EX BIBLIOTHECA FRANCES A. YATES HOMER ILIAD, BOOKS I-XII D. B. MONRO HENRY P^ROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.G. (Uew 2)orft MACMILLAN & CO., 66 FIFTH AVENUE HOMER ILIAD, BOOKS I-XII IV/ T// A AT INTRODUCTION, A BRIEF HOMERIC GRAMMAR, AND NOTES BY D. B. MONRO, M.A. Provost of Oriel College, Oxford Honorary Doctor of Laws in the University of Glasgow FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS MDCCCXCIV ^All rights reserved] PRrNTi:D AT THECLARENDON I'RESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITV THL GETTV CtHTER LiBi^ARY PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The aim of this book is to furnish a companion volume to Mr. Merry's school edition of the Odyssey. The text is based upon that of W. Dindorf (Oxford, 1856), but several changes have been made, chiefly from the critical edition of La Roche. The introductory sketch of Homeric grammar and the notes on the first book have been reprinted (with a few corrections) from the edition of the first book already published in the Clarendon Press Series. In commenting upon the simple and polished language of Homer there are few temptations to forget the natural limits of a school-book. It may be thought that these limits have been transgressed in the part of the Introduction which treats of the date and composition of the poems. The defence must be that the subject is one to which thoughtful students are sure to be attracted ; that it is also one in which, amid much doubtful speculation, they are especially in need of guidance; and that the few points which rest upon definite and solid evi- dence admit of being stated within a very moderate compass. The Editor is under deep obligations to two friends, Mr. R. W. Raper, of Trinity, and Mr. W. H. Forbes, of Balliol, both of whom read through the Notes in proof, and made very many valuable criticisms and additions. D. B. M. Oxford, J'tme 17, 1884. CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction xi Peculiarities of Homeric Grammar :— Forms of the Verb. § I. Introductory — Definitions xxxix § 2. Person-Endings xl § 3. The Second Aorist ib. § 4. The Reduplicated Second Aorist . . . xli § 5. The Aorists in a and kq. . , . . . , ib, § 6. The Perfect xlii § 7. The Pluperfect xliii § 8. The Present and Imperfect ib. § 9. The First Aorist . . . . . . . xlv § 10. Iterative Tenses ib. § II. Reduplication and Augment ib. § 12. The Future xlvi § 13. The Subjunctive xlvii § 14. The Optative xlviii § 15. The Infinitive Declension. § J 6. The Vocative xlix § 17. The Nominative § 18. The Accusative i^- § 19. The Genitive 1 § 20. The Dative § 21. Forms in <^f(v) §22. Irregular Declension of Nouns . . . , ib. viil CONTENTS. PAGE. § 23. Declension of Pronouns .... . lii § 24. Adverbial Endings . liii Meanings of the Tenses. § 25. The Aorist . . . . Iv § 26. § 27. The Present and Imperfect . Ivi § 28. Transitive and Intransitive Tenses . Meanings of the Moods. § 29. The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses . Ivii § 30- The Optative in Principal Clauses . . Iviii § 31. Use of dV and k(v in Principal Clauses . id. § 32. Subordinate Clauses .... . lix § 33. The Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses . . Ix § 34- The Optative in Subordinate Clauses . Ixi § 35- dV and fcev w^ith the Future Indicative . Ixii § 36. The Infinitive . id. The Cases. § 37- The Accusative . Ixiii § 38. The Dative ...... . Ixv § 39- The Genitive . i/?. § 40- The Case-forms in -(pi{v) .... . Ixvi § 4^- Prepositions— Tmesis .... Ixvii § 42. Prepositions with Nouns .... . Ixviii § 43. Compound Prepositions .... . Ixix Uses of the Pronouns. § 44- The Personal Pronouns .... . Ixix § 45. o8€, K€lVOS, OVTOS ..... . Ixx §46. . id. § 47. The Article . Ixxi § 48. The Relative os i] 0 . Ixxiii § 49- . id. CONTENTS. Metre and Quantity. § 50. Caesura j^.^ § 51. Hiatus, Elision, Contraction, &c Ixxv §52. Position 1^^^. § 53. Doubtful Vowels i^^^-^ § 54- Digamma § 55. Doubling of Consonants Ixxviii Dialect and Style. § 56. The Epic Dialect Ixxix § 57. Parataxis Ixxxi § 58. Anacoluthon Ixxxii § 59. Litotes ........ Ixxxiii § 60. Oxymoron Ixxxiv ILIAD, Books I-XII ........ i NOTES ..... 0 ..... 247 INTRODUCTION. DATE AND COMPOSITION OF THE HOMERIC POEMS. Date of Homer. It is maintained by Herodotus (2. 53) that Hesiod and Homer were the most ancient Greek poets, and that they were not more than 400 years older than himself. It is evident from the controversial tone in which this is said that the general belief in the time of Herodotus inclined to an earlier date, and that there were other poets — probably the fabulous Orpheus, Linus, &c. — who were supposed to be of still higher antiquity. It is certain, however, that neither Herodotus nor his contemporaries had access to any trust- worthy records of the matter in dispute. The many rival opinions about the date and native place of Homer have no value to us beyond the light which they throw on the position occupied by the Homeric poems in the Greece of historical times. Fame and authority of Homer. Evidence of the early importance and popularity of Homer may be found in various notices, chiefly in Herodotus and Thucydides. Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon (600-560 B.C.), having been at war with Argos, put down the contests of rhapsodists in Sicyon * on account of the poetry of Homer, because it is all about Argos and the Argives ' (Hdt. 5. 67). As Sicyon had become a Dorian city before the time of Cleisthenes, the fact that part of the entertainment at its public festivals consisted of the recitation of an Ionic poet is of the greatest significance. When the Spartan and Athenian envoys went to ask Gelon of Syracuse to join them against the Persians, and he oflFered his aid on condition of holding the chief command, the Spartan is said to have answered in Homeric language, and with^ an appeal to the Homeric tradition: § k€ /xey* olixco^eiev 6 UeXoTribrjs xii DATE AND COMPOSITION OF POEMS. ^ Ay a jjLefjLvcdv irvdofi^vos k,t.\, (Hdt. 7. 159). The Athenian simi- larly rested his claim on the verses of the Iliad (2. 553 f.), in which Menestheus is said to have been the ^ best of all who came against Troy in setting an army in battle array ' (Hdt. 7. i6i). With these passages may be compared the mention in Aristotle {Rbet, i. 15, 13) of the dispute between Athens and Megara for the possession of Salamis, in which the Athenians appealed to the testimony of Homer. The passage quoted was of course the verse (II. 2. 558) in which it is said that Ajax ^ placed his ships where the ranks of the Athenians had their station.' In support of the theory that Helen never was in Troy, but remained all the time in Egypt, Herodotus endeavours to show that this version was known to Homer, though not adopted by him. In the course of his argument he quotes three passages, II. 6. 289-292, Od. 2. 227-230, and Od. 2. 351-2. Both poems are named, and the quotation from the Iliad is said to be eV Aioju/jSeo? apia-Tcir], i. e. in the part where Diomede holds the chief place. This is a form of reference which presumes a knowledge, not only of the Iliad as a whole, but also of the characteristic features by which a particular episode is distinguished from the rest of the poem\ The attitude of Thueydides towards Homer is somewhat more critical, at least in regard to the details of the narrative. Thus in quoting Homer for the statements that Agamemnon had the largest number of ships (11. 2. 576), and moreover furnished the Arcadians with ships (II. 2. 612 ff.), he adds the caution et tco Uavos T€K[jLr]pLci)(rai. Nevertheless the sketch of pre-historic Greece with which Thueydides begins his history is mainly founded on the indications of the Iliad and Odyssey. Homer and mythology. The importance of Homer for mythology is especially insisted upon by Herodotus. * It was ^ The difficulty that has been made because the title Aio/jir]d(o^ dpKTTda was confined by later critics to the fifth book is unreal. The formula kv Aiofxrjdfos dpiarfLTj does not imply a definite division into books or ' cantos/ but means ' in the par4: where Diomede is the dpio)St a of historical times — the essential features of which were that several competing pa\l/(o^oL declaimed portions of Homer at a great religious festival — may be traced with certainty up to the sixth century B.C., but not much higher. We have found it in existence about that time in Delos, at Athens, at Sicyon, and (probably) at Syracuse. If we could accept the common belief in hereditary recitation by the Homeridae, we should be able to add Chios, and to carry the practice back for some genera- tions. But here, as has been shown, the evidence fails us. To fill up this blank in our knowledge— to carry us back over the space which separates Homer from the Delian festival— we must have recourse to evidence of a different kind. We must compare these historical rhapsodists with such corre- sponding forms of art as we find in Homeric times. How far (we have to ask) can the rhapsodists be thought to represent the manner in which the immortal song of Homer first fell upon the ears of Greek listeners ? ^ Cp. also Plato, Phaedr. p. 252 ; and Isocrates, p. 218 F. It may be added that the stories about Creophylus as the com- panion of Homer, from whose descendants the poems passed to Lycurgiis, &c., are inconsistent with the belief in a family sprung from Homer himself, and retaining the poems as a kind of heirloom. 2 Max. Tyr. 23, 5 h^pl jxev yap ij ^Tr&prrj paif^M, oipl ml 77 ^<^F>ri- b xviii DATE AND COMPOSITION OF POEMS. Homeric singers. In order to understand the form and the external conditions of epic poetry in its early prime, it is only necessary to study the vivid pictures of the Odyssey, Two of the most prominent figures in the poem are professional * singers' (dotSot), and there are many incidental references to the calling. What, then, is the result of comparing these Homeric singers and their songs with the rhapsodists and * rhapsody' of the sixth and succeeding centuries ? It is that the two things are unlike in almost every circumstance. The word pa\//'a)5dff cannot be traced in Homer: the symbol of their calling is not the wand of laurel, but the lyre {Kidapn, (^dp/ii-)/^), which serves to accompany the voice. Great re- ligious gatherings are unknown : the Homeric audience is not the crowd at a festival, but the company of guests in the palace of a king or chieftain. Accordingly there is nothing analogous to the competitive displays of skill which were so familiar afterwards. Only one singer appears at a time, and the plan of distributing a poem between several performers has evidently not been thought of. Above all, the style and manner of the performance are profoundly different \ The epic song of Homeric times was the ideal of narraffve : as Alcinous says to Ulysses (Od. ii. 368) — Hence it is characterised by simplicity, repose, evenness of movement, with a certain difFuseness, and especially a fondness for repeating stock passages and conventional turns of ex- pression. The interest is not intense or concentrated, as in the drama. The recitation of the rhapsodists, on the other hand, was markedly dramatic and sensational. The mere cir- cumstance that it was addressed to a vast open-air gathering called for tones and gestures which would have been out of place at an ancient Homeric banquet. But the character of the audience had undergone further changes, part of the general change from the quasi-feudal to the industrial and ^ This point is brought out by Nutzhorn, with the combination of knowledge and literary judgment which distinguishes his treatment of Homeric matters : see pp. 74-99 {-Die Unzuldnglichkeit der Rhapsodenvortrdge) . HOMERIC SINGERS, xix democratic condition of Greek society. The Homeric singer had to amuse the abundant leisure enjoyed in time of peace by a warlike and aristocratic class : the rhapsodist furnished entertainment for the few days of a popular holiday. Homeric poetry, in short, belongs to an age in which the art of the rhapsodist — which we find everywhere in the 6th century- was still unknown. Poems attributed to Homer. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, which ancient scholars (with one or two excep- tions) agreed in regarding as the work of Homer, various poems were at one time or another ascribed to him. Herodotus, in a passage already referred to (2. 117), argues against the Homeric authorship of the Cypria, on the ground of a contradiction which he finds between it and the Iliad. In another place he quotes * Homer in the EpigonP (4. 32), but implies a doubt whether that poem was really Homer's. We have already seen that the poet Gallinus attributed the Thebais to Homer : and Pausanias, who gives us this information, adds that many high authorities agreed with him. In the case of other epics there were stories current which connected them in some secret way with Homer. Thus the Capture of (Echalia passed under the name of Creophylus of Samos ; but according to a story which is at least as old as Callimachus, it was composed by Homer and given to Creo- phylus in return for hospitality (Strab. xiv. p. 638). Similarly the Little Iliad and the Phocais were said to have been given by Homer to Thestorides of Phocaea, with whom (according to the Phocseans) he lived for some time. And Stasinus, the reputed author of the Cypria, was said to have received the poem from Homer as the dowry of his daughter. Of the minor poems the most celebrated was the Margites, which is treated by Aristotle (Poet. 4) as undoubtedly Homeric. Several other light or sportive pieces {Tralyvia) are ascribed to him by ancient Grammarians— among them the extant Batra- chomyomachia, and the so-called Epigrams. These last are of considerable interest as popular rhymes, or folk-lore in verse, connected for the most part with different Ionian cities. Finally, the Hymns, or 7rpoot>ta, if we may judge from the b 2 XX DATE AND COMPOSITION OF POEMS. reference of Thucydides (3. 104) to the Hymn to Apollo, were anciently supposed to be the work of Homer. From these facts it has been inferred by modern scholars that the mune'^O fxrjpos did not originally denote an individual, but an * eponymous * or representative personage, standing for the class of poetry of which the I/iad and Odyssey are the great examples. The evidence, however, does not carry us so far as this. It is true that numerous poems were, at different times and places, ascribed to Homer; but this is only the natural result of the attraction of a great name. To say that at one time all epic poetry was regarded indiscriminately as * Homeric * is a great exaggeration. The real representatives of ancient opinion — Aristotle and the Alexandrian critics — give no countenance to such a view ^, Cyclic poems. Since the Iliad covers a very small part of the War of Troy — not including the actual taking of the city, — and the Odyssey deals with the fortunes of one only of the heroes, there was ample room left for other poets who desired to take their subjects from the Trojan history. Accordingly Arctinus of Miletus was the author of two poems, the JRthiopis (which related the last exploits and death of Achilles), and the Sack of Troy ['Wlov ncpaLs), The last part of the siege was also the subject of the Little Iliad, generally attributed to Lesches of Mytilene, of which Ulysses appears to have been the hero. The Cypria related the earlier part of the story, beginning with the origin of the war, and dwelling especially on the adventures of Paris and Helen. It brought down the narrative to the point where it is taken up by the Iliad. Parallel to the Odyssey, again, but beginning ^ Much has been made in this connection of the statement of Proclus (in his Life of Llomer) that ' the ancients ascribe the kvkXos also to him'; which has been understood to mean that all the poems of the so-called 'Epic Cycle' were thought at one time to be Homeric. This however is open to manifold objections. The 'ancients* referred to by Proclus— doubtless the Alexandrian critics — invariably assume that the * Cyclic' poems are later than Homer; and the kvkXos intended is in all probability not the Epic Cycle, but one of the short pieces commonly believed to be Homeric (see the Journal of Hellenic Stiuiies, vol. iv. p. 325). CYCLIC POEMS. xxi at an earlier point, the Nostoi described the ^ returns ' of the other heroes, especially Agamemnon and Menelaus. Finally the Telegonia of Eugammon formed a sequel to the Odjyjsey, and closed the heroic order of things. In comparatively late times—probably long after the period of the Alexandrian critics — a number of poems, and extracts from poems, were arranged in the form of a versified chronicle, embracing the whole mythical history, from the beginning of the world to the death of Ulysses. This compilation was known as the Epic Cycle {enLKos kvkXos), perhaps because it had a place in the round of subjects (ra ey/cv/cXia) which were the staple of education. For the Trojan part of the history the poems just mentioned were laid under contribution ; and indeed it is to this fact that our knowledge of them is chiefly due. The I/iad and Odyssey were taken into the Cycle in their entirety. The fact that the other six epics of the Trojan part furnished together only 29 Books, as against the 48 of Homer, will give an idea of the relative estimation in which the poets were held by the ancients ^ Scanty as is our knowledge of these ancient poems, there is enough to show, both that they followed the lines laid down in the Iliad and Odyssey, and also that they contained much matter of a distinctly post-Homeric character. Under the latter head may be mentioned the Attic legends of Theseus, his grandsons Demophon and Acamas, and Ariadne; the legends (probably local in the Troad) of the Judgment of Paris, and the escape of ^neas from Troy; the stories of Iphigenia,Telephus, Palamedes, Medea, Penthesileia, Memnon, Laocoon, Cassandra; the wider geography, especially the acquaintance with the northern shores of the Euxine ; the ap- pearance of usages and beliefs unknown