EXPLANATION of a VIEW of the RUINS of POMPEII, exhibiting at the PANORAMA, LEICESTER-SQUARE, 
 
 1 Court for Sales, or Public DUputation, 
 
 2 Pulpit. 
 
 3 Cliainber beloiis-iiig to ditto. 
 
 4 Temple of Isis. 
 
 5 Column ol liie Portico. 
 
 6‘ Altar. 
 
 7 Decorated Chamber for Ablutions. 
 
 8 Niche with a Painting of Ilarpocrates. 
 
 9 Kitchen. 
 
 to House of a Fanner. 
 
 11 Koacl to the Anipliitheatrc. 
 
 12 Situation of the Sculptor's Shop. 
 
 !3,13, 13. Staircases to the Corridors of (lie 
 Theatre. 
 
 14,14, U. Doors to the Corridor. 
 
 16 Corridor. 
 
 l6,16, l6, Voniitoria. 
 
 17,17» 17, 17, Staircases. 
 
 19 Seals (if the 
 
 20 Seats of the 
 
 21 Entrance to the 
 
 22 Proconsul’s Seat 
 
 23 Orchestra. 
 
 24, 24, 24. Podium 
 
 25, 25, Stage. 
 
 25, 25, 26, The 
 
 f the Spcclalors 
 
 27 Royal Door. 
 
 28 Doors of the Strange.’s, 
 
 29 Doors of the Country. 
 
 30 Poslsccniuin. 
 
 31 Seals for tiie Women. 
 
 32 Entrance to tlie Seals for the Women, 
 
 33 Alasl for the Awning, 
 
 31 Elevated Space, on which were generally 
 I'laced moveable Seats. 
 
 35 Entrance to ditto. 
 
 36 Eiiclosare attached to the Temple of 
 
 Hercules. 
 
 37 Altars. 
 
 33 Circular Colonnade. 
 
 39 f! reguano. 
 
 40 Lei lore. 
 
 41 Monte S. Angelo, 
 
 42 Guard’s Quarters. 
 
 43 Forum Numliiiarium, or Market. 
 
 44 Steps leading up to the Temple of Hercules 
 
 45 Back Wall to the Sliops of llu- Forum, 
 
 46 Posisceniiim of the covered Theatre. 
 
 47, 47, Eiilratires to ditto. 
 
 48, 48, Entrance to the Stage of ditto. 
 
 49 Spectator’s Seats. 
 
 50 Passages leading to the covered Theatre, 
 
 51 The Appeiniiiics. 
 
 32 Sacred Pen for Cattle. 
 
 53 Temple of Hercules. 
 
 54 Site of Sfabia. 
 
 35 Castcll’ a Mare. 
 
 55 Moiml L'dclarius. 
 
 57 Vico. 
 
 58 Sorrento. 
 
 59 Cape Minerva. 
 
 Co Island of Capri. 
 
 61 Rock of Hercules. 
 
 6-2 Circular Scut, comimiiKliug a beautiful and 
 extensive View. 
 
 63 Portico of the Peribdu«, or Court of the 
 'J’emple of Hernie.s. 
 
 61 Street Ic.Kling to Q. Caroliiie’s Excavation. 
 
 65 Pedestal for a Statue. ] 68 Street leading to the greater Forum. 
 
 66 The Propylea, or Entrance to tlic Peribn. 69 Street of the Temple of Isis. 
 
 lus of the Temple of Hercules. 70 Eiilianre to the Schools from the Court 
 
 67 Fountain. j „f liie Temple of Hercules. 
 
 71 Reservoir, 
 
 72 Crater of Vesuvius. 
 
 73 Summits of Sounr.i and Oilajai 
 
DESCRIPTION Of a View of THE RUINS of the CITY OF POMPEII and the Surrounding Country, now exhibiting at the PANORAMA, LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
 1. Temple of Jupiter. 
 
 2. Pantheon, above which is the Street of 
 
 Dried Fruits. 
 
 3. Appennines. 
 
 4. Triumphal Arch. 
 
 5. Remains of Public Granaries. 
 
 6. Court of tije Temple of the Augustais. 
 
 7. Temple of Quirineus, 
 
 8. Wall of the Great Theatre. 
 
 9. Portico of Eumachia. above which is the 
 Street of Silversmiths. 
 
 10. Pedestiils for Statues in the Foium. 
 
 11. Arch called a Janus. 
 
 12. Street leading to Queen Carnline's pNca* 
 
 13. Town of Letlere. 
 
 14 and 15. Treasury, Record OfBce, &c. 
 
 16. Basilica. 
 
 17. Temple of Venus, or Bacchus. 
 
 18. Ancient Painting of Bacchus and Sileiiii! 
 
 19. Celia of the Temple. 
 
 20. Site of Stabia. 
 
 21. General Cfianipionei’s Excavation. 
 
 22. Casteir a Mare. 
 
 23. Mount Laciariiis. 
 
 24. Ri^er Sainus. 
 
 25. Vico. 
 
 26. Sorrento. 
 
 27. Rivegliaiio, or Rocks of Hercules. 
 
 28. Point of Minerva. 
 
 29. Island of Capri. 
 
 30. Peasants celebrating a Festival. 
 
 31. Island of Ischia. 
 
 32. Island of Procida, and Bay of Naples. 
 
 33. Road leading to the Street of Tombs. 
 
 34. Torre dell' Annunziata. 
 
 35. Point Scassata. 
 
 36. Cape Misenum. 
 
 37. Mount Selvaggi. 
 
 38. Heights of Pausilippo. 
 
 39. Mount Barbaro. 
 
 40. Camaldoli, near Naples. 
 
 41. Camaldoli, near Torre del Greco. 
 
 42. Bosca Tre Case. 
 
 43. Extinct Craters at the Foot of Vesuvius. 
 
 44. Behind theseTrees is tlie Street o( Toinbs. 
 
 45. Herculaneum Gate. 
 
 46. Ruins of an Inn. 
 
 47. Part of the City Walls, and the Ih.Use of 
 
 S-tllust. 
 
 48. Herculaneum Street.. 
 
 49. Fountain. 
 
 50. Baker’s Shop. 
 
 51. Kitchen in Fausa’a House. 
 
 52. Tower on the Town Wull, 
 
 53. Houses of Paiisa.aml the Urumatic P.^et, 
 
 to the right of which is the House of 
 Sallust._ 
 
 54. Crater of Vesuvius. 
 
 55. Somma and Oitaianus. 
 
 56. Bosca Reale. 
 
 57. Ancient Shops. 
 
 5S. Milk Shop. 
 
