fe> ftC. bs J % * * > ■ AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX TO REMAINS OF ANTIQUITY OF THE CELTIC, ROMANO-BRITISII, AND ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS. BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A., CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND AND OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF FRANCE ; FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF COPENHAGEN; AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF ROME. LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 4, OLD COMPTON STREET, SOHO SQUARE. M. DCCC.XLVII. TO THE REVEREND JOSEPH BANCROFT READE, M.A., F.R.S., VICAR OF STOKE, NEAR AYLESBURY, THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED, BY HIS AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, JOHN YONGE AKERMAN. Lewisiiam, June 30, 1817. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/archologicalindeOOaker PREFACE. It must afford some gratification to those who have laboured to contribute to our stores of Archaeological information, to witness in this country a growing taste for the study of Antiquities. The ridicule which once attended the pro- secution of this study is hushed; and the mute but eloquent relics of Antiquity, are now re- garded with interest by all who aspire to be informed of the manners and customs of those who have preceded us. With such evidence of an improved taste and zeal for the cultivation of Archaeological science, it would be needless to plead for its usefulness. To the reflecting mind the fact VI PEE FACE. that Providence has veiled from us the future, and given us the past for retrospect and ex- perience, is alone sufficient to justify the oc- cupation of a portion of our leisure in the examination and elucidation of the remains of Antiquity, but more especially of those which pertain to our own country. The materials forming the bulk of this volume are chiefly derived from the examination of sepulchral remains : but, though necessarily limited, these remains are, in many respects, of the highest value and importance to the Ar- chasologist : they comprise the weapons, utensils, and personal ornaments, of different races who once occupied Britain, from the earliest dawn of our history down to the middle of the eighth century, when the Pagan mode of sepulture was finally abandoned in Britain. The antiquities of three important stages of our history are here brought together, and an attempt is made to classify them, a task difficult only where the objects appear to belong to PREFACE. VI 1 Transition-periods, as in the late Roman and early or Pagan -Saxon, and some few relics of a probably Romano-Celtic origin. How much such a work has been needed will be seen by reference to many volumes of very imposing size, and great pretensions, where Celtic, Roman and Anglo-Saxon objects are confounded with each other, in a manner calculated in every way to embarrass and perplex the Archaeological Student. 1 CONTENTS. PART I. — CELTIC PERIOD. Section I. Tumuli or Barrows and Cairns. — Tu- muli in Derbyshire; Wiltshire; Dorsetshire. — Different Forms of Celtic Tumuli. — Modes of Interment. — Decomposition of Human Remains. — Sepulchres of the Germans as described by Tacitus. — Ages of Celtic Tumuli. — Tumuli in East Kent. — Tumulus in Iffins Wood near Can- terbury. — Disposition of the Urns. Section II. Menhirs or Peulvans. — Their Destruc- tion with the Spread of Christianity. — Msenhirs near Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. Section III. Dolmens, Triliths, and Lichvaens. — Different Names given to Cromlechs partially de- stroyed. — Immense Cromlech at New Grange, near Drogheda. ■ — - Cromlechs explored by Mr. Lukis in the Channel Islands. — Remarkable Interment in the “ Cromlech du Tus.” — Crom- lechs near Abury in Wiltshire; “ Wayland Smith’s Cave” in Berks ; “ Kits Cotty House” in Kent. — Cromlechs in Cornwall ; in the Island of Anglesea; in Brittany; near Saumur; near Tom’s; in Portugal and Spain; in Caernarvon- shire. ....... Section IY. Sepulchral Caves in Wales and the Channel Islands. ..... Section V. Rocking Stones. — Mentioned by Pliny and Apollonius Rhodius. — Singular Example of one at West Hoadley in Sussex; in Cornwall; Pages . 1—15 16—18 19—29 30—32 X CONTENTS. Pages. in Brittany; in Spain. —Rocks at Brimham, near Harrowgate. ..... 33 — 35 Section VI. Stone Circles. — Stone Henge ; Abnry ; Stennis in the Orkney Islands; Derbyshire; Cornwall; Jersey; America. . . * . 36 — 41 Section VII. ColossalFigurescutinthe Chalk hills. — The White Horse in Berkshire. — The Giant at Cerne in Dorsetshire. .* . . . 42 — 43 Section VIII. Forts, Camps, and Beacons. — The ‘ 1 Herefordshire Beacon.” — The Little Doward, near Monmouth. — Celtic Camps in Dorsetshire ; Oxfordshire; Wiltshire. .... 44 — 45 Section IX. Objects of the Celtic Period. — Urns. — Stone Celts. — Implements and Weapons of Stone and Flint. — -Implements and Weapons of Bone. — Bronze Celts, etc. — Daggers, Swords, and Spear- heads. — Miscellaneous Objects. — Coins. . 46 — 60 PART II. — ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD. Section I. Sepulchral Interments. ... . 63— 65 Section II. Sepulchral Inscriptions. — Sepulchral Slabs found near Cirencester. — Sepulchral In- scriptions to the Memory of Women. . . 66 — 72 Section III. Commemorative Inscriptions. — Records of the Legions quartered in Britain. — Tiles found in London. ...... 73 — 74 Section IV. Dedicatory Inscriptions. — To Julia Domna, and to Hercules, found at Silchester. 75 — 76 Section V. Altars. — To Mars by the Batavian Cohorts. — To Juno and Minerva, by the third British Cohort. — To Ancasta. — To the Genius of Britain. ...... 77 — 80 Section VI. Amphitheatres, Stations, Camps, and Roads. — The Rectilinear Form of Roman Works distinguishes them from the Celtic, which are CONTENTS. XI Pages. circular. — Roman Amphitheatres at Banbury, Dorchester, and Silchester. — Roman Camps at Llandrindod. ...... 81 — 83 Section VII. Sites of Roman Villas in Britain. 83 — 84 Section VIII. Potters’ Kilns in the County of Nor- thampton. — Mr. Artis’s Description of the Mode of colouring the Earthenware made in these Kilns. 84 — 89 Section IX. Potters’ Stamps. — List of Names on Pottery found in London. .... 89 — 91 Section X. Tesselated Pavements. ... 91 Section XI. Walls. 92 Section XII. Milliariaor Mile-stones. — An Example found at Leicester. ..... 93 — 94 Section XIII. Abbreviations in Roman Inscriptions 95 — 103 Section XIV. Coins found in Britain . . 104 — 105 Section XV. Coin Moulds found in Britain. . 105 PART III. — ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. Section I. Tumuli of the Anglo-Saxon Period. — Explored by Douglas and by Lord Albert Conyng- ham. — The Practice of Burial under Tumuli prevailed until the Middle of the Eighth Century. — Coins with Loops found in these Graves. . 121 — 125 Section II. Workmanship of personal ornaments of the Anglo-Saxon period. — Fibulas of different Descriptions. — Buckles and Fibulas ornamented with pastes, similar to those found in France. 126 — 128 Section III. Objects found in Tumuli. — Disposition of the Remains. — Glass Vessels. — Urns. — Bronze Dishes and Pateras. — Boxes and Buckets. — Weapons.— Umbones of Shields. — Fibulae. — Personal ornaments, etc., etc. . . 129 — 144 CONTENTS. XI 1 APPENDIX. Pages. Antonini Iter Britanniarum. .... 147 — 159 Ptolemy. — The position of the British Island Albion. 160 — 168 Notitia utraque Dignitatum cum Orientis turn Oc- cidentis ultra Arcadii Honorii que tempora. 168 — 170 The Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester. . 171 — 176 Classified Index to Papers in the Archseologia. 177 — 204 ERRATA. Page 45. Line 6. for “in this respect are” read arc thus. „ 74. Line 14. for “ titles” read tiles. „ 93. Line 3. for “ Milliard” read Milliaria. „ 94. Note 2. for “ Milliard” read Milliaria. PART I. CELTIC PERIOD. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX. § I- Tumuli, or Barrows and Cairns. The raising of mounds of earth or stone over the remains of the dead, is a practice which may be traced in all countries to the remotest times. A heap of stones marked the grave of Absalom . 1 The grave of Patroclus was thus distinguished . 2 Herodotus informs us, that the tumulus erected over the remains of Alyattes, the father of Croe- sus, was more than six stadia in circumference ; 3 and Diodorus Siculus says, that that of Ninus was of such dimensions, that at a distance it might be mistaken for the citadel of Nineveh . 4 Virgil’s al- lusion to the tomb of Dercennus is well known : — Fuit ingens monte snb alto Regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere bustum. 5 And a huge tumulus, erected by Germanicus in the forests of Germany, covered the remains and told to posterity the destruction of the legions of Varus . 6 1 2 Samuel xviii. 17. 2 Homer, lib. xxiii. 3 Lib. i. c. 93. 4 Lib. ii. p. 95. ed. 1604. 5 iEn. lib. xi. 849, 850. c Tacit. Annales, lib. i. c. 62. 2 SECTION I. Nor are these early forms of sepulture confined to the countries of the Old World. They are found in Virginia, according to a modern writer , 7 and attest the universal prevalence of a desire to protect the remains of the dead from desecration. In Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Ger- many, Sweden and Denmark, many tumuli exist; and though they sometimes differ, both in their mode of construction and their contents, the latter furnish indisputable evidence of their being remains of the Celtic race. Those tumuli which are formed of heaps of stones are called Cairns , and, by the antiquaries of France, Galgals. Sometimes they contain gal- leries communicating with sepulchral niches or chambers. An example of the tumulus of earth and stone on Brassington Moor, near Elton, in the Peak of Derbyshire, is given by Douglas . 8 9 Near this tumulus are two stone circles, probably the bases of other Cairns. Another tumulus of the same description, with a cromlech in the centre, stands on Stackhouse Scar, about two miles and a half from Settle, in the district of Craven, in Yorkshire . 10 7 Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia. 8 Nenia Britannica, p. 171. Plate xxxvi., No. 1. 9 Ibid. p. 165. Plate xxxv., No. 1. 10 In the “ Memoires de la Socidte des Antiquaires de Nor- mandie,” vol. viii., will be fonnd an account of the opening of a very large chambered tumulus at Fontenay-le-Marmion, near TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 3 A vast number of barrows of the Celtic period have been explored in England, particularly in Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, where they are very numerous on the downs and other high land. Yet, notwithstanding, they bear no proportion even to a very scanty population, and lead to the inference, that however simple the character of the interment, and the relics found in these graves, the heaped up earth did not always cover the remains of the humbler population, but rather denotes the grave of persons above the common rank. The same may be said of the barrows of the Anglo-Saxon period, of which we shall here- after speak. Even supposing that one tumulus contained the remains of several members of a family, as is the case with many of those of the Celtic period, of which practice we have evidence in some of those of the Anglo-Saxons, we are left to conclude, that the common people must have been often interred without barrows ; or, if these mounds were generally raised, they were so slight and insignificant, that they were soon levelled and obliterated. Barrows of the Celtic period have been divided by English antiquaries into several classes; and their nomenclature, chiefly derived from the local appellation, has been adopted by French writers. Caen. No articles in metal were discovered. A model of this tumrdus may be seen in the museum of the Society at Caen. 4 SECTION I. Their designations are as follows: — 1. Conical Barrows. 2. Bell Barrows. 3. Bowl Barrows. 4. Druid Barrows. 5. Broad Barrows. 6. Twin Barrows. 7. Long Barrows, etc. They are generally surrounded by a trench. 11 The names explain the form of the three first mentioned ; but it is doubtful whether the cone- shaped barrow is of the earliest class. That of the fourth was absurdly given by Stukeley, from the circumstance of their containing small cups, amber, jet, and glass beads, and (though very rarely) urns. These relics seem to indi- cate that the barrows of this class are the graves of women. What have been called “Pond Barrows” are formed with great preci- sion, being perfectly circular, with a level area; but excavations have led to no discoveries of sepulchral remains, and it is by no means certain that they are places of interment. Twin Bar- rows are enclosed within the same circle, and were probably the resting-places of near kinsmen, or attached friends. What have been styled Broad Barrows, are supposed by some to have been designedly thus shaped; but as we have evidence that ancient British tumuli were often opened for the purposes of successive interments, 12 11 See plate i.,Nos.l — 7. 12 See Mr. Sydenham’s paper on the “ Dorsetshire Bar- rows,” quoted below ; Archaologia, vol. xxx. pp. 327 — 338. TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 5 we cannot be certain that their original forms have not undergone some change. The Long Barrows resemble an egg cut lengthwise, and placed on its flat side. Both these and the larger barrows are sometimes cairns , and contain Kist- Vaens, and often galleries or passages communi- cating with sepulchral niches or chambers. Three very distinct modes of sepulture appear to have been followed by the ancient Britons. 1. Cremation, when the ashes were generally collected and deposited in urns. 2. The inter- ment of the body laid at its length. 3. Its de- posit in a cist with the legs in a bent or kneeling attitude. The latter, without any plausible rea- son, has been thought by some antiquaries to be the most primitive, because the patriarch Jacob is described as gathering up his feet in the bed when dying. 13 Others, quoting the dying words of Si ward, duke of Northumberland, have com sidered it as denoting that the deceased was a soldier. 14 13 Genesis xlix. 33. Herodotus informs us, that the Nasa- mones buried their dead iu this manner, lib. iv. c. 190. It is also practised by the Carib Indians. — Hodgson’s “Letters from North America,” vol. i. p. 260. 14 Seating himself in a chair, he ordered his attendants to arm him for the field, observing : — Sic decet militem defungi, non ut Bos accubans enervari. — Ranulph. ITigden. Polydiron. lib. vi. p. 281 ; Hist. Brit. Sax. Ang.-Dan. Script, xv. Gale, folio, Oxon.1691. 6 SECTION I. Excavations have shown, that the remains de- posited beneath tumuli were sometimes placed on the level ground, and as often were contained in a cist. Examples of both practices were ob- served by Sir Richard Hoare. Of upwards of twenty-five barrows explored by Mr. Sydenham, in Dorsetshire, the greater part were raised over cists excavated in the chalk. These were covered with a heap of broken flints, apparent- ly laboriously fractured for the purpose; then succeeded large unbroken flints. Above these, were successive layers of brown and black mould, to the thickness of three feet, the exterior coating being a layer of large flints, two and a half feet in thickness. “ Among the flints in the inner cairn, were found many fragments of char- coal; and the layers of brown and black mould were divided by a sprinkling of ashes. On the floor of the cist were two skeletons in the bent posture, before noticed. To the west of these, also on the floor of the cist, was a plain inter- ment of burnt bones, of which there was a con- siderable heap. The bodies were covered -with the cairn of chipped flints, without the interven- tion of flat stones or other protection. Between the chipped and the entire flints, the skeleton of an infant was found, extended at length ; on the right of which was a small unornamented urn. Near the crown of the cairn of flints, embedded TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 7 in a mass of exceedingly fine black unctuous mould, was a handsome urn, standing upright, about twelve inches high by ten in diameter, nearly full of burnt bones and ashes. It was much orna- mented. The tooth-like ornaments are indenta- tions, made, probably, with a pointed piece of bone. The lines in the upper compartments appear to have been impressed, by binding a long strip of twisted skin spirally round the urn. On the south side of the barrow, and about a foot be- neath the surface, a large urn was found, eighteen inches in height by thirteen inches in diameter. It had two perforated knobs, that a string might be passed through for suspension, but was other- wise destitute of ornament. It contained a small quantity of burnt bones, amongst which were a few beads, four of which were small, scarcely one eighth of an inch in diameter, apparently of a pearly substance. Another was of bone, small, and cylindrical. There were also two peculiar ornaments, one ring-shaped, about one inch in diameter, the other of the same diameter, star- shaped ; and both were perforated. A small cowrie shell 15 was likewise found, which had been perforated, and worn, probably, as a, bead. All these articles had been subject to the action of fire. A thick layer of fine black mould was found beneath this urn. Near the last urn, 15 Cowrie shells are sometimes found in Anglo-Saxon tumuli. 8 SECTION I. more towards the centre of the barrow, was a smaller urn, seven inches in height and six in diameter. It was nearly full of small burnt bones and ashes, over which flints had been crammed into the mouth of the urn. It was lying somewhat inclined, in a bed of fine black mould. Near the surface of the barrow, a little towards the south, was an interment of burnt bones, covered with a fragment of a very large urn, but of which no more than that piece could be found. The pottery was exceedingly thick, and covered with a careless net-like ornament. A few inches below the summit of the barrow, was a ninth interment, the skeleton of a child, deposited at length, without urn or trace of burning .” 16 Some antiquaries, seeking analogy in the cus- toms of civilised nations, have supposed that cremation was a later mode of interment, and have quoted Pliny to show, that among the Ro- mans it was not an ancient practice ; 17 but the barrows of South Dorsetshire negative such a supposition, and prove that both modes prevailed among the ancient Britons at the same period. 16 Archseologia, vol. xxx. pp. 327 — 338. 17 Ipsurn cremare apud Romanos non fnit veteris instituti : terra condebantur (Hist. Nat. lib. vii. c. 54). The passage from Tacitus, quoted hereafter, would almost lead us to the conclusion, that cremation was the most honourable mode of sepulture among the Celtic tribes. TUMULI, OE BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 9 The occasional finding of cists beneath tumuli entirely empty, and without the slightest traces of interment, has given rise to much speculation. Some have supposed that they were the honorary tombs of individuals who had perished in fight, and whose bodies had never been recovered by their relatives; but a closer observation would probably lead to a different conclusion . 18 Anglo- Saxon barrows, many hundred years later, are not unfrequently found empty; but an attentive examination of the floor of the cist, will satisfy the explorer that the remains have been entirely decomposed. This decomposition appears to depend not so much upon the nature of the soil as on the texture of the bones . 19 Sometimes the teeth, and occasionally the teeth with the alveolar process, are all that remain . 29 It would be tedious to recapitulate the blunders, and review the absurd reveries indulged in by 18 Some have thought that these cists were prepared before- hand, just as individuals in the middle ages had their last resting-place prepared during their life-time. 19 Douglas relates a remarkable and well authenticated case of the entire decomposition of the bones of a very corpu- lent person within a space of thirty years . — Nenia Brit., p. 58. 20 Pliny mentions tombs made of the stone procured at Assos, in the Troade, which, in forty days, consumed all the body except the teeth ; hence the word sarcophagus, which, in the course of time, was applied to any tomb. — Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c.17. C 10 SECTION I. antiquaries of the last generation, on the relics discovered in these primitive sepulchres ; nor should we be justified in reverting to their theories, if hypothesis did not so often accompany them, disfiguring and obscuring the most inte- resting and important facts. Many 'writers have speculated on the various objects which these tumuli are sometimes found to contain, parading, with solemn pedantry, quotations from the classic poets, who, they seem to forget, are describing the funereal rites of a people far advanced in civilisation, and acquainted with luxuries obvi- ously unknown to the simple inhabitants of ancient Britain. That this is not an idle and uncalled- for assertion, will be seen from the beautiful account which Tacitus gives of the mode of interment practised by the ancient Germans — a people, from their geographical position, more likely to have been affected by foreign luxury — since their young princes sometimes perfected themselves in the art of war in other countries — than the rude inhabitants of a remote island. They affect no vain funereal pomp, says he ; they use no odours, but a particular kind of wood, in reducing the body to ashes. The warrior’s arms are buried with him, and sometimes his horse : a heap of turf covers the grave . 21 Yet, with 21 Funerum nulla ambitio ; id solum observatur, ut corpora clarorum virorum certis lignis crementur. Struem rogi nec TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 11 this concise and graphic account of the inter- ments of the ancient Germans, some English antiquaries still talk of “ incense cups ” and perfumes used at the funerals of the primitive inhabitants of Britain. It has been remarked by some writers, that barrows are not always found in the vicinity of localities, presumed to have been the site of British towns or villages ; but is it always safe to speculate on such faint traces of supposed settlements ? The ages of Celtic tumuli have been surmised by the character of their contents. Thus, bar- rows containing no vestiges of pottery have been assigned to the earliest period : those in which urns or implements of flint or stone are found, are supposed to denote a second or improved stage in the slow march of civilisation ; while the barrows containing metal weapons and personal ornaments, are given to a still later period. This classification appears to be based on rational supposition ; yet, as all these remains furnish but imperfect evidence of the rank of the deceased, the chronology of ancient British barrows, as settled by certain writers, is liable to some objec- vestibus, nec odoribus cumulant ; sua cuique arma, quorun- dam igni et equus adjicitur. Sepulcrum cespes erigit. — Tacit. De Morib. Germ. cap. xxvii. 12 SECTION I. tions. But the whole subject is fraught with difficulty ; and if we compare the account which Tacitus 22 gives of the ancient Germans — who were seldom armed with swords and large lances, and among whom a helmet or a breastplate was scarcely ever seen — -with Cresar’s description of the inhabitants of ancient Britain, their arms and their war-chariots, our perplexity is in- creased tenfold. It is somewhat remarkable that in the Eastern parts of Kent there are but few examples of Celtic tumuli, while those of the Anglo-Saxon period abound. Douglas mentions his opening one of the former, which was surrounded by a group of the latter — a circumstance which seems to show that the Anglo-Saxons did not avoid the ancient places of interment ; while we are almost encouraged to conjecture, that in some instances the Saxon barrows led to the obliteration of those • of an earlier period. The large quantity of dense black mould so often found to compose a part of the tumulus 23 favours the belief that it is the result of successive interments, and that those interments were not always respected, but that 22 Tacit. De Morib. Germ. cap. vi. 23 May not tlie destruction of many tumuli be traced to this circumstance, this mould having probably been carted away for manure? TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 13 one tumulus was robbed to furnish materials for another. While it is evident, that many Celtic tumuli which have been explored were formed at a time when the Britons were living undisturbed, it may be presumed, that others were raised over the remains of those who were engaged with the legions of Caesar. Of these, a large barrow in Iffins Wood, about two miles south-east of Can- terbury, may have been an example. It was opened, about four years since, by Mr. Bell, who discovered within it five large urns. “ Four of the five urns thus brought to light were precisely alike in size and form; but the fifth was much larger, and slightly different in shape and ornament, the former being eighteen inches in height and thirteen inches in diameter at the broadest part, and the latter not less than twenty-five inches in height and twenty-two in diameter. The material of which they were composed was of the rudest description, consist- ing of half-baked clay, mixed with numerous fragments of silex, which crumbled at the touch, so that their removal entire was impossible. The urns were all found with their mouths down- wards, filled with ashes, charcoal, and minute fragments of bones. The contents of the larger urn were perfectly dry, and the portions of bone were larger; but those of the smaller ones were 14 SECTION I. very moist, and of the consistence of paste. The months of the urns were closely stopped with unburnt clay, which appeared to have been tirmly rammed in. Not a vestige of any weapon, bead, or other ornament could be discovered. The soil of which the barrow was formed was most excellent brick earth, which appeared per- fectly well tempered and fit for immediate use, without further preparation, and contained not a single pebble larger than a bean ; and not more than half a dozen of these were found after re- moving the first few inches of soil. Some of the urns, when uncovered, were found leaning to one side; and, by the impressions made in the surrounding clay, were evidently cracked on the day of their deposit. It is remarkable that nothing was discovered in the western half of the barrow. The urns (the only ornament on which was a row of indentations, apparently made with the end of the finger,) were standing on nearly the same level as the surrounding ground, which, on digging into it, appeared not to have been disturbed .” 24 The chief peculiarity in the construction of this tumulus is the absence of stones or flints, a heap of which is so often found in the barrows of Wiltshire and Dorsetshire. 24 Archasologia, vol. xxx. pp. 57 — 61. TUMULI, OR BARROWS AND CAIRNS. 15 The following sketch indicates the relative positions of the urns , 25 and shews the necessity of observing the greatest caution in explorations of Celtic tumuli. 25 When opening several barrows on the South Downs, some years since, we found one which had been partly explored, two trenches having been cut through it at right angles, perhaps by some person who had been accustomed to re- searches in Anglo-Saxon tumuli. In one of the angles of the mound, which had been left intact, we discovered a very perfect urn filled with bones, and deposited with its mouth downwards. 16 SECTION II. § 2 . Menhirs or Peulvans. The Maenhir or Peulvan 1 is a long narrow stone, set upright in the ground, generally with the small end downward. As Mamin rs are the simplest form of Celtic monuments, they are doubtless among the earliest, and may have been erected to commemorate a victory, to mark a boundary, or to cover the remains of some person of emi- nence. Excavations beneath the stone may sometimes determine which of these events has led to the erection of a maenhir. The discovery of bones, horns and tusks favours the inference, that the stone was raised over the dead. When warlike implements are found, the monument may record some solemn compact. If, on the contrary, no relics whatever are discovered be- neath them, we are left to conclude that they were erected simply as landmarks or boundary stones. It is very probable, however, that many of 1 These words are also said to be derived from the Celtic : the first from rncen, a stone, and Mr, long; and the other from peul, a pillar, and man or van, a stone. MiENHIKS OR PEULVANS. 17 what are now termed maenhirs, are, in reality, but the remains of more extensive works which perished when Christianity supplanted Paganism. In the year 452, the Council of Arles, and in 567, those of Toledo, threaten with excommunica- tion any bishop who shall not use his utmost to destroy all objects of idolatry, among which stones are enumerated. Chilperic, in his charters, enjoins the destruction of the stone monuments which cover the land. The Anglo-Saxon laws also forbid the worship of stones ; 2 but, as soon as Christianity had been firmly planted in Europe, the Pagan temples were destroyed or appropriated to the worship of the true God; and the stones- held in superstitious veneration by the people were consecrated, and in some cases sculptured with the figure of the cross. Examples of maenhirs thus adapted exist at this day at Carnac, in Brittany, and there is one which has been hewn into the figure of a cross in the same district. 3 Near Joinville, in the department of the Meuse, there is a very remarkable example of this description of monument, on which is sculptured viromarvs istatilif, i. e. Viromarus , son of 2 pc an pujrjjunja, Canons of Kang Edgar, chap. 16; also, Ssec. Laws of Canute, c. 5. 3 A cross has been placed on the remains of a cromlech at the entrance of Carnac. D 18 SECTION II. Istatilius , probably commemorative of the son of some Gaulish chief subject to the Roman power . 4 At Rudston and Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, are supposed examples of msenhirs. Near the latter place there are four standing in a row, which are called by the country people the Devil's Bolts ; but, from their relative position, it is not unlikely that they are the remains of a large circle. A maenhir stands in the parish of St. Briavel, in Gloucestershire; and at Trelech, in Monmouth- shire, are three, which are said to mark the spots on which three chieftains fell in battle with Harold, who defeated the Welsh in that county. 4 The Latin formula favours this conjecture. The Gauls, before their subjugation, used the Greek character. — Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. vi. c. 14. The stone, however, may belong to a later period, like those in Cornwall, of which Borlase has given specimens. Vol. i. p. 391. DOLMENS, TR1LITHS, AND CROMLECHS. 19 § 3 . Dolmens, Triliths, and Cromlechs. To these primitive structures various names have been given by antiquaries, and much crude conjecture has been hazarded as to the object of their erection. There can be no doubt, however, that they are sepulchres, the earth which once covered them having been removed by time, or by the hand of the spoiler. Thus denuded, they now exhibit but the skeleton of the original structure. Some consist of a single stone, one end of which rests on the ground, the other being supported by another stone placed edgeways. French antiquaries have designated these, demi-dolmens ; but it seems probable that they are the remains of cromlechs partly de- stroyed. The Lichvaen, 1 or Trilith, is, as its name implies, 1 This word has been derived from the Celtic, lec'h, a place or table, and ven, a stone ; but it is more likely to be from the Anglo-Saxon lie, a corpse, and faen, dirt or mould. The destruction of these depositories of the dead, on the introduc- tion of Christianity, revealed their contents, and doubtless led to the designation. Antiquaries seem not to bear in mind 20 SECTION III. a group of three stones, and may be also con- sidered as the remains of a once perfect cromlech. Cromlechs are often composed of three huge stones, forming a rectangular chamber, roofed by a large one, placed on the top, thus leaving one end open. In others, the chamber is formed of a number of stones, as in some of those re- cently explored by Mr. Lukis, in the island of Guernsey. To this class belong the grottoes or covered alleys, which are cromlechs or mausolea on a large scale. Of these, that existing at New Grange, near Drogheda, in Ireland, is a re- markable example, and it alone is sufficient to negative the supposition that these structures were originally formed for the celebration of human sacrifices . * 2 “ After the investigation,” says Mr. Lukis , 3 “ of about twenty of these chambers of the dead, and examining their con- tents, the result has been convincing and satis- factory as to their original use ; and they can no longer be considered otherwise than as ancient catacombs erected by a remote people.” “ The first cromlech which was inspected is situated on the summit of a gentle hill, standing in the the almost universal Saxon nomenclature, which ensued upon the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain. The last half of the word Cromlech may probably be traced to the same root. 2 Views of this curious structure are given in the Archseo- logia, vol. ii., plates xix., xx., xxi., and xxii. 3 Archaeological Journal, vol. i. page 146. DOLMENS, TRILITHS, AND CROMLECHS. 21 plain of l’Ancresse, in the northern part of Guernsey. The spot was well chosen, being remarkable at a distance, and the highest ground in the neighbourhood. Large blocks of granite are here and there visible on the sides, and in their form resemble the quiet resting-place now described. Five large cap-stones are seen rising above the sandy embankment which surrounds the place ; these rest on the props beneath, and the whole catacomb is surrounded by a circle of upright stones of different dimensions. The length of the cromlech is forty-one feet from west to east, and about seventeen feet from north to south, on the exterior of the stones. At the eastern entrance, the remains of a smaller chamber are still seen : it consisted of three or four cap-stones, and was about seven feet in length, but evidently within the outer circle of stones. At the period it was constructed, the sea was at a greater distance from the site of the hill than at present ; for the whole neighbourhood bears marks of the inroads of that element: the near approach of the sandy hills around it was caused by those events which have so materially changed the coast of these islands, as well as that of the opposite continent. The period assigned for this devastation is doubtful; but as early as the fifth or sixth century, the Mont St. Michel, in France, once standing in the midst of a wood , 24 SECTION III. pieces of clay of a peculiar form were found, from three to six inches in length. These were made by rolling a piece of clay in the hand, and striking each end against a board: they still bear the marks of the inside of the lingers, with the joints and impression of the skin of the maker. The number of human bones found within this chamber were great, and corresponded with the number of vessels of all sizes discovered with them. In the spaces between the props were lodged vases, bones, and skulls, as in a recess, after the manner of a catacomb. No attempt at orientation could be here adopted; and the bones were, from their position, brought to their final resting-place after the flesh had been removed by burning, or some other means. The burnt human bones appeared in distinct heaps, and the jars in contact had partaken of the colour of them. The very perfect calcin- ation which had been adopted, made it difficult to conceive what kind of process had been used. Little or no charcoal was observed; the teeth were of a fine jet black; and the bones of the jaws, greyish white; and, in some instances, tinged with turquoise green colour.” The cromlechs of the Channel Islands appear to comprise nearly all the varieties of this description of monument, observable in France and England. Some are placed east and west, some north and south, but others are found north-west and south-east, so that we cannot satisfactorily trace design in their position. The huge stone which roofs these sepulchral chambers is sup- ported by others fixed in the ground, generally with the smaller ends downwards. In the interstices of these are placed smaller stones, evidently for the purpose of excluding the superincumbent earth . 4 The floor of the vault has often a slab or flat pavement, but when this is not found there is generally a firm level area. Mr. Lukis, whose investigation of these remains is characterised by the intelligence and clearness of perception which guided Douglas in his examination of the Anglo-Saxon barrows, naturally concludes that the great number of vessels usually found within these tombs, were intended to contain food and presents as offer- ings to the manes of the dead, and remarks that “ the abundant distribution of limpet shells throughout the cromlechs of the Channel Is- lands, would, in like manner, lead to the same conclusion, this shell fish having been very generally used as food from the earliest period .” 5 A very remarkable and peculiar description of interment was discovered by Mr. Lukis in 4 Borlase mentions several cromlechs in Cornwall, which were, in his day, quite buried under the barrows, p. 223. 5 Archaeological Journal, vol. i. p. 232. E 26 SECTION III. September, 1844, when he explored some re- maining portions of the “ cromlech du Tus” situated near “ Paradis,” in the parish of the Yale, in the Island of Guernsey. This cromlech stands within an enclosure or circle of stones about sixty feet in diameter. Many of these stones have been removed from time to time. The length of the cromlech is forty feet from east to west. In one of the latter, which was entirely concealed by turf, and had escaped ob- servation, were found vases, bone instruments, celts and human remains. In the other were discovered two adult skeletons in a kneeling posture, and back to back. The cavity of the vault was filled up with earth, with which was mixed a number of limpet shells, but no pottery, vases or instruments were discovered. 5 An example of the chambered tumulus, or cromlech, is noticed by Sir R. Hoare, in which the upright stones, the roof having been dis- lodged, are seen projecting above the mound of earth. There are several tumuli of this de- scription in the neighbourhood of Abury. 6 5 Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. i. p. 27. 6 Ancient Wilts, vol. ii. p. 102. Near the Castle of Mount Orgeuil in the Island of Jersey, is a circular cromlech called by the country people the Poquelay, which was in this con- dition until the summer of 1839, when it was opened by a person named Jean Fauville. Within were found remains of DOLMENS, TRILITHS, AND CROMLECHS. 27 One of the most interesting monuments of this description in England is the cromlech popularly known as Wayland Smith’s Cave, * * * 7 at Ashbury, in the county of Berks. It has been almost demolished, a large quantity of stone having been carted away some years since to build a barn, but enough remains to show the arrangement of the vault. A representation of this cromlech, with the ground plan, from actual admeasurement, are given in plate i., figs. 12 and 13. That called Kits Coty House, about four miles from Maidstone in Kent, is equally well known. 8 Camden supposes it to have been the tomb of Catigern, a British prince. The principal cromlechs in Cornwall, a dis- trict abounding in Celtic remains, are those at Molfra and Lanyon in the parish of Maddern, “ Chun Cromlech,” in the parish of Morvah, and “ Zennor,” or “ Sennor Cromlech,” near Sennor. The stones called “ Men-an-Tol,” in the parish of Maddern, are very remarkable, and may possibly be the remains of a very large cromlech. A representation of them skeletons, urns, celts, etc., but the exploration appears to have been badly conducted. An engraving of the cromlech is given in the Archaaologia, vol. xxviii. p. 461. 7 This is an example of the practice of the Anglo-Saxons of connecting their myths and traditions with monuments which they found in England. Weland was the Vulcan of their mythology. The ground-plan of this cromlech is given in plate i. fig. 13. 8 Engraved in plate i. No. 8. 28 SECTION III. is given in plate i. fig. 9. 9 A view of the cromlech at Clatford Bottom, near Marlborough, is given in plate i. fig. 11. There are two at Bias Newyd, in the Isle of Anglesea. Of these representations will be found in plate i. No. 10. In France there are several cromlechs of very large size, particularly the “ Pierres plattes” at Lockmariaker in Brittany, a neighbourhood in which many Celtic remains exist. There is one called the Grotte aux Fees, near Saumur, and another popularly known by the same desig- nation near Tours, in good preservation, the enormous weight of the stones having probably been their chief protection. Many cromlechs have been observed in Spain and Portugal. Near Array olos, three leagues from Evora, there is a very perfect one, with all the larger stones standing. 10 The remains discovered in cromlechs, like those found in the ordinary tumuli, lead to the same conclusion; namely, that cremation and the interment of the body entire were contem- poraneous. Caesar tells us that the Gauls burnt their dead; 11 hence it has been inferred that as the Belgae were Gauls, the Belgae of Britain also burnt their dead, and that the Celtic Britons 9 Borlase informs ns that, in his time, it was supposed that rheumatic persons were cured by crawling through this stone, a ceremony once very common in England, and frequently denounced by the Anglo-Saxon laws. 10 Kinsey’s Portugal Illustrated, p. 514. 