to Homer, such as purification from homicide, the resort to oracles, and (above all) the worship of heroes as beings of a semi-divine nature. ^ It does not follow that the poetical value of these ancient poems was small. Indeed the fact that they were preserved for so many centuries is a sufficient testimony to their merit. scriptor cyclicus of Horace {A. P. 136) is not one of them, and has nothing to do with the Epic Cycle. If any single poet is meant by the phrase, it is either Antimachus or one of the later Alexandrian school. XXli DATE AND COMPOSITION OF POEMS. In these and other points the ' cyclic ' poems help to bridge over the gulf which separates the age of Homer from the earliest records, and thus furnish indirect evidence of the antiquity of the Homeric poems. Wolf's theory of Homer. The 'higher criticism' of Homer — by which is meant the modern series of enquiries into the history and structure of the poems — owes its origin to the illustrious scholar Friedrich August Wolf, whose treatise entitled Prolegomena ad Homerum was published at Halle in the year 1795. In this work — one of the few to which the term * epoch- making' may be unreservedly given — Wolf maintained that the Iliad and Odyssey were not composed at once, or by a single hand, but reached their present form by means of numerous additions and developments, the work of successive * Homeridae ' and rhapsodists. The period of formation, in his view, was brought to a close by the collection and arrange- ment of the scattered rhapsodies, which is said to have been carried out under the direction of Pisistratus. Thenceforth minor improvements were made by * arrangers* {biacrKcv- aiTTai)y until the time of the Alexandrian grammarians; after whom the text remained unaltered except by the minute emendations of critical scholars. It is to be observed that Wolf did not abandon the belief in a great individual poet. He supposed an * author ' of the poems, by whom the thread of the story was carried down a certain way (p. cxxiii). He even allows the name * Homer' to stand for the composer of the * greater part of the rhapso- dies ' (p. cxxxv). Very little, indeed, is said in the Prolegomena on this part of the question ; but in the Preface to an edition of the Iliad published in the same year he expresses the opinion that in both Iliad and O^jj^^ * the web was started and the weaving carried on for some way ' by the original poet ; but * where the new threads of the woof begin, perhaps will never be determined.' In any case, he adds, it is clear that Homer is the author of nothing beyond the greater part of the poems ; the rest is due to Homeridae, Pisistratidae, dia- iea), ^apeca, fxapfxaipco, 7ra/x0aiVa), the nouns anoLva, ye(pvpa, KaoraiTepos, Xoiyoy, podos, (fyrjyosy XaLyj/ijpoSj (dOcoSy €Kr}l36Xos, €KaT09y arc peculiar to the Iliad ; the nouns rjXeKTpov, eXnts, i\n(i)pT]y eV^rJ?, dyz/of, SeovdrjSy to the Odyssey. The verb Xeyo) in the sense of telling is confined to the Odyssey (see on II. 2. 222) : also XP^^ (xP^^^/^"0 oracular answers. PECULIARITIES OF HOMERIC GRAMMAR. FORMS OF THE VERB. § 1. Introductory — Definitions. 1. A Greek Verb consists in general of — (1) The Stem, giving the Predicate, i.e. the thing asserted (commanded, wished, &c.). (2) The Person-Ending, giving the Subject, about which the assertion (command, wish, &c.) is made. E. g. (f)a'^€u r)- is the Stem of (/)7;-/ii / say, ^T^h ^-^^-J^, €'(f)r]-s, €-(j)r) — the forms of the Sing. Indie. Active. (i) <|>d- is the Stem in all other parts of the Verb. So in the regular Verbs in -/xi, SLsla-Trj-fii, Plur. tara-^ep, &c. : also el-ni I gOy Plur. t-/ier, &c. ; €'^r)-v 1 r]-crda thou didst say : the Pf. oldOa : and a few other forms. 3 Sing, -uliy) appears in the Subj., chiefly where the I Sing, takes -jxt, edeXrj-o-L, rvxV'O'h ('lirrj-ai, dydyr]-(ri, evdrj^aiy Pd\Tj'(Tiy Trddrj-CTL ; also erj-ai (eV-), iD'Cri, dayrj-cn and SaJ-trt. 3 Plur. The Verbs in -fii form in the Pres. Indie, lo-rdai (for i(TTa-VTij laTa-vaLjy rt^eio-i, dibovariy ^cvyvvdi; (not, as in Attic, TiBe-do-i, dido-dcrLy ^evyvv-dari). Non-Thematic Past Tenses often take -v (for -rr), as '4-^d-v, e-TiSe-j/y e-^d-v, rjyepOe-v ; but the form in -(rdv is also common in Homer. Note that the vowel before this -y is always short : e^rj-o-av, but e/3a-i/, &C. The 3 Plur. Middle ends in -drai, -dro after consonants and I, as T€T€vx-ciTaiy dcdal-arai, Trvdoi-aro I sometimes after u, rj, as elpv-arai, /SfiSXj^-arai. After a, €, o, we find only -rrai, -vto. The Imper. Endings -Tcoa-av, -a-dcoaav are post-Homeric. § 3. The Second Aorist. A. Without Thematic Foqjuel, The Active forms of this Tense are mostly the same in Homer as in Attic; e^i-j-v &c. Note the Imper. kKv-6l hear (the Indie. €k\vo-v being Thematic) : also (with a peculiar short vowel) e-Acra he sle^, and ovrd he mounded. Non-Thematic forms of the Middle are common in Homer; e. g. e-Trrd-TO fle^y €-(f)6L-To perished, e-x^^-To (was shedy €-^\t]-to ivas strucky e-crTpco-To fivas stre^edy 7r\rj-T0 dre^ near, dX-ro TENSES. xH leaped J o)p-To fwas roused, hU-ro recei'ved (Inf. bixBai), ^U-to €vya I hwve escaped^ Part. Mid. 7r€(^vy-/ie»/09 ; hi-€(^Bopai thou art destroyed^ 3 Sing. Mid. ec^^ap-rai. 2. When the shorter Stem ends in a vowel, the longer Stem is formed either (i) as in p,kpova^ or (2) as in TerXrjKa. Thus — fji€fjLom / am eager, Short Stem jutcfJid- (cp. avro-lia-ro?). 1 Sing. p(p,ova 2 pepoua-s 3 >, p€pov€ 1 Plur. pepa-p€v 2 „ p€pa-T€ 3 „ pepa-acri (Plpf. pkpa-diiv). 2 Dual pepa-TOP 3 pepn-Tou (Plpf. ^pepd-rrjv) Imper. 2 Sing, pepa-di. 3 Sing, pcpd-rco. Inf. *p€pd-p€vai, ^pepd-pev. Part. p€pa-^s, Plur. pepd-orcsy p^pd~Q>T€£, Fem. p^pa-vla. So yeyom (-ycya-) 7 ^or;z, ireirovQa (neiTdO-) I ha^e suffered, TeTXif^Ka I dare, Short Stem TcrXd-. I Sing. TeT\r]Ka 1 Plur. T€T\d-p€V 2 „ ■^rerXa-re 3 „ "^r€rXa(rt (Plpf. ^€-T€T\a'aav). 2 T€T\r]Ka-s 2 Dual "^rerXa-roi/ 3 „ T€T\TjK€ 3 ■^reVXa-roM (Plpf. "^i'TeTXd-TYjv) Subj. ^T(Tkr]K(ii ; Opt. T€T\a-Lr)-V, Imper. 2 Sing. rerXa-di, 3 Sing. rerXa-ro). Inf. r6rXa-/x6j/ai, TfrXa-/xei/. Part. T€TXr]-(as, Plur. rfTXry-ore?, Fem. TerXTj-vIa, So €(TTr]Ka (eVra-) I stand, 0€^r)Ka (^ejSa-) I stride, TedvrjKa {redm-) I am dead, 7re(j)vKa (7rec/)u-) / «w ^or;2, dcLdoiKa (8ei5t-) I foar ; k€k\v-6l listen stands to the 2 Aor. k\v-6i as TerXa-di to tXtj-Sl, 3. The 3 Plur. is formed in three ways : — (1) in -dcTt, with long Stem : in XcXoyx-da-i, necj^vK-dau (2) In -ao-i (for -a-vTL), with long Stem, as TrcrroiSdaL, iaTrj- Kaa-L, This formation is comparatively rare in Homer. TENSES. xliii (3) In -(cr)uo-t (for -(TaPTL)j with the short Stem, as tddo'i (properly laraacri^ for Xb-aaai), fi^^d-da-i, /Se/Sa-ncri, neipv-acn, also (with contraction) iarao-L, reBvao-i. 4. The shorter Stem is used in the Mid., except the 3 Plur. in -arai, -aro, as rerevx-dTaL are made, Plpf. ir^r^vxr^To, 5. Some forms are Thematic : rji^coyov {apcoya), ineiAriyov, Part. K€Kkr]yOVT€9. § 7. The Pluperfect. The Plurperfect is formed in two different ways : — (1) In the Dual and Plural (as in the Passive) by the Aug- ment (which may be dropped), and the Endings of Past Tenses: €-Tr€7rL6-fi€i/y €-6ftSi-/xfi/, €-Sei5i-(jai^ ; iiK-Tr]v, €K-y€yd-Tr]Vj ecrra- aav, ^i^a-a-nv, Scc. This form is rarely found in the Singular ; €7r-€PT]vo6e (II. 2. 219), avfjvode (II. 11. 266), ^etSie (II. 18. 34). (2) In the Singular, by the Augment and the Suffix -ca, as €~T€df]7r'€a, T}vwy-€(tj ijd-ea. In the 2 and 3 Sing. -fa?, -fe(i/) are contracted -ei. But olda gives 3 Sing. Plpf. jjdr]. § 8. The Present and Imperfect. A. on-Thematic Formations, 1. The Presents formed by the Suffixes -m- and -vij- (with Light Endings -v'f\- and -v\j-) are mostly peculiar to Homer: e.g. dd/jL-vrj-jjLL I ju&due, nep'vcis Jelling, Kip-vr] mixed ; Mid. /xap- vd-rai fights, o-Kid-ua-rai is scattered, TrlX-va-TaL comes near; ayvv-Tov (Dual) they break, op-vv-Oi arouse^ dn-opopy-pv ^iped away, prjy-pvaL they break, dai-pv he feasted, iipy-pv he shut in ; Mid. yd-pu-Tai is gladdened, rd-pv-rai is stretched, ax-Pv-paL I am 'Vexed, dp-vv-p€Pos earning, TL-pv-prai they punish, €PPv-to (for ea-pv-To) Im put on, wty-pv-PTo were opened, kl-pv-pto were mo'ved, &c. The forms in -apw-pi, -€ppv-pi, are post-Homeric. 2. Other Non-Thematic forms are : rj he said, epd-pm I love, dldq he bound, ffi^ds striding ; with unvarying vowel, lXtj-Ol be appeased, dr)-p€vaL to blow (Dual arj-rop, Mid. arj-ro, drj-pcpos), KLxrj-TTjp (Dual) they caught (Inf. Kixrj-pepai, Part. KLxr]-p€Pos), Some forms of Verbs in -aw, -ew, -ow belong to this Non- Thematic group : av\rj-Tr]v despoiled, (popr]-p€Pai (also (poprjpai) to carry, cjaXTj-p^pai to love, ^Lco-pai to live, and a few others. HOMERIC GRAMMAR. 3. Two Verbs form an Impf. in -a : — fl/jLL (eV-) I am, Impf. rja, ea, 3 Sing. ^€V (also rjv, crjVy^'rjv), cifJLL I go, Impf. Tj-iaf 3 Sing, ^'-'iev, jjeu (also ^6i). B. nematic Formation, 1. Presents in -io>, -aiw, -ctw, -uiw, are much commoner in Homer than in later Greek ; thus we have — In -iw, n'o) I honour, Ibio-v I sweated, ixrfvie be angry, ^da-Tie j TfXeici) I bring to pass, okpclco I shrink, veiKclrj-a-i shall quarrel, aKCLo-fi^voL being healed, fiaxeLO-jjL^voi fight- ings olvo^ap€L(ov drunken; also (from Roots in v) ttvclo} I breathe, Selco I run, TrXeio) / sail, x^^^ ^ pour, kKclco I celebrate. In -uicj, oTTvio) / ha've to ^vife. When the diphthong comes before a vowel there is a tend- ency to drop the i : thus we have reXco-p as well as reX^io-v : dyda-(T0€ (for dydc-aOe) from dyaio-jxaL ; Kcpda-aOe from Kepalcj, Similarly t before a vowel is shortened : as rfco, also rfto. 2. The name Assimilation has been given to a process found in the Verbs in -aw. Instead of contraction, one of the vowels is assimilated to the other ; and this assimilation follows the rule of contraction, that a prevails over a following e or t], but is changed by o or w ; e. g. opctcj becomes opow, but opdcts becomes opctas. In the Inf. the i is lost : opdav (not opaav). The a (which is originally long, as in 7reti/ffa)i/ hungering, ^lyj/acov thirsting, dvafxaipdcL rages through) sometimes becomes CO, as pevoLvcaco I am eager, pvdoo-vTo they bethought themsel'ves, T]^a)o-vT€s 'vigorous. When the first vowel is short, the second is usually lengthened, as 6p6(o-vT€s, opoco-re, opdas (not Spdais). In one or two cases both vowels are long, as dpaxoai (for dpdovcn), 3. A few traces remain of a group of Verbs in -ww ; fa)et he TENSES. xlv li'veSf lbpG)0'VTas sweating, vnvoio-PTas sleeping. Verbs in -oo) sometimes lengthen the second vowel, as a^^Vdw-j/ro, S;?ida)-i/ref, hr]i6(j^-^v (like 6/j()a)-j/T€?, opdw-ei/ &c.). § 9. The First Aorist. 1. When the vowel before the -era is short, the o- is often doubled ; (ppdaaa-To and (ppda-a-ro he considered, i-Kofiia-aa and Ko/jLicrev he brought, ipvcTo-ai and ipvcrai to draw, &c. This o-o- arises, in some cases at least, from assimilation of a dental in the Stem ; e. g. (j^pdaaa-ro is for '^(t)pad-(ra-To, 2. A few Stems in X and p form Aorists in -Xaa, -paa, viz. wp-o-a / roused, €\-cra-v they pressed, KeX-crai to run aground, apaas ha'ving Jilted, e-Kcp-cra I shore (Att. €K€cpa), Kvp-aas meeting, (f)up'-(T(o (Subj.) I qjuill mix. On the Aorists formed by -d alone see § 5. 3. Some Aorists are formed with the Thematic Vowel in place of a, as l^o-u came, i-^rjo-e-To stepped, i-dvo-c-ro sank down, d^€-fi€vaL to bring, and the Imperatives Xe^e-o lie down, opae-o arise, perhaps o'lo-c-t^ bring, § 10. Iterative Tenses. The Suffix -o-K- or -ictk- (with Thematic Vowel) is used to form ordinary Presents, as (j^d-aKco, ^d-aK€, dnacf^-LorKco, and also to form the Iterative or Frequentative Tenses. It is at- tached to the Stem of the Present or Aorist : thus we have — From the Present, eo-Ke (for eV-o-^e) used to be, €X(-(tk€ used to hold, KaX€-€(TK€, a)d€-(TKe, pinra-aKf, &c. Note that Verbs in -eo) form -eeo-zce or -€aK€, according to metrical convenience. From the Aorist, etW-o-fce used to say, eprjTvaa-aKe used to check, coaa-cTKe, daad~(TK€-TO, &C. Iteratives from the First Aor. are only found in Homer. § 11. Keduplication and Augment. I. Many seeming irregularities are due to loss of consonants: e. g. €-€\'ii€vns cooped in (for fe-feX-jjieuos), €l8ou (for e-fibov), €Lxou (for €-cr€xop), crjKa I sent (for e-yrjKa), 1 Plur. dfX€U (for €-y€-ix€p). On f see § 54. xlvi HOMERIC GRAMMAR. 2. Verbs beginning with the Liquids and ; o>ixo(ra I s(Worey Fut, opoCpai ; €pv(T(ra I dre(Wy Fut. epv-coy €pV'€-o6ai l MOODS, xlvii iKo^KTcra I brought, Fut. /co/^tto) (and so cl^lklw, Krcpiovai, dyXaielo-daty from Verbs in -ifco) ; eddfiaaa-a I subdued, Fut. Sa/xoo (for dafia-co, § 8, B, 2), 5a/xa ; dz/rtacra? meeting, Fut. di/rtoo), Inf. dj/riaaj/ ; rj\a(Ta I dro've, Fut. eXoo), Inf. iXdav \ Kpefxaaas banging, Fut. Kp€fi6(o ; €7r€pa(Tcra I sold, Fut. nepaav. 4. A Future in -aeo) {-(Teo-pai) appears in ia-d^l-rai (will be (II. 2. 393, 13. 317) ; and neaeo-praL ^illfalL 5. One or two Futures seem to be formed from the stem of the Reduplicated Second Aorist : K^x^pl-a^-rai q,vill be gladdened ( Kexdpo-vTo), KeKabrj-cro-peda i'(i'). The Homeric dialect has also certain Gases formed by suf- fixing 4>i{y) to the Stem, as Cv7o-tap, fjpaT-a, &C. Also Kdprjy Gen. Kaprjar-oSy KdprjT'OSf KpdaT-os, and Kpar-os. d2 lii HOMERIC GRAMMAR. § 23. Declension of Pronouns. I. The forms of the Personal Pronouns in use are : 1st Person. Nom. €ya)v, eycj Acc. e/if, end. fxe Gen. €fX€LOy €fX€0, €^€Vy €fjL€-d€v : end. fx€v Dat. (fioly end. /xoi Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. 2nd Person. Singular, TVVTJ, (TV ere (T€iOy are Of (rev di'Sev ; T€oio (Toiy Toi ; reiV Plural, vfifJL€, vfjLeas Vfl€LCi>V, Vfl€(DV liflfll(v), VfJLLV Dual, Srd Person. Acc. (ra)e Dat. cr(f)a>Lv, Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. Note the Gen. in -9er, and the Acc. Plur. a/Lt/xe, u/x/xe, o-(^/, forms which, like the Acc. Sing., are without Case-Ending. 2. The Pronoun tis is declined from two stems, ti- and TIV-, The forms in use, with those of the compound Rel. oa-Tis (for which Homer has also o-tis, formed like o-Trwy, &c.) are as follows : — Singular. Nom. rt-j; Neut. tl ocr-TiSy otls; tItls, oriy ottl Acc. TLi/'d (end.) ; Neut. rt ovriva, onva ; TjvTiva ; ort, ottl Gen. T€Oy T€V OTTCOy OTT€V, OT€V Dat. T€(p, T(o (end.) orea, ot(o Plural, OLTLV€s ; aa-aa (for a-rt-a) ovo-TipaSy OTipas ] d(rTLPas ; aj-cra OTCCOV OTioiai, Nom. Tiv-es Acc. TLP'ds (end.) Gen. T€-a, -Y], way, direction ; irdvT-rj euery a I am eager, reOqira I am in ama%ement, s, pLCfxrjKCDS, Terptycoy, XeXr/Kcoff, dfx(j)L' § 27. The Present and Imperfect. The Imperfect is used of an action the time of which is fixed by reference to some other event, as in II. i. 424 x^^C^^ efirj Kara dalra, Seol afxa ndvTCs eirovTO ( = while the gods all followed). So in 1. 495 GeVt? K ov 'XiiBiT ecper/JLecov Thetis meanwhile did not forget: 2. 85 ol inavicnr^crav ttcISovto t€ they rose up in obedience to Sic. Homer constantly uses the Imperfect in this way where the later language would use a Participle, or a subordinate clause; e.g. II. 22. 277 a\//' 8* *A;(t\^i StSov XdOe ''EKTopa { = di^ovara eXadc) : 15. 372 et nore tls tol ev^CTO voarrjo-ai, av V7T€a)(€0 = * if, when any one prayed to thee, thou didst promise.' § 28. Transitive and Intransitive Tenses. 1. The Present is often Transitive in meaning, when the Second Aorist and Perfect are Intransitive, as in Larrj/jLi, (f)v(o, &c. Homeric instances of this are — eXnco I encourage, Pf. eoKira I am in hope, T€vx(>> I make, Pf. t€T€V)(€ is made, subsists, opvvjjLL I rouse, Pf. opcopei/ is astir. So several Verbs are Middle in the Present, and Active in the Second Aorist and Perfect; BovXofiai, ^e^ovXa: depKOfxai, edpQKov, dedopKa : epxop^ai, rjXvdov, (XrjXvSa, &C. 2. The Reduplicated Aorist is nearly always Transitive or Causative : €K-XeXa6ov made to forget (II. 2. 600), ^pape fitted, rjKax^ 'vexed, n€(ppad€ showed, set forth, didaev taught, neinOdv to persuade. Sometimes it is intensive, as €K€kX€to shouted, T^raycov seizing, XcXa^ecrdai to seize hold of. USE OF MOODS, Ivii 3. The First Aorist is usually Transitive : e/S^o-a, eVrT^cra, wXfo-a, a)p(Ta. Hence the Middle in etVaro he made himself like ^ €€L(TaTO be ^vent, &c. MEANINGS OF THE MOODS. § 29. The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses. The Subj. in independent or Principal Clauses expresses either (i) what the speaker wills or purposes, or (2) what he insists upon as sure to happen. 1. Simple will is expressed by the i Sing., as dXV aye . . dprj'ia rcvx^a dvco come, I ivill put on my armour : (el K€ fxrj dd>rj(np) eyo) be K(V avros eXcojuat (//* be do not gi've her) I ".uill take her myself . This Subj. stands to the Fut. Indie, nearly as the English / cwill to / shall. 2. In the r Plur. the Subj. acquires a ^ Hortatory,' and quasi -Imperative force, as in Attic. 3. With an interrogative tone it becomes ^Deliberative,' — 'shall I,' or 'shall 'we,' do so and so? — and this is also an Attic use. 4. In the Second and Third Person the Subj. generally takes the second meaning, that of insistance or confident expectation, especially as to events in which the speaker has a share or interest ; thus answering to the English thou shalt, he shall, &C. ; as II. l. 205 ra^ civ ttotc 6vfi6v o^ecrarj quickly shall he lose his life (a threat of what the speaker will do). So in the phrase kol ttotc tis €*[nr](ri men shall one day say, used in sanguine anticipations. These uses are Homeric. 5. With fJLY] the Subj. expresses either Prohibition (as in Attic) or Fear, warning, &c., as II. 2. 197 juj} ri xoKiUda^ievo^ pe^T] KaKov I (will not haue him ^ork a mischief ( = / fear he may), 6. With ou the Subj. has the emphatic Fut. meaning, as II. I. 262 OX) yap TTO) TOLOvs 'Idov dvepas ovde idcofjLaL I ne'ver saw, and ne'ver may see, such men. This is a distinctively Homeric use. Iviii HOMERIC GRAMMAR. § 30. The Optative in Principal Clauses. 1. The Opt. without o.v or Ktv (i. e. in unconditional sen- tences, see § 31) usually expresses a Wish or Prayer. 2. In the Second Person it is equivalent to a gentle or respectful Imperative; as in II. 11. 