 59. Top of the Prisons. 
 
 60. Gate of the Fuium. 
 
 61. Street of the Mercuiies, with the Housts 
 
 of the Qumstor, the Neirids, Meleager, 
 and Zephirus and Flora. 
 
 62. Triumphal Arch. 
 
 63. Women's Baths. 
 
 64. Baths. 
 
 65. Temple of Fortune. 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF A VIEW OF 
 
 THE RUINS OF THE CITY 
 
 OF 
 
 POMPEII 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SURROUNDING COUNTRY. 
 
 NOW EXHIBITING 
 
 AT 
 
 THE PANORAMA, LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
 PAINTEP BY THE PROPRIETOR, 
 
 ROBERT BURFORD, 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 H. C. SELOUS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY GEO. NICHOLS, EARL’S COURT, LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 
 1848. 
 
iniirmiifiiinmiifiiiifwiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 i 
 
 INSCRIPTION IN MOSAIC ON THR PAVEMENT OF THE ENTRANCE 
 VESTIBULE TO ONE OF THE HOUSES OF POMPEII.* 
 
 POMPEII. 
 
 Pompeii is unquestionably the most extraordinary of the remnants of 
 antiquity extant, alike deeply interesting to the antiquary, the scholar, the 
 artist, and the observant traveller. It presents the remarkable spectacle 
 of ruin without decay ; a whole city, preserved from the corroding hand 
 of time, suddenly fixed, and after being inhumed for eighteen centuries, 
 again unfolded unaltered, to be compared with the drama of human life 
 in the present day. It thus possesses an interest, which even the most 
 inao-nificent cities of ancient Rome or Greece must fail to excite ; in them 
 
 O 
 
 we see fine ruins, monuments of the power and splendour of the ancients, 
 but here, and here only, can be viewed a complete city as it existed in the 
 proudest period of the Roman Empire; here we are admitted into the 
 same apartments, the same retreats of private and domestic life, and can 
 learn from actual observation, that man is the same in all ages, that he 
 has the same wants and luxuries, the same actuating motives, the same 
 love of splendour and amusement, the same eager pursuit of business, 
 and the same grasping avarice. 
 
 The Panorama is taken from the Forum, from whence a most compre¬ 
 hensive view- of the principal excavations is obtained ; the foreground is 
 occupied by the vast area, once the favourite resort for business and 
 pleasure of the citizens; around and adding to its forlorn grandeur, are 
 
 * It was customary for the Romans to place this word in Mosaic at the entrance of their houses to 
 ndicate that those who came were welcome. 
 
the temples of Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, or Bacchus, the Pantheon, 
 Theatres, Triumphal Arches, and other public buildings; innumerable 
 streets of roofless houses, with their inmost recesses open to the day, 
 meet the eye in every direction, the greater part, judging from their 
 moderate size, having been the dwellings of the middle classes and trades¬ 
 people, such as are seldom found of great antiquity elsewhere. Vesuvius 
 having in one dread night plunged the city into utter darkness, bearing 
 down with few exceptions every roof, destroying the upper parts of the 
 houses, but keeping the lower parts for centuries unharmed by the 
 elements, no storms or rain being capable of penetrating the superincumbent 
 mass of cinders, to obliterate their exquisite decorations. At a short 
 distance, and forming a prominent feature in the scene, stands the stern 
 sovereign Vesuvius, calmly overlooking the devastation he has caused, and 
 around in every direction the country presents a picture of splendour and 
 picturesque beauty not to be surpassed; especially towards the west, 
 overlooking the fertile plain of Nocera, to the town of Castel a Mare 
 with the lofty Mount Lactarius, Torrento with its white cliffs, the blue sea 
 of the Gulf of Naples, and the fine islands of Capri, Ischia, and Procida 
 at its mouth. 
 
 Pompeii is situated near the foot of Vesuvius, in the vast plain of the 
 Campagna, near the mouth of the Sarno, on the borders of a sea in all 
 times famed for the beauty of its shores, whose waters, at the time of its 
 destruction, laved its very walls; its position was therefore strong in a 
 military point of view, favourable for commerce, and delightful as a 
 residence. Although evidently of Greek origin, nothing certain is known 
 of its early history; its foundation is attributed to Hercules, and it was 
 successively in the possession of the Oscans, Cumeeans, and Samnites. 
 It shared in the disasters of the Punic and Social wars, was besieged by 
 Sylla, and submitted to the power of the Dictator. After the time of 
 Augustus it became a colony, when its history merges into the more 
 important annals of the Roman Empire. 
 
 At the time of its destruction, Pompeii, although but a second-rate 
 city of no great extent, being not more than a mile in length, by about 
 half a mile at its greatest breadth, was the miniature of the civilization of 
 the age, the most refined period of Rome. Within its narrow compass 
 was contained, as it were, a specimen of every gift which luxury offered 
 to power; in its minute palaces, in its glittering shops, in its baths, its 
 forum, theatres, and circus, in the energy yet corruption, in the refinement 
 yet vice, of its people, were represented an epitome of the whole empire. 
 
4 
 
 In the very midst of luxury and enjoyment (for it is said that 25,000 
 spectators were witnessing the gladiatorial exhibitions in the amphitheatre 
 when the eruption commenced) came sudden ruin and desolation, one of 
 the most awful, yet at the same time, magnificent catastrophes that the 
 tragedies of ancient history present to our view. In the morning the 
 streets were alive with crowds pursuing their pleasures or business, suddenly 
 and terribly destruction fell upon them, before night Vesuvius made the 
 city one vast sepulchre, burying but not destroying it. The younger 
 Pliny, who was a spectator of the scene, says, “ A cloud of smoke shot 
 up from the mountain in shape resembling a pine tree, sometimes bright, 
 at others dark and spotted ; although day, a deeper darkness prevailed 
 than in the most obscure night, which lasted three days.” Showers of 
 stones and ashes intermixed with boiling water were incessantly projected, 
 and seas of molten lava continually poured down the sides of the 
 mountain. 
 
