vermilion, 
 Red-Lead. 
 Lake. 
 India i?f^. 
 Ornotto, 
 
 Pink, 
 
 Mafticote, 
 Englifh oker, 
 Orpiment, 
 Sprufe Ok^r, 
 
 Spanifh ^roTr;;, EftrntSfrnfe^ Vmber. 
 
 Thefe are the chief Colours that are ufed in Paint- 
 ing in Oyl, the moft ()art of which are to be grownd 
 very fine upon your Stone with a Muller , with 
 Linfeed-Oyl : feme muft be Burnt before they be 
 Grownd ; others muft be only temper'd upon the 
 Pallat,and not grownd at all. 
 
 The Colours to be burnt are thefe : 
 
 Ivdry:^ Spy fife, Ok^r, and Vmber, 
 
 The 
 
the Pen and Pencil. 9 1 
 
 The Colours that are not to beGrownd at all,buc 
 Dnly tempered with Oyl upon your Pallat,are thcfc: 
 
 Lamf-bUck^^ Ferditer, Vermilion^ Bife^ Smult^ 
 Aiajlicote, Orfment, Vlt4marine, 
 
 All the red are to be Grownd upon your Stone 
 writh Linfeed-Oyl ^ only White-Lead, when you 
 ire to ufe that for Linnen, you muft grind it with 
 OylofWalnuts, for Linfeed-Oyl will make it turn 
 yellow. 
 
 Thofe Colours that are to be Burnt, you muft put 
 them into a Crucible, fuch as Geld-fmiths melt their 
 Silver in, cover the mouth thereof with clay , and 
 there let it burn red hot, when it is cold you muil 
 grind it upon your Stone with Oyl. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 OfyourBafell^ Stmning-frame^ Cloth^FAlUt^ 
 Pencils , and Stay, 
 
 I Might here defcribe the form and fafliion of 
 your Eafell and PaHat^ but I think I need not- 
 for he that ever faw a Painter at work , muft 
 needs fee thefe two Inftrumcnts , but what they arc 
 I ftiall here defcribe. 
 
 An Eafell is a frame made of wood, not much 
 unlike a Ladder, only the fides are flat, and full of 
 holes on either fide, to put in two pinns to fee your 
 Work upon higher or lower at pleafure ; it is 
 broader at the bottom than at the top , and on the 
 
 back- 
 
pi The Excellency of 
 
 biaclufidethereisa Stay, by the help of which yoi 
 may fet in the middle of any room, more upright oi 
 floping at pleafure-, when you do notttfcit, youi 
 may clap it together and fet it behind any door, or! 
 hang it againft any wall out of the way. 
 
 A Fa/Iat is a thin piece pfwcDod, and is neqcflfary! 
 to be about twelve or fourteen inches long, and ninei 
 or ten inches broad, in form of an cggc, at the nar- 
 rower end whereof is a hole made alfo of an oval 
 form^about an inch and a half in length, and an inch 
 broad i this hole is to put in 3^our thumb of your 
 left hand, upon which you muft alwayes /lold it 
 when you ar^ at work • out of the. fide of your 
 Pallat neer unto the thumb-hole is cut a notch > by 
 the fide of which the Pencils which you hold in your 
 left hand alfo may come through, by which means 
 you may take any of them out, or put another in 
 at pleafure. Thefe Pallats ought to be very thin 
 and light, efpecially at the bro^id end, but to- 
 ward the thumb-hole fomcwhat thick, yet not 
 above half a quarter of an inch ; the beft wood to 
 make them of is Pear-tree or Walnut-tree. 
 
 A Straining-frame is nothing clfc but a frame 
 made of wood, to which with nails you mullfaften 
 your Cloth that you are to paint upon • of thefe 
 Frames you fiiould have of feveral fizes , according 
 to the bignefs of your Cloths, 
 
 By your Cloth I mean Cloth f rimed, I could 
 teach you how to prime it, but it is a moiling work, 
 and bcfides,it may be bought ready primed cheaper 
 and better th:in you can do it your felt Few Painters 
 (though all can do it) prime it therafclvcs , but buy 
 it ready done. Pencils, 
 
the Ven and Fencil. 
 
 n 
 
 ^V'^^ Pencils, what they are I need not tell yotr, but 
 ''^*^i-'hat forts there are I will , becaufe 1 (ball have oc- 
 5^1 ifion to call them foraetimes by their names in the 
 )ifcourfe following. There are of ail bigncffcs, 
 :om a pin to the bignefs of your finger. 
 
 There are feveral forts , thus called : 
 
 Goofe ^illfitched, 
 Goofe ^luill -pointed. 
 
 ■ .. Brlfi/e. V 
 
 •Brifile pencils-^ fome 
 in Quills, others in 
 Tinn-cafes bigger 
 than Quills, and 
 others in Sticks. 
 
 ^^i^'D ticks S^ill fitched, 
 \^\DHcks ^i/l pointed. 
 
 Qr^ Brifile. 
 
 li'fSrvans ^ill fitched. 
 i^iSrvarts ^»ill pointed. 
 
 A~ . Brifile. 
 
 \i\H airing, or fe^elUng' 
 Pencils. 
 