891 ravr clttols 'AxL>opr)vaL left to him to bear, rrjv dos ayciv gi've her for taking afivayf &c. 2. It is often used after a Noun or Adverb, to limit or explain its application ; as II. 2. 553 S' 01/ ttco tls op,oios eVt- xOoviutv yiver avbpoav KO(rpirj(Tai no one as like him for ordering; II. 4. 510 inei ov (r(^t \l6os XP^^ ^^^^ aibrjpos X'^^'^^^ ax^o'daL their flesh is not stone or iron for fivithstanding, i. e. so as to withstand: II. 4. 345 ^vBa (t)Lk' oirTokia Kpea edpcuai there USE OF CASES, Ixiii roast meat is liked for eatings i. e. * you like to eat roast meat there \* 3. The Inf. is often found in Homer with the force of an Imperative, but chiefly where an Imperative precedes, the Inf. serving to carry on or complete the command, e.g. — 11. I. 322 cpx^crOov K\i(TLr)v' AyafieiJLVOPos *ArpetSao, ^cLpos iXovT dy€fji€v Bpiarjida K.r.X. 3, 458 vfjL€is 5' *Apy€LT]v ^EXevrjv Koi KTr)p,a6' ap! avrfj €KdoT€, Kal TLprjv dnoTLvepev, So in other cases where the context prepares us for a request or command : especially in prayers after an invocation, as II. 2. 412 Zev Kvdi(TT€ . . p.r] nplv €7T rjeXLOu (^vpai K.r.X. THE GASES. The Case-endings serve in general to show the relation in which a Noun stands to the Verb of the sentence. The Genitive Ending is an exception, as it usually serves to show the relation of the Noun to another Noun. § 37. The Accusative. A Noun in the Accusative serves to define or complete the notion given by the Verb. The following are the chief Homeric uses : — I. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives; as ro5' Udvoi I come this time, raSe palverai he is thus mad, ndura iviKa he e6p ays iTTOvciTo he knqw of his brother how he laboured. This is the so-called * Accusativus de quo,' USE OF CASES. Ixv § 38. The Dative. The Dative in Greek does the work of three distinct Cases ; (i) the Dative proper (answering to the Latin Dative), (2) the Locative — * place (or time) at which/ and (3) the Instru- mental or Comitative. The two latter cases are amalgamated in Latin with the Ablative. 1. Dative Proper. Under this head notice the free use made of the * Ethical Dative' in Homer: as II. i. 104 ocrae de OL TTVpl XafjLTTeTocjvTL iiKT-qv his eyes ^uuere like fire ; i. 250 rw i\hr] duo fiev yeveal . . i^OlaO* he had seen t^o generations pass, 2. Locative. Nearly all words of place may be in the Dative ; especially names of towns and countries {passim)^ of the parts of the body (as KecpaXfj, cojjicp and coyLoia-i, (j)peaiy Bvpc^, &c.), and words like fieao-co in the middle, iaxarlr] at the extre- mity : note also the use with the familiar distinctions of place, as ^o/xo) in the house, ^yp^ ^fi^^^) ^^H-^) X^P^) ^J^Plli l^ovXr], fxa^d]. The true Locative form survives in oUoi at home, x"M"^' the ground, 3. Instrumental or Comitative. This group of uses in- cludes the Dat. of manner or circumstance, as &Lyfj in silence, aXaXr/rd) ivith a shout, (nrovdrj qjuith zeal, KaKrj alar] ^vith an enjil fate, TpinXfj threefold ; also the idiom avrfj kcp yaij] ipvcraipL I (would drag them earth and all. The Comitative sense prevails in the Plural, used of the parts or adjuncts of an object : as eVi r r]p.v€L dcrraxv^ao-iv the field bends ^ivith the ears of corn (cp. K€(pa\fj Karauevaopai) ; ^€(TT^s aWovcrrjaL reTvypivov built ^ivith porticoes j SO ^deiprjaiu K0p6(0VT€, L1T7V0LS aidCTCOV, 8CC, § 39. The Genitive. The Greek Genitive is sometimes a Genitive Proper, serving mainly (like the Latin Gen.) to connect a Noun with another Noun which it limits or qualifies ; sometimes an Ablative denoting the terminus a quo of the action. The following are the chief points to be noticed : — r. After Nouns denoting anger, sorrow, &c. the Genitive expresses either the person who has the feeling, as Oeoiu p^vLs e Ixvi HOMERIC GRAMMAR, the ^rath of the gods ; or (as very frequently in Homer) the person or thing which is the object or cause of the feeling, as II* 6' 335 Tpcoo)!/ x^'^y from anger against the Trojans ; 15. 138 Xokov vlos irjos anger on account of his noble son; so with a;(09, &c. ; cp. (TX] TTodt] regret for thee. 2. The Gen. denotes the Time in the course of which some- thing happens : as rjovs in the morning, vrjpefjLLtjs in calm i(y) are evidently not part of the living language of Homer, but have survived as part of a traditional poetic style. They are confined for the most part to certain often recurring words and phrases. They are found with the following Case-meanings : — USE OF CASES— PREPOSITIONS. Ixvii The Instrumental Dative, the commonest use ; as /3i7;(/)i by might, avayKaLr](l)i by necessity, eTipr)(j)i q^vith the other hand : ay\aLr](\)L TreTTot^o)?, y€i/€?j(f)i i/ecoraro?, avp ox€a(t)L, afi rjol cj)aLvofjL€' Pr](plV, S€6(I)LP }Xr](TT(t>p CLTLlKaVTOS, The Locative, as opeocj^Lv on the mountains , dvpT](f)L at the door, Kki(jir](\)i in the tent, enl d€^L6:l)iv — eV apiaT^pocj^Lu, &c. The Ablative Genitive, especially with Prepositions, as OTTO xaX/fo(j6t, djTO vevprj(pLV, €K. (7TrjS€(T(f)LV, ciTTo vav(l)Li^, €K SeoipLV : also daKpv6(pL TrXrjaOei^, vaixpiu ajjLVPOfjLevoi, &C. These uses, it will be seen, answer very nearly to those of the Latin Ablative. Note that the ending -(f)i(j/) is not found with a word denoting a person, except in (9€o^ii'. § 41. Prepositions— Tmesis. Two uses of the Prepositions are almost confined to Homer : — 1. The purely Adverbial use; irept in nepi p,€v Sd^iv Tax^u exceedingly quick in running ; uiro in II. 3. 34 vno re rpofios eXXa/Se yvia trembling seized his limbs beneath ; irpo and iirl in II. 13. 800 TTpo p,€v aWoL aprjpoTfs, avTap in aXXot some in front, some after them : and so often with djUL<|)t, kvl, Sec. Under this head may be placed the use with ellipse of the Verb eifxl, as II. I. 174 Trap' cfjLoiyc Ka\ aXXot others are at my command: i. 515 ov tol eiri beos no fear lies upon thee : 14. 141 ov 01 cVi (pp€V€s understanding is not in him. So o.va as an ex- clamation, up! Anastrophe, or throwing back the accent to the first syl- lable, takes place in the last-mentioned use, and in some other Adverbial uses, as Tzepi= exceedingly. It is also found with certain Prepositions when they follow the Noun governed, as TToXejjLou Kara, &c. Probably this represents the original accent, which the Preposition lost when it was joined in pronunciation to a following Noun or Verb. 2. Tmesis, or separation of the Preposition from the Verb — a term applied to the cases in which the Preposition coa- lesces in sense with the Verb, but is separated by position ; as VTTQ ca-x^TO fjLLaOop he promised (vireax^To) (wages ; €K t€ Kai o^e TfXei he accomplishes it {iKTiXfi) late ; ovs ttot dn^ hlveiav e 2 Ixviii HOMERIC GRAMMAR. iXofjLTjp ewbicb I once took from Aeneas, We must not suppose (as the name Tmesis would imply) that a compound already formed was divided again into its elements. The usage represents a stage in the formation of Compound Verbs at which the meaning of the Preposition and the Verb had blended into the meaning of the compound, but the place of the Preposition was not yet fixed. § 42. Prepositions with Nouns. In the uses of Prepositions with the oblique Cases of Nouns there are many differences between Homer and later Greek. 1. The Dative is used in Homer — with di^d, as ;^pu(7ea) ava. (TKjjTTTpco upon a golden staff with fierd, in two senses, (i) 'between,' as /xera iroa-ai between the feet^ \i^t a/x0oTepot(7t between the tavo sides ; (2) ^ among,' as /x€ra rpLTaToicn among the men of the third generation. The Gen. with /xerd is post-Homeric. The Dat. with some other Prepositions, as utto, irapd, d|JL<|>i, irepi, is much commoner in Homer than in later Greek. Thus Trapd with the Dat. — only found in most authors with words denoting persons — is used of things, as napa vr]v^l beside the ships, &c. And the Gen. is hardly ever found in Homer with dfjL(|>[, or with irepi in the local sense. 2. The Genitive with Prepositions denotes either (i) 'motion from,' as with e^, ano, rropd, or (2) 'place with re- spect to,' as with 7rp6, vnep, enly clvt'l. There are few deriva- tive meanings in Homer, and these mostly of an obvious kind ; as TTpo in defence of o^vtI instead of Kard with the Gen. means either (i) ' down from,' as /car ovpavov do^vn from hea'ven, or (2) * down on,' as Kara x^ovos ofjifjLaTa nrj^as fixing his eyes on the ground, TTcpi with the Gen. most commonly means * beyond,' ' sur- passing,' as TTfpt T7avT(iiv abo-ve all men : also * concerning,' * on account of,' as pax^o-ofiivoi ncpl aelo, 3. The Accusative with Prepositions generally denotes either the object to which motion is directed, or the space over which it takes place. Thus — irapd is used (i) of * motion to,' as arr] de rrap ambv i<»)v he PREPOSITIONS — PRONOUNS. Ixix (Went and took his stand beside him ; (2) of space, as Trapa 6lv dXo? along the shore. So UTTO : (i) of motion, xjtto "l\iov rj\6ev he came to {under) Ilium; (2) of space, vtto KuXX/Ji/r/? opo? aiVu, of the district under Mount Cyllene ; ay^e de fxiv no\vK€(TTos ifjias aTraXrjv vno deipr]u the thong galled him (where it passed) under his neck. With dm and Kara the Acc. is one of space ; as ava o-rop^a Koi Kara plvas, up through the mouth and do^n through the nostrils, Sict takes the Acc. in Homer (as well as the Gen.) in the local meaning ^ through.' With the Gen. the notion is usually that of making way through an obstacle : hi SfiiXov through the throng ; so Sl aWepos ovpavov iKcif &c. With the Acc. the space traversed is more prominent, as 6ia bayp^ara TToiTTPvoPTa bustling through the palace. § 43. Compound Prepositions. Two Prepositions are sometimes combined in one word ; thus irap-e^ {napeK), uir-eK, 8i-eK, diro-7rp6, 8ta-7Tp6, irepi-Trpo, dfx<|)l irepi (better djJLo/iez^o? 6 r k.t.\, o re = that. II. 5. 331 yiyvcoo-Kcov 6 r ava\KLs erjv deos, § 49. The Particles. The commonest of the Particles used to connect Clauses (Kai, jjieV, 8e, dWct) are the same in Homer as in later Greek. One or two are peculiar to Homer, viz. Y)8e and (rj/ieV — TjSc both — and) ; aurdp, drdp but ; ai, used as well as el, if. There is greater difference between the two dialects in the Illative Particles, and the numerous little words which serve to mark various shades of emphasis, Sec, The following seem to require notice, on the ground either of form or usage : — 1. T) is affirmative ; sometimes used interrogatively, as 7 cSiXeis dost thou indeed ^vish f In the affirmative use it is com- bined with various other Particles: thus we have r\ [kr^v (or r\ jjieV, see below), r\ Tot, rj re, rj pa, v6 toi, if pd vm. The combinations if jULY)i/ and r\ koli are sometimes = and yet, and that though {^Kairoi, which is not Homeric). 2. Y|€ or Y] has the meanings or and than; in correlation either — or, for which we find ijTot — t|€ (rj). In the meaning than we have also the combinations tjc re and vjc irep. Ixxiv HOMERIC GRAMMAR. 3. apa, ap, pa (end.) accordingly, so ; often used with Clauses that express alternatives, especially with the first of the two, as €\t ap — etre, ovt ap — oi;re : also in eVei pa, on pa, yap pa. The combination t' apa {f ap, sometimes written rap) is used with interrogatives, as tls t ap, ttco? t apa, 4. \k-r]v is a Particle of strong affirmation, for which Homer often uses juteV (7 /xeV, Ka\ fteV, ovhe /xei^), sometimes (in the Iliad) fJia^'. 5. at last, really, may come at the beginning of a Clause in the combinations 8t| t6t€, Stj yap. 6. TOL then, surely, usually enclitic, but comes first in roiyap so then. Homer never has toIvvv or Kaljoi. 7. Oy]1' (end.) I suppose, ironically, ( = Attic dqirov), 8. TT€p (end.) 'very, certainly, placed after the word which it strengthens, as Ka\ a)(yvp.€v6s irep e'ven being so grie'ved, eacTai 77€p eruen as it shall be (not Kaincp, coaTrep, as in Attic). It may often be translated although, but not regularly (like Kalncp in Attic). 9. T€ has two quite distinct uses in Homer : — (1) It is a connecting Particle (as in Attic). (2) It serves to mark a statement as general ; as II. i. 218 OS K€ Seois €7rnT€L6rjTai, fiaXa r €k\vov avrov. This latter use of re is rare except in combination with 09, OC705, oios, the corresponding Adverbs ws, o0i, ore, IVa, the Art. when used as a Relative (as II. 7. 112 t6v t6 (TTvyeovcn Ka\ aXXoi), the Indefinite tis, and the Particles aWd, ydp. It is chiefly found in similes, proverbial sayings, or maxims, &c. : see II. i. 63, 81, 82, 238., 2. 90, 145, 292, &c. METRE AND QUANTITY. § 50. Caesiira. The two main rules of the Homeric Hexameter are : — I. The third foot must not end with a word : that is to say, the pause or break which separates one word from the next must not be so placed as to divide the line into two equal parts. Such a break in the middle of the line is prevented by a METRE, ETC. Ixxv Caesura (ro/xr;, i.e. the division between words not coinciding with the end of a foot, and therefore 'cutting' the foot). The commonest Caesura is that ' at the third trochee * (roju;) Kara rpiTOJ' Tpoxaioi'), as in — ov\ofi€- I vT]v fj I fivpL ^^A- I xylols aXye* eSi^Ke, SO called because it divides the third foot into a trochee (fjLvpX-) and a short syllable. In the first book of the Iliad, out of 6i i lines, 356 have this Caesura. Somewhat less common is the Caesura * after five half-feet * (ro/zj) TTCi'O-iqfAi-fJLepi^s) : as firjvLP a- | eitc 6e- | a yy^- | . Occasionally the principal Caesura comes after the middle of the line, in the fourth foot (rojujy € dpTLos laracr €fi€LO, = ' to retire into the crowd instead o/" standing up against me.' It -is somewhat less common for the first of two clauses to be subordinate in sense : but cp. — II. 8. I ^a)ff ph KpoKonenXos eKiduciTO ndaap in alav, Zeuj be Beoav dyoprjv TTOirjaaTo' = ^as daw^n began to spread, Zeus called an assembly.' f Ixxxii HOMERIC GRAMMAR. 9» 334 apL(TTr]€(T(rL 5/5ou ycpa Kal jSao-iXeucrt, i. e. ' the other prizes ^Ficb he has given to chiefs and kings remain undisturbed with them.' As was observed in § 27, the use of the Imperfect often shows that a clause is subordinate in thought : see the ex- amples quoted there. § 58. Anacoluthon. The term dvaKoXovGov, ^ want of sequence/ includes every case in which a sentence is not ended in the way that the be- ginning has led us to expect. The language of Homer is too regular and finished in its character to admit many real changes of construction. With a few exceptions the cases of so-called Anacoluthon are found in sentences which may be explained on general principles of Homeric construction. 1. Anacoluthon sometimes appears in the shape of Para- taxis, in the second of two clauses that are properly both subordinate : as — Il« 3» 79 8* iiTCTO^a^ovTO Kaprj ko/jlocovtcs A)(aio\ lolalv T€ TiTvaKOficpoi Xdeaai t e^aWou, The correlative r€ — re leads us to expect something parallel in form to loiai TiTvcKOfievoi, II. 20. 48 av€ "Aei)ur) (TTacr oT€ ficp napa Td(f>pov opvKTrjv ret^eo? iKTOs, dWoT in CLKTCLdiV CpldoVTTCJV fJLQKpOV dvT€l, Here we expect simply ore de ctt aKracov. Cp. 6. 478., 7. 418, 433., 8. 346. 2. Similarly, a Relative is not generally construed with more than one clause : — II, I. 162 « em TToXX' efjLoyrja-a, 86(Tav de fioi vies ^Axaio)V, = * and which the Greeks gave me.' 3» 387 ^7 01 AaK€^aip,ovi mieraaxTrj rj(TKeiv eipia /oi) efo/xeVo) ycpapoiTCpos rjep *0dv(T(T€V9j where a clause such as MeveXaos de tjttop ycpapos rjv is implied by the Comparative. II. 10. 224 (Tvv T€ 8v ipxopivoa Ka'i rc irpo o tov iuo-qac ( * one is beforehand, the other behind him '). 4. When a Noun or Pronoun is separated by a subordinate clause from the rest of the sentence it is apt to follow the construction of the intervening clause : — II. 4, 433 T/Ja)fs 6' CO? T oics . . . 436 (OS TpaycDP aXaXrjTos k.t,\. So in other similes, as II. 15, 630., 17. 658, 755., Od. 13. 81 : cp. also II. 6. 396., 14. 75, 371. II. II. 624 TolaL be T€vx^ kvkclco evTrXoKapos ^EKaprjdrj, rrjp ap€T c'k Tepedoio yepojPj ore Trepcrep ^A^iKXevSj Bvyarep* ^ Apaivoov k.t,X. Here Ouyarepa follows the Case of the Relative ti]p, instead of the original subject: cp. II. 2. 232., 7. 186., 13. 258. 5. The chief example of real anacoluthon in Homer is II. 6. 510 6 dyXaLTj(f)L TreTTOiSoos — pLp,(j)a e yovpa (pepci /c.r.X., where the effect of abrupt change seems to be intended : and so perhaps II. 9. 356-360. § 59. Litotes. The ^ figures of speech * to which we now proceed do not properly belong to grammar. Their essence lies in a difference between the literal meaning of a phrase or sentence and the meaning which it is intended to convey: and such a difference Ixxxiv HOMERIC GRAMMAR. does not appear in the form of the sentence, but in the tone of the speaker, or the general drift of the context. The term Xiror-qs, lit. 'smoothness* or 'plainness,' de- notes an ironical understatement of the speaker's meaning : as when we say ' not a little ' for ' a great deal.' This particular form of Litotes — in which we affirm something strongly by denying its opposite — is common in Homer : e. g. ov Koa-fxco = ' in great disorder,' ov tl KaKiaros dprjp = ' one of the bravest,' ov ve/jLecri^f ' small blame,' &C. So ov cj^rj^i, ovk olo) (eaecrdiu), lit. ' I do not think it will be so,' really meaning ' I am sure it will not be so.' § 60. Oxymoron. The peculiarity called to o^vficapov — 'sharply foolish'— arises when the ironical use of a word is shown by some contra- diction or impossible juxtaposition of ideas. Thus 'to fight shy * means ' not to fight ' ; the qualification ' shy ' being inconsistent with the literal sense of the word ' fight.' The figure is not uncommon in Homer. The phrase just given as an instance has more than one parallel : dXv(rKd(ovTL IJLd\€cr6aL (II. 5. 253), cKcis IcrTdixcvos TroXe/xi'ffti/ (II, 13. 263), dnoaTadov fxdpvaadaL (II. 15. 556). Another favourite form is the application to war of words appropriate to social pleasure: fxchneaOaL*' Aprj'iy noT^epov oapiaTvSy optXeopev Aapaolcri, &C. A good example is the word dXaoaKomrj, 'blind watch.' Evidently a blind watch is not a kind of watch, but the nega- tion of one : just as ' fighting shy ' is the failure to fight. Somewhat similarly in the story of Rhesus, II. 10. 