 By a careful inspection of the various strata, the destruction of the 
 city appears to have been occasioned by immense showers of hot ashes 
 and boiling water; volcanic lightnings struck the more elevated buildings, 
 and slight convulsions of the earth completed their downfal, whilst the 
 great heat partially melted or burnt substances in metal and wocd. The 
 penetrating quality of the ashes, which were fine and soft, filled up 
 every building and entered every crevice, thus preserving them with their 
 contents as they stood. The length of time it must have taken to cover 
 the city more than twelve feet in depth, gave sufficient warning to the 
 inhabitants ; it is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that but few perished, 
 in proportion to the number that escaped, still hundreds were killed by 
 suffocation, and many by the fall of buildings or volcanic stones, as is 
 apparent by the fractured skulls of those found in the streets. Above 
 four hundred skeletons of unfortunate beings have been found, some in 
 situations peculiarly distressing; but as much remains still to be excavated, 
 the number will no doubt be greatly increased. 
 
 Seventeen centuries elapsed, new empires rose and fell, new countries 
 attained greatness and splendour, manners, customs, and habits changed, 
 and the remembrance of the buried but not prostrate city had nearly 
 passed away, although a portion of the great Theatre always remained 
 above ground to mark the spot where Pompeii once stood; when in 1748 
 some peasants at work in the vineyards on the banks of the Sariio found 
 several objects of curiosity, this naturally led to farther investigation, the 
 authorities became interested, and the city was at length revealed. Exca- 
 
5 
 
 vations have at different periods been carried on with more or less energy, 
 especially by the French under Murat, and a great portion has been restored 
 to light, unfolding stores of knowledge respecting the history, domestic 
 architecture, and accommodations, as well as the economy of public and 
 private life of the ancients, making us more conversant with their habits, 
 manners, virtues and follies, than all the laborious speculations of Anti¬ 
 quarians, or all the books ever written could have done. 
 
 The streets are mostly straight and narrow, the widest being scarcely 
 thirty feet across, and there are not many in which two Bigee, the ancient 
 two-horsed chariot, could have passed, although from the deeply worn 
 ruts, they must have been in constant use. The Via Appia, which crosses 
 the city in its way to Brundusium, is one of the best. They are paved 
 wih irregular blocks of lava well joined, having raised footways on either 
 side, composed of pozzolana and small pieces of brick and marble, and 
 have huge stepping stones at the crossings. 
 
 The houses are generally small and low, the majority being of one floor 
 only, built round a little open court, from which each apartment was 
 entered, there being no internal communication between them, and it is 
 remarkable that they correspond exactly with the description given by 
 Vitruvius of the Greek houses. The walls are of tufa, lava, or bricks, 
 stuccoed; the ceilings appear to have been arched, and the roofs flat. 
 The houses of Panza, Sallust, Cicero, Diomede, and a few others, whose 
 owners are unknown to fame, were exceptions, being large and commo¬ 
 dious, some having second stories, the small staircases leading to them 
 being still perfect; they were, however, only used for the accommodation 
 of the slaves. The rooms are almost without exception very small, 
 especially those for repose; they are mostly without windows or ventila¬ 
 tion, there being no fire-places, and some only having an aperture over the 
 low door for the admission of light and air, proving that the occupants 
 were unacquainted with the social comforts of home, and, as may be 
 gathered from the accounts of Roman authors, spent but little time in 
 their dwellings, but for the purposes of eating and sleeping. Where there 
 were windows they appear to have been glazed with thick glass, not very 
 transparent, horn or talc, and to have been furnished with external shut¬ 
 ters of wood. On the outsides the houses are generally coloured red, 
 having the names and occupations of their inhabitants painted on them, 
 including magistrates and persons of rank, as well as a number, so that 
 had the stucco remained perfect, the occupant of every one would have 
 been known. The shops are mostly provided with signs, indicating the 
 
6 
 
 trade that was pursued therein: two men carrying an amphora, or vase 
 for wine, for a wine seller; a goat, for the dealer in milk; the twisted 
 serpent, for the disciple of Esculapius; and a boy hoisted on the back of 
 another receiving a flaggellation, for a school; several, perhaps lodging- 
 houses, have at the threshold, in black and white mosaic, the hospitable 
 word, “ Salve.” In many places the walls were covered with proclama¬ 
 tions, notices of festivals, gladiatorial shows, sales, &c. Internally the 
 courts and apartments are all paved with mosaics, more or less fine, which 
 remain as perfect as ever they were, in many not a single particle being 
 displaced. The walls are most tastefully decorated on a coat of stucco, 
 sometimes six inches in thickness, and finely polished, the architectural 
 and other ornaments being painted in fresco, whilst the apartments present 
 the most beautiful paintings, both as regards design and execution, 
 although the subjects of many were calculated neither to improve the 
 morals nor the intellects of the inhabitants; the colors are generally as 
 fresh and vivid, and the outline, figure and execution as perfect, as if no 
 long lapse of centuries had intervened between them and the light of day ; 
 many of the finest have been removed to the Museum at Naples, &c., but 
 those which remain have suffered less detriment than might have been 
 expected from exposure during the last fifty years. 
 
 The public buildings are numerous, spacious and elegant, and afford a 
 striking contrast to the simplicity and diminutiveness of the dwelling 
 houses, the Forum, the Temples, and the Theatres, made the inhabitants 
 independent of home. The pillars of the Temples are formed of bricks 
 stuccoed, and have their bases painted red and polished, some have the 
 flutes and capitals, as well as portions of the frieze, &c., only painted in 
 fresco. 
 
 The Baths appear to have been admirably constructed, some for cold 
 water, others for warm or vapour ; they are in a fine state of preservation, 
 and present the only perfect specimens of vaulted roofs remaining. 
 
 Numerous wells have been found; they are usually surmounted by 
 cylinders of marble, nearly a yard in height, as perfect and as firmly set 
 as when first made, and bearing such impressions of being chafed by the 
 bucket ropes, used in drawing the water, as proves that they must have 
 moved thereon for centuries to produce such deeply indented marks. 
 Numberless, indeed, are the familiar tokens and the most affecting 
 memorials of the lives, occupations, and every day pursuits of the ill fated 
 population. In the Forum, the half-finished columns are seen, as left by 
 the workman s hand, as if he would return on the morrow to resume his 
 
7 
 
 labour. In the baths have been found the strigil, in the theatres the 
 counters of admission, in the halls the chests of treasure, the furniture 
 and the lamps in the saloons, the fragments of the last feast in the Tri- 
 clina, and the perfumes and rouge of the faded beauty in the Cubicula; 
 loaves of bread were found in the baker’s ovens, money in the tills, 
 amphora with wine remained in the cellars, and the marks of the drink¬ 
 ing cups were visible on the stone counters; on the walls were notices 
 of exhibitions which were fated never to take place, and the ribald scrib¬ 
 bling of the low and vulgar, and in every direction the bones and 
 skeletons of those unfortunates who once moved this minute yet gorgeous 
 machine of luxury and life. 
 