 Your StAj or Mol-flick, is nothing elfc but a 
 flick of Brazeel or fuch like wood that will not c^fily 
 bend, about a yard in length , at one end whereof 
 tic a little ball of Cotton hard in a piece of Leather 
 aboutthe bignefs of a <^hefnut ; this ftick when you 
 arc at work you muft hold alfo in your left hand, 
 and laying the end which hath the leather bail upon 
 your cloth or frame , you may reH: your right arm 
 upon it all the while you are at work. Thus being 
 fhrpiftied with all manner of Colours, and other ne^ 
 cefTaries here defcribed, you may begin to pradifc 
 ^hen you plcafc^ we will begin with a Face, in 
 which obfervc the diredions in the following 
 Chapters. 
 
 G CHAP. 
 
p4 Th^ Excellency of 
 
 CHAP. IIL 
 
 Bow to order your Colours ufon your Pallaty und 
 how to temfer shadows for dll Complexions » 
 
 DIfpofe your fingle Colours upon your Pal- 
 kt in this order, laying them at a conve- 
 nient diftance one from another , fo that 
 they be not apt to intermix. Firft lay on your 
 Vermilion, then Lake, then burnt Oker, India 
 Red, pink , Un:>bcr , Blacks , and Smalt : lay the 
 White next to your thumb, becaufe it is oftneft 
 ufed, for with it you lighten all your Shadows • next 
 to your White lay a fiiff fort of Lake : this done 
 your Pallat is furnifhed with the fingle Colours be- 
 longing to a Face ^ then for the tempering of your 
 Shadows to all Complexions, obferve the following 
 Dirc(flions. 
 
 I. For a Fair Com flexion. 
 
 Take a little White, and twice as much Vermi- 
 lion, and as much Lake , temper chefe well together 
 upon your pallat with the flat blade of your knife ^ 
 lay afide by it felfon your Pallat the greateft quan- 
 tity of this to be ufed for the deepcft Carnation of 
 the Face. 
 
 Put more White to that which remains, and tem- 
 per that well with your knife , and being well tem- 
 pered lay fome of that afide alfo for your lighter 
 Carnation. 
 
 To 
 
the Pen and Pencil • p J 
 
 To the remainder add yet more White, and tem- 
 per it upon your Pallac till you have bronghc it to 
 the lighted colour of your Face. 
 
 Your Carnations being thus tempered , and or- 
 derly laid upon your Paliat, prepare your faint Sha- 
 dows. For which, 
 
 Take Sm ;lt, and mix it with a little White, which 
 may fervc for the Eyes • lay afide the greateft quan- 
 tity, and to the reft add a little Pink, this well tem- 
 pered and laid by it felf will ferve for the faint green- 
 ifti fhadows in the Face. 
 
 Now prepare your deep Shadows ; for which 
 take Lake, pink, and Black, of each a like quantity, 
 temper all thefe together. 
 
 If the parties Face you are to draw, or the Pidurc 
 yon are to copic do require the Shadows to be red- 
 der than what you have tempered , then add a little 
 more Lake • if yellower, add a little more Pink •, if 
 blcwer or grayer, add a little more Black. 
 
 This done, your Paliat is prepared with Colours 
 for any fair Face. 
 
 2. For 4 mere Brown or SWarthy Ctmflexion. 
 
 Lay your fingle Colours on your Pallat as before, 
 and HI like manner temper them , only amongft 
 your White, Lake, and Vermilion,puc a little quan- 
 tity of burnt Oker, to make it look fomewhac 
 Tawny. 
 
 Amongft your heightnings temper a little yel- 
 low Oker , onely fo much as may juft turn the 
 Colours. 
 
 G 2 Tor 
 
p6 The Excellency of 
 
 For your very faint and very deep Shadows, 
 the lame as before. 
 
 3. For a Tavpnjf Comfkxion. 
 
 The General Colours muft be the fame as before, 
 only the Shadows are different, for you are to pre- 
 pare them of Umber, and burnt Oker, which flia- 
 dow will Htthefe Complexions bcft • if thefhadow 
 be not Yellow enough, add more Pink to it. 
 
 4. For an ah folate Black^Complexiort, 
 
 Your dark Shadows muft be the fame as before ^ 
 but for your heightnings, you muft take White, 
 burnt Oker, Lake, and Bkck, put but a little White 
 inatfirft, but work it up by degrees, till you come 
 to the lighteft of ail , as you did the contrary Co- 
 lours for a fair Complexion. 
 
 Here note , that the fingie Colours at firft laid 
 upon your Pallat being tempered together accord- 
 ing to the former diredions, ferve for ftiadows 
 for all Complexions. 
 
 Thus much concerning the difpofing and ordering 
 of your Pencils^ and what T^encils you are alwayes 
 to have in your hand all the while you are painting 
 of a Face. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
the Pen and Pencil. ^y 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 what Pencils are ufe full for the Painting^ of 
 a FacSy and hj» to dijpofe them. 
 
 Every Pencil muft have a flick of abouc rire 
 inches long put into the Quill thcrco; , .'e 
 farther end of which ftick mud be ci'-: .<» 
 a point. 
 
 When you are to begin any Face or other n:- 
 dure , lay together two Ducks quill-fitch- Pienci! . 
 and two Ducks-quill^pointed- Pencils, alfo two 
 Goofe-quill fitched and two pointed, twoBriPl-s 
 both alike; one Swans-quill fitched, and snocher 
 pointed; then a krgcr Pencil than any of thefe, 
 which no Quill will hold, and therefore they make 
 cafes of Tinn to pat them in, you muflhaypone 
 of thefe Fitched , as alfo a Briulc of the fame 
 bignefs. 
 