496 kokou yap ovap K€(f>a.\ri(pLV ineo-rrj ti]V vvkt Olpeidao TratV, the meaning is not that he had a bad dream in which he saw Diomede, but that a ' bad kind of dream ' (i. e. something worse than a dream), viz. Diomede, stood over him. IAIAA02 A. Mrjviv aeihe, Oed, Ylrj\r]'Cdb€(i) 'A^t^^o? ovXoiJi€vrjv, rj fivpC 'A)(ators aAye' €6r]K€, iToWas 5' l(j)0LiJLOvs \l/v)(as "Aibt 7Tpoia\j/ev fjpdcov, avTovs be eAwpta revx^e Kvveo-cnv oi(i)voL(TL re Tiao-t, Ato? 6' ireXeUro (3ovkri, ov br] ra irpcora biao-Ti^Trjv epiaavre ^Arpdbrjs re dva^ dvbpGiv koX bios 'AxtA.Aei;s. TLs T dp (r, Iv '^Apy€C, ttjXoOl irdrprj^, io-Tov kT:oi\oixivr]v koX kixbv Xiyos avnococrav* dAA.' Wl, fxri IX epiOi^e, cradiTepos &s k€ viiqai.^^ ^Xl? ^(paT, ebeio-ev 6' 6 yipo)v kol €tt€l6€to fjLvd(a' l^rj 5' CLKicov irapa Olva TToXvcjykoLcrfBoLO OaXdo'O'ris' TToXXa 8' eireLT dirdvevOe klo)v rjpaO^ 6 yepaibs ^AiroWoivt dvaKTL, rbv rjVKOfjios re/ce Arjrd* " KkvOi iJL€V, dpyvpoTO^', 09 ^pvarjv afJLcfyi^e^rjKas KiXXav T€ CaOir]v Teveboto re L(pL dvacorei^, ^piivOeVy €L TTori tol yapUvT €7rt vqov epeyj/a, rj el brj irori tol Kara nLova p-rjpC eKrja ravpoov ?]8' alyQ>v, rohe [xoi Kprjrjvov iiXbcop* TLoreiav Aavaol 6/xa buKpva (toio-l ^iKeo-aiv.^^ €(j)aT evx6\jievoSi tov 8' enXve ^ol^os ^ Airokkoov, /Brj be Kar OvkvpiTTOLO Kaprivcov x!^6\xevos Krjp, t6^^ ^ixoicriv eyoav ajicprjpecpea re (paperprjv' eaXay^av 8' dp oLcttoI eir <5/xcoi; yodoixevoio, avTov KLvr]6ivTos' 6 8' T^te vvktl eotKwj. e^er eireiT d-ndvevOe veoyv, /xera 8' ibv erjKe* beLVT} be KXayyr] yever dpyvpeoLO ^lolo' ovprjas jJiev irpcorov eTT^x^ro Kat Kvvas dpyovs, avTCLp eiretT avroio-i [BeXos e)(^e7TevKe9 ecfyiels /3aAA'* atet 8e TTVpal veKVcov KaiovTo OajjieLaC. ^FiVvrjiJiap ixev dva arparbv tf»X^^^ KrjKa Oeolo, TTj beKdrrj 8' ayopT^z^Se KakeaaaTO kabv 'A^tXAevs* rQ> yap eirl (jypecrl OrjKe Oea kevKcikevos "Hprj* I. lAIAAOE A. 3 Krjbero yap Aavao)v, on pa Ovfjo-Kovras oparo, ol 8' iirel ovv ijyepO^v bpnqyepies r iyivovro, Toicri 8' avLo-rdpLevos pLeriipri irobas o)kvs ^A)(^i\K€Vs' " ^Arpdbr], vvv aixp^e TiaXip.irXayyQivTas otco a\/r airovoa-Trio'eLv, €l k^v Oavarov ye ^vyoipi€v, 6o d brj ofjiov TToAe/xoy re bafxa Kal Xot/xo? ^Axaiovs* dA.V aye brj riva jxavTLv epeCopLev rj Uprja, rj Kal oveLpoTToXov — Kal yap t ovap e/c Atos kariv — OS K €17101 6 TL TocTG-ov €yj!)o-aTo ^oi^os ' AttoXXcoz^, etr' ap 6 y ei^co/Vrjs e7rijuiejut(^erat eW^ €KaT6p.j3r]s, 65 at Kev TT(i)s apvQiV KVio-rjs alycov re reXetcoz; jSovXerai avTiaaas rjpuv aiio Xotybv ap^vvai^ H rot o y 0)9 etTrcoz; Kar ap e^ero* roicrt 0 av^aTrj KdXx.^s @€(rTopLbr]s, oloivoTTokcov oy^ apio-ros, OS rjbr] TOL T iovra rd T icraopi^va irpo t iovra, 70 Kal vri€(T(T fjyri(raT ^ AyaiQiv ""Wlov eto-co rjv bia pLavTooiJvrjv, tii]v ol Trope ^oijSos ^ AttoWoov' o (T(^iv €V(f)povi(ov dyoprjcraro Kal /xereetTrez;* S) ^A^iXev, KeAeat p,e. Ad (ptXe, pvOrjo-ao-Oai p^rfviv 'AttoAAcoz^o? kKarrj^eXerao avaKTOs' 75 Toiyap kyiiv epico* av b\ avvOeo Kai ptot opLOO'cov rj pi4v ptot TTpocjypcov eTreo-tr Kal x^P^^l^ dprj^eiv' ^ yap dto/xat dvbpa yoXoicrip.ev, os pteya uavTcav 'Apyetcoz; Kpariei Kai ol TreiOovraL ^ AyjaioL* Kp€i(T(T(jdv yap ^ao-iXevs ore \cl)(T€Tai dvbpl x^PV^' €L TTep yap re x^Xov ye Kal avrrjiJiap KaTairiy^rj, dXXd re Kal pLeToino-Oev e^et kotov, ocppa reXio-o-rj, iv (TTriOeorcnv eoto-t* av be cfypdcrai et pte o-awo-etj." Tbv 8' d7Tapi€L[36pL€vos 7rpo(ricl)r] irobas o)kvs 'AxtAAei;?' " Oapcrrjoras p-aAa etTre OeoirpoTTLOv o tl olcrOa* 85 ov pLCL yap ^ AiToXXcova Au (piXov, w re crVy KdX^av, €v\6p.evos AavaolcTL OeoirpoTTLas dva(paLV€LS, B 2 4 I. IAIAA02 A. ov rty €[X€v ((ovros kol iirl x^ovl hepKOixivoio (706 kolXtjs TTapa vrjva-l ^apetas x^^pct^ eiroLcrei (TviMTTavTOiv Aavao^v, ovb^ rjv ^AyapL^pLvova eiTrrjs, 90 OS vvv TToXXbv apiG-Tos ^Axaio^v evxerai ^Ivai^^ Kal Tore brj Odpcr-qcre kol rjvba pidvTLs dpLvpLoov* " ovT ap 0 y ev\OLiXris €7rt/X€/x(/)€rat ov6* kKaropi^rjs, dXA' ^v€K* aprjrrjpos, ov 'qTipbrjcr ^Ayapiep^vcov ovb^ dirikvo-e Ovyarpa kol ovk direbi^aT airoLva, 95 Tovv€K dp dkye* ^bo)K€V e/cr^/SoAoy rjb^ en bdo-et' ovb^ o ye npXv AavaoLo-Lv deiKia Xoiyov dirdo-ei, TTpLv y duo irarpl c^tAw bopievai eXtKcoTitSa Kovprjv dirpidnqv avdiroLvov, dyeiv 6^ leprjv kKaropi^iqv €s X.pvcrrjv' t6t€ kIv pav tkacardpievoL ireniOoip.ev.^^ 100 ti TOL 0 y 0)9 €iTT(j)v KaT ap e^€To, TOLQ-L 0 aveaTTf] rjpoys ^ATp€Lbr]9 evpvKpeCcjv ^AyapLepLva^v dyyvp^evos' piiveos be juteya (fypives dpLcj)! p^iXaivai 'nip.irkavT , ocro-e be ol irvpl Aa/xTrerocoi^rt e'LKTrjv' KdXxavra TrpcarLo-ra KdK 6(rcr6pLevos irpoo-eenre' 105 " pLavTL KaKO)v, ov TTCo TTOTe pLOL TO Kprjyvov etiras' alei TOL ra /ca/c' earl (ptka (ppecrl p^avTeveo-Qai, eordXov 8' ovTe tl ttco etiras eiros ovt eTekeaa-as' KOL vvv ev AavaolcTL OeoirpoTrecov dyopeveis 0)9 br] Tovb^ eveKd orcpiv eK-q/BoXos dXyea Tevyet, 110 ovveK eyo) Kovprjs ^pvorrjibos dyXd' diroLva OVK eOeXov be^acrQai, eirel ttoXv ^ovXojxai avTrjv OLKOL 'iyeiv' KOL ydp pa YiXvTaip.vr]crTpr]s itpo^e^ovXa Kovpibiiqs dXoyov, euel ov eOev eaTL -yepeLoaVi ov bepias ovbe (pvrjv, ovt &p (fypevas ovTe tl epya, 115 dAAd KOL 0)9 eOeXco bop^evaL irdXLv, el to y dpieLvov' ^ovXop! eyo) Xaov croov epipievaL rj duoXeaOaL' avTctp epLol yepas avTL^ eTOLpida-aT , ocfypa p,r} otoy ^ApyeCcov dyepacTTOs eo), eirel ovbe eoLKe' I. IA1AA02 A. 5 \ev(r(T€T€ yap to ye TravreSj o ixol yepas ep^erai aXkr\.^^ no Tov V r]ixei^€T tueira TTobdpKrjs bios ^ A)(^Lk\evs' *'^ATp€ibr] Kvbi(rT€, (fnXoKTeavdrare Travroov, 770)9 yap TOi bdcrovo-L yepas fJLeydOvjJiOi ^ Ayaioi ; ovbi TL iTov ibfiev ^vvrfia Keijieva ttoWcl' aXXa ra fxev noXmv k^eirpaOoixev, ra bibaa-rai, 125 Xaovs 6' ovK €7TeoiK€ iraXiXXoya ravr iirayeCpeLv, aXXa o-y [xev vvv Trjvbe 6e(2 TTpoes* avrap ^AyaioX TpiirXfj reTpairXr] t aTTorCo-ofjiev, at k€ ttoOl Zevs b<^o-L TioXiv TpoLTjv €VT€ix^ov e^aAttTTa^at." Tbv 6' aTTaiieL^opievos irpoo-i^r] Kpetcoi; 'Aya/xe/xrcoz;' 130 *'jutr) br] ovToos, dyaOos Trep edv, OeoeiKeX^ 'A^tXAei;, kX€7tt€ vocd, iirel ov TrapeXevcreai ovbi fie TretVet?. fj eOiXeiSj oc^yp avros eyjis yipas, avrap e/x' avrm rjcrOat bevopievov, KeXeai be pie rrjvb^ aTTobovvac ; dXA' 61 piev bdidoVG-i yepas pieydOvpiOi 'A)(atot, 135 apa-avres Kara Ovpiov, ottcos avrd^iov ecTai' el be Ke pJr] bdo^oriv, eyo) be Kev avros eXoopiai Tj reov fj AXavros io)v yepas, fj ^Obvo-rjos a^co eXdv' 6 be Kev Ke)(^oX(o(Terai ov Kev t/cco/xat. aXX^ 7] TOL piev ravra pLeracfypacropieo-Oa Kal avnSi 140 vvv 6' dye vrja pLeXatvav epvao-opiev els dXa blav, es 6' eperas einrribes dyeipopiev, is 5' eKaropi^rjv Oeiopev, dv 5' avrr]v X.pv(Tr]tba KaXXiirdprjov ^rjo-opiev' els be ns dpxos dvrjp /BovXrjcfyopos earoo, rj Atas Tj ^Ibopievevs fj bios ^Obv(r(revs 145 Tje (TV, UrjXetbrjy rrdvrcov eKirayXorar dvbpQiV, oc^ip fjpilv eKdepyov iXdoro-eaL lepa pi^as" Tov 6' dp' vTTobpa lbo)v Trpoo-ecjyrj irobas o)kvs 'A^iXXevs' " cS/xot, dvaibeirjv eriieiixeve, KepbaXeocjypov, 77(09 ris roi Trpocjypoov eireo-LV rreLOrjrai 'Ax^twi/ 150 fj obov eXOip^evai fj dvbpdcriv t^t p.d\e7Ta, Trpbs Tpdcov' tQ>v ov rt pLeraTpeTTr} ovb^ dAey t^et?' 160 Kol brj pot yipas avros d(j)aLpri(T€(r6aL aTretXetS", w eiTL TToXA.' kp6yr\(Tay bocrav bi p.01 vies 'A)(ata)i^. ov pev COL TTore to-ov ex^o yepas, ottttot 'A)(atol Tpcooov €K7r€p(T(i)(T €V vaiopevov TTToXieOpov* oKXa TO pev irXeiov TroXvatKOS iroXepoio 165 Xelpes ipal bieirovcr* drap rjv irore bacrpios LK-qraL, (Tol TO yepas ttoXv pelC^oVj eyo) 6' oXiyov re (piXov re epxop! e^wz; eTit vrias, iireL /ce Ka/xco TroAe/xt^coz/. vvv 8' et/xt ^Oirjvb^, eirel rj ttoXv (pepTepov €(ttlv OLKab^ tpiev crvv vr]V(Tl Kopcovio-iv, ovbi (t otco 170 kvOdb^ aTipos eoiv dcpevos kol ttXovtov d(j)v^eLv.^^ Tbv 8' 77/jtet^er' eTietra dva^ dvbpo^v ^Ayapiepvoiv* (f)€vy€ p.dX\ et rot Ovpbs eTreVo-vrat, ovbi 0-' eycoye Xia-cropLaL eiveK e/xeto piveiv' Trap' e/xotye kol dXXoL ot Ki pe TLpLTjo-ovcrL, pidXio-Ta be pLrjTieTa Zevs. 175 ^X^to-ros bi pLOL eao-L bLOTpe(j)i(ov j3a(nXri(ov' alel ydp rot epty re c^tAr; iroXepiol re pidxai re' et pdXa KapTepos ea-cn, Oeos ttov col to y ebcoKev' ot/caS' l(bv (Tvv vrjV(TL re o-fjs kol cots eTdpoicL MvppLiboveo-cTLV dvaccre, ciOev 5' eyo) ovk dXeyiCc^, 180 ov8' oOopiai KOTeovTOS' direiXrio-a) bi tol c5§e* Q)S epL dcjyatpeLTaL Xpva-rjtba 4>ot/3o? ^AttoXXcov, TTjv jxev eyo) o^i/i^ vrjt t epfj kol epols erapotcrt « I. 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T^z; be jSapv o-Ttvayodv 7rpo(Te(f)rj 7708a? g)kv9 ^Axi'XXevs' oTcrOa' TLT] rot ravra lbvir\ ttclvt ayopevo) ; 365 (px^ofJieO^ es Qr\^r]v, leprjv ttoXlv ^Heriojvos, rrjv be bieirpdOoixev re Ka\ riyoixev evOdbe iravra* Kal ra fxev ev bdcrcravTO /xera (rv* appa be p^avTLS €v €lb(j)9 dyopeve OeoirpoTTias kKUTOLO, 385 avTLK iyo) irpcoros KeXoprjv Oebv iXdo-KecrOaL' ^Arpetodva 5' eireira xoXos XdjBev, a?\//-a 5' dz;acrras rjTTeikrjo-ev pivOov, 6 bi] rereAecr/xeVo? io-TL' Tr}v pi€v yap avv vrjl Oofj eAtKcoTres 'A}(atot 69 ^pvorrjv iripiTTOVo-LV, dyovo-L be bcopa dvaKn* 390 TTjv be viov KXtoTL-qOev e^av KTjpVKes dyovres KOvpr]v Bptcrrjos, Trjv p.oi bocrav vies ^ A^aiSiv, dXka (TVy el bvvaa-aC ye, neplcryjeo iiaibos erjos' ekOova OvXvpLTTOvbe ACa AtVat, et irore brj tl r) eiret Siviqcras KpabCrjv Atbs rje kol epy(^. 395 TToAAaKt ydp creo irarpbs evl pLeydpotaLV ctKOvaa ev^opievr]S, or e(pr](r6a KeXaivecjyeC KpovLO)VL OLT] ev dOavdroiOTLv decKea Xoiybv dp^vvac, OTTTTore piiv ^vvbrj(raL ^OkvpunoL ijdekov aAAot, '^aprj T rjbe Yloo-eibdcov kol OaAAa? ^AOrjvr]' 400 dAAa cri; rov y ekOovcra, Oed, vireXvcrao beorpo)v, eKaroyyeipov KoKecracr es p^aKpbv *'OXvp.TTOv, ov Bptdpeoiv KaXeovcTL Oeoi, dvbpes be re Trdvres AlyaioDV — 6 yap avre (Bltjv ov irarpbs dp^eivcov — 09 pa irapa KpovtoovL KaOe^ero Kvbei yatoov' 405 rbv Kal VTiebeiaav pidKapes Oeol ovbe r eb-qorav, rOiv vvv piLv pLvrjo-aaa napiC^o Kal kajSe yovvoiv, 14 I. lAIAAOS A. aX Kiv TTCoy ^dikrjcriv iirl Tpcaecro-Lv aprj^ai, Tovs be Kara upvixvas re koX apicj) a\a eXaat 'A)(atoi;s KTeivoixivovs, Xva Travres iiTavpcovTaL ^aoriXrjo^, 410 yz/o) 6e Koi ^Arpetbr]^ evpvKpeioov ^Ayafxifjivcov 171; ari-jv, o T apLCTTov Ayaidiv ovoev eno-ev. 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OL irep upoTepoi virep opKia brjk^cravTO, rOiv ri TOL avTOJV repeva xpoa yvires ebovraiy fjixels avT dkox^ovs re (fytkas Kal vrjina reKva d^opiev ev vr\e(Tcnv, eir-qv TrrokUOpov ekoojjLev,'^ Ovs TLvas av pLeOievras tboc (rrvyepov TTokepoLO, 240 Tovs ixdka veLKeiecTKe ')(^oka)TOLcrLV e-neecrcriv' " 'Apyetot to/xcopot; ekeyxees, ov vv cre^eaOe ; 71(1)6' ovTOds eorrriTe TeOrjirores rjire vejSpot, at T 67766 ovv eKapiov TTokeos 7766 to to 6eov(Tat, 6orrao-'j ovb' dpa ris (TcjyL ^erd (f^peal yiyverai akKYf* 245 &)S vpeis eo-TTjTe reOrjirores, ovbe pidx^eo-Oe. 1] pLevere Tpwas axebbv ekOepiev, evBa re vrjes 4. lAIAAOD A. dpvar evTTpvfjivoL, TroXtrJ? eirl Oivl OaXdo-arjs, o(f)pa tbrjT at k vixjitv vnipo-yri x^^P^ Kpoviodv ; *I2? o y€ KOLpavicov eireTTCdke'LTO (TTiyas avhpQtv' 250 rikO^ 8' €7rt KpriTe(T(TL klo)v ava ovXapibv avbpcov, ol 8' apLcj) ^Ibofievrja hdi(l)pova Ooyprio-o-ovTo' 'Ibofxevevs [xkv kvl Ttpop.axois, crvl etKeAo? akKrjV, MrjpLOvqs 8' apa ol TrvpLCLTas &Tpvv€ (f)a\ayyas. 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AiojuLi^Sovg apicTTela. *Er^' av Tvbdbrj Ato/x7;6et Tlakkas ^kOrivr] b(OK€ [xivos Kol Oapcros, iv €Kbr]\os ^JLera iraaLV ^ApyeiOKTi yevoLTo t6e kXcos iaOkov apoLTo' baU ol €K KopvOos re /cat aa-nibos aKaixarov nvpy aCTTip OTTOOpLVi^ ivaXtyKLOv, os T€ [xdkLCTTa kapLTTpov TTapi(l)a[vrj(TL kekovpevos ^Q.K€avoio* Toiov ol TTVp balev airb Kparos re koX w/xcor, Spo-e be piLV Kara p^iao-ovy 50 1 tiX^Ig-tol Kkoviovro, ^Hi; bi Tis iv TpdeaorL Adpr]9 CKpveibs apLvpi(ji)v, ipevs 'H(/)a6crro60* bvco 6e ol vUes tjo-ttjv, r]yevs '15ato9 re, p^dyr]s eS et6ore Traa-qs. rco ol diroKpLvOivTe ivavTLOt) o)pprjOrjTr]v' TO) pkv d(/)' LTnrouv, 6 8' airb x^ovbs 0)pvvT0 Trefoj. ol 8' ore 8^ (T)(^ebbv '^cav evr' akkrjkoLo-LV Iovtc^, ^-qyevs pa irporepos Trpo'Ui boXi\6(TKLOv ey)(09* Ti;8et8eco 8' virep Sjpov apio-repbv i}\v6* aKcoKT} eyxeoy, ovb^ e/3aX' avTov' 6 8' varepos copvvro x<^^' Tvbdbrj^' Tov 8' ov\ akiov ^ikos eKcjyvye x^f-P^^y akk^ eySaAe (rrrjOos pL^TapdCtov, Sere 8' dcj) linrcjov, '18at09 8' diropovcre ki-no^v irepLKakkia bi^pov, ovb^ erkr] irepL^rjvai a8eA0etoi; Krap^evoio* ovbe yap ovbe k€V avrb^ vireKcpvye Kijpa piikaLvav, aAX' '^HcpaiaTOS epvTo, adooo-e be vvktl Kakv^^a^, i)S 6^ OL p.!} irdyxv yepm' aKaxi]p.evos elr}. 5. 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Tdpvqs epijBdXaKos elXrjXovOet, TOV fjiev dp' ^Ibop^evevs bovpiKXvTos ey\ei /xaKpw 45 vv^^ LTTTTOdv eiTi^'qaoixevov kutu be^tbv Sjpiov' rjpLTTe 8' e^ oyeoav^ crTvyepbs 8' dpa pnv (tkotos elXe, Tbv {lev dp* ^Ibopievrjos eavXevov OepdirovTes' ^ vlbv be IjTpo^ioio ^Kaixdvbpiov, atpiova Orfprjs, -i^l-^ ^ ^w^--^ ^ATpetbrjs MeveXaos eX^ ^yx^^ o^voevTL, 50 eaOXbv drjprjTrjpa' blba^e yap ^'ApTep.is avTr] IBdXXeiv dypia irdvTa, Td re Tpi(peL ovpeatv vX-q' dXX^ ov OL TOTe ye xpalap! "^ApTepas loyeaipa^ ovbe eKrjjSoXLai, fja-Lv ro irpLV y eKeKaaTO* -^vcaJiSiKCK. dXXd ixiv ^ATpeibrjs bovpLKXeiTbs MeveXaos 55 TipocrOev eOev (j)evyovTa pLeTdcppevov ovTacre bovpl G 2 5. IAIAA02 E. &fxoiv iX€(T(rr]yvs, 6ta hi (TTri6€(T(f>iv eXacrcr^v, fipme h\ 77pr]vri9, apafS-qo-e be revy^e eir' avT<2. MrjpLOvrjs be 'i^epeKXov evrjpaTo, reKTovos vtbv * Apixovibeo), OS x^P^-^J^ eTrtoraro batbaXa iravra Co revxeiV efo^a yap fxtv ecjyiXaTo UakXas ^AOrivr]' 5? /cat ^AXe^dvbp(^ reKTrfvaro vrjas etcras li«^^T>,^\xL apx_eKaKOVS, otl ttclo-l kukov Tpcoecro-L yevovro 01 T avT<^, eirel ov tl OeSiv eK 6eo'({)aTa rjbr], TOP [lev MrjpL6vr]S ore brj KarepLapTTTe bidKcov, 65 ^e^XriKei yXovrov Kara be^Loif rj be bLairpb 'C^A^' f-v avTiKpv Kara Kvcrnv v'n oa-riov i]\v9^ CLKOiKri* ^f,.. . yvv^ 5' epLTT^ ot/xcofay^ Odvaros be ixiv d/>t^l' dpr]Trjp erervKTOj 6ebs 8' S)S riero b7]pi(o, TOV piev dp^ EvpvTTvkoSy FivaCpLOvos dykabs vlos, i^UC T^pdo-Oev eOev (pevyovra pierabpopidb-qv lAao-' copiov 80 (fiacrydvcfi dt^ay, dirb 8' e^ecre xelpa j^apelaV alpLaToeo-o-a be x^f-P TrebCco TreVe* rbv be Kar oaae ekkafBe iropcpvpeos Odvaros kolI pioipa KparaLrj. ^D.s OL piev TToveovTO Kara Kparepqv vapLLvqv' ' Tvbetbqv 8' ovK av yvoirjs TrorepoLort pLereirj, 85 Tfe /xerd Tpdeaa-LV dpLikiot rj pier^ 'Axcttotj. 6vve yap apt, irebiov irorap.fjd TrkrjOovTL eoLKcbs X_€t/>tdppa)j OS T coKa picov eKibao-ae ye(\)vpas' 5. 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Tpdde(T(rL p^dyjEo-OaC 135 8r) t6t€ piLV Tpls t6(T(tov ekev jievos, co? re Xiovra, ov pd re iroLpirjv dyp(^ e7r' elpoiTOKOis dtecrtrt y^pavcrri piiv t avXij^ v'nepdXp.evov ovbe bapido-orT]' TOV pkv re aOivos copaev, eTretra 8e r ov TTpocrapvv^L, dWd Kara araOpLOvs bverau, ra 8' iprjpa (fyo^eirai' 140 al pev T dyyjLvo^v, 180 Tvhethri jjllv eycoye haL(j)povL irdvTa eto-Kcu, ao-TTihi yiyvdcTKcov avXcaiTLhi Te Tpv(l)aXeLrj, ''^J^^^^ LTTTTOVS T el(rop6(jov* (rd(f)a 6' ovk oth^ el 6e6s ecTTiv, ei 8' o y dvr]p ov (pr]iJiL, haL(j)p(iiv Tvheos vlos. 5. IATAA02 E. ^^X ^ y ^^^"^^^ Oeov rabe fiaCveraL, aX\d rt? ay)(t 185 ecFTTjK aOavaroiv, v€(piXrj elkvfjiivos a)/xo?;9, o? TovTov jSeXoj wfcv klxw^^^^ erpairev aXXrj, rjbr] yip ol e^^Aca pe\o9, Kal fiiv /BdXov S/xor be^LOv avTLKpi) bia 0(apr]KOS yvdXoLO' ^' Kai [XLV €yit>y Ic^dpuqv *At6cor^t irpo'Cdyl/eiv, 190 e/x7ri]9 8' ovfc ebdfjiacro-a' Beos vv ris kern KorrjeL^. 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VL(l>i[X€v, avOpdiroLCTi Tncj^ava-Koixevos ra a KrjXa* 2S0 KOLinrjo-as 5' aveyiovs X'^^i ^iiirebov, 6(f)pa KaXyxj/rj v\jrr}kwv opioav Kopv(l)as Koi irpdovas CLKpovs Koi TTehia koorevvra kol avhpQiV Trtova epya, KaL T €(p^ akbs TTokirjs KiyyTai Xiixiaiv re koX d/cratj, Kvyia hi [xiv TTpoa-nXa^ov kpvKerac dkXa re iravTa 285 elKvraL Ka6v7T€p6\ or' kiii^picrri Ato? ofi^pos* 0)9 Tcov aixpriKTdcov' * ov ixav aKXr]eis AvKiiqv Kara KOtpaviovcnv r]fjL€TepoL Pao-iXrjes, ebovorC T€ irtova fxrjXa olvov T e^aiTov fJLeXirjbea' ak)C apa kol t? 320 ecrOXri, eirel AvkColo-l [xera TTpdroKn ixdyovrau o) TTeTTOv, el [xev yap TioKepiov ire pi Tovbe (ftvyovre alel br] /xeXXot/xer dyrfpco t aOavdro) re eor(re(T$\ ovre Kev avros evl TTpdroio-L iiaxoiixr\v ovre Ke ere areXXot/xt fxdxrjv h Kvbidveipav' 325 vvv 6' efJiTTrjs yap Krjpes eipeo-rao-iv Oavdroio pLvpiat, 0,9 ovK ecTTL (pvyelv ^porov ovb' vTraXv^ai, tofjiev, rje ro) ev^os ope^opiev, rji tls r]pxv>^ *129 e(f)aT\ ovbe TkavKos aTrerpaTTer ovb^ aTTLdrjae' TO) 5' I6v9 ^rjTr^v AvKLcov pieya e6vo9 dyovre. 33^ T0V9 be ibo)v pCyrjcr vlbs Ilerewo Meveo-Qevs' Tov yap br] irpos irvpyov icrav KaKOTrjra (pepovres* TrdiTT-qvev 6* dva irvpyov 'A}(at&)r, et riv Iboiro fjyepiovcov, 09 tls ol aprjv erdpOLo-Lv apLVvai' es 6' evorjcr Mavre bvo), TToXefiov dKoprjroo, 335 ecTTaoTas, TevKpov re veov KXia-CrjOev lovra, eyyvOev* dXX' ov ttco? ol er]v ^dxravri yey(sivelv* Toao-os yap ktvitos rjev, avrr] 6' ovpavbv I/ce, ^aWopievoyv aaKeoiv re koI iTTTroKopioov rpvcfyaXeidv Kol TTvXecoV TTCLo-ai yap €7ro);(aro, rot bi kot avras 340 ia-rdpievoL ireipQiVTO /3try prj^avres eaeXOeiv, aixj/a 5' eiT Alavra irpotei KrjpvKa Godrrjv' " epxeo, ble ©oaJra, 6eo)v AXavra KaXecrcrov^ R 242 12. IATAA02 M. aiJL(f)OT€p(ji) [xev jj^aXXov' o ydp k apiaTOV anavrmf €17], iirel ra^a rfjbe rerev^eraL aiirvs oXeOpos* 345 &b€ yap e/SpLo-av Avklcov ayoL, oi to irdpos Trep faxpi7€t9 TekiOovo-L Kara Kparepas vcrpiivas* el be (T(pLv KOL KeWt ttovos koI veiKOs opoipev, aWd 7T€p OL09 LTO) TekapLdvLOs aA.Kt/xo9 Ata?, KaC ol TevKpo^ a/x' ka-ireo-Oo) To^odv ev etScoy.