 Few persons can view this desolate scene, without, as Sir E. L. Bulwer 
 Lytton says, “ feeling a keen desire once more to people those deserted | 
 
 streets, to repair those graceful ruins, to reanimate the bones yet spared, j, 
 
 to traverse the gulf of eighteen centuries, and to wake to a second exist- S 
 
 ence—the City of the Dead.” Those who have read Sir Edward’s clas- f 
 
 sical and elegant work,* will feel an increased interest in the view, from | 
 
 having before them the very scenes he has so accurately and graphically | 
 
 described, and from being able to trace the footsteps of the characters he | 
 
 J 
 
 has so ably and beautifully embodied. i 
 
 * The Last Days of Pompeii. ? 
 
 Mr. BURFORD feels it his duty to state, as an erroneous impression is 
 entertained by some portion of the Public that the Panoramic 
 Views are a species of scene-painting, coloured in distemper, or 
 other inferior manner, that such is not the case—they being all 
 painted in the finest oil colour and varnish that can be procured, 
 and in the same manner as a gallery picture. 
 
 1 
 
8 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVING. 
 
 1.—Temple of Jupiter. 
 
 Excavated 1817-18, and so named from a colossal head and foot of that 
 deity being found; by some, however, it has been called the Senaculum, or 
 Council Chamber. The building forms an oblong quadrangle, raised on a 
 basement ascended by several steps, and towards the Forum presented a por¬ 
 tico of six columns of the Corinthian order, of rather faulty architecture. It 
 has a row of columns on each side the Celia, and to all appearance was an 
 hypoethral or open temple. The Celia appears to have had two rows of 
 columns, one above the other, with a gallery between—the narrow stairs 
 leading to which, is behind three small chambers at the end. The interior ot 
 the Celia measures 42 feet by 28 feet 6 inches ; the walls were painted in 
 panels and ornamented, red and black being the prevailing colors, and the 
 pavement was marble mosaic. The whole building was of stone and lava, 
 covered with a fine hard cement, and must have been one of the handsomest 
 temples in the city. Amongst the ruins were found a sun-dial, a lamp for 
 twenty-four burners, and more than two hundred lachrymatories. 
 
 2.—Pantheon, and Street of Dried Fruits. 
 
 A large handsome building, opened in 1820, and so named from twelve 
 pedestals, supposed to have sustained statues of the twelve principal deities, 
 being placed round an altar in the centre. The area of the temple is ISO feet 
 by 90 feet; on the north and west, it is bounded by small shops ; on the east, 
 by a little temple or shrtne; and on the south, by eleven small cells, of which 
 there appear to have been two stories, the space of the twelfth forming 
 the entrance—these were probably the cells of the priests, and are ten feet by 
 eight feet square. Towards the Forum there are seven shops, believed, from 
 various circumstances, to have been those of money changers. The main 
 entrance is small, and has four pedestals for statues. In the vestibule is an 
 altar and niche for a statue. The opposite end of the interior is divided into 
 three compartments ; that in the centre being an oedicula with niches, in which 
 were found statues, either of Nero and Messalini, or Drusus and Libia; on 
 the right was the refectory, in which bones of fish and fowl were found; and 
 on the left, a similar apartment, with an altar in the centre. The paintings 
 on this temple are chiefly historical, and are of first-rate execution. A vast 
 number (if coins were found near the ertrance. Another theory with respect 
 to this edifice is, that the small temple at the end belonged to the Augustals, 
 and that the large area was used for their sacred banquets. 
 
 The Street of Dried Fruits is so named from an inscription, showing that 
 fiuits were sold in it, and from the vast quantity of figs, raisins, and preserved 
 fruits in glass vases, found there. The paintings on the houses chiefly repre¬ 
 sent meat, fowls, and dishes of fruit. Scales, moulds for pastry and bread, 
 and a great number of coins were found in the shops. 
 
 4.-Triumphal Arch. 
 
 A large arch built with bricks, and faced with slabs of marble fastened on 
 by iron cramps. Although called triumphal, it is more than probable that it 
 was merely the entrance to the court of the Public Granaries and Prison. At 
 the opposite angle of the temple of Jupiter, stand the remains of a very hand- 
 some triumphal arch, which has been surmounted by an equestrian figure, for 
 which this appears neither to have been sufficiently large nor strong. 
 
9 
 
 5.—Public Granaries. 
 
 A very extensive line of buildinpfs, presumed, from the vicinity of the public 
 measures, to have been granaries. The public measures consist of nine cylin¬ 
 drical holes cut in an oblong block of t ifa, five large for grain, and four 
 smaller for wine and oil—the former with slides, the latter with tubes. 
 
 6.—Temple of the Augustals. 
 
 This temple is considered by some to have been used by the Augustals ; by 
 others, it is supposed to have been a temple dedicated to three deities, as each 
 of its three sides has a niche for a statue; a third opinion, and perhaps the 
 most probable, is that it was the Senacnlum, or Senate House; its spacious 
 area, 83 feet by 60 feet long, being well adapted for such a purpose. It has a 
 fine portico in the Forum, of fluted white marble columns of the Ionic order, 
 ranging with those of the Forum, but taller and larger. On either side, on 
 entering, are niches for statues ; and at the opposite extremity, a circular recess 
 for the judge or president. A gallery has evidently surrounded the whole 
 building. 
 