 Your Pencils being in a readinefs, when you are 
 to ufe them, your pallat being upon your thumb, 
 you rauft take your Pencils in your right hand , and 
 put the ends of their fticks into your left hind, 
 keeping (when you work) the hairy ends at a di- 
 fiance, one from touching another, lefl the Colours 
 in them intermingle. 
 
 > Your P: Hat of Colours being prepared , and 
 your Pencils and Molflick alfo in a readinefs, you are 
 to ufe them as is hereafter taught, 
 
 G 3 C H A P. 
 
p8 The Excellency of 
 
 1 
 
 CHAP. V. 1 yc 
 
 yoor 
 How U faint a F AC £ i» Oyl- Colours. fe 
 
 ;L: 
 
 Your Cloth being ready primed, and and 
 drained upon your Frame, cake a knife, t 
 and with the edge thereof fcrape over t 
 year Cloth, left any knots or the like (hould be up- o: 
 on it which may difryme your Work. i di: 
 
 Your Cloth being ready, draw forth your Eafell> | f 
 fetting your Frame & Cloth upon it at a convenient i 
 height, fo that you fitting upon a ftool, ( level with 
 the party you draw ) may have the face of the 
 pidure equal, or fomewhat higher than your own. 
 Then fet your Eafell according to your light, which 
 let be the fame as I hnve defcribed in Limning^ 
 namely, a Northerly light, free from fhade of trees 
 orhoufes, but let it cooie in on your left hand, and 
 fo caft the light towards the right hand. 
 
 All things being now in a readinefs , let the party 
 you are to draw fit before you in the Pofture he in- 
 tends to be painted , about two yards diftantfrom 
 you. 
 
 Then with a piece of Chalk pointed, draw the 
 proportion of the Face upon the Cloth, with the 
 place of the Eyes, Nofc, Month, Ears, Hair , and 
 whatfoever the pofture affordeth the Eye ; here is 
 no curioficy in this, only fee that you keep a good 
 decorum^ if you mifs a good deal, the Colours will 
 bring all to rights ^ but 1 fuppofe you know already 
 
 whether 
 
the Pen and Fcncil- pp 
 
 whether the defign will make a Face proportionable 
 CO the parties. And fo of that no more. 
 
 Your Defign being drawn in Chalk , take one of 
 your Swans-quill-pointed-Pencils, and fome of your 
 lighteft Colour, and begin with the lighted parts in 
 the Face, as the heigkning of the Forehead ^ih^ Nofe, 
 and the Cheekz^^one of the lighteft fide : when you 
 \ have done the lighteft parts, do the mean parts next ; 
 ^ that is , thofc parts not altogether fo light as the 
 other , as the Cheekzhone of the fore-(hortnirg or 
 dark fide, the Chin^ and over the npfer Lip ; and fo 
 proceed gradually till you come to the Reddeft parts 
 of all. 
 
 Then lay your faint Greenifii fhadows in conve- 
 nient places, and where yoa fee caufe to moderate 
 harder fhadows •, but you maft have a care you put 
 not Green (hadows where Red are required. 
 
 Thus all your faint or light beginnings being put 
 in, take one of your Goofe-quill-pomted-Pencil?, 
 or one of your Ducks-quill-fitched, and begin at the 
 Eyes to (hadow with Lake, becaufe you may eafily 
 overcome it if it fhould chance to be wrong : I do 
 not mean you fhould go all over tht face with Lake, 
 but trace out thefe parts of thcFace therewith,as the 
 £jfes^ Nofe^ Mouthy Compafs of the Ear^ Sec. This 
 tricking or tracing out of thefe parts with Lake is 
 to be done before you lay on any Colour, wiping ic 
 lightly over with a linnen rag, to prevent the over- 
 coming of the other Colours. 
 
 Having thus put in all your Colours both lighc 
 
 and dark, take a great Fitch-pencil, either that in 
 
 the plate, or that in the flick , and fweeten the Co- 
 
 G 4 lours 
 
100 The Excellency of 
 
 Ipurs theretvitb^ by fweecning, is meant the going 
 over theie leveral Shadows thus Jaid with a clean 
 foft Pencil, which with orderly handling will drive 
 and intermix the Colours one into another, that 
 they will c^ppear as if they werealliaidon atonce, 
 and not at feveral times, if this great fitch*d Pen- 
 cil be too big, you may ufe a Icffer -, but note , that 
 the bigger Pencils you ufe, the fweeter and better 
 your Work will lie; and it is as eafie to handle 
 a great Pencil as a little one , if you ufe your felf ^ 
 to it.. 
 
 At your Second fitting (for this is enough at 
 once) begin again with your clean Pencils of fuch 
 bgneft as the piece you are to work upon docs re- 
 quire. Then the party fitting in the fame por- 
 tion , and at the fame diftance as before , the light 
 alfo being the fame , Obferve well the party , and 
 fee what defefts you find in the Work at your 
 firft (ittting, and amend them •, then heighten or 
 deepen your Shadows according as you fee oc- 
 cafion. 
 
 This done , take a Goofe-quill Bridle and put 
 in the Hair about the Face, and rub in the greater 
 H^ir with the greater Briftic , and heighten it up 
 with your Goofe-quill Pencil, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
the Fen and Pencil. i o i 
 
 C H A P. V L 
 
 of Garments offeveral coleurs , and of their 
 proper Colouring. 
 