**' 350 ^^l9 e(/)ar , ovb^ apa oi KTjpv^ airiOrjcrev aKovcra^, I3rj be Beeiv irapa reixos ^AyaiQiv yoXKoy^iT(!iiVOiV^ (TTrj he Tiap AiavTecro-i klcov, eWap be Trpocrrivba' " AiavT, ^Apyeioav Tjyrjrope yaXKO\iT(!)V(£iVi rjvdyet ITerewo bLOTpe(f>eos ^tAos vlbs 355 Kela tpiev, o(f)pa ttovolo fXivvvOd Trep airrLdo-rjTov, djji(poTepco p!ev fxakXov' 0 ydp k o^ dpicTTov airdvrodv elr], eirel ra^a KeWi Terev^erai oItivs okeOpos' &be yap ejBpLcrav Avkiohv dyoC, oi to irdpos Trep ^a}(pr]et9 TekeOovcn KaTa KpaTepas vo-p^ivas* 360 el be Kal evBdbe irep irokepios Kal reiKO? opoipev, akXd Trep 0I09 lto) TekafidvLOS aAKt/xoy Atas, Kai oi TevKpos aix eairecrOo} to^oov ev €t5coy." ^12? e(f)aT\ ovb^ diriOrjo-e \xeyas Tekapidvios Atas* avTiK ^O'Ckidb-qv eTrea TiTepoevTa Trpocrrivba' 365 " Alav, cr(f)(ol piev avOi, av Kal KpaTepbs AvKOjxribrjs, ea-TaoTes Aavaovs OTpvveTOv t(jdvr](Tas aTre^r] TekapidvLOS Atas, 370 Kat oi TevKpos api f]e Ka AvKLOL, TL T ap <386 ijl€6Ut€ Bovpibos aXKrjs ; apyaXiov be fxoC eort kol IcpOifxco irep kovri 410 fxovv(o prj^afJLev(^ OicrQai irapa vrjvcrl KeXevOov* aAX' €(f)oiJiapT€iT€' irXeovcov be tol epyov ap^eivovy *129 e(j)aO', oi be avaKTos virobeLo-avres 6fJL0K\i]v fxaWov eTTe^pLo-av l3ov\r](f)6pov a\x(f)l avaKTa. ^ApyeloL 8' erepuiOev eKaprvvavro (l)akayyas 415 Teixeos evTOcrOev, fxeya be (r(f)Lcn (f)aLveTO epyov' ovre yap L(j)0LjJLOL Avklol Aavacov ebvvavro Teiyps prf^dpievoL OecrOai Trapa vrjvcrl KekevOov^ ovre HOT alxfxrjral Aavaol Avklovs ebvvavro Teiyeos iiyj/ (ocracrOai, eirel ra iipQiTa TteXaaOev, 420 ciAX' &s T d/x(/)' ovpoLOTL bv avepe brjpidacrOov, juteVp' ev yepcriv eyjovres, eiii^vvd^ ev apovprj, & T oAtyw evl X^PV epC^riTov Trepl L(rr]9, &9 apa T0V9 bieepyov eirdX^Les* oi 8' viiep avrioiv brjovv dXXriXcov aiKpl cTrjOecraL fioeCas 425 a<77rt8as evKVKXovs Xaicrrfia re Tirepoevra. TToXXoX 8' ovrd^ovTo Kara xpoa viqXei )(aXK(3, 7\iiev oTe(d (rTpe(^6evTL fxerdcfypeva yvixv(o6€Lr] fxapvafjievodv, ttoXXol be biapiTrepes dorTTibos avTrjs. iravTY] 8r) irvpyoi KaX eTidX^ies at/xart ^coroSz; 430 eppdbar dpiv, or ecrdXro irvXas' irvpl 8' oo-ae bebrjei, KeKXeTO be Tpcoeo-aLv eXt^dpLevos KaO^ opaXov Teixos vTTep^aLvetv' toI 8' OTpvvovTi ttlOovto. avrlKa 8' ol piev Tel^os virepfiao-av, ol be Kar avrds TTOLTjTas eo-iyyvTO irvXas' Aavaol 8' e(\)6^r]0ev 470 vrias dvd yXacpvpds, opiabos 8' aAtaoroy erv^Br]. NOTES. BOOK I. The numbers with the mark § rejer to the 'Homeric Grammar,' The subject of the Iliad is an episode of the siege of Troy — a quarrel between Agamemnon, the supreme king of the Greek army, and Achilles, their greatest warrior. When the poem opens, the Greeks are encamped on the coast near Troy : nine years have passed, and many Trojan towns have been taken and plundered, but the city itself still holds out. The poet begins by announcing his subject (11. 1-7), and then re- lates shortly the events which led to the fatal quarrel (11. 8-53). The remainder of the first book may be divided into four parts, according to the changes of scene : — 1. The debate in the Assembly and quarrel (11. 54-317). 2. In the camp of Achilles — the taking of Briseis, and complaint of Achilles to Thetis (11. 318-430). 3. Interval of twelve days — restoration of Chryseis (11. 430-492). 4. On Olympus — the prayer of Thetis for the defeat of the Greeks, and the scene between Zeus, Here, and Hephaestus (11. 493-611), 1. 0€d, the Muse, who sings by the mouth of the poet. nT]\T]'Ca8€a). The two Patronymic Endings -ib-q-s and -ladTj-s. with the doubtful vowel of the Stem {U7]\€hs, Gen. UrjXTj-os and UTjXi-os), give the forms n-qXTj-iddrj-s and IlrjXe-tdrj-s. -Scco is scanned as one syllable, by 'Synizesis,' § 51, 7. 2. ovi/\6p.€vos is an Epic variety of the Part. 6\6fX€vos, meaning 'miserable.' 'accursed'; as 6\oio is a form of curse. Cp. ov-qix^vos, *blessed ' (Od. 2. 33), and ovaio, a form of blessing. €6i]K€, 'made,' 'brought about' ; cp. 11. 3. 321 raSt epya . . 'dOrjfcc. 3. "'Ai5i, heteroclite Dat. of'Atdrjs, § 22, 2. 'Aidrjsis usually a person 248 ILIAD, BOOK /. in Homer; but cp. II. 23. 244*'At5t KevOojfxai, *I shall be hid in Hades.' Here the sense of place is required, * hurled forth to Hades.' 4. T€Ox€. The Impf. shows that this Clause is really subordinate, * while it made,' &c., § 27. av^rovs, i. e. their bodies, § 46. 5. ircto-i, ' of all kinds ' ; cp. 5. 52 a'^pia irdvTa, ' all kinds of game,' also 2. 823 jJ-dxr]s €V eidore irdarj^, 5. 60 daiSaKa -ndvTa, Od. 5. 196 irdaav kbajd-qv. Here vultures are especially meant. According to Athenaeus (p. 12 f.) Zenodotus read oiajvoiai re Saira, which Aristarchus altered because 5ais is properly used only of men. Saira has been adopted by several editors, and is thought to be supported by the imitation in ^sch. Suppl. 800 — But in the Venetian scholia — the chief authority on such a point— we are only told that Zenodotus rejected the two lines 4, 5. Hence the state- ment in Athenaeus is doubtless a mere figment (see on 18. 604). The phrase * a banquet for vultures ' is in the manner of ^schylus, and suited to an impassioned context, but hardly to the prologue of the Iliad. Sophocles also imitates the passnge, Aj. 830 pi(pOw Kva\v irpo- P\rjTos oiojvois 6' 'iX-cop, but does not introduce the notion of a * banquet.* Aios 8' 6T€X€i€TO |3ouXt| docs not imply any particular purpose of Zeus, but is a passing recognition of his providence : cp. 18. 292, Od. 8. 82., II. 297, Hes. Th. 1002. 6. €^ OX) goes with a€i5€ (1. i), the poet wishing to mark exactly the part of the Trojan story which he has taken for his subject, viz. the quarrel of Achilles and Agamemnon. So Demodocus in the Odyssey (8. 500) sings €v6€v k\wv ojs k.t.X. ' taking up the story from the point where' &c. And the Odyssey itself opens in the same way, with a prayer to the Muse to begin * from some point ' (d/^o^ci/, Od. i. 20). 8. cpt8t, with ^vvirjK€, 'brought together in strife.' fAdx^crOat, 'for fighting,' 'so that they fought'; § 36, i. 10. cXIkovto 84 XaoL is subordinate in sense (see on 1. 4). A prose writer would have said v6(Xov /ca/crjv Koi rois Xaois oKedpiaVy or the like. 11. Tov Xpvarjv. This use of the Article is scarcely to be paralleled in Homer. In other examples with a Proper Name it is used with an adversative Particle (avrap, p,iv, Se), and only of a person already mentioned : e.g. 2. 105 avrdp 6 avre HkXoxp. 13. \w6ji€vos. The Act. means simply ' to release ' : the Mid. means ' to obtain the release for oneself,' * to ransom.' The notion of ' getting a thing done,' as opposed to doing it oneself, is not the essential one: see Riddell's Digest, § 87. 14. (rT€jjLp,aTa (from (XTecpaj^, * a chaplet ' of wool, his symbol as priest of Apollo, which as a suppliant he does not wear, but carries on his staff (Ameis). Note that aT^fxixara and areppLa (I. 28) are used without distinction : so to£ov and tJ£o, &c. On the a of 'AttoWojvoSj § 53, 2. NOTES, LINES 4-44. 249 18. ='May the gods grant you victory, &c., you release my daughter/ QioL is scanned as one syllable. 19. iroXtv. On the scanning of the second syllable, § 53, 3. 20. \vo-aiT€. The Opt. is a gentle form of Imperative, § 30, 2. rd 8' diTOiva. The Art. points the contrast : not ' take this lansom,' but 'take the other, the ransom,' = ' take instead the ransom,' § 47, 2 d. 8€X€(r0at, Inf. used as an Imperative, § 36, 3. The Pres. Ux^aOat brings the act into connexion with Xvaane ('release her, while you receive ransom for so doing'), see on 1. 10. Conversely in 1. 23 the Aor. SexOat is the main verb, the Pres. aidcicrOaL is subordinate. 22. €'n-€va, § 49, 3. 57. ii7€p0€v, 3 Plur., § 2. 58. Toio-t 5'. This de is not to be translated ; it marks the ' apcdosis/ i.e. the Clause completing the sentence introduced by hei. 59. a\L\L€, = 'Qfxds, § 23. 'iTa\ip.'n'\a'yx^^V'''°'S> ' driven back ' ; tt \a^aj is * to send adrift.' irdXiv, ' back ' (never ' a second time '). Oo. €1 K€v . . €j€i, which can hardly mean either * withhold his hands from [sending] the plague' (like Od. 22. 316 KaKcjjv dird x^ipas or ' keep away the hands of the plague,* i. e. stay it. The latter explanation might be defended by Od. 20. 263 Kcprofxias toi avTos kyoj Kal x^'^P^^ dcpe^cu trdvToov fivrjdTrjpojv : but this would imply a personification of the plague, which would not be in place when it has been so emphatically ascribed to the direct agency of Apollo. 98. IXiKcomSa, probably * with well-rounded face.* The Masc. occurs at V. 389 kKLKooTTis 'Axatoi. €\i^ always implies a bent or twisted form : thus, ve€s dfjL(pi€\iacrai, ^ ships roUnded at both ends.* 99. dirpidTqv is an Adv. in Od. 14. 317, and so perhaps here, § 37, 3. 103. dp,<|)l |X€\aivai, to be so written (not dp-cpifxeKaivai), and both the words to be taken with the Verb mixirXavTo, — ' were filled (so as to be) black (with rage) on both sides.' d/jKpi is used in this way of various feelings, e. g. II. 3. 442 epojs (ppivas dp^cpfKaXv^pev^ 6. 355 -novos cppeuas dfxcpiPepTjKev, Od. 8. 541 d'xos cppevas dpcpiPifirjKev. Similarly nepi in II. II. 89 irepl cppevas ifiepos aipu. Also of sound heard, II. 2. 41 Oeirj 5e p.LV dpcpexvT dpfrj, Od. I. 352. The Preposition expresses the complete sway of the feeling over the mind. (Niigelsbach's Anmerku7igert, ed. 1864.) 105. KdK' do-o-6|jL€vos, * with mischief in his look.' 107. 'Evil is dear to you to prophesy,' i.e. it is your pleasure to prophesy evil, § 36, 2. On the Art. see § 47, 2, d. lie. 8V| gives a shade of irony, like our 'really.' 112, 113. TToXvi povXop.at, * I greatly prefer ' ; cp. 1. 117. avTTjv, ' her- self (rather than any ransom). On the Pf. Trpope'PouXa, ' I prefer,' § 26. 114. KovpiSC-ris, 'wedded,' ' lawful,' probably from Kovpd^ the lock of hair which the bride cut off before marriage. For the form cp. jxoip'idios, vvpcplhios (Curt. Stud. I. i. 253). 1 20. X€vo-o-€T6 is emphatic, ' it is in full view of all that my prize 252 ILIAD. BOOK I. is going from me.' o = *that' (used as a Conj., not in agreement with ^kpas)^ see § 48, 2. 123. 7dp. The speech begins (somewhat abruptly) with the reason for the proposal which is already in the speaker's mind. 124. JvvT|iov is 'a piece of common property/ from ^vvos, ' common' (like ^€Lvr]'CoVy the gift of a ^uvos). l8)Jl€V K€ip.€Va = t5/^€I/ OTL K€lTai^ § 37, 7* 125. TO. p.€v. The Art. has the force of a Rel. ; but see § 47, 3. cIcirpdOoiJLCv, ' have taken by sack from.* 126. iraXCWoYa goes closely with €Tra'y€tpciv, * to collect back.' The notion of ' collecting ' is given both in ira\i\-\oya and kir ayeipciVf Achilles dwelling on it with rhetorical variety of phrase. Xaovs in this position is emphatic : ' it is not seemly that the whole people should have to bring back their shares again* into the common slock. It might also be taken (as Mr. Paley suggests) after knayeipeiv, which on this view is to be construed as a Verb of 'asking' or 'taking from,' with a double Acc. 128. On the force of k€v, see § 33, i, e, 129. 8^0-1, 3 Sing. Subj., § 2. 131. ji^i 8iq ovTws, § 51, 6. 132. kXctttc vocp, 'do not seek to trick by scheming,* = do not try to contrive a trick. irapcXcucreat, ' will get beyond,' ' get the better ' : so '7Tap€^€K6€iv A(oy vuov (Od. 5. 104^ ' to outwit Jove.* 133* 134- * Do you mean, in order that you may have a prize for your- self, that I should sit down tamely in want of one — and accordingly tell me to give back this maiden ' ? avrdp marks the apodosis (as II. 3. 290) : KcXeai 84 K.T.X. would be in Prose /c€\€vojv or oti /£€\€v€is: ' (is this what you want) when you bid me' ; § 57. On avTws see § 46, 2. 135. €1 p,€v K.T.X. The apodosis is left unexpressed because it is only on the second of the two alternatives ('if they do not give'), that any- thing is to follow. 136. Qpo-avT€s, ' making it fitting,* pleasing, to my mind ; cp. the Adj. OvfXTjpTjs, ' pleasant.* avrd^iov, ' an equivalent,' for Chryseis. 137. 8w-a)0'iv, § 13. On the second 84, see on 1. 58. The Subj. t\Q)[iai gives a peremptory tone ( = 1 am resolved to take), § 29, i. 139. djto cXcov returns to an independent construction, § 58, i. For K€v with the Fut. KcxoXcocrcTai, see § 35. 140. ^ Toi (also written ijToi) is a strong affirmative, § 49, i ; distinct from ijToi, 'either.* 141. €pvo-o-op.€v, Aor. Subj., § 13, A : so aYcCpojicv, 0€top,€v, pTjo-op,€v. 144. The order is, th tls, dvTjp fiov\r}(p6pos, iaroj dpxos. 148. "UTToSpa iSwv, 'with a scowl*; properly 'looking from beneath* (his eye-brows). 1 49. €m6ip.€v€, ' that dost wear ' as a coat of armour ; (ivvvfxi, § 11, 4. NOTES. LINES I23-2OO. 150. iTp6<()po)v, cp. 1. 77. TTciOi^Tai, Subj., § 29, 3, 'how shall any one obey words for thee/ = obey thy words. 154. ovhk |JL€v, ' nor yet/ = Attic ov firju ouSe, d\\' ouSe. 155. ^0iT), in Thessaly, the home of Achilles. 157. ovp€d T€ K.T.\. is epexegetic of iroWd, * there is much between,* mountains &c.' : cp. Od. 7. 264 iroWa 5' €bQ)K€, oltov kol ^jJOv rjhv. The hiatus before TjxTjeao-a is excused by the Bucolic diaeresis, § 51, 8 : it is not certain that yxh had the f in Homer. 158. jxeya, 'very.' Xo-^PTIS, for the sequence of Tenses see § 34, 2, c. 159. Ti|JLT|v, * vengeance/ lit. payment; cp. II. 3. 286-288. 160. Twv, Neut. ; Gen. with Verbs of emotion, as in 11. 180, 429. 162. 86(Tav 84, * and which they gave,' cp. 1. 79. -uies, § 22, 2. 164. Tpwcov TTToXCcOpov, uot Troy itself, but any Trojan town (such as Chryse, Thebe) ; hence the Subj. without dV, § 33, i. c. 165. iroXvdiKos, i. e. full of rapid movement, onset, flight, &c. (dtcraoj), 167. TO, Art. of contrast, § 47, 2, ' you have your prize.' 168. Kdp,co. The Aor. expresses the access of weariness. 170. KopcovCcriv, * curved,' rising in a curve at the ends. 170, 171. otiSc a Old), a' is for aoi ; oi'oj is ironical, ' I do not fancy,' * I have no notion/ cp. 1. 296. a^v^€iv, Act., of drawing for another's benefit. Achilles declines to be the humble minister to Agamemnon's avarice. 173. cTT-co-cru-Tai, Pres. eiri-craevoj : Reduplication, § 11, 2. 175. K€, as 1. 139, ' will honour me ' (if you do not). \Lr\TUra, § 17. 180. MvpfiiSoves, the Thessalian people of whom Achilles was chief. 184. irffAvj/o), Fut. Ind., of what he is obliged to do : ayw, Subj., of what he does of his own will ; k€ shows that the latter depends on the former, ' I in that case will* &c., § 31, i. 186. o-rxjytd) is the usual word in Homer for the feeling of fear : cpo^eofxai and rpeoj properly express flight. 187. Literally, ' to think (of himself) alike with me ' : icrov is a Neut. used adverbially, cp. Taa in Od. 15, 520 rov vvv laa ddw 'lOaKrjaioi elao' poQjffL, * look upon him equally with a god,' i.e. as equal to a god. 6jjLOi(o9T||ji€vai uvTT]v, * to put himsclf in comparison with me face to face.' The Aor. in -Otjv is here Reflexive, like the Middle. 188. 189. €v is adverbial, o-TT)0€crcrL a locatival Dat., 'his heart within debated in his breast.' 1 90-19 2. o y€ gives point to the alternatives, r\ — tj€, see § 47, i. Similarly in 1. J 91 6 (8c) marks the contrast with rovs |X€V k.t.X. 191. c.vacrTi;creL€v, *make them rise,' i. e. break up the assembly, tovs means *the others,' the rest of the assembly. 194. \\C€ 8' is the apodosis to t^os 6 k.t.X. ; see on 1. 58. The change from the Impf. to the Aor. makes this clear. 197. aT-Tj, ' came and stood,' cp. 1. 6. Kcp.Tr)s, 'by the hair.' 2CO. ot, Athene, ' her eyes gleamed terrible.' 254 ILIAD. BOOK I. 201. TTTcpocvTa. Words are imagined to fly from the speaker to the hearer, jiiv, with Trpoarjvha. <|)cavTicras, Aor. ' raising his voice.' 203. l5t], Mid.: cp. opaTo, 1. 56. Some ancient critics read %?. 205. . • oXcWt], a solemn threat, § 29, 4. Tclxa, 'quickly.' 206. ^XavKwrns, probably * gleaming-eyed,' cp. 1. 200. 211. 6v€l5io-ov ws €(r€TaC ircp, 'revile him (by telling him) how it will be*; ws eaerai irtp standing as object to dveiSiaov : cp. Od. 21. 212 (Tcpwiv 5' civ €(T€Tai TT€p aX-qOeL'qv KaraXe^Q}, ' I will tell you the truth as to how it will be ; also 19. 312 dUrai us 'iaerai ircp. 216. Tr€CJo|xat, Fut.with el 617, cp. 1. 61. 296. oio), cp. 1. 170. Achilles echoes 1. 289, mockingly. 299. y€ points the contrast between acpeXeaOe and Soi/rcs, ' since you have but taken away what you gave.' 302. €L 8€ has generally been explained by supposing an Ellipse (d he Povkei dye, &c.), but this is unlikely. Probably el was originally a kind of interjection, and the use has survived in this group of phrases : cp. Lat. eia age. yvco-cocti, § 13. 306. €icras, an Epic variety /or i'cras, used in certain phrases only. 307. MevoiTidST), Patroclus. 311. €v is adverbial, ' went among/ i. e. with them. 314. Xv^iara, = Attic «a^a/)/xaTa, ' off-scourings.' 317. €\to-o-o|jL€VT] irepl KaiTvcp, * eddying round the smoke,' i. e. borne up in the smoke-wreaths. So in II. 22. 95 eXiaaoixevos irepl x^^Vy a serpent * coiling himself round (the inside of) his nest.' 320. TaXOvPtov. A family of heralds claiming descent from him existed in historical times in Sparta (Hdt. 7. 134). 322. K\L(rLT]v, Acc. with a Verb of motion, § 37, 6. 323. aye\iev, Inf. = Imperative, § 36, 3. 324. 8a)T]criv, more usually hdj-rj, § 2. cXcojjtai, 1. 137. 326. €171 \lvQ0V €T€\\€, 1. 25. 331. TappTjo-avTC, * struck with awe' ; cp. Oaparjaas, 1. 85. 338. TO) 8' aviTw K.T.X. 'they themselves.' 340. Kal irpos Tot), not 'the king,' but ^ him too, the king,' § 47, 2, b. 8t| avTC, Synizesis, § 51, 6. 341. YcvTjTai, Subj. with €i, § 33, i, c. 342. 6XoLfjo"i, oAoos, § 51, 3, c. 343. irpocrcrco Kal oirCcro-o), i.e. 'backwards as well as forwards': he sees only irpoacroj, does not look round and consider the whole case. * 344. jjiax€OtvTO is an impossible form, § 2 : read jiaxcoCaT' or (better) jiaxcovrai, the Fut. as II. 8. no, Od. i. 57., 4. 163., 17.6. 349. Irdpcov, join with v6a€XX€v, Homeric form for wcpeiKev. 354. Join ovi8€ tvtGov, * not even a little.' 356. atiTos, by his own act, § 46, i. dirovpas. Part oi a-rr-qvpcxjv. The word should probably be airovpas^ for atro-fpas, 3 Sing. Indie, dnevpa for dir-efpa : cp. Kar-eKTa, Part. Kara-KTCis. 362. ere ^oj/ 1. 283. 470. €TT€crT€v|;avTO, * filled up ' : vtna coronant in Virgil's imitation (vEn. I. 723 f.) is a curious mistake, ttotoio. Gen. of Material, § 39, 4. 47 1 . €TTap|d|x€vot 6€Trd€crcnv, * having given first drops all round into the cups ' (to be poured out as libations before the cups were filled). The Verb dpx^(^Oo,i may be applied to any preliminary ritual, and em gives the notion of going ' over ' or round the company, as in k-nwx^To (1. 50), knayeLpeiv (1. 126) ; see Merry and Riddell on Od. 3. 340. 473. KaXov, used as an Adv. = Attic /taAws, § 37, i. iraiTjova, the song of rejoicing. 474. <|)p€va, Acc. of the seat of feeling, § 37, 4. 475. 4m, in Tmesis, =KU€(pas kirriKde. 478. Kat, here used to mark the apodosis : so in 1. 494. 479. iK-p.€vov, ' favouring,' Lat. secimdus ; 2 Aor. Part., § 3, A. 482. TTpfiaev, TTprjOoj has the meanings * blow ' and * burn.' KOjxa is the broken surface of the sea ; cp. 1. 483 * the ship coursed through the Kvpca ' ; also 1. 496. 