DA 
 145 
 T61 
 1848 
 
~ t 
 

 
 From THE TIMES of 1845 
 
 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1845. Price 
 
 with a supplement, 5d. 
 CITY AND NATIONAL ANTIQUITIES 
 
 [A correspondent, " F. S. A.," writes under 
 this heading complaining of the lack of a 
 museum to preserve Roman remains found 
 under the Royal Exchange during rebuilding.] 
 
 The City of London is in one respect unlike 
 almost every city and town in Europe. It has 
 no museum for its antiquitjes, and, but for the 
 liberality of one or two individuals, not a 
 record would have been made of the vast 
 number of interesting antiquities discovered 
 and destroyed in the last 15 or 20 years. Many 
 are deceived by the notion that the British 
 Museum is a museum of national antiquities, 
 and that it might supersede the necessity of a 
 city museum. But the fact is no less true than 
 startling, that notwithstanding the enormous 
 sums of public money and private bequests ex- 
 pended upon the British Museum up to the 
 present day, there is not a single room devoted 
 to British antiquities. It is true that indivi- 
 duals have made presents to that institution, 
 but they have never been arranged, and are 
 almost useless for reference. ... If, instead of 
 devoting one room to the antiquities of their 
 fatherland, the trustees would set apart a room, 
 or at least a department, for the antiquities of 
 every county, then the establishment might well 
 be termed a British Museum. 
 
 *** The most important remains discovered 
 were a bed of concrete 15ft. below the surface 
 on which Roman buildings had been erected ; 
 and beneath it was a refuse pit containing 
 oyster shells, dross from a smith's forge, bones 
 oif cows, sheep and goats, and a large variety 
 of coins, amphorae, shoes, sandals, and 
 domestic articles, including bodkins with the 
 wool still on them. A coin of Gratianus sug- 
 gests that the pit was filled in and built "on in 
 A.D. 374. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE 
 
 NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 OP THE 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE 
 
 Jieto &opai Cjccfmnge, 
 
 PRESERVED IN THE MUSEUM OF THE CORPORATION OF 
 LONDON. 
 
 PRECEDED BY AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OP THEIR DISCOVERY, 
 
 WITH SOME PARTICULARS AND SUGGESTIONS 
 
 RELATING TO 
 
 ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 By WILLIAM TITE, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A. 
 
 ARCHITECT ^JJE-XHE ~NE W ROYAL EXCHANGE. 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE USE OF 
 
 THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION OF 
 
 THE CITY OF LONDON. 
 
 1848. 
 
ARTIIUH TAYLOR, Printer, 39, Coleman Street. 
 
 THE GETTY RESEAUCH 
 
 |M T'JTE 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE DISCOVERIES 
 
 ON THE SITE OF THE NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE, 
 
 WITH 
 
 SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE PROBABLE HISTORY OF 
 ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 ROMAN LONDON, of which the Antiquities described in 
 the ensuing pages are genuine and interesting remains, is a 
 place of which so little is accurately known, that the subject 
 appears to belong to imagination rather than to history. It 
 affords a remarkable " exemplification of those deceptions 
 which are produced by the aerial perspective of the mind, and 
 of the obscure and imperfect notions formed of the things 
 of antiquity 51 ." As there is no doubt that the Romans seated 
 themselves in all those countries which they had successfully 
 invaded b , and carried their own arts and sciences with them 
 wherever they were seated, so, in speculative thought, Lon- 
 dinium often becomes at length invested with some of the 
 magnificence of Rome itself. There is not, however, any 
 authority for such a conclusion, to be derived from the archi- 
 tectural remains at any time discovered in this city. It is 
 well known that Severus and Constantine, and probably Con- 
 stantius also, reigned and died at York ; and that York like- 
 wise contained a temple to Bellona, an edifice erected in the 
 principal cities of the empire only : but in London neither 
 
 a Quarterly Review, June 1826, vol. xxxiv. p. 249. 
 b " Hie deinde populus quot colonias in omnes provincias misit ? Ubi- 
 cunque vicit Romanus, habitat." L. A. Seneca, Cons, ad Helv., sect. vii. 
 
VI 
 
 great palatial remains, nor the traces of extensive religious 
 structures, nor the ruins of spacious theatres, have been at 
 any time found to exist, and even the line of the earliest walls 
 is almost matter of conjecture. Hence Dr. Woodward con- 
 sidered that the only accurate means of tracing the boundaries 
 of the city, and of identifying those places whereon fanes 
 might once have stood, was by such urns and places of sepul- 
 ture as were found close to the walls within ; and by the sa- 
 crificing-vessels, sculptures, and inscriptions which appeared 
 to indicate the sites of temples c . Such reliques, with some tes- 
 sellated pavements, are nearly all the real remains that have 
 been discovered of Roman London. The very eminent posi- 
 tion in which the city has been acknowledged to stand for 
 many centuries has probably given rise to the impression, so 
 generally prevailing, of its importance whilst the Romans re- 
 sided in Britain, with the view of carrying back that eminence 
 to as remote a period as possible. 
 
 The subject of the present volume appeared naturally to 
 require some introductory remarks and notices of the metro- 
 polis during the age to which the discoveries on the site of 
 the New Royal Exchange chiefly belong ; and, having offered 
 these observations as to what Roman London was not, it is 
 proposed very shortly to consider what it really was. These 
 statements will be concluded by an account of the Discovery 
 of the Antiquities which are hereafter described. In the 
 remarks and observations on the former subject, I have to 
 acknowledge my obligations to my old and esteemed friend 
 Richard Kelsey, esq., formerly Surveyor to the Commissio- 
 ners of Sewers, who has placed at my disposal an elaborate 
 and intelligent account of all that he had observed in con- 
 nexion with excavations for sewers within the city for a period 
 
 c Letter to Sir Christopher ffren, occasioned by some Anttijuities lately 
 discovered near Bishopsgate ; Leland's I tin. (1774), vol. viii. App. p. 32. 
 
Vll 
 
 of thirty years. This statement is equally creditable to his 
 care, his learning, and his industry, and to him I owe most 
 of the new facts which I have incorporated in this paper. 
 
 I. The Londinium of Tacitus. 
 
 THE very valuable though concise description of Londinium 
 by Tacitus in A.D. 61, shows that it was a pacific and an un- 
 defended British town, without walls ; and regarded, at least 
 by the Romans, as no more than a secondary station. " Sueto- 
 nius," says the Annalist, as translated by Murphy, " marched 
 through the heart of the country as far as London ; a place not 
 dignified with the name of a colony, but the chief residence 
 of merchants, and the great mart of trade and commerce. At 
 that place he meant to fix the seat of war ; but, reflecting on 
 the scanty numbers of his little army, and the fatal rashness 
 of Cerealis, he resolved to quit that station, and, by giving up 
 one post, secure the rest of the province. Neither supplica- 
 tions nor the tears of the inhabitants could induce him to 
 change his design. The signal for the march was given. All 
 who chose to follow his banner were taken under his protec- 
 tion. Of all those who, on account of their advanced age, the 
 weakness of their sex, or the attractions of the situation, 
 remained behind fell beneath the power of the enemy d ." 
 
 d " At Suetonius mira constantia medios inter hostes Londinium per- 
 rexit, cognomento quidem colonise non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et 
 commeatuum maxime celebre : ibi ambiguus, an illam sedem bello deli- 
 geret, circumspecta infrequent!! militis, satisque magnis documentis teme- 
 ritatem Petilii coercitam, unius oppidi damno servare universa statuit. 
 Neque fletu et lacrimis auxilium ejus orantium flexus est, quin daret 
 profectionis signum, et comitantes in partem agminis acciperet. Si quos 
 imbellis sexus, aut fessa setas, vel loci dulcedo attinuerat, ab hoste op- 
 pressi sunt." Annalium lib. xiv. sect, xxxiii. 
 
 The undefended and pacific condition of Londinium is evidently in- 
 dicated by the same authority in the words " barbari, omissis castellis 
 
Vlll 
 
 In this very brief and incidental notice is probably contained 
 the whole of the simple truth concerning Roman London ; 
 which would thus appear to have been in reality no more than 
 the depository of the principal articles of commerce of the 
 time c . Hence the city would then consist rather of extensive 
 and spacious warehouses than of palaces or temples ; and the 
 improvement of the port, and of the navigable streams which 
 ran into the Thames, would have been the care of the inhabi- 
 tants rather than the formation of stately streets or the erec- 
 tion of ornamental public buildings. It is possible that some 
 distant idea of the extent of the warehouses of London in the 
 time of Caesar may be inferred from his statement, that when 
 the Trinobantes desired him to protect Mandubratius from 
 the rage of Cassivellaunus, he required them to supply forty 
 hostages and grain for the whole army, which were very 
 speedily sent f . Not that it is to be supposed that Londinium 
 
 praesidiisque militarium, quod uberrimum spolianti, et defendentibus in- 
 tutum, laeti praeda, et aliorum segncs petebant." The town and the in- 
 habitants were entirely destroyed by the Britons under Boadicea. 
 
 e It will be remembered that this is precisely the character given of 
 London by FitzStephen, eleven centuries after the period referred to by 
 Tacitus. " Ad hanc urbem, ex omni natione quae sub coelo est, navalia 
 gaudent institores habere cominercia : 
 
 " Aurum mittit Arabs ; species et thura Sabaeus ; 
 
 Arma Scythes ; oleum palmarum divite sylva 
 
 Pingue solum Babylon ; Nilus lapides pretiosos ; 
 
 Seres purpureas vestes ; Galli sua vina ; 
 
 Norwegi, Russi, varium grisium, sabelinas." 
 
 Descr. Clvit. Lundonice, edit. Pegge, 1772, 4to, p. 70. 
 1 De Hello Gallico lib. v. c. xx. An ancient depository of the nature of 
 a granary appears to have been found in Mark lane, about the year 1675, 
 at the depth of 28 feet below the pavement, when there " were dug up 
 many quarters of wheat, burnt very black but yet sound ; which were 
 conjectured to have lain buried ever since the burning of this city, about 
 800 years before." A Letter relating to the Antiquities of London, by J. 
 Bagford, Feb. 1st, 1714-1715 ; Leland's Collectanea, vol. i. p. Ixxi. It is 
 difficult to explain what fire of London is referred to in this passage ; but 
 it is most probably that entire destruction which happened in the fourth 
 year of Ethelred, A.D. .981, and that there is an error of a century in the 
 printed copy of Bagford's Letter. 
 
IX 
 
 was without fanes and a forum ; but certainly the structures 
 most important to its welfare, in accordance with the prece- 
 ding character, would be magazines or granaries, shops, and 
 the private residences of the merchant-inhabitants. The last 
 of these were probably very limited in size, like the Roman 
 house lately exhumed in Lower Thames street, on the site of 
 the old Coal-Exchange. 
 
 Before quitting this part of the subject, it is worthy of ob- 
 servation that Londinium, though regarded by Tacitus as of 
 inferior note, still retains its name of unknown antiquity, and 
 has become the first city of Great Britain ; whilst it is doubt- 
 ful whether Camalodunum, though established as a colony 
 of veterans, and adorned with a temple dedicated to Claudius, 
 and a statue of Victory, is now to be identified with Malton 
 near York, or with Maiden or Colchester in Essex. 
 
 II. Selection of the Site of London. 
 
 IF, however, the consequence of Roman London has been 
 unduly magnified, the more ancient traditions relating to the 
 origin of the city have been quite as unduly denied and even 
 treated as altogether fictitious. It is certainly possible that 
 the narrative of Geoffrey of Monmouth, so long generally 
 rejected as fabulous, contains some circumstances of truth, 
 though not in connexion with the individuals, nor even the 
 time, to which they are referred. The simple statement of 
 the planting of London, abstracted from the almost mytholo- 
 gical personage by whom it is declared to have been executed, 
 not only involves in it nothing inconsistent with probability, 
 but rather resembles that which is beginning to be accepted 
 concerning the Chronicle of Geoffrey, that it is really an an- 
 cient truth disguised by later fictions, unadvisedly adopted and 
 
inserted in a genuine narrative. " Brutus," says the famous 
 British History, " having thus at last set eyes upon his king- 
 dom, formed a design of building a city j and, in order to it, 
 travelled through the land to find out a convenient situation, 
 and coming to the river Thames, he walked along the shore, 
 and at last pitched upon a place very fit for his purpose e." 
 
 It is acknowledged that Drayton derived some of the ma- 
 terials of his Poly-Olbion from this doubtful history ; but 
 it is worthy of remark, that, whilst Strype is evidently scep- 
 tical concerning the credit of Geoffrey of Monmouth, he 
 unhesitatingly adopts h the following nervously-descriptive 
 passage of Drayton, in which the wise choice of the excellent 
 situation of London, as selected by Brutus, is applauded as 
 almost superhuman. 
 
 " Oh ! more than mortall man, that did this Towne begin, 
 Whose knowledge found the plot so fit to set it in ! 
 What God or heavenly Power was harbour' d in thy breast, 
 From whom with such successe thy labours should be blest ? 
 Built on a rising bank within a vale to stand, 
 And for thy healthfull soyle chose gravell mix'd with sand : 
 And where faire Tames his course into a crescent casts, 
 That forced by bis tydes as still by her he hastes, 
 He might his surging waves into her bosome send, 
 Because too farre in length his Towne should not extend. 
 
 And to the north and south, upon an equall reach, 
 Two hills their even banks do somewhat seeme to stretch ; 
 Those two extremer winds from hurting it to let, 
 And only levell lies upon the rise and set. 
 Of all this goodly Isle where breathes most cheerefull aire, 
 And every way thereto the wayes most smooth and faire ; 
 And in the fittest place by man that could be thought, 
 To which by land or sea provision might be brought : 
 And such a road for ships scarce all the world commands 
 As is the goodly Tames, near where Brine's city stands : 
 Nor any haven lies to which is more resort 
 Commodities to bring, as also to transport*." 
 
 8 Historic, lib. i. c. xvii. 
 
 h Stoic's Survey of London, 1720, vol. i. book i. p. 2, 4, 5. 
 
 1 Poly-Olbion, the Sixteenth Song, 1612, fol., p. 252. 
 
XI 
 
 III. Antiquity of the Port of London. 
 
 AFTER the discovery and planting of London, another true 
 circumstance concerning it, related by Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
 but obscured by tradition, appears to be the original forma- 
 tion of the port by Belinus, at or near the site of the present 
 Billingsgate ; which may not improbably be regarded as the 
 remote commencement of that commercial reputation recog- 
 nized and recorded by Tacitus. " He also made," says Geof- 
 frey, " a gate of wonderful structure in Trinovantum, upon 
 the bank of the Thames, which the citizens call after his name 
 Belingsgate to this day. Over it he built a prodigiously large 
 
 tower, and under it a haven or quay for ships In his 
 
 days there was so great an abundance of riches among the 
 people, that no age before or after is said to have known the 
 like k ." The latter part of this passage may likewise refer to 
 the wealth produced by the establishment of commerce to 
 London as a trading port. It is worthy of observation that 
 the preceding narrative of the most ancient formation of Lon- 
 don, as a harbour, seems completely to support the second 
 conjecture of Camden as to the derivation of its name, Lhong 
 DinaSy a Town of Ships 1 . The objection offered against it 
 by Maitland, that he could not understand how the place 
 should deserve that name at the time of its foundation, is 
 readily answered, as the great importance of the haven evi- 
 dently superseded or altered the title by which the city was 
 previously known ; in the same manner as Ammianus Mar- 
 cellinus states that " the ancient town of Lundinium was by 
 later ages called Augusta." 
 
 k Historia, lib. iii. c. x. 1 Britannia : Trinobantes, Middlesex, 
 
 m Maitland, History of London, 1772, fol., vol. i. c. iii. p. 19. Ammian. 
 Marcell., lib. xxviii. c. 3. 
 
Xll 
 
 In the conjectural plan of Roman London drawn up by 
 Dr. Stukeley in 1722 n , the importance of the port is indicated 
 by the principal highway leading northward extending in a 
 direct line from Belingsgate, instead of passing along the pre- 
 sent Gracechurch street. Whatever may be the estimation 
 with which that plan is now regarded, the subterranean exa- 
 mination of those parts, for the construction of new sewers, 
 confirms the conclusion that the present Gracechurch street 
 was certainly not one of the oldest roadways. At the north 
 and south walls of St. Bennet Grace-church, at the south- 
 west corner of Fenchurch street, walls were discovered built 
 across Gracechurch street, of 4 feet in thickness and 22 feet 
 in depth from the surface, continuing down to the point to 
 which the sewer was sunk. Somewhat to the north of Lom- 
 bard street the excavations passed under a burial-ground 
 filled with interments ; and, beside other remains of build- 
 ings, walls of 6, 7, and 1 1 feet in breadth, extending east and 
 west, were found at and near Half-moon passage in Grace- 
 church street. The truth concerning the oldest highway 
 through London northward would appear to be, that it was 
 really a continuation of the line of the first bridge over the 
 Thames, the head of which was at St. Botolph's wharf , the 
 latter having been possibly a part of the great harbour of 
 Belins-gate. A line drawn northwards from this point might 
 have united with Bishopsgate street either at the entrance or 
 at Houndsditch ; but there seems to be no reason for consi- 
 dering that Bishopsgate street, both Within and Without, has 
 not been an ancient road. The first stone bridge over the 
 river, finished in 1209, was erected so much westward of the 
 former as to require a new direction to be given to the high- 
 way, or perhaps, rather a new street to be constructed, con- 
 
 n Itinerarlum Curiosum, 1776, fol., vol. i. pi. 57. 
 Cottonian MSS. Faustina A iii., c. xliv. fo. 636. 
 
Xlll 
 
 stituting the modern Fish-street hill and Gracechurch street. 
 This new line appears to be referred to in a manuscript re- 
 cord of the quit-rents of London Bridge, under the name of 
 " the king's road called Brigge street ;" and it is also called 
 " London-Bridge street " in a record cited by M adox, of the 
 52d year of Henry III., 1268P. The same causes led to a 
 similar result in the last rebuilding of London Bridge, and a 
 third line still more to the west has been obtained. 
 
 One of the most interesting and perfect of the Roman re- 
 mains found in London presented itself at no great distance 
 from the ancient line leading northward, and probably formed 
 part of the floor of an apartment of a building of some im- 
 portance abutting on this road. It consisted of a tessellated 
 pavement, the remains of which are now preserved in the 
 Museum of the East India Company, and which were dis- 
 covered in December, 1803, at a depth of 9 feet 6 inches 
 below the carriage-way, in searching for a sewer, opposite to 
 the columns at the eastern extremity of the portico of the 
 India House. The whole of the eastern side had been already 
 taken away, probably at the time of making the sewer ; and 
 that which remained appeared to be about two thirds of the 
 floor of an apartment of uncertain dimensions, but evidently 
 more than 20 yards square. The ornamented centre, although 
 it was not quite perfect, had been apparently a square of 
 1 1 feet. In the centre was a large circle containing a figure 
 of Bacchus crowned with vine-leaves and seated on a tiger, 
 having his thyrsus erect in the left hand, and in the right a 
 drinking-cup. This device was enclosed by three borders of 
 elaborate ornament, forming a square, in the spandrils of 
 which were drinking-cups and flowers, and the whole pave- 
 ment was completed by the usual broad margin of plain red 
 
 P Harleian MSS. No. 6016. History of the Exchequer, 1711, fol., 
 p. 534 ; Mag. Rot. 52 H. III., membr. 1 a. 
 
XIV 
 
 tiles. Supposing that this very beautiful tessellation were 
 discovered in situ, the building in which it was found would, 
 in all probability, have stood in the line of the ancient road 
 from Billingsgate. Possibly, from the festive character of the 
 subject, the pavement may be considered to have formed part 
 of the floor of a Triclinium or banquet-room in a mansion or 
 villa, but it offers no additional proof of any great public 
 edifice having existed upon the spot. Another tessellated 
 pavement, now in the British Museum, also very ornamental, 
 though inferior to the preceding, was found in 1805, in Loth- 
 bury/ about 20 feet westward of the western gate of the Bank. 
 None of the London pavements, however, appear in them- 
 selves to convey the impression that they ever constituted 
 parts of temples, and certainly there have not been any archi- 
 tectural remains discovered with them to prove that they 
 were so. 
 
 IV. Remains of great Public Buildings not found in London. 
 
 DR. STUKELEY'S plan suggests eight sites for the public 
 buildings of Roman London : namely, the Arx Palatina, or 
 Tower, on the extreme east ; the grove and temple of Diana, 
 at the most western boundary ; the churches of St. Mary de 
 Arcubus and of St. Helen ; the Forum, on the opening after- 
 wards occupied by Stocks Market ; the Milliarium, or Lon- 
 don Stone ; and an episcopal residence about the situation of 
 the Royal Exchange. Of these edifices, however, as well as of 
 such others as might really have existed, no material traces 
 have been discovered, nor does the city appear ever to have 
 exhibited any such stately and extensive architectural remains 
 as those which have been found at York, Bath, St. Alban's, 
 Dorchester, and many other places. 
 
XV 
 
 This entire disappearance of Roman buildings may proba- 
 bly be attributed to the devastation to which London has been 
 exposed at two periods of the civic history very widely sepa- 
 rated from each other. If any of the edifices of the most 
 flourishing ages of Londinium remained to the mediaeval pe- 
 riod, they must have been reduced to ruins by that fatal con- 
 flagration in 1136, which began at the house of Ailward near 
 London Stone, and consumed all the city between Aldgate 
 eastward and St. Erkenwald's shrine in St. Paul's on the west. 
 Whatever architectural remains continued to exist after this 
 and similar casualties were probably altogether subterranean ; 
 and if they were not destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, they 
 may have been overthrown, taken down, built on, or buried, in 
 the emergent haste with which the new city was required to be 
 raised. It cannot, however, be supposed that Sir Christopher 
 Wren was in the least indifferent to such ancient work or 
 reliques as came under his examination ; for, on the contrary, 
 there is the strongest contemporaneous proof that he had 
 carefully observed and recorded them. This is stated by 
 Dr. Woodward in the following passage of his letter to Sir 
 Christopher, as published by Hearne. "As to the remains 
 of Roman workmanship that were discovered upon occasion 
 of rebuilding the city, no man had greater opportunity of 
 making remarks upon them than yourself ; nor, Sir, has any 
 man ever done it to better purpose. And, as you have long 
 promised me an account of those observations, so I shall ever 
 insist upon it, and not cease to challenge it as a debt your 
 generosity has made due to me, till you acquit yourself of the 
 obligation 9." These notes, however, do not appear to have 
 been ever reduced to a methodical form by the author j since 
 the Editor of the Parentalia states that the section of that 
 work relating to the subject was one of those " put together 
 q Leland's Itinerary, vol. viii. Appendix, p. 13, sect. 5. 
 
XVI 
 
 in 1728 out of some scattered papers and publick accounts, 
 such as the collector hath hitherto met with 1 "." 
 
 In this short statement is contained a remarkable confirma- 
 tion of the extremely limited nature of the existing Roman 
 architectural remains of London. The principal discovery 
 was made beneath the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, 
 where the pavement and the walls, including the windows, of 
 a building, apparently a temple, were disinterred ; with part 
 of a Roman causeway, 4 feet in thickness, under the present 
 steeple. Sir Christopher Wren considered that this causeway 
 passed along the north boundary of Londinium ; and that 
 parallel to it, between Cheapside and the Thames, was con- 
 structed the Praetorian Way or Watling street. 
 
 But although the road so called is usually considered to 
 have extended in the direction of the modern Watling street, 
 the excavations for sewers show that it did not in reality exist 
 there. Along the whole length of Cannon street not the 
 slightest appearance of such a causeway was discovered ; and 
 in Watling street itself, though thirteen shafts were sunk 
 between Bow lane and St. Paul's, besides the open cutting, 
 there was not any ancient road encountered. In addition to 
 this negative proof, sewers have been constructed in all the 
 lanes between Thames street and Cheapside, which must have 
 cut through the road had it lain in the direction commonly 
 supposed, without any appearance of it having been found. 
 A Roman way was reported to have been discovered in East- 
 cheap, but after a careful examination all the authority for 
 the statement appeared to be a few square tiles turned up in 
 the earth, and some more built up in the area-walls of one of 
 the houses on the north side. A large quantity of old pave- 
 
 r Parentalia, Lond. 1751, fol., part ii. sect. i. p. 264 ; "Of London 
 in ;mrirnt times, and the boundary of the Roman colony discerned by the 
 Surveyor after the Great Fire." 
 
XV11 
 
 ment exists beneath the present surface of the streets in the 
 city ; but it is known to be all of English work, and but little 
 older than the Fire of London, excepting in two instances. 
 One of these occurred in Ave-Maria lane, where a gravelled 
 road was found 3 feet in thickness ; and nearly in the middle 
 of Aldgate High street a pebble channel was discovered of an 
 early date, even if it were not Roman, with ancient mutilated 
 pottery lying upon it. 
 
 In connexion with this curious rectification of a popular 
 impression concerning one of the principal streets of Roman 
 London derived from the only contemporaneous means of 
 illustration now in existence another traditionary mistake 
 may not improperly be noticed, as having been developed by 
 the same opportunities of examination. The result of sewer- 
 age excavations shows that the water called the Langbourn, 
 if it ever existed at all as a natural streamlet, did not actually 
 run in the direction so explicitly described by Stow. " Lang- 
 borne water," says that author, " so called of the length 
 thereof, was a greate streame of water breaking out of the 
 ground in Fan-church streete, which ran downe with a swift 
 course west through that streete, thwart Grass street and 
 downe Lombarde street to the west ende of St. Mary Wol- 
 nothe's church ; and then, turning the course south, downe 
 Shareborne lane so termed of sharing or dividing it brake 
 into divers rilles or rillets to the river of Thames. Of this 
 bourne that warde took the name, and is till this day called 
 Langborne warde. This bourne, also, is long since stopped 
 up at the heade, and the rest of the course filled up and paved 
 over, so that no signe thereof remaineth more than the names 
 aforesaide 8 ." 
 
 The last sentence of this passage evidently indicates that 
 Stow, of his own knowledge, had not any personal acquaint- 
 
 * Survcty of London, 1598, p. 13. 
 b 
 
XV111 
 
 ancc with the Lang-bourn ; and that the description of it 
 was as traditionary to him us it is at the present time. He 
 admits this in bis subsequent account of Langbourn ward, 
 where he states that the " long borne of sweete water," on 
 " turning south and breaking itselfe into many small shares, 
 rilles, or streames, left the name of Share-borne lane, or 
 South-borne lane, as I have read, because it ranne south to 
 the river of Thames 4 ." 
 
 That the Lang-bourn, however, could not really have flowed 
 from Fen court westward, appears to be certain from the fact 
 that the ground rises upwards of 3 feet from Mincing lane to 
 Gracechurch street ; and not only is the present surface thus 
 elevated, but the ancient surface, though it lies 17 feet below, 
 has the same inclination ; the top of the loam being nearly 
 co-incident with that of the existing soil. Hence, it will be 
 evident that the water could not have flowed in a direction 
 contrary to the rise of the ground ; and there is also but 
 little probability of any stream having run either eastward or 
 westward along the side of a hill which declined still more 
 rapidly towards the south. In excavating for sewers in Grace- 
 church street, though the traces of the Lang-bourn were care- 
 fully sought after, not any indications could be found of a 
 stream having crossed it. There appears to be also very little 
 probability that it could have risen westward of Gracechurch 
 street, and then, having passed along Lombard street, to have 
 separated into rills at Sherbourn lane, as this would have been 
 altogether too short a course for the water distinguished by 
 the name of the Long-bourn. Such a termination, however, 
 of a stream flowing over such a surface is not improbable, as 
 it could have been supplied only from the water within the 
 gravel. At Nag^s-head court in Gracechurch street the top 
 of the gravel is now 16 feet below the surface, and the spring 
 * Suri'ay of London, 1598, p. 156. 
 
XIX 
 
 from which the stream was supplied must have been some 
 feet lower. As, however, there doubtless existed some foun- 
 dation for the tradition of the reported course of the Lang- 
 bourn, it may perhaps be truly regarded as having been an 
 ancient artificial trench, all traces of the real direction of 
 which were taken away at some very early period in the 
 history of the metropolis. 
 
 V. Supposed Temple of Diana on the ite of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. 
 
 A VERY important edifice of Roman London was expected 
 to be developed on the rebuilding of St. Paul's after the Great 
 Fire, in the remains of that temple of Diana so generally and 
 confidently affirmed to have stood on the site ; but the ex- 
 pectation was certainly not realized. The tradition is princi- 
 pally supported by the authority of a passage in Camden's 
 Britannia, which states that certain ancient buildings adja- 
 cent to the cathedral are called Camera Diana in the church 
 records. " And in the reign of Edward I." continues the same 
 author, " were dug up in the churchyard, according to our 
 chronicles, an incredible number of ox-heads, which were 
 beheld by the multitude with astonishment, as remains of 
 heathen sacrifices ; and it is well known to the learned that 
 taurobolia were celebrated in honour of Diana v ." To this 
 conjecture it is answered by Selden, that those sacrifices had 
 no connexion with heads or any other parts of oxen, and that 
 they were not offered to Diana at all, excepting in her temple 
 on Mount Aventinus. Camden himself also appears subse- 
 quently to have thought that the animal skulls rather illus- 
 trated a well-known passage in the famous letter of Gregory 
 v Britannia : Trinobantes, Middlesex. 
 
XX 
 
 the Great to Augustine, in which he says "Whereas the 
 pagans have been accustomed to immolate great numbers of 
 oxen, this practice ought to be converted by Christians into 
 the solemnity of a religious feast w ." 
 
 When the foundations of the new St. Paul's were excavated 
 by Sir Christopher Wren, as he did not discover any such 
 remains as the preceding, he rejected the tradition of the 
 temple as fabulous ; but the antiquities which were met with 
 have been adduced as another proof of the truth of it. In 
 prosecuting his design, says the Editor of the Parentalia, the 
 Surveyor came to a pit at the north-east corner, whence " all 
 the pot-earth had been robbed by the potters of old time. 
 Here were discovered quantities of urns, broken vessels, and 
 pottery-ware, of divers sorts and shapes. How far this pit 
 extended northward there was no occasion to examine : no 
 ox-sculls, horns of stags, nor tusks of boars were found, nor 
 any foundations more eastward. If there was formerly any 
 temple to Diana, he supposed it might have been within the 
 walls of the colony and more to the south x ." In the account 
 of this pottery given by Strype it is stated to have consisted 
 of the fragments of Roman sacrificing-vessels, " of divers 
 shapes and sizes, as occasion should require them to be made 
 use of in their sacrifices ...... On the south side of the said 
 
 west end was found a potter's kiln, the shape of which was 
 circular. In this the abovesaid sacrificing-vessels probably 
 were made. It was near to the temple where Diana was wor- 
 shipped, for the more convenience of the people that came 
 thither to sacrifice, that they might be furnished with all sorts 
 
 De Synedriis veterum Ebraeorum lib. iii. cap. xiv. sect, ix ; 
 Opera, vol. i. col. 1787 1789. " Sua manu postea in codice suo (in Bib- 
 liotheca Cottoniana) adnotavit illic ipse, ut conjecturam de sacrifices hie 
 bubalinis firmaret : ' Ubi pagani (inquit Gregorius M.) boves multas 
 immolare consucverent, christiani religiosis conviviis debitas solcunitates 
 cclebrcnt.'" * Parentalia, p. 286. 
 