 7.—Temple of Quirineus, 
 
 Sometimes also called that of Mercury. It stands in a walled area of con¬ 
 siderable extent, on an elevated basement, and is approached by a narrow 
 covered vestibule from the Forum. In the centre of the court, in front of the 
 temple, stands an altar of w'hite marble, with an unfinished bas-relief, supposed 
 to represent Cicero sacrificing. The temple itself is not more than fifteen feet 
 square, the walls being of stone with pilasters. The w'alls of the court are in 
 an unfinished state, and it is supposed the whole was under repair, probably 
 from the effects of the earthquake of 63. Attached are several cells for priests, 
 in which numerous amphora?, or wine jars, were found. Behind the temple 
 are the remains of another temple, standing in an open area of great extent, 
 which appears to have been dedicated to Venus and Mars; it w^as surrounded 
 by very high walls, and appears to have been a noble and beautifully orna¬ 
 mented structure. Adjacent is also a large house, which is supposed to have 
 been the residence of the chief of the Augustals. 
 
 8.—Great Theatre. 
 
 The Great Theatre, in point of architecture, W'as one of the finest buildings 
 in Pompeii. It is built on the side of a hill, the corridor being the highest 
 part, so that the audience descended to their seats. Its form is that of the 
 ancient Greek and Roman theatres, a half circle —the seats forming an amphi¬ 
 theatre, the base being the stage, and the lowest or level portion, the orchestra*; 
 the whole was built of tufa, and w'as entirely lined with Parian marble. From 
 the circumstance of a portion of this building having always been above 
 ground, its situation w^as marked, and it became, as it were, a quany to the 
 neighbouring towns, and has been despoiled of most of its marble. The seat 
 of the chief magistrate, w'hose curule chair w'as found, those for the vestals, 
 the patricians, and the plebians, and the gallery at the top for females, are all 
 clearly defined, as are also the various entrances and staircases, and the blocks of 
 marble which supported the framework for the awning, in case of wet or too much 
 sun, as the theatre was an open one. The whole is calculated to have held 6,000 
 persons. At a short distance is the smaller theatre, to which there is a com¬ 
 munication hy a covered passage : this was for comic and musical performances, 
 and was roofed. In the immediate neighbourhood of the theatres are several 
 other buildings, adapted to recreation or pleasure — vestib\ilse, extensive 
 colonnades—open spaces, having the appearance of gardens—fountains, &c.— 
 a temple dedicated to Hercules, the most ancient Greek building known—the 
 celebrated temple of Isis—and a large building called the soldiers’ quarters, in 
 which sixty-three skeletons, and numerous pieces of armour, were found. In 
 the south-eastern angle of the wall is also the amphitheatre, which was capable 
 of affording room for above 20,000 spectators,sitting and standing; but these 
 buildings are entirely hidden from view by the intervening houses. 
 
10 
 
 9.—Portico of Eumachia, and Street of Silversmiths. 
 
 The Chrypto Portico was erected, together with the adjoining Chalcidicum, 
 for the use of the fullers, cloth scourers or washers, of Pompeii, by the 
 patriotic and popular priestess, Eumachia, to whom in return, a statue found 
 on the spot was erected by the fraternity. The Crypto Portico and Chalcidicum 
 occupy a space 128 feet" by 60, surrounded by a colonnade of white marble 
 pillars, having the remains of marble tables where the goods were exposed fot 
 sale, or as some suppose to undergo the process of cleaning in the water, with 
 which they say the centre area was covered. The entrance from the Forum 
 was by a porch formed by 16 pilastres. There was also an entrance to the 
 Chalcedicum from the Street of Silversmiths. The whole was painted, the 
 walls being divided into panels, alternately red and yellow, diiferently 
 ornamented. Various notices of public festivals were also on them. 
 
 The Street of the Silversmiths is so named from the vast number of 
 gold and other ornaments found in the shops. It is one of the best streets 
 yet opened, the houses being built with greater regularity than in any 
 other part of the city. They are well constructed of masonry, ornamenteJl 
 with pilasters, &c., and are much decorated with paintings. This street forms 
 the principai thoroughfare to the theatres and other places of amusement. 
 It was adorned with two very handsome fountains. Several of the houses are 
 very large, and many had, what is rare in Pompeii, an underground floor used 
 as kitchens. At the upper end of this street was found a skeleton, supposed 
 to have been that of a priest of Isis. In his hand he grasped a canvas cloth, 
 not destroyed, in which were upwards of four hundred coins, principally gold 
 and silver; and near him were several small images, vases,and other sacred or¬ 
 naments, used in the worship of Isis. The roadway|in this street is sixteen feet 
 in width, and the footways, on each side, about six feet. It gently slopes down¬ 
 wards from the Forum, and the courses of masonry in the houses, instead of 
 being laid horizontally, run parallel with the slope of the ground. 
 
 10.—Pedestals for Statues in the Forum. 
 
 The Forum was the great rendezvous of the Pompeiians, for business, 
 religion, and pleasure. This vast area, was surrounded on the west, south, and 
 east, by a Grecian Doric colonnade, twelve feet in height, uninterrupted, 
 excepting on the east, where the porticos of some of the buildings came flush 
 with the colonnade, and were of greater height: from the remains of various 
 staircases, there appears to have been a second colonnade or terrace above. 
 The pillars are either of white caserta stone, yellowish tufa, or brick plastered; 
 by the numerous blocks of marble and unfinished pillars found, extensive 
 repairs appear to have been in progress. There were several entrances which 
 were closed at night hy iron gates, the remains of which were found in some 
 instances still attached to the piers. The open area was entirely paved with 
 slabs of white marble, and exhibits tbe remains of many pedestals for statues, 
 some equestrian, which it was the custom to erect in this place to those who 
 merited, or could purchase the distinction ; one is inscribed with the name of 
 Sallust, another with that of Pansa, &c. No statues were found, and it 
 presents but little of its former grandeur. 
 
 11.—Arch, called a Janus. 
 
 A small isolated arch, on which was probably placed the tutelary Deity of 
 the city. Sir W. Gell calls it a Janus, and supposes it to have been to protect 
 a statue beneath ; others consider it to have been merely ornamental, or to 
 accommodate persons transacting business. 
 
 12.—Street leading to Queen Caroline’s Excavation. 
 
 A wide open street, nearly parallel with that of the Silversmiths, and leading 
 to the quarter of the theatres. The house formerly called Queen Caroline s, 
 from having been opened in her presence, but subsequently, from obvious 
 
11 
 
 reasons, named the House of Adonis, is a small dwelling of the better class, 
 built in the usual style, well ornamented with various paintings, two of which 
 were very fine, one representing Venus and Adonis, the other Perseus and 
 Andromeda. In a cellar near this house, were discovered the skeletons of 
 some females, with a variety of ornaments in gold and silver, coins, spoons. &c. 
 