481, 482. d|jiC is used adverbially, o-TtCpT] is a locative Dat. ; cp. NOTES. LINES 454-552. alyiaXcy /3p€fi€Tai (II. 2. 210), also the note on 1. 188 (above), vtjos, with cTTcipT), * on the stem of a ship as it sj^ed along.* iTop(|)vp6ov expresses a dark and turbid quality of colour. 484. e-n-CL pa, § 49, 3. Kara o-Tpaxov, ' off the camp.' 486. €pp,aTa, ' stays/ ' props.' vtto. Adv., ' under it.' 490. ovT€ -rror' k.t.X. These words are an explanation of p.T|VL6 : hence the asyndeton. 493. €K Toio, i. e. from the meeting with Thetis. S-ucoSeKarT], 1. 425. Note the dramatic skill with which the blank caused by the twelve days' delay is filled by the episode of the restoration of Chryseis, so that there is no sense of pause in the action. 495. ov \rfi€r, Impf. ' did not meanwhile forget,' § 27. 496. dW r\ y\ Art. as in 1. 320, § 47, i. dv€5\jo-€To, § 9, 3. 497. T|€pLT), 'in the early morning,' cp.^pi, 'early,' also avpiov. For the use of the Adj. of time, cp. \.^2^x^^C^^ '^^1> ^-47^ TravijfjLipiOL ikdaKovro, &c. 498. evpvoira, * looking far and wide,' here an Ace, as if from €vpvoi// : more commonly it is a Nom., § 17. 508. a-v 7T€p, ' you at least,' as Agamemnon will not. 509. cm . . Tt0€i, Tmesis, ' bestow on' ; riOrjixL as in 1. 2. 510. 6pv(Ti being an Instrumental Dat. § 38, 3. 529. €7r€pp(wcravTO. The Verb pojopai is used of quick, springing movement : here of the hair tossing forward with the nod. 533. Zeijs 8€, sc. €^r], understood out of aXro (Zeugma\ 536, 537. fjLiv, with T|YV0LT]cr€v, ' she was not unaware (about him) that he,' &c , Ace, § 37, 7. ISoOcra, 'when she saw him' : on seeing him she divined what had happened. 540. Tis . . 0€wv, ' which of the gods.' 5t| av, § 51, 6. 541. covra, Acc. because it goes with 8LKai;c|X€v : see on 2. 113. 546. xo-XcTTOL K.T.X. = ' it will bc difficult for you to know them.' 550. TaOra cKatrra, 'all these questions of yours,' § 45. 552. TToiov Tov (xtiOov, Art., § 47,/, * what is the word which,' &c. S 2 26o ILIAD. BOOK I. LINES 553-6 10. 553. Kal XCt]v, * assuredly ' : \irjv (like fidXa, 11. 85, 173) is used to strengthen the affirmation, irctpos, with a Pres., ^ I have not hitherto been in the habit of asking you.' 555. p,T| a€ TrapcCtrT], * lest she have gained thee over/ i.e. lest she prove to have done so. Trap^nrHv, like Trapdcprjfjii in 1. 577 (Attic irapa- yopevctj)^ ' to talk over.' 558, 559. ws . . Ti|xT)o-r)s, ^ that thou wilt honour.' The Subj. (not Opt.) after KaravcOcrai because the event is still future, § 34, 2, c, 561. 8aip,ovCii, * unaccountable,' * infatuated,' implying a blindness or perversity caused by a god : as we say ' what possesses you ' ? oteai, ' art foreboding, suspecting.' 562. aiTo Ovjjiov, * away from my heart,' i. e. out of favour. 567, 568. aaaov i6v8\ i.e. ioura, Acc. after xptticrixaxri, 'avail not against the assault.' XP"^<''M^"' usually takes an Acc. of the t/iin£ kept off ; here aacrou lovra (^€) = * my coming on,' § 37, 7. dairrovs, * not to be touched,' * irresistible.' €€pcov, by Tmesis for liTKpepojv 'qpa, ' offering pleasing service,' = * making himself agreeable.' The ancient reading was cmtjpa: see Mr. Merry's note on Od. 3. 164. 575. KoXcpov, 'noise,' ' a wrangle ' : hence /^oAo^ao;, 2. 212. €XatJV€TOv, ' carry on,' ' keep going.' 579. ativ . . Tapa^T], Tmesis ; cp. co7t- in coriftmdo. 580. €t TTcp K.T.X., ' for suppose he chooses,' &c. No apodosis is expressed, but the sort of clause to be supplied is suggested by the words 6 "ydp TT0\t» fpTaT6s €0-Tt. 582. KaGdiTTeo-Oai, 'take him in hand': Inf., § 36, 3. 584. 8€Tras djjL<))iKijiT€XXov, ' a two-handled cup ; ' cp. the d\eicrov d^cpQjTov, ' two-eared goblet,' Od. 22. 10 (Helbig, Das homerische Epos, p. 260). 586. T€T\a0w, Pf. Imperative, 6, 2. dvd(rx€o, ' bear up,' ' endure.' 589. GpyaAcos dvTi<()€p€o-6at, ' hard to set oneself against,' 1. 546. 591. TCTaYcuv, a Reduplicated Aor., § 4, § 28, 2 : cp. Lat. tango. 593. The island o{ Le?mtos is volcanic ; hence the mythical connexion with Hephaestus. 596. iraiSos, ablatival Gen., * from her son.' X^'-P^ ' her hand.' 598. OLvoxoci is applied to ' nectar,' by a slight extension of use. 600. 8id with the Acc. of motion ' through,' § 42, 3. irotirvvo) is an Intensive, formed by reduplication from irvioj (root irvv-). 603. ov» p,€v, ' nor yet,' § 49, 4. 606. KaKK6iovT€s. The form kcCco is probably a Desiderative of cKao-Tos. Note the Sing. ; ' they went — each one.' 610. iKdvoi, Opt. of indefinite frequency, § 34, i, c. ILIAD. BOOK II. LINES 1, 2. 261 BOOK II. The second book begins with an apparent contradiction of the last line of the first book. Zeus, according to i. 611, went to bed and slept : we are now told that ' sleep held him not.' This may mean that sleep did not keep its hold of him— that while others slept all night {^vhov vavvvxioi) Zeus presently awoke. Compare Soph. Aj. 676 vttvos \ \v€i webrjaas ovb' dd Xa^ojv ^x^i. More probably, however, the contradiction arises from the inartificial way in which the story is told. The poet ends his scene on Olympus by all the gods going home to sleep, Zeus with the rest : then, after a pause, he takes up the story again by correct- ing himself, and explaining that Zeus did not sleep. There is a similar inaccuracy in Odyss. 1 5. 4-8 : €vp€ hi TrjK^fxaxov Kai NcVropos dyXaov vJbv (v5ovt' €V npobofxo) MeveXdov fcvdaXifjiOLO' y rot 'N€(rTopibr]v fiaKoKcy b€h/xrjfX€voy vttvo), TrjKipLaxov 5' ovx vttvos €X€ yXvfcvs, d\\' hi Ovficp vvKTa hi dfi^poairjv pLeXebrj fxara irarpbs ey^ipf. Here it is first said that Telemachus and Nestor's son were both sleep- ing {€vdovT€), then that Telemachus could not sleep. In the present instance the contradiction is more direct ; but on the other hand the pause between the statements is longer. Cp. also 10. 25 (with the note). In any case it is clear that the second book of the Iliad takes up the story at the exact time and place where the first book left it, viz. night- fall on Olympus. And the incident of the Dream makes an excellent transition to the renewal of the war, after the lull caused by the Plague and the quarrel of the chiefs. The value of the second book, as an integral part of the Iliad, consists mainly in the picture which it gives of the Greek dyopTj, or assembly of all the fighting men. In the first book the only actors are the gods and a few of the chiefs. The poet now lets us4ee the temper and spirit of the army as it was affected by the long siege (the ten years are now mentioned for the first time), and by the events of the first book. 1. liTiTOKopvcrTaC, lit. * horse-helmeted,' i.e. wearers of helmets with horse-hair plumes : cp. xa^^'^o/fo/jucrTa/, * brazen-helmeted.' 2. vT|5vi|xos. The ancient grammarians doubted, in this and similar places, between the forms vq^vjios and ijbupos, Aristarchus deciding for vrjdvfjLos. His authority has banished rjhvpios from our texts of Homer, though it was used by Hesiod, Simonides, Alcman, &c. Buttmann con- jectured with great probability that vrjdvfxos is only an old mistake for ijdvpLos. In seven out of the twelve places where it occurs the preceding 262 ILIAD, BOOK II, word ends with v, and this v Buttmann supposed to have been attached to the following word (tSju ^bvfios thus passing into tmv VTjdv/xos, €x^^ ij5v/xos into ex^ yrjdvfxos, &c.). The fictitious vrjdvfjcos was then put for rjhvixos everywhere, probably by the Alexandrian critics. 4. Tip.T|or€t' 6\€o-ai 8€. The MSS., except Ven. A, have ti|xt)o-t| oXccTT] 8€. The form tijjlt|o-€i' is supported by the scholia, and by the ei reading rifXTjarj in Ven. A. For the Optative cp. 24. 680 oppLalvovT ava Ovjxbv ottojs . . kKire^ipm. The Subj. after a past Tense is rare in Homer : see § 34, 2, b. 6. otiXov, 'destructive,' i.e. misleading. On the two kinds of dreams, true and false, see Od. 19. 562 ff. 10. irdvTa p,dX', to be taken together, = ' quite all.' dY0p6V€p,€v, Inf. for the Imperative, § 36, 3. 12. iravcrvSiT], 'in full muster,' (lit. * with urging forth of all'), Zenodotus wrote 'rrao-o-vSir], perhaps rightly. 13. dp,(j)is . . <|)p(iJovTau, 'are of opposite minds': so 15. 345 d/i(^ts (l>pov€ovT€. But in 18. 254 d/xcpi /xaAa (ppd^fcOe means ' consider looking both ways,' i.e. carefully. Cp. ^sch. Ag. 815 dixoppoirus. 15. ii\'nrai, *are fastened upon,' made sure to. 19. dp,pp6crios, 'divine.' So 1. 57 dfi^poairjv did vvKTa. 20. Nir]Xir]ta> vu, * son of Neleus' : so 4. 237 Kairav-fjios vlos, &c. 21. -yepovTcuv, 'of the chiefs,' who were not necessarily old men. 22. Join p,iv TTpoo-ccJxovce. 27. o-cO, to be taken with KTjScTai. 36. €p,€XXov, so Aristarchus; most MSS. have €p,€XX€. With a Neut. Plur. the Verb is more commonly Singular in Homer : but ex- ceptions are numerous. TcXccaOai is Fut. Inf. : cp. 1. 116. 37. 4)Tj, ' he thought* ; cp. 5. 473 T], see the note on i. 103. The word 6jjiT| always implies a divine utterance. 43. vT)"ydT€ov. The old derivation from vko-s and y'lyvofiai (root y€v, yd) is untenable. The word is probably an adjective of material, like 5oupdT€09, 'wooden' (see the Journal of Philology, vol. xi. p. 61). 49. aip,€v, 'we should have thought;' the Opt. with K(:V used of an unfulfilled condition in the past, see § 30, 6. jjidWov, 'rather' (than attend to it). 76-83 are perhaps an interpolation. If they stand, the next two lines cbs apa (pojvqaras k.tX.. must refer to Nestor, whereas Agamemnon would be the person to lead the way, and the words tt€l9ovt6 t€ Troifxivi Xaojv naturally refer to him. The Article tov (1. 80) and the neglect of the Digamma (§ 54) in vvv 6' id€v (1. 82) are also suspicious. Some scholars, again, have doubted the whole passage about the Pov\t| •ycpovTcov (53-86), which consists chiefly of a repetition (for the third time) of the passage about the Dream. 89. PoTpvSov, * in clusters.* The comparison to a bunch of grapes applies best to bees swarming, and so Virgil uses it in his imitation, Georg. 4. 558 (lentis uvam demittere ramis). In Homer, however, the bees are streaming out in their ordinary quest of honey. 90. ircTTOTTiaTai, ' are on the wing,' § 26. 93. 8€8t|€i, ^ was blazing,' i.e. made itself felt in all its strength. 95. T€TpTjx€i, ' was in disorder,' Plupf. of rapaaaoj. 96. Xawv, governed by viro in the preceding line. loi. KT|, 'as/ a word read by Zenodotus here and in 14. 429. 145. TTovTos, lit. *way' (cp. LaX. pons)^ is used when a particular tract of sea is meant. ddXacrcra is the sea generally. 148. IttC t* T|p,iJ€i, sc. Krj'iov, 'bends with the wind.* 153. ovpovs, the channels by which the ships were drawn up and launched again. 154. cpjiara, props or stays for keeping the ships upright when drawn up on shore. 165. ap,<|)i€\icro-as (€\(^, Fem. tXiaaa) probably means 'rounded on both sides,' evenly built at the bows. 179. |X7)8€ T* €pu)€i, i.e. do not give way, fail in your efforts, tpcoeot is especially used of a recoil or reaction, from the strain of war/ &c. Probably the true reading is fi-qb' er kpijju, for t€ is out of place here (§ 49, 9). 182. oira, with ^vvctjkc, not 4)a)VT)o-s 8€L8Co'€Os Paorw- \r\os, possibly on account of the Sing. € in the next line. But an abrupt change of number in a passage of this kind is not unusual : cp. Od. 4. 692 ^ r' €JTL diKTj Oeiojv ^aaiK-qcxiv \ aWov k ^x^^^PV^'- Pporufi/, dWov k€ (piXoiij, 'which is the manner of kings : he (a king) will,' &c. 198. 8T|}xot; T*. The t€ — re connect i'Soi with Poooovra Ic^^ivpoi. But some good MSS. have 8T|p,ov dvSpa. NOTES. LINES 129-250. 265 206. No good MS. has this verse, which seems to have crept into this place from 9. 99. 212. 0€paLTT]s, the 'bold' insolent iaXker (Odpaos) ; cp. Od. 22. 287 IloKv6(pa(idrjs o\k6s, probably 'bandy-legged,' Lat. /a/x. tw 86 ol wjxa), • and then his shoulders,' § 47, 2, d. 218. o-vvoxccKOTC, 'stooping together,* a-vv-ixa. The form cvv- oK0i\6r€ (given by Hesychius) is more correct ; cp. OKOJxh^ ^ stay or buttress. 219. (f)o£6s, said by the Schol. to be a term applied to earthen-ware spoilt in the burning ; ' out of shape.' €Tr€VTjvo0€, ' had its place thereon,' Plupf. of a supposed *€i'€^cy, pf. kvrivoda (diftinct from "^aviOoj, dvrjvoOa). 222. k€k\t]yws, 'screaming,' § 26. Xcye, 'recounted' ; Xe7cu in Homer means ' to count ' (not simply say) : Thersites poured out a string of insulting things. tfy in 1. 297, dWd Kai 'iinr-qs k.t.X. 294. ciXccocriv, 'hem in,' 'keep back.' 303. X^^lci T€ Kai irpcuij' or 4s AvXiSa k.t.X. Literally, 'yesterday or the day before (from the time) when the ships were gathering to Aulis,' i.e. a day or two after the ships assembled. In this use of x^*C« '''^ Kai rrpcvL^a the speaker puts himself at the point of view of the event which he is going to relate : ' it was, as one might say, but yesterday that the ships were gathering.' For the use of ot€ = 'since,' 'after,' cp. II. 21. 80 ^a;? 5€ fioi kariv | rjde bvcodcKOLTTj or ks ''Wiov elk-qkovOa, and Od. 3. 180 T€TpaTov rjixap trjv or kv^Apyei vijas I'icras | Ti/Sf/'Secu irapoi . . | laraaav. The passage is generally explained as a bold hyperbole ; the event being supposed to be so fresh in the recollection of the Greeks that it seems to be only ' the other day.' This is defended by places where the phrase is used of a long period. But in all these the time is relatively NOTES. LINES 266-^^6. short, or at least the writer wishes to make light of it. Here, on the contrary, Ulysses dwells on the length of time that has passed; cp. especially 1. 298 drjpov re fi€V€iv, and 1. 325 oipifxov oipLTeKearuv. More- over, there is a special reason for a note of time which will fix the sign of the sparrows to the Beginning of the war : for if the sign were later, the end of the nine years which it signified would be proportionately distant. Others again take x^^t*^ ^^^^ irpcoijd with €j3av in the preceding line ; but this gives a poor sense, and moreover it is not Homeric to begin a fresh sentence by ot€ without any particle of transition. 314. «\€€iva, 'piteously,' to be taken with rcrpiYwras. 315. Join d[JLtv, * apart from the rest of the Achaeans.' 347. dvvCTis, ' result,' ' attainment ' ; i. e. they will come to naught. auTwv is Masc, referring to rovcrh^ in 1. 346. 348. Uvai depends on PovKevcuai in the last line. 349. €1 T€ . . €1 T6, so the bcst MSS. : others have t|€ Kal ovki. \|;€\i8os, ' false,* cp. 9. 115 ou Ti if/cvdos k^as dras KareXe^as. 353. do-TpdiTTcov K.T.X. The line is a kind of exclamation : hence the Nom. without a construction, cp. 10. 437, 547» S^- 356. *EX€V"i]s opjJLTjixaTd T6 cTTovaxds T€, ' thc stir and groaning about Helen.' This 'objective ' use of the Genitive is very common in Homer ; e. g. Tpduojv dXyos, ' sorrow for the Trojans,' x'^^os vios, ' anger on account 268 ILIAD. BOOK IT. of his son,' &c. Cp. also II. 3. 206 (T€v dyyeXirj^ 'a message about you/ and the genitives quoted on 1. 397. The word opp.'qp.a does not elsewhere occur, but its meaning may be inferred from that of opfxdaj and op^aivoa (cp. 10. 28 TToKuxov Bpaavv 6pixaivovr€s), Nestor seeks to rouse the Greeks by the thought of havmg done and sutfered so much, and all about Helen. This is a standing topic in the Iliad; see 2. 39, 177; 3. 99, 126 ff. The common interpretation — ' the longings and groans of Helen' — makes Nestor insist on a circumstance which could not be known to Greeks, and by which we can hardly suppose them moved. 359. *That he may be the foremost to perish/ i.e. he will be put to death at once. On kiriair^iv see l^tdii, Journ. of Philology, xiv. p. 249. 363. <))pi|TpT]4)iv, used as a Dat. : see § 40. The <))pT|TpT| (Attic €as, ' by themselves,* cp. i. 271. 376. aiTpT|KTO\;s, ' in which nothing is done,' ' fruitless.' 379. €S 7€ p,Cav (sc. /3oi;A?p), ' take counsel to one purpose.' 381.. SciTTVov, in Homeric times a forenoon or midday meal : 8. 53. 382. 0€cr0a), 'put in order,' 'set right.' 384. apjiaros dp.<}>ls iStov, 'seeing to his chariot.' 385. Kpvvcofi€0a, ' bring matters to an issue,' Lat. decerno, 392. p,ip,v€6v, Acc. de quo, § 37, 7. 410. ouXoxtiTas, see the note on i. 449. 413. cir' . . Svvai, *set upon (the battle),' i.e. so as to interrupt the battle. For the Inf. cp. 7. 179 ZeO -ndr^p, rj Atavra Kax^lv k.t.X. 414. irp-qvcs, with PaXcciv, proleptically, 'cast down headlong.' 415. aiOaXocv, 'blackened with smoke,* as in Od. 22. 239. irvpos, 'with fire,' Gen. of material, § 39, 4. 420. djAcyapTOv, 'unenviable.* Aristarchus read dXtaarrov. 421-432 repeat i. 45*^-469, except 425-6. 435. X€Ywp.€0a, 'talk together' : the Middle has the reciprocal force. 446. 0{ivov, ' made hot haste,' ' bustled.' 452. TroX€p,i{€iv, Inf. of consequence, 'wherewith to fight.* 455. diSrjXov, 'consuming,' lit. 'making unseen' {d-pi5-7j\os). NOTES. LINES 359-486. 26g 457. Twv, with xo-^KoO, 'from their armour as they came on.' 459. Twv 8*, taken up by ujs tcjv in 464. So 474 tovs 5' — cts tovs. 463. irpoKaOiJovTwv, ' as they settle ' : join with opvCOcov (459). T^po = 'one before another/ as in TrpoOiXvjxvos, irpofjLvqaTiuoi. 469. dStvawv, ' thickly swarming.' 470. TjXdo-Koucriv, 'rush about,' 'dart to and fro.' 474. irXarca, 'broad,' i.e. 'numerous'; or perhaps ' wide-ranging.' 479. {a)VT]v, 'the waist,' as in ev^wi/os, 0aOv(ajuos, &c. 480. dY€XT]o|jL€v, ' have heard,' know by hearing: cp. 14. 125, Od. 15. 403. The passage is imitated by Sophocles, Aj. 23 la/JLcv yap ovbev T paves J dAA' d\ctjpi€da, and Plato, Phaedr. p. 96 aKo-qv y' ex^J Kiyeiv rojv TTpoT€pQjv, TO 5* d\7]9€S avTol (ot 6€oi) laaai. The MSS. of the Iliad generally give the remainder of this book under a separate title, BoiojTta or KardXcyos twv v€wv. The last part, 8i6 ff., was known as the TpoiKos StdKoo-jjios. The two lists furnish materials for a tolerably complete sketch, ethnographic and political, of the Greece and Asia Minor of Homeric times (see the map at the end of this volume). It will be useful to notice some of the points in which it differs from the later map of the same countries. The common national names of historical Greece — *E\Xds and'^EX- Xt]V€S — are confined in Homer to the district of Thessaly afterwards called Phthiotis. The Dorians do not yet appear in the Peloponnesus, or even in the ' Doris ' of northern Greece. The lonians are almost equally obscure. 