A (r fi 'WINGS DEPwrmr / SPECIMEN Mr. S. LEIGH SOTHEBY'S PRINCIPIA TYPOGRAPHIC A, AN EXTENSIVELY ILLUSTRATED WORK, IN THBEE VOLUMES, IMPEBIAL QUARTO, ON THE BLOCK-BOOKS, OB XYLOGRAPHIC DELmEATIONS OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY ISSUED IN floIlattU, iflanliers, aitlj ©ermaup, DURING THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY; ON THEIK CONNEXION WITH AND ON THE CHAEACTER OF THE WATER-MAEKS IN THE PAPER OF THE PERIOD. LONDON: M DCCC I.\ 111. NOT PRINTED FOE SALE. NOTICE. When this work was commenced in 1843, it was my intention to have printed 350 copies, there being then 350 impressions of the few plates done and worked off by my father for his Facsimiles of early printing. Subsequently, however, I determined to limit the work to 250, and thus, when proceeding to have the copies collated at the British Museum, for binding, I found there were several hundred spare impressions of the plates. Hence the origin of the " Specimen Notice " which I have had the pleasure of circulating, itself forming a compact and useful reference to the various editions of the Block-Books. Had this limited work, of which the drawings on the lithographic stones have been ohliterated, been undertaken in the ordinary way, by a publisher remunerating his author, it could not have issued from the press under at least £15. 15s. My object, however, has been to put forth the work at such a price as may induce purchasers to feel that they are free from any chance (unless the contents of the work arc worthless) of their seeing it some few months after offered at one-third of the cost. Besides which, with my mind free from all anxiety, I shall be enabled to follow up with more iieal my " Bibliogkaphical Account of the Printed Works of the English Poets to 1660," a work commenced when I was a school-boy, and towards which I have written several thousand pages, but which has been necessaiily, I regret, partly laid aside, in consequence of my being desirous of placing before the Literaiy World a Memorial of the intended researches of a Beloved Parent. The preceding observation was apjDended to the catalogue circulated for the sale of the work on Wednesday, the 5th of May last. I have now the gratification of stating that on that day the 215 copies* were all sold, and that I have noted the price of each copy and by whom purchased in the ensuing leaf * I found that in collating the copies I could not make up S50 complete, and I therefore withdrew five of tlie copies to reserve with tliosc I may require for Special Purposes at any future time, but not for sale. iHifiEmaxni The Woodlands, Norwood, Sukrey. June I, 1858. Sir, Herewith I have the pleasure of forwarding to you a new Title-page for the Specimen-Notice respecting the sale of my work on the Block-Books, to which is annexed a List of the Names of Purchasers, with the prices at which the 215 copies sold at the sale on the 5th of last month. By substituting the accompanying Title, and cancelling the old one, the specimen of the work may be preserved as a useful guide to the various Editions of the Block-Books. I have the honoin' to be, Sir, Your obliged Servant, S. LEIGH SOTHEBY. LIST OF PURCHASERS. KO. £ s. d. 1 . . 10 10 0 2 . . 10 10 0 S . . 10 10 0 4 . . 10 10 0 •5 . . 10 10 0 6 . . 10 10 0 7 . . 10 10 0 8 . . 10 10 0 9 . . 10 10 0 10 . . 10 10 0 11 . . 10 10 0 12 . 9 9 0 13 . 9 9 0 14 . 9 9 0 15 . . 10 0 0 16 . 9 15 0 17 . 9 9 0 18 . 9 9 0 19 . 9 9 0 20 . 9 9 0 21 . 9 9 0 22 . 9 15 0 23 . 9 15 0 24 . 9 15 0 25 . 9 9 0 26 . . 10 0 0 27 . . 10 0 0 28 . 9 9 0 29 9 15 0 30 . 9 9 0 31 . 9 9 0 32 . 9 9 0 83 . 9 9 0 34 . 9 9 0 35 . 9 15 0 36 . 9 15 0 37 . 10 0 0 38 . 9 15 0 39 . 9 9 0 40 . 9 15 0 41 . 9 15 0 42 . 9 15 0 43 . 9 15 0 44 . 9 9 0 45 . 9 9 0 46 . 9 9 0 47 . 9 9 0 48 . 9 9 0 49 . 9 9 0 50 . 9 9 0 51 . 9 9 0 52 . 9 9 0 53 . 9 9 0 54 . 9 9 0 55 . 9 9 0 66 . 9 9 0 67 . 9 9 0 68 . 9 9 0 59 . 9 9 0 60 . 9 9 0 61 . 9 9 0 62 . 9 9 0 63 . 9 9 0 64 . 9 9 0 65 . 9 9 0 66 . 9 9 0 67 .. 9 9 0 The Royal Library at Windsor. His Majesty the King of the Netherlands. The Rt. Hon. Sir D. Dundas. Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. Mr. W. G. Prescott. Mr. Samuel Christy, M.P. The Rt. Hon. Earl Spencer. Mr. Beriah Botfleld, M.P. Messrs. Upham and Beet. Mr. H. G. Bohn. Messrs. Upham and Beet. MM. Trilbner and Co. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. R. Murray. M. Tecliener. MM. Triibner and Co. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. M. Techener. Ditto. Ditto. Jlr. D. Nutt. Messrs. Sampson Low and Co. Mr. C. Keid. Mr. H. G. Bolm. M. Teclienei-. MM. Triibner and Co. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Rev. C. H. Hartshorne. Mr. J. Darling. Mr. C. J. Stewart The Public Library Boston, U.S. Mr. J. Darling. Mr. H. G. Bohn. M. Techener. Mr. L. Booth. Messrs. Graves and Co. Mr. Tiffcn. Mr. H. G. Bohn. Ditto. Mr. Bain. Ditto. Mr. J. Murray, per Mr. Skeffington. Mr. Skeffington. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. W. Stirling, M.F., per Mr. Bumstead. Mr. Richard Fisher, per Ditto. Dr. Percy, per Ditto. Mr. Toovey. Ditto. Mr. Pickering. Mr. Thomas Combe. Mr. Lilly. Ditto. Messrs. Evans and Son. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. Skeffington. Mr. Wheldon. Messrs. Deighton, Bell, and Co. NO. £ s. li. 08 . 9 9 0 69 . 9 9 0 70 . 9 9 0 71 . 9 9 0 72 . 9 9 0 73 . 9 9 0 74 . 9 9 0 75 . 9 9 0 76 . 9 9 0 77 . 9 9 0 7S . 9 9 0 79 . 9 9 0 80 . 9 9 0 81 . 9 9 0 82 . 9 9 0 83 . 9 9 0 84 . 9 9 0 83 . 9 9 0 86 . 9 9 0 87 . 9 9 0 88 . 9 9 0 89 . 9 9 0 90 . 9 9 0 91 . 9 9 0 9 93 . 9 9 0 94 . 9 9 0 9 96 . 9 9 0 97 9 98 . 9 9 0 99 . 9 9 0 100 . 9 9 0 101 . 9 9 0 102 . 9 9 0 103 . 9 9 0 104 . 9 9 0 105 . 9 9 0 106 . 9 9 0 107 . 9 9 0 9 9 0 109 . 9 9 0 110 . 9 9 0 Ul . 9 9 0 112 , 9 9 0 113 . 9 9 0 114 . 9 9 0 116 . 9 9 0 116 . 9 9 0 117 . 9 9 0 118 . 9 9 0 1 19 . 9 9 0 120 . 9 9 0 121 . 9 9 0 122 . 9 9 0 123 . 9 9 0 124 . 9 9 0 125 . 9 9 0 126 .. 9 9 0 127 . 9 9 0 128 . . 9 9 0 129 . . 9 9 0 130 . . 9 9 0 131 . . 9 9 0 132 .. 9 9 0 Messrs. Deighton, Bell, and Go. Ditto. Mr. J. Darling. Messrs. Dawson and Son. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. .1. B. Nichols. Mr. J. Gibson Craig. Mr. William Smith. Mr. B. Quaritch. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto, Mr. H. G. Bohn. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Messrs. Willis and Sotlieran. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto Ditto. Ditto. Mr. Daniell. Mr. J. R. Smith. Ditto. Mr. Francis Fuller. Mr. Sage. Ditto. Library of the Congress, Washing- ton, U.S. per Mr. E. Allen. Astor Library, New York per do. Library of Parliament, Toronto, Canada, per ditto. University of Toronto, Canada, per ditto. Messrs. T. and W. Boone. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Mr. W. Tite, M.P., per Messrs. Boone. The London Institution. M. NijhofF. Ditto. Mr. Francis Fry. 4 NO. £ s. d. Mr. E. Allen. 133 . 9 9 0 M. Octave Delepierrc. 176 9 g 0 134 9 9 0 Messrs. Lolnagni. 177 9 9 0 Ditto. 135 9 9 0 Mr. Henry Stevens. 178 9 g 0 Ditto. 136 9 9 0 Ditto. 179 9 g 0 Ditto. 137 . 9 9 0 M. T. 0. Weigel. 180 9 9 0 Ditto. 138 9 9 0 Ditto. 181 9 9 0 Ditto. 139 9 9 0 Mr. W. Stuart. 182 9 9 0 Ditto. 140 9 9 0 Mr. Gerold. 183 g g 0 Mr. D. Nutt. 141 9 9 0 Mr. John Sheepshanks. 184 9 9 0 3V^r Darling 142 9 9 0 Messrs. Edmonston and Douglas. 185 9 9 0 jyCossrs Nattali and Bond. 143 9 9 0 Mr. G. Stevenson. 186 9 9 0 Mr. H. G. Bohn. 144 9 9 0 187 9 9 0 Mr. Lilly. 145 9 9 0 M. Claudin. 188 9 g 0 Mr. H. G. Bohn. 146 9 9 0 Ditto. 189 9 9 0 JVlessrs. Dei^^hton Bell and Co 11b ' ^ 9 0 190 9 9 0 Ditto. 9 9 0 Mr. John Dillon. l9l 9 9 0 JVlr. Henry Stevens. \dQ ' 9 Mr. John. Hsnry Parher. 192 9 9 0 M!r. Launcclot H!olland. 1 -n ' 1 ' 9 Mr, George Smith. 193 9 9 0 Messrs. Dawson and Son. 9 0 ivii. J. It. mgiis. 194 9 g 0 Mr. L. Booth. 9 ur. ijrigni. 195 9 9 0 AXr Newman. 9 0 Mr. Frederick Miiller. 196 9 g 0 Mr. Bimel. ] 4. ' 9 ivii, jTiedLn. 197 9 g 0 Mr Daniell. 9 Messrs. Nisbet and Co. 198 9 9 0 Mr. W. Scott. 156 ' Messrs. TJpham and 13e6t. 199 . 9 9 0 Messrs N'attali and Bond. 157 ; 9 9 0 Mr. D. Nutt. 200 . 9 9 0 Mr. Sage. 158 9 9 0 Ditto. 201 . 9 Mr. Molini. 159 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 202 . 9 9 0 Messrs. De Mattes and Co. IfiO . 9 9 0 Mr. AVheldon. 203 . 9 9 0 Messrs. "VVilHs and Sotheran. 101 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 204 . 9 9 0 Ditto. Ui2 . 9 9 0 Mr. L. Booth. 205 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 163 . 9 9 0 IMr. Hearne. 206 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 164 . 9 9 0 Mr. Newman. 207 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 165 . 9 9 0 Messrs. Willis and Sotheran. 208 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 166 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 209 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 167 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 210 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 168 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 211 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 169 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 212 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 170 . 9 9 0 Mr. Bumstead. 213 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 171 . 9 9 0 Mr. Molini. 214 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 172 . 9 9 0 Mr. Leslie. 215 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 1 73 . 9 9 0 Ditto. 174 9 9 0 The British Museum. Total £2047 0 0 175 . 9 9 0 Messrs. Dawson and Son. Unprecedented in tlie Annals of Literature lias been the result of the sale of my work ; — a result, I may venture to hope, that has been caused by an evident resusci- tated feeling of interest in those early productions of an art by which knowledge and civilization have been conveyed to almost every part of the world. It would ill become me were 1 not to avail myself of this opportunity of expressing my most bounden thanks to my kind friends and the public for the encouragement my labours have received; — an encouragement that induces me to hope I may be permitted by the blessing of the Almighty to visit the Continent during the present year, with the view of carrying out the intention announced in my Avork, of adding a supplementary volume, after examining the Xylographic Treasures preserved in the various Public Libraries of Europe. S. LEIGH SOTHEBY. The AYoodlanclsj Norwood, Surrey, Ma;/ 7M, 1858. THE BLOCK-BOOKS, OR XYLOGRAPHIC DELINEATIONS OF SCRIPTURE HISTORY, ISSUED IN HOLLAND, FLANDERS, AND GERMANY, DURING THE FIFTEENTH CENTUIIY, evfiuplififti anti Consitifrfti IN CONNEXION WITH THE ORIGIN OF PRINTING. TO WHICH IS adpeh an attempt to ELUCIDATE THE CHARACTER OF THE PAPER-MARKS OF THE PERIOD. A WORK CONTEMPLATED BY THE LATE SAMUEL SOTHEBY, CAKHiF.li orrr by uis sdx, SAMUEL LEIGH SOTHEBY. VOLUME I. l^oUanli anU tijt iLoiu Countries. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY WALTER McDOWALL, a;«d SOLD BY" ALL ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLERS AND FRINTSELLEBS. .M.DCCC.LVIU. INTRODUCTION. The importance of the Art of Printing, by the disco-very of which so much has been effected, will, I feel assured, be deemed a sufficiently valid excuse for any attempt, however feeble, to throw an additional ray of Kght upon the source whence it was derived, and upon the circumstances under which it was first divulged and subsequently diffused throughout the world. It would be a needless task to enlarge upon the wonderful results which have accrued from that eventful invention, in order to justify any further accession to the already abundant stock of Ty^jographical and Bibliographical Literature with which Learned Men in all countries have laboured to illustrate the origin of this general benefit and common property of mankind. It is a singular circumstance, and worthy of note, that, among the multifarious benefits and advantages which the discovery of the Art of Printing has conferred, — and none is of higher importance than the means it affords of recording the history of all events deserving of such distinction, — it has totally failed to preserve the record of its own origin ; so that, while we look to it as the grand stream of light and channel of all truth, in respect to events that have occurred since or near the period of its establishment, we are left, most unsatisfactorily, in an uncertainty with regard not only to the date when, but also to the very country in which, it originated, and are compelled to gather our conclusions from collateral testimonies and circumstantial evidence, frequently neither the most clear nor convincing. An illustrated and detailed bibliographical account of the Various Editions of the Block-Books, rather than an Inquiry into the Origin of Printing, having been the object of the present pubhcation, I have not entered into the minutia; of the h ii INTRODUCTION. discussions which have arisen upon these points, but have contented myself with occasionally referring my readers to the eminent authorities by whom all the facts connected with the subject have been most comprehensively collected, confining my observations to that part of the contest, which, with varying success, has been carried on between Germany and Holland. And even here also I have restricted myself, as far as possible, to one part of the question at issue, leaving others to determine the precedence of persons, and pronounce upon the rights of Lawrence Coster and the claims of Gutenberg: my object being more immediately concerned in ascer- taining the country, and, in a measure, the period, to which the origin of printing ought to be assigned ; points which far more extensively affect the History of the Art than the identity of the Inventor, the consequences of whose invention, however it be determined, literally extend no further than to the individual himself. It will, however, be seen, that, while endeavouring to keep free from any direct controversy, I have been led to believe that the statement of Junius, ascribing to Lawrence Coster the discovery of the Art in question, may be substantially correct, supported as it is by the disinterested evidence of Ulric Zell, who has recorded that the Art of Printing in Germany was derived from the Donatuses which had been printed in Holland. I must confess, however, that, at the commencement of my labours, I was not inclined to credit the narration of Junius, or to agree with the views taken by Mr. Ottley or my Father, in favour of the claims of Lawrence Coster. It was not until after the visit of my Father, in 1824, to Holland, that he contemplated a work on the Origin of Printing, suggested by an examination made by him at Harlem, at the request of his friend Mr. Ottley, of the designs of the Four Editions of the Speculum, with the view of confirming the hypothesis of Mr. Ottley in respect to the order of the editions as put forth by him in the first volume of his "Inciuiry into the Origin and Early History of Engraving" published in 1816. At that period Mr. Ottley had not had the opportunity of personally examining the Fourth (Second Dutch) Edition of the Speculum, which had been placed by Meerman, Koning, and others, as the first of the work. Having, therefore, ascertained the correctness of the opinions of Mr. Ottley, my Father became deeply interested in the research, his attention having been specially drawn to the subject by some discoveries he believed he had made in respect to the mai-ks on the paper in the editions Speculum and in some of the Block-Books, INTEODUCTION. iii and as he had ah-eady formed a series of lithographic plates of fac-similes from the productions of the early printers, which he commenced as early as 1814, he thought, that, by the addition of some plates from the SpeculvAn, and a few specimens from the Block -Books, he shoidd be enabled to complete the work he had previously in view ; and at the same time, while establishing the hypothesis of his friend, to throw an additional light on the justness of the claims of Holland to the Invention of the Art of Printing. My Father, however, soon found, that, having once entered into the Arena of the Harlem and Mentz Controversies, the subject was one that could not be so summa- rily disposed of The friendly and frequent intercourse that existed between him and Mr. Ottley stimulated the latter once again to enter the field of enquiry, the consequence of which was, that feelings* as it were, of rivalry sprang up between them ; not arising from any difference of opinion as to the validity of the claims of Holland, but simply as to the mode of treating the question whereby those claims could be most readily and satisfactorily established. For several years previous to the decease of my Father, in 1842, his attention was directed to the historical events that took place in the Low Countries about the period of the Invention of Printing. He had discovered that the Seal affixed to the Letter of Indulgence dated April 13, 1455 (legal year 1454), in the library of Earl Spencer, was not, as described by Dr. Dibdinf, one solely of a "Papal" character, but evidently the official seal of the Counts or Earls of Flanders, the Earldom at that period being held by Philip Duke of Burgundy. That circumstance, and the finding that many of the water-marks on the paper of the period, including that used for some of the Block-Books, bore evident relation to the House of Burgundy, induced my Father to believe, that minute researches into the historical transactions connected with the Duke of Burgundy, then one of the most powerful princes of Europe, would throw some light on the origin of the Art of Printing in the Low Countries. Accordingly, giving up all bibhographical miuutiEe, he embraced an undertaking fitted more for the labours of a Hallam or a Macatilay, commencing with an account of the " Dynasty of the House of Lusignan as Kings of Cyprus, and their Alliances with the Dukes of Savoy and Burgundy." That work he * In the Preliminary Observations, to tlie third volume I have had occasion to refer particularly to the unfinished labours of Mr. Ottley, left on his decease in 1836. t Bibliotheca Spcnceriana, vol. i. p. xlvii. h 2 iy INTRODUCTION. completed, entering minutely into tlie transactions of the Dukes of Burgundy with Cyprus, from the year 1360 to 1460, when the invention of Printing became generally known. He then continued his historical researches for a History of the " Dynasty of the House of Bavaria as Governors and Counts of Holland and Lords of Zetland and Friezland." On that he was engaged for several years, and had proceeded as far as about 1440, — the very dawn of typography, — when it pleased God to relieve him from so perplexing and laborious an undertaking. When, on the publication, in 1845, of the Fac-similes illustrating " The Typo- graphy of the Fifteenth Century!' I withdrew the few taken from the Block-Books, I little thought that I should have entailed upon myself such a labour as the present work, for I had calculated that an addition of about a dozen plates, together with an enlargement of the few memoranda left by my Father, would have been all that was required. At that time I had very little knowledge of the Block-Books, and was totally ignorant of the subject of Paper-Marks. Indeed, it was not until the accidental discovery of the memoranda in the autograph of my Father, as stated (pp. 4 and 5) in the " Preliminary Introduction" to volume iii., that I obtained any clue to the main object of his researches. Acting upon that discovery, I proceeded to procure fac-similes from the different editions of the Block-Books existing in this covmtry, as far as I was able to discover them, my health and occupation in business preventing my visiting the Continent for the purpose of extending my researches. Much aided by the great facilities afforded me at the British Museum by Mr. Panizzi, Mr. J. Winter Jones, and Mr. Carpenter, I continued my task, taking it up only occasionally, as a source of relaxation from official duties during the last twelve years. My application to Earl Spencer, through the late Mr. Appleyard, his Librarian, to examine, at my leisure, the Xylographical Treasures in that magnificent Library, met with the liberality which uniformly distinguished the character of its noble founder. All the. copies of the Block-Books in that collection were brought to Spencer House for my examination, not once, but thrice, as I have had occasion to notice, vol, ii., p. 93. The Right Honourable Sidney Herbert also did me the great favour of having the Block -Books in the Pembroke Library at Wilton House brought to London. His Royal Highness the Duke d'Aumale, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, INTRODUCTION. ■V Mr. Holford, Mr. Ingiis, Mr. Jolmson, Mr. Botfield, and M. Libri, most confidingly lent to me their specimens of those productions, some of which, Avith kind per- mission, I retained in my library at Norwood for more than two years, while occupied in the printing of my first volume. I had also much aid afforded me at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, by the Rev. Dr. Bandinel, who spared no trouble in giving me the fullest information on the frequent occasions I had to communicate with him in reference to minute particulars respecting the copies of the several Block-Books in that Library; for though I had more than twice personally examined them, yet, in the f)rogress of my work, points of inquiry arose wherein I was glad to avail myself of his kindly proffered aid without being under the necessity of reinspecting the volumes. I must not omit to acknowledge the assistance I have likewise derived from Mr. Boone of Bond-street. It was in consequence of his placing in my hands the P^enouard copy of the Ars Moriendi that I have been enabled to shew that no less than five different editions or impressions, with variations, were produced from the same wood-blocks; and it was also owing to his great desire to enhance the interest and value of my work, that I have been enabled to add fac-similes of two of the pages of the Liher Reguni Block-Book, recently in his possession, and of which only one other copy is known. Great, therefore, having been the facilities rendered me in my imdertaking, I could not allow the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory information resjsecting the copies of those works i3reserved in the Public Libraries on the Continent to dis- hearten me; for, had I done so, I should have piroved myself unworthy of the extra- ordinary kindness I had received. Had I delayed the printing of mj' work until after an examination of those copies, I might probably have been able to add much information to what I have now collected; but my health and occupation in business prevented me; independently of feeling, that, however desirous those in charge of the Public Libraries abroad might be of rendering me assistance in my researches, still they are obliged, in the discharge of their duties, to exert so much supervision, and to impose so many restrictions (perhaps very essential for the preservation of the treasures under their care) that it renders the necessarily minute examination of such works peculiarly uncomfortable, so much so, as almost to deter the most enthusiastic inquirer from undertaking it. Such difliculties, vi INTRODUCTION. however, often arise, not from the want of a desire on the part of the officials to afford the means of research, but from the requirements of the applicants being undefined, or from their want of a proper introduction for the attain- ment of the object sought. I look forward, therefore, to that period, when, with my work in my hand, I may have the pleasure of visiting the Continent, for the purpose of adding a supplementary volume to my labours, hoping to attain from the heads of those estabhshments the same aid I have received at the British Museum, an assistance which I am persuaded would there have been equally afforded to any Foreigner. I little thought, when, more than three years since, I sent the first sheet of my work to press, that I could have so extended it, as I then believed that I should be able to get all the matter into one volume. I found that, in order to carry out my intention of giving a detailed description of the various editions of the Block-Books, it was necessary, in the first place, to separate those which I thought were executed in the Low Countries from those more aiDparently the production of Germany. This done, as far as my knowledge of design enabled me to decide, I next placed them in what appeared to me to be about the chronological order of their issue. I then saw that my views entirely differed from those of Baron Heinecken, whose opinions, though published as far back as 1771, were still generally held as the authority; for, with the exception of the work of Dr. Falkenstein* some learned articles from the pen of the late M. Guichardf, and the incidental notices in foreign bibliographical works, Heinecken may be said to be the only author who has given anything like an account of the Block-Books. The labours of Dr. Dibdin, in respect to those xylographical productions, are compara- tively confined to examples in the Library of Earl Spencer. So likewise, in the writings of Mr. Ottley, Mr. Singer, Mr. Chatto, and others, their observations are limited to those volumes which were more generally known, and, consequently, came under their more immediate consideration. In arranging the several editions of the principal Block-Books in what appeared to me to be the order of their issue, I found that the edition of the Apocalypse placed by Heinecken as the first of the work, I had considered to be the last; so ♦ Gescliiclite tier Buchdruckerkmist, &c., von Dr. Karl Falkenstein. Leipzig, 1840. 4to. t They were published, 1840 and after, in the Bulletin du BiUiopMle, a ijeriodical issued at Paris by M. Techener. INTRODUCTION. likewise, in respect to the Bihlia Paiq^enmi and tlie Ars Manendi. I then looked to the water-marks of those copies I had had the opportunity of examining, and there found that those in the editions which I had placed as taking the precedence, were all evidently belonging to pajjer manufactured in the Low Countries; while those in the editions placed by Heinecken as the first were on that of German manu- facture^ and not found to have been used in Holland or the Low Countries. So far the marks on the paper assisted to confirm the views I had taken of those works, artistically, when separating the Flemish from the German editions. I do not, how- ever, consider the marks on the paper of the several editions aiford satisfactory proof that they were printed in the same locality in which the paper was made; for we know that some of the early Cologne jarinters made use of paper manufactured in Holland, and so did the printers at Mentz, some of the earliest typographical pro- ductions attributed to the presses of Gutenberg and Fust being printed upon pajier of Low Country manufacture. This remark leads me to observe, that, though I have included the edition of the Apocalypse placed by me as the fourth of the work, among the productions of the Low Countries, I think it was probably issued on the borders of Germany, or perhaps at Cologne; and so likewise in respect to the Liber Regum, to the second and third editions of the Caniica Canticorum, and also the edition of the Bihlia Pauperum placed by me as the sixtli of the work, of which the only copy I have seen is in the Bodleian Library. Until I read the disparaging opinion of Mr. Ottley upon the artistic knowledge and correct eye of the Baron Heinecken, I was somewhat alarmed at my boldness in venturing opinions so totally at variance with those hitherto pre alent. I felt, however, that I had sufficient grounds to justify my views, and thou^ii I may ■ ave in some instances erred, I think generally they will be found worthy of consideration. " Most, indeed, of the late writers," observes Mr. Ottley* " upon bibliography have taken upon trust all that Heinecken has said relative to the early Block-Books. Nor is it surprising that authors, whose subject only led them incidentally to speak of the art of engraving, should have thought themselves safe in relying upon his decisions ; since his numerous w-orks are (most, or all of them, ostensibly) upon the subject of engraving, and evince, it must be admitted, no small share of erudition * An Inquiry into tlie Origin and Early History of Engrating, by William Young Ottley, 1816, vol. i, p. 110. yiu INTRODUCTION. It cannot also be denied, that Ms account of the early Block -Books is rich in interesting details, which had escaped the observation of those who preceded him, and is consequently highly valuable. " But Heinecken's knowledge of the art of design, notwithstanding his fondness for the subject, was not such as to render him, by any means, a sure guide in matters of taste ; and he is often captivated with the worst, whilst he passes by unnoticed that which merits praise." While differing, therefore, with Baron Heinecken and other learned authors, not only in the chronological arrangement of the Block-Books, but also, in many instances, as to the locality whence those works were issued, I have endeavoured to place before my readers such a series of fac-similes of those extraordinary produc- tions as will enable all who take an interest in like bibliographical research to form their own opinions, leaving any arguments I have adduced in support of those entertained by me, to be considered as of one who, having been accidentally drawn into the study of so engrossing a subject, has done his utmost for its illustration. In placing these volumes before the public, I cannot omit an expression of deep thankfulness to Almighty God for permitting me to complete a work commenced at a period when I was in so dangerous a state of health that little hope was entertained of my being able to attend to the duties of my business, and much less, that I should ever live to realise the pleasure of seeing my labours in print. The Woodlands, Norwood, Surrey. Avgust 31, 1857. LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME L Mr St Si'bi^fott. BLOCK-BOOKS OF HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. APOCALYPSIS SANCTI JOHANNIS. PLATE PAGE POSITION. I. PlEST Edition. Pirst Page, coloured, from a copy iu the Library of Earl Spencer 3 right side. , 11- Second Edition. Eixst Page, from the luglis copy, now in the Bodleian Library 4 left „ , III. „ „ Last Page, from the same copy ..... .5 right „ IV. Thied Edition. Third Page, from the Lang copy, now in the possession of His Royal Highness the Duke d'Aumale ..... 18 left „ , V. „ „ Eourtli Page, from the same copy ..... 19 right „ VI. FouETH Edition. First Page, coloured, from a copy in the Library of Earl Spencer 23 right ,, VII. Alphabets or Signatuees to the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions . 33 right „ ^VIII. ) , IX. J Specimens of the Design of the Five Editions ..... /42 (.43 left „ right „ BIBLIA PAUPERUM. X. FiEsi Edition. First Page, from tlie Inglis copy, now in the Library of E, Hol- ford, Esq. ....... 44 left , ^ XI. Second Edition. First Page, from the Lucca copy, now in the British Museum 45 right , xn. FmsT Edition. Last Page, from the Inglis copy, now in possession of E. Holford, Esq. 45 right , y XIII. Second & Thied "1 Centre Design, from the last page of the Lucca and Grenville copies. Editions. J now in the British Museum, in lieu of the whole of the last page of the Lucca copy, as stated in tJie body of the work, p. 44 G3 right , AR.S MORIENBI. XIV. FiEST Edition. Second Design, from the copy in the Hotel de Ville .at Harlem 70 left , XV. Page of Xylographic Text to the Second Design, from the same copy 71 right , CAXTICA CANTICOEUil. XVI. FiEST Edition. First Page, from a copy in the Library of Earl Spencer 78 left , XVII. First Page, from the coi^y formerly belonging to Scriverius, the Histo- rian of Holland, but now in the British Museum 79 right , ^ XVIII. Last Page, from the same copy ..... 79 right , ^ XIX. Second Edition. First Page, from the Cracherode cojjy in the British Museum 84 left , ^ XX, Second Page, from the same copy ..... 85 right , /XXI. Twelfth and Twenty-Fifth Designs, from the Scriverius copy of the First Edition 113 right , XXII. Thirtieth and Thurty-First Designs, from the Cracherode copy of the Second Edition . 119 right , LIBER REGUM. ^xxin. Only Edition. First Page, from a copy in the possession (June 18.37) of Messrs. W. & T. Boone, of Bond-street ..... 1206 left „ XXII". Sixth Page, from the same copy ..... 120c right „ LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME L PAGE POSITION. TEMPTATIONES D^EMONIS. 1. Upper Part of this unique Broadside of Block-Text, formerly in the possession of Scriverius, but now in the British Museum . . . ] 23 right side. ALPHABET OF INITIAL LETTERS. 2. Letters K and L, from an unique Block-Book comprising an Alphabet of Initial Letters, now in the British Museum . . . ■ „ „ BOOKS PRINTED WITH MOVEABLE TYPE. / 137 BONATUSES AND ELEMENTAHY AVOKKS. :xiv. L DONATTJS of Twenty-seven Lines. Seven Lines of the fragment from the Kloss Collection, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxfoi'd 2. DoNATUS of Twenty-seven Lines. Seven Lines of a fragment of another edition from the Kloss Collection . . , . „ 3. BocTitiNALE of Twenty-nine Lines. Twelve Lines from one of the eight pages from the Kloss Collection .... „ 4. Catonis Disticha. Two Fragments of an Edition in the same type XXV. 1. Twenty Lines, shewing the Type of the First Edition of the Speculum „ 2. Twenty Lines, from an Edition of the Doctrinale in a similar type „ 3. Page 4.5 of the First Dutch Edition of the Speculum „ 4. Nineteen Lines, from an Edition of the Doctrinale in a similar type sxvi. L Catonis Disticha. Seventeen Lines, from last page of the Spencer copy . ., 2. HoEAEiUM. Two Pages, from the copy in the possession of M. Enschede . *^* There is, in the Royal Library at the Hague, a fragment of an edition of the Donatus in the same primitive type as the Horarium or Ahecedarium. It has been given in fac-simile, by M. Holtrop, Head of the Boyal Library at the Hague, in his important typographical work now i)ublishing. „ 3. DoNATTjs. Seven Lines, in the same type as the preceding Catonis Disticha. „ 4. Facetl^ Morales. Eight Lines, from the first and last pages :xvii. J. Doctrinale of Thirty-two Lines. Ten Lines from a fragment in the Imperial Library at Paris ...... „ 2. DoNATTJS of Twenty-eight Lines. Ten Lines from a fragment in the same Library „ 3. DoNATUS of Thirty Lines. Ten Lines from a fragment in the same Library „ 4. DoNATUS of Thirty Lines. Ten Lines from a fragment of a difi'crent Edition in the same Library ....... K.V1U. 1. DoNATus of Twenty-seven Lines. Ten Lines from one of 1 6 pages in the same Library ,, 2. DocTKlNALE of Twenty-nine Lines. Ten Lines from one of eight pages formerly in the possession of LI. Renouard . . . • „ „ 3. DoNATUS of Twenty-four Lines. Six Lines from one of eight pages . . „ „ 4. DoNATus. Twelve Lines from an Ed. printed at Antwerp byEckhert de Homborch „ SPECULUM IIUMANiE SALVATIONIS. ^ XXIX. EiEST Edition. First Latin. First Page, from a copy in the possession of John Inglis, Esq. The only one in this country . . . 146 „ „ Last page, from the same co'py , . . , . 1 47 ■ight ri^ht 139 right 143 right 145 right left right LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME I. XI PLATE XXXL Second Edition. First Dutch. First Page of the Introduction, and last Seven Lines / of the Table, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer. The only one in this country . . . . ■ XXXII. Third Edition. Second Latin. The First Eight and Last Eight Lines from the Prologue, and the same from the First Edition . xxxm. FOUETII Edition. Second Dutch. First Page, with Design, from the copy at the Hotel de Ville at Harlem . . . • • xxxiv. „ „ First Eight Lines of the Prologue ; Last Eight Lines of the Index, the Eight Hand Column of Text, under Design 8-1, page -12, and the Eight Hand Column of Text from the Last Page ; all from the Pembroke copy at Wilton House. The only one in this country Page 55, with the Text of Moyeable Type .... Page .35, with the Text of Block-Type (GrenviUe copy) shewing that the type of the xylographic pages was cut in fac-simile of the pages from the First Edition ..... Last Design and Text of the Two Latin Editions . Last Design and Text of the Two Dutch Editions . Vaeiations in the Wood-cuts of the Four Editions, shewing the breakages succes- sively arising from the use of the wood-blocks . \ Eight Designs from the First Edition, shewing the employment of Two Artists , XLI. J XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. , XXXIX. FiEST Edition. Thied Edition. Latin Editions. Dutch Editions. J 51 153 155 155 160 161 168 169 175 f 176 1177 riglit side, right „ right „ right left „ right , left right right left right XLII. 1. PONTANUS DE EOMA, etc. First Ten Lines from the Preface, shewing the Large Type . . . - . . . .183 right „ 2. Pii Secundi Opuscula. First Ten Lines from the reverse of folio -i-i, shewing the smaller Type „ 3. Saliceto de Salute Coeporis, etc. Ten Lines from the First Page . • „ 4. Pil Secundi Laudationes Homeric^. Ten Lines from the Preface . ■ ,> The smaller type used in the preceding Treatises is of a similar size and cha- racter to that in the editions of the Donatiis, Doctrinale, and Catonis Bis- ticha, of which specimens are given in plate xxiY. Consequently, as the Treatises could not have been published before l-iSS, the year when Pius II ascended the Pontifical Chair, they become of the highest interest by their typographical connexion with the elementary works supposed to be those mentioned hy Ulric Zell as having preceded the Art of Printing at Mentz ! xLiii. 1. Speculum Humane Salvationis. The Dutch Edition, -printed at Culemhourg hy Veldener, 1483. One of the Designs, and Final Page of Text with Colophon, the design being one of those not xjreviously used in the other editions , . .189 right „ 2. Dee Bien Boeck. Printed hy Peter van Os, at ZwoUe, 1488. The Frontispiece and the Colophon ; the Frontispiece shewing the use of one of the original wood-blocks that had been many years previously used for one of the early editions of the Blhlia Pauperum . . . . „ „ XLiv. Jacobi de Thekamo Consolatio Peccatoeum. Printed at Harlem hy Jacob Bellaert, 1484. Two of the Wood-Engravings and the Colophon, the former exhibiting the same peculiar style of work as in the engraving of the Designs of the Bihlia Pavperiim ......... 193 The numerous breakages that occur in the impressions of the wood-engravings lead me to believe that the wood-blocks had been frequently previously used, and consequently that they exhibit the work of wood-engravers at Harlem at a much earlier period than the date of the work in which they appear. ght LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME II. ij^^TE PAGE POSITTO-V. XLV. Baetolom^ecs van de Peopeietaten dee Dinghek Printed at Harlem hy Jacob Bellaert, 1485. One of the engraved illustrations, shewing the same style of work as those in the preceding volume . . . . . . .193 right side. SINGLE WOOD-ENGRAVINGS. XLVI. The Ankunciatiok An early sjjccimen of wood-engraving, executed in the Low / Countries . . . . . . .199 right „ XLVll. Omitted. XLviiL Seals and Coins oe Holland during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 199 right „ LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME IL BLOCK-BOOKS OF GERMANY. AES MEMORANDI. XLIX. FiEST Edition, First Page of Text, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer ....... 2 left L. First Design, coloiired, from the same copy 3 right LL Second Edition. First Page of Text, from the copy in the British Museum 8 left LIE First Design, from copy in the Library of Beriah Botfield, Esq. 9 right LIIL Last Page of Text, from the same copy 8 left LIV. Last Design, from the same copy .... ARS MORIENDI. 9 right LV. Small 4to, Edition. First Page of Text, also the First and Ninth Designs, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer 11 right LVL Another Edition. Second Design, from the Renouard copy 1-1 left LVI*. Photograjih Copy, by Mrs. S. Leigh Sotheby, of same design . 1.) right LVU. Second Page of Text, from the same copy 15 right LVin. Ninth Design, from the same copy .... IS left UX. Another Ijipeession. Ninth Design, from the copy in the British Museum . 19 right ^/LX. The Upper Portion of the Fifth Design, from the Eenouard and British Museum copies .... 21 right .LXL Lxn. Anothee Impression. Last Design, from the Spencer copy .... 23 right Another Edition. Ninth Design, from the copy in the Public Library at Wolf- f enbuttel ....... 27 right This is the edition placed by Heinecken as the First of the work. Lxin. ENDKRIST. Only Edition. Second Page, from a coloured copy in the Library of Earl Spencer right „ LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME 11. xin QUINDECIM SIGNA. LXiv. OsLY Edition. Ninth Page, coloured, from the Spencer copy In the other editions of the Endkrist and Quindecim Signa the descrip- tive texts are in moveable type, and, consequently, they do not come tinder the denomination of Block-Books. APOCALYPSIS S. JOIIANXIS. Lxv, Fifth Edition. First Page, from a coloured copy lately in the Library of His Grace the Duke of Buckingham, at Stowe House This is the edition placed by Heinecken as the First of the work. LXV*. Another Edition. Second Page of an undescribed edition, of which the original wood-block of the Page is in the Library of Earl Spencer, by whose kind permission impressions have been worked ofl' for the illustration of the present work POSITION. right side. 49 right right LXVII. LXVIII. BIBLTA PAUPEPV.UM. Seventh Edition (?) First Page, from the copy in the Library of Lord Vernon This is the edition placed by Heinecken as the First of the work. „ ,, Last Page, from the same copy .... Ninth Page, from a wood-engraving of comparatively modern date ....... Last Page, from the copy in the Public Library at ^yolfenbuttel First Page, from a copy lately in the Library of J. "Wilks, Esq. Last Page, from the same copy .... Unknown Edition. Lxix. Anothek Edition. Lxx. Edition dated 1170. LXXI. 58 59 left right right right left right DE GENERATIOXE CHPJSTI. LXXII, LXXIII, Edition dated 1470. 64 65 72 73 First Page, from the copy in the British Museum Second Page, from the same copy Lxxrv. Edition dated 1471. First Page, from the copy in the British Museum ^Lxxv. „ ,, Second Page, from the same copy Lxxvi. ,, „ Eighteenth Page, from the same copy The copy w^ants the last two leaves, the iinal one bearing a colophon, in which is given the name of the printer, with the date, as in the subjoined fac-simile from the work of Dr. Falkenstein, p. 37 : — Mmmee ^UtibU m^t^ot left right left right right Lxxvii. Only Edition. MIRABILIA PvOM^E. Four Pages, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer SPECULUM HUMANiE SALVATIONIS. Unknown Edition. First Page of an undescribed edition, with the Text in the German language ...... It is taken from an impression of a wood-engraving of comparatively modern date, and apparently engraved by the same hand as that of plate LXVIIL right as right XIV PLATE LXXIX. .LXXX. LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME II. DIE KUNST CIROMANTIA. FiEST Edition (?) Third Page, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer Twenty-seventh Page, from the same copy Consequent on the statement made in the " EECOLLECTIONa" of the Eev. J. Eichardson (published 1855), throwing a doubt upon the genuineness of the above quoted copy of the Ciromuntia (the only one in this country), I have been induced to introduce a few observations upon " Antiquaeian and Liteeakt FoEGEElES," to the illustration of which the three undermeirtioned plates refer. Specimens of the Byeon Foegeeies, from the autograph of George Gordon Byron, the supposed natural son of Lord Byron Specimens of the Autooeaph Scholia of Maetin Luthee, taken from the margins of printed books ...... Specimens of the Autogeaph Scholia of Maetin Lijihee, from a copy of a Latin Bible printed at Nuremberg in 1527 85 85 right side, right „ 132 Lxxxiv. Only Edition. CONFESSIONALE. One of the Designs, and a specimen of the Text, from the unique copy in the Library of the King of Holland. right left right 145 right 149 right „ SYMBOLUM APOSTOLICUM. Lxxxv. Only Edition. One of the Pages, from the unique copy in the Public Library at Muuicli ...... DER TODTENTANZ. ^lxxxvl Only Edition. 1. Twenty-Third De-sign, from the unique copy in the Public Library at Heidelberg ..... DIE FABEL VON KRANKEN LOWEN. „ Only Edition. 2. One of the Designs, from the unique copy in the same Library . 159 right,, DIE ZEHN GEBOTE. Lxxsvi*. Only Edition. First and Tenth Pages, from the unique copy in the same Library 1 60a right PROPUGNACULA, TURRIS SAPIENTIiE. LXXXVIL A Beoadside. ^LXXXVHL ]. DONATUS. 3 and 4. The whole of it, from the impression now in the British Museum 164-5, r. and 1. XYLOGRAPHIC DONATUSES. Sis Lines, from a fragment in the Library of the King of Holland Copied from an impression of a Page worked from the original wood-block in the possession of M. Koning Copied from impressions of a portion of Two Pages, of which the original wood-blocks are in the Imperial Library at Paris . 169 right ,, LXXXIX. 1. DoNATUS. BOOKS PRINTED WITH MOVEABLE TYPE. Seven Lines, from a fragment (in the Bodleian Library, Oxford) of an edition in a similar type to that used for the Bible of 42 lines, supposed to have been printed at Mentz, by Gutenberg, about 1455 Five Lines, from the same fragment of the same edition Five Lines, from a fragment of another edition in a similar typo, in the same Library ....... right I LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME IIL PLATE LXXXIX. 4. DONATTJS. XC. 1. DONATUS. The Colophon of the edition iu a similar type, from the press of Peter Schoeffer at Mentz Seven Lines, from a fragment (in the Bodleian Library, Oxford) of an edition in a larger type Six Lines, from a fragment (in the Bodleian Library, Oxford) of a manuscript copy of the Donatus ; rendered remarkable as being in a character so precisely similar to the type used by Albert Pfister, as to hare been considered by Dr. Kloss to hare been " xylograpJdc" Four Lines, from a fragment of an edition presumed to have been printed by Albert Pfister at Bamberg about 1460 . Four Lines, from a fragment of another edition in the same type XCI. HiSTOEIA JOSEPHI, DaNIELIS, &C., GeKMANICE. Printed at Bamberg, by Albert Pfister, 1462. One of the Wood-Engravings, with Four Lines of Text and the Colophon, from the copy in the Library of Earl Spencer, the only other copy known being in the Imperial Library at Paris ...... BiBLiA Paupeeum, Geemanice, Printed at Bamberg, by Albert Pfister, about 1462. First Page, from the copy in the Library of Lord Spencer . Speculum HumaNjE Salvationis, Geemanice. Printed at Basle, by Eicliel, 1476. One of the Wood-Engravings and the Colophon .... Speculum Humane Salvationis. From the Press of Gunther Zaitier. One of the Wood-Engravings and the Colophon .... Donatus. Seven Lines, from an edition printed by Gunther Zainer The plate also gives specimens of the type used by John Zainer at Ulm, and two of wood- engravings from the Specuhcm issued at Basle by Eichel, 1476 LiTEE^ Indulgentiaeum, dated 1454 and 1453. Similar portions of each from the examples in the Library of Earl Spencer . LiTEEA Indulgenii^, dated 1455. The same portion, from the example formerly in the Library of Benjamin Heywood Bright, Esq., but now in the British Museum. EXHOETATIO CONTKA TuECOS, 1455, in the type of Pfister, Six Lines Calendaeium, 1457, in the type of Pfister, Three Lines .... 177 right side. 181 right 185 187 189 190 191 right right 189 right right left -ight LIST OF PLATES TO YOLUME III. PAPER-MARKS IN THE BLOCK-BOOKS EXECUTED IN HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. A. Apocalypsis. The Inglis copy of the Second Edition . . . .23 right B. „ The Spe7icer copy of the First Edition ; the Harlem, Penoucird, and Bodleian copies of the Fourth Edition . . . .23 right C. „ The British Museum {Royal Library) and Pembroke copies of the Third Edition; the Johnson, Libri, and Spencer copies of the JoMriA Edition ....... 23 right D. ,^ The Lang copy of the Hiird Edition ; the Bohn copy of the Fourth Edition ; the Barclay coijy of the Fifth Edition . . .23 right LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME III. E. BiBLiA Patjpeeum. The Inglis copy of the First Edition ; the Gremille copy of the Third EcUtion ; the British Museum {Print Boom) copy of the Fifth Edition ; the Bendorp copy . . . ■ The Pembroke copy of the First Edition ; the Spencer A. and Bot- field copies of the Second Edition ; the Chatsworth copy of the Third Edition ; the Sykes {Douce) and Spencer B. copies of the Fourth Edition ; Westrenen copy of Edition (?) . The Harlem and Pembroke copies of the First Edition The Eenclorp and Harlem copies of the First Edition ; the Oracherode (British Museum) copy of the Second Edition ; the Bodleiati copy of the Third Edition .... The Inglis copy of the First (1st Latin) Edition ; the Spencer and Enschede copies of the Second (1st Dutch) Edition The Spencer, Hibhert, and Rendorp copies of the Tliird (2nd Latin) " Edition ........ The Singer copy of the Tldrd (2nd Latin) Edition . The Harlem copy of the Fourth (2nd Dutcli) Edition. The edition " issued by Veldener, 1 4S.3 . The Spencer copies of the Treatises by Pontanus de Koma, Saliceto, and Pius Secnndus. The Enschede copy of the Eacetise Morales ...... Seventeen different marlis of a similar character to those found in the Block-Books, selected from those in a copy of the Fasciculus Temporum printed by Veldener G. Aes Moeiendi. " Cantica Cahtico- EUM. ..H. SpecuhjM. M, 0. ^ R 29 2!) 31 .33 right ,. right , right , right , right , right , right , right right PAPER-MARKS IN BOOKS PRINTED BY CANTON. ) SLxty-six different marks, taken from copies of books printed by Caxton, in order to ''qJ!' j shew that the paper used by him was supplied from Holland and the Low Countries . 89 right Qe Specimeks of the Vapjoes Types used by C'axtoh, Machlikia, Lettou, &e. . 103 right PAPER-MARKS IN THE BLOCK-BOOKS EXECUTED IN GERMANY. y. R. Aes Me&iokakdi. The Spencer, Hibhert, Botjield, and Munich copies of the First Edition. The British Museum and Munich copies of the Second Edition . . . . . . . .107 right „ S. Aes Moeiendi. The British Museum, Renoiiard, Botjield, and Munich copies of the various editions . . . . . . .107 right ,, y T. BiBLlA Paupeeum. The Lea Wilson and the Corpus Christi {Cmnhridge) copies of the *Se!.'e)ii/t Edition . . . . . . .107 right „ „ The Wilks and British Museum copies of the editions dated 1470 . ,, „ Apocalypsis. The Stoiue {Duke of Buckingham) and Bodleian copies of the Fifth Edition. The Pioche (Weifjel) copy of the Sixth Edition . ■ „ » "^y I Marks selected from Books printed by Guntlier Zaincr, Bichel, and Uhic Zcll . .111 right „ 111 further illustration of the Paper-Marks used in the Block-Books, nearly Two Hundred AVood-cuts are interspersed with the text of the third volume. Many wood-engravings also occur ill the hrst and second volumes. INDEX. VOLUME 1. A. ^NEAS Syltius, see Pontanus de Eoma ALEXANDRI DE VILLA DEI (Galli) DOCTRINALE, 29 line edition, Plate xxiv., No. hi. Twenty lines from a fragment of an edition compared with the type of the first edition of the Specuhim-, Plate xxv., Nos. i. and ii. The type of the edition of 32 lines compared with the type of the 45th page of the First Dutch Speculum, Plate xxt,, Nos. in. and iv. ALPHABET OF INITIAL LETTERS, Block-Book, Bri- tish Museum copy, Plate xxiii., No. ii.; description of it, pages 122-4 ANNUNCIATION (The). Fac-simile of an early wood- engraving formerly in the possession of Mr. Ottley, Plate XLvi. His inabihty to discover, without comparison, the original from the fac-simile, and the subsequent sale of an impression of the latter as the original, 33 APOCALYPSIS S. JOHANNIS, B. B. FiEST Edition, Plate i., Spencer copy, placed by Heinecken as Fourth, 1 ; table of pages, 2 ; Cre- venna copy, now Earl Spencer's, 2 ; reasons for considering the Spencer copy to be the first edition, 34-5 „ „ Second Edition, Plates ii. and in., Inglis copy, placed by Heinecken as Third, 3; table of pages, 3 ; Inglis copy, now in the Bodleian Library, 4 ; notice on the original wood-block in the Spencer Library, 5 ; Pem- broke copy, 17 ,, „ „ Thikd Edition, Plates iv. and v., D'Aumale copy, placed by Heinecken as Fifth, 18 ; table of pages, lb. ; D'Aumale copy, successively from the Cotte, Gaignat, Prefond, Mac Carthay, Lang, Solly, Standish, and King Louis Philippe Libraries, 19-20; British Museum copy, 20 ; odd pages from the Delessert Collection, 20 „ ,, „ Fourth Edition, Plate vi.. Spencer copy, placed by Heinecken as Second, 22; table of pages, 21; Libri copy, 23; British Museum (Gaignat) copy, ib.; Re- nouard copy(now Mr.Holford's), Johnson copy, from the Hanrott and Wilks Libraries, ib.; Bodleian copy, formerly Ai'chbishop Laud's, ib.; La Valliere, Crcvenna, and De Servais copies, not yet traced, ib.; copy bought by Mr. Bohn, 1829, not traced, ib. „ „ „ Fifth Edition, placed by Heinecken as First, 24; table of pages, 25 VOL. III. APOCALYPSIS. Variations in editions, 26-30 ; Alphabets as Signatures to the various editions, Plate vii. ; mode of making fresh wood-blocks from previous impressions, 35 ; Mr. Loseombe's manuscript copy, 37; designs of the Five Editions, Plates viii. and ix. ARS MORIENDI, B. B. FmsT Edition, Harlem copy, Plates XIV, and xv., placed by Heinecken as Jliird, 74 ; Pembroke copy, G9; enumeration of pages, 70-3; particulars respecting the Pembroke copy, 74 ,, ,, ,, Another Edition, IVolfcnbidlcl copy, placed by Heinecken as the First, 73 ; his fac-simile from it, 75 ARS MORIENDI. Peculiar appearance of the Pembroke copy of the First Edition, 74-75; allusion to late editions printed with moveable type during the fifteenth century, 76 AuMALE (His Royal Highness the Ditke d'.) Apocalypse, Third Edition, 18 ; his kindness in delivering his copy to the author, 20, n. B. BARTOLOM^US VAN DE PROPRIETEYTEN DER DINGHEN, Printed at Harlem, 1485, Plate xlv. ; similarity of style in engraving of the wood-cuts to those of the JBihlia Paiiperum and Speculum, 192 Beaumont (Sir George). Block-Book Alphabet of Initial Letters, presented to the British Museum, 123 Bergis (John), his Portrait as Printer, 180 BIBLIA PAUPERUM, B. B. First Edition, Imjlis copy, Plates x. and xii.; table of pages, 44-47 „ „ Second Edition, Lucca copy. Plates' xi. and XIII.; Spencer A. copy, 58; Renouard copy, 59; Bot- field copy, 60 ,, ,, ,, Third Edition, Grenville copy, Plate XIII.; bis copyformerlyGaignat's,p.59; Chatsworth copy, 67 ,, ,, „ Fourth Edition, Spencer B. copy, 59 ; Bodleian copy, 60 „ „ ,, Fifth Edition, British Museum (Print Room) copy, 59 „ ,, „ Sixth Edition, Bodleian copy, 64 „ ,, Seventh Edition, Lea Wilson copy, considered by Heinecken to have been the First, 67 C C INDEX TO VOLUME 1. BIBLIA PAUPERUM. The various editions distinguished by the peculiar formation of the foliage. The trees of pages sxix. and xxxiii. given as specimens, 68c BIBLIA PAUPERUM. Grenvilh copy, originally bound up with the D'Aumale copy of the Apocalypse, 36 ; Heinecken's view of the order of the editions, 48 ; alphabets as signatures to the editions, i'i.; variations in the editions, 50-7; Rendorp (Scriverius) copy, not traced, 60; order of the first five edi- tions, and the copies of each quoted, 63 ; ornaments over the pillars of 6th ed., 64 ; Mr. Ottley's view of the various edi- tions, 66; Fourth Edition, without signatures, as enumerated by Heinecken, 67; Additional Notes on the several editions, G8«, h, c, and d; additions to the copies quoted at p. 63, 686?; the opinion of Dr. Waagen respecting the designs, ih.; a portion of one of the wood-blocks used by Peter van Os at Zwolle, in 1478, as the Frontispiece to the Bicn Boeck,\'dl BIEN EOECK. Plate xliii. Fac-simile of the wood-cut on the title-page, the block having been previously used in one of the early editions of the Bihlia Pavjjcrum Binding, Eaely. A^jocalypse, 4th ed,, Spencer copy, dated 1467, and two volumes in the Kloss Library, dated 1470, 22, h. BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD. Apocalypse, 2nd ed., 4 ; Apocalypse, 4th ed., 23; Douce copy of Biblia Patipcrmn, 4th ed., 60; Biblia Paiiperum, 6th ed., 60; Mr. Ottley's opinion of it, 65 ; Doctrinale of 29 lines, 135 BoiiN (John), Bookseller. Copy of the Apocalypse, 4th ed,, 23 Boone (William), of Bond-street, Bookseller. Copy of the Liber lieyum, 120&; collation of a manuscript copy of the Speculum with the printed work, 155 Bkeda (Jacobus de). His Portrait as a Printer at Deventer, represented by the figure of Daniel from the last Design of the Speculum, 179 Bkienne-Laiee (Cardinal). His copy of the Cantica Can- ticoriim, 78 Briefmahler, or Bildekmachek, Engraver of Cards, or of Figures on single sheets, 126 BRITISH MUSEUM. Apocalypse, 3rd cd., 20; Apocalypse, 4th ed., 23; Bihlia Paiipcrum (Grenville copy), 3rd ed., 59; Bihlia Paupenan (Royal Library), 2nd ed., ih.; Bihlia Pau- perum (Print Room), ih.; Cajitica Canticorum, 1st ed., 77; Temptationes Dcemonis, 121 ; Book with Alphabet of Initial Letters (Print Room), 122-4 ; the copy of the First Edition of Coverdale's Bible referred to, 163 ; the Kloss copy of the Speculum issued by Veldener in 1483, 188, n. Beixo (John), of Bruges, the inventor and first founder of that peculiar script type used by Veldener, Machlinia, and sub- sequently by Caxton ; particulars respecting his typographi- cal labours, 195 Broadley (John). Lucca copy of the Bihlia Paupenim, 60 Betjnet (J. C.) Omission of any note of the Saliceto and Opus- aula of Pius Secundus as found appended to the Pontanus de Roma, &.Q.., 181, n. BuEGTJNDT (Dukes of). History of the Dynasties of the Dukes of Burgundy, an unfinished work by Samuel Sotlieby, 79, n. c. CANTICA CANTICORUM, B. B. First Edition, *S^j(??iccr copy, Plate xti. ; Scriverius copy, Plates xtii. and xviii. ; Spencer and Scriverius copies compared at British Museum, 79 „ „ Second Edition, Crffc/(e?