XXI 
 
 of vessels they had occasion for at the time when they made 
 their sacrificesy." This latter supposition seems to be entirely 
 gratuitous, and was doubtless intended principally for the 
 gratification of Dr. Woodward, in whose copious and interest- 
 ing collection of Roman antiquities found in London many 
 of those specimens were preserved, and who appeared to be 
 especially anxious to prove that the tradition concerning 
 Diana's temple was founded in fact. The authority which he 
 adduces for it is a very quaint and curious though inconclu- 
 sive passage in Burton's Commentary on the Itinerary of 
 Antoninus 2 , which was answered by Bishop Stillingfleet a , and 
 the conclusion of the Letter of Dr. Woodward, in which these 
 circumstances are referred to, manifestly expresses his great 
 desire to establish the existence of a heathen fane by the 
 evidence of his own antiquities. " Of this," says the Letter, 
 " we have a sample in the various things digged up near St. 
 Paul's church. In particular, as well the tusks of bores, horns 
 of oxen and of stags, as the representations of deer, and even 
 of Diana herself, upon the sacrifi cing-vessels ; of all which 
 there are instances in my collection : nay, I have likewise a 
 small image of the goddess that was found not far off. These 
 plainly enough import that there was thereabouts a temple of 
 Diana; as has been indeed the common tradition and opinion. 
 Nor assuredly would the very learned writer who has lately 
 called this in question ever have done that had he known of 
 these things, and that there was yet remaining such evidence 
 there of the sacrifice of stags, which he allows to be the pro- 
 per sacrifice to DianaV Strype also adduces this passage, 
 
 y Stow's Survey, vol. ii. Appendix, c. v. p. 23. 
 
 z A Commentary on Antoninus his Itinerary, or Journies of the Romane 
 Empire, so far as if concerneth Britain, Lond. 1658, fol., p. 169. 
 
 a Ecclesiastical Cases : part II. with a Discourse on the Antiquity of 
 London, Lond. 1704, 8vo, pp. 147, 542. 
 
 b Letter to Sir C. Wren, sect. 33 ; Leland's Itin., vol. viii. App. p. 33. 
 
XXII 
 
 cautiously stating it to be " the argumentation of the learned 
 Dr. Woodward, Professor of Physick in Gresham College ." 
 The Editor of the Parentalia, in noticing the incredulity of 
 Wren as to Diana's temple, supposes that " the antiquities 
 said to have been found there, in proof of these relations, 
 were never brought to his view d ," evidently referring to the 
 horns and ox-skulls said to have been disinterred on this spot, 
 as with the collection of Dr. Woodward there is no doubt 
 that he must have been perfectly familiar. 
 
 Some other reliques of Roman work inconclusively adduced 
 in proof of the existence of the temple were two terra-cotta 
 lamps, formerly in the collection of Mr. John Kemp, also 
 affirmed to have been dug up in the excavations at St. Paul's. 
 One of these was found with some tusks of boars, and was 
 embossed with a figure of Diana in a hunting posture ; and 
 on the other, which was engraved for Dr. Knight's Life of 
 Erasmus, was the representation of several large buildings, 
 like a city, on the banks of a river, which Mr. Kemp supposed 
 to be the actual figure of the Temple of Diana itself. 
 
 The last point of evidence in favour of the heathen edifice 
 which remains to be noticed is, that in an ancient manuscript 
 in the Cottonian Library, relating to the erection of the first 
 church dedicated to St. Paul, there occur the words " immolat 
 Dianse Londonia, thurificat Apollini suburbana Thorneia e ," 
 to which Wren replies explicitly, as follows : " I imagine the 
 monks" (of Westminster) "finding the Londoners pretending 
 to a temple of Diana where now St. Paul's stands (horns of 
 stags, tusks of boars, etc., having been dug up there in former 
 times, and it is said also in later years), would not be behind- 
 hand in antiquity ; but I must assert that, having changed 
 
 c Stoic's Survey, vol. i. book iii. c. viii. p. 141. 
 
 d Parentalia, p. 303. 
 
 e Tfie Life of Erasmus, by Samuel Knight, D.D., 1/26, p. 299, 301. 
 
XX111 
 
 all the foundations of old St. Paul's, and upon that occasion 
 rummaged all the ground thereabouts, and being very desi- 
 rous to find some footsteps of such a temple, I could not dis- 
 cover any ; and therefore can give no more credit to Diana 
 than to Apollo f ," 
 
 VI. Ancient Works for improving the Riverside. 
 
 BUT whilst it is thus shown that no material traces have 
 been found of the buildings of Roman London, there is abun- 
 dant evidence of the care and skill anciently employed for the 
 substantial support of the haven, and even for the gaining of 
 ground from the river in the construction of quays ; thus 
 strengthening the view already expressed, that the commercial 
 convenience of the city, as a port, was always regarded as an 
 object of the first importance. In a very large space which 
 was cleared in 1813, on the south side of Thames street, for 
 the foundation of the present Custom-house, three distinct 
 lines of wooden embankments were found, at the several 
 distances of 53, 86, and 103 feet within the range of the ex- 
 isting wharf. At the same time, about 50 feet from the camp- 
 shot, or outer edge of the wharf- wall, a wall was discovered, 
 erected east and west, built with chalk- rubble and faced with 
 Purbeck stone, which was considered to be either some part 
 of the ancient defence of the city, or some outwork of the 
 Tower extending westwards. There was not, however, a trace 
 of any important structure met with throughout the whole of 
 the enormous area which was then laid open ; but between 
 the embankments were found the remains of buildings, inter- 
 
 f Parentalia, p. 296. 
 
 g A Description of the New Custom House, by David Laing, F.S.A., 
 Load. 1818, fol. pp. 5, 6. 
 
XXIV 
 
 mixed with pits and layers of rushes in different stages of 
 decomposition : those which occurred at the depth of 1 8 feet 
 in Thames street had become a complete peat. 
 
 The excavations for sewers, constructed along this part of 
 the boundary of London, appear satisfactorily to have ascer- 
 tained that nearly the whole south side of the road forming 
 the line from Lower Thames street to Temple street has been 
 gained from the river by a series of strong embankments. At 
 the making of the sewer at Wool-quay, the soil turned up 
 was similar to that discovered at the Custom-house ; and the 
 mouth of an ancient channel of timber was found under the 
 street. The ground also contained large quantities of bone 
 skewers about 10 inches in length, perforated with holes in 
 the thicker ends, recalling the bone skates employed by the 
 youths of London about the end of the twelfth century, as 
 described by FitzStephen h . Between Billingsgate and Fish- 
 street hill, the whole street was found to be filled with piling ; 
 and especially at the gateway leading to Botolph-wharf 
 which, it will be remembered, was the head of the oldest known 
 London Bridge, where the piles were placed as closely to- 
 gether as they could be driven ; as well as for some distance 
 on each side. In certain parts of the line, the embankment 
 was formed by substantial walling, as at the foot of Fish- 
 street hill, where a strong body of clear water gushed out from 
 beneath it. At the end of Queen street also, and stretching 
 along the front of Vintners' Hall, a considerable piece of thick 
 walling was encountered ; and another interesting specimen 
 was taken up, extending from Broken wharf to Lambeth 
 hill. At Old Fish-street hill this embankment was found to be 
 
 h " Sunt alii super glaciem ludere doctiores, singuli pedibus suis ap- 
 tantes, et sub talaribus suis alligantes, ossa, tibias scilicet animalium, et 
 palos ferro acuto supposito teuent in manibus, quos cum aliquando glacios 
 allidunt, tanta rapacitate (sic omncs Hbr'f) feruntur, quanta avis volans, vel 
 pilum balistae," p. 78. 
 
XXV 
 
 18 feet in thickness ; and it returned a considerable distance 
 up Lambeth hill, gradually becoming less substantial as it 
 receded inland. Both of these walls were constructed of the 
 remains of other works, comprising blocks of stone, rough, 
 squared, and wrought and moulded, together with roofing- 
 tiles, rubble, and a variety of different materials run together 
 with grout. 
 
 VII. Tlie Fleet and the Wall-brook Rivers. 
 
 THE ancient navigable Rivers of London, flowing into the 
 Thames, were the works next in commercial importance to 
 the embankments. That the Fleet or Turnmill-brook was 
 originally such a stream appears to be indicated by anchors 
 having been found in Spa-fields and at St. Pancras 1 ; but by 
 encroachments on the banks, and the soil continually thrown 
 into the water, it became almost filled up. At the time of the 
 Great Fire the Fleet was only a ditch, crossed by two stone 
 bridges, and two wooden bridges for foot-passengers ; but all 
 the small tenements and sheds erected on it being then de- 
 stroyed, the Act for Rebuilding London provided that the 
 channel should be sunk and widened, so that it should be 
 again made navigable. From November, 1673, to September, 
 1734, the Fleet existed as a canal, 40 feet in width, crossed 
 by four bridges k , and bounded by wharfs and rails, which 
 allowed of two lighters meeting and passing. This canal, 
 however, was at length filled with mud as before, and the 
 
 i Maitland, Hist, of London, vol. i. p. 571. 
 
 fc In March, 1840, the sewer at Holborn hill was opened ; and, as I was 
 then accidentally passing, I saw the southern face of the bridge which 
 crossed the Fleet at that place uncovered to some extent. It was built of 
 red brick, and the arch was of about 20 feet span. The road from the 
 east intersected the bridge obliquely, which irregularity was obviated by a 
 
XXVI 
 
 charge of cleansing it above Fleet-bridge amounted to more 
 than its annual produce ; wherefore, continues Maitland, 
 it was again neglected, and the rails on each side being de- 
 cayed, many persons perished by falling into it by night, and 
 beasts by day. It was therefore arched over and levelled by 
 virtue of an Act of Parliament, and Fleet market subsequently 
 erected thereon, and opened September 30th, 1737. 
 
 If the same circumstantial information were now extant 
 concerning the Wall-brook, its history would probably be 
 found to be very like the preceding, since all that is known 
 relating to it is remarkably similar. The period when it was 
 vaulted over, however, being at the least three centuries ear- 
 lier than the covering-in of the Fleet, an inaccurate notion is 
 generally entertained concerning it, and the Wall-brook is 
 usually considered to have been only a narrow stream, deriving 
 its name from entering through the city wall near Moor-gate, 
 and running with an irregular course down to the Thames 
 at Dowgate. Recent excavations have, however, shown that, 
 though short, it was really an important channel, fed by se- 
 veral rills, which all met on the north side of the city ditch 
 in Moorfields, five of which are still in existence as sewers. 
 The main trunk of the Wall-brook is only partially extant, 
 from the circumstance that it has been turned out of its course 
 by modern works ; although it may be distinctly traced by 
 the uniform and compact properties of the city Companies 
 which stand directly upon the line of it. Commencing at its 
 influx to the Thames, there are now found along the course 
 of the Wall-brook, on the western bank, the halls of the 
 Innholders, the Dyers, the Joiners, the Skinners, the Tallow- 
 moulded and well-executed stone corbel, arising out of the angle thus 
 formed, which carried the parapet. On the plinth-course of the parapet 
 was cut the inscription following, recording the fact of the erection of the 
 bridge, with the name of the Lord Mayor at the period. 
 WILLIAM HOOKE(R), (A)NNO . D . 1674. 
 
XXV11 
 
 chandlers, and the Cutlers ; and then intervened the churches 
 of St. John and St. Stephen upon Wallbrook, the latter of 
 which formerly stood considerably westward of the present 
 building. After these edifices, followed the structure called 
 "the Old Barge/' at Barge yard, and Cornette's tower in 
 Buckle's bury ; and the line of the river is then shown by 
 the present St. Mildred's church and court, Grocers' hall, 
 Founders' hall, the church of St. Margaret Lothbury, and 
 the estates of the Drapers and Leathersellers, until it passed 
 through the wall between Bishopsgate and Moorgate. 
 
 Such appears to have been the course and extent of the 
 Wall-brook as it ran through the city ; and with respect to 
 the width of it, the sewerage excavations in the streets called 
 Tower-Royal and Little St. Thomas Apostle, and also in 
 Cloak lane, discovered the channel of the river to be 248 feet 
 wide, filled with made-earth and mud, placed in horizontal 
 layers, and containing a quantity of black timber of small 
 scantling. The form of the banks was likewise perfectly to 
 be traced, covered with rank grass and weeds. The digging 
 varied from 18 feet 9 inches to 15 feet 6 inches in depth, but 
 the bottom of the Wall-brook was of course never reached in 
 those parts, as even in Princes street it is upwards of 30 feet 
 below the present surface. A record cited by Stow 1 proves 
 that this river was crossed by several stone bridges, for which 
 especial keepers were appointed ; as also that the parish of 
 St. Stephen-upon-Wallbrook ought of right to scour the 
 course of the said brook. That the river was navigable up to 
 the city wall on the north is said to have been confirmed by 
 the finding of a keel and some other parts of a boat, afterwards 
 carried away with the rubbish, in digging the foundations of 
 a house at the south-east corner of Moorgate street. But 
 
 1 " I haue read in an olde written booke intituled The Customes of 
 London." Survay of London, 1598, 4to, p. 13. 
 
XXV111 
 
 whether such a discovery were really made or not, the excava- 
 tions referred to appear at least to remove all the improba- 
 bility of the tradition that " when the Wall-brook did lie open 
 barges were rowed out of the Thames or towed up to Barge 
 yard." As the church of St. Stephen-upon-Wallbrook was 
 removed to the present site in the year 1429, it is probable 
 that the river was " vaulted over with brick and paved level 
 with the streets and lanes through which it passed," about 
 the same period ; the continual accumulation of mud in the 
 channel, and the value of the space which it occupied, then 
 rapidly increasing, equally contributing to such an improve- 
 ment 111 . 
 
 VIII. The ancient Soil and Ground of London. 
 
 HAVING illustrated some principal features of Roman Lon- 
 don as a commercial port, these observations may be properly 
 concluded by a statement of such particulars of the character 
 of the ancient soil of the city, and particularly of the northern 
 side of it, as have been developed by the excavations in that 
 part. 
 
 Within the walls, the city appears to have occupied two 
 small hills of gravel and loam capping the London clay, the 
 whole of which was covered by the ordinary thickness of 
 vegetable earth. Outside the wall, on the western half, the 
 ground rose from the valley of the rivulet now called the 
 Fleet sewer, towards Fetter lane, and then fell westward ; and 
 it was also elevated again towards Holborn bars, whence the 
 direct line continued to the west comparatively level. On the 
 south, the ground sloped to the Thames, and on the east de- 
 clined into the Fleet. Above that river, on the ascent of the 
 m Survay of London, 1593, 4to, p. 208, 182, 13. 
 
XXIX 
 
 western hill of the city, was erected Lud Gate, commanding 
 the Fleet, and situated at only a convenient distance from it 
 at the time when the stream was navigable and full. The 
 soil on the outside of the walls of London was similar to that 
 on the inside, loam and gravel over the blue clay. 
 
 On the north side of the city, Alders Gate and Cripple Gate 
 were erected in a more hollow ground, and between the latter 
 entrance and Bishops Gate there existed a considerable cavity, 
 intersected by a sort of tongue of higher land, now forming 
 the line called " the Pavement " in Moorfields ; but all the 
 lower grounds appear to have been originally dry. Bishops 
 Gate and Aid Gate occupied still higher land, the ground 
 withoutside the wall declining from the city. 
 
 The marshy nature of the soil on the north of London was 
 for many centuries so notorious as seemingly to have led to 
 the conclusion that the land had been the same at all periods 
 of the history of the metropolis. Sir Christopher Wren was 
 inclined to believe that Cheapside had formed the original 
 boundary of the Roman colony. When he erected a new 
 eastern end to the church of St. Lawrence Jewry, after sink- 
 ing down 7 feet for a foundation, he was obliged to have piles 
 driven for 12 feet lower; whence he concluded that if there 
 were not a causeway across the marsh, there could not be 
 any reason for a gate in that direction , furnishing a strong 
 proof that Cheapside had been the northern limit. From the 
 contemporaneous evidence of FitzStephen, it is known that 
 about the year 1182, on the north of London were corn-fields, 
 pastures, and delightful meadows intersected by pleasant 
 streams, on which stood many a mill ; and beyond them ex- 
 tended an immense forest . The same author, however, in 
 
 n Parent alia, p. 265. 
 
 " Item, a Borea sunt agri, pascuae, et pratorum grata planities, aquis 
 fluvialibus, ad quas molinorum versatiles rotae citantur cum murmore 
 jocoso. Proximo patet iiigens foresta." p. 60. 
 
XXX 
 
 another place describes the diversions of the youth of London 
 " when that vast fen (or lake) which waters the walls of the 
 city towards the north, is hard frozen P." This place appears 
 to have been really a piece of water, in which the city pos- 
 sessed a right of fishery ; but " the moor without the postern 
 called Cripplesgata" was given to the collegiate church of 
 St. Martin-le-grand by William I., in 1068<i. It may there- 
 fore be supposed that the marsh was gradually and artificially 
 increased, especially about the year 1213, when the citizens 
 completed a series of ditches to surround and strengthen the 
 walls of London. 
 
 The truth of this conjecture also appears to be confirmed by 
 local excavations, which have shown that, eastward of Alders- 
 gate, the ditch was in part an artificial trench, so far as to Little 
 Moorgate, a postern formerly standing near the south end of 
 the present Blomfield street, and from thence to the Tower it 
 was entirely an excavated channel. On the west of Aldersgate 
 likewise, the ditch had been made by cutting, although the 
 ground was somewhat depressed in part of its course by 
 passing along the side of a hill. It seems to be exceedingly 
 probable that, at the time of excavating this ditch, the bed of 
 the Wall-brook was raised, and the rills by which it was fed 
 artificially intercepted in their course, so that their waters 
 were thrown into the hollow ground, and gradually formed 
 first a lake, and ultimately a marsh on the outside of that part 
 of the city wall. This moor stretched northwards to the site 
 of the present Finsbury square, but it was much less consi- 
 derable on the western side of the high strip of ground now 
 indicated by " the Pavement," than it was on the east. On the 
 south, the marshy land extended nearly so far as the north 
 
 p " Cum est gelata palus ilia raagna quae moenia urbis aquilonia 
 alluit." p. 78. 
 
 q Dugdale, Monast. Angl., vol. iii. 1673 ; Ecclesiae Collegiatae, p. 26. 
 
XXXI 
 
 side of Threadneedle street to Shortens court in Throgmorton 
 street. The ancient state of this latter part of the city may 
 be better understood from the circumstance that a conside- 
 rable extent of tan-pits was found at the time of the erection 
 of the Auction Mart. A piece of tessellated pavement, con- 
 sisting of a scroll of ivy leaves in black upon a white ground, 
 was found in a deserted cellar in Bartholomew lane, but as it 
 was evidently not in situ, no conjecture can be formed con- 
 cerning the building to which it belonged. 
 
 That much of the ground on the north side of the city wall 
 was anciently dry, and that not any marsh originally existed 
 there, was further proved during the construction of a sewer in 
 London Wall, to which the cutting ran parallel and below its 
 basis. Eastward of Carpenters' Hall, a mass of rubble ma- 
 sonry, of about 1 2 feet in thickness, was cut through ; and in 
 the centre was found a culvert, or Roman sewer, in which 
 were discovered three iron bars in perfect preservation, en- 
 closing a human skeleton, the skull of a dog, and the stem of 
 a stag's horn, together with a silver coin of Antoninus, and 
 a copper coin of Faustina. Beyond this point the crown of 
 the culvert had been broken in, and a fragment of a rudely- 
 wrought column had fallen through the breach. As the an- 
 cient sewer passed under houses no further examination could 
 be made in this direction ; but on the south side it was not 
 only found to be perfect, but even the mouth of it was dis- 
 covered under a house at the north-east corner of Carpenters 
 Buildings. The sewer was constructed of small thin tiles, 
 cemented together by very thick joints of red mortar, made 
 of pounded tile, and having a large pebble inserted in the 
 centre of each. From the top of the sewer to the opposite 
 bank of a ditch into which it discharged itself were placed 
 several pieces of timber scantling in a sloping direction ; and 
 a considerable quantity of long moss, undecayed and still re- 
 
XXXll 
 
 taining a greenish colour, was taken from between them. The 
 ditch for receiving the contents of the sewer was made on 
 the south side of the remains of a strong work, like part of a 
 fortification, about the site of Little Moorgate, orihe entrance 
 of Blomfield street. As the depth from the present surface to 
 the bottom of the sewer was 18 feet 4 inches, and the open 
 ditch of the fortress was still deeper, it is evident that, at the 
 time when they were constructed, the adjacent ground was dry 
 and substantial, for the later accumulation of soil was so soft, 
 that at one part the bricks could scarcely be laid. The ground 
 gradually improved in consistency up to the north end of 
 Blomfield street, and at Wilson street strong gravel was 
 reached, containing a very fine flow of water. 
 
 IX. The First Collections of London Antiquities. 
 
 FROM the preceding statements it may be regarded as at 
 least probable, that the real renown of Roman London con- 
 sisted in its fame as an eminent and a spacious commercial 
 port. The proof of this is to be found in the ancient impor- 
 tance of the harbour, and the subterranean works recently 
 existing of the embankments, the rivers, the roads and out- 
 works, and in the remains of a few private dwellings ; and not 
 by the ruins of extensive public buildings proper to a stately 
 metropolis. The very numerous specimens of Roman arts and 
 manufactures, discovered during the last two centuries in all 
 parts of the city, prove, however, that most of the conveniences 
 and some of the elegancies of the nation had been introduced 
 into Londinium. These reliques must always possess a con- 
 siderable intrinsic value as illustrations of society and man- 
 ners, and also a peculiar local interest, as indicating the con- 
 dition of the place and people where they were found ; though 
 
XXX111 
 
 they cannot always be implicitly relied on as conclusive evi- 
 dence of the nature of the buildings formerly standing on 
 the spots where such antiquities were discovered. 
 
 The Tradescant family is usually regarded as having formed 
 the first considerable collection of natural and artificial curio- 
 sities in England ; but, with the exception of coins, only six 
 Roman articles occur in the catalogue of the Museum pub- 
 lished by John Tradescant junior, in 1656, and only one of 
 these is distinguished with the name of the place where it 
 was found. After the collection passed into the possession of 
 Elias Ashmole, it was very considerably increased ; and, as 
 it was no( transmitted to Oxford until 1682, he probably 
 added to it many specimens of London antiquities discovered 
 after the Great Fire. 
 
 From the time of the rebuilding of the city, the importance 
 of preserving such reliques, especially Roman remains, ap- 
 pears to have begun to be rightly perceived ; and one of the 
 first and most successful collectors of such specimens was 
 Mr. John Coniers, an apothecary of London, who was living 
 at the period. By his researches and industry were brought 
 together most of those numerous Roman vessels and articles 
 of every kind which afterwards formed the extraordinary 
 museum of Dr. John Woodward, who bought the principal 
 part of the collection. After his death in 1728, such parts of 
 his museum as were not bought by the University of Cam- 
 bridge were " sold by auction at Mr. Cooper's, in the Great 
 Piazza, Covent Garden," in a thirty-three days sale, the last 
 three of which were occupied by the celebrated Roman shield 
 and the miscellaneous antiquities. The description of most 
 of the articles contained in the second part of the Museum 
 Woodwardianum the sale- catalogue of Dr. Woodward's 
 library and curiosities, will be found extremely slight and un- 
 satisfactory, at least to the London antiquary ; though well 
 
XXXIV 
 
 drawn up in latin, probably by the eminent lexicographer 
 Robert Ainsworth, whose dissertation "De Clypeo, sive votivo 
 sive equestri," is added to the tract. As this was certainly 
 the most copious and valuable collection of London antiqui- 
 ties ever made, and, as it was originally formed under such 
 unhappily-favourable circumstances, that it has been dis- 
 persed, and that there does not exist any particular descrip- 
 tive account of it, are both greatly to be regretted ; especially 
 as it is evident how much the possessor desired that such a 
 description should be compiled and published by any person 
 competent to the work. The attempt of Dr. Woodward to 
 induce Sir Christopher Wren to describe the remains of Ro- 
 man London which had been discovered, has been already 
 noticed ; and in his published letter to the same eminent 
 person he has the following characteristic passage, which is 
 remarkably expressive of the same desire as to his own col- 
 lection. " Several of these" (antiquities) " were collected by 
 Mr. Coniers, who was living at that time," (the rebuilding of 
 London) " and very indefatigable in his inquiries. 3 Tis great 
 pity he had not encouragement to set forth some relation of 
 them ; but his having only the returns of his profession to 
 depend upon, and there being at that time so very few that 
 were forward to contribute anything to the support of such 
 studies, however curious and useful, posterity has been de- 
 prived of the benefit of his. All that I am able to retrieve 
 from the remains of his collection that I purchased, or the 
 many other things that I have since procured, shall be most 
 freely imparted, either to Mr. Strype (to whose diligence the 
 learned world stands greatly indebted, and who is now actu- 
 ally engaged in setting forth a new edition of Stow's Survey 
 of London, with enlargements), or to any other person who 
 has leisure and capacity to turn them to the pleasure and ad- 
 vantage of the publick ; so soon as, Sir, you shall please to 
 
XXXV 
 
 communicate your observations, which will be of great use, 
 and ought by no means to be any longer withheld and sup- 
 pressed 1 '." 
 
 The Rev. John Strype so far fulfilled Dr. Woodward's 
 wishes as to insert a short though an interesting summary 
 of this collection in the Appendix to his edition of Stow's 
 Survey, which he thus concludes : " Indeed, the far greater 
 part of these things is so very considerable, that it would af- 
 ford much satisfaction to inquisitive people to see icons graved 
 of them ; and that the possessor could have spared so much 
 time from his business and his other studies as to have writ 
 his own observations and reflections upon them, that I might 
 have entered them, as I requested of him, in this work 8 ." All 
 that is extant by Dr. Woodward concerning these remains is 
 contained in his Letter to Sir Christopher Wren. 
 
 Three other contemporaneous collectors of London anti- 
 quities were Dr. Harwood, Bagford, and Kemp. John Har- 
 wood, F.R.S. and D.CXL. of Doctors' Commons, says Strype, 
 " has been very exact in taking notice from time to time 
 of these antiquities ; and hath sorted and preserved a great 
 many of the most curious and remarkable of them : and sup- 
 poseth, by a probable conjecture, that here on the site of 
 the church of St. Mary Woolnoth in Lombard street was 
 not only a pottery, but that on this place, or near it, stood 
 the temple of Concord, which our Roman historians speak of 
 to have been in this city when called TrinobantumV 
 
 John Bagford, being a bookseller, confined himself chiefly 
 to the collecting of materials for a history of printing and 
 bookbinding, and gave such curiosities as he occasionally 
 found to others, as Hearne notices to have been his practice 
 
 r Letter to Sir C. Wren, sect. 6 ; Leland's Itln., vol. viii. App. p. 14. 
 8 Survey of London, 1720, vol. ii. book vi. c. v. p. 22. 
 Ibid. p. 24. 
 
XXXVI 
 
 with regard to coins v . Strypc relates of him that, being stu- 
 dious of antiquities, and especially of such as related to the 
 city, he took up with his own hands some of the many pieces 
 of red pottery found at digging of the foundations for the re- 
 building of St. Paul's. These, with the moulds for making 
 Samian ware, discovered near a kiln on the south side of the 
 west end of the old cathedral, subsequently formed part of the 
 museum of Dr. Woodward. 
 
 The collection of John Kemp is described in a small volume 
 published in 1720, in latin w ; and it may be regarded as re- 
 markable chiefly for containing the two terra-cotta lamps 
 already noticed, which have been offered as evidence that the 
 site of St. Paul's was once occupied by a temple dedicated 
 to Diana. Kemp died in the year 1717 ; and the collection 
 appears to have been sold by auction, and to have produced 
 1090/. 8*. 6d. It was formed principally in France, in the 
 seventeenth century*. 
 
 From the time of these original preservers of London anti- 
 quities, the custom of observing and recording their discovery 
 appears to have generally commenced, with more or less of 
 intelligence and accuracy in the description and delineation of 
 such remains. At the present time, however, the practice has 
 
 v " That he might be the better acquainted with the Roman stations, 
 and the several motions of the souldiers from one place to another, he 
 used to pick up coyns ; and would, upon occasion, discourse handsomely 
 and very pertinently about them : yet he would keep none, but would 
 give them to his friends, telling them, for he was exemplarily modest and 
 bumble, that he had neither learning nor sagacity enough to explain and 
 illustrate them, and that therefore it was more proper they should be in 
 the possession of more able persons." ffemingi Chartularis Ecclesiee 
 fVigornicntiis, edit. T. Hearne, Oxon. 1723, 8vo, vol. ii. Appendix, p. 661. 
 
 * Monumenta Petustatis illuxtrata Kempiann : in duns partex divisa : 
 qmirum nltera mummins, simulacra, etc., altera nummos continent ; ctira 
 R. Alnsworth et J. Ward, Lond. 1720, 8vo. 
 
 x Anecdotes of Literature and scarce Boohs, Lond. 1807, Svo, vol. i. 
 p. 3842. 
 
XXXV11 
 
 been long since established in a highly improved form ; and 
 the reports which are now so frequently published, in illus- 
 tration of the ancient reliques of all periods, often exhibit 
 such an amount and variety of antiquarian learning as seemed 
 in the last century to be almost unknown. This increased 
 intimacy with the nature and value of antiquities has led to 
 their more careful preservation and better exhibition, as well 
 in public local depositories as in private collections. One of 
 the former is the Museum established in connection with the 
 Corporation Library at Guildhall, for the reception of anti- 
 quities relating to London, especially such as may be dis- 
 covered in the execution of civic public improvements, which 
 it is certain cannot rightly belong to any other depository. 
 Many such interesting remains have been accordingly placed 
 at Guildhall by the Commissioners of Sewers, and also by 
 various donors ; a descriptive list of which, to the year 1840, is 
 printed at the end of the last edition of the Library Catalogue. 
 
 X. Excavations and Discoveries at the New Royal Exchange. 
 
 As it was always anticipated that some important discove- 
 ries might take place in excavating the foundations for the 
 New Royal Exchange, proper arrangements were made on the 
 commencement of the work, that any articles of interest then 
 disinterred should be secured for the Gresham Committee. 
 In the Specification for the Works, issued in 1840, the Con- 
 tractor and Excavator were required, in taking out the soil, to 
 deliver up " any plate, coins, antiquities, or curiosities, whether 
 in metal or otherwise, or any carved stones or carvings in 
 marble, pottery, terra-cotta, or tesserae, which may be found 
 in the course of the excavations : it being understood that all 
 such matters or things are to be taken up with all requisite 
 
XXXV1I1 
 
 care, and arc to remain the property of the Gresham Com- 
 mittee." For the general information of the labourers em- 
 ployed, the copy of an order, founded upon this condition, was 
 displayed in every part of the enclosure erected for the build- 
 ing, directing that all antiquities should be preserved and 
 brought to the clerk of the works, who would remunerate 
 the parties according to the value of the articles found. The 
 following descriptive catalogue shows that many such interest- 
 ing articles were faithfully delivered ; and the original manu- 
 script titles attached to them at the time of their discovery 
 have been carefully preserved, which record the time and 
 place where they were found, with the names of the parties 
 finding them, and the amount of recompense paid to each. 
 
