il rfl 1 ||fj| w* -^W \i J H laoT? W)ms$A Gw ' r /T\ , 21 years after the Church of Fontenay Abbey, 14 years after that of Fountains Abbey, and 7 years after that of Kirkstall Abbey had been commenced. With all these Churches as well as with those of the entire series contained in Plates II and III, of which that given in Plate I is the typical representative, this new Church at Clervaux will be found to correspond in its proportions, and in its main features. The only new feature being the circular termination of the choir, and the addition of a series of eastern radiating chapels to this circular apse. It is, so far as I know, the first Cistercian Church, in France, that had this eastern apsidal termination, a form, which, as you all know, was not only the common eastern termination of Churches both of this and earlier Periods, but, derived as it was from the apsis of the Homan Basilica, had been universally adopted in the early Basilican Churches, and retained in the designs of all subsequent Christian Churches, down to the time of this Cistercian Beformation. Was it the intention of St. Bernard and the Cistercians, in the adoption of the square-ended form, as well to limit and curtail the increasing amplification of shrines and chapels about the east end of their Churches, as to adapt their plan more complete^, accordingly to their rule, to the true form of the Latin Cross ?* ( See Plate III ) ; and does not the significant circumstance, which we have on record, that this third Church of * Hit. Gist. Ch. III. p. 5. Paris 1721. GENERAL PLAN. 45 Cleryatjx of 1160 contained 32 altars,* whereas the second Church of 1135 contained 9,f and the earliest of 1115 3 only, j go far to lead us to look upon this new feature of an eastern apse, with its attendant chapels, not only as an indication of the rising importance of the Cistercian Order, and of the means at the disposal of its principal Monasteries, but also as an early sign of that subsequent departure from the purity and simplicity of the primitive precepts of the Order, which, two centuries later became universal ? Of the grandeur and majesty of the plan of this Conventual Church, however there can be no question ; it is only exceeded by the still grander square-ended Church of our own English example at Byland. ( Plate II, Fig XI.) It has the Western Portico of Fountains, Maulbronn, Pontigny, and Byland, and has chapels as well on the Western, as the Eastern sides of its Transepts. It appears to have had an independent approach, on the west side of the Cloisters, to its South Aisle, as well as the usual large public one at the West End. This additional means of approach is provided by a broad way between the Domus Conversorum aud the Cloisters. We perceive at Kirkstall the traces of what appears to have been a perfectly similar arrangement, and may notice the existence of a similar approach at Beaulieu, these are the only cases that I am acquainted with, in which this peculiarity occurs. II. The Sacristy and the Penitential Cell occur here precisely as they do at Fountains. III. The Chapter House has its normal situation, and its tripartite division, laterally as well as longitudinally ; we have also, IY. — The Locutorium, as at Fountains ; and, Y. — The Passage leading to the Abbot’s lodging on the East, and to the additional buildings of the Convent on this side which, in this case, were unusually numerous and well planned. Beyond this passage we have, as in all other Cistercian Convents, YI. — The Fratry or Domus Monachorum, which in this instance is an unusually large one ; we also see, on its East side, its Domus Necessaria, * Gui guard. ap. Migne, Patrologie Tom. CLXXY, Col. 1765 — -1767. f Lib. Seput. ap. Henriquez, S. S. Ord : Gist : II, 478. J Vita S. Bernardi, lib. I. Auctore Gulielmo , cap. XII. ap. Mabillon. S. Bernardi opp. Yol. II, col. 1085. CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. 40 precisely as it occurs at Jervaulx, and situated on a branch of the ‘dream specially diverted in its course for this object. On the South Walk we have : YII. The Kitchen or Calefactorium, for whichever of these two purposes this building with its double fire-place, may happen to have been used. Yin. — The Refectory, standing as usual at right angles to this walk of the Cloisters. IX. — The Offices, disposed very similarly to those at Fountains, from which the daily rations were served to the Monks through an opening into the Refectory. And on the West Side we have : X. — The Domus Conversorum, which in this instance is not so long as that at Fountains although much broader; for it will be observed that the whole of the Domestic Buildings last mentioned, namely, the Fratry, the Refectory, and the Domus Conversorum, are divided laterally into three compartments instead of two, having thus a double row of columns throughout their entire length, instead of a single row ; the only other case in which this occurs, so far as I know is at the Abbey of Walkenried in Prussia, where the Domus Conversorum is a very handsome apartment which lias three compartments transversely ; it is, however, of much later date, belonging to the 14th Century. There appears to have been a division in the middle of the Domus Conversorum, which may or may not have been original, by which one entire compartment of the building appears to have been, for some purpose or other, separated from the rest. Whether this division of the Conversi in their Day Room — for there is no corresponding division in their upper chamber — was made for the purpose of providing an apartment separate from, hut commanding both classes of the Converts, as the residence of the Magister Conversorum, the complete destruction of the example we are considering does not afford us the means of judging ; but the very remarkable occurrence of precisely the same arrangement in the Domus Conversorum of the Abbey of Vauclair, where it certainly formed part of the original design, (indications of which may be seen in Plate IV. of Part II,) tends to confirm this belief. The Lavatory, which in this case is a very remarkable building, having a large circular basin, is in a semi-circular recess, opposite the Refectory Doorway GENERAL PLAN. 47 with oblong wings on each side, having seven openings from the Cloister into them. We cannot but lament the destruction of this most complete and interesting series of buildings, supplanted as they have been almost entirely by an ambitious restoration of the 18th Century, which has spared only some portions of one or two of the Conventual buildings. An interesting description of the former is given in Mabillon* * * § by one who visited them in the 1 3th Century ; and one of the latter by one who visited them, after their reconstruction, in 1858.f The former I hope to give in a future portion of this work. VIII— VERUELA -VEROLA. The existence and the present state of this interesting Spanish Monastery has been made known to us by Mr. Street, who gives, in his “ Gothic Architecture in Spain,” the ground plan of the Church, and part of the Claustral Buildings — of which that given in Plate II is a reduced copy — an interior view of the Choir of the Church, and a view of the entrance to the Chapter House. It is about eight miles from Tarazona. Manrique tells us that the Abbey was founded a.d. 1146 by Pedro de Atares a descendant of Bamirus, the first King of Aragon, and colonised by monks coming from the Abbey of Scala Dei, in the Diocese of Tarbes ; and that the first buildings were constructed by him.j' But from what follows it would appear that, as was usually the case, these buildings — were completed, as Mr. Street, quoting a Spanish author, tells us, in 1151 — were soon found to be insufficient replaced with others, and abandoned, but not destroyed ; as they existed, Manrique says, at the time he wrote § (a.d. 1642.) If this be so, the Church which actually exists, and which conlcl not probably have been built in five years, is the one which Mr. Street states, in his Catalogue of dated buildings (p. 467), to have been completed a.d. 1171, the year in which, he informs us — I suppose * Mabillon, S. Bern. Opp., II, 1306 — 1309. f Etudes sur Clervaux. De Jubainville, Paris, p. 338. + “Verolam in Hispania Tarraconense, secundo ab nrbe Tnriasone lapide non procul a Moncario, illnstris (super Principes alios illius sevi) Petrus dictus de Atares Ramiri primi regis Aragonum abnepos secundi consobrinns aedificamtB Ann. Cist. Tom II., p. 49. anno 1146. § “ Primum novi Csenobio arcliimandritam, Bernardum alii, Rainumdum alii appellant. Certe prima, quse liodie perseverant, aedificia mediocria sub Raimundo constructa memorise produnt.” Ib. Tom. II., p. 50. 48 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. on the same authority — that the monks from Scala Dei took possession of the Monastery. And this supposition is confirmed by two additional facts that are given us by Manrique, namely : I. That some considerable gifts to the Convent were made by a certain Count Eaimond, and others, about the year 1154, the time at which this second Church would in all probability he commenced ■* and II. That the deed by which Pedro de Atares and his mother presented or confirmed the verbal gift of the whole of this land at Yeruela to the Monks of Scala Dei, of which deed Manrique gives the entire text, was not signed until a.d. 1184. f There is nothing in the design of the Church which is inconsistent with these supposed dates ; the ground plan shows the unusual arrangement of an apsidal choir with a circumambient aisle, surrounded with circular radiating chapels ; hut the Transepts have only one Eastern Chapel on each side instead of two or three, and these Chapels have, moreover, what is also unusual, Eastern Apses. In other respects the Church is of the usual Cistercian type ; the carved work of the capitals of the Crossing and Choir are of a simple, early character; and some at least are of the coniferous form seen in English examples. The whole Church, central aisles, side-aisles, and apses, are all vaulted : the last with semi-domes, and the two former with quadripartite vaulting. The whole of the arches of Construction, are pointed, and the arches of Decoration circular. Of the Conventual Buildings Mr. Street has figured ; II. The Sacristy, and, III. The Chapter House ; which appear, as in most of the cases we have hitherto examined, to belong to the latter part of the Transitional Period ; and to have been commenced, as at Fontenay, Fountains, and Fontfroide, when the works of the Church were drawing to a close. The Chapter House entrance has, as usual, a central doorway, without any provision for doors, flanked by two similar arches on each side of it carried on short shafts, having hollow-necked capitals, with the plain Cistercian leaf of the Period. The Chapter House itself has three Compartments of quadripartite vaulting, both North and South, and East and West, or nine in all, carried on light single shafts. * “ Quin extant non Exiguaa clonationes Caanobio facts sub eodem Abbate (Raimnndo), prascipne a Comite Raimnndo Berengario Berchinonensi, circa annum Cbristi M.C.LIV.” Ann : Cist : Tom. II., p. 50. f lb. Tom. II., p. 50. GENERAL PLAN. 49 The original Cloister lias disappeared and been replaced with one of the early part of the 14th Century; on the south wall of which is placed a hexagonal Lavatory, doubtless near the entrance to the Kefectory, as at Maulbronn. Of the 21 plans that are given in Plate II, the eight that we have already examined are those of which the Churches belong to the earlier part of the Transitional Period; some of them having been certainly, and others most probably, commenced between the years 1139 and 1160. We now arrive at a group of four Abbeys, all of them English, the Churches of which belong to the middle of the Transitional Period, and were — one of them certainly, and the three others probably — built between the years 1165 and 1180, comprising the most interesting and characteristic part of the architectural history of this Period, marked by many peculiar and striking features, and especially by the small characteristic ornament which I have ventured to call the “ Transi- tional' Volute,”* which occurs in the Pier Capitals, Doorways, and Arcade-shafts, of almost every English building, and of many foreign ones of this date, and which, as the general use of it prevailed only for a period of from 15 to 20 years, is an excellent test of the probable date of the building in which it occurs. IX.— FURNESS. The Vale of Nightshade, in which Furness Abbey stands, lies on the north side of Morecambe Bay, and in the centre of the rich metalliferous district of North Lancashire, which, stretching in the form of a peninsula to the south west, between Morecambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon, and guarded by the mediseval fortress of Piel Castle, formerly belonged entirely to the Abbey of Eurness, and passes still under the general term of Furness. The Abbey, which was founded in 1127, was originally an affiliation of Savigny, and was one of the 30 Savignian Monasteries that passed over, in the year 1148, along with the mother Abbey, to the Cistercian Order. It became subsequently one of the wealthiest, and most influential of the Monasteries of this Order, and * was second in importance in England only to Fountains. * Ornamentation of tire Transitional Period. Part I. 50 CISTERCIAN" ARCHITECTURE. The principal approach to the Abbey was originally from the north, along the winding valley of Nightshade, the level bottom of which was cleared ont for cultivation, while sheltering woods covered its sides. On nearing the precincts, it is impossible not to he struck with the truly Cistercian character of the site. The valley gradually closes in, the opposite woods approach, the narrowest part is reached, and there, in the very gorge of the valley, hemmed in between the vertical rocks of red sandstone (whence the buildings were quarried) on one side, and the steep wooded banks, rising abrubtly from the very base-course of the Church, on the other, stands Furness Abbey, sunk so entirely below the surface of the surrounding country, that its highest walls are invisible, and exhibiting a perfect picture of humility and repose. This at least was its condition some years ago, before the red mine and the railway changed the face of this retired district, and opened out new sources of wealth and employment to its inhabitants ; but while we cannot help lamenting the inroad which this latter innovation has made upon the former appearance of this interesting valley, we must not forget that we owe to it the facilities that it offers to thousands to visit a national monument of great interest which was formerly almost inaccessible. I. Of the Church the Nave is gone, but the foundations remain, and so much of the aisle-walls and piers as is sufficient to enable us to complete the plan, and, with the help of what is left elsewhere, to make a tolerably correct restoration of the whole design. The Transepts, with their six Eastern Chapels — in some of which the original altars remain — are left entire; but the Blind-story and Clere-story openings have been blocked up,* and Rectilinear windows have been inserted in place of the latter. The Staircase to the Monks’ Dormitory also remains in the South Transept. The Choir has been enlarged in the Rectilinear Period, but its original plan was evidently similar to those of Fountains and Kirkstall; short, square-ended, and without aisles. The West end of the Nave has also been altered, and part of the westernmost compartment occupied by a very fine Tower of the Rectilinear Period, built probably, like that at Fountains, shortly before the Reformation, and never carried perhaps higher than we see it at present, namely, up to the level of the ridge of the Nave roof. * The ashlar work, which formerly blocked the Blind-story opening having, at my suggestion, been removed, the original design, consisting of a double trefoiled opening under a circular arch, has been recovered, all the work having been found undisturbed in situ. GENERAL PLAN. 51 What remains of the orignal design of this mutilated Church causes us to regret that so little is left of what must have been one of the most characteristic examples of the English phase of Cistercian Architecture of the Transitional Period, at the precise point of time at which it reached its highest development. We have no account of the commencement or of the Consecration of the Church ; hut it is probable, judging from the style of the work, that it was commenced about 1165, that is to say, during the presidency of one of its ablest and most energetic Abbots, John de Cantsfield, who was elected in 1152, four years after the Convent joined the Cistercians, and who died in 1175. The Arches of Construction in this building were pointed, and those of Decoration circular. Of the conventual buildings the following remain : — II. The Penitentiary ; one on each side of the vestibule to the Chapter House. III. The Chapter House. IY. The Eratry. Y. The foundations have also been discovered of the Domus Conversorum, of which a full account, with illustrations, is given in Part II. of this work. Of these buildings the Domus Conversorum is the only one which belongs to the period in which the Church was built. It is probable however that the whole were originally completed according to the primitive design, and were of the same character as the Church and the Domus Conversorum ; and that the elegant range of building which now occupies the east side of the East Walk of the destroyed Cloister, has replaced the original buildings of the description which are usually found here. The present arrangement is somewhat unusual, for the Sacristy, which generally adjoins the South Transept of the Church, is suppressed, one of the three Eastern Chapels of this Transept serving this purpose, and the Chapter House is built against its South wall. The Chapter House and Fratry form one continuous o design, and belong to the latter part of the Lancet Period : but the four contiguous arches, that open from the Cloister into the Chapter House Vestibule, the two Penitential Cells, and the Eratry, are circular. They appear in fact to be restorations in the Lancet Period, of earlier doorways existing in this wall, the form of which was preserved, whilst the mouldings that they carry are those of the later Period. The Chapter House is perhaps the most elegant example that is left to us of a Cistercian Chapter House; it has, as usual, three compart- 52 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. ments in breadth, and four in length of quadripartite vaulting, carried on clustered shafts, with richly moulded capitals, and vaulting-ribs. The Vestibule is of similar character, with an arcade on each side carried on marble shafts. The vaulted roof of this Chapter House, and the floor of the Scriptorium, which it carried, existed within the memory of this generation, but the whole lias fallen. The walls and windows of the Scriptorium are still left. The Fratry is one of the largest that exists, of somewhat simpler workman- ship than the Chapter House, but of the same date. The Day-Room, which was, as has been already explained (p. 18), open to the air at its south end, was planned like the earlier ones with a central row of columns carrying simple quadripartite vaulting ; there are traces in its west wall of the Staircase which led to the Dormitory above, the west wall of which, lighted by a range of Lancet windows, still remains. Of the Claustral buildings those already mentioned, with the foundations of the Domus Conversorum, are all that remain ; all traces of those which formed the south side of the south walk having completely disappeared. There are, however, other buildings of much interest, which will be noticed when we come to consider the additional buildings that do not enter into the Normal plan of the Monastery. Excellent illustratious of the whole of the views are given in Mr. Beck’s Annales Furnesienses, and woodcuts of many of the details of the work are given in my paper on Furness Abbey in the Journal of the Archeological Association of 1851 and 1852. Other illustrations are contained in “Architectural Parallels,” in “ The Ornamentation of the Transitional Period,” and in “ The Mouldings of the six Periods.” X,— ROCHE— LE EUPE. Of this Abbey there is, unfortunately, very little left. The Conventual Buildings have been entirely swept away ; and of the Church the only parts that remain standing are the East main walls of the North and South Transepts with their Ground-story, Blind-story, and Clere-story, and the North and South walls of the Choir. The bases of some of the Piers of the Nave are left, and fragments of the walls of the Church ; and by the help of these, and of excavations, I have GENERAL PLAN. 53 been enabled to restore the complete Ground Plan of tlie Church, which, although not large, was one of the best and most characteristic of the buildings of the middle of the Transitional Period. Those Pier Arches that are left (in the Transepts) are Pointed, as are also the double blank openings in the Blind-story ; the Clere-story, and probably all the Windows and Doorways, were circular-headed. The Transitional volute appears in one of the window-shafts that is left. The Pier-capitals are of the hollow-necked form seen in Furness, Byland, Malton, Bipon, and elsewhere : they are given in the Ornamentation of the Transitional Period. Traces still exist of the stairs in the South Transept leading from the Monk’s Dormitory to the Church ; as well as of a newel staircase in the south wall of this Transept, as at Bievaulx, Fountains, and elsewhere. The destruction of this fine building, which, apparently, held an intermediate position between Furness and Byland, is the loss of an important link in the chain of historical evidence, on which the correct knowledge of the progress of Architectural art, during this interesting portion of the Transitional Period, is to be based. Roche Abbey lies in a narrow valley near the village of Maltby, in Yorkshire, and abont two miles south of the high-road leading from Rotherham to Bawtry. It was founded by Richard de Builli, and Richard de Fitz Turgis, a.d. 1147.* No account is left of the building or consecration of the Church or Convent. II.-- BYLAND.— BELLA LANDA. This Abbey lies in a broad valley about two miles North East of the village of Coxwolcl in Yorkshire, and eight miles East of Tliirsk. It was an affiliation of Furness. Its early history was written by Philip, its third Abbot, in the year 1197, in the second year of his Abbacy ; this history is given entire by Dugdale in his notice of Byland Abbey ;f but although it gives an interesting account of the troubles and wanderings of the twelve Furness monks with their principal, who colonized Byland, and whose names are all handed down in this Chronicle, it is only indirectly that we derive from it any knowledge of the year in which the Abbey Church, the magnificence of which is attested by the remains that still exist, was commenced. * Dugdale' s JSlonasticun. Yol. V. J3. 501. f Dugdale s Monasticon. Yol Y., p. 349. Nam: YII. 54 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. It appears that the colony left Furness in the year 1134: that they first went to Calder ; hut driven out there, they fled into Yorkshire, where they were hospitably entertained by the mother of Eoger de Mowbray, who became ultimately their chief benefactor, and settled them first at a place called Hood, in the parish of Hovingham, where they remained four years ; afterwards at Byland on the Moor, or old Byland, — four miles north of the former place ; and subsequently at a place called Stockyng, where, Abbot Philip tells us, they built a stone church, a cloister, and other edifices. They remained there thirty years, during which time their possessions so greatly increased that they determined to commence, on a fresh site, which had previously been given to them by Sir Thomas de Colvil, a church that should surpass in size and in its general character all existing churches of the order, with conventual buildings on a proportionate scale. That this church was not commenced until some time after the year 1150, when Eoger de Mowbray obtained from Eoger, Bishop of York, the promise to take the Abbey under his protection, on its freedom from the persecution and claims of the Abbots of Furness and Savigny, is obvious from Abbot Philip’s detailed account of the pains taken by the monks, subsequent to this date, to clear of timber, and to drain, the land where they intended to place their new Convent. That it must have been commenced and advanced to the point which enabled them to hold their services in it before A.D. 1177 is also certain from the fact, that, on the 31st of October in that year, the monks migrated from Stockyng to the new site, which is very accurately described in Abbot Philip’s account as lying between Whiteker and the foot of the mountain of Cambe, close to Burtoft and Bersclyva. That it was moreover finished, so far as the structure itself was concerned, before 1197, the year in which Abbot Philip wrote, is also evident from the terms in which he refers to it.