-oc/c co/jy, Plates XIX. and xx., placed by Heinecken as First ,, ,, Third Editiok, Bodleian copy, 83 CANTICA CANTICORUM. The Scriverius copy of the first edition, now in the British Museum, 77; Mr. Ottley's opinion as to the number of wood-blocks used for it, 77 ; Dutch line on top of first page or title, 78 ; Heinecken's judgment of the Designs as works of art, 78 ; Crevenna and Brienne-Laire copies, ib.; Verdussen copy, ib.; corresponding breakages in the wood-blocks of the Scriverius and Spencer copies, 79; Dutch Inscription on first leaf of Scriverius copy, 81; Hei- necken's distinction of the editions, 83; Mr. Ottley's review of Heinecken's opinion, ib.; Table of the Variations in the Design of the three editions, 856 ; Enumeration of the Pages and Descriptions of the Designs, 87-99 ; Dr. Dibdin's inter- pretation of the figures repi'esentcd in the first Design, 87 ; an attempt to illustrate the allegorical and historical charac- ter of the Cantica Canticorum, 100-120 CATONIS DISTICHA, Moveable Type, Plate xxiv., N. it. ; edition of twenty-one lines, in the same type as the Donatuses and Doctrinale, in the same plate, notice thereof, 135; edition of twenty-one lines, in the same type as the 45th page of the First Dutch Specuhmi, Plate xxyi., N, I., notice thereof, 137 CAXTON (AV illiam). The type used by him procured from Holland, 195 ; his First Edition of " The Game of the Chesse'' printed at Bruges, 195; Fac-simile Reprint of the same, printed by Mr. Figgins, 196 Celotti (the Annfi). Lucca copy of the Bihlia Pauperum brought to England by him, 60 CiiATTO (William). His description of fhc Biblia Pauperum, 43; his view of the Dutch Inscription on the first leaf of the Scriverius copy of the Cantica Canticoi-um, 82 ; his opin- ion on the Book icith Alphabet, in Print Room, British Museum, 124 ; his opinion of the M. Enschcde copy of the IIorariu7n, 139; his view of the mode of transferring the design to the wood-block, 165 Chaucer. Canterbury Tales, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 163, n. Clarke (William), Bookseller. Omits all notice, in his Reper- torium Bibliographicum, of the Block-Books in the Pembroke Library, 67 Cologne Chronicle, 1499. The oft-quoted passage relating to the Origin of Printing, as related by Ulric Zell to the Printer, 129-133 CoNSOLATio Feccatorum, SCO Tkcramo Corpus Christi College, (Cambridge). Copy of the Paiipenmi erroneously referred to by Meerman, 65 INDEX TO VOLUME I. CoTTE (M. de). His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd ed., 19 COSTER (Laweence), the Inventok oir Moveable Type. Opinion of Mr. Ottley to shew that the Facetim Morales was not printed by him, hut by his successors, 140-1; the statements of Junius and Scriverius respecting the robbery of his type, 166; the presumed quantity of his type, 167; probability of the figure of Daniel, in the last Design of the Speculum, symbolically representing Lawrence Coster as the Printer of the work, 179 CovERDALE (The) Bible of 1535, no copy with the original map in a perfect state known, 163 CfiANACH (Lucas) as a wood-engraver, 176 Crevenna (P. A.) His copies of the Apocalypse, 1st ed., 2; Cantica Canticorum, 78 D. Daniel (George), Poetical Antiquary and Author. Fragment of edition of Chaucer's Poems given to him by the Author, 138, 71. Delessert (M.), of Paris. Apocahjpse, 3rd ed,, odd leaves, 20 Devonshire (His Grace the Duke oe). His copy of the Bihlia Pauperiim, 3rd ed., at Chatsworth, 67; the kindness of his Grace in forwarding the copy to London, 68o ; the Chatsworth and Grenville copies compared, 68i DiEDix (Rev. Dr.) His view of the material of which the blocks used for the Cantica Canticorum were composed, 80; his interpretation of the figures represented in first Design of the work, 87 ; his notice of the Vienna copy of the Liher Regwn, 120i, n. ; "Imaginary and Authentic Portraits of Printers," 179; his view of the peculiar appearance of the Types in the Treatises by Pontcmiis de Iloma, Saliceto, 184-5 DoCTRiNALE, See Alexander de Villa Dei Douce (Francis). Sykcs copy of the Bihlia Paupenim, 60 DONATUSES, Manuscript. Fac-simile of the Colophon of one dated 1442, 132 „ Block Type, see vol. ii, Plate lxxxviii. ; and notices, 167-9 „ ,, Moveable Type, Plate xxiv., i. and ii.; two Editions of twenty-eight lines, from the Kloss Collection, 134; an edition in a similar type to the Catonis Disticha in Earl Spencer's Library, Plate xxvi., N. hi.; Twenty- eight line edition, Plate xxvii., N. ii. ; Thirty line edi- tion, Plate xxvii., N. hi. ; another edition of thirty lines, Plate xxvii., N. iv. ; Edition of twenty-seven lines, Plate xxviii.jN.i.; Edition of twenty-four lines, Plate xxviii., N. III. ; Edition of thirty lines, printed at Antwerp by Eck- ert de Homborch, Plate xxviii., N. iv. DuRER (Albert), as a wood-engraver, 176 E. EXERCmUM SUPER PATER NOSTER,B.B. Two copies in the Imperial Library at Paris. In one the text in the scrolls is in the Dutch language, \2^d F. FACETLFl MORALES, Moveable Type, Grenville copy, Plate xxvi., N. iv. ; Letter from Mr. Ottley on the same, 140 FAC-SIMILES. Differences in minute measurement with the originals, 120c; Variations in Fac-similes arising from the shrinking of the vellum in the originals, 136; Remarks on the fac-simile of the Donatus made for Dr. Kloss, and cause of its incorrectness, 143-4 ; plan adopted to secure correct- ness as to measurement, 143 Faust, or Fust (John). The robbery of the type of Lawrence Coster alleged to have been committed by one named " Fans- tus," 166 ; "cart loads" of Coster's type, an expression made use of by Ralph Wiilett in his "History of Printing," 167 FiGGiNS (v.). Printer. His Fac-simile Reprint of Caxton's Game of Chess, 196 FoBMSCHNELDER. The German appellation of an early engraver on wood, 131 FoEMUL.T, NoviTiARUM, printed hj Joannes Andrieisen [at Harlem), 1483, 192, 7i. Freeling (Sir Francis). The Spencer copy of the Catonis Disticha discovered in the binding of an old book in his library, 137 G. I I Gaignat (M.) His copies of the Apocalypse, 3rd ed., 20; j Apocalypse, 4th ed., 23; Bihlia rauperum, 49 j Gardner (John Dunn). His copy of the First Edition of the Coverdale Bible sold in 1854, 163 ' Grenville (Right Hon. Thomas). His copy of the Bihlia Faiiperuin originally bound up with the D'Aumale copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd ed., 36 ; Bihlia Pauperum, Plate xiri. ; his copy of the Bihlia Pauperum compared with the Chats- worth copy, and additional notes consequent thereon, 686 ; I Facetim Morales, 140-1 j Griffiths (Rev. Mr.), of Wadham College, O.-vford. Odd leaves of the Apocalypse, 3rd ed., 20 GuiCHARD (M.) His opinion respecting the edition of the-E'j:er- ciiium super Pater Noster, with the text of the Scrolls in the Dutch language, 120f/ H. Haneott (Philit Augustus). His copy of the Apocalypse, 4th ed., 23 HARLEM, HOTEL DE VILLE LIBRARY. First Edition of the Ars Moriendi, 69; the Fourth Edition of the Specu- lum, the Second Dutch, 153-154 ; the edition of the Speculum issued by Vcldener, 188, n. ; similarity of the style of engraving in the wood-cuts used in the Consolatio Peccatorum and Bartolomams van de Proprietaten der Diny- hen, printed at Harlem in 1484 and 1485, to those in the Bihlia Pauperum, 192 cc 2 INDEX TO VOLUME I. Hebeb (Richakd). The Scrlverius copy of the Cavfica Ccrnfi- co}-um, 77, n. ; his copy of the Laudationcs Homerica sepa- rately bound, 183, n. Heinecken (Baron). His view respecting the omission of Signatures in Spencer copy of the First Edition of the Apo- calypse, 35 ; error in referring to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in lieu of Cambridge, 65 ; his idea of the order of the editions of the Biblia Paiiperum, 48 ; his distinction of the editions of the Cantica Canticorum, 83 ; note of the edi- tion of the Biblia Pauperum placed by him as the fourth of the work, 67; his description of the Vita Christi, B. B., in the possession of M. Trew at Nuremberg, 120/' Herbert (Right Hon. Sidney). His kindness in allowing the Block-Books in the Pembroke Library to be brought to London, 62, 154 HiBBEKT (Geoege). His co]iy of the Laiulationes Ilomericfs, separately bound, 183, n. HISTORIA SANCT.E CRUCIS, B. B. Fragment of an edi- tion in the possession of M. T. O. Wcigcl of Lcipsic, 120/i HiSTOEiA ViEGiNis, scc Cantica Canticorum IIoi.i'or.,1) (Robekt). His copies of the Ajjocahjpse, 4th cd., 23 ; Biblia Pauperum, 59; Speculum, 3rd ed., 152 HOLLAND. Similarity of the Stjde of Engraving in the wood- cut ilhistrations in books printed at Harlem and Antwerp during the fifteenth century, to that in the Designs of the Biblia ^auperwn and Speculum, 192 HORARIUM, M0VEABI.E Type, Pxate xxvi., N. ii.; En- schede copy, 137 ; opinion of Chatto upon it, 139 HoEN (Mk.) His copies of the Apocahjpse, Biblia Pauperum, and Ars Moriendi, originally in one volume, 58 I. Inglis (John). Second Edition of the Apocalypse, 3; Biblia Pauperum, 43 ; the remarkable state of preservation of his copy of the First Edition of the Speculum, 135 ; Fac-similcs of the first and last pages of the Speculum, Plates xxix. and XXX. ; type of the First Edition of the Speculmn, Plate XXXII. J. Jersey (Lokd). His copy of the First Edition of Coven/ale's Bible referred to, 163 Johnson (M. I.) His copy of tlie yljjocal^pse, 4tli ed., 23 Jnmns (Hadhian), the Dutch Historian. His statement re- specting tlic roi)bery of tire type of I.iuvrcnce Coster, 166 K. Kaetekmachee, or Kaetekmahleb, Engraver of Cards, or Figures on sheets, 12G Kee (D.) The Lucca co2>y of the Miilia Pavpenim, 60 Kloss (Dr.), of Franldort. His copy of the Apocalypse parti- cularly referred to, 23 ; Fac-similes of the Bonatuses from his collection, 134; Doclrinale from his Library, 135; his fac-simile of a Donatus, 143-4 KoNiNC (Jacqtjes). His account of the small Elock-Boolt de- scribed under the title of " TJte Seven Deadhj *SVyis," 120(? L. Lang (Robert). His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd ed., 20, 62 Laud (Aechbishop). His copy of the Apocahjpse, 4th cd., 23 LATJDATIONES HOMERIC^, see Pontanus de Roma, &c., 183; Hibbert copy separately bound, 183, n. LIBER REGUM, B. B., Boone copy, Plates xxii'*- xxii^; Fac-similes of the Alphabet as Signatures, 120tE; Dr. Dib- din's Notice of the Vienna copy of the Liber Regiim, 1 205, n, ; copy of the fac-simile in the work of Dr. Falkenstein, from the Vienna copy, 120c LiBRi (G.) Apocahjpse, 4th ed., 23 ; communication respecting the first leaf of the Chatsworth copy of the Biblia Pauperum having been very many years since purloined from the Im- perial Library of Paris, 686, 71. Lille, Public Libkaht. Copy of the Speculum, having two of the pages opisthographic, 175 Lilly (Joseph), Bookseller. Copy of the Projmgnacula Fidei, a broadside bought by him, 138; the Spencer duplicate copy of Saliccto and Laudationes Homeric^, 182, n. LoscoMBE (C. W.) Manuscript copy of the Apocalypse, 37-9 ; His copy of the Biblia Pauperum, 59 Lucca (Count de). Biblia Paupermn, Plates xi. and xiii. Lysons (Samuel). Letter accompanying the Alphabet of Ini- tial Letters in the British Museum, 124 M. MacCartity (Count). His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd edit.. 20 M'DowALL (Walter), the Printer of the present work. His view of the mode in which the Speculum was printed, and the use, at that time, of the Frisket as now employed, 156-7 Marten V. (Pope). Autograph Inscription in copy Apoca- lypse, 23, MAZARINE (The), or Fokty-two-Line BIBLE. Sup- posed to have been printed at Mentz by John Gutenberg about 1455. Two distinct issues, 151 Meerman (G.) His fac-simile of the First Page of the Fourth Edition of the Speculum, 153 Merly Library, see Willett MiLWAKD (Rev. Mr.), Librarian at Chatsworth to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire. His communication respecting the Chatsworth copy of the Biblia Pauperum, 68ft, n. INDEX TO A^OLUME I. 0, Oh r>E Beeda (Petrus nE). His use of a portion of one of the Wood-Blocks of an early edition of the BihUa Paiipermn as the Frontispiece of the Bim Boech, printed by him at Zwolle in 1488; and also of a portion of another of the Blocks in an edition of the Ars Moriendi, published by him in the same year, 191 Ottlet (William Yotjng). Fac-simile of " The Annuncia- tion," 33 ; his opinion of the various editions of the Bihlia Paujierum, more particularly of the Bodleian copy, 65-6 ; his opinion of the Ars Memorandi, Apocalypse, and Ars Moriendi, as works of design, 75 ; on the number of wood- blocks used in the Caritica Canticorum, 77 ; his view of the Dutch Inscription on first leaf of the first edition of the same, 81 ; his review of Heinecken's opinion of the distinc- tion of the two editions, 81-2 ; Tcmptaliones Da-monis, 122 ; opinion respecting the Book of Alphabet in Print Room, British Museum, 124; his view of the Type in the Facctim Morales, 140-1 ; his Hypothesis respecting pages 45 and 56, in the Second Edition of the Speculu7n, 163-4 ; his arrange- ment of the four editions of the Speculum, 175; employ- ment of the wood-blocks used by, in 1816, for his unfinished work on the Origin of Printing, 197, n. p. Paget (Sie Aethue). The Spencer copy of the Bihlia Pan- perum purchased from him, 58 PARTS, THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY. The Xylographic Treasures in the Library not having been examined by the author, they are only occasionally and partially referred to, as in the case of the Exercitium super Pater-Noster, p. 120(/, the copy having the Text of the scrolls in the Dutch Language Patne and Foss (Messrs.), Booksellers. British Museum Print Room copy of the Bihlia Panperum, completed by them, 59 ; Purchasers of the Heber copy of the Cantica Can- ticorum, since sold to the British Museum, 77 PEMBROKE LIBRARY, Wilton House. Apocali/pse, 2nd edit., 17; Ars Moriendi, 36; Bihlia Pauperum, 1st edit., 60; Ars Moriendi, 1st edit., 69; Fourth Edition of the Speculum, Second Dutch, compared with the copy in the Spencer Library, 154 Peect (Dr.), an enthusiastic Admirer and Collector of Early Wood -Engravings. His copy of the Vila Christ!, printed at Antwerp in 1487, 193, n. Philippe (Lottts), "King of the French. " His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd edit., 20 Pickering (William). The First Edition of the Coverdale Bible, 163, n. Pius Secxjndus, see next article PONTANUS DE ROMA. PIUS SECUNDUS. GULIEL- MUS DE SALICETO ET JOHANNES DE TURRECRE- MATA ET alia OPUSCULA. Spencer copy, Plate xLir; the contents of the volume enumerated, 181-2; Ob- servations upon the types used for the volume, 183-5 ; Opinion of M. Renouard respecting the identity of the type with that of the Doctrinale of Ticenty-nine lines, 186-7 PORTRAITS OF EARLY PRINTERS. Jacobus de Breda of Deventer, and Johannes Bergis, represented in tlie same wood-cut, copied from the Figure of Daniel in the last Design of the Speculum, 179-180; Reference to the former from the Bibliographical Decameron and copy of the wood- cut there given by Dr. Dibdin, 179 Peepond (Gieadot de). His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd edit., 19 Peoptjgnacula Fidei. Broadside. Copy bought by Lilly the Bookseller, 138 R. Rendorp (John), of MAEUUETTiE. Scriverius copy of the Bihlia Pauj}crtim, 60 ; Scriverius copy of the Cantica Cantico- rum, 77; Scriverius copy of the Temptationes Damnnis, 122 Renouaed (Ant. Aug.), an eminent Parisian Printer and Bibliographer. His copy of the Apocalypse, 4th edit., 23 ; Bihlia Pauperum, 59 ; Doctrinale, edition of twenty- nine lines, 144; his views respecting the identity of the type used in the Treatises of Saliceto and Pius Secundus with that in the Doctrinale of Twenty-nine lines, 186-7; the probability of his not having seen the Treatises of P071- tanus de Roma, etc., in the same type, 187, n. RoDD (Thomas), Bookseller. Sykcs copy of the -/i/i/^r Paupe- rum, 60 s. Saliceto (GuLiELMirs de), see Pontunus de Roma Sams (J.), the Antiquarian. The First Edition of the Cover- dale Bible, 1G3, n. SEVEN (The) DEADLY SINS, B. B. Notice of the copy formerly in the Library of M. Konlng, 120e ScEiVEEius (Petee), Historian of Harlem. His copy of the Cantica Canticorum, 77; his copy of the Temptationes D^- monis Broadside, 121 ; his Statement respecting the Rob- bery of the Type of Lawrence Coster, 166 SEALS AND COINS OF HOLLAND, Plate xlviii., Shew- ing the origin, in 1406, of the design of " The Garden of Holland" and its continued use as a National Symbol. Instances of the garden inclosed occurring in the designs of Cantica Canticorum and Speculum, 199 Servais (M. De). His copy of the Apocalypse, 4th edit., 23 SIGNATURES. Fac-similes, Plate vii. ; Apocalypse, 1st edit., 2 ; Apocalypse, 2nd edit., 3 ; Apocalypse, 3rd edit., 18 ; Apocalypse, 4th edit., 21 ; Apocalypse, Gotwic" edition, 25; Arn Moriendi, 71-2; Liher Reyum, 120rt INDEX TO VOLUME L SiNGEE (Samuel Weller). Observations on the early Single Wood-engravings, 125-6; his version of the Passage in the Cologne Chronicle, 130-1 ; Volume containing Early Gram- matical Treatises, with wood-cut portraits of Jacobus de Breda and Job. Bergis, the same wood-block used for both, 180; Fac-similcs of both, 179-180; his observations on the Early Wood- engravings generally, 125-7 Solly (Edjiund). His copy of the Apocalypse^ 3rd edit., 20 Smith (William), Son of the eminent Printsellcr. The copy of the Biblia Pauperum in the Cunningham Collection of Engravings sold by him to the British Museum, 59 SoTHEnT (Saimuel). His death in 1842, 79; his Typogra- phical collections, 79; his intended History of the Dukes of Burgundy, 79 ; his Fac-similes of Books printed in the Fif- teenth Century, 79; his visit to Harlem in. 1824, and meet- ing M. Enschede and M. Koning at the Hotel de Ville, 173-4; his intimacy with Mr. Ottley, 174, n. SPECULUM human.t: SALVATIONIS. First Editio^t, Latin, Inylis copy, Plates XXXI. and xxx. Enumeration of Contents, 14G-149; very fine copy in the Public Library at Stuttgard, 160 „ ,, Second Edition, Dutch, Spencer copy. Fac- simile of the first page of Introduction, Plate xxxi., i.; Variation of the type in pages 45 and 56, 162 ; the Hypo- thesis of Mr. Ottiey respecting the pages 45 and 56, 163-4 ,, ,, Third Edition, Latin. The type of the Intro- duction of third and first editions, from the Inylis and Hol- ford copies, Plate xxxii. ; Fac-similes in wood of twenty pages of text of the First Edition used for the Third Edi- tion, exemplified in plates xxx. and xxxvi. ; Progress of the Third Edition, and enumeration of those pages with text in moveable type and wood, 161-6 ; Mr. Ottley's opinion on the cause thereof, 1G3-4 ; our opinion of the same, 165-6 „ ,, Fourth Edition, Dutch. Tlie first page of the copy at the Hotel de Ville, Harlem, Plate xxxiii.; four specimens of the badly worked type from the copy at Wilton House, Plate xxxiv. SPECULUM. The last Design of the Four Editions, Plates XXXVII. and xxxviii.; Kemarks on the probable symboli- cal meaning of the Figure of Daniel in the Last Design, 178-9, 180 ; the Designs of the Speculum, the work of two Artists, Plates xl. and XLi. ; observations on the same, 176-7 SPECULUM, the use of the frlsket apparent in the printing of, 156-7; the Wood-engravings printed subsequently to the text with moveable type, 157; Imperfect state of the type in the four editions, 169; the Breakage in the wood- blocks of the several editions accounted for, 174; the views of Mr. Ottley on that subject, 175 SPECULUM. Enumeration of the various copies of the Specu- lum in the Public and Private Libraries in England, 175; copy at Lille, with two pages ojjisthoyraphic, 175 SPECULUM. Printed ry Veldener at Culembourg, 1483. Additional Designs, 177 ; one of the Designs with specimen of the Type and Colophon, Plate xliii.; the Kloss copy in the British Museum, 188, ?i. ; the Spencer copy, 188, n. ; a copy in the Hotel de Ville, at Harlem, 188, n. SPENCER LIBRARY. Apocalypse, 1st edit., 1 ; Apocalypse, 4th edit., 21 ; note of its original binding, 22; Biblia Pau- perum, 4th edit., bound up with the Ajiocalypse, 4th edit., 49 ; Biblia Pauperum, 2nd edit., 59 ; Biblia Pauperum, 4th edit., 59; Cantica Canticorum, 1st edit., 78; Spencer and Scriverius copies compared, 79 ; the Second (first Dutch) Edition of the Speculum, 150; Catonis Dislicha, 137 ; the kindness of Earl Spencer in allowing the copy of the Second Edition of the Speculum to be again brought to London to compare it with the Pembroke copy of the Fourth Edition, 154; copy of the edition of the Spieculum issued by Veldener, 188, n. Spiegel (die) Onser Behoudenisse, see Editions of the jS^e- culum in the Dutch Language Standish (Frank Hall). His copy of the Apocalypse, 3rd edit., 20 Stevens (Henry) the American Bookseller. Imperfect copy of the Biblia Pauperum bought by him, 59 STUTTGAKD, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Fine copy of the First Edition of the Speculum, 160 Sykes (Sir Mark Masterman). His copy of the Biblia Pauperum, 60 T. TEMPTATIONES D.EMONIS. Block-Broadside. Scri- verius impression, Plate xxiii., No. 1 ; Description of it, 121 ; Memoranda of its possessors previous to passing into the British Museum, note, il>. THERAMO (Jacobxts de). Consolatio Peccatorum. Printed at Harlem, 1484, Plate xliv. Similarity in style of engraving in the wood-cuts to those of the Biblia Paupe- rum and Speculum, 192 Thorpe (Thomas), Bookseller. Sykes copy of Biblia Paupe- rum, 60; Kloss copy of the Apocalypse, 23 TiMPEELET (C. H.) Bad fac-simile of a page of the Biblia Pauperum in his Encyclopaedia of Literary Anecdote, 138 Turrecremata (Johannes de), see Pontanus de Ro?na. TYPE. The Imperfect state of the type used in the four edi- tions of the Speculum, 169 ; the account of the art of making moveable type, 169-71 ; Remarkable appearance of the type in the Treatises Pontanus de Rorna, Saliceto, etc., 183-5; the difference in the appearance of type when worked off on vellum and paper, as particularly exemplified in the Maza- rine and Pfisier Bibles, 187 ; Types from the same Foundry used at different cities in Holland and elsewhere, 194-5 INDEX TO VOLUME I. V. Valliere (La). His copy of the Apocalypse, 4th edit., 23 VELDENER (John). His enlarged Edition of the Speculum issued at Culembourg in 1483, 177; Colophon to his first edition of the Speculum, also issued in 1483, 188 ; division of the Wood-Blocks of the Designs used in the previous editions of the Speculum, 188; view of his Labours as a Printer at the several places at ■which he practised the ait, 190-1 ; Specimens of one of the wood-engravings from bis edition of the Historia Crucis, 191 Veknon (Lord). The Inglis copy of the Bihlia Patiperuni passed from his library to that of Mr. Holford, 59 VIENNA, IMPERIAL LIBRARY. Copy of the edition of the Bihlia Paiiperum, considered by Heinccken as the fourth of the ■work, 66-7 VITA CHRISTI, B. B. Description of tlie only copy seen by Heinccken, 120/and 120y VITA CIIRISTI. Two editions, in the Dutch Language, printed at Antwerp by Gerard Leeu and Claes Leeu in 1487 and 1488, in which the same type was used as in the Con- solatio Peccaforum and De Proprieiatibus Rerum, printed at Harlem in 1484 and 1485, 193; same wood-blocks used for the illustrations in each edition, including most of the scries previously employed for the small Block-Book referred to in the preceding article, 198 w. Waagen (Dr.) His opinion respecting the Designs of the Bihlia Pauperum, 68£^ AVeigel (T. O.), Bookseller at Leipsic. His fragment of the Historia Sanctcc Crucis, and letter to the author regret- ting his inability to forward some fac-similes from his mar- vellous collection of early xylographic productions, 120A Westeeenen Van Tiellandi (Baron Van). Fac-similes of the Harlem copy of the Ajs Moriendi, 32, n. ; DoiuUus in his collection, 134 WiLKs (John). His copy of the Apocalypse, 4th edit., 23 WiLLETT (Ralph). Merly copy of Biblia Pauperum, 49; Merly copy of the First Dutch Edition of the Speculum,, 150 "Wilson (G.) Scriverius copy of the Temptaliojies Dmnonis, 122 Wilson (Lea). His copy of the first edition of the Coverdale Bible, 163, n. Wilton House Lierahy, see Pembroke Library WOOD-BLOCKS. Their use at different times for similar and other works. Those for the Four Editions of the Sjwculum cut in two parts and used by Veldener, 188 ; the deteriorated state of the impressions of the designs in the Consolatio Peccatorum proves the former use of the blocks, 192 ; use of a portion of one of the wood-blocks of the Biblia Pauperum and the Ars Moriendi, by Peter van Os, at Zwolle, lu 1488, 191 ; frequent practice, during the Fifteenth Century, of using the same wood-blocks, 197; so likewise at the present time, as in the case of the unfinished work by Mr. Ottley on the Origin of Printing, in which the wood-blocks used above forty years since are employed, 197, ii. WooDBUBN (Samuel). His copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, now in the British Museum WOOD-ENGRAVING. Mode of transferring impressions, 35; repairing wood-blocks, 49 ; variations in dimensions caused by the shrinking of paper, 49 ; the engravings in the Specu- lum printed subsequently to the text with moveable type, 157; effect of the wear of printing off the impressions by friction and the ordinary printing press, 158 ; fac-similes In wood of many pages of the First Edition of the Speculum used for the third issue of the work, Plates xxxv. and xxxvi. ; opinion of Mr. Chatto on the transfer of the Design to the wood-block, 1G5 WOOD-ENGRAVINGS, SINGLE. The St. Bridget, the St. Christopher, and the Annunciation described by Ottley, Chatto and others, referred to, 125; the opinion of Mr. Singer respecting such xylographic productions, 125-7 ; the Ammnciution, 199 z, ZELL (Uleic), Printer at Cologne. His communication to the author of the Cologne Chronicle respecting the In- vention of Printing, 129-133 INDEX. VOLUME IL A. ALPHABET OF INITIAL LETTERS, Block-Book ; Fac- simile, by Mr. Foss, of the letter P from the copy in the Imperial Lihrary at Paris, 166 ANTiauARiAN and Literary Forgeries considered, 96-136 f Antiquities, sec Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 98-102 APOSTLES' (The) CREED, B. B., Plate lxxxv. Only known copy in the Royal Library at Munich, 148 ; notice of it by Dr. Dibdin, ih. Appleyard (George), Librarian to the Earl Spencer. His fear respecting the taking of impressions from one of the original wood-blocks of an edition of the Apocalypse in the Spencer Library, 16; his subsequently obtaining permission that impressions should be printed from it, 50a ; notice of his decease, 93, n. APOCALYPSIS S. JOHANNIS, B. B., Fifth Edition, Stoxm copy, Plate lxy. Table of the Pages in Gatherings, with fac-similes of the Alphabet as Signatures, 47 ; opinion of Heineckcn respecting the edition, and his reasons for con- sidering it the First of the work, 48 ; collation of the Stowe copy, 48-9; copy in the Bodleian Library, 50; Merly copy, ih.\ Vcrdussen copy, ih. » „ „ Sixth Edition, the "Edition deGohcic" of Heinecken. The duplicate copy from the collections of Mr. T. O. Weigel, sold in Paris, 1855, 505 APOCALYPSE, B. B., One of the Original Blocks of an un- described edition in the Spencer Library, 15; impressions from the same, Plate lxy* Aeetin (M. von). The Fac-simile of the Exhortation against the Turks, 1454-5 (given in his brochure on the Art of Print- ing), a marvellous imitation, — so much so that the Kloss impression, now in the British Museum, was sold as the original, 198, j;. ARS MEMORANDI, B. B., First Edition, Plates xlix. and L., Spencer copy. Wood-cut fac-similes of the Signa- tures, 1 ; enumeration of the Designs, with Explanations of the Scriptural Symbols used, 2-6 ; copies in the Pembroke, Spencer, and Holford Libraries, 7 ; copies in the Public Library at Landshut, 148 j> .1 „ Second Edition, Plates li., lii., liii., and Liv., British Museum and Botfield copien VOL. III. ARS MEMORANDI. Compared, in its arrangement, to the Ars Moriendi B. B., 1 ; the formation of the block-type of Text compared with the Psalter of 1457, printed at Mentz by Fust and Schoiffer, 7 ; breakages in the wood-blocks, 7 ARS MORIENDI, B. B., small 4to., Plate lv., British Museum copy. Enumeration of pages, 10-12 „ ,, Another Impression, Plates lvi. and lyii. Eenotiard copy, almost a fac-simile edition of Harlem copy described in vol. i., 69, &c., 14; immaculate state of the Renouard copy, 16 ; Enumeration of Pages, 17 ; Photo- graph, Pl. lvi.,* by Mrs. S. Leigh Sotheby, of Plate lyi. » „ ,, Another Impression, Plates lyiii. and Lix., Renouard and British Museum copies. The two copies compared, 18 ; the opinion of Mr. Boone respecting them, ib. ; opinion respecting a similar copy in the Biblio- theque Imperiale at Paris, ib. ; the author's first idea respect- ing the Renouard and British Museum copies, 20; note of breakages similar in several of the pages in the two copies, 21 ,, „ ,, Another Impression, Plate lxi., Spencer copy. Note of the breakages in the Spencer copy, 23 ; Mr. Botfield's copy noticed, ih. ARS MORIENDI, B. B., Plate lxii., Wolfenhuftel copy. Placed by Heinecken as the First Edition, 26 ; Table of Gatherings and arrangement of the Designs, 26-7 ,, Edition placed by Heinecken as the Fifth. Copy in the Royal Library at Hanover, 24 J, ,, Edition with the text in the German language, placed by Heinecken as the Sixth. Copy of, in the Public Library at Wolfenbuttel, 25 ,, Edition with the text in the German language, with the name and date on the last Design, Hans Sparer, 1472. Copy in the Public Library at Zwickau, 29 11 ,1 ,, Edition with text in the German lan- guage, Ludu-iy Uhn. Copy in the Imperial Library at Paris, 29 )) ,, Edition with the text in moveable type, probably from the press of Guldenschaff at Cologne, 29. Copy in the British Museum and at Wilton House, ih. ; Me- moranda of the various editions with the text in moveable type, printed during the Fifteenth Century, 30-31 ARS MORIENDI. Note of the Edition with the Text in the D D INDEX TO VOLUME II. FrencK language, from the Bulletin du BihliopliUe, 31-3, 30-37 ARS MOIllENDI. Summary of the notices of the Various Editions of the Ars Moriendi from the Articles written by M. Guichard in the Bulletin du BibUojihile, 35-37 ARS MORIENDI. Series of Designs by an Italian Artist of the Fifteenth Century, 33 ; some of the set engraved by the Master of 1466 in the Bodleian Library, 34; the Series marked M. Z., 34 ; Letter from Mr. Francis Graves respect- ing them, 34-5 B. BAMBERG, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of Ihc Horolor/nim (^ZeitglocJdein), 140 Bandinel (Rev. Dr.), Head Librarian at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. His examination of the Lea "Wilson copy of the Seventh Edition of the Biblia Patiperiwi, with the copy of the Sixth Edition in the BodleiEin Library, and liis decision thereon, 51, 7i. Bakclay (Robert).. His copy of the Apocali/pse, 5th cd., 50 BAKTTFrALDi (JoHN GiRALAMo). The manuscript copy of Jerusalemme Liberata and Aminta of Tasso, attested by liim as the genuine autograph of the author, 117-8 Beckeh (M.R. Z.), of Gotha. Possesses the original wood- block of the Calendar of John de Gamundia, 163 liEICIITSPIEGEL (D Ek), SOB ApOSTLl^s' CrEED Bernard (Aug.), Author of the General Jliatory of Prinimg in Europe. His Refutation of the Author's opinion respecting the printing of the Mazamte Bible., 199-207; his incorrect- ness respecting the Manuscript Colophons in tlie co])y in the Imperial Library at Paris, 201 BIBLE OF FoKTT-TWO Lines, supposed to have been priiited at Mentz, by Gutenberg, about 1455, usually knoivn of late under ike title of " The Mazarine Bible," Plate Lxxxviii., Nos. Y. and yi. Remark on the circumstance of some copies having in the first nine pages only forty-one lines, 17U-1 ; Manuscript Colophons in the copy in the Imperial Library at Paris, 197; Views of M. Bernard respecting the cause of some copies having in the first nine pages forty-one lines, and others forty-two lines, and his remarks against the opinion of the author in respect to many points con- ■ nected with the printing of thevohimes, 199-207 ; Collation j of the gatherings of two copies, proving that the volumes [ were printed in single pages, 202 BIBLE OF Thibty-six Lines, printad by Pfster at Bamberg, circa 1460, Plate xc, Nos. iy. and v. Specimens shew- ing the great difference in the appearance of the type when printed on vellum and paper. The general typographical appearance of the volumes, 181 BIBLIA PAUPERUM, B. B., Seyenth Edition, Lea Wilson copy, Plates lxyi. and lxyii. A close copy of the Sixth Edition, 51 ; compared with the copy in the Bodleian Library, and some of the most prominent differences noted, 52 ; proof in the breakages of the block in the fac-siraile given by Heinecken of that which he calls the First Edition, being the same as the Lea Wilson copy placed as the Seventh, 53 ; Difference in the measurement of the two fac-similes, ib. BIBLIA PAUPERUM, Another Edition, Wolf enbutf el copy, Plate lxix. Same as placed by Heinecken as the Fifth Edition, 55 ; Enumeration of the pages, 56-7 ; Fac-similes of the Signatures, 57 ,, ,, Germanice (^Nordlingen), 1 470, Wilhs copy, Plates lxx. and ixxi. Table of the Pages, 58 ; fac-similes of the Signatures, 59 ; an edition of a similar cliaracter in the Library of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, but without date or names of Artists, 60 ; another Edition in the Public Library at Wolfenbuttel, GO ; another, at Wol- fenbuttel, dated 1471, but no Artist's names, ib. ; another Impression, dated 1471, in the British Museum, and fac- similes of the Signatures therein, 62 ; copy in the Imperial Library at Vienna, dated 1470, with the names of the Artists, 60, n. BIBLIA PAUPERUM, Germanice, with Text in Move- able Type, supposed to have been issued by Albert Pfster, at Bamberg, about 14.62, Sjjcncer copy, Plate xcii. An edition with the text in the Latin Language, 185 ,, „ ,, Unknown German Edition of coarse Execution, Plate lxyiii. Peculiarly grotesque in de- sign, 54 Blandford (Marquis of). Unique copy of the Speculum Humana: Salvaiionis, Paeudo Block-Book, composed of the Designs used by Richel at Basle in 1476, 78-82 BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD. Some of the Designs of the Ars Iloriejidi by the Master of 1466, in the Douce Collection, 34; Apocalypse, 5th edit., 50; Fragment of a Donatus in block-type, issued at Ulm by Conrad Dinckmut, 173; Page of Donatus, stated to be printed with the first metal types of Fust and SchoifTer, 179; two leaves of a MS.. Donatus \v):itien in a character very like the types used by Albert Piister at Bamberg, 180 ; fragments of editions of the Doiiatus in the type of Albert Pfister, 181 Boone (William), of Bond Street, Bookseller. Purchaser of the Ilenouard copy of the Ars Moriendi, 14; his kindness in allowing the Author the use of it, 16; his letter respect- ing the Renouard, British Museum, and Paris copies of the Ars Moriendi, 18-19 Botfield (Beriaii). His copy of the Ars Moriendi, 23 Brienne (Laire), Cardinal. Stowc copy of the Apocalypse, 5th edit., 49 Bright (Benjamin Heywood). His copy of Ars Moriendi, 9 ; Ars Moriendi with moveable type, 29 ; the Series of Designs of the Ars Moriendi by an Italian Artist, 33; Litera Indulgentiw, 211; unsatisfactory fac-simile of it given by Wetter,215; fac-similes of portions of it, Plate xcvi.,No.i. BRITISH MUSEUM. Copy of small quarto edition of the Ars Moriendi, B. B., 9 ; edition of the Ars Moriendi compared with the Renouard copy, 17-22 ; last page of text in the Bri- tish Museum copy of Ars Moriendi in fac-simile by Harris, 21, ArsMoriendi with moveable type, 29; Series of De- signs by an Italian Artist of the Fifteenth Century from the collection of B. H. Bright, 33 ; Nordlingen edition of the UaPau2}erum, i[s.XQCi 1471, with fac-similes of the Signatures, INDEX TO VOLUME II. 62 ; the Delessert copy of the De Generatione C'hristi, 64 ; De Generatione Christi, dated 1471, with the name of JoJni Eijsenhut as the Printer, 72; fragment of edition of a Bo- natus in the type of Albert Pfister, 181 ; Litera Induhj entice, dated April 301h, 1454, from " Niessm," 211 Broadsidics, see Wood-Engravings, Single Brunet (J. C), Bibliographer. Note of a copy of the De Generatione Christi, B. B., 1470, 70 BRUNSWICK, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Litcra LKhilgentio!. thirty-one lines, 211 Bulletin di: Bibliophile. Notices, by M. Guichard, of the I various editions of the Ars Moriendi, 35-37 BuRGON (Thomas), Antiquarian and Numismatist. Plis opinion respecting the authenticity of certain Greek coins, Antiquarian, Forgeries, 97 Butler (Dr.), Bishop of Lichfield. His copy of the Ars Memorandi, First Edition, 7 ; his disbelief at first of the genuineness of the autograph in the Common Place-Book of Mclanchthon, Literary Forgeries, 59, n. ; his Fragment of a Dojiattis in block-type, issued at Ulm by Conrad Dinckmut, 173 ; Fragment of a Donatus, stated to be in the first metal type of Fust and Schoiffer, 179 M. Libri has some fragments of apparently the same edition. Burgundy (Dukes of). History of the Dynasties of the Dukes of Burgundy, an unfinished worlv by Samuel Sotheby, 213, n. Byron (Lord), the Poet. Fac-siniile of the close of an auto- graph letter, preceded by specimens of the "Byron For- geries,''^ Plate lxxxi. Byron (George Gordon), supposed natural Son of Lord Byron. Minute particulars respecting "The Shelley and Byron Forgeries," 104-14 c. CALENDAR, dated 1457, in the type of Albert Pfistcr, Plate xcvi. Error of M. Fischer in attributing it to the press of Gutenberg, 198-9, ??. ; considered by M. Wetter to be a Meniz production, 198, n. ; copy in the Imperial Library at Paris, 199 Calendar op Regiomontanus. A very early Calendar, forming a very small Biock-Book in the Library of Earl Spencer, 1G3 Calendar of John de Gamundia, see Wood-Engravings Camus (M. de). His copy of the Ars Moriendi, 35 Campanari (Signur), Antiquiirian. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 101 Camprenesi (Signor), Antiquarian and Numismatist. Anti- quarian and Literary Forgeries, 97 i CASSELL, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Litera Luhdge?iti(c of Thirty- , one lines, 21 1 Castexlari, an Italian, and restorer of Etruscan Vases. Forger of the collection of Etruscan Gold Ornaments sold by Gio- vanni D'Athanasi to M. Hertz, 101-2 Catholicon op Balbi. Supposed by Trithcmius to have been printed from wood-blocks, 171 Caxton (William). Opinion of Mr, Figgins that Caxton was ignorant of the manner of casting type, 194 ; his Residence at Bruges and his issue of the Game of Chess in that city, ib. ; similarity of his type to that made by Brito, of Bruges, id.; the type used by him in the Gayne of Chess cut by the hand, 19fl Ciiatterton (Thomas), Poet, see Literary Forgeries, 103 Ciiatto (William), Author of the History of Engraving on- Wood. Copy of the Exercitiitvi super Pater Noster, B. B., in the Public Library at Mons, 139a CIROMANTIA (die KUNST), B. B., Spencer copy, Plates Lxxi. and lxxx. Collation of Contents, 85-7; o])inion of M. Guichard respecting its author, 87-8 ; Dr. Dibdin's de- scription of the Work and statement respecting the pur- chase of the Spencer copy, 89; note of the various copies known, 90-1 ; statement by Dr. Richardson and communi- cations respecting the authenticity of the Spencer copy of the Ciromantia, B. B., 92-5 Coins and Medals, see Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 90-8 Cologne Chronicle, jirintcd in 1499. Extract relating to the discovery of the Art of Printing in 1440, and the printing of a Bible after 1450, 177 CONFESSIONALE, B. B., Kloss copy, Plate lxxxiv., now In the Royal Library at the Hague, 144 COPENHAGEN, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Litera Indidgentim of thirty-one lines, 211 CoxE (Rev. H. O.), one of the Librarians at the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Flis suspicion respecting the genuine- ness of some Greek Manuscripts offered for sale by one Sinionides', a Greek, 133 Cuff (John Dodsley), Eminent Collector of English Coins. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 97 Cl-nningiiam (Peter), Antiquarian Author. His suspicion respecting the genuineness of the Shelley and Byron Manu- scripts, log Curt (Joseph), Antiquarian and Dealer in Coins and Medals. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 96 D. DANCE OF DEATH, B. B., Plate lxxxvi., No. i. De- scription, by Dr. Falkenstcin, of the volume, noticing the dilierences in the copy in the Public Library at Munich, witii that in the University Library at Heidelberg, 156-8 Dans)^ (La) Macabre, in the style of the Block-Books, but with text in moveable type beneath the designs, 33 D'Athanasi (Giovanni), well known under the name of " Yanni" to all travellers in Egypt during the Consulship of the late Henry Salt, Esq. His researches among the Tombs of the Pharaohs, his services to the Traveller, his distress and melancholy death, Antiquarian Forgeries, 98-9, 7t. ; his supposed share in the Forgery of the Collection of Gold Etruscan Ornaments sold by him to Mr. Hertz, with list of the same when sold by public auction as Forgeries, 98-102 Delessert (M.), of Paris. Sale of his copy of the De Gene- ratione Christi, 64, n. DD 2 INDEX TO VOLUME II. DiBDiN (Rev. Dr.) Error in stating a copy of tlie Ars Memo- randi to be in the Bodleian Library, 7, n. ; error in describing one of the pages of the Quindecim Signa, 43, n. ; his opinion that the Emidkrist and the Quindecim Sipia were executed as early as 1430, 45 ; description of the Spencer copy of the Die Kunst Ciromantia and statement respecting its purchase, 89 ; his notice of the Kloss copy of the Conjessiottale, B. B., when in the Library of Bishop Butler, and his erroneous judg- ment of it, 144-7 ; his general correctness as a Bibliographer questioned, 147; his cursory notice of the xylographic trea- sures in the Public Libraries at Wolfenbuttel and Landshut, 148 ; his opinion that the Donatus issued at Ulm by Conrad Dinckmut was from metal type and not issued earher than 1480, 174; thinks that the edition of the Speculum with the text in Latin and German may have been printed by John Zainer at Ulm, and not by Gunther Zaincr, 188 Douce (Francis), Philobiblist and Antiquarian. Some of the Designs of the Ars Moriendi by the Master of 146G in his collections in the Bodleian Library, 34 DONATUSES, BLOCK TYPE. Plate lxxxviii. No. i., from a fragment of an edition in the possession of M. Koning, described, 167-8; fac-simile. No. li., Plate lxxxvi., of an impression from the original block of one of the pages of another edition, and account of the same, 168; No. iii., Plate lxxxvi., from one of the wood-blocks in the Impe- rial Library at Paris, and note respecting its previous pos- session, 169; fac-simiie of the colophon and three lines of an edition issued at Ulm by Conrad Dinckmut, 173 DONATUSES, MOVEABLE TYPE, Pl-Ite lxxxix. Fac- similes of fragments of editions, from the library of Dr. Kloss and elsewhere, in a similar type to that used for the Maza- rine Bible, 175 ; a Leaf of an edition stated to be "printed with the First Metal Types of Fust and SchoilTcr," 179 DONATUS IN MANUSCRIPT, Plate xc. No, i., Two leaves of a copy written in a hand so like that of the type used by Pfister of Bamberg as to have been considered by their late possessor. Dr. Kloss, to be xylographic, and by the compilers of the catalogue of the collection of their late possessor. Bishop Butler, to he in moveable type, 180 DONATUSES IN THE TYPE OF ALBERT PFISTER. Plate xc, Nos. ii. and in. Numerous fragments, in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries, of many editions, 181 DONATUS IN THE TYPE OF GUNTHER ZAINER, Plate xcit. No. hi. Seven lines as aspeciraen of the type. DRESDEN, ROYAL LIBRARY. Calendar of Regiomonta- nus, or John of Koningsberg, 163 E. Engratings, see Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 102-3 ENjNDKRIST (der), B. B., Spencer copy, Plate lxiii. Enumeration of the Designs, 38-42; an Edition issued at Nuremberg, with text in moveable type, dated 1472, 46 ; wood-cut fac-simile of one of the Designs of another edition, of a later date, with text in moveable type, lb. Ermens (Joseph). His copy of the Exprvitium svper Paler Soster, now in the Imperial Library at Paris, liiV EXERCITIUM super PATER NOSTER, B. B. Copy in the Imperial Library at Paris, 137; Enumeration of the Pages, 137-8 ; Woodcut Fac-simile of one of the pages, 139 ; copy in the Public Library at Mons, 139fl; another edition in the same Library, with the texts in the scrolls in the Dutch language, 1396 EXHORTATIO CONTRA TURCOS, 1454-5, in the type of Albert Pfister, Plate xcv. Notice of it by Dr. Falken- stein, 197-8 ; differences of opinion on the date of its issue, 198, n. ; Fac-simile of it in the work of M. Von Aretin, ib. FABLE (the) of THE SICK LION, B. B., Plate LXXXVI., No. II. Notice, by Dr. Falkenstein, of the unique copy in the University Library at Heidelberg, 159 FAC-SIMILES. Remark on the fac-simile, by Mr. Harris, of the last leaf of the Ars Moriendi in the British Museum, 21-2, n. ; cause of fac-similes occasionally differing in their measurement, 54 ; general incorrectness of those given in the work of Dr. Falkenstein, 186 Falkenstein (Dr. Carl), Author of Geschichfe der Buc- drucherkunst. Additions to his notice of the copy of The Life of St. Meinrat, in the Public Library at Munich, 151 ; his notice of the unique copy of The Eight Rogueries, B. B., in the collection of Mr. T. O. Weigel, 154-5 ; his unsatisfac- tory notice of some wood-engravings representing the Pas- sion of Christ, 155; his descriptions of the copies The Dance of Death in the Public Libraries at Munich and Hei- delberg, 156-8 ; note of a single wood-engraving in the possession of Mr. J. A. G. Weigel, 161-2; note of the Exhor- tation against the Turks, 1454-5, in the type of Albert Pfis- ter, 197-8 FiGGiNS (Vincent), Printer, ton's Game of Chess, 19; Punch-cutter, 193-4 His Fac-simile Reprint of Cax- ; his account of tlie mysterious FiscHEK (G.), Bibliographer. Error in attributing the type of the C'alendarium, 1457, to Gutenberg, 198-9, n. FORGERIES, ANTIQUARIAN AND LITERARY, 96- 136/; Forgeries of Roman Coins by Bekker, and of English Coins by White and Emery ; opinions of eminent Collectors on the genuineness of Coins ; how they are deceived, and how contrary are the decisions of men most eminently learned in numismatic science, 96-8 ; Forgeries of Antiquities, 98-102 ; copies of Early Engravings sold as originals, 102-3; For- geries of Autograph and other Manuscripts, 103-31 ; disco- very of Literary Forgeries on the Continent, 103-4, n. ; "The Shelley, Byron, and Keats Forgeries," 104-14; the manuscript copy of the Gerusnlemme Liherata, qy Aminta of Tasso, in the collection of Lord Stnart de Rothesay, 117; the writing compared witli that in his Discorso delta Virtu E'eminile, 118; the Upcott MS. copy of La Pucclle d'' Orleans of Voltaire, 120; the Melanchthon and Luther Manu- scripts and Scholia discovered by the Author in the Library of Dr. Kloss of Frankfort, 120-31; particulars respecting the Greek Manuscripts supposed to have been forged by SIMo^■IDES, 133-G/' INDEX TO VOLUME II. Foss (Henkt), Philobiblist. Fac-similes from the Vita Christi, B. B., in the Imperial Library at Paris, 143 ; Fac-simile of the letter P of the Alphabet in Initial Letters, forming a small Block-Book, in the same library, 166; Fac-simile of the Colophon to the 1461 edition of the Ilistoria Josephi, Danielis, &c., in the type of Albert Pfister, 184 FRANKFORT, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Ars Moriendi, First Edition, 36 Fust (John) and Peter Sohotffer. Colophon to the Psalter issued by them at Mentz in 1457, 176; an edition of the Donatus, stated to be printed with the first metal types made by them, 1 79 G. Gaignat (M. De), Philobiblist. His copy of the De Gcneratione Christi, dated 1470, 70, n. Gancia (M.), Bookseller of Brighton. Copy of the Ciroinanlia B. B., sold to Lord Vernon, 91 Gakdner (John Dunn), Philobiblist. Stowe copy of the Apocalypse, 5th ed., 49-50 GENERATIONE (de) CHRISTI, B. B., dated 1470, Brltinh Museum copy, Plates lxxii. and lxxiii. Signatures in fae-simile, G4 ; Enumeration of the Contents, 65-70; copy in the Public Library at Munich, 70 ; copy in the Imperial Library at Paris, ih. ; copies described by Brunet and Ebert, ib. ; Edition with text in moveable type, described by Hein- ecken,with fac-simile of one of the Designs, 71 ; Impression dated 1471, in the possession of M. Nagler of Berlin, 70. J, ,, ,, Another Edition, bearing the name of John EysenhIit, with date 1471, Peates exxiv., lxxv. and i.'iL's.'Vi., British Musettm copy. Fac-similes of the Signa- tures, 72; copy in the Public Library at Gotha, ■«.; Enu- meration of the Contents, 73-4 ; Note of several Editions with the text in moveable type, 75 Giradot De Preeond. His copy of the De Generatione Christi, dated 1470, 70, n. GOTTINGEN, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Litera Indidycntia', dated January 26, 1845, from Lunehery, 210 Grates (Francis), Printseller. His letter respecting the series of the Designs of the-i/?'S J/or/enf/i marked M. Z., 34-5 ; deceived by a copy of the St. Cecilia by Marc Antordo Rai- mondi, 103 Gray (Mrs. Hamilton), Antiquarian and Traveller. De- ceived by the ciillection of Etruscan gold ornaments bought by Mr. Hertz, 102 GuiciiARD (M.) Note of the various editions of the Ars Mori- endi, 33-7; observations respecting the Author of the Ciro- mantia, B. B., 87-8 ; his notice of the copy of the Exercitiiim super Pater Noster, B. B., in the Imperial Library at Paris, 137-8; doubt, by M, Koning, of the existence of the work, 1396; his notice of another edition in the same library, with the texts in the scrolls in the Dutch language, ih; notice of the copy of the Iloroloyiiim Beat(C JSlaricE, said to have been eaten up by a dog, 152-3 GUTENBERG (John). Observations respecting the printing of the Mazarine Bible, supposed to have been issued by him j at Mentz about 1455 ; his partnership with Fust and SchoifFer, [ &c., 176; no work known bearing the name of Gutenberg ! to it, but there is an edition of St. Greyory^s Dialoyues in the Pembroke Library with colophon with the name of Jolm Gutenberg as the printer, in 1458, the genuine- ness of which is questioned, 195, n. \ the regret of the Author at Mr. Sidney Herbert's not allowing the copy to be sent to the British Museum to be examined, ib., n. H. HAGUE, ROYAL LIBRARY. Only copy known of the Con- ff:ssionale, B. B., 144; Litera InduJyentice, dated November 1454, from Erfurt, 219 "^^■^ This Library is particularly rich in early xylogra- pliic productions, including the collection formed by the late Baron von Westreenen, the contents of which the author hopes to be enabled to enumerate in a supplemenlal volume to his work, II., B., D., three learned Numismatists. Antiquarian and Lite- rary Forgeries, 98 HANOVER, ROYAL LIBRARY. Unique copy of an edition of the Ars Moriendi, placed by Heinecken as the Fifth of the work, 24 , HARLEM, HOTEL DE VILLE LIBRARY. First Edition of ihe Ars Moriendi, 36 Harris (Mr.) His marvellously executed fac-simile of the last page of text in the British Museum copy of the Ars Moriendi, 21, n. ; his additions to it not commended, 22 ! Heinecken (Baron). His opinion of the small quarto edition of the Ars Moriendi, 12; opinion that the Designs in the Der Enndkrist and Quindedm S/yna are superior to those in the Cantica Canticorum.' 45; his reasons for considering our Fifth Edition to have been the First of the work, 48; his note of the edition of the Bihlia Paupcrmn placed by him as the Fifth, 55-6; edition of tlic De Generatione Christi, with I the text in moveable type, 70 ; HEIDELBERG, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Unsatisfactory ! notice by Dr. Falkenstein of some wood-engravings represent- ' ing the Passion of Christ, 155 ; copy of the Dance of Death, I described by Dr. Falkenstein, 156-8; unique copy of the I Fable of ihe Sick Lion, 159; unique copy of the Ten Com- mandments, 160a, 1606 Herbert (Right Honourable Sidney). His kindness in having the Pembroke copies of the various Block-Books brought to London for examination, 15 ; copy of Ars Mori- I endi with moveable type, 29 i Hertz (B.), Antiquarian. Deceived by the collection of Etruscan gold ornaments sold to him by Giovanni D'Atha- I nasi, Antiq^iarian Foryeries, 99-102 j Hiubert (George), Philobiblist. Luther's Edition of the ! German Bible of 1541, with inscriptions in the Autograph 1 of Luther, Melanchthon, &c.. Literary Foryeries, 116 ; HISTORIA VIRGINIS, see Cantica Canticorum, also De i Generatione Christi ■ HISTORLF: josephi, danielis, &c. Printed at Bam- bery in 1462, by Albert Pfster. Spencer copy, Plate xci. Colophon, in fac-simile, of the edition printed in 1461, 184 INDEX TO VOLUME II. Hodges (Chakles), Collector of Autograph Letters. Some of the Byron Forgeries erroneously stated to have come from his collection, 105, 109 IIoi.FOBD (RoBEBl). His copy of the Jrs Memorandi, First Edition, 7 ; his liberality in lending his copies of the several Block-Books to the author, 16 Holmes (Jouk). His incorrect interpretation of the names of the Artists that appear on the last page of the Nordlingen edition of the Biblia Pauperum dated 1470, 59, n. HOROLOGIUM— (ZEITGLOCKLEIN)— B. B. Copy in the Public Library at Bamberg, 140 ; Enumeration of the Pages, 140-1 HOROLOGIUM BEAT.E MARI^, B. B. Account, by M. Guichard, of a copy having been eaten up by a dog, when in the possession of Veronique Ludroni, 152-3 HuKNiNG (Hans), an Artist or Publisher of Nordlingen. His name occurs at the close of the Biblia Pauperum dated 1470, 59 I. Inglis (John), Philobiblist. His liberality in lending his copy of the Speculum, B. B., to tlie Author, 16 Ireland ("William Hlnky), see Literary Forgeries, 103 J. Jackson (John), see Chatto Johnson (M. J.), Head of the Observatory at Oxford. His liberality in lending his copy of the Jpoccilypse to the Author, 16 Jones (Owen), eminent for his knowledge of early Decorative Art, and distinguished as an Architect of great taste. His generous offer to assist Giovanni D'Athanasi, the " Yanni" -of Upper Egypt, while suffering from pecuniary distress, 99, n. K. Kean (Charles), Tragedian. The intuitive slmihirity of his acting to his Father's referred to in the illustration of the handwriting in connexion with tlie " Byron Forgeries,''^ 113 Keats (John), Poet. Forgeries of his Autograph Poems, 104-6 Kloss (Dr.), of Frankfort. Unique copy of the Confessivnalc, B. B., 144; Fragment of a MS. Donatus, written in a cha- racter similar to the type used by Albert Pfistcr at Bamberg, 180 KoNiNG (Jacques). His doubt of the existence of the Exer- citium super Pater Nosier, B. B., lt!9S; his fragment of an edition of the Donatus executed in Block-type, 1G7-8 ; notice respecting the original wood-block of one of the pages of another edition, 168 L. LANDSHUT, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Particularly rich in Xylographic Productions, 148 Lathbukt (Rev. Thomas), of Bristol. Copy of the Bible with marginal notes in the autograph of Luther, sold to Mr. Leslie, and afterwards bought by the Author, 131; Fac- similes of some of the notes, Plate i,xxxiii. LEIPSIC, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Lilera Indulgentia, dated March 24, 1455, from Nuremberg, 211 Ltbri (M.), Philobiblist. His copy of Xo Danse Macabre, 33; his impression of the Proimgnacula, sett Turris Sapientim, now in the British Museum, 164 Ltllt (Joseph), Bookseller. His purchase of the Delessert copy of the De Geiieratione Christi, 63, ?i. ; his finding an impression of the Proput/namla Broadside within the cover of an early printed work, 164 LiTEEAUY Forgeries, see Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 103-31 LITER^E INDULGENTIARUM, Plates xcy. and xcvi., from the Spencer and British Museum examples. Origin of Indulgences, 190, n. ; observations upon the type in which they are printed, 191-2 ; translation of the proclamation, in 1452, of Paulinus Chappe on the issue of the Indulgences, with translation also of the form of the Indulgence, 208-9; Note of the various copies known, 209-11 ; Proof that they are executed with Moveaelk Type, 215 Loscombe (C. W.), Antiquarian and Philobiblist. His liberality in lending his copy of the Biblia Pauperum to the Author, 16 Luther (Martin), Ecclesiastical Reformer. Copy of his edition of the German Bible, 1541, with Autograph Inscrip- tions, 116 ; his skill in writing afHrmed by Melanchthon, 130 ; copy of the Bible with marginal notes in his autograph, 131; Various Specimens op his Autograph, Plates LXXXTi. and lxxxiii. ; observations thereon, 132 LuYKES (Due De), se^ Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 101 M. Madeley (C. G.), Lithographer. Letter on the shrinking of the paper, causing the fac-similes to differ in their measure- ment, 54 Madden (Sir Frederick), Head of the Manuscript Depart- ment in the British Museum. His communication respect- ing some Greek Manuscripts offered to the British Museum and elsewhere by one Simonidcs, a Greek, 133-36e Mariette (P. J.) His copy of the Ars Moriendi, 35 MEINRAT (Life op Saint). Notice, by Dr. Dibdin, of the copy in the Public Library at Munich, and woodcut fac- simile of one of the designs, 150-1 Melanchthon (Philip), Ecclesiastical Reformer. The genu- ineness of the Autograph in his Common-Place Book at first doubted by Bishop Butler on his acquisition of it, 59, n. ; particulars respecting his Autograph Collections and Scholia discovered by the Author in the library of Dr. Kloss, of Frankfort, 120-9 ; the statement of Melanchthon in the Loci Co7nmimes oi ManUus, respecting handwriting, and his own and Luther's proficiency, 130 MEMMINGEN, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Ars Moriendi, 35; Ciroynantia, 91 INDEX TO VOLUME 11. MIRABILIA ROM^E, E. B., Spe7icer copy, Plate ixxvii. 1 Differences in the Spencer copy to that described by M. Gui- chard, 77 ; MONS, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of the E.vercUium super \ Pater Noster, B. B., I39a j MoxoN (Edward), Bookseller and Publislier. The Shelley and Byron Forgeries, 106 j MUNICH, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Qoi^y on\^e De GeMeratione \ Christi, dated 1470, 70 ; several copies of the Ars Moriendi, 1 one noticed, 35 ; Life of Saint Meinrat, 150 ; the Dance of i Death, 156-8; two copies of the Calendar of Rer/iomoydamis, 163 Murray (John), Bookseller and Publisher. His purchase of some of the Byron Forgeries from Mr. White, particulars respecting them, &c., 107 N. Naglee, (M.), of Berlin. His copy of the De Gcneratione Christi, dated 1471, 70 NoTT (Rev. Dr.), Eminent Collector of Greek and Roman Coins. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 97 o. Ottley (William Youz^g). Considered the edition of the Bihlia Pauperiim, placed by Heineckcn as Fifth of the work, to have been designed by an artist of an inferior school, not unlike that of Israel van Meek, 55 ; deceived by a fac-simile of 'I'he An7iunciation, an early wood- en graving, in his collection, 102; a work devoted to the Block-Books considered by him to he a great desideratum, 216 p. Panzer (G. \V.), Bibliographer. Considers Ihc initials F. W., iir the De Generatlone Christi, B. B., to be intended for F. Walter, 70 PARIS, THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY, Co^y oi Ars Mori- endi with the text in German, and name at end, Luchcig zu Vim, 29; Jrs Moriendi, 35; De Generalione C/irisli,B. B., 1470, 70 ; both editions of the Ciroinantia, B. B., 91 ; Excr- cilium super Pater Noster, only copy known, 137; another Edition, with the texts in the scrolls in the Dutch language, 1394; only two known copies of the Vita Christi, B. B., 143 ; Calendarium, dated 1457, in the type of Ffister, 199 ; Litem Indulj/enliie, dated December 31, 1454, from Mentz, 210 Not having visited the Imperial Library at Paris, the author is unable to note the various Editions of the Block- Books that Library contains. PASSIO CHRISTI. A series of Wood-Engravings in the University Library at Heidelberg, 155 Passio Christi, see Horologidm Pater Noster, sec Exercitium Patne (John), Philobihlist. His suspicion respecting the genuineness of the Byron Letters offered for sale by George Gordon Byron, Literary Forgeries, 111 ; his opinion respect- ing the copy of La Pucelle d' Orleans, sold in the Upcott Collection as in the autograph of Voltaire, iS. 120 PEMBROKE LIBRARY, Wilton House. Ars Memoramh, First Edition, 7 ; Ars Moriendi, First Edition, 36 ; copy of the Dialogices of St. Gregory, with colophon hearing the name of John Gutenberg as the printer of it, at Strasburg, in 1458, 195, n. Perkins (Henry). The Blandford (White Knight) copy of the Speculum Humante Salvationis, pseudo Block-Book, 78-83 Peister (Albert), Printer at Bamberg. Specimens of the type in the Donatuses and Bible supposed to have been printed by him, Plate xc. HistoritB Josephi, Dunielis, etc., 1462, Plate xci. Colophon to the edition dated 1461, 184 ; Biblia Pauperum, with Text in the German Language, Plate xcii. ; uniform appearance of his type, 196 ; all cast, ib., 71. ; Exhortation against the Turks, 1454-5, Plate xcvi. ; Notice of it from the work of Dr. Falkenstein, 197-8 PiiiLLiprs (Sir Thomas), Philobihlist. Letter respecting the genuineness of certain Greek manuscripts purchased by him from one Simonides, a Greeh, 136/ Pickering (William), Bookseller. His purchase of the Lea Wilson copy of the Biblia Pauperum, 51 Pioche (M.) a Banker at Paris. His purchase of the Weigel duplicate copy of the Sixth Edition of the Apocalypse, 506 Propugnacula, seu Turris Sapientije, see Wood- Engravings, Single Q. QUINDECIM SIGNA, B. B., Spencer copy Plate lxit. Enumeration of the Designs, 43-45 E. KATISBON, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of the Cironiantia, B. B., 91 REGIOMONTANUS (Johan von Ktjnsperk), i.e., Johannes of Koningsberg. Notice of the Calendarium, B. B., from the work of Dr. Falkenstein, 1 03 REGIOMONTANUS (Johannes). Calene.ar, B. B. (1475). Described from the work of Dr. Falkenstein, 163 Since the printing of volume ii., a copy of this curi- ous volume has been added to the Library of the British Museum ; as also a smaller volume of a similar character, bearing the name of " Cunradt Kacheloven," a printer of Leipsic Renouard (Aug. Ant.) His copy of the Ars Memorandi, First Edition, 7 ; his copy of the Ars Moriendi, 15 Richardson (Dr. J.), of " The Times." Statements and com- munications respecting the authenticity of the Spencer copy of the Ciromantia, B. B., 92-6 ; Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 96 EIEDESEL, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Litera Indulgentia: of thirty-one lines, 211 RoDD (Thomas), Bookseller. His opinion respecting an edi- tion of the Ars Moriendi with moveable type, 29-30 Rogers (Samuel), Poet. Copy of the " Pleasures of Memory," with specimens of the Byron Forgeries executed by George Gordon Byron, Literary Forgeries, 113 ; presentation of the copy to the British Museum, ib. 115 INDEX TO VOLUME 11. ROGUERIES (The Eight), B. E. Account, by Dr. Falken- stcin, of the unique copy in the Libmry of Mr.T. O. Weigel, of Leipsic, with woodcut fac-simile of one of the designs, 154-5 Roi.LiN (M.), Parisian Antiquarian and Dealer of Coins and Medals. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 97, 101 Rothesay (Lokd Stitakt de). Copy of the Gernsalemme Libe- rata and Aminta of Tasso, Literary Forgeries, 117-18 S. Sase-Gotha (Dtjke of). German Edition of the Bihlia Pau- perum, similar to that issued at Nordlingen in 1470, but without the names of the artists or date, 60 Schalkheiten (Die Acht), see Rogueries ScHAPFF (Iohg), an Artist or Publisher at Augsburg. His name occurs at the close of the Ciromaniia, B. B., 90-1 ScHLAEGER (CoNSEiLl-EE.). His note of the edition of the Der Enndkrist, dated 1472, 46-7 ScHOiPFEK (Peter), Printer. Colopbon with Donatus (in the type of the Mazarine Bible) issued by him at Mentz, 17G Shelley (Percy Bysshe), Poet. "The Shelley and Byron Forgeries," 104-15 SIGNATURES. Ars Memorandi, 1 ; Ars Moriendi, 29 ; Bihlia Pauperimi, 57; German (Nordlingen) Edition, dated 1470, 59; another German Edition, dated 1471, 62; De Genera- done Christi, dated 1470, 64; De Generatione C/iristi, do-ted 1471, with the name of John Eysenhut, 72 SiMONiDES (C), a Greek. Particulars and opinions respect- ing some Greek Manuscripts supposed to have been forged by him, 133-6/ Singer (Samuel Weller), Philobiblist. His observations on the unique copy of the Speculum Humance Salvationis Pscudo Bloch-Book, when in the Library of Marquis of Blandford, commented on, 78-83; a work on the Block-Books consi- dered by him as a great desideratum, 216 SoTHEBY (Samuel). His unfinished work of the "History of the Dynasties of the Dukes of Burgundy," 214, «. SoTHEBY (George Hull), Captain of the Hon. East India Company's 34th regiment of the Madras Native Infantry. His ingenuity in unrolling the Egyptian Papyri in the cele- brated Salt Collection of Egyptian Antiquities, 99, n. SoTHEEY (Mrs. S. Leigh). Plate lvi.* Her Photograph of Plate lvi. Photograph of the engraving given in Bibliotheca Spcnceriana of the Seal appended to the Letter of Indulgence in the Library of Earl Spencer, 212 SPECULUM HUMAN.E SALVATIONIS. Germa?;ice. Printed at Basle hy Berjiard Rlchel, 1476, Plate xctii. The edition in which the engravings were subsequently used for the Block-Book following, 187; two of the wood-engravings, Plate xciv. „ Pseudo B. E., composed of the wood-blocks used in the work printed at Basle by Riehel in 1476, of which the only copy known is in the library of the late Mr. Perkins, 78-82 " " Unknown Edition, Plate lxxviii. Page from an impression of a wood-engraving in the possession of the author, 83 Speculum H. S. Latine et Germanice. Printed, it is sup- posed, at Augsburg, by Gunther Zainer, about 1470-2, Plate xciii. Opinion of Dr. Dibdin that the work may have been issued at Ulm by John Zainer, 188 SPENCER LIBRARY. Ars Memorandi, 1st edit., 7; small quarto edition of Ars Moriendi, 13 ; the Original Block of one of the pages of the Apocalypse in the library referred to, 15; Ars Moriendi, the liberality of Lord Spencer in afford- ing free access to the various copies of the Block-Books, 16 ; Der Enndkrist, 38 ; Quindecim Signa, 42 ; later edition, with test in moveable type, 46 ; MiraUlia Pomts, 76 ; Ciroman- iia, 84; statement and communications by Dr. J. Richard- son, of " The Times," respecting the genuineness of the copy of the Ciroynaniia, 92-5 ; great liberality of Lord Spencer in assisting the author in his pursuits, 92-3 ; Historic Josephi, Danielis, etc., printed in 1462 by Albert Pfister, 184; Bihlia Patiperum, the Latin and German edi- tions, printed by Pfister, 185; Liters Indulgentiaruin, one dated from Colog?ie, February 27, 1455, and the other from Wurtemhurg, April 13, 1455, the latter with original seal attached, 211 ; Photograph, by Mrs. S. Leigh Sotheby, of the Seal, 212; an early Calendar, forming a very small Block-Book, 163 Spiegel Onser ]?EnouDiNissE, see Speculum IIuman^e Saltationis Steuabt (J. W.), Antiquarian and Numismatist. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 98 Stowe. Copy of the Fifth Edition of the Apocalypse, 48-9 Symkolum Apostoltcum, see Apostles' Ckeed T. Tasso (Torquato), celebrated Italian Poet. Forgery of his Autograph Poems, 104, )(. ; the co^y oi' Gertisalemme Libe- rata and Aminta attested as genuine by Baruffaldi, 117; por- tion of his Discorso della Virtu Feminilc, 118 Techener (M.), Parisian Bookseller. Purchaser of the Renou- ard copy of the Ars Memorandi, 7 TEGERNSEE CONVENT, LIBRARY, Ciromaniia, B. B., 91 TEN (The) COMMANDMENTS. Two of the designs from the copy in the University Library at Heidelberg, Plate Lxxxvi''''; notice of the copy by Dr. Falkenstcin, 160; additional notice of it, by M. John Geffcken, in a work pub- lished at Leipsic in 1^55, 160o, 160J Thomas (Thomas), Eminent Collector of Coins and Medals. Antiquarian and Literary Forgeries, 97 Tiffin (W. B.), Printsollcr. His correct judgment respecting a copy of the St. Cecilia engraved by Marc Antonio Rai- mondi, 103 Toden Dantz (Der), see Dance op Death Trithemius (Joannes), learned Author. Error in supposing the Catholicon of Balbi to have been printed from wood- blocks, 172 Tross (M.) Bookseller at Paris. The "Weigel duplicate copy of the Apocalypse, edition v., sold as his property, 50i, n. TYPE. Observations upon the type used in the Literce Indul- gentiarum, 191-2; on the matrix and casting of type, 193; Mr. Figgins' account of the mysterious Punch-cutter, 193-4 ; type used by Caxton in his second edition, of the Ga7ne of INDEX TO VOLUME 11. Chess cut by the hand, 196 ; type used by Gutenberg cut by band, ih., n. ; uniform character of the type used by Pfister, 19G ; type used by him all cast, ih., n. V. Vernon (Lokd). Present Possessor of the Lea Wilson copy of the Seventh Edition of the Biblia Pcmperum, 51 ; has a copy of the Ciromantia, B. B., 91 VIENNA, IMPERIAL LIBRARY. Copy of the German Edition of the BibliaPauperum issued at Nordlingen in 1470, 60, n. ; statement that the Spencer copy of the Ciroinantla was stolen from the Imperial Library, 89-90 VITA CHRISTI, B. B. Enumeration of the Pages, 142; the only two copies known are in the Imperial Library at Paris, 143; Fac-simile, by Mr. Foss, of one of the Designs, and one of the pages of block-text, ih. AV. W. (F.) Initials of the name of the Artist of i\\c Dc Generatione Chrisii, B. B., dated 1470, considered by Panzer for Frede- rick Walthern, 70 Walthern (FREDEitrcK), an Artist of Nordlingen. His name at the close of the Bihlia Pauperum, dated 1470, 59 Weigel (T. O.), Bookseller of Lcipsic. His duplicate of the Sixth 1-ldition of the ApocaJypsc, the Edition de Goticic''' of Heineckcn, 506 ; notice of his unique copy of The Eiyht Roijueries, B. B., 154 Weigel (J- A. G.), Bookseller of Leipsic. Has a single wood- en graving, with block-text in the Flemish language, the relic supposed to be of an earlier date than the -S'^ Chris- topher, 1423, 161-2 Wettek (M.), Bibliographer. Considers the Exhortation against the Turks, 1454-5, and Calendar, dated 1457, to have been printed at Mentz, 198-9 White (W.), Bookseller. " The Shelley and Byron Forge- ries." His purchase of them from the supposed natural son of Lord Byron, and notice of Transactions connected with the Sale of them, etc., 103-15 Wilkinson (John), the Partner of Mr. S. Leigh Sotheby in business. His first opinion of the Byron Forgeries, 104-5 WiLKs (John), Philobiblist. Whence he obtained his copy of the Nordlingen Edition of the BibUa Pauperum, 57 WINHAG, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of the Ciromantia, B. B., 91 WOLFENRUTTEL, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of the Ars Moriendi, placed by Heinecken as the Eirst Edition, 26; several differing impressions of the German Edition of the Bihlia Pauperum, first issued at Nordlingen in 1470, 60-1 ; two imperfect copies of the Ciromantia, B. B., 91 ; particu- larly rich ill Block-Books and early specimens of wood- engraving, 148; Historia Josepki, Danielis, etc., in the type of Albert Pfister, dated 1461, 184; Litera Induhjentim, of thirty-one lines, 211 WiLLEXX (Raleii). The Merly copy of Apocali/pse, 5th ed., 50 Wilton House Liuiiary, see Femhroke Library WOOD BLOCKS. Original Block of one of the pages of an edition of the Apocalypse in the possession of Earl Spencer, 15 ; Block of the Calendar of John de Gamundia in the possession of Mr. R. Z. Becker of Gotha, 163 WOOD-EXGRAVIXGS IN EARLY PRINTED BOOKS. General Observiition on those issued in Germany, 184 WOOD-ENGRAVINGS, Single. One in the possession of Mr. J. A.G. Weigel of Leipsic, supposed by F. Falkcnstein to be earlier than the St. Christopher, dated 1423, 161 | Calen- dar of John de Gamundia, 163; Propugnacida seu Turris Sapientio!, Plate lxxvii., from the impression now in the British Museum, 164 ; another impression discovered by j\Ir. Lilly within the cover of an early printed book, 164; note of the sale of very early specimens of Xylography, 165 Wood- Engravings. Beautiful Specimens of Modern Art, ex- hibited in the " Gems of Wood-Engraving from the Illus- trated News," 139, 71. Y. Young (John), Collector of Autograph Letters. Letter respect- ing the genuineness of the Letter from Prince Rupert to Charles I, 119 z. Zainek (Gunther), Printer at Augsburg. Speculum Ilamance Salvationis, 188; Donatus in his type, Plate xciv. Zainer (John), Printer at Ulm. Specimens of his type, Plate xciv. Zeiin (Die) Gebote, see The Tex Cojimandments Zeitglocklein, see Hohologium Zell (Uleic), Printer at Cologne. His testimony respecting tlie Discovery of the Art of Printing about 1440, and the Printing of a Bible commenced in 1450, 177 ZWICKAU, PUBLIC LIBRARY. Copy of Ars Moriendi, B. B., with the text in the German language, with name and date on the last Plate, Hans Sparer, dated 1472, 29 VOL. III. INDEX. VOLUME III, A. AclIT SciIALXIIElTEK, SCC TlIE ElGIIT RoGUERIES ALPHAliET OF INITIAL LETTERS, B. E., e/rca 1430, 168 AMSTERDAM. The first daled hook there printed, 127 ANTWEEr. Paper first used in Holland, probably made in Antwerp, 12 ArOCALYPSIS S. JOHANNIS, B. B. Prodaule Dates OF Tiiii Several Editions : FlEST Edition, circa 1415-20 . Holland . 160 Second Edition", circa 1420 . ,, .101 Third Edition, circa 1430 . ,, . ib. Fourth Edition, dtra 1445 . Germamj? . 162 Fifth Edition, circa 1450-1460 Germany . 184 Sixth Edition, circa 14G0 . „ . 185 APOCALYPSIS, B. B. Paper-Marks of the several Editions issued in Holland and the Low Countries, 21-3; Marks in Editions issued in Germany, 107-8; Original Binding, dated 142(8) of the copy belonging to Mr. Horn, 1G3 Ari-LETARD (George). His purchase of tlie now Libri copy of the Opuscula of Saliccto, Pius Secundus, etc., 131, n. ARS MEMORANDI, B, B. Paper-Marks in the Editions issued in Germany, 105 : First Edition, t/rta 1440, probably not earlier 171) Second Edition, circa 1450-146U . . 17^-80 Dr. Falkenstein states: "It is apparent from the variations to be found in the five copies in the Royai Library at Munich, and in the two of the University Library, that, even of what is considered the original Edition, seve- ral im])ressions must be reckoned. For instance, in Xylog. VIII., leaf 8, at the beginning of chapter 25, theV("vice- simum quintum capitulum") is wanting, and has a black blot for its substitute; whilst this letter in Xylog. xi., of the same Edition, is replaced by an ornamentL'd V, in the centre of wliich will be found the accomiianving monogrum J£ ARS MORIENDI, B. B. Probable Dates uf the Seve- ral Editions : First Ejjition, circa 1430 . JloUand . 168 An Edit., Kmall 4to., circa 1430 . Germany 181-2 „ „ circa 1440 {lVo!fenb!d/e! co-py) ... „ 183 circa 146U {Rcnoitard copy) ... ih. I ARS MURIEXDI, B. B. {continued) Various Impressions from some wood- blocks, taken at a later date . 184 Another Edit. [Hans Sparer), 1473 Germany ih. ,, (Liidiviy rAi Ulm), circ. 470-80 „ 'A. ARS 5M0RIENDI. Paper-Marks in the Editions issued in Holland and the Low Countries, 27; Paper-Marks in the Editions issued in Germany, 106 ; Original Binding, 142(8) I of Mr. Horn's copy, 163 i AsHEURNHAM (Lord). The regret of the Author at not hav- ing had the opportunity of examining the copy of the ^po- ■ cahjpse in the Library of his Lordship, the copy containing i a manuscript note stated to be in the autograph of Pope i Marten V., 161 ! Baker (John), Bookseller, and Founder, in 1744, of the House of Leigh and Sotheby, for the Disposal of Literary Property. An illustration of property being handed down from one i generation to another, by way of support to the relation of ' Junius in respect to the property of Lawrence Coster, 145 ' Bartholom.e'us db Proprietatibus Rebum. The ICO rk/--' of which it is affirmed by Wynkyn de Worde, an Edition icas Printed at Cologne Caxton. Edition of 55 lines (gene- rally attributed to the press of Ulric Zell), and Edition of 61 I lines stated by Erunet to be in the type of Richel orWenslcr, 90; one copy of the 55-linc Edition in the Royal Library at i Windsor, two in the British Museum, and one in the Spencer i Library, ib.; the opinion of Mr. Rodd on the Edition of 55 lines, ih. ; woodcut of the Paper-Marks in a copy of Edition j of 61 lines, 91; the Edition shewn by Mr. Cannon, of the British Museum, to be in the same type as the Puntheohyia attributed to the press of Berthold Rodt of Basle, 92; the 55-line edition shewn to be in the same type as the two edi- tions of the Fasciculus Temporum, printed at Cologne, in 1474 and 1478, by Gotz de Slelzstat, 103; Specimens of tlie Types used in the two Editions of the Bartholomceus, Plate Qf ■ * Mr. Henry Bohn has a copy of this most interesting volume for sale. Beichtsfiegel, see Confessionule BIBLE OF 42 Lines, attributed to the press of Gutenberg, at Mentz, about 1455, bibliographically known in this country under tlie title of the '^Mazarine Bible.'" Great resemblance of its type in form, but 7iot in size, to that in the Preface to tlie Pontanus de Roma, 135 BIBLES. Metrical Versions circulated in Holland before the appearance of the Block-Books, 123 EE 2 INDEX TO BIBLIA PAUPERUM, B. E. Probable Dates of thk Several Editions : First Edition, circa 1420 . . Holland. 162 Second Edition, circa 1430 . . „ 163 Third Edition, circa 14^30 . . ,, 164 Fourth Edition, circa 1435 . . ,, 165 Fifth EDriioN, circa 1445 . - „ Sixth Edition, circa 1450 . . Germamj? 166 Setenth Edition, circa 1470 . . Germany 186 Another Edition, circa 1470 . . 'i^- dated 1410 . . „ ill. dated 1471 . . „ ih. BIBLIA PAUPERUM, B. B. Paper-Marks of the several Editions issued in Holland and the Low Countries, 24-7; Marks in the Editions issued in Germany, 107; Original Binding, 142(8) of Mr. Horn's copy, 163 BIEN (Die) BOECK, printed, in 1488, by Van Os at Zwollc, 126-7 BLOCK-BOOKS issued in Holland and the Low Countries, 158-70 ; the use of the wood-blocks at intervals, 158 ; break- ages in the blocks, as seen in the impressions, prove their priority, 159; Chronological Arrangement of the various Block-Books, 160-70 BLOCK-BOOKS issued in Germany, 177-90 BLOCK-BOOKS. "Why so called; their character as Works of Art, and their object, 122-3; Earliest Xylographic Pro- ductions in the form of Books, 124 BOEC DES GULDEN THROES, printed at Harlem, 1484. The wood-cut illustrations, 128; copy in the possession of the Author, 128, n. BOOKS with Moveable Tytk issued in Holland dur- ing THE Fifteenth Cr.NTURV, 120 54 Brito (John), of Bruges. The type known as the "Caxtonian Type" claimed to have been invented by him, and the opin- ion of Santandcr on that point, 93-4 BURGUNDY (DUKES OF). Paper-Marks in many of the Block-Books and early Typographical Productions of Hol- land and the Low Countries applicable to the names of the Dukes of Burgundy and his Alliances, 16 c. Cannon (Charles), an Assistant in the Library of the British Museum. His communication respecting the Printer of the sixtv-one line edition of the Bartholommis, 91 ; also respect- ing the fifty-five line edition of the same, 103 CANTICA CANTICORUM, B. B. Probable Dates oe the Several Editions : — First Edition, circa 1445 . . Holland . 168 Second Editions, circa 1450 . . Germany? 169 Third Edition, circa 1460 . . ,, . ib. CANTICA CANTICORUM, B. B. Paper-Marks of the seve- ral editions, 27 VOLUME III. CAXTON (William), First English Printer Paper-Marks in the British Museum copies of the Books from his Press, Plates Qa, Qb, and Qc ; General Remarks and List of the Books, 84-8 ; the question of his having printed or assisted to print at Cologne an edition of Barthol(n)u(n(sdeProprictatihusRer^tv^,i^sa^Tu\e&hy^'yv^\•^'n de Worde in the Prologue to his English version, discussed, 89-104 ; Caxton used the same kind of type as claimed to have been invented by John Brito of Bruges, 93-4 ; parti- culars respecting the typographical labours of Caxton at Cologne previous to his establishing liimself as a Printer in London; his first edition of the " Game of Chess," printed by him at Bruges, and other matters, 95-101 Caxton (William). Fac-similes of the peincifal sorts OF Types used by him, Pi,ates Qd, Qe, and Qf Chatto (W. a.) Translation of the paragraph by Junius re- specting the edition of the Doctrinale stated to have been issued at Mentz, in the type stolen from Lawrence Coster, 143 CIROMANTIA, B. B, circa 1450 to 1460, 187 Cologne (The) Chronicle. Original and translation of the passage relating to the Invention of Printing, 125 CONFESSIONALE, B. B. Executed in Germany, and issued late in the Fifteenth Century, but not seen by theAuthor, 189 CONSOLATIO PECCATORUM. Printed in 1488 at Harlem, the wood- cut illustrations in a similar style of engraving to that in the Biblia Pauperum and Speculum, 127 COSTER (Lawrence). Considered by Meerman to have been the engraver of the Designs in the Speculum, 131 ; his ser- vant John, who, it is asserted by Janius, carried away the tvpes used by Lawrence Coster to Mcntz, 135-6 ; the ques- tion whether Lawrence Coster was a wood-engraver or whe- ther he was merely the inventor of moveable type, employing others to engrave the designs of the Specidmn, 143-4 ; sug- gestion that the Figure of Daniel in the final design in the Speculum is intended to represent Lawrence Coster as the printer of the work, 155 ; his Portrait and Autograph Sig- nature, 156-7 ; derivation of the name of Coster, "Laurens Jan Zoen,^' 157 CuMMiNG (Gordon), the Celebrated Slayer of Wild Beasts. His opinion respecting the Unicorn, 65, ?i. D. DAN'CE OF DEATH, B. B. Executed in Germany and issued after the middle of the Fifteenth Century, but not seen by the Author, 189 DiBDiN (The Rev. Dr.) The typographical labours of Caxton from 1471 to 1474 not recorded, 96 DOCTRINALE or 29 Lines. The arguments of M. Re- nonard respecting its non-appearance until after 1458, and other points connected with it, 137; the several translations of the paragraph by Junius respecting the printing of an edition of the Doctrinale at Mcntz in the types used by Lawrence Cosier at Harlem, 142-3 INDEX TO VOLUME III. DONATUSES pointed in Holland bkfore the Inven- tion OF Printing in Germany. Testimony of Ulric Zell, 154; an edition in the same -primitive type as the Ilorariinn, ih. Douce (Francis). His being ignorant of any of the Paper- Marks being applicable to Persons, 5 E. ENNDKRIST (Der), B. B., circa 1440 to 1450 . 180-1 Another Edition, dated 1472 . . . ib. EXEE.CITIUM SUPER PATER NOSTER, B. B. An Edition, issued in the Low Countries, but not seen by the Author, 189 Another Edition, executed in Germamj, also not seen by the Author, 189 F. FABLE OF THE SICK LION, B. B. Executed in Ger- many and issued after the middle of the Fifteenth Century, but not seen by the Author, 189 FACETLE MORALES. Paper-Marks, 31 Faustus (John). Stated by Junius to have been the servant or assistant who stole the types of Lawrence Coster, 135-6 ; the probability of his 7wt ha\ inij,' printed, about 1442, an edition of the Tractalus Petri llispani, at Mentz, in the types used by Lawrence Coster, 142-3 G. GENE11ATI0X1-; (nr.) CIIRISTI, B. B., A/to/ 1170 . 18S Anotheu Edixiun, . . . (laii'd l-^'t [ . i/>. II. HAGUE (The). Paper first used in the Archives probably obtained i'roni Antwerp, 12 Halliweij, (James Orchard), Shakcspeiian and Antiquaiian Author. His copy of the Life of Christ, printed in 1521, at Antwerp, by Eckcrt von Homborch, 128, n. IIARLK.M. Paper first used there, probably obtained from Antwerp, 12; tiie first dated book there printed, 126; Wood- Engraviug produced there at an early period, 127; same type there used by Bellaert, in 1484, as was employed at Antwerp in 1487 and 1488, by Gerard and ClaesLceii, 129; tlie relation of Junius according to Harlem the honour of the In- vention of Printing, and particulars of that account, &c., 139-46 Herring (Richard), Author of Ancient and Modem Paper- Making. Work referred to, 7-9 HisToRiA ViRGiNis, see Cantica Canticouum — Di; Gi!:NE- RATIONE ChRISTI HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. Enumeration of the Paper-Marks in the various editions of tlie Block- Books, etc., issued therein, 22-32 ; the claims of Holland to the Invention of the Art of Printing supported by Uh-ic Zell, 124 ; Books printed in Holland illustrated with wood- cngravings in the same character as those in the Block- Books and -.S^ecw/Km, 126-31 ; entitled to claim the Invin- TiON OF Kj.ocK-TyrE, 190 HoLTRor (J. W.), Head Librarian of the Royal Library at the Hague, nee next Article HORARIUM or ABECEDARIUM. Presumed to be the first essay in tlie Art of Printing with Moveable Type, about 1433, 154 It was not until after the working off of sheet X that the author became aware of the existence of a fragment of an edition of the Donatus in the saine very primitive type as the " Uorariiim" or " Abecedarimn.^' That fragment is pre- served in the Royal Library at the Hague, and has been most admirably, and the author does not hesitate to afHrm, most accurately fac-similed in the first number of the important typographical work by M. Holtrop now in the course of publication. The fragment consists of two pages, a full one with thirfij-one lines, the other having only tiventy-Jive. As no explanatory letter. press accompanies the fac-simile, the author can merely, in this subsequently printed para- graph, refer to the existence of the relic as an additional diicuracntiu support of the statement made in the Cologne Chronicle. The work of Mr. Holtrop is intitled, " Monu- mens Typographiques des Pays-Bas, au Quinzi^me Siecle. Colleclion de Fac-similes d'apres les originaus conserves a la Bibliotheque Royale de la Haye et AiUeurs. Publiee par M. J. W. Holtrop, Bibliothecaire en chef de la Biblio- theque Royale." Etablissemont litliographiquc M. de E. Spanrer, Lithographe de S. M. Koi. La Ilaije, JIartinus Nijh'iff, Lihraire ancienne et 7noderne, 1857, Imperial 4to. Horn (Mr.), Bibliographer. Statement respecting the state of the original binding of his copies of the Apocalypse, Biblia Pauperuni, and Ars Moriendi, 1G3 HOROLOGIUM, B. B. Executed in Germany, and issued late in the Fifteenth Century, but not seen by the Author, 189 J. Jackson (John) see Chatto Jansen (M.)- His observations on Paper-Marks, 10, 13 Johnson (J.) Translation in his T'jpographia of the paragraph by Junius respecting the edition of the Doctrinale stated to have been issued at Mentz in the type stolen from Lawrence Coster, 142 Jones (J. Winter), Keeper of the Printed Books in the British Museum, Suggestion respecting the phrase used by Caxton relative to the printing the "Histories of Troi/e^' liaving been begun and finished in one day, 98 Junius (Hadrian). Translation of the oft quoted account given by him of the Histoi'y of the Invention of Printing, with observations thereon, 13S-46 K. Kemdle (John Mitchell). His Intended history, The Saxons in Enyland, not committed to paper, 154, n. KoNiNG (J.)) Author of Contributions to the History of Printing. Shields of Arms in the designs of the Cantica Citnticorum intended to represent Persons, and Mr. S. Sotheby's first knowledge of the views of M. Koning on that subject, G. The views of M. Koning respecting the P and Y as Paper- Marks referred to, 76 ; opinion respecting the authenticity of the wood-cut portrait of Lawrence Coster, 156; autograph signature of Lawrence Coster, 157 INDEX TO VOLUME III. L. L:\.UDATIONES HOMKEICE, SCe PoNTANUS ViT. lloMA LEGEND (The) OF ST. MEINRAT, B. B. Executed in Gevmany, and issued during the fif'leenth centiivy, but not .seen by the Author, 189 Lettou (John). One of the earliest English Printers. Spe- cimens of the Types used by him, Plate Qf IJBER REGUM, B. B. Blocks engraved about 1445 to 1450, probably on the borders of Germany, 170 LiBKi (M.) Possessor of a copy of tlie Opu^cula of Salicnto, &c., usually found with the Pontanus dc Roma, tfcc, Vol, n. LiciiTEXTHALER (^I-)' ^^'^^'^ of ^he Royid Library at Municli. His kindness in forwarding to the Author tracings of the Paper-Marks in the copies of the Ars Mnrifiidi in the Library, 111 Lilly (Joseph), Bookseller. His purchase from Mr. Nicol of the sheets of the unfinished work by Mr. Ottley on The Origin of Printing, 3 ; the letter of the author of the present work to Mr. Lilly on the subject thereof, ib. M. Machlinia (William). His use of a very .similar type to that invented by John Brok of Bruges, 95; specimens of the types used by him, Plate Q. f Mazakine (The) Bible, see Bible of 42 Lines Meeeman (Gerakd), Philobiblist. Considered Lawrence Cos- ter to have been the engraver of the wood-block illustra- tions in the Speculum, 131 Meykick (Sik Samuel Rush), Antiquarian Author. Inciter to Mr. Ottley stating that he considered the designs in the Speculum not to be later than 14^5, 154 MIRABILIA ROM.E, B. B. Circa 1480, ISS 0. Ottley (William Youxg). His History of Engraving, wherein he enters into the subject of the marks occurring in the paper used in the first and several editions of the Speculum, and in books printed in the Low Countries, 2 ; his opinion thereon, ib. ; his collection of paper from the Account Books at the Hague, ib.; his death in 1836, ib. ; his unfinished work on the Origin of Printing, 3-4; pur- chase of it from Mr. Nicol the Printer by Mr. Lilly, ib. ; his first view of the purpose of Paper-Marks, 4-5; translation of the paragraph of Junius respecting the edition of the Doctrinale, stated to have been issued at Mentz in the tvpes stolen from Lawrence Coster, 142 ; on the engraving of the designs in the Biblia Paiiperum, the Cantica Onitirornni, and the Speculum, 152, his unfinished work on the History of Printing, lo3; his practice of not putting to paper his views, ib., n. Ottley (Warner), Brother of W. Y. Ottley. His transfer of the collection of the specimens of early paper formed by W. Y. Ottley to the Author, 5 Ottley (William Campbell), Son of W. Y. Ottley. His difficulty of placing the plates in the unfinished work of his father, 3 OXFORD. Books printed in that city during the xvth cen- tury, 17-19 I PAPER. Mr. Ottley's Collection of Specimens of Early j Pa]ier from the blank leaves in tlie Account Books in the j Archives at the Hague, 1, 2 I PAPER-MAKERS. Views of i\Ir. Herring as to marks used to designate the names of the malicrs and different sorts of paper, 8; opinion of M. Jauscn on the same sub- ject, 10 PAPER-MAKING. Treatise on the subject by Richard Her- ring, published in 1855, 7; article Paper, by Charles Tom- linson in Objects of Art ilauufactuie, published lSo4, ib.; superior quality of paper, 1;} PAPER-MANUFACTORIES. None recorded as existing in the Ntfllierlands in the fifteenth century, 12; paper made there, however, in the fourteenth century, probably first at Antwer]), ib. ; first paper-mill in Tuscany established early in tlie fourteenth century, and at Nuremberg in 1390, by Ulman Stromer, ib. '■'..i^ In i85G appeared a brochure printed in America (^Alhang), intitled "A Chronology of Pajier and Paper- i ^Making." The work is a valuable rccurd of i'acts, and consequently a usef'.d book of rel'erence. PAPER-MARKS. M. Koning, the first author to throw any ! light on the character of the Paper-Marks in the Block- Books, 5; Paper-Marks commonly called IVater JIar/cs, 7; formation of a mark, ib.; designation of Post, Pot and I Fool's-cap paper, 9 ; probable date when first employed, 1 1 ; I general opinions of M. Jansen on tiic object of tlic marks, ! 12; distinguisliing one mark from another, ib.; origin and ! object of particular marks, 12; the apparatus used in the ' formation of the marks, 15; application of marks to distin- guished persons, IG; marlis on paper made in the Low Countries not usually found on the paper made in Germany, 1 7 ; date of a manuscript or printed book not with certainty discovered by the mark on the paper, 17 ; identity of marks, ib.; marks on the books printed at Oxford in the fifteenth century, 17-19 INDEX TO VOLUME III. PAPER-MARKS IN THE BLOCK-BOOKS ISSUED IN HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. ANCHOIl. Pi,ATE A, A]}ocaJT/pse, Inglis copy, 2nd ed. — Plate C, Apocali/pse, British Museum, 3rd ed. ; ib., Pem- broke copy, 3rd ed. — Plate D, Apocali/pse, Lang copy, 3rd ed. — Plate E, Biblia Panperum, Grenville copy, 3rd ed. — Plate F, Biblia Pauperitm, Westreenen copy, ed. (?) ; ib.. Spencer B copy, 4tli ed. — Plate H, Speculum, Inglis copy, lat ed. — Plate L, ib., Singer copy, 2nd ed. — Plates M and iS^, Harlem copy, 4th ed. — Plates O and P, roiitanus de Roma, Spencer copy; FaccticE Morales, Enschede copy ,, ,, General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 33-5 ARMS (SHIELDS OF). Plate A, Shield ii., Apocalypse, Inglis copy, 2nd ed. — Plate B, Shield i., Apocalypse, Har- lem copy, 4th ed. — Plate E, Shield ii., Biblia Pauperum, AVoodburn copy. — Plate F, Shield Tin., Biblia Paupenim, Chatsworth copy, 3rd ed, — Plate G, Shield v., Ars Mo- riendi, Pembroke copy, 1st ed. — Plate I, Sliield iv.. Spe- culum, Rcndorp copy, 3rd ed. ; Shield v, ib., Rendorp Eind Spencer copies, 3rd ed. — Plate N, Shield vi., ib., Harlem copy, 4th ed. — Plate O, Shield yi., Pontanus de Poma, &c., Spencer copy; Shield v, ib. — Plate O, Shield viii, ib. The numbers arc references to the shields as given in wood, in the letterpress. ,, „ General Observations, with woodcut illustrations, 35-45 BROOCH, or Buckle. Plate C, Apocalypse, Spencer copj', 4th ed. ; notice of the mark, 45 BULL'S HEAD. Plate A, Apocalypse, Inglis copy, 2nd ed.— Plate ^, Apocalypse, Spencer copy, Isted. — Plate C, Apo- calypse, Pembroke copy, 3rd ed. — Plate D, Apocalypse, Bohn copy, 4th ed. — Plate F, Bihlia Pauperum, Pembroke copy, Isted.; ib., Botfield copy, 2nd ed. ; ib., British Mu- seum copy, 2nd ed. — Plate G, Cantica Canticorum, Har- lem, copy, 1st ed. ; ib., Cracherode copy, 2nd ed. ; ib., Bod- leian copy, 3rd ed. — Plate H, Speculum, Inglis copy, IsL ed. ; ib.. Spencer and Enschede copies, 2nd ed. — Plates I and K, Spencer, Hibbert, and Rendorp copies, 3rd. ed. — Plate L, ib., Singer copy, 2nd ed. — Plates M and X, ib., Harlem copy, 4th ed — Plate O, Po)itanus de Roma, &c., Spencer copy ; Facedm Morales, Enschede copy „ ,, General Observations, with woodcut examples, 45-52 CASTLE, see To"\ver CATHARINE (St.) WHEEL. Plate M, Speculum, Harlem copy, 4th ed. t, „ General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 53 COCK. Plate F, Biblia Pauperum, Bodleian copy, Gth ed. )) ), General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 53-4 Fleur de Lis, see Lis HAND. Plates il and N, Speculum, Harlem copy, 4th ed, „ General Remarks, 54 HOUND. Identity of the mark in the "Oxford Book," dated 1468, with that in Dutch Bible of 1477, printed at Delft, 18 1. H. S. Initials for the Name of Jesus Christ. Plate D, Apocalypse, Barclay copy, 5th ed. KEYS (DOUBLE.) Plate E, Biblia Pauperum, Woodburn copy, 5th ed. — Plate M, Specidum, Harlem copy, 4th ed. — Plate P, Pontanus de Roma, &c., Spencer copy ,, ,, General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 55-6 LIS. Arms proper for Bury undy, IG; Plate C, Apocalypse^ British Museum copy, 3rd ed. — Plate O, Poufaiius de Roma, &c., Spencer copy MOUNTS (The THREE) General Remarks, witli woodcut example, P. Initial for Philip, Duke of Buryundy. Plate B, Apo- calypse, Bodleian and Renouard copies, 4th ed. ; Apocalypse, Spencer copy, 1st ed. — Plate C, Apoccdypse, Johnson copy, 4th ed. — Plate E, Biblia Pauperum, Woodburn copy, ed. (?) — Plate F, Biblia Pauperum, Chatsworth copy, 3rd ed. ; ib., Bodleian copy, 6th ed. — Plate G, Ars JIo~ riencli, Harlem copy, 1st ed. ; ib., Pembroke copy, 1st ed. — Plate H, Speculum, Spencer and Enschede copies, 2nd ed.— Plates I and K, ifi., Spencer, Rendorp, and Hibbert copies, 3rd ed.. — Plate L, ib.. Singer copy, 2nd ed.' — Plate O, Pontanus dp. Roma, Spencer copy; Facetiiz Morales, En- schede copy P. General remarks, with woodcut examples, 75-9 P. AS A PAPER-MARK. The memoranda of Mr. Sotheby respecting the personal character of the mark as applicable to Philip Duke of Burgundy, 75-6 P and Y, UNITED. Initials for Philip, Dule of Buryundy , and his xvife Ysubella, 16. — Plate C, Apocalypse, Mariette copy? ed. (?) — Plate F, Biblia Pauperum, Mariette copy, ed. (:) P and Y. General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 80-2 PASCAL LAMB. Plate E, Arms, Shield ii. Biblia Paupe- rum, Woodburn copy, 5th ed. General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 57 PELICAN. Ar?ns of JEneas Sihius, as Pope Pius II, 57 SCALES (PAIR OF.) Plate F, Biblia Pauperum, Sykes copy, 4th ed. )) General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 59 STAR, "wiTii Initials ix Cextre. Plate D, Apocalypse, Bohn copy, 4th cd. >> -J General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 59-60 TOWER or CASTLE. Plate F, Biblia Pauperum, Lucca copy, 2nd ed., ib. ; Botfield copy, 2nd ed. General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 52 UNICORN. Plate B, Apocalypse, Bodleian copy, 4th ed.— Plate C, Apocalypse, Johnson copy, 4th ed. — ^Plate E, Biblia Pauperum, Rendorp copy, ed. (?) — Plate F, Biblia INDEX TO VOLUME III. Patqienim, Spencer A copy, 2nd ed. ; ili., British Museum copy, 2nd ed. — Plate G, Cantka Canlimrum, Rcndorp copy, 1st ed.— Plate H, Sfeculum, Inglis copy, 1st ed. — Plate H, Simcidmn, Spencer and Ensclicde copies, 2nd ed.— Plate M, ib., Harlem copy, 4tli ed.— Plate 0, Poii- tanus de Jioma, Spencer copy General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 61-Y4 Y. Initkdfor Ysnhdltt, the wife of Philip Duke of Bunjnndij. Plate C, Aj)ocalypse, Griffiths copy, 3rd ed. — Plate F, Biljlia Pmtpmmi, Chatsworth copy, 3rd ed. — Plates I and K, Sjieculiim, Spencer, Hibbert, and Rendorp copies, 3rd ed. — Plates O and P, Pontanus dc Roma, Spencer copy Y. „ General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 79-80 PAPEK-MAllKS IN THE BLOCK-BOOKS ISSUED IN GERMANY. ANCHOR. Plate S. Ars Moriendi, Munich copy ; Plate T, Biblia Pauperum, Corpus Christl Coll. Cant;ib., copy; -4;jo- calypse, Pioche copy „ General Remarks, 111-2 BELXj. Platk S, Ars Moriendi, Munich copy „ General ReniLirks, with woodcut examples, 111 BULL, FORE-PART OF. Plate K, Ars Memorandi, Bot- field copy, 5nd cd. „ General Remarks, with woodcut example, 114 BULL'S HEAD. Plate K, Arn Memorandi, Spencer and Hibbert copies, 1st ed. ; ib., Munich copy, cd. (?) — Plate S, Ars Moriendi, Munich copies; ih., Renouard copy. — Plate T, Bihlia Pauperum, Lea Wilson copy; ih., Corpus Christi „ General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 1 13-4 Coll. Cantab, copy, 1470;— Text, p. 109, De Generatione Christ/', 14/0, British Museum copy; ih.. Apocalypse, Bod- leian copy, oth ed. BULL. Test, p. 108, Enndkrist, Spencer copy ; ih., 108, Quiii' decijn Signa, British Museum copy ,j ,, General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 115 CAR or PLOUGH. Plate T, Apocalypse, Stowc copy, 5th ed. „ General Remarks, with woodcut example, 116 CATHARINE (Sx.) AVHEEL. Plate R, Ars Memorandi, Spencer and Hibbert copies, 1st ed. J, ,, General Remarks, with woodcut fac-simile, 115 CROZIER. Plate S, Ars Moriendi, Munich copy „ General Remarks, with woodcut example, 117 CROSS. Plate R, Ars Memorandi, Munich copy, cd. ? ii. ; British Museum copy, 2nd ed. „ „ General Remarks, with woodcut examples, 117 I FLEUR-DE-LIS. Used as an Heraldic Symhol hy ihe Dukes of Burgundy. Plate 0, Pontanus de Roma, Spencer copy. — Plate R, Ars Memorandi, Munich copy „ ,, General Remarks, with woodcut illustration.^, 35-9 GRAPES. Plate T, Apocalypse, Stowe copy, 5th ed. ,, ,, General Remarks, 118 i HAND. Plate R, Ars Memorandi, Botfield copy, 2nd ed. Plate T, Bihlia Pauperum, 1470, Wilks copy ,, ,, General Remarks, 118 MOUNTS (THE THREE), CROSS ABOVE. Plate S, Ars Moriendi, Munich and Botfield copies ,, General Remarks, 119 P, Plate S, Ars Moriendi, Munich copy; Plate T, Biblia Pauperum, I-^ea Wilson copy ,j ,, General Remarks, with woodcut illustrations, 119 SCALES (PAIR OF.) Plate R, Ars Memorandi, Spencer copy, 1st ed. ,, General Remarks, with woodcut illustrations, 120 STAR, RADIATED. Plate T, Bihlia Pauperum, 1470, Wilk's copy „ ,, General Remarks, with woodcut example, 120 UNICORN. Plate S, Ars Moriendi, Munich copy UNKNOWN. Plate S, Ars Moriendi, British :Museum copy PAPER-MARKS in Books prikted by Veldenee, Plate Q, 32 Memoranda respecting the Maeks in the Block-Books executed in Holland and the Low Countries, 33-82 i „ ,, Memoranda respecting the Marks in the I Block-Books executed in Germany, 110-20 PAPER-MARKS in Books printed ey Caxton. Plates Qa, Qu, and Qc ,, General Observations, and List of the Books whence the marks were taken, S4-8 PAPER-MARKS, in the Spencer copy of the IHstoria Josephi, printed by Pfister; in a copy of the Speculum printed by RicJiel ; in the Speculum printed by Gunther Zainer, &c. j Plates U and V j Paper. Use of paper many years after its manufacture, 138 i Pius Secundus, see Pontanus de Roma PONTANUS DE ROMA, ET ALIA OPUSCULA. Paper- marks, 31 ; the most interesting and extraordinary typogra- ' phical character of the volume containing those works recon- j sidcred, 131-8; the resemblance of the larger type in the preface to the treatise by Pontamis de Roma, to the Maza- \ rine Bible, 135 INDEX TO VOLUME III. Q. QUINDECIM SIGNA, B. B., circa 1450, 180-1 E. RraoTJABD (M.) His views respecting tlie Doetrhmle of 29 lines, 136 BoDD (Thomas), Booliscller. Opinion that tlie S5-line edition of the Bartliolomaus was the booli printed at Cologne, by Caxton, as stated by Wynliyn de Worde, 90 ; that opinion questioned by the author, ib. ; llie behef of the author on reconsidering the question of the correctness of the opinion of Mr. Rodd, 102 ROGUERIES (The EIGHT), B. B.; not seen by the Author, 187 s. Saliceto, see Pontanus de Roma Saniasdee (M. Sehna). His opinion of the claims of John Brito, of Bruges, to the invention of the Caxtonian tijpe, 9,'5-4 Singes (Samuel Weileb). Acknowledgment of his having erroneously supported the date 1468 in one of the hooks printed at Oxford, 19 ; his translation of the paragraph by Junius, respecting the edition of the Doetrhmle, asserted by him to have been printed at Jlentz, in the types stolen from Lawrence Coster, 142 SoTHEBY (Samiiee). His collcctiou of fac-similes of the typo- graphy of the fifteenth century, 1 ; his visit to Holland in 1824, ti. ; the cause of his entering upon the subject of the origin of printing, I'i. ; his first knowledge of M. Koning's views of the Arms in the designs of the Cantica Cantieormn, 6; the memoranda found after his death respecting tlie paper-mark P, as applicable to the Duke of Burgundy, 75-6 SPECULUM HUMANE SALVATIONIS. Tlie probable dates of the four editions, founded on the relation of Junius, Summary, 146-54 FiEST Edition. Laiih, circa 1439. Placed by Heinecken as the second; by Meerman as t\ie fourth; by Koning as the second; by Ottley as thejlrst Second Edition. Ddtch, circa 1441. Placed by Heinecken and Meerman as the Jmirlh ; by Koning as the tliird; and by Ottley as the second Thikd Edition. Latin, circa 1442. Placed by Heinecken as the first ; by Meerman as the second; by Koning as tiie/onrlh ; and by Ottley as the third FoDKTH Edition. Ddtch, circa 1460-70. Placed by Heinecken as the third; by Meerman and Koning as the first ; and by Ottley as the fourth Fifth Edition, 1483, issued by Veldener SPECULUM. THE SERIES OF WOODCUT ILLUSTRA- TIONS used by Richcl in 1476, 188 SPECULUM. Printed by Veldener, in 1483, at Culcmbourg, 129-31 SPECULUM. Paper-marks in the copies of the various edi- tions examined by the Author, 28-30 Steomee (Ueman). Established a Paper-Mill at Nuremberg in 1390, 12 Spiegel okses Behondinisse, see Speoulem T. TEN (THE) COMMANDMENTS, B. B. Executed in Ger- many, and issued after the middle of the fifteenth century, ■ but not seen by the Author, 189 ToDlENTANZ, See Dance of Death u. UNICORN PAPER-MARK. Particulars respecting the use of Unicorn as a symbol of power, adopted by Philip Duke of Burgundy, 61-9 V. Veldenek (John). The type used by him of a similar cha- racter to that invented by Brito, of Bruges, 94 ; Speculum printed by him in 1483, the employment by him of the same wood-block illustrations as were used for the four other editions, 129-31; his diversity of talent, 139; supposed to have been the engraver of the designs in the Specnlum, 130 VITA CHRTSTI, B. B., executed in Germany, and issued in the fifteenth century ; but not seen by the Author, 189 w. WATER-MARKS, see Papek-Maeks Windsor, Royal Libeaey. Copy of {tie fifty-five line edition of Bartolomasus de Pmprietatibns Berum, reserved by His Majesty George IV from the Library formed by His Majesty Gcor'^c HI, when presented by the former to the nation, and deposited in the British Museum, 90 WOOD ENGRAVINGS. The same wood-blocks used by different printers at different places in Holland, at intervals during thirtijfour years, 129 WOOD (SINGLE) ENGRAVINGS. Temptationes Dcemonis, circa 1430, 168 ; the Brussels woodcut, dated 1418; notice of the several brochures that have been written respecting the authenticity of the date, 171-6; Holland entitled to claim the Invention of Block-type, 190 z. Zehn Gebote, see Ten Commandments Zeitglocklein, see Hobologium ZELL (Ulsio). Practice of printing and working oflt by single pages, 82 ; his testimony in favour of Holland to the in- vention of the printing by movable types, 124-5 ZWOLLE. The same type and same wood-blocks used there by Peter Van Os, of Breda at Antwerp, in 1487, were again employed by him at ZwoUe, in 1495 VOL. III. FINIS. III. y/ JertP hill 0rHbi'er?it4JO[tr fi lUitnii lemmr nj'ftTp?!:? fruuilinT .•ipH5itT?iTti rnpy hui 11^ hi iiLfitimlPif ^ 0ftrtmperiif fun mm ■vnntiiif III iiftti'^ ro'itin ' oe> u-ng:at« : cp tHcnira-^ bur mr£aiiF uirti-faiu rriouoCfliii QnProTTigjrt' our uuyxt^mrHui Pf [VfiCauiEuiioue ^ =1 " tiuf"ui]JHiirtF4)U(ila ^ fabitnti ^TuH|G rm? Of SIC MS FROM TW£ se»/y£/nus ^NtB£Rj cDPr OF r»e r//tsr soirtoM MAOiUi LITH IS5I vjwrai tuiUB ujf ocuie.!!^ cum wmm ajcumoaacctfom OiiD tmir^^ fihiTijoctuutm utittfliauB Umw.^ tpuuviaOJiottia D cimw tau^ui .tBcIf faiKOott.jft maufityjuft^iii) m ly itttiuftmie ui coiuptttw upuuiu nrcmctusepoop itiitoriftijjofiae^ bat titti^ cteurtaEulaceuetEUp^ tfADELEr UTH»WtLLi««TOM ST l«y miuilp ftihtao cfipSa Ipjtttujfl^pi ^oFmala fibi«; QOmm rur flittiraipttti uoTittn jbeti ouui que Lo aitus uuu (hp oouui Qna*Bm)?Fi ^ ei rpjiUiicatm:? ctKtt mob f08.KLttae autelu f&cto inift' ITffTT!' i 1 Doriatus mpotfeQuot mollis noiarnponuuf quabtmiiuili? « J iiuobtte tniegrifi t)C MurbanuB f| tualiUB roimp tieur mteL% tmmiteps intf gra f coiruptp Mltivp ms iuliilfuspf rmruiitD ^intttnrntitmigigpmltiaali qnf^^jiIuribusDlinpfpugtialjilts imjiimitaa fue nomtau qml fimt fti qui naminflte gemtg Dr§ armCotg t?orat§ alilarg |ggt Ijoa ynim raPifi ommil . vtrtnts Quot niolns ntris Sponffpioi ^ibus tamhH iiue0ri6 tit fubutbanus buffbus mimn . itttultust^njintpto tltpgro at. nn^rulufi ali f|^lurib?Da top^puBttabilifi uogtcmtu^ (£b nommfi qtat fuat ttg nut nomttifif S ^nttS bt& . ratgiiomt§ ablatg jy>tf bogfttfatalugoinntfi is all C ftiI|nco iitlti titu mrec timira C utUtm n fG mxto ifUxnx^ btpm tiftco fit fotmait ^ tSftco i% Ctii _a 5 to c ucniee! in ft to mnm. in iC 111 ^'\^&!^,ui^e^,-u,^tr„„jc3ii/^ XXVII p e pJflcpti ffl p/nfpft trf ulnfcn fmepTRtta j/-ta0feaniig ftn i?mg gtf da a'oi3 N"3 //-A.,,, fitiflf ttme' cftto 5w£Iftt0 a nc ut fiitfffut.f um re eofpano t>y tefcorglo tgamr gyj-^tutti totraiitiDic gMijttt tPftatutpifetSTi iiiiBf[5 ri! tottrgytogiTrifl "f ^^Jc?re^^loa•rc«(l^ &ccm tTTniv n i t»{tr?tue j5rcgtio gn5n»t»ct? flin »rfijct?fitf fflte vfgfit Tfiii"' . 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Hit ambof^cs? iit$ cfl eijetftmeg rkiw m ^ fortic tot Uni amborf)ti»e te hel^oif .5Sie mttflet' fmet? timt, ef bie ne&rfti bior.bjf cm mt 09 u be^»^oe gob finf »rimb? xiab? ^eHe ftMcit tea? fj»iii.»stetf tJttrrifemSTef gi agtet tooR 5>ati ssiif,»a« te« XJftttte oeciel tttt toemtia0tje II Sp^pi'Jtfjn. JTiimanfZ Jidi-aJ/^ ixun. mfufrljliMfr brbouttn(irr O w nmclji' ftur in Tipii «p {j< tjftitjri'tj (foaff mr art instil a n uri&c h j'er 6 »l)»Vf 1)1' I)/ trgf gob ChI meqf Qemt t'n i t«? tg^blu i0 lj< ugier ftdeoljftt! ttr bf tnt If iifttriiujOJpifniErljfllf efiomCefet Takfn 0 8 bi? itjea i)itimQrl)ti m.iRf t? ujlla t8tibcttittWilltp»tn«iftJ)e l.Jftr>w.rfi Ijem hit|)fliF bclEiR totfl outro ttsi tsehm<:nt wts sat? tjf nacbfi tog fetplft inti re^fl^ti op prf fff lit bit beoriw^liitt 5ufc»ietittttgentt)ort6igeboucfclefenofljoermle^ /_r len fullenroetenOatbcCffduematCTie^eerlttlig«feti8.mla / \ tynmfcoenDcrftilmti^eiienBclenOenEjjHimncleKbini)? . ^ jff«ftclil«ntecbtfn0mciemtjmfttCTu>copDetl)Cwmoarclbi tiiaecaufcOaniuj fttOf canoninc apnmnenfw.Cntie ttt nwmeniie Oet Ton titctn ttocB. cnDe ie cenpiocen of t cecbtuoerUmngf wfl be0ui ten f pnOe mitallffqnlptJJtjaatocDicntnOcmircljpn f3f lialeenbiiucl Der beKen olspioaireurenbegcmacbticljtuanDe gebeUoetfamirigemtjecokgic Mnno KT). tert^. optenoj.bacf? I'ti ARS MEMORANDI. ItttWliatf: l!l>l^^lll 'mjitttilfait . MUDElEv lITH. 1857 ARS MEMORANDI ' " lit tttimto_ ^tmmnmm I ARS MORIEN Dl ARS MORIENDI . tXI. bat t>ij*si»jj«anmuv ^^^^ ^gnaiwtvmwmjpfimdL _ etatt^peflfibt^fimdemonlh^ que nubuofc pcmtmu ttietib tnnx)lKWba tnde dmctaU^ifttjr deiiSxumetn: q^mtettectua cjiwmmo duTomttntefti^icnB amot&m Clone foto^ mtttm Ifea mif dm p^ttpmocwmfiiiWem ret tr#Ki4ti>um cc4U6 feduete^ temm tmmium et tqjtxtaa tmetpi^^ Memo titjmcU^ qknuflf tiioztalmmtm? bmu^mmeduIU^iMendo aittlc^ DONATUSES. tioni0iiiif ppofira altjs par xmrnitmipiet, mtmiuat aur ittimiit,ft>ze|jofimt quor attim* III ittninto(uhmif(jiiiitAC« m»ti nurlatidtif 0mti{i Mmeamvc$)pU9ine<( rmtrojrtjaf.|jbt$]ififftn tJ0ftit| r(l ufi i4Jt.|jbt0pJii%rrftD oommi r raruf I ratin0mr»D0ti|f|Juti:U04Taf. ^Ttititrc 0 t^0jf pnti m D0rraif .llMrtmro itiiufrfr mi nrni ts THE MAZARINE BIBLE pferebant. CI £ca tmiUa ntccflitu&u % ^ tpi 0(uttao mpitlata-tfin non uttll taa r£i femtltattsno pntta tantrnn ftU tjti timm-et Dhunai^ fnipmraru ftuiiia lOttaliam.Mra^ in mwS& tliftari^a.titmfoalumaffE.pumria^. ttouoe ainjfft ipioa-matCa ttaftfft- ut ttJS ifuoa titme nfluttattt:tam1 pfEtebam. Hera ttu ilia ttfCECTuuto tt jEpi tilunnatopulata: (pianSutili* lao m familiari0- non pftntia tatttfi tojpail-im fubtDla ^ intpaa atiulafo: ftlrtJtitJmoj-ft Dtmnatu fmptutarQ Bulria tcrnriliant, if gim? in umtibs ijiftarila-tiuorta luftraflt jpumnae- ncuoeaDtllTE ]pf0B'matiattafiirc: ut f 09 nuoa f&IilJria nrnwratrf oram i^mtrtcmt. Mi^QSLer itiH /S6J DONATUSES. X( piufiTttnmxi I^0f ram IforraslfffpraMprrlfarmm^ R baelegtbat ^p!r lf0Aam^lr0fbarielf0rba£ ptito p HI iBgo Irgi^lcgit iplt Itgrtm^ Ip0tti5 Itgfit jStitoiU f CO lc0-Eba lecrcbas Irgrljat tplr If gebmn^ Icgcba ti0 If gebat i^tito pfcb legi Itgifti legit tpl^Ugim^ Itgit 110 If gcrut tjt If gtre ptito ptf^'pffo Irgc calfgcras If gt THE PFISTER BIBLE. IV Uat^UDfccuCffrutitqjfoamort it^flttfilijifiljflisatljainioiifl jlamf I proifcf tunt»milUfo tt fcatrcs riao fiij ttiffauros ijo^^ i)ucf3*iEt ifcunt iit ouitatr tem^ ni^ tim auirantms ft jfaariiie pli baa! ft promifcut ftatua tf fttjfbjoitiita fttioHitjflitibua* pbaito baal: ft robufff mm ft ^nbaW am fiitue gftCom^fi^ tommufrut f am - 2>f0airfrut Iff itipiU ^pofrtua tbf faiiriorff quom tiJiiti baaltt ffcffut ijro tiimq? fm0 flffsf r rut^ ma t9latrina6ufqunijitbar»2)£^ bia-ubm^fflmfivfataa-uftiri? If uit uati? ifbu baal tif M: r}t> film iDram* tiu0f|5 Mm rutamf apfcratioitiffoboam sftt|ri*ftbimtsfdiusfflfmttt)* iiu.iuoitJi' ,/rra,.7„-ciii eie-fffuarMm atfii .S'lm. ti/jt •n'^en I cfy^AMr Tirrktd af'iifxn IhfjtJ m/A /f'lf «rrt„l ,fi ,i/j,-n nlium Xclhs/rrm. (Ac MnJuA J/ustJjjri ,:^t'ufim,fiifJi/!j}-r6tin^/rim^a Ua/ uumj/^iawsuro I'rt n nu?tt if limriff !iam-2)0 fpraift tst Iiumg surra masfolmantnnmantWtmUfrbiinifflitffntzu nm*lbn gttiaclit aran in frinf tiftHt irchiaifgmfft hfin 5U ften Han mitli tinii Cprarft* 2)fcmEaftb Den an itriitli mniftli aon f^mm grct-S^as rc rare wtflj nnti wol gtlm^i^ n mfifte c on rriirift uae nit mag frin^So hun mir all auttj nit latem * 2>arauff ian ttft m tril gcnailjt ♦ end uict liiftoriF 2u faram pra- t^loff plj Hanifl Dtt anili inDitlj- l^nd fttfter aut^ mit gutmt Ortj^Dif nm got in rdnrc Sm*/Jl0 ft notlj re ixf guten tt^ut*i^ar Uurd) mir ptfrrat mttt UbhM jinrWmi ift Cmi mtr gtbf -iZ^n bambtrgb in drr fribt ftat-iDao albmfttufiftn: gearuibft 5at 2>a magalt tanfmi on oirtlittDfct iar«7m Hmeamb rfcl)?igaf bae ift mar* fin lang naift f and malpnr gen rag*2)it mia mol gnab trbftbm mag^f rib on bao noig iEbMZ)aa mollr ona got all! gcbf ♦ /Imf gottcs nammGU men " ^QiQ wbct an cm fpiGgelifirmcnfcbli'tb (- g cn lxb^»tf"i>jG In tern gcoffcnct wurt S vale "^^^ iC0 menfchcn t)nb bic fpifc . #tcr 6i'e moflc mag tcr mefcbc crkcnnc vnib was facl)c bcr fcK«%>f cr aHcjil rote wart ten mcfcf) n GeTRVCRGT DVRCH BeRN* HART RICHGL ZV BASGL DO MAN Z ALT VON CRISTVS G6 BVRT .M.CCCCLXXVI.VE SA. KT GILG€N OBGNT*:. Oot bat auf geficrt Oieiifp \:>on QfDam vnt» t>ataui gcma«i>ctBuam. OtcceHit aut a© muliemn folam fine \>\xo c)ciftentnn duia fDlum faajius wdptt bgateluo qm Tdcicg ba* bntem.De tepit ita^ bgabolS matccni nram ^am ^InOutcns fug orhe genus bumanu mrotmi Peuam. y (f 6^pHcitbumanec|^ faluciB fumula plane a mefcatte ^lobannetui pater Dsbtmoatmc t>ttbn&icl:e|>uto quafinnmniDmonacbo> c I I -I'r tntebatiO buoca qtmnta f3icfe/(|tJ3n1aioqct6»'Cet: teftinoto iomtanonfmffcejjabam toSnoii wn^ baimmmnon efihgrnnt* II ^©eentjeefSl^Kd) von ii[ (:)UomDdo tebempti fumus fanguinc crifli vt nuflo mD&D fiMltectuc tantum benefiduin nobia.jT?*? ftcut IhccQ^ tJ vcn tte aduntuc.6t fic quifquilte a li'gnis abfctfts in igncm {Roiduntur.^Ita ne noe poft banc vit!^ tan qua &e me&iD eoddk tDUamut.6t tanqu^ pallce.^t ectaquifqunic in igncm pidam.jLbi eego Rtinc hpi ftnt coz^anofhra i^bima gau^ia amen. 1/ f F ^ o -S S: C g u O -r- 3 O P ■§'2-^1 S £ s 5^ § -5 2 >t ^ t Q a S3 a ■§-§'2 fg O. o 13 ?->S. Ceo ^-2cS.«^ «- ia.3 =-!«. V o -2 o- * a, ,7; -* i-i «3 i5 tf> * ^ o « c g 2-^ " o 5 3 e E £ ?: I-S - = 5 o c S » 5 <8 E 3 IS w a. IE o o o 3 £ 2 -c ^ « D S « o S S « s a e « s s 93 3 o IS ia.ia C B.^ JjtTliS 2 '5 o ,^ 'SL '\ S ~ s ^-S ~ - c PI H fllfl 'C; ^ O S w •?t= SIS'— £ - "F E 2 S 5 ll«l^ 1^ p -J 3 y 1 'Co !=>■ E 'S:.s | ? I (U -j; 5 w S- i" 1= 'S ,5 \u .2 * C S 'S ■ D t o n 3 <^ » 'ET 'TS ^ If ^ J lip illi'l N a Oft-- 5- c Sf I _ „ 'f 5S 1 5^ a.Vi»«e marks, all of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, denominating them "Ancient Water-marks." Jansen may be considered as the only author who has entered into the subject of water-marks with any degree of earnestness, Santander, Laire, Breiklopt, Camus, Astle, and a few others, have only contributed notices on particular marks; San- tander not even giving a single plate of the marks he occasionally refers to, conse- quently his observations are perfectly unintelligible. Jansen has, however, in his Essay on the Origin of Engraving* devoted the close of his first volume to the subject, and has given (plates xii. to xix.) reduced fac-similes of two hundred and eighty-six marks, taken from dated Manuscripts and books printed in Germany, Italy, and the Low Countries. He very properly remarks (p. 361) that he could have much extended the number of his specimens, but his desire was to give those only from paper bearing dates: "J'aurois pu augmenter beaucoup le nonibre de filigranes, si j'avois voulu employer pour cela tons les manuscrits que j'avois h ma disposition; mais comme il s'agissoit principalement d'indiquer avec exactitude les dates, je ne me suis servi que de ceux que j'ai trouve's dans les papiers de comptes dont I'anne'e etoit bien certaine. Je prends la liberte d'engager ici les archivistes i\ se livrer a cette espfece de recherches, qui nous conduira immanquablement h, d'importans re'sultats relative- ment k la connaissance de I'anoiennete du papier de lin." Jansen here states the importance of only consulting the marks on paper bearing- dates, for the purpose of identifying the manufacture. Upon this point we will nol here make any observation, further than that the certainty of being able to fix the date of the manufacture of the paper must depend not merely upon the water-mark, but on the texture of the paper and other minutiie. To ascertain the earliest period when the water-mark was employed, is a matter that would reqviire much research, and involve an examination of all the dated Manuscripts in Europe. Though possessing a very large collection for the illustra- tion of paper-marks generally, it is not our intention to attempt an enumeration of the various marks in use to the close of the fifteenth century. But, as Jansen records the earliest mark perhaps hitherto knoAvu, at least so to us, we think it may not be uninteresting to give a copy of it. It occurs, he states (p. 362), in an Account Book dated 1301: a circle, or globe, surmoiinted with a cross! A mark that is capable of suggesting much to the mind of a Christian. In the following cut, No. 1 gives the reduced mark, from Jansen, of the circle with * Essai siu- rOrigine do la Gravuve cn Bois ct cn Taille-Douce, etc., suivi dc Eeclicrchcs sur I'Originc du Papier dc Colon ct dc Lin, etc., sur les Filigrancs dcs Papiers dcs xiv», xV, ct xvi° siecles, etc. il torn. Svo. Par., 1808. PAPER-MARKS. 11 the double cross Knes on the stem. To shew the many varieties there are of this mark, and also of the double circle, would take several pages of cuts. Of the single circle we give two specimens, Nos. 2 and 3, from Account Books at the Hague, dated 1356 and 1430. No. 4 is from J ansen, the reduced mark, dated 1315, much resembling No. 5, dated 1360. No. 6, from a MS. of about 1355, shews a mark of a similar kind, but which had got bent out of its right position when fastened to the frame. 0 Our object in having selected the preceding specimens of the Circle mark is to shew to what a great extent a work, even on those water-marks only up to the middle of the fifteenth century, might be carried. It is not our intention to discuss any other marks than those found in the Block-Books. Our collections form a nucleus from which a very curious, and, perhaps, not uninteresting work might be produced ; but we fear few would be found to incur the expense of purchasing it. It is, we believe, the general opinion that a paper applicable to the purpose of Printing was manufactured only a short time previous to the Discovery of that Art, and that, more generally, of a small folio size, such as is found in the earliest editions of the Block-Books, and similar to what was used as early as the middle of the fourteenth century for the Public Account Books, not only in Germany and in the Netherlands, but also in Italy and other parts of Europe. An inquiry as to the period when paper was first used, or when and where the earhest Paper Mills were estabhshed, is not the object of our researches. The works of J ansen and others may be consulted on those points. To the marks on the paper used in the Block-Books issued in the Netherlands our attention will, in the first place, be more particularly directed ; our desire being to shew, that those c2 12 PAPER-MARKS. raarks are, for the greater part, of a totally different character from those used in the Block-Books and early Printed Books published in Germany. It is very true that no Paper Manufactory is recorded as having existed in the Netherlands* during the Fifteenth Century; but it is clearly proved by the Treasury Accounts at Harlem, that the Public Offices in that city were supplied with paper from Antwerp, as were also those at the Hague; some of the accounts preserved in the Archives at the latter place being dated as early as 1352. The latest writerf on Paper-Making observes : " The precise period at which the manufacture of paper was first introduced into Europe appears to be rather a matter of uncertainty. Paper-mills moved by water power were in operation in Tuscany at the commencement of the Fourteenth Century; and at Nuremberg, in Germany, one was established, in 1390, by Ulman Stromer, who wrote the first work ever pixblished on the art of paper-making. He seems to have employed a great number of persons, all of whom were obliged to take an oath that they would not teach any one the art of paper-making, or make it on their own account. In the following year, when anxious to increase the means of its production, he met with such strong opposition from those he employed, who would not consent to any enlargement of the mill, that it became at length requisite to bring them before the magistrates, by whom they were imj>risoned; after "\\'hich they submitted, by renouncing their oaths. Two or three centuries later, wo find the Dutch, in the like manner, so extremely jealous with resjoect to the manufacture as to prohibit the exportation of moulds, under no less severe a penalty than that of death." It is very evident that there existed a much gi'eater degree of secresy respecting the Manufacture of Paper than with regard to the Art of Printing, more i^articu- larly among the Dutch. If, therefore, we can shew that the marks occurring in the paper used in the Account Books at the Hague, at Harlem, and other places in the Netherlands, as also in the Block-Books there issued, are of a character peculiarly Flemish, and that those marks were not used ordinarily in Germany, we may faiiiy conclude that paper must have been manufactured in the Netherlands at a very early period. As soon as Printing had arrived at perfection, paper was made of a superior * "Le plus ancien papier dc chiffons qu'on connois dans Ics Pays-Bas est celui dc la lliWui Itijthmica, ou la Bible en vers flaniands de Jacques Maerlandt, (5crite en 1.322, qui se trouvoit dans la bibliotlieque d'Isaac de Long, oil elle citoit sous le No. 3 dans le catalogue de manuscrits on folio. La bibliotheque Hulsienne possedoit un livre hollandois sur les abeilles {Het Boeck der Byen) &rit i Franckfovt, en 1330, sur papier de lin et non de colon, suivant M. Meerman, qui dit n'avoir jamais yu de manuscrit fait en Allemagne sur du papier de cette derniere especc." Jansen, pp. 323-4. Numerous arc, no doubt, the manuscripts in the Dutch and Flemish languages on paper nmde durin- the fourteenth century ; and there were doubtless paper manufactories in those parts at a yery early period, of which, however, all traces arc now lost. t Paper and Paper Making, Ancient and Modern. By Eichard Herring. Svo. IS.J.j.'p, 33. PAPER-MARKS. 