11 Bell. Gall. lib. vi. DOLMENS, TRILITHS, AND CROMLECHS. 29 followed the older method of interment; 12 but, as before noticed, 13 this is not shewn by the examination of tumuli of each description. In plate i. figure 14, is a representation of a cromlech called The Trepied, at Catioroc, in the Island of Guernsey. Fig., 15, shews the interior of a cromlech explored by Mr. Lukis at l’An- cresse, together with disposition of the urns, etc., found within it. 14 The cut here given, kindly placed at our dispo- sal by the Editor of the Archseologia Cambrensis, is a view of a cromlech on Myndd Cefn Ammwlch, in Carnarvonshire. The form of the cap-stone 15 is sufficient to negative the idea of its being an altar. 12 Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 191. 13 Ante § 1, p. 8. 14 Archaeological Journal, vol. i. pp. 142 — 151. 15 It very much resembles that of the Cromlech in Alder- ney. Journal of B-A. Association, vol. iii, p. 4. 30 SECTION IV. § 4 . Sepulchral Caves. In the Cambrian Kegister for 1796, p. 382, is the following passage, which has been quoted by Fosbroke: 1 “ The tumuli and cairns were pro- bably the funeral monuments of the ancient chiefs and their immediate dependants. The sepulchres of the commonalty are found upon the hills; where there is a declivity, a slight hollow is to be seen ; and the earth heaped below like a small hillock of an oblong form. When these are opened, a stratum of ashes, blackish or red burnt earth is discovered. These sepulchres may be seen in great numbers upon a hill called Pencoed in Llangadfan. All these hollows are graves, and their manner of burial was thus performed : the dead body was laid upon the bare sward, plastered over with clay, and covered over with dry turf; a fire was then made over it with furze, wood, etc., until the corpse was reduced to ashes, or so that the flesh was consumed, and the bones nearly 1 Encyclopedia of Antiquities, vol. ii. p. 547. SEPULCHRAL CAVES. 31 burnt; then the charcoal and ashes were co- vered with earth, and sometimes stones were laid upon it.” The sepulchral caves recently explored by Mr. Lukis in the Island of Guernsey , 2 may be classed with this description of interment. “ The cists of these islands,” he observes, “ appear to rank with those of the most unassuming sort ; they are, for the most part, dispersed over the land in various directions, without any order, or peculiar disposition, by which they may be known. Whenever these depositories have been found in the vicinity of the more ancient sepulchral monuments, they are evidently unconnected with them, and do not appear as the remains of a more en- lightened age of the same people. During a period of twenty years, not less than twenty of these cists have come under my notice, in these islands. They are usually of the same con- struction, and consist of a stone chest, formed of two parallel rows of stones, fixed on their ends, and covered by similar flat stones, in length about seven feet.” Among the objects discovered in these cists were an urn, shaped like a barrel or keg, of 2 Journal of the British Archeological Association, vol. i. pp. 305—308. 32 SECTION IV. black ware, about seven inches high, and sur- rounded by hoops or rims ; spear heads, fragments of knives, a sword in an iron scabbard, thirty- four inches long, part of an iron armlet, and a clay bead. No traces of human remains were discovered, but several fused masses like clinkers appear to shew that, to whatever period these interments may be assigned, cremation was the mode of sepulture. The various objects in metal seem to indicate a later era than that of most of the Celtic remains more familiarly known to us. Allied in some respects to the same mode of sepulture, and differing from that of the tumulus and the cromlech, is the tomb discovered in 1839 at Herouval, near Gisors, in the department of Eure. In a deep cavity cut in the rock, six pairs of large stones, their tops resting against each other, so as to form a sloping roof, covered as many skeletons, which appear to have been deposited entire. ROCKING STONES. 33 Rocking Stones. These singular monuments, in England termed Logan- stones, and in France Pierres-branlantes , are yet enigmas to antiquaries. Their origin and use are involved in doubt and mystery. As the name implies, rocking-stones consist of huge blocks, so poised on the ground, or on other stones, that the slightest force will cause them to oscillate. In the absence of any evidence as to their use, much conjecture has been hazarded. One writer supposes them to have typified the world in space ; another considers them as probationary stones, by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was tested. They are mentioned by Pliny 1 as existing in Asia; and Apollonius Rhodius 2 speaks of stones placed on the apex of tumuli, and moving with 1 One at Harpasa could be moved by the finger, but not with a violent push : — “ Cautes stat horrenda, uno digito mobilis: eadem, si toto corpore impellatur, resistens.” Hist. Nat. lib. ii. c. 96. 2 Argonaut, lib. i. 1071. 34 SECTION V. the wind. 3 Rocking-stones are also found on the continent of America, 4 so that their use at one period of the world was universal. One of the most remarkable rocking-stones in England, is that at TTest-Hoadley, about four miles south of East Grinstead in Sussex, termed by the people of the neighbourhood “ great upon little.” In shape it somewhat resembles a boy’s humming-top, and it is poised on a very low convex stone. Its height is about twenty-three feet, and its weight is es- timated at nearly five hundred tons. 5 There was a famous rocking-stone called “Men Amber” in the parish of Sithney in Cornwall, which Borlase informs us was de- stroyed by fanatics in the time of the Common- wealth, on account of the reverence in which it was held. 6 That at Constantine in the same county is well known ; and at St. Agnes in the island of Scilly is another. 7 The former is represented in our plate ii. fig. 19. Rocking-stones are found in various parts of France. A very fine one exists at Perros- Gwyrech (Cotes du Xord). Its form is a rudely 3 The famous Agglestone Barrow, in the island of Purbeck, seems to have been constructed on this principle. 4 Hodgson’s letters from North America, vol. ii. p. 440. 5 Archasologia, vol. vi. pp. 54 — 60. 6 Borlase, plate xiii. 7 Ibid, plate x. ROCKING STONES. 35 shaped rhomboid, and it rests on a stone still larger. Though it can be moved by one person, its weight is estimated at five hundred tons. In Brittany there are several examples, the largest being at Kerisquillien and Trecuny, near Concarnea. There is a very large rocking-stone in Spain, near Cape Finisterre, close by the chapel of Notre Dame de la Barca, which can be moved by a child. Whatever may have been the origin and use of these stones, there are some grounds for supposing that they were suggested by the natural cleavage and decrepitation of rocks. The singularly formed rocks at Brimham near Harrowgate, will remind the beholder of those rocking-stones , 8 the formation of which has been assisted by the hand of man. 8 See the engraving in the Journal of the British Ar- cheological Association, vol. i. p. 85. 36 SECTION VI. § 6 . Stone Circles and Avenues. Although, as before observed, the stone circles are, perhaps, for the most part, but the bases or outlines of cairns and cromlechs, once ex- isting, it cannot be denied that some of them may be traced to another origin. The vast circles of Abury, Stone-henge and Carnac, suggest a different explanation; but to whom shall we look for it? Who will afford us a rational account of these huge monuments of a people who had no written history ? Our limits will not allow of our giving a detailed account of the various dissertations which have been written, with the object of explaining the origin and use of these wonderful structures, which are likely to remain enigmas, to the end of time. Inigo Jones, Stukeley, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, and Higgins, have each given us elaborate essays, in some of which /ancy usurps the place of fact, and illogical conclusions are manifest in almost every page. 1 1 In the 28th volume of the Archseologia, is a paper by Mr. Rickman, on the antiquity of Abury and Stonehenge, which is attributed to the third century of the Christian era! STONE CIRCLES AND AVENUES. 37 Stone-henge has been derived by antiquaries, somewhat oddly, from the Saxon ftanenangen or hanging -stones.' 1 By older writers, it is called “ Choir Gawr” or “Chorea Gigantum.” Camden styles it insana substructio. From the remains still occupying the area in which it stands, it appears to have been composed of four concentric circles. The diameter of the outer circle is one hundred feet, and it would seem originally to have been formed of thirty erect-stones, of which seventeen only are now standing. Their average height is about fourteen feet ; their sides average seven feet by three. These stones, rudely shaped into piers, supported others fixed by tenons and joined by mortices, and thus united formed an architrave. The inner circle is about eight feet within the outer one. But the engraving will give a better idea of the structure ; of which, however, but a small portion remains: see plate ii. Nos. 16 and 17, in which are given a view from the west and the ground- plan of its actual state. The area of the circle of Avebury or Abury, five miles west of Marlborough, is fourteen hundred feet in diameter. Its avenues extend for a mile on each side. The great circle is 2 Here the Celtic etymologists are at fault, and consequently we have a Saxon and not a Celtic derivation. 38 SECTION VI. surrounded by a mound of earth, within which is a ditch. The circumference of the fosse was estimated by Gale at four thousand feet, and the diameter of the circle at fourteen hundred feet. Within this inclosure were two smaller circles, each consisting of two concentric circles of stones. In its present state it would be difficult to verify this account. A ground-plan is given in plate ii. No. 18. Another remarkable example of these inclo- sures exists at Stennis, in the Orkney Islands. Its circle is about three hundred feet in diameter, and about fourteen of the stones are still erect. It is surrounded by a fosse, and standing con- spicuously on the shore, has a most picturesque appearance. Among the other remains of this description, may be mentioned those called the “Nine Ladies” on Stanton Moor in Derbyshire; the nineteen erect stones called “ Dance Maine,” at Boscawen in Cornwall ; and the Roll-rich stones, originally sixty in number, near the banks of the Thames, eleven miles S.W. of Banbury in Oxfordshire. 3 At Salkeld near Carlisle are the remains of a circle consisting of seventeen stones. That of Fiddes-hill, on a mountain in the highlands of Scotland, consists of fourteen 3 Engraved in Gough’s Camden, plate xv. pp. 285 and 294; see Munim. Antiq. vol. i. p.199. A circle of stones for- merly stood in the parish of Town-Mailing, in Kent. STONE CIRCLES AND AVENUES. 39 stones, one of which is of enormous size. It differs from all the others in not being a perfect circle. S.ome antiquaries have supposed these extra- ordinary structures to have been the temples of the primeval inhabitants of Britain; others have considered them as the places appointed for solemn assemblies : it seems likely that they were appropriated to both these purposes. More than one writer has attempted to show that the disposition of these stones has reference to the planets of our system. Among other arguments advanced in favour of this last opinion, is that of stone circles being termed by the Irish Carrich Brand , and by the Welsh, Cerryg Brudyn , both signifying, it is said, astronomer’s circles. But those who maintain this, neglect to inform us at what period such appellations were bestowed upon these monuments, the precise origin of which was probably not clearly understood even in the days of the later Romanised Britons. It is evident, that on the arrival of the Saxons, they connected their legends and myths with localities in this country, which would scarcely have been effected if anything more than vague tradition had been found attached to them. The Roman polytheism had supplanted the religion of the Celts, and, in its turn, had been assailed by the spread of 40 SECTION VI. Christianity. In the lapse of time, and the current of events, such of the superstitions of the primaeval age as remained, had become blended with those of the civilised conquerors; and the temples and tombs of an unlettered race, destitute of effigies and inscriptions, were ascribed to supernatural architects, to giants and demons. Like other primaeval monuments, stone circles are found in almost every part of the known world. There is one on a high hill about a mile from the town of Hudson, in the state of New York, and another on a lofty rock on the river Winipigeon. The well-known inclosure called the Tynwald , 4 in the Isle of Man, may be noticed in this section. Though generally classed with earth- works, the huge trilith (two stone pillars capped by a transverse stone) at the entrance, and another at the opposite side, warrant this ar- rangement ; for we cannot be certain that a stone circle like that of Abury did not once surround 4 Here again antiquaries have sought a Celtic root for this word; and even the acute and sensible Douglas stumbles at the derivation, which is clearly from the Saxon cynan, to enclose , and peal, a wall or rampart ; a word sufficiently descriptive of this enclosure. To tyne , is still used by the country people in the West of England. STONE CIRCLES AND AVENUES. 41 the whole. Within this inclosure the ancient kings of the island were crowned. On Carnbre hill, near Redruth in Cornwall, are many traces of a series of stone circles and avenues : the neighbourhood indeed abounds with remains of this description. Several stone circles exist in this county. One at Bolleit, in the parish of Burian, is called “ Dance Maine .” 5 Another at Sancred is known by the name of “ Boscawen un a third is in the parish of Maddern, and a fourth at St. Just. Drawings of these were made by Mr. Cotton, in 1826. 6 In the museum of the Society of Antiquaries of London, is a model of the famous stone inclosure near Saint Heliers in Jersey. 5 The popular tradition in the district is, that these stones were men, who profanely danced on the sabbath. The two stones outside the circle, and which appear to have marked the entrance, are conjectured to have been the pipers who played the unhallowed measures ! ! 0 Illustration of stone circles, cromlechs, etc., in the west of Cornwall. London, 4to. 1847. G 42 SECTION VII. § 7 . Colossal Figures cut in the Chalk Hills. Tee practice of the Anglo-Saxons, already alluded to, of connecting their myths with the most remarkable monuments found by them on their arrival in this country, has given rise to traditions, which may at first appear to be purely local, but which further enquiry will discover to be the remains of popular superstitions of a remote period. In this way, as already observed, the well-known cromlech at Ashbury, in the county of Berks, popularly termed “ Wayland Smith’s cave,” has been associated with Weland, the mythic smith of the Pagan Saxons ; and, in all probability, the famous white horse at Uffington, in the same county, cut in the chalk of the downs, has, by a similar mode of adoption, been attributed to a much later period than that to which it doubtless belongs, and ascribed to the great Alfred, as a monument of his victory over the Danes in that neighbourhood. But the style alone of this rude figure, of which a representation is here given, from actual admeasurement, would be sufficient THE WHITE HORSE AT UFFINGTON, BERKS £ COLOSSAL FIGURES CUT IN THE CHALK HILLS. 43 to justify our classing it with monuments of the Celtic period . 1 The horse being a well-known Saxon symbol, or device, has greatly favoured the popular appropriation ; but the fact, that this animal is a very conspicuous object on the coins of the Gauls, and the ancient Britons, previous to the establish- ment of the Romans in this island, is sufficient to cast a doubt on its reputed Saxon origin. The very striking resemblance in the style of this rude figure to attempts to represent a horse on the early money of the ancient Britons, is another argument against the popular tradition. At any rate, if really Saxon, its barbarous execution would not justify our assigning it to the days of Alfred, but rather to Pagan Saxon times. To the same class belongs the gigantic human figure, armed with a club, carved in the Chalk- hill, at Cerne- Abbas, in Dorsetshire . 2 1 For the loan of this cut, illustrating a paper by Mr. Thoms on these representations of horses in England, in vol. xxxi. p. 289. of the Archseologia, we are indebted to the council of the Society of Antiquaries. 2 Hutchins, in his History of Dorsetshire, gives in detail the dimensions of this figure, the height of which is 180 feet. 44 SECTION VIII. § 8 . Forts, Camps, and Beacons. Of these the most remarkable, and the most perfect, is that termed the Herefordshire Beacon, consisting of a triple rampart, crowning one of the Malvern hills. Conspicuous, but less perfect, examples may be seen in various parts of England and Wales, among which may be noticed the Little Dowarcl, near Monmouth, which, like that above-mentioned, is surrounded by three terraces. Near Basschurch, in Shrop- shire, are earth-works, supposed to have been formed by the Ancient Britons, and at Sutton- Walrond, in Dorsetshire, are two hills exhibiting specimens of presumed Celtic castrametation. Mr. Beesley, in his history of Banbury, in Oxfordshire, has given several very interesting ground-plans of presumed British camps, at Tadmorton, Nadbury, Gredenton, Ilbury, and Ramsborough and several views of shnilar intrenched hills in Wiltshire, may be seen in 1 History of Banbury, plates ii. iii. v. FORTS, CAMPS, AND BEACONS. 45 Hoare’s history of that county. These camps have, sometimes, only one entrance, and in this respect differ widely from those of the Romans, whose military works were disposed at right angles, and in this respect are easily distinguished from those of the ancient Britons, whose camps and earth works are formed in circles ; 2 but it is probable that the plans of many of them were modified during the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. Antiquaries have attempted to distinguish between those entrenched posts which were forti- fied permanently , 3 and those in which the Britons sought temporary retreat and shelter after defeat, founding their opinions on the existence of cells and excavations on the hill-side ; but their remarks have shed little light on the subject. 2 Probably some of these earth works were formed in dis- tricts remote from fortified towns, even in the days of the Anglo-Saxons, as a feeble protection for their women, children, and flocks, when the merciless Danes were ravaging England. 3 An assemblage of huts or cabins formed the vicus of the Gauls and Britons; but when surrounded by entrenchments, they constituted an oppidum. Cf. Csesar, De Bell. Gall. 46 SECTION IX. § 9 - Objects of the Celtic Period. I. URNS. These, as before observed, are generally dis- covered in Tumuli with the mouths downwards , and are sometimes stopped with clay. Some- times they are found standing upright in crom- lechs covered with a flat stone. Examples of Celtic urns are engraved in plates ii. and iii. A list is here given, and the places of their discovery noted. Plate II. Height. Diameter. No. 1. From a Barrow three miles west of Dor- chester, near the Ickneild Street . . 3 { in. 4 in. 2. From a Barrow in the same locality. Archaeologia, vol. xxx. pi. xvii. . . 18 „ 13 „ 3. From a Barrow at Heytesbnry. Hoare, pi. ix. 4. From a Barrow near Dorchester. Archae- ologia, vol. xx. pi. xvii. fig. 7. . 5 „ 5 „ 5. From a Barrow at Stourton, in Wiltshire, with a brass lance-head and stone axe. Hoare’s- Anct. Wilts. Turn. phi. OBJECTS OF THE CELTIC PERIOD. 47 Height. Diameter. 6. From a Barrow at Lake. Hoare, pi. xxx. 7. From a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. xi. 8. From a Barrow at Fovant, in Wilts, with a brass spear head and a black bead. Hoare, pi. xxxiii. 9. From a Barrow at Lake. Hoare, pi. xxxi. 10. From a Barrow at Everley, in Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxii 3| in. 4§ in. 11. From a Barrow at Stonehenge. Hoare, pi. xvi. 12. From a Barrow in the same locality. Hoare, pi. xvi. 13. From a Barrow at Amesbury, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxiv. 14. From a Barrow at Stonehenge. Hoare, pi. xvi. 22.J „ 15 ,, 15. From a Barrow at Heytesbury. Hoare, pi. viii. 16. From a Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke. This urn contained a few black beads. Hoare, pi. xiii. 17. From a Barrow at Arbor Lowe, in Derbyshire. Winchester Book of B. A. Association, p. 203. 18. From a Barrow near Dorchester. Archas- ologia, xxx. pi. xvii 9 „ 7 „ 19. From a Barrow in North Wilts. 20. From a Barrow in North Wilts. Hoare, engraved title, vol. i. Plate III. 21. From a Barrow near Dorchester. Ar- chseologia, xxx. pi. xvii 9 „ 6] ,, 48 SECTION IX. Height. Diameter. 22. From a Barrow in the same locality. Archseologia, xxx. pi. xvii 13 in. 9 in. 23. From a Barrow at Wilsford. Hoare, pi. xxviii. 24. From a Barrow near Dorchester. This urn was found empty, lying on one side. Archseologia, xxx. pi. xvii. No. 11. 7 j „ 7 „ 25. From a Barrow in the same locality as No. 1 . Archseologia, xxx. pi. xvii. . 12 „ 9 „ 26. From a Barrow in same locality as No. 1. Ibid 7 „ 5 „ 27. From a Barrow in the same locality as No. 1. Ibid 6 „ 6 „ 28. From a Barrow near Bakewell, Derbyshire. Winchester book of B.A. Association, p.194. 29. From a Barrow in the same locality. Ibid. 30. From a Sepulchral Cave in the Island of Guernsey. 1 Journal of B.A. Associa- tion, p. 306. In the same cave were discovered weapons of iron , but no human remains were observed ... 8 „ 7 „ 31. From a Barrow at Stonehenge. Hoare, pi. xvi. 32. From a Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke, with a brass dagger and pin. Hoare, pi. xv. 33. From a Barrow at Wilsford. Hoare, pi. xxviii. 1 The barrel-shaped urn appears to be peculiar to the primitive sepulchres of the Channel Islands. Several of this form, discovered by Mr. Lukis, are engraved in p. 229 of the Archeological Journal, with others, differing in some respect from those found in England. OBJECTS OF THE CELTIC PERIOD. 49 Height. Diameter. 34 From a Barrow near Bakewell, Derby- shire. Winchester Book of British Archeological Association, p. 194. 35 From a Barrow at Fovant, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxxiii. No. 4. 36 From a Barrow at Durrington, N. Wilts. Hoare, pi. xviii. 37 From a Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke, with a necklace of shells. Hoare, pi. xiii. 38 From a Barrow at Amesbury. Hoare, pl.xxiv. No. 133. 39 From a Barrow at Normanton. Hoare, pi. xxv. 40 From a Barrow at Fovant, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxxiii. No. 3. 41 From a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. xi. 42 From a Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke. Hoare, pi. xiii. 43 From a Barrow at Arbor Lowe, in Derby- shire. Winchester Book of B.A. Association, p. 203. 44 From a Barrow at Winterbourne Stoke. Hoare, pi. xiv. 45 From a Barrow at Heytesbury. Hoare, pi. ix. 46 From a Barrow near Dorchester. Archaa- ologia, xxx. pi. xvii 5 in. 5 in. 47 From a Barrow at Stone-Henge. This urn contained a brass pin, and was de- posited in a circular cist. Hoare, pi. xvii. 48 From a Barrow at Stone-Henge. Hoare, pi. xvii. H 50 SECTION IX. Height. Diameter. 49 From a Barrow at Durrington, N. Wilts. Hoare, pi. xviii. 50 From a Barrow at Beckhampton, near Abury, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxxv. 51 From a Cairn at Killucken, in the county Tyrone, Ireland. Archaeological Jour- nal, vol. i. p.244. 2 14 in. 10^ in. Plate IV. II. STONE CELTS. These are found throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and the whole continent of Europe. They are formed of nearly every description of stone. Mr. Lukis states that those which have come under his observation in the Channel Islands, consist of many varieties, among which are 1. indurated clay-stone, 2. granular porphyry, 3. trap green-stone, 4. green-stone, 5. sienite, 6. silicious schist, 7. clay-stone, 8. indurated clay, 9. red iron stone, 10. serpentine, 11. jade, 12. quartz, 13. yellow horn-stone. III. IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS OF STONE AND FLINT. n n 3 J Stone celts from Barrows in Wiltshire, of the ordinary types found throughout Europe. 2 This urn is altogether remarkable for its elaborate orna- ments, which are even extended to a circular grove within its mouth. It is formed of clay and imperfectly baked. IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS. 51 4 Flint celt, from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. v. 5 Stone celt, from a Barrow in North Wilts. 6 Spear head of flint, from a Barrow at Stonehenge. Hoare, pl.xvii. — xix. 7 Stone hammer head, from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. v. 8 Stone axe head from a Barrow in North Wilts. 9 Stone axe head from a Barrow at Codford. Hoare, pi. vii. 10 Stone axe head from the same locality. 1 1 Stone axe head from a Barrow at Selwood, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. i. 12 Stone axe head from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. v. 13 Arrow head of flint. These are found in Barrows of the Celtic period throughout Europe. 14 Lance head of flint from a Barrow in North Wilts. IV. IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS OF BONE. Implements of bone, found with a skeleton at Upton Lovel. Hoare, plate vii. More than three dozen of these were discovered in the same Barrow. 19 Brass pin, with an ivory handle, from a Barrow at Winterbourn Stoke. Hoare, pi. xv. It was found with the urn No. 32. 20 Lance head, from a Barrow in North Wilts. 15 16 17 18 Y. BRONZE CELTS, ETC. Much has been said and written on these ob- jects found so frequently in Great Britain and Ireland, and indeed throughout Europe. Some 52 SECTION IX. have supposed them to be offensive weapons; others have contended that they are tools serving the united purposes of an axe and a chisel. 21 ) 22 23 24 25 26 27 ) 28 | 29 30 31 32 Examples of brass or bronze celts, of the types usually discovered throughout England and Ireland, and the Channel Islands and the Continent. Nos. 29, 3 1 , 32, 33, are of very common occurrence, but No. 30 is re- markable for the l ings attached to it. Mr. Britton possesses an ancient mould for casting celts. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 The blade of a brass dagger found in Derbyshire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.i. p. 235. Spear heads, from Barrows at Selwood, etc., in North Wilts. Plate V. VI. DAGGERS, SWORDS, AND SPEAR HEADS. Daggers fitted in wooden or ivory handles are sometimes discovered in Celtic tumuli. Several of these are given in our plate. They appear to belong to a much earlier period than the bronze DAGGERS, SWORDS, AND SPEAR HEADS. 53 swords of the type of the two here represented, 3 and which were found in the bed of the Thames near Vauxhall. None of these British weapons agree with the accounts of historians. The shield No. 49, alone answers to the description which Tacitus gives of the arms of the Britons. The short dagger- like objects, Nos. 40, 41, 42, 43, are the arms of barbarians, but the sword and spears, Nos. 44, 45, 48, are formidable offensive weapons, modelled after, and doubtless casts in bronze 4 of, the iron arms of a more civilised people, and well fitted for human slaughter ; but the shield alone agrees with the historian’s description. 5 The sword, large and blunt at the point {sine mucrone ), seems rather to have its representative in those 3 For the loan of this cut we are indebted to the council of the British Archaeological Association. 4 In the Archffiologia, vol. xv. pi. xxxiv., is a representation of a stone mould for casting spear-heads. 5 Ingentibus gladiis et brevibus cetris. — Vita Agricole, § 36. 54 SECTION IX. discovered in the Barrows of the Anglo-Saxon period, than in these acutely-pointed and formidable weapons equally adapted both for thrusting and striking . 6 Brass daggers, from various Barrows in North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xiv. xv. xxiii. xxvii. xxviii. Figure 46 shews the handle of one of these daggers drawn on a larger scale. Bronze spear head, found with the sword No. 48. 45 Bronze spear head discovered in Derbyshire. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. 40 41 42 43 44 p. 280. 46 Handle of a dagger, ornamented with minute brass pins in a very elaborate and tasteful manner. From a Barrow in North Wilts. 47 Bronze dagger with ivory handle, found with two small bronze spear heads in a Barrow at Blandford, in Dorsetshire. Journal of the British Archaeolo- gical Association, vol. ii. p.98. 48 A bronze sword, found in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, with spear head No. 44. 49 Bronze Buckler, found in the ancient bed of the river Isis, near Dorchester, in Oxfordshire. Its diameter is only fourteen inches, and it differs not only in size, but in the dimensions of the studs, from the specimens of British shields in the collections of Sir S. Meyrick and Mr. C. R. Smith. Archseologia, vol. xxvii. p. 298. 6 These swords, when found in tumuli, are generally broken, evidently designedly. This was a ceremony observed by the ancient Egyptians. The late Rev. J. V. Arundale shewed me a long scabbard discovered by him in a tomb at Thebes, which had been broken in half and laid on the body. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, ETC. 55 50 Amber ornaments, found in a Barrow at Lake, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxxi. 51 Necklace formed of Kimmeridge coal and bone, found, with flint implements, in a barrow in Derbyshire. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 234. 52 Perforated minute shells, found in considerable num- bers. They probably formed a necklace. From a Barrow at Winterbourn Stoke. Hoare, pi. iii. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Beads, from Barrows in North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxv. No. 61 is of gold, and was found with several others in a Barrow at Upton Lovel. j. “Pulley beads” found with No. 103. Jet Ring, from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pl.vii. Ring, from a Barrow at Winterbourn Stoke, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xiii. Gold ornament from a Barrow on Mere Down. Hoare, pi. ii. Checquered circular plate of gold, covering a piece of polished bone. From a Barrow at Normanton. Hoare, pi. xxv. 56 SECTION IX. Plate VI. VII. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. 7 1 Bracelet, from a Barrow at Shrewton, Wilts. If British, of a very late period. 72 Vitrified bead from a Barrow at Winterbourn Stoke. Hoare, pi. xiv. 73 Circular plate of gold found with Nos. 75, 76 and 104. 74 Small cone of ivory or bone from a Barrow at Sutton- Veney. Hoare, pi. xviii. Objects in fine gold from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. x. With these were found thirteen gold beads (of the pattern No. 61), and the gold plate en- graved No. 104. 77 Cone-shaped ornament of wood plated with gold found with No. 78. 78 Ornament of brass covered with a thin plate of gold from a Barrow at Normanton. Hoare, pi. xxv. 79 Brass pin from a Barrow at Amesbury, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxiv. 80 Instrument of brass from a Barrow at Brigmilstone, North Wilts. Hoare. 81 Instrument of brass from the same locality as the preceding. 82 Brass pin from a Barrow at Stonehenge. Hoare, xvii. 83 Ivory tweezers found with No. 103. 84 Ivory tweezers from a Barrow at Knook Upton Lovel, Wilts. Hoare, pi. ix. 85 Ivory bodkin from a Barrow at Lake, North Wilts. Hoare, pl.xxx. 86 Bone ornament from a Barrow at Normanton, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxvii. 87 Unknown object in jet, from a Barrow at Normanton, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxv. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. 57 88 Gold ornament found in a Barrow at Lake, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxxi. 89 Ornament of amber set with gold, from a Barrow at Normanton. Hoare, pi. xxv. 90 Unknown object of ivory resembling the handle of some vessel. From a Barrow at Amesbury, Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxiv. 9 1 -j Objects of bone found in a Barrow at Lake, North Wilts, ^2 • and supposed to be used in casting lots. Hoare, J pi. xxxi. 93 Whetstone, from a Barrow in North Wilts. 94 Fragment of a bone ornament, from a Barrow in North Wilts. 95 Small slab of blue slate perforated and probably worn as an ornament. From a Barrow on Mere Down. Hoare, pi. ii. 96 Whetstone, from a Barrow in North Wilts. 97 Stone from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. v. 98 Stone celt (?) from a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. vi. 99 Slab of perforated blue slate, from a Barrow at Sutton, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xii. The skeleton with which it was found had its head to the north and its legs gathered up. 100 Jet ornament found in a Barrow at Woodyates, Wilts, with a brass dagger and flint arrow-heads. Hoare, pi. xxxiv. 101 Whetstone from a Barrow in North Wilts. 102 Circular stone found with a skeleton in a Barrow at Upton Lovel. Hoare, pi. vi. 103 A personal ornament formed of six pieces of amber, from a Barrow at Kingstone Deverill. Hoare, pi. iii. 104 Gold plate, probably worn on the breast, found, with gold beads and other gold ornaments, in a Barrow I 58 SECTION IX. 105 106 107 108 109' 110 111 112 113 ) 114 115 116 117 118 at Upton Lovel, in North Wilts. Length six inches, breadth nearly three inches. Hoare, pi. x. Lozenge-shaped gold plate, found in a Barrow at Normanton, North Wilts, with No. 107. Circular personal ornament of amber set round with gold, from a Barrow at Normanton. Hoare, pi. xxv. Gold plate, probably worn suspended on the breast. Found in a Barrow at Normanton, North Wilts. Hoare, pi. xxvii. Gold ornament, supposed to have decorated the sheath of a dagger, the handle of which is engraved on a larger scale in No. 46. Found in a Barrow at Normanton, North Wilts. Plate VII. Gold personal ornaments found under one of the largest blocks in the centre of a stone circle near Quentin in Brittany, in the year 1832, by a peasant searching for treasure. 1 These objects are supposed by the Rev. J. B. Deane, who communicated an account of them to the Archseologia, vol. xxvii. p. 1 — 14, to be the partWat, which Greek historians tell us were worn by the Gauls: and which term they use as distinguishing them from the Roman torques, which were formed of twisted bars of metal. No. 117, resem- bles the objects termed “ ring money,” so often found in Ireland. Thin broad bracelet found at Carnac, in Brittany, weight 4oz. 8dwts. 8gr. 1 The weight of the lightest is, or rather was (for they have been consigned to the crucible!) lloz. lOdwts., and that of the heaviest 31b. 8oz. The value of the whole in bullion was upwards of one thousand pounds ! COINS. 59 § 10 . Coins. The accuracy of the commonly received text of Caesar has been impugned by Mr. Edward Hawkins, in an interesting article in the Numis- matic Chronicle , 1 and it has been maintained that the Britons had a coinage of their own, previ- ously to the first descent of the Romans ; but the fact is certainly not proved by existing examples. It has been held, that the early British coins are not formed on the Roman, but on the Greek model, being convex and concave ; but as many of the consular series are characterised by this form, it cannot be considered as exclusively Greek ; and the fact that the coins of Cunobeline invariably bear Roman characters , 2 and that others, uninscribed, are palpably rude imitations of them, is certainly against the supposition that the Britons had a coinage previously to the arri- val of Caesar. The barbarous coins peculiar to the Channel islands , 3 appear to be of an earlier 1 Vol.i. p.I3. 2 Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes, plate xxiii.,figs. 1 — 25, and plate xxiv.figs. 1 — 18. * Numismatic Chronicle, Yol.I. pi. i. fig. 12. 60 SECTION X. date than those found in Britain, and were probably copies of the rude currency of Brittany ; but the British coins, to which a high antiquity has been assigned by some antiquaries, appear to be successive copies of copies, until the prototype can with difficulty be traced. This subject has been discussed at some length elsewhere , 4 and the writer has since seen no reason to change the view he has taken, but, on the contrary, everything has tended to confirm the opinion he has ventured to give as to the age of Ancient British Coins. The stamped currency of the Britons appears to date from the period of Caesar’s invasion to the reign of Augustus, when Cunobeline issued a number of coins of a singular variety of types, some of which are evident copies of Roman Denarii. Some writers have maintained that the bronze and gold rings discovered in Ireland, occasionally in great numbers, were designed by the in- habitants as circulating media; but, although objects of this description were applied to the purposes of money, of which practice it would be tedious to cite examples, both from sacred and profane history, they cannot be regarded as actual coins. 4 Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes, pp. 177 — 182. PART II. ROMAN-BRITISH PERIOD. SEPULCHRAL INTERMENTS. 63 § I- Sepulchral Interments. The Roman mode of interment differed both from that of the Celtic tribes and that of the Anglo- Saxons. The erection of tumuli over the remains of the dead, must be regarded as an exception to the general mode of sepulture of the former peo- ple 1 , and considered as honourable memorials. It is probable that in Britain they covered the remains of those who had fallen in battle. Roman sepulchres are particularly distinguished by the absence of weapons ; but implements and utensils are very frequently found in them. The Roman tumuli at Bartlow, in the parish of Ashdon, in Essex, contained many objects of the greatest interest; vases, strigils, lamps, and a folding chair, or stool, but no offensive or defen- sive weapons . 2 1 The law of Solon, which interdicted the raising of ep/iavoi on account of the space which they would occupy on the land in the course of time, was adopted by the Romans before the time of Cicero. - Archseologia, vol. xxv. and vol. xxvi. pp. 299 — 317. 64 SECTION I. At Litlington, near Royston, is a Roman Ustrinum, or burial-place, perhaps one of the most perfect in England. The walls, or boun- daries, may yet be traced. It is of rectangular shape, and its dimensions are about 390 feet. Nu- merous urns have been found here from time to time, and also skeletons, which shew that cre- mation was not the sole mode of interment, 3 though the most common. A great quantity of ashes, the remains of the funeral piles, was discovered in two of the angles of the enclosure. 4 The interments were of the most simple cha- racter. The urns appeared, in most instances, to be merely covered with a tile, and rarely deposited in a chest of wood; and there is every reason to suppose that the area was the common burial- place of the neighbourhood. The interments of persons of rank or condition are indicated by the objects deposited with the dead, which in the vault beneath the principal Bartlow tumulus, were numerous and interesting. Fig 2. plate vii. shews the relative position of these objects in the principal tumulus. 3 Archaeologia, vol.xxvi. pp. 368 — 376. Might not these skeletons be the remains of Christians, who rejected the Pagan rites of sepulture ? 4 In these corners there appeared no traces of interment; and it is probable they were reserved for the usual ceremony of burning the body. SEPULCHRAL INTERMENTS. 65 Another mode of interment was discovered at York, and is fully described in the Archteologia. 5 A few tiles placed edgewise, like the roofing of a house, covered an urn containing the ashes of an officer of a legion. See plate viii. fig. 6. In 1817, a Roman sepulchre was discovered at Avisford, in Sussex. It is described by Mr. Smith, in his Collectanea Antiqua, 6 and illustrated by a plate from which our own is a copy on a reduced scale. Plate ix. fig. 2, shews the disposition of the various objects within the tomb. 7 Leaden coffins, of the Roman period, have sometimes been discovered in England. That engraved in our plate ix. fig. 3, was found near Colchester. 8 5 Yol. ii. page 297, plate x. c Collectanea Antiqua, part viii. pi. 44. 7 These objects consisted of a large square green glass vessel containing calcined bones ; several small earthen vases and paterae; a pair of sandals covered with hexagonal brass nails ; three lamps and four slipper boats, or lamp stands, placed severally on brackets at each corner of the sepulchre. There was also an agate or crystal of the shape and size of a pigeon’s egg. 8 See Mr. C. R. Smith’s notice in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 297, where other examples of leaden coffins of the same character are engraved and described. K 66 SECTION II. § Sepulchral Inscriptions. Sepulchral inscriptions, of the Roman-British period, have often been discovered in England, and some of them are of great interest, affording, as they do, the best evidence, not only of the Roman occupation of Britain, but also of the location of the legions of the masters of the ancient world, and memorials of the natives of the different countries once included in their vast empire, whether employed in the affairs of eivil life, or incorporated in their gigantic armies. Three very interesting sepulchral slabs were discovered in the years 1835-6, at Water- more, near Cirencester. Two of them were the memorials of individuals in the Roman army, and had sculptured equestrian figures spearing a prostrate enemy. The first inscription was as follows : — 1 1 See pi. viii. fig. 3. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. 67 DANNigVS. EQES. ALAE. INDIAN. TVR. ALBANI. STIP. XVI. CIVES. RAVR. CVR. EVLVIVS NATALIS. IL. FLAVIVS BITVCVS ER. TESTAME. H. E. S. Danicus eques Alse Indianse, turmse Albani Stipendiorura sedecem, civis Rauricus. Curaverunt Fulvius Natalis il [lege ET?] Flavius Bitucus, heredes testamentarii Hie situs est . 2 These monuments have been very ably illus- trated by Doctor Conrad Leemans, of Leyden, in a communication to the Society of Antiquaries . 3 This gentleman observes that the ala Indiana , or the Indian wing of auxiliary horsemen, is men- tioned in an inscription found near Cologne, and published by Gruter , 4 Orellius , 5 and Muratori , 6 who also cite inscriptions to other persons connected with the same ala. This inscription gives us the name of another individual of the turma Balbi. The Raurici, a people of Gallia, were the neighbours of the Sequani, who were like them subjected by Caesar. The two letters 2 i.e. “ Dannicus, a horseman of the Indian wing of the troop of Albanus, who has served sixteen years, a citizen of Rauricum. By the care of Fulvius, Natalis, and Flavius Bitucus, the heirs of his last will. He is buried here.” 3 Archseologia, vol. xxvij. pp.211 — 228. 4 p. dxic. 7. 5 Insc. Select, p. 192. 6 p. mdcclxxvii. 68 SECTION II. il are supposed to occur for the particle et, unless they are clearly deciphered, and stand for il lyrius. The omission of the v in eqes, and of the h in eres 7 (i.e. iieres), in this and the next inscription, are not peculiar. In this instance they are, by the learned Doctor, attributed to the circumstance of the monuments having been executed by persons but imperfectly ac- quainted with the Roman language, and at a great distance from the seat of the Roman empire. The second monument bore the inscription: — SEXTVS. VALE. RIVS. GENALIS. EQES ALAE TR. HAEC. CIVIS ERISIAVS. TVR. GENIALIS AI.. XXXX....XX. H. S. E. E. F. C. Sextus Valerius, rius Genialis Eques alae Thracum [or Thracum Heraclani;c ?] Civis Frisiaus, turmae Genialis. Annos [vixit] Quadraginta, [militavit] viginti Hie situs est; heres fieri curavit . 8 7 The expressions heres testamentarius curavit and heredes testamentarii, heredes ex-testamento curaverunt, occur per- petually on Roman sepulchral tablets ; it being generally made the condition on which the heirs of the testator inherited his property. The emperor Antoninus made this imperative on the parents of a soldier, who were his natural heirs. 8 i.e. “ Sextus Valerius Genialis, a horseman of the Thracian, SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. 69 The third monument 9 bore the sculptured hgure of a man in a civic habit, and the in- scription : — PHILVS CA SSAVI. FILI. CIVIS. SEQV. ANN. XXXXV. H. SE. Philus Ca ssavi filius Civis Sequanus (vixit) Annos quadraginta • Quinque. Hie sepultus est . 10 A sepulchral stone of the same character as the two former ones, was discovered a short time since near the spot where the Cheltenham road diverges from the Irmin Street.” It bore the sculpture of a helmed equestrian figure spearing a prostrate enemy, who grasps a short sword or dagger, and the inscription : — oi’ Heraclania- Thracian wing, a citizen of Frisia, of the troop (or squadron) of Genialis. He lived forty years and served twenty. He is buried here. His heir erected this.” 9 i. e. Engraved in our pi. viii. fig. 4. 10 Philus the son of Cassavus, a citizen of the Sequani, forty-five years old, is buried here. 11 Journal of the British Archseclogical Association, vol. i. p. 238. 70 SECTION II. RVFVS SITA EQVES CHO. VI. TRACVM ANN. XL. STIP. XXII. HEREDES EXS. TEST. F. CVRAVE. H. S. E. Rufus sita, eques cohortis sexti Thracum, anno quadrigesimo, stipendiorum vigintiduo, Heredes exsequentes testamentum fieri curaverunt. Hie situs est . 12 Some are of a very simple kind, as the fol- lowing to a soldier of the second Legion. d.m. FLA. LVCIA NVS. MILES LEG. II. AVG. Diis Manibus Flavius Lucia nus Miles Legionis secundas Augustse . 13 For examples of sepulchral inscriptions to women the following may suffice. 12 i.e. “ Rufus Sita, a horseman of the sixth Thracian cohort, lived forty, and served twenty-two years. Ilis heirs, in accordance with his will, erected this. He is buried here.” 13 Horsley, Britannia Romana, pi. xxxiii. SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. 71 D.M. IVLIAE CASTAE CONIVGI VIX. ANN. XXXIII. Diis Manibus. Julia; Casta; Conjugi. Yixit Annos trigin ta trcs . 14 D. M. P. VICANAE P. VITALIS CONIVX. Diis Manibus Publise Yicanas Publius Yitalis Conjux . 15 These are remarkable for their conciseness and the absence of epithet or term of endearment, so common on records of this description. The fol- lowing appears on the pedestal of a statue found in London, and preserved in a Court at the rear of the London Coffee House, in Ludgate Hill. 14 Gough’s Camden, vol. i. p. 281. ls Ibid. loc. cit. 72 SECTION II. D. M. CL. MARTI NAE. AN. XIX ANENCLE TVS TROVINC CONIVGI PIENTISSIMAS H. S. E. Here we find the epithet pientissime , which constantly occurs in Roman sepulchral in- scriptions. 16 16 incomparabili ac dvlcissimae sometimes occur, and Gruter, page dcclxxv. No. ix. cites an inscription to the memory of the wife of one M. Aurelius Paullus, conivgi in- comparabili, CVM QVA VIXIT ANNIS XXVII. SINE VLLA QVERELA. This couple must for ever throw in the shade all the can- didates for the Dunmow flitch! COMMEMORATIVE INSCRIPTIONS. 73 § 3 . Commemorative Inscriptions. The inscriptions of this class discovered in Britain are chiefly records of the construction of the renowned Roman wall, the work of the legions quartered in the province. Sometimes they are of the simplest character, as LEG. VI. VI. F Legio sexta victrix fecit. One has the legend LEG. ILAVG. FEC. in four lines within a garland. Others mention the names and titles of the Emperors, with the length of the work executed by the legion. Of these, the two following are examples. imp. c. T. AELIO HADRIANO. ANTO 1NO. AVG. P. P. VEX. LEG. VL VIC. P. F. OPVS. VALLI. P tx X CX X CXLI. Imperatori Caesari Tito Aelio Hadriano Anto nino Augusto patri patriae vexhilatio legionis sextae victricis perfecit opus valli Passus quater mille centum quadraginta unum. 1 1 Horsley, Britannia Romana, No. vii. L 74 SECTION III. IMP. ANTON. AVG. PIO. LEG IT AVG. FP III. CCL XXI. Imperatori Antonino Augusto Pio Legio Secunda Augusta Fecit passus ter mille ducentos septuaginta unum . 2 Legionary inscriptions also occur on titles, which, it thus appears, were manufactured by sol- diers quartered in particular places. At York vast numbers are found stamped by the sixth and ninth legions, and have been described by Mr. Wellbeloved . 3 Rarely the name of the place is added, as on tiles found in London, in Mr. C. R. Smith’s collection, PE. BE, LOND., which may be rendered Prirna cohors Britonum Londinii. 1 Horsley, Britannia Eomana, p. 192, No. 2. 3 Eburacum, or York under the Eomans. 8.vo. DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS. 75 § 4 - Dedicatory Inscriptions. Or these, examples will be found in Horsley and Camden. They are chiefly inscribed to divi- nities, or to the deified emperors. There is one by the sixth legion, to the Genius of the Roman people, who is so often seen represented on the coins of Constantius Chlorus and his successors : — LEG. VI. VIC. PF G. P. RF Legio sexta Victrix pia fidelis Genio populi Romani fecit. Another, probably of a later period, is dedi- cated to the Victory of the emperors. VICTORIAE AVGG D. D. N. N. Victoria; Augustorum Dominorum Nostrorum. 76 SECTION IV. The last two lines are placed within a laurel garland supported between two figures of Victory ; a device and inscription frequently seen on the very common coins of the age of Con- stantine and his successors. A stone found at Silchester in 1741, bears an inscription to Julia Domna, the wife of Severus, in which she is designated Mother of the Senate and the Camp, as on her coins. IVLIAE. AVG MATEI. SE NATVS. ET. CASTROR. M. SABINVS VICTOR. OB. Julias Augustas Matri Senatus et Castrorum M. Sabinus Victorinus ob (honorem posuit). Another found at the same place in 1732, bears, DEO. HER. SAEGON T. TAMMON SAEN. TAMMON VITALIS HONO. Deo Herculi Saegontiacorum Titus Tammonius Saenii Tammonii Vitalis (filius) (ob) liono(rem). ALTARS. 77 § 5 . Altars. The votive altars to various divinities by the Roman troops stationed in Britain, are among the most interesting and important monuments of this period, and in some instances verify the recital of the historian. Thus the well-known passage in Tacitus, in which he speaks of the effective service of the Batavian and Tungrian cohorts, 1 receives confirmation from the in- scription on a votive altar to Mars, by the first Tungrian cohort, discovered at Housteads in N or thumberlan d . DEO MARTI QVIN. FLORIVS MA TERNVS PRAEF. COHI TVNG. V. S. L. M . 2 Deo Marti Quintus Florius Ma ternus Prajfectus Cohortium Tungriorum Votum solvens libens merito. 1 Vita Agricolae, c. 36. 2 See plate viii. No. 5. 78 SECTION V. Several other altars dedicated by this cohort have been found in England. Three of them are preserved in the museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, where there is also a stone inscribed, COHORS. I. BATAVORVM. A perfect inscription on an altar to Fortune raised by the same cohort is, however, given by Camden. 3 EORTVNAE COII. I. BATAVOR. . CVI PRAEEST MALACCIVS MARCELLVS PRE. A representation of this altar, preserved in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of New- castle-upon-Tyne, is given in Horsley. An altar, dedicated jointly to Juno and Minerva by the third cohort, is particularly interesting, from the circumstance of its bearing a date, namely, that of the year of Rome, 964, (a.d. 212), the last of the reign of Severus, when L. F. Ruffus Follianus Gentianus and Pomponius Bassus were consuls : — 3 Britannia, vol. iii. pi. xix. The Batavian cohort was probably a long time located in Britain. Dr. Leemans informs us, that there are no military remains in their own country. Archseologia, vol. xxvii. p. 220. This is in ac- cordance with the Roman policy, which did not deem it safe to occupy a province with the troops raised within it. ALTARS. 79 IVNO R. ET. MINER. SAC. GENIO COH. III. BRIT. ARAM. T. FL. FELIX. PRAEF. EX VOTO POSYIT. L. M. DEDICAVIT KAL. DEC. GENTIANO ET BASSO COS . 4 Junoni Regins et Minervse sacrum. Genio cohortis tertiae Brittanicse aram Titus Flavius Felix Prsefectus ex Yoto posuit libens merito Dedicavit Kalendis Decembris Gentiano et Basso Consulibus. An altar was discovered in the last century at Bittern near Southampton, inscribed to a goddess named Ancasta, probably one of the local divinities of the Romanised Britons. DEAE ANCA STAEG EMINV SMANTI VS LM . 5 Dese Ancastse Geminus Mantius Libens merito. 4 Grater, page xxiv. No. vii. 5 C. R. Smith, in Transactions of the British Archaeological Association, Winchester Congress, p. 161. 80 SECTION y. These divinities are known to us only by such monuments. An altar with an inscription, commencing DEO ARCIACON was recently dis- covered at York , 6 and is supposed to have been dedicated to a local divinity perhaps worshipped at Arciaca in Gaul. But the most interesting monument of this class is, perhaps, the altar inscribed to the Genius of Britain, found in the last century in Scotland. GENIO TERRAE BRITA NNICAE M. COCCEI FIRMVS 0 C LEG. il. AVG. 7 6 It is engraved in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 248. In the same article, will be found a very interesting memoir on the altars inscribed to the deae matres, of which an example is given in the Archaeologia vol. vii. pi. xxx. A votive altar to the goddess Bellona, dedicated by a prefect of cavalry of the Augustan wing, has recently been found in Cumberland. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 43. 7 Archaeologia, vol. iii. p. 119. AMPHITHEATRES, STATIONS, ETC. &1 § 6 . Amphitheatres, Stations, Camps and Roads. These remains in Britain offer no peculiarities which are not observable in the same works in other countries once occupied by the Romans. Their amphitheatres, for obvious reasons, are circular or semicircular ; but in their other works the Romans observed the rectilinear . 1 Their military ways, stretching in a direct line from station to station, and their camps, villas, and temples, formed in squares or parallelograms, are in striking contrast with the tortuous trackways and circular boundaries of the ancient inhabitants of Britain. Of the few remains of Roman amphitheatres in Britain, that overlooking the town of Banbury is perhaps the most perfect. It is a semicircular 1 Antiquaries recognise this arrangement, and trace the topography of a part of Roman London, in the principal streets intersecting Cheapside at this day. See the various papers on this subject in the Archasologia, noticed in the appendix to this volume. M 82 SECTION VI. work, cut in trenches or terraces, in the concave front of a steep hill overlooking the town . 2 The well-known Roman amphitheatre at Dorchester was recently in danger of being destroyed by railway works in that neighbourhood, but has been saved at the intercession of our English antiquaries. There are still remains of an amphitheatre at Silchester, in Hampshire, hut the embankment inclosing the area is planted with trees . 3 Among the most perfect examples of Roman castrametation in this country, are those near Llandrindod, described and engraved in the Archaeologia 4 by the Rev. Thomas Price of Brecon. Many earthworks of the Celtic period were probably altered and taken possession of both by the Romans and Saxons . 5 The Roman stations were the permanent posts established at the intersection of their roads in districts subject to incursions. They were forti- fied with walls ; and, from the long location of the '* Beesley’s History of Banbury, pi. vii. p. 25. 3 A view of this amphitheatre is given in the Archaeological Album. 4 Vol. xvii. plate xii. page 168. 5 The occupation of such sites is, of course, determined by the discovery of remains of particular periods. Coins, fibulae, and pottery of Roman work disinterred on the spot, are evi- dence sufficient of its former possession. VILLAS. 83 legions, became places of importance, and subse- quently cities, the Latin castra being Saxonised to ceajxep. With regard to the Roman roads, or military ways, they are, as before observed, rectilinear, and differ in no respect from those yet traceable in every country at one time in the occupation of that people . 6 § 7 . Villas. Remains of villas of the Roman-British period have been frequently disclosed during excavations in England, and have been from time to time described, and often engraved in the numerous topographical works with which our literature abounds. Plans and descriptions of more recent explorations, will be found in the Journal of the 6 Cf. Horsley, Britannia Romana; Bergier, Histoire des Grands Chemins de l’Empirr Romaine; also Cellarins, and D’Anville. 84 SECTION VIII. British Archaeological Association , 1 and the Archaeological Journal ; 2 but as they offer no peculiarities distinguishing them from those dis- covered in the other Roman provinces, they do not claim more than a general notice here. § 8 . Potters’ Kilns. Among the numerous existing remains of the Romano-British period, are Potters’ Kilns, several of which have been explored by Mr. Artis, at Castor, near Peterborough, in the county of Northampton . 3 Another was last year discovered by the same gentleman at Sibson, near Wands- ford, in that county. “ This kiln,” Mr. Artis 1 Vide inter alia, remains at Hartlip, Kent, vol. i. p. 314; Bisley, vol. ii. p. 324 ; near Dursley, ibid, p.349 ; Maidstone, ibid. p. 86 ; Rivenhall, ibid. p. 339 ; Stanway, in Essex, ibid, p. 45. 2 Vide the plan of the Roman villa, at Wheatley in Oxford- shire, and that at Bisley, vol. ii. p. 42. 3 The site of the Durobrivis of the 'fifth British Iter of Antoninus. C. R. Smith in the Journal of the British Archeo- logical Association, vol. i. p. 1 — 9. E. T. Artis, ibid, vol.ii. p.164 — 169. POTTERS KILNS. 85 states, “had been used for firing the common blue or slate -coloured pottery, and had been built on part of the site of one of the same kind, and within a yard and a-half of one that had been constructed for firing pottery of a different description. The older exhausted kiln, which occupied part of the site of that under consider- ation, presented the appearance of very early work; the bricks had evidently been modelled with the hand, and not moulded, and the work- manship was altogether inferior to that of the others, which were also in a very mutilated state ; but the character of the work, the bricks, the mouths of the furnaces, and the oval pedestals which supported the floors of the kilns, were all still apparent. The floors had been broken up some time previous to the site being abandoned ; and the area had then been used as a receptacle for the accumulated rubbish of other kilns.” He further remarks on the means employed to colour the Roman pottery, “ I was led to the conclusion that the blue and slate-coloured vessels met with here in such abundance, were coloured by suffocating the fire of the kiln, at the time when its contents had acquired a degree of heat sufficient to insure uniformity of colour. I had so firmly made up my mind upon the process of manufacturing and firing this peculiar 86 SECTION VIII. kind of earthenware, that for some time previous to the recent discovery, I had denominated the kilns, in which it had been fired, smother-kilns. The mode of manufacturing the bricks of which these kilns are made is worthy of notice. The clay was previously mixed with about one -third of rye in the chaff, which being consumed by the fire, left cavities in the room of the grains. This might have been intended to modify ex- pansion and contraction, as well as to assist the gradual distribution of the colouring vapour. The mouth of the furnace and top of the kiln were no doubt stopped : thus we find every part of the kiln, from the inside wall to the earth on the outside, and every part of the clay wrappers of the dome, penetrated with the colouring exhalation. As further proof that the colour of the ware was imparted by firing, I collected the clays from the neighbourhood, including specimens from the immediate vicinity of the smother-kilns. In colour, some of these clays resembled the ware after firing, and some were darker. I submitted them to a process similar to that I have described. The clays dug near the kilns whitened in firing, probably from being bituminous. I also put some fragments of the blue pottery into the kiln : they came out precisely of the same colour as the clay fired with them, which had been taken from the site of the kilns. POTTERS KILNS. 87 The experiment proved to me, that the colour could not be attributed to any metallic oxide, either existing in the clay or applied externally ; and this conclusion is confirmed by the appearance of the clay wrappers of the dome of the kiln. It should be remarked, that this colour is so volatile, that it is expelled by a second firing in an open kiln. “I have now traced these potteries to an extent upwards of twenty miles. They are principally confined to the gravel beds on the banks of the Nen and its tributary streams; the clay used at some of them appears to have been collected at some little distance from the works. “ The kilns are all constructed on the same principle. A circular hole was dug, from three to four feet deep, and four in diameter, and walled round to the height of two feet. A furnace, one- third of the diameter of the kiln in length, com- municated with the side. In the centre of the circle so formed was an oval pedestal, the height of the sides, with the end pointing to the furnace mouth. Upon this pedestal and side wall, the floor of the kilii rests. It is formed of perfo- rated angular bricks, meeting at one point in the centre. The furnace is arched with bricks moulded for the purpose. The side of the kiln is constructed with curved bricks set edgeways in a thick slip of the same material to the height of two feet. 88 SECTION VIII. “ I now proceed to describe the process of packing the kiln, and securing uniform head in firing the ware, which was the same in the two different kinds of kilns. They were first care- fully loose-packed with the articles to be fired, up to the height of the side walls. The circum- ference of the bulk was then gradually diminished, and finished in the shape of a dome. As this arrangement progressed, an attendant seems to have followed the packer, and thinly covered a layer of pots with coarse hay or grass. He then took some thin clay, the size of his hand, and laid it flat on the grass upon the vessels ; he then placed more grass on the edge of the clay just laid on, and then more clay; and so on until he had completed the circle. By this time, the packer would have raised another tier of pots, the plasterer following as before, hanging the grass over the top edge of the last layer of plasters, until he had reached the top, in which a small aperture was left, and the clay nipt round the edge : another coating would be laid on as before described. Gravel or loam was then thrown up against the side wall, where the clay wrappers were commenced, probably to secure the bricks and the clay coating. The kiln was then fired with wood. In consequence of the care taken to place grass between the edges of the wrappers, they could be unpacked in the same potters’ stamps. 89 sized pieces as when laid on in a plastic state ; and thus the danger in breaking the coat to obtain the contents of the kiln could be obviated.” Examples of the earthenware of these potteries will be found in the plates of vases, etc., of the Roman British period; but these, it should be distinctly understood, are not altogether peculiar to Britain; and the accounts here quoted are interesting, merely as shewing that much of the Roman pottery discovered in this country was actually fabricated within the province of Britain. § 9 - Potters’ Stamps. The Roman Pottery, especially the glazed red ware, is often stamped with the name of the maker. The letters are sometimes braced to- gether, or put one within the other, as in the abbreviation of the word officina, where the f is placed within the o. The establishment of pot- teries in Britain is proved by the excavations of x 90 SECTION IX. Mr. Artis, before noticed/ and these lists of names may assist further enquiry. The following are from fragments of Pottery discovered in London, in the collection of Mr. C. R. Smith, and were communicated by him to the Archseologia . 2 AGEDILLVS F. DIV1CI M. OF LVCCEI ASCILLI M. 3 DIVIXTVL. MATVCENVS AVLIVS F. DECVMINI M. MARTIVS ALBANI M. DAGODVBNVS MARTIALIS AQVIT. FELIX MARCELLI M. OF AQVIT. OF FELICIS MAGNVS OF AQVITANI. 4 GERMANVS MAINAEN AMMIVS F. OFF GER. MEDETI M. AVGVSTALIS GEMINI M. MOM ATTICI M. GRACCHVS OF MO. ALBINVS. HILARI OF MVRRANI BOINICCI M. IABVS FE. MERCATOR BORILLI OF. IOENALIS OF MODESTI BONOXVS. LATINVS OF NIGRI CARINVS LVTAEVS OF NERI CALVINI M. LVPPA PATERCLOS FE 5 OF CRESTI OF LICINI PAVLLVS CRESI M. LICINILVS OF PAVLLI CATASEXTVS. F. LIBERIVS PASSEN M. CARANI F. L VC AN VS OF PATRICI CELSVS. LOLLIVS F. PRIMANI DIVICATVS. L. C. SOL PRIMVLI 1 Ante, § 8. 2 Yol. xxvii. p. 151. 3 Ascilli mann. 4 Officina Aquitani. 5 Paterculus fecit. TESSELATED PAVEMENTS. 91 OF PRIMVL OF SEVERI SVEPICI. OF PRM. SECVNDVS SOLLVS FECIT. POTITIANI m. OF SECVN TERTIVS QVARTVS f. SECVNDINI VICTORINVS RVFI SEXTVS FE. VITALIS. M. S. RVFINI M. SEXTI 0. VIDVCVS SABINVS F SENICI O. 6 VIRTHVS FECIT SACREMV. SILVIRI M. SACROTI M. S. SILDATIANI M. § 10. Tesselated Pavements..’ Many remains of these pavements are described and engraved in the Archaeologia, and in our various topographical and country histories. One of the most interesting, is that preserved almost entire at Barton farm, in the park of Lord Bathurst, at Cirencester. The subject is the myth of Orpheus taming the brutes with his Lyre. Another at Woodchester, in the same 6 Senici ofKcini. 92 SECTION XI. county, is in excellent preservation, and has been engraved by Lysons. At Watlington, in Ox- fordshire, is another of very elegant design, and at Beaconsfield farm, in the same county, is a fragment of a fine specimen of this beautiful art. These two latter are engraved by Mr. Beesley, in his history of Oxfordshire . 1 § 11 - Walls. Several fragments of Roman walls yet exist in England, exhibiting very decided examples of their peculiar masonry. Among these may be noticed the remains at Richborough, the “ Jewry wall,” at Leicester, the gates and walls at Lincoln and Colchester, and various fragments at Sil- chester. Views of these will be found in our various county histories, and in the Archaeologia, and also in the recent publications of the Archae- ological Association and the Archaeological Institute. 1 Plates x.xi. An example of a very perfect tesselated pavement, discovered at Basildon, in Berkshire, is given in Mr. Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua, plate xxiv. MILLIARIA OR MILE-STONES. 93 § 12 . Milliaria or Mile-stones. Examples of the Roman milliarii lapides , or mile- stones, are found in nearly every province of the empire. The Roman mile consisted of one thousand paces ( passus not gradus as some have written) of five feet each. A mile therefore contained five thousand feet, or about one hundred and forty yards less than ours . 1 The initials m.p. ( mille passuum ) generally stand for mile on these stones. Augustus erected a gilt pillar ( milliarium aureum ) in the Forum at Rome, where the principal roads terminated, though the miles were not reckoned from it but from the gates of the city. Our London Stone is supposed to be the relic of one of these central pillars, which appear to have been set up in the chief cities of the Roman Empire. The examples of milliary columns in England have suffered by time and neglect, and con- ' The Roman mile contained eight Greek stadia. 94 SECTION XII. sequently are in a mutilated and defaced condition, the inscriptions being, in some instances, nearly obliterated. One of the best preserved is in the Museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society at Leicester. It was dug up in the year 1771, on the side of the foss-way about two miles from that town. It is of a cylindrical form resting on a quadrangular base. The inscription, which was formerly decyphered as follows, is extremely interesting as identifying Leicester with the Roman Eatce . 2 IMP. CAESAR DIVI TIiAIAN. PARTH. F. BIV. TKAIAN. HADRIAN AVG. POT. IV. COS. III. A RATIS III. 2 Vide Archaaologia, vol.vii. p. 84, where it is engraved. Also “ The Handbook of Leicester,” by James Thompson (12mo, Leicester, 1844), a very superior work to guides of this nature; and the Archaeological Journal, vol. i. p. 415. Ex- amples of Milliarii are given by Mountfaucon, Ant. Expl. Supp. t. i. b.i. c. 5. ABBREVIATIONS IN ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS. 95 § 13 . Abbreviations in Roman Inscriptions . 1 A. ager ; annis ; Augustales ; or Augustalis. A. A. apud agrum. AB. AC. SEN. ab actis senatus. JE. CVR. agdilis curulis. A. FRVM. a frumento. A. H. D. M. amico hoc dedit monmnentum. A. K. ante kalendas. ANN. annos. A. O. F. C. amico optimo faciendum curavit. A. P. sedilitia potestate; or amico posuit. A. S. L. animo solvit libens; or a signis legionis. A. T. V. aram testamento vovit. A. XX. H. EST. annorum viginti hie est. B. B. A. bixit ( for vixit) annos. B. DE. SE. M. bene de se merit®, or merito. B. M. D. S. bene merenti; or bene merito de se. B. P. D. bene publico datum. B. Q. bene quiescat. B. V. bene vale. BX. ANOS. VII. ME. VI. DI. XVII. bixit ( for vixit) annos septern, menses sex, dies decern septem. 1 It is needless to observe that this is a general list, com- prising mapy forms not at present found in this country. 96 SECTION XIII. C. 7. centuria; or centurio. C. centurio. C. B. M. F. conjugi bene merenti fecit. CENS. PERP. P. P. censor perpetuus pater patriae. CENS. P. P. P. censor perpetuus pater patriae. COH. I. AFR. C. R. cobors prima africanorum civium romanorum. COHI TVNG. cobors tungriorum. C. I. 0. N. B. M. F. civium illius omnium nomine bene merenti fecit. C. K. L. C. S. L. F. C. conjugi carissimo loco concesso sibi libenter fieri curavit. C. P. T. curavit poni titulum. C. R. civis romanus ; or civium romanorum ; or curaverunt refici. C. S. H. S. T. T. L. communi sumpt.u haeredum, sit tibi terra levis. D. D. decimus; or decuria; or decurio; or dedicavit; or dedit; or devotus ; or dies ; or diis ; or divus ; or dominus ; or domus ; or quinquaginta. D. C. D. P. decuriones colonise dederunt publice. D. D. dedit, dedicavit. D. D. D. S. decreto decurionum datum sibi; or dono dedit de suo. D. K. OCT. dedicatum kalendis octobris. D. M. ET. M. diis manibus et memorise. D. N. M. E. devotus numini majestate ejus. D. O. S. deo optimo sacrum; or diis omnibus sacrum. D. P. P. D. D. de propria pecunia dedicaverunt ; or de pecunia publica dono dedit. D. S. F. C. H. S. E. de suo faciendum curavit, bic situs est. D. T. S. P. dedit tumulum sumptu proprio. ABBREVIATIONS IN ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS. 97 E. E. CVR. erigi curavit. EDV. P. D. edulium populo dedit. E. E. ex edicto; or ejus setas. E. H. T. N. N. S. exterum hasredem titulus noster non se- quitur. E. I. M. C. V. ex jure manium consertum voco. E. S. ET. LIB. M. E. et sibi et libertis monumentum erexit. E. T. F. I. S. ex testamento fieri jussit sibi. E. V. L. S. ei votum libens solvit. F. FAC. C. faciendum curavit. F. C. facere curavit ; or faciendum curavit ; or fieri curavit ; or fecit conditorium ; or felix constans ; or fidei commissum. F. H. F. fieri hseres fecit ; or fieri hasredes fecerunt. F. I. D. P. S. fieri jussit de pecunia sua. F. M. D. D. D. fecit monumentum datum decreto decurionum. F. P. D. D. L. M. fecit publice decreto decurionum locum monumenti. F. Q. flamen quirinalis. F. T. C. fieri testamento curavit. F. V. F. fieri vivens fecit. G. G. L. genio loci. G. M. genio malo. G. P. R. genio populi romani ; or gloria populi romani. G. R. D. gratis datus (or dedit). G. S. genio sacrum; or genio senatus. G. V. S. genio urbis sacrum ; or gratis votum solvit. O 98 SECTION XIII. H. H. kabet. ; or hac ; or hie ; or kastatus; or hares ; or homo; or honesta; or honor; or hora; or horis; or hostis. H. B. M. F. hares bene merenti fecit. H. B. M. F. C. hares bene merenti faciendum curavit. H. C. CY. hie condi curavit ; or hoc cinerarium constituit. H. D. D. honori domus divina; or haredes dono dedere. HE. M. F. S. P. hares monumentum fecit sua pecunia. HIC. LOC. HER. N. S. or HIC. LOC. HER. NON. SEQ. hie locus haredem non sequitur. H.L. H. N. T. hunc locum hares non teneat. H. M. AD. H. N. T. or H. M. AD. H. N. TRAN, hoc monu- mentum ad hares non transit. H. N. S. N. L. S. hares non sequitur nostrum locum sepultura. HOC. M. H. N. F. P. hoc monumentum haredes nostri fecerunt ponere. H. P. C. hares ponendum curavit. H. P. C. L. D. D. D. hares ponendum curavit loco, dato de- creto decurionum. H. S. C. P. S. hoc sepulcrum condidit pecunia sua ; or hoc sibi condidit proprio sumptu. H. S. E. hie situs est ; or hie sepultus est. H. T. V. P. hares titulum vivus posuit ; or hunc titulum vivus posuit. I. I. AG. in agro. I. C. judex cognitionum. I. D.M. inferis diis maledictis; or jovi deo magno. I. F. P. LAT. in fronte pedes latum. II. V. DD. duumviris dedicantibus. II. YIR.AVG. duumvir augustalis. II. VIR. COL. duumvir colonia. II. VIR, I. D. duumvir juri dicundo. ABBREVIATIONS IN ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS. 99 II. VIE. QQ. Q. E. P. 0. PEC ALMENT. duumviro quin- quennali quasstori reipublicae operum pecuniae alimentariae. III. VIE. AED. CEE. triumvir eedilis cerealis. IIII. VIE. quatuorviratus. IIII. V. A. P. F. quatuorviri argento (or auro) publico feriundo. IIII. VIEEI. IOVE. DEIC. quatuorviri juri dicundo. IIIIII. VIE. QQ. I. D. sexvir quiuquennalis juri dicundo. IN. AG. P. XV. IN. F. P. XXV. in agro pedes quindecem, in fronte. pedes viginti quinque I. 0. M. D. D. SAC. Jovi optimo maximo, diis deabus que sacrum. I. P. indulgentissimo patrono ; or innocentissimo puero; or in pace; or jussit poni. I. S. V. P. impensa sua vivus posuit (or, vivi posuere). K. K. B. M. carissimas (or, carissimo) bene merenti. K. CON. D. carissimee conjugi defunctas. K. D. kalendis decembris; or, capite diminutus. L. L. liberta ; or lucia ; or libens. L. B. M. D. libens bene merito dicavit; or locum bene merenti dedit. L. F. C. libens (or locum, or lugens) fieri curavit; or libertis faciendum curavit; or libertis fieri curavit. LIB. ANIM. VOT. libero animo votum. L. L. FA. Q. L. libertis libertabus familiisque libertorum. L. M. T. F. I. locum monumenti testamento fieri jussit. LOC. D. EX. D. D. locus datus ex decreto decurionum. L. P. C. D. D. D. locus publice concessus, datus decreto decurionum. L. Q. ET. LIB. libertisque et libertabus. L. XX. N. P. sestertiis vigenti nummum pendit. 100 SECTION XIII. M. MAN. IRAT. H. manes iratos liabeat. M. B. memorise bonae: or merente bene; or, mulier bona. M. D. M. SACR. magnae deum matri sacrum. MIL. K. PR. militis cohortis praetoriae. M. P. Y. millia passuum quinqne ; or monumentum (or memoriam) posuit vivens. N. NAT. ALEX, natione alexandrinus. NB. G. nobili genere. N. D. F. E. ne de familia exeat. N. H. V. N. AVG. nuncupavit hoc votum numini augusto. N. N. AYGG. IMPP. nostri augusti imperatores. NON. TRAS. H. L. non transilias hunc locum. N. T. M. numini tutelari municipii. N. V. N. D. N. P. 0. neque vendetur, neque donabitur, neque pignori obligabitur. O. OB. HON. AVGYR. ob honorem auguratus. 0. C. ordo clarissimus. 0. E. B. Q. C. ossa ejus bene quiescant condita. O. H. IN. R. S. F. omnibus honoribus in republica sua functus. 0. LIB. LIB. omnibus libertis libertabus. O. 0. ordo optimus. OP. DOL. opus doliare (or doliatum). P. P. B. M. patri (or patrono or posuit) bene merenti. P. C. ET. S. AS. D. ponendum curavit et sub ascia dedicavit. P. Q. BIN. pedes quadrati bini. P. GAL. praefectus (or presses) galliarum, ABBREVIATIONS IN ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS. 101 PIA. M. H. S. E. S. T. T. L. pia mater hie sita est; sit tibi terra levis. P. M. passus mille ; or patronus municipii ; or pedes mille ; or plus minus ; or pontifex maximus ; or post mortem ; or posuit merenti ; or posuit moerens ; or posuit monumentum. P. P. pater patriae ; or pater patratus ; or pater patrum ; or patrono posuit ; or pecunia publica ; or perpetuus populus ; or, posuit praefectus ; or praetorio prepositus ; or propria pecunia ; or proportione ; or propraetor ; or provincia Pannoniae ; or pub lice posuit ; or publice propositum ; or publii. P. Q. E. or P. Q. EOR. posterisque eorum. P. S. D. N. pro salute domini nostri. P. V. S. T. L. M. posuit voto suscepto, titulum libens merito. Q. Q. K. quaestor candidatus. Q. PR. or Q. PROY. quaestor provinciae. Q. R. or Q. RP. quaestor reipublicae. Q. V. A. I. qui vixit annum unum, Q. V. qui vixit. Q. Y. A. L. M. IIII. D. V. qui vixit annos quinquaginta, menses quatuor, dies quinque. Q. V. A. P. M. qui vixit annos plus minus. R. R. C. romani civitas ; or romani cives. R. N. LONG. P. X. retro non longe pedes decem. ROM. ET. AVG. COM. ASI. romae et augusto communitates asiae. R. P. C. reipublicae constituendae ; or reipublicae causa ; or rei- publicae conservator ; or retro pedes centum. R. R. PROX. CIPP. P. CLXXIIII. rejectis ruderibus proxime cippum pedes centum septuaginta quatuor. R. S. P. requietorium sibi posuit. 102 SECTION XIII. S. S. sacellum ; or sacrum ; or scriptum ; or semis ; or senatus ; or sepulcrum ; or sequitur ; or serva ; or sibi ; or singuli ; or situs ; or solvit ; or stipeudium. S. uncia ; or centuria ; or semiuncia. SB. sub ; or sibi. S. D. D. simul dederunt (or, dedicaverunt). S. ET. L. L. P. E. sibi et libertis libertabus posteris ejus. S. F. S. sine fraude sua. SGN. signum. S. M. P. I. sibi monumentum poni jussit. S6LO. PYB. S. P. D. D. D. solo publico sibi posuit, dato decreto decurionum. S. P. C. sua pecunia constituit ; or sumptu propria curavit. S. T. T. L. sit tibi terra levis. S. Y. L. D. sibi vivens locum dedit. T. TABVL. P. H. C. tabularis provincise hispanite citerioris. T. C. testamento curavit (or constituit). T. T. F. V. titulum testamentum lieri voluit. V. V. C. P. V. vir clarissimus prsefectus urbis. V. D. P. S. vivens dedit proprio sumptu ; or, vivens de pecunia sua. V. E. D. N. M. Q. E. vir egregius devotus numini majestatique ejus. VI. ID. SEP. sexto idus septembris. VII. VIR. EPVL. septemvir epulonum. V. L. A. S. votum libens animo solvit. VO. DE. vota decennalia. ABBREVIATIONS IN ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS. 103 Y. S. A. L. P. voto suscepto animo libens posuit. V. S. L. M. votum solvit libens merito. Y. V. C. C. viri clarissimi. YX. B. M. F. H. S. E. S. T. T. L. uxor bene merenti fecit, hie situs est, sit tibi terra levis. X. txj. mille. X. ANNALIB. decennalibus. X. IIII. K. F. decimo quarto kalendas februarii. X. VIR. AGR. DAND. ADTR. FYD. decemvir agris dandis attribuendis judicandis. XV. VIR. SAC. FAC. quindecemvir sacris faciendis. XXX. P. IN. F. triginta pedes in fronte. XXX. S. S. trigesimo stipendi sepultus. 104 SECTION XIY. § 14 . Coins. Roman Coins are found in great numbers in every part of Britain, and in many parts of Ireland. The most numerous are those of the Lower Empire, from Gallienus down to the reign of Arcadius and Honorius. Even the money of usurpers, who reigned in Gaul only, is very fre- quently discovered in districts remote from the coast. Many barbarous brass pieces, of very small size, and of the rudest execution, appear to have formed a part of the currency of this island ; whether of authorised issue or the product of illegal mints cannot be determined, though their style and illegible legends led to the latter con- clusion. But the coins which deserve especial notice, and which belong to this period, and to Britain exclusively, are those of Carausius and Allectus, and the small brass of Maximian, Diocletian, and the family of Constantine, with p. LON. in the exergue . 1 It is needless to insist on the great 1 These coins, undoubtedly struck in London, are described and engraved in my work entitled “ Coins of the Romans relating to Britain,” 8vo. London, 1844. ROMAN COIN MOULDS. 105 importance of the study of coins in connexion with our national antiquities, or to observe that they often supply chronological data obtainable from no other source. § 15 . Roman Coin Moulds. The debasement of the coin by Severus, afforded facilities to the forger; and the money of this period is often found to be cast, and not struck from a die, as was the practice in the Roman mints in the better times, of the Empire. Utensils for the manufacture of this spurious currency have been discovered in France and in England; and the experiments of my friend, the Rev. J. B. Reade, have demonstrated that these moulds were, in this country, made on the spot where they were discovered; but, whether the pieces thus fabricated were issued by imperial authority, or were the clandestine performances of forgers, is still a matter of doubt and uncertainty . 1 1 See on this subject “ Coins of the Romans relating to Britain,” pp. 69— 102, and plate vii., in which are represented the apparatus used in casting these coins. Also an article “ On the Forgeries of the Public Money,” Numismatic Chronicle, vol.vi. p.57. P 106 SECTION XVI. § 16 - Miscellaneous Remains of the Roman-British Period. Plate VIII. Fig. 1 Is a perspective view of the Roman Tumuli, called “ The Bartlow Hills,” at Ashdon, in Essex. The height of the largest tumulus is forty-five feet, the diameter one hundred and forty-seven feet. The diameter of the three other principal hills is about one hundred feet, and the diameter of the three smallest, ninety-five feet. 2 The interior of the sepulchre or bustum, within the larger tumulus, formed of wood, and containing 1. a folding-stool. 2. A pair of strigils. 3. The large glass vessel represented in our pi. viii. fig. 9. 4. A bronze patera, with a reeded handle terminating in a ram’s head. 5. A bronze dish. 6. A bronze lamp. 7. A most beautiful bronze enamelled ves- ' sel, shaped like a glue-pot (engraved in ourpl.ix. fig. 11). Without the line of the chest stood a large amphora, height 22J inches, filled with earth, ashes, and fragments of small bones. 3 The sepulchral slab discovered at Watermore, near Cirencester, and described ante , § 2, p.67. 4 Another slab from the same locality, described ante, p. 69. MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 107 Fig. 5 The altar found at Housteads. {Ante, § 5, p.77.) 6 Tiled tomb found at York. {Ante, § 1, p. 65.) 7 Closed brick vault, discovered in one (the centre) of the smaller Barrows called the Bartlow Hills, six feet three inches long, two feet three inches and a half wide throughout, and one foot eleven inches and three quarters high, standing north and south on a bed of chalk, about a foot below the natural surface. Plate IX. Fig. 1 The vault fig. 7. in the previous plate, with the covering removed and shewing its contents ; namely, the glass vessel fig. 8. in this plate; another glass vessel of the same character, but much smaller, containing some dark-coloured fluid, and a bucket- shaped vessel of wood with a handle at the side, engraved in our pi. xii. fig. 8. 