* Had I to attach a * “ Cam ergo domimis Rogerus Mowbray fandator nosfcer audisset et vidisset multas calumpnias graves et injustas super domura et monaclios suos de Bella Lauda rualiciose de die in diem et vebementer agitari, cogitavit apud so quomodo incommodis obviare et monacbis tranquillitatem posset conferre : insuper et qaaliter dona sna et Grundrese matris suae, quae eisdem monacbis per vices ante dederant, valebant firmius et securius tueri, et illibato cnstodiri, perrexit cum militibus snis idem R. Mowbray ad dominum Rogerum nobilem virnm tunc Arcbiepiscopum Eboraci et ad capitulum Sancti Petri ibidem, lmmiliter et devote eisdem snpplicans, nt dona sua eleemosinaria, necnon et matris suae scripto suo antentico protegere dignarentnr et conservare. Unde dictns arcbiepiscopns et capitulum petitionibus tarn magni viri et mulieris consensum et assensum prsebuerunt, eadem dona scriptis snis autenticis roboravcrunt eb libentins quo noverunt servos Cbristi a tanto viro devotins visitari ; et sic idem arcbiepiscopns suscepit in protectionem beati GENERAL PLAN. date to tliis Church, judging from the internal evidence of the character of the work alone, I should he disposed to fix upon 1170 as the probable date of the design, a date, which judging from the external evidence afforded by Abbot Philip’s history, must, at all events, he the latest that it is possible to assign to it. Thus fixed as to the period of its construction, this building becomes, with certain qualifications due to its Cistercian origin, one of the most valuable landmarks in the History of our National Architecture. It was the largest Church of the Order built from one design ; for although Fountains and PiEVAULX Abbey Churches in their present condition are both larger than that of Byland, they were not so, as originally constructed ; their increased length being due to the reconstruction of their Choirs in the 13tli Century. It was the first, and I believe the only church of the order in which the Piers and Arches of the Ground-story were carried round the whole structure ; for not only had the Nave and Transepts side-aisles, the former North and South, and the latter East and West, but the Choir had an Eastern aisle, as well as a North and South Aisle. It is also the first Cistercian structure in which the pointed arch makes its appearance in arches of Decoration ; for although it is certain that the whole of the lower windows, and probably the whole of the doorways, except those on the West Front, were circular-headed, yet the pointed arch occurs in the Blind-story arcade, and probably in the Clere-story, whilst the three great Windows of the West Front and two of its Doorways were pointed. The only Pier Capitals that remain are those of the Respond Piers of the South Transept, which probably represent the type of those of the whole Church : they carry the Transitional Yolute on all their faces, and were Petri et suam doinum Bellande anno pontificatus sni secnndo ; scilicet anno Domini MCLV. — Cam verb dictus Abbas R. cum suis monactis in occidentali parte territorii de Oukwold, ut supradictum est, mansissent, viriliter extirpare cseperunt de nemore, et per fossas longas et latas magnas aquas de paludibns extrabere : ac postqaum apparuit solida terra paraverunt sibi locum latum, ydoneum et honestum in orientali parte ejusdem territorii inter Whiteker et pedem montis Cambe, scilicet juxta Burtoft et Bersclyvam ubi de novo ecclesiam suam pulcbram et magnarn construxerunt, sicut patet in prwsenti , quam consummet altissimus et conservet in secula seculorum. Et sic de Stockyng se illuc transtulerunt, in vigilia Omnium Sanctorum, anno Incarnationis Dominicas MC septuagesimo septiino, ubi, Domino annuente, faeliciter manebunt in Eeternum.” Dugdale's Ilonasticon. Vol. V., p. 353. 56 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. constructed exactly at the time when this short-lived ornament was most in vogue.* The only portions of the Church left standing are the walls of the North aisle of the Nave, and portions of the North Transept and East end up to the same height, the greater part of the West Front, and the South East corner of the South Transept. The West Front bears evident marks of having been covered, in its lower part, by a lean-to Narthex, or West Portico, as at Fountains and Fontenay. The Foundations of the Piers have been sufficiently traced to enable us to recover the entire plan of the church (Plate II., Fig. XI.); hut the whole of the Cloisters and Conventual buildings have been completely demolished. A project is entertained, with the sanction of the proprietor, of laying bare the floor of the church by the removal of the mounds of rubbish which now cover it ; should this be carried into effect, and extended to the site of the Conventual buildings, much interesting information cannot fail to be obtained, and probably many valuable fragments of the moulded work of those parts of the building of which we have at present no certain knowledge. Illustrations of this Abbey Church are given in my Architectural Parallels, and of many of its details in The Mouldings of the She Periods of English Architecture. Of the Conventual buildings, the outlines only can be traced in the heaps of rubbish, which are to be seen on the south side of the Church ; it is probable however, should the project of a careful examination of these remains be carried into effect, that portions of the lower parts of the walls of most of the domestic buildings will be discovered, and probably those of the entrance to the Chapter House, as well as carved and moulded detail of some importance. Of the walls of the Domus Conversorum parts are left, and sufficient remains of a wall to the East of the latter building, to lead us to suppose that there existed here, as at Clervaux and Beaulieu, the same broad passage between the Cloister and the Domus Conversorum, of which we have indications at Iairkstall, and which formed an independent means of approach to the South Aisle of the Church near its West end. ( See p. 45). * They are given in The Ornamentation of the Transitional Period. GENERAL PLAN. 57 X 1 1 — J E R ' V A U LI ~JOEE VALLTS. This Abbey lies on the small stream of the XJre or Yore, in the parish of West Witton in Yorkshire, about six miles South East of Leyburn, in the broad valley of Wensleydale. It appears that the first monks were established in 1145 at Fors in the same valley, on land given to them by Akarias, the son of Bardolf, a large Yorkshire landowner A This first convent was called first the Abbey of Fors, afterwards the Abbey of Wensleydale, and subsequently the Abbey of Charity;! but in 1156 the monks were, ultimately transferred to the present site by Conan, son of Alan Count of Britanny and Richmond, { who succeeded his father in 1166; and who re-endowed the Abbey with large possessions in the valley of Wensleydale, and died in Britanny in 1170. In 1150 before this transfer took place the Abbey was colonized afresh — probably being then for the first time received into the Cistercian family — from Byland Abbey ; an abbot and twelve monks being sent from that Abbey to Jervaulx, according to Cistercian practice. That Count Conan, was the first great benefactor of the Abbey there can be little doubt ; — this is apparent as well from the large grants of land that are recorded in the deeds which are given in the Byland Register of this Count, as from the terms in which he refers to it in one of these deeds, — as the Abbey which he had founded, and of the inmates as his monies. § The ruins of Jervaulx Abbey form, after Fountains, the most extensive and instructive group of Cistercian remains that we possess in this country. Their present condition, which for purposes of study is excellent, is due to the late Marquess of Ailesbury, to whom they belonged, and who, some forty years ago, caused the whole of the rubbish, which covered the foundations of the Church, * Monast : JEbor : p. 367. f Monasticon Anglicanum. Vol. V., p. 568. Num. I. J Postea vero, scilicet A.D. 1156, Comes Conamis fecit Abbatem Joliannem et conventum se transferre de Fors cum omnibus bonis suis mobilibus usque ad dictum locum de East Witton de permissione capituli generalis, et bona voluntate domini Hervei filii Akarise. Ex lie gist : de Bellalanda. Monast: Anglic: Vol. V., p. 574. Num. X. § Idcirco in hac vita degens, et saluti animse mese volens providere, Deo et beatas Marise, et Abbatise de Jorevalle Cisterciensis ordinis, quam ftmdavi in lionorem Domini nostri Jesu Cliristi, et monachis meis, ibi Deo servientibus, et pro me orantibus, dedi et concessi, &c. Id. Vol. V., p. 572. Nnm. IX. 58 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. and most of tlie other buildings, to be removed. In the course of these excavations it was discovered that the walls of the whole of the Church, to an average height of from three to four feet, were still standing ; together with the bases of many of the Piers, and parts of the Piers themselves. Several of the Altars, morever, were found standing in their original situation ; and a large quantity of the moulded work of the upper parts of the Church was discovered, the whole of which is now ranged along the walls of the side aisles ; the squared stone, rubble stone, and rubbish having been entirely] carted away. The original floor of the Church, with some of its primitive tiling, having been thus recovered, we are presented with the perfect ground plan of a typical Cistercian Church of the Period. Judging from its moulded detail this Church must have been constructed at the close of the Transitional Period, and have been designed shortly after that of Byland Abbey, and before that Church was completed, probably about the years 1180 — 1185. Now of these four Abbey Churches that I have thus grouped together, namely, Furness, Eoche, Byland and Jervaulx, the earliest (Furness) cannot have been commenced earlier than 1165, nor the latest (Jervaulx) later than 1185; whilst one of the other two (Byland) we know to have been half-built in 1176. Were they all standing, therefore, in their original condition, they would afford us the best possible means of tracing the progress of art, of the Cistercian type, in England, during the 20 years of the Period, at which it reached its highest development. The ruinous condition of these noble works at the present day deprives us, to a great extent, of this advantage. So far, however, as the comparison is possible, it is very instructive. We are first struck, in these four churches, with the improved character of their masonry. We do not find here the broad joints, and rough dressing, the Norman coarseness of workmanship, in fact, > of which we still see the traces at Fountains and Kirkstall. The stone has been carefully selected, well squared, closely jointed, and admirably put together ; we perceive in fact that in the art of construction scientific principles are beginning more strongly to assert themselves : the bonding of the stonework is excellent : the subordination, and thrust of the arches, and vaults are more carefully considered, and distinctly provided for; the projection of the buttress is greater, and its stability increased by copings and pinnacles. The clustered Pier, superseding entirely the circular column, presents, for each member of the descending arch and vaulting ribs, its corresponding support; the Pier capital is already of the elegant hollow-necked form, which characterizes in England the whole of the later Gothic Periods, though it still retains the square GENERAL PLAN. 59 abacus witli its square upper edge. We perceive also the almost invariable Transitional volute wbicli terminates at the upper angles of the capital the plain but elegant leaf-like envelope which encloses the neck of the capital : and the deeply-cut water-bearing hollow, by which the Attic Base of classic times is converted into the characteristic base of this and the succeeding Period. We notice also about this time a change in the plan of the Eastern Chapels of the Transepts of these Cistercian Churches, of which these four buildings furnish us with the earliest examples in England. Instead of these chapels being separated from one another by a solid partition wall, they are thrown open to one another as well as to the Transept ; the vaulting which covers them springing from the same pier that carries the main arch which opens to them from the Transepts. The exclusive use of the Pointed Arch in Arches of Construction is nowhere more strongly pronounced than it is in three out of the four buildings under consideration ; whilst in the fourth, (Jervaulx) the total destruction of all these arches deprives us of the additional testimony we should no doubt have had of the truth of this rule. As regards the arches of Decoration, the same rule obtains generally, as to the prevalence of the circular arch, as applies to the earlier buildings of this Period ; and the contrast is even more strongly marked between the broad, circular, deeply-splayed window that we see in the side-aisles, Eastern Chapels, and clere-stories of Furness, Byland, and Boche, and the acutely-pointed vaulting ribs with which they are brought into immediate contact, in these later examples, than in the earlier ones, where the pointed arch has a more obtuse form. But in the parts of these three churches that were last built, that is to say, in their western parts, we perceive, for the first time, the Pointed arch making its appearance in arches of Decoration. We see it thus in the western part of the South Aisle of Eurness Abbey Church ; and in the west end of that of Byland we have three tallish Lancets. We find the same form moreover in the arches of the Blind-story of Boche Abbey Church as well as in those of Byland ; where it is used exactly in the same manner and position, as we find it in the Blind-story of Bipon Cathedral. At Jervaulx we have only one arch of Decoration still standing, that, namely, of the South Doorway at the West End of the South Aisle; and this is circular, though it carries mouldings verging closely on those of the Lancet Period. What was the form of the windows of the West End of this Church 60 CISTERCIAN" ARCHITECTURE. there is nothing to shew: hut they were, in all probability, like those of Byland of Lancet Form : and there is little doubt that the Blind-story openings at least, were of the same character : whilst those of the Side-aisles, and Clere-story may have still retained the circular form ; a fact which may hereafter very possibly be ascertained, by any one who will take the trouble to assort, and fit together the moulded work of these parts which still lies on the ground floor of this Church. Jervaulx Abbey Church, or rather so much of it as remains, is jealously protected, and admirably cared for by the present possessor of the ruins, which form part of the ornamental grounds attached to the residence of the Marquess of Ailesbury, who permits the free examination of the remains under proper supervision. Of the Conventual remains the Domus Conversorum is the oldest ; it belongs to the earliest part of the Transitional Period, and is much older than the church : it ma} T , in fact, be one of the buildings that the first Abbot, John de Kingston, began to build on the migration of the Convent to the present site in 1156. * It corresponds exactly in point of style with the similar work that we have in the Domus Conversorum and Fratry of Kirkstall Abbey, commenced, as we suppose it to have been, A.D. 1153. (See p. 35). The length of this labourers’ dwelling, built to accommodate a large number of workmen, whilst it indicates the scale on which the buildings were laid out in 1156, proves conclusively the rich endowment, and the large possessions which Earl Conan provided for his new Monastery in West Witton ; and when we cross over to the other side of the Cloister Court, and compare it with the Fratry, the residence of the monks themselves, the real possessors of this future agricultural wealth, we shall be struck with the comparatively small size of this latter building, and with the smallness of the number of those who occupied it ; a fact, however, which strikingly confirms the documentary evidence on this head which is recorded on pages 12 and 16. From the South side of the Cloister Court the 'buildings have been swept away; but a modern fence wall which crosses the ground from West to East, and is built upon ancient foundations completes the Quadrangle on this side, and * Monast : Ebor : p. 367. GENERAL PLAIN . 61 represents tlie line which the front of these buildings originally took ; and excavations, made at the time that the plan No. XII. in Plate II was made, enabled me to define the situation and extent of the Refectory and that! of the Kitchen. Of the building on the East Side of the Cloisters, the first, commencing from the North Transept of the Church, is the Sacristy, which, together with the other buildings on this side, is of earlier date than the Church, though later than the Domus Conversorum. The Chapter House is, like those of Fontenay and Furness, four compartments in length from West to East, and three in width from North to South ; it is of very excellent workmanship, its quadripartite vaulting, now destroyed, being carried on light octagonal marble shafts with floriated capitals : two rows of rising seats are carried round the whole of the walls ; there is a descent into it from the Cloister of six steps ; the sill of the Doorway being 2 feet 5 inches above the floor of the Chapter House. It was lighted chiefly from the east end, and has the usual triple-arched entrance on its west side. Next to the Chapter House, comes the usual Passage, with a handsome circular doorway, facing the Cloister, of five orders, (all destroyed) and three compartments of good quadripartite vaulting springing from Corbel Shafts as at Fountains. Next to this passage conies a narrow apartment, with, at present, a doorway at each end, and with two remarkable openings in its South wall communicating with the adjoining Fratry. This apartment is found in the same situation in most Cistercian Abbeys ; it has been supposed to be the Locutorium, or parlour, in which the monks were allowed to converse with their friends; I have stated (p. 17) the reasons which led me to doubt this, but the occurrence of the two above mentioned openings communicating with the Fratry gives a colour to this supposition. We next come to the Fratry, in its usual situation, stretching to the South beyond the adjoining building. It has, as usual, a row of columns running its whole length which carry plain quadripartite vaulting, and must have been originally a very low building ; it appears however to have been remodelled when the Dormitory was reconstructed in the Lancet Period, at which time the vaulting was taken down and the Fratry raised. The west wall of this new 62 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. Dormitory, filled with narrow Lancet windows, is still left, as well as the chimney in it which rose from the adjoining Kitchen, and traces of the Stair-case which led from the Cloister to the Dormitory. The South end of the Fratry, was originally open ; the superincumbent wall of the Dormitory being carried on a fine central pier, and two circular arches ; provision being made outside the central pier, by a buttress-like projection, for the thrust of the longitudinal arches. It is thus evident that here, as well as at Furness, the outer air had access to the Day Doom of the Monks. In addition to the buildings above named, which form part of the Cloister group, there are several others lying to the East, which are all more or less interesting, and in a greater or lesser degree of preservation. Amongst these may be mentioned, the Abbot’s Residence of the 13th century, his Chapel and Hall of Judgment, with its Prison below ; and two very fine Kitchens of the 1 5th century. The History of the Claustral Buildings may be summed up as follows ; The earliest building is the Domus Conversorum, constructed probably A.D. 1156. In all probability the original Church was constructed at the same time ; but whether the whole of the Claustral Buildings were also then erected is uncertain ; for the present buildings, that is to say — The Sacristy, the Chapter House, the Passage, the Apartment adjoining it, and the Fratry all belong to the latter part of the 12th century, and show the best work of the Transitional Period, being identical in point of style with those of Fountains, and Rievaulx, and were constructed c. A.D. 1170. It was probably on the completion of these buildings c. 1180 that the Church was pulled down and rebuilt. XIII. —ABBEY DO RE. —DORA. We now arrive at another group of four Abbey Churches, that present characteristic features of much interest, which mark very distinctly as well the general progress of art, as the particular development of Cistercian Architecture at the close of the Transitional Period. Of these Abbey Churches two are English, Abbey Dore, (Fig. XIII.) and Croxden, (Fig. XIV .) ; and two are German, Kloster Ebrach, (Fig. XV.) ; and Riddagshausen, (Fig. X VI.) GENERAL PLAN. 63 In three of these Churches, namely, Dore, Oroxden, and Riddagshausen, the Pointed arch appears for the first time every where in the arches of Decoration, as well as in the arches of Construction, the whole of the windows being of the Lancet form. But the character of the ornamentation and the profiles of the moulded work employed in these buildings retain too much of the treatment of the Transitional Period to enable us to class them amongst the works of the Lancet Period. The chief characteristic, however, of these four churches, is the change that we observe in the plan of the Eastern limb of the Cross, the development, in fact, of the Choir noticed in p.p. 26 and 44 ; and the addition not only of aisles to the Choir, hut of chapels, which in the two English examples are attached only to the East End, but in the German examples surround the whole of the Choir. Abbey Dore lies in the valley of the River Dore, 12 miles W.S.W. from Hereford, and 2 miles north of the road leading from Hereford to Abergavenny. The Conventual buildings are entirely destroyed, and the Nave of the Church partially so, but the Transepts and Choir, present one of the most interesting examples of late Transitional work that we have in the Kingdom. Of its documentary history all that we have left is that which is given in Dugclale’s Monasticon, (Yol. V., p. 552) which is extracted from Tanner’s Notitia, who again quoted it from Leland’s Itinerary, Yol. YIII., p. 51 ; and all that it tells us is that the Abbey was founded by Robert de Ewyas, the youngest son of Harold Lord of Ewyas, in the time of King Stephen. The departure in this Church from the early typical plan of the 12th Century is very strongly marked; for not only have we here a North and South aisle added to the Choir, which had already appeared in Bfland, and Jervaulx, but also an Eastern aisle, seen hitherto only at Byland ; and, Eastwards of this aisle, a row of Eastern Chapels, covered with elegant quadripartite vaulting similar to that of this Eastern Aisle, (see Plate Y.) springing from the row of clustered Piers which divides the Aisle from the Chapels. These Chapels were originally separated from one another by a solid partition wall, which rose only to about half the height of the Piers, the upper part being left open, the bases of the Y aulting Shafts, both East and W est, resting on the top of this wall ; but at some later time these partition walls were demolished, and the whole of the chapels thrown open to one another, as shown in Plate Y. Externally the 64 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. division between the Eastern Aisle and tlie Chapels is not visible, both being covered with a single lean-to roof, which, continued along the North and South sides of the Choir as the roof of the Choir Aisles, gives a novel appearance to this end of the building (see Plate IY.) The entire absence of all ornamentation on the outside of this church and the severity of effect thus produced are agreeably relieved on finding, when we enter the building, that it contains an amount of carved and moulded work, which, on account of its originality and variety, is hardly surpassed by that of any English example of the same Period. The essentially Transitional character, moreover, of this ornamentation, at once corrects the impression produced by the universal prevalence of the Lancet window, on approaching the building, that it belongs to the latter Period. In this remarkable series of carved work forming the capitals of the Piers of the Ground Story of the Choir, Transepts, and Nave, and of the Vaulting shafts of the Aisles, and Chapels, we have as well the Transitional Volute, the- beaded stalks, and the characteristic acanthus leaf of the same Period, as the nascent foliage of the following Period, struggling, as it were to detach itself from the neck of the capital, and to assume stiffly that form of spontaneous growth which characterizes the luxuriant conventional foliage of the Lancet Period. That the whole of these examples, so admirably illustrative of the particular point of time in the History of our National art, at which we have now arrived, have been thus preserved undamaged by decay, and untouched by the hand of the Restorer, is a providential circumstance, for which those interested in the study of that Art cannot be sufficiently thankful. Fifteen of these capitals are given in the Ornamentation oj the Transitional Period, and several of the smaller capitals of the the vaulting shafts, of the East Aisle, and Chapels are to be seen in the accompanying , Plate (Plate V.) The mouldings of the Pier Arches, and other members, are also given in The Mouldings of the Six Periods of English Architecture. It is difficult to believe either that the lingering Transitional features that we see see in this building can be later than, or the incipient Lancet features earlier than, the year 1185, which is the year to which I am therefore inclined to assign the design of this unique series of works. X I Y C R 0 X DE N CROKESDEN. This Abbey lies in a narrow valley, watered by the Peake rivulet, four miles E.S.E. of Cheadle, in Staffordshire. GENERAL PLAN. 65 We learn from the Croxden Chronicle preserved in the Cotton M.S.S. of the British Museum, and quoted by Dugdale, that in 1176 Bertram de Verdun gave the Cistercian monks of Aulney in Normandy a piece of ground at Chotes whereon to build a monastery of that order; that in 1178 Thomas was elected its first Abbot; that in 1179 the convent migrated from Chotes to Croxden; that in 1181 the place was solemnly dedicated to this purpose; that in 1192 Bertram the founder died, and was buried on St Bartholomew’s day, not in the Church of this Monastery, as would ordinarily have been the case were it built, and where all his successors were buried, but at Aeon ; and lastly, that in 1229 Thomas, the first Abbot, died, and was buried in the month of December in the Chapter House of the Abbey.'