13 quality, and, more commonly, of a larger size, particularly in Germany and Italy. For example, the paper of many of the early editions of the Bible, the CathoUcon of Balbi (1460), the Pliny of 1469, and, indeed, many of the Editiones Principes of the Classics, and other works. With Jansen we agree that the study of water-marks is calculated to afford pretty accurate information as to the country luhere, and the probable period when, a Book without date or place was printed ; but if, conformably with his opinion, we hold that each individual Paper-Maker, or each particular house, had its own pecuhar mark, we are necessarily led to the conclusion that the number of Manufac- tories of Paper in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, etc., must have been at an early period very considerable. Until towards the close of the fifteenth century there occur no marks, that we have met with, on paper used for the printing of books, from which we are led to suppose that they were intended for the motto or device of the maker. That paper- marks were, or rather became general, and not confined to particular manufactories, is in truth inferrible from the fact that we are able to trace similar marks in use from the commencement to the end of the fifteenth century. In some instances, the varieties of the same mark are almost endless; so much so, that, instead of the eight plates of marks engraved by Jansen, it would require more than fifty plates of similar size to give the tracings of all the varieties even of two marks; the letter P and that of the Bull's Head. To be rendered, however, as effectually conducive as possible to the establishment of the Chronology of Printing, it is absolutely necessary that the Paper-marks be studied with severe scrutiny and attention to their minuter features, involving even the consideration of the mechanical processes by which they are produced. As in the human countenance, while a general conformity of design exists, there is, nevertheless, sufiicient distinctness to mark the identity of the individual; so among Paper-Marks! the various species or families as they may be termed, while consisting of the same general figure or design, present a variety of minor characteristics by which they may be particularised, but which require a closer investigation to discover and apply, than has hitherto been bestowed upon them. Hence it is, that the frequent remark, "with little variations!' is so generally found in the writings of all those, even from the earliest period to the present time, who have touched upon this subject, unaccompanied, however, by any attempt to account for or to explain them. The Marks that are found on the paper used for the printing of the Block-Books assigned to the Netherlands are, for the most part, confined to the Unicorn, the Anchor, the Bull's Head, the letter P, the letter Y, and, as we shall endeavour to shew, the Arms of the Dynasties of the Dukes of Burgundy and their aUiances, Initials of Particular Persons, and Arms of the Popes and Bishops. It must not. I 14 PAPER-MARKS. however, for a moment be supposed that no marks similar to those we assign to the Netherlands occur in books printed in Germany; but, taking it as a general rule, the paper there used for printing was, no doubt, confined to the manufactories in that country. Sometimes Paper-Marks had their origin in local and incidental circumstances, or Avere dictated by the nature of the work, or even of the particular part of it in which they are used. For instance, among the early printed books, we find that in the Bible printed by Eggesteyn, the mark of the Crown is used in the Paper on which the Books of Ki7igs are struck off* the Bull's Head having been used in every other part of the work, a circumstance too remarkable to have proceeded from accident. Again, in the first edition of Berlingheri Geograplda, the marks of the paper on which the text is printed, differ materially from those in that used for the charts, although the paper is evidently made (a degree thinner) from the same vat. The whole of the marks on the paper of the charts have an allusion to Navigation and Discovery, thus leading us to conclude that the paper was made expressly for the occasion ; the marks being a Ship, the Arrow, the Ladder, an Eagle, and such like characteristic symbols. Many of the works issued from the Press of Aldus are printed upon paper having as its water-mark that anchor known as his own peculiar device. As an instance of a water-mark being applicable to persons at the ^jresent period, we notice, that, in a workf printed at Florence in 1846, at the expense of Lord Vernon, the Arms of his Lordship were used as the water-mark of the paper on which the work was printed. Numerous other instances might, no doubt, be found of a similar nature. The particular character of the Paper-Mark being thus determined, the varia- tions to which we have alluded remain to be accounted for. This we shall be enabled to do more clearly and satisfactorily if we consider the nature of the process employed, in conjunction with the particular exigences of the case. The uaanufacture of paper intended to be distinguished by a mark requires three contrivances: namely, the Sieve, Gross-Wires, and the Mark or Ilould ; to the second of which are to be ascribed the upright or transverse lines; and to the latter, the particular figure or ornament of wliich it is the counterpart. These portions of the apparatus are perfectly distinct, and have no necessary dependance upon each other by which they could be designated as one entire object, except when connected together by the workmen in the process of their employment. Having to furnish an imusual quantity of the same paper in a limited period of * This occurs in the copy preserved in the Eoyal Library at Paris, and also in a copy of the same edition some few years since in the possession of Mr. Thorpe, boolcscUcr. t Petri AUegherii super Dantis ipsius gcnitoris Comffidiam commcntariam nunc primum in lucem cditum Barone Vernon. 8vo. Florentice, 1846. PAPEE-MARKS. 15 time, it was necessary to be provided with several sets of Sieves, Cross- Wires, as well as duplicates of the same Mark or Mould, according to the quantity required and the time within which it was to be supplied. To the disposition, therefore, of these, as well as to their particular form, are attributable the variations in the particular water-mark. The Sieves appear to have been procured either in pairs, fours, sixes, eights, or twelves* and about the centre of each, prior to its being used, the water-mark was fastened, by the workman of the paper-maker, on the inside of the form, between the upright or cross-wires referred to; an operation which, it is almost needless to observe, can never be so accurately executed as not to present some shades of difference every time, even when it has to be repeated with the same identical instru- ment; not to speak of the difference that must exist when the duplicates are employed. Accordingly, it is only by comparing them together, with reference to this disposition of their component parts, that their actual differences can be satis- factorily determined. Thus, when the tracing of one is placed over the fac-simile of another of the same device, no difference is frequently discernible, except in its position with regard to the upright or cross-wires, being in some more oblique, or at a greater distance, than in others; a difference sufficient, however, to she^v that the sheets of paper were not made from the same sieve. There is another source of distinction to which we would fain draw attention, as one which, we believe, has never before been noticed. We allude to the Dots, or Excrescences, observable on many of the marks. These arise from the projection of the fastening on of the mark or mould to the sieve, by means of wire of the like or of a finer quality than that used in the formation of the mark itself These dots are found frequently multiplied to a considerable extent in marks otherwise, to all appearance, of the same mould. In the Unicom, for instance, or in the letter P, so commonly used on paper of the period to which we are referring, the same apparent form of letter is occasionally to be seen with dots varying in number up to as many as a dozen, or even more, according, most probably, as the fastenings became impaired by time and use, and it was necessary to supply their places with others. Eegarding, therefore, these essential characteristics, when we use the term " the same water-mark" we desire to be understood as implying pajjer made with the same disposition of all the parts of the apparatus we have been describing, as by this alone can we determine the identity of manufacture, and conclude anything with respect to the probable date of an undated work; though, with all these circumstances combined, it might so happen that a person might use paper which had been made, or been in his possession, many years beforef . * We are led to tliis conclusion on often finding, on the paper of a bulky, printed Tolume, that, when there are a great many marks apparently from the same mould, it is discovered, on minute examination, that two, four, or six of them differ in some slight degree, thus shewing the number of sieves used. t As an illustration of this, I frcijuently use writing paper dated forty years ago, having some time ago purchased a quantity of old paper. 16 PAPER-MAEKS. It is clear, therefore, from tlie fact of the like symbol being retained in use for a considerable length of time, that the actual date of a book cannot be inferred from the occurrence of any particular species or kind of water-mark, though, the circum- stances which gave rise to the addition of a particular mark being known, we are enabled to limit the period of the printing of the book to some time subsequent to the happening of the circumstances referred to. Thus, for instance, when a water-mark bears the evidence of having been con- structed with reference to an alliance of particular Families, In some copies of what we consider to be the earliest impressions of the Block and Printed Books, we have, as a water-mark, the plain P, the initials of Philip Duke of Burgundy, surmounted, in some cases, with the single Fleur-de-lys, the arms ■proi)er for Burgundy. In the Spencer, Rendorp, and Hihhert coijies of the Tldrd or Second Latin edition of the Speculum, we have, accompanying the letter/", the letter 3' the initials oi Isalella*, or Ysahella as it was then written. This fact, assuming our hypothesis as regards the interpretation of the marks to be correct, satisfactorily proves that those copies of that edition could not have been printed i^rior to 1430, the period of the marriage of the Duke of Burgundy with Isabella, January 10, 1430. The mark of the P and the Y united, as we shall have occasion to notice, appeared, for the first time, in Accounts dated 1431; and the private sealf of Philip) and Isabella was as here engraved. Again, when the symbol employed was the arms or device of a private individual who did not come into public notoriety, or occupy a station in society sufficiently prominent to confer a title, or to claim such a distinction, until a particular period of his life, we may then certainly conclude that the paper bearing his arms or device was not made, nor in use, until after the happening of the event by which that notoriety was acquired. For instance, when the Pelican, the private arms of iEneas Silvius (Picolomini), afterwards Pope Pius II., is found upon paper, we cannot do other^^dse than refer its manufacture to a date subsequent to the year 1458, the period when Picolomini became Pope. The Pelican is a mark that very rarely occurs. We have met with it in a copy of the edition of the Catholicon of Balbi of sixty-five lines, supposed to have been jn-inted by Mentellin; as also in the Speculum Historifde bearing the name of that printer. Inasmuch as we find the same species of water-marks continuing in use for a very long time after the date of their first appearance, it is very evident that they do not assist us in ascertaining the precise period when the works in which they appear were printed, though they may prove that the paper bearing particular marks could not have been made before a certain period. So likewise the appear- Ysahd," so spelt in her autograph letters. t Vrcd.i SigiUa Comitum Fla.uU ix, pp. S.5-6, PAPER-MAEKS. 17 ance of those marks so iDeculiar to the paper used in the Netherlands does not prove that the books in which they occur were there printed, though, when the type used is also of that National Chaeactek, we may fairly come to that conclusion. We find that, occasionally, some of the earliest works assigned to Gutenberg, and of those which issued from the presses of Fust and Schoiffer at Mentz, bear marks of a similar character to those in Block-Books we assign to the Netherlands. So also do some of the books printed by Eggesteyn at Strasburg, by Ulric Zell, Conrad de Homborch, Guldenschaff, Ther Hoernen, and Unckel, at Cologne; and particularly those printed by John de Westphalia at Louvain, Veldener at various places, and by Ketelaer and Leempt at Utrecht. If, as we have reason to beheve, the manufacture of Paper was carried on at a very early period at Antwerp, we are not surjarised to learn that the Cologne printers obtained their paper from so con- tiguous a factory. We do not, however, find that any of the Block-Books or books printed in Holland and other parts of the Low Countries contain marks similar to those on paper manufactured in Germany; nor, with two or three exceptions* have we found on the paper of the Block-Books assigned to the Netherlands any marks similar to those on the paper used by the earher printers of Italy, the Italians appearing generally to have used Paper made in their own country. The variety of water- marks that occur in the books printed at "Venice by Jenson alone, is almost enclless']^ a fact that at once shews that the toater-marh did not denote the factory in which the paper was made. With regard, therefore, to the actual, or even probable date of a manuscript, or of a printed work, it is evident we are unable to form a conclusion from the observance of any particular species of water-mark. It is only by a consideration of those minute distinctions by which the identity of manufacture may be determined, that we are enabled to make any approximation to the date, by reference to that of soiue other work in which the like distinctions are discernible, and of which the date is known, or otherwise discoverable. One example will serve to shew the force of this observation, and at the same time illustrate the necessity of regarding the pa])er-marks with that critical accuracy which we have here insisted on as requisite to give weight to any conclusions respecting the actual periods of the printing of undated works. There is a book, well known to our Bibliographical readers as the "Oxford Booh," by St. Jerome:]:, the printed date of which is 1468. To estabhsh the correctness of * The three Mounts within a Circle on the Woodhurn copy of the Bihlia Paupermn, and the Pair of Scales in the Sijkes copy of the same work. The Scales, however, used by Jenson and others, arc generally within a circle, as are many of the water-marks used in Italy. t Jansen derotes pages 340 to 349 to a description of the marks used by Jenson at Venice, giving above eiyJitij reduced copies of them. J Expositio Sancti Jeronimi in Symbolum Apostolorum. Imjrressa 0.tonice jiccccLxvm. xtii. die decembris. D 18 PAPER-MARKS. date, Mr. Singer devoted considerable pains in his critical inquiry* upon the subject. Among, however, the marks of the paper on which this book is printed, occurs the Hound. On comparing one of the marks of the Hound with the same figure among the water-marks in the Dutch Bible printed at Delft in 1477, an exact correspond- ence will be observed, not only in the general character and features of the water- mark, but in almost every one of those minute particulars by which, as we have above remarked, the actual identity of manufacture is proved in respect of the very paper on which these two works are printed. We here subjoin fac-similes of the tracmgs (from the Bodleian copies) of the two Hounds; the one from the Oxford Book, and the other from the Bible. The originals of the tracings were done at an interval of several years, without any reference to the object for which they are now used. Though the above marks do not, from the above rough tracings, on tlie strictest examination, bear evidence of their identity, as regards their exact i^osition, yet they are sufficiently alike to shew that there can be little doubt of the identity of the manufactm-e of the paper. On a close examination of the paper of other copies, marks agreeing in the minutest particulars would doubtlessly be found. The paper of the Bodleian Copy of the Aretin, printed at Oxford, dated 1479, exhibits no less than twenty-two different water-marks, nearly all of which occur in the Dutch Bible of 1477. Among them is one of the Hound, very similar to the above. The paper of Mr. Singer's co^y has only five different marks, including two varieties of the Hound, one with the fleur-de-Hs above, and the other without, each closely resembUng the tracings here given. The most determined supporter of the antiquity of this "Oxford Book" can hardly suppose that the paper for so large and considerable a work as the Dutch Bible was made and warehoused prior to 1468, the printed date attached to the tract of St. Jerome; but he may allow the possibility that the latter might have been printed on a remnant of the paper used for a work printed the year before, or obtained, at the same period, from the same source; an observation which (further corroborated by the occurrence of the same or like water-mark in the tract by * Some Account of the Book printed at Oxford in mcccclxyiii.. under the Title of " Expositio Sanctl Jcronimi in bymbokim Apostolorum." Syo, London, 1813. PAPER-MARKS. 19 Aretin, printed at Oxford in the year 1479) completely sets at rest all conclusions as to the date of printing at Oxford, founded upon the consideration of the work in question. I am much gratified at being able to lay before my readers the annexed most friendly communication from Mr. Singer, written in consequence of a conversation I had with him on the subject. Mr. Singer notices a volume in his possession bearing evidently a wrong date by the accidental omission of the numeral x. From among the very many other instances of a sunilar nature, I mention the "Decor Puellarum," from the Press of Jenson at Venice, which bears the date 1461 in lieu of 1471. " Manor Place, 'Wandsworth Eoad, 8 May, 1855. "My dear Sir, "You wished me to state to you my conviction that I was wrong in defending the date of the Oxford Book of 1468, and I do so unequivocally. " I have recently acquired a book in which the same typographical error, of the omission of one x in the colophon, undoubtedly occurs. The Book is in small 4to., m a neat semi-gothic type, with ornamental flowered capital letters, and having more the appearance of works produced two centuries later, the passages in Greek being all correctly printed in that character. The title is 'Frcmcisci Mataratij de Gomponendis Versihus Hexumetro et Pentametro,' printed in red letters. The colo- phon IS 'Erhardus Ratdoldt Augustensis prolatissimus lihrarie artis exactor summa confecit diligentia. Atmo Christi m. cccc Ixviij. wjj. calen. Decemhris Venetijs.' " Now Ratdoldt began to print at Venice in 1475; but it was in conjunction with his two fellow-citizens of Augsburg, Bernardus Pictor and Petrus Loslein. I am not aware that any book exists in which his name occurs of an earlier date; and he does not appear to have printed anything in which his name appears alone before the year 1478. This would be conclusive as to the date of this book, if a glance at It did not at once convince any one acquainted with early printed books. It has signatures, which were not used, I believe, before the year 1472. " A mistake of this kind having occurred in this case, where the book is, in every respect, carefully and well executed, we may surely conclude, that, in the Oxford book, which is a much ruder specimen, it was the case. The circumstance of the want of books from the same press between this supposed date of 1468 and 1479, ought to be conclusive. "Ever, my dear Sir, yours faithfuUj^ „ a T o „ " W. Singer. b. Leigh Sotheby, Esq. D 2 ON THE PAPER USED FOE THE BLOCK-BOOKS WATER-MARKS EXECUTED IN HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. THE SEVERAL EDITIONS OF THE APOCALYPSE. PLATE A. Edition II. Inglis Copy. In this copy, the Anchor, of various form, is the predominant mark, the same mark occurring twice only in fiTS instances. Several of them are very like those in the Inglis copy of the Bihlia Paupemm (see plate E). The form of No. 3 is remarkable. It is the only instance we have met with in any of the copies of the Block-Books, or in any p)rintecl book. The Shield of Arms occurs only twice, and the Head of the Bull four times. PLATE B. Edition IV. Harlem ( Hotel de Ville J Copy. The Shield with Cross is the only mark. Edition IV. Renouard Copy. Here also only one mark appears, the letter P, with a Fleur-de-lis above. Edition IV. Bodleian Copjy. The greater portion of the pages are so pasted together that tracings of the marks could not be obtained. Many of the leaves have the Unicorn, chiefly placed downwards. The letter P, of three diflerent forms, also occurs. The marks in the copy of this edition in the British Museum (Royal Library), and of that in the library of Mr. Johnson of Oxford, are of a very similar character. Edition I. Spencer Copy. The predominant mark is a peculiarly coarsely formed letter P, surmounted with the Fleur-de-lis, a mark that we have not hitherto met with in any other copy of the Block-Books. The Bull's Head is also of peculiar form; nor does it occur elsewhere in the books the subject of our researches. The texture of the paper used for this copy is also remarkable, the upright water-lines having the appearance as shewn in the three centre upright lines in our plate. 22 PAPER-MARKS. PLATE C. Edition III. British Museum (Royal Library ) Copy. A very singular and pro- bably unique circumstance occurs in respect to the marks in this copy. On leaf 41, " Et vox de throno" there are two marks, besides which, the greater portion of the sheets have a mark on either half, the Anchor on the one side, and the Fleur-de-lis on the other ; which we believe to be very unusual in the process of paper-making. On leaf 41 the mark of the Anchor is in its usual place, about the centre of the page, but beneath it is the mark of the Fleur-de-lis, in such a position as to show that it had got there accidentally, probably di'opped, omng to the carelessness of the workman whose duty it was to fix the marks to the wires in the sieve. The Anchor, of form No. 2, is the first instance we have met with in the Block- Books; the same observation equally applies to the mark of the Fleiir-de-lis. Edition III. The Y, from one of the four pages of this edition, iu the i^ossession of the Rev. Mr. Griffiths, of Wadham College, Oxford. Edition III. Pembroke Copy. This singularly formed Ilend of the Bull occurs only once, namely, in sig. S. The Anchors and P's are all very like the specimens given; the former much resembling some in the Inglis copy of the first edition of the Apocalypse. Edition IV. Johnson Copy. The Unicorn and the P the only marks. They are very much hke those which occur in the British Museum and Bodleian copies of the same edition. Edition IV. Libri Copy. All P's, and very much resembling those in the Renouard copy of the same edition. Edition IV. Spencer Copy. A Buckle ? the only mark. Owing to the pages in this copy being so firmly pasted together, added to the circumstance of the im- pressions being very darkly coloured, it was with the greatest difficulty that we could obtain a tracing of the mark. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 23 PLATE D. Edition III. Lang co^yy. The Anchor of this peculiar form is the only mark. The copy, as before noticed, vol. i. p. 19 et seq. belonged to Gaignat. When in his possession it was bound up with a copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, as clearly shown by the tooling on the gilded edges of the leaves. The copy is now in the Grenville collection, at the British Museum. The paper used for both copies is of the same texture, and bears only the Anchor mark. So closely does some of the paper in each correspond as to leave no doubt of its being made from the same vat. For instance, the mark No. 3 in each correspond in all the minutite, and prove the mark to be the smne. We have no doubt, that if all the marks were minutely examined, many would be found equally to correspond. Edition IV. Copy consigned to us for sale in 1829, and bought by Mr. Bohn*. The principal mark was the small Bull's Head, varying in size and form. A Star, radiated, and having apparently an inscription in the centre, occurs on three of the leaves. It is a mark we have not met with elsewhere. The references to the Bull's Head, No. 10, should be folios 45 and 47, instead of "fol. 3, 37, 43." Edition V. /. H. 8. It is the only instance we have met with of this mark occurring in the Block-Books. It should have been placed among the water-marks assigned to Germany, the edition evidently having been there issued. The plate, however, was done several years since, when we had no intention of entering so fully into the subject. * I have been unable to trace into "whose hands this copy has passed. PAPEE-MAEKS. THE SEVERAL EDITIONS OF THE BIBLIA PAUPERUM. PLATE E. Edition III. Grenville Copy. Anchor, the only mark, and all of this peculiar high-shouldered form. It is of the same form as that in the Lcmy copy of the Apocalypse, with which it was originally bound. The mark. No. 3, in the former, ao-rees with that of No. 3 in the latter, in which there are only a few more fastenings, the paper being evidently made from the same vat. The marks No. 2 in each work also very closely agree. Edition I. Inglis Copy. Anchor, the only mark. Its form, though a little smaller, slightly resembles those in the Grenville copy ; but it corresponds as close as possible with Nos. 9, 13, and 17, in the Inglis copy of the Apocalypse. Edition V. Woodhurn, or British Museum ( Print Room) Copy. The Double Key, the Shield of Arms, and the Paschal Lamb, mthin a circle, are the only marks. Edition — ? Rendorp Copy. Unicorn and P, with Fleur-de-lis above. The Unicorns present the two varieties, each with their front feet raised, and all placed on the sieve lengthways. The P's are all of a similar form to tliose given. The copy in the library of the late Mr. Lea Wilson, of Norwood, had, for some of its marks, similar ones to those in the preceding, one of the unicorns agreeing in almost every particular. The two Unicorns are evidently the satne as tliose used in tlie paper in the Rendorp copy of the Gantica Canticorum. The copies formerly belonged to Scriverius, and when brought to tliis country were separated from their original binding. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 25 EDITIONS OF THE BIBLIA PAUPERUM CONTINTTED. PLATE F. Edition II. Spencer A . Copt/. The pages in this copy are closely pasted together ; but on our discovering that the only mark on the paper was the Unicorn of this particular form, a mark we were most desirous of tracing, the late Mr. Appleyard very kindly consented to our separating two of the leaves. We have not met with any other instance of this mark in the Block-Books. The paper throughout is of a thill texture. Edition II. Lucca Copy. Tower or Castle, the only mark, all very similar to the specimen. Edition IV. Sykes ( Douce ) Copiy. A Pair of Scales, the only mark, and all of this peculiar form. Edition — ? Westrenen Copy. The tracing of this Anchor was forwarded to us by the late Baron Westrenen. The copy was imperfect, being that formerly in the possession of Santander, the eminent bibliographer. The Anchor is of a peculiarly thin and long form, very like that of No. 1 in the Inglis copy of the first edition. Edition I, Pembroke Copy. Head of the Bull, the only mark, and all of this form. It is veiy similar to that in the copy of the second edition in the Royal Library, British Museum. Edition II. Botfield Copy. Toiver or Castle, occurs only once (leaf k) ; the Head of the Bull or Calf, with cinquefoil above, being on all the other sheets. Edition II. Benouard Copy. The P is the only mark, much resembling several in the Inglis copy of the first edition. Edition V. Woodburn Copjy. The Three Mounts within a circle occurs on two of the three leaves obtained from an imperfect cop}^, formerly in the possession of Messrs. Payne and Foss, to complete this copy now in the Print Room of the British Museum. The paper of those leaves is of a thinner quality than that usually employed for the Block-Books. It is apparently of Italian manufacture. E 26 PAPER-MARKS. EDITIONS OF THE BIBLIA PAUPERUM, Plate F. continued. Edition IV. Spe7icer B. copy. This peculiar shaped Anchor the only mark, each exhibiting, more or less, marks of the fastenings to the sieve. Edition III. Chatsworth Copy. The letters P and Y, and the Shield of Arins, the only marks. The latter occurs only twice. Edition II. British Museum (Royal Library) Copy. The Unicorn and Bull's Head the only marks. The leaves of the copy are so firmly pasted together, that we could not, in tracing them, distinguish the places of the fastenings. Not having a sufficient number of tracings to occupy another lithographic page, we give these here in a woodcut. The Bull's Head is very like those in the Pemhrohe copy of the first edition. Edition VI. Bodleian Copy. The small P occurs but seldom, and is generally turned the contrary way. The other sheets have the Cock, the greater portion of them being very indistinct. The Cock occurs in no other copy of any of the Block-Books we have seen. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 27 THE FIRST EDITION OF THE ARS MORIENDI, AXD THE EDITIONS OF THE CANTICA CANTICORUM. PLATE G. ARS MOEIENDI. Harlem Copy. The Unicorn is of tlie same character as that occurrhig in tlie Rendorp copy of the Bihlia Pcmperum, and the Rendorp copy of the Guntica Canti- corum, as below, with the exception that the figure is upriglat. The Anclior is of a clumsy form ; and the P, quite plain, does not frequently occur in the Block -Books ; indeed, with the exception of that in the Bodleian copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, it is the only instance of our meeting with it. Pembroke Copy. The P is of a singular form, and occurs only once, all the other sheets having the Shield of A rms as given in the plate. CANTICA CANTICOEUM. Edition I. Rendorp Copy. Unicorn the only mark. It is similar to those in the Rendorp copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, the paper bearing evidence of having been made about the same time. Edition I. Harlem Copy. Head of the Bull the only mark; but, owing to the leaves being firmly pasted, it was with difliculty traced. Edition I. Spencer Copy. This copy is so closely pasted that we cannot see the marks. There was a copy* ( wanting six leaves ) in the library of Dr. Kloss, of Frank- fort, having, as marks, the Shield, similar to that, No. 18, in the Inglis copy of the Apocalypse; the P plain, a part of a Y, and an A nchor, very similar to that in the ^Yestrenen copy of the Bihlia Pauperum. Judging from the marks, we have no doubt that this imperfect copy was of the first edition. Edition II. Cracherode Copy (British Museum). The Head of the Bull, of very similar form to that in the Bodleian copy. The P is of peculiar shape. Edition III. Bodleian Copy. This has the Pascal Lamb in a circle on two of the sheets, all the others having the Head of the Bidl, as given, several of which have a round pellet in the centre of the forehead. The sheets in the copy are so firmly pasted that we could only trace the one mark given. * This copy was bought by the late Mr. Ottley ; but what has become of it I know not. The note of the paper-marks I obtained from a memorandum made many years since by my Father. E 2 28 PAPER-MARKS. THE FOUR EDITIOXS OF THE SPECULUM HUMAN.E SALVATIONIS. PLATES H, I, K, L, M, and N. PLATE H. Edition I. (First Latin.) Inglis Copy*. The Bull's Head occurs only in two instances, namely, in the preface. The Head, of this particular form, is here used for the first time in the Block-Books. The Anchor is the only mark in the first three gatherings, except on leaf 30, where the Unicorn apjsears ; paper bearing the Unicorn having been used for the fourth gathering, excejst on leaf 43, where the Anchor is found. In the copy of the first edition, preserved at Harlem, the marks accord with those in the Inglis copy, except that leaf 30 has the Anchor in lieu of the Unicorn. This coincidence in the copies shews them to have been printed at the same time, it not being probable, that, at that early period, the printer kept in hand a large stock of paper. The Anchor is of the same peculiar, high-shouldered form as those in the Lang copy of the Apocalypse and the Oreni-ille copy of the Bihlia Pauperum. The paper on which the Anchor occurs (twenty-one times) is of a thicker quality than that where the Unicorn (eight times) is used, the latter being neai'ly the same in substance as that in the Rendorp copy of the Cantica Canticorimi. Edition II. (First Dutch.) 82mncer and Enschede Copies. The marks in the 8-pencer copy are those noted, Nos. 3, 6, 7, and 8, comprising the Unicorn, downwards; two /"s, one plain, and the other mth the Fleur-de-lis above; a small Bidl's Head on two sheets; and a peculiarly formed BidVs Head occurring only once, namely on leaf 45. The Marks in the Enschede copy are the plain P, the P with tlie Flcur-dc-Us and others; but, unfortunately, the note of the leaves on which they occur had been mislaid at the time the plate was worked. Since that time I have ascertained that the marks m the two copies agree on the several sheets, with the exception, that, m the first gathering, a P occurs, the Unicorn being used in all the other sheets of the first tlu-ee gatherbigsf. The marks in the fourth gathering correspond. • While writing the following, I have this imnraenlate copy before me. t Here rs another remarkable instance of the marks agreeirrg in two copies of the same edition. K sj»j:rrxtT]vi.l I I X:t._V.nlj.A HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 29 EDITIONS OF THE SPECULUM CONTINUED. PLATES I, K. Edition III. (Second Latin.) Spencer, Hihhert*, and Rendorp-\ Coynes. Tlie greater portion of the i^aper used for these three copies was evidently made at one time. Here we have a great variety of marks. P with Fleur-de-lis above, and others with an ornament, most probably intended for the Lis, but coarsely made; the Y, some with Cross above and with one Heart at bottom ; the Y with Fleur-de-lis at bottom; two Shields, one with Arms, and the other with Inscription and Grozier above; the large Anchor, very similar to that of the Laing copy of the Apowdypse and the Grenville copy of the Biblia Fauperum. The Head of the Bull, No. 5, appears to be of the same character as that on page 45 of the Inglis copy of the Speculum, but injured. Edition III. The Marks in Mr. Holford's copy (formerly Renouard's) of this edition are very much of the same character and variety as those in the preceding copies. The paper is of various qualities, some of the sheets being veiy much thinner than others, particularly those which have the 3" with the Trefoil at bottom. The impressions of the wood-engravings are very muddy, and, in many instances, very faint; so much so, that, in several of the pages where the text is engraved in wood, the impress from the blocks shews scarcely any ink. The Pembroke copy (wanting the first and last leaves) of this edition has its leaves so pasted together, that the marks are not very discernible. They comprise chiefly the high-shouldered P, as in the Grenville copy of the Bihlia Fauperum, and the Y, with the one Heart and Trefoil pendant, as in the Spencer and other copies of the third edition. PLATE L. Edition III. (Second Latin.) Singer Cojjy. The Marks are here all of a very similar character to those in the other copies mentioned, of the same edition. The Y, No. 14, is, however, different, occurring but once, and is the only instance we have met with in any of the copies of the preceding Block-Books. * This is now in the Douce Collection in tlic Bodleian Library. It formerly belonged to SI. Girardot de Prefond ; thence it passed successively into the collections of MM. Le Cotte, Gaignat, De Bose, and Count Mac-Carthy. t This formerly belonged to Scriverius, the Dutch Historian, thence passing into the Library of Count Eendorp, whose collection was brought to this country in 1833, when it was sold by auction ; the copy of the Speculum wanting many leaves producing £14 : 3 : 6. 30 PAPER-MARKS. EDITIONS OF THE SPECULUM CONTINUED. PLATES M AND N. Edition IV. (Second Dutch.) Harlem Copy. With the exception of the Uni- corn, the marks in this copy are all of a diiferent character from those in the three other editions. Here, for the first time, we meet mth the Bull's Head of another form, having above a Shield of Arms divided into six parts. The ^S";. Catherine's Wheel with Circle below, the Double Key, the Ha-nd with Gauntlet composed of ■five Hearts, and Hand with Gauntlet in six divisions, but evidently intended, though coarsely made, to be the same as the other. Initials, M. A. within circle, with Shield of Arms attached to it, similar to that above the Bull's Head. Edition IV. (Second Dutch.) Pemhrohe Copy. The Hand, as annexed, occurs /"Y^i on one sheet in this copy. It is evidently of the same kind as that which occurs in the Harlem copy of the same edition, but the lower portion has been much broken. The marks on the other sheets are the Bull's Head, with Cross and Shield of Arms attached to it, as in the Harlem copj^ of the same edition, and a small Anchor. r/ SPECULUM HUMANE SALVATIOXIS. Printed at XJirecht hy Vcldener, 148.3. The Unicorn is of a very pecuhar form; the P's are of the same character as those used m several of the Block -Books. The work being of quarto form, the centres of the Marks could not be taken, as the copy was in a bound state. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTIIIES. 31 WATER-MARKS ON THE PAPER OF BOOKS PRINTED IN HOLLAND DURING THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE O. LxiDovicus PoNTANus DE EoMA. Spcucer Copy. The ijaper on which the Spencer copy of this work is printed, is of a thick texture, whicli, coupled with the density of the printed text, prevented our marking, in the tracings of the water-marks, the fastenings of the wires. On the fifty-nine leaves, or thirty sheets, of paper used, we have no less than sixteen different marks, the greater portion being similar in character to those in the four editions of the Specu- lum, and yet presenting a variety in two or three marks. The ending of the P, No. 1, is different from any hitherto met with ; so also is the shield with the Fleur-de-lis above. No. 3, though the inscription is no doubt the same as in the Pembroke copy of the Ars Moriendi, plate G. The double-forked P, No. 5, is also of singular and uncommon form. The peculiar shaped Bulls' Heads, Nos. 10, 11, and 12, somewhat resemble that on p. 45 of the Inglis copy of the first edition of the Speculum; as does also the Unicorn that of No. 1 on folios 45, 46, and 48, of the same. PLATE p. Pii Secundi Opuscula, &c. Spencer mid Eiblert Copies. The letter 3" is the only mark; many of them closely resemble those used in the Singer copy of the third edition of the Specidum, plate L. Saliceto de Salute Cokporis. Spencer Copy. The high-shouldered Anchor, the Y, the Bouhle Key, and the Shield with three fleurs-de-lis, are, no doubt, when perfect, similar in form to that in the Choisworth copy of the Bihlia Paujierum. FACETiiE Morales. Enscliede Copy. The Anchor, same as the last; a small but singularly formed P, a little resem- bling that in the Cracherode copy of the Cantica Ganticorum. The small Head of the Bull we have not elsewhere met with among the Block-Books, though one of very similar form, as in the next plate, is very frequently found among the marks in a copy of the Fasciculus Temporum printed by Veldener. 32 PAPEK-MARKS. PLATE Q. PAPER-MARKS IN BOOKS PRINTED BY VELDENER. ■ On examining copies of the editions of the Fasciculus Temporum, printed at Louvain in 1476, and at Utrecht 1480, by Velde7ier, we are struck with the endless variety of water-marlis which occur in them. The marks of o?ie copy of each of these works amount to no less than fifty -six, though, in some instances, they are of the same species, but of different form. Of these, the present plate represents thirteen of the same character as those found in the later editions of the Block-Books. It is not improbable, that, if we had the opportunity of examining many copies of these works, we might find nearly all the marks used in those editions. The three Unicorns are of a very different form ; but are here given with a view to future reference, when we shall have occasion more particularly to enter upon the subject of the Water-Marks. They are of the same peculiar shape as are fomid ou the paper of many of the books printed by Caxton ; to wliicli i)i'oductions we shall have occasion more particularly to refer at the close of our notices on those Paper- Marks used in the Netherlands at the period inquired into. We think it quite uunecessaiy further to extend the number of our plates to shew that marks of a similar character to those which we have given were used in nearly all the books printed in the Low Countries. In the preceding plates of the Paper-Marks, A. to Q., it will, no doubt, have been observed, that they do not all follow in regular succession according to the probable issue of the several editions of each work. This circumstance has arisen from several of the plates having been executed many years previous to our examination of other copies of the Block-Books. In the identification of the manufacture of paper, two very important points must be observed : First, the space between the divisional water-lines caused by the thicker upright wires of the sieve; and secondly, the exact position of the mark when fastened generally between, or occasionally upon, the stouter wires. In both these particulars we have endeavoured to be correct. p /} 1 — - SKCUOTJUS P Spencer fcffi ■ — ^>p, I.I /i R,0 LAUI>E HOW 'tberLCopi-^.s. t?' a ^» — ^ f^ER-I, [ .SALICF.TO DE 1 Sp 1^110 PL LUTE CORPOinS. T^\.(:ETIAC. >RV. 1 \ /// 9 -> />' "^Ki, line, m Ma.r.i.'ip P 1 ^ r V. ^^^^^ O V f"*' 0.4-.. 17. /3 7Tj THE MEMORANDA RESPECTING PAPER-MAUKS IN THE BLOCK-BOOKS EXECUTED IIN" HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. ANCHOK. An acknowledged Symbol or a Maritime C'ountky. It is the Arms of the Island of Goree, or Goreda, once a Dynasty, and of suffi- cient consequence to give the name to Goree, in the Atlantic, an Island belonging to the Dutch. It was, no doubt, a symbol frequently used by the ancients. On the Seleuciau Medals it marks the coin as having been struck at Antioch, where an anchor* was found on digging out the first foundations of the city, though at a considerable distance from the sea. 0. As a Paper-Mark it may have been used at a very early period. Our earliest tracing (No. 1) is from the Archives at the Hague (Accounts of Eutgerszoon), 1396. From among the thousands of sheets of paper examined by the late Mr. Ottley at the Hague, the mark of this peculiar form occurred in no other instance than that as stated. It is also remarkable that the Anchor, of very similar shape, though without the cross on the top, occurs but on one sheet in the various copies of the Block-Books examined by us. It is found in the Infflts copy of the Apocalf/pse * Pinkerton on Medals, vol. i. p. 191. Edition 1789. PAPER-MARKS. (see pi. A. No. 3). Nos. 2, 3, and 4, are from the Accounts from Leeuwenliorst, 1423, Counts of Holland, 1421, and Accounts, 1432. The peculiarly tall Anchor, as annexed, is in Accounts dated 1446-7. In iwoceed- ing to notice the next in date, it must be particularly borne in mind that the statement made by us as to dates has only reference to the researches made by ourselves upon the subject, to which, as we have before stated, the collections of the late Mr. Ottley have contributed largely. As dates, however, they may be depended upon, taken, as they have been, from Manuscript Books of Accounts officially forwarded from the various places to which they refer. No doubt an examination of other Account Books and Manuscripts upon paper jireserved in other parts of Holland, the Low Countries, Germany, and, indeed, in all parts of the Continent, more particularly in the Public Libraries, would add much to the information we already possess. Had such, however, been personally attempted by us, we fear the result would have been a total abandonment (arising from physical and official im2)edimeuts) of all interest in the subject, as would also have been the case had we deferred the printing of our two preceding volumes until we had examined all the various copies of the Block-Books known to exist in Europe. The Accounts of West Voorne, 1416-17, contain marks very similar to that of the Infflis copy of the Apocali/pse (pi. A. No. 4), while that in the Accounts of the Abbey of Leeuwenhorst, 1426 (No. 2), as also that (No. 4) in the Accounts of the Counts of Holland, 1421, resemble very closely those in the other sheets of the same copy of the Apocalypse, as also those in the Pemhroke copy of the Apocalypse, and in the Inglis, Renouarcl, and Spencer copies of the Billia Pauperum (plates E. and F). The Anchor is usually surmounted by the plain cross. The one on the left, of a peculiarly high-shouldered form, is found in the Accounts preserved at Harlem, dated 1442 ; and of a larger size in the Lang copy of the Apocalij2)se (pL D.); the GrenvUle copy of the Biblia Paiqyerum (pi. E.); the Inglis copy of the first edition oi ih.e Speculum (jdI. H.); as also frequently in the second and third editions of the Speculum (pi. I., K., and L.). It is the mark on the Temptationes Bcmnonum broadside, and in the Alphabet Book in the Print Room at the British Museum, relics particularly noticed, Vol. i. pp. 121-4. TO 0 HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 35 Tlie deep-sliouldered Anchor does not very often occur, the tracing given being from Account Books of South Holland, 1463-5. Of a larger size, it is found in the BritisJi, Museum copy of the Apocalypse, the only instance we have as yet met with in the Block-Books. 0 The Anchor with the Tunny* Fish, or Dolphin, twisted on it, was probably used as the Symbol of Venice long before it was assumed by Aldus as his device, as frequently on the title-pages, but more generally at the close of the works issued from his press. Many of the books printed by Aldus and his family have no other water-mark but the Anchor wdthin a circle, with divers ornaments above. The one given is from a work printed by him in 1499. The Anchor is sometimes found in books printed in the Low Countries (see Typographia Cent. XV., No. 9, Louvain; No. 73, Delft), and occasionally in copies of the earUest pro- ductions of Mentz and Cologne, as also in those from the presses of Gutenberg and Ulric Zell. We have not met with it m any books printed by Fust and Schoeflfer, Mentellin, or others of the German Printers ; though, within a circle, it was not an uncommon mark in the paper of Italian manufacture. SHIELDS OF AEMS. The Akms propee of John the Inteepid (Jean-sans-Peue), son of Philip Audax Duke of Burgundy, the Single Fleur-de-lts being the Cognizance of jNi [f the House of Buegundy. As the eldest son, the shield is charged with a lahel during the life of his father. It is surmounted with a Cross in consequence of liis having "taken up the Gro.9.s" in a crusade against the Turks in 1395. He reigned, as Duke of Burgundy, from 1404 to 1419, when he was slain by order of the Dauphin of France. The single Fleur-de-lis, the Lily, represents the Arms of Lisle; and, when accompanied by the single Rose, they formed the Arms of Urban IV. 1261-4. The Fleur-de-lis is most probably one of the earhest * Emblematical of the Tunny Fishery, of wliicli an interesting account will be found in Shaw's Zoology, vol. iv. p. 481. F 2 36 PAPER-MAKKS. heraldic symbols on record. It is found on tlie earliest Seals of England and France, public and private*. Among the Archives in the Tower of London is a Roll of several sheets, dated from Charing, March 8th, 13th of Henry IV. (1412-13), whereon this mark is found, as also in a letter from Henry VI. to the Archbishop of Canterbury (1443-50). It is the only mark in the Harlem copy of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse; nor iiave we found it in any other of the Block-Books, though subsequently and fre- quently used in the books printed at Cologne, Louvain, Gouda (see Typographia Cent. X v., Nos. 38, 39, 64, 95, &c. It is also found in the C'anterhury Tales and other works printed by Oaxton. This design represents, symbohcally, John the Intrepid destroying his Uncle, the Duke of Orleans. Jealousy and discord had long existed between the Houses of Bur- gundy and Orleans, the result of which was, that, in 1407, the Duke of Orleans was assassinated, the Duke of Burgundy acknowledging that he had killed him. This avowal of the murder is related by Barantef as having occurred at the interview, shortly after, between his Uncle the Duke de Berry and himself : " Le Due de Berry vint ;\ la porte, et dit an Due Jean, ' Mon neveu, de'portez vous d'entrer au conseil, on ne vous y verrait pas avec plaisir.' A quoi le Due de Bur- goigne re'pondit, 'Monsieur, je m'en de'porte volon- tiers, et afin qu'on n'accuse personne de la mort du Due d'Orleans, je declare que c'est moi et nul autre qui ai fait faire ce qui a e'te' fait.' Sur ce, il tourna son clieval et se retira." The Duchess of Orleans having shortly after demanded justice at the hands of the Kmg of France, the Duke of Burgundy pleaded his justification. It is from an illustrated drawing on the first page of one of the manuscript copiesj of the Justifi- * In the collection of Manuscripts fomied by Mr. F. Moore, sold in London, April 1856, was a volume, in folio, intitled " Ecclierches sur les Fleurs-de-lis et sur les Villes, les Maisons, et Ics Families, qui portent des Fleurs-de-lis dans leurs Armcs. Par M. le Pr,!sident Durcy Noinvillc, Membre de la Soc. des Inscriptions, et de la Soo. Eoyale de Londres." The MS. comprises 372 pages, an abridgment of wlricli is stated to liavc been printed in a duodecimo volume. t Histoire des Dues de Bourgoigne, par Barantc. Par. 1842, vol. ii. p. 113. t The volume occurred last year at the sale of the Library of Lord Stuart de Rothsay, in AVellington-street, the following being the note of it in the catalogue, No. 2580. It sold for £33. Petit (Jehan Le) Justification du Duo de Bouegoisgne (tkakslatiox.) 1 ar force le leu rompt et tue, " By force the Wolf breaks and o'erturns, A ses dens et gris la eouronnc. With teeth and fangs, the Lion's crown ; Et le lion par tresgrant ire With greatest rage the Monarch burns, De sa pate grant coup lui dSne." And with his paw he knocks him down." HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTEIES. 37 cation publicly issued by the Duke, tliat the wood-cut illustration is taken. The design represents the Duke of Orleans as the wolf endeavouring to seize the crown from the head of the Lion, intended to represent the Duke of Burgundy, with the single fleur-de-lis, the insignia of his Dukedom, on his head. The Seal* of the Parliamentary Records of the Duchy of Burgundy bears a single fleur-de-lis, as does also the counter of the Duke of Burgundy for the siege of Poligny. which his marriage was celebrated, as well as the acquisition of territory which he, as Duke of Burgundy, became jjossessed of by the death of Philip Duke of Brabant. Obverse. The escutcheon (above a helmet surmounted by the fleur-de-lis) of the Duke, quartered, in the same manner as he bore it after Brabant and Limbourg were brought under his power. In the first and fourth quarterings is a single fleur-de-lis, for the Duchy of Burgundy. The second quartering, in its first half, lias six slanting bands (or stripes), alternately gold and blue, the arms of the old house of Burgundy. The next half presents a golden lion on a black ground, for Brabant. On the second half of the third quarter are the arms of Limborg, a red lion. The arms of Flanders, a black lion, occujay the centre. Inscri23tion ; " PH(ilip- pu)s Dei GRA(tia) Dux BuEG(undife). Reverse. Four steels with flints and sj)arks. Inscribed, "Jamais aultre, jamais AULTKE." The Fleur-de-lis may have been one of the very eai'liest marks upon pajier, Cy comcncc la justification de monseigne le due de bourgoingne, conte de flandres dartois et de bourgoingne sur le fait de la raort et occision de feu le due dorleans, pposee par raaistre Jehan le petit docteur en theologie et conseillier du dit due de bourgoingne le VIIl" Jour de mars Tan mil quatrecens et sept. Manuscript of the rERioD on velltjm, with capitals in gold and colours, and with a painting at the com- mencement representing the Lion hilling the Wolf. 4to. This important Manuscript is the celebrated Defence of his Sovereign, Jean-sans-Peur, Duke OF Burgundy, for causing Louis, Dulce of Orleans, to be assassinated. In the grand ball of tbe Royal Hotel of St. Paul, Le Petit publicly justified tbe deed, insisting on its perfect legality ; and, in the most savage manner, attacked the honour of the victim, boldly telling tbe Daupbin, tbe Iving of Sicily, and the other nobles assembled, to try the question, that surjirise and treason were lawful weapons to defeat a tyrant. Tbe doctrine thus broached was so unpalatable, that it was condemned as heretical by the Archbishop of Paris, and, at tlie solicitation of Gerson, also by the Council of Constantinople. The favour of bis Sovereign prevented any ill effects to tbe author's person; and Petit died a natural death, at Hedin, in 1411. After his death, however, the King of Prance, through the Parliament of Paris, on 16th Sept. 1416, issued an " Arret," rigidly forbidding the circulation of tbe work ; and it was severely censured by tbe University of Paris. Owing to this cause, manu- scripts of the Justification arc excessively rare, and, even when they occur, are generally but transcripts of a copy made in the xvitb century, in which tbe objectionable passages are expunged. * Vredii Sigilla Comitum FlandriEe, pp. 91, 93. The annexed counter was struck by Philip Duke of Burgundy, in 1430, on his marriage with Ysabel daughter of John the first. King of Portugal. It was also intended to commemorate the institution of the Order of the Golden Fleece, which was founded by the Duke to perpetuate the memory of the festivities with 38 PAPER-MARKS. tliougli we have not as yet met any of undoubted date until after the middle of the fourteenth century. In the above tracings No. 1 is from the Hague (Wyck Accounts), 1366-7. Of the same form, but smaller, exami^les are found in two autograph letters in the Tower of London, one from Henry V to the Bishop of Durham, dated 1418, and the other from St. Denis, 1421. Among the Shields of Arms of the Princes, &c., at- tending the council of Constance* it occurs as the armorial bearings of one of the Bishops. No. 2. The large \^\w!x Fleiir-de-Us is found in an early manuscript in the British Museum (Caligula D. Ill, fol. 121). Of smaller size, in Accounts at the Hague (Putte and Stryen), 1389. Sometimes with a cross above, MS. 1450. The plain Das ConcUium Biich gcsclichen zii Costencz. Augspurg. Auth. Sorg. m.cccc.lxxxiii. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTKIES. 