'Idoves are not mentioned in the Catalogue, and only occur in one passage of the Iliad (13. 685), where they seem to be the same as the Athenians. In the Catalogue, as in the Iliad and Odyssey gene- rally, the great national names are 'Axaioi, 'ApyeioL, Aavaoi. Of the Ionian colonies there is no trace. The eastern coast of the Aegean is still in possession of the 'barbarous* allies of Troy — Mysians, Maeo- nians, and Carians. Miletus, which is the only site mentioned, is ex- pressly said to belong to the Carians. What is still more remarkable, the islands which afterwards became seats of Ionian civilisation — Chios, Samos, Pares, Naxos, los, and the rest — are unknown to the Iliad. The only passage in which we trace the beginnings of Greek colonisa- tion is the account of the (perhaps Dorian) se4:tlement of Rhodes. These facts seem to show that the Homeric Catalogue represents a state of things earlier than the two great movements which mark the beginning of Greek history — the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus, and the Ionian colonisation of Asia Minor. ' Other differences between the Homeric and the later map point to similar conclusions. The name 270 ILIAD. BOOK II. 0€pT]5, an epithet at variance with 13. 719, where the armour of Ajax is described as eVrea baiddKea. 530. IlaveXXiQvas, a form which only occurs here; cp. 1. 684. It has been supposed, with some reason, that the two lines 529, 530 are an interpolation. 535. TTcpT]v lepTjs EvPoCt]s, 'over against Euboea'; cp. Aesch. Ag. 190 XaXKidos Ttipav. So too in Hdt. 8. 44 77 irfpaia rrjs BoiojTi'qs, 'the country opposite (across the sea from) Boeotia.' Heyne and others took the word to mean ' beyond Euboea' (as in 1. 626 -n^pr^v dAos), and inferred that the poet's point of view was to the east, viz. in Asia Minor. This is to suppose a degree of geographical knowledge scarcely possible at the time. 542. OTTiOcv Kop.6a)VT€S, opposcd to the usual Kaprj KopLocupres, hence = * wearing hair onfy behind' : cp. also aKpuKopoi (4. 533). 548. T€K€ ^eCScupos cipovpa. In this respect Erechtheus represents the claim of the Athenians to be avroxOoufs, 550. p,tv, viz. Erechtheus. The reference is doubtless to the annual festival afterwards known as the Lesser Panathenaea. 553~5- These three lines were rejected by Zenodotus. The Athenian envoy sent to Syracuse at the beginning of the Second Persian War is said by Herodotus (7. 161) to have appealed to them in support of his refusal to allow Gelon to have the command of the Greek forces. 558. This line is wanting in A (the Cod. Venetus) and some other MSS. It was thought by the ancient critics to have been interpolated by Solon or Pisistratus, in order to support the Athenian claim to Salamis against the Megarians. Elsewhere in the Iliad we do not find the Telamonian Ajax associated with Menestheus and the Athenians ; see II. II. 7 and 13. 681 (where the ships of Ajax are coupled with those of Protesilaus) ; also the kTn-n6j\T)ais of Agamemnon, where the Telamonian and the Locrian Ajax are together (4. 273), and separated by a considerable interval from Menestheus (4. 327). The difficulty, however, is hardly met by leaving out 1. 558. If Ajax is independent, he cannot well be dismissed in a single line. The Megarians, accord- ILIAD. BOOK II, in|T to Strabo (p. 394), read as follows : — Aia? 5* ktc ^aXaiiiuos dy(v p4as €K T6 TloXlx^Tjs I €fc T AlyetpovaaTjs 'Siaairjs t€ Tpinodouv t€, thus connect- ing Salamis with places in the Megarid. These lines may be ancient, but they omit the number of the ships, which is given in every other instance. On the whole it seems most probable that the original form of the passage is hopelessly lost. 572. 'TrpwTa= ' formerly.' Sicyon appears to have been recently added to the empire of Agamemnon. So too Corinth, the ancient *E€XovTO is an explanation of TT-qpov 0€(rav, but from an opposite point of view ; he became 'ur]p6s be- cause deprived of aoihi]. avrdp or drdp often indicates this kind of NOTES. LINES 572-653. quasi-opposition (which in fact is epexegesis in a negative or privative form) cp. II. 2. 214 fiaip arap ov Kara tcoafiov: 5. 204 cjs Kitrov (imrovs), avTCLp TTcfos K.T.X, '. lo. 99 KOLjJiTjacouTai, drcLp (pvXaKrjs km irdyx^ XdBuvTai: 15. 241 veov 5' €(Tay€'ip€To 6vfi6y \ . . dTapdaOpia kol idpojs \ iraviTo. Some take TTTjpos to mean * blind,' in accordance with a later story. But blindness appears to be the common lot of singers in Homeric times ; cp. Demodocus (Od. 8. 63 ff.), and the author of the hymn to the Delian Apollo (h. Ap. 172). Moreover there is no authority for such a use of irqpos. 60J. The Arcadians and their leader Agapenor are not elsewhere mentioned in the Iliad. 616. oaa-ov c<|>* *Tp|jL{vT| . . ccpyct, 'over so much space as Hyrmine &c. confine,' i. e. within the bounds marked by these places. 625. The identification of Dulichium is a problem of old standing. It can hardly be one of the islands here called 'Exivai — the later Echi- nades — which are small by comparison even with Ithaca ; for Dulichium and the Echinades send forty ships, against twelve from the whole kingdom of Ulysses. In the Odyssey it is one of the three chief islands adjoining Ithaca — Aov\ixiou t€ 'Xdp.r] t€ fcai v\-f)€acra Za/cvvOo^ — and Mr. Bunbury {Hist, of Ancient Geogj-aphy, \. pp. 69, 81) shows strong reasons for taking it to be Leucadia, the modern Santa Maura. His theory is less happy when applied to the passage in the text, since the *Extvai are rather too far from Leucadia to form part of the same contingent ; especially as the coast of Acarnania (the ijireipos of 1. 635) goes with Ithaca and Cephallenia. 627-9. '^^^ banishment of Phyleus is ignored in other passages of the Iliad (13. 691 ; 15. 519), where his son Meges appears as one of three commanders of the 'Ettcioi, 632. NripLTOv is a mountain in Ithaca; KpoKvXcta and AiyiXiv|; are probably also places in the same island. 2d|xos (in the Odyssey also 2a|XT|) is the later Cephallenia. 635. T^ircipos, * the mainland/ and avTiircpaia, * the opposite coast,' are not definitely proper names. They must refer to parts of the later Acarnania : or the avTiirepaLa may be Elis, cp. Od. 4. 635. 639. n\€upu)v, Strabo tells us (p. 451), was the city of the KovpijTes who are mentioned in II. 9. 529 ff. as neighbours of the Aetolians. 643. irdvTa goes with dvao-cr€[X€v, ' to bear all rule.' 646 ff. The places here mentioned seem all to be in the middle part of Crete — perhaps the only part then occupied by Greeks. 653 ff. Tlepolemus occurs again in the IHad (5. 628), but Khodes is only mentioned here. The warriors who belong to the smaller islands near Rhodes — Nireus, Pheidippus, Anliphus— are not otherwise known. Hence, as Mr. Freeman has observed {Co77iparative Politics, p. 347), this passage probably marks the limit which the Hellenic movement T 274 ILIAD, BOOK II. towards Asia Minor had reached at the time of the Catalogue. The Dorian character of these colonies may be traced in the Heracleid leaders (653, 679) and in the division into three tribes (655, 668). 659. 'E<))vp'r| is a common city-name (cp. 6. 152). The Ephyre taken by Heracles is placed by Apollodorus (2. 7. 6) in Thesprotia, by Strabo (p. 338) in Elis. ^ ^ 661. Authorities are divided between TpTj €v (as in 3. 202., 11.222), and Tpd<)>* €vt. For the intransitive Aor. €TpaT|s, 'with both cheeks torn in mourning'; perhaps with a play on rjtxiT€\r,s il. 701). 709. TToOeov Y€ jjL€v €vXT», ' with the plummet/ i. e. when measured with it. 770. iirirot 8', sc. ito\v iv, for the Gen. ( = an Ablative). 795. jjiLv, i. e. Priam ; governed by 'irpoLos is the son of ^€\ayos (not Mepo^), and dwells in Xlato-Js. 840. IIcXao-Ywv. These Pelasgi seem to be to the south of the Troad, on the coast of Aeolis, Adpio-a being the place of that name near Kvfxrj. 851. Xdo-iov, * shaggy,' an epithet that properly applies to the breast ((TTTjOfa, cp. I. 189). Here however IlvXaijxeveos kt;p is not meant, literally, but is simply = ni»Aat/^€V7;s, like Upid/jLoio plrj, &c. 857. 'AXijPtjs. The name seems to be the same as that of the people: known as XaKvPcs. They were famous for their mines, but in historical, times these were only of iron. 872. xpvaov cxojv K.T.X., 'with gold (i.e. golden ornaments) like a, maiden,' cp. 17. 52. BOOK III. The main incident of the third book of the Iliad is a duel between Paris and Menelaus. The book opens with the meeting of the two armies on the Trojan plain, and the challenge given by Paris. By means of a message sent by Hector the scene changes to the interior of the city: first to the house of Paris (121-140), then to the tower over the gate (141-263'). After the famous TeixocKoma, the story returns to the plain in order to describe the making of a Treaty, which is then followed by the Duel (264-382). The escape of Paris from the scene of combat brings us once more into Troy (383-447), but in the last lines of the book the main subject is resumed, and the result — the victory of Menelaus — is proclaimed by Agamemnon (448-461). If we keep in mind that in the Iliad the true subject, that on which the unity of the poem depends, is the quarrel of Achilles with Aga- memnon, and that the Trojan War as a whole is (poetically speaking) subordinate to the quarrel, in the sense in which the occasion and circumstances of an action are subordinate to the action itself — if we keep this in mind, we shall have little difficulty in appreciating the poetical value of the third book. It is, in fact, our introduction to the story of the Trojan War, as we have it in the Iliad. It brings before us the origin and motives of the War : Plelen herself, the seducer Paris, the injured Menelaus, and the prime mover Aphrodite. And it supple- ments the second book by presenting the Trojan side of the general ILIAD. BOOK III. LINES I-28. 277 picture — Hector, Priam with his Elders, the palace and the Scaean gate. 1. avTclp cTTcl K.T.X. The narrative is resumed from the description of the marshalling of the armies, 2. 474 ff. cKaaroi, 'each division.' 2. The same difference between the Greeks and the Trojans is dwelt upon in 4. 422 ff., where it is attributed to the variety of languages spoken by the Trojan allies. On the Datives K\a77fj, Ivoirfj, see § 38, 3. 3. ov»pav60t TTpo, 'in the front of heaven'; the sound rises to the outskirts, as it were, of the sky. The migration of the cranes is mentioned by Herodotus, with evident reference to this passage, 2. 22 yepavoi 5e cfyevyovaai tIv x^^-H-^^^ rbv kv TT} ^KvOiKT) x^PV ytyopLCPov (poirkwai ks x^'A^^o't^^ ks tovs toitovs rovTovs. The rTv^fjiaioi, or ' men a cubit high,' are variously located by later writers (see Helbig, Horn. jEjos, p. 15). 4. d0co'<()aTov, lit. * not according to an utterance of the gods,' hence (vaguely) 'portentous,' 'unblest.' 5. raC -y^. The Article serves to repeat the Subject at t€ (1. 4), after the interposition of the clause ktrei k.t.X. kiri expresses direction, ' bearing on,' as 5. 700 km vr]ajv. 7. T|€piai, ' at dawn,' i. 497. 'irpo<|>(povTai, 'bear forth with them,' come forthwith: so 5. 506 ^kvos x^'-P^^ '■^^^ v, 10. 479 'irp6(p€p€ Kparepov /xeVos, li. 529 Kafc^v epiSa npo^a\6vT€s. The temper in which a man advances is spoken of as if it were something literally carried by him. 10. €VT€, here = T|ijT€; so 19. 386. Buttmann wished to read TjiJTf, but this is needless, since t|i5t6 might pass into cOtc in the same way that T|i5s ' good ' yields the Adverb €v. 12. €m\€vo-o-€i, 'sees over' so much distance. We should perhaps write €itI Xcwact (with Yen. A), taking the construction to be eirl Toaov XcWcrcL. On the use of t€ (in a simile), see § 49, 9. 16. Tpcuo-iv, 'with, among, the Trojans,' a locatival Dative, § 38. 18. avTotp conti asts the two spears — the weapons of close conflict — with the bow and leopard's skin just mentioned. Paris has no defen- sive armour at hand : in the duel (l. 333) he borrows the cuirass of his brother Lycaon (La Roche). 22. jjiaKpd pLpdvra, subordinate to €px6fJL€vov, 'coming on with long strides.' 23-26. The word o-wp-a, as Aristarchus 6bserved, means a. dead body. The idea of the simile seems to be that a lion has come upon a stag or goat jrst killed by hunters, and seizes it in spite of them. Cp. the scene described in 11. 474-481 — ^jackals have been devouring wounded game, when a lion drives them away and devours it himself. 28. Several MSS. have rCcraaOai : see the notes on 1. 112 and 1. 366. 278 ILIAD, BOOK III. 37. Seio-as. The Aor. expresses the single act, 'quailing before' Menelaus. 39. Avo-irapi, cp. Od. 18. 73 "^Ipos "Aipos, Od. 19. 260 KafcoiKiov ovk dvofiaffTrfv, Od. 23. 97 firjTcp kfiTj duff/JLTjrcp. The significance of these compounds lies in their expressing a feeling that the name should answer to the character of its bearer. Cp. i. 403 (note). 40. ayovos, * without offspring, ' barren ' : wedlock and begetting children are naturally coupled together, as in Od. 4. 208 ya/xiovTi t€ yeivofiivco t€. Others take it to mean ' unborn * ; but this gives a harsh combination with dtYajios r aTroXco-Oai. 44. <|)dvT€S, = 01 €(pa(Tav, * who supposed thee to be a champion of the first rank, because thy form is fair outside, but (as they now see) there is no strength in thy heart nor any valour.' cm, =€rr€(7Tt, ' there is on thee,' ' thou ait furnished with.' 46. -rj Toi6cr8€ Iwv k.t.X., i.e. 'was it for such a one as you now show yourself to,' &c. : cp. Eur. Heracl. 816 elra tolovtos yeyws tovs 'Hpaic- \€iovs ^\9€ bovXojactJV yovovs. 49. diriTjs, see on 1. 270. vvov dv5pu)v alxfATiTdtov. By an idiom, often found with words of affinity, Helen is styled daughter-in-law of the nation to which she belonged by marriage, viz. the Greeks. So Boreas having carried off Oreithyia was ^yap-ppos of the Athenians (Hdt. 7. 189). Cp. also Hor. Od. 3. 5. 8 co7isenuit soceroi'uni in armis, i. e. in the armour of his wife's people ; Virg. ^n. 11, 105 hospitibus quondam socerisque vocatis. 50. TT'fip.a, x^'PH'^j KaTT]<))€tT]v, Accusatives expressing the result of the foregoing sentence : cp. 4. 207, Od. 6. 184. 54. otiK dv TOi xpotio-p.T]. On the Subj. with dv, see § 31, 2. Tu T€ 8u)p' K.T.X. The Article gives a contemptuous emphasis, like ovTos in Attic, Latin iste : cp. 2. 275. 57. €crcro, for €-€0"(ro, * else hadst thou put on a shirt of stone,' i.e. been stoned by the people ; the commonest ancient form of ' lynch-law ' (^sch. Ag. 1615, Soph. Aj. 253). 59 ff. The connexion of thought is : * Your rebuke is just — indeed you are above all weakness or failing — so I will only pray you not to contemn my gifts, and I will fight with Menelaus.' The apodosis to €tt€l k.t.X. is not expressed : it is supplied in sense by the speech itself. The full grammatical form appears in 6. 333 — "EKTop, €n€i /x6 Kar aJcrav kvei/cfaas ov5' virlp alaav, TovveKCL 701 kpioj. 62. €po>T|v, 'the force,' lit. the rusk or spring" of his movement. 65. diropXfjTa : cp. l Tim. iv. 4 ndv KTiap-a &€ov KaXov, koX ovhlv diTo^XrjTov. 66. cKcov, * by his own will.' The exact meaning is not ' no one can get them by wishing,' but 'no one can take them as a matter of choice,' NOTES. LINES 37-I2I, 279 by willing or not willing : a man is wholly passive in regard to them. 70. o-vp,pdX€T€, Plur. because both parties are engaged in the matter. 74. vaioiT€, Opt., because Paris puts this as a thing which he accepts, a consequential incident of his proposal: cp. 1. 102 reOyairj, dWoi 8e diaKpivOiiTe TCLXtOTa. 78. p.€(ro-ov 8ovp6s cXwv, ' taking his spear by the middle.' 79, 80. €Tr€To£dJovTO . . loiaiv T€ TLTVCTKojJievoi Xd€cr(rC t' €j3aX\ov. There is a slight ' anacoluthon * (§ 58) ; the sentence begins as if the attack described by cTTCToJafovTO were made in two ways, viz. loio-iv t€ Xdscrat t€. The two Datives therefore should have gone with kire- To^d^ovTo. But then the feeling that throwing stones is not properly To^dj€cr0at suggested a new independent Verb, e'PaXXov, Compare Demosthenes, Fals. Leg. § 76 ov5' 'dypaipcv ovt ds ^Tno'ToKrjv oubifnav ovT€ TrpeaPiVTTjs ovdeis €Itt€ twv Trap kKiivov, where eypaipcv is placed before ovre — ovt€ as though it included both letters and embassies, and the inaccuracy is then corrected by changing to Trp€o-p€i;TT|S clirc (see Mr. Shilleto's note, a./.). Cp. also Hdt. €70; ovSeVa kqj dvOp'jjTtoiv biiaas €(l>vyov ovT€ irpoTepov ovre vvv a\ ({>€vyaj { = ovt€ €, 138. Tcp viKT](ravTt, ' to the one who shall have conquered.' The Art. points the implied contrast, § 47, 2, d. k€ goes with k€k\t)o-t), § 35. 14^. According to later poets, Aethra, the daughter of Pittheus and mother of Theseus, was taken captive by the Dioscuri when they in- vaded Attica in order to recover Helen from The.^eus. When Helen was carried off (for the second time) by Paris, Aethi a followed her to Troy, and at the end of the siege was found among the captives and rescued by her grandsons, Demophon and Acamas. This st( ry, how- ever, like most legends of Theseus (see II. i. 265), is unknown to Homer, and accordingly there seem to be only two possible explanations of the present passage. Either it is an interpolation, as Aristarchus thought, inserted in order to introduce a reference to the later story of Aethra : or (what seems more probable) the names At'Opi] and KXvjjlcvt} are brought in here merely to give an air of reality to the narrative, and the coincidence of name with the Aethra of Attic tradition is a mere accident. If we adopt the latter view it is easy to suppose that the coincidence led to the strange fancy of turning the mother of Theseus into a handmaid of Helen. 146-148. The phrase oX a\xa\fj cp. 16S. 196. cVnTcoXeiTai, ' passes along,' as in review. 2c6. o-cO €V€k' aYYcXiTjs, * on account of a message about you.' For €V€Ka, cp. Od. 16. 334 T^s avrrjs €V€k' ayy^Xir^s, kpeovre yvvaiKi : for the Gen., Od. 10. 245 dyyeXi-qv krapcuv epeojv, 'to tell the news of his companions.' The ancients supposed a Masc. d-y'yeXi'ns (formed like TapLirjs, virjvlrjs), but this is needless and improbable (I.uttm. Lex. s. v.). 210. oTavTccv probably refers to the whole assembly (as Paley thinks) ; • overtopped them when they stood up with his broad shoulders.' wjxovs is an Acc. of the * part concerned,' as in 1. 