* So far then as the foregoing testimony goes — and it is all I have to offer — it would appear that the Abbey Church was not built before 1192, but that in 1229 both the Church and the Chapter House, at least, were completed. In plan this Church (Plate II., Fig. XIV. ) has much more the appearance of a foreign than of an English design ; there is, in fact, so far as I know, only one other Cistercian Church in England, that of Beaulieu, now destroyed, which probably had a circular apse with radiating chapels at the East end ; and if we compare the plan of Croxden Church with that of the Church of Veruela Abbey in Spain, (Fig. VIII.) we shall find that their design is almost identically the same ; but if we turn to the building itself, we shall find nothing with the above exception that is not of confirmed English character ; tall Lancet windows, united, as in the last example, with Transitional mouldings and floriated capitals having stiff upright leaves, being its chief characteristics. * Anno Domini M.C. lxxvj. Bertramus de Verdun, in salutem animee suas per Dei gratiam, in redemptionem omnium delictorum suorum dedit monacliis de Alneto terram de Cliotes, ad fundandam abbatiam Tallis Sanctse Mariae. Anno Domini M.C. lxxviij. Thomas primus abbas hujus monasterii, natione Anglicus, cum adhuc esset diaconus in Die Pentecostes circa horam tertiam tanqnam Spiritus Sancti receptaculum mundum electus est in abbatem. Anno Domini M.C. lxxix conventus venit de Chotene ad Crokesden, Anno Domini M.C. lxxxj. dedicatio loci de Crokesden. Anno Domini M.C. xeij. Item pise memoriae Bertvamus de Verdun fundator obiit, et in die sancti Bartbolomei apud Aeon sepultus est. Anno Domini M.C. xeix. obiit Thomas de Verdun, in Hibernia, et successit ei in haereditate Nicholaus f rater suns. Anno Domini M.C.C. xxix. Thomas primus abbas hujus monasterii quievit in Domino 2 nonas Decembris, et sepultus est in capitulo ibidem. Dugdale' s Monasticon, Vol. V., p. 661. 66 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. There is unfortunately very little of this fine Church preserved to us. The West End stands almost intact ; it is of very noble proportions, and contains three tall rising Lancet windows, of which the shorter ones cannot he less than 25 feet in height. It has also three western doorways, of which the central one has four orders of arch mouldings carried on a double row of shafts. Part of the wall of the South Aisle is also left, containing a smaller doorway. Part of the South Transept is also standing, with two tall Lancet windows in its South end, and one in its west wall. The only other portion of the Church that remains is part of one of the circular radiating chapels of the Apse, of which sufficient is left, with its vaulting shafts, their capitals, and vaulting ribs, to enable us to form a correct idea of the whole of this work, and to regret that more is not left. The most striking characteristic, however, of this Church, in connection with the Transitional features that it contains, is the universal prevalence, the size, and the strongly marked importance in the general design of its Lancet windows. They are much longer in proportion to their width than those of any of the churches we have yet examined, though they have not arrived at that extreme degree of narrowness which characterises the greater part of the windows of the Lancet Period, even in its earlier stages. We must class this Church then, if not amongst the first Churches of the later, yet amongst the latest of the earlier of these two Periods of Church Architecture, or rather accept it, as standing on the slender border line which separates them, and suppose it to have been designed c. 1190 ; a date for a commencement of this Church which is quite reconcileable with the Documentary evidence above quoted. Of the Conventual Buildings, witli the exception of those on the East side of the Cloister Court, fragments only remain. The whole, however, appear to have been carried out from one design, and at the same time as the Church. We have the Sacristy, approached by a doorway from the South Transept of the Church, with the Penitential Cell on its West Side precisely as at Veruela; though the partition wall between the two apartments appears, in this case, to have been inserted after the vault, which covers both, had been constructed. We have next the Chapter House, lighted exclusively from its East End, and divided into three compartments both ways ; having also its triple archway to the Cloister, which is the only part left standing, and is an excellent example ; of four orders, well moulded, with floriated shaft-capitals of stiff early foliage. GENERAL PLAN. 67 There is also, next to the Chapter House, the usual handsome vaulted corridor or passage with a doorway of three orders ; and the parallel adjoining apartment, which we find in other Abbeys, and of which the use is doubtful, but in this case having a doorway on its south side, opening into the Fratry, the only apparent approach to the latter building from the Cloister. The Fratry is a short one of only four compartments ; there are appearances, however, about its South end which lead to the supposition that here, as well as at Furness and at Jervaulx, the end of the Fratry was not closed, but open by two arches, to the outer air. Its ruinous condition, however, does not permit us to conclude this with any degree of certainty. On the South side a wall, partly original and partly rebuilt, closes the Cloister Quadrangle, and connects the buildings of the East and West sides. Traces only exist of the original buildings on this side; sufficient, however, remains to enable us to determine the plan of the Refectory, and the site of the Kitchen. In the wall above-mentioned, are inserted portions of the Lavatory, formerly existing, no doubt, in the North wall of the Refectory. Part of the East wall of the Domus Conversorum is left, with its Vaulting Ribs attached ; it is traceable in its entire length and breadth. These ruins have been recently patched up, with a view to their preservation in a manner that does little credit to those to whom this work has been entrusted. The land on which they are situated belongs to the Duke of Manchester. XV— EBMCH— EBRACUM. Kloster Ebrach, the first Monastery of the Cistercian Order in Franconia, is situated in the recesses of the Steiger Wald, on the high road from Wurzburg to Bamberg, about midway between the two cities. It was founded by two brothers, Berno and Richwin, Counts of Ebran, who, returning from military service under Henry V., and Conrad, Duke of the Franks — afterwards Emperor Conrad III. — determined, with the consent of their sister Bertbilda, to convert their Castle of Ebran into a monastery ; and with this view forwarded their entreaties, a.d. 1119, to the Abbot of Citeaux, requesting him to send a colony of Cistercian monks to form the nucleus of the proposed new brotherhood. 68 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. As Cistercian monks were, just at that time, in great request, their demand could not be immediately complied with ; hut after a few years, that is to say, in the year 1126 , Adam, a monk of the Cistercian Abbey of Moeimund, one of the four mother Abbeys of the Order, arrived in Franconia, with twelve companions, to establish the new convent ; and the necessary buildings were immediately commmenced. The castle of Ebran was quickly pulled down, and Abbey buildings were commenced “ in vallis profunditate, quse Cisterciensibus solemnis est.” In seven years the work was completed ; and the Church was consecrated on the 7th of October, 1134, by Embrico, Bishop of Wurzburg. The Chronicles which give the accounts from which what is above stated, and what follows, are taken,* then go on to enumerate the large gifts with which the Convent was subsequently endowed by influential and wealthy patrons, the list of which includes the names of most of the German Emperors and Potentates of the twelfth century ; the benefactions in land and money soon bringing it, as regards wealth, privileges, and importance, into the first rank of German Monastic Houses. The annual income of the Convent ultimately, at the time of its secularization, amounted to no less than 146,000 florins. But another circumstance contributed no little to its prosperity ; Berno, one of the two principal founders, on his return in 1147 from Constantinople whither he had been sent by the Emperor Conrad III in 1143, entered the Convent as a common Monk ; and died, and was buried there. Bichwin, his younger brother, followed Conrad to the holy war in 1147, and became one of the Emperor’s favorite and most trusted men-at-arms. The Empress Gertrude, who always resided at Ebracli during the frequent absence of her husband, chose it for her burial place when she died in 1146; and a monumental stone which still existed in the present church in the middle of the last century, and of which an engraving is given in the works of Gropp and Seiner already referred to, commemorated the death and burial there of the six chief founders of the Convent, including Duke Frederick, the son of Conrad III., and Gertrude, who dying at Borne in 1166, was brought to Ebrach and buried there in the Church. * T. Gropp. Monumenta sepulcliralia ecclesice JEbracensis. Wurzburg, 1730. 4. W. Seiner. Brevis notitia Monast. JEbracensis Ord. Cisterc. Ebraci 1738, et Romas, 1739, 4. c. GENERAL PLAN. 69 Moreover it appears tliat from tlie time of Embrico, the Bishop who consecrated the first Church of Ebrach in 1134, it became the practise, on the death of a Bishop of Wurzburg, to send his heart to be buried at Ebrach. Hence arose a desire on the part of others of high birth to be buried there ; a result which gave rise to a great accumulation of burials, and to a singular arrangement in the construction of the second Church which I will presently notice. The possessions of the Convent became so greatly increased by these means, especially by the gifts of land and money that it received from Frederick I, and Henry YI, that it was determined towards the end of the 12th Century to commence a new Church on a large scale, with corresponding Conventual buildings. The foundations of this Church were laid by Herman the 5th Abbot on the 4th of June a. d. 1.200 ; three stones being laid in honour of the Holy Trinity ; the final consecration, on the completion of the whole Church, took place on the 18th of September 1285. The Church that now exists is the Church thus referred to ; and, with the exception of its western front — which belongs to the latter part of the 13th century — was, in all probability, completed in its present entirety according to the original design. But, unfortunately, the wealth of the Convent in the 18th Century led to the same result, which, in the case of Clervaulx, brought about the complete destruction of the whole of that memorable group of buildings, in the same century. This Restoration at Ebrach was commenced in 1775 by Abbot Guilelm Rosshirt von Neustadt, and was completed by his successor Abbot Eugen Montag in 1792. Its total cost was upwards of 170,000 florins. In the course of this Restoration the whole of the Conventual buildings were apparently completely destroyed and rebuilt ; and the Church, although it escaped demolition, was internally so effectually disguised and transformed with the ornamental stucco and plaster work of the time, that no one, on entering it, would suppose that he was standing in a Church the structural parts of which belong, in reality, to the commencement of the 13th century. The exterior, however, and the plan, remain unaltered ; and there is, moreover, a small lateral Chapel, attached to the North Transept, and contemporaneous with that part of the Church, which remains also, inside and outside, untouched ; and which is, as a highly enriched specimen of German work of the Cistercian type of this date, a perfect architectural gem. 70 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. But we will first consider the plan of this remarkable Church, (Plate II, Fig. XVI). It will be seen that it has the usual Cistercian form, that of a Cross Church with Eastern Chapels to the Transepts, and a square East End ; but we are at once struck with the great development of that feature, of which we have noticed the first appearances at Clervaulx, and Veruela abroad, and at Dore, and Croxden in England, namely, the accumulation of Chapels round the Eastern limb of the Cross. At Ebrach they extend not only along the whole of the East end, outside the Eastern aisle, but also along the side aisles of the Choir ; we have thus altogether 1 6 Chapels, including those of the Transepts, separated from one another by solid partition walls, and each having its own altar and piscina. If we compare this highly-developed Choir and its accessory Aisles and Chapels, with the simple plans of the earlier Churches of Eontenay, Maulbronn, Fountains, and Ivirkstall, or with the description of the earlier Church of Clervaulx built by St. Bernard himself (see ante p. 43) we shall be able to form an idea of the rapid progress that Ritualism of this kind made, even in the Cistercian Order itself, during the last half of the 12th century. The aspect of the Eastern portion of the Church was materially affected by this change' of plan ; we have already seen the effect of this line of Eastern Chapels at Dore, (Plate IV.); but there the lean-to roof covers, under one slope, as well these Eastern Chapels, as the Eastern Aisle of the Choir : at Ebrach ( Plate VI.) each of these Eastern divisions has its own roof ; that of the Aisle rising a story higher than that of the Eastern Chapels. It may be doubted whether these spreading roofs, add to the external appearance of the East ends of these buildings, the natural proportions of which are thus completely obscured ; but this phase of design in the Churches of the Cistercians, at this period in the history of their architecture, is one, which, as it is peculiar, so far as I know, to the buildings of their Order, and has been but little noticed, I have thought it well to illustrate more particularly. Of the Church itself the whole of the interior is so completely covered with Classical stucco-work, that it is almost impossible to make out the original design of its chief features, but I was fortunate enough to discover (ad. 1834), behind the woodwork of the two smaller organs, two of the original Pier Capitals ; they were floriated, of very elegant late Transitional design, and worked out of a beautiful soft cream-coloured stone. Other details are to be found in GENERAL PLAN. 71 the Aisles, and Chapels. The windows of the Aisles and Chapels, and of the whole of the lower parts of the building, and of the Clerestory in the Eastern parts are round-headed, as well as the Doorways. Some of the Clerestory windows are pointed. The whole of the arches of construction are pointed. There only remains to he noticed the beautiful little Chapel, dedicated to St. Michael, on the North side of the North Transept. This chapel is erroneously believed by some Grerman archaeologists to be the original Church of the Convent, built a.d. 1127-1134 and thus left standing, and incorporated into the new work, when the second Church was built. This, however, is certainly not the case ; the whole work of the Chapel is contemporaneous with that of the Church ; its masonry, its details, its carved work, its mouldings, are precisely similiar to those of the adjoining portions of the Church ; and are nothing- like those of the early part of ^the ,12th Century. Its South Transept moreover is designed so as to adapt itself exactly to the part of the North Transept of the Church to which it is attached. The Chapel in fact was designed to lit the Church, not the Church to lit the Chapel. As complete representations of this interesting work and its elegant detail are ahead}" engraved, and will appear shortly in this series, as illustrations of the Ornamentation of the Transitional Period in Gfermany, I will coniine myself here to the consideration of the causes of the appearance of this unusual appendage in the plan of a Cistercian Abbey Church. The chief peculiarity in the design of this Chapel is the existence of a vaulted apartment under the Chancel and Transepts, coequal with them in extent, partly subterranean, and partly above ground, which causes the floor of these limbs of the cross to be raised five feet above the level of the Nave, from which the Crossing and Choir are reached by a flight of eight steps. This crypt or under-croft was completely filled, when I visited the Church, with bones, packed as closely as possible ; and had evidently been used for this purpose from time immemorial, probably up to the period when the Convent was secularized. Connecting this circumstance with the facts above stated, relating to the burials that took place in this Convent, it is natural to conclude that this Chapel was designed originally for the purpose for which it has certainly been since used, namely, as a Mortuary Chapel, where not only burials took place, but where the services for the dead were performed by the monks of the Convent, apart from the services of the Convent. 72 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. It will be remarked tliat the Cliapel has two entrances from the Church, as well as an independent Western Doorway for the public, It is worthy of remark that the Abbey Church of Clervaulx, which was built a.d. 1154-1174, has a small chapel, in very nearly the same situation, though not of the same form, attached to its North Transept (see Plate II, Fig VII) ; it was of course swept away, along with the Church, in the 18th Century, and of its destination and use we therefore know nothing. XVI R IDDAGSHAUSEN —RIDDAGES HUSANUM. Of this Abbey, situated in the Diocese of Halberstadt, not very far from Brunswick, the scantiest possible notices exist. In the list of the Monasteries of this Diocese, published in Leuckfeld’s Antiquities of Halberstadt, in 1714, I find it entered as having been founded a. d. 1122.* But in Manrique’s Annals, where it is stated to be the daughter of a monastery near Cologne, of the line of Morimund, its foundation is attributed to the year 1145, — and this is all I have yet been able to discover respecting its history, f The Church is a remarkable example of the latest phase of the Transitional Period ; for although the Lancet window prevails everywhere, and in the triplet form so unusual out of England, yet the Mouldings and the Ornamentation can scarcely be said to be advanced beyond the type of those of the three last examples we have been considering. We notice in the plan ( Plate II, Fig. XVI J, the absence of the Eastern Chapels of the Transepts, but the same disposition of square Chapels round the square-ended Choir that we have at Ebrach. In general proportions, in its long Nave of eight compartments, - in its Choir of four compartments, in its short Transepts, and in its external aspect, it strongly resembles our English Abbey Church, of nearly contemporaneous date, at Dore. It has the double spreading roofs of Ebrach at the East end, and has like both those examples, continuous main roofs from East to West, and from North to South, intersecting one another at the crossing ['See Plate VII). It exhibits great simplicity of treatment both inside and outside. A few of the capitals only are floriated, the greater part having the plain hollow neck, and square abacus of the Period : the Pier-arches are uniformly of two square * Lenckfclcl. Antiquitates Halberstadtenses. Wolfenbuttel 1714. f Angelo Manriqne. Annates Cis/ercienses, Vol. 1, Cap. X., p. 21. I GENERAL PLAN. 73 orders unmoulded. The proportions of the interior are however graceful and stately, (See Plate VIII), and consistently Cistercian in their character. The whole building is well preserved. XVII E I E V A U liX—RIE V ALLIS. The picturesque remains of this Abbey are situated in the deep valley of the Eie, near Helmsley in Yorkshire. It was the first Abbey of the Order founded in Yorkshire. Beyond the account of its foundation, which is given at length in a M.S. of the Cottonian collection quoted in Dugdale’s Monasticon,* we know little of its history. According to this account Bjevaulx Abbey was founded by Walter Espec, a.d. 1131. It was one of three that he founded on the loss of his son by a fall from his horse; Kirkham, a.d. 1122; Bievaulx, a.d. 1131; and Wardon, a.d. 1136. He lived, however, twenty -two years after he had founded Bievaulx; and ultimately entering the convent himself died there a.d. 1153, and was buried in the Church. There is every probability that the few fragments that remain of the Have of the present Church, and portions of the West walls of both Transepts, formed part of the Church which Walter Espec built, and in which he was buried. They are, in any case, the earliest work of the Cistercian Order that I am acquainted with in this Kingdom ; and belong in all probability to the last days of the Bomanesque Period. They consist, however, only of the lower portion of part of the wall of the South aisle of the Have, and the lower part of the West walls of the Transepts, — which contain a few circular headed windows — and a low circular arch opening from the South Transept into the Cloister. But it is not at all improbable that there remain, under the heaps of rubbish that cover the site of the Have, portions of the bases of the original piers, and probably parts of the piers themselves, and the lower part of the walls of the Horth Aisle, and West End. Should the excavations about to be commenced on the site of Byland Abbey be so far successful as to encourage the prosecution of further researches of this kind, there is no site in Yorkshire where they could be extended with so great * Dugdale's Monasticon, Yol. V., p. 280. 