 TH E next thing I fhall fpcak of, fhall be of 
 Braferj or Garments , and the true and 
 proper manner of Colouring of them. 
 And 
 
 1, Fora RedGarmem. 
 
 For a light-red Garment , firft dead-colour it 
 with Vermilion, and when you would finifti ic^ 
 glaze it over with Lake, and heighten it with 
 White. 
 
 For a Scarlet. 
 
 If you will have your Garment Scarlet, Vcrmi. 
 lion it felf muft be the lightefl: , and it muft be deep- 
 ned with Lake or India Red . 
 
 Fora Crimfon Velvet, 
 
 Lay Vermilion, burnt Oker, or/»^i^Red, for 
 the dead colour, glaze it with Lake^ and touch it up 
 with Vermilion. 
 
 A fad Red. 
 
 Indian Red heightned with White. 
 
 Note, that all your deepnings (hould or ought 
 to be decpned with Black, Pink, and Lake , tem-^ 
 pered together. 
 
 2. For 
 
10Z The Excellency of 
 
 2. Fir Green Garmems. 
 
 The beft Green for holding is Bife and Pink, 
 heigliren it with Mafticote, and deepen it with In- 
 dico and Pink, 
 
 For Green Velvet. 
 
 Lay the dead colour of White with a little Lamp- 
 black, glaze it with Verdigreafe, deepen it with In- 
 dico and pink, and heighten it with Pink and White. 
 
 3 . For Blew Garments. 
 
 Take Indico and W hite , firfi: lay the White in 
 its due places , and then your mean colour, namely 
 Indico and White mixed in their due places, then 
 deepen it with Indico only, and when it is dry glaze 
 it with Ultamarine , which will never fade • you 
 may glaze it with Smalt or Bife- but Smalt will 
 turn Black, and Bife will turn Green. 
 
 But if you will have a Blew Garment without 
 glazing , lay the ground as before , with Indico 
 and White , heighten and deepen it with the fame 
 Colours. 
 
 4. For Te/low Garments* 
 
 For a Yellow Garment, Mafticote, yellotv Oker, 
 and limber^ lay the (iit^d colour of Mafticote and 
 W hite in the lighteft places, Oker and White in the 
 mean places, and Umber in the darkeft places^ 
 when it is dry glaze it with Pink. 
 
 Jf you would not glaze it, ufe only Mafticote 
 
 heightned 
 
the Ten and Pencil. i o j 
 
 heighcncd with White, and deepned in the mean 
 ftiadows with Okcr , and in the deep /hadows 
 with Umber. 
 
 5. for BUck^Garments, 
 
 Let the dead colour be Lamp-black, and feme 
 Verdigrcafe • when that is dry , go over it with 
 Ivory- black and Verdigreafe ; before you go over 
 it the fecond time heighten it with White. 
 
 6. For Purfle GArments. 
 
 Oyl Smalt , tempered with Lake and White- 
 Lead, heighten it with W hite-Lead. 
 
 J. Orange Colour, 
 
 Red-Lead and Lake, lay the lighteft parts of all 
 with Red-Lead and White, the mean parts with 
 Red-Lead alone, the deeper parts with Lake, if need 
 require heighten it with White. 
 
 8. Hair Colour, 
 
 Umber and White for the ground , Umber and 
 Black for the deeper (liadows. Umber and EngUjh 
 Oker for mean (liadows, for heightning White with 
 a little ^;3r^/;7:&Oker. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
IC4 The Excellency of 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 To temper Colours for feverd occafions. 
 
 IN Landskjp, variety of Colours are required • 
 1 will therefore begin with thofe firft. 
 
 C clours for the Skje. 
 For the Aiery skie that feems a great way off, 
 take Oyl-Smalt or Bife, and temper it with Linfeed- 
 Oyl, lor a Red sky ufe Lake and White, and for 
 Sfcn-beanQS or Yellow clouds appearing at Sun-rifing 
 orfctting,ufe Mafticote and White ; for Clouds in 
 a ftorm,or for a Night-sky ufe Indico deepned with 
 Black, and heightned with W hite. 
 
 Colours for Trees. 
 
 For fomc ufe Lake, Umber, and White; for 
 others Charcoal and White , for others limber. 
 Black, and White, with feme Green, you may add 
 Lake, and fometimes Vermilion among your other 
 Colours. 
 
 of fever al Greens in Landslip. 
 
 For a light Green ufe Pink and Mafticote height- 
 ned with White. 
 
 For a fad Green, Indico and Pink heightned 
 with Mafticote. 
 
 You may make Greens of any degree what- 
 foever. 
 
 In Painting of Landskip I (hall fay nothing here, 
 
 that 
 
the Pen and Pencil. i o j 
 
 that which I have already faid in the Sixth Chap- 
 ter of the Book of Limning being fufficienc. 
 
 Things meet to be k^own. 
 
 OY L-Colours if they be not ufed prefently, will 
 have a skin grow over them, and in time ivill 
 quite dry up ^ wherefore if you have any quantity 
 of Colours grownd , to keep them from skinning or 
 drying, fet them in a veflcl of fair water, three or 
 four inches under water, and they will not skin 
 nor dry. 
 
 If your Grinding-ftone be foul, grind Cftrritrs 
 fhavings upon it, afterwards crumbs of bread, and 
 it will fetch off the filth. 
 