 The eastern portion of the site of the Royal Exchange was 
 the first part excavated, and it supplied but very few reliques 
 of any considerable antiquity. Throughout the whole of that 
 space, it was evident that the surface had been already dis- 
 turbed down to the depth at which Roman remains might be 
 expected to occur ; and the fragments of tiles and buildings 
 occasionally discovered showed that older walls and founda- 
 tions had been previously taken away. It was not then until 
 the works had advanced nearer to the centre of the late 
 Royal Exchange that any remarkable appearance was deve- 
 loped ; and the result of the excavations there will most pro- 
 perly be derived from the Report made to the Grand Com- 
 mittee for Gresham affairs, dated May 4th, presented to the 
 Court of Common Council, July 21st, 1841. 
 
 This Report shows that, in proceeding with the excavation 
 of the merchants' area, the soil proved to be much more dis- 
 turbed than it had been previously found ; and in this very 
 limited space thirty-two cesspools were opened, some of them 
 being of considerable size, and a few articles of curiosity were 
 taken out of them. They were all carefully cleared out down 
 
XXXIX 
 
 to the solid ground, and filled up with concrete. From the 
 unsatisfactory state of the ground generally, it was considered 
 prudent to have this area excavated to the same level as the 
 other parts of the foundation, and to put in the stratum of 
 concrete of an uniform thickness. Excepting in the instances 
 of the cesspools before-mentioned, the soil was found to con- 
 sist of vegetable earth, accumulations, and broken remains of 
 various kinds, with gravel at a depth of 16 feet 6 inches below 
 the present surface ; which series of strata had been already 
 partially ascertained, by the sinking of six pits in various 
 places on the site of the old Exchange. 
 
 About the beginning of April, 1841, the workmen began to 
 destroy the foundations of the western wall of the merchants' 
 area of the old Exchange ; and it was then discovered that 
 the wall had been erected partly on some small but interest- 
 ing remains of a Roman building, which was evidently still 
 standing in situ, those remains apparently resting upon the 
 native gravel. The Roman work consisted of a piece of a 
 wall with a kind of pedestal, built across the ground oblique- 
 ly from the south-west to the north-east ; the pedestal being 
 covered with stucco and moulded, and painted in colours 
 in distemper, representing a guilloche or volute, in yellow 
 upon a red ground. A representation of this fragment is 
 inserted in the Plan prefixed to the present volume. The 
 interior of the ancient work consisted of rough plaster, con- 
 taining fragments of old roof-tiles and small pebble stones 
 bedded in the cement. Some of the large Roman bricks were 
 also found, measuring 17J inches by llj, and an inch and 
 three quarters in thickness ; and specimens of all these re- 
 mains, with a variety of pieces of marble and turkey-stone 
 from the late Exchange, have been preserved in the Corpora- 
 tion Museum at Guildhall. The rude and fragile nature of the 
 Roman work has occasioned the destruction of the principal 
 
xl 
 
 part of the painting; but one piece of the pedestal has been 
 jMvsrrvrd, which still exhibits a small portion of the original 
 surface above the lowest mouldings, perfectly retaining the 
 yellow-ochre colour so generally to be found in Roman build- 
 ings. On this surface, a short distance above the moulding, 
 are drawn two narrow horizontal lines of black and white ; and 
 the remaining interval down to the base appears to have been 
 filled up with red or purple, now completely faded, and to be 
 distinguished only by very close observation. Another large 
 fragment of a base is altogether rough and without ornament ; 
 and it evidently belonged to some other part of the structure, 
 being quite different in the mouldings and proportions. 
 
 At the part where these small remains of Roman work 
 ceased to afford a support for the walls of the Exchange, oak 
 piles had been driven down, and sleepers laid upon the heads of 
 those piles ; the soil beneath these piles consisting of an older 
 rubble wall and foundations, 3 feet 2 inches in depth, and a 
 layer of concrete of 1 foot 2 inches. It was then discovered 
 that the whole of this ancient work had been founded on a very 
 large pit or pond, sunken 13 feet lower, through the gravel 
 quite down to the clay. The pit was irregular in shape, but it 
 measured about 50 feet from north to south and 34 from east 
 to west, and was filled with hardened mud, in which were 
 contained considerable quantities of animal and vegetable re- 
 mains, apparently the discarded refuse of the inhabitants of 
 the vicinity. In the same depository were also found very 
 numerous fragments of the red Roman pottery, usually called 
 Samian ware, pieces of glass vessels, broken terra-cotta lamps, 
 parts of amphorae, mortaria, and other articles made of earth, 
 and all the rubbish which might naturally become accumu- 
 lated in a pond in the course of years. In this mass likewise 
 occurred a number of Imperial Roman coins, several bronze 
 and iron styles, parts of writing-tablets, a bather's strigil, a 
 
xli 
 
 large quantity of caliga-soles, sandals, and remains of leather, 
 and all of the more ancient articles described in the ensuing 
 pages. The situation of the ancient gravel-pit, with respect to 
 both the late and present buildings of the Royal Exchange, 
 and also the order of the several series of soil deposited there- 
 in, under which these antiquities were discovered, are all dis- 
 tinctly represented in the Plan prefixed to this volume. 
 
 It is extremely difficult to offer any probable conjecture 
 for satisfactorily explaining the peculiar circumstances of the 
 contents of this gravel-pit, with the soil and superstructure 
 by which it was covered. At the time when the gravel was 
 taken out, it is possible that the pit was at the extremity of 
 London, or even out of it, as the tan-pits discovered in Bar- 
 tholomew lane seem to indicate ; and that when the excava- 
 tion was exhausted, it remained for, probably, a very consi- 
 derable period of years as a dirty pond, which received the 
 refuse of all the vicinity. In this manner it gradually became 
 filled up ; and, at the time of building the Roman wall above 
 it, the accumulation was again firm enough to receive a bed 
 of gravel, slightly concreted, laid on the top of the mud, so as 
 to admit of the mass being covered up as nearly solid ground. 
 The builders of the late Exchange, however, had found out 
 its insecurity, and accordingly supported their work on piles, 
 which had evidently yielded. 
 
 If Dr. Woodward's principle of determining the nature of 
 a destroyed Roman building from the antiquities found on its 
 site could be generally relied on, it is possible that a plausible 
 conjecture might be offered concerning the edifices which 
 once stood over this gravel-pit. In taking a general view of 
 the collection, the most numerous articles are the necks of 
 amphorae of every variety; broken bowls and paterae of 
 Samian ware, both plain and figured, and of all sizes ; frag- 
 ments of mortaria of different degrees of strength ; and the 
 
xlii 
 
 remains of leather, some still retaining the forms of various 
 ancient coverings for the feet, and others either unmanu- 
 factured or having no longer any trace of an artificial shape. 
 The rest of the recovered antiquities consist of a compa- 
 ratively small quantity of ordinary household and mecha- 
 nical instruments, and an inconsiderable number of common 
 coins of low value. All these articles appear to have been 
 broken, old, or even worn-out, before they were thrown into 
 the forgotten receptacle in which they were found ; and 
 hence their indubitable genuineness is the first impression 
 conveyed by them. Regarded collectively, the remains cer- 
 tainly indicate that the buildings to which they belonged must 
 have been of a civil and domestic character ; and some of 
 them, most probably, inferior shops. If one of these had been 
 a Taberna sutrina. or shop of a shoemaker, the quantity of 
 worn-out soles and shapeless pieces of apparently unwrought 
 leather would be naturally and easily accounted for ; though 
 it cannot be denied that the pond or pit might naturally sup- 
 ply such refuse without having recourse to this supposition. 
 The many necks of amphorse and fragments of Samian-ware 
 dishes and drinking bowls might also lead to the conclusion 
 that another of the buildings was a Taberna diversoria, or 
 inn ; or possibly a Caupona, or shop where wine and provi- 
 sions ready dressed were sold ; with which conjecture the 
 remains of so many mortaria, regarding them as culinary ves- 
 sels, are in perfect accordance. Another article in the collec- 
 tion, the Strigil, described on page 34 of the following cata- 
 logue, has unquestionably belonged to a Bath, with, perhaps, 
 the handle of the amphora, stamped with the remarkable in- 
 scription noticed at page 5. It is possible also_ that part of 
 the apparatus of a bath may still exist in some of -those necks 
 of large earthen vessels which have the mouths contracted in 
 the centre, being intended to admit only a series of drops or 
 
xliii 
 
 a very small stream to issue from them, and for that reason 
 bearing the name of guttus. Such vessels were kept in baths 
 for containing oil to be dropped upon the edge of the rough 
 metal strigil, for the softening of its action in removing the 
 perspiration from the body of the bather. The guttus of the 
 baths is often represented as no more than a very small am- 
 pulla or phial, but it is quite probable that the Romans, who 
 commonly took with them their own bottles of oil for anoint- 
 ing after bathing, also provided their own strigils and other 
 apparatus ; and that at the public baths the oil for lubricating 
 the strigils was kept in larger vessels, especially in so rude a 
 settlement as Roman London. The amphorae having mouths 
 partially closed may, however, have been intended for the 
 vessels from which water, both warm and cold, was poured 
 over the heads of the bathers. In concluding these conjec- 
 tures, it may be observed that a bath might be purposely 
 erected near a house of public entertainment, or might even 
 be connected with it. 
 
 The only means of arriving at any approximation as to a 
 date when these remains were covered over in the gravel-pit 
 must be deduced from the Roman coins which were found 
 with them, and of which a particular account is given here- 
 after, from page 59. Those of Vespasian and Domitian are 
 the most numerous, especially the latter ; but though there 
 are specimens of the coins of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Anto- 
 ninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, and also of the two Em- 
 presses Faustina, there do not occur any pieces of the empe- 
 rors of the third century, excepting one of the third brass of 
 Septimius Severus, which has been plated. There does not 
 appear to be any reason for doubting that this coin was really 
 "found in the gravel-pit, from 20 to 30 feet in depth," as the 
 original title states, with three other pieces of Vespasian and 
 Domitian ; and if this be regarded as the latest coin enclosed 
 
xliv 
 
 there, that receptacle was of course covered over before A.D. 
 235. There is, however, a small coin of Gratianus capable 
 of being positively assigned to A.D. 374, which was recovered 
 after having been taken away, and consequently bearing a 
 less particular title, which probably more accurately indi- 
 cates the time when the gravel-pit was closed up and built 
 upon, namely, about sixty-five years before the departure of 
 the Romans from Britain. This conjecture will perhaps ap- 
 pear the more probable when the decorative character of the 
 Roman remains already described is considered. The painted 
 fragment discovered might almost naturally lead to the con- 
 clusion that, as Roman luxury had then penetrated into Lon- 
 dinium Augusta, and as the city had become extended, the 
 former Taberna was found to be too inferior for the inhabi- 
 tants ; and possibly, the ground on that spot too valuable for 
 the empty gravel-pit or pond to be left unoccupied any longer. 
 A new house of entertainment, perhaps a Thermopolium, for 
 the sale of hot liquors, arose on the same site ; and as such 
 buildings are known to have been frequently ornamented with 
 painting, the lively character of the decorations discovered 
 presents nothing conclusive against such a conjecture. It 
 may not be even quite unreasonable to suppose that the 
 modern concentration of taverns round the Royal Exchange 
 is only the continuation of a practice of remote antiquity. 
 
 With these observations is terminated an attempt to illus- 
 trate a series of antiquities, full of interest at the present time 
 as being the types of places and manners long since departed. 
 Neither in the preceding Introduction, nor yet in the ensuing 
 descriptive Catalogue, is there any pretence intended as to 
 novelty of elucidation or extent of reading or research ; for 
 the absorbing professional occupations of the Author would 
 
xlv 
 
 effectually prevent his entertaining any such design, even if 
 he considered himself capable of executing it. All that has 
 been attempted, therefore, is to supply the visitors of the 
 Museum of the Corporation of London with so much archaeo- 
 logical information concerning the Antiquities discovered at 
 the New Royal Exchange as may lead them to find some 
 interest and gratification in even such mutilated remains as 
 those which are here described. 
 
 It has been also attempted in this sketch to show that the 
 citizens of London have never been unmindful of their ancient 
 civic remains ; and even in times when such memorials were 
 held in little estimation, and the nation had no national mu- 
 seum, they possessed in Gresham College not only such a 
 receptacle, but apparently a niche for local antiquities. The 
 liberal willingness with which every suggestion has been 
 met, with reference to the preservation of these reliques, also 
 shows the inconsiderate injustice of those gross attacks on 
 the Corporation and its officers in this respect, which are 
 so constantly made, and which it is impossible to reconcile 
 either to candour or to truth. 
 
 In conclusion, the writer is bound to acknowledge his very 
 great obligations to his esteemed friend, R. Thomson, esq,, 
 one of the Librarians of the London Institution. On him has 
 fallen the labour of arranging, classifying, and illustrating 
 these Antiquities, and without him it could not have been 
 done at all. The Library Committee of the City of London 
 were good enough to allow him to be associated with the 
 Author in this work ; and it is with the most grateful sense 
 of his exertions and labours that this acknowledgement is 
 now recorded. 
 
 WILLIAM TITE. 
 17, St. Helen's Place, 
 
 20th May, 1843. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVED PLAN OF THE NEW ROYAL 
 EXCHANGE. 
 
 THE annexed Plan was added to the ensuing Catalogue, principally 
 with the view of pointing out the exact site of the excavation in which 
 the most important antiquities were found. In the Plan are exhibited the 
 buildings of the New Royal Exchange, with the important improvements 
 made in its vicinity. The strong black outline indicates the situation and 
 extent of the old Exchange, as rebuilt after the Fire of London in 1666; 
 and the oval shaded spot at the north-west corner shows the situation and 
 extent of the gravel-pit. The rectangular lighter space, drawn obliquely 
 across the pit, represents the position of the Roman wall discovered 
 within it, containing the fragment of the painted architectural base no- 
 ticed in the preceding Introduction. 
 
 A vignette at the lower part of the Plan gives a section of the gravel-pit, 
 with a sketch of the base as found in situ, though somewhat restored hi 
 the detail of the ornament painted upon it. The section shows that the 
 foundations of the walls of the late Royal Exchange were based, at a 
 level of 16 feet below the present roadway, on piles driven down for a 
 considerable depth into the muddy accumulations of the gravel-pit. The 
 oak plank represented on the heads of these piles was 6 inches in thick- 
 ness, and beneath it were the Roman rubble-work and base, measuring 
 (including the planking) 2 feet 2 inches. Then succeeded Roman rubble 
 foundations 1 foot hi thickness ; and then Roman concrete, 1 foot 2 inches 
 in depth, which rested on the top of the mud. The natural gravel or 
 bottom of the pit was on the average 13 feet below this point ; and the 
 entire depth to the bottom, from the present surface to the ground, was 
 no less than 33 feet 4 inches. Most of the more valuable of the ancient 
 remains were found at that very considerable depth. 
 
?LAN or T>] NF/Y KC 
 
 SHEWING THE. SITUATION IN WHICH THE ROI 
 
 APtIL IA4-I 
 
 ..,. "'* ' ecUOTiaftiieQtmdpt nd 
 
 fitt**.*> < '^?i-* '*-\^-^ Fragment of ?amtL4rdnt 
 
y. EXCMNGE 
 
 I ANTIQUITIES WERE FOUND 
 
 / J} edfcri Lith 
 
ANTIQUITIES 
 
 DISCOVERED IN EXCAVATING FOR THE FOUNDATIONS OF 
 
 1841. 
 
 FOR the more clear and orderly consideration of the great va- 
 riety of articles included in this Catalogue, they are described 
 according to the several great classes into which they naturally 
 fall, which consist of the following subjects : 
 
 I. POTTERY and GLASS. 
 
 1. Moulded Utensils and Articles : Bricks and 
 
 Tiles. 
 
 2. Vessels of Matted Pottery : Jars, Urns, 
 
 Vases, Amphora? , etc. 
 
 3. Terra-cotta Lamps. 
 
 4. Samian Ware. 
 
 5. Potters' Marks. 
 
 6. Glass. 
 
 II. WRITING-MATERIALS. 
 
 1. Tablets. 
 
 2. Styles : Iron Styks, Brass Styles, Bone and 
 
 Wooden Styles. 
 
 III. MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 1. Fragments of Armour and Dress : Instru- 
 
 ments of Arts and articles of domestic use. 
 
 2. Tools of Artificers. 
 
 3. Remains of Leather Manufacture. 
 
 IV. COINS. 
 
 V. HORNS, SHELLS, BONES, and VEGETABLE REMAINS. 
 
 VI. ANTIQUITIES and ARTICLES OF LATER PERIODS. 
 
 B 
 
In describing the individual specimens which are contained 
 under these principal heads, the present Catalogue exhibits, 
 firstly, an abstract of the original tickets attached to most of 
 the separate articles of the collection ; which tickets were written 
 at the time these antiquities were discovered, and record the 
 date and place of their disinterment and the names of the per- 
 sons by whom they were found. Descriptive notices are then 
 added to each article, which are distinguished as original by 
 brackets [ ] ; and the same marks are attached also to those 
 titles which were first drawn up for this Catalogue, the sub- 
 jects having been received without any descriptions. 
 
 With respect to the serial order of the several specimens, 
 the most perfect antiquities are placed first, and each one is 
 further distinguished by a Figure in red affixed to the article 
 itself, having a corresponding Number inserted in the Cata- 
 logue, by which every individual piece described may be im- 
 mediately referred to and identified. 
 
I. POTTERY AND GLASS. 
 
 1. MOULDED UTENSILS AND ARTICLES. 
 
 IN the methodical classification of ancient and modern Pot- 
 tery published by M. Alexandre Brongniart* the First prin- 
 cipal division consists of vessels of soft paste, formed out of 
 sandy calcariferous clay, capable of being streaked by an iron 
 instrument, and for the most part fusible in a porcelain-furnace. 
 The First Order in this class comprises such articles as are 
 made from sandy lime, with either a matted surface or without 
 any glazing ; and the Second Sub-order included therein re- 
 lates to several of the specimens of ancient pottery preserved 
 in this collection ; namely, MOULDED UTENSILS, or materials 
 for a variety of works, as bricks, tiles of different kinds, conduit- 
 pipes, etc., of which the following are examples. 
 
 * Traite des Arts Ceramiques, ou des Poteries, consider ees dans leur Mstoire, leur 
 pratique, et leur theorie : Paris, 1844, 8vo, 2 tomes, avec un Atlas; tome i. p. 300. 
 Description metkodique du Musee C&ramique de la Manufacture Royale de Porce- 
 laine de Sevres, par MM. A. Brongniart et D. Riocreux : Paris, 1845, 4to, 2 tomes. 
 
 No. 1. [The greater part of a large flat Roman Tile of light- 
 red brick-earth, measuring 13 inches by 15^ inches to the 
 longest extremity remaining. The sides are turned up at right 
 angles to the height of 1^ inch, and the material is about f of 
 an inch in thickness. At the more perfect end, where the tile 
 was joined horizontally to the next in order, appears nearly 
 one half of a large circular stamp ; which, however, is so faintly 
 impressed as to show nothing more than a series of concentric 
 circles. The shape and nature of the tile appear to indicate 
 that it was intended for part of a rectangular channel for con- 
 veying heat into a bath. There are also some other pieces of 
 similar tiles in the collection, greatly mutilated.] 
 
 B2 
 
4 POTTERY: VESSELS. 
 
 Nos. 2, 3. [Two specimens of Roman Ridge-Tiles of light- 
 red brick-earth, the more perfect of which measures 15^ inches 
 in length, and is bent into an elliptical arc of about 8 inches, 
 which has fallen and become distorted in the drying or burning. 
 The thickness of the tiles is about $ of an inch. There are also 
 some other fragments of similar tiles in the collection.] 
 
 No. 4. [A square Tile of unbaked clay, measuring 6 inches, 
 and 1 \ inch in thickness, which has become exfoliated through- 
 out its whole substance, and continues to separate into large 
 flakes or scales.] 
 
 No. 5. [A large Brick of light-red earth, measuring 1 1 inches 
 by 5 inches, and 2f inches in thickness ; perfectly plain, with- 
 out any mark or stamp.] 
 
 No. 6. [Part of a bent Pipe, of light baked clay, of an un- 
 equal cylindrical form, somewhat like the neck of a retort, 
 measuring 7 inches in length, and 3 inches in diameter at the 
 larger end and 2 inches at the smaller. It possibly formed 
 part of a conduit-pipe.] 
 
 2. VESSELS OF MATTED POTTERY. 
 
 The Third Sub-order of the First Order, in the First prin- 
 cipal division of M. Brongniart's classification, comprises 
 MATTED POTTERY ; namely, Jars, Urns, Vases, Amphorae, 
 etc., formed on the turning-wheel, and frequently finished by 
 the lathe, specimens of which are described in the ensuing 
 articles. 
 
 No. 1. Large Wine-pot. Found at the south-east corner of 
 the old Royal Exchange, 17 feet deep, December 3d, 1840. 
 
 [About two thirds of the lower part of an Amphora, with the 
 foot entire, of pale baked clay, measuring 2 feet 1 inch in height 
 
POTTERY: VESSELS. 5 
 
 and 11 1 inches in diameter at the fractured part. A large 
 Neck, with the handles, possibly belonging to the same vessel, 
 not stamped with any maker's name, is deposited within the 
 amphora.] 
 
 No. 2. [The Neck, and part of the right Handle, of an Am- 
 phora, noticed in this order on account of a large well-defined 
 and remarkable stamp, impressed on the upper part of the 
 handle longitudinally from the neck, consisting of the con- 
 tracted words EVALERTROPH, in which there occur three 
 compound letters or ligatures. The words were probably in- 
 tended for Evalere tropkin, or tropin ; literally meaning that 
 the vase was designed for holding that weak wine, or dregs, 
 called Tropis, which was kept in baths for an emetic or a 
 sweat. This liquor is mentioned by Martial* in a difficult pas- 
 sage, but evidently bearing the present signification, the entire 
 epigram having reference to the practices of the baths. As 
 several other articles connected with baths occur in this collec- 
 tion, the interpretation here given may perhaps be regarded as 
 the more probable. On one side of the neck a cross has been 
 scored in the clay whilst it remained moist.] 
 
 [* Lib. xii. Epig. 83. 
 
 " Fumosae feret ille tropin de faece lagenae, 
 Frontis et humorem colliget usque tuse."] 
 
 No. 3. [A Mortarium, nearly entire, measuring 16| inches 
 in diameter, with a spout of 1^ inch, and 5 inches in depth. 
 It is surrounded by a channelled rim or margin of 2^ inches, 
 on which, on the right of the spout, is a large stamp, bearing 
 the inscription CRACIVS F between two lines of leaves. The 
 material of which this vessel is made is pale baked clay, and 
 it bears evident marks of the lathe within the basin.] 
 
 Nos. 4, 5. [The remains of two smaller Mortaria of pale 
 baked clay, without any makers' names ; one of which appears 
 to exhibit the small stones with which the clay of such vessels 
 is said to have been mixed, to assist in trituration.] 
 
6 POTTERY : VESSELS. 
 
 No. 6. [A small light Mortarium of pale baked clay, nearly 
 perfect, but without the maker's name. It measures 1 1 inches 
 in diameter to the extremities of the margin, which is 2 inches 
 in breadth, and very much bent over. The bowl is smooth 
 within, and is about 3 inches deep.] 
 
 Nos. 7-11. [Five fragments of the margins of Mortaria of 
 pale baked clay, selected as exhibiting the stamps of the respec- 
 tive makers, which are, however, almost illegible.] 
 
 Nos. 12, 12*, 12**. [Fragments of three other Mortaria of 
 stone, of exceedingly strong and heavy manufacture, which were 
 probably employed for the trituration of corn : the remaining 
 feet indicate the strength and solidity with which they were 
 designed to stand. The first two of these specimens are rough 
 within, but the interior of the bowl of the third is smooth, and 
 appears to have been polished.] 
 
 No. 13. [A small Urn (Urnula) of coarse white baked clay, 
 gracefully formed, nearly entire, and decorated with a conside- 
 rable number of small punctures made with a sharp instrument 
 in the outside of the vessel whilst the paste was moist. It 
 measures 6 inches across the top and 4 inches in height, in- 
 cluding the foot; and the form is that of a Gaulish vase 
 mounted on a stand.] 
 
 No. 14. [Another perfect but smaller vessel, of the same 
 ware as the preceding.] 
 
 No. 15. [A small broad Vase ( Vasculum) of coarse and dark 
 baked clay, of the cinerary urn form, or swelling out in the 
 body. It is perfect, and measures 6| inches at the mouth and 
 6 inches in height.] 
 
 No. 1 6. [A small Cup (Pocillum) of close and pale-red baked 
 clay, If inch in height, and 5 inches in width across the top, 
 including the flat margin round the edge.] 
 
POTTERY : VESSELS. 7 
 
 No. 17. [Specimen of an Ollula or pipkin, with a handle, to 
 the extremity of which it measures about 7 inches, by 3 inches 
 in height. It is made of fine and pale baked clay.] 
 
 Nos. 18, 18*. [Two other specimens of Ollulce^ of coarser 
 and thicker ware ; the first measuring 5 inches in height and 
 diameter, and the second 4 inches. They have been both 
 apparently employed for setting on a fire ; and the former has 
 the remains of a coarse green glazing within, and is furnished 
 with three stout feet.] 
 
 No. 19. [A deep Cup, or Narthecium, of a fine and full- 
 coloured matted clay, covered with a thin yellow glaze in the 
 inside, as having been intended to contain ointment or some 
 unctuous preparation. It measures 3 inches in height by 4^ 
 inches across the top.] 
 
 No. 20. A small vessel for holding unguents. Found in 
 large gravel pit, 32 feet deep from level of street, May 1st, 
 1841. Used for an ointment called Ceroma, and employed by 
 wrestlers, composed of wax and earth : " Et ceromatico fert 
 niceteria collo*." 
 
 [A very small earthen vessel of dark baked clay, much mu- 
 tilated, but originally standing about two inches in height, with 
 a large body and narrow neck ; the mouth probably measured 
 about an inch in diameter.] 
 
 [* Juven. Sat. iii. 68.] 
 
 No. 21. [A small broken Vase of pale baked clay, standing 
 about 4| inches in height ; having a broad body about 3 inches 
 in width and a short narrow neck, with the clay spread out 
 into a wide mouth above, which was perhaps originally about 
 3 inches in diameter. From the small size of this vessel, and 
 the capacity of its formation around the neck, it may be re- 
 garded as having been intended to receive, and to pour out, 
 such perfumes or unguents as would not be absorbed by the 
 porous clay of which ^it is made. The foot of the vase is broad 
 
8 POTTERY: VESSELS. 
 
 and firm, and was very gracefully plaited or indented in the 
 flay whilst it was moist.] 
 
 Nos. 22, 23. [Two Necks of Amphorce, selected to exhibit 
 the peculiar form of the vessels called Guttus and Gutturnium, 
 which were used at sacrifices and festivals by supplying water 
 in small quantities, as it were in guttcc or drops ; but they were 
 also employed for wine, oil, and perfumes. The small size of 
 the mouth was the common characteristic of the Guttus class 
 of vessels ; but one sort was formed by pressing together, in 
 the middle, the clay which made the top, whilst it was moist, 
 thus shaping it into a small spout in front, with a wider opening 
 behind for receiving the liquor ; and these lips were sometimes 
 united by an additional piece of clay, in the manner of a seal. 
 There are examples of both kinds in the present collection.] 
 
 No. 24. [The lower part of a large spiral Cruet or Lecythus, 
 of baked clay, 15 inches in length and 2 inches wide at the 
 upper end. It is surrounded by coarse rough circles, as if it 
 had been formed in a rude mould, and was possibly used for 
 holding wax ; but the Lecythi were usually employed for con- 
 taining oil, and also the pigments of painters.] 
 
 No. 24*. [Another fragment of a Lecythus of a plainer 
 form.] 
 
 No. 25. [The upper part of a vessel of very coarse and friable 
 red-brown earth, greatly resembling a modern pitcher, but hav- 
 ing the spout formed of a short cylinder. The handle is coarsely 
 set on, and the shoulder of the vessel is ornamented with a 
 rudely stamped or punctured border of squares and zigzag lines 
 twice repeated. From the coarse earth of which this vessel was 
 formed, the imperfect baking and fragility of the ware, and the 
 pattern traced upon it, the present specimen may perhaps be 
 regarded as part of a British vase. When complete it probably 
 measured about 7 inches in diameter at the widest part, and 
 the mouth is 4 inches across.] 
 
POTTERY : VESSELS. 9 
 
 No. 26. [A Lagena, or vessel of the pitcher form, of light 
 red-brown earth, covered with a very slight glazing, having a 
 short neck and a handle. It stands about 11 inches in height, 
 and measures 4^ inches in diameter at the mouth, nearly 6 
 inches across the foot, and about 8 inches at the greatest breadth. 
 It is coarsely ornamented round the lower part of the body, for 
 about half the height of the vessel, with several winding lines 
 of white clay, about half an inch in breadth, at the distance of 
 1 \ inch apart, rudely laid on, and subsequently stained with a 
 yellow colour by the glazing laid over the whole vessel. Though 
 far from perfect, this specimen is still extremely interesting, 
 and completely exhibits the entire form of the Lagena^\ 
 
 No. 26*. [The remains of the lower part of another Lagena, 
 of pale-brown clay.] 
 
 No. 27. [An earthen Ampulla, or bottle, measuring 7 inches 
 in height and about 6| inches at the broadest part, having two 
 handles, set on like those of a jar, at each side of the neck, 
 which is very short, and 1^ inch in diameter at the mouth. 
 The foot measures 3 inches across ; and the material of which 
 the vessel is made is coarse and friable red-brown earth, covered 
 with a very slight glazing.] 
 
 No. 28. [A large fragment of the neck of a capacious Gaulish 
 Vase of dark-brown ware, covered with an exceedingly thin glaze 
 resembling black lead. The fragment exhibits the marks of the 
 lathe ; and between two circles turned round the shoulder it is 
 rudely ornamented with diagonal lines, slightly scored on the 
 surface in groups of six strokes in each.] 
 
 No. 29. [A small fragment of dark-gray matted pottery, evi- 
 dently part of a small Gaulish Vase, thin and well baked, but 
 not glazed. It appears to have belonged to the neck of the 
 vessel, since it contains part of two circular lines turned, with 
 small raised points between them, and beneath are two groups 
 of points of about sixty in each, produced by a mould.] 
 
10 POTTERY : VESSELS. 
 
 No. 30. [Three fragments of Gaulish ware, one of which is 
 covered with the thin lead-like glaze of the preceding article. 
 The other two specimens are of thick black ware, and originally 
 formed parts of the mouth of a large broad urn, and of the flat 
 border or lip of a cup.] 
 
 No. 31. [Two pieces of remarkably thin and delicate Gaulish 
 ware, of light brown clay, formerly portions of two small broad 
 vases. They are rudely ornamented on the exterior with irre- 
 gular flutings and marks, very sharply executed, and produced 
 by drawing a narrow loop of wire or metal down the sides of 
 the vessel whilst the paste was moist and soft. Such an instru- 
 ment is still employed by sculptors in modelling, and is usually 
 called " the wire-tool."] 
 
 3. TERRA-COTTA LAMPS. 
 
 No. 1. Roman Lamp. Found, bottom of old cesspool or 
 pit, north-east angle of Royal Exchange. This lamp is the only 
 one discovered which has not originally had a handle ; the top 
 was broken by the pickaxe in excavating. It has the head of an 
 empress, indicated by the crescent, representing the moon. 
 