2 The Tomb and its contents, discovered at Avisford in Sussex. Ante, § 1, p. 65. 3 Leaden coffin {Ante, § 1, p. 65), discovered on the site, of a Roman and Anglo-Saxon cemetery, near Col- chester. The style of ornament might lead to the inference that it is of a much later period ; but Mr. C. R. Smith cites some well authenticated accounts of discoveries of similar sarcophagi, which leave no doubt of the origin of this example. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 297. 1 1 A coffin of this description, found in the Kent Road, South- wark, is engraved in the xvii.vol. of the Archaeologia, pi. 25. It has two figures of Minerva on the lid. 108 SECTION XVI. Fig. 4 Vessel of greenish coloured glass, taken from the smaller tumuli called the Bartlow Hills. 5 Glass vessel of the same character, containing fluid; from the larger Bartlow tumulus. 6 Another glass vessel from the same tumulus. 7 Another glass vessel from one of the lesser Barrows. Archseologia, vol. xxv. pi. 3. 8 Large urn of greenish coloured glass, discovered in the brick vault, represented in our pi. ix. fig. 1 . height 11| inches, diameter 10J inches. 2 9 Glass vessel of a greenish colour, filled to the brim with burnt bones. Height 15| inches, diameter 1\ inches. From the larger Bartlow tumulus. 10 Glass vessel of the same manufacture as the others in this plate. 1 1 Bronze vessel, with a rectangular handle, having an indentation within the lip for the support of some instrument. Height 3| inches, diameter of the body, 4f inches. It is very elegantly enamelled throughout in green, red, and blue. 3 A fac-simile representation of this very beautiful object is given in the Archseologia, vol. xxvi. 12 The potter’s kiln, discovered by Mr. Artis, at Sibson, near Warnford, in Northamptonshire. (Ante § 1.) 2 This vessel was open at the mouth, and nearly two-thirds full of a clear pale yellow liquor, covering a deposit of burnt bones, on the top of which was lying a gold ring set with a carnelion, on which were engraved two ears of corn. Among the bones was found a second brass coin of Hadrian. 3 Mr. Gage did not appear to be aware that this description of enamelling was practised, though often rudely, yet very commonly, in Britain or Gaul, before the Romans abandoned this island. I would refer to the circular fibula;, and other MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 109 Plate X. GLASS VESSELS AND URNS OF EARTHENWARE. Fig. 1 Glass bottle of the kind called Lachrymatories found at Colchester. Journal of British Archeological Association, vol.i. p. 239. 2 Glass bottle from one of the Bartlow Tumuli : height 5^ in. Archeologia, xxvi. pi. 33. fig. 4. 3 Glass bottle sealed, and containing fluid: height in. Ibid. fig. 4. 4 Glass vase, from one of the Bartlow Barrows: height 10| in., diam. 5| in. Archasologia, xxv. pi. 2. fig. 1. 5 Glass bottle found at Shefford, Bedfordshire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. i. p.52. 6 Fragment of a glass vase from the Ustrinum at Lit- lington. Archaeologia, xxvi. pi. 45. fig. 8. 7 Glass cup, found in one of the Bartlow Tumuli. Archaeologia, vol. xxix. pi. 1 , fig. 6. 8 Vase of green glass found in the Ustrinum at Litling- ton. Archaeologia, vol. xxvi. p.45. fig. 7. 9 Vase of light green glass: height 9 in., circumference 5 in. ; found in Bourne Park, near Canterbury. personal ornaments, on which we find specimens of blue and apple-green enamel, two colours prevailing on this vessel. The often-quoted passage in Pliny, lib. xxxiv. c. 48, shews that the Gauls were, in the time of that writer, very skilful in the art of plating and the ornamenting of horse-trappings. The pas- sage in Philostratus, quoted by Mr. Gage, shews clearly that enamelling is not of classic origin, and almost points to Britain. The fibulse referred to are different from those of the Anglo- Saxon period, so frequently discovered in Tumuli, and evi- dently belong to the last century of the Roman occupation. See examples in our plate xii. figs. 14 and 17, and fig. 21. SECTION XVI. .10 to 14 Urns from the Ustrinum at Litlington, of the ordinary forms discovered throughout England. 15 Urn with cover, from the Ustrinum at Litlington. Archseologia, vol.xxvi. pi. 44. fig. 3. 16 Urn found at Upchurch, Kent. Journal of British Archseological Association, vol.ii. p. 134. 17 to 34 Vases from the Ustrinum at Litlington, and from various other localities in England. 34 to 40 Vases from the Ustrinum at Litlington. See fig. 63. 41 Copper-coloured indented vase from Sibson, Nor- thamptonshire. Journal of British Archseological Association, vol. i. p.7. 42 Urn found at Otterham Creek, Kent. Ibid, vol.ii. p. 135. 43 Found with fig. 63. 44 to 55 Urns found at Upchurch, Kent. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p.134. 56 Vase found at Upchurch, on the Medway, Kent. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 134. 57 to 61 Vases of the ordinary description found throughout England. The small vase, No. 60, was found with No. 42. 62 Cinerary urn found at Colchester. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.i. p. 239. 63 Vase from the Ustrinum at Litlington. Archse- ologia, vol. xxvi. pi. 45. fig. 2. 64 Small vase : height 4 in. , circumference 8 in. ; with white ornaments, found at Colchester. Journal of British Archseological Association, vl. ii. p.44. MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. Ill Plate XI. VASES, PATER/E, ETC. Fig. 65 to 74 Vases of the ordinary forms found in various parts of England. 75 Vase found at Upchurch. Journal of British Ar- chaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 134. 76 to 79 Vases of the ordinary form and description, from examples discovered in England. 80 Vase from the neighbourhood of the kilns at Sibson. Journal of British Archaeological Asso- ciation, vol. i. p. 3. 8 1 Ibid. 82 to 86 Urns found near Upchurch, on the Medway, Kent. Journal of British Archaeological Asso- ciation, vol. ii. p.134. 87 Vase from the Ustrinum at Litlington. 88 Amphora, containing the sweepings of the bustum, from the Bartlow Tumulus. See pi. viii. fig. 2. 89 Vase found at Colchester, ornamented with a white scroll on a dark ground: height 9 in., circumfer- ence 21 in. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p.44. 90 Vase resembling No. 89, found at Winchester. Winchester Book of British Archaeological Asso- ciation, p. 1 45. 91 Vase found at Upchurch. Ibid. p. 137. 92 Vase from the same locality. Ibid. p. 136. 93 Vase from the same locality. Ibid, p.136. 94 Vase of a peculiar pattern found at Westminster. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p.102. 112 SECTION XVI. Fig. 95 Vase from the neighbourhood of the Kilns, at Sibson. Journal of British Archaeological Asso- ciation, vol. i. p.3. 96 Vase from Breden, in Flanders: height 5 \ in., di- ameter 5 in. Ibid. p. 8. 97 Elegant little cup of earthenware found in Norfolk. Archaeological Journal, vol. i. p. 381. 98 Vase found at Upchurch. Journal of British Ar- chaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 136. 99 Vase from the same locality. 100 to 101 Vases of the description termed Samian, found in London, and in the collection of Mr. Charles Roach Smith: height 5 in., diameter 9 in. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.i. p. 313. 102 Vase of reddish-brown pottery, with a white scroll: height 7 in., circumference 5 in. ; found with No. 9. pi. x. 103 to 104 Paterae of the common forms, found throughout England. 105 Thuribulum, or censer, from the Ustrinum at Lit- lington. Archaeologia, vol. xxvi. pi. 45. fig. 30. 106 to 115 Paterae, etc., from the Ustrinum at Litlington and other localities in England. Plate XII. BRONZE VASES, PATERA!, LAMPS, FIBULA! OF BRONZE, STYLI, ETC. Fig. 1 Bronze vessel resembling a distiller’s can, from one of the Bartlow Tumuli. Archaeologia xxvi. pi. 33. fig- 3. 2 Bronze praefericulum, from one of the Bartlow Tumuli : height lOin. Archaeologia xxvi. pi. 33. MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. 113 Fig. 3 A bronze patera, with a handle terminating in a ram’s head. In this vessel lay the prsefericulum, fig. 2, as here represented. See pl.viii. fig.2., shewing the disposition of the various objects. 4 and 5 Bronze paterae and vases from the Bartlow Tumuli. Archaeologia, vols. xxv. and xxvi. 6 Elegant bronze lamp discovered in one of the Bartlow Tumuli. See our pl.viii. fig. 2. 7 Small glass cup, from one of the Bartlow Tumuli. Archaeologia, vol. xxv. pi. 3. fig. 8. 8 Wooden vessel, with bronze hoops and handle: height 4\ in., diameter 2 in.; from one of the Bartlow Tumuli. Archaeologia, vol. xxv. p. 8. 9 and 10 Bronze Fibula: found at Kirkby Thore, in Westmoreland, and described by Capt. W. Henry Smyth, R.N., in the Archaeologia, vol. xxxi. p.279. No. 10. has a Celto-Roman appearance, and is probably of native workmanship. 11 to 14 Fibulas discovered in the neighbourhood of Devizes, North Wilts. No. 14. is ornamented with a lozenge of blue enamel, like the stylus, No. 21. 15 Fibula found at Bydews, near Maidstone. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 75. 16 Fibula of gold found at Odiham, in Flampshire, and now in the British Museum (one third of the size of original). Archaeological Journal, vol.ii. p.46. 4 4 Cf. Caylus, Rec. d'Antiquites, tom. i. pi. 94. fig. 8. The cruciform design of this fibula, and its differing from all those found in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, warrant our assigning it to a late period of the Roman possession. “ Although, in poetic descriptions, golden fibulae are mentioned at the best period of the history of Rome, some restriction appears to have directed Q 114 SECTION XVI. Fig. 17 Circular fibula found near Devizes, coarsely enamelled in blue, green, and white. 5 18 Bronze stylus, in the collection of Mr. C. R. Smith, found in London. 19 Bronze stylus (?) found in London, in the collection of Mr. C. R. Smith. 20 Bronze stylus found in the same locality as Nos. 9 and 10. 21 Stylus (?) found at Lancing, in Sussex. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. i. p. 149. their use. At the period of the civil war (Plin. xxxiii. 12.) Brutus reproaches his military tribunes with using these orna- ments, thereby indirectly implying that fibula of this precious metal were considered as tokens of effeminacy . They appear, however, to have been bestowed on the Equites, as a reward for valour (Liv. xxxix. 31); and they were probably, at an early period, the decorations of females, their use being derived from the more refined and artistic Etruscans. The early fibu- lae were of bronze, and the military generally were restricted to the wearing of silver, gold fibulae being only allowed to the Tribunes. Valerian commanded Zosimio, the procurator of Syria, to present to Claudius II., when military tribune, two fibulae of silver gilded, and one of gold, as an extra donative (Hist. Aug. Script. Pollio, vit. Claudii); and Aurelian con- ceded to the common soldier the permission to wear gold fibu- lae (ibid.Vopiscus. vit. Aurel. c.46).” S. Birch, in Archaeological Journal, vol.ii. p.47. 5 This resembles the example given by Mr. C. R. Smith in his Collectanea , pi. xxvi. and justifies the remarks, made ante , p. 109. Cf. Delineations of Roman Antiquities, found at Caerleon ; by J. E. Lee. 4to London, 1845, pi. xv. figs. 5, 6, 8. MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS? 115 Plate XIII. STYLI, SPATULAS, MIRRORS, BRACELETS, ETC. Fig. 1 to 15 Styli, Spatulas, and other implements, found during excavations in various localities in London, preserved in the collection of Mr. C. R. Smith. 16 Bronze wand or sceptre found at Castor in Nor- thamptonshire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 103. 1 7 Bronze box containing a speculum. 0 Archeeologia, vol. xxvii. pi. 25. 18 Bronze lamp found in one of the lesser Bartlow Tumuli. Archasologia, vol. xxv. pi. 2. fig. 10. 19 The gold ring found in the glass vase, pi. ix. fig. 8. 20 One of the strigils found in the Bartlow Tumulus, pi. viii. fig. 2. 2 1 Bracelets of mixed metal found in an urn with coins of Antoninus Pius, etc., at Castlethorpe in Buckinghamshire. Journal of British Archaeo- logical Association, vol. ii. p. 353. 22 Bronze bracelets found at Colchester. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 101. 23 Bronze Armilla found at Colchester. Ibid. 24 Massive bracelet of bell metal, said to have been found in a tumulus near Brighton. Ibid. vol. i. p.148. 25 Bronze Armilla, found with a skeleton at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, in 1845. 8 The box has the head of Nero, with the adlocutio type, and is evidently imitated from a large brass coin of the period. This object was found with a cinerary urn in the parish of Coddenham in Suffolk, in 1823. For notices of Roman Mirrors, see Montfaucon, Antiq. Supp. tome iii. pi. 21 ; and Caylus, Rec. d’Antiquites, tome iii. p. 331, and tome v. p. 1 74. 116 SECTION XVI. Roman Silver Plate discovered near Newcastle. Among the Roman remains discovered in Britain, is the remarkable object represented in the accompanying plate. It is shaped like a modern tea-board, weighs 148 ounces, and is about twenty inches long, by fifteen broad. It was found in a boggy place near Newcastle, by some children at play, and by them taken to a smith’s shop ; the smith sold it to a goldsmith in the town, and it finally became the property of the Duke of Northumberland. Without attempt- ing a description of the subject represented on this plate, we may observe, that the first three female figures clearly represent Diana, Minerva, and Juno, and the fourth, perhaps, Security; 1 and J The column surmounted by a globe near this figure, will remind the antiquary of the manner in which Security is so often represented on Roman coins, and may, probably, suggest a better interpretation than has yet been offered of the whole group, which if intended to be symbolical of events in Britain, may typify the security of the province in a state of peace. Such an explanation is suggested by the figure of Security, who alone is seated, while the other divinities stand. ROMAN SILVER PLATE. ROMAN SILVER PLATE. 117 that the male figure standing beneath the portico is Apollo, the griffin below being one of the at- tributes of that divinity. We leave it, however, to the study of more competent judges than our- selves, and refer those who would learn what has been said of this very perfect example of Roman art, to the explanations of Gale, Horsley, and Hodgson. Enamelled brooch found at Kirkby Thorc, with figs. 9, 10, pl.xii. 118 SECTION XVI. Pigs of Lead. Several pigs of lead, inscribed with the names and titles of Roman Emperors, are preserved in the British Museum. They have been found in various parts of England, and shew that this metal was much valued, and used by the Romans or Romanised Britons. An example found at Bossington, Hants, with the name of Nero, has re- cently been exhibited at a meeting of the British Archaeological Association . 1 1 Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. i. p. 326. and p. 335. Cf. also, Archaeologia, vol. xxii., p. 421, and vol. xxiii. p. 369. PART III. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. TUMULI. 121 § I- Tumuli. On the downs and other high and waste lands in various parts of England, but more especially in the eastern parts of Kent, are found extensive groups of small cone-shaped Barrows or Tumuli. These Tumuli belong indubitably to the Anglo- Saxon period. Vast numbers of them were explored about sixty years since by the Rev. J. Douglas, an acute and sensible antiquary, who published the result of his investigations in a work illustrated by engravings executed by him- self, and remarkable for their fidelity . 1 Although it is probable that many of these Barrows have been abridged of their height by time or accident, they are, on the whole, very inferior in size to those of the Celtic period. In these groups, the least elevated Barrows contain the female subject (or children), as may be in- ferred by the discovery of beads, trinkets, and other objects of feminine ornament; while the 1 Nenia Britannica; or, a Sepulchral History of Great Britain, from the Earliest Period to its General Conversion to Christianity. By the Rev. James Douglas, F.S.A. Folio, London, mdccxciii. R 122 SECTION I. larger mounds generally cover cists containing the head of a spear, 2 the boss or umbo of a shield, which appears to have been uniformly laid on the lap of the deceased, a sword on the left side, and a knife on the right, of the skeleton, and sometimes an urn or small earthen bottle at the feet. 3 The disposition of the last mentioned objects is shown in our plate xiv. fig. 2. The circumference of the smallest Barrows is about thirteen or fourteen feet; that of the largest thirty-three to thirty-five feet; and they are generally surrounded by a shallow trench. The cists in which the bodies are deposited, usually vary in depth from one to six feet. Douglas states that he found some which exceeded ten feet. More recent excavations on the downs beyond Canterbury, under the direction of Lord Albert Conyngham, have added a few new objects to those already discovered, proving incontestably that these Barrows are not the burial places of the slain, but the sepulchres of a people in quiet 2 In the Barrows of male persons who were doubtless of humbler rank, the knife alone is found. 3 The spear appears to have been laid by the right side of the deceased; and, unless the staff was broken for the purpose of depositing it in the cist, it must have been of about the height of its owner. It is worthy of remark that these weapons are not barbed like some of those which we see in the illumi- nations of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. TUMULI. 123 possession of the country . 4 “ Their situation,” observes Douglas, “ near villages of Saxon names, their numbers proportioned to a small clan of people existing at a peculiar era, afford the critical evidence of their owners. They are scattered all over Britain, in places which the Saxons occupied, and are not discovered in the parts of Wales which they had not subdued. The relics, com- pared with those discovered in the urns found at Walsingham, in Norfolk, the subject of the beau- tiful old treatise on urn-burial by Dr. Browne, shew the identity of people, and evince the funeral customs of the Saxons, on their visiting this country, to be that of burning, as well as inter- ring the dead.” Those who have been engaged in researches of this description will testify to the accuracy of these remarks, but some will be disposed to question the propriety of the inference which the author draws, when he states his opinion that the Saxons extirpated the Britons from the parts which they then occupied. That the Romanised Britons were entirely subdued by the Saxons is 4 These Barrows had remained undisturbed since the opening of some of them by the Rev. James Douglas. On a visit to the spot in the autumn of 1841, I suggested to Lord Albert Conyngham the opening of those which had not been explored, and had the gratification of assisting his Lordship in the opening of about sixty Barrows. 124 SECTION I. evident, but the total annihilation of the people formerly in possession of the country by their invaders, is not proved by these relics, some of which, but more particularly the urns, which are occasionally found in these graves, remind us of the pottery of the Roman British period. These Tumuli, then, date from the period of the arrival of the Saxons in Britain, to the middle of the eighth century, when Christian sepulture was admitted within the walls of towns and monasteries, 5 and the Pagan mode of interment was abandoned. The practice may have been continued a little later in some parts of England, for the words of the edict of Charlemagne, 6 appear to shew that in France there still lingered a fondness for the earlier mode of burial. A coin of Burgred, who reigned till a. d. 874, was 6 It would appear by the Anglo-Saxon laws, that as soon as this new mode of interment was followed, the gross impro- priety of burial within the walls of the church itself ensued, in the vain desire that the corpse should rest in the most sancti- fied spot. The canons of Eadgar shew that this evil had increased; for they declare, that no man shall be buried within a church, unless he is known to have led a holy life. The Ecclesiastical Institutes interdict the practice, which is stated to be an old one in these lands (hit psep ealb )>eap on pippum lanbum). Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, edited by Thorpe, vol. ii. pp. 250 and 408. 6 Jubemus ut corpora ChristianorumSaxonum, ad coemiteria ecclesias deferantur, et non ad tumulos Paganorum. Ap. Paluz. T. J. p. 254, conf. capit. 6 ; cited by Douglas, Nenia Brit. p. 126. TUMULT. 125 found in Cornwall, in a tumulus containing Anglo- Saxon relics ; 7 and it is not altogether improbable, that at this period in that remote part of the island, Paganism was barely extinct . 8 The fond- ness of the people of all countries for ancient usages, need not be illustrated here. It will be sufficient to cite the thirty-fifth canon of AElfric, in which the priests, when attending the corpse, are enjoined to forbid the heathen songs of the laymen, etc., “ lest they be imitators of the heathenism which they there commit .” 9 The discovery of small gold coins of the lower Empire, and of the Merovingian kings, to which loops are affixed for the purpose of their being worn as personal ornaments, is, at the present day, not likely to mislead the inquiring antiquary, who so far from regarding them as contemporary with the remains, will only perceive that the date of the interment must be limited one way, while the ornament itself might have been in use very long after the period of its fabrication. 7 Archasologia, vol. ix. p. 8. 8 The Anglo-Saxon laws favour this conjecture. The secular laws of Canute forbid heathenism (hae'Senj'cipe), and the practice of heathen rites, or the inducement to men to practise them. Anc. Laws and Institutes ed. by Thorpe, vol. i. p. 379, c. 3 and 5. 9 popbeobe ge }>a hseSenam panjap paepaleepebpa manna, etc. 126 SECTION II. § 2 . Workmanship of Personal Ornaments of the Anglo-Saxon Period. It will be remarked, that many of the relics discovered in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, differ ma- terially from each other; — that there are fibulae which though differing in form, are similar in construction to those of the Roman British period, and that those of circular form, probably worn by women only, are of two descriptions, some bearing the figure of the cross, and others being without that symbol. A question has lately arisen among antiquaries as to the country of their fabrication. Some have maintained that they are the work of the Anglo-Saxons, while others have contended for their Byzantine origin ; but, unless we can be assured that the goldsmiths of the capital of the Eastern Empire, wrought these fibulae for export to other countries, we must seek some other city as the place of their manufacture. That city was, in all probability, Paris. These remarks apply particularly to the buckles studded with pastes and precious stones, which there is every reason to believe were im- ported from the continent. Merovingian places WORKMANSHIP OF PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. 127 of sepulture have been explored in France ; and though some of the relics discovered therein differ from those found in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, some of the buckles are identically the same. 10 In the year 1828, a quantity of gold coins of the Merovingian series was discovered on Bagshot Heath, together with the clasp of a purse, the workmanship of which resembles very closely that of these later fibulae and buckles, 11 and leaves no doubt that it is of continental manufacture. If these ornaments were the performance of native workmen, we are certainly in want of evidence of the fact, while there are several circumstances to warrant conjecture to the contrary. The Anglo-Saxon coinage, with the single exception of the money of Offa, which is admitted by all numismatic antiquaries to have been executed by foreign artists, is rude ; rude in the extreme, when compared with these personal ornaments. Asser, in his life of the Great Alfred, informs us that 10 Of. Le Cabinet de 1’ Amateur et de l’Antiquaire, Deuxieme Annde, p. 350, where a buckle is engraved, closely resembling those found in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli in Kent. Also, Mitthei- lungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurch, 4to. 1841. This volume contains several plates of remains of the same period, which are especially deserving the attention of the English Antiquary, on account of their resemblance to those under notice. 11 Numismatic Chronicle, vol.vi. p. 171. 128 SECTION II. the king brought over cunning artificers in gold- smiths’ work. The artificers of this description were in such repute among the Francs that, by their law, the werli-gild for a slave who was a good worker in gold, was higher than that of a free person of humble rank . 12 We find nothing of the kind in the Anglo-Saxon laws; and the natural inference is, that the more costly articles of personal ornament were generally imported. 12 Lex Rip., cited by M. Guizot in his admirable Essays on the history of France. Fibula from a Barrow at Wingham, Kent. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 129 § 3 . Objects discovered in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli. Plate XIY. The view at the head of our plate represents a considerable group of Barrows of the Anglo- Saxon period, on Breach Down, in the immediate vicinity of the village of Barham, six miles east of Canterbury. This spot appears to have been the common burial-place of the village. A por- tion of the Tumuli within the area were destroyed many years since, on the making of a road which passes along the ridge of the hill ; on which oc- casion many relics were discovered. This group of Barrows had been partially explored both by the Rev. James Douglas and Sir Thomas Mantell, when, in the autumn of 1841, nearly the whole of what remained unexamined were opened by Lord Albert Conyngham. Fig. 2 Represents the grave of a male subject with the spear head, umbo of shield, knife, sword, etc. ; and with an urn at the feet. S 130 SECTION III. GLASS VESSELS. The examples of glass drinking vessels discovered in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, are remarkable. They have not inappropriately been termed “ tumblers” by our Antiquaries, having neither stalk nor bottom, so that they could not be placed on the table when filled. Some of them are, in fact, cups, and closely resemble those seen in the hands of figures carousing, in the illumination of an MS. in the Cottonian Library 1 . These cups, which, when filled, could not be set down, are analogous to those of the Greeks, inscribed ppopine mh (drink and don’t set down ). 2 The latter, however, are rare ; but the frequent discovery in Tumuli of these evidences of the vice of hard-drinking, for such they certainly appear to be, furnishes a curious illustration of the habits of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. Fig. 3 to 5 Drinking cups of glass, from Barrows in East Kent, opened by Douglas; 3 Nos. 3. 4. and 5, 1 MS. Julius, a. vi. Fac-simile representations of these illus- trations are given in Mr. Shaw’s Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, vol.i. 2 A vase of this description occurs in the Catal. Durand, p. 295. No. 1006. Cf. Panofka, Recherches sur les Nonas des Vases Grecs, pl.v. p.30. and MuseeBlacas, pl.xvi. 3. 3 A fine specimen found at Clacton, Essex, is in the Museum of Mr. C. R. Smith. Glasses of precisely similar form are found in Derbyshire. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 131 are exactly of the form represented in the illustra- tion of the Anglo-Saxon Calendar above referred to. 6 Is ribbed, as if intended to render it less liable to be broken. 7 Drinking cup, from a Tumulus opened by Lord Albert Conyngham, on Breach Down; height six inches. 8 A singular-shaped cup from a Tumulus opened' by Douglas. 9 Glass vessel found in East Kent, by Douglas. 10 Glass vessel found near Otterham Creek, Kent. Journal of British Archseological Association, vol.ii. p. 347. 11 Glass from a Tumulus in East Kent, opened by Douglas. Nenia, pi. xvi. fig. 5. 12 Cup of a similar shape to the preceding one, found in a Barrow at Chessell, Isle of Wight. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 52. 13 Cup similar to No. 7, from a Barrow in East Kent. 14 Cup found with No. 12. URNS. The urns found in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, are for the most part peculiar to the period, but some appear to be formed on the Roman model. The example found at the feet of the skeleton in the Tumulus, opened by Douglas, on Chatham Lines, a representaion of which is given in our plate xiii. fig. 33, is of the latter description, and affords another indication of the Romanised habits of 132 SECTION III. the Northern Races. Several of the urns found at Kingston, near Derby, are classed with this period ; but some of them may possibly be referred to an earlier date. 1 5 Urn from a Barrow in East Kent. 16 From a Barrow on Breach Down, Kent. 17 to 20 Urns from the site of a Cemetery at Kingston near Derby. Vide the Rev. J. S. Henslow’s com- munication to the Journal of the British Archaeo- logical Association, vol.ii. p. 60. 4 5 21 Small urn from the same locality as the four pre- ceding ones. 22 Urn from Chessell in the Isle of Wight. 23 to 27 Urns from a Cemetery at Kingston, near Derby, Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p.62,63. 28 to 29 Urns from Barrows in the Isle of Wight, Winchester book of British Archaeological Associ- ation, plate, figs. 12 and 13, p. 151. No. 28 has much the appearance of an urn of the Celtic period. s 30 to 31 Urns from the same locality as Nos. 23 to 27. 32 Urn from a Barrow on Breach Downs, opened by Lord Albert Conyngham. 33 Another Urn from a Barrow on Breach Downs, opened by Lord Albert Conyngham. 34 Urn or rather Bottle, from a Barrow on Chatham Lines, opened by Douglas. 4 This gentleman considers them aboriginal British ; but, though there is no record of weapons found on the spot, this is certainly not tenable, while the Saxon name of the place is strongly against such a supposition. 5 The paper illustrating these discoveries is very far from satisfactory, and appears to have been drawn up in haste. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 133 35 Urn from the same locality as Nos. 30, 3i. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 63. Plate XY. BRONZE DISHES, AND PATERA!. It seems not improbable that these bronze dishes belong in reality to the Romano-British period. The workmanship of all, and the classical form of Nos. 4 and 5, of our plate favour this con- jecture. 1 Bronze dish from a Barrow at Chatham, Douglas, NeniaBrit. pi. xii. fig. 4. 2 A similar dish from a Barrow at Chatham. Ibid. pi. ii. fig. 1. 3 Another dish from a Barrow at Chatham. Ibid. pi. ii. fig. 3. 4 Patera from a Barrow near Marlborough, opened by Sir R. C. Hoare. Anc. Wilts, vol.ii. pi. 6. 5 Patera of elegant shape from a Tumulus at Wingham, East Kent, opened by Lord Albert Conyngham. BOXES AND BUCKETS. The buckets and boxes sometimes found in Anglo- Saxon interments doubtless belonged to women, as they are generally discovered in those graves in which jewels and personal ornaments have been deposited. The grave opened in Bourne Park 1 1 Archaeological Journal, vol.i. p. 255. 134 SECTION III. contained a bucket, and also weapons; but it probably held both husband and wife. A Barrow opened on Roundway Down contained a bucket, and a monile or necklace, precisely similar to that in our pl.xvii. fig. 13. 6 Brass box from a Barrow in Kent. Nenia Brit. pi. xviii. fig. 1. 7 Bucket from a Barrow on Chatham Lines. Ibid. pl.xii. fig. 11. Height 7 \ in.; diam. 8 in. 8 Bucket from a Tumulus near Marlborough, opened by Sir B. C. Hoare. Anc. Wilts, vol. ii. pl.vi. WEAPONS. These consist of the long broad sword before alluded to ; a spear generally with a remarkably elongated head or blade, but without barb, as we find them represented in Anglo-Saxon MS. ; the knife ; the shield, of which the boss or umbo alone exists; and the remains of bows and arrows. In one Barrow an axe-head of iron has been found. Both the sword and spear differ materially from those of the Romans, the former realising the description of Tacitus before noticed, and the latter being formed of iron and somewhat clumsily wrought. Several spe- cimens are in the collections of Mr. Rolfe of Sandwich, and Mr. C. R. Smith. 9 to 11 Iron knives of the ordinary description, from Barrows in East Kent. They are generally found lying on the right side of male skeletons. Fig. 10. is of a less common shape. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 135 12 Small spear-head, from a Barrow on Breach Down. 13 Arrow-heads, from Barrows in East Kent. 14 Sword blade, of the usual form, found in Barrows in East Kent. 15 Spear-head, from a Barrow in Kent. 2 16 Spear-head, from a Barrow in Kent. Douglas, Nenia Brit. pi. iii. 17 and 18. Swords of the usual form, from Barrows in East Kent. 19 Handle of a sword, found in a Barrow at Gilton, near Ash (drawn on a larger scale to shew the form of the hilt). Archaeologia xxx. pl.xi. fig. 4. 20 Axe head, from a burial-place near Ramsgate. In the collection of Mr.Rolfe. UMBONES OF SHIELDS. These are generally found lying between the legs, as if the shield had been placed in the lap of the deceased. They are of various forms, as will be seen by the specimen engraved, Nos. 23 and 25 being, perhaps, of most frequent oc- currence. 21 Umbo, from a Barrow in North Wilts, opened by Sir R. C.Hoare. 22 ,, From a Barrow at Sittingbourne, Kent. Archaeo- logical Album, pi. i. fig. 14. 23 „ From a burial place at Fairford, Gloucestershire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 53. 2 Some of the spear heads of this period are remarkable for the length of the head of the blade. Those found at Stowting are thus distinguished. 136 SECTION III. 24 Umbo, from a Barrow in Breach Down. Archaaologia xxx. p.49. 25 „ From a Barrow in Breach Down. Ibid. 26 „ From a burial place at Fairford, found with No. 23. 27 „ Of very remarkable form, found at Driffield, Yorkshire. Journal of British Archaeological As- sociation, vol. ii. p. 55. FIBULAE. The Anglo-Saxon Fibulas are of two very dis- tinct kinds ; namely, those of circular form and those resembling examples of the Roman period. The latter may almost be classed with the later Roman fibulae, but the former are better dis- tinguished. The latest circular fibulae of the Anglo-Saxons are those which have the or- naments disposed in the form of a cross, but we are not on that account to conclude that the owner was a Christian. The Symbol of our faith was, after the age of Constantine, openly exhibited, and being a common form of ornament would be adopted, and imitated, and worn by persons who were Pagans. Excavations in many Pagan Tumuli lead to this inference; due regard, however, being had to the fact that the Pagan mode of sepulture may possibly have continued for a short time after the in- troduction of Christianity. 28 and 29. Fibulae of lead, doubtless of the Pagan Saxon OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 137 period, described by Mr. Fairholt, in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 309. 30 Fibula, found at Chessell, Isle of Wight. Winchester book of British Archaeological Association, p. 151. 31 Fibula, found at Fairford, Gloucestershire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.ii. p. 54. Plate XVI. FIBULAS. 1 Bronze Fibula, found on Shalcombe Down, Isle of Wight, half the size, of original. Winchester Book of British Archaeological Association, p. 151, No. 1. of plate. 2 Jewelled Fibula, found in the same locality. Ibid. p. 151. 3 Fibula, from a Barrow at Chartham, East Kent. Nenia Brit. pi. xxi. fig. 9. 4 Fibula, from a Barrow on Chatham Lines. Ibid. pi. ix. fig. 2. 5 Jewelled Fibula, found at Gilton, near Ash, Kent. Archaeologia, vol.xxx. pl.ii. fig. 2. 6 Jewelled Fibula, from a Barrow on Breach Down. 7. Jewelled Fibula, from a Barrow in Kent. 8. Bronze Fibula, from a burial place at Shalcombe Down, Isle of Wight. Winchester Book of British Archaeological Association, p. 151. 9. Fibula, from a Barrow at Stowting, Kent, set with red and blue glass. Vide the Kev. F. Wrench’s Description of Antiquities, found in that parish, 8vo. 10. A beautiful Fibula with a gold rim, set with red and blue stone and glass, found at Sittingbourne, Kent, T 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 SECTION III. and in the possession of the Kev. James Vallance. The engraving is about half the size of the original. Fibula set with coloured pastes; from a Barrow at Chartham. Nenia Brit. pi. v. fig. 1. Gold shell of a Fibula ploughed up at Sutton, near Woodbridge. Archaeological Album, p. 206. Very large Fibula found in a Barrow at Chatham (-} the size of original). Nenia Brit. pi. x. fig. 7. The back of No. 13. shewing the action of the tongue, which is rarely found entire. Gold Fibula with bronze rim, set with pastes, from a Barrow excavated by Lord Albert Conyngham at Wingham. Fibula found at Gilton in the parish of Ash, Kent. Archaeologia, vol. xxx. pi. ii. fig. 3. Fibula found at Gilton. Ibid. Fibida found near Colchester. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 42. This ex- ample may belong to the Komano-British period. Plate XVII. FIBULAE. Bronze Fibula from a Barrow in Kent. Nenia Brit, pi. xv. fig. 5. Another bronze Fibula from a Barrow in Kent. Fibula found at Badly, Northamptonshire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. i. p. 61. Bronze Fibula originally gilt, found in Yorkshire. About -L of the size. Journal of British Archaeo- logical Association, vol. ii. p. 31 1 . Bronze Fibula from a burial place on Shalcombe Down, Isle of Wight. Winchester Book of British Archaeological Association, p. 151. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 139 6 Bronze Fibula from a Barrow at Chatham (about \ size). Nenia Brit, pl.iv. fig. 7. 7 Another Fibula from a Barrow at Chatham (J size). Ibid. pi. ii. fig. 3. BUCKLES. 8 Buckle from a Tumulus at Chatham (A size). Nenia Brit. Yig. p. 53. 9 Buckle of bronze gilt, found in a Tumulus on Breach Down by Lord Albert Conyngham. 10 An elegant Buckle found at Gil ton in the parish of Ash, Kent. Archeeologia, vol. xxx. pi. ii. fig. 5, bulla:, crosses, pendent ornaments, etc. 11 Bulla of gold from a Barrow at Chartham, Kent. (|-ds of size). 3 Nenia Brit. pi. xxi. fig. 1. 1 2 Another Bulla from a Barrow at Wingham. Archeo- logical Album, pi. iii. fig. 4. 13 Bulla of gold set with a ruby, found in a Barrow on Breach Down by Lord Albert Conyngham. Ar- cheologia, vol. xxx. p. 47. 14 Bulla of gold from a Barrow in Kent, (A size). Nenia Brit. pi. x. fig. 1 . 15 Bulla of silver from a Barrow at Sibert’s Wold, Kent. Ibid. pi. xxi. No. 1. fig. 3. 16 Pendent ornament set with coloured glass, found at Sibert’s Wold, Kent. (A size). Ibid. pi. xxi. No. 1. fig. 2. 3 The device on this bulla is supposed by Douglas to be the Knot of Hercules ; but the very northern character of the interlaced object suggests a different interpretation. 1 40 SECTION III. 17 Bulla of gold set with a garnet from a Barrow in Kent. (-| size). Ibid. pi. xxi. No. 1 . fig. 6. 18 Another from a Barrow in Kent. Ibid. pi. xxi. No. 2. fig. 8. 19 Jewelled cross from a Barrow in Kent. Q size). Ibid. Vignette, p 67. 20 Another cross from a Barrow in Kent, (i size). Ibid. page 67. 21 Another from a Barrow in Kent. Ibid. 22 Small bronze cross from a Tumulus at Wingham. Archaeological Album, pi. iii. fig. 8. 23 Fragment from a Barrow at Gilton. Archaeologia, vol. xxx. Plate XVIII. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, UTENSILS, ETC. 1 A set of instruments strung on a ring, probably com- prising an ear-pick and tooth-pick (J size), found near Fairford, Gloucestershire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p. 54. 2 Bronze “ Faex-nedl,” or hair pin, from a Barrow opened by the Rev. J. P. Bartlett on Breach Down, (about 1 size). 4 Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol.i. p.317. 4 Hair pins of bronze, and of a much simpler form, are often found with female skeletons. A Barrow opened by me near Firle Beacon in Sussex, a few years since, contained nothing beside the body but a mass of long light coloured hair and a pin of bronze of the plainest form, about 2| inches long. Various specimens may be seen in Douglas. OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 141 3 Another hair-pin, with a jewelled head, found at Wingham, Kent. Archaeological Album, pi. iii. fig. 6. 4 Perforated Spoon, 5 found in a Barrow in East Kent. NeniaBrit. pi. ii. fig. 9. 5 and 6. Shears of the usual form, from Barrows in East Kent. Ibid. pi. v. No. 2. figs. 2, 3,5. 7 and 8. Tweezers of the ordinary description, from Bar- rows in East Kent, the Isle of Wight, etc. 9 and 10. Bone pins, probably for the hair, found in Barrows on Breach Downs. 1 1 Linked Jewelled pins (in the manner of the modern article of jewellery called “ the Union pin”), from a Barrow near Buxton, Derbyshire. Journal of British Archaeological Association, vol. ii. p.237. 