 If your Pencils be foul, dip the ends of them m 
 Oyl of Turpentine, and fquceze them between your 
 fingers. 
 
 When you work in Oyl , let a little potofOyi 
 {land by you, into which dip your Pencil , and ftreak 
 it by the iidit of the pot, and the Colour will go out 
 that is within it , and you may ufe it with another 
 Colour. 
 
 The 
 
10 6 Jhe Excellency of 
 
 The Difcoveryo 
 
 Ho^ to Cleanfe any Old Painting , fo oi to preferve 
 the Colours •, with cautions to thofe that through 
 ignorance have inftead ofCleanjing, ejuite Defaced 
 er irrecoverably lofi the Beauty of good colour 5 in an 
 Old piece of Painting. 
 
 To Cleanfe any old PiBure in 0)1. 
 
 TAkeyour pureft white Wood-afbes you can 
 get, and fift them very well in a hne lawn 
 fievC; prelfe fome Smalt, which isasfome call it 
 powder-blew , and with a fine Spunge and fair 
 water wafh the Pidure you intend gently over, 
 but be fure you have a great care of the Shadows • 
 for by the ignorance of many perfons many good 
 PKhjre hath been abufed ; but having carefully 
 wafli'dit, as before mentioned , take fomeofthcfc 
 Vcrniflies, of which there be feveral, but fome are 
 more prejudicial than others, therefore choofe thofc 
 which may upon occafion be wafh'd offagain. 
 
 As Gum- water purely flrain'd, or pure Size- 
 gdly, or the whites of Eggs welt beaten ; all thefc 
 will walh off. 
 
 Your common Vernifli will vernifti over any 
 dark pare of a I'idture. 
 
 But your diftilPd Vernifh is the beft of all ^ this 
 will not waflioff. 
 
 Butobferve, that when you have wafli'd the Fi- 
 gure, 
 
the Fen and Pencil. 107 
 
 fturc, you muftdry ic very well with a clean cloth 
 very dry before you vcrnifh it. 
 
 Divers there be which have pretended to be well 
 skili'd or knowing in the Cleanfing of Figures, and 
 skill in Painting, and have undertaken the fpoyling 
 of things they have been unworthy to underftand ; 
 as with Sope, or Aflies, and a Brufti, and divers 
 other inventions, by their ignorance to deface and 
 fpoyl thofe things which othcrwife might have been 
 worth great value , and in ftead of hindering the 
 Painter of his employment , have indeed created 
 them new work. 
 
 o F 
 
ro8 The Excellency of 
 
 ^^ 4>^ ^ ^ ^ -^ ^ -^^ '^ "S^ ^ -^ -^ '^ ^i- 
 
 mmmmmmmMmmmmmmm 
 
 WASHING or COLOURING 
 
 O F 
 
 Maps, and Printed Piftures. 
 
 The Fifth Book- 
 
 TO Wafh Maps or Prifited PiHures is 
 nothing clfe but to fee them out in their 
 proper Colours , which to perform well 
 !s a very fine thing. I have feen a Printed Pidure 
 pfintcd upon fine Parchment, only walhed with 
 Water-colours, which could hardly be diftinguifhcd 
 from a Limned piece , and there are many now in 
 England vtry excellent at it. If any ingenious fpi- 
 rit that delights in Pidure, and hath not time or 
 opportunity to ftudy to be a proficient in Painting 
 in Oyl or Limning, I would advife him to pradife 
 this, which is very delightful] and quickly attained -, 
 the manner of performing of it I (hall here in this 
 Book teach. 
 
 C HAP 
 
the Feti and Pencil. i op 
 
 CHAP. J. 
 
 What things are nectfsarj to be alwAjes riddj for 
 Wafhing of Map or Pictures. 
 
 SECT. r. OfCQioHrsforfVAjhlng. 
 
 HERE note , that all the Colours that 
 are mentioned in the Second Chapter of 
 the Third Book concerning Limning in 
 WMter-Cohnrs , are all to be ufed in Wafhing or 
 Colouring of FifZ^iw^/ , wherefore provide your felf 
 of thofe Colours , grind them , wa(h them , and 
 ftcep and temper them according as you are di- 
 nieded in that Second Chapter ., I fay , you muft 
 have all th^fc Colours in a readinefs ^ and for Co- 
 louring of Frints fome other Colours, namely thcfe 
 that follow, which how to order I will anon 
 ihew you. 
 
 Colours to be ufid in Waflung^ which are not 
 ufed in Limning. 
 
 '^ikc K S. R E DS, B L E WS. 
 
 Printers Blacl^^ VernUtidn. Ferditure, 
 
 •u'. . or,' ' ibfet. Litmos. 
 
 Franckfordrii/4fT^, Ini / -fl^il r fhry. 
 
 :i ,£obe had of the '■ " ' ' : ' 
 
 FUte-Printers, 
 \\ H YEL- 
 
1 10 The Excellency of 
 
 YELLOWS. Gnmbooge^ Te How-berries^ Orfiment, 
 
 Alfo thefc; 
 
 Bra^eei gnd Log-^ood grownd, and TftrHfiil, 
 
 Of thcfe Colours above mentioned , Primers 
 Blacky ^ Vermilion^^ Rojfet ^ Verditfire , and Orfi- 
 mem arc to beGrownd as is taught in thefecond 
 SeAion of the fccond Chapter of the third Book, 
 page 70. and therefore, I fay. Grind them as you 
 are there taught. 
 