74 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. a promise of an interesting result, as that of the Nave of Bievaulx Abbey Church, were the consent of Lord Feversham, the owner of the ruins, obtained. The chief interest of the Church, however, as it stands at present, is centered in the magnificent work that was added to it, Eastwards of the Crossing, towards the close of the Lancet Period. Already in the commencement of this period an example had been set at Fountains of the manner in which the wished-for extension of the Choir and its Chapels, and altars, could be realised, and varied, in accordance with this new Cistercian fashion, by the construction of the singularly beautiful Choir and Eastern Transept, which forms the chief ornament of that Abbey Church. ( See Plate II., Fig. II.) In that case the additional altars are provided along the East wall of this Eastern Transept, without any division between the different Chapels thus formed, the Piscinae being singularly placed on the floor, or step, on the South side of each altar. At Bievaulx this development takes the more usual form of a prolonged Choir, with its side aisles, of no less than six compartments in length. The whole work being of the greatest excellence. Indeed it would be difficult to find two examples which more characteristically represent the purity and the elegance of the best work of the English Lancet Period, than the Choirs of these two Cistercian Abbey Churches, the earlier of which — Fountains — was designed c. 1205, and the later — Bievaulx — c. 1240. The effect produced, however, in both cases is due to the richness and delicacy of the moulded work, and excellence of proportion in the main features ; of carved work there is very little, and of sculpture, absolutely none. Of the Claustral Buildings, the Befectory is the only one that is preserved in anything like a complete condition. It is, as usual, on the South side of the South Walk, with its axis at right angles to the Cloister. It is of earlier date than the Choir of the Church, and belongs to the latter part of the Transitional Period, c. 1175. It is very similar in style to that of Fountains; and was a large and handsome apartment ; its floor was carried by the vault of a lower apartment, built evidently, in consequence of the fall of the ground on this side, for this purpose. The whole of this vault is, however, now gone. The Befectory was not divided by pillars longitudinally, as at Fountains, but covered in one span by a wooden roof, which, having probably become decayed, was replaced by another in the 15th century; the corbels and supports of both roofs being still visible, and distinguishable, in its East and West walls. GENERAL PLAN. 75 There is the usual Pulpit, recessed in the West wall, under an arcade, and approached by a staircase, which is still left. On the Cloister front of the Eefectory there is a very handsome, and well preserved circular-headed Doorway, with four orders of excellent characteristic mouldings ; and on the walls on each side of this doorway are the traces of an arcade, which appears to have served a similiar purpose to that of the very remarkable one in a similar situation at Fountains. Of the other Conventual Buildings the sites of the Chapter House, Fratery, and others are to be traced on the East side of the Cloister, whilst the Kitchen or Calefactory, situated as usual between the Fratery and the Eefectory, is clearly distinguishable ; the wide hearth and funnel-shaped Chimney of its original fire-place, in fact, still exist, built against the East wall of the Eefectory. Of the Domus Conversorum and other buildings the traces are too slight to be relied upon. There lire other ruins to the East of the cloister group, amongst which the Abbot’s Chapel is plainly to be recognized. The situation of the remains has the true Cistercian character ; they lie in a deep diluvian valley, furrowed out by the waters of ages, below the level of the surrounding country. The actual survey of the buildings of Eievaulx Abbey, and their contents, made at the time of the Dissolution of the Monastery, in the reign of Henry the Eighth, by the Commissioner appointed by Government to prepare an inventory of the same, has recently been discovered by Canon Eaine in the archives of Belvoir Castle. It is a very curious and interesting document, which proves that at that time the whole of the Conventual buildings were standing, but were about to be unroofed, and in fact demolished. It is probable, however, that we have since lost quite as much by the growth of vegetation in the ruins, especially by the destructive mechanical agency exerted by the roots and stems of ivy, as we have by violence, or the ordinary decay which gradually but slowly consumes unroofed buildings. At present they are carefully looked after and repaired by the owner Lord Feversham. Complete Illustrations of the Choir of Eievaulx Abbey are given in my Architectural Parallels, and the profiles of its moulded detail in The Mouldings of the Six Periods. 76 CISTERCIAN' ARCHITECTURE. XVIII.— NETLET. This Abbey is situated in Hampshire, on the East side of Southampton Water. All that we know of its early history is that is was founded by King Henry III. on the 7th of March, a.d. 1239.* The Church, although small compared with that of Kievaulx, is one of the most interesting examples of the Geometrical Period of English Architecture. It must have been commenced soon after the Foundation of the Monastery ; for its Eastern portions belong to the very earliest years of the Period, and cannot be later than a.d. 1245. The Nave shews indications of advance in style which may bring its completion down to a.d. 1260. The work throughout is of great purity, and simplicity, but of admirable proportions ; it is fully illustrated in my Architectural Parallels. It has the usual plan of a Cistercian Church, with Eastern Chapels to its Transepts, a Choir of four Compartments with side-aisles, and a Nave of eight Compartments ; a low lantern probably covered the Crossing, as is usual in English Cistercian Churches. The greater part of the outer walls of the Church are preserved, but the Piers, except those of the South Transept are all gone. The East end, containing the remains of a fine four-light Geometrical window, is left, together with a single compartment of the adjoining South aisle, which still retains its quadripartite vault. Of the Claustral Buildings the Sacristy, the Chapter House, the Passage, and the Fratery, are all of which there is now any trace left. There is also a vaulted apartment attached to the South East corner of the last, with its axis running Eastwards, which corresponds so exactly with the lower story of the Abbot’s residence at Fountains, and at Jervaulx, that I have little hesitation in believing it to have the same destination here. A l l these works are on a small scale, but admirably treated and finished in the same style as that of the Eastern parts of the Church, and form part, no doubt, of the original design. * This Charter, reciting the foundation and Endowment of the House, is giren in Dugdale's Monasticon, Yol. V., p. 696. GENERAL PLAN. 77 Attached to the S.W. corner of the Church is the N.E. angle of a building that we need have little doubt was the original Domus Conversorum, which, in this case, as in some others, projected beyond the West Front of the Church, with which it communicated by a very singular curved passage leading into the South Aisle. X I X — T I N T E R N — t inter na . These well-known ruins, admirably cared for and preserved by the Duke of Beaufort, and zealously tended by their present guardian, lie in the valley of the Wye, six miles above Chepstow. The Abbey was founded by Walter de Clare in the year 1131, as stated in a Charter of William Marshall the younger, Earl of Pembroke, his grandson. This charter confirming the previous grants of his grandfather is given by Dugdale, as well as another of Boger Bigod in 1301. But these deeds throw no light on the construction of the present buildings, which belong to the Geometrical Period of English Architecture, that is to say, to the latter half of the 13th Century. The Church is one of the noblest buildings of the Cistercian Order that exist ; it has all the vigour and stateliness of a design of the Transitional Period, with the supperadded gracefulness of the Greometrical Period to which it belongs. It has been constructed throughout according to the primitive design, with the exception possibly of the West Front, which shews in its windows a slight advance upon the rest of the work. It was probably designed c. a.h. 1260 and completed c. a.d. 1290. The four limbs of the cross contain, in the walls facing the cardinal points of the compass, four of the finest Geometrical windows in the kingdom, of which the eight-light East window, designed probably a few years subsequently to that of the East end of Lincoln Cathedral, and previously to that of Guisbo rough Abbey Church, is unsurpassed by any for size and beauty of design : the Restoration of the original design of this window, of which I discovered in the ruins all the parts that were necessary to render it completely authentic, was satisfactorily completed by me in 1844. It is given, together with complete illustrations of the Church, as well in Architectural Parallels, as in my Decorated Windows.* * Yan Voorst. London, 1849. 78 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. The end windows of the North and South Transepts are six-light modifications of the same design; but the West window contains Tracery designed on principles somewhat in advance of the others, and forms, together with the double Geometrical Doorway below it, a facade of unusual interest, designed, in all probability, at the close of the 13th Century, and executed, together with the vaulting of the whole Church, just previously to its final consecration, which may have taken place c. a.d. 1290. ■ A striking simplicity of design both inside and outside pervades the whole of this beautiful Church, what richness of effect there is depending entirely on the delicacy, and the discriminating use of moulded work, and not on foliage or carved work of any kind, of which the only examples are in the few simple conventional leaves to be seen on the corbels of the vaulting shafts, and in the Bosses of the vaulting, which, designed later, exhibit the advanced forms of natural foliage. The plan of the Church, which mtich resembles that of Netley, though on a larger scale, is of the purest Cistercian type, with a Nave of six compartments, and a well-proportioned Choir with Aisles of four compartments. The Transepts have the usual Eastern Chapels, separated from one another by low partition walls ; but there are no additional chapels about the Eastern limb of the cross : we have, however, certain indications here, as at Biddagshausen, of that separation of the central portion, as well of the Choir as of the Nave, from the side aisles, of which we have traces only left at Eountains, and Jervaulx. In this case a solid wall, having a finished coping with a roll on the top, was built between the two, and formed part of the original design, the stones of this wall bonding in with, and forming part of the stones of the Piers. But the capricious way in which these partition walls were built, and occasionally stopped, is remarkable ; they commence at the East wall, on each side of the Choir, and run down to the Eastern Crossing Piers, where they apparently stop, for the Western side of these Piers shows no continuation of them ; they must, however, have extended across part of the space between the East and West Crossing Piers, for the latter contain on both their East and West faces, the bond stones, and fragments of these partition-walls, which were continued from this point to the West w T all of the Nave. The whole of these partition- walls have been destroyed, and the indications only of them, as above described, remain ; Ave are left to conjecture, therefore, as to Avhat may have been the openings and doorways in them, and for what purposes, indeed, these Conventual Churches were thus GENERAL PLAN. 79 divided. The whole question is one that merits special investigation, in connection with the documentary evidence referred in p.p. 16, 17, of the second part of this work on the “ Domus Conversorum ■” and such as may hereafter be discovered. The Conventual Buildings — which, contrary to custom, lie on the North side of the Church, probably for structural reasons connected with the site — are designed on a somewhat small scale, but they present rich illustrations, as well of the Period to which they belong, as of many of the peculiar features of Cistercian work. Their moulded work is particularly rich and varied, and they all appear to have been carried out during or immediately after the building of the Church, that is to say, in the purest portion of the Geometrical Period. The Cloisters are, as is the case in every other English example, completely destroyed ; but the arched openings and doorways, that open from the East and North walks into the secular buildings on these sides of the Cloisters, no less than twelve in number, present a fine series of openings all more or less highly ornamented. The first is that which admitted the monks from the Cloisters into the North Transept of the Church, the treatment of which is somewhat peculiar ; it has no shafts but continuous arch mouldings of elegant profile, one of which carries a large raised, and completely undercut pyramidal flower resembling an oramented dog-tooth, whilst the second order is foliated. Adjoining the North Transept are, as usual, the Sacristy and the Penitential Cell, separated by a partition wall : the Sacristy is approached only by a doorway from the Church ; the Cell by one from the Cloister. The Sacristy is vaulted with two compartments of quadripartite vaulting, springing from delicate corbels, with elegantly moulded ribs : it has had a tliree-liglit traceried window, which has been strongly barred with iron stanchions six inches apart. It has also had a flat-arched cupboard in its East wall. The Cell is barrel-vaulted, and perfectly plain inside : but the arch of its double Doorway that fronts the Cloister is a very handsome one. We next come to the Chapter House, which is remarbably small, of six compartments of vaulting, two deep and three wide, carried on columns ; it has an unusually large Vestibule, or ante-Chapter-House ; an arrangement, which appears to have existed at Fountains, and some other Abbeys. It has the usual 80 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. triple archway to the Cloister, treated in the usual handsome manner, and shewing no preparation for a door, or other means of closing these openings. On the North side of the Chapter-House comes the usual Passage, with a handsome Doorway similar to that of the Chapter-House. Next comes a perfectly plain Cell. The East Walk finishes here, hut passing on under an archway in the North wall of the North Walk we find ourselves in a portico leading, to the right, into the passage which communicates with the Prate ry or Monks’ Day Eoom, and in front, to the Stairs leading to their Dormitory above the latter. We next come, in the North Walk, to a handsome shafted Doorway, leading with a descent of two steps into the Kitchen, or Calefactory ; which remains almost entire, with its original vaulting, and part of its fireplace, which still retains its arch, and one of its jambs. We now arrive at the original site of the Lavatory in the North Wall it has been torn away, but its situation and original existence are quite apparent. On the opposite side of this wall in the Eefectory there was a double cupboard or recess with shelves ; in the lower part of that on the left there is a hollow sill, and a drain communicating with that of the Lavatory, evidently for the purpose of carrying off water used here. The Eefectory has been a very elegant chamber of perfect early Geometrical character, divided, as usual, by a row of columns in the middle. The doorway that led to the Pulpit stairs, delicately moulded, remains, but the Stairs and Pulpit are unhappily gone. There is a narrow vaulted closet or small room between the Eefectory, and the Kitchen, with a narrow lancet window strongly barred, which had a corresponding chamber over it, approached from the room over the Kitchen (which still remains). It is possible that this closet, which was approached only from the Eefectory, was a cellar ; whilst the upper one may possibly have been a safe-room or depository for the documents or valuables of the Convent. In the sill of its window there is a hole 15 inches square, and 10 inches deep, cut out of the solid ashlar, and rebated on the top for a lid. The window itself is barred with strong stanchions, in two rows, alternately 9 inches apart, or 4^ inches from one to the other, let deeply into the stone. The Eoom over the Kitchen has three deeply recessed Lancet windows towards the Cloisters, and two to the North. There are two steps down from the GENERAL PLAN. 81 Cloister into tlie Refectory, and two steps np again to the level of the floor of the latter, as at Fountains. The object of this it is not easy to explain. Adjoining the Refectory to the West were the usual Offices, or Store-rooms from which the daily rations were served, and the opening communicating from them with the Refectory, for this purpose, still remains. There is a good Doorway from the Cloisters to these Offices ; and another from the Cloisters to a small apartment between these Offices and the next apartment. We now come to the West Walk of the Cloisters, and to the site of the Domus Conversorum, from which a door opened as usual into this walk, facing the North Walk. So little remains of this building, that we are able to determine little more in regard to it than its site. The situation of Tintern Abbey, deeply placed in the hollow valley of the Wye, and hemmed in between its steep hanks and the River, is the beau ideal of a Cistercian site. Probably no Abbey in Europe has been so much visited, or so highly panegyrised. XX— ALTENBEROr.— DE BERGA. This German Abbey is in the Diocese of Cologne, and lies in the small valley of the Duhn, about eight miles north of that city. It was founded a. d. 1131 by Evrard, Count of Altona and Berg. The present Church, however, was built more than a century later. Schreiber, and King both state that it was commenced in 1255, and that it was designed by the same architect who designed Cologne Cathedral, but they give no authority for these assertions. We find, however, in the 3rd Volume of Gallia Christiana the paragraph given below,* from which it would appear that the foundation stone of a new Church at Altenberg was laid by one of the Counts de Berg and his brother, whose ancestor had founded the monastery, and whose family remained throughout * XIII Abbas Gyselerius. “ An no ejus admin i str ationi s quinto, sedente Conrado in Catli : Colon : Adolphus Comes de monte, sororius ejusdem Episcopi, et f rater ejus Waltramnus de Lymburgli primum lapidem locarunt in fundamenta novi monasterii de Bergis quinto nonas maii, quorum principum munificentia et aliorum fidelium liberalitate nobilis ilia structura templi spatio decern annorum tantam accepit perfectionem ut in eo divinum officium peragi posset. Quin etiam dormitorium et alia plurima hujus Abbatis tempore (scilicet 1250 — 1265) perfecta sunt.” Gallia Christiana. Tom III., col. 788. 82 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. its constant benefactors, in the month of May, 1255 ; and that this Church was so far completed in 1265 that divine service was performed in it. There can he no doubt that the Church therein referred to is the one which actually exists ; it is a most interesting example of German complete Gothic of the Cistercian type : and as a building, the date of which is thus absolutely fixed, it affords us an admirable opportunity of comparing German Cistercian work of the Gometrical Period with English work of the same date, as exemplified in the Church we have last considered at Tintern Abbey, the design of which I presume to be nearly identical in point of time with that of Altenberg. This building will be found fully illustrated in Mr. King’s Study Book of Art, which contains in the first volume, on two plates, representations of the Ground Plan, the elevations, and sections, and on a large scale the tracery and detail of the principal windows ; a reduced copy of this Ground Plan is given in Plate II, Fig. XX. On comparing the two we perceive that the Cistercian purity of design is retained in the plan of the English Church, with its square East End, and well-proportioned Choir, whilst the German example shews the aggregation of Chapels round the Eastern limb of the Cross, which we have noticed at Ebrach and Pidd ags hausen, arranged in this case on the apsidal plan, which was common in the Cathedrals, and Churches of other orders on the continent at this time. The chief glory of both Churches consisted in their fine windows of Geometrical Tracery. Striking as is the eight-light East window of Tintern, it can hardly be said to surpass the eight-light window which fills the West front of Altenberg, whilst the Clerestory and Aisle windows of the latter are larger and finer than those of the former. But it is in the wealth and elegance of its moulded work, and in the finish and gracefulness of all its minor detail that the English example surpasses the Continental one. In no country and in no age was the art of moulding stonework carried to the same degree of perfection that it was in England during the latter half of the 13th century. Altenberg, however, possesses an advantage not only over every other Cistercian Church that I am acquainted with, but one, that so far as I know, is not to be found in any other Church in Christendom. Its fine traceried windows retain the whole of the stained glass, with which they were originally filled on the completion of the Church, and which was therefore designed probably c. a.d. 1270-80. It consists exclusively of designs of natural foliage, and diaper- work GENERAL PLAN. 83 of great elegance and variety, arranged chiefly in geometrical patterns, and executed in grisaille glass, of grey, white, amber, green, and other light colours. It probably perfectly well realises the state of feeling, and the slight spirit of change which at this time had begun to affect the Cistercian Order, when the severity of its rules as well in regard to colour, as in other matters, had begun to be relaxed ; and if, in the matter of stained glass, it were desired to select works of art for present use that would most fitly typify and represent the purity and simplicity of Anglican worship, I should not hesitate to indicate the windows of Altenberg Abbey-church as the models we should adopt.* At the dissolution of the Monasteries the Abbey was converted into a manufactory, and in 1815 suffered from a fire, which destroyed the Conventual buildings, and injured the Church ; and when I visited it in 1832, it was roofless and in ruins ; although, strange to say, the whole of* its traceried windows, and the beautiful stained glass with which they were filled, remained intact. The Prussian Government has, I believe, since restored the roof, and repaired the Church, and, it is to be hoped, has thereby saved the glass. Of the Conventual buildings, however, Sulpiz Boisserie, who saw them in 1809, and made drawings of them, has given us illustrations in his valuable work on Rhenish Architecture ; and Mr. King has reduced etchings of these in his Study Book of Art. They consist of The Sacristy and Cell, the Chapter House, the Passage, and the Fratery. There is also interposed between the Fratery and the Passage, an apartment, which may have been the Locutorium or parlour, together with the Stairs to the Monks’ Dormitory over the Fratery, in the situation they are found at Kirkstall, and elsewhere. The whole of these buildings are designed in the style of the close of the Transitional Period ; they are handsomely finished, and present the same sort of ornamentation that we find in the domestic buildings of Maulbronn, Hailsbronn, and other German Cistercian Abbeys of this date. At the time these drawings were made the Scriptorium over the Chapter-House was complete, and was a very handsome well-lighted vaulted apartment. As it is the only example, with which I am acquainted, of this interesting apartment in a complete state, this record of its existence in the last century, and of the manner in which it was treated and finished is extremely interesting. In this case it would appear, from the plans, that it was not partioned off, or in any way separated from the Monk’s Dormitory, but * See Six Letters on Colour in Churches. Spon, London. 