12 Linked pins, with chain of Bronze, from a Barrow on Breach Down, Kent. 13 Monile or Necklace, found in a Barrow in Derby- shire, by Mr. Bateman. A necklace precisely similar, was found a few years since, with a bucket, on Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts. 14 to 24. Examples of Beads found by Douglas in various Tumuli in East Kent. Vide Nenia Brit. pis. ii. iv. vi. viii. ix. xxi. These beads are found of various colours, and are sometimes formed of variegated vitrified pastes. Some are of crystal, others of an elon- gated form, composed of amethystine quartz and nearly the length of the second joint of the finger. 5 This is supposed by Douglas to have been used in magical incantations. His remarks, at considerable length, will be found in illustration of the plate in which this relic is en- graved. 142 SECTION III. The latter seem to be peculiar to this period. A fine series, found in a Barrow on Breach Down by Lord Albert Conyngham, is engraved in the Archseologia, vol. xxx. pl.i. fig. 5. Very rude beads of amber are frequently discovered in these graves. 6 25 Comb, from a Barrow on Chatham Lines. Nenia Brit. pi. xviii. fig. 9. 7 26 Crystal Ball, supposed to have been used for magical purposes; 8 set, and suspended from two rings; 6 Examples of all these beads, drawn to the actual size, will be found in the illustrations of the Nenia. A con- siderable number of beads of various kinds was found in the Breach Down Barrows, 7 The reader is referred to a very interesting notice by Mr. T. C. Croker in the Journal of the British Archeological Asso- ciation, vol. ii. p. 328, of discoveries of sepulchral inter- ments at a place called Pier-o-wall in the Orkney Islands. Among these are a singularly shaped fibula and a comb. These relics certainly do not appear to be Saxon, but Danish; and we would suggest to the intelligent author of this notice, that the word Wall or Waal is pretty good evidence that the locality had its name from the visit of the Danes, and that Walil A.S. a stranger or foreigner, is a better interpretation than the old Norse, slaughter , though slaughter and a foreign visit were in those days too often synonymous. 8 In the Roman tomb discovered at Avisford (ante p.73. note 7 ), a crystal ball was found. These balls are not unfre- quently discovered in Anglo-Saxon Tumuli, being some- times strung on an armlet, and they certainly favour the conjecture of the sagacious author of the Nenia. Small spheres formed of precious stones were believed to possess great OBJECTS IN ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI. 143 found in a Barrow on Chatham Lines. Nenia Brit, pl.iv. fig. 8. 27 Silver ear-ring from a Barrow on Breach Down. 28 Silver ring, probably from the neighbourhood of Barham Downs, supposed to be Anglo-Saxon from the resemblance of the ornament to the fol- lowing. 29 Bing from a Barrow on Sibert’s Wold. Douglas, Nenia Brit. pi. xxii. Plate XIX. 9 1 to 3. The face, back and edge of the beautiful relic known as King Alfred's Jewel , found in 1693, at Newton Park, some distance north of the site of Athelney Abbey, in Somersetshire, near the junc- tion of the Parret and the Thone. 10 The inscription on the edge, which is bevelled towards the front, is *t AELFBED MEE HEHT EEVVBEAN. — i.e. Aelfred me ordered to be wrought. The minia- ture is formed of enamelled mosaic work, and is virtue, if worn on the arm. “ Chrisolitus debet perforari et in sinistro brachio suspendi," says a MS. quoted by Mr. Wright in a paper communicated by him to the Society of Antiquaries, vol. xxx. p 438. The crystal ball represented in fig. 26. seems to be one of these supposed talismans. 9 The objects represented in this plate belong to a period later than that originally intended to be comprised in the series of Pagan Anglo-Saxon remains, but their beauty and interest claim a place for them here. 10 Shortly after its discovery it came into the possession of Colonel Nathaniel Palmer, of Eairfield, Somersetshire; and in the year 1718, his son Thomas Palmer, Esq., presented it to the Ashmolean Museum, where it is now preserved. 144 SECTION III. covered and protected by an oval plate of rock crystal. The back consists of a plate of gold, on ■which is engraved a fleur-de-lys-shaped figure, elaborately ornamented and covering the surface. The relic terminates in the head of a dolphin; from the mouth of which projects a small tube traversed by a gold pin, which must, at one time, have served as rivet securing the wooden stem to which it was fixed. 4 Enamelled ring bearingthe inscription ETHELVVLF R. found near Salisbury, and preserved in the British Museum. Archaeologia, vol. vii. p. 421. 5 Jewelled ornaments to the mouth of a purse, found ■with a number of gold coins of the Merovingian period on Bagshot Heath, in the year 1 828. The shells and chains are of fine gold ; the workmanship of the latter being as neat as that of the famous Trichinopoly chains. The circular compartments are set with garnets, and the squares with coloured pastes, like the fibulae of this age, a cruciform cavity being left in the centre. (Actual size). 6 The object commonly called “ St. Cuthbert’s Cross” (though the designation has been questioned), found, with human remains and other relics of the Anglo- Saxon period, in the Cathedral of Durham in 1827. (Actual size). 7 Bing of solid gold found in a meadow at Bosington, near Stockbridge, Hampshire. The legend is NOMEN EHLLA FIDES IN XPO, and by the style of the letters and the engraving, it may be considered as an early example of Anglo-Saxon workmanship (actual size). Journal of the British Arch geological Association, vol. i. p.341. APPENDIX. ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM. ANTONINI ITEK BRITANNIARUM, 147 «o O 05 05 W I'- r — ( O'! -H a p PS ►H <5 EH s PQ to H PS O PL, P P H t— i p p «5 o p Q O O 0 o' P5 P 1 p £5 Q H m p « o o ■< t PS o co co P O ci ■-d < S ^ per o , f-l f-H ■ p <0 § & 0 ? A rS O (k &J0+3 O 3 ®G O 2 g o O ^ 43 03 CU _ es r-cj 0) too ,-Q a) ~ -Jp vi r* QJ s (< g s « a cs ^ fci 52 _c E oH ?-l Pm g ,£>A A % -a r_ 0 -8.1 W WO cs ■ P JQ o ^ cs 0 > . a .J 3 be n 3 ~ P £ ft* O O CJ fH C/-' 3 ° a ss^ eiS'tSDg'S-g 5 s r£> -ft U J3 -ft O > ft'.+j'ft ^ H3 co r~> cl, & _ p a x * X Pd w H ,_« HH XI X K X X X! ft o o u o o o o o ft a -j H ft o ft ft ft . o H O < o o «l H ◄ co »H ft ft ft ft c t— 1 CO X o -H H o 5 O P* £ ft /“s X) w ft ft ft <1 OQ HH o J H ftj * •g C/J ft ft o ft K" H ft ft C£ < ft o ft ft ◄ ft « ft PU < ■< ft ft ft <*/■> ft H ft ft ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM. 149 1 _c . En S li: Miles »C 00 Q X 00 C rH i— H i-H r-H HOCOiO r— co (M »-h (M o a □ ^ ^ • & >-> sp t Sj O ° 3 O §« « e Dr S o g rX S -S 53 P5 S -‘ J r3 > +J _2 O f fl'o O O O b g .- K^P3fcx;oP4 Pi o nr! PJ O hJ o £ • • ^ ?H fH o 3 tS -P fH ° O f-P . > O £ ^ O s a> wofi 0 o r O S o h4 pH a? s "Tj 03 PP O ! t: Tr ffi Ph b* X X PP W H >x >< > S a S >» >— I PP w H X S x! tr* « X r5« XI £ r b £ *j xS x * ^ x o „ c * <1 o > o o > o o PS PS Pi P P P PS W P P a p > c o ® 2 IH PS PS P « !> O O PS PS P P P P PS ffl P P S P H PS C Ph P < 150 APPENDIX. wo— w S o CO to M H H • P-, <3 £ to >-P 2 « 0 £ £ o 03 ^ PhOP) to 00 W NU 5 KJ K5 O to Tf H xfoojcOHCOiMeocoMHN '■a I I— < o I o '"d o g o Jh p-l CS o +-> $ i *§s P! ft o?. x x Ph W H c3 a n i> p * X x co O P 3 M PS PS W PQ P O O PS PS P P P C « fe H 8* o o P 2 P P P ^ XI >. x! X X! u r*S [*S r*1 r*S P m « * PI * PI « P O H £ OB l— 1 o 1— 1 O PL, P M CO PS M PS O O P PQ fc PQ o O S PS PS rS ^ O O rj g'Hi «J 6 w * £ £ * * * * * S H Q > . X o . O XTl h- 1 . (*! O l-H o 0 pq <1 o O £_| > h- ( o cis iZ o ft 02 H Pi i7 M 1— 1 a a ◄ o <1 « o CZ3 GO Iz o Kh H pq S H a a M Q o H P a 0 > o s ft H M o Iz o £ »Z! 5z o o pi M O a o a ft C/3 a H a a <1 P a u fi P3 s M P P ft W a ffl ft a ft > 152 APPENDIX -g W)5 (O rH Jh ^ CO Tf CO N wS <£ ai ?H c3 o Presumed Castle ford York Aldborough Catarick, (n Ovynford . Bowes Brough Old Penrith CO H ^ (M CM r“H rH rH i-H £ O nd O s o rH c3 h ?h QhHCW > o l-H o p o o *3 w 03 o P u ffl p s £3 P £ < P co HH 03 P P 03 03 O 0> -3 o o 03 03 O hh P P -3 > p P P P CP w H O P o l-H r3 X x x £ * * o p fc l-H P o l-H X l-H ft 53 O P << O -3 P O 03 W > O M 03 M O O O 03 P P O HH 53 l-H > o o 03 O P o P O -3 P P > *a< 53 .53 •3 CO O M P 03 O P l-H 03 P ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM, 153 05 1=5 ■“d ^ .J 5 p M-l ,_Q 0) 5 ^+3 0) i? s^le sp|:g J g H CQ O ^ ^ < 03 Jr" .H .r- H PMOfi^JPP s S.s.5 .^'S^sSs.Jo S > X X £ > t> ^ 2225232 “ XX R RXXX££XXp X X X ft X o Hi o Q X Pi P P3 H ffl <1 X M O o . o p o p P M • CO FH X X pi op S o o g A >■ P O X S o o o o 3 “^1 o O P p O p Q o 3 X CO M O X HH o O O X w o pi Pi H X X P Pi Pi X X O pi X P p X X P P Hi 0 X 3 o S > P? 1> « r~, a > ITER IX. ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM. 155 OO— I « lo (D Oi (O N CO (M r*H r— I i-H f-H OfON IOH H O ■ • • -23 .SP '8 — bd 0) • M M — ’sis 8 S3 ° T3 "8 8 o O h 3 h r ~0 ^ c2 ScoJ; § § > +3 Sfi 'T5 cTl ? J33 3 d rs s S'SlSO^cSKO C/2 C/2 H S8 O !>■ PS o o 3 . . . o 8 rJ3 8 g PS 3 ' .. o r* aj ° « m rs O CO "S .2 os 8 > £ 2 8^ s a S3 t-H « * ^ M s * ^ W gas ° £ * tx| X O g B 5; s 2 « 2 PP o rP! £ d 3 c3 c3 co 0 rH -+H CO ^3 "o bo Q o ■4h f**S fi t5 4-5 o o3 o i-l o O pp H 3 > S g * * x * i> t> K X & o ■ X H M M 55 * « a " * ^ 00 . O W <0 fc « E- O W a > ft ITER XII. ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM. 157 .Zi & c 3 S CO OhioI>QO(M(M^N (M h (M 05 00 ^ O * -»p> £ (1) M -4-3 CS K. S u ^ £ 3* oq ?h ^ ^ o o .2 o E?2 hS'S -. £ S ^ IS V • WH* £ S Ph P! X pq o t> <1 X i-l ^ ss 0 0) 1 °.l ‘-3 c3 g go 2 ^^ 5 £ 3 O s £ GO o S 3 CC 5 4-3 • • cc '"rt '“o • r-t . Zj .2 S 3 GO O 3 <4h O M s ^ S £ O 3 * * 8 X Pn p H X - „ B > * > > > X X X X a a > a X x% > * R g X X X o o 3 p o fc p o 3 - S o o Jh c 3 O H yj a ^ pH a> ► • a) • 4 * 60 fl 05 « ^ r- * ^ 05 Ss . 2 ^ >V|T 05 I* " 03aJticj(l,Sa|55 <3 O sMfflc/2P3c/2« £ &§^3 M X Ph w H r CS r t 3 * X ◄ o cn H w s 2 g W j> ^ cc B g H J t» 3 X H 5 3 2 .P^OZ £§32 $ H 0 ^ W ®ja 2 W 2 P WMKO’WpS^ •< P-^H-«)!>-Oo 5 C> ITER XV. ANTONINI ITER BRITANNIARUM. 159 S zc lO H h O) f) to to Mg ^ -H (M^-t u <- ^ X w m 3 m bD .s 4) M Pm W C3 4 > 3 * s' ’I fH O o 3 3 S r— « (1) +-* O rj^ S « ? 2 O S S fH Jh r£J dC; O O ^ : s J g § 2 .5 g nd bs g o x ^moSqmw : Pm Tj W t S O 3 ux; 2 a s x X X A >> I— I >— I I— I I — c !x< >— I t>. y X X z 5 £ > y * X! £ * XI * M X <1 « ft Ml -3 o Xt & O ft X; a £ C 5 ft ft ^ 3 ft a w o m >- ft a! >■ XI & ft O ft D x; a & ft <1 o I 160 APPENDIX. PTOLEMY. The Position oe the British Island Albion. Longitude. Latitude. The Description of the Northern Side, beyond which is the ocean called Deucaledonian. Peninsula Novantum with a promon- tory of the same name . 21 00 61 40 Rerigonian Bay . - 20 30 60 50 Bay of Yidotara .... 21 30 60 30 Estuary of Clota .... 22 15 59 40 Lelannonian Bay .... 24 00 60 40 Promontory of Epidium . 23 00 60 40 Mouth of River Longus . 24 00 60 40 Mouth of River Itys 27 00 60 00 Bay Yolsas ..... 29 00 60 30 Mouth of River Nabseus . 30 00 60 30 Promontories Tarvidum and Orcas 31 20 60 15 The Description of the Western Side, which lies along the Irish and Yergivian seas, after the Peninsula Novantum, which hath as above . 21 00 61 40 Mouth of River Abravannus 19 20 61 00 iEstuary Jena . . . . 19 00 60 30 PTOLEMY. 161 Longitude. Latitude. Mouth of River Deva 18 00 60 00 Mouth of River Novius . 18 20 59 30 Actuary Ituna .... 18 30 58 45 ./Estuary Moricambe 17 30 58 20 Haven of the Setantii 17 20 57 45 vEstuary Belisama ..... 17 30 57 20 Actuary Seteia .... 17 00 57 00 Mouth of River Toisobius 15 40 56 20 Promontory of the Cancan i 15 00 56 00 Mouth of River Stucia 15 20 55 30 Mouth of River Tuerobius 15 00 55 00 Promontory Octapitarum 14 20 54 30 Mouth of River Tobius 15 30 54 30 Mouth of River Ratostathybius 16 30 54 30 AEstuary Sabriana .... 17 20 54 30 iEstuary Vexala .... 16 00 53 30 Promontory of Hercules . 14 00 53 00 Promontory Antivestreum, some- times called Bolerium . 11 00 52 30 Promontory Damnonium, called also Ocrinum ..... 12 00 51 30 A Description of the next side lying towards the South, and hounded by the British Ocean, after the Promontory Ocrinum. Mouth of River Cenion . . 14 00 51 45 Mouth of River Tamarus . 15 40 52 10 Mouth of the River Isaca. . 17 00 52 20 Mouth of the River Alaenus 17 40 52 40 Great Haven 19 00 53 00 Mouth of River Trisanton 20 20 53 00 Y 162 APPENDIX. Longitude. Latitude. New Haven .... 21 00 53 30 Promontory Cantium 22 00 54 00 The Description of the next side lying towards the South-east, along which flows the German Ocean, after the Promontory Tarvidum, or Orcas, mentioned before. Promontory Vervedrum 31 00 60 00 Promontory Berubium 30 30 59 40 Mouth of the River Ila 30 00 59 40 High Bank .... 29 00 59 40 Mouth of the River Loxa 28 30 59 40 -/Estuary Vara .... 27 30 59 40 -Estuary Tuae .... 27 00 58 00 Mouth of the River Celnius 27 00 58 45 Promontory Taizalum 27 30 58 30 Mouth of the River Diva 26 00 58 30 -Estuary Tava .... 25 00 58 30 Mouth of the River Tinna 24 30 58 45 -Estuary Boderia 22 30 58 45 Mouth of the River Alaunus 21 40 58 30 Mouth of the River Vedra 20 10 58 30 Bay of Dunum .... 20 15 57 30 Bay of Gabrantuici, with a safe Har- bour ..... 21 00 57 00 Promontory Ocellum . . . 21 15 56 40 Mouth of the River Abus 21 00 56 30 .Estuary Metaris .... 20 30 55 40 Mouth of the River Garrienum 21 00 55 20 Prominence (Extensio) 21 15 55 05 Mouth of the River ldumania . 20 10 55 00 -Estuary Jamissa 20 30 54 30 PTOLEMY. 163 After which the Promontory Acan- tium .... Longitude. Latitude. 22 00 54 00 On the North Side (of the Island) are the N ovantee , under the Peninsula , which bears the same name with them, and among them are the following Towns: — Leucophibia . . . . 19 00 60 20 Retigonium . . . 20 10 60 40 Under (or south from them), are the Selgovas, and among them these Towns: — Carbantorigum . 19 00 59 20 Uxelum .... . 18 30 59 20 Corda .... . 20 00 59 40 Trimontium 19 00 59 00 Eastward of these, and of a more Northern situation than the fol- lowing People, are the Damnii, and their Towns are : — Colania ...... 20 30 59 10 Yanduara ..... 21 40 60 00 Coria ...... 21 30 59 20 Alauna ...... 22 45 59 20 Lindum ...... 23 00 59 30 Victoria ...... 23 30 59 00 The Gadeni of a more Northern Situ- ation (that is, than the Otadeni). 164 APPENDIX. Longitude. Latitude. The Otadeni more to the South, among whom are these towns: — Curia 20 10 59 00 Bremenium . . . . 21 00 58 45 After the Damnii eastward, hut more northerly, and inclining to the East from the Promontory Epidium, are the Epidii. Next to them the Cerones. Then the Carnonacse. Next the Careni. The last and most easterly are the Cornabyi. From the Laelamnonian Bay to the iEstuary of Varar are the Cale- donii. And North of them the Caledonian wood. But more to the East than they are the Cantse. Next to them the Logi, adjoining to the Cornavii. And North from the Logi lie the Mertse. South from the Caledonii are the Vacomagi, whose towns are these: — Banatia ...... 24 00 59 30 Tamea ...... 25 00 59 30 Alata Castra . . 27 15 59 20 Tuesis ..... 26 45 59 10 South from them are the Venicontes to the West and their town Orrea 24 00 58 45 PTOLEMY. 165 ' Longitude. Latitude. To the East the Texali and the town Devana ..... 26 15 59 45 And South from the Selgova; and the Otadeni, and reaching from sea to sea, are theBrigantes, whose towns are: — Epiacum ..... 18 30 58 30 Vinnovium ..... 17 30 58 00 Caturractonium .... 20 00 58 00 Calatum ..... 19 00 57 30 Isurium ..... 20 00 57 40 Rigodunum ..... 18 00 57 30 Olicana ..... 19 00 57 30 Eboracum ..... 20 00 57 20 LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX. Camunlodunum .... Besides these about the well havened 18 15 57 00 bay are the Parisi, and the town Petuaria ..... 20 40 56 40 South from these and the Brigantes, but the most Western, are situated the Ordovices, among whom are the following towns : — Mediolanum .... 16 45 56 40 Brannogenium .... More to the East than these are 16 00 56 15 the Cornavii, and their towns Deuana . . . . . 18 30 55 00 LEGIO VICESIMA VICTRIX. Viroconiuin .... 16 45 55 45 166 APPENDIX. Longitude. Latitude. Next to these are the Coritani and their towns Lindum ..... 18 40 55 45 Rage ...... Then the Catyeuchlani, whose towns 18 00 55 30 are: — Salense . 20 10 55 40 Urolanium ..... Next to these are the Simeni ; their 19 20 55 30 town is Venta ...... And more easterly, beside the Estu- 20 30 55 20 ary Jamensa, are the Trinoantes, whose town is Camudolanum 21 00 55 00 Again, South from the countries be- fore mentioned, but in the most Western Part are the Dimetas, among whom are these towns: — Luentium ..... 15 45 55 10 Maridunum ..... 15 30 55 40 More easterly than these are the Silyres, whose town is Bullaaum . Next them are the Dobuni, and the 16 20 55 00 town Corinium .... Then the Atrebatii, and the town 18 00 54 10 Nalcua ..... Next to these, and in the most eastern 19 00 54 15 part, are the Cantii, and among them these towns : — Londinium ..... 20 00 54 00 Daruenum ..... 21 00 53 40 Rutupise ...... 21 45 54 00 PTOLEMY. 167 Long tude. Latitude. Again, the Kegni lie South from the Atrebatii and the Cantii, and the town Neomagus .... 19 45 53 25 Also the Belgse lie South from the Dobuni and the towns Ischalis . 16 40 53 30 Aquae calidae ..... 17 20 53 40 Venta ...... 18 40 53 30 South-west from these are the Duro- triges, and their town Dunium 18 50 52 05 Next to them, in the most western part, are the Dumnonii, among whom are these towns : — Voliba 14 45 52 20 Uxela ...... 15 00 52 45 Tamare ...... 15 00 52 15 Isca . . . ‘ . 17 30 52 45 LEGIO SECVNDA AVG. . 17 30 52 35 The islands adjacent to Albion, near the Promontory Orcas are these. The island Ocetis . 32 40 60 45 The island Dumna .... 30 00 61 00 Beyond which are the Orcades, about thirty in number, the mid- dle one of which has degrees 30 00 61 40 And again beyond these is Thule, the most western part of which has degrees ..... 29 00 63 00 The most eastern .... 31 40 63 00 The most northern .... 30 20 63 15 The most southern .... 30 20 62 40 The middle ..... 30 20 63 00 168 APPENDIX. Beside the Trinoantes are these Is- Longitude. Latitude. lands : The island Toliapis .... 23 00 54 15 The island Counos .... South from the Great Haven is the 24 00 54 30 island Vectis, the middle of which has degrees ..... 19 20 52 20 Notitia utraque Dignitatum cum Orientis tum OCCIDENTIS ULTRA ArCADII H.ONORII QUE ■r Tempora. Sectio XLIX. Sub Dispositione, viri spectabilis V IC arii Britanniarum. CONSULARES. Maxim® C®sariensis. Valenti®. Presides. Britanni® Prim®. Britanni® Secund®. Flavi® C®sariensis Sectio. LII. Sub Dispositione Viri spectabilis Comitis Litoris Saxonici per Britanniam. THE NOTITLE. 169 Prepositus Numeri Fortensium. Othonae. Militum Tungricanorum. Dubris. Numeri Turnacensium. Lemannis. Equitum Dalmatarum Branodunensis. Branodunum. Equitum Stablesianorum Garrionensis. Garrianono. . Tribunus Cohortis Primae Vetasiorum. Regulbio. Praepositus LEG. II. AVG. Rutupis. Numeri Abulcorum. Auderidae. Numeri Exploratorum. Portu Adurni. Sectio. LXIII. Sub DispositioneViri Spectabilis Ducis Britanniarum. Praefectus Legionis Sexta:. Equitum Dalmatarum. Praesidio. Equitum Crispianorum. Dano. Equitum Cataphractariorum. Morbio. Numeri Bracariorum Tigrisiensium. Ar- beia. Numeri Nerviorum Dictiensium. Dicti. Numeri Yigilium. Concangio. Numeri Exploratorum. Lavatris. Numeri Directorum. Verteris. Numeri Defensorum. Braboniaco. Numeri Solensium. Maglove. Numeri Pacensium. Magis. Numeri Longovicariorum. Longovico. Numeri Derventionensis. Derventione. Z 170 APPENDIX. ITEM PER LINE AM VALLI. Tribunus Cohortis quart® Lergorum. Segeduno. Cobortis Cornaviorum. Ponte iElii. Pr®fectus Alae Prim® Astorum. Conderco. Tribunus Cohortis Primse Frixagorum. Vindobala. Praefectus Alae Sabinianse. Hunno. Alae secundae Astorum. Cilurno. Tribunus Cohortis primae Batavorum. Procolitia. Cohortis prim® Tungrorum. Borcovico. Cohortis quart® Gallorum. Vindolana. Cohortis prim® Astorum. Aesica. Cohortis secund® Dalmatarum. Magnis. Cohortis prim® Aili® Dacorum. Ambo- glanna. Prefectus Al® Petrian®. Petrianis. Numeri Maurorum Aurelianorum. Abal- laba. Tribunus Cohortis secund® Lergorum. Congavata 4 Cohortis prim® Hispanorum. Axeloduno. Cohortis secund® Thracum. Gabrosenti. Cohortis Ali® Classic®. Tunnocelo. Cohortis prim® Morinorum. Glannibanta. Cohortis terti® Nerviorum. Alione. Cuneus Armaturarum. Bremetenraco. Prefectus Al® prim® Hercule®. Olenaco. Tribunus Cohortis sext® Nerviorum. Virosido. ITINERARY OF RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER. 171 The Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester. Iter I. Rhutupis prima in Britannia Insula Civitas versus Galliam, apud Cantios sita a Gessoriago Bononle Portu, unde COMMODISSIMUS INSUPRADICTAM InSULAM TrANSITUS OBTINGIT ccccl Stadia, velut alii volunt xlvi. mille passuum remota. AB EADEM CIVITATE DUCTA EST “ VIA GuETHELINGA” DICTA, USQUE IN SEGONTIUM PER M. P. CCCXXIIII PLUS MINUS, SIC: — ir. p_ CANTIOPOLI QU^E ET DURO- VERNO ... X DUROSEYO . . XII DUROPROVIS . XXIV DEINDEM.P. . XXVII Transis Thamesin intrasque Provinciam Flaviam, et civi- tatem Londinium Augustam, SULO MAGO . . VIIII VEROLAMIO MU- NICIPIO . . . XII Unde fuit Amphibalus et Alba- nus, martyres. FORO DIANiE . XII MAGIO VINIO . XII LACTORODO . XII ISANTA VARIA . XII M. P. TRIPONTIO . . XII BENONES . . . VIIII Hie bisecatur via, alterutmm- que ejus braebium Lindum usque, alterum versus Viri- conium protenditur, sic : — MANDUESSEDO XII ETOCETO . . XIII PENNOCRUCIO . XII UXACONIA . . XII VIRIOCONIO . . XI BANCIIORIO XXVI DEVA COLONIA . X Fines Flaviae et Secunda::— VARIS .... XXX CONOVIO . . . XX SEGONTIO . . XXIIII 172 APPENDIX Iter II. A SEGONTIO VIROCONIUM USQUE, M.P. LXXIII. SIC : — HERIRI MONTE . XXY RUTUNIO . . . XII MEDIOLANO . . XXY VIRIOCONIO . . XI Iter III. A LONDINIO LINDUM COLONIAM USQUE, SIC: — M. P. DUROSITO . . XII CiESARO MAGO . XVI CANONIO ... XV CAMOLODUNO COLONIA . . VIIII Ibi erat templum Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Vic- toria dese. AD STURIUM AMNEM ... VI Et finibus Trinobantum ceni- mannos avenis, I ¥ M.P. COMBRETONIO . XV SITO MAGO . . XXII VENTA CENOM XXIII CAMBORICO COLONIA . . XX DURALIPONTE . XX DURNO MAGO . XX ISINNIS . . . XX LINDO . . . XX Iter IV. A LINDO AD VALLUM USQUE, SIC : — ARGOLICO . . XIIII DANO .... XX Ibi intras maximam Caesarien- sem. LEGOTIO . . . XVI Eboraco Municipio, olim COLONIA SEXTA XXI ISURIO . . . XVI CATTARACTONI . XXIIII AD TISAM . . . X VINOVIO . . . XXII EPIACO . . . VIIII AD MURUM . . VIIII Trans murum intras Valentiam. ALAUNA AMNE XXV TUEDA FLUMINE XXX AD VALLUM ITINERARY OF RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER. 173 Iter V. A LIMITE PRiETURIAM USQUE, SIC: — CURIA . . M. P. AD FINES . . BREMENIO CORSTOPLIO . XX VINDOMORA . VIIII VINDOVIO XVIIII CATTARACTONI EBURACO . . DERVENTIONE . DELGOVICIA PR2ETURIO . . Iter VI. M.P. XXII XL VII XIII XXV AB EBORACO DEVAM USQUE, SIC: — M. P. CALCARIA M.P. . VIIII CAMBODUNO . XXII MANCUNIO . XVIII FINIBUS MAX- M.P. I MAD ET FLA- VIAN .... XVIII CONDATE . . XVIII DEVA .... XVIII ITER VII. A PORTU SISTUNTIORUM EBORACUM USQUE, SIC: — RERIGONIO . . M. P. XXIII v ~ — — 7 ALICANA . . . M.P. X AD ALPES PENI- ISURIUM . . . XVIII NOS .... VIII EBORACO . . . XVI Iter VIII. AB EBORACO LUGUV ALLIUM USQUE SIC: — CATTARACTONI . LATARIS . . . VATARIS . . . M. P. XL XVI XVI BROCAVONACIS . (Brovonacis) LUGUBALIA . . M. P. XVIII XVIII 174 APPENDIX Iter IX. A LUGUBALLIO PTOROTONIM USQUE, SIC TRIMONTIO M.P. M. P. AD TAVUM . . GADANICA . . AD AJSICAM . , . CORIO .... AD TISAM . . AD VALLUM . . DEVANA . . . Incipit Vespasiana. AD ITU NAM . . ALAUNA . . . XII AD MONTEM LINDO .... VIIII GRAMPIUM . . VICTORIA . . . VIIII AD SELINAM . . AD HIERNAM VIIII TUESSIS . . . ORREA . . . XIIII PTOROTONE . . Iter X. M. 1\ XVIIII XXIII VIII XXIII XXIIII XVIIII AB ULTIMA PTOROTONE PER MEDIAM INSULA: ISCA DAMNONORUM M. P. VARIS M.P. . . VIII AD TUESSIM . . XVIII TAMEA . . . XXVIIII )) 55 XXI IN MEDIO . . VIIII ORREA . . . VIIII VICTORIA. . . XVIII AD VALLUM . . XXXII LUGUBALLIA LXXX BROCA VON AC IS . AD ALAUNAM COCCIO . . . XXII MANCUNIO . . XVIII USQUE, sic: M. P. CONDATE . . XXIII MEDIOLANO . . XVIII ETOCETO . . . SALINIS M.P. GLEBON COLO- NIA .... CORINO . . . XIIII AQUAS SOLIS AD AQUAS . . XVIII AD UXELLAM AMNEM . . . ISCA .... Iter XI. AB AQUIS, PER VIAM JULIAM MEN APIAM USQUE, SIC: — M. P. AD ABONAM . . VI AD SABRINAM . VI Unde trajectu intras in Brit- tanniam secundam ct stati- onem TRAJECTUM . . Ill VENTA SILURUM VIII ISCA COLONIA . VIIII Unde fuit Aaron martyr. M. P. TIBIA AMNE VIII BOVIO .... XX NIDO .... XV LEUCARO . . . XV AD VIGESSIMUM XX AD MENAPIAM . XVIIII AB HAC URBE PER M.P. . . XXX Navigas in Hyberniam. ITINERARY OF RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER. 175 Iter XII. AB AQU1S LONDINIUM USQUE, SIC: M. P. M. P. VERLUCIONE XV CAELEBA AT- CUNETIONE . . XX TREBATUM . . XV SPINIS . . . XV BIBRACTE . . XX LONDINIO . . XX Iter XIII. AB ISCA U RICONIUM USQUE, SIC : M. P. M. P. BULTKO . . . VIII BRANAGENIO XXIII GOBANNIO . . XII URICONIO . . XXVII MAGNA . . . XXIII Iter XIV. AB ISCA PER GLEBON LINDUM USQUE, SIC — M. P. M. P. BALLIO . . . VIII VENNONIS - . XII BLESTO . . . XII RATISCORION . XII SARICONIO . . XI VENROMENTO . XII GLEBON COLO- MARGIDUNO . . XII NIA .... XV AD PONTEM . . XII AD ANTONAM . XV CROCOCOLANA ALAUNA . . . XV LINDUM . . . XII Iter XV. A LONDINIO, PER CLAUSENTUM, IN LONDINIUM, sic : — M. P. M. P. CALEBA . . . XLIIII LEMANIANO YINDOMI . . . XV PORTU . . . X VENTA BELGA- DUBRIS . . . X RUM .... XXI RHUTUPIS COLO- AD LAPIDEM VI NIA .... X CLAUSENTO . . Till REGULBIO . . X PORTU MAGNO X CANTIOPOLI X REGNO . . . X DURELEVO xvin AD DECIMUM X 1 MADO XII ANDERIDA POR- VAGNACA . . XVIII TU .... NOVIO MAGO XVIII AD LEMANUM . XXV LONDINIO . . XV 176 APPENDIX Iter XVI. A LONDINIO CENIAM USQUE, SIC: — M. P. M. P. YENTA BELGARUM xc ISCA damnon . XV BRIGE . . . XI DURIO AMNE SORBIODUNO VIII TAMARA . . VENTAGELADIA XII VOLUBA . . . DURNOVARIA . VIIII CENIA ... . MORIDUNO . . XXXIII Iter XVII. AB ANDERIDA (eboracum) USQUE, sic: — M. P. M. P. SILVA ANDERIDA IN MEDIO . . XV NOVIOMAGO AD ABUM . . . XV LONDINIO . . AD FINES . . XV Unde transis in maximam DUROLISPONTE AD PETUARIAM VI DURNOMAGO XXX DEINDE EBOR- CORISENNIS XXX ACO, ut supra LINDO . . . XXX it. 5.) ... XLVI Iter XVIII. AB EBORACO PER MEDIUM INSULAE CLAUSENTUM, USQUE sic: M. P. LEGEOLIO . . XXI AD FINES . . XVIII XVI XVI DERVENTIONE . XVI AD TRIVONAM . XII ETOCETO . . . XII MANDUESSEDO . XVI BENNONIS . . XII M. P. TRIPONTIO . XI ISANNAVARIA XII BRINAVIS XII ASLIA CASTRA XVI DOROCINA . XV TAMESI . . VI VINDOMI . . XV CLAUSENTO . XXXXVI PAPERS IN ARCH APOLOGIA. 177 Classified Index to Papers in the Archaxxlogia, VOLS. I. TO XXXI. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON . 1 Celtic Antiquities. VOL. PAGE. I. 49. On the first peopling of Britain ; by Dr. Haviland. I. 84. Description of Wetheral Cells, in Cumberland; by William Milborne, Esq. I. 280. Observations on the Welch castles; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. I. 314. On the Circular Stone Monuments in Scotland; by Dr. James Garden. II. 32. An account of some Antiquities found in Ireland ; by the late Lord Bishop of Meath. II. 107. An account of the monument commonly ascribed to Catigern; by — Colebrooke. 1 It is necessary to observe that this Index is of such papers only as bear on the subject of the three first periods of our history. The classification will sometimes be found to vary materially from that proposed by the writers. This remark applies particularly to the early volumes, though in some of the later ones the same inaccuracies may occasionally be discovered. A A 178 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. II. 118. Observations on Stone Hatchets; by Bishop Littleton. II. 124. Observations on Stone Hammers; by the Rev. S. Pegge. II. 236. Description of the Sepulchral Monument at New Grange, near Drogheda, county of Meath ; by Thomas Pownall. II. 353. Druidical remains in the parish of Halifax, dis- covered and explained by the Rev. John Watson. III. 276. Extract of a letter from the Rev. George Low respecting some Barrows in the Island of Orkney. III. 278. On the extirpation of the Cornish Language; by the Eton. Daines Barrington. III. 303. Description of the Carn Braich y Dinas, on the summit of Pen-maen-mawr, in Caernarvon- shire; by Governor Pownall. III. 350. Further observations on Pen-maen-mawr; by Governor Pownall. III. 355. An account of some Irish Antiquities; by Governor Pownall. IV. 110. Observations on Kit’s Cotty House, in Kent; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. V. 81. Additional information relative to the Cornish Language ; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. V. 87. Account of some hitherto undescribed remains of antiquity; by the Rev. J. Watson. V. 95. On the Rudston Pyramidal Stone; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. V. 106. Observations on Celts; by the Rev. — Lort. V. 216. Description of the Dune of Dornadilla; by the Rev. Alexander Pope. V. 243. Account of Ancient Monuments and Fortiii- PAPERS IN ARCH2E0L0GIA. 179 VOL. PAGE. cations in the Highlands of Scotland ; by James Anderson. VI. 54. Account of a singular Stone among the rocks at West Hoadley, Sussex; by Thomas Pownall. VI. 87. A further description of Ancient Fortifications in the north of Scotland; by James Anderson. VI. 100. Observations on the Vitrified Walls in Scotland; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. VI. 110. An account of some Druidical Remains on Stanton Moor and Hurtle Moor, in the Peak of Derbyshire; by Hayman Rooke. VII. 19. Illustration of some Druidical Remains in the Peak of Derbyshire ; by the Rev. S. Pegge. VII. 131. On the Lows and Barrows in Derbyshire, by the Rev. S. Pegge. VII. 149. On the Dundalk Ship Temple; by Thomas Pownall. VII. 164. Observations on Early Irish Antiquities; by Thomas Pownall. VII. 175. Further account of Druidical Remains in Derby- shire; by Hayman Rooke. VII. 178. Remarks on the preceding account ; by — Bray. VII. 211. On the Chariots of the Ancient Britons; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. VII. 236. An account of certain remarkable Pits or Caverns in Berkshire; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. VII. 269. Letter from Governor Pownall, enclosing letter of — Ledwich,on the Ship Temples of Ireland. VII. 303. Dissertation on the Religion of the Ancient Druids ; by the Rev. Edward Ledwich. VII. 408. Account of some Discoveries at Allington, in Kent. VII. 412. Account of a Brass Weapon dug up near Wool- wich. 180 APPENDIX. VII. 414. Note on Tumuli opened at Yealand, in the county of Lancaster. VII. 414. Account of a Granite Celt nine inches long, and, also, of some Urns found near Dumfries. VII. 417. Notice of a Celt found near Caernarvon. VIII. 58. On the Stanton-Moor Urns and Druidical Temple ; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. VIII. 209. Some account of the Brimham rocks in York- shire ; by Hayman Rooke. VIII. 384. Description of the Druid Temple discovered at St. Hilary, in Jersey; by — Molesworth. VIII. 386. Description of a Druidical Monument in the is- land of Jersey; by the Right Hon. H. S. Conway. VIII. 429 Notice of a Celtic Interment at Tring, in Hert- fordshire. VIII. 450. Notice of two Copper Celts found in Mont- gomeryshire and Flintshire, with a remark that such objects are rarely discovered in Wales. IX. 84. Observations on some Brass Celts and other Weapons discovered in Ireland; by the Rev. S. Pegge. IX. Discovery of an Urn in Derbyshire ; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. IX. 206. Description of some Remains on Harborough Rock, etc., in Derbyshire; by Major Rooke. IX. 211. Account of Antiquities in Lancashire; by William Hutchinson. \ IX. 219. Notice of Antiquities in Cumberland and Westmoreland; by Hayman Rooke. IX. 367. Urn found near Hazleden, Gloucestershire. IX. 378. Bone Weapon found at Danbury in Essex. Celts found near the same place. PAPERS IN ARCH2E0L0GIA . 181 X. 99. Account of the Ancient Modes of Fortification in Scotland; by Robert Riddell. X. 105. Account of Druidical and other British Remains in Cumberland; by Hayman Rooke. X. 114. Description of certain Pits in Derbyshire; by Hayman Rooke. X. 147. Observations on Vitrified Fortifications in Gal- loway ; by Robert Riddell. X. 156. On the Hunting of the Britons and Saxons; by Rev. S. Pegge. X. 466. Account of Tumuli in Derbyshire, of a Rocking Stone near Bradfield, and of a Tumulus near Castleton, in Derbyshire and Sheffield, etc. X. 478. Antiquities, Celts, etc., found near Dumfries. XI. 38. Observations on Kit’s Cotty House, in Kent; by William Boys. XII. 1. Notice of Antiquities discovered in Derbyshire; by Hayman Rooke. XII. 41. Account of Druidical Remains in Derbyshire; by H. Rooke. XII. 327. Discoveries in a Barrow in Derbyshire; by H. Rooke. XIII. 103. Account of the Fall of some of the Stones of Stonehenge; by W. G. Watson. XIII. 204. Account of Flint Weapons discovered at Hoxne, in Suffolk. XIII. 404. Account of Urns discovered at Buxton Common, near Norwich. XIV. 1. Account of an Urn found at Colney, in Norfolk; by the Rev. W. Gibson. XIV. 90. Account of antiquities found at Polden Hill, in Somersetshire ; by C. Joseph Harford. These very interesting relics appear to belong to a 182 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. late period of Celtic history ; they are engraved in plates 18 — 22 of the Archasologia. XIV. 94. Account of some antiquities discovered on the Quantock hills, in Somersetshire; by Charles Joseph Harford. XIV. 224. Account of a Cromlech at Madron, in Cornwall; by the Rev. Malachi Hitchins. XV. 118. Account of antiquities discovered in Cornwall; by the Rev. Malachi Hitchins. XV. 122. Account of Tumuli opened in Wiltshire ; by William Cunnington. XV. 338. Further account of Tumuli (British and Saxon), opened in Wiltshire ; by William Cunnington. XV. 394. Notes on stone Moulds for casting Spear-heads of brass, found in Ireland, with other objects. XV. 408. Account of Caves in the county of Armagh, Ire- land ; with plates. XVI. 95. Inquiries respecting the origin of the Inhabitants of the British Islands, by the Rev. Samuel Greathead. XVI. 137. Notice of antiquities discovered in Cornwall; by the Right Hon. Reginald Pole Carew. XVI. 264. Description of a Cromlech in Kilkenny ; by Joseph Finegan. XVI. 348. Description of antiquities discovered on Hagbown Hill ; by Ebenezer King. XVI. 354. Account of the opening of a Barrow at Stone Heath, near Aylsham, Norfolk; by J. A. Repton. XVI. 361 . Account of a Stone Celt, found near Stowmarket; of a Brass Spear -head near Gringley, Notts; and of a Tumulus opened at Duntsbourne Abbotts Gloster shire. XVI. 362. Notice of a Tumulus at Avening, Glostershire ; PAPERS IN ARCHiEOLOGIA. 183 of a Celt with ring found at Tadcaster and other Celtic antiquities found in England and Ireland- XVII. 118. Observations on an Inscription in the county of Kilkenny; by W. Tiglie. XVII. 220. Conjectures concerning the instruments called Celts ; by R. Payne Knight. XVII. 254. Account of Druidical remains in the Island of Guernsey; by J. Gosselin; with several views of Cromlechs. XVII. 325. Account of Barrows at Reigate. XVII. 329. Celts, etc., found in Holderness. XVII. 33!. Earthworks and Tumuli on the Dorsetshire Downs. XVII. 337. Celts, Sword, etc., found in Cornwall. XVII. 338. Account of a Barrow opened on the Downs near Beacliy Head in Sussex. XVIII. 426. Note on an Urn found near Laleham, in Surrey. XVni. 436. Note on an Urn found on the Beacon hill, at Newmarket. XVIII. 448. Account of a gold Torques found in Flintshire. XIX. 43. Account of a Stone (i. e. chambered) Barrow, near Stoney Littleton, Somersetshire; by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. XIX. 56. Account jof antiquities found at Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire ; by the Rev. E. D. Clarke. XIX. 102. Observations on an Ancient Celt found near Boston, in Lincolnshire ; by Sir Joseph Banks . XIX. 161. Account of a chain of Ancient Fortresses in Gloucestershire ; by T. J. L. Baker. XIX. 411. Note on an Urn found in a Cairn, at Crakraig, in Sutherland. XXI. 39. Account of fragments of British Chariots found at Hampden Hill, etc. ; by Sir R. C. Hoare. 184 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. XXI. 542. Note on a very interesting British Cup, dis- covered in Flintshire (with an engraving;) by Sir S. B. Meyrick. XXI. 548. Note on remains found in the parish of Shen- stone, in Staffordshire. XXI. 557. Note on a gold Torques found on Cader Iris. XXII. 190. Account of a visit to the Monument usually considered as Druidical, at Caraac, in Brit- tany; by Alexander Logan. XXII. 198. Observations on the Circles of Stone in Scotland, presumed to be Druidical; by James Logan. XXII. 297. Account of some British Coins found at High Wycombe; by John Norris. XXII. 300. Account of certain Hill Castles, near the Land's End, Cornwall (with plans); by William Cotton. XXII. 409. Note on Druidical Circles in Aberdeenshire; by James Logan (with views). XXII. 422. Note on a Celt, etc., found in Norfolk. XXII. 424. a Celt Mould found in Norfolk. XXII. 429. Tumuli, etc., on Dartmoor, Devon (with plan). XXII. 439. Bracelet of Gold found at Aspatria, in Cumberland. XXIII. 79. Account of Subterranean Chambers, near Carrigtohill, County of Cork ; by T. C. Croker. XXIII. 92. Description of two British Shields ; by Samuel Rush Meyrick. XXIII. 415. Note on Remains found at Blandford, Dorset- shire. XXIII. 420. Account of the Cromlech called “ Arthur’s Stone,” ten miles from Swansea. XXV. 24. Observations on certain Pillars of Memorial called Hoar-stones ; by William Hamper. PAPERS IN ARCHJEOLOGIA. 185 VOL. PAGE. XXY. 188. Observations on Dracontia; by the Rev. John Bathurst Deane. XXY. 230. Remarks on certain Celtic Monuments at Lockmariaker, in Brittany; by the Rev. John Bathurst Deane. XXVI. 257. An account of the discovery of an Ancient Canoe at North Stoke, in Sussex; by Thomas Phillips. XXVI. 361. Description of an Ancient Structure dug out of Drumkelin Bog, Co. Donegal; by Captain Wm. Mudge, R.N. XXVI. 422. Description of a Gold British Corslet, disco- vered in Wales, and now in the British Museum ; by John Gage. XXVI. 464. Account of Roman (?) antiquities found near Shrewsbury; by Thomas Farmer Dukes. XXVI. 471. Account of a Gold Torques, found at Boyton, in Suffolk. XXVII. 1. Remarks on certain Gold Ornaments found near Quentin, in Brittany; by the Rev. John Bathurst Deane. XXVII. 298. Account of a British Buckler, discovered in Oxfordshire; by J. Gage. XXVII. 400. Sir P. Grey Egerton exhibits Gold Bracelets found in Cheshire. XXVIII. 399. On the antiquity of Abury and Stonehenge; by John Rickman (assigned by the writer to the third century). XXIX. 1. Account of the final opening of the Bartlow Hills; by J. Gage Rookewood. XXX. 57. Account of the opening by M. Bell, Esq., of an ancient British Barrow, in Iffnis Wood, near Canterbury, in a letter from John Yonge Akerman. BB 18G APPENDIX. XXX. 147. Description of some gold ornaments found in Ireland, by Lord Albert Conyngham. XXX. 327. Account of the opening of some Barrows in South Dorsetshire; by John Sydenham. XXX. 438. Account of a Sepulchral Yase and other an- tiquities discovered near Scarborough; by Jabez Allies. XXX. 554. Description of an Ancient Bronze Ornament found near Worcester; by Jabez Allies. XXXI. 289. Observations on the White Horse of Berkshire ; by W. J. Thoms. XXXI. 299. On some early remains discovered in York- shire; by J.M.N. Coll. XXXI. 448. Letter on the subject of remains ascribed to the era of ' the Druids ; by Charles M. Jopling. Romano-British Antiquities. I. 56. On the Icening Street and other Roman Roads in England; by Smart Lethieullier. I. 60. On the course of the Ikeneld Street ; by Richard Willis. I. 61. The course of the Erming Street, through Nor- thamptonshire, with an account of a Roman Burial-place by the side of it; by Charles Frederick. I. 62. On the course of the Roman Roads from Man- chester; by Thomas Percival. PAPERS IN ARCH2E0L0GIA. 187 VOL. PAGE. I. 65. On the situation of Coccium ; by the Rev. — Watson. I. 73. On some Antiquities found in Essex; by S. Lethieullier. I. 183. A Dissertation on Cassar’s Passage over the Thames; by Samuel Gale. I. 216. Account of a Roman Station lately discovered on the borders of Yorkshire; by the Rev- — Watson. I. 222. On the Ancient Campodunum; by the Rev. — Watson. I. 228. On a Roman Inscription on a rock in Shawk Quarries, Great Dalston, Cumberland; by Bishop Littleton. 1. 231. On the Ancient Camelon and the Piets; by — Walker. I. 294. An account of some Roman Remains and other Antiquities, in and near the town of Breck- nock; by John Strange. I. 310. An Inscription on a Roman Altar inscribed deo belatvcadro; by Bishop Littleton. II. 1. Observations on the Julia, and on the Roman Stations, Ports, and Camps, in the counties of Monmouth, Brecknock, Caermarthen, and Glamorgan ; by the Rev. William Harris. 11. 54. An account of some Antiquities discovered on digging into a large Roman Barrow, at Ellen- borough, in Cumberland; by the Rev. — Head. II. 58. Account of some Roman Monuments found in Cumberland. II. 98. Observations on an Altar, with a Greek inscrip- tion found at Corbiidge, in Northumberland; by the Rev. Dr. Pettingal. 188 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. II. 98. Observations on the same ; by Dr. Adee. II. 134. Observations on Caesar’s Invasion ofBritain, and his passage across the Thames ; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. II. 159. Remarks on the time employed in Caesar’s Two Expeditions into Britain; by the Rev. Dr. Owen. II. 177. An account of a Roman Sepulchre found near York, in 1768; by John Barton, M.D. II. 181. Extract of Two Letters on Roman Antiquities discovered in Yorkshire, 1770; by Dr. J. Burton. II. 184. On the Construction of an Old Wall at Verulam ; by — Webster. II. 286. Account of Roman Pavement at Colchester ; by the Rev. Dr. Griffith. III. 35. On the Antiquity of Horseshoes; by Charles Rogers, Esq. III. 39. On Shoeing of Horses amongst the Ancients. IH. 101. Remarks on belatvcader; by the Rev. S.Pegge. III. 105. On the Deoe Matres ; by — Gough. III. 118. Observations on some Roman Altars found near Graham’s Dyke ; by — Gough. III. 151. An inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York; illustrated by the Rev. S. Pegge. III. 236. An account of an undescribed Roman Station in Derbyshire; by the Rev. — Watson. III. 324. Observations on the Corbridge Altars ; by the Hon. Daines Barrington. III. 332. Observations on the Corbridge Altar, described in the second volume, p. 92. ; by Thomas Morell. IY. 1. A further account of some Roman and other Remains in and near the county of Brecknock in South Wales; by John Strange. PAPERS IN ARCHiEOLOGI A . 