 [A lamp of fine pale-brown clay, nearly perfect, and mea- 
 suring 3 inches in width exclusive of the burner, and 1 inch in 
 height. The head is contained in a circle in the centre, im- 
 pressed in relief. It is a full-faced bust ; and, as the portraits 
 of empresses exhibited on the Roman coins, in connexion with 
 crescents, are always in profile, the lamp may perhaps be equally 
 well regarded as belonging to the class of lights which were 
 used at religious festivals, and to have been intended for the 
 feast of Diana. The figure is forcibly, though somewhat gro- 
 tesquely, executed in a late style of Roman art ; and the face 
 has also that wild aspect which was frequently given to divi- 
 nities. At the distance of nearly two inches from the head is 
 a circle of an olive wreath impressed into the clay.] 
 
POTTERY: LAMPS. 11 
 
 No. 2. Roman Lamp. Found in large gravel-pit, 30 feet 
 from surface. 
 
 [A small plain lamp of dark clay, having a metallic appear- 
 ance, like the remains of gilding, on the surface, effected by the 
 decomposed animal matter contained in the pit where it was 
 found : it measures 3 inches in diameter exclusive of the 
 burner, which is double and quite perfect, but the handle is 
 wanting.] 
 
 No. 3. Lamp. Found in bottom of large gravel-pit, 30 feet 
 from level of street, April 23d. 
 
 [A plain lamp of dark-coloured earth ; the handle gone.] 
 
 No. 4. Fragment of a Lamp. Found in large gravel-pit, 
 30 feet from surface, March 27th, 1841. 
 
 [The upper half only of a plain lamp, of light-coloured clay, 
 but having the handle perfect.] 
 
 No. 5. Lamp. Found in the screened dirt excavated from 
 large gravel-pit hole, north-east angle of Eoyal Exchange, 
 May 4th, 1841. 
 
 [A small and plain but very perfect lamp of light-coloured 
 clay, standing 1 inch in height, and measuring 2 inches in dia- 
 meter, exclusive of the burner. From the decomposed animal 
 matter contained in the pit whence these antiquities were taken, 
 there is a metallic appearance on the surface of this lamp some- 
 what like the remains of gilding.] 
 
 No. 6. Fragment of a Lamp. Found under the foundation 
 of wall crossing the gravel-pit hole, April 7th. 
 
 [Half of a plain lamp of red-brown earth, comprising the 
 handle.] 
 
 No. 7. Fragment of a Lamp. Found on south side of the 
 large gravel-pit, 30 feet from surface, March 18th, 1841. 
 
 [The remains of a lamp of red-brown earth, consisting of the 
 end having the burner.] 
 
12 POTTERY: LAMPS. 
 
 
 
 No. 8. Part of a Roman Lamp. Found at the bottom of 
 large gravel-pit hole, April 20th, 1841, 30 feet deep. 
 
 [Part of the bottom of a small lamp of light-brown earth, 
 having the name EVCARIS within three circles embossed on 
 the outside.] 
 
 No. 9. Fragment of a Roman Lamp. Found in the rubbish 
 carted away from large gravel-pit hole, by carman shooting the 
 same; with sundry earthen -ware ; March 23d. 
 
 [Part of the bottom of a very small lamp of dark earth, hav- 
 ing the remains of three circles embossed on the outside, with 
 the letters ALLIV.] 
 
 No. 10. Part of a Roman Lamp. Found west side of large 
 gravel-pit hole, 25 feet deep ; with leather sandal, two soles, and 
 thirteen pieces of earthen- ware, figured, etc., April 1 4th, 1841. 
 
 [Part of the upper surface only of a plain lamp of dark- 
 coloured earth.] 
 
 No. 11. Fragment of a Lamp. Found in the hole in centre, 
 20 feet down, April 2d, 1841. 
 
 [Of red-brown earth : part of the burner only.] 
 
 No. 12. Fragment of a Lamp. Found in large gravel-pit, 
 30 feet from surface, April 26th, 1841. 
 
 [Half of the upper surface of a lamp of light-brown earth, 
 broken longitudinally; the handle and burner both mutilated.] 
 
POTTERY: SAMIAN WARE. 13 
 
 4. SAMIAN WARE. 
 
 The Second Order of the First Class of M. Brongniart is 
 appropriated to SHINING POTTERY, or that which has a thin 
 glazing of silica rendered fusible by the introduction of an 
 alkali, either potash or soda, and coloured by a metallic oxide, 
 which formed a part of the primitive paste. He observes that 
 this was the only glazing with which the ancients were ac- 
 quainted, but that it is now no longer employed, the exact me- 
 thod of making it being lost*. Under this division is comprised 
 a considerable part of the present collection, namely, the nu- 
 merous reliques of vessels of that fine thin red pottery usually 
 regarded as the ancient SAMIAN WARE. An account of the 
 principal and most entire specimens is contained in the ensuing 
 list ; but not one of the whole series is perfect, and the greater 
 part consists of small pieces only, which are perhaps now inca- 
 pable of being matched. 
 
 * Trait e des Arts Ceramiques, tome i. p. 545. 
 
 No. 1. Drinking-bowl, of red Samian ware, discovered in 
 fragments in cesspool, 23 feet below surface, centre of mer- 
 chants' area. 
 
 [The fragments of this vessel have been carefully united, so 
 that it is now nearly perfect. It measures 6 inches in dia- 
 meter and 3 inches in depth ; and hence may be regarded as 
 containing the quantity of a sextarius, or about a pint and a 
 half. The upper edge is ornamented with a broad border of ivy 
 leaves.] 
 
 No. 2. [Part of a large Drinking- vessel, consisting of several 
 fragments carefully united, showing the original measurement 
 to have been 9 inches in the diameter and 4 inches in the depth. 
 It was capable, therefore, of holding the quantity of about half 
 a congius, that is, three sextarii^ or 4 pints. Round the sides 
 is a deep border of festoons, ivy, and other leaves, with circles 
 
14 POTTERY: SAMIAN WARE. 
 
 enclosing dancing Bacchantes, carrying torches and looking be- 
 hind them ; and it was originally supported hy two strong 
 handles, one of which remains, rudely set on close to the body 
 and at the top of the vessel.] 
 
 Nos. 3, 4. [Remains of two very graceful small Drinking- 
 cups, or Cyathi, of thick and fine ware, having the edges turned 
 over like a flower, and embossed with long pointed leaves, with 
 their stalks attached, lying all round on the upper surface of 
 the edge. M. Brongniart states that these leaves were stuck 
 on the cup with a viscous liquid called Barbotine, with a spatula 
 shaped like a spoon, they having been also formed out of a 
 thick jelly of the same. He adds, further, that the ornament 
 is altogether peculiar to Roman pottery, and denominates the 
 vessels cups modelled " en Barbotine" in which class, however, 
 is found a variety of leaves, flowers, and figures*. The larger 
 of the present specimens is 2 inches in height and 5 inches in 
 diameter, and the smaller 1 inch in height and 3^ inches in 
 diameter. There are also a considerable number of small frag- 
 ments of Barbotine vessels in this collection, showing a great 
 variety of the pointed leaves set upon the borders, and exhibit- 
 ing some difference in the ware of which they were made, as 
 to the intensity of the red colour, and lustre on the surface. 
 These remains show that such vessels were made of almost 
 every size and figure, from a large patera six inches in dia- 
 meter, with broad flat margins, to the smallest cup with rounded 
 edges, not measuring more than an inch across.] 
 
 [* TraitS des Arts C&ramiques, tome i. p. 425.] 
 
 No. 5. A .small Cup, found on the west side of the mer- 
 chants'* area, 25 feet from the surface. 
 
 [This cup is composed of fine thin Samian ware, perfectly 
 plain, with the exception of some simple mouldings. It is 
 very nearly perfect, and it measures 1 inch in height and 
 3 inches in diameter. In the bottom of the centre, inside, is 
 stamped 01 M (Officind Im ) ] 
 
POTTERY: SAMIAN WARE. 15 
 
 No. 6. [The interior bottom of a Patera, of inches in dia- 
 meter, stamped in the centre with IVNAL, probably for Juve- 
 nalis. The name of loenalis, for Jovenalis, has been found on 
 pottery discovered in London. There is a fragment of another 
 vessel of plain Samian ware which contains the termination of 
 this stamp, impressed with great care and clearness.] 
 
 No. 7. [Several less perfect and smaller fragments of vessels 
 of figured Samian ware, selected for the purpose of exhibiting 
 the different types and subjects usually embossed on them, by 
 means of -the engraved rolls and single stamps employed by 
 potters, both separately and combined. 
 
 Men catching deer, with a border of birds beneath. 
 
 Deer chased by lions. Another border containing lions. 
 
 A hunt of wild boars. 
 
 Stags couching in a forest. 
 
 A chase of hares and rabbits by dogs. 
 
 Circles enclosing winged boys. 
 
 Remains of a border with whole-length human figures. 
 
 A border formed of festoons and short darts. 
 
 Lions, with boys at play in circles. 
 
 Circles with animals, apparently bears. 
 
 Gladiators, and men hunting or fighting with lions. 
 
 Boars, with circles enclosing birds of prey. 
 
 Hares running, with tufts of grass or fern placed alter- 
 nately. 
 
 Birds of prey in circles, placed alternately with hares 
 running. 
 
 [One of these latter specimens is remarkable, as exhibiting 
 the leaden rivet anciently employed for mending the vessel, 
 showing the estimation in which the figured Samian ware was 
 formerly held.] 
 
 No. 8. [A large cup of plain Samian ware, with conical 
 sides, 5 1 inches in diameter and 4 inches in height, stamped 
 in the centre of the bottom within, OF CARI (Officind Cari), 
 from the workshop of Carus, in reversed letters.] 
 
16 POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 5. POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 A large quantity of the Samian ware of this collection con- 
 sists of small broken fragments, incapable of being united, and 
 neither sufficiently perfect nor interesting to be exhibited, ex- 
 cepting as pieces bearing the names of the potters by whom 
 they were made. Out of the whole mass, therefore, amounting 
 to several thousands of fragments, a considerable number of 
 the stamped parts of vessels has been selected, from which the 
 ensuing List of Potters 1 Names has been compiled. It contains 
 many which have not before been published in any other se- 
 ries ; and hence may assist in the decyphering of obscure and 
 imperfect stamps, for which purpose such catalogues are prin- 
 cipally valuable. The particular kind of vessel on which the 
 name is found is also noticed in the list here given, with the 
 view of showing the various articles known to have been manu- 
 factured by the same potter. 
 
 In all the very numerous collections of pottery which have 
 been discovered in Britain, and especially in London, there are 
 certain of the same names of manufacturers which continually 
 occur ; who may hence be regarded as the most celebrated 
 makers of the earthen-ware imported hither in such vast quan- 
 tities during the Roman period. Some of these employed a 
 variety of stamps, bearing the name engraven more or less at 
 length, and distinguished also by several other differences ; and 
 it is only by a comparison with the methodical lists of potters' 
 marks, which have been occasionally published, that the iden- 
 tity can be ascertained and the perfect inscription be recovered. 
 A curious instance of this kind of illustration occurs with re- 
 spect to a potter who now appears to have been called Cres- 
 ticus, specimens of whose red ware are both beautiful and very 
 numerous. When the great discovery of pottery was made 
 in Lombard street in 1785*, some pieces were found marked 
 OF CRES, which Dr. Combe conjectured to signify Crescentis ; 
 
 * Archaoloyia, vol. viii. p. 131. 
 
POTTERS' MARKS. 17 
 
 but since that period many vessels of this manufacture have 
 been discovered, exhibiting a gradual increase in the letters of 
 the name, in the several variations of CRES, CREST, CRESTI, 
 and in the present collection is a fragment marked OF CREST 1C 
 which does not appear in any list previously printed. 
 
 The pieces of Stamped Samian ware which have been selected 
 from the remains found at the Royal Exchange are all distin- 
 guished by labels placed in immediate contact with the Potter's 
 Mark, on which the letters of the name have been carefully 
 copied, that they may be the more generally read and under- 
 stood. For the same reasons, also, a few remarks, illustrative 
 of the peculiarities usually observable in these signatures, are 
 prefixed to the ensuing list. 
 
 The name of the potter by whom the vessel was made is ge- 
 nerally found on the centre of the inside of the smaller articles ; 
 under the foot, or on the lip or margin, of such as are larger ; 
 on the necks and handles of amphorae ; and sometimes, though 
 rarely, embossed with the ornamental borders on the outside of 
 figured ware. In the smaller vessels, the letters are commonly 
 enclosed in a short oblong compartment, rounded at each end, 
 and impressed horizontally across the middle of the interior, 
 having the characters almost always formed in relief. Several 
 examples are extant, however, of the letters being impressed 
 into the paste, and afterwards finished by an instrument ; but 
 no specimen of an incused stamp has been found in the present 
 collection. The inscription commonly reads from left to right ; 
 but it is not unusual to meet with the S reversed, even in any 
 part of a word ; nor to find the whole name turned, by the stamp 
 having been improperly made. Another peculiarity is the fre- 
 quent occurrence of ligatures, or the union of two or more let- 
 ters in one character : as AV for MV, or f-E for THE ; and the 
 connection of MA or MV in this manner, from the blunt im- 
 pression of a worn-out stamp, and the partial obliteration of 
 the inscription by the baking, will often render the names al- 
 most unintelligible. Sometimes, also, the termination of the 
 word only remains, and sometimes only the commencement, 
 from imperfect sealing. The names of the potters are ex- 
 
 c 
 
18 POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 pressed both in the nominative and genitive cases. When 
 they appear in the former, they are followed or preceded by F, 
 for Fecit ; and when they are written in the latter, M is added, 
 to indicate Manu, from the hand of such a manufacturer*. 
 The contraction o, , or OF, is also frequently employed to 
 signify Officind, for ex Ojficind, from the manufactory of such 
 a workman. The practice of the same potters using several dif- 
 ferent stamps, exhibiting all these varieties of inscriptions, has 
 been already noticed, and instances will also be found in the fol- 
 lowing list. It remains only to be observed that the stamps or 
 seals for marking: the ware were made both of terra-cotta and of 
 
 O 
 
 metal ; M. Brongniart has published a figure of one of the former 
 
 kind, which was discovered at Lezoux in Auvergnef. 
 
 The Names of the Potters which occur on the Samian ware 
 
 and baked-clay vessels found on the site of the Eoyal Exchange 
 
 are arranged in the following alphabetical list : 
 
 ACVIL . . . On a small cup of red ware. 
 
 ALIVS F On a small cup. On the terra-cotta lamp de- 
 
 scribed on page 12, No. 9, appears the im- 
 perfect name ALLIV.. which is probably 
 another mark of the same manufacturer. 
 
 AMABIVS F On a small bowl of thin red ware, slightly 
 
 AMABIVS glazed: the mark very sharp and clear. 
 
 ARBONIS M On a patera. 
 
 ASSIV. . . On a small patera. 
 
 BISENE . . . Imperfect. On a patera. (The s reversed.) 
 
 OF CARI On a large cup. The name CARO was found 
 
 on the remains of a vessel of pale baked clay, 
 discovered in Lombard street in 1785]:. 
 
 OF CALVI On a patera of red ware. The mark OFCALVI 
 is found in the list of potters 1 names on the 
 vessels discovered on the site of the church 
 of St. Michael, Crooked lane, in 1831. 
 
 * M. Brongniart adds that M also signified Magnarii, from the repository or maga- 
 zine of such a potter. Traite des Arts Ceramiqites, tome i. p. 425. 
 
 t Traite des Arts Ceramiques, tome i. p. 424 ; Atlas, planche xxx. fig. 9. 
 + Arch<eologia, vol. viii. p. 121, plate vi. fig. 5. 
 ArcJueologta, vol. xxiv. p. 202. 
 
POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 19 
 
 o CILIVI On a small cup. 
 
 CRACIVS F On a mortarium of pale baked clay, described 
 at page 5, No. 3. 
 
 OF CRES On a large patera of red ware. Found also in 
 Lombard street in 1785. 
 
 OF ORES (Reversed.) On a small bowl of thick ware. 
 
 CREST On a large patera. 
 
 OF CREST On a large patera. 
 
 CREST i (Beversed.) On a patera. The first letter not 
 
 complete. 
 
 OF CRES TIC On a large patera. Some of these six stamps, or 
 M CRES*, are found in almost all the collec- 
 tions of Roman pottery discovered in London. 
 The increasing variations in the name of the 
 manufacturer have been already noticed. 
 
 M CRES TO On the external ornamental border of a rich 
 bowl of figured Samian ware, between the legs 
 of a hare running. (See page 15, No. 7.) 
 This remarkable inscription can be only con- 
 jecturally explained, but it might perhaps 
 have been intended to express MARCVS 
 CRESTICVS OPIFEX; and indicating, by 
 the difference of the signature from the form 
 observed in the ordinary stamps, that the ex- 
 ecution of the border was of a higher species 
 of skill than that which was required for ma- 
 nufacturing the vessels. 
 
 EVC ARIS On the bottom of a terra-cotta lamp, described 
 
 on page 12, No. 8. 
 
 FEC(if) Reversed, within a Roman tablet. On a mor- 
 
 tarium, imperfectly stamped. Such a mark 
 was found on a similar vessel in Lombard 
 street in I785f. The commencement of the 
 same word, having the letters placed in the 
 usual manner, appears upon the fragment of 
 another mortarium in this collection. 
 
 Archceologia, vol. xxiv. p. 202. 
 
 t Archaologia, vol. viii. p. 130. 
 
 c2 
 
20 
 
 POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 OF FEVR 
 
 OF FIRM 
 
 OF HO 
 
 OIM 
 
 I VNAL 
 
 M A I 
 
 On a large patera of red ware, within a radiated 
 circle. 
 
 On a small cup of thick red ware. This mark re- 
 sembles that described as OFIRMONS, found 
 in 1 831 , on the site of St. Michael 1 s church, 
 Crooked lane*. 
 
 (Reversed.) On a patera. This mark is pos- 
 sibly intended to signify Officind Honorii. 
 
 On a small cup. This inscription has been al- 
 ready noticed at page 14, No. 5. 
 
 On a patera. (Page 15, No. 6.) The name in- 
 tended was probably Juvenalis, as loenalis 
 has been found stamped on pottery discovered 
 in London, to express Jovenalis. Another 
 fragment of a patera bears a termination pro- 
 bably of one of these names, . . . I AL. 
 
 On a large cup. 
 
 MEMORIS IN On a large patera. 
 
 OF 
 OF 
 
 OF Ni 
 
 NIVI 
 
 MONT... On small bowls, and on a patera. As the N 
 
 MONTANI and T in this name consist of one character 
 
 TANI FE only, which might be unobserved, the mark 
 
 is probably the same as that given by Dr. 
 
 Combe under the form of OF MONANI, from 
 
 the red ware found in Lombard street in 
 
 1785 f. The last imperfect mark occurs on 
 
 a patera, within a radiated centre. 
 
 On a small cup. This may have been either 
 the commencement of NIGR or NIGRINI, as 
 stamped on the vessels discovered in Lom- 
 bard street and Crooked lane ; or it may 
 have been a part of the mark ensuing. 
 
 On small cups. M. Brongniart has published a 
 representation of an unformed piece of clay, 
 which he supposes to have been the foot of a 
 cup, stamped with this name. It was disco- 
 vered in the remains of a pottery furnace at 
 
 Archceoloffia, vol. xxiv. p. 201. + Archaologia, vol. viii. p. 131. 
 
POTTERS' MARKS. 21 
 
 Heiligenberg, a village near Milz in the valley 
 of Bruch, not far from Strasburg*. 
 
 o OMAF On a small bowl. 
 
 OPPRIN On a large patera. 
 
 O PAS EN On a cup of coarse ware, clearly printed. This 
 
 mark is probably the same as that given by 
 Dr. Combe, from the pottery found in Lom- 
 bard street, o PASEf; and it appears to 
 have belonged to the same manufacturer as 
 the one whose ware is stamped OF PAZZENI 
 on some of the specimens discovered in 
 Crooked lanej. 
 
 . . . PATRIC On a small cup, clearly impressed. This name 
 also occurs, without any prefix, on a large 
 deep cup of very thick ware, and on a large 
 patera. 
 
 OF PONT-EI (PONTHEI) On a large patera. 
 
 OF PRIMVLI On a small bowl. From the circumstance of 
 OF PRIM having been found stamped on the 
 Roman ware discovered at Beculver, and the 
 name of Primitivus, a potter, being referred 
 to by Battely in his Antiquitates Rutupi- 
 #?, it was conjectured that the inscription 
 OF PRIM, impressed on some of the frag- 
 ments discovered on the site of St. Michael's 
 Crooked lane, must also be attributed to the 
 same potter. The words, however, may be 
 equally well regarded as the commencement 
 of the name given in the margin. 
 
 OF RO . . . On a large patera ; also reversed on a patera. 
 
 ROIPVS F On a patera : two specimens. 
 
 * Traite des Arts Ceramiques, planche xxx. fig. 14, tome i. p. 42?. 
 
 f Archceologia, vol. viii. p. 131. J Archceologia, vol. xxiv. p. 202. 
 
 Battely affirms that Primitivus was the name of a very celebrated potter, on the 
 authority of the tract of Paulus Petavius, entitled Antiquaries supellectilis Poriiuncula, 
 printed in the Novus Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum of .A. H. De Sallengre, 
 Venet. 1735, fol., vol ii. ; and of Johannes Smetius, in his Antiquitates Neomagenses, 
 1678, 4to, p. WQ.Antiquit. Rutup. Oxon. 1745, 4to, p. 105. 
 
22 
 
 POTTERS' MARKS. 
 
 ..SABIANI On a patera. 
 
 (*)ABINVS On a patera: imperfect in the initial. 
 
 SAN I V On a patera. 
 
 OF SEVIEMI On a large patera. [bowl. 
 
 OF SEVER i On a small cup, a patera, and a small thick 
 
 OF SEVER I On a patera of thick ware, within a radiated 
 
 centre. Found also in Lombard street. 
 OF VIRILI(S) On a small bowl. The name has been found in 
 
 Crooked lane and in other places*. 
 OF VITA (Us) OF VITAL (is) On a patera. This name has 
 
 also been found in Crooked lane, and at the 
 
 Bartlow hills, 
 OF VVIRII On a patera. 
 
 The following list exhibits terminations and parts of names 
 only, with some which are too imperfectly stamped to be 
 decyphered. 
 
 ...ARIAN On a patera. 
 .... ASCVLI On a patera. 
 CCILVI On a small cup. 
 
 . . . CEII On a patera. 
 
 . . . EPON FE On a large patera. 
 
 . . . IAL On a patera. [diated centre. 
 
 . . . IANI FE On a large patera of thick ware, within a ra- 
 
 ICA ... On a mortarium. 
 
 MARINV... On a mortarium, within a narrow indented 
 border. 
 
 o.. .ERIV. . 
 
 GERMANVS 
 
 i-On a mortarium, within a border of points. 
 
 Archtsologia, vol. xxiv. p. 201. 
 
GLASS. 23 
 
 6. GLASS. 
 
 The specimens of Glass contained in this collection will be 
 found, when carefully examined, to be numerous, interesting, 
 and consisting of many varieties, though, at the same time, 
 there is not one vessel remaining entire, nor are the fragments 
 such as can be successfully united. With the exception of part 
 of a title affixed to the remaining handle of a Simpulum, the 
 pieces were without any such notices as those which were at- 
 tached to the other antiquities, indicating the depth and parti- 
 cular spot where they were discovered, and suggesting a probable 
 conjecture concerning their age. The fragments, however, are 
 sufficiently perfect in themselves to show that they once formed 
 part of several different species of Roman glass vessels, similar 
 to those which are exhibited by Montfaucon in various speci- 
 mens taken from the Brandenburg Museum*. Thus, some of 
 the pieces evidently once belonged to bottles of a rectangular 
 shape, which had usually low necks and short handles ; others 
 formed part of round flasks, with longer necks ; others were 
 like broad vases or basins, cast with thick flutes, or covered with 
 concentric circles ; and others resembled the phials of the mid- 
 dle ages. A few of the specimens are more clear, and have less 
 of the usual green Roman tint, than the rest ; but there are 
 certainly not any which can be regarded as representing the 
 rare and costly Crystalla or Crystallina, brought from Egypt. 
 The present fragments, on the contrary, are in all probability 
 chiefly the remains of vessels of the common Aretian manufac- 
 ture, which were but little valued ; or of the ordinary impure 
 glass, which Martial places in opposition to the large and genuine 
 crystal cupsf. The most perfect specimen in the collection is 
 of the phial kind, and is that with which the ensuing list is 
 commenced. 
 
 * Antiquite Expliquee, 2de edit, tome i. p. 1, pi. Ixxix. 
 
 f " Sic Aretina violant crystallina testae." lib. i. Epigr. 54. 6. " A retina nimis ne 
 spemas vasa monenuis." lib. xiv. Epigr. 98. " Turbata brevi crystallina vitro." 
 lib. ix. Epigr. 60. 13. 
 
24 GLASS. 
 
 No. 1. [An Ampulla of semi-opaque thin glass, of a dull 
 clouded tint, standing at present 1|. inch in height up to the 
 broken neck, and measuring 1^ inch in diameter at the base. 
 This small bottle is doubtless of considerable antiquity, and 
 was probably a lacrymatory.] 
 
 No. 2. [The Neck of a vessel which was originally furnished 
 with two handles. One of these is remaining, and exhibits the 
 peculiar, though extremely simple and ancient, method of form- 
 ing them, out of glass previously made into long thick strips, 
 which were afterwards again heated, and folded and pressed 
 against the vessel for which they were intended ; the handle 
 was then separated from the remainder of the strip at the re- 
 quired length. This fragment measures 3 inches in length to 
 the remains of the shoulder of the vessel, and is 2 inches in 
 diameter at the mouth. It is composed of thick green Roman 
 glass, full of air-bubbles, indicating an imperfect degree of re- 
 fining, the glass not having been made sufficiently fluid during 
 that operation to allow of their dispersion. The specimen origi- 
 nally belonged to a vessel intended to contain two different kinds 
 of liquids, since it is separated down the centre, from the very 
 mouth, by a division of glass ; and it was probably part of a 
 Simpulum, a small vessel used in sacrifices, from which wine or 
 water was let out in drops*, upon the principle of the Guttus, 
 already noticed.] 
 
 * [" Quo vinum dabunt, ut minutatim funderent, a guttis Outturn adpcllarunt; et 
 quo sumebant minutatim, a sumcndo Simpulum nominavere." Varro, De Lingua 
 LatinA, iv. 26.] 
 
 No. 2*. [The Handle of a Simpulum of green Roman glass, 
 of a slight and graceful form, with two other fragments of han- 
 dles ; all contained in the same division with the preceding.] 
 
 No. 3. [Eight fragments of broad vessels, of the bowl or 
 basin shape, principally of thick semi-opaque glass, cast with 
 thick flutes on the exterior ; and on the inside of two of the 
 pieces appear to be the circular marks of the lathe. One of 
 
GLASS. 25 
 
 the specimens is formed of quite clear glass, of a pale green 
 tint ; and another is also of clear glass, of a very deep and rich 
 yellow-brown colour.] 
 
 No. 4. [Two pieces of coloured glass. The former of these 
 specimens formed part of a broad vessel of thin dark-blue glass 
 of the colour of the Portland vase ; the surface is in part de- 
 composed, but the -mouldings on the edge and round the side 
 are still remaining perfect. 
 
 [The other fragment is part of the shoulder of a small round 
 bottle, of pale-yellow glass ; also artificially coloured, covered 
 with cast concentric circles set very closely together.] 
 
 The remaining pieces of ancient glass may be described under 
 the two general groups following. 
 
 No. 5. [A number of pieces of clear pale-green glass, vary- 
 ing in substance, part of which originally belonged to round 
 bottles, and part to bottles of a rectangular shape. Some of the 
 latter vessels must have been of rather a large size.] 
 
 No. 6. [Numerous fragments of bottles of semi-opaque Ro- 
 man glass, also considerably varying in substance, many of 
 which exhibit the metallic and iridescent appearance peculiar to 
 ancient glass which has become decomposed by a lengthened 
 interment.] 
 
27 
 
 II. WRITING-MATERIALS. 
 
 1. TABLETS. 
 
 No. 1. Tabella, or small Tablet, for writing on. (" Cera . . . 
 rasis infusa Tabellis*.") Found in large gravel-pit, 31 feet 
 from surface, April 18th, 1841. 
 
 [A single complete page, measuring 5 J inches by 4|, having 
 a border or margin of f of an inch in breadth on every side, the 
 reverse being quite plain, showing it to have been an outside 
 leaf or cover. The creases made by the string, which bound it 
 together as a book or letterf, are apparently visible on the edges 
 at the sides : the wood is of a close grain, and smooth within 
 the panel, probably from the plane-like action of the style over 
 the surface, frequently repeated.] 
 
 [* Ovid. Artis Amator. i. 43?.] 
 
 [f* '* Chry solus. Nunc tu abi intro, Pistoclere, ad Bacchidem, atque offer cito. 
 Pistoclerus. Quid ? Clvrysalus. Stilum, ceram, et tabellas, et linum." Plant. Bae- 
 ehides, iv. 4. 63 ; edit. Gruter. cum commentar. Taubmanni, 1621.] 
 
 No. 2. [Fragment of a Leaf of a Tabella, found with No. 1 ; 
 measuring 6 inches by 2f , with a margin as in that speci- 
 men, the reverse being plain, for the outside of the book. The 
 crease of the string, and the holes by which it was connected 
 with the opposite leaf, are visible on the inner edge. The wood 
 is of rather a coarser grain than that of the first example.] 
 
 No. 3. [Fragment of an interior or double Leaf of a Ta- 
 bella, found with No. 1 ; measuring 5^ inches by 2 J, with part 
 only of the margin left. On one side is a channel, nearly an 
 inch broad, and cut to almost ^ of an inch in depth, passing 
 across the centre of the panel within the margin ; and one of 
 
28 WRITING-MATERIALS: TABLETS. 
 
 the holes by which it was connected with the next leaf is visi- 
 ble in the remains of the inner border. The wood is of a coarse 
 open grain.] 
 
 SEVEN FRAGMENTS OF TABELLJE. 
 
 No. 4. [Three of these pieces probably belonged to the saint: 
 leaf, and therefore they are now lightly joined together. The 
 page when perfect measured 5f inches in height, and had a 
 margin on every side, with a channel on one surface, an inch 
 in breadth. The wood is of a very coarse grain, and the crease 
 of the string is still visible.] 
 
 No. 5. [Another fragment, measuring 5 inches in height, 
 having the upper and lower margins left ; but the interior is 
 without any channel, and the reverse is quite plain, showing 
 the specimen to have been an outside leaf or cover. The wood 
 is smooth, and of a finer grain than the preceding.] 
 
 Nos. 6, 7. Found in large gravel-pit hole, 30 feet deep, April 
 24th, 1841. 
 
 [These fragments are only parts of leaves.] 
 
 No. 8. [Another strip of an exterior leaf or cover, having 
 the upper and lower margins remaining, and the reverse quite 
 plain.] 
 
 2. STYLES. 
 IRON STYLES. 
 
 No. 1. Iron Stylus, or Writing-pen. Found at bottom of 
 large gravel-pit hole, May 6th, 1841, with earthen- ware. 
 
 [A very perfect specimen of a strong well-finished style, 6 
 inches in length, with the erasing part square, and f of an 
 inch long, very much turned up and blunted at the edges. 
 It has been ornamented with reeding the whole length of the 
 shaft.] 
 