 Now for the other Colours above mentioned, 
 they are to be ordered feveral wayes, as followeth. 
 And 
 
 I. OiLitmos, howtoorderit. 
 
 Take fine Litmos and cut it in fmall pieces, then 
 lay it in fleep the fpacc of twenty four hours ac 
 Icaft, in a weak Water of Gum-Lake, {^The ma- 
 king ofGnm-LAke Water is tAught before in the fir f{ 
 Chapter of the third Book,, p^g* 66. J it will bc a 
 pure Blew Water, good to Wafh withall. 
 
 2. of Florj Blew» 
 
 Take FUrj Blew and grind it with the white of 
 an Fgg, [ beat the white of the Egg with a fpoori in 
 a Porenger till it become a clear Water.] 
 
 Flory thus grownd, if you add thereto a little 
 RofTec, it maketh a light Violrt-colour. 
 
 U you mix with it both Red and White Lead, ic 
 maketh a Crane-Feather-colour. 
 
 It 
 
fhi Pen and Pencil. 1 1 1 
 
 It , and Pink, Mafticote, or Gnm-booge make a 
 fair Green. 
 
 3. of Gum-booge. 
 
 Take Gum-booge and diffolve it in fair fpring- 
 water, and it mSccth a mod beautifull and tranf. 
 jpatent Yellow. 
 
 4. OfTello^'Bcrries. 
 
 Take Tf^oTr-J^frnV^jbruife them a little, and let 
 them flecp in A Hum-water all night, in the morning 
 you will nave a very fair Yellow to Wafti withall. 
 
 5. OfTHrnfoil. 
 
 Tfirnfoil is made of pieces of Linnen cloth dyed of 
 a kind of Violet- colour. 
 
 Take a di(h and put fome (harp Vinegar therein, 
 together with your Turnfoil , then fet the difh over 
 a gentle fire in a chafingdifh till the Vinegar boyl 
 and be coloured , then cake out the Turnfoil and 
 iqueeze it into the Vinegar , to which put a little 
 Qwrn-Arahick, to diffolve ^ it is an excellent good 
 liquor to fhadow upon any Carnation or Yellow. 
 
 6. Of BrAzeeL 
 
 Take Brdzeel grownd, to which put a quantity 
 offmallBeer, and as much Vinegar, fet them in a 
 pan upon a foft fire , and there let it boyl gently 
 s good while, then put therein fome fine powder of 
 
 H 2 Alium 
 
1 11 'the Excellency of 
 
 Allum to raife the Colour , as alfo fomc Gom- 
 Arahick, to bind it -, boyi it fo long till it tafte 
 ftrong on the tongue , it makcth a very tranfpa- 
 rent Red. 
 
 7. of Log'Woed. 
 
 If you boyl Log-wood grownd in all rcfpeds as 
 you did your Brazeel, it will make a very fair tranf- 
 parcnt Purple- colour. 
 
 SECT. II. Of other ftecefaries, 
 
 I. Of Allnm^vpater y how torn Ak§ it. 
 
 TAke a quarter of a pint of Allum, beat it to 
 powder, and boyl it in a quart of fair Water 
 tillitbediffolved. 
 
 With this Water vijtt over your Pidures that 
 you incend to colour, for it will keep the Colour 
 from iinking into the r'aper, cinditwilladdaluftrc 
 unto the Colours, and make them (hew fairer •, and 
 it will make them continue longer without fading : 
 you muft lee the Paper dry of it felf after you have 
 wetted it, before you lay on there Colours, or be- 
 fore you wet it again ^ for fome Paper will need 
 wetting four or five times. 
 
 But if you intend to Varni(h your Figures after 
 you have Coloured them, you muftfirft Size them, 
 thati$, rub them over with white Starch new mad* 
 with a Brufti very fine , in ftead of doing them with 
 
 Allum- 
 
the Pen and Pencil. iij 
 
 Alium-water, be fureyou fize it all over, or elfc 
 the Varnifli will fink through • if your Varnifli be 
 too thick, put into it fo much Turpentine-oyl as will 
 make ie thinner. 
 
 2. Hovp td make Sl^e, 
 
 Take fome Glew, and let it ftecp all night in wa- 
 ter to make it the readier to melt in the morning, 
 then fet it on a coal of fire to melt, to try whether 
 it be neither too ftiff nor too weak, for the mcaneft 
 is beft ^ take a fpoonfull thereof and kt it in the 
 air to cool , or fill a MufTel-fhell of it, and let it 
 fwim in cold water to cool the fooner ., if it be too 
 ftiflf, when it is cold put more water to it, if too 
 weak, then put more Glew to it -, and when you ufc 
 it make it lukc-warm. 
 