189 VOL PAGE. IV. 415. Observations on a quantity of Bones of Fowls, found at Christchurch, Twynham in Hamp- shire; by the Rev. S. Pegge. V. 3-3. Account of some Roman Remains and other An- tiquities in Monmouthshire; by John Strange. V. 98. Antiquities discovered in Lancaster; by — West. V. 137. Observations on Two Roman Stations in Essex; by the Rev. — Drake. V. 183. Dr. Morell on the Corbridge Altars. V. 307. Description of Two Roman Camps in Glouces- tershire; by Hay man Rooke. V. 224. On the Stone CofEns discovered at Christchurch, Hants, by S. Pegge. V. 239. Description of an Ancient Fortification at Christ- church; by F. Grose. V. 272. An important passage of Gildas amended and explained; by the Rev. S. Pegge. V. 282. On the Roman Earthenware found at the mouth of the Thames; by Thomas Pownall. V. 291. On some Roman Antiquities found in the Tower ; by the President. V. 225. Description of a Roman Bath discovered at Dover; by the Rev. — Lyon. V. 357. Observations on an Ancient Building at Warn- ford, in the county of Southampton ; by H. P. Wyndham. V. 369. Remarks on an Ancient Pig of Lead discovered in Derbyshire; by the Rev. S. Pegge. VI. 1 . Account of some Roman Antiquities, discovered at Exeter; by the President. VI. 6. Remarks on the Rev. William Harris’s observ- ations on the Roman Antiquities in Mon- mouthshire and the neighbouring counties of 190 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. W ales ; with an account of some curious Remains of Antiquity in Glamorganshire ; by John Strange. VI. 1 16. Observations on the Roman Earthenware, taken from the Pan- pudding rock; by Edward Jacob. VI. 150. The Commencement of Day among the Saxons and Britons ascertained ; by the Rev. S. Pegge. VI. 392. On Roman Earthenware ; by Governor Pownall. VII. 74. Conjecture concerning some undescribed Roman roads and other Antiquities, in the county of Durham ; by John Cade. VII. 82. On a Roman Inscription found at Ribchester ; by J. Sharp. VII. 84. On the Roman Milliary Stone at Leicester ; by — Norris. VII. 160. Conjectures on the Roman Station, Vinovium or Binchester; by John Cade. VII. 170. Description of a Pig of Lead found in Derby- shire; by the Rev. S. Pegge. VII. 199. Remarks on Roman Antiquities found in the neighbourhood of Bagshot; by Dean Milles. VII. 205. Description of a Roman Hypocaust discovered near Brecknock ; by Charles Hay. VII. 374. On an Ancient Sword; by Lieut.-Gen. Melville. VII. 376. On the same subject, and notice of Roman Se- pulchres; by the Rev. James Douglas. VII. 379, Account of some Antiquities found in Glouces- tershire; by James Mutlow. VII. 405. Account of a Bronze Image and other Antiqui- ties discovered at Cirencester, in 1732. VII. 410. Discovery of a Roman Pavement at Caerwent. VII. 413. Account of a Discovery of Roman Coins of the Lower Empire, at Hampton, in Arden, in Warwickshire. PAPERS IN ARCIL450L0GI A . 191 VOL. PAGE VII. 414. Account of Roman Denarii, found near Cli- thero, county of Lancaster. VII. 420. Notice of a Votive Altar to the Dece Matres, found at Doncaster. VIII. 79. On a Roman Tile found at Reculver, in Kent; by John Pownall. VIII. 85. On the Ikeneld Street; by — Willis VIII. 88. The same, on the same. VIII. 100. On the Roman Portway; by the same. VIII. 116. Account of Discoveries in Lombard Street and Birchin Lane. VIII. 127. Further account of the foregoing; by John Jackson. VIII. 326. Explanation of the Inscriptions on a Roman Altar and Tablet, found at Tinmouth Castle, in Northumberland ; by the Rev. — Brand. VIII. 363. An account of the Remains of Two Roman Villas discovered near Mansfield Woodhouse; by Hayman Rooke. VIII. 377. Account of Roman Pottery found at Sandy, in Bedfordshire, and at Lincoln, together with a Speculum; by Governor Pownall. VIII. 428. Notice of Roman Coins found near Carlisle. VIII. 441. Notice of Roman Coins and other remains dis- covered at Brecknock. VIII. 449. Notice of a Gold Ring foundat Silchester, Hants. IX. 45. Description of another Roman Pig of Lead found in Derbyshire; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. IX. 96. Some account of a Roman Road, leading from Southampton to London; by William Bray. IX. 137. Account of a Roman Building and Camp dis- covered at Buxton, in Derbyshire; by Major Rooke. 192 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. IX. 193. Observations on Roman Camps and Roads in the neighbourhood of Mansfield Woodhouse, in Nottinghamshire; by Hayman Rooke. IX. 276. Some observations on the Roman Station, Cata- ractonium; by John Cade. IX. 319. Account of Roman Antiquities discovered at Comb-end farm, Gloucestershire ; by S. Lysons ■ IX. 323. Memoirs on the Roman Baths discovered at Wroxeter; by the Rev. — Leighton. IX. 370. Roman Eagle found at Silchester. IX. 370. Roman Vessel found at Lincoln. IX. 370. Coins and other objects found at Gloucester. X. 1. Observations on the situation of the Portus Iccius ; by the Rev. — Lyon. X. 17. Derbeiesseira Romana; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. X. 54. Further observations on Cataractonium and the parts adjacent; by John Cade. X. 118. On a Roman Altar inscribed to belatvcader; by — Gough. X. 131. Account of Roman Antiquities discovered in the county of Gloucester ; by Samuel Lysons. X. 137. Account of some Roman Antiquities in Cumber- land; by Hayman Rooke. X. 325. Account of Roman Antiquities discovered at Bath ; by Sir H. Englefield. X. 345. Account of some Sepulchral Remains discovered at Lincoln; by John Pownall. X. 378. Roman Remains in Sherwood Forest; by Hay- man Rooke, XI. 63. Notice of some Roman Antiquities lately disco- vered in Cumberland ; by the Rev. Dr. Carlisle. XI. 105. Account of Brass Vessels found near Dumfries; by Robert Riddle. PAPERS IN ARCHiEOLOGIA. 193 VOL. PAGE. xir. 6 . XII. 96. xn. 107. XII. 132. XII. 414. XIII. 223. XIII. 401. XIII. 405. XIII. 410. XIV. 24. XIV. 37. XIV. 61. XIV. 99. XIV. 221. XIV. 224. Roman Antiquities at and near Bradburn; by Hay man Rooke. Description of a Roman Sepulchre found in Lincolnshire; by Sir Joseph Banks. Account of Sepulchral Monuments discovered at Lincoln; by the Rev. John Carter. An Essay towards a History of the Venta Ice- norum, of the Romans, etc. ; by Wm. Wilkins. Notice of a Bronze Stylus; found in the River Towey. Observations on Mr. Townley’s Antique Brass Helmet, discovered at Ribchester ; by the Rev. Stephen Weston. Account of a Roman Altar to Mars, found at Lancaster. Explanation of Inscription on a Pig of Lead, described in vol. ix. Description of an Image of Bronze, found at Ba- singstoke. Account of some Roman Antiquities discovered at Topesfield, in Essex. Account of Antiquities discovered at South-fleet, in Kent; by the Rev. Peter Rashleigh. An account of a Roman Military Wayj in Essex, and of Roman Antiquities; by Thomas Wal- ford. Account of Moulds for casting Roman Coins, found near Edington, in Somersetshire; by the Rev. J. Poole. Account of a further Discovery of Antiquities at South-fleet; by the Rev. P. Rashleigh. Account of Roman Urns, discovered at Madron, in Cornwall ; by the Rev. M. Hitchins. C C 194 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGB. XIY. 273. Note on a Bronze Figure of Mars, found in Lin- colnshire. XIV. 275. Bronze Vessels discovered in Flintshire. XV. 179. Observations on the Ancient Inhabitants, Roman Stations, and Roman Roads, in and near Berk- shire ; by the Rev. Henry Beeke. XV. 391. Account of an Altar to Mars, found at Whitlaw Castle. XV. 39. Inscription to Numerianus, found at Kenchester, near Hereford. XV. 392. Pottery found at Blackheath, and at Catterick. XV. 393. Silver Vessels discovered in Northumberland. XVI. 127. Account of Roman Antiquities discovered at Caerleon, in Carnarvonshire; by Samuel Lysons. XVI. 145. Observations on the situation of Camulodunum ; by Thomas Walford. XVI. 340. Description of a Roman Vault discovered at York; by Sir Joseph Banks. XVI. 350. Description of an Ancient Pitcher discovered at Lismahago ; by the Rev. — Dow. XVII. 168. Account of some Roman Remains near Llan- drindod ; by the Rev. Thomas Price. XVII. 176. Account of a Bronze Figure of a Roman Soldier playing the Bag -pipes, found at Rushborough ; by the Rev. Stephen Weston. XVn. 229. Description of a Roman Altar, found at Aldston Moor, in Cumberland; by the Rev. Stephen Weston. XVII. 320. Roman Coins found near Evesham. XVn. 330. Roman Urns found at Bexley. XVII. 330, Tesselated Pavement at Dorchester. XVII. 333. Roman Coins found at Lingwell Gate, Yorkshire. XVII. 333. Leaden Coffin discovered in the Kent Road. PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGIA. 195 XVII. 335. Stone Coffin found near St. Albans. XVIII. 1 12. An account of the Remains of several Roman Buildings, etc., discovered in the County of Gloucester; by Samuel Lysons. XVIII. 203. Account of the Remains of a Roman Villa discovered at Bognor, in Sussex; by Sir Humphrey Davy. XVIII. 42 1 . Note on a Burial-place near Dorchester. XVIII. 435. Urns found at Caxton, in Cambridgeshire. XVIII. 443. Account of a Roman Water-pipe discovered at Gloucester. XIX. 96. Observations on a Roman Encampment near East Hempstead, in Berkshire; by John Narrien, Esq. XIX. 176. Account of further Discoveries of the Remains of a Roman Villa at Bognor, Sussex ; by Samuel Lysons. XIX. 178. Account of the Remains of a Roman Villa at Great Whitcombe, in Gloucestershire; by Samuel Lysons. XIX. 308. Account of Discoveries made in taking down the old Bridge, over the river Teign ; by S. Lysons. Includes accounts of Incampments, probably of the Celtic period, in this neigh- bourhood. XIX. 409. Note (with plate), of a Roman Fictile Vase, found at Cambridge. XIX. 409. Note on a supposed Roman Station at Harlow, in Essex, and on Antiquities found there. XIX. 412. Note on Coins and Coin moulds, found near Wakefield, in Yorkshire. XX. 577. Note on Coins and other Remains, found at Castor, in Northamptonshire. XXL 455. Drawings of and Dissertation on some Roman 196 APPENDIX. Antiquities on the Line of Antonine’s V alliun ; by the Rev. John Skinner. XXI. 501. Concerning the place where Julius Caesar landed in Britain; by Major Rennell. XXL 550 Note on a Bronze Figure of Mercury, found near St. Neots. XXII. 26. Account of the Remains of a Roman Bath near Stoke, in Lincolnshire; by Edward Turner. 49. Observations on Four Mosaic Pavements dis- covered in Hampshire; by Sir R. C. Hoare. 55. Observations on several Monumental Stones in Scotland; byP. Logan. 285. Observations on an Ancient Bracelet of Bronze, found in Murrayshire ; by Sir Henry Ellis. 336. Account of some Recent Discoveries at Holwood- hill, in Kent; by A. J. Kempe. 412. Note on a Roman Kiln, etc., at Castor, near Norwich; by Thomas Amyot. 420. Note on a Roman Inscription found near Bath. 435. Note on a Roman Tessera, found at Frindsbury, Kent. XXIII. 358. Descriptive outline of Roman Remains in Nor- folk; by S. Woodward. XXIII. 385. Note on Roman Remains in the neighbourhood of Grantham. XXIII. 394. Note on Roman Remains at Melford, Suffolk. XXIII. 398. Note on a Roman Pavement at Worplesdon, Surrey. XXIII. 417. Note on a Roman Pavement at Bishopstone, Herefordshire. XXIV. 190. Account of Roman Antiquities, found in East- cheap, etc., by A. J. Kempe. XXIV. 349. Note on Roman Coin Moulds, foimd at Ling- well Gate, Yorkshire. PAPERS IN ARCH2E0L0GIA. 197 VOL. PAGE. XXIY. 349. Note on Roman Antiquities found at Harpenden, XXIY. 350. Note on a Roman Altar found in Fetter Lane- London. XXIV. 350. Note on some Roman Remains at Ware, Herts. XXIY. 352. Note on a Roman Altar, etc., found at Caervoran, N or thumberland. XXV. 1 Letter from John Gage, Esq., accompanying a plan of Barrows called the Bartlow Hills, with an account of Roman Sepulchral Relics, discovered in the Lesser Barrows. XXV. 127. Observations to prove Filey Bay, in Yorkshire, the Portus Felix, or Sinus Salutari, and Flamborogh Head, the Ocellum Promontorium of the Romans; by John Walker. XXV. 576. An account of some Antiquities found at Bland- ford, in Dorsetshire; by the Rev. Thomas Rackett. XXVI. 300. Letter from John Gage, Esq., communicating an account of Roman Sepulchral Relics, in one of the Greater Barrows at Bartlow. XXVI. 368. Account of Sepulchral Vessels found in a Roman Ustrinum, at Littlington, in Cam- bridgeshire; by A. J. Kempe. XXVI. 462. Account of further discoveries at the Bartlow Hills; by John Gage. XXVI. 467. Discoveries of a Colossal Head and other Roman Antiquities at Chester; by Thomas King. XXVI. 467. Discoveries of Roman Antiquities in Deverill Street, Southwark ; by A. J. Kempe. XXVII. 96. Observations on the Roman Station of Magi- ovintum; by Henry Brandreth. XXVII. 140. Observations on Roman Remains discovered in London; by Charles Roach Smith. 198 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. XXVII. 211. Observations on Roman Sepulchral Inscriptions, found at Watermore, near Cirencester; by Dr. Conrad Leomans. XXVII. 359. Description of a Roman Speculum; by John Gage. XXVII. 410. Account of a Fragment of a Roman Column, found in London ; by A. J. Kempe. XXVIII. 1. Letter from John Gage, Esq., containing an account of further discoveries in the Bartlow Tumuli. XXVIII. 38. On some Roman Bronzes discovered in the bed of the Thames, in 1 837 ; by Charles Roach Smith. XXVIII. 436. Account of a Bronze Vessel discovered in the Isle of Ely; by Goddard Johnson. XXVIII. 447. Account of Roman Pavements, discovered at Basildon, in Berkshire ; by C. R. Smith. XXVIII. 451. Account of a Brass Vessel found near Pulford, Cheshire; by Edward Hawkins. XXVTII. 453. Note on the Site of an Ancient Pottery, in Holt F orest, in Hampshire ; by W. L. Long. XXIX. 1. Account of the final opening of the Bartlow Hills ; by J. Gage Rokewood. XXIX. 145 and 267. Observations on Roman Remains found in London; by C. R. Smith. XXIX. 217. Notices of Roman Antiquities discovered at Strood; by Charles A. Smith. XXIX. 243. Observations on the Site of Camulodunum; by the Rev. H. Jenkins. XXIX. 257. On an unpublished Inscription to the Emperor Tetricus, found at Bittern; by Charles R. Smith. XXIX. 389. Account of a Silver Dish found at Icklingham ; by J. G. Rokewood. PAPERS IN ARCI42EOLOGIA. 199 VOL. PAGE. XXIX. 400. Account of Tesselated Pavements, found in Threadneedle Street; by Charles R. Smith. XXIX. Account of Roman Remains at Sutton Vallence in Kent; by C. T. Smythe. XXX. 125. Account of the Traces of a Roman Villa, at Gayton, near Northampton, by the Rev. G. Butler, Dean of Peterborough. XXX. 245. On the Eastern Terminus of the Wall of Anto- ninus ; by the Rev. Richard Garnett. XXX. 490. Account of some Antiquities, Weapons, and Fibula:, discovered in the Thames, near Kingston and Hampton Court; by William Roots. XXX. 535. Account of Roman Antiquities found at and near Maidstone ; by Thomas Charles. XXX. 537. Description of a Bronze Figure of an Archer, discovered in London; by William Chaffers, jun. XXX. 548. Description of a Remarkable Bronze Forceps, found in the Thames; by Charles Roach Smith. XXXI. 254. Observations on a Vase found at Sandy, in Bedfordshire; by Samuel Birch. XXXI. 279. On some Roman Vestigia found at Kirkby Thore, in Westmoreland; by Captain W. Henry Smyth. XXXI. 312. Letter from the Rev. Vernon Harcourt, de- scribing Glass and Earthenware Vessels found near Chilgrove, Sussex. XXXI. 339. Description of a Roman Villa discovered at Acton Scott, in Shropshire, in 1817; by Mrs. Frances Stackhouse. XXXI. 443. Description of Four Bronzes found at Colches- ter; by Charles Newton. 200 APPENDIX. Anglo-Saxon Antiquities. VOL. PAGE. I. 32. Observations on the Monument of Edward the Confessor; by George Virtue. I. 161. A Dissertation on an Ancient Jewel of the Anglo-Saxons; by the Rev. S..Pegge. I. 168. A Historical Dissertation upon the Ancient Danish Horn kept in the Cathedral Church of York; by Samuel Gale. I, 307. Observations on the Round Towers of Ireland; by P. Collinson. T. 337. Observations on a Deed of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, in Latin and Saxon ; by the Rev. S. Pegge. II. 48. An account of a Remarkable Monument in Penrith Churchyard, Cumberland ; by Dr. Littleton. II. 68. Observations on the Mistakes of Mr. Lisle, and Mr. Hearn e, in respect of King Alfred’s Present to the Cathedrals — and Mr. Wise’s Conjectures respecting King Alfred’s Jewel. n. 75. Observations on the Aestel, etc. II. 80. Observations on Mr. Peter Collinson’s Paper on the Round Towers of Ireland; by Owen Salusbury. II. 83. Observations on the Round Tower at Brechin in Scotland; by Richard Gough. II. 100. Observations on Dr. Percy’s account of Minstrels among the Saxons ; by the Rev. S. Pegge. II. 131. Description of an Ancient Font at Bridekirk, Cumberland; by Bishop Lyttleton. III. 274. Discoveries in a Barrow in Derbyshire. III. 310. Letter from Mr. Pegge to Dr. Percy, on the Minstrels of the Anglo-Saxons. PAPERS IN ARCKLEOLOGIA. 201 VOL. PAGE. III. 371. Observations on Two Jewels found at Compton Mordock, Warwickshire, in 1774. IV. 47. Illustration of a Gold Enamelled Ring, supposed to have been the property of Alhstan, Bishop of Sherburne; by the Rev. Samuel Pegge. V. 101. Remarks on Governor Pownall’s Conjecture, concerning the Croyland Boundary Stone; by the Rev. S. Pegge. V. 188. Illustration of a Saxon Inscription on the Church of Kirkdale in Rydale, in the North Riding of Yorkshire; by J. C. Brooke. VI. 39. An illustration of a Saxon Inscription in the Church of Aldborough; by John Charles Brooke. VI. 392. On the Boundary Stone of Croyland Abbey. VII. 421. Account of a Piece of Gold (a Ring inscribed Ethelwulf R) found in a field near Salisbury. VIII. 430. Notice of Anglo-Saxon Coins found atKintberry in Berkshire, five miles from Newbury. VIII. 449. Notice of a Glass Vessel found at Minster, in the Isle of Thanet. IX. 187. Account of Antiquities and Coins discovered in Cornwall in 1774; by Philip Rashleigh. IX. 189. Discoveries in opening a Tumulus in Derby- shire. IX. 268. Observations on the Round Towers of Ireland; by the Rev. Thomas Harmer. IX. 329. Remarks on the titles Thane and Abthane; by Robert Riddel. X. 167. Description of a Saxon Arch, with an Inscription in Dinton Church, Buckinghamshire. X. 226. Observations on a Charter of Eadgar. X. 232. Observations on the above; by Thomas Astle. XT. 83. Further account of Antiquities discovered in Cornwall; by Philip Rashleigh. D D 202 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. XII. 1. Antiquities discovered in Derbyshire; by Hay- man Hooke. XIV. 273. Account of Skeletons found at Beddingham, Sussex. XV. 338. Further account of Tumuli opened in Wiltshire; by William Cunnington. XVII. 173. Communication of an Ancient Unedited] Frag- ment of Anglo-Saxon Poetry; by the Eev. J. Conybeare. XVn. 180. Account of a Saxon MS. preserved in the Cathedral Library at Exeter; by the Eev. J. Conybeare. XVn. 189. Further Extracts from the same MS.; by the same. XVn. 193. Account of an Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of the Phoenix attributed to Lactantius; by the same. XVII. 228. Account of Lids of Stone Coffins, discovered in Cambridge Castle; by the Eev. T. Kerrich. XVII. 267. Further observations on the Metre of the Anglo- Saxon Poetry; by the Eev. J. Conybeare. XVH. 332. Skeleton and Urn found at Aulcester. XVII. 333. Silver Brooch found at Ballymoney. XVin. 199. Account of some Saxon Antiquities, (a Silver Cup, a Torques and Coins of Canute), found near Lancaster; by Taylor Combe. XVni. 340. Observations on some Celtic (Anglo-Saxon) Eemains discovered near Cambridge; by Ed- ward Clarke, D.D. 1 1 These remains consist of copper vessels, a sword, and the umbo of a shield, and are clearly of the Anglo-Saxon period. The learned Doctor might have seen several similar objects in Douglas’s Nenia. PAPERS IN ARCH2E0L0GIA . 203 XVIII. 436. Account of Urns, found at Castor near Norwich, (with a plate.) 2 XIX. 109. Account of some Anglo- Saxon Pennies found at Dorking, Surrey; by Taylor Combe. XIX. 379. The Runic Inscription on the Font at Bridekirk, considered, and a New Interpretation proposed; by William Hamper. XXI. 25. Observations on a Gold Ring with a Runic Inscription; by William Hamper. XXI. 119. Explanation of a Runic Inscription upon a Jasper Ring; by F. Douce. XXIII. 395. Remarks on the Coins of the Kings of Mercia; by Edward Hawkins. XXIII. 403. Note on a Penny of Offa, King of Mercia. XXIV. 329. Account of Caedmon’s Metrical Paraphrase of the Holy Scriptures; by Sir Henry Ellis. XXIV. 341. Observations on Caedmon ; by Sir Francis Palgrave. XXIV. 359. Note on the Matrix of an Anglo-Saxon Seal, found between Winchester and Stockbridge. XXV. 235. The Anglo-Saxon Ceremonial of the Dedication and Consecration of Churches, etc. ; by John Gage. XXV. An account of the Discovery at Hexham in Northumberland, of a Brass Vessel containing Anglo-Saxon Stycas ; by John Adamson. XXVI. 255. Three Unedited Saxon Charters, from the Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey ; commu- nicated by Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. XXVI. 346. Farther account of Anglo-Saxon Stycas dis- covered at Hexham; by John Adamson. 2 These resemble the specimens given in our plate xiv. figs. 26, 27. 204 APPENDIX. VOL. PAGE. XXVI. 479. Account of Sepulchral Stones found at Hartle- pool ; by John Gage. XXVII. 301. Account of Saxon Pennies, with a Fork, Spoon, etc., found at Sevington in Wiltshire; by Edward Hawkins. XXVIII. 327. On Anglo-Saxon Runes ; by J. M. Kemble. XXIX. 5. An account of Ancient Remains in the District adjacent to the Confluence of the Wye and the Severn, and the Probable Line of the Akeman- street; by George Ormerod. XXIX. 70. On an Ancient Ouche of Gold; by Charles Roach Smith. XXIX. 76. Further notes on the Runic Cross at Lancaster; by John M. Kemble. XXX. 31. Additional observations on the Runic Obelisk at Ruthwell; the Poem of the Dream of the Holy Rood ; and a Runic Copper Dish found at Chertsey; by John M. Kemble. XXX. 47. Account of the Opening of Tumuli on Breach Downs in Kent, in a letter from Lord Albert Conyngham to John Yonge Akerman, fol- lowed by the remarks of the latter. XXX. 132. Letter from Charles Roach Smith, Esq., com- municating an account of Antiquities in the neighbourhood of Sandwich. XXX. 256. The King of Birds, or the Lay of the Phoenix, an Anglo-Saxon Song of the tenth or eleventh century ; translated by George Stephens. XXX. 550. Account of Excavations in Anglo-Saxon Tu- muli at Wingham ; by Lord Albert Con- yngham. XXXI. 398. On some Anglo-Saxon Remains, discovered at Stowting, in Kent ; by Charles Roach Smith. I. ■M. II. CELTIC PERIOD. ccacO^ JT.A. Ogg. CELTIC PERIOD. CELTIC PERIOD - VIII IA. Ogg. ROMAN BRITISH PERIOD. X. XI. 105 106 109 108 107 o no Cl 'A.Ogg. XIII. ROMANO BRITISH PERIOD ,1 XIV. 1 y.A.O$g. L 3&nmnr ANGLO SAXON PERIOD. XVII, e.. * * <% A A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS ON HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, HERALDRY AND FAMILY HISTORY, OLD POETRY, AND THE DRAMA, PHILOLOGY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, FINE ARTS, DIVINITY, &c., &c., PUBLISHED OR SOLD BY JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. (W.) CLASSIFIED INDEX. The figures refer to the columns, which are numbered at the foot. biography and Literary ’ ory. Hijio utographical Mifcellany - arker’s Literary Anecdotes lakey’s Angling Literature ritton on Junius - artwright’s (Dr. E.) Life - hadwick’s Life of De Foe ox (Sir R.) Autobiography avies on Pope - unfter on Milton - lliott (Ebenezer) Life - auriel’s Literature of the Troubadours orman’s Autobiography - ent (Thos.) 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Anfelm - Iden’s Table Talk - lger on Wayland Smith - ence’s Anecdotes of Boojcs and Men cars’ England’s Worthies efley (John) Life - right’s Biographia Literaria - — — Eaflys on Literature Shakefperiana. iecdotes of Shakefpeare - dham on Shakefpeare - aden on Shakefpeare MSS. own on Shakefpcare s Poem3 llier s Reafons ce’s Notes on Shakefpeare Stri&ures on Collier aves on Shakefpeare imaldi Shakefpeare j infield on Shakespeare - li infield’s Stratford-on-Avon Uiwell's Life of Shakefpeare - 7 - 6 - 7 - 50 - 3 - 55 - 3 - 12 - IZ - II - II - 9 - 10 - 10 - 10 COL. - 13 - 12 Halliwell Hand Lift - Lyttle Boke - on Merry Wives - Shakefpeare Criticifm - - 55 — on Collier’s Volume - - 55 Few Remarks - - - 10 Hamlet - - - - - - 10 Hunter’s Life and Studies of Shake- fpeare - - - - - 9 Reply to Dyce - - - 10 Ingleby’s Shakefpeare Forgeries - - 10 Ireland’s Vortigern - - - - 12 Jervis on Shakefpeare Madden’s Shakelpeare’s Autograph Malone's Letter to Farmer - Rimbault’s Jack Willon Scrutator on Collier’s Volume Shakefpeare's Sonnets Will - Story-teller - Smith, Bacon, and Shakefpeare - Walker on the Text of Shakefpeare Verification of Shakefpeare Wheler's Stratford - Wilkins’ Story of Pericles Wivell’s Buft of Shakefpeare Portraits of ditto - - 55 - 11 - 12 - 11 - 55 Hi/iory. • 9 Barber’s Ancient Britons - Barnes’ Ancient Britain Brooke’s Battle Fields of the the Rofes - Caxton Society’s Publications Farren’s Ancient Egypt Felt's New England - Gilbert's Celtic Ireland Giles, Claffic Writers on Britain Gounter’s Efcape of Chas. II. Hunter on Agincourt- Pilgrim Fathers Lappenberg’s Anglo-Saxons Normans Poftc’s Britannic Refearches Britannia Antiqua - Wacc’s Norman Conqueft - Walbran’s Scotch Oath Wright’s Englilh Hiftory - - 22 - 4 3 of - 3 Z - 56 - 53 - 52 - 50 - 4 - 7 - v 4 - 6 - 4 " 4 * 5 - 5 - 1 - 5 o • 53 Architecture and the Fine Arts. Bayeux Tapeftry - - - - 38 Biblia Pauperum - - - - 37 Blavignac, SwilsyMchiie&ure - - 39 COL. Buchanan on Pictures - - - 38 Catterick Church - - - - 55 Chatto on Playing Cards - - - 37 Efiex Churches - - - - - 38 Freeman’s LlandafF Cathedral - - 3 1 Hawkins Gothic Architediure - - 39 Heemlkerck’s Prints - - - - 38 Holbein’s Dance of Death - - - 37 Hume on Titian - - - - 3S Reynolds' (Sir Jofhua) Notes on Italian Pictures Catalogue of his Portraits Sandy’s Canterbury Cadiedral - 38 3 * - 26 Arehcsology. Akerman’s Archeological Index- - 20 Pagan Saxondom - - - 20 Archeologra Cambrenfis - - - 22 Archaeological Inftitute at Chichefter - 21 Bateman’s Vcftiges of Derbyfhire - 20 Mufeum - - - - 21 Belfaft Mufeum - - - - - 21 Cambrian Journal ... 22 Cambridge Antiquarian Society’s Pub- lications Herbert's Cyclops Chriftianus Lee’s Antiq. Sketch Book - Reliquiae Antiquae Eboracenfis Rhind’s Bricilh Archaeology Roman Aldborough - Caerlcon o North Leigh, Oxon- York Sepulchral Infcriptions Sepulchral Slabs Monuments - The Reliquary - Ulfler Archeological journal Williams (Archdeacon) Archeological Efiays - Wright’s Archeological Efiays - - 53 - 22 * 49 55 -43 Numifmatics. Akerman’s Ancient Coins - Roman-Britifh, ditto New Teft Coins Introdudtion to Coins London Tokens Boyne’s Local Tokens Cardwell on Coins - Madden’s Roman Coins Numilmatic Chronicle Poite’s Coins of Cunobelina Gaulifh and Britifii Coin Whelan’s Numifnvatic Atlas Wiltfhire Tokens 'John Russell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. Milton 3 a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators. By the Rev. Joseph Hunter. Poll Svo. 2s. 6d. 1850 Junius. — The Authorfhip of the Letters of Junius elucidated, including a Biographical Memoir of Lieut. -Col. Barre, M.P. By John Britton, F.S.A., &c. Royal 8vo. nvithpor- traits of Lord Shelburne, John Dunning , and Barre, from Sir Jofhua Reynolds's picture, cloth, 6s. — Large Paper, in 4to. cloth, 9s. 1848 An exceedingly interefting book, giving many particulars of the American War, and the flate of parties during that period. The Table Talk of John Selden. With a Biographical Preface and Notes by S. W. Singer. Fcap. 8vo .-third edition, por- trait, cloth, 5s. i860 ■ Large paper ( for the connoiJJ'eur of choice Books). Poll Svo. cloth, 7s. 6d. i860 “ Nothing can be more interefting than this little book, containing a lively pidlure of the opinions and conventions of one of the moft eminent fcholars and moft diftinguiftied patriots England has produced. There are few volumes of its fize fo pregnant with i'enfe, combined with the moft profound learning; it is impoffible .to open it without finding fome important fa& or difcufiion, fome- thing practically ufeful and applicable to the bufinefs of life. ■ Coleridge fays, c There is more weighty bullion fenfe in this book than I ever found in the fame number of pages in any uninfpired ■ writer.’ Its merits had not efcaped the notice of Dr.. Johnfon, though in politics oppofed to much it inculcates, for in reply .to an obfervation of Bofwell, in praife of the French Ana, he faid, c A few of them are good, but we have one book of that kind, better than any of them — Selden’s Table Talk.’ ” — Mr. Singer's Preface. The Life and Times of Daniel De Foe 3 with Remarks, Digreffive and Difcurfive. By William Chadwick. 8vo. pp. 472, por- trait, cloth , 10s. 6d. 1859 u Daniel De Fo.e devoted his life and energies to the defence of free inftitutions and good government. He was the Radical of his day. He not only wrote, but iuffered for truth and liberty. He was impoveriflied and perfecuted for his labours in this caufe; nay, he was repeatedly imprifoned for his principles, or for his tinl’w.erving attachment to them, and for his boldnefs and honefty in affecting them. He was the vigorous and indefatigable oppo- nent of prieftilm, of ecclefiaftical domination, and of the Popifh tendencies of his time. We might not approve of all he wrote againft the Catholics, but we fliould remember that he law and felt , as we cannot, how inherently oppofed to true freedom is the Catholic fyftem. Although we live in very different times from thofe in which De Foe lived, yet his life is full of pregnant leffons for the liberals and friends of religious freedom of our day.” — Bradford Review. Wayland Smith. — A Difterlation on a Tradition of the Middle Ages, from the French of G. B. Depping and 1 rancisoue Michel, with Additions by S. W. Singer, and the amplified Legend by Oehi enslager. nmo. cloth, 3s. 6d. Piclering, 1847 •“ Wayland Smith and his Cave form ojeor the Incidents in Sir W. Scott’s “ Kenilworth.” Robin Hood. — The Great Hero of t Ancient Minifterly of England, “ Rol Hood,” his Period, real Character, &c., vefligated, and perhaps afeertained, by 1 Rev. Joseph Hunter. Poll 8vo. 2s. < 181 Notes on Ancient Britain and the Britoi By the Rev. W. Barnes, author of 1 “ Philological Grammar,” “ Anglo-Sax Deleflus,” “ Dorfet Dialeft,” &c. Foolfc Svo. cloth, 3s. 18 “ Mr. Barnes has given us the refult of his Colleflions fora Court Leftures on this fuojeft, and has produced a feries of Sketche the Ancient Britons, their language, laws, and modes of I and of their fociai flate as compared with that of the Saxe' which will be read with confiderable intereft.” — Notes . Queries. “ We are very glad to meet with fuch pleafant andreadible ‘No:’ as Mr. Barnes’s. They are very unaffe&ed effays, imparl, much warmth to the old carcafe of Britifli lore, and evinc i'ome real ftudy. 1-Ie has found out the value of the old W< laws, and has made fome ufeful comparifons between them thofe of the Saxons with much frefhnefs if not abfolute novelty.' Guardian. Taliefm 5 or, the Bards and Druids Britain. A Tranflation of the Remains the earlielt Welfh Bards, and an examinati of the Bardic Myfteries. By D. W. Nas member of the Royal Society of Literatu 8 vo. cloth, 14s. iS Excerpta ex Scriptoribus Claflicis < Britania. A Complete Colleflion of th< paflages in the Claffic Writers (124 number), which make mention of the Brit: Ifles, Chronologically Arranged, from Am Chrifti 560 to Anno Dom. 1333. By t Rev. Dr. J. A. Giles. 8vo. cloth, ■ {original price 7s. 6d.) : An Introduction to every Hiftory of Great Britain. Hiftory of England, under the Angl Saxon Kings. By Dr. J. M. Lappenber TranflatedbyBENj. Thorpe, with Additio and Corrections, by the Author and Tranflati 2 vols. 8vo. cloth, 12s. (original price £1. ii 18. Hiftory of England, under the Norm; Kings, with an Epitome of the early Hifto of Normandy. By Dr. J. M. Lappenber tranflated with Additions by Benj. Thorp Svo. cloth, 15s. iS Agincourt 3 a contribution towards t authentic Lift of the Commanders of t Englilh Hoft in King Henry the Fifth’s E pedition. By the Rev. Joseph Hunte poll 8vo. 2s, 6d. iS 3 4 John Russell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. tannic Refearches ; or, New Facts nd Rectifications of Ancient Britifh Hiftory. !y the Rev. Beale Poste, M.A. 8 vo. pp. 448), with engravings, cloth, 15s. 1853 ie author of this volume may juftly claim credit for confider- le learning, great induftry, and, above all, ftrong faith in the :ereft and importance of his fubject. ... On various points has given us additional information, and afforded us new :ws, for which we are bound to thank him. The body of the ok is followed by a very complete index, fo as to render refe- ice to any part of it eafy: this was the more neceflary, on ac- unt of the multifarioufnefs of the topics treated, the variety of rfons mentioned, and the many works quoted.” — Athenaum , :t. 8, 1853. ie Rev. Beale Pofte has long been known to antiquaries as one the beft read of all thofe who have elucidated the earlieft an- ls of this country. He is a praXical man, has inveftigated for nfelf monuments and manuferipts, and we have in the above- med volume the fruits of many years’ patient ftudy. The ob- is which will occupy the attention of the reader are — i. The litical pofition of the principal Britifh powers before the Roman nqueft — under the Roman dominion, and ftruggling unfucceff- ly againfl the Anglo-Saxon race; 2. The Geography of An- :nt Britain; 3. An inveftigation of the Ancient Britifh Hilto- ns, Gildas and Nennius, and the more obfeure Britifh chroni- cs; 4. The ancient flone monuments of the Celtic period; d, laftly, fome curious and interefling notices of the early Bri- ll Church. Mr. Pofte has not touched on fubjeXs which have :eived much attention from others, fave in cafes where he had nething new to offer, and the volume muft be regarded, thcre- •e, as an entirely new collection of difeoveries and deductions iding to throw light on the darkeft, as well as the earlieft, rtion of our national hiftory.” — Atlas, itannia Antiqua, or Ancient Britain irought within the Limits of Authentic liftory. By the Rev. Beale Poste. 8vo. ip. 386, map, cloth, 14s. 1857 A Sequel to the foregoing work. tters of the Kings of England. — Now irft collected from the Originals in Royal Archives, and from other Authentic Sources, >rivate as well as public. Edited, with lillorical Introduction and Notes, by J. O. Ialliwell. Two handfome volumes, poll ;vo. voith portraits of Henry Fill, and lharles I., cloth, 8s. (original price £i. is.) 1848 ;e volumes form a good companion to Ellis’s Original Letters, collection comprifes, for the firft time, the love-letters of Henry [II, to Anne Boleyn in a complete form, which may be re- xded, perhaps, as the moil lingular documents of the kind that ive descended to our times; the feries of letters ofEdward VI. ill be found very interefling fpecimens of composition ; fome of e letters of James I., hitherto unpublished, throw light on the urder of Overbury, and prove beyond a doubt the King was lplicated in it in fome extraordinary and unpleafant way ; but s letters to the Duke of Buckingham are of the mofl fingular iture : only imagine a letter from a fovereign to his prime min- er commencing thus: — u My own fweet and dear child, bleff- g, blelfmg, bleffing on thy heart-roots and all thine.” Prince harles and the Duke of Buckingham’s Journey into Spain has iver been before so fully illuftrated as it is by the documents ven in this work, which alfo includes the very curious letters 3m the Duke and Duchefs of Buckingham to James I. 5 Inquiry into the Particulars connected with the Death of Amy Robfart (Lady Dudley), at Cumnor Place, Berks, Sept. 8, 1560 ; being a refutation of the Calumnies charged againft Sir Robert Dudley, Anthony Forfter, and others. By J. T. Pettigrew, 8vo., 2 S. 1859 The Fawkes’s of York in the 16th Century, including Notices of Guy Fawkes the Gunpowder Plot Confpirator. By Robert Davies, F.S.A. Poll 8vo., is. < 5 d. 1850 Hiftorical Sketches of the Angling Lite- rature of all Nations. By Robert Blakey. To which is added a Bibliographical Cata- logue of Engiilh Books on Angling and Ichthyology, umo. cloth, 5s. 1856 The Pilgrim Fathers. — Coileftions con- cerning the Church or Congregation of Pro- tellant Separatifts formed at Scrooby, in North Nottinghamlhire, in the time of James I., the Founders of New Plymouth, the Parent Colony of New England. By the Rev- Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., and an AJfiftant Keeper of Her Majefy's Records. 8vo. cloth, 8s. 1 854- This work contains fome very important particulars of thefe per- fonages, and their connexions previoufly to their leaving^England and Holland, which where entirely unknown to former writers, and have only recently been difeovered, through the indefatigable exertions of the Author. Prefixed to the volume are fome beau- tiful Prefatory Stanzas by Richard Monckton Milnes, Efq., M.P. Love Letters of Mrs. Piozzi (formerly Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnfon), written when Ihewas Eighty, to the handfome aflor, William Augullus Conway, aged Twenty-feven. 8vo .fevoed, 2s. 1843 u written at three, four, and five o’clock (in the morning)' by an octogenary pen ; a heart (as Mrs. Lee fays) twenty-fix years old, and as H. L. P. feels it to be, all your own "—Letter V., 3 rd. Feb ., 1820. tc This is one of tne moft extraordinary colleXions of love epifiles we have chanced to meet with, and the well-known literary repu- tation of the lady — the Mrs. Thrale, of Dr. Johnfon and Mifs Burney Celebrity— confiderably enhances their intereft.. The letters themfelves it is not eafy to charaXerife; nor fhall we venture to decide whether they more befpeak the drivelling of dotage, or the folly of love ; in either cafe they prefent human nature to us under a new afpeX, and furnifh one of those riddles which nothing yet dreamt of in our philofophy can fatisfaXorily folve.” — Polytechnic Review . Life of Mr. Thomas Gent, Printer, of York. Written by Himfelf. 8vo. fine por- trait, engraved by Aug. Fox, cloth, 2s. 6d. (original price 9s.) 1832 The author of this curious, and hitherto unpubiifhed, piece of Auto- biography is well known by the feveral works of which he was the author as well as printer. The Book requires no encomium to those who have read Southey's “DoXor.” § John Russell Smith , 3! Worthies ofWeftmoreland j or, Biogra- phies of notable Perfons bom in that County lince the Reformation. By George Atkin- son, Efq. Serjeant at Law. 2 vols. poll 8vo. cloth , 6s. (original price 16s.) 1849 England's Worthies, under whom all the Civil and Bloody Warres, fince Anno 1642 to Anno 1647, are related. By John Vicars, Author of “ England’s Parliamentary Chro- nicle,” &c. &c. Royal nmo. reprinted in the old jlyle (Jimilar to Lady Willoughby's Diary), with copies of the 1 8 rare portraits after Hollar, &c., half -morocco, 5s. 1845 Lifter. — The Autobiography of Joseph Lister (a Nonconformift), of Bradford, Yorklhire, with a contemporary account of the Defence of Bradford and Capture of Leeds, by the Parliamentarians, in 1642. Edited by Thos. Wright, F.S.A. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 1842 Forman. — The Autobiography and Per- fonal Diary of Dr. Simon Forman, the cele- brated Aftrologer, 1552-1602, from unpub- lifhed MSS. in the Alhmolean Mufeum, Oxford. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. Small eyo.fewed, 5s. 1849 Ohly 150 copies privately printed. It will form a companion to Dr. Dee’s Diary, printed by the Camden Society, who alfo printed thi3 work but afterwards fuppreffed it. Life, Poetry, and Letters of Ebenezer Elliot, the Corn-Law Rhymer (of Sheffield). Edited by his Son-in-Law, John Watkins. Poll 8vo. cloth, {an interefling volume), 3s. (original price 7s. 6d.) 1850 Wefley. — Narrative of a Remarkable 'liranfa&ion in the Early Life of John Wefley. Now firft Printed, from a MS. in the Britiffi Mufeum. fewed, 2s. 1848 A very curious love affair between J. W. and his houfekeeper; it gives a curious infight into the early economy of the Methodift9. It is entirely unknown to all Wefley ’s biographers. Counter's (Col., of Rafton, Suflex) Ac- count of the Miraculons Efcape of King Charles II. out of England. Now firft printed. Poll 8vo. is. 1846 This little trafl takes up the narrative where the Royal memoir breaks off. It was unknown to Mr. Hughes, the editor of the “ Boicobei Trails.” The Connexion of Wales with the Early Science of England, illuftrated in the Memoirs of Dr. Robert Recorde, the firft Writer on Arithmetic, Geometry, Aftro- nomy, &c., in the Englilh Language. By J. O. Halliwell. ivo.fewed, is. 1840 7 », Soho Square , London. A Rot Amongft the Bifhops ; 01 Terrible Tempeft in the Sea of Canterh fet forth in lively emblems, to pleafe the j cious Reader. By Thomas Stirrv, i i8mo. {A Satire on Abp. Laud), four • curious woodcut emblems, cloth, 3 s. A facfimiie of the very rare original edition, which fold at Bin lal« for £13. Cartwright. — Memoirs of the I Writings, and Mechanical Inventions of mund Cartwright, D.D.,F.R.S., invento the Power Loom, &c. Edited by E. Strickland. Poll 8vo. engravings, boa 2s. 6d. (original price 10s. 6d.) j It contains fome interefling literary hifiory. Dr. Cartwright 1 bering among his correfpondents. Sir W. Jones, Crabbe, 1 Davy, Fulton, Sir S. Raffles, Langhome, and others; he w mean Poet, as his Legendary tale of “ Armine and Elvira” ( in the Appendix) teftifies; Sir W. Scott fays it contains excellent poetry, exprefled with unufual felicity. Collection of Letters on Scientific S je£ls, illuftrative of the Progrefs of Scienc. England. Temp. Elizabeth to Charles Edited by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. clothi i Comprifing letters of Diggcs, Dee, Tycho Brahe, Lower, Ha! Lydyatt, Sir W. Petty, Sir C. Cavendilh, Brancker, Pell, alfo the autobiography of Sir Samuel Morland, from a M| Lambeth Palace, Nat. Tarpoley’s Correflor Analyticus, flic, the Subfcribers of the Hiftorical Society of Science £l. Morland. — Account of the Life, W ings, and Inventions of Sir Samuel Mork Mafter of Mechanics to Charles II. By J Halliwell. 