 13.—Lettere. 
 
 A small town, pleasantly situated, and having a very considerable trade. 
 
 14 & 15>—Treasury, Record Office, &c. 
 
 Three buildings, occupying the whole of the southern side of the Forum, 
 they nearly resemble each other in size and arrangement, they are elevated a 
 few steps above the Forum, and have been highly decorated; they have each a 
 circular recess in the centre for the presiding magistrate, but are otherways 
 without any inscriptions to lead to a certain conclusion. The middle building 
 has been named the Treasury, from a vast number of gold, silver, and copper 
 coins having been found in it, and the others are called the Record Office, and 
 the Curia or Assembly of Magistrates. 
 
 16.—Basilica. 
 
 The Basilica or Court of Justice, is the largest building yet discovered, it is 
 of oblong form, 220 feet by 80 feet, it is entered from the Forum by a vestibule, 
 having five doorways of masonry, by an ascent of five steps. The roof was 
 supported by a peristyle of twenty-eight large Ionic columns of brick, stuccoed, 
 forming a covered gallery for the suitors or spectators, whilst the centre was 
 open for the admission of light. The 'I’ribunal was at the farthest end, and is 
 ' considerably elevated, in it the Praetor’s throne is still visible. In the open 
 court fronting the tribunal, is a large pedestal, on which stood a colossal statue 
 of some Deity, whom the witnesses invoked in attestation of the truth of their 
 evidence. 
 
 17.—Temple of Venus or Bacchus. 
 
 A large and handsome building, exhibiting some beautiful remains of its 
 original splendour. It stands in an open area, 150 feet by 75 feet, surrounded 
 by a wall and colonnade, having the priests’ apartments at the northern end, 
 opposite the entrance. The walls are painted with vivid colours, principally 
 on a black ground, with landscapes, figures, interiors of rooms, &c.; in the 
 apartment of the priest is a very fine painting of Bacchus and Silenus, which 
 appears to have been removed from some other part and fastened to the wall 
 by iron cramps, indeed the whole temple appears to have suffered much from 
 the earthquake of 63, and to have been under repair, in a style that says little 
 for the good taste of the Pompeians ; Grecian entablatures in good taste having 
 been barbarously plastered over and painted, transforming them into a bad 
 Roman style. The Celia stands in the centre of the court, on an elevation 
 of fifteen steps, the floor is paved with fine mosaic, and the walls painted to 
 resemble masonry. In front o.f the steps stands the great altar, in which are 
 three receptacles for fire, and in which hones of victims were found. There is 
 also a votive column, with a tablet carved in relief on its shaft for the name 
 of the donor; hut the inscription had not been completed. 
 
 20.—Stabia. 
 
 Stabia, a considerable city, was destroyed by the same eruption that buried 
 Pompeii; on its shores the elder Pliny lost his life, having been suffocated by 
 the fall of ashes. 
 
 21.—General Championet’s Excavation. 
 
 So called from- having been excavated by General Championet, whilst in 
 command of the French troops in occupation of Naples. Two houses of 
 
IMIHMIilli 
 
 iliriliniliimMlMwtiiinnniiHiMmni 
 
 12 
 
 small size, with verv elegant decorations, the floors being all paved with good 
 mosaics, and the walls adorned with fine paintings of Cupids, flowers, birds, 
 and animals. Beneath were subterranean offices, in which were found the 
 skeletons of four females, with much coin, rings, bracelets, and other ornaments. 
 
 Z2.—Castell-a-Mare. 
 
 A town of 10,000 inhabitants, erected on part ot the site of ancient Stabia. 
 It is celebrated at the present day for its fine mineral waters, as it was two 
 thousand years back. 
 
 23.—IVEount Lactarius. 
 
 Celebrated for the beauty of its appearance, and for its mild and salubrious 
 temperature, for which it was noted by Galen. 
 
 24.—River Sarntis. 
 
 The river now runs considerably below the level of Pompeii; in ancient times 
 it appears to have supplied the baths, fountains and dwellings of the city, by 
 means of subterranean canals and leaden pipes. The water for drinking and 
 culinary purposes was derived from wells, some of great depth. In one, which 
 was 116 feet deep, there was 15 feet of water, of a brackish flavour, which Sir 
 VV. Gell thinks might have been there ever since the destruction. 
 
 25.—Vico. 
 
 A pleasantly situated small town, for a long period the residence of Nea¬ 
 politan royalty. 
 
 26.—Sorrento. 
 
 A promontory, closing the bay of Naples on the south-w'est; it was called 
 Syrentum by the ancients, from the exquisite beaut)' of its scenery. The town 
 is very ancient, and has suffered severely at different times from earthquakes. 
 It was the birth-place of Tasso. 
 
 27.—Rivegliano. 
 
 A rock in the sea, near the entrance of the gulf, the ancient Hercules Petra, 
 or Rocks of Hercules. 
 
 29.—Island of Capri. 
 
 The ancient island of Caproe, a picturesque mass of calcareous rock, nine 
 miles in circumference, at the entrance of the bay, celebrated from having been 
 the residence of the Emperor Tiberius, and the scene of his infamous depravities. 
 
 31.—Island of Ischia. 
 
 The ancient Pithecusa, called by the Romans, Acnaria and Inarime. The 
 mountain is the crater of an extinguished volcano, and is celebrated for its 
 fertility. 
 
 32.—Procida, and Bay of Naples. 
 
 Another island, having the appearance of having at one time heen a portion 
 of Ischia, it is very fertile, and is celebrated as the birth-place of the famous 
 John of Procida, the promoter of the Sicilian vespers. 
 
 36.—Cape Misenum. 
 
 A promontory, dividing the gulf of Pozzuoli from that of Baia, on which 
 formerly stood the town of Miseus, celebrated by Virgil. It possessed a fine 
 harbour, in which was the fleet commanded by the elder Pliny at the time of 
 the eruption. 
 
38.—Heights of Pausilippo. 
 
 A celebrated mountain, forming almost all the western side of the bay, and 
 declining towards the sea. Through it is an artificial passage called the grotto, 
 and near its summit the tomb of Virgil. 
 
 40.—Camaldoli. 
 
 Mountains so called from convents of Monks of the Canialdoli order having 
 been erected on them, now in ruins. 
 
 42.—Bosca tre Case. 
 