 This is to wet your Cloths in, ifyou intend to 
 parte your Maps or Piftures upon Cloth , you 
 may ufe white Starch to wet your Iheet, and wring 
 it out and ftrain it upon a frame, or nail it upon a 
 wall or board , fo pafte your Maps or Piftures 
 thereon, 
 
 3 . How to temper Gold to PVrite with a Pen 
 or Pencil, 
 Take the fweepings of leaf-Gold, fuch as Books 
 hinders fweep off their Books, or leafc-Gold it felf, 
 and with ftiff Gum-water , with a pretty deal 
 •of white Salt, grind them very well together, 
 and put it into a glafs, and put a quantity of fair 
 water as will fufficiently cover it, to make the ftiff- 
 
 H 3 water 
 
U4 The Excellency of 
 
 water diffolve , that fo the Gold may fettle to the 
 bottom, ahdiet it ftand four or five daycs , then 
 pour away the water and pat dean water to it again, 
 if you find the Gold dirty, rcfrefli it again the third 
 time, then pour it away and take clean water again, 
 and a little Salt-Armoniack and great Salt, and 
 put it in a gaily- pot, and flop it very clofe , and let 
 it ftand a week , " then take it out and put it into a 
 n piece of (heeps-skin when the grain is taken off, 
 tie it up dofc, and hang it up that the Salt may fret 
 from it ; then take the Gold and temper it with the 
 white of an Egg or Gum^water : fo ufe it with 
 Fen or Pencil, 
 
 4. Of Pencils, 
 
 Provide Fencib of all forts , both pointed and 
 fitch ; a large Brufh to pafle your Maps upon Cloth 
 withal! ; another to Wet your paper with Allurti- 
 water ; a third to Starch the face of your Pidure 
 withall before you colour it-, and a fourth Brudi 
 to Varnifh withal. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
thtTenandTenctl. n 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 of other Colours for Wafhing^ b$th Simfle 
 and Comfounded, 
 
 I . How to make a Green colour of Coffer-piater, 
 
 TAke any flircds of Copper and put diflilled 
 Vineg ir to them , fet them in a warm 
 place until the Vinegar become Blew, 
 then pour out that Vinegar into another poc well 
 leaded , and pour more Vinegar upon the Copper, 
 letting that (land until it be of a Blew colour , then 
 pour It into the former liquor •, this you may do 
 fo oiccn until you have liquor enough, then let the 
 liquor ftand in the fun or upon a flow fire till k be 
 thick enough, and it vfiW be a good Green. 
 
 2. To make a Green Another yvay. 
 
 The bed is Cedar-green, but that is dear, there- 
 fore you may take green Bife and deep it in \ i- 
 negar, then ftrain it through a linnen rag, then grind 
 it well with fair water , and put to it a little Honey, 
 and let it be well drycd , and when you ufe it mix 
 it with a little Gum-water. 
 
 ^» Another Green, 
 
 Take the juycc of Rcw, andalittk Vcrdigreafe, 
 H 4 and 
 
no 2 be tLxceUency of 
 
 and a little Saffron, and grind them well together, 
 and ufe it with a httle Gum- water. 
 
 4. For liiht Greens. 
 
 Suf -greens^ Flower de Bife , or Tarony green , 
 thefc need no grinding, only fccep'd in fair water, 
 Ver-Alttr and Cfr«/jrraixt with a little Co;>pf/-^rff», 
 makes a good light colour. 
 
 5. To Jhado"^ Greens. 
 
 Indico and Yellow-berries will do very well. 
 6. Greens f^r LAndskjp and Rock/' 
 
 Temper your Green with white Pink, Bife, Ma- 
 fticote, Smalr, or Indico, or Cerufs. 
 
 Blew Verditer mixt with a few Yellow-berries, 
 make another Green. 
 
 7. To make a Bler¥, 
 
 There is rfmVf-Ultamarine, but this is very 
 dear ^ there are Bifes of feveral forts , deeper or 
 paler • there is Smalt and Verditer • grind any of 
 thefe with Gum-water. 
 
 8. of Jhadomng Blews. 
 
 There is Indico, Litmos, orFlory , take any of 
 thefe, they need no grinding , ftccp them in the 
 
 lees 
 
the Pen and Fenctl, 117 
 
 Jecs of Sopc-aflies, when you ufe thera put Gum- 
 water to them with difcrction' 
 
 9. To make a *Br own. 
 
 Take Cerufs, Red-Lead, Englifh^Ok&c^ and Pink. 
 
 10. Spanifli Brorvn. 
 
 Its a dirty colour, yet of great ufe if you burn it 
 till it be red hot • but ifyou would colour sny hare, 
 horfe, or dog, or the like , you muft not burn it, 
 but to fhadow Vermilion, or to lay upon any dark 
 ground behind a PiAure , or to fhadow Berries 
 in the dirkeft places, or to colour any wooden 
 Pofte, Wainfcot, bodies of Trees, or any thing elfe 
 of Wood, or any dark ground on a Pifture. 
 
 1 1 . How to make an Orange-colour, 
 
 Red-Lead is the neareft to an Orange, put a few 
 Yellow-berries into it, makes a good Orange. 
 
 12. A Fie flf -colour. 
 
 Take of White and a little Lake, and fome Red- 
 Lead mixed , you may make it light or red as you 
 picafe, by adding morcorlefs White in fhado wing 
 the Cheeks and other places, if you would have a 
 fwarthy complexion • and to diftinguifti the Mans 
 flefli from the Womans, mingle a little yellow Okcr 
 jmong your Hcfti. 
 '. .- J 3. Co- 
 
ii8 The Excellency of 
 
 13. Cotmrsforthe Si^e. 
 
 Light Mafticotc , or Yellow-berries, and White 
 for the loweft and lighteft places • red Poffet, W hite 
 (of the next degree ; blew Bifcand White for the 
 other; and blew Bife for the highefl , for want of 
 Bife ufe Verdit^r ^ thcfe nnuft be worked together ; 
 yoo mu^ not receive any fharpnefs in the edge of 
 your V olour^ and they naufl be fo l^id on, that you 
 cannot perceive where you firft beg^n to lay them, 
 yon muft fo drown them one in another. 
 