8vo .fewed, is. i Autographical Mifcellany; a Collect! of Autograph Letters, Interefling Docume &c., executed in facfimiie by Fredk. 1 THERCLIFT, each facfimiie accompanied v a page of letter-prefs by R. Sims, of Britifh Mufeum. Royal 4to. a handsc| vol., extra cloth, £1. is. (original p £i.i6 s.) >| Containing fixty examples ofhitherto unpublifhed Letters and ill ments of Blake, Boileau, Buonaparte, Burns, Calvin, Can - ■ Carrier, Catherine de Medicis, Charles I., Chatterton, Cong-. < Cranmer, Cromwell, Danton, D’Aubigne, Dryden, Edward i Elizabeth, Elizabeth (fister of Louis XVI.), Franklin, Ga < Glover, Goethe, Goldfmith, Henry VIII., Hyde (Anne), J I II., Jonlon, Kepler, Kotzebue, Latimer, Loyola, Louis 3|i Louis XVI., Luther, Maintenon, Maria Antoinette, Marlboro , Marmontel, Mary Queen of Scotts, Melancthon, Newton, P i Pompadour, Pole (Cardinal), Raleigh, Ridley, Robelpi , Roufleau, Rubens, Sand, Schiller, Spenfer, Steme, Taffo, Volt i Walpole (Horace), Walhington, Wolfe, Wolfey, Wren, i Young. For the interefling nature of the documents, this coIle£lion far t) s all the previous ones. With two exceptions (formerly b f executed), they have never been publifhed before. 8 fohn Rujfell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. Life of Shakefpeare, including many particulars refpeCting the Poet and his Family, never before publilhed, by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., See. In one handfome volume, 8vo. illuftrated with 76 engravings on wood, of objects, moft of which are new, from drawings by F air holt, cloth, 15s. 1848 is work contains upwards of forty documents refpe&ing Shake- peare and his family, never before publijhed , befides numerous 3thers, indirectly illuflrating the Poet’s biography. All the inecdotes and traditions concerning Shakefpeare are here, for the irft time, collected, and much new light is thrown on his per- !bnal hiftory, by papers exhibiting him as felling Malt, Stone, &c. Of the feventy-fix engravings which illuftrate the volume, more than fifty have never before been engraved . Is the only life of Shakefpeare to be bought feparately from his works. few Illuftrations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakefpeare, by the Rev. Joseph Hunter. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. (original price, £1. is.) 1845 Supplementary to all editions of the works of the Poet. * Part 2, price js., and Parts 3, 4, and 5, together price 3s., may be had to complete copies. Critical Examination of the Text of Shakefpeare ; together with Notes on his Plays and Poems, by the late W. Sidney Walker. Edited by W. Nanfon Lettfom. 3 vols. foolfcap 8vo. cloth, 18s. i860 Tery often we find ourfelves differing from Mr. Walker on •eadings and interpretations, but we feldom differ from him without refpect for his fcholarfhip and care. His are not the wild gueffes at truth which neither gods nor men have ftomach :o endure, but the fuggeftions of a trained intelligence and a rhaftened tafte. Future editors and commentators will be bound [0 confult thefe volumes, and confider their fuggeftions.” — dhhenaum, \ valuable addition to our Philological Literature, the moft valuable part being the remarks on contemporary literature, and the mate of learning by which the exatt meaning and condition )f a word is fought to be eftablifhed.” — Literary Gaxette. By the fame Author, hakefpeare’s Verification, and its Ap- parent Irregularities explained by Examples from early and late Englifn Writers. Foolfcap 8vo. cloth, 6s. 1854 The reader of Shakefpeare would do well to make himfelf ac- luainted with this excellent little book previous to entering upon he ftudy of the poet.” — Mr. Singer , in the Preface to his New Edition of Shakefpeare . Few Notes on Shakefpeare, with Oc- cafional Remarks on the Emendations of the Manufcript-CorreClor in Mr. Collier’s ,copy of the folio, 1632, by the Rev. Alexander Dyce. 8vo. cloth, 5s. *853 dr. Dyce’s Notes are peculiarly delightful, from the ftores of lluftration with which his extenfive reading not only among our vritcrs, but among thofe of other countries, efpecially of the Italian poets, has enabled him to enrich them. All that he has •ecorded is valuable. Wc read his little volume with pleafure, md clofe it with regret.” — Literary Gaxettc, 9 Curfory Notes on Various PafTages hi the text of Beaumont and Fletcher, as edited by the Rev. Alexander Dyce, and on his “Few Notes on Shakefpeare,” by the Rev. John Mitford. 8vo .Jewed, 2s. 6d. 1856 A Few Words in reply to the Rev. A. Dyce’s “ Few Notes on Shakefpeare,” by the Rev. Joseph Hunter. 8vo. is. 1853 Stri&ures on Mr. Collier’s New Edition of Shakefpeare, publilhed in 1858, by the Rev. Alexander Dyce. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. !8j 9 The Grimaldi Shakefpeare. — Notes and Emendations on the Plays of Shakefpeare, from a recently difcovered annotated copy by the late Joe. Grimaldi, Efq. Comedian. 8vo woodcuts, is. 185 A humorous fquib on Collier’s Shakefpeare Emendations. A Few Remarks on the Emendation, “ Who Smothers her with Painting,” in the Play of Cymberline, difcovered by Mr. Collier, in a Corrected Copy of the Second Edition of Shakefpeare, by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., See. 8vo. is. 1852 The Shakefpeare Fabrications ; or, the MS. Notes of the Perkins folio, (hown to be of recent origin ; with Appendix on the Au- thorlhip of the Ireland Forgeries, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, LL.D. Foolfcap 8vo. with a facfimile, shewing the pfeudo old writing and the pencilled words, cloth, 3s. 1859 ElTay on the Genius of Shakefpeare, with Critical Remarks on the Characters of Romeo, Hamlet, Juliet, and Ophelia, by H. M. Graves. Poll 8vo. cloth, zs. 6d. (original price 5s. 6d.) 1826 Hamlet. — An Attempt to afeertain whether the Queen were an Acceffory, before the FaCt, in the Murder of her Firft Hulband. 8vo .fewed, 2s. 1856 u This pamphlet well deferves the perafal of every ftudent of Ham- let.” — Notes and Queries. Remarks on the Moral Influence of Shakefpeare’s Plays, with illuftrations from Hamlet, by the Rev. Thomas Grinfield. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 1850 The Sonnets of Shakefpeare, rearranged and divided into Four Parts, with an Intro- duction and Explanatory Notes. Poll 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d. 1859 10 John RuJJell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. On the Sonnets of Shakefpeare, identi- fying the perfons to whom they are addrefled, and elucidating feveral points in the Poet’s Hiftory, by James Eoaden. 8vo. is. 6 d. 1837 Shakefpeare’s Autobiograpical Poems, being his Sonnets clearly developed, with his Character, drawn chiefly from his Works, by C. A. Brown. Poll Svo. cloth, 4s. 6d. 1838 Pericles, Prince of Tyre, a Novel, by Geo. Wilkins, printed in 1608, and founded upon Shakefpeare’s Play, edited by Pro- fessor Mommsen ; with Preface and Ac- count of fome original Shakefpeare editions extant in Germany and Switzerland, and In- troduction by J. P. Collier. 8vo. fevued, 5s. 1857 Account of the only known Manufcript of Shakefpeare’s Plays, comprifmg fome im- portant variations and corrections in the “ Merry Wives of Windfor,” obtained from a Playhoufe Copy of that Play recently dif- covered, by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. is. 1843 “ Who was c Jack Wilfon,’ the Singer of Shakefpeare’s Stage ?” An Attempt to prove the identity of this perfon with John Wilfon, Doctor of Mufic in the Univerfity of Oxford, a.d. 1644, by E. F. Rimbault, LL.D. 8vo. is. 1846 Shakefpeare’s Will, copied from the Original in the Prerogative Court, preferving the Interlineations and Facfimiles of the three Autographs of the Poet, with a few Preli- minary Obfervations, by J. O. Halliwell. 4to. is. 1838 Traditionary Anecdotes of Shakefpeare, collected in Warwickfhire in 1693. 8vo. fevsed, is. 1838 Obfervations on an Autograph of Shake- fpeare, and the Orthography of his Name, by Sir Fred. Madden. ivo. fevsed, is. 1838 shakefpeare Story-Teller; Introductory Leaves, or Outline Sketches, with choice Ex- tracts in the Words of the Poet himfelf, with an Analyfis of the Characters, by George Stephens, Profejfor of the Englifh Language and Literature in the Univerfity oj Copenhagen. 8vo. Nos. 1 to 6, 6d. each. 1856 Reafons for a New Edition of Shake- fpeare’s Works, by J. Payne Collier. Svo, is . 1842 1 1 W as Lord Bacon the Author of Shake , fpeare’s Plays ? A Letter to Lord Ellefmeri by W. H. Smith. 8vo. 6d. 185 1 Bacon and Shakefpeare, an Inquir touching Players, Play houfes, and Play-writei in the Reign of Q. Elizabeth : to which i appended an Abftraft of a Manufcript Auto l . biography of Tobie Matthews, by W. HI Smith. Foolfcap 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. 183;!* A Pilgrimage to Stratford-upon-Avon. the Birthplace of Shakefpeare, by C. V ly Grinfield. 12m o. portrait and plates, cloth. 2s. 6d. 1850 ' with R. B. Wheler’s Guide to Stratford-upon-Avon. >4 plates, in 1 vol. - i2mo. cloth, 3s. 6d. 1S50 Hiftorical Account of the Monumental Bull of Shakefpeare, in the Chancel of Strat- ford-upon-Avon Church, by Aer. Wivell. Svo. 2 plates, is. 6d. 1827 Wivell’ s Supplement to his Work on the Hiftory and Authenticity of the Shake- fpeare Portraits. 8vo. 12 portraits, boards, 6s. (original price 21s.) 1827 Criticifm applied to Shakefpeare, by C. Badham. Poll; 8vo. is. 1S46 Vortigern, an Hiftorical Play, repre- fented at Drury Lane, April 2, 1796, as a fuppofed newly difcovered Drama of Shake- fpeare, by William Henry Ireland. Neva Edition, vuith an original Preface, 8vo. facfimile, is. 6d. (original price 3s. fid.) . 1832 The preface is both interefting and curious, from the additional in- formation it gives reipe&ing the Shakefpeare Forgeries, contain- ing alfo the fubftance of the author’s u Confeifions.” Comparative Review of the Opinions of Jas. Boaden, in 1795 and in 1796, relative to the Shakefpeare MSS. 8vo. 2s. 1796 A Letter to Dr. Farmer [in Reply to Ritfon), relative to his Edition of Shakefpeare, publifhed in 1790, by Edmond Malone. 8 vo. fevued, is. 1792 A Lyttle Boke, gevinge a True and Brief Accounte of fome Reliques and Curi- ofities added of late to Mr. Halliwell’s Shake- fpeare Collection. 4to. vuith facfimile of the unique “ Booke of Riddles ,” mentioned by Slender in the Merry Wives of Windfor, only 23 copies printed, cloth, 9s. 1856 12 "John Rujfell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. !rief Hand-Lift of Books, MSS., &c., illuftrative of the Life and Writings of Shake- fpeare, colle&ed between 1842 and 1859, by J. O HaLLIWELL. Poft 8vo. only 30 copies ■privately printed, cloth, 12s. 1 859 Compendious Anglo-Saxon and Englifti Diftionary, by the Rev. J. Bosworth, D.D., F.R.S., &c., Anglo-Saxon Profejfor in the Uni- verfity of Oxford. 8vo. closely printed in treble columns, 12s. i860 This is not a mere abridgment of the large Diftionary, but almoft an entirely new work. In this compendious one will be found, at a very moderate price, all that is moft pra&ical and valuable in the former expenfive edition, with a great acceffion of new words and matter.”— Author's Preface . tnglo-Saxon Delectus ; ferving as a firft Claff-Book to the Language, by the Rev. W. Barnes, B.D., of St. John’s College, Cambridge. i2mo. cloth, 2s. 6d. 1849 To thofe who wifh to poffefs a critical knowledge of their own Native Englifti, fome acquaintance with Anglo-Saxon is indif- penfable; and we have never feen an introduction better cal- culated than the prefent to fupply the wants of a beginner in a fhort fpace of time. The declenfions and conjugations are well Rated, and illuftrated by references to Greek, the Latin, French, and other languages. A philofophical fpirit pervades every part. The DeleClus confifts of fhort pieces on various fubje&s, with extracts from Anglo-Saxon Hiftory and the Saxon Chronicle. There is a good Gloflary at the end.” — Athcmzum , Odl. 20, 1849. ntroduiftion to Anglo-Saxon Reading ; comprifing .ZElfric’s Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, with a copious Glolfary, &c., by L. Langley, F.L.S. i2mo. cloth, 2s. 6d. 1839 Elfric’s Homily is remarkable for beauty of compofition, and in- terefting, as fetting forth Auguftine’s million to the 44 Land of the Angles.” tnglo-Saxon Verfion of the Life of St. Guthlac, Hermit of Croyland. Printed, for the firft time, from a MS. in the Cottonian Library, with a Tranflation and Notes by Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, M.A., Fellow of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, nmo. cloth, 5s. 1848 inglo-Saxon Verfion of the Hexameron of St. Bafil, and the Anglo-Saxon Remains of St. Bafil’s Admonitio ad Filium Spiritu- 1 alem. Now firft printed from MSS. in the Bodleian Library, with a Tranflation and Notes by the Rev. H. W. Norman. 8vo. Second Edition, enlarged, fewed, 4s. 1849 i 'he Holy Gofpels in Anglo-Saxon, I edited from the original MS., by Benjamin Thorpe. Poft 8vo. cloth, Ss. (original price 12s.) 1842 Guide to the Anglo-Saxon Tongue ; on the Bafis of Profeflor Raflc’s Grammar ; to which are added Reading Leflons, in Verfe and Profe, with Notes, for the ufe of Learners, by E. J. Vernon, B.A., Oxon. izmo. cloth, 5s. 1855 44 Mr. Vernon has, we think, a fled wifejy in taking Raflc for his model ; but let no one fuppose from the title that the book i6 merely a compilation from the work of that philologift. The accidence is abridged from Rafk, with conftant revifion, correc- tion, and modification ; but the fyntax, a moft important portion of the book, is original, and is compiled with great care and Ikill ; and the latter half of the volume confifts of a well-chofen fele&ion of extrafts from Anglo-Saxon writers, in profe and verfe, for the pra&ice of the ftudent, who will find great afliftance in reading them from the grammatical notes with which they are accompanied, and from the gloflary wliich follows them. This volume, well ftudied, will enable any one to read with cafe the generality of Anglo-Saxon writers j and its chcapnefs places it within the reach of every clafs. It has our hearty recommenda- tion . — Literary Gazette. Anglo-Saxon Verfion of the Story of Apollonius of Tyre, upon which is founded the Play of Pericles, attributed to Shakefpeare, from a MS., with a Tranflation and Gloflary by Benjamin Thorpe. 121T10. cloth, 4s. 6d. (original price 6s.) 1834 Analedta Anglo-Saxonica. — A Selection, in Profe and Verfe, from Anglo-Saxon Au- thors, of various ages, with a Glolfary by Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A. A New Edition , with corrections and improvemetits. Poft 8vo. cloth, 8s. (original price 1.2s.) 1846 A Philological Grammar, grounded upon Englifti, and formed from a comparifon of more than Sixty Languages. Being an Intro- duction to the Science of Grammars of all Languages, efpecially Englifti, Latin, and Greek. By the Rev. W. Barnes, B.D., of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Author of “ Poems in the Dorfet Dialeft,” “ Anglo- Saxon Deleftus,” See., 8vo. (pp. 322), cloth, 9s. 1854 44 Mr. Barnes* work is an excellent Ipecimen of the manner in which the advancing ftudy of Philology may be brought to illus- trate and enrich a fcientific expofition of Englifti Grammar.” — Edinburgh Guardian. 44 Of the fcienccof Grammar, by induction from the philological fails of many languages, Mr. Barnes has, in this volume, lupplied a concife and comprehenfive manual. Grammarians may differ as to the regularity of the principles on which nations have con- firuiled their forms and ufages of fpeech, but it is generally allowed that fome conformity or fimilarity of practice may be traced, and that an attempt may be made to expound a true fcienccof Gram- mar. Mr. Barnes has fo far grounded his Grammar upon Eng- lifti as to make it an Englifti Grammar, but he has continually referred to comparative philology, and fought to render his work illuftrative of general forms, in conformity with principles com- mon, more or lefs, to the language of all mankind. More than fixty languages have been compared in the courfc of preparing the volume ; and the general principles laid down will be found ufeful in the ftudy of various tongues. Ic is a learned and philor fophical treatife.” — Literary Gaxette. 14 13 John Rujfell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London . A Fragment of iElfric’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar, iElfric’s Gloffary, and a Poem on the Soul and Body of the Xllth Century, dilcovered among the Archives of Worcefter Cathedral, by Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. Folio, privately printed, fewed, is. 6d. 1838 Two Leaves of King Waldere, and KingGudhere, a hitherto unknown Old Eng- lifh Epic of the 8th Century belonging to the Saga Cycle of King Theodoric and his Men. Now firft publifhed with a modern Englifh reading, Notes and Gloffary, by George Stephens, Englifh ProfeJJor in the Univerfity of Copenhagen. Royal 8vo. with four Photo- graphic Pacfimiles of the MS. of the 9 tk Cen- tury, recently dif covered at Copenhagen, 15s. — without Pacfimiles, 7s. 6d. i860 Popular Treatifes on Science, written during the Middle Ages, in Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and Englifh, edited by Thomas Wright, M.A. 8 vo. cloth, 3s. 1841 Contents. — An Anglo-Saxon Treatife on Aftronomy of the Tenth Century, now firft publifhed from a MS. in the Britifh Mufeum, ■with a tranflation ; Livre des Creatures, by Phillippe de Thaun, now firfl printed, with a tranflation (extremely valuable to Phi- lologifts, as being the earlieft fpecimcns of Anglo-Norman re- maining, and explanatory of all the fymbolical figns in early iculptureand painting) the Beftiary of Phillippe de Thaun, with a tranflation 5 Fragments on Popular Science from the Early Englifh Metrical Lives of the Saints (the earlieft piece of the kind in the Englifh Language.) Skelton (John, Poet Laureate to Henry VIII.) Poetical Works: the Bowge of Court, Colin Clout, Why come ye not to Court ? (his celebrated Satire on Wolfey), Phillip Sparrow, Elinour Rumming, & c. ; with Notes and Life by the Rev. A. Dyce. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth, 1 6s. (original price £1. 12s.) 1843 “The power, the ftrangenefs, the volubility of his language, the audacity of his fatire, and the perfeft originality of his manner, made Skelton one of the moft extraordinary writers of any age or country.” — Southey. Early Hiftory of Freemafonry in Eng- land. Illuftrated by an Englifh Poem of the XIVth Century, with Notes by J. O. Hal- liwell. Poll 8vo. fecond edition, with a facfimile of the original MS. in the Britifh Mufeum, cloth, 2s. 6d. 1844 The intereft which the curious poem, of which this publication is chiefly compofed, has excited, is proved by the fa£t of its having been tranflated into German, and of its having reached a fecond edition, which is not common with fuch publications. Mr. Halliwell has carefully revifed the new edition, and increafcd its utility by the addition of a complete and corre& GlofTary.” — Xitvrury Gawtte* Torrent of Portugal; an Englifh Me- ' l trical Romance. Now firft publifhed, from ■ an unique MS. of the XVth Century, pre- ferved in the Chetham Library at Manchefter, ■ edited by J. O. Halliwell, &c. Poll: 8vo. < cloth, uniform with Ritfon, Weber, and Ellis's ^ publications, cloth, 5s. 1842 “This is a valuable and interefting addition to our lift of early Englifh metrical remances, and an indispenfable companion to the cohesions ofRitfon, Weber, and Ellis.” — Literary Gazette. The Vifion and Creed of Piers Plough- man, edited by Thomas Wright; a new edition, revifed, with additions to the Notes and Gloffary. 2 vols. foolscap 8vo. cloth, . 10s. 1856 ' J “The ‘Vifion of Piers Ploughman ’ i6 one of the moft precious and interefting monuments of the Englifh Language and Literature, and alfo of the focial and political condition of the country during the fourteenth century. ... Its author is not certainly known, but its time of compofition can, by internal evidence, be fixed at about the’ year 1362. On this and on all matters bearing upon the origin and objeft of the poem, Mr. Wright’s hiftorical introdu&ion gives ample information In the thirteen years that have pafled fince the firft edition of the prefent text was publilhed by the late Mr. Pickering, our old literature and hiftory has been more ftudied, and we truft that a large circle of readers will be prepared to welcome this cheaper and carefully revifed reprint.”— Literary Gazette. Sir Amadace ; a Middle-North-Englifh Metrical Romance of the Xlllth Century, reprinted from two texts, with an Introdu&ion by George Stephens, Profejfor of Old Eng- lijh in the Univerfity of Copenhagen. 8vo. fewed, is. 6d. i860 Rara Mathematica ; or, a Collection of Treatifes on the Mathematics and Subjefls connefted with them, from ancient inedited MSS., by J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. fecond edition, cloth, 3s. 1841 Contents : — Johannis de Sacro-Eofco T raflatus de Arte Numerandi ; Method ui'ed in England in the Fifteenth Century for taking the Altitude of a Steeple; Treatife on the Numeration of Algorifm; Treatife on Glaffes for Optical Purpofes, by W. Bourne; Johannis Robyns de Cometis Commentaria; Two Tables (how- ing the time of High Water at London Bridge, and the Duration of Moonlight, from a MS. of the Thirteenth Century; on the Menfuration of Heights and Diftances; Alexandri de Villa Dei Carmen de Algorifmo ; Preface to a Calendar or Almanack for 1430; Johannis Norfolk irj Artcm progreflionis fummula; Note! on Early Almanacks, by the Editor, See. Sec. Philological Proofs of the Original Unity and Recent Origin of the Human Race, de- rived from a Comparifon of the Languages of Europe, Aiia, Africa, and America, by A. J. Johnes. 8vo, cloth, 6s. ( original price 12s. 6d.) *843 Printed at the fuggeilion of Dr. Prichard, to whole works it will be found a ufeful iupplcment. 16 J 5 John Rujfell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. "Tugae Poetica; Seledt Pieces of Old Englilh Popular Poetry, illuftrating the Man- ners and Arts of the XVth Century. Edited by J. O. Halliwell. Poll 8vo. only 100 copies printed, cloth, 5s. 1844 Hiecdota Literaria ; a Colleftion of Short Poems in Englilh, Latin, and French, illullrative of the Literature and Hiftory of England in the Xlllth Century 5 and more efpecially of the Condition and Manners of the different Clalfes of Society. By T. Wright, M.A., F.S.A., & c. 8vo. cloth, only 250 copies printed, 5s. *844 )i(Rionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Obfolete Phrafes, Proverbs, and An- cient Cuftoms, from the Reign of Edward I. By James Orchard Halliwell, F.R.S., F.S.A., & c. 2 vols. 8vo. containing upwards of 1 000 pages, clofely printed in double columns, cloth, a new and cheaper edition, 1 5s. 1861 contains above 50,000 words (embodying all the known fcattered gloffaries of the Englilh language), forming a complete key for the reader of our old Poets, Dramatics, Theologians, and other authors, whofe works abound with allufions, of which explana- tions are not to be found in ordinary Dictionaries and books of reference. Moft of the principal Archaifms are illuftrated by ex- amples feleCted from early inedited MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion will be found to be original authorities. 1 Gloffary; or, Collection of Words, Phrafes, Cuftoms, Proverbs, &c., illuftrating the Works of Englilh Authors, particularly Shakefpeare and his Contemporaries. By Robert Nares, Archdeacon of Stafford, See. A New Edition, with confiderable Additions, both of Words and Examples. By James O. Halliwell, F. R. S., and Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S,A. 2 thick vols, 8vo. cloth, £ 1. 8s. *859 ie Gloffary of Archdeacon Nares is by far the bell and moft ufe- ful work we poffefs for explaining and illuftrating the obfolete language and the cuftoms and manners of the fixteenth and feven- teenth centuries, and it is quite indifpenfable for the readers of the literature of the Elizabethan period. The additional words and examples are diftinguifhed from thofe in the original text by 2 f prefixed to each. The work contains between five and fix thoufand additional examples, the refult of original refearch, not merely fupplementary to Nares, but to all other compilations of the kind. 'hompfon (E.) on the Archaic Mode of exprefling Numbers in Englilh, Anglo- Saxon, Friefic, &c. 8vo. {an ingenious and learned pamphlet, inter ejling to the Philologift), is. 1853 •anilh. — Englifh-Danifh Dialogues and Progreflive Exercifes. By E. F. Ancker. nmo. cloth, 5s. 1851 — Key to Ditto, 5s. *7 Gloffary of Provincial and Local W ords Ufed in England. By F. Grose, F.S.A. j with which is now incorporated the Supple- ment. By Samuel Pegge, F.S.A. Poft 8 vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. 1839 Specimens of Cornilh Provincial Dialed:, collected and arranged by Uncle Jan Tree- noodle, with fome Introduflory Remarks and a Gloffary by an Antiquarian Friend; alfo a Selection of Songs and other Pieces connefted with Cornwall. Poft 8vo .with a curious por- trait of Dolly Pentreath, cloth, 4s. 1846 The Cornilh Thalia, being original Comic Poems, illullrative of the Cornilh Dialeft. By J. H. Daniel. Poft 8vo. 6d. i860 A Gloffary of the Words and Phrafes of Cumberland. By William Dickinson, F.L.S. i2mo. cloth, 2s. 1859 Nathan Hogg’s Letters and Poems in the Devonfhire Dialefl. Phe fourth edition, with additions, poft 8vo . fewed, is. i860 “ Thefe letters, which have achieved confiderable popularity, evince an extenfive acquaintance with the vernacular of the County and its idioms and phrafes, while the continuous flow of wit and humour throughout, cannot fail to operate forcibly upon the rifible faculties of the reader. In the Witch ftory Nathan has excelled himfelf, and it is to be hoped we have not feen his laft effort in this branch of local Englilh literature. The fuperftitions of Jan Vaggis and Jan Plant are moft graphically and amufingly pourtrayed, and the various incidents whereby the influence of the ‘Evil Eye,’ is fought to be counteracted, are at once ludicrous and irrefiftible .’’ — Plymouth Mail . Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorfet Dia- led, with a Differtation and Gloffary. By the Rev. Wm. Barnes, B.D. Second edition, enlarged and corrected, royal umo. cloth, 10s. 1847 Hwomely Rhymes ; a Second Colledfion of Poems in the Dorfet Dialefl. By the Rev. W. Barnes. Royal i2mo. cloth, 5s. 1859 “The author is a genuine poet, and it is delightful to catch the pure breath of fong in verfes which affert thcmfelves only as the model! vehicle of rare words and Saxon inflexions. Wc have no inten- tion of fetting up the Dorfet pathos against the more extended provincialifm of Scotland, lull lefs of comparing the Dorfetlhire poet with -the Scotch ; yet we feel fure that thefe poems would have delighted the heart of Burns, that many of them are not unworthy of him, and that (at any rate) his beft productions cannot exprefs a more cordial lympathy with external nature, ora more loving intereft in human joys and farrows .” — Literary Gaxette . John Noakes and Mary Styles : a Poem, exhibiting fome of the moft linking lingual localifms peculiar to Effex ; with a Gloffary. By Charles Clark, Esq., of Great Totham Hall, Effex. Poft 8vo. cloth, 2s. 1839 18 John Rujfell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. A Gloffary of Words ufed in Teefdale, in the County of Durham. Poft 8vo. with a map of the difirid, cloth, 2s. 6d. (original price 6s.) 1849 ct Contains about two thoufand words. ... It is believed the firft and only collection of words and phrafes peculiar to this diftrid, and we hail it therefore as a valuable contribution to the hiftory of language and literature ... the author has evidently brought to bear an extenfive perfonal acquaintance with the common language.” — Darlington Times , Dialed of South Lancafhire, or Tim Bobbin’s Tummus and Meary ; revifed and corre&ed, with his Rhymes, and an enlarged Gloffary of Words and Phrafes, chiefly ufed by the Rural Population of the Manufacturing Diftri&s of South Lancathire. By Samuel Bamford. i2mo .fecond edition, cloth, 3s. 6d. ' 1854 Leicefterftiire Words, Phrafes, and Pro- verbs. By A. B. Evans, D.D., Head Majler of Market-Bofwortk Grammar School. i2mo. cloth, 5s. 1848’ A Gloffary of Northamptonfhire Words and Phrafes ; with examples of their colloquial ufe, with illuftrations from various Authors ; to which are added, the Cuftoms of the County. By Mifs A. E. Baker. 2 vols. poft 8vo. cloth, 1 6s. (original price £1. 4s.) 1854 "■We are under great obligations to the lady, filler to the local hiftorian of Northamptonfhire, who has occupied her time in pro- ducing this very capital Gloffary of Northamptonfhire pro- vincialifms.” — Examiner . '• The provincial dialeds of England contain and preferve the ele- . ments and rudiments of our compound tongue. In Mifs Baker’s admirable ‘Northamptonfhire Gloffary,’ we have rather a reper- tory of archaifms than vulgarifms. But it is much more than a vocabulary; it preferves not only dialedical peculiarities, but odd and difappearing cuftoms; and there is hardly a page in it which does not throw light on fome obfeurity in our writers, or recal old habits and practices.’’ — Cbrijltan Remembrancer , Quarterly Review. A Gloffary of the Provincialifms of the County of Suffex. By W. Durrant Cooper, F.S.A. Poft 8vo. fecond edition, enlarged, cloth, 5s. 1823 Weftmoreland and Cumberland. — Dia- logues, Poems, Songs, and Ballads, by various Writers, in the Weftmoreland and Cumber- land Dialefts ; now firft collefted ; to which is added, a copious Gloffary of Words peculiar to thofe Counties. Poft8vo. (pp. 408), cloth, 9s. 1839 A Gloffary of Provincial Words and Phrafes in ufe in Wiltfliire, ftiowing their Derivation in numerous inftances, from the Language of the Anglo-Saxons. By John Yonce Akerman, Esq., F.S.A. 12010. cloth, 3s. *843 Spring Tide ; or, the Angler and his Friends. By J. Y. Akerman. umo. plates, cloth, 3s. 6d. 1852 Thefe Dialogues incidentally illuftrate the Dialed of the Weft of England. The Yorklhire Dialed, exemplified in various Dialogues, Tales, and Songs, appli- cable to the County ; with a Gloffary. Poft 8vo. is. Ig39 A Gloffary of Yorklhire Words and Phrafes, collected in Whitby and its Neigh- bourhood ; with examples of their colloquial ufe and allufions to local Cuftoms and Tradi- tions. By an Inhabitant. i2ino. cloth, 3 s - 6d. 1855 The Hallamfhire [dijlrih 7 of Sheffield) Gloffary. BytheRev. Joseph Hunter, author of the Hiftory of “ Hallamftiire,” “ South Yorklhire,” See. Poft 8vo. cloth, 4s. (original price 8s.) 1829 Archaeological Index to Remains of Anti- quity of the Celtic, Romano-Britifh, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By John Yonge Aker.man, Fellow and late Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. 8vo. illuft rated 'with numerous engravings, comprifing upwards of five hundred objeds, cloth, 15 s. 1847 This work, though intended as an introduction and a guide to the ftudy of our early antiquities, will, it is hoped, alfo prove of fervicc as a book of reference to the pradifed Archseologift. w One of the firft wants of an incipient Antiquary is the facility of comparifon ; and here it is furnifhed him at one glance. The Plates, indeed, form the moft valuable part of the book, both by their number and the judicious feledion of types and examples which they contain. It is a book which we can, on this account, fafely and warmly recommend to ail who are interefted in the antiquities of their native land.” — Literary Gazette. Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England, drawn from the originals. Defcribed and illuftrated by John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A. One handfome volume, 4to. illuftrated with 40 coloured plates, half-morocco, £3. 1855 The plates are admirably executed by Mr. Bafire, and coloured under the diredion of the Author. It is a work well worthy the notice of the Archsologift. Veftiges of the Antiquities of Derby- ftiire, and the Sepulchral Ufages of its In- habitants, from the moft Remote Ages to the Reformation. By Thomas Bateman, Esq., of Youlgrave, Derbyfhire. In One handfome volume, 8vo. with numerous woodcuts of ‘ Tumuli and their contents, CroJJes, Tombs, & c., cloth , 15s. ' 1848 1 9 20 ’John RuJJell Smith , 36. Defcriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities and Mifcellaneous Objects preferved in the Mufeum of Thomas Bateman, Efq., at Lom- berdale Houle, Youlgrave, Derbyfhire. 8vo. plates and woodcuts, cloth, {•very few printed) ios. 6d. 1855 Reliquiae Antiquiae Eboracenfis ; or, Relics of Antiquity, relating to the County of York. By W. Bowman, of Leeds, afTifted by feveral eminent Antiquaries. 4to. 6 Parts (complete), plates, 15s. 1855 Reliquiae Ifurianae ; the Remains of the Roman Ifurium, now Aldborough, near Boroughbridge, Yorklhire, illuftrated and defcribed. By Henry Ecroyd Smith. Royal 4to. with 37 plates, cloth, £x. 5s. 1852 The moft highly illuftrated work ever publifhed on a Roman Station in England. Eboracum ; or, York under the Romans. By the Rev. C. Wellbeloved, of York. Royal 8vo. with 19 plates, cloth, 6s. (original price 12s.) 1842 Roman Sepulchral Infcriptions ; their Relation to Archaeology, Language, and Religion. By the Rev. John Kenrick, M. A., F.R.S. Poll 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d. 1858 Defcription of a Roman Building, and other Remains, dilcovered at Caerleon, in Monmouthlhire. By J. E. Lee. Imperial 8vo. cloth, with 20 inter ejling etchings by the Author, fewed, 5s. 1850 Selections from an Antiquarian Sketch Book. By John Edward Lee, of Caerleon. Imperial 8vo. fewed, 2s. 6d. 1859 Comprifing 15 Sketches lithographed from the Author’s drawings of objects in Switzerland, Scotland, Ireland, Yorklhire, Hereford, (hire, and Monmouthlhire, with Ihort deferiptions. Uifter Journal of Archaeology; con- ducted under the fuperintendence of a Com- mittee of Archseologifts at Belfaft. Hand- fomely printed, in 4to. with engravings. Published Quarterly. Annual Sublcription, 1 2S. Nos. i to 28 are ready. Defcriptive Catalogue of the Collection of Antiquities and other Objects illuftrative of Irilh Hitfory, exhibited in the Belfaft Mufeum, at the Meeting of the Britilh Alfo- ciation, Sept. 1832, with Antiquarian Notes. 8 vo. fewed, is. 6d. 1853 Report of the Tranfadtions of the Annual Meeting of the Archseological Inftitute held at Chichefter, July, 1853. Svo. many plates and woodcuts, cloth, 7s. 6d. 1S56 21 Soho Square , London . Archaeologia Cambrenfis. — A Record of the Antiquities, Hiftorical, Genealogical, To- pographical, and Architectural, of Wales and its Marches. Firft Series, complete, 4 voL. 8vo. many plates and woodcuts, cloth, £z. 2s. 1846-49 Odd Parts may be had to complete Seta. Second Series, 6 vols. Svo. cloth y LV 3 s - Third Series. Vol. I. cloth, £1. ios. ; Vol. II. £1. S s. ; Vol. III. £i. 5s. ; Vol. IV. £i. ios. ; Vol. V. £x. ios. Pubtifned by the Cambrian Archaeological Affociation. The Cambrian Journal, illuftrative of the Hiftory, Topography, and Literature of Wales. 8vo. Vol. I. 12s. ; Vols. II., III., IV., V., and VI. ios. each, cloth 1854-6$ Publifhed under the aufpices of the Cambrian Inftitute. Suggeftions on the Ancient Britons, it 3 Parts. By G. D. Barber, M.A. (com monly called G. D. Barber Beaumont) Thick 8 vo. cloth, 14s. 185/ A Manual for the Study of the Sepul- chral Slabs and Crolfes of the Middle Ages. By the Rev. E. L. Cutts. 8vo. 300 fine woodcuts, cloth, 6s. (original price 12s.) 1S49 Notices of Sepulchral Monuments in Englifh Churches from the Norman Conqueft to the Nineteenth Century. By the Rev. W. Hastings Kelke. Svo. many woodcuts, 2s. (original price 3s. 6d.) 1850 Cyclops Chriftianus ; or, an Argument to difprove the fuppofed Antiquity of the Stonehenge and other Megalithic Erections in England and Brittany. By the Hon. Al- gernon Herbert. 8vo. cloth, 4s. (original price 6s.) 1849 Introduftion to the Study of Ancient and Modern Coins. By J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A. Foolfcap 8vo. with numerous wood engravings prom the original Coins {an excellent introductory book), cloth, 6s. 6d. 1348 Contents: — SECT. i. — Origin of Coinage. — Greek Regal Coins. — 2. Greek Civic Coins. — 3. Greek Imperial Coins. — 4. Origin of Roman Coinage.— Confular Coins. — 5. Roman Imperial Coins. — 6. Roman Britifh Coins. — 7. Ancient Britilh Coinage. — 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage.— 9. Englifh Coinage from the Conqueft. — 10. Scotch Coinage. — 11. Coinage of Ireland. — 12. Anglo- Gallic Coins. — 13. Continental Money in the Middle Ages. — 14. Various Reprcfcntatives of Coinage. — 15. Forgeries in An- cient and Modem Times. — 16. Table of Prices of Englifh Coins realized at Public Sales. 22 r John Rujfell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. Memorials of the Hamlet of Knightf- bridge, with Notices of its Immediate Neigh- bourhood. By H. G. Davis, poll 8vo. plates, cloth, 5s. 1859 London in the Olden Time; being a Topographical and Hiflorical Memoir of Lon- don, Weftminfter, and Southwark; accom- panying a PiClorial Map of the City and Suburbs, as they exifted in the reign of Henry VIII., before the Diffolution of the Monas- teries ; compiled from Authentic Documents. By William Newton, Author of a Difplay of Heraldry. Folio, --with the coloured map, A- feet 6 inches by 3 feet 3 inches , mounted on linen and folded into the volume, leather back, cloth fdes, fi. is. (original price £1. 11s. 6d.) 1855 The Cries of London, exhibiting Several of the Itinerant Traders of antient and modern times, copied from rare engravings or drawn from the Life. By John Thomas Smith, with Memoir and Portrait of the Author. 4to. plates, bds., 10s. 6d. (original price £1. 11s. 6d.) 1839 Hiftory of the Royal Foundation of Chrift’s Hofpital, Plan of Education, Internal Economy of the Inftitution, and Memoirs of Eminent Blues. By the Rev. W. Trollope, 4to . plates, cloth, 8s. 6d. (original price £3. 3s.) 1834 Analyfis of Domefday Book for the County of Norfolk. By the Rev. George Munford, Vicar of Eajl Winch. In 1 vol. 8vo. visit h pedigrees and arms, cloth, 10s. 6d. 1857 44 Many extracts have been made, at various times, for the illuf- tration of local deferiptions, from the great national (but almoft unintelligible) record known as Domesday Book j but Mr. Mun- ford has done more in the cafe of his own county, for he fup- plies a complete epitome of the part of the furvey relating to Norfolk, giving not only the topographical and ftatiftical fadis, but alfo a great deal that is inftru&ive as to the manners and con- dition of the people, the Rate of the churches and other public edifices, the mode of cultivation and land tenure, together with a variety of points of intereft to the ecclefiologift and antiquary.” — Bury Pofi. Gleanings among the Caftles and Con- vents of Norfolk. By Henry Harrod, F. S.A. 8vo. many plates and woodcuts, cloth, 17s. 6d. — Large paper, fix. 3s. 6d. 1857 This volume is creditable to Mr. Harrod in every v/ay, alike to his induftry, his tafte, and his judgment. It is the refult of ten years’ labour. . . . The volume is fo full of intcrcfting matter that we hardly know where to Degin our extra&s or more detailed notices.” — Gentleman's Magaxine, November , 1857. *7 River Tyne.' — Plea and Defence of the Mayor and BurgefTes of Newcaftle againft tht Malevolent accufations of Gardiner, (author of “ England’s Grievance on the Coal Trade,”) 1653 ; with Appendix of Unpub- lilhed Documents refpefling the River Tyne. By M. A. Richardson. 8vo. ( only 150 printed), 2s. 1849! Hiftory of the Parish and Town of Bampton, in Oxfordfhire, with the Diftriit and Hamlets belonging to it. By the Rev. Dr. Giles. 8 wo. plates, Second Edition, cloth, 7s. 6d. 1848 A Parochial Hiftory of Enftone, in the County of Oxford. By the Rev. John Jordan, Vicar. Poll 8vo. a clofely printed volume of nearly 500 pages, cloth, 7s. 1856 Roman Remains difeovered in the Parilhes of North Leigh and Stoneffield, Ox- fordfhire. By Henry Hakewill. 