39 Fleur-de-lis occurs but in one instance in the Block-Books, tlie British Museum copy of the Apocalypse, pi. C. Occasionally we find it in printed books. It occurs once in the Spencer copy of Ludovicus de Roma, pi. O. No. 3. Here we have the plain Fleur-de-lis surmounted with the Croivn, as represented on the head of the Lion (John the Intrepid). It occurs in Hague accounts (Heusden) 1431-2-.3. No. 4. In this the initials /. Ji. are appended to the Lily. Our tracing is from a mark in the Aretin, printed at Oxford in 1479 ; we have not as yet found it in any of the Block-Books or manuscripts, nor earlier than 1475, in a book printed at Paris. The initials are probably intended for John Duke of Brabant (of the house of Burgundy), the second husband of Jacobea, or Jacqueline, Duchess of Holland ; though the mark may be of earlier date, and intended for John Duke of Burgundy. The paper on which the Aretin and nearly all the Oxford books are imnted, was evidently obtained from the same source as that used in the Dutch Bible of 1477 ; on the paper of which occur so many Shields of Arms, as if intended to commemorate the union of the Netherlands with Austria, by the marriage in that year of Mary, the daughter and heiress of the dominions of Charles Duke of Burgundy, with Maximilian Emperor of Austria. In the same copy of Aretin, a similar mark occurs, with, the J. only appended to the fleur-de-lis, a fact which tends to confirm the views we entertain respecting the intention of the marks. In all the early and larger seals engraved in the work of Vredius, John Duke of Brabant is represented as having his helmet surmounted by the sinc/le fleur-de-lis ; though sometimes in the smaller seals a small lily surmounts the outer foliage, as in the accompanying cut, the letter b appearing on the right No. 5. The Fleur-de-lis over the Dolphin is found in the Account Books at Harlem, 1426-27, 1432. It is also found in the manuscript collection preserved in Lincoln Cathedral, MS. A. 1-17, in the autograph of R. Thornton, who did not die until 1450. In the Dolphin we recognise the Arms of Jacqueline of Holland, who married (April 1418) John Duke of Brabant, and, accordingly, we find it in constant use up to a late period ; a Shield of Arms with the Dolphin and Fleur-de-lis, each separately occupying one quartering. As, however, the mark of the Fleur-de-Hs on the Dolphin has not been found, we beheve, on paper earlier than 1430, it may be intended to commemorate the institution of the order of the Golden Fleece, founded at Bruges, Feb. 10, 1430, by PhiUp Duke of Burgundy, to commemorate his marriage with Ysabella of Portugal. 40 PAPER-MARKS. The Dolphin is found in tlie Books of Accounts at Harlem, 1418. In the Church Kegister there, of 1426, and at the Hague (Voorne) C\^yv 1423-4. In an autograph letter, in the Tower of London, to the ^ "^^S^ Bishop of Durham, dated from Meleun, 1420, we find a similar mark. In a book printed at Louvain, it occurs as an Armorial Shield, see Typographia Cent, xv. No. 91. No. 6. The Fleur-de-lis, with the heart beneath, is found at the Hague in the Account Books of the Counts of Holland, 1418-19. No. 7 is from the Books of Accoimts, 1442, at Harlem. As an accompaniment to the letter P, the Fleur-de-lis was not generally used before the year 1430. The ornament sur- mounting the P in the Spencer copy of the first edition of Apocalypse may have been intended for a cross, though applicable as the fleur-de-lis. The Arms of Champ atgne. In order to conciliate Philip Duke of Burgundy, Charles of France, after his unsuccessful attack upon Paris in HIELDS OF AnSIE, NO. 11. ' ^ 1429, promised the Duke the fine countries of Champiaigiie (Compeig-ne) and Brie ; and, accordingly, when Henry VI. of England landed at Calais, and was crowned King of France, December 1430, the day after he and his Parliament confirmed the donation of those countries in appanage to the Duke of Burgundy, reserving to himself, as King of France* only the homage of the Duke for those countries. The shield without the cross occurs twice in the Inglis copy of the Apocalypse, pi. A ; and thrice, surmounted with the cross, in the Woodhurn copy of the Bihlia Pavperum, pi. E. We have not met with it elsewhere in the Block- Books. It occurs in the Account Books at the Hague (Hemmeland), 1465, and is frequently found in books printed at Cologne, Louvain, Utrecht, and Gouda, see Typiographia Cent. XV, Nos. 38, 39, 79, and 91. On the paper used by Caxton we find it; one, in the Virgil from his press, having a cross appended to it, of similar form to that above. * These facts I note from the History of the Dukes of Burgundy -n-ritten by niy Father. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 41 Arms of ? The Pembroke copy of tlie first edition of tlie Ars Moriendi SHUiiDi OP Abb., xo. HI. afforcls tlie only instance of this mark among the Block-Books. It occurs among the numerous marks in the books printed by Veldener, see pi. Q., No. 2, an S there appearing over the 0 at the close of the name. We found the same mark in a copy of Eusebius, printed at Utrecht, by Ketelaer and Leempt, 1474. Jansen giving a full size tracing of it. No. 197, as a mark used by those printers. A Spbead Eagle, the Arms probably or the Dukes or Briga and Silesia. Albert, Duke of Bavaria, and 26th Earl of Holland, married Marguerita, daughter of the Duke of Briga. The Spread Eagle was, however, the arms of many of the Princes of Austria and Prussia. The mark occurs on three of the sheets of the llendorp copy of the third edition of the Sjxuul'wn, pi. I, No. 2. We have met with it in no other instance. Shields of Arms, No. V. Arms of John of Bavaria as Bishop of Liege, John of Bavaria, on hearing of the death of his brother, Duke William, left Liege and came into Holland, under the pretence of becoming guardian to his niece Jacqueline, or, as some suggest, to marry her. "He had been Bishop of Liege since the year 1390, but was expelled by the Liegois for refusing to be consecrated as a church- man, but was reinstated by his late brother, with the assistance -AjJ of John the Intrepid, Duke of Burgundy, after a series of wars I 1) with the inhabitants. "It would appear the Bishop not only preferred, but con- templated, a secular rather than a clerical life, since he resigned his bishopric into the hands of the Pope, and procured a dis- pensation to marry. Instead, however, of becoming guardian to his niece he obtained from the Emperor Sigismund (his wife's uncle) the countries of Holland and Zealand in fealty and homage, together with the G 43 PAPER-MAEKS. Seignoi-y of Friezeland as devolving to the empire by the death of William his brother. " He left Liege in September 1417, and took up his residence in Dordrecht, and with the assistance of the Cabbilaux faction got himself inaugurated at the Hague, in June 1418, as Governor of Holland, &c., in opposition to his niece. He had also drawn the Seigneur of Arckel into his services, whom we have before mentioned as the enemy of his brother. " He likewise assumed the title of Count of Hainault, Holland, &c., and continued to carry on war in Holland against his niece with various success until his death, some time in 1424 (10th January, 1425, by poison.")* Though we have not met with the shield in the margin in any \ of the Block-Books, we notice it, because it is found in so many of \ff\^//^ the books issued in the Netherlands, accompanied with marks similar to those we are describing. In the Fasciculus Tem- porum, pi. Q, a tracing of it occurs. We have before observed that the fleur-de-lis was used as the Arms of the city of Lisle. Arms of Bavaria, appended to the letters MA. for Margaeet of Bavaria, s„.K,,,s „p A,..„. N.,. VI. the mother of Philip Duke of Burgundy. She was Countess of Hainault and Holland. She married, in 1385, John the Intrepid, Duke of Burgundy, and died in 1426. It is found in three of the sheets of the Harlem copy of the fourth edition of the Speculum. The Arms of Bavaria also occur attached to the stem of the cross surmounting the Head of the Bull, as found in the Harlem copy of the same edition of the same book. As it occurs with the mark containing the Arms of Bavaria, cou]iled with the letters M A., it may have reference to the husband of Margaret, John the Intrepid. On the silver coinsf of John Duke of Brabant, the husband of Jaccpieline, are the Horns of the Bull surmounting his helmet. In other of his coinsf the single fleur-de-lis appears in the field. Both marks are on the paper used by Veldener for his Fasciculus Temporum, printed at Utrecht, see pi. Q, and occasionally in books printed in the Low Countries. * Extract from the History of the Dukes of Burgundy by my Fatlicr. t Penninck-Boeck. Leyden, 1597, pi xii. j /j,',/.^ p], ^i. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 43 The Akms of France. Our first tracing is from the Spencer copy of the Saliceto, pi. P. Had we been able to make a perfect tracing of the shield of arms in the Chatsworth copy of the Bihlia Paupe- rum, we have no doubt it also would have turned out to be the Arms of France. The second tracing is from a copy of Chaucer's Ganterhury Tales, printed by Caxton, where the r\ shield sometimes occurs without the label appiended to it. [— ' C: IJ In a collection of paper-marks formed by the late anti- — quarian, Joseph Ames, we find the same arms, with the initials /. and B. attached to the garter, one letter on either side, Mr. Ames noting that it was taken from " a blank leaf bound up with a copy of Justinian's Institutes, 147 — ." The initials are probably intended for those of John Duke of Brabant, as previously mentioned, p. 39. In the Typograi)hia Gent. xv. pi. I, No. 37, these arms occur, with the initials /. P. appended to them. This is evidently acci- dental, arising from the circumstance of the letter B. having been turned upside down when affixing it to the garter or to the sieve. In noticing the Mariette copy (made up with twelve leaves of another edition) of what Heinecken considers the second edition of the Bihlia Pauperum, he adds in a note* the following ob- servation respecting the marks : — " J'ajouterai ici la reniarque de Mr. Mariette sur le papier de son exemplaire. II porte, dit-il, quatre marques diffe'rentes. Una des feuilles a une tete de boeuf qu'on trouve assez souvent sur les papiers des anciennes e'ditions. Deux autres ont la marque cy k cote'. Le plus grand nombre est un e'cu aux armes de France, et les six feuilles sur lesquelles sent imprime'es les douze planches d'un travail dilferent du reste, sont marque'es d'une ancre de navire. De ce qu'une bonne partie du papier est aux armes de France, il seroit pen raisonable d'en inferer, que I'edition ait e'te faite en France : et si je suis entre' dans ce de'tail, par rapport au papier, c'est par une pure curiosite, et pour ne rien omettre." It is only in this and another instance that Heinecken has made any allusion to the paper-marks in the various copies of the Block-Books that have come under his personal observation. In this case it is evident that he only did so in consequence of Mariette caUing his attention to the marks in his copies of the Biblia Pauperum and the Ars Moriendi, as will be more particularly noticed when referring to those * Heinecken, "Idee d'une Collection d'Estampes," p. .318, note. PAPER-MARKS. marks. Mariette no doubt agreed witli the opinion of Heinecken, that the paper used for those copies was made in France. So likewise M. Bernard, on finding that the copy he examined of the "Recueil des Histoires de Troyes"* contained, on some of the leaves, a similar water-mark, supports his previous views respecting the maker of the type and the royal editor of the book, Philip Duke of Burgundy, by that fact. He states, vol. ii, p. 365, " Ce livre ayant ete' e'crit par ordre du due, il est tout naturel de penser qu'il a aussi ete' imprime aux frais de ce prince. Voici un fait qvii me semble corroborer cette opinion. Le papier employe k I'impression du livre de Raoul pre'sente dans son filigrane deux signes seulement, et tons deux sont e'trangers aux fabriques allemandes ; I'un reproduit I'e'cusson ordinaire de France h. trois fleurs de lis surmonte d'une couronne ; I'autre un P gothique dent la haste se termine au bas en forme de fourche, et dont le haut est surmonte' d'un eesjjfece de fleur h, quatre feuilles e'gales ayant la forme du tre'fle. Les e'diteurs fournissant generalemenfc leur papier, ainsi que nous I'avons vu dejti, ne peut-on pas en conclure que celui de la premifere edition du Recueil de Raoul fut tire de France, et peut-etre meme en partie fabrique au compte du due Philippe, dont la lettre initiale aurait ete place'e pour cela meme dans le filigrane ? Ce qvi'il y a de certain, c'est que ses signes ne jjaraissent pas dans le papier de I'e'dition anglaise, imprime'e aprfes la mort du due. On y trouve seulement un grappe de raisin, marque tres-commune dans les livres imprimes en AUemagne, et qu'on voit dejk dans la Bible de Gutenberg." We will not here write, that in support of his opinions, M. Bernard " a presente une hypothese hien plus extraordinaire encore," in respect to tlie paper-marks. If M. Bernard had examined various copies of books printed in England by Caxton, he would have found, that, among the many marks on the paper used for books, the P was not at all an uncommon mark, as well as the Shield with the Arms of France. Among our tracings of the marks in "The Myrrour of the Worlde," Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" and Higden's "Polyclironicon" all printed by Caxton, we have both marks frequently occurring. The mere fact of finding that in some accounts (as related by iVI. Bernard, vol. ii, p. 247.) of the charges for the printing of certain books at Florence in 1479 and 1480, the charge for the paper was not included, is scarcely sufticient authority for him to justify an opinion tliat a portion of the paper used for the Recueil des Histoires de Troyes was supplied by the Duke of Burgundy, who he considers was the editor of the work, and, as such,'supi)lied the paper. We feel sure, that when itf. Bernard devotes but a very small portion of time to the examination of water-marks in proportion to that given to liis work on the Rise and Progress of Printing in Europe during the Fifteenth Century, he will allow that the hypothesis he puts forth in respect to the Recueil des Histoires de Troyes having been * Bci-naid, vol. ii. p. 3G4, considers that work to have been printed by L'lrie Zell, and not by Caxton; and further beheves the type nsed to have been made by a Frenchman : " Pour moi, k voir la forme dcs types ■ du Secucl des Hutoires de Troyes, je suis convaineu qu'Us sont I'ceuvre d'un Francais " HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 45 the work of a Frenciiman, under the editorship of Philip Duke of Burgundy, is not borne out or corroborated by the marks on tlie j^aper used for tlie printing of tliat worlv. We have no dovibt tliat France obtained a great portion of its paper from the Netherlands. In our Typographia Gent, xv, will be found many of the marks in the productions of the presses of Paris, Lyons, and Strasburg, though the paper used in the latter place was often of German manufacture, particularly that in the works printed by Mentellin. Nor are we surprised at finding the Arms of France used as a water-mark in connection with those of the House of Burgundy; the dominions (Champaigne and Brie) of the Duke bordering so closely upon those of France, independent of the Dukes of Burg-undy, of Brabant, of Bavaria, and other Burgundian alliances quartering those Arms. The Dukedom of Burgundy fell to the Kings of France by escheat, for want of male heirs, 1483, at the death of Mary the wife of Maximilian. BUCKLE OK BROOCH ^ This is the only mark in the Spencer* copy of the fourth edition of the Apoca- lypse. We have not met with it in any other of the Block -Books, or in any printed book. Among the many marks that we found in a copy of the first edition of Dante, printed at Foligno by Numeistcr, in 1472, was that of a Brooch, which is also the only instance we have met with of that device. See Typographia Gent, xv.. No. 82. HEAD OF THE BULL, or OX, A UNIVERSAL Symbol or Token of Death. ■ Robert de Bethuen, Count of Nevers, used three bidls' heads as his ptrivate sealf , 1274. Lewis of Cressy, Count of Flanders, who was killed at the battle of Cressy, 1346, wore a helmet surmounted with a bull's head with horns, as an emblem of death|. Such also appeared on his private seal. It is related by Buchanan, in his history of Scotland §, speaking of the sixth Earl of Douglas, that, "in that very moment of time, the Regent (Alexander Levingstone) came in too; for so it was agreed, that the whole weight of so great envy might not lye on one man's shoulders only. Douglas (William, sixth Earl, and son of Archibald) was kindly received, and admitted to the King's table; but, in the midst of the feast, some armed men beset him, being weaponless, and put a bull's head upon him, which, in these times, was a messenger and sign of death." * Owini:^ to the blank pages of the leaves heing so closely pasted, we could with difficulty trace the mark, f ^ redii Sigilhiin Comitum Flandrite Inscriptiones, p. Brugis Flandrice, 16.j9. X lb. n. p. 5.5, plate 24. ^ liuchauan's Scotland. FoL, 1690. 46 PAPER-MARKS. John, Duke of Brabant, who married Jacqueline of Holland, used, as an emblem of power, the horns of the bull on his helmet, as seen in the coins* issued in his dominions. The Bull's head, accompanied with a bunch of Grapes, is the symbol found on the coins of the Island of Naxos, on account of its wines being the finest produced in the Greek Islands. Surmounted by the Rose, it was used on the coins issued by the Popes. As a Mark upon paper, we believe it to be one of the earUest and most frequently used; so much so, that our collection of tracings from Manuscripts and Printed Books is of such infinite variety, that we are almost bewildered in the selection. We have, however, selected four from those given by Jansen, he having distinctly stated that every mark traced by him in his plates was taken from paper used for manuscripts bearing datesf. These four| he states to be the earliest heads he had met with. No. 1, Jansen states to be of the date 1310. It being, as he mentions, above three inches in height, it must belong to the larger marks; as does also No. 2, which he gives as of the year 1311-12. We have met with no marks of the Head of the Bull of so early a date. No. 3, of 1324, also belongs to the same class, Jansen stating it to be nearly four inches in height. The head of this particular form, and having a circle over the forehead, we have not before seen ; nor that of singular form, No. 4, of the date 1348. Nearly all the marks given by Jansen are of reduced size, which, for the purpose of comparison, is not satisfactory. We now proceed to take the mark through its several species, of each of which we will give tracings from marks in dated Manuscripts, noting by the way the instances where similar ones are found in the various copies of the Block-Books we have examined. * Penninck-Bocck. Leyden, 1597. t " Mais comme il s'agissoit principalement d'indiquer atco exactitude hs dates, je lie nie suis servi que de ccux quej'ai trouv^cs dans les papiers de comptes dont l'ann(!e etoit bicii ccrtaine " + Id- lb. pp. 363-365, 370. HOLLAND AND THE LOAV COUNTRIES. 47 1 The above tracings are from Books of Accounts at the Hague, No. 1 (North Holland), 1354; No. 2 (Voorne), 1384-5; No. 3 (Counts of Holland ), 1362. We have not met with any of these marks, nor marks of similar size and charac- ter, after about the commencement of the fifteenth century. Among the Archives in the Tower is a letter to the Bishop of Winchester (1414-17), having a mark somewhat resembling No. 2. There are no similar marks in any of the Block-Books. We have many tracings of the Head of the Bull without any indication of the eyes or nostrils, as in the specimens subjoined. 1 f I f 48 PAPER-MARKS. The preceding three tracings are taken from Manuscripts of about the first third of the fifteenth century, though they were, no doubt, used much earlier. Here we feel the want of being able to give a specimen taken from dated Manuscripts. Some of our tracings of this species of head are of a much larger size. The next in chronological order assume a somewhat grotesque form, from among which we select the following : No. 1 is from the Book of Accounts of the Duke Albrccht (1401-3); No. 2, from an Account Book at Harlem ("Harlemer Bosch"), 1410. No. 3, from Accounts at the Hague (Schonhoven), 1446, the mark, with variations, occurring frequently in the accounts from 1428 to about 1450. No. 4 is from a letter in the Tower of London. It is addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury (1443-50). In the Pembroke copy of the Afoadypse, pi. C, we have a mark somewhat similar to No. 3. The mark on fol. 45 (pi. H.) in the Inglis copy of the first edition of the Speculum is of this species. It does not occur very frequently in the accoimts at the Hague. There is one instance, of the date of 1466. We find it in the Ren- dorp copy of the third edition of the Speculum, pi. I. In the Spencer copy of the Lwdovicus de Roma, pi. O., are three varieties; and occasionally they are found in books printed in the Low Coimtries, as also in Germany. Another kind, equally grotesque, are the following, though not extending to so many varieties, at least as far as we can judge from the instances we have met with. iiifii HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 49 No. 1 is from Accounts at the Hague (Sdioonlioven), 1424-5; No. 2, of several varieties {" Harlemer Bosch"), 1429-30, 1432, 1433, and 1434; No. 3, from the Church Register at Harlem, 1422-3, and 1426. No. 4 is from the Accounts from Soutli Hol- land, 1445-6: it belongs rather to the class of heads last mentioned; but, as there happened to be sjiace for it in this page, vre have inserted it liere. Another and very frequent mark in the Accounts at the Hague, ranging from 1370 to 1400, is that of which we give a tracing at tlie side. The form approaches more nearly to that of the head of a Calf than of a Bull. It almost always bears the stem witli cross between the ears, no indication of nose or nostrils appearing. We believe tliat the marks given by Jansen, as of tlie date of 1310-11, are of the same kind, the one with the stem between the horns, and the other without, see cuts 1 and 2, page 46. Of the following species, we liave not as yet met with any instance before the commencement of the fifteenth century, though Jansen gives one, pi. xii. No. 6, very similar to No. 4 following, as of date 1397. 50 PAPER-MARKS. Nos. 1, % and 3, are frequently found in the Account Books at the Hague and Harlem, ranging in date from about 1430 to 1460. They are of the same species as those occurring in the Spencer copy of the Apocalypse, which particular mark we think to be of an earher date than those given, Nos. 1 and 2. Those of nearly similar form to No. 3 are constantly found in works printed by J ohn de Westphalia, at Louvain, also at Antwerp. In No. 4 we see a very similar mark to that in the Inglis copy of the first edition of the Speculum, which, like the one preceding, occurs in no other copies of the Block-Books as yet seen by us ; the mark is, however, frequently found in the earliest productions of Ulric Zell, and is quite of a different species from that in the Mazarine Bible, and in the productions of the Mentz printers. The calf-like head in the Pembroke copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, pi. F., and also in the British Museum copy of the same, is not of frequent occurrence, though we find it in the Fasciculus Temporum, printed at Utrecht by Veldener. We have tracings of very similar marks in books from the press of Valdafar, at iVIilan. We now arrive at the mark of the Head of the Bull more often adopted by the paper-makers during the fifteenth century. Accompanied with a bunch of grapes it is the emblem of the fertility (as we have before stated, p. 46) of the island of Naxos. These two marks appear on the paper used for the Mazarine Bible ; and as that is considered to be the first production of Printing in Germany, "after the invention of the art had undergone a scrutin}^ of ten years," these marks have met with more than ordinary notice at the hands of Jansen. Accordingly, in the follow- ing extract from his work (p. 337), we find that he (agreeing in the opinion of jM. Breitkopf) considered the Head of the Bull, of that particular form, as the means of distinguishing the books printed by Fust. He states : — " Cependant pour satisfaire, autant qu'il depend de nous, la curiosite' des curieux sur ce point, nous dirons, avec M. Breitkopf, que la Tote de bccuf, quo los bibliographes out, jusqu' c\ present, regardee comme le plus sur indice pour reconnaitre les premiers livres imprime's par Faust, en est une preuve d'autant plus certaine que ce n'etoit que la marque d'une espece de papier fort estime dans les premiers temps de I'in- vention de rimprimerie en Allemagne, ou elle a ete ge'neralenient employee avec de legers changemens, tant pour les manuscrits que pour les premiers livres imprime's. La simple Tete de boeuf appartenoit certainement a F Allemagne ; mais comme d'autres papetiers Timiterent ensuite, cliacun y Tijouta quelque ornement pour indiquer sa manufacture. C'est la sans doute ce qui a donne lieu aux tiges qui s elevent entre les comes, et qui sent garnies tantOt d'une croix, tantot d'une rose, d'une couronne, d'un serpent, &c." Had the Bull's Head alluded to and the bunch of grapes appeared for the first time when the Mazarine Bible was issued, we might be inclined to think that they were intended as a symbol of the wine country surrounding the city of Mentz, wherem the Bible, and the productions of Fust, were printed. The fact, however HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 51 of finding this peculiar Bull's Head so frequent in the Book of Accounts at the Hague forwarded from all parts of Holland, ranging in dates from 1430 to 1445, as also the Bunch of Grapes occasionally in Accounts and Manuscripts dated from 1441 to 1445, prove that they were in use in the Low Country paper, and no doubt also in the paper made in Germany at an earlier period than that when Fust commenced printing. Besides which, they are not the only marks occurring in the paper used by John Fust and his partner Schoeffer, or even by their supposed predecessor Gutenberg. We have in our collections, the P., the Bull, the jDouhU Key, the Cross Keys, the Sldeld with "Lile" within it, the Time Mounts, all from the books printed by Fust and Schoeffer; and no doubt many others, if more of those volumes were examined, might be found. Tracings Nos. 1 and 2 are from Account Books at the Hague ; the one dated 1430, and the other 1443-4. Many of the marks vary slightly in form. No. 3 is from a copy of the Mazarine Bible, and No. 4 from the Bible of 1462, is.sued by Fust and Schoeffer. The Head in the Inglis copy of the Apocalypse, pi. A., though of coarser make, belongs to the same species ; so also those in the Bolin copy of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse, pi. D. Those in the Graclierode copy of the Cantica C'anticorum are of different form, while that of the Harlem copy of the same agrees with the others, as do those in the second and third editions of the Speculum. In the books printed by Caxton it constantly occurs with the double cross, as in the Fust and Schoeffer Bible of 1462. It was, no doubt, a common mark in German and Dutch paper during the fifteenth century, and later. We have now noted all the various species of the Bull's Head mark that occur in the Block-Books of Holland and the Low Countries. The closing remark in the preceding extract from Jansen lias reference more particularly to the ornaments which occur in that larger and peculiarly formed Head of the Bu.ll which is found H 2 52 FAPER-MAEKS. on the paper used for some of tlie Block-Books issued in Germany, in the Books printed by Albert Pfister at Bamberg, by Gunther Zainer at Strasburg, and also by many of the printers in Italy during the fifteenth century. A CASTLE OK TOWER. It ajDpears to have been used at a very early period. We find it in the Account Books at the Hague, in German manuscrii^ts, and in the j^i'iuted productions of Italy of the foiu-teenth and fifteenth centuries. No. 1 is the constant mark in some additional sheets to the " Registrum Domini Hennei Popponis, A.L. Dad, 27 WOJielmi, 1354, Gas. C," among the Archives at the Hague, those leaves bearing the date 1357. No. 2 is from a manuscript we met with some years since, dated 1440. Without the cross above, it is very like those in the Lucca and Botfield copies of the Bihlia PaujJerum, pi. F. _ Nos. 3 and 4 are also from manuscripts dated 1436 and 1440. Of another form It IS found in the edition of Dante, printed by Vindelia de Spira, at Venice, 1477 fypograpMc, Gent. XV, No. 73. Jansen gives three tracings of the Castle nmrk, ot a different shape, from books printed at Nuremburg and Basle, 1472. CATIIAPaNE WHEEL onl'hi^l" °^ viz. three Catharine wheels or, Ho i™, "7; ''''' '^'^^-^ branch of the Counts o Bur r;^v 1 7 °' ^^^'^^^ Duke of Burgundy, th^-efore, was entitled to the Arms as the Eari of that Seigniory. • Pailliot, La Vrai Science des Armories, etc., 16G0,/,/., p, ,571;. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 53 However, on the private marriage, in 1433, of Franqois de Borselle witli J acqueline of Holland, he bestowed on him, for life only, the Earldom of Ostrevant, making him, at the same time, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Jacqueline renounced all claim, during the life of the Duke of Burgundy, to the Lordships of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, and Friezeland; but ou her death, in 1436, the Seigniory of those countries reverted to the Duke of Burgundy. The " Registrum Commiss. Burgimdice," at the Hague, affords the earliest instance we have met with of this mark. The papers in that volume range from 1428 to 1453 ; and it is from one of the early sheets that the annexed tracing is copied. In an autograph letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury (1443-50), in the Tower of London, occurs a mark of very similar form. It is one of the many marks that are found in the Harlem copy of the fourth edition of the Speculum. It is not an unfrequent mark in the jDrinted books of the fifteenth century, though with various ornaments affixed to the npper part. In a copy of the "Fayt of Arines," from the press of Caxton, we find it with a mullet of five points. In a book j^rinted by Wynkyn de Worde, 1495, it appears with th7-ee cinquefoils, and also with a circle and three small ones above. The tracing at side is from a warrant signed by Henry VIII. of England, dated 1510. We believe the mark to have been in constant use during the sixteenth century. ST. PETER'S COCK. The Cock, the Duck, the Swan, the Pelican, the Eagle, and other bu'ds, were occasionally used as marks during the fifteenth century. That on the side is the only instance we have met with on paper during the fourteenth century. It occurs in a thin Book of Accounts (Voorne) at the Hague, bearing date 1380. 54 PAPER-MARKS. The subjoined mark is from an Account Book among the Archives at Harlem, It is dated 1442-5. That occurring in the Bodleian copy of the Bihlia Pauperum is of anotlier form. We have not met with tlie marli in any otlier of the Block-Books. Jansen gives a tracing of one, No. 213, which he found in a book printed at Cologne by Ther Hoernen about 1471. THE HAND. The Hand was the Symbol of Faith, Fealty, Allegiance, and Alliance. With the thumb and two forefingers elevated, the hand was used by the Pojje in giving the Papal Benediction. It represents also, under that form, the symbol of the Holy Trinity. It may be likewise termed "The Hand of Justice'' Montfaucon, in the first volume of his Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France, gives a representation of the various kinds of sceptres used in the consecration of the kings of France, among which is the Hand with the thumb and the two forefingers elevated. It is there designated as the "Hand of Justice." The same author also observes that ' "The Hand is, in a 'particular manner, a symbol of faith given or kept, us we often find upon medals. 'Tis likewise a mark of Concord between Princes and People, of which kind many occur in medals, where sometimes two and sometimes three hands are joined together." As a mark upon paper, the Ha7id is to be found in frequent use in the printed productions of the fifteenth century. As, however, we have before noticed tlie mark in our preliminary observations to this volume, we will confine ourselves to that parti- cular hand* occurring in the Harlem copy of the fourth edition of the Speculum (pi. N). There we have a mark wdiich we do not believe existed before the year 1430. It not only represents the symbol of allegiance, but we believe the five hearts forming the gauntlet to be symbolical of the Five Heiressesf whose posses- sions fell by marriage and alliance to Philip Duke of Burgundy. He possessed five Dukedoms, independent of many of his other territories. Some years since the late Mr. Bohnt lent us a volume of drawings of early seals, the greater portion relating to the Low Countries, wherein we found one of Philip Duke of Burgundy, in the field of which were five crowns, evidently emblematical of his five Dukedoms, his helmet being surmounted by a fieur-de-lis. '-"'-'^ '--^^ --^^^ - ^^^^^ ---^^ Tl.e possessions of L>.;.J.;. g :::p^hU r ;e LllTH Burgundy was not less successful. at this time possessed , all of which tl c Du2 !f B d 7'"'" """"^"^ wnicn, the Uuchj of Burgundy excepted, passed to the House of Austria by the HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTEIES. KEYS. 55 Double Key. The Poj)e is frequently represented, when seated hi the papal chair, as holding in the one hand a sword, and in the other Two Keys ; the latter intended, no doubt, as symbolical of the Keys of St. Peter. The tracing at the side is from a mark on some of the leaves in the Registrum Domini Ilenrici Poj^tponis, A. L. 27, Ihicis Wilhelmi, 1353, Cas. C, preserved at the Hague, the writing therein bearing date 1356. It was the only instance of the mark in the Archives at the Hague, nor have we met Avitli it elsewhere. marriage of Jlary, his granddaiiglitcr, with the Emperor ^Maximilian. Burgundy was seized by Louis XL of Lrance as an escheat, for want of heir male, on the death of Charles the Bold. The marriages of five heiresses by the House of Burgundy are as follows (see Anderson, pp, 354-363) : loLANTA, ^faVess o/JVCTcrs, daughter of Eudo = married Robert III. of Bcthume, Count of of Burgundy, died 1280. Flanders. married Lewis of Nevcrs ; who died in 1323, two months before his father. married Lewis of Cressy, who got Flanders, and in right of his mother obtained Nevers and E,ethel. IMary, Heiress of Hetlicl, daughter of the famed Count of Rethel. Margaret, Heiress of Bwgundij and Artois, daughter of Philip V. (Longue) King of France, and Johanna daughter of Otto IV. Palatin of Burgundy. Margaret, ^feiVes5 q/ F/^^H^76rs, and youngest = married Lewis III. (Malanus), last Count of daughter of John III. Duke of Brabant Flanders, and Limburg. She got Antwerp for her dowry. JoHAMNA, Margaret's sister, was Heiress of After the death of her second husband, Wcn- Brahant and Limhurg. ceslaus, and his son, she constituted, in 1404, Anthony Duke of Burgundy her heir. He had two sons. John, husband of Jacqueline Duchess of Henault, &c. and Philip, whose possessions fell to the House of Burgundy, both dying without children. married PiiiLir Audax, the first Duke o-f Burgundy of the second line. Margaret III., daughter of Lewis III., and Heiress of Flanders and the whole of the ahote-mentioned dominions (except Brabant and Limburg), X I have tried every means to trace this volume, which, at the time of the death of my old friend, Mr. Bohn,. was among his stock of books. I fear it was overlooked, and sold with the residue of his books in Chancery- lane. 56 PAPER-MARKS. o- The Single Key, as above, is equally tincommon. It is found in the Books of Accounts of the " Comtes de Blois" at the Hague, the documents ranging from 1373 to 1375. Two Keys Crossed, of very similar form to the single one preceding, are met with in the Accounts at the Hague (Heusden), 1358-9, and of a smaller size in the "Comtes de Blois" Accounts from 1373 to 1375. Two Keys crossed, within a circle, is also a mark equally uncommon. We find it in various accounts at the Hague, dated 1410 and 1411, and also (Heusden) 1437 to 1439. The Cross Keys, as below, are found among the Hague Account Books (South Holland), 1440 and 1441. Within a Shield they form the Arms of Leyden, and as such they are found occasionally engTaved on the last page of books printed in that city. We have in our collection a fac-simile of the woodcut on the final page of " Miraculen von omer mouen Maria," there published in 1503, wherein the Shield with the two Keys occurs. The similar mark of the Turn Keys joined, as found in the Woodhimi copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, and in the Harlem copy of the fourth edition of the Sjjeculum, occurs in the Futile and Voorne Accounts at the Hague, dated from 1459 to 1465. It is also occasionally found in books printed by Ulric Zell, see Tyimgraplda Cent. X v.. No. 95, where it is associated with several other marks, including one of the Pope seated in his chair and holding in his hand a key ; a,nd another, evidently Papal, of a Shield with the Key and Sword within it. In the Neber copy of the Augustinus de Arte Predicandi, pruited at Mentz, by Fust, it was the only mark ; so also in Dr. Kloss's copy of the same book. We have not as yet found it in any of the books attributed to the press of Gutenberg. The Cross Keys were the arms assumed by many of the early Bishops ; and were those of Pope Nicolas V, who ascended the pontifical chair in 1447. They occur in the Bible of 1462, jn-bited at Mentz by Fust and Schoefier. So also in books printed at Louvain, Utrecht, and other places in the Netherlands. HOLLAXD AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 57 AGNUS DEI, THE Lamb of God, or the Paschal Lamb. This is one of the very early marks, and was continued in use during the fifteenth century, and, no doubt, to a much later period. The Pascal Lamb was the Arms of Rouen (Rothomagi). It was also the Arms assumed by many of the Bishops. In the "Concilium, b'ich geschehen eH Constencs," j)rinted at Augsburg by Ant. Sorg, we find it as the Arms of "Joannes Episcopus Axcensis in regno C'astelle." 5 Our first specimen is from a packet of paper at the Hague, containing various writings (as Mr. Ottley notes) circa 1356. He does not appear to have met with the same mark elsewhere, though one somewhat similar, but without the nimbus, occurs in the Accounts of the "Comtes de Blois," dated 1376 and 1377. No. 2 is from a thin volume ("W. 9") at the Hague, containing Accounts dated 1403 and 1404. No. 3 is from the Accounts of the Abbey of Vander Lee, dated 1436. No. 4, from a Book of Accounts (H. 18) from 1438 to 1445, the paper bearing the mark being dated 1439. No. 5 is from a volume of Accounts intitled "Borsselen diversa, Cas. L.," dated 1470. No. 6 is from a manuscript dated Nuremburg, 1487. 58 TAPER-MAKKS. In only two of tlie various Bloclc-Boolvs have we found the Agnus Dei mark, namely, the Woodhurn copy of the Bihlia Patiperum, pi. E., and the Bodleian copy of the Cantica Canticorum. It is not, however, an uncommon mark in books printed at Utrecht, Delft, and Cologne; see Typographia Gent. XV., Nos. 59, 66, 73, and 79. In No. 88 we have an instance of the similar mark being used at Alta Villa (Eltville), a town near Mentz, in a copy of the " Voeaholarim Latino-Teutonic'us" iliere printed by Henry Bechtermuntze, in 1469, with the same type as that used in the Catho- licon of 1460, supposed to have been printed by Gutenberg. THE TIIKEE MOUNTS, -nixH Cross.— The Arms of Bohemia. The Mounts are presumed to represent the Mountains of Horeb, Beraneck, and Tabor. With a double cross above, it formed the Arms of St. Stephen, King of Hungary, a wood-cut of which is among those engraved in the Book of the Council of Constance, referred to in the preceding page. The mark was used at a very early period. Our tracing is from the Accounts of the "Comtes de Blots," at the Hague, dated 1363. It occurs, however, in the Accounts of Texel, three years earlier; and, slightly varjdng in form, aud within a circle, constantly from that date until 1434. As up to the latest date of its use the form of the mark varies but slightly, except in size, we have not thought it necessary to give more than one specimen. The Autograph Letters preserved in the Tower of London afibrd several instances of the mark, with and without the circle. That in a letter to the Bishop of Exeter (1397-1400) corresponds very closely to those on leaves a and <: in the Woodhurn copy of the Bihlia Patq^emm in the Print Department in the British Museum. In the MS. volume, "Consilia," kc, noticed under the mark of the Unicorn Rearing, we find an instance of the Crescent surmounting the Mounts. The mark appears to have been very generally used in books printed in the Fifteenth Century in Italy and Germany. See Typograplda Cent. XV., Nos. 22, 47, 58, 82, 83. We have not met with it in tlie books printed in the Netherlands. On the paper of an Italian MS. of the fifteenth century, we found one of a similar kind, above six inches in height, the base composed of six ascending mounts, the stem surmounted with a crown. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 59 A PAIR OF SCALES. An Emblem op Justice. A constant and ever varying mark in the Account Boolis at the Hague, from as early as 1359 to 1431. The mark may be classed as of two forms, one with the lower part of the scales triangular, and the other round. Our tracings give the earliest specimens we have met with, the one, 1357, and the other, 1359. In an Autograph Letter (in the Tower of London) to the Archbishop of Canterbury, from Norwich (1453), is one of smaller size than the tracing, No. 1. Among the marks on the paper used for the documents in "The Strasburg Process," is the Scales, of a round but wider form than No. 2. The Scales is the only mark that occurs in the Bodleian (Sykes) copy of the Bihlia Pcmpenim. We do not find it in the printed productions of the Low Countries. It is a very common mark, when witliin a circle, in books printed at Venice and at Rome; the form of the upper presenting an endless variety of ornaments or emblems, such as the cross, the stai', the circle, &c., of which many examples are given in the Typograpliiu Cent. X V., Nos. 23, 24, 25, 30, 42, 43, 48, 56, 60, 68, and 72. A STAR, Radiated, with Lnsckiption in Centee. The only instance of this mark that we have met with, is in two of the sheets of the Bohn copy of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse, pi. D., all the other sheets containing the small Head of the Bull. We are quite unable to make out the inscription in the centre. A Stab or Moon radiated was the Arms of Pope Alexander V., who was elected to the pontifical chair, 1409. Jansen gives oidy three marks, Nos. 270, 271, and 272, as specimens of those on the paper used at Naples by M. Moravus, one of which is a radiated Moon or Sun, as at side of text. It is the only instance that we have met witli. The Star, with various devices, occurs as marks at an early period, of which various specimens are given in the ensuing page. i2 60 PAPER-MARKS. STARS. No. 1, tlie Doulle Star, is from the Hensden Accounts at the Hague, 1375-6; the only other mark in the same Accounts is that of the Lion of Holland. In no other Accounts at the Hague, at least as far as our specimens enable us to judge, does the Double Star occur. No. 2 is from the Accounts of the Counts of Holland during the years 1409 and 1410; and it occurs again in the Accounts of Arkel for the years 1421 and 1422. In the Accounts of Arkel from 1419 to 1421 is a larcrer Star, with plain stem and cross above. No. 3 is from the Amsterdam Accounts of 1381 and 1382. The plain Star, No. 4, is from the Oiffices of Cicero, printed at Lou- vain by John de Westphalia. In the paper of the copy Avhence it was taken are found no less than twenty-one different marks, chiefly of those used in the Block- Books. See Typographia Gent. X V., pi. Z., where they are all given in fac-simile. No. 5 has been traced merely to shew that the Star mark, like most of the other marks, was used to a late period, our tracing being from the paper of a French MS. as late as the latter part of the sixteenth century. The Rev. Samuel Denue, in his letter to the Antiquarian Societv, 1795, states that "a Star of eight points toithin a double circle" was the device of John Tate supposed to have been the first Paper-Maker in England, having a mill at Hertford durmg the reign of Henry VII. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNXrJES. 61 THE UNICORN. An Emblem of Strength. Tlie Unicom was the Symbol of Power adopted by Philip Duke of Burgundy, and was used as the supporter to his armorial bearings. Whether it was so used by earlier Princes of the House of Burgundy we cannot trace; but it is one of the earliest Paper-Marks as yet discovered, and appeai-s under an infinite variety of forms, continuing in use on the paper manufactured in the Netherlands as late or later than the middle of the sixteenth century. Monstrelet, in his account of the third marriage of the Duke of Burgundy with Ysabella, daughter of the King of Portugal, writes: "With regard to the various entertainments which were continued for about eight days, it would take too much time to detail them. Suffice it to say, that there was the greatest profusion of meats and wines, and representations of the Unicorns and other beasts* from which fiiowed rose-water, wines, and difi'erent liquors, for the entertainment of the guests at this feast." Fabret, in his Histoiy of the Dukes of Burgundy, while alluding to the same event, statesf : " On festina, on dansa huit jours et huit nuits desuite. On voyoit devant le Palais du Prince un Lion, qui couloit incessament a tout le monde, un fontaine de vin de Ehin. Devant le Chapelle de la Cour un Cerf en couloit, du pie' droit, unc autre de vin de Baune. A I'entre'e do la Cour, une Licorne, sur I'heure du diner, en couloit Cinq, savoir, d'eau rose, de Malvoisie, de vin de Rome, de Muscat, et d'Hippocras." The Unicorn pouring forth five wines, as here mentioned, was no doubt emblem- atical of the possession, by the Duke of Burgundy, of the dominions of the Five Heiresses by his three marriages. Of the reception of Ysabella of Portugal at Bruges, we leamj; tliat " Dans le Palais qu'on appelloit ordinairement la Cour du Prince, que Philip le Hardi et Jean son fils avoient embelli, et augmcutee considerable, on voyoit un Lion, un Cerf, et une Licorne, representes an naturel, avec un artifice singulier." Monstrelet §, in noticing the part taken by Philip Duke of Burgundy at the Coronation of Lewis XI. in 1461, relates, that, "In the dining hall of his hotel was placed a square sideboard, with four steps on each side, which at dinner time was covered with the richest gold and silver i^late, and at the corners were Unicorns so finely done that tliey were surprising to behold." At foUo 124 of a volume of Drawings of Early Seals, lent to us by the late Mr. * Monstrelct's Chronicles, vol. ti. pp. 323-6. Edition ISIO. t Fabret, Histoire des Dues de Burgoyne, 2 torn., Yol. i. p. 91, 12mo. Golugne, 1G89. X Histoire des Comtes de Flandres, 12mo. Hague, 1698. § Monstrelct's Chronicles, vol. x. p. 84. Edition 1810. 62 PAPER-MAEKS. Bohn of Henrietta-street, is a seal of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, dated 1469, having in the lower pa,rt of the field the Unicorn hunted by a dog, as here given. It is singular, that, in the work of Vredius, vol. iii. p. 94, the same seal is appa- rently engraved, omitting, however, the designating of the animal hunted as a Unicorn. Hence we should rather suspect the artist of being sceptical of the existence of such an animal. At folio 99 of the same volume of Drawings is another seal of the Duke of Burgundy, having in the field two greyhounds, one following a hare and two foxes. Robertson, in his History of the Life of Charles V., vol. ii. \>. 462, relates that Unicorns were still to be seen in the ancient tapestry that adorned the great Hall of the Palace at Brussels in 1555, Avhen the Emperor Charles V. convoked an assembly of the Princes of the Low Countries to be present at the resignation of his hereditary dominions to his son Philip. This fact, related by Robertson, is confirmed in the tenth plate of a series of engravings of scenes during the wars of Charles V. in Africa*. The engraving there represents the Emperor formally resigning his dominionsf . On either side of the hall, nearest the throne, the tapestry presents us with the Arms of the Duke of Burgundy, supported by a Unicorn, enclosed within the Garden of Holland, as is usually represented on the Seals and Coins of that country. The following wood-engravings are faithful fac-similes of that portion of the print just mentioned. Philip Duke of Burgundy appears to have taken every opportunity of displaying this, the predominant symbol of his power. In the centre of the left shield above is t\iQ Fleur-de-lis, and in the other the Lion of Flanders. "He exceeded all his * A copy of these eiigi-avings was sold in the Library of ]3. H. Bright, Esq., 1845 No 4549 t -L'tmpereur Charles V. eognoissant par la de&iUanee des forces corporeUes approcher sa fin, fait assembler les Etats du Pa>s Bas, en la ville de Bruxelles, resignat la seignerie et gouvornement des ditz Pais entre les mams du Eoy Phthppc son fil. et heritier, d'oCl bien tost apres so partit, faisant voile en solitudes mondames a ce de hbrement yaequer a la contemplation des choses divines Pan 1555, Ic 25 Octobrc " HOLLAND AXD THE LOW COUNTRIES. 63 predecessors, Dukes of Burgondie, in riclies, seignories, greatness of state and pompe : so as in his time tliere was no Christian prince that for his qualitie might be compared unto him. He took great pleasure to breed up and nourish sundry strange and wild beasts*." In the preceding observations we have, with some historical authority, shewed that the all-powerful Philip Duke of Burgundy displayed a preponderant partiality for the representation of the Unicorn. Of all the paper-marks that we have met with, none have interested us more in our endeavour to discover the cause of its having been so employed. Believing, as we do, that one of the earliest paper manufactories was established in the Netherlands, under the special direction of the Dukes of Burgundy, we are not surprised at seeing the mark of the Unicorn as one of the earliest, and its continuance in prominent use until the close of the seven- teenth century. The same love for the chase and for the rearing of all sorts of wild animals, was no doubt inherent in the Dukes of Burgundy from generation to generation. We daily see the same fondness for similar pursuits intuitively, as it were, continued from father to son; none more so than that of the sports of the field. Descended, as we ourselves are, from one of the earliest families of Yorkshire, our arms being three Talbot hounds, with the huntsman's motto, " Neck or nothing" ("ou lien ou rien"), we have that innate feeling within us; so much so, that all our love for Literature and the Block-Books leaves us at the approach of the " Sportman's Season." As an instance of this, we may state, that, last September and October, when shooting and coursing in the neighbourhood of Old Sarum, we thought we could devote an hour or two in the morning of each day to the making an Index to our first volume, then printed : accordingly, ere we left our home, we diligently prepared a blank volume for that purpose,— blank, however, it came back. We found a combination of shooting, hunting, and the Block-Books, totally impossible, or at least not congenial with our then rustic pursuits. Of all the wild animals, the figures of the Lion and the Unicorn make the earliest impression on the mind of a child. In no nursery throughout Great Britain are the doggerel verses, " The Lion and the Unicorn fighting for the Crown, The Lion beats the Unicorn all about the town ; Some gaye them white bread, some gave them brown. Some gave them plum-cake, and drove them out of town," unknown. Pictorially, as is the Unicorn (one of the supporters to our national arms*) represented in the form of a horse, cloven-footed, with long flowing mane, and uplifted horn rising from its forehead, the child forms a lasting impression of the ' Genci-all Historic of the Netherlands. By Ed. Grimston. Fol, 1627, p. 70. t In the seals of Jlary Queen of Scotland two Unicorns are represented as supporters to the arms of that country. J ames VI. of Scotland and First of England substituted a Lion in lieu of one of them. Thus the Lion and the Unicorn were first used in the national arms by James 1. 64 PArER-MAEKS. fierceness of the animal, only to be obliterated by being told, in after life, that tlie Unicorn, of whose exploits he had sung, was a fabulous animal : Our Unicorn 's a fable, now tbe learned say : Sucli was not known by Adam, nor in Noab's day. Taught to believe every line he reads in the Holy Scriptures as the unen-ing word of God, the youth is told that the animal so frequently mentioned in the Psalms of David, and in other parts of Scripture, as the " Unicorn" {Reem in the original Hebrew), was, according to modern authors, the Okyx*, an animal of the * In support of this opinion the Kev. George Paxton, in his "Illustrations of the Holy Scripture,'^ writes — " Antklope Oryx of Linx-^:us, the Reem or Unicorn of the Scripturks. The name of this animal, in the Hebrew text, is Reem, and is derived from a verb which signifies to be exalted or lifted up. This term, which in Hebrew signifies only height, is rendered by the Greek interpreters, ^ovoKepo^, and by the Latins, unicornis ; both which answer to our English word Unicorn. Moses, in his benediction of Joseph, states a most important fact, that it has two horns. The words are : His horns are like tlie horns of (a reem in the singular number) an unicorn. [Deut. xxxiii. v. IT.) The two sons of Joseph, Ephraim, and Manasseh, had been adopted into the family of Jacob, and appointed the founders of two distinct tribes, whose descendants, in the times of Moses, were become numerous and respectable in the congregation. These were tbe two horns with which Joseph was to attack and subdue his enemies ; and, by consequence, propriety required an allusion to a creature, not M-ith one, but with two horns. In the Rook of Job, the Room is represented as a fierce and intractable animal, wiiich, although possessed of sufficient strength to labour, sternly and pertinaciously refused to bend his neck to the yoke. (See Dr. Shaw's account of the Oryx, vol. ii. p. 314. J Our translators, following the Greek fathers, consider the Eeem as a creature with one horn, and agreeably to this idea, render it Unicorn. But this interpretation is encnmhercd with insuperable difficulties. The Unicorn is a creature totally unknown in those countries where the Scriptures were written and the patriai-chs sojourned. But is it probable that God himself, in his expostulation with J ob, would take an illustration of considerable length from a creature with which the afflicted man was altogether unacquainted, and mention this unknown animal in the midst of those with which he was quite famihar ? Nor is it to be supposed that Moses, David, and the Prophets, would so frequently speak of an animal unknown in Egypt and Palestine and the surrounding countries ; least of all, that they would borrow their comparisons from it, familiarly mention its great strength, and describe its habits and dispositions. Had the Unicorn existed in any part of the East, it must have been discovered and brought to Rome, in order to be exhibited at the pubhc shows. So numerous and diversified were the animals produced on the arena at their public entertainments, that Aristides, in his encomium of Rome, declared, 'All things meet liei c, whatsoever is bred or made ; and whatsoever is not seen here is to be reckoned among those things which are not, nor ever were." But, although these shows continued for many ages, not a single ITnicorn was ever exhibited at Rome : a strong proof that no such animal ever existed. " The character of the Reem, given in the Scriptures, will not apply to the rhinoceros. The Reem, it is evident, was equally well known to Moses and the Prophets, and the people whom they addressed, as the bullocks and the bulls with which they are mentioned. But the Rhinoceros inhabits the southern parts of Africa, and the remotest parts of the East beyond the Ganges, and could be still less known to the people of Israel than the elephant, which is not once mentioned in the Sacred Volume. Besides, the Reem has large horns ; for, says tbe Psalmist. ■ My horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of a Unicorn.' But the Rhinoceros has seldom more than one, and that of a small size, not exaUed like the horn of a Eeem, but turned back towards the forehead. Nor will the use to which the Reem applies his horns correspond with the manners of the rhinoceros. The former pushes with his horns, which must therefore be placed on his forehead; but the horn of the latter, which is placed on his nose, and bent backwards, is not formed for pushing, but for ripping up the trunks of the more soft and succulent trees, which constitute a part of the animal's food. The Author then goes on to shew that the Reem of the Old Testament Scriptures must be classed amongst the goats. This point the learned Boehart has decided by numerous quotations from the Arabian and other Eastern writers, in which the original word Reem is applied to a species of wild goat which inhabits the deserts of Palestine and the neighbouring regions. HOLLAND AXD THE LOW COUNTRIES. 65 antelope tribe, by no means uncommon among the numerous wild beasts tliat inhabit the plains of the interior of Africa, so lately visited by the great Lion- Slayer, Gordon Gumming*. His daring exploits and combats with the masters of the forests until then untrod by man, will probably be handed down by the natives of the "far interior" to a period when that portion of the earth may become civi- lized and densely peopled, and all traces of its former four-footed inhabitants effaced, their only remains being an occasional bone turned up to be submitted to a future Owen for reproduction by another Waterhouse Hawkins. Having collected together the various notices that have appeared in print respecting the Unicorn, we will now proceed, after a few introductory words, to give some extracts from the writings of authors and travellers of bygone days, whose veracity must be taken cum gruno sails, though perhaps equally deserving of credit with the relations of travellers of a later date. Aristotle, JSlian, Isidorus, Dioscorides, Philostratus, Galen, Avicenna, and Pliny, all make mention of the Unicorn. In the "Be Generatione Christi" Block-Book, of which the first page is given in fac-simile, pi. lxxiv., the first design represents "The Unicom lecqnng on a Virgin" The same design occurs in the edition of a similar Block-Book previously noticed, vol. ii, p. 69, subject 5L In the early wood-engraving, known to the Collector of Prints under the title of "Tlie Annunciation" a fac-simile of which we have given in our first volume, pi. xlvtt., we find the same animal, though accompanied with various symbols. In our notice of that engraving we have stated the opinion of the late antiquarian, Francis Douce, who quotes St. Ambrose as an authority for what he there observes. We are inclined to think Mr. Douce intended to have cited Isidorus as his authority, the quotations under the designsf in the two Block-Books having reference to his writings. There is, says Oppian, a certain tenant of the forest, a beast with a sharp horn, the savage Oryx, extremely formidable to tlie wild beasts. He describes him as naturally an intrepid and warlike animal, that neither fears the fury of a dog, nor the rage of a wild boar ; that shrinks not from the threatening voice of a bull, from the terrific yell of a leopard, nor the inflamed wrath of a lion. The size of the Oryx also seems to correspond with the brief notices which the inspired writers have given us of the Eeem. He inhabits the solitudes of Africa, on the confines of Egypt, from whence he might easily make excursions into the deserts which border on the land of Canaan. He seems, indeed, to have been properly an Egyptian animal, and familiarly known to the inhabit- ants of that country. His character and habits must have been well known to the people of Israel, that sojourned for several centuries in Egypt, and spent their time chiefly in tending their flocks and herds in the pastures of Goshen, where they probably had many opportunities of meeting him, and many reasons, perhaps, to remember his strength and intrepidity. After their deliverance from the Egyptian yoke, they settled in a neighbouring country, and had occasional intercourse with Egypt. These facts account for the frequent mention of the Oryx under the name of the Eeem in the Sacred Volume, and the interesting allusions to its dispositions and manners." * Mr. Gordon Gumming considers the Rhinoceros to have been the Unicorn of the Scriptures. In the illustrated catalogue of his "Hunting Trophies" he states, p. 6, "the rhinoceros is supposed by many, and by myself among the rest, to be the animal alluded to by Job, chap, xxxix. verses 10 and 11, where it is written, ' Canst thou bind the Unicorn with his band in the furrow ? or will he harrow the valleys after thee ? Wilt thou trust him because his strength is great ? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him ?' " t In editions of a work of similar import, published during the fifteenth century, the same design occurs. K 66 PAPEE-MARKS. As a symbol, attendant on a Virgin, tlie Unicorn was frequently used. Annexed we give a fac-simile of an excessively rare print, the production of "The Master of 14G6." Here the wild animal is represented in a state of perfect subjection to the Virgin; and it is endeavoured to be shewn by the artist, that the beast has the power of erecting or depressing his all-powerful horn at will. The Virgin holds in her left hand a Dove, the emblem of peace. Montfaucon* gives a design on a gem representing a yoimg Virgin, with her breast naked, sitting by a tree _ embracing a Unicorn. He then quotes Isidorus, part of which quotation informs ns, that " The Ninoceros, called so in G-reek, means in Latin a creature witli a Jwrn on his nose. The Monoceros in Greek; in Latin, Unicornis, Unicorn, is also so, because he hath but one horn, in the middle of his forehead, four feet long. This horn is so sharjs and strong, that he can jjierce or overturn anything with it. For this creature fights with the Elephant, runs him into the belly with his horn, and overthrows him. He is so fierce that no huntsman can take him ; but, as we are assured by naturalists who have wrote of the nature of animals, they cause a young Virgin to go towards him with her breast bare, and the Unicorn, immediately losing all his fierceness, lays his head on her breast, falls asleep, as it were, and so is easily taken. " Some doubt whether there is any such creature in nature as the Unicorn ; but I think that is not to be questioned. Cosmas, the Egyptian monk, who lived in the time of the Emperor Justinian, and who travelled in Ethiopia, saw the Palace with four towers of the King of Ethiojiia, and assures us he saw the skin of a Rhinoceros stufi^ed with straw, and saw several brass statues of Unicorns. From those he drew those he published in his To-pograplda Cli ridiana, and which are very like these here. In both images there is a kind of beard below the under jaw. Cosmas owns he never saw a live Unicorn, but the people of the country assured him it is a very fierce and wild creature ; and when he is pursued by the huntsmen, and cannot otherwise escape them, he throws himself headlong from vast precipices or rocks, and always lights on his horn, so as never to hurt himself by the fall. "The Portuguese Jesuits, who have resided long in Ethiopia, gave the same accounts of the Unicorn, and say they have several times seen this creature alive ; nay, have brought up a young Unicorn. I should think now there should be no doubt made of there being such an animal, yet some still will be incredulous." Varthema, in his description of the Temple of Mecca, relatesf that, " on the other side of the Temple are Parkes or places enclosed, where are seene two Unicornes, * Antiquity Explained, by Humphreys, pi. 58, No. 8. + Purchas, His Pilgrimage, 102.5, vol. ii. p. 1489. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 67 and are here shewed to the people for a wonder. The one of them, which is much higher than the other, yet not much nnhke to a Colt of thirtie moneths of age ; in the fore-head groweth only one Home, in manner right forth, of the length of three Cubits. The other is much younger, and like a young Colt of the age of one yeare; the horne of this is of the length of four spannes. This beast is of the colour of a Horse, of weesell colour, and hath the head like a Hart, but no long necke, and thinne mane hanging only on one side : their legs are thinne and slender, like a Fawne or Hind : the hoofes of the fore feet are divided into two, much like the feet of a Goat; the outward part of the hinder feet is very full of haire. This beast seemeth wild and fierce, yet tempereth that fiercenesse with a certain come- liness. These Unicornes one gave to the Sultan of Mecha as a most precious and rare gift. They were sent him out of Ethiopia by a King of that country, who desired by that present to gratifie the Sultan of Mecha." To this relation of Varthema, Purchas makes the following marginal note: " The only report that I have found in any credible author of Unicornes : neither in 120 yeares which have hapjaened since, have I found one relation to second it. Some mention Unicornes, but understood the Rhinoceros." The work* of Varthema has always been, and is considered, one of authority. In the seventh chapter of the " Briefe Relation of the Embassie which the Patriarch Don John Bermudez brought from the Emperor of Ethiopia, vulgarly called Prester John, and to Don John the third King of Portugal," the author states, " On the west side bordereth presently, with the Gaffates, whereof I spake before, the king- dom of Damv.te, which standeth upon the River of Mlus, there is found, in these countries, a kind of Unicorne, which is wild and fierce, fashioned like a Horse, and of the bignesse of an Asse." Edward Webbef, an Englishman who appears to have followed in the track of Varthema, gives an extraordinary account of the court of Prester John, and of the numerous Unicorns he there saw. He relates : " This Prester John, of whom I spake to you, is a king of great power, and keepeth a very bountiful Court, after the fashion of tliat country; and hath every day, to serve him at his table, 60 kings, wearing leaden crowns on their heads ; they serve at meat sent up to Prester J ohn's table, and continually the first dish of meat set upon his table is a dead man's scull, * " Ttinenirio dc Ludovico de Varthema Bolo2;ncsc ncllo Egypto, liella Surria, iirlla Arabia deserta ct felicc : nella Persia, nella India, et nella Ethiopia. Homa, 4to. ]\l.D.x." This was the first edition. It was translated into English, and is reprinted in Purchas, vol. ii. t " The rare and most wonderfuU things which Edward Webbe, an Englishman borne, hath scene and passed in his troublesome Travails, in the Cities of Jerusalem, Damasko, Bethlem, and Galely ; and in the Lands of Jewrie, Egypt, Greece, and Russia, and Prester John. 4to. London. Printed hy A. I. for William Basley" A copy of this book is in the Eritish Museuin. It is of excessive rarity : the Jadis copy selling for £13, and the Nassau copy for £14: 14. K 2 68 PxVrER-MARKS. cleane picked and laid in black earth, putting liim in minde tliat lie is bvit earth, and must die. "These 60 kings are all his Vize-Roys in several places, and they have deputies to supply their roomes; and these kings live continually in Prester John's Court, and go no further than they may be still attendant upion him, without leave from the Emperour, Prester John." In writing of the extraordinary animals seen by Webb, he states : " I have seene in a place like a parke, adjoining unto Prester John's Court, three score and seven- teen Unicorns and Elephants at one time; and they were so tame that I have played with them as one would playe with young lambs." Thomas Coryat, in his "Crudities," when giving an account of the Mogul Court, the Prince Selim then reigning, remarks : " Hee keej)eth abundance of wilde beasts, and that of divers sorts, as Lyons, Elephants, Leopards, Beares, Antelopes, Unicorns; Avhere, too, I have seen at his Court the strangest beasts in the world. They were brought hither out of the countrie of Bengali, which is a kingdom of most sino-ular fertilitie, within the compasse of his dominion, about four months journey from this, the midland parts thereof being watered by divers channels of the famous Ganges, which I have not as yet seene; but (God Avilling) I meane to visit it before my departure out of this country, the neerest part of it being not above twelve days journey from this Court." Here we find that merry author, Coryat, telling us " that he had seen two, the only true Unicorns possessed by the Prince Selim at that time." In the preceding relations there evidently appears to be much confusion respect- ing the designation of the Unicorn. The traveller, Marco Polo, when describing the curiosities he met with at Sumara or Sumatra, gives to the Rhinoceros the name of Unicorn, erroneously supposing that the horn of the Rhinoceros rose from the middle of the forehead. "The head of the animal," he continues, "is like that of a small boar, and is generally carried hanging down upon the ground. They are filthy beasts, that love to stand and wallow in the mire, and do not in the least resemble those Unicorns which are said to be found in some parts of the world, and which allow themselves to be taken by maidens*." The horn of the Unicorn has been supposed to ]3ossess the marvellous power of dispelling jioison from whatever it comes into contact with. John de Hessef, who visited Jerusalem in 1389, relates that, "Near the Plain • Tlio Cabinet Cyclopicdia, vol. i. Travels of Marco Polo, p 306 .oJ^M^ir n"""" '''"^ ^°'-' ^""' "^™P" ^-^P-" (Helyon) est fluvius qt.i , n Pt I r ™' " "'-S^ cluleodinem do quo filij Israhel b.be- nt. Et adhue hochern.s temporabus, ut dicitur, animaHa venenosa intoxicant illam aqua.n post occasnm solis, p.cd.t„m fluvum expellendo vencnnnr ex illo, ut .n die cetera aninraUa s„„>ant potun, quod idenr ip.e I HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTEIES. 69 (Helyon) is a river that is called Marali, -wliicli Moses struck with a rod and sweet- ened, from which the sons of Israel drank; and as yet, in the times, it is said veno- mous animals poison that water after the setting of the Sun, so that good ones cannot drink of it; but at the rising of the Sun, the Unicorn comes from the sea, placing his horn in the said river, expelling the venom from it, that, in the day other animals may drink of it, which the same thing I have myself seen.''' Hence the subject for Tempesta, from which there is an engraving, wherein is represented the Unicorn under the form of a horse going to water, and placing his horn therein, whereupon the crocodiles, serpents, frogs, and noisome animals, leave the same. We have heard it stated that there is no good authority for the translation of the Hebrew word Reem, or Raiin, as the Unicorn. In speaking, however, of the wild Bull so frequently represented in the Assyrian Palaces, Dr. Layard states*: " The wild Bull, from its frequent representation in the bas-reliefs, appears to have been considered scarcely less formidable and noble game than the Lion. The King is frequently seen contending with it, and warriors pursue it both on horseback and on foot. In the embroideries on the garments of the principal figures, it is intro- duced, both in hunting scenes and in groups, which appear to have a mythic or symbolical meaning. I was at one time inclined to think that the Bull of the sculptures might represent the Unicorn or Raim*, so often alluded to in the Sciip- tures as an animal renowned for its strength and ferocity, and typical of power and might. But the Unicorn of the Scriptures is now, I believe, generally identified with a large and fierce Antelope or Oryx, inhabiting Arabia and Egypt. Professor Migliarini, of Florence, informs me that tlie word Raim itself occurs, in hierogly- phics, over a figure of this Antelope, in an Egyp)tian sculpture; and he conjectures that the Jews derived a knowledge of the animal, as well as its name, from the Egyptians. The Bull of the bas-reliefs of Nimroud is evidently a wild animal, which inhabited Mesopotamia or Assyria. Its form is too faithfully delineated to permit of the supposition that it is an Antelope. It is distinguished from the domestic Ox by a number of small marks covering the body, and probably intended to denote long and shaggy hair. It is represented with one horn, as the horses have fre- quently only two legs, or one ear, because the Assyrian sculjator did not attempt to give both in a side view of the animal." * Layard's jS'hicvcli, vol. ii. p. 429. 70 PAPER-MARKS. We now proceed to notice the Unicorn in its various phases as a paper-mark, leaving the NaturaUsts to settle the form of the animal, and the Philologists to decide on the correctness of the interpretation of the Hieroglyphics over the Egyptian Oryx. Bust of the Unicorn. Profile. An examination of the Archives in other parts of the Netherlands than the Hague and at Harlem, "vvould, no doubt, afibrd earlier examples of the use of the Unicorn, and Parts thereof, than those we are enabled to lay before our readers; an observation equally applicable to the various other Paper -Marks previously noticed. We might have selected many other equally grotesque forms of the Head of the Unicorn from our tracings. The above five, however, are sufficient to shew that the annual, in those days, was believed to have partaken of the form of the horse- rather misshapen, however, are Nos, 3 and 4. No. 1 is from the Accounts from Zwalow, 1352-3 ; No. 2, from Accounts from North Holland, 1354; No. 3, from copies of Documents, 1355-6, in Register "A. L.;" No. 4, from a very eariy manuscript of Lndorns; No. 6, from Accounts from Zwalow, 1357. The last mark, more nearly approachmg the Horse's head, is found in other Accounts at the Hague from 1360 to 1417. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 71 Two Busts of the Unicorn. Profile; hack to hack. No. 1 below. We have not met witli the mark of the two busts of the Unicorn joined earlier tlian 1370. It is found in several letters, in the Tower of London, written during the close of the first half of the fifteenth century, all of which are, however, rather smaller than our tracing. One occurs on a roll dated the 21st year of Henry VI., 1443. Half Unicorn. Profile. No. 2 above. Our earliest specimen is taken from a half-sheet in our collection from Accounts at the Hague, dated as early as 1357. Varying in form, it is met with in other Accounts up to 1418; that with two horns, as No. 3 above, being in. the Accounts from Putte and Stryen, 1418. Unicorn Rearing. The only instance where we have met with this mark is in the Block-Books in the Spencer A. copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, ]d1. F. We have not found it in any printed book. 72 PAPER-MARKS. While writing these observations, we have before us a volume containing nearly two hundred and fifty sheets of paper, wherein are written legal opinions of many of the most eminent Florentine Counsellors from 1380 to 1420. The volumfe appears to have been taken from some public office in Florence. It is lettered, " Consilia Angeli de Perusia, Blasii Liapi de Nicolinis, Pldlippi de Corsinis, alionimqite vetemm Ictorum." Our attention was particularly drawn to the volume by finding that the paper composing it was of the same peculiar form and texture as that of many of the earliest of the Block-Books. And on discovering that it contained, on many of the sheets the mark of the Rearing Unicorn, we purchased it, with a view of future examination, and in order that it should be afterwards transferred to the British JVIuseum. It contains a great many of the mark mentioned, from various moulds, as early as 1390. Our first tracing is one taken from a document of about 1410. In consequence of so many of the documents bearing dates with the official seals attached to them, the volume is one of particular interest in the periodical illustra- tion of Paper-Marks. We find, that, in one dated 1426, the jjaper bears the mark of the Three Mounts within a circle, very similar to that in the Woodhurn copy of the Biblia Pauperum, pi. F. The paper is of the same thin texture, and is evidently of Italian manufacture, and very difl'erent from the majority of the paper in the volume. The mark of the Rearing Stag, No. 2, is merely given to make upi the space across the page, our other tracings of the Rearing Unicorn presenting no particular variety. The figures form a rather grotesque trio, and appear as if they were enjoying a Scotch Reel. Unicorn. Full length. We have no tracing of the full figure earlier than 1398 or 1399, that of No. 1, in the opposite page, being from the Hague (Rynland) Accounts. No. 2 is from the Ilagenstein Accounts, 1405. After which date we do not find the Unicorn in the Hague Accounts until 1443 or 1444 (North Holland), from which No. 3 is taken, the figure there assuming quite a diflerent cliaracter. No. 5 is from Accounts dated 1450: the figure is slightly elevated in order to get it into the width of the page. No. 4 is from a document in the Tower of London, dated 1451. The last. No. 6, from Accoimts at the Hague, dated 1520-1. Others of a later date might have been given to shew the continuous use of the mark diiring the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, of which latter we might give many speci- mens. The letter published in the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries, 1795, by the Rev. Samuel Denne (one of the few persons who has written on the subject) is illustrated with several plates of tracings of paper-marks. The marks are, how- ever, chiefly of those used during a period mucli later than that to wliicli our mquiries refer. Among them, however, are several tracings of the Unicorn mark, all of a very difi^erent form from those given by us, but shewing that the mark had, from HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 73 some cause or other, obtained a popularity among the Paper-Makers of tliis country as well as among those of their predecessors in the Netherlands. In the above tracings we have specimens of the Unicorn mark as used from 1398 to 1450. We might have occupied very many pages with representations of their variety in design, dated as late even as the seventh century. With the exception of the Unicorn rearing, no other but the full figure occurs in the Block- Books, and all assume a very different character from any of those we have hei-o given. Those in the Harlem copy of the Ars Moriendi, pi. G. ; the Rendorp co])ies of the Bihliu Pauperum and Cantica Canticorum, pi. E. aiid G. ; as also those in the Bodleian and Johnson copies of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse, pi. B. and C, are altogether of a different form. 74 PAPER-MARKS. There is a peculiarity about tlie Unicorn in the Inglis copy of the first edition of the Speculum, pi. H., as also in the other editions of that work, not to be found in any other we have met with. In our Typoyraphia Cent. XV., the marks numbered " 73 and 74," pi. U., are from the Ingli>> copy of the Speculum just mentioned. It is a singular fact, that, while we find nearly all the other paper- marks of the Block-Books in works printed by Ulric Zell at Cologne, Veldener at Utrecht, Ketelaer and Leempt at Utrecht, Koelhotf at Cologne, Jacobs at Delft, Caxton and Machhnia at London, we do not find, in the numerous cases where the mark of the Unicorn occurs in those works, any instance of that figure resembling those used in the Ars Moriendi, the Bihlia Pauperum, and the Speculum. That numbered 14, in pi. M., a little approaches No. 15, pi. Q., from the Fasciculus Temporum of Veldener. We have before us the tracings of the various marks in the Inglis copy of Caxton's "Fayt of Arms;" the Unicorn, the most prominent, presenting no less than twenty-one varieties, of which we give two as specimens of their peculiar form, though they do not all p)artake of so ludicrous a character. The Unicorn often occurring in copies of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse, pi. C, is frequently found in works printed by Ulric Zell. In order to shew the great similarity of the mark, we give two tracings made above thirty years since (1826), when so many rare pieces from the press of Ulric Zell were sold, by Mr. Evans, for Messrs. G. and W. Nicol. The tracings are roughly drawn, not having beeii originally intended for any other purpose than that of future reference. There can be very httle doubt but that the paper used by ULric Zell and the publisher of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse must have been obtained from the same source. I HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 75 P. INITIAL FOR PHILIP DUKE OF BURGUNDY. "THE LETTER P AS A WATER-MAEK. " Locality, and not persons, is the object to be ascertained. We firmly believe that Printing originated in Holland Proper, or the Netherlands; but we give a preference to the former, as the letters of the Block-Books were used on the Seals of Holland Forty Years before they were used in Flanders. See the loorks of Vredius. " We have found no Symlol on paper to warrant the smallest ojnnion that it was made in Holland at the period we are considering. The water-marks are all Flemish, and appear to commence as early as Philip de Rouvre, the last Count of Hainault of the Oapetingian race, and Count of Champaigne and Brie. " On the earliest Block-Books we find (in the water-marks) the principal feature of a maritime country, the Anchor, alo7ie. Next, the letter P, chiefly surmovmted by a fleur-de-lis, the single lis being the Arms of Burgundy Proper. We likewise find the Arms of Champaigne. " To the late Mr. Ottley and Mr. Douce I pointed out these Arms. The latter asked, ' What can their Arms have to do in these books as Water-Marks ?'!'.! And the former was quite unaware that they were the Arms of Champaigne. " But to proceed. It may be asked, how is it that the P's particularly, and other water-marks, are continued to such a length of time ? My answer is, that they are continued during the reign of each ruling Prince or Monarch, and, of course, for some time after, until the paper made in the time of the foregoing Prince is all used up*. " The letter P is a remarkable instance of continuance. " Philip de PuOUvre, the last Duke of Burgundy of the Capetingian race, and Count of Champaigne, reigned . . from 1349 to 1361 12 years. "Philip AuDAxf 1363 to 1404 41 years. "John THE Intrepid 1404 to 1419 15 years. "There appears no water-inai-kj of an I; but we may easily imagine that John the Intrepid was too much engaged against the Orleans family to attend to his * Or rather until the marks or moulds were no longer fit for use, or the fashion of them ceased. S. Leigh S. t In Vredius, vol. iii. p. 69, is a seal of Philip Audax, dated 140.3, the single V occurring in the field on either side. X This is a point yet to be ascertained. If the mark of the crown above the fleur-de-lis, with the initials I. B., ai-e applicable to John of Burgundy, we have at once a mark, though not, perhaps, of the same character as implied by my Father. S. Leigh S. L 2 76 PAPEK-MAEKS. affairs at home, aud that no act was passed by him relative to his Paper Factories, and consequently the old water-marks used in his father's time were continued. "Philip the Good reigned . . . from 1419 to 1467 48 years. "Thus the letter P became a national ivater-mark during the period of one hundred and sixteen years, and generally accompanied with the symbol of a single Fleur-de-lis, for Burgundy. "During the reign of Charles the Fearless, from 1467 to 1477, no water-marks occur with his symbols. "It is a remarkable fact, that, on the union of the Netherlands (1477) by the marriage of Maximilian to Mary, nearly all the syinhols found in books of an earlier date are found united (brought together) in the First Dutch Bible (2 vols.), printed at Delft in 1477; a full proof that the symbols at this i^criod were national." These particular observations, prefatory to the notice of the P paper-mark, are specially referred to in the fifth page of the preliminary remarks* to the present volume. It is, however, but just to M. Koning here again to repeat, that, through his researches and national zeal, the letters P and Y marks were first discovered to have some connexion with the House of Burgundy. M. Koning was, however, wrong when he asserted that the letter P was not found in any book issued in Germany. He states, when noticing that he had not seen that mark in any paper before 1432, "Bien plus, la pliipart des livres imprime's en Hollande vers la fin du quinzieme sifecle, portent cette marque; et on ne la trouvera jamais dans aucun livre, ni dans aucun papier venant d'Allemagne on d'ltalie.f" If M. Koning had merely confiiied his observation to paper made in Germany or Italy, he would, we think, have been right, as we believe that, generally, where the P occurs in books printed in Germany, it will be found in company with marks undoubtedly Flemish ; though we have found the P to be the only mark in twof small quarto pieces, supposed to be from the press of Gutenberg, and considered by some bibliographers to have preceded the Mazarine Bible. As similar marks upon paper were continued in use for a considerable period after their first appearance, it becomes a matter of question whether the following may not have been used during the period of Philip le Rouvre; for it must be observed, that our information respecting the early marks has been derived from an * ^' ^'-^ °f '1- observations occurrca tho following note by my Father: " These rough n,emora,u,a e,e,nade,nca.e Ida not lu:e to aceompKsh ,n,j undertaking. June 5, 1838." It was evidently written with a desne that the drseovenes wh.ch ho thought he had been the first to make in respect to the peculiar feature of many of the paper-marks m the Block-Books, should not be overlooked. t Komng sur I'Origine de I'Imprimerie. Amst. 1819 p 3C He—^iT^. Ecclesiastiea,. Printed iu tUe same tgj,e as used for BothtiiL:^:^::::::n::::;:tr"::r^ the other, stated as unique, for fw! 10 ' "^'^"^ "^^ ^ ' ^ HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 77 examination of the pajaer in the Archives of only one city of the Netherlands, the Hague, and from a few other sources. The large P, as in tracings Nos. 1, 2, and 5, are found in the Books of Accounts from Wi/ck, North and South Holland, Voorne, Heusden, and The Texel, and of the Comtes de Blois, ranging from 1387 to 1393. The Accounts from Wyck of 1372 to 1388 aiforded the only instance of the small plain P, No. 3. To that tracing, Mr. Ottley has written, as a note, after the other marks in those Accounts, "also once, coarse paper." Almost equally rare was the occurrence of the mark 4, it having been found only in an Account Book from Soiith Holland, dated 1393. From the year 1393 until 1444 or 1445, we do not find the letter P in any of the paper in the Books of Accounts at the Hague. From the latter period until near the end of the sixteenth century, it occurs in Accounts from all parts of the Netherlands, sometimes without, but more generally mth the Fleur-de-lis above. 78 PAPER-MAEKS. In the isreceding tracings, we have the P taken from Books of Accounts dated from 1444 to 1508. The peculiar form, No. 1, 1444 or 1445, does not frequently occur; nor does No. 4, which is taken from a Book of the Eents of Hennemerland, from 1448 to 1451. Here we have a tracing of the earliest P mark that occurs in the Block-Books. It is from the Spencer copy of the first edition of the Apocalypse, pi. B. It has on the upper part that which is no doubt intended for the fleur-de-lis. It will be seen that it is very difl'erent from any mark of the same letter occurring in the Account Books at the Hague, and also very different from any others that are found in the Block- Books. Like the Head of the Bull accompanying it on the paper of the same copy, it is, beyond doubt, of a much earlier fabric, the paper itself bearing external evidence of having been made at the close of the fourteenth, or the beginning rather than the middle of the fifteenth century. The next in date we believe to be those in the Harlem and Pem- hrohe copies of the first edition of the Ars Moriendi, pi. G. After those, that in the Chatsworth copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, pi. F., where, with the exception of a shield of arms, the only other mark is the Y. The P with the fleur-de-lis is the only mark in the Renouard copy of the fourth edition of the Apocalypse, pi. B. In the Bodleian, Pembroke, and Johnson copies of the same edition it is also found, each varying slightly in form. With and mthout the fleur-de-lis, we find the P in the Enschede and Spencer copies of the second edition of the Speculum, as also with the fleur-de-lis in the Spencer, Hibbert, and Rendorp copies of the third edition of the Sjieculum. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 79 We have previously observed that the letter P is rarely found in books printed elsewhere than in the Netherlands, excepting at Cologne. We have also stated that we found it in two books supposed to be printed by Gutenberg. No. 1 of the preceding tracings is from those volumes ; a mark of very similar form to those in the Typograplda Gent. XV., pi. L., from a Low Country edition of the Bible, which has, among other of its marks, one very like No. 3, taken from a manuscript dated 1473 ; No. 4 being also of about the same period. Initial for Ysabella, daughter of John King of Portugal, and third wife of Philip Duke of Burgundy, to whom she was married Jan. 10, 1429. Whether the Y was used as a mark upon paper the same year as that in which Ysabella was married, we do not know, having hitherto met with no document* bearing that mark to which we can affix a date earlier /\ y\ than the year 1435. The tracing at the side is from a Register at the rS I Hague, "A. L. 14, Cas. B.," wrongly dated at the back, 1321-1357, it being, as Mr. Ottley notes, of Accounts written from 1435-1438 ; the principal marks on the paper being the Anchor and the letter Y, as given. The same mark, slightly varying in form, is found in Accounts from Amsterdam, Schoonhoven, Kennemerland, and other places, ranging in dates from 1446 to 1465. In the Chatsworth copy of the Bihlia Pauperum, pi. F., the plain Y occurs; so also in one of the leaves of the third edition of the A2)o- calypse, in the possession of the Rev. Mr. Griffitlis at Oxford, pi. C. It is also found on one sheet of the Singer copy of the third edition of the Specidum. * Very limited liave been the opportunities of examining tlie sources whence much additional information might be derived. 80 PAPER-MAEKS. The larger Y (as in the margin), sometimes terminating with a heart. No. 1, and at others \vdth three circles, No. 2, are the most freqvient marks in the Spencer, Ilibhert, Rendorp, and Singer copies of the third edition of the Speculum, pi. I. K. and L. We do not find this peculiar Y in the Accounts at the Hague earlier than 1468, nor after 1473. Nor do we find the larger Y in the printed productions of the fifteenth century, except in the Treatises by Ludovicus de Roma, Pius Secundus, and Saliceto, pi. O. and P. ; though the smaller letter is found frequently in books printed at Delft, Gouda, Lou- vain, Utrecht, Brussels, Cologne, and also in some of the books from the press of Caxton. It is related in the French Chronicles, and by Grimstone, in his History of the Netherlands, p. 141, that, "when Isabella took leave of her father to go to Flanders to her spouse, the former having given her his blessing, told her that she should have three sons," &c. The Y with a single heart is in allusion to the declaration and motto of the Duke of Bui'gundy, " Aihtre Namy je I'ay en Pris." P AND Y JOINED. Initials for Philip Duke of Bukoundy and Ysabella his wife, the \J/ same initials forming their private seal, as given by Vredius* thus: Though we have not been so fortunate as to meet with the Y alone, as a mark on paper, in any manuscript bearing the date of 1430, or even within four years after the marriage of Ysabella with the Duke of Burgundy, yet the P and Y united are by no means uncommon. We have before us five sheets of the tracings made by Mr. Ottley of the various marks, headed "Harlem Pajwr-Murks," copied from M. de Koning's tracings. Not only is it a remarkable circumstance that M. Koning, to whom every mark that could have thrown a new light upon the opinions he had brought forward in 1818, in respect to the P and Y marks, was important, should not * Vredii Sigilla Comitum Flaiulria;, pp. 85-6. HOLLAND AND THE LOW COUNTRIES. 81 have decyphered tke mark we are now discussing; but that Mr. Ottley should have l^laced the mark, in his volume of tracings, under those of "Unknown Signification" is still more remarkable. Among the tracings of ihe" Harlem Paper-Marks," Mr. Ottley gives it as of date 14,31. By the side of which he has drawn ^ another mark, of the same signification, but equally unknown to him, \ I though of very peculiar form. It is one of the marks in the Church Register at Harlem, dated 1434, and is also foimd in the Accounts at the Hague, ^from Woerden near Leyden, dated from 1429 to 1434. Mr. Ottley and M. Koning are not the only persons under whose obser- vation the first mark came, without their being able to decypher it. Heinecken states that the copy of the edition of the Apocalypse, with fifty plates, Avhich was at that period in the possession of Mariette* had on each leaf the above mark. In the notice given by Heinecken of the small 4to. edition of the Ars Moriendi, which we have jolaced among the Block-Books of Germany rather than of the Low Countries, he has added in a note, when writing of the Mariette cojay of that edition, that each page had for its water- mark the St. Catherine's Wheel, and that the mark in the Mariette copy of the Ap)ocalypse formed a portion of the St. Catherine's Wheelf. Heinecken also notes (p. 318) that the Mariette copy of tYieBiblia Pauperuin had, among other water-marks, that which is shewn at the side. We do not think there is any need of argument to shew that the first mark in the preceding page is intended to represent the letters P and Y. As the mark is there placed, the Y is clear on the right, and by turning it upside down, the P stands also plain on the right. So likewise do the above marks at tlie side of this page. We have as yet been unable to see the Mariette copies of the works quoted by Heinecken. We have not, however, the smallest doubt that the mark given by Heinecken on a reduced scale, is the same mark as that given by us. His reduced copy from the Apocalypse being turned the contrary way to ours, shews the letters on the reverse sides; while the mark from the Biblia Pauperiim has been, no doubt, imperfectly drawn, it being only a pjortion of it. Respecting this mark forming a portion of the St. Catherine's Wheel in the copy of the Ars Moriendi, we have no doubt that he mistook the pendant in that mark, as it occurs in the Fourth Edition of the Speculum, for the same, see pi. M. * "Le papier de cet exemplaire est constamment de la meme fabriquc ; il n'y a pas unc fcuillc, qui ii'est marquee du chiffre ci a cote." (p. 366, note^ t " Quoique la marque du papier ne soit pas nn guide fort s{tr, il nc sera pas cependant hors de propos, d'observer que le papier, sur lequel est imprim^ I'exemplaire de M. Mariette, est marque depuis la premiere feuille jusqu'a la deniiere, d'une roue dentell^e ; telle, qu'est ordiuairement celle, dont les anciens peintres ou graveurs accompaguent, dans leurs ouvrages, la figure de Saintc Catherine. II entre dans cette marque un d, et un^. ; ce sont les memes Icttres qu'on trouve siu' I'exemplairc dc rApocalipse, dont j'ai parie a la page -366, note." (p. 408, note^ M 82 PAPER-MARKS. The only instance* of our having as yet found the P and Y joined in the printed productions of the fifteenth century, was in the Heher copy of the " Sermones de Tempore," printed by Uh^c Zell at Cologne in 1474, where also occurred the P, the Y, the larger Y with three circles, the Arms of Champaigne, the Arms of France, Bulls' Heads of various forms, and other of the marks so frequently met with in the paper of books printed by Ulric Zellf . * Previous to my having found anotlier instance of it in the British iVIuscum copy of Jason fr cm the press of Caxton, the ahove was in type. t Since the printing of the two last sheets of my second vohime, wherein I have made a few observations respecting the views entertained by my Father as to the fact of some of the early printers composing and working off their productions by singU pages, I find the following note, which relates to some quai'to volume printed by Uh-ic Zell. The facts stated, spealv, I think, for themselves, rendering any further observations from me unnecessary. "N.B. The two opposite pages in the third sheet of the last gathering arc so ill in register with each (and I have taken pains not to exaggerate) that I feel that any printer at all practised in his art could have other in the same form. otner, navmg tnis appearance : it difficult to persuade myself so set them up opposite each " Again, the central pages of the eleventh gathering appear thus : the instances are so common throughout the book, that I cannot them, except by the supposition that only one page was printed at a and, indeed, account for time. I "Another kind of evidence that this was the case, is the occasional incqnalitij in the tint, or fulness of the ink in two pages on the same side of the same half sheet, as in the fifth gathering ; especially where the second half sheet has the page on the left much blacker and fuller of ink than that on the right ; which effect may be observed in a greater or less degree in other parts of the volume." Again, it sometimes happens, in the books prmted by Uhio Zell, that the paper-marks on the gatherings do not run as they should if more than two pages were printed at the same time. The following note I find respecting the Traetatus de Simplifcatione Cordis Johannis Gerson, from the press of Zell : " The gatherings are of eight leaves ; and by looking at the two pages opposite each other, at the midtUe of a gathering, it appears, from the lines of the two pages not following the same direction {one page in the middle of the first gathering being printed diagonally on the paper, and the other not so) that only one page was printed at a time. The same want of regularity is also very striking in the two middle pages of the third gathering ; and nearly the same in the middle of the fourth gathering, and also in the fifth ; after which the two pages are more nearly m register with each other. This, on further examination, is or may be doubtful. But from the first gathermg having three half sheets with a mark, and the second having three half sheets without a mai-k, it is evident that not more than two pages were printed at once. The third gathering has also three half sheets with paper-marks ; the fourth also three half sheets with mark. Also the mixture of thin paper with thick proves that two pages only were printed at once." PAPER-MARKS BOOKS FROM THE PRESS WILLIAM C A X T 0 N, THE FIRST ENGLISH PRINTER. PLATES Qa, Qb, Qc. Having, on several occasions, in tlie preceding pages, noticed tliat paper-marks of a similar kind to those used in the Low Countries occur in the books printed by Caxton, we resolved, ere proceeding farther with the printing of this volume, to examine all the marks in the several copies of those works in the library at the British Museum; for, though possessing a large collection of tracings of marks, made many years since, by a skilful hand, from productions of the press of Caxton, we thought it better to satisfy ourselves of their accuracy by a personal examina- tion of them at the present time. This has been greatly facilitated by the assistance of Mr. J. Winter Jones, the Keeper of the Printed Books in ou.r National Library, in permitting us minutely to examine and compare the various volumes, so essential in undertaking a work of this nature. Our giving the marks, however, may be considered as a work of supererogation, inasmuch as in the first volume of the last edition of Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin, two plates, v. and vi., are devoted to tracings of water-marks : the one to a few of those on the paper used by Caxton, and the other to some of a similar character from books printed in the Low Countries. On referring to those two plates we naturally expected to find some illustrative text from the pen of Dr. Dibdin, the last editor of the work. Such, however, is not the case, the only refei-ence to them being in the following note, p. cxxv. : " On the plate facing the present page the reader is piresented with fac-similes of the Water- Makks in the paper used by our own and other printers of the Low Countries, in the fifteenth century. A curious dissertation upon this subject, with plates, is in the Archmologia, vol. xii. p. 114." It so happens that we have in our possession the collection of tracings* of paper- marks made by the distinguished antiquarian Joseph Ames, the author of the * Lent to mc by Mr. Lilly the bookseller. M 2 84 PAPER-MARKS IN BOOKS original work; in tlie first edition of whicli, 1749, the marks in plate v,, previously mentioned, comprise pages 74 and 75; and in the edition of 1785, pp. 109-10. These plates only contained marks from the Caxton Books, so that the addition of those from the books printed in the Low Countries was made by Dr. Dibdin. If Mr. Ames had had the same opportunity of examining so many books from the press of Caxton as Dr. Dibdin had, he would, no doubt, have given a greater variety of marks ; consequently, we can only suppose that Dr. Dibdin did not think the subject worth troubling himself about; and furthermore, had he looked to the ArchcBologia, he would have seen that the Dissertation, or rather "Observations on Paper-Marhs, hy the Rev. 8amuel Denne, F.A.8., in a letter to Mr. Oough ( read at the Society of Antiquaries, May 21, and June 4, 1795"), only noticed one mark, the Crown, as used in 1473, the other marks being on j)aper manufactured apparently in England from 1512 to 1712. Hence the cause of our present digression ere we proceed to the consideration of the marks used in the paper of the Block-Books executed in Germany. It must not, however, be supposed that the marks we have given comprise all that are to be found in the paper used by Caxton. Independent of some copies examined by us many years since, we have only examined those works from his press which are in the British Museum ; but as they amoimt to nearly sixty volumes, we think the marks are sufiicient to shew that Caxton obtained his supply of paper from the Low Countries. Lettou and Machlinia obtained their paper from the same source, as did also Wynkyn de Worde, until about the year 1416, when paper was manufac- tured in England by John Tate the younger, as noticed in the subjoined lines from the prologue to the English edition of Bartholonmus de Projynctatihus Rerum, printed by Wynkyn de Worde. "And to John Tate tlic younger joi mote he broke, Which since hath in England doo make this paper thinne That now in our English tongue this boke us printed inne." As John Tate the younger was Lord Mayor of London in 1496, we may conclude that the work was printed prior to that year, otherwise he would hardly have been styled m so off-hand and nncitizen-llke a manner. The Worshipful the Ex-Lord Mayor would have been more respectfully commemorated. We do not mean to assert that Caxton made use of no other paper than that irom the Low Countries. We mention this because we have now and then found a sheet or two of paper evidently of Itahan mamrfactnre; for instance, in the Gren- vdle copy 0 the First Edition of the Game of Chess occurs a single sheet with the Anchor y,^th^n a circle, a mark decidedly not Flemish, but rather Italian. It occurs hkewtse m two other of the books examined by us. The same observation applies equally to German paper. We now proceed to note the various works from the press of Caxton whence the PKINTED BY CAXTON. 85 marks in plates Qa, Qb, and Qc, are taken, tlie numbers referring to the several marks in the order wherein they occurred in the copies, which, unless otherwise stated, are those in the British Museum. We may here observe, that the tracings we have given are not executed with that particular degree of accuracy with respect to their exact position between the wires, or as regards the dots or fastenings, as if with the view of identifying paper made from the same vat. Akt to lerne well to dye. 1490. Thin palmer. 46, 26 or 27. BoETius. Two copies. No date. One firm and crackling paper, the other soft, having been sized. 55, with N above. Hand, with quatrefoil above, no stem. Cathon. 1483. Thick paper, but mostly soft. 32, 33, several varieties. 55, several varieties. Chastysing of God's Childken. No date. Soft paper. 21. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales. 1st edition, n. d. Mixed paper, but all of firm quality. 63, many varieties. 3, 5. Unicorn, as No. 4, p. 73, preceding. 47, 38, 4, 30, 61, 20*, 6. Another Copy. Grenville Library. The paper of the same quality, and simi- lar marks in very much the same order. In another Copy, examined years ago, the fol- lowing was the order of the marks : 38, 5 several varieties ; Unicorn as 63, several vari- eties, and No. 4, p. 73, as before ; 3, but larger ; 30, but larger ; 6, 28*, several dif- fering; 4, 61, 46. The Second Edition. Grenville Library, n. d. Thin paper, upright wire-lines rather close. 7, 5, with Lis above, and label below. 64, 5, witli cross above, and label below. Small coarse Bull's Head, cross above. Small Heart, crown above, J. B. below. Chaucer, Book of Fame. No date. Stout paper. 4. 46, several sizes. Chaucer, Tkoylus and Cresyde. No date. Eather thin paper. 27, several varieties ; some witli Lis above. 46, 45. Another Copy'. Grenville Library. No date. Coarse and brown paper, except with mark 28, that being of a fine texture, with upright water-lines unusually close. The other marks are the Hound, witli and with- out the Lis; as also the P. with Lis and plain. Chronicles of England. 1480. Stout paper. 5, 46, 15. Another Copy, examined years since. Paper not noted. 5, 50, 60, 4, 38, 3, 29. Cicero de Senectute. Two copies. 1481. Thick and firm paper. 9, 16, 13. Cordyale (the Book named). No date. Firm and crackling paper. 16. 32 and 33 several varieties. In another copy, examined some years since, we found the mark to be of a similar character. Curiae of Alain Chartier. No date. Stout paper. Small P. with Lis. Description of Britain. Mixed paper. 31, 60, 5, 39, 65. DiCTES AND SaYENGES OF PHILOSOPHERS. 1477. Firm paper. 8, 5, several varieties ; 41,15, several varieties ; 38, once, last leaf. DiRECTORiUM Sacerdotum. No date. Thick and thin paper. Scissors, 56. Hand, 31. Fayttes op Arms or Chyvalrye. 1489. Mixed paper. 63, 65, many varieties. 3, 58. The marks in the Grenville copy, with the exception of No. 3, are all Unicorns, of variety of form. 86 PAPER-MAEKS IN BOOKS The marks in the Inglis copy, examined many years since, comprised a great variety of the same coarsely formed Unicorns, of •which we have given, at p. 74, two speci- mens. Also 40, 57, 58, 3. Festivalis Libee. Ii83. Coarse and thick paper. 2, 16, 31, 35. Another Edition. Small type. 1483. Mixed paper ; some very soft. 33-4, 28. 5 with Lis above. 3, 31. Fifteen (the) O's. No date. White and stout paper. 35. The same woodcut borders around each page of the work were also used for an English Breviary, printed in a Missal type differing from any known. The mark on the paper, which is white and firm, is the Hand, with Lis on stem. A copy of the Breviary is in the British Museum. Golden (the) Legende. Large foKo. 1483. Mixed paper. 30 without Xm. 11, some smaller than others. 59. 55 with quatre- foil above. 43, 49. Anothek Copy, examined many years ago. 11. 30 without Lis. 43, 69, 49. G.4ME OF Chess. First edition. 1474. 9, 17, 18. Another Copy. Grenville Library. 9, 17, 17*, 18. The paper of these two copies is of a simi- lar texture to that used in the French and English editions of the Histories of Troy. The mark of the Bull, 18, is evidently the same, but injured, as that occurring in the Meditadons sur les Pseaulmes Penitenciales. The second leaf, containing mark 2, is a fac- simile. Game of Chess. Second edition. No date. Mixed and coarse paper. 4 plain. 38 once. 46, small and thin ; several moulds. 45, Hound to left, without Lis to collar on neck. Gower, Confessio Amantis. 1483. Mixed and coarse-grained paper. A circle on first leaf, but indistinct. 38, 50, 49. The paper and marks in the Grenville and another copy in the British Museum are of a similar character ; so likewise in a copy examined by us years since. HiGDEN, Poly'chronicon. 1482. Paper of mixed quality. 45, 46, and other varieties. 11,12, 13,16, 17*, 54, 7, 5. P with shank, as 48*. Of this work, extending over four hundred leaves, there are three copies in the British Museum. Besides these, we have examined several other copies, and found them all to contain marks of a similar character to those above enumerated. Jason. No date. Thin but firm paper. 39, 50, several vari- eties. 4 plain. Unicorn, very similar to No. 4, p. 73. 44, several differing. 52,5,1,30,10. We have before us the tracings of the marks in another copy ive met with some years ago. Among these we find, in addi- tion to the above, 38, 45, 51. This and the " Koyal Book" contain the only instances of the Anchor, 1, which we have met with in these works. So likewise here is the only instance of the P and Y united ; and the second instance only that we have met with it iu any printed book, see p. 82. Kny'ght of the Touke. 1483. Remarkably thick and spongy paper, hav- ing been much sized ; the upright water lines scarcely visible. 32, several slightly differ- ing. 55. Another Copy. Fine textured paper. Same marks as the last. Life op St. Katherine of Sen is. No date. Coarse, thin, and brow n paper. Anchor, round-shouldered, first leaf only. 55, 22, 21. Another Copy. Grenville Library. No date. Coarse, thin, and brown paper. 55,22,21. PRINTED BY CAXTOX. 87 Life or Pkince Charles the Grete. 1485. Mixed paper. Hound, 30, without Lis. 48, a peculiar mark, which may be either taken as a P or a Y. 3, 7, 4. Small Hand, with cinquefoil. Life of our Lady. M date. Thinnisli paper. 4. 28, several varieties. Life of St. Wtnefrede. i\'o date. Stout paper. 32, 33. Another, of smaller size, diifering slightly from 35, Meditacions sur les Sept Pseaoljies Peni- tenciales. No date. Stout, coarse-grained paper ; wire lines across particularly clear. AVith the excep- tion of the Bull, 19, occurring in three in- stances, the Unicorn is the only mark. They are all of rather a peculiar form, of which 62 is one. Several of them occur in the inner part of the sheet, the left of the text ; a circumstance most rarely, we should think, to be met with. Les Quatre Derrennieres Choses. No date. With the exception of a few leaves, the paper is of a similar texture, but not quite so stout. The marks are 50, 4, and 6. The two preceding works are found in one volume. On finding that the first work was printed in the same type as the French and English versions of the Histories of Troy and the Game of Chess, dated 1474, each work containing the same number of lines in a page, Mr. 3. Winter Jones contri- buted to the Archmologia for 1846 (vol. xxxi) a very interesting letter upon the subject, with the view of shewing that the version of the Penitential Psalms was from the press of Caxton. Mr. Jones gives the mark of one of the Unicorns, one of those on the inuer side of the text. It differs slightly from that we have given, 62. Mr. Jones omitted to notice the mark of the Bull. He gives the marks occurring in the second treatise, which is printed in the same type as the second edi- tion of the Game of Chess. The manuscript occurring on the two blank leaves between the treatises (one leaf belonging to each, as seen by the texture of the paper) being the same autograph, shews that the two works had been bound about the same period. Myrrour of the World. Two copies. 1483. Firm and white paper, 17, star above slightly differing. Hand with three triangles in lieu of Eleur-de-lis, The marks in another copy, examined by us years ago, comprised 4, 66, and other varieties ; 3, 37, 25, 26, 46, 45, of coarse design ; 5, but plain shield. Paris awd Vienna. 1485. Mixed paper. 5, 48, 27, 4, 3. Pylgremage of the Soule. 1483. Mixed paper, some very thin. 27, 4, no cross above. 8, 32, 3, 28, Hound without Lis. 55. Reynard the Fox. Two copies. 1481, Firm but rather coarse paper. 53, Troy. The Recueil of the Histories of Troye. 1468-71. Mixed paper, that having the mark of the Bull's Head of a coarse texture and brown colour. 5, 41, 23, two varieties. 9, 46, coarse outline ; only once or twice. The paper with the Bull's Flead, in copies of the first edition of the Game of Chess 1474, is of the same texture, and probably from the same vat as that used for the above work. It is of a coarse brown texture, and of a diiferent quality from that on which the mark of the Grapes occurs, that paper being probably of German manufacture. Troy. Le Recoeil des Histoires des Troves, &c,, 1464. Paper chiefly stout and crackling, all of about the same quality, and good colour. Very much the same texture as Meditacions sur les Sept Pseaulmes Penitenciales. 46, de- licate outline, the fastenings not discernible. 5, plain shield, with Lis above. 50, 14, • 88 PAPER-MAKKS lis" BOOKS coarse outline, once only. 45, Unicorn as below, No. 1, but down the upright lines. Bull, 19 ; and twice again, but more per- fect. Unicorn, as before, on last leaf This is the first instance of our having met with the mark of the Cross (20), though one somewhat similar occurs in a copy of the Ars Memorandi Block-Book in the Eoyal Library at Munich. R0T.1.L (the) Book. 1484. Thin and rather soft paper. 1 , 3, 34, small plain Kand. 48, Hound, with and without Lis, several varieties. 61*, unkno™ mark. 27, 50, 4, 60, without Crown. 60, Crown without Star. 7, without Crown. Siege and Conquest of Jerusalem. 1486. Mixed paper. Unicorn as below, No. 2, and others differing ; some with horn upriglit and forefeet raised ; others with band round the body. 3, 45, Hand plain. 30, no Lis. 46, 61, or something very like it, on Sit). 8 5. Arms indistinct on Sig. 8 s. 4, plain. 14, 31, 15. Bull's Head as below. No. 3. 36. Speculum Vit.e Christ:. No date. Good paper. 5, 27, 45, 56, 4, 46. Statutes of Richard III. iVo daie. Stout paper. 45, and others larger. Statutes of Henkt VII. White and firm paper. 2, 32. Victory against the Turks. No date. Rather coarse and thin paper. 14. Virgil, Boke of Eneydos. Two copies. 1490. Firm and crackling paper. 26, 27, 56, 25, 24, 4. Another copy, in our possession years ago, contained similar marks. No. 1. Xo. 3. No. 2. Though occasionally Caxton may have iised paper procured from Germany, yet the marks we have given are sufficient to shew that the greater part of his paper was obtained from the Low Countries. In the tlu-ee plates of tracings are no less than between forty and fifty different marks, independent of their several varieties. An examination of other copies of the same works, as also of all the other produc- tions from the press of Caxton, would considerably extend the number of the marks. We do not think it necessary to give any marks from the books issued at St. Albans from the presses of Lettou and Machlinia, or from those works supposed to have been printed at Oxford. They all contain marks of a similar character, the Oxford Books having many similar to those found in the Delft edition of the Bible, 1477. PRINTED BY CAXTON. 