84 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. it is probable either that there is an error in the plans in this respect, or that the original partition was a wooden one, and had been destroyed. Mr. King tells ns, without stating his authority, that Bruno, one of the Counts de Berg, was Archbishop of Cologne, that he resigned the see and retired to the Convent of Altenberg a.d. 1193, and that he died a.d. 1200; also that another Archbishop of Cologne, Theodoric de Hunsberg, who occupied the see a.d. 1208-1214, and was a brother-in-law of another Count de Berg was a great benefactor during his lifetime to the Convent, and that he was buried there. It is probably during the life-time of these two benefactors that these Conventual Buildings were constructed. X X I— W HALLE Y—w HALLEY A . Of Wh alley Abbey, situated in the valley of the Calder, a few miles South of Clitheroe in Lancashire, the remains are inconsiderable but interesting on account of the recovery of the original plan of the Abbey Church, by means of excavations carried out by the well-known historian of Whalley and Craven, Dr. Whittaker. This plan given by him in his History of Whalley has been corrected and modified by Mr. W. A. Waddington, Architect, who has made, from the few fragmentary buildings that remain, an intelligent restoration of the design of the whole Monastery. The Plan Fig. XXI given in Plate II. is a reduced copy of this plan. This Convent was removed from Stanlaw, in Cheshire, to the present site a.d. 1296, the foundation stone of the Church being laid on the 4th of the Kalends of May in that year hy Henry de Lacy. The Church was so far advanced in ten years as to be capable of consecration, which ceremony was performed by the Bishop of Candida Casa, commissioned by the Bishop of Chester in 1306.* It is unfortunate that of this Church, the date of the Eastern portion, at least, of which is thus authentically fixed, only a few fragments of its South Walls remain: for the plan assures us that in all probability the simplicity of design which characterized the earlier buildings of the Order, and their adherence to primitive forms was maintained in this Country, even up to the commencement of the 14th Century. Of the Conventual Buildings, which appear to be of later date than the Church, * Whittaker’s History of Whalley. GENERAL PLAN. 85 parts of tlie following buildings remain ; the Sacristy, tlie Chapter-House, tlie Locutorium, and tbe Fratery, on the East side of the Cloisters, and tlie Domus Conversorum on tbe West side. Foundation walls only remain on the South Side ; and these rather lead to the supposition that in this later work the Eefectory was laid out parallel to the South Walk of the Cloister, instead of at right angles to it : but the necessary excavations are yet wanting to a definitive solution of this question. Should this, however, prove to be the case in this later foundation, it will be the only exception that we yet know of to the rule followed in the whole of the other 20 Abbeys, the plans of which are given on Plate IT . 86 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. PLATE III. Omnes Ecclesia; Orclinis nostri in honorem Beatse Marias dedicatae sunt, et fere in modum Crncis constructas, instar Ecclesiae Cisterciensis omnium matris.* T is obvious that the dimensions of every vertical support must he governed by those of the burden which it has to carry. It is natural, therefore, to suppose that the Architects of the Middle Ages, before they decided on the size and form of the Piers of their Churches, and of the Capitals that crown them, must have previously determined the form and outline of the Arches that descended on them ; and it is quite certain that in like manner the thickness of these moulded arches must correspond with that of the walls which they carry. This reasoning brings us to the conclusion, which I believe to be true, that in the design of a building in the arched styles of the Middle Ages, the architect, after having fixed the principal dimensions, and capacity, of the structure, first proceeded to lay down the plan and dimensions of its upper walls and works; and, ‘having thus prescribed the size of these walls, the form and thrust of the vaulting that fell upon them, and the weight of the roof that covered them, that he then proceeded to determine the form of the arches that were to carry them, and the plan of the piers that were to support the latter ; and that, in fact, in preparing his design, he thought, and planned downwards, instead of upwards, thus making his structure fit and secure from top to bottom, instead of from bottom to top, as we usually plan in the present day. Of the truth of this opinion corroborative proof is to be found in many curious accidents, and undesigned coincidences that occur in Gothic work, but especially in the provision that is made in compound Piers, for a corresponding support to each member of the converging arches that descend upon their capitals, f But the most convincing proof of the correctness of this supposition is to be found in the mode in which the prescription which is contained in the foregoing- quotation was carried out in the churches we have under examination. * Ritulum Cisterciense ; ex libro usnnm, defmitionibus ordinis, et ceremoniali Episcoporum collectum. Cli. III., p. 5. Paris, 1721. t Vid. Ornamentation of the Transitional Period, Part I., p. 20, and Plate III. GENERAL PLAN. 87 The diagrams which are given in Plate III. represent the space enclosed within the Clerestory walls of fifteen of the twenty-one churches, the plans of which are given in Plate II: and the manner in which the true form of the Latin Cross is presented in these diagrams, and the comparatively less distinct manner in which it appears on the ground plan of the same buildings in Plate II., scarcely permits us to doubt, that those, who were entrusted with the design of these early Cistercian Churches in conformity with the instruction above given, began by laying down the outline and proportions of the symbolical figure which was to be the ruling principle of the whole design, in the upper ivalls of the structure, and then proceeded to consider how this figure of the Cross, thus lifted up, as it were, and exhibited in the body of the building, was to be supported and sustained vertically and laterally. Nor is this idea inconsistent with the impression produced on the mind of the observer on entering one of these churches ; it is not until his gaze is directed upwards that he completely recognizes, in the space enclosed between the upper walls of the building, the cruciform plan of the Church, still more strongly emphasized as it is, where the building is vaulted, by the central line of the longitudinal rib, or apex of the Yault of the Nave and Choir, from East to West, and of the two Transepts, from North to South. The fifteen diagrams given on Plate III. represent the spaces enclosed within the Clerestory Walls of these fifteen churches respectively, and are all drawn to the uniform scale of 100 feet to the inch; they, therefore, not only exhibit the relative proportions of the four limbs of the Cistercian Cross, as exhibited in the plan of these buildings, but also give, at a glance, a correct idea of the comparative size of these fifteen principal churches of the Order. APPENDIX. CHARTA CARITAT1S. Incipit prologus in Chartam charitaiis. Quia Tiiiius veri Regis, et Domini, et magistri nos omnes servos, licet inutiles, esse cognoscimus ; idcirco Abbatibus, et confratribus nostris Monacbis, quos per diversa loca Dei pietas per nos miserrimos homines snb regulari disciplina ordinaverit, nullum terreme commoditatis, sen rerum temporal ium exactionem imponimns. Prodesse enim illis, omnibnsqne sanctae Ecelesias filiis cupientes, nihil quod eos gnavat, nihil quod eornm substantiam minuat, erga eos agere disponimus. Nednm reos abundantes de eornm paupertate esse cupimus ; avarithe malum, qnod (secundum Apostolum) idolorum servitus comprobatnr, evitare non possimus. Curam tamen aniniaruin illorum gratia charitatis retinere volumus ; nt si quando a sancto proposito, et observantia sanct® regulse declinare, (quod absit) tentaverint, per nostram solicitudinem ad rectitudinem vitae redire possint. Bcnula D. Benedicti ohservetur sine novo sensu, sine mutatione aliqua. Nunc ergo volumus, illisque praecipimus, ut regulam beati Benedicti per omnia observent, sicut in novo Monasterio observatnr. Non alium inducant sensum in lectione sanctse regulas ; sed sicut antecessores nostri, saucti Patres, Monachi videlicet novi Monasterii intellexerunt, et tennerunt, et nos liodie intelligimus, et tenemus ; ita et isti intelligant, et teneant. Mores , cantns, et lihri ad divinum Officium iidem sint in omnibus domibus Cislerciensibus. Et quia omnes Monachos ipsoriim ad nos venientes in Claustro nostro recipimus, et ipsi similiter nostros in Clanstris suis, ideo opportunnm nobis videtur, et hoc etiam volumus, ut mores, et cantum, ct omnes libros ad boras dinrnas, et nocturnas, et ad Missas necessarios, secundum formani moriun, et APPENDIX. ii usum librorum novi Monasterii possideant ; quatenus iu actibus nostris nulla sit discordia, sed nun charitate, una regula, similibusque vivamus moribus. Nulla persona Ordinis impetret privilegium contra communia Ordinis statuta. Nec aliqua Ecclesia, vel persona Ordinis nostri, adversus communia ipsius Ordinis instituta, privilegium a quolibet postulare audeat, vel obtentum quomodolibet retinere. Abbas Cistereii tanquam Abbas totius Ordinis matris recipiatur. Cum vero Abbas novi Monasterii ad aliquod borum Casnobiorum visitandi gratia venerit, illius loci Abbas, ut Ecclesiam novi Monasterii suae matrem esse Ecclesia; recognoscat, cedat ei in omnibus locis Monasterii. Et ipse Abbas adveniens locum illius loci Abbatis, quandiu ibi manserit, teneat, excepto quod non in Pospitio, sed in refectorio cum fratribus propter disciplinam servandam comedat ; nisi illius loci Abbas defnerit. Abbates Jiospites quomodo recipiendi. Similiter et omnes supervenientes nostri Ordinis Abbates faciant. Quod si plures supervenerint, et Abba3 loci defuerit, Prior illorum in liospitio comedat. Et boc excrpitur, quod Abbas loci illius, etiam in praesentia majoris Abbatis Novitios suos post regularem probationer! benedicet. Abbas Cistereii quid non possit in filiationibus . Abbas quoqne novi Monasterii caveat, ne quidquam press umat tractare, aut ordinare, aut contingere de lebus illius loci, ad quern venerit, contra Abbatis, vel fratrum voluntatem. Quid possit in eisdem. Si autem praecepta regulse, vel nostri Ordinis instituta intellexerit in eodem loco prsevaricari, cum consilio praesentis Abbatis ebaritative studeat fratres corrigere. Si vero Abbas loci illius non adfuerit, nibilominus quod sinistrum invenerit, corrigat. Abbas Pater majoris Pcclesice , semel per annum visiiet Jilias. Semel per annum visitet Abbas majoris Ecelesiee per se, vel per aliquem de Coabbatibus suis omnia Caenobia, quae ipse fundaverit. Et si fratres amplius visitaverit, magis inde gaudeant. APPENDIX. iii Domum Cistercii quatuor primi Ablates visitent. Domum autem Cistercii simul per seipsos visitent quatuor primi Abbates de Firmitate, de Pontigniaco, de Claravalle, et Morimundo, die qua inter se constituerint, prseter anmram Capitulum, nisi forte aliquem eorum gravis aegritudo detineat. Abbatibus qui acl Cistercium venerint, reverentia Abbati congrua exhibeatur. Cum autem aliquis nostri Ordinis Abbas ad novum Monasterium venerit, reverentia Abbati congrua ei exhibeatur. Stallum illius Abbatis teneat, et in liospitio comedat, si tamen Abbas defuerit. Si vero prsesens fuerit, nihil horum agat, sed in refectorio comedat. Prior autem loci negotia Ctenobii disponet. Abbates qui neque pat emit at em, neqne filiationem inter se habent, quomodo se debeant gerere cum alicubi conveniunt. Prceferuntur autem secundum antiquitatem fundationis suorum Monasteriorum. Inter Abbatias illas, quge se alterutras non genuernnt, ista erit lex. Omnis Abbas in omnibus locis sui Monasterii Coabbati suo cedat advenienti, ut adimpleatur illud. Honore invicem prsevenientes. Si vero duo, aut eo amplius convenerint, qui prior de advenientibus erit, locum superiorem tenebit. Omnes tamen prseter Abbatem prsesentis loci in refectorio comedent, ut supra diximus. Alias autem ubicumque convenerint, secundum tempus Abbatiarum suarum ordinem suum tenebunt, ut cujus Ecclesia fuerit antiquior, ille sit prior. Ubicumque vero consederint, humilient se sibi mutuo. Abbatia quce aliam fundavit, in ilia babeat superior it (item. Cum vero aliqua Ecclesiarum nostrarum Dei gratia adeo creverit, ut aliud Csenobium construere possit, illam diffinitionem, quam nos inter nostros confratres tenemus, et ipsi inter se teneant. Excepto quod annuum inter se Capitulum non habebunt. Omnes Abbates Ordinis ad Capitulum generate Cistercii quotannis conveniunt, exceptis infix mis, et longe dist antibus , sub certa poena. Sed omnes Abbates de Ordine nostro, singulis annis ad generate Capitulum Cisterciense omui postposita excusatione convenient : illis solis exceptis, quos corporis infinnitas retinuerit. Qui tamen nuntium idoneum delegare debebunt, per quern necessitas remorationis eorum valeat Capitulo nunciari. Et illis item exceptis, qui in remotioribus partibus habitantes, eo termino venient, qui eis fuerit in Capitulo constitutus. Quod si quis quacumque alia occasione quandoque remanere a nostro generali Capitulo praesumpserit, in sequentis anni Capitulo pro culpa veniam petat, nec sine gravi animadversione pertranseat. In Capitulo generali quce sint agenda. In ipso autem Capitulo de salute animarum suarum tractent ; in observationc sanctte reguhe, vel Ordinis, si quid est emendandum, diminuendum, vel augendum, ordinent ; bonum quoque pacis, et charitatis inter se reforment. IV APPENDIX. Abbatum negligentice, vel defectvs, si qui fuerint, in Capitulo generali puniantur, et quomodo. Si quis vero Abbas minus in regula studiosus, vel ssecularibus rebus nimis intentus, vel in aliquibus vitiosus repertus fuerit, ibi cbaritative elametur, clamatus veniam petat, et psenitentiam pro culpa sua sibi addictam adimpleat. Hanc vero proclamationem non nisi Abbates faciant. Si in Abbatum corrections non conveniant omnes Capitulares, controversiam finiat Abbas Cistercii, coassumptis aliis nonnullis. Si forte' aliqua controversia inter quoslibet Abbates emerserit, vel de aliquo illorum tarn gravis culpa propalata fuerit, ut suspensionem, vel depositionem etiam mereatur ; quidquid inde a Capitulo fuerit diffinitum, sine retractatione observetur. Si vero pro diversitate sententiarum in discordiam causa deveuerit, illud inde irrefragabiliter teneatur, quod Abbas Cistercii, et ii qui sanioris consilii, et magis idonei apparuerint, judicabunt. Hoc observato, ut nemo eornm. ad qnos specialiter causa respexerit. diffinitioni debeat interesse. Si Abbatia ahqua ad intolerabilem penuriam devenerit, ab omnibus Abbatibus illi subveniatur. Quod si aliqua Ecclesia pauperiem intolerabilem incurrerit, Abbas illius Ctenobii coram omni Capitulo causam intimare studeat. Tunc singuli Abbates magno cbaritatis igne succensi, illius Ecclesia? penuriam ex rebus a Deo sibi collatis, prout babuerint, sustentare festinent. Mortuo Abbate aliquo, electio successors fiat preesente Abbate, et aliis de filiabus Monasterii vacantis. Si qua domus Ordinis nostri Abbate proprio fuerit destituta, major Abbas, de cujus domo domus ilia exivit, omnem curam babeat ordinationis illius, donee in ea Abbas alius eligatur. Et prefix a die electionis, etiam ex Abbatibus. si, quos domus ilia genuit, advocenter : et consilio, atque voluntate Patris Abbatis, Abbates et Monacbi domus illius Abbatem eligant. Mortuo Abbate Cistercii, quatuor primi Abbates intermit electioni, et alii nonnulli, qui de linea Cistercii fuerint. Dornui autem Cistercii, quia mater est omnium nostrorum, dum proprio Abbate caruerit, quatuor primi Abbates, scilicet de Firmitate, de Pontigniaeo. de Claravalle, de Morimundo, provideant, et super eos sit cura, domus illius donee Abbas in ea electns fuerit, et statutes. Ad eleetionem autem Cister- ciensis Abbatis praefixa et prsenominata die ad minus per quindec-im dies, convocentur ex Abbatibus, quorum domus de Cisiereio exierunt, et ex aliis quos predict i Abbates, et f rat res Cistercienses idoneos noverint, et congregati in nomine Domini Abbates, et Monacbi Cisterciensem ebgant Abbatem. Abbas matris Eccles'ue eligi protest etiam ex Abbatibus filiarum. Liceat autem cuicumque matri Eccle* iaj nostri Ordinis, non solum de Monac-bis filiai'um suarum Ecclcsiaxem, fed de ipsis quo< tibus libere sibi, si necesse fuerit, assumc-re Abb. .. .. APPENDIX. v Nulla persona de alio Ordine eligutur in Abbatem nostri Ordinis , neque e contra. Personam vcro de alio Ordine, nulla do nostris Ecclesiis sibi oligat in Abbatem, sicnt nee nostrarum aliqnam licet aliis Monastcriis, qne non sunt de Ordine nostro, dari. Abbas, qui renunciare voluerit, quomodo sit admittendus. Si quis Abbas pro inntilitate, sen pusillanimitate sna, a Patre suo Abbate domus ill ins, nude sua exivit, postnlavcrit, nt ab onere Abbatia) sure relaxarctnr, caveat i lie no facile ei, et sine cansa rationabili, et multum nccessaria acqnieseat. Sod etsi fncrit tanta neccssitas, nihil per so inde faciat, sed convocatis aliis aliquibos Abbatibus Ordinis nostri, eornm consilio agat, qne pariter noverint oportere. Abbas quomodo deponendus, quando id pro dementis faciendum fuerit. Si qnis Abbatnm eontemptor sancte regnle, ant Ordinis esse prevaricator, vel commissornm sibi fratrnm vitiis consentiens innotuerit, Abbas matris Ecclcsie per seipsnm, vel Priorcm snnm, ant qnomodo opportunins potnerit, de emcndatione, et corrections eum admoneat usque quater. Qnod si nee ita correctus fuerit, nec sponte cedere voluerit, congregate aliquanto numero, Abbatem nostrae congregationis, transgressorem sancte regnle ab ofTicio suo amoveat : ac deinceps alter qui dignus sit, cum consilio, et voluntate majoris Abbatis, a Monacliis illins Ecclesie, simul et ab Abbatibus, si qui ad cam pertinent, sicut scriptum cst, cligatur. Abbas depositus quomodo puniendus, si non acquieverit sententice. Si antem is, qui deponitur, aut Monacbi ejns (qnod Dens avertat) contnmaces, et rebolles esse voluerint, ut sententiis minime acquiescant : ab ipso Abbate matris Ecclesiae, et a ceteris Coabbatibns ejns excommunicationi subdantur, ac deinceps ab eo coerceantur, prout potnerit, et cognoverit expedire. Quomodo Abbates ad matrem suam possint se conferee. Ex hoe sane si qnis illorum ad se reversns, de morte anime sue resurgere, et ad matrem suam red ire voluerit, tanqnam films paonitens recipiatur. Nullus Monachus ab una domo in aliam mutetur, nisi consentientibus Abbatibus. Nam sine hac causa multo semper studio attendenda, nullus Abbas Monachum alterins cnjuseumque Abbatis Ordinis nostri, sine ejus assensu retineat : nnllns in domum alterins cujuslibet oine ejus voluntate snos ad inhabitandum Monachos introducat. VI APPENDIX. Abbas Cistercii quornodo corrigendus, et deponeridus, quando id ( quod absit) meruerit. Eodem etiam modo, si forte (quod absit) Abbates nostri Ordinis matrem nostram Cisterciensem Ecclesiam in saneto proposito languescere, et ab observatione sanctae regulae, vel Ordinis nostri exorbitare cognoverint, Abbatem ejusdem loci, per quator primos Abbates, scilicet de Eirmitate, de Pontigniaco, de Claravalle, et de Morimundo, sub caeterorum Abbatum nomine usque quater, ut corrigatur ipse, et alios corrigere caret, admoneant, et csetera quae de aliis dicta sunt Abbatibus, si incorrigibiles apparuerint, circa eum studiose adimpleant. Excepto quod, si sponte cedere noluerit, nec deponere eum, nec contumacem dicere, nee anathema potuerunt, donee aut in generali Capitulo, aut si illud forte tandiu visum fuerit expectari non posse, in conventu alio, convocatis Abbatibus, qui de Cistercio exierunt, et aliquibus aliis, ut virum inutilem ab officio suo deponant, et tarn ipsi, quam Monachi Cistercii idoneum Abbatem eligere studeant. S forte Abbas Cistercii depositus, aut ejas Monachi nollent acquit' seer e sent entice, quomodo essent plectendi. Quod si Abbas ille, et Monachi Cistercii contumaciter recalcitrare voluerint, gladio excommuni- cationia cos ferire (prsedicti quatuor primi Abbates) minime vereantur. Possunt Abbas Cistercii, et ejus Monachi transire ad unam ex quatuor primis Abbatiis ad peragendam pcenitentiam. Postea vero si quis horum prsevaricatorum tandem resipiscens, et animam suam salvare cupiens, ad quamlibet quatuor dictarum Ecclesiarum, sive ad Claramvallem, ant ad Morimundum confugerit sicut domesticus, et cohseres Ecclesiso cum regulari satisfactione recipiatur, quoad usque propria; Ecclesia), sicut justum fuerit, recanciliatus quandoque reddatur. Abbate Cistercii deposito, ubinam celebrandum annuurn Capitulum generate. Interim autem annuurn Abbatum capitulum, non apud Cistercinm, sed ubi a quatuor supra nominatis Abbatibus prsevisum fuerit, celebrabitur. FINIS CIIAiriVE CHARITATIS. B IN STITUTA GENERALIS CAPITULI. A.D. M.C.XXXIY. Tncipit prologus super instituta generalis Capituli apud Cistercium. In charta Cbaritatis inter csetera continetnr, quod singulis annis semel conveniant omnes Abbates Cmnobioruin, quae Dei gratia in diversis sint ordinata Provinciis, ad Cisterciensem Ecclesiam et quod ibi de observations sanctae regulse, et Ordine totius vitae suae, ac indissolubili inter se pace custodienda diligentissime tractent, ut tenor vivendi ssepius replicatus, ac divinarum Scripturarum auctoritate corroboratus, non facile tepere, sed per diuturna plurimorum annorum spatia possit vigere. Hac ergo ratione in loco prsedicto congregati baec capita instituerint, et per universas congregationum nostrarum fraternitates tenenda decreverunt. Quo in loco constitueada sunt Ccenobia. Cap I. In civitatibus, castellis, villis, nulla nostra construenda sunt Csenobia, sed in locis a conver- satione bominum semotis. De unitate conversationis in divinis et humanis. Cap II. Ut autem inter Abbatias unitas indissolubilis perpetuo perseveret, stabilitum est : prirno quidem, ut ab omnibus regula beati Benedicti uno modo intelligatur, uno modo teneatur. Deliinc, ut libri iidem, quantum dumtaxat pertinet ad divinum Officiurn, idem victus, idem vestitus, iidem denique mores per omnia inveniantur. Quod libros non licet habere diversos. Cap. III. Missale, Epistolare, Textus, Collectaneum, Graduale, Antipbonarium, Regula, Hymnarium, Psalterium, Lectionarium, Kalendarium, ubique umformiter babeantur. APPEXDIX. viii De Testitu. Cap. IY. Yestitus simplex sit. et Tills, absque pelliciis. camisiis. staminiis. qualem deniqu rsgnla describit. Unde Monachis debeat provenire rictus. Cap. V. Monachis nostri Ordinis debet pre-venire vietns de labore mannnm. de enltn ten-arum, de nntrimento peoornm : unde et licet nobis possidere ad proprios uses, aquas, silvas. vineas. prata. terras a ssecnlaritun hoininum babitatione semotas. et animalia, prater ilia, quae magis soleui provocare enriositatem. et ostentare in se vanitatem. aliquasque afrerre utilitates. sic-ut strut cervi. o-rues. et cat era hujusmodi. Ad haec exercenda. nutrienda, et conserranda. seu prope. seu longe, non tainen ultra dictam. grangias possnmus liabere. per converses enstodiendas. Quod non debeat J lonachus extra Claustra habit are. Cap. YI. Monacbo. eui ex regnla claustrum propria debet esse babitatio. licet qnidem ad grangias quoties mittitur ire. sed neqnaquam dint ins babitare. Quod in Or dine nostro habitatio faminarum interdict a sit, et ingressus etiarn porta Monaster ii eis negatus. Cap. YIT. Remora omni occasione. sire nntrimentornm aogendorum. vel eonservandomm. sive rerum Monasterii quarumlibet. ut quandoque neeesse est. lavandarum. sive deni cue cujuscnmque necessitatis fseminarnm cobabitatio. nobis, et conrersis nostris omnino inter dicta est. ideo nee inter cartes srrangiarnm hospitari, nec Monasterii pc-rtam ingredi permitfamtar. De Conrersis. Cap. YIH. Per Conversos agenda sunt exerc-itia apud grangias, tt per mercenaries. qn;s ntiqne conversos Etiseopornm licentia, tan ram necessaries, et coedjutores nostros sab cars, nistra. sieat et M:na lies saseipimas. fratres. et participes nostroram tarn spiritnalinm. uam temporaliam bonornm ae ue at Monacbo s habemns. Quod redditus non habeamus. Cap. IX. Ecclesias, altaria. sepaitaras. decimas abeni laboris. vel natrimenrl. villas, villaaos. terra ram census, furnomm. et molendinoram redditus. et eaetera bis similia monastic® puritan adversaria, nostri et nom in is, et Ordinis excTndit institatio. Quid liceat, ret non liceat nobis habere de auro, et argento, gemmis, ei serico. Cap. X. Altarium linteamlna. niinistroram indameata sine serico sint. praeter s to-lain, et manipulnm. Casula vero non nisi anicolor babearnr. Omnia Monasterii oraamenta. vasa. atensilia sine aaro. et argento. et gemmis. prseter calicem. et fistnlam. qa® qnidem dao sola argentea. et deaarata. sed anrea neqnaqnam babere permit timas. APPENDIX. is Ut nemo recipiat aliquem ad aliam Ecclesiam ire volentem Cap. XI. Siquis Clericus, Monacims, aut laieus ad aliquam Ecclesiarum nostrarnm causa remanendi venire voluerit, non ei dissnadeat aliqna alia Ecclesia, nec earn retineat, etiam si remanere volnerit, quia scriptum est : Quod tibi von vis fieri, alio non feceris. Qui postquam ad locum ilium, in quo conversari disjrosuit, venerit, ibique voluntate mutata remanere noluit, liber discedat. Sed si in cella Xovitiorum conversatus fuerit, et inde proprio vitio vel expulsus, vel per se exierit, ab aliqua nostra fratemitatis Ecclesia, sine commendatiis litteris non recipiatur : Quia discordise inter Ecclesias fomes detali causi oriri potent. Quod idem de Monaclio peregrino, et in aliquo nostro