8 vo. map and 2 plates, 2s. 1836 Topographical Memorandums for the County of Oxford. By Sir Gregory Page Turner, Bart. 8vo. bds., 2s. 1820 Survey of StafFordfhire, containing the Antiquities of that County. By Sampson Erdeswick, with additions and corrections by Wyrley, Chetwynd, and others. Edited by Harwood. Thick 8vo. plates, bds., 13s. fid. (original price fi. 5s.) 1844 The Hiftory and Antiquities ofLambeth. By John Tanswell, Efq., of the Inner Temple. Svo. with numerous illujlrations, cloth, 4s. 6d. (original price 7s. 6d.) 1858 Hiftory of Winchelfea, in Suflex. By W. Durrant Cooper, F.S.A. 8vo. fine plates and woodcuts, 7s. 6d. 1850 Chronicle of Battel Abbey, in Suftex ; originally compiled in Latin by a Monk of the Eltablifhment, and now firft tranflated, with Notes, and an AbltraCt of the Subfequent Hiltory of the Abbey. By Mark Antony Lower, M.A. 8vo. with illujlrations, cloth , 9s. 1851 This volume among other matters of local and general intereft, em- baces — New Fa&s relative to the Norman invalion ; The Founda- tion of the Monaftery ; The Names and Rentals of the Original Townfmen of Battel ; Memoirs of feveral Abbots, and Notices of their Difputes with the Bilhops of Chichefter refpe&ing Jurifdic- tion $ The Abbey’s PolTefiions ; A Speech of Thomas a Becket, then Chancellor of England, in favour of Abbot Walter de Luci } Several Miracles ; Anecdotes of the Norman Kings j and Hiltorical Sketch of the Abbey from 1176 to the prefent time. 28 John Ruffe l l Smithy 36, Hiftory and Antiquities of the Ancient Port and Town of Rye, in SuiTex; compiled from the Original Documents. By William Holloway. Thick 8vo. {only 200 printed) cloth, £1. is. 1847 Defcriptive Catalogue of the Original Charters, Grants, Donations, & c., conftituting the Muniments of Battel Abbey, alfo the Pa- pers of the Montagus, Sidneys, and Webfters, embodying many highly interefting and valu- able Records of lands in Sulfex, Kent, and Elfex, with Preliminary Memoranda of the Abbey of Battel, and Hiftorical Particulars of the Abbots. 8vo. 234 pages, cloth, is. 6d. 1835 Hand-Book to Lewes, in SuiTex, Hif- torical and Defcriptive ; with Notices of the Recent Difcoveries at the Priory. By Mark Antony Lower, nmo. many engravings, is. 1846 Suflex Martyrs : their Examinations and Cruel Burnings in the time of Queen Mary ; comprifing the interefting Perfonal Narrative of Richard Woodman, extracted from “ Foxe’s Monuments.” With Notes by M. A. Lower, M.A. izmo.fewed, is. 1852 Memorials of the town of Seaford, Suflex. By M. A. Lower. 8vo. plates, 3s. 6d. 1855 Haftings, Paft and Prefent, with Notices of the moil Remarkable Places in the Neigh- bourhood, with an Appendix on Natural Hif- tory. iamo. two maps, cloth, 3s. 6d. 1855 A very fuperior Guide Book. Hiftorical Notices of the Parifti of Withyham, in SuiTex, and of the Family of Sackville. By the Hon. and Rev. B. W. Sackville West. 4to. arms, views, tombs, &c., cloth, £1. is. 1857 Hiftory and Antiquities of the Town of Marlborough, and more generally of the entire Hundred of Selkley in Wiltfhire. By James Waylen, Efq. Thick 8vo. woodcuts, cloth, 14s. 1854 This volume defcribes a portion of Wilts not included by Sir R. C. Hoare and other topographers. Hermes Britannicus , a Diflertation on the Celtic Deity Teutates, the Mercurius of Caefar, in further proof and corroboration of the origin and designation of the Great Temple at Abury, in Wiltihire. By the Rev. W. Lisle Bowles. 8vo. bds., 4s. (original price 8s. 6d.) 1828 2 9 Soho Square , London. Hiftory of the Pariflh of Broughton Gif- ford, in Wiltfhire. By J. Wilkinson, M.A., Reftor. 8vo. pedigrees and arms, 3s. 6d. 1859 Natural Hiftory of Wiltfhire, as compre- hended within Ten Miles round Salifbury. By W. G. Maton, M.D. 8vo. privately PRINTED, 2 S. 1843 The Ancient British, Roman, and Saxon Antiquities and Folk-Lore of Worcefterfhire. By Jabez Allies, F.S.A. 8vo. pp. 300, with 6 plates and 40 woodcuts. Second Edition, cloth, 7s. 6d. (original price 14s.) 1852 “The good people of Worccftcrfhire are indebted to Mr. Jabez Allies for a very handfome volume illuftrative of the hiftory of their native county. His book, which treats On the Ancient BritiJ ). >, Roman , and Saxon Antiquities and Folk-lore of Woxceffer- fl’ire , has now reached a fecond edition 3 and as Mr. Allies has embodied in this, not only the additions made by him to the original work, but alfo fcveral feparate publications on points o folk-lore and legendary intereft, few counties can boaft of a more induftrioufly or carefully compiled hiftory of v/hat may be called its popular antiquities. The work is very handfomely illus- trated.” — Notes and Queries. Hiftorical Account of the Ciftercian Abbey of Salley, in Craven, Yorkfhire, its Foundation and Benefaitors, Abbots, PoiTef- fions, Compotus, and DifTolution, and Its exifting Remains. Edited by J. Harland. Royal 8vo. 12 plates, cloth, 4s. 6d. 1854 The Hiftory and Antiquities of the Diftrift of Cleveland, comprifing the Wapen- take of Eaft and Weft Langbargh, North Riding, Yorkfhire. By John Walker Ord, F.G.S.L. A handfome 4to. volume, with plates, 42 woodcuts, and 43 pedigrees, cloth , £1. is. (original price, £z. 2s.) 1846 *** Copies whole bound, calf extra, marbled leaves, £i. ios. Hiftorical and Topographical Account of Wenfleydale, and the Valley of the Yore, in the North Riding of Yorkfhire. By W. Jones Barker. 8vo. illujlrated with Views, Seals, Arms, &c., cloth, 4s. 6d. (original price, 8s. 6d.) 1854 “This modeft and unpretending compilation is a pleafant addition to our topographical literature, and gives a good general account of a beautiful part of England comparatively little known. It is hand- fomely printed with a number of finely executed woodcuts by Mr. Howard Dudley. ... No guide to the diflridl exifts applicable alike to the well-filled and fcantily furnifhed purfe— ad efeft which the author has endeavoured to fupply by the prefent volume.” The Early Eccleftaftical Hiftory of Dewfbury. By Rev. J. B. Greenwood, with Dr. Whitaker’s Hiftory of the Parifti ; reprinted, with Notes, and an Account of the Saville Family. 8vo. cloth, js. 1859 30 'John RuJJell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. Hiftoire de 1’ Architecture Sacree du quatrieme au dixieme fiecle dans les anciens eveches dc Geneve, Laufanne, et Sion. Par J. D. Blavignac, Archite&e. One vol. 8 vo. (pp. 4.50), and 37 plates , and a 4-to. Atlas of 82 plates of Architecture, Sculpture, Trefcoes, Reliquaries, (Ac. 6? c., £2. 10s. 1853 A very remarkable Book, and worth the notice of the Architeft, the Archaologift, and the Artift. Hiftory of the Origin and Eftablifhment of Gothic Architecture, and an Inquiry into the mode of Painting upon and Staining Glafs, as praftifed in the Ecclefiaftical Struc- tures of the Middle Ages. By J. S. Haw- kins, F.S.A. Royal 8vo. 11 plates, bds., 4s. (original price 12s.) 1813 Handbook to the Library of the Britifh Mufeum ; containing a brief Hiftory of its Formation, and of the various Collections of which it is compofed ; Defcriptions of the Catalogues in prefent ufe ; Claffed Lifts of the Manufcrips, &c. ; and a variety of infor- mation indifpenfable for Literary Men ; with fome Account of the principal Public Libra- ries in London. By Richard Sims, of the Department of Manufcripts, Cctnpiler of the Manual for the Genealogijl, &c. Small Svo. (pp. 438), with map and plan, cloth, 5s. 1854 It will be found a very ufeful work to every literary perfon or public inflitution in all parts of the world. 44 A little Handbook of the Library has been publifhed, which I think will be moft ufeful to the public.” — Lord Seymour s Reply In the Houfe of Commons, July , 1854- 41 1 am much pleafed with your book, and find in it abundance of information which I wanted.” — Letter from Albert Way, Efq., F.S.A., Editor of the 44 Promptorium Parvtdorum, 1 ' &c. 44 1 take this opportunity of telling you how much I like your nice little 4 Handbook to the Library of the Britifh Mufeum,’ which I fincercly hope may have the fucccis which it deferves.’’ — Letter from Thos. Wright, Efq ., F.S^A., Author cf the 4 Biographia Britannica Littrariaf &c. 44 Mr. Sims’s 4 Handbook to the Library of the Britifh Mufeum ’ is a very comprchenfive and inftru&ive volume. ... I venture to predict for it a wide circulation.” — Mr. Ealton Comey, in 44 Notes and Queries,' 1 No. 213. Catalogue ( Clajftfied ) of the Library of the Royal Inftitution of Great Britain, with Indexes of Authors and Subjects, and a Lift of Hiftorical Pamphlets, chronologically arranged. By Benj. Vincent, Librarian. Thick 8vo. pp. 948, half -morocco, marbled edges, 15s. 1857 It will be found a very ufeful volume to book colle&ors, and indif- penfable to public librarians. A Dictionary of Old Englifh Plays, exifting either in print or in manufeript, from the earlieft times to the clofe of the 17th 39 century, including alfo Notices of Latin Play - written by Englifh Authors during the fam period, with particulars of their Author; Plots, Characters, &c. By James Orchar Halliwell, Efq., F.R.S. 8vo. cl, 12s. 186 Twenty-five copies have been printed on thick paper, price £1. is. Catalogue of a unique Collection of 4CX Ancient Englifh Broadfide Ballads, printed entirely in the black letter, lately on fale by J. Russell Smith. With Notes of thei; Tunes, and Imprints. Poft 8vo, a handfom volume, printed by Whittingham, in the ole Jlyle, half-bound, 5s. 1856 A copy on thick paper, without the prices to each, and a different title-page , ONLY IO COPIES SO PRINTED, IOS. 6d. Bibliotheca Cantiana. — A Bibliographi- cal Account of what has been publifhed on the Hiftory, Topography, Antiquities, Cuf- toms, and Family Genealogy of the County of Kent, with Biographical Notes. By John Russell Smith. In a handfome 8vo. vol. (pp. 370) with two plates of faefimiles of Au- tographs of 33 eminent Kentijh Writers, 5 s. (original price 14s.) 1837 A Bibliographical Lift of all the Works which have been publifhed towards illuftrating the Provincial Diale&s of England. By John Russell Smith. Poft 8vo., is. i8 39 j 44 Very ferviceable to fuch as profecute the ftudy of our provincial dialers, or are coUe&ing works on that curious fubjedL . . . We I very cordially recommend it to notice.’ 1 — Metropolitan. A Bibliographical Catalogue of Englifh Writers on Angling and Ichthyology. By John Russell Smith. Poft 8vo., is. 6d. 1856 Bibliotheca Madrigaliana. — A Biblio- graphical Account of the Mufical and Poetical Works publifhed in England during the Six- teenth and Seventeenth Centuries, under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzo- nets, &c. & c. By Edward F. Rimbault, LL.D., F.S.A. 8vo, cloth, 5s. 1847 It records a clafs of books left imdefcribed by Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin, and furnifhes a moft valuable Catalogue of Lyrical Poetry of the age to which it refers. The Manufeript Rarities of the Univer- fity of Cambridge. By J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 8vo. bds., 3s. (original price 10s. 6d.) 1841 A companion to Hartihome's “Book Rarities" of the fame Uni- verfity. 40 John RuJJell Smith , 36, Soho Square, London. Some Account of the Popular Trafts, formerly in the Library of Captain Cox, of Coventry, a.d. 1575. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. (only 50 printed), Jewed, is. 1849 Catalogue of the Contents of the Codex Holbrookianus (a Scientific MS., by Dr. John Holbrook, Mafter of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge, 1418-1431). By J. O. Halli- well. 8vo., is. 1840 Account of the V ernon Manufcript. A Volume of Early Englilh Poetry, preferved in the Bodleian Library. By J. O. Halli- well. 8vo. (only 50 printed), is. 1848 Shakefperiana, a Catalogue of the Early Editions of Shakefpeare’s Plays, and of the Commentaries and other Publications illuf- trative of his Works. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 1841 ‘‘Indifpenfable to everybody who wifhes to carry on any inquiries conne&ed with Shakefpeare, or who may have a fancy for Shakefperian Bibliography.’’ — Spectator. Catalogue of the Manufcripts in the Li- brary of Gonville and Caius Coll., Cambridge. By Rev. J. J. Smith, Fellow and Librarian. 8vo. cloth, 10s. 6d. 1849 Bibliographical Mifcellany. Edited by John Petheram. 8vo. Nos. 1 to 5 ( all publijbed), with general title, is. 1859 CONTENTS. — Particulars of the Voyage of Sir Thomas Button for the Difcovery of a North-Weft Paflage, A.D. 1612 — Sir Dudley Digges’ Of the Circumference of the Earth, or a Treatife of the North-Eaft Paflage, 1611-13 — Letter of Sir Thomas Button on the North-Weft Paflage, in the State-Paper Office — Bibliographi- cal Notices of Old Mufic Books. By Dr. Rimbault— Notices of Supprcfled Books — Martin Mar-Prelate’s Rhymes — The Hard- wicke Collection of Manufcripts. “ The Game of the Chefle,” the Firft Book printed in England by William Cax. TON, reproduced in faefimile, from a Copy in the Britilh Mufeum, with a few Remarks on Caxton’s Typographical Produftions, by Vincent Figgins. 4to. pp. 184, with 23 curious woodcuts, half -morocco, uncut, £1. is. — or, in antique calf, with bevelled boards, and carmine edges, £1. 8s. 1859 Frequently as we read of the Works of Caxton and the early Englifh Printers, and of their Black-Letter Books, very few perfons ever had the opportunity of feeing any of thefe productions, and form- ing a proper eftimate of the ingenuity and fkill of thofe who firft pradifed the 44 Noble Art of Printing.” The Type has been carefully imitated, and the Woodcuts facsimilieb by Miss Byfield. The Paper and Water-marks have alfo been made exprelfly, as near as pofii- ble, like the original; and the Book i3 accompanied by a few remarks of a pradical nature, which have been fuggefted during the progrefs of the fount, and the neceflary ftudy and comparifon of Caxton’s Works with thofe of his contemporaries in Germany, by Mr. V. Figgins, who fpent two years 44 labour of love” in cutting the matrixes for the type. 41 Hiftorical Sketches of the Angling Literature of All Nations. By Robert Blakey. To which is added a Bibliography of Englilh Writers on Angling. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 5s. 1856 Bibliotheque Afiatique et Africane, ou Catalogue des Ouvrages relatifs a l’Afie et a l’Afrique qui ont paru jufqu’en 1700. Par H. Ternaux-Compans. 8vo. avec fupple- ment et index, fewed, 10s. 6d. 1841 The Writings of the Chriftians of the Second Century, namely, Athenagoras, Ta- tian, Theophilus, Hermias, Papias, Ariftides, Quadratus, &c., collected and firft tranflated complete, by the Rev. Dr. Giles. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. 1857 Defigned as a continuation of Abp. Wake’s ApofloVical Epijlles y which are thofe of the firft century. Heathen Records to the Jewifti Scrip- ture Hiftory, containing all the Extrafts from the Greek and Latin Writers in which the Jews and Chriftians are named, collected to- gether and tranflated into Englilh, with the original text in juxta-pofition. By the Rev. Dr. Giles. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. 1856 A Vindication of the Hymn “ Te Deum Laudamus,” from the Corruptions of a Thou- fand Years, with Ancient Verfions in Anglo- Saxon, High-German, Norman-French, &c., and an Englilh Paraphrafe of the XVth Century; now firft printed. By Ebenezer Thomson. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 185S A book well worth the notice of the Ecclefiaitical Antiquary and the Fhilologiil. Tonftall (Cuthbert, Bifhop of Durham) Sermon preached on Palm Sunday, 1539, before Henry VIII ; reprinted verbatim from the rare edition by Berthelet, in 1539. , i2ino. is. 6d. 1823 A11 exceedingly interefting Sermon, at the commencement of the Reformation ; Strype in his 44 Memorials,” has made large ex- tracts from it. Common Prayer — Difcourfe of the Troubles begun at Frankfort, in the year 1554, about the Book of Common Prayer and Ceremonies, reprinted from the black letter edition of 1 575, with an Introduction. Poll 8vo. cloth, 2S. 6d. (original price 6s.) 1846 Sacred Mufic. By the Rev. W. Sloane-Evans, M.A. Roy. 8vo. Third Edi- tion, fewed, is. 6d. (original price 6s.) 1847 Confiding of Pfalm Tunes, Sanftufles, Kyrie-EIeifons, &c. &c,, and fifty-four Single and Double Chants (Major, Changeable, and Minor). 4.Z John RuJJell Smithy 36, Soho Square , London. The Dramatic Works of John Web- ster. Edited, with Notes, &c., by Wil- liam Hazlitt. 4 vols. fcap. 8vo., elegantly printed, by Whitting ham, cloth, £ 1 . 1857 *** A few copied printed on large paper, poft 8vo., for the con- noifleur of choice books, price £i. ios. This is the moft complete edition of Vvfebfter’s works. The Dramatic Works of John Lilly (the Euphuift). Now first collected, with Life and Notes by F. W. Fairholt. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo. printed by Whittingham, cloth, ios. 1858 *** A few copies printed on large paper, poft 8vo., price £i. is. The Dramatic and Poetical Works of Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurft, and Earl of Dorfet. With Introduftion and Life by the Hon. and Rev. R. W. Sackville- West.' Fcap. 8vo. fine portrait from a pidlure at Buckhurft, now firft engra.ved, cloth, 4s. 1859 The Poetical Works of William Drummond, of Hawthornden. Now firft pubiilhed entire. Edited by W. B. Turn- bull. Fcap. 8vo. fine port., cloth, 5s. 1856 “ The fonnets of Drummond,” fays Mr. Hallam, “ are polifhed and elegant, free from conceit and bad tafte, and in pure un- blemifhed Englifh.” The Works in Profe and Verfe of Sir Thomas Overbury. Now firft collefted. Edited, with Life and Notes, by E. F. Rim- bault. Fcap. 8 vo. portrait after Bafts, printed by Whittingham, 5s. 1856 The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, never before in any language truly translated, with a Comment on fome of his chief Places. Done according to the Greek by George Chapman, with Introduction and Notes by the Rev, Richard Hooper. 2 vols. fquare fcap. 8vo. with portrait of Chapman, and frontifpiece, 12s. 1857 “The tranflation of Homer, pubiilhed by George Chapman, is one of the greateft treafures the Englifh language can boaft.” — Godwin. 44 With Chapman, Pope had frequently confultations, and perhaps never tranflated any paflage till he read his verfion.” — Dr. Johnfon. M He covers his defeCts with a daring, fiery fpirit, that animates his tranflation, which is something like what one might imagine Homer [himfelf to have writ before he arrived at years of dif- cretion.’’ — Pope. «* Chapman’s tranflation, with all its defeCts, is often exceedingly Homeric, which Pope himfelf feldom obtained.’’ — Hallam. * 4 Chapman writes and feels as a Poet — as Homer might have written had he lived in England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.” — Coleridge . 44 1 have juft finifhed Chapman’s Homer. Did you ever read it ? — it has the moft continuous power of interefting you all along. . . The eameftnefs and paflion which he has put into every part of thefe poems would be incredible to a reader of mere modern tranflation.” — Charles Lamb. 47 Homer’s Odyfley. Tranflated according to the Greek by George Chapman. With Introduction and Notes by Rev. Richard Hooper. 2 vols. fquare fcp. 8vo. with fac- fimile of the rare original frontifpiece, 12s. 1857 Homer’s Battle of the Frogs and Mice ; Hesiod’s Works and Days; Mus^us’s Hero and Leander ; Juvenal’s Fifth Satire. Tranflated by George Chapman. Edited by Rev. Richard Hooper. Square fcp. 8vo .frontifpiece after Bafts, 6s. 1858 44 The editor of thefe five rare volumes has done an incalculable fervice to Englifli Literature by taking George Chapman’s folios out of the duft of time-honoured libraries, by collating them with loving care and patience, and, through the agency of [his enter- prifing publilher, bringing Chapman entire and complete within the reach of thofe who can beft appreciate and leaft afford to pur- chafe the early editions.” — Athenaum. EfTay on Archaeological Subje&s, and on various Queftions connected with the Hiftory of Art, Science, and Literature in the Middle Ages. By T homas W right, M. A., F.S. A., Correfponding Member of the Inftitute of France, &c. 2 vols. poft 8vo. printed by W hittingham, illuftrated with 1 20 engravings, cloth, 1 6s. 1861 Contents:— i. On the Remains of a Primitive People in the South-Eaft corner of Yorkshire; 2. On fome ancient Barrows, or Tumuli, opened in Eaft Yorkfhire; 3. On fome curious forms of Sepulchral Interment found in Eaft Yorkfhire j 4. Treago, and the large Tumulus at St. Weonard’s; 5. On the Ethnology of South Britain at the period of the Extinction of the Roman Government in the Ifland; 6. On the Origin of the Welfh; 7. On Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, with a particular reference to the Fauflet Collection ; 8. On the True Character of the Biographer After ; 9. Anglo-Saxon Architecture, illuftrated from illuminated Manufcripts; 10. On the Literary Hiftory of Geoffrey of Mon- mouth’s Hiftory of the Britons, and of the Romantic Cycle of King Arthur; 11. On Saints’ Lives and Miracles: 12. On An- tiquarian Excavations and Refearches in the Middle Ages ; 13. On the Ancient Map of the World preferved in Hereford Cathedral, as illuftrative of the Hiftory of Geography in the Middle Ages; 14. On the Hiftory of the Englifh Language; 15. On the Abacus, or Mediaeval Syftem of Arithmetic; 16. On the Antiquity of Dates exprefled in Arabic Numerals; 17. Remarks on an Ivory Calket of the beginning of the Fourteenth Century; 18* On the Carvings of the Stalls in Cathedral and Collegiate Churches; 19 Illuftrations of fome Queftions relating to Architectural Anti- quities — (a) Mediaeval Architecture illuftrated from Illuminated Manufcripts: (b) A Word on Mediaeval Bridge Builders : (c) On the Remains of profcribed Races in Mediaeval and Modern Society, as explaining certain peculiarities in Old Churches; 20. On the Origin of Rhymes in Mediaeval Poetry, and its bearing on the Authenticity of the Early Welfh Poems ; 21. On the Hiftory of the Drama in the Middle Ages; 22. On the Literature of the Troubadours; 23. On the Hiftory of Comic Literature during the Middle Ages; 24. On the Satirical Literature of the Reformation. “Mr. Wright is a man who thinks for himfelf, and one who has evidently a title to do fo. Some of the opinions publifhed in thefe Eflays are, he tells us, the refult of his own obfervations or reflections, and are contrary to what have long been thofe of our own antiquaries and hiftorians.” — Spefiator. 44 Two volumes exceedingly valuable and important to all who are interefted in the Archaeology of the Middle Ages ; no mere com- pilations, but replete with fine reafoning, new theories, and ufeful information, put in an intelligible manner on fubjeCts that have been hitherto but imperfectly underftood.” — London Rev 48 John Rujfell Smith , 36, Soho Square, London. 1 he Social Hiftory of the People of the Southern Counties of England in paft Centuries illuftrated in regard to their Habits, Municipal Bye-laws, Civil Progrefs, &c. From the Refearches of George Roberts, Author of the “ Hiftory of Lyme-Regis,” “ Life of the Duke of Monmouth,” See. Thick 8vo. cloth , 7s. 6d. (original price 16s.) 1856 An interefting volume on old Englilh manners and cuftoms, mode of travelling, punifiiments, witchcraft, giplies, pirates, ftage- players, pilgrimages, prices of labour and proviiions, the clothing trade of the Weft of England, &c., &c., compiled chiefly from original materials, as the archives of Lyme-Regis and Weymouth, family papers, church regifters, &c. Dedicated to Lord Macaulay. Chriftmaftide, its Hiftory, Feftivities, and Carols (with their mufic). By William Sandys, Efq., F.S.A. In a handfome vol. 8 vo. illujlrated with 20 engravings after the defigns of J. Stephanoff, extra cloth, gilt edges, 5s. (original price 14s.) “Its title vouches that Chrifimafiide is germane to the time. Mr. Sandys has brought together, in an ottavo of fome 300 pages, a great deal of often interefting information beyond the ftale goftip about “ Chriftmas in the olden time,’’ and the threadbare make-believes of jollity and geniality which furnilh forth moil books on the fubjeft. His carols, too, which include fome in old French and Provencal, are fele&ed from numerous fources, and comprifemany of the lefs known and more worth knowing. His materials are prefented with good feeling and maftery of his theme. On the whole the volume deferves, and fhould anticipate, a welcome.” — Spectator. Mufic and the Anglo-Saxons, being fome Account of the Anglo-Saxon Orcheftra, with Remarks on the Church-Mufic of the 19th Century. By F. D. Wackerbath. 8vo. 2 plates, fewed, 4s. 1837 Reliquse Antiquae; Scraps from Ancient Manufcripts illuftrating chiefly Early Englilh Literature and the Englifh Language. Edited by Wright and Halliwell. Parts 1 to 13, 8 vo. fewed, odd parts to complete copies, 2s. each 1839-43 The Anglo-Saxon Epifcopate of Corn- wall, with fome Account of the Bifhops of Crediton. By E. H. Pedler. 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. i860 Britifh Archaeology, its Progrefs and Demands. Two Papers, I. Britifh Antiquities, their prefent Treatment and their Real Claims ; II. The Law of Treafure-Trove, how it can beft be adapted to accomplifti ufeful refults. By A. Henry Rhind, F.S.A., Lond. and Scot. 8vo. cloth, 2S. 1858 A Hand-Book to Roman Coins. By Frederic W. Madden, of the Medal Room, Britifh Mufeum. Fcp. 8vo. plates, cloth, 5s. 1861 Autobiography of the Rt. Hon. Sir Richard Cox, Bart., Lord-Chancellor of Ireland (1706), from the Original Manufcript, Edited by R. Caulfield. 8vo .fewed, is. 6d; i860 St. Patrick's, Dublin. — Seven Copper- Plate Illuftrations of the Hiftory and Antiquities of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin By Biwoo* and Grattan. 4to. in a wrapper, 3 s. 6d. i860 The feries includes a fine whole length portrait of Dean Swift. The Celtic Records and Hiftoric Lite- rature of Ireland. By J. T. Gilbert, Author of the “Hiftory of Dublin,” See. 8vo. cloth, 5s. - 1861 On an Oath taken by the Members of the Parliaments of Scotland, 1641 to 1649, with Hiftorical Elucidations. By J. R. Walbran, F.S.A. With a large faefimile of the original Record, with the autographs, royal 8vo. (inly 100 printed, bds., 5s. 1834 This curious document war lately difeovered in the Charter-cheft of Major Dunbar, of Blair Caftle, N. B. A Hand-Book to Autographs, being a Ready Guide to the Handwriting of Diftinguilhed Men and Women of every Nation, defigned for the ufe of Literary Men, Autograph Collectors, and others. Executed by Frederick Geo. Netherclift. 8vo. parts 1 to 4, as.each. 1859-60 *** A few copies printed upon me fide only may be had at 3s. each part. The fpecimens contain two or three lines each befides the fignature, fo that to the hiftorian fuch a work will recommend itfelf as enabling him to teft the genuinenefs of the document he confults, whilft the judgment of the autograph colle&or may be fimilarly alfifted, and his pecuniary refources economized by a judicious ufe of the “ Manual.” To the bookworm, whole name is “legion,” he would merely obferve, that daily experience teaches us the great value and intereft attached to books containing “ marginal notes ” and “memoranda,” when traced to be from the pens of eminent perfons. A Monograph of the Genus Bos. — The Natural Hiftory of Bulls, Bifons, and Buffaloes, exhibiting all the known Species (with an Introduction, containing an Account of Experiments on Rumination, from the French of M. Flourens). By George Vasey. 8vo. with 72 engravings on wood, cloth, 6s. (original price ios. 6d.) 1857 Written in a fcicntific and popular manner, and printed and illuF* trated uniformly with the works of Bell, Yarrell, Forbes, John* fton, &c. Dedicated to the late Mr. Yarrell, who took grea£- intereft in the progrefs of the worh, Illuftrations of Eating, difplaying the Omnivorous Character of Man, and exhibiting the Natives of Various Countries at feeding- time. By a Beefeater. Fcap. 8vo. with woodcuts, 2S. 1846 49 5 ° "John Ruffell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. Views of Labour and Gold. By the Rev. W. Barnes, B.D., Author of “ Poems in the Dorfet Dialeft,” “ Notes on Ancient Britain,” & c. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 1859 “Mr. Barnes is a reader and a thinker. Ke has a third and a con- fpicuous merit — his ftyle is perfe&ly lucid and ftmple. If the humbleft reader cf ordinary intelligence defired to follow out the procefs by which focieties are built up and held together, he has but to betake himfelf to the ftudy of Mr. Barnes’s epitome. The title “ Views of Labour and Gold,’’ cannot be faid to indicate the fcope of the Efiays, which open with pictures of primitive life, and pafs on, through an agreeably diverfined range of topics, to confiderations of the rights, duties, and interefts of Labour and Capital, and to the enquiry, What conftitutes the utility, wealth, and pofitive well being of a nation l Subjects of this clafs are rarely handled with fo firm a grafp aud fuch light and artiftic manipulation.’’ — Atbenczum . “ The opinion of fuch a Scholar and Clergyman of the Eftablifhed Church on fubjefts of political economy cannot fail to be both interefting and inftruftive, and the originality of fome of his views and exprefiions is well calculated to attraft and to repay the moft careful attention.’’ — Financial Reformer. Elements of Naval Architecture, being a Tranflation of the Third Part of Clairbois’s “ Traite Elementaire de la Conftruflion des Vaiffeaux.” By J. N. Strange, Commander, R.N. 8 vo. 'with five large folding plates, cloth, 5s. 184.6 Lectures on Naval Architecture, being the Subftance of thofe delivered at the United Service Inftitution. ByE. Gardiner Fish- bourne, Commander, R.N. Cvo. plates, cloth, 5s. 6d. 1856 Both thefe works are publifhed in illuftration of the “ Wave Syftem.” Buenos Ayres, and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, from their Difcovery and Conqueft by the Spaniards to the Eftablifii- ment of their Political Independence 5 with fome Account of their Prefent State, Appen- dix of Hiftorical Documents, Natural Hiftory, &c. By Sir Woodbine Parish, Vtce- Prefident cj the Royal Geographical Society, and many years Charge dt Aff airs at Buenos Ayres. Thick 3 vo. Second Edition, plates and s woodcuts , alfo a valuable snap by Arrowfmiih, cloth, 7S. 6d. (original price 14s.) 1852 Cl Among the contributions to the geography of the South Ameri- can Continent, the work of our Vice-Prefident, Sir Woodbine Parifh, holds a very important place. Profefting to be a fecond edition of a former book, it is, in reality, almoft a new work, from the great quantity of frefh matter it contains on the geo- graphy, ftatiftics, natural hiftory, and geology of this portion of the world.” — Frefident of ibe Royal Geographical Society'’ s Addrefs. Colleccicn de Memories Cientificas. Por Mariano Eduardo De Rivero, Cotful del Peru. 2 vols. 8vo. plates and snaps, fewed, 12s. 1857 A valuable collection of Eflays on the Natural Hiftory, Geography, Mineralogy, Climatology of Peru, Chili, New Granada, &c. &c. The author is well known as the difeoverer and author of the “Peruvian Antiquities.” Folious Appearances, a Confideration on our Ways of Lettering Books (a Curious Rhapfody). 8vo. fewed, is. 1854 Hiftory of Oregon and California, and the other territories on the North-Weft Coaft of America, accompanied by a Geographical View and Map, and a number of Proofs and Illuftrations of the Hiftory. By Robert Greenhow, Librarian of the Department of State of the United States. Thick 8vo. large map, cloth, 7s. 6d. (pub. at 16s.) 1844 Hiftorical Account of the Ifland of Saint Vincent, in the Weft Indies, with large Appendix, on Population, Meteorology, Pro- duce of Eftates, Revenue, Carib Grants, &c. By Charles Shephard. 8vo . plates, cloth, 3s. (original price 12s.) 1831 Hiftory and Antiquities of Bofton, the Capital of Maflachufetts, and Metropolis of New England, from its Settlement in 1630 to the Year 1770 ; alfo an Introduftory Hiftory of the Difcovery and Settlement of New Eng- land, with Notes, critical and illuftrative. By S. G. Drake. Thick royal 8vo. portraits andplates, half morocco, £1. us. 6d. Bofton, U. S., 1856 The Eccleftaftical Hiftory of New Eng- land. By J. B. Felt. Vol. 1, 1517-1647 Thick 8vo. cloth, 10s. 6d. Bofton, 1835 It everywhere difclofes a thoroughnefs of refearch and an accuracy of ftatement, in regard to matters of fact, which the early hiftory of New England has never before had, and will never again need. Vol. 2 will appear immediately. The Stranger at Rouen. A Guide for Englifhmen. By M. A. Lower. i2mo. plates, is. 1857 Mcnt Saint-Michel. — Hiftoire et De- feription de Mont St. Michel en Normandie. Text par Hericher, deftins par Bouet publies par Bourdon. Folio, 150 pp., and 13 beau- tiful plates, executed in tinted lithography , leather back, uncut, £z. zs. 1848 A handfome volume, interefting to the architect and archsologift. Genoa, with Remarks on the Climate, and its Influence upon Invalids. By Henry Jones Bunnett, M.D. i2mo. cloth, 4s. 1844 On the March of Hannibal from the Rhone to the Alps. By Henry Lawes Long. 8vo. map, 2s. 6d. 1831 Copenhagen. — The Traveller’s Hand- book to Copenhagen and its Environs. By Anglicanus. 121T10. with large map of Sealand, plan of Copenhagen, and views. i2mo. cloth, 8s. 1853 5i 5 * John RuJJell Smithy 36, The Scandinavian Queftion. — Practical Reflexions. By Arnliot Gellina. Tranf- lated from the Swedifh original, by an Eng- glifh Scandinavian. 8vo. 50 pp. sd., is. 1857 Defence for the full Hereditary Right, according to the Lex Regia of the Kings and Royal Houfe of Denmark, efpecially Prince Chriftian and his Spoufe. By Councillor C. F. Wegener. Tranflated from the Danifh. 8vo. sewed, is. 1853 Chelfea Athenaeum Lectures. — No. 1, The Sources of Englilh Hiftory. By Thos. Wright, F.S.A. 8vo. is. 1859 No. 2, Ancient Egypt. By George Farren. 8vo. is. 6d. i860 Poems, partly of Rural Life, in National Englilh. By the Rev. William Barnes, author of “ Poems in the Dorfet Dialect.” nmo. cloth, 5s. 184.6 The Refcue of Robert Burns, Feb. 1739. — -A- Centenary Poem. By George Stephens, Profefibr of Old Englilh in Co- penhagen Univerflty. 8vo. is. 1859 Revenge, or Woman’s Love, a Melo- drama, in 5 AXs. By George Stephens, Profelfor of the Englilh Language in the Univerflty of Copenhagen. Svo.fid., 3s. 1857 This play exhibits both originality and poetic feeling. Mirrour of Juftices, written originally in the old French, long before the Conqueft, and many things added by Andrew Horne. Tranflated by W. Hughes, of Gray’s Inn. A new edition, nmo. doth, 2s. 1840 A curious, interefting, and authentic treatife on ancient Englilh law. Andrew Home, the editor, was Chamberlain of London A.D. 1328. Saull (W. D.) On the Connection be- tween Astronomical and Geological Pheno- mena, addrefled to the Geologifts of Europe and America. 8vo. diagrams, fd., 2s. 1854 Dialed! of Ulfter. — Poor Rabbin’s Ollminick, for the Town o’ Bilfawlt, con- taining varrious different things which ivvery parfon ought t’be acquentit with, Wrote down, Prentet, an’ Put out, jilt the way the people fpakes. By Billy M’Cart. 8 vo. 6d. 1S61 Illuftrations, Hiftorical and Genealogical, of the molt Ancient Families of Ireland, (500) Members of which held Commiflions in King James’s Service in the War of the Revolution, wherein their refpeflive Origins, Achievements, Forfeitures, and ultimate defti- 53 Soho Square , London. nies, are fet forth. By John D’AltoN, Barrifter-at-Law, Author of the “ Hiftorv of the County of Dublin,” “ Drogheda,” “ Annals of the Boyles,” &c. 2 thick vok. 8vo. pp. 1400, cloth, £1. is. i860 Poems by Philip Freneau on Various Subjects, but chiefly Illuftrative of the Events and Actors in the American War of Inde- pendence, reprinted front he rare edition printed at Philadelphia in 1786, with a Preface. Thick fcap. 8 vo. elegantly printed, cloth, 6s. 1861 Freneau enjoyed the friendfhip of Adams, Franklin, Jefferfon, Madifon, and Munroe, and the laft three were his conftant cor- rel'pondents while they lived. His Patriotic Songs and Ballads, which were fuperior to any metrical compofitions then written in, Ameriea, were everywhere fung with enthufiafm. See Grifwold’s w Poets and Poetry of America,'’ and Duyckinck’s “ Cyclop, of American Literature.” Dr. Cotton Mather’s Wonders of the Invifible World, being an account of the Trials of feveral Witches lately executed in New England, and of the feveral remarkable curioflties therein occurring. To which are added Dr. Increase Mather’s Further Account of the Tryals, and Cafes of Con- fluence concerning Witchcrafts, and Evil Spirits Perfonating Men. Reprinted from the rare original editions of 1693, with an Intro, duftory Preface. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 6s. 1861 Surtees (Robt.) Hiftory and Antiquities of the County of Durham. 4 vols. folio, many fine plates, whole cloth, lettered, £18. iSs. (pub. at £25.) Large Paper. 4 vols. royal folio, bds., £ ao (pub at £50.) Vol. IV., including a Memoir of the Author, by Geo. Taylor, Efq. Folio, many fine plates, £1. 4s. 1840 Containing the city and fuburbs of Durham and Gainford, Bar- nard Caftle, Staindrop, and other Parifhes in the Ward of Dar. lington (wanted by many fubferibers. ) Raine (Rev. James) Hiftory and Anti- quities of North Durham, as fub-divided into the Shires of Norham, Ifland, and Bedling- ton, which from the Saxon Period until 1844 conftituted part of the County of Durham, but are now united to Northumberland. 2 parts, complete, folio, fine plates, bds., £2. 15s. — Large Paper, £3. 15s. 1830-52 The same (wanting the 4 plates to Part /.). Bds., £1. 5s. Part II. ( wanting hy many Subscribers ). 18s. — Large Paper, £i. is. The executors of the Rev. James Raine have recently fold by auc- tion the entire remaining copies of both Surtees and Raine’s Hiftorics. The prices of thcJe works will never be lower. 54 John RuJJell Smith , 36, Soho Square , London. Saint Cuthbert, with an Account of the ftate in which his remains were found upon the opening of his Tomb in Durham Ca- thedral, 1827. By the Rev. James Raine. 4to. plates and woodcuts, bds. (a very intereft- ing vol.), 10s. 6d. (pub at £1. ns. 6d.) 1828 44 From the four comers of the earth they come, To kiss this fhrine — this mortal-breathing faint.” Hiftorical Account of the Epifcopal Cattle or Palace of Auckland. By the Rev. James Raine, Author of the Hiftory of North Durham. Royal 4X.0. fine views, por- traits and feals, cloth, 10s. 6d. (original price L 1 - IS ) 1852 Catterick Church, Yorkfhire. A cor- rect copy of the contract for its building in 1412. Illuftrated with Remarks and Notes by the Rev. James Raine. With thirteen plates of views, elevations, and details, by A. S alvin, Architeil. 4to. Large Paper, cloth, 9s. (pub. at 1 8s.) 1834 St. Anfelme ; Notice Biographique, Lit- teraire et. Philofophique. Par M. A. Charma, ProfelTeur de Philofophie a Caen. 8vo .fewed, 3s. 6d. 1853 A Hand-Lift to the Early Englifh Literature preferved in the Douce Collec- tion in the Bodleian Library, felefted from the printed Catalogue of that Colleftion. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. cloth, only 51 printed, 16s. i860 The fame, of the Malone Col- leftion in the Bodleian. 8vo. cloth, only 5 1 printed, ns. i860 Thefe Lifts comprife the principal volumes of Early Englifh Litera- ture preferved in the Douce and Malone Collections. They are printed for the ufe of thofe ftudents who do not care for the modem portion of thofe colleftions, and who find a folio volume is inconvenient for conftant reference. Curiofities of Modern Shakefpeare Criti- rifm. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo., with the first facsimile of the Dulwich letter, sewed, is. 1853 Obfervations on Some of the Manufcript Emendations (in Collier's volume) of the Text of Shakefpeare, and are they copyright ? By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo. sewed, 6d. 1853 Strictures on Mr. Hamilton’s Inquiry into the Genuinenefs of the MS. Corre&ions in J. Payne Collier’s Annotated Shakefpeare, folio, 1632. By Scrutator. 8vo. sewed, it. i860 Propofed Emendations to the Text of Shakefpeare’s Plays. By Swynfen Jervis. 8 vo. fewed, is. i860 The Reliquary, a Depofitory for Pre- cious Relics, Legendary, Biographical, and Hiftorical, illuftrative of the Habits, Cuftoms, and Purfuits of our Forefathers. Edited by Llewellyn Jewitt, F.S.A. 8vo. illuf- trated with engravings, publijhed quarterly, 2s. 6d. per No. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CANTON SOCIETY. OF CHRONICLES AND OTHER WRITINGS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE HISTORY AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Uniformly printed in 8 vo. with Engl.Jh Prefaces and Notes. Of feveral of the Volutnes only no copies have been printed, and only three fets can be completed. Chronicon Henrici de Silgrave. Now firft printed from the Cotton MS. By C. Hook. 5s. 6d. Gaimar ( Geoffrey ) Anglo-Norman Metrical Chronicle of the Anglo-Saxon Kings. Printed for the firft time entire. With Appendix, containing the Lay of Havelok the Dane, the Legend of Ernulph, and Life of Hereward the Saxon. Edited by T. Wright, Efq., F.S.A., pp. 254 (only to be had in afet). The only complete edition ; that in the “ Monument! Hiftorica Britannica,” printed by the Record Commiffion, is incomplete. La Revolte du Comte de Warwick contre le Roi Edouard IV. Now firft printed from a MS. at Ghent ; to which is added a French Letter, concerning Lady Jane Grey and Queen Mary, from a MS. at Bruges. Edited by Dr. Giles. 3s. 6d. Walteri Abbatis Dervenfis Epiftolae. Now firft printed from a MS. in St. John’s College, Cambridge. By C. Messiter, 4s. 6d. Benedict! Abbatis Petriburgenfis de Vita et Miraculis St. Thom* Cantaur. Now firft printed from MSS. at Paris and Lam- beth. By Dr. Giles, ios. Galfridi le Baker de Swinbroke, Chroni- con Angliae temp. Edward II. et III. 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One of the moft remarkable productions between the age of Lyd- gate and that of Wyatt and Surrey, and one of the links in the Hiftory of Engiilh Poetry. The old. editions are of exceffive rarity. 65 Heywood (John) Dialogue on Witand Folly, now firft printed, with an Account oi' that Author and his Dramatic Works. By Fairholt. 3s. 6d. 69 Moft Pleafant Song of Lady Befty, and how fhe married King Henry the Seventh. Edited by Halliwell. 3s. 6d. Other Parts on Sale, but not room for them in this Catalogue. London : Printed by W. Ostell, hart street, Bloomsbury. 8?) - 6 ZWS GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00782 6387