 A small town, near which is one of those minor cones of the mountain, which 
 sent forth a copious stream of lava in the last century. 
 
 44.—Street of Tombs. 
 
 The chief approach to the city from Rome was by the celebrated Appian 
 way, called the queen of roadsat Sinuessa it threw off a branch, called the 
 Domitian way, to Pompeii and Herculaneum. The road enters the city through 
 the Street of Tombs, by the Herculaneum Gate; and is, for more than two 
 hundred yards, lined on both sides with tombs in excellent preservation, with 
 the inscriptions perfectly legible, and the whole looking as fresh as if only a few 
 months erected. Some’ of these sepulchres are very large, and present great 
 variety, both in shape and construction. Tn this street, in the midst of the 
 tombs, stands one of the largest houses yet excavated, that of Marcus Arrius 
 Diomede; it contains a great number of rooms, baths, garden, and vast cel¬ 
 larage, filled with amphorae or wine jars. Near the gate was found a skeleton, 
 presumed to be Diomede himself, with a key in his hand, and a hag containing 
 gold ornaments and money; behind was another, said to have been a slave, 
 with several vases of silver and bronze. In the cellars were found seventeen 
 skeletons, probably those of the mistress and her attendants, who had there 
 sought refuge—one being adorned with various ornaments of gold and jewellery. 
 
 45.—Herculaneum Gate. 
 
 This gate, although the principal entrance from Naples, is neither large nor 
 imposing, nor remarkable for its desig-n or execution. It consists of an opening 
 for carriages, with smaller archways, on each side, for pedestrians. It is of 
 brick, faced with stucco, on which many inscriptions and ordinances are visible, 
 and contrasts badly with the pure white marble of the tombs, by which it is 
 surrounded. At the gate is a stone sentry box, in which was found the skeleton 
 of the soldier on duty, whose spear and helmet have been preserved. Outside 
 the gate is a targe semicircular roofed seat of stone, in which were found the 
 skeleton of a mother, with her infant in her arms, and two other children near 
 her; several gold rings, and ear-rings set with pearls, bespeak her to have 
 been a person of distinction. 
 
 46.—Inn. 
 
 47.—Part of the City Walls, and House of Sallust. 
 
 Pompeii appears to have been fortified on three sides, the side towards the 
 sea being left open. The walls were double, and about 25 feet in height; the 
 intermediate space, about 14 feet in width, formed the broad platform of the 
 ancients. In some parts, they are composed of smooth blocks of stone and lava, 
 beautifully joined, apparently without cement, and are evidently of great age ; in 
 others, they are ill built of rough stone, hastily put together, perhaps after the 
 earthquake; they are strengthened, at intervals, by twelve low square towers 
 
 Augustus established on the consular roads, stations resembling post-houses: 
 as Pompeii was a station, it. is conjectured this was the inn. Chequers still 
 remain painted on the door posts, and three carts with light wheels, bones of 
 horses, and amphorae for wine, have been found. 
 
14 
 
 of more recent construction. There are six gates, all plain structures of 
 brick, stuccoed. 
 
 The House of Sallust was cleared in 1809. It stands on an area 40 yards 
 each way, and is surrounded on three sides by shops : from an inscription on 
 the wall, it appears to have belonged to Caius Sallust. Although not one of 
 the largest of the houses of Pompeii, it yiehls to none in the beauty of its 
 decorations. Tbe general arrangement differs very little from the houses 
 already described, excepting that the inner court has no colonnade, the walls 
 being painted to represent a garden, filled with blooming flowers and trees; 
 and there being on one side of the atrium, but carefully detached from the rest 
 of the house, a suite of apartments called the venereum, in which the strictest 
 privacy, accompanied by the greatest elegance, has been studied. Near these 
 rooms were found four skeletons, presumed to be those of the mistress and 
 her three slaves, together with vases in gold, silver, &c. 
 
 48.—Herculaneum Street. 
 
 A good street, in which are many very handsome houses, especially on the 
 western side, where, being built on the declevity of the rock, although they 
 present but one story to the street, they have two or three below, opening 
 behind. Here, as in many other streets in Pompeii, the wheels of the ancient 
 chariots have cut deep ruts in the lava pavement, which affords proof that the 
 space between the wheels was about four feet. 
 
 49.—Fountain. 
 
 The sculpture on this fountain represents an eagle carrying off a hare in his 
 beak—an allegory. Sir W. Gell imagines, purporting that the law would punish 
 those who injured a work of such public utility as a fountain. 
 
 50.—Baker’s Shop. 
 
 The larger houses of Pompeii, are usually surrounded on two or three sides 
 by small shops, one of which was mostly kept by the proprietor himself, for 
 the sale of the extra produce of his farm or gardens. The baker’s shop here 
 seen, is one in front of the house of Panza, the oven, the mills for grinding 
 corn, and haked loaves of bread were found in it. A second was a Thermo- 
 polium, or shop for the sale of hot drinks, earthen jars being fixed in the 
 marble counter for their reception. 
 
 51.—Fanza’s Kitchen. 
 
 In the kitchen of Panza’s house, the stoves, such as are used in the present 
 day for charcoal, were found perfect, and many curious and useful utensils 
 for cooking were discovered. On the wall was a painting, representing the 
 worship paid to the Lares, who presided over the cooking, having on each side 
 many different articles of food—a ham, a string of small fish, &c. 
 
 53.—Houses of Fansa, and the Dramatic Foet. 
 
 The houses of Pompeii are nearly all built on one plan, differing only in the 
 size, and number of the apartments, and the style of decoration : the description 
 of one will therefore nearly suffice for the whole. The present one, called by 
 the title of Pansas, from his name being inscribed on the doors, is one of the 
 most remarkable for extent and regularity of plan, in the city, and evidently 
 belonged to a person of consideration, perhaps a descendant of Panza, so often 
 mentioned by Oicero in his letters from his Ponipeiianum. The house and 
 garden occupies a space of 300 feet by 100 feet. The door from the street 
 leads through a neat vestibule between the small shops, into the Atrium; a 
 marble hall nearly square, with a fountain of water in the centre, having right 
 and left several small apartments for the use of guests, also recesses for seats; 
 decorations of all kinds were profusely lavished on this, the public portion of 
 the house—frescos, paintings, mosaic statues, &c.—a vast deal of ornament in 
 
15 
 
 a very small space. A wide open tablinum, opposite the entrance, conducts to 
 the peristyle, or private portion, and here, in small houses, the mansion ended. 
 The peristyle is a handsome, open, oblong court, surrounded by a colonnade, 
 with a fountain in the centre; on one side are four sleeping rooms, small and 
 dark, and the kitchen; the triclinium or banquetting room, the library, and a 
 reception or drawing room are opposite; at the end are the tablinum or picture 
 gallery, the winter triclinium over the stove, and other small apartments, the 
 uses of which are nnknown; also a wide passage leading into the portico of 
 the garden, which was very small, but was ornamented with a fountain, statues, 
 and also a little fane or chapel, dedicated to the Penates. It will thus be seen, 
 that in the better class of houses, the principal apartments were all on the 
 ground floor. There are however in this, the remains of some very small 
 staircases, which conducted to rooms above. The whole was profusely orna¬ 
 mented with mosaics, frescos, paintings, and sculpture. 
 