loco suscepto, et quomodo egresso, decernimus. Quomodo novella Ecclesia Abbate, et Monachis, et cceteris necessariis ordinetur. Cap. XII. Duodecim Monacbi, cum Abbate, tredecim ad Caenobia nova transmittantur, nec tamen illuc destinentur, donee locus libris, domibus, et necessariis aptatur : libris duntaxat Missali, Regula, libro usuum, psalterio, bymnario, collectaneo, antipbonario, graduali. Domibus quoque, Oratoriis, refectorio, dormitorio, cella hospitum, et portarii : necessariis etiam temporibus, ut et vivere, et regulam ibidem valeant observare. De firmaculis librorum. Cap. XIII. Interdieimus ne Ecclesiarum nostrarum libris aurea, vel argentea, sive deargentata vel deaurata liabeantur retinacula, quae usu firmacula vocantur, et ne aliquis codex pallio tegatur. De pane quotidiano. Cap. XIV. Sicut in Ecclesiasticis aliisque observationibus cavemus, ne inveniamur discordes, sic etiam et in victu quotidiano diversitas est cavenda, ne fratres carnis, vel spiritus fragilitate, victi grossiorem panem abborrere, et lautiorem incipiant desiderare. Ideo stabilimus, ne in Cosnobiis nostris fiat panis candidus, nec etiam in pracipuis festivitatibus, sed grossus, idest, cribro factus. Ubi autem frumentum defuerit, cum sacco liceat fieri. Qnse lex infirmis non tenebitur, sed et liospitibus, quibus visum fuerit, album panem apponimus, et minutis imminutione sua, sicut in eorum sententia descriptum est ; cujus panis albi, videlicet, qui minutis apponitur, sicut et quotidiani pasta, in statera posita, nequaquam plus ponderare debet, sed sequa lance append! De cucullis, et sublalaribus. Cap. XV. In Ecclesiis nostris non sint cucullte de foris flocatse, et subtalares diumi non sint caprini, vel carduani, sed baccini. De Monacho, vel Converso fugitivo. Cap. XVI. Siquis Monacbus, vel Conversus vitio suo de Ecclesia aliqua exierit, et ad aliam venerit, suadeatur ei, ut revertatur. Quod si Abbas, vel Prior illius loci intellexerit ilium ad locum suum X APPENDIX. nolle redire, non eum sinat amplins nna nocte illic manere, habitumque ei religionis jubeat anferri, nisi priusquam ad nostrum Ordinem venerit, Monacbnm fnisse constiterit. Converso vero de rebus Monasterii nihil dimittatur, praeter indumentum simplex, et vile. Quod Monachus peregrinus, aut infra breve tempus recipiatur, aut recedat. Cap. XVII. Monachus peregrinus, si ad aliquod Ca3nobium ad habitandnm venerit, ne'e ibi propter vicinitatem Ecclesise suse, ant notitiam recipi poterit, non diutius teneatur in domo hospitnm, ob hoc, nt inter hanc moram aut aliquo ingenio, aut aliquarum Ecclesiasticarnm, sen ssecularium personaru m petitione, quas sine dubio violenta constat esse, ab Abbate suo extorqueatur. Ut pictantice non administrentur in refectorio apud Cistercium, tempore generalis Capituli. Cap. XVIII. Nos Abbates illo tempore decern, sicuti solemus, Cistercinm post annum venientes, rogabamus dominum Abbatem Stephannm, et fratres, ne nobis in refectorio solitse pictantias post duo pulmentario regnlaria prsesentarentur : quia et in refectorio in distribution harum rernm videbatur esse quasdam inquietndo fratrnm, et in mora ilia diminntio dormitionis fratrum. Tuncque Abbato illo, et fratribus consentientibus, stabilivimus, ne ista nobis illo tempore amplins fierent. De scidpturis , et picturis, et Cruce lignea. Cap. XIX. Sculptnrse, vel pictnrse in Ecclesiis nostris, sen in officinis aliquibus Monasterii, ne fiant interdicimus : quia dum talibns intenditnr utilitas bonae meditationis, vel disciplina religiosoe gravitatis ssepe negligitur. Cruces tamen pictas, quae sunt igneae, habemus. Ut extra portam, domus non habeatur. Cap. XX. Non est congruum, nt extra portam Monasterii domus aliqua ad habitandum construatur, nisi animalium, quia pericnlam animarnm inde potest nasci. Quod omnia Monasteria in Jionore beatce Maries dedicentur. Cap. XXI. Quia antecessores nostri, et Patres de Ecclesia Molismensi, quae in honore beatse Marios est, ad Cisterciensem locum, unde et nos exorti sumus, primitns venerunt, idcirco decernimus, nt omnes Ecclesiae nostrse, ac snccessorum nostrorum in memoria ejusdem casli, et terrse Iieginoc, sanctee Marias fundentur, ac dedicentm-. Quod animalia vitium levitatis ministrantia non mutriantur. Cap. XXII. Certum est, nos, qni Monaehalem militiam arripnimus, debere in Csenobiis honestae gravitati, ac regulai-ibus disciplinis, non levitatibus, aut jocis vacare. Et ob hoc liorum fomenta vitiornm a sanctis locis elongai’i oportet, scilicet cervos, et ursos, ac grues, cseteraque talinm levitatum irritamenta. APPEXDIX, XI De Clericis, vcl laicis Ccenobia construentibus, et quod nullus sine probationc efficiatur Monachus. Cap. XXIII. Si Clerici, vel laici locum aliquem ad honorem Dei construxerint, illumqtte locum alicui Casnobiorum nostrorum, quatenus ad Abbatiam proficiat, concedere voiuerint, Abbasque illius Csenobii, a quo consultum flagitant, locum habilem pi-ospexerit, suscipiat ilium, si voluerit. Ipsi vero Clerici, vel laici, si sanctse regulre jugo se subdere voiuerint, aut in illo loco Abbatiam faciendum prgestolentur, aut cellain ISTovitiorum intrent in Csenobio praenotati Abbatis, ut regulariter probentur. Quod si ad aliquam aliam Ecclesiarum nostrarum elegerint secedere, vel aliquid aliud proprio arbitrio facere, licenter agant. Illud tamen nobis omnibus magnopere est cavendum, ne isti, aut alii aliqui sine regulari probatione aliquo modo nostro collegio socientur, exceptis Monachis, quos beatus suscipit Benedictus. Quod inter Monasterium nemo came vescatur, aut sagimine. Cap. XXIV. Infra Monasterium nullus sagimine, et carne vescatur, nisi omnino infirmi, et artifices condncti, similiter et intra curtes grangiarum, nisi propter easdem causas, et etiam propter mercenaries. Quibus diebus vescimur tantum quadragesima/i cibo. Cap. XXV. In toto Adventu, excepta prima Dominica, secunda, et tertia feria ante caput jejunii, vigilia Pentecostes, jejuniis quatuor temporum in Septembri, in vigiliis sanctorum Joannis Baptistse, Petri, et Pauli, Laurentii, assumptionis Marise, Mattbsei Apostoli, Simonis et Judse, omnium Sanctorum, Andrese Apostoli, quadragesimali tan turn vescimur cibo. Ne Monachi dent, vel accipiant medietariam, vel creissementum. Cap. XXVI. Nullam cum saecularibus societatem in pecoribus nutriendis, seu terris excolendis babere permittimus, videlicet dando, vel accipiendo medietariam, vel creissementum. Quos suscipiamus ad Communionem, Covfessionem, et sepulturam. Cap. XXVII. Ad confession am, ad sacram communionem, et sepulturam neminem extraneum praeter bospites, et mercenaries nostros, intra Monasterium videlicet morientes, recipimus, sed nec ad Missarum oblationem, nisi in purificatione beatce Marise. Ad sepulturam autem duos tantummodo, quos voluerimus de amicis, de familiaribus nostris cum uxoribus suis. Quid fiat de Ms, qui reddunt se alicui Ecclesice nostra ad Monachatum, et antequam in Capitulum venerint, morte preeventi fuerint. Cap. XXVIII. Si quis mundum respuens, Monacbatum desideraverit, et veniens ad aliquem de Abbatibus nostris desiderium ei intimaverit, ac se etiam ei, vcl alicui Monacbo illius Ecclesise reddiderit, liic tabs, si ante petitionem suam in Capitulo regulariter factam obierit, non pro Xovitio babeatur, sed pro familiar!. APPENDIX. Quod nullus nosiri Ordinis Abbas Monacham benedicat. Cap. XXIX. Prohibitum est, ne quis Abbatum nostrorum Monacham benedicere, infantulum baptizare, vel etiam ip Baptismo tenere prassumat, nisi forte in articnlo mortis, vel Presbyter defuerit. Quomodo fiant Abbaties. Cap. XXX. Si quis Abbas crescente , nnmero fratrum Abbatiam mdificare voluerit, primo locum Abbatise aptum perquirat : deinde cum dnobus Abbatibus sibi vicinioribus (si tamen suus Abbas longo terrarum iutervallo ab eo remotus fuerit) ostendat, et quod consilium super hoc sibi dederint, faciat. Qui si eorum audito consilio Abbatiam fecerit, aut necessaria, qnibus indigent fratres, quos miserit, ipse eis provideat, aut taiem hominem qumrat, qui hoc implere diligenter sulficiat, ne eum divino servitio debuerint vacare, necessitate compulsi cum dedecore compellantur mendicare. Quomodo causes in generali Capitulo exortee definiantur. Cap. XXXI. Si quaelibet causa sponte confessa, vel clamore exorta in generali Capitulo Cistercii nascatur, commuui assensu omnium, Abbatum, si possit concorditer fieri, definiatur. Si autem pro capacitate sensns uniuscujus que, good srnpe accidit, inter se dissenserint, Pater Cisterciensis Monasterii, quatuor de Abbatibus ad hoc idoneis, hanc definire prsecipiat, et quod illi utilius judicaverint, omnis sanctse inultitudinis conventus sine retractatione teneat. De Privileg'd. Cap. XXXII. Constitiumus, ne quis contra instituta Ordinis nostri privilegium facere prgesumat, sed quod disposuerunt antecessores nostri sancti viri, et adhuc disponunt sano consilio moderni, ratum, et stabile permaneat. Quod si quis contra statuta Capituli accipere aliquid, vel emere, vel Eedificare praesumpserit, remota omni dispensatione sedificia cadant, expense, et opera pereant. De vicinitate Abbatiarum. Cap. XXXIII. Si cui locus ad Abbatiam construendam oblatus fuerit, non prsesumat accipere, nisi prius eum distare a cseteris Abbatiis nostri Ordinis decern leucis Burgundim pro certo cognoverit. Si tamen ibi congregatio fuerit per assensum Cisterciensis Abbatum Capituli, ilium poterit accipere. Gran gi se autem diversarum Abbatiarum distent inter se ad minus duabus leucis. Quod filia semel per annum visitet matrera Ecclesiam. Cap. XXXIV . Statuit causa humilitatis Cisterciensis conventus solerti providentise, quatenus semel in anno saltern Ecclesiam matrem per Abbatem suum, si sanus fuerit, visitet filia. APPENDIX. xiii Quce pcena injungatur negligentibus instituta. Cap. XXXV. Si quis Abbatum Capituli nostri generalis neglexerit instituta, publice clametur, et ad emendationem _moneatur : quod si ipso anno non correxerit, et in sequenti Capitulo notum fuerit leviori eulpse subjaceat, ubi et quandiu decreverit Cisterciense Capitulum. De Abbate noviter creato cum sua Abbatia .* Cap. XXXVI. Si qua Abbatia in arcto fuerit, ut eo anno Abbas illius ad Capitulum Cisterciense venire non possit, atque lioc sic esse perpenditur, in sequenti anno pro tali causa non clametur. Quot Monachos habeat Ecclesia, cum Abbatiam aliam cceperit construere. Cap. XXXVII. Nullus de Abbatibus nostris locum ad Abbatiam fundandam accipiat, nisi prius sexaginta Monachos professos babeat, et hoc licentia generalis Capituli. De Episcopo, vel Archiepiscopo. Cap. XXXVIII. Nullus propter jussionem Arcbiepiscopi, vel Episcopi, generale Capitulum dimittere praesumat, sed si sanus est, cseteris occasionibus postpositis, venire contendat, non quod debitam obedientiam Pi’celatis nostris denegemus, sed quod in Ordine nostro tenere statuimus, observare debemus. Et icleo sicut alias scripsimus, cum quis Abbatum Abbatiam construere voluerit, primo hoc capitulum. et csetera Archiepiscopo, vel Episcopo diligenter sunt ostendenda. De pulvinaribus. Cap. XXXIX. Pulvinaria ex nulla parte excedant pedem, et dimidium. De electione Abbatum, vel Monachorum in Episcopum. Cap. XL. Abbas, vel Monachus nostri Ordinis si in Episcopum eligatur, nunquam consentiat sine assensu Abbatis sui, et Cisterciensis Capituli, nisi forte a Domino Papa cogatur. Quod Monachi, vel Conversi in alia Abbatia nihil qucerant. Cap. XLI. JVonachi, et Conversi nostri Ordinis a propriis Abbatibus ad aliquod negotium directi, in alia Abbatia nostri Ordinis, sine mandato Abbatis sui nihil quserant, praeter victum, et calceamentorum reparationem, et equorum ferrationem ; nisi eis aliquid infortunium in via contigerit. * “In titulo, ut apparet, irrepsit error, sed qui sine exemplari non corrigendus.” p. 276. Annales Cist: Tom I. XIV APPENDIX. Quo or dine benedicatur Monachus peregrinus. Cap. XL 1 1. Monackus peregmms in aliquo nostri Ordinis Monasterio receptus, eo or dine, quo Novitins benedicatnr, nisi prius benedictns non fuerit. Cui liceat ferre punctam culcitram. Cap. XLIIL Nukus ferat secnm in yia punctam culcitram, nisi is, cni in Capitulo Cisterciensi concessum fuerit. Quot sociis Abbas veniens ad Capitutum contentus esse debeat. Cap. XLIV. Abbas veniens Cistercium ad generate Capitulum intra Abbatiam Monackum non adducat, nec plusquam duos equos, sed contentus sit uno Converso, vel uno servitore. Ubi Monachi, vel Conversi minui debeant. Cap. XLY. Monackus, vel Conversus non debet minui, nisi ad Abbatias nostri Ordinis ; neque ad Grangias, nisi gravis necessitas incubuerit. De communicaturis. Cap. XLYI. Illis diebus, quibus Monacki communicaturi sunt, possunt ad privatas Missas ministri communicare ; licet etiam Abbati, Monackos, Novitios, Conversos, prout expedire judicaverit, dividei'e per altaria ad communicandum. Quod nullus Abbas in generali Capitulo loquaiur, nisi stando. Cap. XLYII. Nulli Abbatum, prseter Cisterciensem, liceat clamare, vel in audientia loqui omnium, nisi stando, aliis omnibus sedende auscultantibns. Si quis autem aliorum vel contradicere, vel aliud dicere voluerit, illo sedente, surgat. Quod nullus prcesumat terrain alterius, vel usuaria in ea qucerere. Cap. XLVIII. Si quis Abbas terram kabuerit, vel usuaria, vel inde aliquam kabuerit conventionem, nullus Abbatum quserat earn, vel in ea usuaria sine assensu illius Abbatis. Quornodo satisfaciat Abbas non occurrens ad gloriam primi Psalmi. Cap. XLIX. Abbas, si ad gloriam primi Psalmi non occurrerit, satisfaciat ad gradurn ut Monackus, excepto quod sine licentia alicujus post satisfactionem recedat ad sedem suam, nisi alius Abbas in ckoro fuerit. APPENDIX. XT Quomod exire debeant a generali Cupilulo Monachi Cistercienses. Cap. L. In prima die Capituli post absolutionem defunctorum dicatnr, Adjutorium nostrum , et exeant omnes Monachi prseter Priores, qni loco Abbatum affuerint, idem fiat aliis diebns post expositionem Regulas. Quot Psalmi , vel qualibet alia orutiones prater assuetas in Conventu non dicantur , pro quavis necessitate. Cap. LI. Prohibitum est, ne in Conventu Psalmi, vel alias quaslibet orationes pro quavis necessitate dicantur ; nisi forte pro Missa de Conventu, alia Missa pro imminente angustia, vel ad Missam de Conventu collecta. Quando adolescentiores fratres mixtum sumere debeant. Cap. LII. Adolescentiores fratres quibus diebus jejuniorum mixtum sumere conceditur, semper ante tertiam illud sumant, in restate similiter ante prandium ea hora, qua Abbas prseviderit. De nundinis. Cap. LIII. Periculosum quidem est, minusque honestum Religiosis, frequentare nundinas nominatas, sea quia paupertas nostra hoc exigit, ut de rebus nostris vendamus, vel necessaria emamus ; quibus talis incumbat necessitas, potuerunt ire ad mercatum, vel nundinas, non tamen ultra tres dietas, vel ad plus ultra quatuor ; nec plures de Monachis, vel Conversis, quam duo de una Abbatia ; nec mare Anglicum censemus transeundum propter nundinas. Si qui tamen vicini maris portui fuerint pro necessariis domus suse emendis, vel commutandis, transire poterunt ; non tamen ad nundinas, neque a portu, cui applicuerint, plusquam duas dietas. Quicumque ergo Monachus, vel Conversus nostri Ordinis ad nundinas nominatus venerit, quandiu in nundinis fuerit, de nulla domo religiosa victum sibi, vel equis suis accipiat, sed de suo magis vivat, et ea mensura, qua decet virum sui Ordinis : non enim debet pro se pisces emere, aut delicias quserere, sed neque vinum bibere, nisi bene adaquatum, et duobus pulmentis sit contentus. Ad opus sascularium nec emant, nec vendant aliquid. De Tabernis. Cap. LIY. Neque per Monachum, neque per Conversum, neque per aliquem hominem licet nobis vinum nostrum vendere ad tabernam, sire, ut vulgo dicitur, ad brocam, sive, ut lingua Theutonica dicitur, ad tappam, in domibus nostris, sive alienis, nec alicubi omnino. De Abbatibus, dam generate Capitulum tenetur , foras sedentibus. Cap. LY. Quicumque Abbas foris Capitulum, dum generale Capitulum tenetur, sederit, ea die a vino abstineatur. XVI APPENDIX. De mensura avence. Cap. LVI. Monachis, sive aliquibus aliis nostri ordinis, ad Abbatias nostras, sive ad earum loca venientibus, ad opus equornm ipsorum, mensura avense in Cisterciensi Capitulo constitnta sufficiat. De hospitibus and generate Capitulum venientibus. Cap. LYII. Eo die, qno Abbates Cistercii ad annuum conveninnt Capitulum, reliquisque diebus, qnibus ibidem commorantur, certum sit, statutum esse, in generali eorumdem Abbatum Capitule, nullum supervenientem suscipi debere hospitem. Quo.d si etiam talis aliquis supervenerit, cui id negari omnino non possit, equos, vel equum ejus nullo modo recipiendum. Id enim solerter cavendum judicavere, ne forte rei, pro qua de tarn longinquis conveniunt Provinciis, sed ut suo intendant ordini, ullum incurrant impedimentum : quod per hujusmodi susceptiones fieri posse arbitrantur. De mensura pulmentorum. Cap. LVIII. Eadem mensura sicut panis, et vini sit per omnes Abbatias, qua pulmenta eequaliter dividantur, et tarn in grangiis, quam in Abbatiis. Cui liceat ferre calicem, et ccetera ad cantandam Missam necessaria. Cap. LIX. Abbates nostri Ordinis quolibet ierint, calicem, et c set era ad cantandam Missam non ferant, nisi cui forte in annuo Abbatum Capitulo concessum fuerit. Si liceat alicui novos libros dictare. Cap. LX. Nutli liceat Abbati, nec Monaclio, nec Novitio libros facere, nisi forte cuiqne in generali Abbatum Capitulo concessum fuerit. De armcntis, sive pecudibus. Cap. LXI. Nullus Abbas Ordinis nostri sive pecudes, sive 'armenta sinat ad pascua longius evagari per diem, quin in nocte reverantur intra proprios fines, et terras proprias. Hac tamen lege non tenebuntur, qui in Alpibus, vel juxta Alpes habitant in gregibus duntaxat ovium: Pi’opter porcos autem liceat domum habere longe ab Abbatia, sive a grangia duabus leucis, seu etiam tribus, si ita necesse fuerit, et circa domum illam, quantum opus fuerit, longe evagentur ; ita tamen, ut in nocte ilia Sic revertnntur. Custodibtis vero ovium, vel porcorum victus quotidianus aliunde non proveniat, nisi de sua propria Abbatia, vel grangia ; sed et si qui etiam in aliis partibus pro penuria, et ariditate locorum forte hanc legem tenere non potuernnt, ea ipsi non tenebuntur, sed poterit in eis Capitulum dispensare, ut vivere possint, si tamen hoc testimonio vicinorum Abbatum manifeste ostendere poterunt. APPENDIX. XVII De Placiiis. Cap. LXII. Non debent Abbates, vel Monacid, ant Conversi nostri Ordinis interesse placitis, non suis, ant aliorum de Ordine nostro. Qnod si aliis de can sis quemquam eorum adesse contigerit, non sit tamen ibi judex, aut proloquntor, nec and consilium partium, vel ad judicium eat. De Episcopis Ordinis nostri. Cap, LXIII. Episcopi assumpti de Ordine nostro consuetudines nostras tenebunt, in qualitate ciborum, in forma indumentorum, in observantia jejuniorum, in officio horarum regularium, excepto quod mantellum de vili panno, et pelle ovina, et pileum similem, aut simplicem de lana habere poterunt qui voluerint, cum quibus tamen rebus claustra nostra non intrabunt, nec conventibus nostris intererunt, propter dissimilitudinem. Solatia poterunt cuique dari de domibus nostris, usque ad duos Monachos, et tres Conversos, si lot necessarii fuerint, ita tamen ut nemini illorum saecularia negotia, vel cura imponantur. Propter Episcopos Ordinis nostri, si in infirmitorio jacent, poterunt i n fi rm arii sui, si opus fuerit, remanere ab horis Canonicis, similiter et socii eorum, qui assidui sunt cum eis. Cseterorum autem nullus pro quolibet Episcopo aliquam Canonicam horam dimittat, et nullus Monachorum ejus comedat cum eo, sed in refectorio, nisi infirmus fuerit. De Pitantiis. Cap. LXIV. Abbas, qui in infirmitorio jacuerit, in Conventum pitantiam non mittat, prater Abbatem loci. Nullusque Abbatum, qui in refectorio comederit, faciat pitantiam, nisi ille qui sedet ad nolam, nisi forte jucta se sedenti. Quibus speciebus non utimur. Cap. LXV. In Conventu generaliter nec pipere, nec cymino, nec hujusmodi speciebus utamur, sed communibus herbis, quales terra nostra producit. De gravioribus culpis. Cap. LXVI. Quicumque Monachorum, vel conversorum nostri Ordinis in furtis, in conspirationibus, vel incendiis manifeste deprehensi fuerint, graviori culpae subdantur. Quod si qiri talium pro eo exierint, aut projecti fuerint, nullatenus nisi sub eadem sententia recipiantur. Ipsa etiam in quemcumque secundum modum culpm extendatur, vel aggravetur. Hoc autem attendendum est, ut et hora prandii sit tardior, et mensura cibi sit minor, quam illius, qui in leviori culpa ponitur. Verumtamen Abbas attendat et corporum valetudines, et culparum modos : et cum susceptus fuerit in Capitulo, non eadem die ponatur in ordine suo. Vasa, quibus utitur, aut frangantur, aut pauperibus erogentur. Ad fores Oratorii prostratus jaceat in terra, non habens Caputium in capite. Quoties Missa, vel officium defunctorum sine intervallo sequitur horam Canonicam , non prosternatur, donee Conventus exeat Ecclesia : non tamen omnes cocjuntur exire propter eum ; qui vero exeunt , per ante eum exeant. Et item cum in Capitulo receptus fuerit, dnm completur opus Dei, prosternat se in terra. APPENDIX. xviii De levioribus culpis. Cap. LXYII. Eratres, qui in leviori culpa sunt, extra refectorium comedant in loco, quo Abbati visnm fnerit ; qui post refectionem servitornm, neqne ad biberes eant cum aliis, neqne illi, qni pro versa, tertio perclito in pcenitentia stint, sed post alios eant bibere in refectorio. Quo ordine fugitivus recipi debeat . Cap. LXYIII. Fngitivns qnando recipitnr, nbiqne erit ultimas omnium ; postea vero si Clericus est, poterit Abbas licentiam cantandi, et legendi ei dare, et in cboro nltimum ponere, in Ordine Clericorum, vel etiam Sacerdotnm, si Sacerdos fuerit. Si antem bumiliato ei locum altiorem aliqaando indulgere voluerit, computet tempus, quo foris moratus est, et tantnm semper amittat de ipso Ordine, nunquam recepturus. De vocatione Abbatum ad electionem novi Abbatis. Cap. LXIX. Defuncto Abbate Pater Abbas vocatur, et si qui sunt Abbates, quos ilia domus genuerit, viciniores qnique, ad diem, quern ipse Pater Abbas prsescripserit, pariter convocentur, et ad arbitrium Patris Abbatis praesentes Abbates domus illius, simul et Monacbi Abbatem eligant : in domo autem Oisterciense, quia mater est omnium nostrorum, praesentes Abbates, qui de Cistercio exierunt, et Monacbi Cistercienses, simul eligant. De cura Grangiarum. Cap. LXX. Probibemus, ne quis Abbas grangias suas, vel aliquam earum alicui Monacbo committat, nisi Cellerario, qui secundum regulae auctoritates, ad voluntatem Abbatis curam gerat de omnibus, et ei prout necesse fuerit, solatia administrentur, a quibus in bis, quae agenda fuerint, adjuvetur. Quid Abbas Cisterciensis in generali Capitido post discessionem Monachorum inquirere debeat. Cap. LXXI. Si qua Abbatia in anno a Patre suo Abbate domus, unde exivit, non fuerit visitata, vel per se, vel per alium in comm uni Capitulo Cisterciensi Abbas ejus boc notificet, interrogante id communiter eo, qui prassidet in Capitulo. Quseratur etiam, si quis deest Abbatum, et auditis excusationibus eorum, qui forte pro infirmitate venire non potuerunt, de caetero nemo celaverit, si quern eorum, qui eo anno venire debuerant, abesse cognoverit, nec sine gravi animadversione id prsetereatur. Qualiter tractari debeat, si qua forte controversia inter Abbates orta fuerit. Cap. LXXII. Si forte aliqua controversia inter aliquos Abbates nostri Ordinis orta fnerit, convocent vicinos Abbates Ordinis nostri ; et eorum consilio paces ineant. Si vero nec sic sedare poterunt, reservetur causa eorum ad annuura Capitulum, et ibi ad arbitrium et ad nutum Cisterciensis Capitnli tractetur, neque inde ad aliam audientiam appellare liceat. APPENDIX. XIX De Domibus, qua in villis sunt. Cap. LXXIII. In domibus, quae in villis sunt, aut castellig, vel civitatibus, non babitent Monacbi, vel Conversi, De Monachis, vel Conversis ad grangiam venientibus. Cap. LXXIV. Monacbi cum ad proprias grangias venerint, sicut fratres grangiarum, ita vescantur, nec loquantur cum fratribus, nisi cum Magistro, et bospitali, De falsis vocibus. Cap. LXXV. Yiros decet virili voce cantare, et non more fsemineo, tinnulis, vel ut vulgo dicitur, falsis vocibus, veluti bistrionicam imitari lasciviam ; et ideo constituimus mediocritatem servari in cantu, ut et gravitatem redoleat, et devotio conservetur. Si liceat alicui Romom ire. Cap. LXXYI. Nemo nostri Ordinis Romam eat, nisi cum Episcopo sui Ordinis. De Abbatibus, qui Abbatias suas relinquunt. Cap. LXXVII. Abbates, qui Abbatias suas relinquunt, in Ordinem conversions suae redeant. Quod Monacbi, vel Conversi ad generale Capitulum venientes, verberentur. Cap. LXXVIII. Ab bora nona diei praecedentis Exaltationem sanctae Crucis, usque ad horam nonam diei, quo Abbates a generali Capitulo discedunt, qui Monacbus bospes, vel Conversus inventus fuerit in Monasterio, vel grangiis Cisterciensibus ducatur in generale Capitulum, et ibi coram omnibus Abbatibus verberetur. Excusationem vero aliquam eis praetendere, quin verberentur, nec Abbas Cisterciensis potest. Quod infirmarius loqui potest cum solatio suo. Cap. LXXIX. Qui Magister erit de infirmitorio, loqui poterit cum solatio suo, si tamen ita viderit Abbas oportere, et boc ipsum loco, et modo, quo ipse providerit. Conversum vero pro solatio liceat infirmarii baberi in infirmitorio. De Pueris litteras discentibus. Cap. LXXX. Nullus puerorum doceatur litteras intra Monasterium, vel in locis Monasterii, nisi sit Monacbus, vel receptus in probatione Novitius, quibus tempore lectionis dicere licet. Et notandum, quia nullum, nisi post quindecim aetatis suae annos, in probatione nobis ponere licet. XX APPENDIX. De poena Abbatis contemnentis Pattern Abba, tern. Cap. LXXXI. Abbas filius, qui Abbatem scram enm corripientem de Ordine suo contempserit damnatus in Cisterciensi Capitulo, levi culpas subjacebit, ant in propria Abbatia, ant in loco, qnem Abbas Cisterciensis ei constitnerit. De litteris, et vitreis. Cap. LXXXII. Litterse uni ns coloris fiant, et non depict®. Vitrse albas fiant, et sine crncibus, et picturis. De generibus vestimentorum. Cap. LXXXIII. Qui mollibus vestinntnr, in domibns Regum snnt. Monasterinm ista non decent. Ponamns delicatas vestes : et nullus deinceps isembrnno 1 , walembrnno, saia, vel kujusmodi, ant etiam snbtilioribns pannis ntatnr, neque novis, neqne veteribns. Pro quibus liceat nobis scribere Domino Papas. Cap. LXXXIV. Nullns scribat Domino Pap®, nisi propriis cansis, et Coabbatum snorum, vel Episcopornm, et Arckiepiscoporum, Regum et Principum snornm. De Wandagiis. Cap. LXXXV. Directi in itinere, si volnerint, wandagias ad evitandum Intnm, save ad expellendum frigus, kabere licet eis. Quod Monachus non oret prostratus. Cap. LXXXI, Non est nostrse consnetndinis Monackum, vel Conversnm prostratnm toto corpore jacere in oratione, sed super genua, vel stando. De Scriptoriis. Cap LXXXVI. * In omnibus scriptoriis, ubicumque ex consuetudine Monacki scribunt, silentium teneatur, sicut in claustro. THE END OF THE STATUTES OF 1134. CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. Part II. DOMUS CONVERSORUM. . ‘ THE DOMUS CONVERSORUM CONTAINING THE DAY-ROOM AND DORMITORY OF THE CONYERSI OF A CISTERCIAN MONASTERY. BY EDMUND SHARPE, M.A., F.R.I.B.A. E. & F. N. SPON, LONDON. 