WRITING-MATERIALS: STYLES. 29 
 
 No. 2. Two Iron Styli, or Writing-pens. Found in bottom 
 of large gravel-pit hole, May 6th, 1841. 
 
 [The longer of these instruments measures 5^ inches in 
 length ; it is much corroded, and the erasing end is broad and 
 rectangular. 
 
 [The other style is 4 inches long, and the erasing end is only 
 sloped off from the stem and slightly spread out. The centre 
 is either worn by holding, or was made somewhat thinner than 
 the extremities ; and the point is long, and issues from a nar- 
 row moulding, like a modern pencil.] 
 
 No. 3. Iron Stylus, or Writing-pen. Found in bottom of 
 large gravel-pit, May 5th. 
 
 [A style in good preservation, 5 inches long ; the point 
 issuing from a fillet or moulding, like a modern pencil, and the 
 erasing end broad and rectangular, and much worn.] 
 
 No. 4. Iron Stylus, or Writing-pen. Found in large gravel- 
 pit, 25 feet deep ; also a Festuca, or Skewer, found at the same 
 depth, April 15th, 1841. 
 
 [The style is 6 inches in length, and the erasing end is 
 small and square.] 
 
 No. 5. Iron Stylus. Found, with a brass needle, 25 feet 
 deep, in large gravel-pit hole, 13th April, with sundry earthen- 
 ware and leather. 
 
 [A style, 5 inches long, much corroded, with the erasing 
 end broad and thick.] 
 
 No. 6. Iron Stylus. Found with a portion of a bronze one 
 and an acus, April 23d. 
 
 [A round style, very much corroded, the erasing end broad 
 and rectangular.] 
 
 No. 7. Iron Stylus. Found April 24th, with a piece of 
 metal called another style. 
 
 [Very much corroded and bent.] 
 
30 WRITING-MATERIALS: STYLES. 
 
 No. 8. Iron Stylus, or Writing-pen. Found in large gravel- 
 pit hole; with a brass pin and piece of brass, 30 feet deep, 
 April 28th. 
 
 [A style with a square erasing end, and having the point 
 blunt and apparently joined on, or mended.] 
 
 No. 9. Stylus, or Pen. Found on the works, April 18th, 
 1841. 
 
 [A fragment only, of which the erasing end is broad and 
 rectangular.] 
 
 No. 10. Styli, or Pens. Found, 25 feet from surface, in 
 large gravel-pit, west of merchants'' area, April (1841). 
 
 [One specimen is a fragment of a flat style of iron, very 
 much corroded, the writing end remaining; shaped like an 
 arrow, with the point blunted. The other is a small iron style, 
 nearly 4 \ inches in length, with a square erasing end ; very 
 much corroded, but quite perfect as to form.] 
 
 No. 11. Styli. Found in the bottom of large gravel-pit hole, 
 30 feet deep, 4th May, 1841. 
 
 [Two fragments of round iron styles, the erasing end of one 
 narrow and sloped ; that of the other broad, thick, and rect- 
 angular.] 
 
 BRASS STYLES. 
 
 No. 12. Brass Stylus, or Pen. Found in large gravel-pit 
 hole, 25 feet from the surface, April 28th. 
 
 [A small and delicate instrument, 5| inches long, with the 
 erasing end circular and slightly concaved, like a spoon, for 
 collecting the wax from the surface of the table.] 
 
 No. 13. Brass Styli, or Pens. Found in excavations of large 
 gravel-pit, 31 feet from level of street, May 1st, 1841. 
 
 [Three fragments, and one perfect style, thin, round, and 
 well finished, 5 inches in length ; the erasing end is round, 
 and shaped like a spoon.] 
 
WRITING-MATERIALS: STYLES. 31 
 
 No. 14. Two small Brass Styli. Found in large gravel-pit 
 hole, April 1 Oth, with sundry earthen-ware, leather, etc. 
 
 [The more perfect instrument is very delicate and thin ; it 
 is 4f inches long, and the erasing end is small, round, and 
 slightly concaved.] 
 
 No. 15. Two Brass Styli, or Pens. Found in large gravel- 
 pit, 30 feet below the level of the street, May 1st, 1841. 
 
 [Fragments only, the erasing ends of both instruments being 
 wanting ; the point of one style is very fine.] 
 
 No. 16. Portion of a Bronze Stylus. Found with acus, 
 April 23d. 
 
 [A long and delicate round fragment, the point only re- 
 maining; discovered with the acus No. 19.] 
 
 No. 17. Three fragments of Brass Styli. Found with 
 pin-case, etc. 
 
 [Very short pieces of metal ; thin, round, and finely-pointed. 
 As the tongues, or pins, of fibulae are frequently mistaken for 
 imperfect styles, it is quite possible that some of the less de- 
 fined pieces of metal in this collection may also be of the same 
 description.] 
 
 BONE AND WOODEN STYLES. 
 
 It having been found in the course of time that metal styles 
 were easily convertible into weapons, with which scholars often 
 seriously wounded each other, the material of which they were 
 formed was changed by authority from bronze and iron to bone 
 or wood*. The following articles, it has been conjectured, are 
 specimens of the latter kind of instruments ; but whether they 
 were ever really such is very doubtful. 
 
 No. 18. Two small fragments of Wood and Bone Styli. 
 
 * Montfaucon, Antiquite Explique'e, tome iii. partie 2, p. 357. " Vertamus aream 
 in ceram, mucroneque aremus osseo." Q. Atta Fragm. in Sat. ; Opera Vet. Poetarum 
 Latinorum, edit. Maittaire ; Lond. 1713, fol., vol. ii. p. 1520. 
 
32 WRITING-MATERIALS: STYLES. 
 
 Found in largo gravel-pit hole, 30 feet deep ; with two soles of 
 sandals ; April 10th. 
 
 No. 19. Style or Bodkin. Found with iron handle and roof 
 tile-nail, April 28th. 
 
 [A rounded piece of wood, 7 inches in length ; the point is 
 hroken, and there is not any appearance of the erasing end of 
 a style.] 
 
III. MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 1. FRAGMENTS OF ARMOUR AND DRESS: INSTRUMENTS 
 OF ARTS AND ARTICLES OF DOMESTIC USE. 
 
 No. 1. Shoulder-locking Plate of Roman Strap-armour. 
 Found in large hole, 30 feet deep, April 29th. 
 
 [A thin brass band, of inches in length and If inch broad, 
 which may either have formed part of that kind of lorica, or 
 cuirass, which was made of narrow strips of metal, or have been 
 the end of the shoulder-strap connecting the breast-plate and 
 back-plate.] 
 
 No. 2. Armour, or Harness, Studs. Found in the bottom 
 of large gravel-pit hole, with sundry leather and earthen- ware, 
 and two pins, March 1st, 1841. 
 
 [Three specimens formed of thin brass plates, which have 
 been apparently bent over some interior substance and secured 
 by the edges, the stud being fastened to the article to which it 
 belonged by a spike of brass issuing from the centre of each. 
 The largest stud is 1^ inch in diameter, the others 1 inch. 
 The only pin remaining is a thin flat strip of brass, curved 
 and pointed at the end. It is not improbable that these pieces 
 of metal were originally filled with leather within, and were 
 used as clam, or studs, for securing the ligulce, or straps of 
 sandals.] 
 
 No. 3. Fibula, or Roman Brooch, and brass Base of Column, 
 Found in rubbish carted away from large hole in excavations, 
 north-west side, April 24th. 
 
 [The hinge, the pin, and part of the bent front of a large and 
 strong brass or bronze fibula, 2 inches long, and ingeniously 
 
 D 
 
34 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 twisted out of the same piece of wire. The other article con- 
 sists of a plinth $ inch square, out of which rises a cylindrical 
 base with mouldings, the whole height being half an inch. As 
 there is a circular hole in the top, it is probable that this piece 
 of metal might have been once surmounted by a figure.] 
 
 No. 4. Spatula, or Surgeon's Plaster-spreader. Found in 
 bottom of large gravel-pit, 25 feet from level of street, April 
 24th, 1841. 
 
 [Apparently of bronze, the lower end and handle only re- 
 maining perfect. The spatula is 1^ inch broad at the lower end. 
 and the handle is 3]^ inches in length, being formed of the metal 
 only, twisted, and terminating in a ring.] 
 
 No. 5. Brass Eylet, Brass Ring, and Brass Angle-clamp for 
 box. Found in the bottom of deep gravel-pit, March 15th. 
 
 No. 6. Strigil, or Bathing-scraper. Found in bottom of 
 large gravel-pit, April 23d. 
 
 [Of bronze or other mixed metal, lOf inches in length ; the 
 bowl is | of an inch deep and 6^ inches long ; and the handle 
 is doubled or turned back into a loop to receive a strap. This 
 instrument is somewhat corroded, but is still very perfect.] 
 
 No. 7. Strigil, or Curry-comb. Found 30 feet deep, in 
 gravel-pit. 
 
 [Of soft wood, 3 inches broad and 6 inches long. The top 
 is cut into a deep curve, and possibly was originally formed with 
 a circular or oval opening for receiving the fingers ; the other 
 end is separated into nine broad teeth. The laminae of the wood 
 are worn away, and parted into strips or layers.] 
 
 No. 8. A small-tooth Comb. Found 25 feet deep, April 
 15th. 
 
 [A fragment only of a double comb of wood, the centre being 
 very thick and the teeth sloped off on each side, of two different 
 degrees of closeness.] 
 
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS. 35 
 
 No. 9. Part of a small-tooth Comb. Found in the bottom of 
 large gravel-pit, 25 feet from level of street, May 6th. 
 
 No. 10. Curious remnants of Brass, supposed to be a portion 
 
 of a wind-instrument of Roman manufacture. Found near 
 
 
 
 Roman altar. 
 
 [Four pieces, and several broken fragments, very much cor- 
 roded, of a pipe, half an inch in diameter, pierced with sound- 
 holes like a flute, the longest and most perfect piece being 
 ornamented with rings turned round it.] 
 
 No. 11. Auriscalpium, or Ear-pick. Found 25 feet from 
 surface, large gravel-pit hole, May 6th. 
 
 [Of thick brass wire, 2| inches in length, the handle twisted 
 into a ring, and the other end beaten into a small round 
 bowl.] 
 
 No. 12. Brass Pen for writing on wax. Found in bottom of 
 large gravel-pit hole, May 6th, 30 feet deep ; with sundry red 
 earthen-ware, and leather. 
 
 [This is rather an acus, or a, fibula, or probably a pin for the 
 hair ; it is 4^ inches in length, and the head is ornamentally 
 wrought of an inch in depth.] 
 
 No. 13. Acicula, or Pin. Found west of merchants'" area, 
 25 feet deep, 18th April. 
 
 [An elegant brass pin, about 3 inches long, with a deep round 
 fluted head.] 
 
 No. 14. Scalpellus, or Roman Knife : Acus Babylonica, or 
 Roman Needle. Found at Royal-Exchange excavations, 30 
 feet deep, in large gravel-pit, April 27th, 1841. 
 
 [Both these instruments are of iron. The Knife measures 
 4 \ inches in the entire length, of which the blade is 2| inches, 
 the remainder being a round socket for receiving a handle. The 
 edge is straight, the back is rounded up towards the point, and 
 the blade is uniformly about f of an inch in width. The Acus 
 
 D2 
 
36 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 is a small bar of metal, about of an inch square which now 
 measures 6f inches in length, but only a part of the thin metal 
 of the eye remains ; and the other extremity is quite round 
 and blunt. On one side of the knife, which is greatly ci'i-nxlcd, 
 appears the stamp H, which sterns to have been originally <>n 
 the side of some figure, the whole being, however, very taint 
 and indistinct. The other instrument docs not appear to have 
 any mark.] 
 
 No. 15. Stylus, or Pen ; Pin-case ; Acus Babylonica, or Em- 
 broidery Needle. Found in large gravel-pit, north-west angle. 
 
 [The Needle is round, measuring 4^ inches, and is very much 
 corroded ; but the point is well defined and the eye is perlVi-t. 
 The Pin-case, or rather sheath for a single instrument, is 3J 
 inches in length, formed of a thin piece of brass rolled into the 
 shape of a case, and apparently has not been secured by any 
 fastening.] 
 
 No. 16. Sundry Needles. Found at various times, with 
 pieces of wooden tables for writing on, and some red Samian 
 pottery. 
 
 [Four short round needles, much bent and corroded, but two 
 of them have the eyes perfect.] 
 
 No. 17. Festuca, or Skewer. Found in large gravel-pit, 25 
 feet deep, April 15th, 1841, with sundry earthen-ware. 
 
 [Discovered with the iron style No. 4. This instrument is 
 round and tapering to a blunt point, and, if straight, would be 
 6 inches long ; it is of iron, and at the larger end is | inch in 
 thickness.] 
 
 No. 18. Acus Babylonica. Found with the scalpellus No. 14, 
 April 27th, 1841. 
 
 [A well-preserved and handsome round instrument of bra . 
 4 inches long, showing the groove at the point in which the 
 thread lay, and having the thin flat head, with the eye almost 
 perfect.] 
 
VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS. 37 
 
 No. 19. Stylus, or Pen ; Acus Babylonicce, or Embroidery 
 Needles. Found 23d April, in large gravel-pit. 
 
 [Two thin iron instruments, greatly corroded, one of which 
 is imperfect in the head, measuring 5| inches in length ; the 
 other measures 4^ inches, but is entire, both in the eye and in 
 the point. The Stylus referred to in this title has been already 
 described in the list of brass styles (No. 16), and the Cup in the 
 account of the Samian ware (No. 5). 
 
 No. 20. Brass Needle. Found with stylus, April 13th. 
 
 [An imperfect instrument, really made of stout iron, want- 
 ing the head, but exhibiting the remarkable pencil-point joined 
 on to the shaft of a stylus rather than a needle ; it measures 
 4 1 inches in length. The Stylus mentioned in this title is de- 
 scribed at No. 5 of the list of iron styles.] 
 
 No. 21. Acus, or Needle. Found in bottom of large gravel- 
 pit hole, May 1st, with sundry skewers, nails, etc. 
 
 [An exceedingly delicate specimen, very nearly entire, 3| 
 inches in length, formed of iron.] 
 
 No. 21*. The fragment of a Pin-case. 
 
 [A thin delicate sheath of brass, bent and pressed nearly 
 flat, about 3 inches long.] 
 
 No. 22. Stylus and Bobbin, and sundry pieces of earthen- 
 ware. Found in the bottom of large gravel-pit hole, April 25th, 
 1841 ; with sundry leather. 
 
 [This specimen of a Calamus textilis, or weaving-bobbin, is 
 made of dark wood about 6 inches in length, with a point of 
 about 1^ inch, and is very much bent.] 
 
 No. 23. Subula, or Bodkin. Found in large gravel-pit hole, 
 25 feet from surface, May 6th. 
 
 [A stout well-made instrument of ivory, measuring nearly 
 4 inches in length, but broken both at the head and at the 
 point ; about half of the eye is left remaining.] 
 
38 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 No.' 24. Calmiii 7V./7/A-X, or Bobbins I'm- Weaving. Found 
 in large gravel-pit. :>() tV.-t from surface, in March, April, ami 
 May, 1841. 
 
 [These instruments are ten in number, of discoloured wood, 
 shaped somewhat like a skewer towards the extremities, but 
 having a considerable swelling near one end. They vary in 
 measurement from 7^ inches to 5J ; and on the longest remains 
 a small quantity of fibres of wool, which have become black 
 from age and long interment, twisted around it. 
 
 [It is possible that these small .sticks, as well as the similar 
 specimen noticed at No. 22, were originally used as Fust or 
 spindles, either with the loom or with the distaff; but, perhaps, 
 more probably with the latter, which would account for the 
 mutilation of several of them at one end, where it is likely that 
 they have lost much of their proper length. At the top of the 
 fusus was a slit, in which was fixed the thread drawn out by 
 the spinner from the wool upon the distaff, the weight of the 
 spindle being designed to stretch the line downwards as it was 
 twisted. The lower end of the spindle was fixed into a small 
 wheel, for the purpose of keeping it turning in a steady posi- 
 tion ; the protection of which wheel probably accounts for the 
 preservation of some of the opposite extremities of these sticks. 
 When the spindle had descended to the ground, the thread was 
 taken from the slit and wound round the fusus, and more 
 twisted wool was inserted in the top. This operation being 
 continually repeated, would at length split the upper extremity 
 too widely and far down for it to be any longer available ; and 
 new slits being made in the same spindle, and becoming also 
 worn out, would cause it ultimately to present the appearance 
 of the mutilated ends of some of these fragments.] 
 
 No. 25. Forceps, or pair of Tongs. Found in bottom of large 
 gravel-pit, 25 feet from level of street, April 24th, 1841. 
 
 [Made of stout iron wire, round in the handles and flattened 
 from the shoulders to the points, where the metal is beaten out 
 thin and narrow. The whole length of the instrument is 13 
 inches, of which the bow to the hinge is 3 inches, and the bow 
 is 1| inch in width.] 
 
DOMESTIC ARTICLES. 39 
 
 No. 26. Bell-clapper. Found in large gravel-pit hole, 30 
 feet deep. 
 
 [This fragment is of iron ; it measures 6 inches in length, 
 and appears to have been welded together in two places, but it is 
 imperfect at the top, and is greatly corroded throughout. The 
 hammer end of the clapper was pointed, and probably angular, 
 when it was in a perfect state. J 
 
 No. 27. Salt-spoon. Found in bottom of centre of large 
 hole or gravel-pit, 30 feet below level of street, May 4th. 
 
 [A bone spoon, 3| inches in length, having a round concave 
 bowl nearly an inch in diameter. The extreme end of the handle 
 is pointed.] 
 
 No. 27*. Salt-spoon. Found in large gravel-pit hole of ex- 
 cavations, 25 feet from surface, April 27th, 1841. 
 
 [A smaller and less perfect spoon, also of bone, 2f inches in 
 length.] 
 
 No. 28. A Lead Lamp. Found at bottom of large pit, 
 May 4th ; with sundry worn leather and bones. 
 
 [This extremely rude utensil is composed of a thick piece of 
 lead, measuring 2^ by 2 inches within, surrounded by a border 
 f inch in depth, set on in the coarsest manner. There is also a 
 handle ri vetted on the bottom, 1| inch in length, of the same 
 material as the lamp. The whole article is very nearly perfect.] 
 
 No. 29. Brass Ferrell, or Taper-stand. Found April 20th, 
 1841, in large hole; with portions of black pottery and two 
 large nails. 
 
 [A thin piece of brass bent into a cylindrical socket, 1 J inch 
 long and about | inch in diameter at the top. The metal is sepa- 
 rated below into four feet, each being about | inch in length.] 
 
 No. 30. [Part of the Beam of an Iron Statera or Steelyard- 
 balance, exhibiting the engraved gradations for indicating the 
 different weights.] 
 
40 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 No. 31. Ten* ><!. <>r Dice. Found in large hole in ex<-ava- 
 
 ti"ii-. L'S feet deep. 
 
 [A bone cube of half an inch in measurement, the marks on 
 which were formed by an instrument having two parallel joint>. 
 our of which was fixed in the centre, and the other traerd the 
 circle round it.] 
 
 No. 32. Lead Leaf. Found in large gravel-pit hole, April 
 20th. -27 feet below the street. 
 
 [A broad serrated leaf, 1 inch in length. cast in thin lead, 
 and exhibiting on one side all the ribs and fibres very delicately 
 expressed ; but the reverse appears to be quite plain.] 
 
 2. TOOLS OF ARTIFICERS. 
 
 No. 1. Roman Gouge, or tool for masonry. Found bottom 
 of large pit, north-east angle of merchants 1 area, 28 feet deep, 
 February 26th. This was bedded in the chalk-steening on the 
 south side. 
 
 [This instrument, though somewhat corrugated, is still well 
 preserved and defined in all the various parts of it. The extreme 
 length is 10J inches, of which the blade or bowl is 4- inches; 
 and it is about f inch in thickness at the handle end, which 
 was most probably the original termination. At this part it is 
 1 J inch broad, and at the broadest part of the blade it is 1 ^ inch 
 in width. The blade forms a long narrow spoon, very strong, 
 and gradually diminishing to a thin edge.] 
 
 No. 2. Roman Gouge. Found in excavations of the Royal 
 Exchange, in large gravel-pit, 30 feet deep, 4th May, 1841. 
 
 [A bent and imperfect instrument, about 6| inches in the 
 extreme length, having a thick spike at one end If inch in 
 length, for insertion into a handle. Close to this part the metal 
 is half an inch in thickness, and is then sloped off towards the 
 blade, of which only a very small part is remaining.] 
 
TOOLS OF ARTIFICERS. 41 
 
 No. 3. Portion of a Saw. Found, SO feet deep, in large 
 gravel-pit hole, May 1st, 1841. 
 
 [A fragment, measuring 5| inches in length and If inch at 
 the broadest part, whence it gradually diminishes to If inch, 
 in an irregular line on the serrated edge, where also the teeth 
 are extremely thin and unequal in height, though they are uni- 
 form in shape and thickness at the other.] 
 
 No. 4. Portion of an Auger. Found in large gravel-pit hole, 
 May 1st, 1841. 
 
 [A fragment of the blade only, 4| inches long, and f of an 
 inch at the more perfect end.] 
 
 No. 5. Knife. Found in bottom of large gravel-pit, 30 feet 
 from level of street, April 28th. 
 
 [A well-preserved instrument with an irregularly curved 
 blade, pointed, and having the cutting edge on the inner side, 
 where it is worn very thin in a hollow. The extreme length of 
 the knife is about 8| inches, two of which consist of a haft, to 
 be inserted in a handle, and the broadest part of the blade mea- 
 sures 1 inch. The whole of the instrument is of thin metal.] 
 
 No. 6. Knife-handle and Blade. Found in large gravel-pit 
 hole ; the handle by Joseph Shillingford, April 24th, and the 
 blade by T. Connor, April 26th, same depth. 
 
 [Part of the Blade of a pointed knife, in exceedingly good 
 preservation, measuring 4| inches in length and f of an inch at" 
 the broadest part. It is of thin metal, carefully finished, but 
 now quite black, and bears on one side the mark <j ^. The 
 Handle, \vhich is separated, is formed of two thick pieces of 
 cast brass, soldered together after having received the shaft of 
 the knife between them, at the upper part. It is very solid at 
 the lower end, where it terminates in a ring. It is 3| inches 
 in length by half an inch in width at the broadest part.] 
 
 No. 7. Nails. Found in large gravel-pit at different depths, 
 from 10 to 30 feet deep, April and May, 1841. 
 
42 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 [Thirteen specimens of large and strong square nails, with 
 broad round heads. The largest example is 8 inches long and 
 half an inch in thickness at the head, and the others vary from 
 5| inches to 3 inches.] 
 
 No. 8. Nails. Found west of merchants 1 area, 25 feet from 
 surface, April 25th, with sundry earthen-ware. 
 
 [Three specimens of strong nails with broad heads, the 
 longest of which measures 4 inches.] 
 
 No. 8*. [Twenty-four specimens of Nails and fragments of 
 iron, of various lengths and thickness, two of which are re- 
 markable for having exceedingly thick and solid heads of a 
 conical or semi-globular shape.] 
 
 No. 9. Bolt-rivet. Found, 30 feet deep, in large gravel-pit 
 hole, May, 1841. 
 
 [Of iron, in good preservation, 3f inches in length, the head 
 and the rivet both remaining entire.] 
 
 No. 10. Iron Cramp. Found in large gravel-pit, 25 feet 
 from surface, April 25th. 
 
 [Extremely strong and well preserved, measuring 3 inches 
 in the stem.] 
 
 No. 11. Linen-pins. Found, 30 feet deep, in large gravel- 
 pit hole, May 4th, 1841. 
 
 [Three specimens : two consisting of squared pieces of iron 
 bent double, forming an eye, with the ends brought together in 
 parallel lines ; and the third made of a thick rounded piece of 
 the same metal, diminishing towards the extremities, bent into 
 a curve, the upper end of which is also bent into an eye. The 
 smallest specimen is 2| inches in length, and has the ends open 
 with a strong spring. The second is of much stouter substance, 
 the two ends lie close together, and are bent and separated at the 
 extremities, the whole length betng 4 inches. The third is 4| 
 inches in length, and about inch broad at the thickest part.] 
 
TOOLS OF ARTIFICERS. 43 
 
 No. 12. Three articles : 1. Iron Handle ; 2. Stylus or Pen, 
 found in large gravel-pit. 3. T-Nail for fixing ridge roof-tiles. 
 Found April 28th, in large hole. 
 
 [No. 1. consists of a very strong handle of a piece of rounded 
 iron, having the centre twisted and the two ends formed into 
 large loops like the capital letter G-. It measures 4f inches 
 between the extremities across the bow. The Stylus, No. 2, has 
 been already described. No. 3 is a remarkably strong and 
 well preserved clamp-nail, 3| inches long and nearly 2 inches 
 across the top, of an exceedingly modern appearance.] 
 
 No. 13. Festucw, or Skewers. Found in large gravel-pit, 
 30 feet from level of street, April 25th, 29th, and 30th, 1841. 
 
 [Nine specimens of thin, flat, and narrow metal skewers, the 
 longest of which measures 6 inches in length, and the shortest 
 perfect examples somewhat more than 2 inches.] 
 
 No. 14. Fuscina, or Flesh-hook. Found in large gravel-pit, 
 25 feet deep, April 27th. 
 
 [A strong and wide iron hook, 2| inches in length, which 
 appears to have been broken at the upper end, where there was 
 probably an eye. It greatly resembles the fish-hook of the 
 middle ages.] 
 
 3. REMAINS OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. 
 
 As there is acknowledged to be very considerable difficulty 
 in distinguishing between the many different species of cover- 
 ings for the feet employed by the Romans, as they are men- 
 tioned by classical authors, it is, of course, still more difficult 
 positively to identify and to name the particular kind to which 
 each of the fragments contained in the present collection should 
 properly be attributed. They are, however, evidently the re- 
 mains of several varieties, which may be presumed to have 
 belonged to those different species of shoe respectively called 
 
44 KKMAINS OF LEATHER. 
 
 Solea. 8nH<inf!it/it. f'r, />/<//(, and Calceus. There docs nut seem, 
 however, to be any example of the Cothnrna.-*. or of the l)oot 
 kind; and, although some of the specimens are very orna- 
 mental, they all fit present exhibit the appearance of having 
 been made originally of black leather only, excepting in a MTV 
 few instances, in which the colour may possibly have been 
 changed by the action of the water and decomposed matter in 
 which these fragments have lain for so many centuries. From 
 the notices attached to most of the other articles in this collec- 
 tion, when they were originally discovered, it is ascertained that 
 these remains of leather were found between the 1st of March 
 and the commencement of May, 1841, principally on the west- 
 ern side of the great ancient gravel-pit, from 25 to 30 feet in 
 depth ; but there do not appear to have been any descriptive 
 titles belonging to this portion of the antiquities disinterred on 
 the site of the new Royal Exchange. 
 
 The most simple form of a covering for the foot is that which 
 provides a protection for the sole only, secured by bands over 
 the instep and round the ancles. A very remarkable passage 
 in Aulus Gellius* not only defines this primitive sort of shoe, 
 but also particularly notices the distinction between it and other 
 kinds known at the period, as to the literal propriety of the 
 terms employed to name them. Titus Castricius, an eminent 
 teacher of rhetoric at Rome, and at the time the tutor of Aulus 
 Gellius, censured certain senators, also his pupils, for walking 
 the streets in their cloaks, tunics, and solea.\ as too careless a 
 habit for persons of their rank. " I would rather see you," 
 said he, " in your togas ; for it must be, at the least, inconve- 
 nient for you to be thus girded up in your equestrian dresses. 
 But if custom have made this kind of suit excusable on a holi- 
 day, yet is it not by any means decorous in you, as senators, 
 to walk through the streets of the city in your slippers (solea- 
 tos) ; nor indeed is it a less crime in you than it was in him 
 
 * Noctes Atlic<e, lib. xiii. c. 21. 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: SOLES. 45 
 
 whom Marcus Tullius reproved for it*." In reply to this cen- 
 sure, several persons who heard Castricius desired to know 
 why he called those persons soleatos who really wore gallicas 
 (slippers), and not solece (sandals). But, continues Aulus Gel- 
 lius, Castricius had here spoken with purity and propriety, for 
 that whole species of shoe by which only the bottoms of the 
 feet are covered, leaving the rest naked, and fastened with 
 slight thongs, they call solecc, and sometimes by the Greek 
 word crepidulce. 
 
 In this curious passage a distinction is made between soles, 
 simply such, and slippers partially enclosing the feet. It seems 
 also to indicate that the crepidulce, as diminutives of the crepidce, 
 were so called because they were lower in height at the sides 
 of the foot, and partook less of the nature of a complete shoe. 
 Most of the specimens of ancient coverings for the feet con- 
 tained in the present collection belong to the primitive class 
 which is thus identified ; and they accordingly constitute the 
 first of the particular divisions into which these remains may 
 be conveniently distributed, namely : 
 i. Soles and Sandals. 
 ii. Crepidce. iii. Calcei. 
 
 iv. Miscellaneous Fragments of Leather ; apparently be- 
 longing principally to the upper parts of ancient shoes. 
 
 i. SOLES AND SANDALS. 
 
 These specimens consist of several varieties of Solea?, of dif- 
 ferent sizes and thickness, and cut both of the straight form 
 and also adapted to the right and left feet, but apparently not 
 comprising any pairs. They are for the most part in a very 
 imperfect and worn-out condition, excepting only those exceed- 
 ingly thin soles which seem to have formed the interior layers 
 of shoes of fourfold thickness. 
 
 The whole of the specimens of ancient soles were carefully 
 examined in the year 1843, by Mr. Denvil, a very intelligent 
 practical person, who drew up a series of interesting remarks 
 
 * Marcus Antonius. " Cum gallicis et lacerna cucurristi."- In M. Anton. Philip- 
 pica II., xxx. 
 
46 REMAINS OF LEATHER: SOLES. 
 
 on the collection f, in which some of the peculiarities of the 
 Roman work are pointed out and r\ plained. In noticing the 
 soles of the caliga>, he observes that they were of three, four, or 
 more layers of leather, of which the outside was considerably 
 the thickest, the whole number being braced and held together 
 by nails only, without stitching. Of these nails, some of the 
 soles have the remains of a single row placed round the edge 
 of the foot; others have a double line, and others have addi- 
 tional lines inserted down the centre of the broad part of the 
 sole, with two or three more nails placed within the circle of 
 the under-heel. The points of these nails were made very slight 
 and sharp, that they might be easily turned and clenched on 
 the inside of the sole. 
 
 In most of the present specimens which exhibit their ori- 
 ginal substance, the holes remain of the fastenings by which 
 the upper-leathers, or the latchets, might have been secured, as 
 well as of the nails by which the soles were secured or defended 
 below. As there is not, however, a single instance in which 
 any considerable part of the sides or ties is left remaining, it is 
 now perhaps almost impossible to decide whether these frag- 
 ments all belonged to solecc, properly so called, or to sandals 
 or more perfect shoes. The soles preserved in this collection 
 may be described under the following varieties. 
 