 14. To maks colours for Pre^ioMJlenes. 
 
 Verdi greafe with Varnifti makes an Enter ald^ 
 and wiih Florence Lake it makesa-K/^^7, and with 
 Ultramarine it makes a Saphire, 
 
 1 5 . Colours for Lutftdskifs, 
 
 For the faddeft Hills ufe burnt Umber , for the 
 lightefl places put ipme Yellow to the burnt Um- 
 ber; and for the other Htlls lay Copper- green 
 thickncd on the fire, or in the Sun •, for the next 
 Hills further off, mix fome Yellow-berries with 
 Copper- green, and let the fourth part be done with 
 green Verditer^ and the furthefl: , fainted places 
 with blew Bife , and for want of that, with blew 
 Verditcr mingled with White for the lighteft places, 
 and (hadowed with blew Verditerin thefhadows 
 'indifferent thick; the Highway cs do with Red- 
 Lead 
 
the Pen and Fencil \ 19 
 
 Lead and white, and for variety ufe yellow Okcr, 
 and (hadow it with burnt Umber, and you may ufe 
 it for fandy Rocks and Hills ^ the Rocks you may 
 do with feveral colours, in fome places Black and 
 White, in other places with Red-Lead and White, 
 and fome with Blew and White, and other colours, 
 fuchasyou judge are convenient , and domoftrc* 
 femble Rocks, and let them be pleafant colours; 
 the Water muft be black Verditer and White, (ha- 
 dowed with green and with blew Verditer ^ when 
 the Banks caft a green fliadow upon the Water, 
 and when the Water is dark in the (hadows, theh 
 fhadowit with a little Indtco and Green thick ned, 
 and fome blew Verditer. 
 
 16. Colours for Buildings, 
 
 When you co(our Buildings, do it with as much 
 variety of pleafant colours as poflible can be imagi- 
 ned, yet not without reafon, and let difcrctionrulc 
 you in mixing your Colours ^ in colouring of Build- 
 ings you may ufc fometimes White and Black for 
 the Wall, Conduit?, or other things- for Brick- 
 houfes and others you may ufe Red-Lead and 
 White J when many Houfes ftand together, colour 
 them with various colours as you can ^ about 
 Buildings ufe fometimes Umber and White , and 
 fometimes Lake and White , or Red-Lead and 
 White for variety. 
 
 ^ 17. Hoyp 
 
1 20 The Excellency of 
 
 17. Hovp to shadow every colonr in Garments^ 
 or Drapery. 
 
 Take this Rule, that every Colour is made to ftia- 
 dow itfelf, or if you mingle it with White for the 
 light, and fo fhadow it with the fame colour un- 
 mingled with White, eife take off the thinned of 
 the colour for the light , and fo fhadow it with the 
 thickeft bottom of the colour ^ if you will have your 
 (hadow of a darker colour, then the colour it felf 
 is to (hadow the dcepcft places. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 General Rules to be ohferved, 
 
 Ap-green is only ufed to (hadow other 
 Greens, and'not to be laid for a ground 
 ^^ f in any Garment. 
 
 2. Lake mult not be (hadowed with any colour, 
 for it is a dark Red • but for variety you may (ha- 
 dow it fometimes with Bifc , or blew Verditcr, 
 which will make it (hew like changeable Taffua. 
 
 3 . Blew Vcrditer is (hadowed with thin Indico, 
 
 4. Blew Bife is (hadowed with Indico in the 
 darkeft colours ; Yellow-berries, the natural (ha- 
 dow for it is Umber , but for beauties f^kcit is fcl- 
 dome (hadowed with Umber, but with Red-Lead, 
 ihe darkeft touches with Spamjh-Brown • and for 
 
 varieties 
 
 I 
 
the Pen and Pencil. \ 1 1 
 
 varieties fake its (badowed with Copper-green thick, 
 and with blew Bife or blew Verditer. 
 
 H^hat C(dofirs fets eff heft together, 
 
 1. Whites are very ufefull in all colours, andfets 
 oiT Black and Blew very well ^ but Blacks are not 
 much ufed, but upon neceffary occafions in fome 
 things, as your judgement (hall dircd you. 
 
 2. Reds fees off well with Yellows. 
 
 3. Yellows fetsoff weil with Reds, fad Blews, 
 Greens, Browns, Purples. 
 
 4. Blews fees off well with Reds,Yellows, Whites, 
 Browns, and Blacks-, but blews fet not off well with 
 Greens and Purples. 
 
 5. But Greens fets off well with Purples and 
 Reds. 
 
 SECT. II. Directions fer the Mixing of 
 jour Colours, 
 
 TO mix any Colour, be carefull that you make 
 it not too fad • when you mix your Colours be 
 carefull you put not your Pencils out of one Colour 
 into another, for it will fpoil and dirty your other 
 Colours, except you wafh your Pencils clean. 
 
 W hen you mix any Colours ftir them well about 
 the water, being well coloured pour it out into a 
 Shell, ind fllr the reft of the Colours and mingle 
 them together ^ pour out the Colour hrft , that you 
 may the better know what quantity of the fadder 
 will fervc. 
 
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