1874. C. F. KELL, PRINTER. LONDON, E.C- PREFACE. It may to some appear at first sight extraordinary that in the early chronicles which are left to ns relating to the history of the Monastic Houses that were thickly scattered over the face of Europe in the Middle Ages the notices that occur of the buildings themselves should afford us so little information as to their respective destination and use. The uniformity of plan that characterizes the buildings of the Cistercian Order of Monks is so remarkable, as I have had occasion to show in the preceding paper, that we naturally expect to find in any historical document professing to give an account of the chief events in the history of a Cistercian Monastery, and of the daily life of its inmates, such allusions as may enable us to inscribe with certainty, on the ground plan of the Abbey, the true designation of each separate building of which it is composed. But this is not the case. To take a prominent example; in the interesting series of Public Records published recently under the authority of the Master of the Bolls we have in the “Chronica Monasterii de Melsa — printed from the original Latin MSS. in three thick Octavo Volumes, and accompanied by an excellent preface by the Editor, Edward Bond, Esq. — a full and complete account of the History of the Cistercian Convent of Meaux, in the East Biding of Yorkshire, from the date of its foundation, a.d. 1150, down to the year 1396. This history was written by one of its Abbots, Thomas de Burton, who ruled over the Abbey from 1396 to 1399, and who, retiring from his office in the latter year, passed the remainder of his life, up to 1137, in compiling this account of his Monastery from authentic documents then in existence. Erom a careful examination of the whole of this history, as thus given in these three volumes, I have not been able to derive the slightest information as VI PKEFACE. to the particular situation in the whole group of any one of the different buildings which are here and there referred to as having been built by different Abbots during that period, The Abbey Church and Conventual buildings of this Monastery are completely destroyed; but as they were probably laid out according to the normal Cistercian plan, it is unfortunate that in the most complete history that we know to exist of one of these Convents no such particulars as we are in search of are to be found. The same may be said of another Chronicle of considerable interest, published by the Camden Society, and written by a Monk of the Benedictine Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, named Jocelin de Braklond, which gives a circumstantial account of the affairs of one of our largest English Monasteries from the year 1173 to the year 1202 ; and which, although it enters minutely into various details of daily monastic life, throws not the slightest light on this subject. Lastly, a document has recently been discovered by the Bev. Canon Baine, in the Archives of Belvoir Castle — of his transcript, of which he has kindly favoured me with a copy — which proves to be the identical survey of the buildings of Bievaulx Abbey, made at the time of the Dissolution of the Monastery, in the reign of Henry the Eighth, by the Commissioner appointed by Government to prepare an inventory of the same, and to dispose of everything that was moveable and saleable. But although this document mentions by name , / the different buildings of which the Monastery is composed, and specifies their contents at the time the survey was made, it is impossible, on comparing this account with the existing remains, to identify one of these buildings — except the church — as those referred to in the text of the survey ; and we are left wholly to conjecture in assigning to them their respective use and destination. The constant recurrence, however, throughout the whole of these and other early documents, of the same or very similar terms, as applied to the different buildings of a Cistercian Convent, enables us to conclude, with sufficient correctness, what the use and the Latin designation of the buildings that usually surrounded the Cloister Quadrangle of such a Convent really were. And what we have to do is to determine, from the internal evidence afforded by the buildings themselves, to which of them these different names are to be respectively assigned. PREFACE. yii Of the normal buildings invariably found occupying the same situation round the Cloister Court of a Cistercian Abbey, one of the most remarkable, on account of its size, if not on account of its ornamental treatment, is the long building, wbicli, standing at right angles to the church on its South side, forms the West side of the Quadrangle, and is carried usually beyond the limits of the Cloister Court, and sometimes to a considerable extent in this direction. It is unnecessary to recapitulate the reasons which led me originally to attach to this building the title of Hospitium, which is one of those which occur most frequently in conventual records, and which is ihe one that it hears in the Model Plan submitted by me to the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1871, and published in their Transactions of that year. Accumulated documentary evidence which has fallen into my hands since then has satisfied me that that designation is an erroneous one, and that this building was really constructed for a use that has more than once been attributed to it, and notably on that occasion by the Rev. T. L. Cutts — -an opinion which has hitherto appeared to he rather a matter of tradition than to he capable of demonstration by proofs either of a documentary or constructional nature. The information which I have thus obtained, and the light which it throws as well upon the internal organisation of a community of Cistercian Monks as upon the manner in which domestic building requirements of a special kind were met and provided for in the Xllth Century, and also upon a certain somewhat puzzling subdivision of then churches, which has more than once been remarked upon, appeared to me to be worthy of record ; and the following paper, which contains illustrations of the building in question, presents the reasons which have led me to attribute to it the title of Domtjs Conversohum, which occurs so frequently in monastic records as that of one of the normal buildings of a Cistercian Convent. Qttabey Hill, Lancasteb, June 30th, 1874. THE Domus Conversorum, OR DAY-ROOM AND DORMITORY OF THE CONVERSI OF A CISTERCIAN MONASTERY. VERY Cistercian Abbey contained two classes of inmates, namely, Monacm and Conversi, of which the latter class was subordinate to the former. Both were members of the religious Order, and had taken the vows. Both had, therefore, devoted themselves for the rest of their lives to prayer and to labour, but in different degrees ; the Monks being occupied chiefly with religious exercises, and occasionally only with manual labour, and the Conversi performing all the agrarian, artificers 5 , and menial work incidental to the cultivation of the land, and the clothing and daily service of the whole community, and taking part only occasionally in the services of the Church.* The Conversi were, in fact, the servants of the Monks ; or, as the chronicler more mildly phrases it, the Monks were the head and the Conversi were the arms of the conventual body.f They were recruited generally from the lowest class of the community, and presented themselves, up to the middle of the Xlllth Century, freely, and in large numbers, for admission in this capacity. The Monastery was the last resource of those whom distress or crime had reduced to the last extremity. “ Thou hadst neither stockings nor shoes,” said St. Bernard to a dying Convert, “thou wert half-naked, and tormented with hunger and cold, when thou soughtest refuge with us, and when thy prayers at last obtained for thee entrance into our Convent.” | And this picture, doubtless, applied to the majority of those who were admitted as members of this menial class in a Cistercian Monastery. * St at. cap. gen. Cist. ap. Martenus, Anecd. iv., 1372. t JExord. cenobii Cist. Cap. xv. J Herbert. De Miraculis, ii., 15. 10 THE DOMES COXYERSORTTM. It is somewhat remarkable that, although allusions to the Conversi are not uncommon, no special mention is made of this strongly-marked division of the members of these monastic communities in any of the early histories and regulations of the Cistercian Order. It does not appear either in the 31agnum Exordium, or in the C liarta Caritatis, nor yet in the Statutes of the General Chapters of 1134, 1240, and 1256. Its first distinct recognition occurs in the Libellus anti quorum definitionem Ordvnis Cisterciensis of 1289, and in a second edition of this in 1316, and a full account of the Rule of the Converts at Claihyatjx was published by Martenus in his Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, in 1647. It is from these latter sources chiefly that the following particulars are derived. This silence, however, of earlier records is probably due to the fact that, as the Cistercian Order was only a reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, in which this division already existed, it was not thought necessary to refer particularly to distinctions in respect to which no new legislation was requisite. The Monks alone were eligible to offices of trust or dignity in the Abbev ; they alone had a voice in the election of the Abbot. Their chief work-place was the Scriptorium, where they read, or transcribed manuscripts nearly the whole day. They occasionally laboured in the fields, but chiefly dining the hay and corn harvest, and then only as amateurs, or as directors, and in discharge of what was considered an honourable duty.* There were three duties, however, which every Monk was called upon to discharge, namely, to mend his own clothes, to clean his own shoes, and to take his turn in the service of the kitchen. f Nearly the whole, then, of the hard daily labour of one of these large establishments fell in fact upon the Conversi. They were the masons (cementarii) , the smiths ( fabri ), the weavers {text ores'), the shoemakers ( sutores ), the fullers ( fullones ), the tanners ( pelliparii ), and the bakers ( furnarii ) of the Convent X- They were, moreover, the cowmen, the carters, the ploughmen, the shepherds, the vine-dressers, and the husbandmen, who carried on — always under the direction of the Monks themselves — all the works of labour on one of these great estates, of the nature and extent of which an idea may be gained Rom the enumeration in a charter of 1205 of the live stock possessed by a Sardinian Abbey, an * Institutiones Capital. Gen. Cist. Hist, xiii., cap. xi. t Us. Antiq. Ord. Cist., cap. lxxxiii., ap. Xomast. Cist., 174. Regal. S. Bened., cap. It., lvii., lxvi. X Vita S. Bernardi, lib. iv. Regul. Convers. Ord. Cist , cap. vi., xiii., xiv., xv., xvi., ap. Mart Anecd., iv., 1649, 19651, 1652. THE DOMTJS CONYEESOEITM. 11 affiliation of Clervaux of not the first rank. At the time of its foundation it was endowed with 10,000 sheep, 1000 goats, 2000 pigs, 500 cows, 200 mares, and 100 horses.* Nor, when we consider the extent of the possessions of one of our large English Abbeys of this Order, such as Fountains, or Furness, will this appear to be an exaggerated estimate of the property in live stock necessary to turn to account the land possessed by an Abbey of even only second-rate importance in these times. Very few of the Converts could either read or write, nor were they ever taught to do so ; indeed one of the regulations of the Order prohibited the instruction of the Converts in these high arts, the cultivation of which belonged to the Monks alone. Consequently they used no books during the services in the Church, in which they took little part, being under orders to recite twenty “ Pater Nosters,” and as many “ Gloria Patri,” whilst the Monks chanted the Psalms. f Moreover, of the seven different services that the Monks attended, namely, Matins, Prime, Tierce, Sext, Nones, Vespers, and Complines, the Converts were exempted from attendance at all but the first or second and the last,:}; not being called on to attend the nightly service at all. Indeed without the additional sleep and rest which was thus afforded them it would have been impossible for them to have gone through the daily work which was expected of them, and without a capacity for doing which — proved during their noviciate — they were not admitted into the Convent. # Their Chapter was held only once a week, on Sunday, after morning mass ; whereas that of the Monks was held every day. If any one had broken or lost an object of any kind, or committed any other slight fault, he confessed it at this Chapter, and was punished accordingly. This confession was followed by a short discourse, and on fete days by a sermon ; § and it is not to be wondered at that the Converts, rising at the early hour they did, and illiterate as they were, found it difficult sometimes to keep their eyes open. It is said that on one occasion, in the Xllth century, Gerard, the Abbot of Val St. Pierre, when preaching in the Chapter House, observed many of the Converts asleep ; and some even who snored. “ Listen, my friends,” he said, “ I will tell you a story that is both curious and “important: There was once a king called Arthur;” — and there he stopped. “ Now # Cart, de Clairvaux, Elemosine, xxxi. t Institutiones Ccpit. Gen. Dist. xiv., ap. Norn. Cist., cap. xvi., p. 361. X Libellis Antiq. Definit. Ord. Cist. Dist. xiy., cap. ii., ap. Nom. Cist., p. 571. § Regul. Conversorum Ord. Cist, cap iii. ap. Mart. Anecd. iv., 1618. 12 THE DOMTJS CONVERSORUM. look you,” said lie, “ what a miserable state is yours ! I speak to you of God, and you go to sleep ; I make a jest, and you wake up, and are all attention.”* * * § The clothing of a Cistercian Monk was of the simplest kind. They wore a narrow tunic which descended to the knees ; an upper robe, which covered the whole person, with wide hanging sleeves, all made of undyed wool ; a cord round the waist, stockings, and shoes, f They were forbidden to wear a frock, a fur pelisse, a shirt, a cowl, gloves, or boots. £ The Converts wore, like the Monks, the tunic, stockings, and shoes; the long robe was replaced by a cape, or shorter woollen robe ; they wore also a cowl which only covered the neck and shoulders ; but if employed in exposed work they were allowed, with the Abbot’s consent, to wear larger cowls, that covered the head ; shirts were also allowed to smiths, leather gloves to masons, woollen mittens to carters, fishermen, and vine dressers ; and in certain cases boots. § The Monks were obliged to shave at certain intervals throughout the year ; || the Converts, on the contrary, wore beards. One condition, however, characterized Monk and Convert alike : it was that of extreme dirtiness. This characteristic, however, was looked upon as a merit, and not as a matter of shame; it would almost appear, indeed, as if the expression, “ The dirtier the monk the greater the saint,” were that which best represented the prevalent opinion of those days. Under this head a chronicler supplies us with the following anecdote : — A cavalier of renown, who had entered the Order of Citeaux, had a friend equally renowned for his skill in arms, whom he exhorted to become a Monk. The latter replied in a manner that evinced, in the eyes of the Monk, great pusillanimity; “Yes, my friend,” said he, “I would willingly enter your Order, but for oue thing that I greatly fear.” “What is that?” replied the Monk. “ The vermin that fill youi’ garments,” rejoined the soldier. “ O courageous knight ! ” said the Cistercian : “ You, who in wars inspired by the devil do not fear the swords of your enemy, do you dread the weapons of this smaller militia that you encounter in the service of Jesus Christ?” The cavalier remained silent, and, ultimately convinced by his friend’s exhortations and example, joined the * Dial. Miracul. Dist. iv., cap. xxxvi., ap. Bib!. Batr. Cist, ii., 93. f Mabill., S'. Bernard. Opp. vol. i., col. 714. J Exord. Coen. Cist., cap. xy. Inst. Cap. Gen. Cist. Dist. xiii., cap. xi. Nom. Cist., pp. 353, 354. § Inst. Cap. Gen. Cist. Dist. xiv., c. 20, ap. Nom. Cist., pp. 362, 363. || Stat. Cap. Gen. Cist., ap. Mart. Anccd., iv., 1407, 1488. 'll Exord. Coen. Cist., cap. xv. THE DOMES CONVEESOEEM. 13 Order. It happened that, some time after, they met, for the first time, in the Church of St. Pierre, at Cologne. “Well,” said the older Monk, “do you still fear the vermin ? ” The new Monk, understanding the allusion, replied : “ Ah ! my friend, he sure of this, that if all the vermin of all the Monks were united on my person, they could not by their persecution drive me out of the Order.” The other, says the chronicler, greatly pleased with this answer, repeated it for the edification of his hearers wherever he went.* * * § Prom what has been said it will he understood that in every Cistercian Abbey in early times, the Conversi must have formed a considerable portion of the whole community ; and that in most Abbeys they must have been more numerous than the Monks themselves : and this conclusion is confirmed by a notice which I have recently met with, which gives the exact proportion of Monks and Converts for whom provision was made in the new Church commenced by St. Bernard in his own Abbey of Clervaux, in the year 1135 ; stalls being provided in it for 177 Monks, and for 351 Converts.! Consequently the Conversi were at this time at Clervaux twice as many in number as the Monks ; and this may be taken to be probably the true proportion that the one class bore to the other in all the larger monasteries possessed of any considerable extent of landed property. Now, it is quite certain that by far the greater part of this large body of men was lodged in the Abbey buildings, and lived under the same regulations in regard to silence, discipline, and diet as the Monks themselves ; § and although the granges situated in outlying parts of the Abbey property were always tenanted by Converts || — the Monks not being allowed, except at certain times, and for special purposes, to sleep outside the Abbey walls — yet the number of those thus occupied can only have been small compared with that of those who— as artificers, or servants, or farm-labourers cultivating the land near the Abbey, and plying their trades in the Abbey itself, or in its precincts — were fed and housed there. We know, indeed, that a building was especially provided for them in all Cistercian Monasteries, called variously, “ Domus Conversorum,” “ Refectorium Conversorum,” and “ Dormitorium Conversorum;” and we occasionally find, in * Cesar. Dialog. Miracul. Dist. iv., c. 48, ap. Bibl. Patr. Cist, ii., 98. t Meglinger. Iter Cisterciense, cap. liii. , ap. Mabillon Vetera Analecta, vol. iv. Guignard. Append. No. 18, ap. Migne, Patrol, vol. clxxxv., col. 1776. § Inst. Cap. Gen. Orel. Cist., chap, lvii., ap. Nom. Cist., p. 263. || Exord. Caenob. Cist., ebap. xv. F 14 THE DOMUS CONVEKSOKUM. the different chronicles, allusions to this building; and in some, accounts of its construction ; as in the history of Meaux Abbey, where a certain Abbot Alexander, the fourth Abbot of that Monastery, who ruled a.d. 1197-1210, is said to have completed the Converts’ Day-Doom, and to have commenced the Dormitory above it.* In what part of the Abbey, then — and this is the question which interests us — was this large body of workmen, labourers, and servants sheltered during the day, and lodged during the night ? We know that, in regard to their sleeping place, the Cistercian rule, that it should he an open dormitory, common to all, was rigorously enforced; as well as that which prescribed that their beds were to consist of a straw mattress, two woollen covers, and a pillow of only eighteen inches in length ; f and that they slept in the same clothes that they wore during the day, not even taking off their shoes and stockings 4 Where, then, was this common Day-Doom and this common Dormitory ? Which of the buildings that we know to have invariably formed the plan d’ ensemble of a Cistercian convent was the Converts’ residence ? A single glance at such a plan is sufficient to enable us to answer this question with tolerable certainty ; there is only one building in the entire group that satisfies the conditions of such a structure. There is only one apartment which is large enough to contain during the daytime this more numerous of the two distinct classes of inmates which the convent contained, and only one which afforded its necessary sleeping accommodation during the night. It is the long two-storied building which uniformly flanks the west side of the cloister, which I have erroneously denominated on my Model Plan “ Hospitium,” hut to which I propose for the future to attach the title “ Domus Conversorum.” Independently of its size, indeed, there are other particulars in this building, the consideration of which tends to bring us to the same conclusion. If we examine the other buildings of the group, we shall find, at the South-East corner of the Cloister Court, a building — invariably placed there — which corresponds so # “ Porro idem Abbas Alexander refectorium conversorum ab abbate Thoma inceptum perfecit ; et domum superiorem, scilicet dormitorium eorunaem, in clioavit.” — Chronica Monasterii de JHelsa. Yol. I., p. 326. f Exord. Coen. Cist., cap. xv. TTsusAntiq. Ord. Cist., c. lxxii. § v. Inst. Cap. Gen. Ord. Cist., cap. xxxv. ap Nom. Cist., pp. 257, 258. f TJsus Antiq. Ord. Cist., cap. lxxxii., ap. Nom. Cist., p. 185. THE DOMES CONVERSORUM. 