 No. 1, A. Exterior Soles. Most of these specimens exhibit 
 the ordinary Roman method for making soles of an extra thick- 
 ness, by rows of nails driven through the several layers from 
 the outside. In another division of these remains is a very 
 perfect example of a caliga-sole so constructed, marked 1, B**, 
 in which the separate pieces of leather are all visible at the 
 side, with a small fragment of the bands for securing it over 
 the foot inserted between them. No. 1, A* is a part of a small 
 and light Sole, also exhibiting four layers held together by a 
 strong close sewing or lacing, surrounding the foot, and having 
 also a fastening of the same kind crossing the upper sole at 
 the broadest part. It is probable that this sole once consti- 
 
 t Report to the Joint Grand Committee for Gresham Affairs, February 24th, 1843. 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: CALIG.E. 47 
 
 tuted part of a sandal, since there is a small triangular piece of 
 leather yet remaining at the point of the foot, and intended to 
 turn over, through which is a hole for receiving the band which 
 passed between the toes. 
 
 No. 1, A**. Several Soles which have been formerly attached 
 to others by sewing, and still exhibiting the marks of the long 
 stitches all round the edges, though the material employed in 
 the work is not now remaining. These specimens show that, 
 in this method of uniting several soles, either a very thick piece 
 of tough leather, like buck-skin, was used for the outside, to 
 allow for the depth of the stitches, or that an outer sole was 
 cemented on over the sewing. 
 
 No. 2, A. Interior Soles. The particular intention of these 
 soles is ascertained by the smooth upper surface which they 
 still exhibit, of a dull shining black evidently showing that it 
 was designed to be placed next the foot contrasted with the 
 rough appearance of the lower side, pierced with holes for se- 
 curing them to the layers beneath. In size they are generally 
 much smaller than the other specimens, and were most pro- 
 bably made for females and children. 
 
 No. 2, A*. A Double Sole for the left foot, which was pos- 
 sibly originally of some coloured leather, and belonging to a 
 sandal, as it is cut into a peculiar form at the point, and is 
 ornamented round the edges with the figure of a circle enclos- 
 ing a star of six points. This is stamped between the small 
 stitches by which the two layers of leather composing the sole 
 are held still firmly together, with the assistance of some strong 
 cement. The same figure is also inserted in a few places down 
 the centre of the foot. 
 
 No. 1, B. Caliga Soles. Four Soles, of different sizes and 
 composed of several different layers, fitted to the right and left 
 feet, which have probably formed part of the CaligcB of Roman 
 soldiers, being studded with large nails having broad protrud- 
 
48 REMAINS OF LEATHER: CALICO. 
 
 ing heads. These nails appear to have been ,-.. completely iden- 
 tified with the caligae, as to be commonly Kno\\n l>y tin- name 
 of claves caligares; and Juvenal calls the soldiers catigat08\, 
 from wearing such armed soles upon their feet. No. 1, u** 
 exhibits two specimens of Caliga-nails, which were originally 
 fixed in one of these soles. 
 
 The Sole marked No. 1, B* is peculiarly small in comparison 
 with the others, since it measures only 7| inches in length by 
 24 inches across the broadest part of the foot, the ordinary 
 proportions being nearly 12 inches by 3 inches. As this spe- 
 cimen is also set with nails, it may almost be regarded as 
 exhibiting the size of the sole of a Caligula, or little military 
 boot, such as that which, as Suetonius states, the Emperor 
 Caius derived his surname from wearing, because he entered 
 the army too young to put on the caliga of a common soldier J. 
 All the soles now described are quite level, and without any 
 elevated or separate heels. 
 
 The first advance from the Solea is to the Sandattvm, which, 
 being sometimes provided with a piece of leather to cover the 
 point of the foot, may be regarded as the transition-form lead- 
 ing to the Crepida and to real shoes. It seems to have been 
 the Roman method of constructing a sole, to fasten the layer 
 of the leather next the foot closely down to those which were 
 below. Between the first sole and those beneath, whatsoever 
 might be their number, the ends of several straps of leather 
 were inserted, which, being firmly fastened in by the nailing, 
 might be drawn together over the upper part of the foot. Some- 
 times the intermediate piece of leather appears to have formed 
 a low exterior ridge round the foot, though it was still of the 
 same piece as the latchets or ligatures by which the sole was 
 secured over the instep or about the leg. 
 
 t " Cum duo crura habeas, offendere tot caligatos 
 Millia clavorum.'" Juvcn. Sat. xvi. 24. 
 
 " planta mox undique magna 
 
 Calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis hserct." Sat. iii. 247. 
 Sueton. De XII. Ca-sartius, lib. iv. c. 9. 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: SANDALS. 49 
 
 No. 1, c. shows part of the Fastening of a Sandal, consisting 
 of a broad piece of leather, having a slit in one end, through 
 which is drawn the termination of another band of the sandal, 
 formed into a rude thick button, which had passed between the 
 great and second toes, and met and united with the correspond- 
 ing ligature on the upper part of the foot, in the position in 
 which the present specimen is placed. 
 
 No. 1, D. A piece of thin flexible leather, which has pos- 
 sibly formed that part of a sandal intended to cover the point 
 of the foot, being curiously punctured with a rude ornament of 
 a shape adapted to its position. The figure appears to have 
 been executed by the edge of a wheel set with short diagonal 
 parallel strokes, of the nature of a bookbinders roll, which cut 
 through the leather in a continuous line in any direction in 
 which it might be guided. When perfect, the pattern mea- 
 sured 9 inches in width, and about 4 inches in height. 
 
 No. 1, D*. Another piece of the same kind of leather, orna- 
 mented in a style similar to the preceding, with a series of 
 volutes between two straight lines. It measures 11 inches in 
 length by If inch in width; and, as the upper edge has been 
 folded down and secured with a broad hem, this piece of leather 
 may have been employed to surround the sides of the foot. If 
 any of the fragments of leather in the present collection were 
 ever otherwise than black, these two pieces are probably some 
 of the very few instances, as they appear at present to be ap- 
 proaching a faded olive. These specimens of ornamented leather 
 may possibly belong to a period of time much later than the 
 other examples ; but there were many more such pieces, though 
 less perfect, found with the disconnected fragments of shoes and 
 sandals, at the depth of 29 or 30 feet below the surface of the 
 large ancient pit. 
 
 ii. CREPIDJE. 
 
 The ligatures of the sandal class of coverings for the feet 
 seem gradually to have been extended into broad latchets rising 
 
 E 
 
50 REMAINS OF LEATHER: CREPID.K. 
 
 up at tlio sides of the sole, or springing out of a piece of leather 
 enclosing the heel ; and the crepidcc were also formed into loose 
 slippers, which were made to fit either foot indifferently. The 
 side-latchets of these shoes were constructed somewhat on the 
 principle of a modern patten-tie, being of substantial leather, 
 usually cut into wide, openwork, discovering the colour of the 
 clothing of the foot below; which openwork or reticulation 
 seems to have been common to crepida\ and was evidently some- 
 times very ornamental. The most simple form of the latehet< 
 had probably but one fastening, namely, on the instep, where 
 the two points met of a line which passed round the heel, en- 
 closing the whole foot. Below, the leather was all the way cut 
 into open panels, with very narrow pieces left between each by 
 way of support. 
 
 Though there can be no doubt that the Roman sandals were 
 fastened by bands wound round the legs and feet, yet it is pos- 
 sible that they may have been occasionally confounded with 
 some ancient representations of the separate ties of the crepidce. 
 With this limitation expressly understood, Mr. Delvin's ob- 
 servation is accurate, that the Roman shoemaker produced the 
 means for exhibiting the appearance of intricate ligatures and 
 lacings in the ppenwork latchets here described, in the original 
 cutting out of the leather. " He did it all," says Mr. Del- 
 ving Report already referred to, " out of the one flat piece of 
 leather as it lay before him on the cutting-board ; and, when he 
 had finished the article, there was no other lacing required than 
 the mere drawing and bracing together of one line of loops, 
 whether the direction of this line was up the centre of the foot, 
 on the side, or placed in any other way." 
 
 [No. 2, A. A specimen of a worn-out Crepida, imperfectly 
 exhibiting the connection of the corrigice, or latchets ; but, from 
 the inner linings of the sole next the foot being gone, the me- 
 thod of making the ties and of attaching them to the shoe is 
 particularly discovered. It will be seen that they were origi- 
 nally stamped out of one piece of leather, a broad plain space 
 being left between them. This was then partly separated down 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: CREPID.E. 51 
 
 the centre into two wide margins, one of which remained at- 
 tached to each piece of openwork, and they were also left con- 
 nected together in the middle by a narrow strip of leather, so 
 cut as to form part of both. The margins were next drawn 
 apart, so far as to allow the latchets to stand up at the sides 
 of the foot, and were secured to the interior soles by the points 
 of the nails which defended and strengthened the external sole 
 below. The inside of the crepida was then lined with some 
 thinner sole or stuffing.] 
 
 No. 2, B. Another specimen of a Crepida with a single tie. 
 The openwork enclosing the heel is stamped into squares and 
 triangles, and is ingeniously made to terminate in a loop on 
 the instep, where it was secured by the ansa or band by which 
 it was tied ; to the pressure of which on the upper part of the 
 foot a reference is made by Tibullus*. 
 
 Nos. 2, c ; 2, D ; 2, E. Fragments of the Ansa? or Latchets 
 of Crepidce, stamped with ornamental openwork, which were 
 probably all secured by single ties ; but in the last instance the 
 side and upper edge are wanting. 
 
 It is evident, however, that this kind of slipper was also in- 
 tended to be secured by several bands through the loops called 
 ansa3 ; for in this contrivance appears to lie the force of the 
 anecdote of Apelles and the shoemaker, related by Plinyf, 
 where he states that the painter had represented the crepidce 
 of a figure with one latchet less than the number which they 
 should properly have. There are likewise some fragments of 
 this kind of shoe in the present collection, of which the follow- 
 ing are specimens. 
 
 No. 2, F. Two mutilated Soles, similar in construction, 
 though probably not belonging to each other; of which are only 
 
 * " Ansaque compresses colligit arcta pedes." Lib. i. 9, 14. 
 
 + " Feruntque (Apellem) a sutore reprehensum, quod in crepidis (hominis picti) una 
 intus pauciores fecisset ansas." Hist. Nat., xxxv. 10. Dr. Philemon Holland, in the 
 only English translation of this work, published in 1601, evidently understood the 
 word to signify slippers* by rendering it " the shoe dr pautophle." 
 
 E 2 
 
52 REMAINS OF LEATHER: CREPID.E. 
 
 now remaining two pieces of leather appearing to have formed 
 some of the outer layers, perforated with the holes of the nails 
 by which they were defended and held together. On each side 
 of an interior sole which was laid upon the external thickix -<. 
 there is left a broad margin cut into three triangles, standing up 
 1| inch in height, intended to fold over the instep, and one of 
 them still remains shaped into a trefoil at the apex. The next 
 two backward arc perforated in the points as if to receive liga- 
 tures, but the extremity of the foot and the heel appear to have 
 been enclosed in cases, cut into ornamental openwork, of which, 
 however, the smallest fragments only are remaining. All the 
 rest of these specimens are too much mutilated to admit of any 
 description. 
 
 No. 2, G. Another example of a Grepida which had probably 
 several ties. It consists of a thick shallow case for the foot, 
 formed from a single piece of leather ; and, from the manner 
 in which it has been worn out, was evidently an exterior shoe, 
 though there are not any indications of nails remaining in the 
 sole. It originally enclosed the heel in a case of plain leather, 
 standing \\ inch in height, having a deep stamp, like an in- 
 verted capital C, cut into each of the quarters on the outside. 
 The extreme point of the foot was covered by thick open loops, 
 which were possibly drawn together by ligatures ; but the upper 
 points of the leather surrounding the heel had certainly strong 
 strings of the same material attached to them for tying over 
 the foot, of which some indications are still remaining. Beyond 
 the case for the heel are two low and broad anscc, cut out of the 
 centre of the side-leathers, which yet retain the marks of the 
 ligatures that bound them together adross the instep. 
 
 No. 2, H. A specimen of the Upper-leather, consisting of a 
 single piece, of a small and elegant Crepida for the left foot, 
 constructed either for a female, or possibly it may exhibit an 
 instance of the delicate Sicyonian shoes worn by effeminate 
 men. It retains a considerable part of the stamped openwork 
 which met over the instep, intended for displaying through the 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: CREPID.E. 53 
 
 interstices the colour of tlie covering of the foot beneath. The 
 loops on the outside of the foot, it may be observed, are longer 
 than those on the interior, to which they were laced over by 
 separate ligatures, the marks and effects of which are still visi- 
 ble on the leather. As all the back parts of the specimen are 
 wanting, it is impossible to affirm positively that this crepida, 
 was provided with one principal ansa to be fastened across the 
 instep, though it is most probable that there was such an ar- 
 rangement ; but, as the sole is flexible and without nails, the 
 fragment appears to have belonged to that sort of dress-shoe 
 which are shown in ancient examples to have been sometimes 
 worn under the calcei*. The Romans were certainly accustomed 
 to lay aside their outer shoes before they reclined at a banquet, 
 when the light ornamental crepidce might have been exhibited ; 
 and " to call for the calcei" to re-cover the feet, apparently 
 became a familiar phrase for departing from an entertainment f. 
 It is possible, however, that the present specimen may repre- 
 sent the Campagus, or shoe with flexible latchets, usually worn 
 by persons of quality. This article is one of two instances only, 
 of the ancient remains of leather now described, which have the 
 original titles preserved, recording the place of discovery. The 
 notice referred to states that the specimen was found in the 
 large hole, about 30 feet deep, on the 22d April, 1 841 . 
 
 Nos. 2, i ; 2, K. The remains of two small Crepidce, the ge- 
 neral character of which is, that the quarters form a high solid 
 case round the heel to the ankle, and then slope downwards to 
 a low ridge at the sides of the foot, where they are surmounted 
 by openwork. These reticulations were intended to be drawn 
 together by ligatures, which lacing probably continued almost 
 to the point of the foot ; but the specimens are imperfect, and 
 those ends of the shoes are not remaining. The upper parts of 
 the quarters are formed into loops for tying over the instep, and 
 all the sewing is one seam up the back of the heel, with a small 
 
 * Montfaucon, Antiquite Expliquee, tome iii. 1 partie, planche xxxiv. p. 66. 
 *h " Quam multi, qnum lector, aut lyristes, aut comoedus inductus est, calceos poscunt." 
 Plin. Epist., ix. I/. 
 
54 REMAINS OF LEATHER: CALCEI. 
 
 quantity on each Hide of the sole at the same part, for adapting 
 the creplda to the foot. Each of these specimens is cut out of 
 one piece of leather; hut that marked No. 2, K is smaller, and 
 formed of two plies or folds, of more flexible skin than the former. 
 These layers, however, as Mr. Delvin observes, being both of 
 the same light description, were very exactly laid together, and 
 were probably further secured by some powerful cement, so that 
 the finished shoe had neither inconvenience of weight nor rude- 
 ness of appearance. 
 
 No. 2, L. A small part of the Ansa or Latchet of a Crepida, 
 cut out of thick leather. 
 
 Nos. 2, M ; 2, N ; 2, o ; 2, P ; 2, Q. Fragments of Stamped 
 Leather openwork, from the heels and toes of other Crepidce. 
 
 iii. CALCEI. 
 
 If the name of this species of shoe be rightly derived from 
 calx, the heel, as expressive of a covering for the foot from the 
 heel to the toe, the peculiar nature of it seems to be clearly di- 
 stinguished and understood. The Calcei seem generally to have 
 been formed to fit the respective feet with great accuracy, and 
 Cicero incidentally notices the ease and exactness with which 
 they were made at the city of Sicyon*, the wearing of which 
 had become a sign of unmanly effeminacy, and originated the 
 saying of " Sicyonian shoes." They appear, however, when 
 they were left unfastened, to have sat very ungracefully upon 
 the feet, which, as Ovid expresses it, seemed to float in themf. 
 The design of the calcei, no doubt, was to furnish defensive cover- 
 ings for the feet of the buskin kind, either enclosing the whole 
 foot, or to be worn over other shoes which were lighter and 
 more ornamental. They probably did not always meet in front 
 of the foot, though tljey were made to stand up behind it, and at 
 
 * " Si mihi calceos Sicyonios attulisses, non uterer, quamvis essent habiles ct apti ad 
 pedem ; quia non essent viriles." DC Orat., i. 54. 
 
 f " Nee vagus in laxa pes tibi pelle natet." De Arte Amandi, 1. 611. 
 
 " ' male laxus 
 
 In pede calceus haret." Horat. Sat., i. 3. 31. 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: CALCEI. 55 
 
 the sides as high as the ancle. The only example of this species 
 of shoe in the present collection appears to be the following. 
 
 No. 3, A. A Calceus, or Buskin, for covering the foot and 
 ancle, enclosing the back of the leg to the height of nearly six 
 inches from the sole. For about two inches from the point of 
 the foot the upper-leather is joined by a strong central seam, 
 from the end of which, to the very top of the buskin, extends on 
 each side a series of ten large oval holes, cut out by a stamp, for 
 receiving the corrigice by which it was tied. As this specimen 
 was evidently intended to be worn as an external defensive shoe, 
 it appears to have been strengthened by outer soles secured by 
 caliga-nails, the holes of which are still remaining. 
 
 No. 3, B. The entire upper part of a close Shoe of the soccus 
 or buskin kind, apparently made of a single piece of very thick 
 and coarse leather, originally sewed up the inside of the foot 
 in one seam; and it was probably secured by two latchets 
 meeting over the instep. In this instance, as in all the pre- 
 ceding, the exceedingly small quantity of sewing in the Roman 
 shoes is particularly remarkable. 
 
 iv. MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS OF LEATHER. 
 In addition to the more perfect specimens of ancient cover- 
 ings for the feet described in the preceding articles, the exca- 
 vations at the Royal Exchange were found to contain a con- 
 siderable number of unconnected fragments of leather, more or 
 less decayed or capable of conjecture as to the original use of 
 the respective pieces. From the straplike appearance of many 
 of these fragments, it was at first supposed that they had 
 once formed portions of retinacula, or harness ; but subsequent 
 cleaning and examination proved that, certainly for the most 
 part, they had rather originally belonged to the soles with 
 which they were discovered. These remains, however, were all 
 too defective, as well as too much mutilated and decayed, for 
 any successful attempt to be made at restoring them to their 
 original perfect arrangement ; but a careful comparison of the 
 
5G REMAINS OF LEATHER: MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 several pieces, with the more complete specimens, has in some 
 degree explained and identified the purposes for which they 
 were designed, at least to a very probable conjecture, and suffi- 
 ciently accurate for their distribution into a convenient order 
 for inspection. The fragments in general are of black leather, 
 similar to that of the other articles, but there are some pieces 
 which may possibly have been once of another colour. It is 
 most probable that the upper surface was almost always shin- 
 ing, and several instances may be noticed where it still retains 
 a dull gloss, which appears usually to have protected that par- 
 ticular side. The interior of nearly all the remains is rough 
 and easily to be rubbed away in fibrous fragments, from having 
 been left undefended by any additional preparation, and being 
 therefore, at present, in a state of greater decay. Sometimes, 
 however, both surfaces of the material appear to have been 
 glazed, though the whole substance is broken and in a condi- 
 tion of exfoliation. Those pieces of leather which have been 
 wrought to form parts of shoes are in general single only, but 
 in some instances two plies or folds have been laid together, 
 with a strong cement between them, which has increased their 
 rigidity and tendency to break upon the surfaces. The detached 
 fragments of leather now to be described appear to belong to 
 the following divisions. 
 
 No. 4, A. Several broad pieces of Leather, ornamented with 
 the punctured lines already described in the account of the 
 specimen marked No. J, D. From the peculiar arrangement 
 of the lines, the depth and form of the material, and the edge 
 still retaining indications of the seam up the back of the heel, 
 these fragments evidently formed part of the hind-quarters of 
 some species of shoes. Along the lower edges may be seen the 
 holes through which they were fastened to an inner sole by 
 studs or small nails. 
 
 No. 4, A*. A piece of stout Leather cut in a low curve, ap- 
 parently intended for the back of a solea or sandal, where it 
 was to stand up as a defence for the heel. The perforations of 
 
REMAINS OF LEATHER: MISCELLANEOUS. 57 
 
 the nails by which it was attached to the soles, with the fold 
 which passed between them, are all distinctly to be perceived. 
 
 No. 4, B. Narrow pieces of Leather, many of which are 
 ornamented with parallel lines of punctures along the sides, and 
 one of them with the volute pattern already noticed at No. 1, D*, 
 with which it might have possibly at one time corresponded. 
 Several of these fragments were probably intended to form the 
 low sides of sandals or gallicce ; and perhaps some pieces may 
 have been designed for the ligulce or bands of sandals. 
 
 No. 4, c. Remains of Latchets and Ties for the fastening of 
 various kinds of shoes. One of the former, marked No. 4, c*, 
 presents a remarkably rude example of that particular part of 
 a crepida, formed out of very thick and strong leather. 
 
 No. 4, D. Broad pieces of Punctured Leather, apparently 
 intended as coverings for the points of the feet, some of which 
 are exactly similar to that already described at No. 1, D, both 
 in pattern and material. 
 
 No. 4, E. Several large and shapeless pieces of Leather, 
 which may have formed part of some species of shoe, sock, or 
 even boot, not now to be ascertained by means of any of the 
 other remains in this collection. From the torn edges and ex- 
 tremely decayed state of these fragments, their original inten- 
 tion cannot now be identified, but the material appears to be 
 quite the same as that of the other specimens ; and it is, per- 
 haps, not quite impossible that they are skins of leather which 
 have never been made up into any article. There are in the 
 collection some other remains of leather, of which the same 
 conjecture might be formed ; as two of the punctured pieces 
 supposed to have been intended for the points of sandals, which 
 have their edges quite perfect without any traces of sewing. 
 Some other fragments also appear like refuse leather, from 
 which pieces of different figures have been cut out. 
 
59 
 
 IV. COINS. 
 
 THE Coins enumerated in the following lists are generally in- 
 considerable in numismatical value, and far from being remark- 
 able as to beauty or preservation ; though they nevertheless 
 comprise a few rare types and some very perfect specimens. 
 So far as the several pieces were capable of being decyphered 
 they have been carefully examined and described, as well for 
 the satisfaction of such as desire to have an explicit account 
 of all the articles discovered in forming the foundations of the 
 New Royal Exchange, as for the most ready information of the 
 visitors to those antiquities preserved by the Corporation of 
 London at Guildhall. 
 
 The numismatical reliques here enumerated were found be- 
 neath several different parts of the edifice, at different depths, 
 corresponding with their respective antiquity. They will be 
 therefore most naturally and conveniently arranged under the 
 divisions of i. Roman Coins ; ii. English Coins ; iii. Foreign 
 Coins, including Jettons and Counters. A few coins are so com- 
 pletely corroded, or otherwise defaced, as to be almost entirely 
 undecypherable, which may be noticed briefly and collectively 
 in conclusion ; and there are also some miscellaneous articles, 
 chiefly of metal, which appear more properly to belong to this 
 class than to any other. 
 
 i. ROMAN COINS. 
 
 The coins of this series are the most numerous of all those 
 which are contained in the present collection ; and those which 
 can be by any means identified amount to Forty-nine. They 
 were for the most part discovered in the old Roman gravel-pit, 
 between 15 and 30 feet in depth, during the months of April 
 and May, 1841, though some of them were found at other parts 
 
60 COINS: ROMAN. 
 
 of the excavations, before the opening of that great receptacle 
 of these antiquities. The oldest coin which can now be identi- 
 fied is one of Augustus, but those of Vespasian and Donihiun 
 are the most numerous, especially the latter; and the latrst 
 piece having a title stating that it was found in the gravel-pit 
 is a small coin of the third brass of Septimius Severus, of the 
 early part of the third century, which has been plated. Proba- 
 bly, however, another small coin of Gratianus, which was lost 
 and subsequently recovered, and which can be accurately tra<v<l 
 to A.D. 374, indicates more exactly the time when the great 
 gravel-pit was closed and built upon, and consequently, the age 
 of the antiquities already described, namely, about sixty-five 
 years before the departure of the Romans from Britain. 
 
 It seems to have been an occasional practice in London t<> 
 regard Roman coins discovered on the site of an old building as 
 types of the antiquity of the spot, and as worthy of permanent 
 record in connection with the new structure erected thereon. 
 The medallions of Roman emperors sometimes represented on 
 the decorated fronts of houses, down to the early part of the 
 seventeenth century, are considered to have originated in tlii^ 
 practice ; and a very curious instance of it is related by An- 
 thony Munday, in his Additions to Stow's Survey of Lon- 
 don*, which is additionally interesting in connection with the 
 subject of these pages, as incidentally noticing a collection of 
 ancient coins, preserved at Guildhall, more than two centuries 
 since. In the account of Aldgate he states that " the old ruin- 
 ous gate being taken downe, and order provided for a new foun- 
 dation (in 1607), divers very ancient peeces of Romane ci>yn 
 were found among the stones and rubbish, which, as M. Martin 
 Bond, a worshipful citizen, and one of the surveyors of the 
 worke, told me, two of them, Trajanus and Diocletianus, empe- 
 rors, carved in stone according to their true forme and figure, 
 he caused to bee fixed on either side of the gate's arch without, 
 eastward. The rest of these stamped Roinane peeces were sent 
 for by the lord mayor and his brethren to the Guild-hall, where 
 as yet they remaine to be seene." The Rev. John Strype adds 
 
 * Fourth edit. 1633, p. 121. See also Leland's CW/ectaea (1774), vol. i. p. Ixii. bdii. 
 
COINS'* ROMAN. 61 
 
 to this passage, in 1720*, that "the other Roman coins found 
 in the old walls were of Clodius Albinus, Vespasian, Domitian, 
 Carausius, Valentinianus. The forms and subscriptions thereof 
 the said Mr. Bond caused to be carved in free-stone, and set 
 over the conduit-door just within the gate." By the inscrip- 
 tion which was placed over the new Aldgate, it appeared that 
 these pieces were found at the depth of 16 feet, a level at which 
 several of those of a later date, contained in the ensuing lists, 
 were also discovered ; but it will not fail to be observed that the 
 Roman coins of the present collection are generally superior in 
 age and variety to those referred to by Anthony Munday. 
 
 The metal of the coins about to be enumerated is principally 
 copper, but there are also some of yellow brass, a few of silver, 
 and one or two of brass with ancient silver plating. In size they 
 are for the most part of that called by numismatists " second 
 brass," though there are likewise some good specimens of the 
 first and third orders. In the description of these pieces, they 
 will be found arranged under the names of the several Emperors 
 for whom they were struck, in the succession of the Consulate 
 appearing on the obverse ; the dates of which according to the 
 Year of Rome and that of the Christian era, according to the 
 chronology of Mediobarbusf, are added as convenient illustra- 
 tions. The reverse of the coin, with the legend belonging to it, 
 is the side which is usually described, as the specimens may be 
 more readily identified by the variety of type and the distinc- 
 tive inscription thereon exhibited. The particular part of the 
 excavations wherein each piece was found is then added, with 
 the date when it \vas discovered, transcribed from the titles 
 which were originally attached to the specimens, or from the 
 papers in which they were at first preserved. 
 
 In concluding these introductory notices, it should be ob- 
 served that many of the present specimens have become irre- 
 coverably corroded by their long interment in the soil from 
 which they were taken, as well as by their intimate contact 
 with various other causes of destruction. Some of the pieces 
 
 * The Fifth edition, Lond. 1720, fol. vol. i. book 2, ch. ii. p. 23. 
 f fmperatorum Romanorum Numismata, Mediol. 1730, fol. 
 
62 COINS: ROMAN. 
 
 were found completely encrusted with lime, mortar, and ce- 
 ment ; and others were probably mutilated, or even entirely 
 defaced, before they were lost beneath the site of the new Royal 
 Exchange. With the exception, however, of a few only, the 
 types of the coins preserved in this collection have been, by a 
 very careful and repeated examination, so far recovered as to 
 identify the several specimens in a manner sufficiently satis- 
 factory for description, though a small number of the numis- 
 matical remains are destroyed beyond the means of tracing on 
 them any distinctive marks whatsoever. 
 
 I. AUGUSTUS. [First Brass. The head laureated : 
 DIWS AVGVSTVS. Reverse, S C in large letters in the field 
 of the coin: Leg. IMP. NERVA. CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST.*] 
 Found in the large gravel-pi ton the north side, April 28th, 1841, 
 with five other coins of Vespasian, Domitiau, and Trajan. 
 
 II. TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS. [Second Brass : Rev. A female 
 figure seated, holding out ears of corn with the right hand, and 
 with the left supporting a long torch, which is lying across her 
 diagonally: Leg. CERES AVGUSTA: in the exergue S C. A 
 brass coin.] Found in the large gravel-pit, 26 feet down at 
 the west end, March 2d, 1841. 
 
 III. NERO. [Second Brass: in. Consulate, A.U.C. 811, 
 A.D. 58. The head laureated : Rev. The temple of Janus with 
 the gates shut, between S C. Leg. nearly obliterated, PAC E P. R. 
 
 TERRA . VBIQVE . PARTA . IANVM . CLVSITf. This specimen 
 
 is much corroded.] Found in the large gravel-pit, April 28th, 
 1841. 
 
 IV. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS. No. 1. [A silver Denarius: 
 VI. Consulate, A.U.C. 830, A.D. 77. The head laureate! : 
 Leg. VESPASIANVS IMP CAESAR. Rev. Rome, as a female 
 
 * This coin is noticed as having a rare reverse, in Mr. J. Y. Akerman's Descriptive 
 Catalogue of rare and unedited Roman Coins, Lond. 1834, 8vo. vol. i. p. 140. 
 t Noticed by Akerman as a rare reverse, vol. i. p. 165. 
 
COINS: ROMAN. 63 
 
 VESPASIANUS. 
 
 figure seated on a throne, holding out an olive-branch : Leg. 
 PON MAX TR P cos vi.] Found, with five other coins of 
 Augustus, Vespasian, Domitian, and Trajan, in the large gra- 
 vel-pit on the north side, April 28th, 1841. 
 
 No. 2. [Second Brass : n. Consulate, A.TJ.C. 825, A.D. 72. 
 Rev. An eagle with wings expanded, standing on a globe, be- 
 tween the letters S C.] Found 16 feet down at the east end, 
 under the foundation of the old arcade, December 21st, 1840. 
 
 No. 3. [First Brass : in. Consulate, A.U.C. 827, A.D. 74. 
 Rev. The emperor laureated and habited in the toga, standing, 
 in the act of raising up Rome, represented as a winged female 
 figure kneeling : behind her is another female figure in a hel- 
 met, with a shield. Leg. ROMA RESVRGES: in the exergue 
 S C*.] Found in the large gravel-pit on the north side, April 
 28th, 1841, with five other coins. 
 
 No. 4. [Second Brass : apparently of the in. Consulate. 
 Rev. A female figure standing, holding a cornucopia, between 
 S C. Leg. FIDES PVBLICA. A brass coin.] Found on the 
 north side of the large gravel-pit, under the foundation of the 
 wall, April 30th, 1841. 
 
 No. 5. [Second Brass: mi. Consulate, A.U.C. 828, A.D. 75. 
 Rev. A female figure seated, looking to the right, raising her 
 right hand to her head, and holding a sceptre in her left : be- 
 side her is an altar with the fire burning, and decorated with 
 garlands. Leg. SECVRITAS AVGVSTI: in the exergue S C.] 
 Found in the gravel-pit, from 20 to 30 feet deep, with three 
 other coins of Severus and Domitian, May 2d, 1841. 
 