89 The result of our examination of the paper-marks found in the books printed by Caxton, has necessarily led us to make some inquiries respecting the earliest productions of his press; the more so as, on looking into several bibliographical works, we found that the not unusual plan had been adopted: viz., one author copying from another, taking all for granted, and never, we believe, except in a few instances, being at the trouble of examining the works described. We do not pretend to much knowledge in bibliography, and therefore hope our readers will consider the ensuing remarks merely as hints and arguments for those who may feel inclined hereafter to enter more fully into the subject, with the view of deciding a question which at present must remain in some degree of uncertainty. Without perverting* the language used by Wynkyn de Worde m the following extract from his prologue to his edition of Bartholomajus, " And also of your charyte call to rcmembraunce The soule of William Caxton, the first pryter of this boke In laten tongue, at Coleyn, hyself to auaiice. That every well disposed man may thereon loke :" we cannot do otherwise than believe that Caxton printed at Cologne an edition of that work in the Latin language. As no edition is at present known bearing the slightest indication of having been printed by Caxton, the question naturally arises. What has become of that book ? a work consisting, not of a few leaves, but neces- sarily of between two and three hundred. In the absence, therefore, of a distinguishable edition, we turn to those that exist, in order to discover whether one of those dateless editions printed before or about the year 1474, when we have reason to believe Caxton was still at Cologne, can be assumed to be that to which Wynkyn de Worde referred. It must be borne in mind that Wynkyn de Worde does not mention the fact with any reference to the typographical skill of Caxton, but that his object in printing the book was for the purpose of improving himself in the knowledge of the Latin language. There- fore he may have been engaged in the printing of that work before he finished at Cologne, in 1471, his English version of the Histories of Troy, or after, ere he returned to England. Owing to a mistakef by Maittaire and Dr. Middleton, Lewis, in his Life of * "An ingenious sophist, however, of the school of Duns Scotus may interpret W. de Worde's second and third verses thus, ' William Caxton printed this, at Cologne, in order to advance himself in the Latin tongue,' or he 'printed this book in order to advance himself in the Latin tongue, at Cologne.' From both interpreta'- tions it would also follow that he printed the book; but from the former, at Cologne. From both interpretations it would also follow that he might have printed his own translation of it, as that would have still more effectually contributed to his improvement in the original. The mere reimpression of a Latin book would not have caused our typographer to ' advance himself one iota in the • Latin tongue.' " (Dibdin's Ames, vol. i. xcii. tiote.) t Dibdin's Ames, vol. i. xcii. note. 90 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. Caxton (pp. 17, 18), was led to believe tliat there was an edition of Bartholonifeus from the press of Koelhoflf as early as 1470. He therefore very naturally and shrewdly remarks, that, as it appeared "whilst Mr. Caxton was at Cologne learning and practising the art of printing, he might possibly be assisting Koelhoff in pi-inting this book, or at the expense of it, and so be remembered by Wynkyn de Worde as the printer." The earliest edition of BartholomiBus from the press of Koelhoff is dated 1481, and bears his name. Whether he printed one without date earlier, is not known ; at least none exists that can be attributed to his press. There are only two other editions at present known from which any inference can be drawn. Both are printed " sine ulld noM," to use the phrase of the biblio- grapher, and are in types that cannot satisfactorily be fixed upon as those used by any known printer. Both are folio, jirinted in double columns, the one of very large size, with fifty-five lines, and the other smaller, with sixty-one lines in a column. Of the first there are two copies in the British Museum, one in the library of Earl Spencer, and another in the Royal Library at Windsor, that having been retained, with a few other very rare volumes, by His Majesty George IV. when presenting to the nation the private library formed by George III. In the copy in the British Museum (which was sold to the Trustees by the late Mr. Rodd, one of the most intelligent booksellers of this country,) occurs a note, in his autograph, stating his belief that the edition was that alluded to by Wynkyn de Worde, and that it was "decidedly printed at Cologne" As Mr. Rodd was professedly more learned in English than in foreign bibliography, we feel no hesita- tion in stating that we believe he had formed a very erroneous opinion. We remember, that, when a few years ago a copy of the same edition, belonging to Mr. Thorpe, was publicly sold in WeUington-street, we examined the book, making at the time a memorandum that the vohmie had the appearance of having been issued rather from a Strasbourg than a Cologne press, the water-marks being for the most part a Font and a Crown, similar to those of No. 65 in Tlie Typography of the Fifteenth Century, the work whence they were taken being in the type of Eggesteyn, one of the early Strasbourg printers. On the subject now coming more particularly before us, we find that the marks* in the British Museum copies are of a similar kind, resembling those usually found in the books printed at Strasbourg. Independent, however, of the paper-marks, there is another point, which Ave consider far more conclusive in shewing that the edition in question was not printed * The paper-marks in the copies in the British Museum consist of, in the one, a Half Moon or Crescent, Scales, P or D with Cross ahove and helow. Font, Crown ; the Y and tlie Arms of France occurrin-; in two of the four leaves of the table at end. In the other copy, the Scales, Half Moon, Crown, Font; the Y and the Arms in the table as before. BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 91 at Cologne. We allude to its size. It is printed on jjaper of precisely tliat peculiar make and large size used by Mentellin and other of the Strasbourg printers; whereas the books printed by Ulric Zell, Veldener, Koelhoff, and other of the Cologne printers, are nearly all of a small folio, that sized paper being generally manufactured in the Low Countries, whence those printers appear to have obtained their jsaper. The other edition alluded to, is that which is mentioned by Laire, vol. i. p. 137, No. 95 ; and also among the many editions enumerated in the last edition of Ames, vol. ii. p. 319, where Dr. Dibdin, quoting Laire, erroneously refers to it as an edition in the German language, of the date 1479. It is also in large folio, of 212 leaves, printed in double columns, and has a table of three leaves. Laire places it among the books printed between the years 1470 and 1480, considering the type to resemble that in the books issued by the Basle printers. Through the kindness of a friend we have a copy of it before us. We are not able to assign the type to any of the Basle printers. It is also very unhke any of the productions issued at Strasbourg or Cologne, independently of the paper being of a totally different quality from that generally used in those cities by the early printers, the marks* also being for the most part of a different character. Since writing the preceding, we have found that, in the British Museum (thanks to the aid and typographical memoranda of JMr. Cannon of that library), there is an edition of the Pantheologia of Rainer de Pisis ( jyress mark, 3833 e ), printed in the same type, double columns, of sixty lines, large folio. It is mentioned by Heyn in his Repertorium, No. 1314, who attributes it to the press of Berthold Rodt of Basle. The justification of the type in the Bartholoma3us is very irregular, which is not the • They consist of a small Circle; a Man's Head, as below; Bull's Head, as below; Hand with Cross above ; a Double Cross, as below ; St. Katherine's Wheel, placed quite at the outside part of the sheet, a singular circumstance, sufficient to induce us to suppose that the sheet of paper was made of double size, some of that paper being thick, some thin, and all of a coarse texture, of a brown colour. The other marks are. Arms of France, with small B below ; Small Mark, as below, on the right lower corner of pp. cxx. and on some other leaves following ; Small Crescent ; Moor's Head, as below ; and another indistinct mark, as below. 92 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. case in the work of Rainer de Pisis; and the paper in the hitter is of a far better quality. The mark, with the exception of the particular P or D (as noticed, note, p. 90), in two or three of the tables at the com- mencement, is the Bull's Head, as at the side, which runs through the volume, a circumstance not very usual in a work extending over , several hundred folios. The mark is very like that found in Richel's Speculum, see plate U. If any volume could be found in the same type, and bearing the name of Richel as the printer, then we might fairly consider the edition not to have been printed by Caxton. The type, however, is not that known as Richel's; and though the paper-mark in the copy of the Pantheologia is very similar to that in the paper of the Speculum printed by Richel, yet that alone would not be confirmatory of the work having been issued from his press. Our friend, to whom the cop)y of the edition of Bartholomseus belongs, a gentleman most learned in bibliographical minutias, is inclined to believe it to be the edition referred to by Wynkyn de Worde. He thinks the edition was printed about the year 1470. We candidly confess our inability to give a decided opinion in respect to it. There is, however, so great an unevenness in the lines, and it altogether laresents so unusual a character, that we are a little inclined to lean to the opinion of our friend. At the close of our fac-similes of the various tjqaes used by Caxton, we have given a few lines from the two editions of the Bartliolomreus we have been describ- ing, with the view of enabling others to judge how far we may be correct in not decidedly considering the latter of them to be the edition referred to by Wynkyn de Worde. We can hardly suppose, however, that he would have made a statement of so positive a nature without good foundation for so doing; but, as even the state- ment made in the Cologne Chronicle of 1499, respecting the origin of printing, has caused so much controversy as to its literal meaning, a question naturally Arises, whether the statement of Wynkyn de Worde was not founded upon some conversa- tion with his old master, Caxton, who, when relating his early typographical labours, alluded to his having assisted, when learning the business of a printer, in the compo- sition of an edition of Bartholomajus, with the view, at the same time, of improving his knowledge of the Latin language. Though the mechanical art of composing the type IS not generally practised as a means of education, yet such a man as Caxton migh have gathered knowledge from the book of which he was setting up the t^^es. Had he printed on his own account an edition of so large a work, we cannot believe that he would have been silent upon the subject. If the edition, the one referred to as m the possession of our friend, could be proved to have been issued at Cologne, aen would he meaning intended to be conveyed as to Caxton by Wynkyn de Worde be fully borne out, that edition being the only one known to which the fact stated by him will apply. BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 93 Some of the type used by Caxton was of the same manufacture as ttiat claimed by J olin Brito, of Bruges, as having been invented and made by him with tlie view of imitating the precise character of the writing in a manuscript possessed by him. Now we know that Caxton dwelt for many years at Bruges, where, in 1468, he commenced his translation of the Histories of Troy. It is not, therefore^ unreason- able to suppose that he must have been well acquainted with Brito. John Brito did not put forth liis labours with the same bombastic flourish as did Veldener, and, in some instances, other of the early Printers. He modestly stated in a colophon, *' Aspice presentis scripture gracia que sit. Confer opus opere, spectetur codice codex. Eespice q munde q terse qq3 decorc Imprimit hec civis brugesis brito Johanes, Invenios artem iiullo monstratc mirudam, Iiistrumeta quoq. non minus laude stupeda." Behold what elegance is due to this writing (prititmg). Compare work with work {letter with letter), examine Manuscript with manuscript [one copy loitli another). Consider how cleanly, how neatly, how handsomely, John Brito, citizen of Bruges, prints these works. Discovering a wonderful art, nobody having shewn him ; And also the astonishing instruments {the type) no less praiseworthy. There has only been one work discovered as having been printed by Brito, that to which the preceding colophon is appended. It occurred at the sale of the library of the learned Meerman, at the Hague, June 1824. It is now in the Imperial Libraiy at Paris, whence the fac-simile* we gave of the two varieties of type used by him were taken. It is a small quarto volume, of four gatherings of eight leaves each, the first and last leaf blank. It has twenty-five lines in a full page, the heads of the chapters being printed in red. It commences, ''C'est cy la co2^j)ie des deux grans tahleaas esquelx tout le contemi de ce livre est en exscript" &c. The paper- marks are the Hand with fleur-de-lis above, as in the Delft Bible of 1477, and other books of that time. The learned bibliographer, Santander, particularly mentions this Avorkf, and in * Typography of the Fiftcentli Century, plate XXXYII. No. 77. t "Jean Bkiton, de Bruges. Cet artiste ne peut etre regarde que comme un habile calligraphe; les registres dont nous avons parle dans I'article precedent, en font deux fois mention ; la premiere, en I'an 1454, et la seconde, en 1493, annee dc sa mort, dont les frais funeraires couterent la somme de 15 gros; mais un livre de la bibliotheque de M. Meerman, a La Haye, imprime dans le xv^ siecle, sans date, probablcment par Jean Veldener, d'Utrecht, vers I'an 1480, sur une copie faite par ce Jean Briton, on Jean de Brit, de Bruges, parut a feu I'abbe Ghesquiere nne raison dc le mettrc au rang des inventeurs presumes de I'imprimerie, et dc pro- noncer que I'art typographique a ete exerce a Bruges, si?ion vers le milieu du xv^ siecle, da moi/is peic d'amecs apres cette epoque. Voyez VEsprit des Joumaux, Juin 1779, page 240. Cette assertion de M. Ghesquiere n'est fondee que sur une souscription, qu'on lit k la fin du susdit livre. " Mais indepcndamment de ce qu'on n'y trouve pas de date, et que les caracteres employes dans cette 94 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. doing so endeavoTii's to shew that Brito was not a printer, but merely a caligrapher; and further, that as the work is printed in a type similar to that used by Veldener at Utrecht, he thinks that it was issued from his j^ress, viewing the Latin lines at the close of the work as merely relating to a manuscript production of John Brito. In order to support such an opinion, Santander repudiates the universally acknow- ledged tyj)ographical meaning of the word "imprimit," adopted by Brito, considering that the word was not used in its usual sense, but merely as scripsit might equally have been. But Brito would not have made use of the word " instrumenta," or " artem mirandam," if he had intended to refer to mere ivriting, an art, as applied to the copying of MSS., which gradually ceased to be practised after the invention of printing. Santander appears to have been led into the discussion about Brito in consequence of a brochure from the pen of M. Ghesquiere, who desired to place Brito among the claimants to the invention of the Art of Printing. Now Veldener used two, and perhaps more, sorts of type before the year 1480, the date of his Fasciculus Temporum, which is in a similar character to that of the production by Brito. Therefore, if Veldener had printed this work, it is not likely he would have allowed any colophon to be appended to it bearing a double meaning, one interpretation of which would take from him the merit of having been the inventor of a new and peculiarly characteristic type ; one which served as a j)attern for that used by Caxton and Machlinia, as also for that of the books jmnted at St. Albans. No tyije, however, similar to the larger sort used by Brito, has been found in any production from the press of Veldener or elsewhere. In no prologue or colophon to any of the books printed by Caxton does he lay claim to the title of type-founder. His ^\\\q\q time must have been occupied in impression sont absoluraent conformes i ceux des Epistelci en Ecangclien, ct du Fasckulm temporum, imprimis par J. Veldener, a Utrecht, en 1478 et 1480, il est Evident que ces yers latins, faits par le calli^raplie Ini-mSme (Jeati de Bnt), pour releyer la beaut,! et la nettet.5 de sa copie, n'ont aucun rapport & I'impression faite dans la suite, sur cette copie, par J. Veldener, qui y laissa subsister les dits yers. Ces mots : Aspice presentis scripture graoia, demontrent cette y&ite; car, de qnol front pourrait-il se yanter, ce Jean Briton ou de Brit, de la nettet^ et de la beauty de cette impression, qui n'est rien moins que belle, et qui est ex,5cut& en mauyais caractJres gothiques ? Les mstrumens meryeilleux dont le dit Briton s'attribue I'inyention, dans les deux derniers yers sont certamement ceux de Part calligraphique, car cet art ayait anssi ses instrumens, dont les calligraplres se' seryaient pour fairede belles copies: t^moins les petites feuilles de cniyre, tres-minces, percees, dont le ynide rep..sente les lettres de I'alphabet. J'ai yu un religienx minime se seryir de ces feniUes de cuiyre, pour ^erire menfemnlot; " ""'^"'i"-™'^. ^ont Jean Briton fait ici usage, on sait qu'U se trouye fr^quem- ment emp oj^ dans les xy= et xvi. s.fecles, pour signifier ecrire. Au reste, si ce Jean Briton, mort en 1492 a ^t^ a;:;;: :::: darr f- '''' ''-^^^ I'^uprimerieyers le'miUeudu xy/si.cl le srule irilTo ^""-r'^,^"^ ^ ^"-^--^ » - P-'-^l- ^--verte, il ne nous a pas donn 1 etonnement de ses concitoyens? Je sais que le susmentlonn^ M. GbesquiJre dit, que Kmprimeur Veldener peut a.o,rf.at aeUeter a Bruges les caraotlres Jean de Brit, mais eela L ferait croire qn' a "^I^^s d^ M Meerman, dans son yoyage , La Haye, la maniere ais^e de r^sondro Icstement les diffieulte Z^l e p T '"'^ S--'-lcr, Dictionnaire BiMiogr.pmJe, yol.T BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 95 translating and in superintending, and possibly, to some extent, participating in the labours of Iris workmen, and correcting the jjress. Though he pathetically tells us, at the close of his English Rec.ueil, most probably his oiun acknowledged first typo- graphical production, that his hand had become unsteady, his eyes dimmed, age creeping upon him, and his body enfeebled; yet he lived not only to print, but to translate and edit more works than almost any man who had preceded him. He must have been a marvellously industrious man, as at the close of the edition of the "Vitas Patrum," in 1495, Wynkyn de Worde states that the translation by Caxton was "fynysshed at the last daye of his lyif." The type used in the two editions of the Histories of Troy, the Seven Penitential Psalms in French, the Game of Chess, 1474, and the History of Jason in French* is the same. It may be styled demi-secretary gotliic. The letters bear evidence of having been cast from a matrix, whereas the type used by Brito was probably, in the first instance, cut by hand, though Veldener may afterwards have had it cast. If Caxton had had anything to do witli the manufacturing of the type used in his English edition of the Histories of Troy, it is not likely that he would have omitted all mention of the matters connected with his labours in learning the art of casting type; but would most probably, in the same peculiarly characteristic manner in which he informed his readers of the arduousness of the task of not only making the translation but of the labour of writing it, have detailed all the diffi- culties he had to surmount in the art of type-founding. Inasmuch as the type used by Caxton, in some of the books from his press, is of precisely the same character as that u.sed by Brito, it is not unreasonable to presume that he obtained his type from Bruges, or from the same parties who supplied or manufactured it for John Veldener of Utrecht. Machliniaf, of Loudon, made use of a somewhat similar type, obtained, no doubt, from the same source. Neither Veldener nor Machlinia lay claim to be the makers of that type ; nor are we aware that there is any passage in the numerous books printed by Caxton from which we might draw the conclusion that he made his own types. Caxton was a learned man, devoting himself to the translating of works from the Latin and French languages, of which his press affords numerous examples. It is not likely, there- fore, that he executed any portion of the mechanical labour beyond that of instruct- ing his workmen in the art of composing the tyjae, and superintending the manage- ment of his printing establishment. Much uncertainty exists as to the precise date when Caxton returned to England, after residing, as he states in his preface to Ms English edition of the Histories of Troye, "xxx yere, for the most parte, in the contres of Brabant, fi,andres, holand, * The only kno"wn copy of tliat boo1< is in tlie Imperial Libi-ary at Paris. t The type used by Maclilinia is of the same face, but diflbrent in hotly, the letters being wider apart. 96 BOOKS rniNTED BY CAXTON. and seland." That he was at Cologne in 1471 is certain, as he states that he there finished his translation of the "Recueil" in September of that year. Stove, in mentioning the origin of printing, states {Chronicle, ed. 1560), "William Caxton, of London, mercer, brought it into London about the year 1471, and first produced the same in the Abbie of St. Peter, at Westminster; after which it was likewise jDractised in the Abbies of St. Augustine, at Canterburie, Saint Albans, and other monasteries in England." Dr. Dibdin states: "There is no account whatever of the tyiTOgraphical labours of Caxton from the year 1471 to the year 1474, although it is extremely probable that a curious and active mind like his, just engaged in the exercise of a newly- discovered and important art, would have turned his attention to a variety of objects for publication. Of the exact period of his return to his native country, no information has yet been obtained. Oldys imagines, that, in the time required to provide himself with presses, types, and all other printing materials, in order to establish and practise the art in his own country, — being now arrived in the evening of life, and naturally inclining homeward, — he might pass three years, till he appears, by the edition of the Book of Chess, dated 1474, to be settled in. England; which book is rei^uted to be the first that was ever printed in this kingdom. The first edition of 'The Game of Chess' does certainly bear the date of 1474; but that it was executed in tlds country there is no kind of evidence upon the face of the book itself."* Dr. Dibdin is in error when he states that the edition of "The Game of Chess" dated 1474, shews that Caxton was at that time in England. We have no proof whatever, that, at that time, he was in England; the chronicler Stowe merely records, that about the year 1471 he was in this country. There is no proof whatever that the French edition of the Histories of Troy preceded the translation by Caxton. Had it been the case, he '\^-ould most probably have mentioned such to have been the fact. The circumstance of the author, Le Fovre, being styled, in the French edition, " Chajjpellain de mon tres redoubte seigneur Monseigneur le Due de bourgoigne, en Ian de grace mil cccclxiiii;" and in the English version, "preest and chapelayn \Tito the ryght noble gloryous and mighty prince, in his tijme, Phelip due of Bourgoyne, Braband," &c., merely proves that when Le Fevre composed the work the Duke of Burgundy was alive, and that when Caxton translated it the Duke was dead. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Iwo editions are printed in the same type, and that, as we find the paper used for the printing of both to be of a very similar quality, we may fairly presume that the two editions had some connexion with each other. A careful examination of the impressions shews that the type m the English edition presents a sharper appearance than in the French, which affords a mechanical argument in favor of the priority of the English one. * Typographical Aiititiiiitics of Great Britain, vol. i. xcv. BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 97 At the close of the English edition, Caxton minutely enters, first, into the difficulty of his labours in the translation, and then into the cause of his exercising the duties of a lorinter. We must bear in mind, that, at that period, Caxton was, as it were, in the household, or employ, of the Duchess of Burgundy, the Duchess being his great patroness; consequently, as the work of Le Fevre (to whom Caxton was, no doubt, well known) was dedicated to the Duke, Caxton had, no doubt, numerous courtly applicants for his translation. He states : " Thus ende I this booke whyche I have translated after myn auctor as nyghe as god hath gyuen me connyng to whom be gyuen the laude and preysing. And for as moche as in the wrytyng of the same my penne is worn, myu hande wery & not stedfast myn eyen dimed with ouermoche lokyng on the whit paper, and my corage not so prone and redy to laboure as hit hath been, and that age crepeth on me dayly, and feebleth all the bodye, and also be cause I have promysid to dyuerce gentilmen, and to my frendes to addresse to hem as hastily as I myght this sayd book, Therfor I have practysed & lerned, at my grete cliarge and dispense to ordeyne this said hook in prynte after the m,aner & forme as ye may here see, and is not loreton with pjenne and ynke as other hokes hen, to thende that euery man may haue them attones, ffor all the books of this story, named the Recule of the historyes of Troyes thus emprynted as ye here see were begonne in oon daye, and also fynyshid in oon day, whiche booke I presented to my said redoubtid lady as a fore is sayd. And she hath well acceptid hit and largely rewarded me where- fore I beseche almighty god to rewarde her euerlasting blisse after this ly£" Caxton here distinctly relates, that, in consequence of his having promised to supply his friends with copies of his translation, he practised and learned the Art of Printing; that passage giving full scope to the idea of his having, while so learning the art, assisted a printer at Cologne; and at the same time tending to confirm the statement made by Wynkyn de Worde, that he printed the first edition of Bartho- lomseus. Though Caxton commenced his translation in 1408, he aflirms, in his prologue to the first book, " aftyr that y had made and wretyn a fyve or six quayers. y fyll in dispayr of thys werke, and purpoised no more to have contyiiuyd therein and the quayers leyd a part and in two yere after laboured no more in thys werke and was fully in wyll to have lefte hyt." Caxton then goes on to state, that, in consequence of his patroness, Margaret Duchess of Burgundy, having heard of the translation, she commanded him "to shewe the sayd v. or vi. quayers;" and moreover commanded him "straytly to con- tyuue and make an ende of the resydue than not translated." We have therefore, in these facts, a clear proof that the printing of his transla- tion could not have been commenced before 1470. There is nothing to warrant our believing that he had at that time printed off " v. or vi. quayers" of his translation, 0 98 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. the work of translating and printing then going on at tlie same time, as may have been the case, when he resolved on printing the work in order to supply his friends with the copies promised to them. As the Trench edition bears no prefatory or closing matter conveying any idea at whose charge the book was carried through the press, or by whom it was printed, we may fairly presume that it was intended to be an accurate copy of the original MS., and therefore it became necessary to foUow the title-page as originally written, although the circumstance of its implying that the Duke of Burgundy was then living was not correct. It was, in point of fact, an exact reprint of the original manuscript, issued, like hundreds of works printed during the fifteenth century, without any prefatoiy matter indicative of the printer, or of the place where issued. In the prefatory title to the English Recueil, Caxtou informs his readers that he commenced the translation in 1468, and finished it on September 19, 1471, and states at the close of the work, that, after he had j3rinted the book, he presented a copy of it to his Patroness, Margaret Duchess of Burgundy. We cannot suppose, that, from September 19 to the period when he wrote the note of his visit to his Patroness, Caxton had printed the whole work, though he informed his readers that "all the books of this story, named the Recule of the historyes of Troyes thus einprynted as ye here see were hegonne in oon daye and also fynyshid in oon day." In our first volume (p. 190), we have had occasion to notice the bombast of Veldener in the publication of the productions of his migratory press. Following the fashion of the day, Caxton has not only, in the prologue to his translation, favoured his readers with some particulars of his life, and of the difiiculties he met with in his task, but also in many other of his works has he done the same; his epilogues and colophons being all alike amusingly characteristic. Dr. Dibdin* gives several illustrations of the early printers making use of marvellous and hyperbolical language in their colophons, evidently with the view of enhancing the importance of the newly discovered art of printing. Caxton may have intended the passage to convey, that, by means of the art he had then learned and practised, instead of having to wait months for a transcript of the work, a perfect copy of the whole could be obtained in "oon day." It may have been, as suggested to us by our friend, Mr. J. Winter Jones, of the British Museum, that Caxton meant it to be understood that the first sheet in all the copies was commenced and worked off in one day, and that all the copies of the last sheet were also worked off in one day; but not that the lohole volume was begun and finished in one day. Had Caxton, in his title to the English Recueil, only stated that his translation • Ames's Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by Dibdin, vol. i. p. PA, note. BOOKS PEIXTED BY CAXTON. 99 was commenced in 1468, and finished in 1471, we should not be justified in supposing tliat he did not commence the printing of it until after the latter date. He, how- ever, distinctly mentions his labours as of hvo kinds: his "translation" as the one, and his "werke" as the other. We may therefore presume that in the use of the word " loerhe" he referred to the printing of the volume ; and that, as at the close of the work he informs his readers of his having printed it, he did not consider it necessary to say more on that subject. We may consequently, with much fairness, consider that, in 1470, the translation and the printing proceeded simultaneously; and that, instead of the work being printed in "oon day," it was produced or seen in one day complete, soon after September 1471. In the early stage of typography hundreds of volumes were issued by various printers without the slightest indication of the printer's name, the period when, or the place at which they were printed or published; the only clue to the discovery of the printer being by the comparison of the character of the type, as we have before stated. Such is the case with a great many of the productions of the press of Caxton, several merely ending "Explicit per Caxton." "The Dictes and Saying es of Philosophers" \& the earliest book yet discovered from the press of Caxton which gives the satisfactory information as to the place and date of its execution. The Epilogue to that work opens, "Here endeth the hook named the Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, emprinted hy me William Caxton at Westminster, the year of our lord, m.cccc.lxxvii." It closes very much in the same style as the title of the "Recueil:" "Tims endeth this hook of the Dictes and notahle wise Sayings of the p>hilosopihers late translated and drawn out of the French into our English tongue hy my aforresaid Lord the Earl Rivers and Lord Scales, and hy Ids commaundment set in form and imprinted in this manner as ye may here in this hook see; which was finished the xviii day of the month of Novemher, and the seventh year of the reign of King Edward tJte Fourth." If it be true, as stated in the Life of Caxton in the last edition of Ames' Typio- graphical Antiquities, p. xcv. that the French and English editions of the Histories of Troy are justly "admitted to have heen printed abroad," we cannot do otherwise than believe that the Game of Chess, the French edition of Jason, and Les Sept Pseaulraes Penitenciales, were also executed abroad; but whether the French versions were printed by Caxton, is a point that cannot be incontrovertibly settled. Certain, however, it is, that no other printer is known to have used the same type as that in which they are printed; and, like the Game of Chess dated 1474, they all have thirty-one lines in a full page. The paper used for the English Histories of Troy and for the Game of Ches,s, 1474* was of the same peculiar texture. Not so, however, in the same degree, • Caxton opens his preface to tlie second edition of " Tlie Game of the Chesse" by stating, tliat, among o 2 100 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. though the paper-marks are of the same character, does the paper of the French editions bear evidence of their having been issued precisely at the same time. That the French editions were all issued by one pterson, is pretty evident from their internal appearance. None of them have the smallest prefatory matter, or typographical indication of date, &c. They simply end with the word "explicit" as is the case with many of the books printed by Caxton in this country. As in the title to the English Recueil (begun to be translated at Bruges in 1468) Caxton stated the work to have been "ended and fynisshed in the holy cyte of Colen," 1471, it is generally believed that the book was printed by him at Cologne. Consequently, as in the prologue to the second edition of the Game of Chess (printed in this country), Caxton relates, that, while residing at Bruges, he translated and printed an edition of that work, it is natural to believe that the edition bearing the date 1474 was printed in that city, clearly proving that in 1474 Caxton had returned from Cologne to Bruges; but whether earlier, we have no' record. Now the English Recueil and the Game of Chess of 1474 are printed with the same type as the French versions of the Recueil, the Jason, and the Penitential Psalms, all of which may have been printed at Cologne before 1474; but whether by Caxton, or under his direction, there is no proof, though from the several volumes corresponding in all their typographical minutias, there is every reason to believe they were issued rmder his supervision. They may, however, after all, have been printed at Bruges* as we have no evidence of the residence of Caxton at Cologne after 1471. He may have merely gone to that city for the purpose of learning the art of printing, in consequence of his having again taken up his translation of the Recueil at the request of his patroness the Duchess of Burgundy, his labour having been, as he states, put aside for two years. There is one remarkable circumstance connected with his typographical labours that we must not lose sight of It is, that in the British Museum copy of the Game of Chess, of 1474, the paper with the mark of the Head of the Bull, pi. Qa, n. 9 (as stated p. 87), is of the same peculiarly hrown and coarse texture as was used for the " many noble derkes " (who) " haue cndeuoyred them to write and corapylc many notable werkes and historyes " — " there was an excellent doctour of dyuyyte in the royaume of fraunce of the order of thospvtal of Saynt Johns of Jherusalem whiche entended the same and hath made a book of the chesse moralysed. AVhich at such tyme as I was resident in brudgys in the counte of Flaundres cam in to my handes, which whan I had redde and overseen, me semed ful necessarye for to be had in englishe, and in eschowyng of ydleness and to thende that some whtch haue not seen it, ne vnderstonde frenssh ne latyn, I delybered in myself to translate it in to our maternal tongue, and whan I had so achyeued the sayd translacion, I dyde doo sette in enprynte a certeyu nombre of them, wbche anone were depesshed and solde. wherefore by cause thys sayd book is ful of holsom wysedom and requysyte ™to euery estate and degree, I haue purposed to emprynte it, shcwyng therein the tgures oi suche persons as longen to the playe." 7 11 * ^I'l'^'^l"^' P- '''^ r'-'--"''' K-^""--;! '° I'^'ve been printed by Ulric /ell, and that the types were the production of a Frenchman. BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 101 copy of tlie English Recueil in tlie same library. From this fact we are led to conjectm-e, that, when Caxton left Cologne he took with him the remaining stock of the paper unemployed in the printing of his English Recueil (if there printed), using it, as also the same type, in 1474, at Bruges, for the Game of Chess. If the small quarto tract* intitled " Propositio, &c. — Johannis Russell — ad Karo- liiin ducem Burgundice super susceptionis ordinis gasterii," was printed immediately after the ceremony, which took place in 1469, it would prove the existence of a very similar type to that (invented, as we believe, by John Brito of Bruges, and after- wards used by Veldener at Cologne, and by Caxton in this country) several years earlier than hitherto supposed, and five years before the issue of the Game of Chess in the same type as the two editions of the Recueil and other French works mentioned ! These observations are merely made for the consideration of those who may at any future time consider the matter worth inquiring into. The subject appears to us to be fraught with so much obscurity that we may justly app)ly to it the well known quotation, "Stat nominis imnhra," and leave it to the investigation of those more learned than ourselves in typographical minuti j« c-S «^ 5i. o S s*-^ ** ^ riif |i E Si. - - . ' o S s § ^ 3 o 3 O ^ _ D^'^ C g I O (-3 vS S,~i>, " « W J3 *i 3 s: ^ 5 o is o _ Sits y H « — » l#fsl#«IS;Ii *i /> g evi=r g ^ it « I «^ g'ts- .|a-2f S-s^i^ Iff allll S J* £ ts 3 ** « a « •S ~ -55 f«-5 «j CO ^ i § »i a-g 8 S «s a. c B- S 9 P>.' A) > « ** ^ lO ^ ft » ift »^ Ck* Wi- /3 V»# S S ® o- >s t*. C* (B *^ o lo- ftj <2 <»• o ^ S tl J. s s I i i »j «» " "* »- c to p J Ou c5 « 3 (© IS es ^ MV ; *J1 :2 *-» *Jt M\ X »~ t> CO a» «'*-''-> « « 5 s a. Sea* tS <> s « c'a £ I § ? a ^ >S '3 „ ^ 20' .3 • •« ^ -£ -5 j5 3 t5 Cs. *' cii .9 3 c ire ? a -a ^^^^ ^ iir«|:|i iri O ■* S S 47 5^ 'a- w f3 ''J •I I w: c- 8 •» 1ii S g-o 5 I* ■= -u 5 « g « - ^ S 2 8 " " - Sf» 8 g S i •£ S. ^ S -a IB ~ - 3 3 - o o -2 3 -e S .t; u E ^ y o 6 5 5 a E • ? E s §2- J2a s 5 ^ -= 3 E R S 5 gfc 1 1 BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. 103 taken many years ago for the i^urpose of identifying the type. We plead guilty therefore, of great negligence in not having given more time to the consideration, of fifty-five line edition of the Bartholomceiis, ere we ventured (p. 90) so strongly to discredit the opinion of the late Mr. Eodd, of its being "decidedly printed at Cologne for, had we compared the type of that volume with our fac-similes from the two editions of the Fasciculus Temporum, printed at Cologne in 1474 and 1478, each edition bearing the name of Gotz de Sletzstat, we should have at once seen that the fifty-five line edition of Bartholomceus was in the same type, without the necessity of having given Mr. Cannon, an assistant in the Library of the British Museum, the trouble of looking over all the various books issued at Cologne bearing the names of the printers. We have much pleasure, however, in recording our thanks to that gentleman for having draw our attention to the type used by Gotz de Sletzstat. As all arguments respecting the identification of type are very unsatisfactory without fac-similes, we have, at the close of the fac-similes of the types used by Caxton, Lettou, and Machlinia, given a few lines from the copy of the fifty-five line edition of the Bartholomceus, side by side with the same number of lines from the Fasciculus Temporum printed at Cologne, in 1474, by Gotz de Sletzstat, together with the concluding paragraph from the edition of 1478. When we find that the edition of the Bartholomceus referred to was considered a book of such especial interest as to have been reserved at Windsor, with a very few others, from the library collected by His Majesty George III., it does appear to us extraordinary that no English bibliographer, as the book has generally been considered to be connected with the early labours of Caxton, should have satisfied himself as to the fact of its having been printed at Cologne. It is very true that Mr. Rodd wrote in the copy he sold to the Trustees of the British Museum, such to have been his opinion; but in doing so, he gave no reference to any book printed at Cologne in a similar type. Laire considered it to have been printed at Basle. Dr. Dibdin, in describing the copy in the library of Earl Spencer, states, "that the manuscript note to this copy, which assigns the work to the press of Caxton, is -erroneous; and the suggestion of its having been printed by Koelhoff seems equally without foundation. We may therefore be brief in the present place; observing that this edition is executed, apparently, by Ulric Zell, or by some other early Cologne printei-, and that it seems to have escaped Panzer." Though the learned bibliographer adds, "it may be called a magnificent volume," he appears to have had no belief in Caxton having had anything to do with the printing of it. That we came* to too hasty a conclusion that the book in question was not * I do not profess to be acquainted with the yarious types used by the early printers. Whatever little knowledge I may possess is consequent on my having had occasion more particularly to direct my attention to the subject during the last few years, while engaged on the present work. m BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON. printed at Cologne, is certain. We tliought so, iirst because the edition is printed in a very large folio* the Cologne books being usually of a small folio or quarto size; and secondly, because the paper was of the same kind as ^yas used by the printers at Strasbourg. Having now shewn that the fifty-five line edition of the Bartholomceus is printed with type of the same character as that used at Cologne by Gotz de Sletz- stat in 1474, we may fairly come to the conclusion that the book was printed in that city, thus clearly, we think, identifying the edition referred to in the oft-quoted lines of Wynkyn de Worde, the successor to our first English printer: " And also of your charyte call to rememtraunce The soule of WiUiam Caxton, the first prytcr of this boke In laten tongue, at Coleyn, hyself to auaiice, That every well-disposed man may thereon loke." We have also given a fac-simile of the type of the sixty-one line edition of the Bartliolommus. It is, as stated, in the same character as the Pantlieologia of Rainer of Pisa, ascribed by Haiuf to Berthold Rodt of Basle. There is, in the British Museum, an edition of the Quadragesimale of Robertus Caracciolus de Licio, in the same type, described also by Hain, No. 4419, but not assigned to any printer. We have preferred thus ingenuously stating the circumstances that led us to the reconsideration of the subject at issue, rather than adopting perhaps the more usual course, of canceling the preceding sheet. We are not ashamed of having formed an erroneous judgment; and our acknowledging it tends to shew our earnest desire to endeavour to be correct in so interesting a point of typogra- phical inquiry. * The Spencer copy (Bibliotheca Spenceriana, vol. iii. p. 71) is bound up with the Etymologies of St. Isidore, executed in the same type. t Not Heyn, as stated p. 91. Note also, that the number there (juoted should be 13014 in lieu of 1314. W AT E R-M ARKS ON THE PAPER t'SED FOR THE BLOCK-BOOKS EXECUTED IN G E E M A N Y. THE TWO EDITIONS OF THE ARS MEMORANDI. PLATE E. Edition" I. Spencer Copy. A Pair of Scales within a circle occurs on all the sheets, except h and c; that on c bemg the St. Catherine Wheel, and on h the Head of the Ball. The wire-liues are veiy indistinct, and on d they run through the centre of the mark. Edition I. Hihhert* Copy. The Head of the Bull and the St. Catherine Wheel are the only marks. To the latter there was evidently, from the remains of the lines at bottom, some pendent ornament. Edition I. Botfield Copy. Half of a Bull and Hand are the only marks. Owing to the leaves having been backed, the wire-lines could not be traced. Editions I, and II. Royal Library Municlt, Copies'\. Head of tJie Bull with pendent ornament is the only mark in one copy; the two Crosses and Fleur-de-lis occurring in another. Edition II. British Museum Copy. A Croslet the only mark. * Now ill tlie possession of Kobcrt Holford, Esq. t These marks liaving been forwarded to me, a few years since, through the kindness of JI. Liclitenthaler, the Director of the Uoyal Library, I avail myself of the opportunity of now using them. 106 PAPER-MARKS. VARIOUS EDITIONS OF THE AES MOEIENDI. PLATE S. Spencer and British Museum Copies. The paper used for the small quarto edition of this work is of a very firm texture, and is rendered more so by the leaves having been pasted together, a circumstance which has prevented our being able to trace the marks in the two copies, the only ones, we believe, in this countiy. The only mark we could see was the half of the Head of the Bull in the first leaf of the Museum copy. Munich* Copies. Kos. 1 to 4. Bdl, Crozier, Anchor, and Unicorn, occur in one copy, considered at Munich to be the first edition of the work. The Anchor is of a different form from any hitherto met with in the Block-Books; and the other three marks occur for the first time. The Unicorn, if it may be so denominated, is of very jjeculiar form. Nos. 5 and 6, Head of the Bull, one with ornament above, and the other, a pendent ornament, is from another copy, stated to be the fourth edition. Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10, are from otlier copies, but the editions were not named. Nothing, however, but a personal examination would have enabled us to decide correctly as to what editions the marks belonged, unless we had the same opportu- nity of comparing the originals with the detailed descriptions given by us of the several editions, as their possessors or bibliograpliers will iu future have by the publication of our labours. Botfield Copy. Small three Mounts with Cross above, the only mark. It is smnlar to No. 9 of the Mwmch copies, and is the only mark which occurs in the copy m the Library of Earl Spencer, mentioned in vol, ii. p. 22. The paper is of a thick and firm texture. Renouard Copy. Two varieties of the Head of the Bull are the only marks. The first IS very similar to No. 6 of the Munich copies, both, no doubt, of the same edition. The paper used in tlxe Renouard copy is of a peculiarly thin texture as compared with the paper used for the Block-Books in general. GERMANY. 107 EDITIONS OF THE BIBLIA PAUPERUM. PLATE T. Edition VI. Wilson Copy. The P of this form is the first instance of our finding it in the Block-Boolis, as also the Head of the Bull of this shape. The smaller one without the Cross occurs only once. Edition VI. Cojpit^ Christi College (Gamhridge) Copy, of the same edition as the Wilson copy, has only two marks: the Head of the Bull, of a singular, grotesque shape, as also a small Anchor, both of which are unlike any other marks we have met with in the Block-Books. EDITIONS OF ANOTHER CHARACTER. Wilks Copy. A Radia.ied Star or Sun, and the small Hand, the only marks that are found in this copy of the edition in the German language, bearing the date 1470. Some inscription or device occupied tlie centre of the Star, but owing to its iudis^ tinctness we could not decypher it. British Museum Copy. In this copy of the same edition, in the German language, the Heads as given are the only marks. They are all of a similar character to the tracings given, and are, like those, very imperfect. EDITIONS OF THE APOCALYPSE. PLATE T. continued. Edition V. Stowe Copy. A Chariot or Plough, and a Bunch of Grapes, the only marks. They appear, for the first time, in the Block-Books in this edition of the Ap)ocalypse, the first mark occurring only once. Edition V. Bodleian Copy, of the same edition. Head of the Bull, all of very much the same kind. Edition V. Bavclay Copy of the same edition. I. H. S. the only mark, as particularly noticed in plate D., that plate, with the marks of the edition, ha^ng been executed ere our present arrangement of the paper-marks was contemplated. Edition VI. The copy of the Apocalypse lately purchased, at Paris, by M. Pioche, the Banker, at a public sale, was a duplicate from the well-known collection of M. T. O. Weigel of Leipsic. To the liberality of M. Pioche we are indebted, through the medium of M. Techner, the learned Parisian Bookseller, for p 2 108 PAPER-MARKS. the possession (since the MS. of this sheet was in the printer's hands) of pencil tracings of the first and last pages of that copy, which is coloured in the usual coarse style of the period. The edition is that of which we have given, in our first volume, p. 25, an enume- ration of the pages; an edition which Heinecken designates as "I' edition de Gotwic," at the same time considering it as one "qui, si je ne me trompe, surpasse pour son antiquite toutes les precedentes," though he had previously styled the fifth edition as "la plus ancienne et veritahlemcnt la premiere." Judging from the tracings before us, it is a coarse copy of the fifth edition, and, as such, we here enumerate it, giving at the lower part of jjlate T. the paper- mark that occurs in the now Pioclie copy. We much regret that M. Weigel has not favoured us, as urgently requested, with tracings of the marks that occur in his copy of the same edition. ENDKRIST. Spencer Copy. The full figure of the Bull and Bull's Head, as below, are the only marks. mark. QUINDECIM SIGNA. Spencer ^ Copy. The figure of the Bull, as in the preceding work, is the only It is, however, from a mould diflcrent from the two above. GERMANY. 109 DE GENERATIONE CHEISTI. British Museum Copy. These peculiarly formed Heads of the Bull are tlie only marks. The tracing below is the only mark found in the British Jfuseum copy of the other edition of the Be Generatione Christi, described by us, vol. ii. pp. 72 et seq. Some of the Heads slightly vary in form. no PAPER-MAEKS. PAPER-MAEKS IN FEINTED WOEKS ISSUED IN GERMANY. PLATE U. HISTORIA JOSEPIII, &c. Sjmicer Copij. Printed hij Pfster. It must not be siijaposed that the marks given in this jjlate are intended to represent those generally on the paper of books printed in Germany. Such would occupy probably more than one hundred plates ! Our object is here merely to shew that the marks in those books, of which fac-similes have been given witli the view of illustrating the character of the design found in the Block-Books of Germany, are also occasionally of the same species. Thus, in the Uistoria JosejM and in the BiUia Pauperum, we find the Head of the Bull of a form nearly similar to those in the Ars Memorandi and Ars Moriendi. We also find, in the books printed by Schussler at Augsburg, the same kind of marks, though of a still larger size, of which we have given two tracings in this plate. SPECULUM HUMAN.E SALVATIONIS. Prmtcdhj Rkhd. We do not think it necessary here to make any observations upon these marks, further than that the Plough or Gar, and the Head of the Bull, of form Nos. 3 and e' and the mark No. 4* are different from any that we have hitherto met with in the Block-Books. PLATE V. SPECULUM HUMAN.E SALVATIONIS. PnnM hj Gunthcr Zaincr. The paper used by Gunther Zainer at Augsburg is generally found, as we have before noticed, to have marks of the Head of the Bull of the same peculiar character. The six specimens here given are taken from the Spencer copy of the et;:'::.' ^"-^ *° --erous were tL marks ditterent milk The six marks here given are selected from many tracino-s eouallv gTotesque. Some of the marks in the same volumes whence these ml ks e s«:r " "'"^ - ^-ks printer:; pecrrr^i'n;^;^ trrr-^^^^^^^ - ~ quarto works printed at cL^tXtzI'""' " " CUNTHER ZAINER JOHN ZAINER V r/if aliar si.rinnrhsiin /ran l/ii S/i,i-ii/iore valuable; because, independently of its havin. the blank leaf at :::;::~;r:i:s:t:f TZ' ' -^--^ - ^ "Lt„ soii::^.°c:t:rir:;::::^ — ' - havinJberv^rZ''^.^:: t™tr —'"^ '"^^ '--"S^ opportunity J/I'Sg ^^^^I^::^ ^'^ « ^ Hthographed, 1 L no snral/si^;*;^^^: crirlr^ ' — ^ -^^-^ -^"S^- I' ^= of SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 133 By tlie iDreceding collation it is seen tliat the mark of the Anchor occurs chiefly in the first six sheets; and as the paper on which that mark is found is all of the same firm quality, it almost proves the use, when commencing the printing of the work, of some fresh stock of paper; the other paper emjdoyed being of a mixed quality, some sheets being much thinner than others. Sheet, folios 47 and 56, the first of the last gathering, is of a remarkably coarse texture and brown colour, unlike any other in the volume. The Spencer copy has a blank leaf at the commencement ; but, though the paper of that leaf is of the same period, it does not form the corresponding half-sheet with either of the three single leaves at the end : those all differ in make, thus jaroving the half-sheets to have been printed separately. Having given the collation of the Pontanus de Roma, &c., I subjoin that of the Spencer coj)y of the Saliceto, &c., several inaccuracies also occurring in plate P, in the paginal references to the marks taken from that copy. In that plate it is seen that the Opuscula of Pius Secundus, following the Saliceto, is placed before it, owing to the marks having been jointly collated with the Ilihhert copy, which \^'^as separately bound, and formed a volume of ten leaves. The Saliceto and the Opus- cula {Laudationes Homericce) of Pius Secundus form, as here seen, a volume of twenty-four leaves, in two gatherings of twelve leaves each. FIRST GATHERING. SECOND GATHERING. WATER-MAIIK. LEAF, j LEAF. WATER- MAJiK, WATER- 31 AliK. LEAF. I,EAV. 1 13 Auclior Keys 13 24 Keys 2 3 4 Gathering - of Twelve - leaves. 11 10 9 Keys Anchor Keys 14 15 16 Gathering - of Twelve < leaves. 23 23 21 Y Y Keys 5 8 17 20 Arms of France Keys 6 7 Y . 18 19 The Spencer copy wants the first leaf, a blank one forming the half-sheet of leaf 12, which is of a much coarser texture than any other in the volume ; from which it is evident that a sheet of coarse paper was specially selected for the outside blank leaf; the same peculiarly coarse paper having been also employed for leaves 1 and 12 in the Lihri copy, of which are also subjoined the collation and note of the water-marks. 134 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. FIEST GATHERING. SECOND GATHERING. WATEE-MARK. LEAF. LEAF. WATER-MARK. WATER-MARK. LEAF. LEAF. WATER -MAIiK. 1 13 Anchor 13 24 Y Keys Anchor 2 3 4 5 Gathering ^ of Twelve -i leaves. 11 10 9 8 Keys Anchor Y Y 14 15 16 17 Gathering - of Twelve - leaves. 33 33 31 20 Y Y Keys 6 7 Y 18 19 It is here seen that in the Libri copy the only mark occurring in the paper of the Opuscula, forming the last ten leaves, is the Y. Such was also the case in the Ilihbert copy separately bound. On comparing the text of the Opuscula following the Pontanus de Roma with that in the Saliceto, I was astonished at finding that four pages corresponded in both works; and on minutely examining the tyjie, I discovered, that, with the exception of a trifling alteration in the last line of one of the pages, the text had not been recomfosed. The text on the reverse of folios 48 and on the recto of folio 49 in the Pontanus, occupies the reverse of folio 13 and the recto of folio 14 in the Saliceto; the only alteration being, that, in Ueu of the word "Explicit," at the close of the recto of folio 14, in the Saliceto, occur the words " hec Lactantius ;" that alteration, no doubt, arising from the two pages having been used as the final ones to the treatise of Saliceto. So also the last two pages of the Laudationes Homericce, following the Saliceto, occupy the reverse of folio 54 and the recto of folio 55, forming a portion of the Opuscula of ^neas Silvius at the close of the Pontanus. I can only account for this extraordinary and most unusual occurrence by supposing that the printer, while occupied in composing the Opuscula following the Pontanus, found that the four pages of text would appropriately serve for the two final pages of the Saliceto and the Laudationes llomericm, which he was then also about to print. Consequently he reserved the already composed pages as then employed. The matter may have been selected from the manuscript of the latter work as an appropriate addition to the Opuscula foUowing the Po7itanus. It may be here interesting to notice, that, in the Public Library at Harlem* xv.sL2'tv3^^"^.'"^'^'n"'"^ '^""^^ P---^'^ — - .nanuseritdu I'L aussi ce te in 'a Comn,anderie des Chevaliers do St. Jean, etablie dans eette ville, oC. aussr cette smgnhere reunion des ouvrages de Saliceto, de Turrecromata, et de Pie II, eonnne dans SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 135 there is a manuscript of the fifteenth century comprising the Saliceto and other treatises in the order as printed. The two volumes under consideration are, comparatively speaking, little known in the annals of typography. They have been very sujDerficially noticed by Biblio- graphers. Brunet* merely alludes to the Pontanus de Pt.oma, considering it as an edition composed of forty-four leaves, and makes no mention whatever of the Opuscula in the volume. He does not describe the Saliceto; but under the works of Homer he enters (vol. ii. p. 619) the Laudationes Homericce (as I have termed it), stating the latter to form a part of the Saliceto, quoting at the same time the sale of the Hihhert (subsequently the Heber) copy of that portion of the volume. No other work has been discovered wherein the large type used in the Pontanus de Roma has been employed. That type is of a very peculiar character, and though a little larger it bears a strong resemblance to that used in the Mazarine Bible; while at the same time, as noticed vol. i. p. 183, it carries with it, in the charac- teristic formation of the letter t, evidence of its having been the production of Holland or the Low Countries. The extraordinary resemblance, therefore, of the type to that used in the Mazarine Bible, leads me to conjecture that it was the first essay by the man John in the art of cutting or casting type, when in the employ of Lawrence Coster. Junius states tha,t the assistant John, whose surname he suspected was "Faustus," afterwards settled at Mentz, where he may have been employed by Gutenberg. Some work, or even the printing of a Bible in that type, may have been in contem- plation in consequence of the successful sale of the Donatuses, the preparation of the type being entrusted to the assistant John. In the mean time Lawrence Coster dies, and John avails himself of the first opportunity of decamping with as much of the le volume de M. Beiiouard, avec leur contenu si varie de mddccme, de morale, de litterature, et de poesie, et parfaiteraaiit dans le memo ordre que dans I'imprim^. II se pouirait done bien que le successeur de Coster, li^ d'amitie avec I'un des Chevaliers de St. Jean a Haarlem, cut vu ce manuserit aupres de lui et se soit trouve par son intervention en etat d'iraprimer, pen apres la publication manuscrite, uu ouvrage dent on pouvait atteudre un grand debit, et d'en r^pandre ensuite les exemplaires comme des manuscrits ; de sorte que I'ouvrage en question aurait pu etre mis sous pressc par le successeur de Coster a Plaarlem, quelques annees avant I'epoque avancee par M. Renouard comme elle de la publication. Cependant nous ne voulons pas insister la-dessus, nous voulons admettre que le livre a ete iniprime en 11:67." Argument des Allemands en famur de leur pretention d V Invention de rimjmmerie. Par A. de Tories,- trad, du Hollandais par J. Noordziek. La Haye, 1845, Svo., pp. lTO-1. * Manuel du Libraire. Paris, \^io, vol. iii. p. 810. 