 To the right of this house, stands that of the Dramatic Poet, opened in 1825, 
 One of the most beautifully decorated of any yet discovered. It is of small 
 size compared with many others, but it has excited universal admiration from 
 the number and beauty of its decorations. At the entrance is a mosaic, 
 representing a black dog with white spots, and an inscription of “ Cave Canem,” 
 beware of the dog. The Atrium, Tablinum, and Triclinium, were all richly 
 ornamented and filled with paintings, most of which have been removed to 
 Naples. Amongst them were the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Theseus and 
 Ariadne, and the parting of Achilles and Briseis, one of the finest paintings 
 yet discovered, being equal to the works of a much later period. A large 
 painting, representing an author reading a work to his friends, and a mosaic, 
 of a scene from a play, have caused the house to be called the Dramatic Poet’s. 
 In a portion of the building, and evidently fallen from the floor above, were 
 numerous articles of female jewellery, and the various necessaries of a lady’s 
 toilette. 
 
 57.—Shops. 
 
 The shops both in form and situation, bear a marked resemblance to the 
 shops of Italy in the present day, they are built round the large houses, and 
 consist of one room entirely open in, front, excepting a low marble silt or 
 counter, and were closed at night by shutters ; a small terra-cotta relief usually 
 designates the trade carried on. 
 
 59.—Prison. 
 
 The state prison, in which the skeletons of two unfortunate prisoners were 
 found, strongly manacled. 
 
 61.-Street of Mercuries, with the Houses of the Quaestor, 
 the Nereids, the Meleager, and Zephirus and Flora. 
 
 One of the widest in Pompeii, being thirty feet across; it has been named from 
 a fountain and numerous paintings of Mercury found, but from its width, the size 
 of the houses, and the triumphal arches, there is no doubt it was the Via Sacra, 
 
 'Houfi; op the QoassTOR.—The extent and apparent consequence ^ this 
 house, which is sometimes called that of the Dioscuri, from a painting of Castor 
 and Pollox in the vestibule, leads to the conclusion that it belonged to Quaes¬ 
 tor or some other great officer, an opinion strengthened by there heing_found two 
 large treasure chests, of curious construction and richly 
 
 there remained various gold and silver coins. The house has w , sWp.’nn 
 coach-house and stable, and upwards of thirty apartments of different sizes on 
 the ground floor, with three open courts and fountains; and the decorations 
 exceed in ornament, subject, and brilliancy of colour, any yet discovered. 
 
 The House op the Nereids, excavated in 1831, may rank with any fort 
 richness of its marbles, mosaics, and pictures. It appears 
 the latest erected, and unquestionably belonged to a person ®jg ® 
 
 taste. The triclineum is of magnificent dimensions, and the peristyle is the 
 
tfS 
 
 f largest and richest of any yet found. A dark red plinth surrounds most of the 
 
 i apartments, on which are painted Nereids reposing on sea-lions, and other marine 
 
 f monsters. 
 
 F The House of Zephiros and Flora, so called from a painting of the marriage 
 
 [ of Zephir and Flora, is one of the largest in Pompeii; it occupies nearly one side 
 
 * of the street, and was more lofty than any other house. Other paintings have 
 
 I caused portions of it to be named the house of Ceres, and of the Bacchante. 
 
 i 64,—Baths. 
 
 Opened in 1824, and found in admirable preservation, the roofs being entire; 
 they are spacious, well arranged, and are decorated in excellent taste. The 
 arrangement of the apartment is the same as in all Roman Baths; the entrance 
 from the street was into a court sixty feet in length, then came the vestibule, 
 the exedra or waiting room, apartment for undressing called frigidarium, in 
 which was a window of good plate glass, slightly ground, another called the 
 tepidarium, and lastly the caldarium or hot hath, and the piscina or cold, 
 together with furnaces, &c. There were two baths, one circular with seats round 
 t it, the other oblong, all of marble; also a marble basin eight feet in diameter, 
 
 with the name of the donor and its cost, inscribed in bronze letters. Although 
 the Thermae were rather for the poorer citizens, the rich having baths in their 
 ' houses, yet crowds of all ranks flocked to them as a favourite place for conversa¬ 
 
 tion, and notices of shows, games, &c., were inscribed on the Avails. Several 
 bronze seats, strigils, and other utensils, together with the sword and money-box 
 F of the porter, and numerous lamps were found. The women’s baths which join 
 
 are similarly arranged, but are somewhat smaller. 
 
 65.—Temple of Fortune. 
 
 E Oue of the best executed buildings in the Roman style now remaining, doubly 
 
 R interesting from having been erected by Marcus Tullius, a descendant of the im- 
 
 R” mortal Cicero, or perhaps even the great orator himself. The temple is small, 
 
 ; stands on a platform, considerably raised from the street, and was covered inside 
 
 ^ and out with marble. The statue of the goddess was not found, but one bearing 
 
 *i^:, a strong resemblance to Cicero, was dug from the ruins. This Temple stands in 
 
 E*. the Street of Fortune, evitiently one of the leading streets of Pompeii; it is ter¬ 
 
 minated by a triumphal arch, on which had been an equestrian statue, from the 
 fragments found, supposed to have been Augustus. In this street many skeletons 
 were found, one in the act of escaping from a window, with a small saucepan 
 ir. ^ and plate of silver, and sixty coins. A vast number of bronzes, lamps, glass 
 
 bottles, drinking glasses, plates, &c., were also found.