 No. 6. [Another specimen of the same coin as No. 5, very 
 much defaced.] Found, with a large jetton, under the wall at 
 the north-west angle, May llth, 1841. 
 
 * Noticed and engraved by Akerman as a rare reverse, vol i. p. 186, pi. v. No. 6. 
 
64 COINS: ROMAN. 
 
 VESPASIANUS. 
 
 No. 7. [Second Brass : vi. Consulate, A.U.C. 830, A.D. 77. 
 Rev. A large square altar between S C. In the exergue PRO- 
 VIDENT.] Found in the large cesspool over the gravel-pit, at 
 the north-west angle, 23 feet deep, April 26th, 1841. 
 
 No. 8. [Second Brass: vm. Consulate, A.U.C. 833, A.D. 80. 
 Rev. A female figure standing between S C, and holding a 
 cornucopia ; the whole nearly effaced, together with the legend. 
 A brass coin.] Found in the soil removed from the large gravel- 
 pit, at the south-west angle, April 27th, 1841. 
 
 No. 9. [Second Brass. The obverse greatly defaced and the 
 reverse quite obliterated. A brass coin.] Found, with a coin 
 of Domitian, in the large gravel-pit 30 feet deep, April 30th, 
 1841. 
 
 V. DOMITIANUS. No. 1. [A silver Denarius: vm. Con- 
 sulate, A.U.C. 835, A.D. 82. The head laureated : Leg. IMP 
 CAES DOMITIANVS AVG P M. Rev. An altar with the fire 
 burning, and decorated with fillets and garlands: Leg. TR 
 POT cos vm P P.] Found, with five other coins, in the 
 large gravel-pit on the north side, April 28th, 1841. 
 
 No. 2. [Second Brass : v. Consulate, A.U.C. 829, A.D. 76. 
 A youthful head laureated, with the surname of GERM AN VS 
 in the legend. Rev. A crowned female figure (Spes Deo) stand- 
 ing between S C, holding up a flower in the right hand and 
 lightly supporting her outer robe with the left. Leg. defaced, 
 COS v. PRINCEPS IVENTVTIS.] Found in the large gravel- 
 pit, 30 feet deep, April 26th, 1841. 
 
 No. 3. [Second Brass, apparently of the v. Consulate. Rev. 
 A female figure standing between the letters S C, holding a 
 caduceus in the right hand and a cornucopia in the left. Leg. 
 FELICITAS PVBLICA.] Found in the large gravel-pit, from 
 20 to 30 feet deep, May 2d, 1841, with three other coins.. 
 
COINS: ROMAN. 65 
 
 DOMITIANUS. 
 
 No. 4. [Two coins. Second Brass : x. Consulate, A.U.C. 
 837, A.D. 84. Rev. A female figure standing between the 
 letters S C, holding scales in the right hand : Leg. MO NET A 
 AVGVST.] The first coin, greatly defaced, found ]6 feet down 
 at the south end of the drain, December 2d, 1840 ; the second 
 found with another coin, March 20th, 1841, in the cesspool, on 
 the centre of the north side. 
 
 No. 5. [Second Brass : xn. Consulate, A.U.C. 839, A.D. 
 86. Rev. A figure of the emperor standing with his left foot 
 on a globe, holding in his right hand the hasta pura, or head- 
 less spear, and in his left the short sword called parazonium : 
 Leg. VIRTVTI AVGVSTL] Found April 24th, 1841, 30 feet 
 deep, in the large gravel-pit. 
 
 No. 6. [Three coins. Second Brass : xn. Consulate. Rev. 
 A female figure holding scales and a cornucopia, between the 
 letters SC: Leg. MONETA AVGVSTI.J The first found April 
 22d, 1841 ; the second found in the gravel-pit, April 28th ; 
 the third found, with three other coins, May 2d, from 20 to 30 
 feet in depth. 
 
 No. 7. [Two coins. Second Brass : xin. Consulate, A.U,C. 
 840, A.D. 87. Rev. The figure of the emperor, as in No. 5, 
 called " the Virtus type."] The first, a brass coin, found in the 
 large gravel-pit, 30 feet deep, April 24th, 1841 ; the second, 
 of copper, found April 28th. 
 
 No. 8. [Second Brass. Rev. A female figure with scales, as 
 in No. 6, called " the Moneta type."] Found near the bottom 
 of the large gravel-pit, on the south side, at 30 feet average 
 depth, April 30th, 1841, with a brass coin of Yespasian. 
 
 No. 9. [Second Brass, large. Rev. A female figure stand- 
 ing, with a rudder in her right hand and a cornucopia in her 
 left, between the letters S C: Leg. FORTVNAE AVGVSTL] 
 
 F 
 
66 COINS: ROMAN. 
 
 DOMITIANUS. 
 
 Found, with a coin of Nerva, in screening the dirt removed 
 
 from the old gravel-pit, at SO feet in depth, May 16th, 1841. 
 
 No. 10. [Another coin of Domitian, of the Second Br 
 much corroded, but of a large size, and apparently of the same 
 type and consulate as No. 9.] Found in the large gravel-pit, 
 30 feet deep, April 28th, 1841. 
 
 No. 11. [Second Brass. Two coins almost entirely defaced, 
 but one apparently of the XVII. Consulate.] Found in screen- 
 ing the soil removed from the large gravel-pit, at about 30 feet 
 in depth, May 4th, 1841. 
 
 VI. NERVA. [Second Brass : iv. Consulate, A.U.C. 851, 
 A.D. 98. Rev. A female figure standing between S C, hold- 
 ing a rudder and a cornucopia: Leg. FORTVNA AVGVST.] 
 Found, with a coin of Domitian, in screening the dirt removed 
 from the old gravel-pit, 30 feet deep, May 16th, 1841. 
 
 VII. TRAJANUS. [Two coins. First Brass : v. Consulate, 
 A.U.C. 858, A.D. 105. The head laureated. Rev. A female 
 figure standing between S C, habited in a stole, and holding a 
 branch in her right hand and the hasta pura in the left ; an 
 ostrich stands by her right side: Leg. S P Q R OPTIMO 
 PRINCIPI: in the exergue ARAB ADQVIS. Brass coins. In 
 the second example the date on the obverse is illegible, and the 
 coin is mutilated in size.] The first specimen was found, with 
 five other coins of Augustus, Vespasian, and Domitian, on the 
 north side of the large gravel-pit, April 28th, 1841. 
 
 VIII. HADRJANUS. [Second Brass. The head laureated : 
 Reverse entirely defaced.] Found, with three other coins, 
 March 6th, 1841. 
 
 IX. ANTONINUS Pius. No. 1. [First Brass. A youthful 
 head laureated. Rev. A female figure standing between tho 
 
COINS: ROMAN. 67 
 
 ANTONINUS Pius. 
 
 letters S C, holding a caduceus in the right hand and supporting 
 a cornucopia over the left shoulder : Leg, FELICITAS AVG.] 
 Found in the large gravel-pit, April 30th, 1841. 
 
 No. 2. [Second Brass. A crowned head, bearded. The re- 
 verse destroyed by corrosion, retaining only the indications of 
 a standing figure.] Found December 14th, 1840, at the south 
 corner, 28 feet deep. 
 
 X. [FAUSTINA THE ELDER. No. 1. First Brass. Rev. A fe- 
 male figure standing between the letters S C, looking to the left. 
 This piece is greatly corroded and defaced.] Found, with other 
 coins, 10 ft. deep in the south-east excavations, Nov. 26th, 1840. 
 
 No. 2. [Second Brass. Very much corroded and defaced ; 
 the reverse apparently had the consecration-type of an eagle, 
 bearing the effigy of the empress between the letters SO.] 
 
 XI. MARCUS AURELIUS. [No 1. First Brass: TR. POT. vn. 
 A.U.C. 906, A.D. 153. Eeverse defaced. A brass coin.] 
 Found in the large gravel-pit, near an altar, 16 feet below the 
 surface, with sundry leather, bones, etc., April 27th, 1841. 
 
 No. 2. [First Brass: HI. Consulate, A.U.C. 916, A.D. 163. 
 Rev. A female figure, holding a patera over an altar on her 
 right side : Leg. SALVTI AVGVSTORVM: in the exergue, 
 COS in s C.] Found, with three other coins, March 6th, 1841. 
 
 No. 3. [Second Brass : in. Consulate. Rev. Mercury stand- 
 ing and looking backwards, holding in his right hand a purse, 
 and in his left the caduceus; a cock at his left foot*. Very 
 much corroded, and the legend entirely defaced.] 
 
 [* Noticed by Akerman as a rare reverse, vol. i. p. 288.] 
 
 XII. [FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER. First Brass. Rev. A fi- 
 gure of the empress standing between the letters S C, holding 
 
 F 2 
 
68 COINS: ROMAN. 
 
 FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER. 
 
 two children in her arms, with two others standing on each 
 side of her below : Leg. FECVND AVGVSTAE.] Found in the 
 large gravel-pit, 15 feet below the level of the pavement, May 
 7th, 1841. 
 
 XIII. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. [Third Brass. Ret. A figure 
 of the emperor holding a patera over a tripod, with a spear in 
 thelefthand: Leg. RESTITVTOR VRBIS.] Found, with three 
 other coins of Vespasian and Domitian, in the gravel-pit, from 
 20 to SO feet in depth, May 2d, 1841. 
 
 > 
 
 XIV. VALERIANUS. [A counterfeit and washed medallion, 
 probably cast. Obverse, The emperor's head with a radiated 
 crown. Rev. The figure of Hygeia looking to the left, and 
 having a serpent twined round her, which she is feeding from 
 a patera: Leg. SALVS AVGG.*] Found April 14th, 1841, on 
 the north-west of the merchants'" area. 
 
 [* Noticed by Akerman as a rare reverse, vol. ii. p. 6.] 
 
 XV. [ViCTORiNUS SENIOR. Third Brass. Obv. The em- 
 peror's head with a radiated crown. Rev. The figure of Hygeia 
 standing, looking to the left, and holding a serpent in her left 
 hand ; in her right hand is a patera, to which another serpent 
 is rising up from behind an altar : Leg. SALVS AVG.*] Found 
 November 25th, 1 840, 1 6 feet deep, at the south-east angle of 
 Sweeting's alley. 
 
 [* Noticed by Akerman as a rare reverse, vol. ii. p. 67.] 
 
 XVI. [CARAUSIUS. Second Brass : much mutilated and de- 
 faced. Rev. A female figure standing between the letters S C, 
 apparently holding a garland, with the hasta in the left hand : 
 in the exergue M L: Leg. (pax aete)RN AVG.] Found in 
 a hole at the north-west angle, 27 feet deep, May 7th, 1841. 
 
 XVII. [CONSTANTIUS I. (Chlorus). Second Brass. The em- 
 peror's head crowned with the vitta or royal fillet. The reverse 
 
COINS: ROMAN. 69 
 
 CONSTANTIUS. 
 
 defaced, but apparently the Genius of Rome.] Found 10 feet 
 
 down in the centre of the area, March 5th, 1841. 
 
 XVIII. [FLAVIUS VALENS. Third Brass : mutilated. Rev. 
 The figure of Victory marching, bearing a palm branch and 
 garland. Apparent legend, SEMP VICTOR REIPVBLICAE: 
 in the exergue M A Q s.] Found, 14 feet deep, at the south- 
 west angle, March 5th, 1841. 
 
 XIX. [GRATIANUS. No. 1. Third Brass: A.U.C. 1127, 
 A.D. 374. The emperor's head crowned with a fillet of pearls, 
 the ends of which hang down behind. Rev. A figure on a 
 throne, holding a mound in the right hand and a spear in the 
 left: Leg. CONCORDIA AVGGG: in the exergue s N A B.] 
 Found March 6th, 1841. 
 
 [No. 2. Third Brass: A.U.C. 1135, A.D. 382. Rev. A 
 figure of the emperor standing, holding the standard called the 
 labarum in his right hand, and resting on a shield with his 
 left: Leg. GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI: in the exergue .. CON.] 
 Found, 15 feet deep in the chalk wall, in the foundation of the 
 south-west angle of the merchants 1 area, March 7th, 1841. 
 
 XX. [RoMANUS. Second Brass: A.U.C. 1712-1716, A.D. 
 959-963. The obverse entirely defaced. On the reverse is the 
 following inscription, disposed in five lines, in mixed Roman, 
 Greek, and Gothic letters: ! * RCOMA 2 en OG(JO BA 
 3 siLevs R(JO 4 MAium 5 s p Q, R s . . .] Found No- 
 vember 27th, 1840, on the foundation ground-line. 
 
70 COINS : ENGLISH. 
 
 2. ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 The series of later antiquities and miscellaneous articles dis- 
 covered in forming the foundations of the New Royal Exchange 
 must be regarded as commencing with the present division of 
 this catalogue. The pieces described in the two lists ensuing 
 were, of course, found much nearer to the surface of the ground 
 than most of the coins contained in the preceding division ; and 
 were disinterred at various depths, varying from two to eighteen 
 feet, between September, 1840, and the following April. They 
 occurred, also, beneath all the different parts of the former 
 buildings, and up to Sweeting's alley on the east. The English 
 coins enumerated in this list comprise Twenty-seven pieces. 
 They do not include any very rare or valuable specimens, and 
 many of them are greatly defaced or are of very modern date ; 
 but, that they may all be recognized and referred to without 
 difficulty, they are historically arranged and explicitly described 
 in the following catalogue. 
 
 No. 1. [HENRY IV.? A Denier of black-money, very 
 much defaced and imperfect in figure, but bearing a variation 
 of one of the ordinary types of the Aquitaine Pennies. Obv. 
 The field divided by a slender cross between a fleur-de-lis in 
 the first and fourth quarters, and a lion passant>guardant in 
 the second and third : Legend, Within a plain double circle 
 n EN (ricus rex ang) L'E. Rev. A cross patee at the extrem i tic- 
 ex tending to the inner circle : Leg. (c?0w/)NVS: AQY(ttani)&] 
 Found March 19th, 1841, in the centre of the works, 14 feet 
 down. 
 
 No. 2. EDWARD VI. [Two Shillings, made of the basest 
 metal of this reign, greatly resembling copper, very irregular in 
 form, and almost completely defaced. On the obverse the king's 
 head in profile, crowned ; and on the reverse the royal arms in 
 a cartouche-shield, between the letters E R, \\itli the usual 
 
COINS: ENGLISH. 71 
 
 legend, TIMOR DOMINI FONS VITE. (Prov.'xiv. 27.) The 
 mint-mark is not to be decyphered.] Found at the centre-front 
 on the south, westward, 12 feet deep, February llth, 1841. 
 
 No. 3. [A Penny in silver, of the same reign. Obv. The 
 king's head in profile, crowned : Leg. ROSA SINE SPIN A. 
 Rev. A cross-fourchee, extending to the edges of the coin, sur- 
 mounting the royal arms in a plain shield: Leg. C I VITAS 
 LONDON.] Found January 7th, 1841, under the old north en- 
 trance, 10 feet down. 
 
 No. 4. ELIZABETH. [Two Shillings of silver, both greatly 
 defaced, and the queen's head on the obverse hardly to be dis- 
 covered. Rev. The royal arms in a plain shield, surmounted 
 of a cross-fourchee, extending to the edges of the coin : Leg. 
 POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEv(m). The mint-mark, on 
 both sides in the inscription, is a martlet, the allusive device of 
 Sir Richard Martin, warden of the Mint between 1571 and 1581, 
 the 14th and 23d years of Elizabeth. From this distinguish- 
 ing figure, which has been mistaken for a drake, the coin was 
 
 O O ' ' 
 
 formerly called "the Drake shilling," and was supposed to have 
 been struck in commemoration of Sir Francis Drake's voyage 
 round the world*.] The first of these pieces was found March 
 20th, 1841, in the large cesspool, on the centre of the north side 
 of the Exchange. The second, which is almost entirely de- 
 faced, was discovered March 29th, under the foundations at the 
 southeast angle. 
 
 [* Annals of the Coinage of Britain, by the Rev. R. Ruding, 1819, vol. v. p. 135, note y.] 
 
 No. 5. CHARLES I. [A Royal Farthing Token, very much 
 mutilated and defaced. On the obverse a crown with two sceptres 
 in saltire. Rev. A crowned rose.] Found December 28th, 1840, 
 under the north-east angle of the old arcade- walk, 16 ft. down. 
 
 No. 6. CHARLES II. [Two Farthings. Leg. CAROLVS A 
 CAROLO. Rev. Britannia: the date quite effaced.] Found 
 December 3d, 1840, at the south-east corner, 15 feet down. 
 
72 COINS: ENGLISH. 
 
 No. 7. WILLIAM AN T D MARY. [A Halfpenny, very much 
 defaced. Rev. Britannia, 1694.] Found, with counters, in 
 the rubbish at the south-east corner, December 10th, 1840. 
 
 No. 8. WILLIAM III. [Two Halfpence, one of which retain- 
 the year 1701 ; the reverse and date of the second are quite ob- 
 literated.] Found, with other coins, November 27th, 1840, at 
 the south-west angle, 18 feet deep, on the foundation ground- 
 line. 
 
 No. 9. [Two Farthings, 1694 and 1701.] Found December 
 4th and 5th, 1840, at the south-east angle, 17 feet deep, with 
 another coin quite defaced. 
 
 No. 10. GEORGE I. [A Farthing, 1719.] Found November 
 27th, 1840, at the south-west angle, under the wall, 18 feet deep. 
 
 No. 11. GEORGE II. [A Halfpenny, 1740.] Found on the 
 south side, 3 feet down. 
 
 No. 12. [A Halfpenny, 1747.] Found November 24th, 
 
 1840, 2 feet from the surface, at the south-west angle. 
 
 No. 13. [Two Halfpence, one of 1755, the other date oblite- 
 rated.] Found November 27th, 1840, on the surface of the 
 foundation ground-line, and in the rubbish 18 feet deep. 
 
 No. 14. [A Farthing, 1739.] Found November 26th, 1840, 
 at the south-west angle, about 15 feet deep, with other coins. 
 
 No. 15. GEORGE III. Four Halfpence. Two of 1770, found 
 November 24th, 1840, at the south front, 2 feet from the sur- 
 face; and November 26th, at the south-west angle, about 15 feet 
 deep, with other coins. One of 1771, found February 18th, 
 
 1841, at the south front. One of 1773, found December 3d, 
 1840, at the south-east corner, 15 feet down, with two Farthings 
 of Charles II. 
 
COINS : ENGLISH. 73 
 
 No. 1 6. [A Tradesman's Token of brass, much defaced, farthing 
 size. Obv. Apparently a horse passant : Leg. AT THE WHITE 
 
 T> 
 
 HORSE. Rev. C A IN BROAD STREET.] Found, with 
 
 1668 
 
 two other coins, on the east side, 15 feet deep, December 18th, 
 3840. 
 
 No. 17. [A small Token of Lead, having on one side a lion 
 or cat sejant-guardant, and on the other T. M.] Found at the 
 south-east corner, 15 feet deep, December 3d, 1840. 
 
 No. 18. [A Brass Medal, of the halfpenny size, struck to 
 commemorate the decease of the Duke of York, January 5th, 
 1827.] Found at the south-west corner, with three other pieces, 
 December 10th, 1840. 
 
 3. FOREIGN COINS AND JETTONS. 
 
 The pieces comprised under this division are less in numis- 
 matical value than even those belonging to the two former, as 
 by far the greater part of the oldest and most numerous speci- 
 mens consist of several varieties of those French or German 
 Tokens, made either of brass or mixed metal, called JETTONS, 
 or Counters, which are usually held by coin-collectors in very 
 low estimation. These pieces have nevertheless an intrinsical 
 interest of their own. They have been regarded as worthy of 
 being made the subject of a separate tract by Snelling*; and 
 the many various devices which they exhibit were frequently de- 
 rived from circumstances requiring some historical illustration 
 to develope their meaning. As the Jettons and Counters con- 
 tained in the present collection are arranged and described with 
 the same care as the coins comprised in the preceding divisions, 
 a very few general particulars relating to them may possibly 
 assist in rendering them somewhat more familiar and agreeable. 
 
 * A View of the Origin, Nature, and Use of Jettons or Counters, Lond. 1759, folio. 
 
74 JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 
 
 The metal Counters made in France, the Low Countries, and 
 Germany, from the commencement of the fifteenth century, 
 were at first designed for being placed upon, and moved over, a 
 board marked with lines of different arithmetical value, for the 
 summing-up of the items of accounts. This is expressed in the 
 French name of Jetton, or something thrown, or cast, up and 
 down the board, in the ancient method of " casting accounts ;" 
 and also in the Low-Dutch name of Leg-Penning, a penny or 
 coin laid down for calculation; in the German Reclien-Pfennicf, 
 and in the English Counter. This original use of Jettons is to 
 be found continually referred to in the legends and devices on 
 these pieces ; and one of the specimens in the present collection, 
 struck about the middle of the sixteenth century, is impressed 
 with the figure of a man standing with a counting-table before 
 him and counters lying upon it*. 
 
 Whilst these pieces, however, were principally regarded as 
 apparatus for calculation, they were also employed for the pur- 
 pose of sport; since Stow, in 1598, notices the practice, during 
 the feast of Christmas, " in the house of every noble man of 
 honour or good worship," of " playing at cards for counters, 
 nails, and points, more for pastime than for gainf." When the 
 German jettons became used for other purposes beside the reck- 
 oning of accounts on boards, the devices stamped upon them be- 
 gan to have reference to other subjects ; as the alphabet, which 
 Snelling considers to have been intended for children, or pas- 
 sages of Scripture in Latin and German. There are specimens 
 
 * There are not in the ensuing series any specimens of jettons actually bearing the 
 name of Reckoning-penny, several instances of which are engraven by Snelling. 
 Two such pieces, however, one of them being a very fine and uncommon example, have 
 been added to this collection by Mr. Arthur Taylor, solely for the purpose of illus- 
 trating these introductory notices. 
 
 Reckoning Pennies, with German and English Types. 
 
 Halfpenny size. Types as in No. 12 : legends in Roman letters. Obv. RBCHEN 
 
 PFENNIGS * Rev. KILIANVS KOCH * NVRENBERG # . 
 
 Farthing size. Obv. The heads of William III. and Queen Mary, placed side by side : 
 Leg. in Roman letters, GVLIELMVS . ET . MARIA . REX . ET . RBGINA. Rev. 
 The royal arms of England, as borne by William III., on a plain shield, crowned and 
 surrounded by the garter : Leg. RKCH. pp. COVNTER.LAZ. GOTTL. LAVFR. This 
 interesting specimen is of fine thin yellow metal, and is engraven with great minuteness. 
 
 t A Survey of London, Lond. 1598, small 4to, p. 72. 
 
JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 75 
 
 of both descriptions of jettons in the present collection. When 
 the inscriptions on the jettons are expressed in the modern 
 Gothic character, from the pieces having been probably struck 
 before the commencement of the sixteenth century, they are not 
 unfrequently almost incapable of a satisfactory explanation. In 
 addition to the letters being often formed so very grotesquely 
 as to render it exceedingly difficult to recognize them when re- 
 garded individually, they will occasionally be found set upon 
 the coins inverted or reversed. The legend, in some instances, 
 appears to consist of contracted syllables, or even of the initials 
 only of the words intended ; which is most probably the actual 
 truth, rather than the conjecture contained in Snelling. "When 
 they began to put letters," he observes, " they seemed rather 
 for ornament than information, as sometimes a single letter was 
 repeated till it filled the circumference ; others have two or more, 
 and those consonants ; and on many, although there are many 
 different letters, yet they appear to be without any meaning 
 and quite unintelligible*." Several of the jettons about to be 
 described are stamped with the most difficult legends of this 
 nature. 
 
 The oldest and most usual impress on these pieces consisted 
 of flowers, leaves, ornamented crosses, etc., to which succeeded 
 the head, device, or arms of the prince for whose country they 
 were struck ; which types are considered to have been first 
 adopted in France in the fourteenth century. The gold coin of 
 Charles IV., in A.D. 1322, has on the reverse a cross fleuret6- 
 fourchee, orflorence ; whence was derived the device usually to be 
 seen on the reverses of jettons throughout the fifteenth century, 
 of which several examples will be found in the ensuing list. 
 Another type, frequently stamped on these pieces, which may 
 also be regarded as having a French origin, is a crown. This 
 figure is to be found on the gold royal of Louis VIII. or IX.. 
 early in the thirteenth century, and on many of the doubles and 
 deniers of the two centuries following. On several of the latter 
 coins also, crowns, and fleurs-de-lis and crowns, are dispersed 
 together over the field ; and hence probably originated another 
 
 * A View oftlte Origin of Jettons, p. 9. 
 
76 JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 
 
 device very common as a reverse for jettons, consisting of three 
 of each of those figures arranged in a circle. In the same man- 
 ner, also, the Germans placed on their own national counters 
 the arms borne by the Pfalzgraves of the Rhine, which U<TP 
 stamped upon the ancient Rhenish, gold gulden, namely, the 
 Imperial Beichsapfel, or mound ensigned with a cross, within 
 a double tref oil-tress ure or compartment. Of this type, also, 
 various specimens may be seen on the following pieces. Some of 
 the very common devices to be found on the old jettons appear 
 to have been adopted in consequence of the German makers of 
 counters being employed to strike them for other countries ; as 
 the figure of the lion of St. Mark on pieces intended for Ve- 
 nice, the royal arms of France, and some others of a later period 
 engraved by Snelling. 
 
 In describing the ensuing specimens, the most natural order 
 in which they can be disposed is according to the classes which 
 they form by the national types appearing upon them; first enu- 
 merating those jettons which have the legend in Gothic letters, 
 and afterwards those of which the inscriptions are in Roman let- 
 ters. Very few, however, of the earlier counters can be accu- 
 rately identified as to date. There are Twenty-two specimens 
 of jettons and counters, and Eighteen pieces of foreign coins, 
 contained in the ensuing list. 
 
 French Types. 
 
 No. 1. [Halfpenny size. Obverse, the modern arms of France 
 on a shield : the legend in Gothic letters much defaced, but ap- 
 parently * AVE MARIA DEI MATER. Bev. A cross-fleurete 
 within a quatrefoil, greatly defaced.] Found, with a coin of Ves- 
 pasian, under the wall at the north-west angle, May llth, 1841. 
 
 No. 2. [Farthing size. Obv. The modern arms of France on 
 a crowned shield : Leg. cus VNA.AUDDOYN. Bev. A rose- 
 branch, with leaves and three flowers, the largest in the centre, 
 radiated: Leg. ANA * A A # SSS * * O *.] Found, with a 
 large jetton of the Venetian type, in {he centre of the north side, 
 14 feet down, March 14th, 1841. 
 
JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 77 
 
 No. 3. [Halfpenny size. Three coins of thin yellow metal. 
 Obv. A large ancient crown in the centre of the field. Rev. A 
 cross-fleurete within a quatrefoil, in the external angles of which, 
 and also in the quarters of the cross, is inserted the letter A. 
 The legends of these pieces are all on the obverse only, in large 
 and rude Gothic letters ; and they consist apparently of either 
 the initials or parts of words, forming the inscriptions following. 
 ]. AIVAVEIVAl''! . VAIV . . IVA . . AV. 2. ABVAMDVAL- 
 VAMA . . . LA . VLI. 3. VNAIAVS A MAVSALVNSAV . A.] 
 Found, with a smaller and later jetton, and two coins entirely 
 defaced, in the dry rubbish below the chalk wall under Sweet- 
 ing's alley, 17 feet deep, November 28th, 1840. 
 
 * 
 
 No. 4. [Halfpenny size : broken. Obv. The modern arms 
 of France on a shield, crowned and surrounded by the collar 
 of the Order of St. Michael : Legend in Roman letters defaced, 
 MEMENTO ATia: ETERNis. Rev. A square, con- 
 taining the words VERBVM DOMINI MANET IN AETERNVM 
 (Is. xl. 8.) in five lines.] Found at the south-west angle, by 
 the wall, 16 feet deep, November 23d, 1840. 
 
 No. 5. [Farthing size, of thick metal, very much defaced. 
 Obv. A youthful head of Louis XIII. : Leg. in Roman letters, 
 HOC VINCI VICTO ADIVVAT. Rev. The arms of France 
 and Navarre in two shields placed close together, crowned, and 
 surrounded by the collars of the Orders of St. Michael and of 
 the Holy Ghost: Leg. Lvoovicvs xin. FR. ET NAVARR. 
 REX.] Found, 16 feet deep on the south-east, November 
 28th, 1840. 
 
 German and Venetian Types. 
 
 No. 6. [Halfpenny size, of thick yellow metal, very much 
 defaced. Obv. The Reichsapfel, or imperial mound, ensigned 
 with a cross-patee, within a double tressure forming a trefoil 
 compartment. Rev. The winged lion of St. Mark holding up 
 a closed book. The legends on both sides in grotesque Gothic 
 letters, quite illegible.] Found with the small jetton No. 2. 
 
78 JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 
 
 No. 7. [Halfpenny size, thin metal. Types as in No. 6 ; 
 with different legends in a well-formed Gothic letter, but de- 
 faced and illegible.] Found in the centre area, 10 feet down, 
 March 4th, 1841. 
 
 No. 8. [Halfpenny size, thick metal. Types as in No. 6 ; 
 with different legends in a rude Gothic letter, quite illegible, and 
 the coin defaced and partly broken.] Found with another coin 
 completely encrusted and corroded, at the south-east angle, 10 
 feet deep, December 4th, 1840. 
 
 No. 9. [Farthing size. Two coins, one broken, of thin 
 metal. Obv. The Reichsapfel, within a trefoil-compartment. 
 Rev. Three crowns and three fleurs-de-lis disposed in a circle, 
 enclosing a rose in the centre. The legends in Gothic lett< TS 
 and differing from each other, but both defaced and illegible.] 
 Found in the chalk sub- way, 11 feet deep, under the merchants' 1 
 area, March 13th, 1841. 
 
 No. 10. [Farthing size. A mutilated counter of thin metal, 
 bearing the same types as No. 9. The legend different, in Gothic 
 letters, and illegible.] Found in the centre of the merchants 1 
 area, 8 feet deep, March 13th, 1841. 
 
 No. 11. [Halfpenny size, of thin metal. Obv. The figure of 
 a Rechen-meister, or accountant, standing behind a counting- 
 table with jettons upon it. Rev. The alphabet in Roman letters 
 in a double square, ornamented on the exterior sides.] Found 
 November 24th, 1840, at the south-west angle, on the surface. 
 
 No. 12. [Farthing size, of thin metal. Obv. The Reichsapfel 
 in a trefoil-compartment: Leg. in Roman letters, SOLI DEO 
 GLORIA . 1619. Rev. Crowns and fleurs-de-lis in a circle, with 
 a rose in the centre: Leg. MATHEW LAVFER. IN. NVRN- 
 BERG.] Found at the north-east angle, 12 feet deep, Decem- 
 ber 19th, 1840. 
 
JETTONS AND COUNTERS. 79 
 
 No. 13. [Farthing size, of thin metal, broken. Types as No. 
 12: legends in Roman letters. Obv. G(ott)ES GABEN. SOL. 
 (man) LOB. Rev. HANNS KRAVWINCKEL IN NVR.] Found 
 with a small Prussian coin, and a Tradesman^ token, on the 
 east side, 15 feet deep, December 18th, 1840. 
 
 No. 14. [Farthing size, thin metal, broken. Another variety 
 of No. 13, having the same types and legends.] Found at the 
 north-east angle, in the holes dug to contain the soil, about 17 
 feet deep in the gravel, September 3d, 1840. 
 