136 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. materials as were necessary for carrying on tlie tlien secret art, witli wliicli he had become acquainted while in the service of his late master. Thus the character of the tyjie used in the Mazarine Bible may have derived its origin from the large type used in the Pontanus de Roma. In respect to the smaller type employed in the two works, I have (vol. i. pp. 185-6) very clearly, I think, shewn its connexion (as previously stated by M. Renouard), with that used in the Doctrinale of twenty-nine lines; it is, therefore, unnecessary to add more upon that point. It is also quite clear that neither of the volumes could have appeared earlier than 1458, as each work contains contributions from the pen of ^neas Silvius, who did not ascend the Pontifical Chair imtil that time. The use, however, of that tyj)e, or type of precisely the same character, was not confined to the Doctrinale. It was emjjloyed for an edition of the Catonis Disticlui and for four or more editions of the Bonatus; editions which may fairly, in the absence of others not yet discovered, be considered as those mentioned by Ulric Zell as having been printed in Holland before the art was practised in Germany. While making this observation, it must not be forgotten that there were also editions of those Elementary Treatises in type the same as, or similar to, that used in the fourth (Second Dutch) edition of the Sj^eculmn; and though I have been very cautious in arguing as to the identity of the type in the fac-simile from a fragment of an edition of the Doctrinale, plate xxv.. No. ii., editions were also most probably printed in the same type as the first three editions of the Speculum . There can be very little doubt but that the editions of the Doctrinale, Donatus, and the Catonis Disticlia, executed in the same or similar type to that used in the Pontanus de Roma and Saliceto, were issued by the same party as the Donatuses in the same type as was used in the Spendimi, or very similar to it. Some remarkable event may have been the cause of the large and coarse type having remained unemployed; and the use of the other type may have been super- seded by the employment of the types of the Speculum for the Donatuses. Consequently those types may have remained unused for many years, their re-employment having been caused by some particular occurrence, such as the death of the persons to whom they had belonged, the types then passing into other hands together with the other printing materials and remaining stock of paper. There is a small quarto work in the library of Earl Spencer, intitled "Agenda SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 137 Ecclesice Mogimtinensis." It was issued at Mentz, and bears the date 1480. It is fully described* in the Bibliotheca Spenceriana, vol. iii. jjp. 146-7. The black type there used is precisely of the same character as that in the Mazarine Bible, and has the apjDearance of having heen much injured by use, the whole volume, as Dr. Dibdin observes, presenting "extreme unsMlfulness of the press-work" The type used in that little volume is believed to have been the same as had been previously employed for the Mazarine Bible, supposed to have been commenced as early as 1450. We there have, therefore, if such was the case, a remarkably corroborative evidence of the reappearance of types after an interval of many years. I now refer to the pa])er used in the two works which form the subject of the present discussion. I have, in platesf O and P, given the various water-marks that occur in the Spencer copies of those works. It is there seen that the peculiarly formed Y is the most frequent mark in the Saliceto, while those in the Pontanus cle Roma present a greater variety. It is also clearly seen, on reference to the several preceding plates of the marks from the editions of the Speculum, that those in the two works are of the same jieculiar character. The greater portion of those marks are found in works printed in the Low Countries, and some in works issued at Cologne by Ulric Zell. Not so, however, the large Y of that particular form, though it is occasionally found in books from the press of Ketelaer and Leempt at Utrecht:]:. It was not, like many other marks, in general use in Holland and the Low Countries. A great portion of the sheets in the Sjjencer, Hihbert, and Rendorj) copies of the Third (Second Latin) Edition of the Spectdum bear that mark ; while it is remark- able, that, in the paper used for the Harlem copy of the Fourth (Second Dutch) Edition, the marks are of a totally different character. Such, however, may not be the case in other copies of that edition. If the types used in the Pontanus de Roma and the Saliceto had, from some extraordinary event, been put by, and not touched for a number of years, the same may have been the case with the paper on which those works are printed. We all * It is also referred to in the Bibliogi-aphical Decameron, vol. iii. pp. 348, note. f Those plates were executed many years ago, and do not generally shew the fastenings of the marks to the sieve. This is owing to the difficulty in tracing the marks, the blackness of the printing rendering them unusually indistinct. X At page 80 I inadvertently omitted to notice the use of the Y in the books from the press of Ketelaer and Leempt. T 138 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. know how often it happens that parcels are tied up, and remain unopened for very many years, until some circumstance occurs when the contents are again brought into use. Confirmatory of this observation, a more striking example could not be adduced than that of my having used, for some of the fac-similes in the present work, the remnant of the paper that was employed by my Father thirty years ago, that paper having been carefully stored by the lithographer who Avorked ofi' the plates xxxiii. XXXVII. and xxxviii. bearing dates 1825 and 1826. The preceding observations lead to the consideration, more particularly, of The Fouk Editions of the Speculum HuMAXiE Salvationis. Holland claims the work, on the authoritj^ of its Historian, Hadrian Junius, as having been issued at Harlem, who considers it to have been the production of Lawrence Coster. In the absence of any direct or contemporary evidence, we must have recourse to the statements of historians; and I can see no reason why the circumstances detailed by Junius should be more discredited than those related by any other historian. Dr. Cogan, an eminent man, brought up at Leydcn, and resident for many years in the United Provinces, informs us, in the second volume of his Tour on the Rhine, published 1794, that "Hadrianus Junius was born in Hoorn, in North Holland, in 1512; was educated at Harlem, was Rector of the Latin School, and Teacher of Natural Philosophy in that city several years; and he died in Zealand in 1575 (aged 63). He wrote the History of Holland in an elegant form, and was universally deemed a man of great integrity and impartiality." Having had occasion, in the preceding pages, to notice the great similarity of execution in the engraved illustrations occurring in the works printed at Harlem in 1483 and 1484, my attention is necessarily drawn to the statement of Junius, wherein he particularly refers to the Speculum, considering it as having been printed in that city. Though the relation of Junius* has been so often quoted by the various authors who have written upon the origin of printing, yet as many have only given portions of it, the insertion of a translation of the whole may not be deemed superfluous. • Hadriani Jimii Batavia. Lugduni Batadorum, 1388, pp. 253 et seq. SUMMAKY OF CONTENTS. 139 " I resume (writes Junius) the history of our own city (Harlem), to which, I assert, the chief honor of the invention of the art of printing is justly due ; and which, I maintain, may be asserted with the greatest justice as of its own and native right. There is, however, an ancient opinion, which alone eclipses our splendour, and which is inscribed in the minds of some as if it had been burnt in by tire ; so deeply rooted that no mattock, no wedge, no pickaxe, is able to eradicate or destroy it. In conformity with this opinion, they pertinaciously believe, and are firmly persuaded, that the forms of letters with which books are printed, were first discovered at Mentz, a celebrated and ancient city of Germany. Oh, that I could obtain by a wish that incredible power of oratory which is supposed to have existed in Carneades, who is reported to have defended nothing that he did not prove, to have attacked nothing which he did not overturn ; so that I, the advocate of truth, might be able to recall from exile to its native right, that fugitive praise, and to raise this trophy. Which, indeed, I would not desire on any other account but that truth, correctly desig- nated by an ancient poet as the daughter of Time, or (as I am accustomed to call her) the test of Time, may at length be discovered ; and that she, although hidden, according to Deinocritus, in the deepest well, may be brought to light. " If the Phoenicians and Egyptians were not unwilling to engage in a glorious combat concerning the invention of letters: these arrogating to themselves their invention under the guidance of God, when they boast of their tables Qeoxapa^Tav^ (written by God); and the others glorying in having introduced letters (to the invention of which they assert a claim) into Greece at the time when Cadmus, transported in a Phccniciau vessel, first instructed the ignorant Greeks. If, again, the Athenians claim tlie same praise for their own king, Cecrops, and the Thebans for Linus; while Tacitus and Philostratus bestow the glory of the invention on Palamedes the Argive ; and Hyginus attributes the invention of the Latin character to Carmenta, the mother of Evander : if, therefore, all nations have not blushed to seize for themselves, as the peculiar right of each, this glory, which is involved in so much doubt and controversy, what should hinder us from reseeking the possession of that praise, which cannot be disputed, and to restore it to its ancient right, of which we have been deprived by the culpable negligence of our ancestors. I am indeed uninfluenced by any feeling of envy or malevolence, to assert any claim for one by calum- niating or detracting from another. I shall not imitate the impudence of Crassus, by, on the one hand, affecting the solemnity and gravity of Scasvola ; and on the other, by acquiring favor by servile adoration. I am not a man who, with corrupt intentions, resolves to play the impostor : my object is to exhibit, as far as is in my power, truth, and truth only, in that simple and unadorned style that she loves ; and to place her in that clear light which, like the brightness of the sun, no mist, however thick, no darkness, however great, can obscure. If, on the authority of Plutarch, the evidence of that man is most trustworthy, who, bound by no favors received, or by any partiaHty of friendship, speaks boldly and freely what he thinks, my testimony is surely entitled to credit, since I claim no relationship with the dead, his heirs, or his posterity, and have no favor or benefit to expect from them. In what I have undertaken I have been influenced solely by an act of justice to the memory of the dead. I shall therefore mention what I have learned from old men respectable for their authority, and distinguished by their public services, who have asserted that they had their information from the best authority, viz. their own ancestors, whose testimony ought to have due weight in determining the truth. " There dwelt at Harlem, about 128 years ago, in a public edifice of some magnificence (as the fabric which still remains can attest), overlooking the market-place, opposite the Royal Palace, T 2 140 SUMMAKY OF CONTENTS. a man named Lauventius Johannes, surnamed Gustos or ^Edituus, because his family, by hereditary right, possessed an honorable and lucrative office distinguished by that title. This man, to whom the world is indebted for an art more truly worthy of the laurel than that which binds the brow of the most illustrious victor, is by the clearest right, and by the most solemn assertions, entitled to the praise (a praise which has been most infamously assumed and most unjustly possessed by others) of being the inventor of printing. " Walking in a wood near the city (as was the custom with opulent citizens on festivals or after dinnerj, he began to cut some letters on the bark of a beech tree, which he, for the sake of amusement, pressed on paper, in an in-s'erted order, as a specimen for his grandcliildrcn (the children of his daughter) to imitate. Having succeeded in this, and being a man of talent and ingenuity, he began to meditate greater things, and being assisted by his son-in-law, Peter Thomas (who had four sons, who almost all attained consular dignity, and whom 1 mention to shew that the art owed its origin, not to a low family, but, on the contrary, to one of distinguished rank and consideration), he invented a more glutinous and tenacious kind of ink, perceiving that the common ink spread and produced blots. He then formed wooden tablets, or pages with letters cut upon them. Of this kind, I have myself seen an anonymous work, written in the vernacular tongue, intitled ' Specnhmi nostra; Salutis,' the first rude essay, printed not on both sides, but on opposite pages only, the reverse sides being pasted together to conceal their naked deformity. These types of beech he afterwards changed for lead, and after that for pewter, as being a more hard and durable substance ; from the remains of which those old wine-pots were cast that are still visible in the mansion of which I have spoken, looking towards the market-place, and which was afterwards inhabited by his grandson, Gerard Thomas, who died a few years since at a very advanced age, and whom I here mention with respect as a most honorable gentleman. The curiosity of men is naturally attracted by a new invention ; and when a commodity never before seen became an object of gainful profit, the love of the art became more general, and « ork and workmen (the first cause of misfortune) were multiplied. Amongst those^o employed was one John Faustus. Whether he was, as I suspect, ominously so called, faithless and unlucky to his master, or whether that really was his name, I shall not here inquire, being unwilling to disturb the silent shades of those who sufi^er from a consciousness of the sins they have committed in this life. This person, bound by oath to keep the invention a secret, as soon as he supposed he knew the mode of joining the letters together, the method of casting the types, and other matters belonging to the art, having seized the opportunity of Christmas Eve, whilst all were employed in the customary lustral sacrifices, puts together all his master's tools connected with the art, seizes all the types, elopes from his house, accompanied by one other thief as an accomplice, proceeds first to Amsterdam, then to Cologne, and at length settles at Mentz. Here he considered himself safe from the reach of his pursuers, as in an asylum where he might carrv on a gainful trade with the fruits of his iniquity. Clear it certainly is, that, in about a year after "this, about A.n. Ui2, the Booinnak oj Alexander Gallus, a grammar in much repute at that time, and the TrarJs of Peter of were brought out here with those very types which Laurentius made use of at Hariem. ^^'l the account I have heard from venerable men, worthy of credit, to whom the story had been delivered, like a burning torch transferred from hand to hand; and I have myself met rnany other persons who corroborate and confirm their statements by the similarity of their n Zl r r °' ^ distinguished by an accurate and retentive memory, and venerable for his years and character, has mentioned to me SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Ul that he more than once, when a hoy, heard one Cornelius, a bookhinder who had been employed in the office, and lived to the age of 80, relate with great emotion the whole of the transaction, describe the history and progress of the art, and all the circumstances connected with it, as he had received the account from his master. Whenever the conversation turned upon this subject, he would burst into tears and betray the most violent emotion, both on account of the robbery committed on his master, and of the glory of which he was so unjustly deprived. He used to call down the most frightful imprecations on the head of the thief, and execrate the memory of those nights which he passed with him as his bed-fellow. This account agrees pretty nearly with that of Quirinus Talesius, the Burgomaster, who had it almost immediately from the mouth of Cornelius himself. The love of Truth, so generally the parent of envy and hatred, has induced me to enter into this detail, in the defence of which, so far anr I from any desire to forfeit my recogni- zance, that, on the contrary, I feel more determined in proportion to the odium attached to it ; for all who will candidly examine the matter with that exactness as if it were placed in the balance of Critolaus, will lay aside their prejudice ; but Truth is the image of God, than which nothing should be deemed more sacred. Nor do I consider the person who would not undertake its defence as worthy of the name of man. In defending it our city will recover the honor to which it is justly entitled, and the arrogance of those who are not ashamed to lay claim to, and possess, the right which belongs to another, will cease. This truth, I fear, may perhaps be disregarded ; but though prejudice may, amongst light and careless men, prevail above the argument which is founded upon authentic information, I shall ever derive consolation and delight from the recollec- tion of having manfully defended the claims of this city and of the true inventor." Junius appears to have taken up the cause of Harlem with considerable zeal. His language is not merely that of the ordinary historian of his native country. He evidently felt, that to Harlem, wherein he had passed his boyhood, was due the honour of having invented the art of Printing, and not to Mentz, as was asserted even in his time. Accordingly, in his desire to set the matter at rest, he appears to have hunted up all the information he could obtain, believing the facts he adduced as conclusive evidence. It is, however, very manifest that Junius had little oppor- tunity of examining many of the earliest productions of the invention. He only mentions one of the Dutch Editions of the Speculum, and in doing so appears to have considered it as the first production of Lawrence Coster after he had succeeded in obtaining some impressions from letters cut by him upon the bark of a beech tree. He states that Lawrence Coster " tlien formed wooden tablets or pages with letters cut upon them. Of this kind I have myself seen an anonymous loorh, written in the vernacular tongue, intitled 'Speculum nostrce Salutis,' the first rude essay, printed not on hotli sides, hut on opjposite pages only, the reverse sides being p>a'Sted togetlier to conceal their naked deformity." It is here clear that J unius looked upon the copy of the Speculum seen by him as being entirely composed of block type. He makes no 142 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. mention whatever of any other edition, or of the various editions of the Donatuses; nor does he state that he had seen a copy of the Boctrinale, which he so distinctly affirms to have been printed at Mentz in or about 1442. In his notice of the Boctrinale, Junius has so connected with it a grammatical treatise by Peter of Spain, as to induce most persons who have had occasion to read the passage to suppose that an edition of that work was also printed and issued at Mentz in the same type as the Boctrinale. Though the question may not in any way affect the truth of the relation in respect to the Boctrinale, yet, as no such edition has been discovered, I have been induced to examine minutely the meaning of the original passage given by Junius, and in doing so, have been struck with the different manner in which it has been interpreted. Subjoined is the original passage, and the several translations that have come under my notice, in which it is perceived that the several authors quoted, differ in the date as to the precise year of the appearance of the Boctrinale. " NiMIEUM EX EA, INTRA VEETENTIS ANNI SPACIUM, AD ANNUM A NATU ChEISTI 1442, IIS IPSIS TYPis, QuiBus Haelemi Laueentius euebat usus, prodiisse in lucem certcm est Alexandei Galli Docteinale, qu^ Grammatica celeheehimo tunc in usu eeat, cum PeTEI HiSPANI TEACTATIBUS, PEIMA FtETUEA." "It is certain, that, in the space of a year, viz. in the year of our Lord, 1442, the Dodrimlc of Alexander GaUus, a grammar much used at that time, with the Tract of Peter of Spain, came forth there from the same types which Laurence had used at Harlem." Singer on the Origin of Plaging Cards and Printing, p. 113. " Within the space of a year from Christmas 1442, it is certain that there appeared, printed with the types which Laurence had used at Harlem, Alexandri Galli Boctrinale, a grammar then in frequent use, with Petri Hispani Tractatus." Jaclcson on Wood-Engraving, p. 184. " That he escaped with his booty to Amsterdam, thence to Cologne, and lastly, that he took up his residence at Mentz, where he established his printing press; from which, within the following year, 1442, were issued two works, printed with the characters which had been before used by Lawrence Coster at Harlem, the one entitled Ale.xandri Galli Doctrinale; the other, Petri Hispani Tractatus." History of Engraving, hg TF. T. Ottlcg, vol. i. p. 174. " It is a known fact, that within the twelve months, that is, in the year 1440, he published Alexandri Galli Boctrinale, a grammar at that time in high repute, with Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis, with the same letters which Laurens had used. These were the first productions of his P^'^^^- Typographia, hj J. Johnson, vol. i. p. 8. " At least is certain, that one year after this occurrence, in the year 1442, there issued from the press a first production, printed with the same letters as those used by Lorenz at Harlem. It was the Grammar of Alexander Gallus, a very esteemed work, which was in use at that period, as likewise the treatise of Peter Hispanns." From the notice of the Centenary Fete given at Brussels. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 143 Now the literal scliool translation of the joassage is : "Undoubtedly from it, within the space of a year turning towards the year from the hirth of Christ 1442, with those same types lohich at Harlem Lawrence had used, it is certain that the Doctrinale of Alexander Gallus came forth into light, which Grammar was then in most frerj^uent use, with the Tracts of Peter of Spain, the first production." Had Junius intended to convey to his readers that tivo distinct works had been printed, he would have written, as more correct, "prima; foetura;." He uses the words in the singular, to signify a first production. It may, however, be argued that the Tracts of Peter of Spain may have been printed at the end of the Doctri- nale, still forming one publication. No edition of the joint works is known, though the editions of each separately are very numerous. The first known edition, with a date, of the Treatises of Peter of Sj)ain, was issued by John de VoUehoe, at Zwolle, the title being "Petri Hispani Tractatus et Summulce Logicales cum Commento Z'Wollis per Johannem de Vollehoe, 1479." The account given by Junius cannot be considered as altogether satisfactory in the more minute particulars respecting the jaroductions consequent on the discovery of the art of printing, as stated by him. If it could be shewn that the first editions of the Apocalypse, of the Biblia Pcmperum, and of the Ars Moriendi, were issued by, or under the direction, or at the cost of, Lawrence Coster, then it might be suggested, that, in the discovery he had made by the cutting of letters on the bark of a tree, he applied it, in the first. instance, to the textual illustration of those designs ; and that subsequently, on discovering the more available use of his invention by the separation of the letters, his extended application of them was first adopted in the printing of the Bonatuses, and afterwards in the Speculimi ; foi- the actual discovery of printing by moveable tyjDe may have been made in conse- quence of the wood-engraver having occasion to make some alteration in the text intermixed with the designs, as in the Block-Books, which could only be efi'ected by cutting out the letters and substituting others in their places*. If neither Lawrence Coster nor any of his family were in any way connected with * That the wood-engravers made alterations in the blocks is seen on referring to vol. i. p. 180, where we have noticed the circumstance, — the substitution of the name "Joannes Bei-gis" in lieu oi " Jacobus de Breda," in a woodcut which had been previously used with the latter name. 144 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. the issue of some of the earliest Block-Bocks, then the preceding remarks are not applicable to any of those works as being the first results of the amusement of Coster in cutting letters on the bark of a tree, as the Block-Books had previously fully exemplified that art. Those books, however, may have been unkno-wn to Lawrence Coster; and as a private individual, and not an artist, he may have been obliged to have recourse to the wood-engraver for carrying out Ins ini-ention of cutting letters separately. Thence his using a series of designs in the Speculum (designs apparently executed by the same hand as those of the Bihlia Pauperum and other of the Block-Books) is accounted for, and thus the connexion of the Speculum with those works ! Notwithstanding the details in the statement made by Junius are open to controversy, the relation, taken as a whole, bears unmistakeable evidence of truth. If the hearsay testimony related to the author of the Cologne Chronicle, in 1499, respecting the Perfecting of the Art of Printing, is to be believed on the one side, why should not the relation of Junius regarding its Origin in the city of Harlem, be equally so on the other? The one was received from the very old man, Ulric Zell, a printer; and the other, from many respectable persons then resident at Harlem, to wliom, at that time, the particulars related were within a period of comparatively easy recollection. That portion of the testimony on the authority of his old tutor, Nicolas Galius, and of the Burgomaster Quirinus Talesius, has been vigorously disputed by Mr. Chatto, on the ground that Galius and Talesius were, at the period referred to, of such a youthful age as to render their evidence altogether improbable. Mr. Chatto has, in his History of Engraving, entered fully into the arena of the Mentz and Harlem Controversies, with the view of altogether upsetting the claims of Harlem. He is one of those authors who look upon the account given by Junius as altogether fabulous; and accordingly he concludes his observations upon that account by stating* that — " Lehne, in his ' Chronology of the Harlem Fiction' {Einige Bemerhingm uhcr das Uuternehmm der gehhrtm Gemlhohaft m EarUm, &c., s. 31), thus remarks on the anthorities, Galius and Talesius, referred to by Junius as evidences of its truth. As Cornelius was upwards of eighty when he related the story to Nicolas Galius, who was then a boy, this must have happened about 1510. The boy Galius we will suppose to have been, at that time, about fifteen years old. Junius * History of Engraving, by W. A. Cliatto, pp. 189-90. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Xi5 was born in 1511, and we will suppose that lie was under the care of Nicolas Galius, the instructor of his youth, until he was fifteen : that is, until 1526. In this year Galius, the man venerable from his grey hairs, would be only thirty-six years old, an age at whicli grey hairs arc premature. Grey hairs arc only venerable in old age; and it is not usual to praise a young man's facidty of recollection in the style in which Junius lauds tlie 'iron memory' of his teacher. Talesius. as Koning states, was born in 1505, and consequently six years older than Junius ; and on the death of Cornelius, in 1522, he would bo seventeen, and Junius eleven years old. Junius might, in liis eleventh year, have heard the whole account from Cornelius himself, in the same manner as tlie latter, when only ten, must have heard it from Coster ; and it is remarkable that Galius, who was so well acquainted with Cornelius, did not atford his pupil the opportunity. We thus perceive that, in tlie whole of this affair, children and old men play tlie principal parts ; and botlr ages are proverbially addicted to narratives wdiicli savour of the marvellous." With all due deference to the opinion of so clever a man a.s Mr. Chatto, I do not think his data respecting Galius and Talesius upset tlie facts related by Junius. We all know how strongly any eventful circumstances are impressed upon the memory of youth, and how those events are afterwards related as if of recent occurrence. Consequently I do not think, that, even if there was any slight discrepancy in the relation of such circumstances as those given by Junius, that would be a sufficient ground for discrediting its general correctness. Mr. Ottley* in his review of the statements of Junius, admirably illustrates the relation of Junius by a fact which occurred in his own family respecting an embroidered cushion, the history of which was handed down from generation to generation for above one hundred and forty years. In like manner, I have in my possession a very small teapot and some equally small cups and saucers, forwarded from China above one hundred years ago, to Mr. Samuel Baker (the founder, in 1744, of our house of business), at a period when tea was a most expensive luxury. As such objects are made in China at the present time, of so similar a character (none but the experienced connoisseur being able to decide their difference in respect to age), such testimony would little avail at a future period, though their daily use is now remembered by some members of the family nearly ninety years old. Innumerable are the examples that might be brought to bear upon the validity of oral testimony in respect to such matters. As a citizen of Harlem, Junius left behind him a record of all that he learned respecting that city, believing and feeling that all he wrote was honest and true. After all, the particulars detailed by him respecting the origin of printing were not * History of Engraving, by W. Y. Ottlcy, vol. i. pp. 184-G. U 146 SUMMAKY OF CONTENTS. of a very distant period at the time when, in 1668, he commenced his labours. The works of the Dutch Historians are usually looked upon as authority. Why, there- fore, the statement of Junius, who happened to be one* of the first who has recorded in print particulars respecting the discovery of an art, of which, from having become of universal use, its origin had ceased to be a matter of curiosity, should be discredited and the author looked upon altogether as a "fabulist," I am at a loss to imagine. Such an opinion could only be justified had the other portions of his History been proved to have been unworthy of credit. The Fourth (Second Dutch) Edition or the Speculum. It is printed in rather a smaller type than was used for the other three editions. Like those, it is divided into five gatheringsf : the Introduction, of four leaves, forming the first; and the fifty-eight leaves being divided into three gatherings of fourteen, and one of sixteen leaves. It is remarkable that the only four copies of the edition known are more or less defective. The Jirst, the Pembroke copy, wants leaf xlii. It may be curious here to notice that M. Koning:]; relates that a M. van Westphalen, a distinguished antiquarian of the sixteenth century, possessed an impiression of that leaf. The second, in the library of the Hotel de Ville§, at Harlem, wants two sheets, leaves 16 and 17, 18 and 19, but are supplied with those from the other Dutch edition. The tli ird, in the Public Library at Harlem, wants only the first leaf of the Introduction. The fourth, in the Municipal Library at Lisle, is remarkable as having two leaves in which the text is printed on both sides. Those leaves, 29 and 42, form the first and the last leaves in the fourth gathering. Not having had the opportunity of inspecting the copy at Lisle, I avail myself of the opportunity of here inserting a portion of the remarks made by • Jan van Zuyren, a printer at Harlem about 1500 or 1561, in the dedicatory prciiice (printed by Scrive- rius) to a lost dissertation upon Printing, asserts the claims of Harlem to the invention. Theod. Volckart Coornhert, the partner of van Zuyren, does the same in the dedication, to the Magistracy of Harlem, of an edition of Cicero's Offices printed by him in 1.361. So does also Ludovico Guicciardini in his History of the Low Countries printed at Antwerp in 1567. t I forgot to notice, at vol. i. p. 153, the arrangement of the leaves of the Fourth Edition. t " F. VAN Westphalen celebre antiqu,aire du commencement du 17'»" siecle a Enkhiiizon etoit autrefois possesseur d'une feuille s(;parie ; c'etoit la 42*'"° . . . . au haut (5toit ecrit de la main de Westphalen, ' Bit is can de eerste druchen die in Holland dedrucU syti, en raer van Laurens Coster te Haerkm.' Cette feuille existoit encore en 1761." Dissertation sur I'origine de I'lmprimerie, par Jacques Koning. Amsterdain, 1819, p. 69. § De I'Origine ct des Di^bats de rimprimerie en Europe, par. Aug. Bernard. Paris, MDCccmi. pp. 20-23. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 147 M. Bernard respecting it : "Ce dernier d'Exemplaire de Lille) reclame une mention particulifere, h cause des deux feuillets opisthograplies, c'est-a-dire imprime's des deux cote's, qu'il renferme. II est vrai que cctte circonstance est plutot un defaut qu'une qualite'; car non-seulemcnt les pages ainsi retirees ne correspondent pas avec les autres pages de la feuille, at ne sont pas accompagnees des gravures, mais encore elles ressemblent plutot k une maculature qu'Ji une impression reelle" " Par une singularite dont il est difficile de se rendre compte, cette feuille manquante, qui est la premifere du quatrieme caHer, a e'te remplace'e par la septieme (celle du milieu) du troisieme, renfermant les pages 21 et 22, sur le revers desquelles on a imprime en retiration Ic texte de la premiere feuille du cinquieme cahier, renfermant les pages 45-58. Ces deux dernieres pages sont double emploi, car elles sont encore a leur place dans le cinquifeme cahier. La troisifeme (quatrieme?) feuille du deuxieme, cahier contenant pages 4-11, se compose de deux parties distinctes, le texte et les gravures, qui sont sur deux bandes de papier ajustees ensemble. La cinquifeme feuille du troisieme catiier presente la meme circonstance." M. Bernard adds, in a note, that the copy at the Hotel de Ville at Harlem, and also (a Latin edition) in the Library of the Pitti Palace at Florence, possesses the same similarities in respect to the separation of some of the designs and text as are observable in the copy at Lille. That fact would only shew that the impressions of the designs on those leaves had been injured, and that they were replaced with others from spare leaves. Respecting, however, the two leaves having the text on both sides, the circum- stance may have arisen from the printer finding he had worked off more copies of the one sheet than were wanted, and consequently, as one side of the paper was blank, he used the spare sheet again. Owing to the text in all the copies presenting the same blurred appear- ance, it has been erroneously conchided that the type used was in a worn-out state. A minute examination of the type, however, shews that its imperfect appearance arises more from the very careless manner in which the pressman has executed his duty of working off the pages, than from any deteriorated condition of the type. The fac-similes in plate xxtv., taken from the PemhroJce copy, present about the worst specimens I could find, many of the pages being much clearer, though all exhibit, more or less, a want of care in setting up the type, the closing line of one of them being turned upside down, as noticed in vol. i. p. 154. ij 2 148 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. The very imperfect manner in wliicli this Fourth Edition was issued, is almost sufficient evidence to prove the statement of J unius respecting the robbery that had almost annihilated the establishment wherein, it is presumed, the three editions preceding it were i^rinted. Some later misfortune, however, may have happened, causing the j^rinting materials to have passed into the hands of an inexperienced person, by whom the edition may have been printed. The broken state of the wood-blocks of the designs, as clearly shewn in the impressions of the Fourth Edition, proves the priority of the other editions ; and the subsequent use of the wood-blocks in a still more deteriorated state, and cut into separate designs, by Veldener, at Culembourg, in 1483, justifies my considering that some few years elapsed since tliey had been previously used. Consequently the issue of the Fourth Edition may not have been before 1460 or 1470. Independently, however, of any argument that might be foiuidod on the injured state of the wood-blocks, to shew that some years may probably have intervened between the issue of the Third and Fourth Editions, the paper used in the latter is of another quality, and the water-marks (with the exception of the Unicorns, Nos. 15 and 16, pi. M.) are also altogether different. This observation, of course, can only extend to the marks on the paper of the two copies examined by me. Other copies may have been printed on paper bearing similar mai'ks to those found in the pre- cedmg editions. That fact ascertained would, however, only shew that the paper was obtained from the same source, unless the marks agreed in all the minute parti- culars necessary to prove that the paper was from the same vat; and even then, as in tlie case of the Oxford Book of "1468," that might be accounted for by supposing that those sheets may have formed a remnant of the paper used for the previous editions. The preceding observation leads me to notice, that, owing to the marks so seldom agreeing in all particulars, I am induced to think that they must have been formed of some veryfmgile material; the more so, as they exhibit, by the dots, very frequent refastening to the sieves, which may be the cause of the same marks differing in their position between the upright wires. SUMMARY OF COXTENTS. 149 The Third (Second Latin) Edition oe the Speculum. In consequence of this edition (printed in tlie same type as the First and Second) having twenty pages of its text impressed from wood-blocks, it has been considered to have preceded the other three, and that the invention of printing by moveable type was discovered during its progress. Had those twenty pages of wood text run consecutively from the first to the twentieth page, there would, in the absence of other circumstances, have been some grounds for entertaining such an opinion. It so happens, however, that though those pages comprised, with the exception of pages 3 and 12, the whole of the first gathering, they form a portion of the second and one sheet in the fourth gathering. Consequently, if the pages were printed consecutively, it is not likely that the printer would have recourse to block- type for the two pages in the fourth gathering after having used moveable type for the pages in other gatherings. In answer to this, it may, however, be argued, that, as he printed, which he evidently did, the pages with moveable type out of their consecutive order, afterwards forming the sheets into gatherings, he might have done the same with those in block-type. The perfect state, however, of the impressions of the designs in the First Edition, when compared with those in the Second and Third Editions, proves the priority of that edition; besides which, the block pages of text were cut in imitation of those in the First Edition, impressions of those pages of text having, no doubt, been affixed to the wood-block by the wood-engraver as his copies. Some extraordinary event, therefore, must have caused the necessity of this intermixture of the block-pages of text with those from moveable type. In the absence of other testimony, the block-pages of the text in the Third Edition, though not seen by Junius, become, as it were, circumstantial evidence of the statement made by that Historian, and may, we think, be considered as almost corroborative of the account of the robbery related by him. It is, indeed, the only tyjmgraphicdl fact in connexion with the editions of the Sxjeculmn tliat can be brought to bear up)on the point at issue. To connect, therefore, the block-pages used in the Speculum with the robbery, the pages with the text in moveable type must have been previously printed. 150 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. I am not aware upon what authority it is clearly proved that Lawrence Coster died in 1440. By the testimony of Cornelius, the bookbinder, as related to Nicolas Galius, it would almost appear as if the robbery had taken place previous to the death of Coster. Had, however, such been the case, there would not have been the same necessity for using block-pages of text to complete the unfinished copies. His heirs very probably knew little of the practical part of the art, the exercise of which having been kept so great a secret, that most likely it was only known to the two assistants of Lawrence Coster, the parties by whom his successors were deprived of the means of continuing the works then in progress. Whether the edition was completed soon after the robbery, by the substitution of block -text for the twenty pages, in lieu of moveable tyi^e previously employed, or remained some years unfinished, is a matter of conjecture; but it can be positively affirmed that some of the paper, that is, paper bearing water-marks agreeing in all these minute particulars (satisfactorily shewing the paper to have been made in the same vat) used for completing the work by block- type, was the same as had been employed for the pages previously worked ofi^ in moveable type. This fact is at once seen, in plates I and K, by the references to the pages on which the marks in the copies there mentioned occur. This the Third Edition is printed in rather a larger type than was used for the Fourth. This the reader will see by referring to the fac-similes in pi. xxxii. Nos. III. and IV., taken from the introductory pages of the work. A comiiarison with fac-similes i. and ii. of the same passages, in the introduction to the First Edition, will shew that the type, unless renewed, had not suffered very much by its employ- ment in the two previous editions. Since writing these observations, I have compared the Lifflis copy of the first edition with the Grenville copy of the third edition in the British Museum, and am astonished to find how little difference there is in the appearance of the type. I was led to this examination in consequence of the fac-simile* pi. xxxvii. of the final cut and text from the Third Edition presenting the type so much more worn than in the corresponding column in the same plate from the First Edition. ^ * It is seen by the inscription on tlie left hand lower part of the plate, that the fac-simile was made in 1826. I do not know from what copy ; hut I think the more worn appearance of the type and cuts has .arisen SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 151 Connecting, therefore, tlie printing of tlie Third Edition with the robbery of the type, as related by Junius, it is certain that it could not have been issued after 1442. The Second (First Dutch) Edition or the Speculum. It is printed with the same type as the third. Our fac-simile, plate xxxi., of the whole of the first page of the Introduction, gives a remarkable specimen of the compactness and good condition of the type. In all the copies known, one sheet (pages 45 and 56) is jjrinted in the smaller type, the same as that used for the Fourth Edition. I can only account for this singular fact by supposing that the same extraordinary circumstance which caused the printer to complete his unfinished Third Edition with pages of block -type, also existed in this case. The use of the smaller type for the two pages shews that the printer had been deprived of his larger type; and why, therefore, it should not have been used for the completion of the Third Edition is remarkable. A fac-simile of one of the columns of the text of page 45 is given in plate xxv. I can only suppose that, at the time of the robbery, the printer had no imme- diate means of replacing the loss sustained, and that it was considered more economical to have the pages wanted to complete his Third Edition cut in wood, than to have a new fount of type cut or cast. Then it may be asked, why did he not also, in the same way, complete the two pages in the Second Edition with block- type ? To which I reply, that, in the one case, the printer had only to give the wood-cutter an impression of each page of text from the First Edition as his copy ; but in the other he had none to give, it being the First Dutch Edition. I am there- fore induced to think that the Second Edition was not issued until the i^rinter was possessed of the new type, which was afterwards used in the Fourth Edition. Though the printing of pages 45 and 56 may have been delayed, the breakages in the impressions of the designs prove the edition to have been executed before the Second Latin Edition, so that it may have been printed as early as 1441. from the original not being in as good a state of preservation as the Grenmile copy, and that my Father was glad to avail himself of the first opportunity he had of procuring the fac-similes. 152 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. The First Edition of the Speculum. It is printed in the same type as was subsequently employed for the Second and Third Editions. The Inglis copy is in a marvellously fine state of preservation. The leaves have not been (as is so generally found to have been the case with copies of the Block-Books) joined together by means of paste laid all over the reverses of the designs and texts, the paste having been applied only to the edges. This circumstance has allowed the leaves to be separated ; the gloss at the back of the designs, and the indentations at the back of the text, shewing that impressions of the designs were taken off by friction, and that the text was produced by the ordinary printing press. In all the earhest editions of the Block-Books the impressions have been obtained by friction; consequently, by such an operation the impressions could not have been taken off on both sides of the paper without injury to the one side when rubbing off the other. The strong gloss at the back of the impression of the designs in the Speculum, shews that they were taken off sulseqtiently* to the printing of the text; otherwise, by the wetting of the paper preparatory to printing the text, the gloss on the reverses would have been removed, unless the printer used his paper in a dry state. When making the observation (vol. i. p. 176) respecting the probability of the designs of the Speculum having been executed by the same hand as that employed upon those of the first editions of the Bihlia Pauperum and the Cantica Canticorum (including also that of the Ars Moriendi), I was not aware that the late Mr. Ottley entertained the same views. Mr. Ottley, in liis History of Engraving, vol. i. p. 155, states: " I have observed, in a former page (note, p. 142), that there is reason to believe that the Bihlia Pmipcrum, the Bool- of Canticles, and the cuts of the Spembmi Salvationis, were engraved, in part, by the same engraver, although from the designs of different artists. The remarlj, liowcvcr, must be understood with some limitations. There is little doubt that the principal wood-engr;ivers of those times had pupils who assisted them in executing the extensive w^orks confided to their care. That part of a cut which required little skill, or that entire design which least captivated the taste of the master, was often entrusted to the scholar ; and hence those occasional dissimilarities of execution which a careful observer will discover in different cuts of the same block (especially in accessorial parts), although * The impression of tlie two pages of the text (in the sheet with text printed on both sides) being without the woodcnts, is a clear proof that the designs were not taken off iintil after tlic text was printed. SUMMARY OF CONTEXTS. 153 they bear evidence of having proceeded from the worltshop of the one master artist. Several of tlie cuts in the Sjyecuhtm bear so striking a resemblance to some of those in the Biblia Pauperum as to leave little or no doubt but that they were engraved by the same hand ; others, in their mode of execution, exactly correspond with some of those in the Book of Canticles. Upon the whole, therefore, I am of opinion that the same engraver who had been employed to execute the blocks of the Biblia Pauperum, was also, but at a later period, entrusted with those of the Book of Canticles ; and lastly, or about the same time, with those of the Speculum : which work, it is probable, he did not live to complete, since the latter cuts of the Speculum, as I shall have occasion to notice, were evidently engraved by a different artist from the one employed in the former part of that work, and I think from the compositions of a different designer." In a work intitled " An Inquiry into the Okioin of Pkinting," unfortimately left by Mr. Ottley, on his death in 1836, in an unfinished state, he has entered into a most elaborate and most interesting discussion to prove that the designs used in the Bjjeculum were made as early as 1435. For this purpose he has accomjjanied his observations with numerous engravings of the Costume of that period, taken from illuminated Manuscripts in the British Museum and other collections. That unfinislied work closes, as I have stated in my "Preliminary Observations" to the present volume, at p. 368. In that page are described, in part, tlie illustra- tions engraved in "Plate 26." There the work abruptly terminates. I very much fear that all the copper-plates engraved for the work, and some elaborately executed fac-similes from very early wood-engravings, have been destroyed, or have been otherwise so neglected, that, in the event of their falling into the hands of Mr. Lilly, the bookseller, who is in possession of the printed portion of the work, they would be of little value. I had hoped, ere Mr. Ottley died, that he would have dictated to his son, the late Mr. William Campbell Ottley, his views* upon the subject, sufiiciently clear to have enabled him to have completed his labours. Indeed, I jaersonally urged Mr. Ottley, when confined to his bed, to do so ; but he put it ofi" from day to day, and he died without leaving the desired information. On looking over the observations of Mr. Ottley on the Costume in the Designs * INIr. Ottley was not in the habit of committing his thoughts to paper previous to writing the manuscript sent to the printers. Like many other most learned authors, he printed as he wrote. In a notice of the decease and of the literary labours of the late John Mitchcl Kemble (the son of the eminent tragedian Charles Kcmble), in the AthentBum Literary Journal for March 38, 1857, it is stated, while lamenting that a work, then intended, in two volumes, on The Saxons in England, remained unfinished, that Mr. Kemble observed to a friend, a short time previous to his decease, " They are nearly completed in my head. I do not put pen to paper until I knoio what I am going to tcrite." SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. in the Speculum, a point Avhich I have not ventured to discuss, I find that pp. 314- 319, in his unfinished work, are occupied by a letter from the late Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick, minutely detailing liis opinions respecting those designs. The letter is dated 1828, and has the following concise passage at its conclusion: "On a careful review and consideration of the whole, I am inclined to think the wood-Mocks of the Speculum cannot he of later date than 1435, and that they may lie a little earlier!' In concluding my remarks upon the Four Editions of the Speculum, it becomes a question whether the First Edition was not issued during the life of Lawrence Coster, to whom, in the absence of any other claimant, it may, on the relation of Junius, be reasonably attributed. If so, it coidd not be placed at a date later than 1439. The Horabium, the various Editions of the Donatus, the Doctrinalb, AND THE CaTONIS DiSTICHA, are all printed with moveable type of the same peculiar character, indisputably Dutch. The numerous fragments of these Elementary Works, or Common School Books, that have been of late discovered, cannot do otherwise than corroborate the assertion of the aged printer, Ulric Zell, that " Donatuses were printed in Holland hefore the invention was perfected in Germany!' Consequently, as the city of Mentz lays claim to having p>erfecteil the invention as early as 1440, it may be fairly assumed that the words of Ulric Zell, when informing the author of the Cologne Chronicle what he knew respecting the origin of Printing, that the "first idea originated, however, in Holland, from the Donatuses, which were printed even hefore that time" meant, not a year or two years before, but probably ten. I shall not, however, presume too much on that indisputable testimony, claiming only a precedence for some of the Donatuses of seven years, which would bring the issue of the earliest of those editions to the year 1433. It was not until lonjr fiftcr the working off this sheet, that I was aware of the existence of a fragment of an edition of the Donatus in the same rertj prlmitlce type as the " Horarii/m" or " Abccnda7-itnn." Tliat fragment is pre- served in the Royal Library at tlie Hague and has been most admirably, and I do not hesitate to affirm, most ac- curately fac-similed in the iirst number of the important typographical work* by M. Iloltrop now in the course of publication. The fragment consists of two pages, a full one with thirty-one lines, the other having only twenty- Jice. As no explanatory letter-press accomp.anies the fac-simile, I can merely, in this subsequently printed paragraph, refer to the existence of the relic as an additional document in support of the statement made in the Cologne Chronicle. * Monumens Typographiques des Pays-Bas, au Quinzi&me Si&cle. Collection de Fac-simile d'apr^s les originaux conserves k la Biltliotheque Royale de la Haye et Ailleurs. Publiee par M. .T. W. Holtrop, Bibliothecaire ea chef de la Bibliothfeque Royale. KtaljUsseuient lithographique M. de E. Spanier, Lithographe de S. M. le Roi. La Haije, ilarlinus Nijhof, Lihraire ancienne et moderne, 18.57, Imperial Quarto. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 155 If tlie costume of tlie figure represented as Daniel, in the last design of the Speculum, can be shewn to be of a similar character to that worn by the "SacrisUm"* of the churches in Holland (Lawrence Coster having filled that ofiice in the Church of Bavon, at Harlem, for several years), then the relation of Junius will receive additional support; and my having (see vol. i. pp. 178-80) drawn attention to the peculiar costume of that figure, with the view of suggesting that it was intended to represent the Publisher or Printer of the volume, may prove a more satisfactory source of testimony in favour of the work having been issued at Harlem, by Lawrence Coster, than has hitherto been brought forward. In noticing, however, the last design, I cannot refrain from also stating that the companion design of the last page of the Speculum (the Five Wise and Five Foolish Virgins) is equally symbolical of the Art of Printing, which, like the lamps of the former, would give light to the world, and dispel the darkness of ignorance and superstition. I have stated, vol. i. p. 155, that, in the early manuscript copies of the Speculum Humana} Salvationis, the Chapters extend to forty -five, of which the fortieth chapter forms the twenty-ninth (the concluding one) in the printed editions. Though rather abruptly terminating the printed work, no designs could have been more appropriate, or more happily capable of bearing the interpretation I have given to them. Furthermore, the fact of Jacobus de Breda's having employed the same design of the figure of Daniel, to represent himself as a Printer at Deventer, satis- factorily proves that he viewed that figure not merely in the light of the prophet Daniel, but also as intended to pourtray the publisher or printer of that work whence he copied the design. That the one is a fac-simile of the other, is at once seen by reference to plates xxxvii. and xxxvin. from the Sp)eculum, and the wood- cuts in pages 179 and 180 there following. In the fourth plate illustrating his Dissertation on the Origin of Printing!, M. Koning gives a portrait of Lawrence Coster, and also a fac-simile of his Auto- graph Signature, as in the ensuing page. * The ivord " Koster" signifies the office of Sacristan; consequently my using of the T\-ord "Gustos" vol. i. p. 179, is incorrect. In the same jDage I see the church at Harlem is erroneously jjrinted Pavon, in lieu of Bayon. t Dissertation sur I'Origine, &c., de I'Imprimerie. 8vo., Amst, 1819. X 2 166 SUMMAEY OF CONTENTS. " Signature de Laukent, fil.s de Jean Kosteb.' The portrait is a copy of tlie first of the seven woodcut portraits of the early Harlem artists, particularly mentioned by Heinecken* who believed them to be forgeries. He states: "Nous avons quelques pieces, qu'on attribue h Laurent Coster. Quoiqu'elles soient taille'es en bois par quelqu'un, qui a voulfi surprendre les amateurs, en imitant lo caractere de I'antiquite; je les speciferai cepeudant ici, pour faire plaisir aux curieux, qui ne les counoissent pas encore." M. Koning considers Baron Heinecken to have taken a very unjustifiable view respecting the portraits referred to. M. Koning states (p. 80) that the genuineness of them has never been doubted by any unprejudiced connoisseur-; that it is evident from the manner in which they are described by Heinecken that he never saw them; that the figure of Lawrence Coster agrees with that published early in the sixteenth century by Adrien Roman, as also with an original painting in the possession of the antiquary. Van Damme, of Amsterdam; aud, lastly, Koning accounts for the portrait of Lawrence Coster appearing among those of the early Harlem Artists, in consequence of his having been the inventor of the Art of Printing,— a very fair conclusion. With all his enthusiastic zeal in the cause of Harlem, it is here shewn that M. Koning was not among those who claimed for Lawrence Coster the title of an artist. He considered him to have been the discoverer of moveable type, first in wood, and subsequently in metal, as related by Junius, in the minutest particular of whose statements M. Koning appears to have placed the fullest confidence _ In respect to the autograph signature of Lawrence Coster, M. Koning refers to it m the fifth chapter of his work, pp. 77-9, wherein he describes his family arms and particulars respecting his having filled the ofiice of Cliurchwardent at Hariem durino- * Id