15 closely in all respects, except in its length, with the building in question, that we can hardly resist the conclusion that it must have been built for a similar purpose. The axis of both buildings is in the same direction, namely, North and South; they are therefore parallel. They are both of two stories, the lower story in both being vaulted with plain quadripartite vaulting, which carries the floor of the upper apartment, and springs from a single row of columns in the middle, and from corbels in the side walls. The upper room in both cases is not vaulted ; * all the rooms are lighted from single windows in the side walls, one in each compartment of the vaulting below. Both have external staircases in their west walls leading to the upper room. They are of about the same height, and have the same amount of extremely plain ornamentation ; and in both cases ready access is provided to the Church, from both the upper and lower rooms. As to the nature and destination of the smaller of these two similar two-storied buildings, there can he little doubt ; it is figured in my Model Plan of a Cistercian Abbey in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects for 1871 as “The Pratry,” and described in the text as the building which contained the Monks’ Day-Boom and Dormitory ; and the external and internal evidence of a documentary and constructional nature that we have, leaves little doubt that the term Prateria, which occurs occasionally in Cistercian chronicles, could apply to no other building hut this. Its situation in the immediate vicinity of the Church, the Chapter House, and the Scriptorium, where all the daily duties of the Monks were performed, together with its perfect adaptation to the required purpose, is sufficient to satisfy us of this, even if there were not any other suitable building in the entire group to answer this end. Prom the Pratry the East walk of the cloister admitted them, through the doorway at its North end, directly into the Church, and through the contiguous entrance on its East side, into the Chapter House. And from then Dormitory a passage on the same level, either through the Scriptorium, or separated from it only by a slight partition, led directly to the South Transept of the Church, into which a flight of steps, placed in the Transept itself against its West wall, evidently for this express purpose, in all the Cistercian Churches that I know, led the Monks at night for the service of Vigils. * Exceptions to this usual practice occur in Yauclair Abbey, where the Dormitory of the Conversi is vaulted like the Day-Room ; and, in Altenberg Abbey, where the Dormitory of the Monks, now destroyed, was vaulted like their Day -Room. 16 THE DOME'S CONVEKSOBTTM. But if this building on the East side of the Cloister court he, as we cannot doubt, the dwelling of the Monks, still less, in that case, can we doubt, after all these considerations have been duly weighed, that the larger hut perfectly similar domestic building on the West side of the Cloisters was the habitation of the Converts, the larger of the two bodies into which the Convent was divided ; whose duties, although obliging them to attend one early and one late service in the Church, lay chiefly outside the Cloister court, to which, it is true, access was provided for the Converts by a single doorway, usually opening from the East side of the lower apartment, or Bay-Boom, into the West walk of the Cloister ; whilst its chief exit was on the West side, into the Abbey precincts, on that side, in fact, which lay nearest to the entrance gateway, the mill, and the secular buildings of the Convent. Having been led by this convergence of reasoning to this conclusion, we find two additional circumstances which tend to confirm it. The Monks were obliged not only to attend seven services during the daytime, of which the first was usually at about five o’clock in the morning, and the last at eight in the evening, hut also to rise in the night for a nocturnal service which was held commonly about two in the morning ; hence the provision of easy access during the night by the passage and staircase already referred to. The Converts were not called upon to attend the night service, except during Sundays and feast days, that is to say, on days when they did not work; hut they were obliged to attend every day, under stated circumstances, one or other of the early morning services, and the seventh or last daily service ; and for the former, we frequently find that access from the Dormitory to the Church, by means of a staircase, was also provided for them, hut to a different part of the Church , and a notice, which forms part of the information I have recently met with in the cartularies of Clervaux Abbey, throws light of an interesting kind upon the arrangements in regard to the accommodation provided for the two classes of conventualists in the Church. We know that the Monks sat in the Chon* of the Church, and were provided with stalls, and the seats known as “misereres;”* but we now find that in the new Church of Clervaux of a.d. 1135 the total number of seats that were provided was 805, of which 177 were in the Choir, and were occupied by the Monks, the 144 nearest the altar being appropriated to such of the Monks as were priests, or in good health, and the 33 furthest * Us. Antiq. Ord. Cist., cap. Ixxxii., ap. Nom Cist. 185. THE DOMES CONVEESOEEM. 17 from the altar being occupied by such as were infirm ; that the seats of the Converts, on the contrary, were at the extreme West end of the Church, and in number 351 ; and that the remaining 287 seats, placed in the intervening space between the Monks and the Converts, were occupied by the notices and by strangers.* And this disposition corresponds exactly with the access provided for the two classes to the Church, as well from their Day-Rooms as from their Dormitories, that for the Monks being in the Eastern part, and that for the Converts in the Western part of the Church. The other circumstance that I have referred to is of a different nature. It is stated as one of the many benefits conferred by Alexander, the fourth Abbot of Meatjx, on his Convent, that, besides finishing the Converts 5 Day-Room, and commencing their Dormitory, he also began the stone cloister of the Monks, and “ Domum Necessariam eorundem novam fecit, t That the necessary building thus referred to is sometimes found in connection with, or in immediate contiguity with the Monks 5 Eratry is certain; but the similar convenience equally provided for the Domus Conversorum is often, being for the use of a larger number of persons, a much more imposing structure. We have them both at Eountains Abbey; but in most Abbeys the latter only is left. At Eountains this building stands at right angles to the Domus Conversorum on its East side, and at its extreme North end; and is, like the latter, of two stories, with access both above and below from the Day-Room and Dormitory. It is placed over a branch of the stream especially appropriated to sanitary purposes. At Durness Abbey we have the traces of a similar building of less size, similarly placed, and similarly pro- vided with a drain and water supply. We have, then, in these two buildings, namely, the dwelling place of the Monks and that of the Converts, good examples of the manner in which the Architects of the Xllth century provided for building requirements of this special kind. On turning to the Model Plan given in Part I., and on comparing them with the other buildings forming with them the Cloister square, we find that, whereas the axis of the Church, and Chapter House stands East and West, that of these two domestic buildings stands North and South; and that whilst the two former have transversely the tripartite division, so much favoured in * Ghiignard. Appendix No. 13, ap. Migne Patrol, yol. clxxxv., col. 1776. Meglinger, Iter Cisterciense, cap. liii., ap. Mabill., Vetera Analecta, yol. iv. t Chronica Monasterii de Melsd, yol. i., p. 326. 18 THE DOME'S CONVEESOETJM. sacred buildings, these two domestic buildings are divided by a single row of columns down the building transversely into two compartments. I have selected for the illustration of this building three examples of the Domus Conversorum, taken from Fountains Abbey, in Yorkshire; Vauclair Abbey in the Department of Aisne. in Prance ; and Durness Abbey in Lancashire. They diff er considerably in size, but correspond closely in their proportions and general characteristics. The first thing that strikes us is their great length in comparison with then* width, the average proportion of the former to the latter in these three instances being as seven or eight to one. It is obvious that one object aimed at in this arrangement was the additional means of lighting and ventilating the Day-Room, that was afforded by this prolongation of the building to the South ; all that part of it which projected beyond the Cloisters, having windows on hoth sides; whilst that which adjoined the Cloisters was lighted only on one side. It was probably the better lighted portion of the Day-Room that was occupied by Converts employed as handicrafts-men, and in which they plied their different trades; a conjecture which is confimed by the fact that the chief means of exit is, in the case of both Fountains and Vauclair Abbeys, provided in that part of the building which we presume to be occupied by those who were employed in the labour of the farm, and outside work. We can well imagine the issuing forth of this large body of workmen, after their return to the Day-Room from attendance at early morning prayers, through the three great doorways that were provided in the West wall of the building for this purpose ; but the scene which presented itself in the interior of these buildings, after the day’s work was ended, and when the voiceless crowd which filled it had reassembled under its low-vaulted roof, previously to retiring in silent procession, under the marshalling of their superintendent, the “ magister conversorum,” up their stone staircase, to the common Dormitory above, is not so easily imagined. It is difficult, in fact, to picture to ourselves a crowd of garrulous Drench workmen of the present day from the adjoining town of Laon, for example, converted into the solemn assemblage of silent woollen-robed zealots that filled, of an evening, the Day-Room of Vauclair Abbey, and submitted themselves voluntarily to the rigorous self-restraint, the rigid abstinence, and the oppressive silent system of Cistercian rule in the Xllth century ; and yet it was to this nation, whose chief characteristic in ancient as well as in modern times, seems to have been not only the abundant use of their vocal powers, but the ability with which they employed THE D OMIJS CONVERSORUM. 19 them, that this Order owed its origin, and, for many years of its early history, its chief support. We can, however, perfectly well realise the effect of this building, when empty, as an architectural design ; for, of the three examples I have chosen to illustrate the subject, the Domus Conversorum of Fountains and Yauclair Abbeys remains in each case entire, and in a tolerably unaltered condition ; while that of Furness Abbey, the existence of which was not even suspected some years ago, but which has been recovered by means of excavations carried on according to the plan of it which I laid down in 1850, is now capable of complete restoration ; and the two interior perspective views of the first, and the last, (. Plates 4 and 5), and the longitudinal elevation and sections of the second, (. Plates 2 and 3) which I give, enable us to form a tolerably correct idea of the aspect of this building as it exists at Fountains and Yauclair at the present time, and as it existed at Furness when it was first built. The Domus Conversorum at Fountains Abbey is the longest and the largest that I know ; the Day Doom is nearly 300 feet in length, and 44 in width : the Dormitory above it being of the same dimensions. It has a small building attached to its West wall, which appears to have contained a porch, as well as a small vaulted room, with a fire-place, that was, in all probability, the residence of the Magister Conversorum; and it was over this small dwelling, evidently part of the original design, that the stairs passed which led to the Dormitory. The Day- Room contains sixteen compartments in length, and is vaulted with plain pointed quadripartite vaulting, the ribs of which, continued to the ground, form the low piers from which it springs, which have no capitals, and but a very s im ple moulding as base. The Dormitory, as was almost invariably the case, was unvaulted, and was in all probability open to the ridge of the roof. It contained no fire-place, or any other means of warmth — a luxury that was strictly forbidden by the rules of the Order.* The windows and doorways in the Northern half of the Day-Room are circular-headed ; the windows in the Southern half are pointed ; but in the Dormitory above the whole of the windows are circular. Both are in all probability — the circular ones certainly — contemporaneous with the pointed * Stat. Cap. Gen. Cist. 1482, ap. Mart. Anecd., iv., 1639. 20 THE DOME'S CONVERSORUM. I vaulting, in accordance with the practice of the builders of the early part of the Transitional Period. Both the Day-Boom and the Dormitory possessed access to the Church at its Western portion by a doorway in the North wall; that from the Dormitory descended by stairs through the thickness of the wall, and probably to the floor of the Church by others which are now destroyed ; and the way in which the mouldings of the Pier-bases are stopped throughout the Western part of the Nave leaves no doubt that this portion of the Church was screened off in some way that is now not quite apparent, but which may, if carefully investigated, be found to corroborate the fact which I have alluded to in regard to the provision made in St. Bernard’s Church at Clervaux for the Converts’ seats at the West end of the Nave. One branch of the river, devoted to sanitary purposes, and diverted to this end from the main stream, passes first under the Domus Necessaria, and then under the south end of the Domus Conversorum by two fine tunnels, the circular arches of which raise the floor of the Day-Boom, where they pass it, somewhat above its ordinary level. There is no ornamentation whatever in this building, if we except a few incised floriated scrolls of Transitional character, scarcely perceptible, just below the spring of the vaulting ribs on some of the piers and corbels in the Southern portion of the building ; they are sufficient, however, to mark its character and probable date, which I am inclined to fix at about a.d. 1175, though its Northern portion is probably a few years earlier than its Southern part. The Abbey of Vatic lair, an affiliation of Clervaux, was founded in the year 1134 by a certain Count de Boussy. Little is known of its history, and of its conventual remains the Domus Conversorum is the principal one that is left standing ; it is used now as a granary, and has been partially altered to serve this purpose. It is partly buried by accumulations both inside and outside the building, and is row divided by partition walls, so that it is difficult to realize its true proportions. It must, in its original condition, have been one of the finest and most complete structures of the kind of the Xllth century. The double vaulting, of both lower and upper stories, which has been already noticed as rarely exceptional, rests in the usual manner upon a central row of piers, and on corbels on the walls ; it is, as usual, quadripartite in form, with elegantly moulded groin-ribs. The piers are single columns, with hollow-necked capitals, THE DOMES CONVERSOREM. 21 carrying the simplest form of early foliage, a few plain leaves. The pointed windows of the lower story {Plate 2) are in all probability later insertions, the upper triplet of the Dormitory story — consisting of a plain circular window above two plain circular- headed windows — being undoubtedly original, and reminding us strongly of the similar arrangement in the east ends of the Transeptal Chapels of Fountains and Kirkstall Abbey Churches,* of somewhat earlier date. The square openings in the gable end {Plate 3 ) are most likely modern. The whole of the windows are, with the above exceptions, circular-headed, whilst the whole of the arches of construction are, according to the almost invariable rule of the Transitional Period, pointed. The design belongs to the latter part of this Period, and dates probably from about the year of our Lord 1170. The circumstances under which the excavations were commenced which led to the discovery of the remains of the Domus Conversorum of Purness Abbey are recounted in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association of 1851. They were due to the assertion that I made at the Meeting of the Association, held at Lancaster in the summer of 1850, that in all probability traces of the long building, which exists on the West side of the Cloister Court of all other Cistercian Abbeys, would be found below the sod of the field which lay on the South side of the Church of Furness Abbey, if they were properly sought for. The extract which is given below is a foot-note (on p. 369 of No. XX1Y. of that Journal) of the Paper which I contributed to the Journal on the Ruins of Furness Abbey in January, 1851. f Since that note was written the site of this building has been thoroughly explored and its walls laid bare, and the result has completely verified the anticipations then expressed, and enabled me to present in these illustrations the * Yid. Decorated Windows. Text, p. 12. Yan Yoorsfc; London, 1849. t On the 27th November (1850), the Rev. R. Grwyllim, of Elverston, having organized a party for the purpose of exploring the site of the supposed building, and having obtained the consent of the Earl of Burlington, the noble owner of the site, to mate the necessary excavations, invited the writer of this Paper to accompany the party, and to verify his assertion. The imaginary ground-plan of the building having been marked out, the supposed situation of the first three central columns was pegged out and fixed upon for the commencement of operations. The sod having been removed to the extent of six feet square over these centres, which were taken at a distance of 14 feet from one another, a mixed party, consisting of excavators, clergymen, and amateurs, commenced the search ; and in the course of an hour, and at a depth of six feet from the surface, their Californian assiduity was rewarded by the discovery, in succession, I., of the bases of the three Piers, standing in situ ; II., of the original stone floor of the building ; and, III., of the broken half of one of the capitals of the central Piers. Subsequently the floor of the building was cleared next the Church, and the bases of the shafts on the side and end walls laid bare ; Gr 22 THE DOMES CONYEESOEUM. plan of tliis Domus Couversomm, and a perspective view of its correct restoration. (Plate 6.) It will be seen that this building, although the smallest of the three, resembles the other two examples in its proportions and in its general treatment, the chief difference being found in its piers, and in the lateral responds which carry the vaulting, which are of a peculiar and interesting kind. The Pier, in fact, consists of a central column, in some cases circular, and in others octagonal, with four completely detached satellite shafts, the whole being united under one capital, which, with its square abacus and inverted cones, presents one of the common forms of early and middle Transitional work, whilst the pier itself presents in its plan one of the earliest examples of what became the common clustered pier of the succeeding period. The wall responds are in plan exactly the half of one of the central piers. All the arches of Decoration in this building were circular, and those of Construction pointed, according to the almost invariable rule in works of this particular date in the Transitional Period. It belongs to the middle of the Period, circa 1160, and is probably ten or fifteen years earlier than the other two examples. No other examples of the Domus Conversorum exist in England in a complete state ; but there are traces of one at Jeryaulx Abbey of thirteen compartments in length, and of one at Kirkstall Abbey of probably eleven compartments in length, both of earlier character than those here given. Two excellent examples in Benedictine Abbeys occur on the west side of the cloisters of Durham and Chester Cathedrals ; both are of nearly the same date as that of the three examples illustrated in this work, and are very similar in their proportions and general treatment, and both are, as far as regards their lower story, in a good state of preservation. a portion also of tlie West wall of the building was traced for a short distance, and the lower part of the window, its jamb, and the string-course below it were discovered. Lastly, as it was now proved that 14ft. 4in. was the real distance from centre to centre of the compartments, a venture was made at a distance of 201 ft., or seven compartments from the South wall of the Church, and in a direct line with the discovered Piers, to ascertain whether any trace of the building existed to this extent ; and exactly below the spot indicated was discovered an octagonal column, standing in situ. Whether this column forms part of the same, or of an additional building may, perhaps, be doubtful ; the discovery, however, of so much as is now brought to light, enables us to restore with tolerable certainty the main features of the huildiug, and fully justifies the prosecution of the excavations to the extent of laying bare the whole of the floor, and so much of the walls as remains .” — Journal of the JBrit. Arch. Assoc”- Jan. 31st, 1851, p.p. 369, 370. THE DOMTTS CONVERSORUM. 23 It is hoped, however, that the publication of these three examples will serve suffi- ciently to show how the architects of the Middle Ages met the demand that arose from the necessity of providing for building requirements of a domestic kind, and of a special nature, at a period of great interest in the history of European art, which we profess to emulate — not always successfully — at the present day. It is my intention to fill up, at intervals, the outline presented in the first part of this work, by describing and illustrating, separately and in succession, the different secular and domestic buildings which make up the entire group of a Cistercian Monastery. They are all buildings which find their parallels in modern work, and they all supply valuable hints for structural requirements which archi tects are called upon every day to provide for. There is, for example, next to the Church, the Chapter House — the Council Chamber, or Board Boom as we should probably now call it — of the whole establish- ment : there is, moreover, the dark Lock-up or Penitentiary adjoining it, where misdemeanants sentenced in the former were confined on bread and water. There was the Lomus Monachorum, or Eratry, containing the Lay-Boom and Lormitory of the Monks ; the Kitchen of the Convent, with its double fireplaces, and its grand Chimney ; the Befectory or great Lining Hall of the whole Convent ; the Buttery Hatches, and Store Booms, whence the inmates were served with their daily rations ; and the Lavatory, where they performed their ablutions. Beside these normal buildings that surround the Cloister Court, there was the Abbot’s Besidence, his Kitchen, and his Chapel, and, in the larger Monasteries his Hall of Justice, of which the fragments of the two noble examples that exist at Fountains and Furness attest the magnificence, and the fitness as types for secular halls of another kind at the present day. There were also the Hospital or Infirmary of the Convent, and its Hospitium or Guest House. The whole of these works, their collective and separate design, the excellence and simplicity of their distinctive treatment, the convenience and fitness of their arrangements, the completeness of their water-supply, drainage, and ventilation, and other sanitary provisions, are all full of suggestive information to the architect of the present day, who may have to lay out buildings of cognate character where a large number of persons are to he assembled together, such as Hospitals, Gaols, Lunatic Asylums, Public Halls, and Alms Houses. z < _J a ui a o 5 CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. [ATJLBROICN ABBET GERMANY PLANS OF THE CHURCHES AND CLAUSTRAL BUILDINGS OF 21 CISTERCIAN ABBEYS IN FRANCE, ENGLAND GERMANY AND SPAIN. Plate 11 / BYL.41NB ABBRY CHURCH. RNGI.AN1K BORE ABBEY ENGLAND * ‘ ' * f + 4 4 *. ->4 XIII fr /< ALTENBERG ABBEY 1 4 • . 4 ' 4 4 4 4 l xx BROMBACH ABBEY GERMANY tfS. A 1 F 5 M - * !' * * i i * * i * M i * * i i * ♦ i i * * | VI C.F.Kell, Pkoto-Lith. Castle HolL orn.E.C. j ** • ■1 w CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. Plate HI. RIDDAGSHAUSEN DORE 1 ■ jjP ■p am P ■ BROMBACH V ERU ELA K I RKSTALL ROCHE FONTEN AY LdnX SKa.rpe CROX DEN C.F Kell Lith London EC DIAGRAM SHEWING THE SPACE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE UPPER WALLS OF 15 OF THE FOREGOING 21 CISTERCIAN ABBEY CHURCHES. TOim ITIONAL PERIOD 4 «► (o ui or D l- O LU I- O QL < O a f- U) I w Slia,rpe. C.F. Kell, Pkoto-Lith. London. E.C. TRANSITIONAL PERIOO. LjJ dc D I- O UJ x o DC < 2 < O DC U1 I- l/l O DQMUS CONVERSORUiVI, FURNESS ABBEY. INTERIOR VIEW. -.4 ■ - ** TRANSITIONAL PERIOD. C.F. Kell, Pkoto-Litk Castle S fc Holborn.E.C. 1 X o Cd ZD X o > LxJ CD m < Q z ljJ I- iS) < LxJ X o < QC CD LxJ G.F Kell, Photolath C&stLe Ho]born,Ei.C. CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE Edm^ S'ha.rpi CT.iCeu Hh.oto-iiik Castle S* Hoiborn, E. C DORE ABBEY CHURCH, EASTERN CHAPELS. C.F.Kell.Ptoto-Litk Castle S t Holborn,E. C . J CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE. -tcWf Sharpe Tel . U.t Kell Photo IAh,Lcmalmi_E C. 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