 No. 15. [Farthing size. Types as in No. 12 : legends in 
 Roman letters. Obv. WER . GOT . VER . TRAVT . HAT. Rev. 
 w. LAVFER. IN. NVRMBE. . .] Found, with three other coins, 
 completely corroded and defaced, at the south-east angle, 17 feet 
 deep, November 30th, 1840. 
 
 No. 16. [Farthing size. Two coins. Types as No. 12: le- 
 gends in Roman letters. Obv. GOTES REICH BLIBT EWICK. 
 Rev. HANNS . KRAVWINCKEL . IN NVR.] Found at the 
 north-east angle, 12 feet down, December 21st, 1840. 
 
 [Another Jetton, of the same size, types, and legend on the 
 obverse, with the name of w. LATFER . E. H. NVREMB. on 
 the reverse. Found December 14th.] 
 
 No. 17. [Halfpenny size, of very thin metal, broken. Types 
 as in No. 12 : legends in Roman letters. Obv. DAS WORT 
 
 GOTES E(leibt) EWICK. Rev. HANS K(mw0)lNCKEL IN 
 
 NVRNBERG.] Found with the jettons No. 3. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN COINS. 
 
 No. 1. [FRENCH. A Double Denier of Black-money, of the 
 reign of Philip VI. of France, mutilated: probably struck about 
 1358. Obverse, FR in large Gothic letters : Leg. * PHI LI p- 
 
 PVS Rev. A cross extending to the outer circle, patee 
 
 at the extremities : Leg. * MONETA (dvplex).'] Found in the 
 centre of the merchants" area, 8 ft. deep, March 13th, 1841. 
 
80 MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN COINS. 
 
 No. 2. [PRUSSIAN. A Two Silber-grosohen piece, of Fre- 
 derick II. of Prussia, of base metal. Obv. The Prussian eagle 
 flying, crowned, and bearing the orb and sceptre : Leg. FRIDE- 
 RIC : BORUSS: REX. Beneath the figure is * E * forthe mint- 
 mark of Konigsberg. Rev. u GROSSUS REGNI TRUSS. 1757.] 
 Found, with a small token and a jetton, on the eastern side, 
 15 feet deep, December 18th, 1840. 
 
 No. 3. [DANISH. Copper. An Eight-skilling piece of Chris- 
 tian VII. Obv. In the field the cypher Cy, crowned. Rev. 
 The arms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, on an oval shield 
 crowned : Leg. 8 SHILLING DANSKE 1782. Beneath is a 
 mint-mark of two mining-hammers in saltire, between H.I.A.B.] 
 Found in the centre of the area, 10 feet deep, March 4th, 1841. 
 
 No. 4. [DUTCH. Copper. Fifteen Stivers. 1. Obv. The 
 arms, supporters, and coronet of Utrecht, with the name be- 
 neath the shield. Rev. Within a quatrefoil, the inscription 
 T R A I EC T . 1 68. . .] Found 1 6 feet deep on the north-east side, 
 December 28th, 1840. 
 
 [2. Several specimens with a similar type on the obverse ; 
 and on the reverse the cypher o Vc 1792, surmounted by the 
 arms of Utrecht on a small shield.] Found on the surface of 
 the rubbish at the north-west angle, December 9th, 1840; on 
 the north side of the merchants'* area, 12 feet deep, February 
 llth, 1841 ; at the north-west angle of the area, 8 and 10 feet 
 deep, March 30th and April 1st, 1841 ; and several others on 
 the north side, 16 feet down. 
 
DEFACED COINS. 81 
 
 4. DEFACED COINS. 
 
 The defaced and corroded coins in this collection consist of 
 Nineteen specimens, the most legible of which are described in 
 the following notices. 
 
 No. 1. [Two Roman coins, apparently of the Second Brass 
 of Claudius, one of which is broken ; but both are very much 
 corroded, and the reverses are entirely destroyed : they are also 
 without any titles as to the time and place of their discovery.] 
 
 No. 2. [A Roman coin, apparently of the Second Brass of 
 Vespasian, but entirely corroded.] Found 18 feet down, on 
 the south side under the wall, December 18th, 1840. 
 
 No. 3. [A Roman coin, apparently of the Second Brass of 
 Vespasian, the reverse of which appears to have borne the type 
 of " Mars Victor."] Found 16 feet deep at the south-east 
 angle, December 1st, 1840. 
 
 [A broken Roman coin, apparently of the Second Brass of 
 Vespasian, nearly destroyed with corrosion.] Found 18 feet 
 down at the north-east corner, December 23d, 1840. 
 
 No. 4. [A Roman coin, apparently of the Second Brass of 
 Domitian, the reverse of which is completely defaced.] Found 
 at the south-east corner, 17 feet deep, December 3d, 1840. 
 
 No. 5. [A broken Roman coin, apparently of the Large Brass 
 series, completely corroded and defaced.] Found 18 feet deep 
 at the south-east angle, December, 1840. 
 
 No. 6. [Three small coins, apparently of the Third Brass of 
 the later Roman series, completely defaced.] 
 
 1. Found, with a broken bottle, at the south-east angle, 16 
 feet deep, November 23d, 1840. 
 
 G 
 
82 DEFACED COINS. 
 
 2. A broken coin, found in the old cesspool, 15 feet deep, 
 February 19th, 1841. 
 
 3. Found 6 feet deep, at the east end of the merchants' 
 area, February 20th. 
 
 No. 7. [Seven coins, partly encrusted with cement, and in- 
 ternally corroded.] 
 
 1, 2. Found with a jetton of the Venetian type, at the 
 south-east angle, 10 feet deep, December 4th, 1840. 
 
 3. A thick broken brass coin ; found in the cesspool at the 
 south-west angle of the merchants' area, February 14th, 1841. 
 
 4. Four coins, without any title of time and place of dis- 
 covery. 
 
 No. 8. [Two brass coins, apparently large Jettons ; one 
 being perfect in size, but worn entirely plain, the other much 
 corroded and broken.] Found, with three other coins, beneath 
 the merchants' area in the old chalk sub- way, March 12th, 
 1841. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 
 
 No. i. [The fragment of a small metal Seal, probably of the 
 seventeenth century, which appears to have been covered with 
 a very thin silver plating. The device is nearly destroyed ; but 
 it may be seen to represent a ship with sailors in it, and some 
 figures climbing the rigging, and also apparently fishing with a 
 net, executed in relief.] 
 
 Found, near a pair of forceps (described on p. 38, No. 25), 
 in the bottom of the large gravel-pit, 25 feet from the level of 
 the street, April 24th, 1841. The soil lying immediately round 
 the seal had the appearance of ashes, and contained a quantity 
 of cuttings of brass. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 83 
 
 No. II. [A small oval Seal of red cornelian, apparently quite 
 modern, and coarsely engraven with a head in a shepherd's 
 hat.] 
 
 Found April 27th, 1841, in the large cesspool under Lloyd's 
 coflee-house, set in an iron ring, which was so much decayed as 
 to fall in pieces. 
 
 No. in. [Part of a Rosary or Chaplet, consisting of six sets 
 of very small cubical beads, of cocoa-wood, connected by a fine 
 chain of silver wire formed into twisted links. The five larger 
 beads are almost covered by plain silver caps ; and the crucifix 
 is made of a narrow piece of unwrought silver, crenellated on 
 the edges, simply bent into the form of a Latin cross, patee at 
 the extremities, an inch in length. The entire chain is 22 inches 
 long ; but, on account of the small number of beads of which it 
 is now formed, it may be regarded rather as a Chaplet than as 
 a complete Rosary*. Two of the present series, however, consist 
 of no more than eight and nine beads, and the three concluding 
 beads are also deficient ; and it is therefore possible that the rest 
 of the proper number may likewise have been lost, especially as a 
 chaplet usually comprises five tens only. This article appears 
 to have been manufactured in Italy, probably at Como, in the 
 latter part of the seventeenth century, or the commencement 
 of the eighteenth.] 
 
 Found 18 feet down, near the foot of the old tower, Decem- 
 ber llth, 1840. 
 
 [* " Le Rosaire est un grand Chapelet de cent cinquante grains, qui font autant 
 SAve Maria" " Les Chapelets ordinaires n'ont que cinquante Ave et cinq Pater." 
 Ceremonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tons les Peuples du Monde, Amst. 1723, fol. 
 vol. i. p. 177.] 
 
 No. iv. [Two fragments of fine Brass, probably ancient, 
 which appear to have been ornamentally wrought, though they 
 are now fused into shapeless masses, and covered with the green 
 carbonate of copper.] 
 
 Found in the gravel-pit near the surface of the hole where 
 the forceps and metal seal were discovered, surrounded by 
 ashes, April 25th, 1841. 
 
 02 
 
84 MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 
 
 No. v. The Rowel of a Spur. Found February 4th, 1841 . 
 
 [A brass or copper star of twelve points, six of which are 
 much longer than the remainder. It is ornamented with mould- 
 ings on both sides, and may be regarded as the work of the 
 sixteenth century.] 
 
85 
 
 V. HORNS, BONES, AND TEETH: SHELLS, 
 AND VEGETABLE REMAINS. 
 
 THE reliques included in the present division were found at the 
 lowest part of the gravel-pit, under the west wall of the late 
 Royal Exchange, beneath the Roman work, at the depth of 30 
 feet, about the 28th of April, 1841. The animal remains com- 
 prise fragments of the horns of deer and oxen, a few broken 
 tusks of boars, several bones and teeth, apparently principally 
 of sheep, and some marine shells. The vegetable specimens 
 consist of pieces of fir-cones, remains of wood, chiefly of fir, for 
 the most part artificially wrought, and part of a walnut-shell, 
 which was taken up from the very lowest part of the excava- 
 tions, and hence becomes an object of peculiar interest. These 
 remains, however, are altogether too much decayed, and too few 
 and inconsiderable, to admit of any particular illustrative de- 
 scription, or for any probable conjecture to be founded on them 
 concerning the Roman building which stood on this site ; and 
 therefore only a short general account of the several groups of 
 objects is here inserted. 
 
 HORNS. 
 
 In this division are contained five fragments of the Horns 
 and Antlers of Deer, in remarkably fine preservation. The 
 former consist of two specimens from the roots of the beam, or 
 principal stem, of the horns chiefly of young stags, as may be 
 conjectured from their roughness, their light colour, the acute- 
 ness of their points, and their slender proportions. These par- 
 ticular remains may be thus distinguished and described. 
 
 No. 1, A. The lower part of the horn of a young stag, exhi- 
 biting the burr, or root out of which the beam issues. The stem 
 measures 7| inches in circumference, and the first antler is very 
 
86 HORNS, TEETH, AND BONES. 
 
 graceful and sharp, and extends 11 inches in length : it is rough 
 almost to the very extremity, the usual indication of a young 
 animal. 
 
 No. 1, B. The lower part of the horn of a stag, apparently 
 older than the preceding; from which, however, the antlers have 
 been all cut off. It measures 9 inches in circumference imme- 
 diately above the burr. 
 
 No. 1, c. The lower antler of an old stag, measuring 
 inches in length, the surface of which is much less rough than 
 the preceding. To the extent of about three inches from the 
 point it is worn quite smooth, and is of a dull yellow-brown 
 colour, like the hue of old ivory. 
 
 No. 1, D. One of the upper antlers of a young stag, mea- 
 suring 7 i inches to the point. 
 
 No. 1, E. Fragments of stag-horns, which have been appa- 
 rently some of the upper antlers, or even palms, of old animals; 
 of a dark yellow-brown colour, and worn entirely smooth. The 
 longest specimen measures 8 inches. 
 
 Nos. 2, 3. Several perfect specimens of the fibrous bony 
 cores of Ox-horns of different sizes, some of which have small 
 portions of the skull attached to them. The longest specimen 
 measures 1 foot, and the shortest 4 inches. In the division 
 No. 3 is part of the bone of the nose of a boar, with the broken 
 Tusk still remaining in it, and there are likewise some separate 
 fragments of other tusks. 
 
 TEETH AND BONES. 
 
 No. 4. Ten specimens of molar animal Teeth, two of which yet 
 remain in the dental grooves of a decayed jaw ; and there is also 
 another fragment of a range of grooves entirely empty. In the 
 same division there are several specimens of animal Bones, appa- 
 rently those of sheep. 
 
SHELLS: VEGETABLE REMAINS. 87 
 
 SHELLS. 
 
 No. 5, A. A specimen of the Strombus genus, the spire of which 
 is broken off. The remainder measures 5^ inches in length by 
 5 inches at the broadest part. 
 
 No. 5, B. A specimen of the Placuna genus, thick and foli- 
 aceous in substance, measuring 5^ inches in depth from the 
 hinge, by 4 inches at the broadest part. 
 
 No. 5, c. Five specimens of the Tellina genus. 
 
 VEGETABLE REMAINS. 
 No. 6. Fragments of two Fir-cones. 
 
 No. 6, A. The half of a small smooth Walnut-shell, found in 
 the large gravel-pit hole, 35 feet deep, in the lowest excavation 
 made upon the works, May 4th, 1841. 
 
 [There is great probability that this fruit was known or cul- 
 tivated in Britain at a period much earlier than the sixteenth 
 century, which is usually assigned to it : and the discovery of 
 the present small relique, in a place which had previously re- 
 mained closed for nearly 1470 years, carries back at least the 
 appearance of this nut in England to about three centuries 
 after its first recorded introduction into Europe, if not to a far 
 more ancient date. The walnut is generally considered to have 
 passed from Asia into Greece ; and Pliny states that it was 
 brought into Italy by L. Vitellius, from Syria, where he had 
 been governor, a short time before the death of Tiberius, 
 A.U.C. 790, A.D. 37*. About the same period also, a Ro- 
 man knight, named Flaccus Pompeius, who had served with 
 Vitellius, carried the fruit into Spainf ; and the transmission 
 of it into two different nations by soldiers naturally indicates 
 that it might have been conveyed to Britain at some very early 
 period in a similar manner. A remarkable walnut-tree for- 
 merly grew in the churchyard of Glastonbury Abbey J, near 
 
 [* Hist. Nat. lib. XT. c. xxi.] [t Hist. Nat. lib. xv. c. xxiv.] 
 
 [t History and Antiquities of Glastonbury, by T. Hearne, Oxf. 1722, 8vo, p. 112.] 
 
88 VEGETABLE REMAINS. 
 
 St. Joseph's chapel, having been probably brought from Asia, 
 together with the celebrated Glastonbury thorn ; both of which 
 trees were known to be of considerable antiquity, though there 
 is not any authentic account of their age extant. It may be 
 added, further, that walnuts in England are familiarly men- 
 tioned, early in the fourteenth century, by Chaucer, and also 
 by the author of The Vision of Pierce Ploughman*.] 
 
 [ * " I saw him carry a wind-mell 
 Under a walnote shale." 
 
 The House of Fame, book iii. 
 
 " As on a walnote withoute 
 Is a bitter barke, 
 And after that bitter barke, 
 Be the shellc aweye, 
 Is a kernel of confort 
 Kynde to restore." 
 
 Vision, Passus xi. v. 7082.] 
 
 No. 7. Several specimens of Wood, chiefly of fir, artificially 
 wrought for different instruments, of which, however, they are 
 only very imperfect fragments. In the same division are also 
 five knots, apparently from fir planks, exhibiting their spirals 
 and wings quite perfect, which have remained undestroyed in 
 consequence of their substance being harder and closer in tex- 
 ture than the rest of the wood to which they belonged. The top 
 of the largest specimen shows that it formed part of the edge of 
 a board, where it ran obliquely into the timber, as two of the 
 squared sides are yet remaining. There is also in this division 
 a piece of black and decayed wood, containing a gre'at number 
 of the empty cases of insects. 
 
89 
 
 VI. ARTICLES OF LATER PERIODS. 
 
 THE most important of the miscellaneous remains comprised in 
 this division consist of a few specimens of glazed or vitrified 
 Tiles, of the fourteenth or the following century ; of some ves- 
 sels of coarsely glazed pottery of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and 
 seventeenth centuries ; and of some large fragments of the ordi- 
 nary thick foreign glass bottles, of the commencement of the 
 eighteenth century. Of all these curious examples of ancient 
 manufactures a descriptive account follows, distributed into 
 groups appropriate to their probable antiquity and character. 
 There are, however, several miscellaneous and inferior articles, 
 of which only a very short notice is inserted ; since the earliest 
 of them cannot be referred to any period beyond the close of the 
 seventeenth century, and they belong chiefly to the eighteenth. 
 
 VITRIFIED TILES. 
 
 As an appendix to the First Class of his methodical arrange- 
 ment of Pottery, M. Brongniart adds square tiles, bricks, etc. 
 with vitrified glazing, which include also the thick glazed earth- 
 enware commonly called Norman tiles, ornamented with figures 
 or armorial bearings. Of these tiles bearing devices, only a very 
 few specimens were discovered on the site of the Royal Ex- 
 change, and they are described in the folio wing notices. 
 
 No. 1. A Tile of red earth, measuring 5 inches by 5f, and 
 1 inch in thickness, impressed with the figure of a lion ram- 
 pant, looking to the sinister, enclosed within a lozenge formed 
 by diagonal lines cutting off the rectangular corners. The whole 
 surface has been covered by a thin, vitreous, yellow glaze, of 
 which, however, there is but little remaining on any of these 
 specimens ; and therefore the white clay with which the cavities 
 
90 VITRIFIED TILES. 
 
 stamped out for the ornaments were originally filled is left plain, 
 showing the peculiar process of the manufacture. The present 
 tile, like another in this collection, was intended to be laid square, 
 for the production of a diagonal or lozenge pattern, having 
 small curved squares intervening between the sides of the dia- 
 monds. The style of drawing in these specimens may be re- 
 garded as belonging to the fifteenth century. 
 
 
 
 No. 2. A Tile of the same measurement, material, and co- 
 lours, impressed with the figure of a lion passant, looking to the 
 dexter. The angles are cut off by simple rounded lines, which, 
 when the tiles were laid together, would form a series of curved 
 lozenges embracing the rectangular corners. 
 
 No. 3. A Tile of the same material and colours, measuring 
 5 inches square and 1 inch in thickness. It is impressed with 
 the figure of a large plain fleur-de-lis, enclosed in a lozenge, the 
 angles of the tile being cut off by simple lines, the effect of which 
 would be to leave an alternate row of vacant lozenges when the 
 tiles were laid together. 
 
 No. 4. A plain Tile, broken, measuring on the perfect side 
 5| inches, and 1 inch in thickness. It is of red earth, and has 
 been covered with a green glazing. The present and the next 
 two specimens are instances of those vitrified tiles which were 
 covered with a single colour and were without any figures, being 
 occasionally employed to relieve the intricacy of the patterns 
 produced by the decorated tiles. 
 
 No. 5. A plain Tile of red earth, measuring 4 inches square 
 and 1 inch in thickness. The surface still retains the remains 
 of a very thin dark glazing. 
 
 No. 6. A plain Tile of pale white clay, measuring 5 inches 
 square and f inch in thickness. It is covered with a thick dark 
 colour, evidently much changed, which was originally either a 
 deep brown or black. 
 
VITRIFIED TILES. 91 
 
 No. 7. A plain triangular Tile of the kind made for the pur- 
 pose of inserting at the angles or sides of ornamented tiles, for 
 composing figures of large patterns in pavements. " It measures 
 5 inches by 3^ inches, and is an inch in thickness. The tile 
 is made of red earth, and is covered with a very thin glazing, 
 which has now become of a dark olive colour. 
 
 REMAINS OF ANCIENT FOREIGN EARTHEN- WARE. 
 The first specimens to be noticed under this title appear to 
 belong to M.Brongniart's First Order of pottery, including that 
 which is made of soft paste ; and to the fourth Sub-order, which 
 consists of ware having a thin glazing, the older and more com- 
 mon Faience. If this conjecture be accurate, the five articles 
 immediately ensuing may be regarded as of the end of the fif- 
 teenth century, or the commencement of the following. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2. Fragments of two small earthen vessels intended 
 for the preservation of pieces of money, which could not be ta- 
 ken out without destroying the depository, and hence such uten- 
 sils are generally found broken. They are commonly known 
 by the familiar and provincial names of " Thrift-boxes," or 
 " Christmas-boxes*; 1 ' and are still manufactured, though of a 
 different form and a more substantial ware. When the present 
 vessels were perfect they exhibited the appearance of short and 
 broad bottles, about 3^ inches in height, moulded and turned, 
 with imitative stoppers apparently fixed in the mouths, and 
 having a perpendicular slit, about 1 inch in length, for the 
 reception of coin, on one shoulder. One side of this opening, 
 partly glazed and stained with colour, is still visible in each 
 specimen. These vessels are of thin friable clay, and are rudely 
 covered over the upper part with a slight blackish-green glazing. 
 
 Vessels of this material, constructed for containing money, 
 seem to have been of considerable antiquity. Count Caylus has 
 engraven the figure of a flat oval box made of terra-cotta, of Greek 
 
 * A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, by James Orchard Halliwell, 
 F.R.S., F.S.A., Lond. 1846, 8vo, p. 869. Observations on Popular Antiquities, by the 
 Rev. John Brand, edit, by Sir H. Ellis, Lond. 1813, 4to, vol. i. p. 385, notes c. d. 
 
92 FOREIGN EARTHEN-WARE. 
 
 workmanship, having on the top a head of Hercules, with a slit 
 beneath it for receiving the coins; and he also mentions another, 
 more elaborately ornamented, of Roman manufacture*. If such 
 vessels were originally employed for receiving the Strencc, or 
 new year's gifts, of the Romans, they must be regarded as the 
 prototypes of the modern Christmas-boxes ; and, as the well- 
 known ancient and fragile depositories for money, it is possible 
 that there may be a remote figurative allusion to them in the 
 expression of St. Paul, " We have this treasure in earthen 
 vesselsf ." Aubrey very remarkably identifies the similarity 
 between the ancient and modern forms of such utensils, in noti- 
 cing a pot found in North Wiltshire containing some Roman de- 
 narii, which he states " resembled in appearance an apprentice's 
 earthen Christmas-box J." 
 
 The ensuing, and the two following articles, exhibit three spe- 
 cimens of large vessels for holding liquor, of Dutch or German 
 manufacture. They are all similar to the preceding in respect of 
 the clay, though of a much thicker ware ; and they have been 
 also roughly finished by a lathe, and are coarsely glazed in the 
 same manner as the two fragments already described. 
 
 No. 3. A Canette, or tall vessel of a fusiform or skettle shape, 
 swelling out at the middle of the body, and having a handle 
 attached to a long narrow neck with a small mouth, altogether 
 
 * Recueil cTAntiquites, Paris, 1761, 4to, torn. iv. pi. liii. nos. iii. iv. p. 157. 
 
 + 2 Cor. iv. 7. Thesaurum istum in vasis fictilis, is the Vulgate version ; but the origi- 
 nal text expressively indicates the extreme fragility of the utensil, by the words lv offrpa- 
 KIVOIS ffKeveffiv, testaceous or argillaceous vessels, of little worth and easily broken. 
 
 t Miscellanies on several curious subjects, Lond. 1714, 8vo, p. 26. In the Rev. J. 
 Strype's account of Dr. Woodward's collection of Roman antiquities found in the re- 
 building of London after the great Fire, "Ollee Nummariae clauses" are mentioned with 
 other varieties of earthen vessels. Survey of London, edit. 1720, fol. vol.ii. App.,ch. v. 
 Dr. Nehemiah Grew describes "a Roman money-pot" preserved at Gresham College, 
 as being " of the colour of a crucible, and fashioned almost like a pint jug without 
 a neck, closed at the top, and having a notch on one side like a Christmas-box." 
 A Catalogue of the Rarities belonging to the Royal Society, Lond. 1685, fol. p. 381. A 
 plain circular vessel intended for the same purpose as the preceding, but apparently of a 
 later date, though containing Roman coins, has been recently discovered with other 
 ancient pottery in the vicinity of Lincoln. 
 
FOREIGN EARTHEN-WARE. 93 
 
 greatly resembling an Egyptian water-bottle of the kind called 
 Dor ok. This vessel is nearly perfect, and stands about \1\ 
 inches in height, being 19| inches in circumference. It is made 
 of pale clay, and retains some remains of a light-yellow glazing 
 with which it has been partially and roughly covered. 
 
 No. 4. A vessel of the Cruche or pitcher form, shaped like 
 the black leathern jack of the middle ages, standing 15 inches 
 in height, and being 23 inches in circumference at the base, 
 where it has been moulded by the fingers into plaits. It has a 
 short neck and a narrow mouth with a spout ; and is made of 
 strong red-brown ware, streaked over with a thick blackish-green 
 glazing, excepting towards the base, which appears discoloured 
 and burned, as if it had been placed upon a fire. This speci- 
 men is quite perfect. 
 
 No. 5. A Pitcher of pale thick clay, partially covered with 
 a dusky green glazing, measuring 10| inches in height, and 
 about 19 inches in circumference at the broadest part. It is of 
 rather a graceful form, resembling an ewer or a beaker; having 
 a tall broad neck ornamented with strong moulded bands, a stout 
 handle, a swelling body, and a plaited foot. This specimen is 
 broken down the front of the neck. 
 
 No. 6. A Jar or Bottle of thin pale clay, with a short neck 
 and two handles set on close to the mouth. It is quite perfect, 
 and stands 7| inches in height, and is 17 inches in circum- 
 ference at the broadest part. All the upper part of the vessel 
 has been covered with a thick pale-green glazing. 
 
 The next group of remains of earthen- ware is less complete 
 and more modern than the preceding. It belongs to the Second 
 Principal Order of M. Brongniart, which consists of pottery of 
 hard clay, not capable of being streaked by a steel instrument, 
 opaque, and made of siliceous lime, infusible in a porcelain fur- 
 nace. This description of earthen-ware is assigned by the same 
 authority to the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centu- 
 
94 FOREIGN EARTHEN-WARE. 
 
 ries ; but only the ensuing examples of Dutch glazed tiles can 
 be referred to the earliest of those periods, and all the other spe- 
 cimens belong to the last. The fifth Sub-order of M. Brong- 
 niart includes fine Faience ware, one variety of which is that 
 covered with a vitreous lead-glazing, ornamented with figures, 
 and more or less coarsely stained with colours. 
 
 Nos. 7, 8. Two ornamented Dutch Tiles, probably both be- 
 longing to the sixteenth century, made of fine white clay, and 
 measuring about 5 inches square, the latter example being half 
 an inch in thickness, and the former somewhat more. They both 
 contain only one fourth part of the figure which they were de- 
 signed to form ; and the ornaments on each are executed in 
 blue, pale yellow, orange, and green, with one instance of a deep 
 purple, apparently produced by the darkest blue being laid on 
 over the orange. No. 8 does not at present retain any trace of 
 glazing, and a considerable part of the colour has been in con- 
 sequence rubbed off the surface. The figure on it consists of 
 one quarter of a quatrefoil, enclosing a pomegranate and flowers. 
 No. 7 still retains some of the glazing, and the device on it 
 exhibits one fourth part of an ornamental panel, having for the 
 centre a large heraldical rose of three series of leaves. 
 
 Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12. In this division are to be noticed some 
 specimens of old Delft ware, coarsely ornamented with blue lines 
 and flowers, the most perfect of which are two large and broad 
 medical pots for holding thick preparations. There are also two 
 fragments of table-ware, one of which is part of a plate appa- 
 rently belonging to a series, bearing the number 5, with the re- 
 mains of a sentence upon it in English, within a compartment 
 surmounted by a ducal coronet. 
 
 Nos. 13, 14, 15. The five specimens next ensuing belong to 
 M. Brongniart's sixth Sub-order ; namely, Granulated Pottery 
 or stone-ware. The most perfect of these are the remains of 
 three small and stout Canettes, or bottles having handles, of 
 Dutch or German manufacture, of the seventeenth century. 
 
FOREIGN EARTHEN-WARE. 95 
 
 These vessels are about 9 inches in height and 17 inches in cir- 
 cumference, and are well covered with a clear brown glazing, one 
 specimen appearing somewhat more granulated, and thicker in 
 substance, than the others. They were evidently made in strong 
 moulds, by which they are each ornamented with a grotesque 
 bearded head on the neck, and a device enclosed in a decorated 
 oval on the side ; all the figures being rudely executed, though 
 they are very sharply and deeply impressed. The types or 
 devices exhibited on these vessels are an angel with elevated 
 wings, a large front face, and a shield of arms surrounded by 
 ornaments. It is probable that such canettes were brought in 
 considerable quantities from the places where they were manu- 
 factured ; and M. Brongniart states that many fragments were 
 found in the bed of the Somme, near Pont- Rouge. 
 
 Nos. 16, 17. Two small vessels, probably of the seventeenth 
 century, of fine brown stone- ware, turned and well covered with 
 glazing, which, however, has been partially melted and trans- 
 ferred to some glass bottles lying near them. The first of these 
 articles is a small drinking-jug, standing 6 inches in height, 
 capable of holding about half a pint, mounted on a foot moulded 
 into plaits, where it is partly broken. 
 
 The other specimen is a small vase, at present only 3^ inches 
 in height, all above the lower part of the neck being deficient. 
 The foot is moulded into broad folds or plaits. 
 
 Nos. 18, 19, 20, 21 . In addition to these larger examples of old 
 earthen-ware, there are also in the present collection a few frag- 
 ments of other kinds, belonging to the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries. The most perfect is a small chocolate-saucer of fine 
 white glazed Holland ware, imitative of Chinese porcelain, orna- 
 mented with irregular patches of bright green, brown, and yellow, 
 placed together, which was probably manufactured at the end of 
 the seventeenth century. There are also several fragments of a 
 small teapot of old red Japan ware; some pieces of the beautiful 
 semi- vitrified composition called " Reaumur's Porcelain;" and 
 a cup of Vauxhall gray ware, nearly covered with a thick bitu- 
 
96 GLASS. 
 
 rainous matter, which either ran over it, or \nfcs perhaps con- 
 tained in the cup itself. In this division may bo noticed some 
 remains of clay tobacco-pipes, probably of the time of Charles II. 
 
 GLASS. 
 
 Nos. 22, 23, 24. Three specimens of the short, broad, and 
 dark-green foreign wine-bottles, made at the commencement of 
 the eighteenth century, two of which are capable of holding a 
 pint ; and the third, which is the only perfect example, about 
 half that quantity. The glass of two of these vessels is very 
 coarse and dark, possibly from having become de-vitrified by 
 extreme heat ; but the other specimen is much finer and clearer, 
 although it is thicker in substance. The heat to which these 
 bottles have been exposed is shown by two of them being spot- 
 ted over with the liquified brown glazing of some vessels of 
 stone-ware which lay near them, probably in the last conflagra- 
 tion of the Royal Exchange. There is also in this part of the 
 collection a small piece of a large and thick Roman vase, com- 
 pletely coated over with dark melted glass, retaining its lus- 
 trous appearance on the surface, but de-vitrified and fibrous 
 beneath. 
 
 The few reliques yet Remaining to be noticed are of so ordi- 
 nary and miscellaneous a nature as not to require any descrip- 
 tion. Some of them are coarse fire-irons, part of an iron can- 
 dlestick, and the remains of other common and modern articles. 
 There is, however, a tall slender candlestick, apparently of fine 
 brass, but completely covered with rust, and broken into throe 
 pieces, which was probably manufactured in the close of the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 PRINTED BY ARTHUR TAYLOR, COLKMAN STREET. 
 
GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
 
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