227 e^oxf^J *Apy€i(uv Kea) 8* €^ojjL€vco, in the Nominative, owing to the partial ap- position of '08vo-v. 8ap,€i6v, ' be made subject,' i, e. brought into slavery. 308. TO -yc anticipates the clause which follows : * knows that, namely to which of the two,' &c. 310. According to the Schol., if the oath was one taken by a native of the country, the victims were buried ; if by a foreigner, they were cast into the sea. There is an instance of the latter in Agamemnon's oath, II. 19. 249 ff. 313. dij/oppoi, used adverbially, 'back again.' 317. oTTiroTCpos . . dTfj, taking it of the helmet. 366. Tio-ao-Gat, 'that I had taken vengeance': Aor. as in 1. 112. Menelaus had thought his victory secure when he delivered his blow on the helmet of Paris. 284 ILIAD. BOOK III, 366. KaKOTTjTOs, 'for his foul deeds' : Gen. of price. 368. iTaXdjjLT]4>iv, an ablatival Gen., § 40. 370. €mpos denotes a seat of a simple kind, used in sleeping rooms, &c. 428. T]Xv0€s, ' so you have come,' said in a surprised half-interrogative tone : see on 4. 243. 430. T) p,€v, 'yet surely,' *you must admit that,' cp. 1. 215. 433. dXXd €K6L\v\\f€, cp. II. 1. 103, with the note. 453. * They were not hiding Paris ' [implies that they would not have kept him hid] ' if any one had seen him,' non celabant^ si quis vidisset ; like me?nim numeros si verba teneretn (Virg. E. 9. 45). BOOK IV. In the fourth book the episode of the duel between Paris and Menelaus is brought to a conclusion, and the main action of the poem is resumed. According to the treaty just made, the victory of Menelaus ought to have ended the war ; but this is prevented by the interference of the gods, who induce Pandarus, the Trojan archer, to shoot at and wound Menelaus (11. 1-2 19). This act of treachery causes both sides to prepare anew for battle. Agamemnon passes along the Greek lines, distributing encouragement and rebuke (11. 220-421). At length the armies meet, and the first combats are described (11. 422-544"). Thus the contents of the book are fairly described by the ancient titles opKitov CTvyx^^'-s and 'AYajjicjxvovos €Tri7rco\"r]o-LS. The latter, it will be seen, is of value in bringing some new figures on the scene, and generally in completing the picture of the Greek army. On the con- nexion between the two parts, see the note on 1. 220. References to this book may be found in the fifth, where Pandarus alludes to his attempt against Menelaus (5. 206), and in the seventh, where Hector, in his challenge to the Greek leaders, observes that the treaty has come to nought (7. 69) ; and again where Antenor urges the Trojans to restore Helen (7, 351). The main thread of the story is kept in view by a mention of the absence of.Achilles (4. 512, 513). On the other hand, there is no reference to the treachery of Pandarus in the speeches of Diomede (5. 115 ff.) and Sthenelus (5. 243 ff), or in Hector's speeches to his mother (6. 264 ff.) and Paris (6. 3266".). I. ot 8€ 0€oi, 'but the others, the gods': the Art. shows that we are turning away from the plain, § 47, 2, b. -viYopocovTO, * held debate.' 286 ILIAD. BOOK IV. 4. 8€i8€xaTO, ' pledged,' 3 Plur. Plpf. of dixof^ai or de/cofiai. The true Homeric form is probably StjScxcito, with i] instead of € in the reduplica- tion : and so drjKvvixivos, * welcoming,' ZrjKavoojvTo, &c. The Pf. ex- presses attitude J viz. that proper to the act of pledging, § 26, 2. 5. avTiKa, viz. as soon as Agamemnon had made the demand at the end of the third book. 6. ^irapap\T|ST]v, ^sideways,' hence * ironically,' 'sarcastically.' The point of the sarcasm is that Here and Athene do not desire the victory of Menelaus and restoration of Helen, because it would prevent their real object, which is the destruction of Troy. Jupiter affects not to know this, and to be surprised that they do not support Menelaus. His proposal is not sincere (for it would prevent him from fulfilling the Prayer of Thetis), and is only made in order to throw on Here and Athene the responsibility of breaking the treaty. II. Trap|xcfJLj3\a)K€, * places herself,* ' takes her stand by him' : § 26. 13. Cp. the words of Agamemnon, 3. 457. 17. YcvoiTo, cp. 7. 387. Aristarchus read ircXoito. 18. oiKcotTo is an Opt. of willingness or concession, expressing what the speaker agrees to : § 30, 4. 22. dK€cov is here indeclinable, and used as an Adverb, like dfcrjv. 24. ovK €xa8€, ' did not contain,' i. e. her anger boiled over. 28. KaKci, Acc. expressing the sum or result of the action, § 37, 3. 32. o t[€] expresses the ground of the preceding question : * how do they do you such harm (as it seems they do) since you are eager,' &c. So OTi in Od. 5. 339 Kafi/xopc, TiTrre roi cDSe no(T€i8dajv kvooixOoiV dj^vaar €Ktra'yXoJs, on toi KaKa iroWa iv, ' their people had not yet heard the battle cry * (which had not yet been raised), but the troops were only now getting into movement, and so they were waiting. On aKovoj see 2. 486. 334. oTTTTOTf, with p,€vovT€s, ' Waiting [for the time] when.' 335- dpjeiav, sc. 'Axa/o/, understood out of ir-upYos 'Axaitov (La R.\ or more generally, the two armies. Ameis supposes a change of subject: 'waiting till another company should advance and they (themselves) should begin,' = o7ror€ dWov -nvpyov IveXSovTos ap^€iav. This however is too harsh. Perhaps we should read dp^€i€v (with one MS.). 341. covras. Ace, see the note on 2. 113. 342. Kavo-TcCp-qs presupposes mvcrrTjp, Fem. Kavcmipa. Such a form properly denotes an agent (like df^.Tfreipa, 'vanquisher/ dp7)(TT€Lpa, &c.), NOTES, LINES 286-389. its use here involves a sort of personification of /JLCLxrj. For the metaphor, cp. the phrases Se/xaj irvpoSj cpKoyl cifceXos olXktjv, &c. 343. SaiTos dKovdf€O-0ov €|X€io^ ' hear of the banquet (i. e. hear the summons to it) from me.' Elsewhere aKovdJojiai is used of listening to a singer (Od. 9. 7., 13. 9) ; hence it may be meant to have a con- temptuous force here ; '-you are the first whose ears are tickled with news of the banquet.' 344. Agamemnon speaks in the plural, since these feasts were public, and were maintained from a common store {d-fjfjLia, cp. 17. 250). 345. Kp€a is Nom.; 'roast flesh is dear to you to eat,' = 'you are glad to eat roast flesh.' 347. <))C\cos alludes to <\tL\a of 1. 345 ; 'now you would be no less glad to see,' &c. 351. Most editors make the question end at fi€6i€[X€v, and take ottttot' . . ''Apirja with what follows, = ' when there is a battle you will see,' &c. But the use of the Subj. (cYcipojicv) without d'v or k€v shows that the reference in that clause is not to a future event, but is quite general, §33, i. Moreover, it is unlike Homer to begin a fresh sentence with oTTiroTC, without any Particle of transition, and in the middle of a line: cp. i. 163. On the other hand, the asyndeton at 6\\f€ai k.t.X. is natural (cp. 3. 406, with the note) : * nay, you will see,' &c. 357. yvu} \(i30\ji€voio. The Gen. is used because yiyvaxXKco expresses Agamemnon's observing a /act about Ulysses, viz. that he was angry. With the Acc. it means to know a person, esp. to know who he is. 361. T]TTia 8T|V€a, not KaKol doXoi, as he had called them before G- 339)j but 'gentle wisdom.' 362. dp€cro-6p<€0', Subj., ' we shall make good, make amends for.' The Pres. dp€(TKQ} is not Homeric. 371. dmircveis, the reading of the best MSS., is closer to the stem omm] (seen in TrapOev-omnrj-s) than the usual reading diriTrTcvcis. 7roX€(xoio Y€(|)iJpas. The word Y€vpa means a dyke or mound, such as were used to protect arable land from floods : see the simile 5. 87-94. The 'dykes of war' may mean the ranks or squadrons, thought of as stemming the tide of war. So a squadron is called irvpyos, and Nestor places his foot-soldiers epfcos 'dfi^v ttoX^plolo (1. 299). But the phrase is used in so conventional a way that it is doubtful whether its meaning was really present to the poet's mind. Cp. 8. 533. 376. oLTCp TToXcp-ov, ' on uo Warlike crraud ' ; Agamemnon therefore had never met him as an enemy. 380. ot 8', sc. the people of Mycenae. 382. TTpo 680V, ' forward on the way,' a partitive Gen. 384. Q.yy^\l'x\w is a ' cognate Acc' with 4m . . o-T€i\av, ' sent on a message.' On dYY^XiTj see the note on 3. 206. 389. irdvTa is an adverbial Acc, § 37, i. U 2 292 ILIAD. BOOK IV. 392. d\|/ ap' dv€pxofJi€vcp. This reading was taken by Bentley from the similar line 6. 187. Most MSS. have dv|; dvaepxojJLcvcp. irvKtvov, ' closely packed/ because numerous. 399. Tov. The Alt. points the contrast : ' but his so1^^'' § 47, 2, ^. 400. x^'p^*"^ (so Aristarchus, others read xip-x\a)j = x^P^''-^''^^ '• cp. irXeas for TrXeovas, 2. 129. For dp,€Lva) Aristarchus read q|ji€ivcov, sc. cct/. 405. Imitated by Aristophanes, Thesm. 810 — OVTQJS Tjfl^Ts TTOXV Pe^TLOVS TU}V cLj/dpoiv €vxojjLeO' (ivai. 407. aYaYovTc, Dual, meaning Diomede and himself. ap€Lov, ^ belonging to Ares,' made for war : cp. dprjia nvx^o-. Some take it as the Comparative, * a stronger wall.' 410. jjLOi is a dat. ethicus, Mo not tell me that you put our fathers,' &c. €V0€O, an Aor. Imper. after jjlt), contrary to the well-known rule. 6|xoCt] should perhaps be op-otiT), see the note on 1. 315. 417. 'Axaicov, an ' objective' Gen., ' grief for the Greeks when they are made the prey of their foes.' See on 2. 356. 421. -UTTO, i. e. * in the ki>ees ' ; cp. 3. 34 vtt6 re rpo/xos ek\a(3€ yvTa. 423. Ze<^vpov vTTO KivT|cravTos, ' by the stirring of the West wind' : cp. 1. 276 VTTu Z€p€vcp a locatival Dat. irpwro) with o-Tp€i\ai. This Aor. is always used of the favour of a god. 118. 80s 8€ T€ p.'. There was another ancient reading tovSc tc p,', which is perhaps better, since Se t€ is not in place here (§ 49, 9). cXOeiv, sc. Tov dvdpa, with change of Subject. 6pp,Tjv, ' range,' lit. impetus, thence distance to which the impetus carries it. There is an apparent varcpov Trporepov, because the 7nain object of the prayer is put first: cp. 1. 359 and Virg. ^n. 2. 353 moriavmr et ifi media arma ruamus (with Conington's note). 125. Toi, a ' true ' Dat. (not governed by €v) : cp. 3. 338. 127 ff. Cp. Virgil's adaptation, ^n. 2. 604 ff. — Aspice ; namque onineni quae mmc ohdticta ttienti Mortales hebctat visus tibi et hu7tiida circu7n Caligat nubem eripiain. It is instructive to contrast this highly wrought sentence with the sivn- plicity and directness of Homer. 128. Yi-yvwo-KTis, Subj. allowed after a past Tense, because the thing purposed is still future, § 34, 2, c. But many MSS. have the Opt. 135. Kai is not 'and,' but strengthens ircp, so that Kal irpLV 'ir6p = ' although already.* Accordingly p.€p,aa)s is in apposition to Tv8€'i8t]s, ILIAD, BOOK V. and St| t6t€ begins a fresh sentence (^ — tum vero), as in 1. 114, 1. 454, &c. Recent editors have generally put a colon at cfxCxOT], and made the fresh sentence begin at Kal irpiv ircp, with a change of construction, as at 6. 510. But a clause with Kal — ircp seems always to follow the main clause: cp. II. i. 217., 11. 721., 24. 423, 570., Od. 8. 316., 24. 499, &c. There is a similar passage (perhaps an imitation) in Hdt. 7. 1 kiril 17 dyyeX'iTj dmfceTo . . irapd ^aaiXea Aapeiov Toy 'TaTd(nr€os, fcal TTplv fxeydXcvs K^xoLpayixivov roTai 'AOrji/aLOKTi did ttjv ks ^dpbis ea/3oK7jv, Kal drj Kal t6t€ ttoWo) re deivorepa kiroiee, k.t.X. 137 ff. The picture seems to be of a shepherd in lone country (dypCoi) who finds a lion in the fold (a{)\T|) where the sheep are, and wounds him, and then retires into his farm-house in fear. The lion works his will on the sheep, but without appeasing his rage. 138. -uTTcpdXixevov, *when he has leaped over,' Aor. Part. 140. Kara o-Ta0|xot»s 8ti€Tai, 'gets inside the steading,* i.e. the buildings of the sheep-station, to, 8' €pt]|jLa, ' and they [the flock], left unprotected, are chased ' (by the lion). For this use of the Neuter Plural, cp. II. 244 X'^*' ^T^^cfTTj, aiyas 6/jlov Kal ois, rd ol daneTa Trot/xa'ivovTO. 141. ctyx^'O'Ttvai, ' each close on the next,' ' thick and fast *: so 17. 361 Tol 5' dyxKTTLVOL €TTnT70V. Cp. irpo/xvrjffTivoL (Od. II. 233., 21. 230). 150. €pxop,€vois, 'when they were coming' (to Troy): so 1. 19S kpxopLivw €ir€T€X\€. Aristarchus took it to mean * returning * (enaviovai), i. e. that ' they never returned to have any more dreams explained.' But the reflexion that their father's interpretation of dreams did not avail them is more in Homer's manner : cp. 5. 53., 6. 16. ^53- TT|\vy€Ta).. Buttmann (Lexil. s.v.) showed that TrjXvyeros means a favourite son (or daughter, see II. 3. 175). The present case, in which there are two such sons, is evidently an exception. The word was doubtless more or less technical, implying some special status or privilege of the son so styled. As to the etymology nothing is known. Apparently it is one of the Adjectives in -€tos (as drpvy-eros, epibeiK- ero?, €pir-€T6s, &c.) ; if so, the derivations from the root yd- (-ycv-) must be set aside. 158- X'np'»^o"TaC are the heirs who come in when the owner dies XVP^^ {ordus), = Attic bp(pavioTai. 8ia, with 8aT€ovTo. 162. PocrKop,€vda)v, partitive, ' one of those feeding.' 164. p-rjo-e KttKws, ' set them down in evil plight ' : a kind of oxymoron as P"f{o-€ properly means ' set on their feet * : see § 60. 172. s, 'a. stranger/ i.e. an enemy. 215. 0€LT]v, Opt. in harmony with the principal Verb rdjiot : § 34, i, a. 218. ovK €or(r€Tat dXXcos, = ' things will be no better': cp. Od. 8. 176 ovdi K€v dWojs ovde 6ebs t€v^€L€. This is a kind of litotes, saying less than is meant (§ 59). 222. Tpco'ioi, ' of Tros,' as explained in 1. 265 ff. : cp. 23. 291. 227. diroPiqcrop.ai, so Aristarchus and the best MSS. The common reading is €Trij3T|GrojjLai. The two lines 226-7 recur at 17. 479-480, where diropTjo-oiJiai is certainly the right word. £mpT|' Linrcuv for the ter?ninus ad quern of motion is the same in principle as that of the locatival Dative (ttcS/o; -neoe^fell on the plain, &c.). 252. <|>6pov8' dyopcvc, * advise towards flight': cp. 16. 697 (pvyade fivojovTo, ' bethought them of flight.' 253. dXvaKdJovTt is the emphatic word : ' to shrink in the combat.' So fxepLvrjixevos in 1. 263. 300 ILIAD. BOOK V. 255. a-uTcos, *as I am,' i. e. without chariot. 263. Join cTTailai ittttcov, *make a rush — do not forget — for the horses of ^neas,' = * remember to make a rush': cp. 19. 53 ojhk ris v^eiojv fjL€fxv7jiJL€Vos dvdpL jxaxkoOcx). So in prose, Demosth. p. 386 irpos 6€cov kpajTr)(TaT^ avTou fjL€fjLV7]/j,€voi. Other participles used in this way are, <|>9d(ji€vos (5. 119, &c.), tuxwv (see on 1. 98). 265. TTjs Yap TOL K.T.X. The sentence is taken up again at 1. 268, * of that breed' (I say), tjs is partitive, ' of which (breed) Zeus gave (horses).' So in 1. 268, 'stole (a strain) from that breed,' &c. 270. "ycveOXT], as a predicate with cy^vovTO, 'were the brood that was bred therefrom.' 271. TOTJs, for this use of the Art. with Numerals, see § 47, 2, d. 272. p,T|(rTcop€ ()>6|3oio, cp. 2. 767 (po^ov" Kp-qos (popeovaas. p,T)(TTcop6 is the reading of the best MSS. here and at 8. 108 : others have |XT)crTcopi (ixTjCTTcopa 8. 108), thus applying the term to iEneas, cp. 4. 328. As the horses are the main subject here, the epithet probably belongs to them. 273. For K€, which is hardly in place here, Bekker reads ye. 288. diroiravjcjOai. Most MSS. have d-rro'iTavo-aaOai : see on 3. 112. 289. TaXavpivos, 'with stout (shield of) hide,' for TaAQ-/^/)ii/o? : cp- Ta\d-LTpvia)vos, Heracles, who in Homer is still a mortal (here emphatically so), and an archer. The club is a later attribute. 394. Kat belongs to dvT|K€crTOv, not to the enclitic p-iv. 395. €v Toicri, ' in that number,' viz. of gods who have suffered at the hands of men. 396. cavTos, for 6 avros, is only found here. 397. €v IlvXa) €v vcK-uecrcn. Aristarchus regarded iruXos as a Homeric form for ttviXt], and took it here to mean the gate of the infernal regions. The gate of Hades is a familiar idea in Homer: see 5. 646., 9. 312., and cp. the epithet 7rv\apT7]s applied to Hades. The expression, however, is rather forced : * in the gate among the dead ' for * in the gate of the place of the dead.* On the other hand, when Hades is in question €v v€Kvi€o-crL naturally means his kingdom: cp. 15. 251., Od. 12. 383. The alternative is to take II-uXos to be the place of that name, and to refer €v v€K\j€o-cri to the dead on a battle-field, comparing the words of Ares, 5. 886 avTOv TTTjpLaT eiraaxov €v aivyaiv veKadeaaiv, and 15. 118 K€i(j6at ofiov v€Kv€aai. La Roche suggests that the wounding of Hades was an incident of the expedition of Heracles to Pylos mentioned by Xestor in II. 689 ff. The point is not one which we can hope to clear up satisfactorily. 403. ax^TXtos, 6ppi\LOipy6s. The Nom. is used in exclamations; so VTjmos in 406: cp. i. 231 drjuolSopos ^aai\€vs, also 2. 353 (note). 405. Crol 8' €771, — €7ri aoL, 410. Tw, 'therefore.' 414. KOvpCSiov, 'wedded,' 'lawful': see on i. 114. 302 ILIAD. BOOK V. 416. ixw, as if from a Nom. t'xft'?, declined like t5/)a;y. 417. a\0€TO x€ip. The asyndeton may express suddenness. 422. KtJTTpLs, a name for Aphrodite, only in this book. 424. Twav TLvd .. 'Axaiia8o)v, repeated from 422. 433. 7tYva>o-Kcov, i. e. ' although he knew.' Cp. (jtavrts, 3. 44. 434. ovhi, ' not even.' 448. dSiJTcp, 'sanctuary': the word only occurs in Homer in this passage (here and 1. 512). 450. aviTw, opposed to r€v\€craio, ' withdraw': for the Opt. with ovk dv, cp. 1. 32. 465. 'Axatois may be construed with €dcr€T€, or (as Dat. of tiie agent) with KT€Cv€cr0ai. 473. <|)"f]S rrov, 'you thought, it seems.' IJc^jlcv, ' would hold,' defend: the word may be chosen in allusion to the name "E/trcu/). 475. T{iis may allude especially to the absence of Paris. 477. 6V€HJi€v, 'are in (the city) as allies.' 481. Kd8 8€, sc. €\nrov: cp. 3. 268. 485. drdp, cp. the note on 2. 599. 486. wp€(r€TT]V . . Tdp<|>€ortv seems a play on words : the root is the same. 559. Aiv€Lao, governed by x^'^P^^^^^> 3,nd so in 1. 564. 566. TTcpi . . 8C€, ' he was in fear over, on account of — .' Some take TTcpi to be an Adverb, = ' exceedingly'; but a Preposition is wanted to govern the Dat. 567. d'rroo-<()T|X€i€, ' baulk them,' ' cause them to fail.' 582. dYKwva is governed by pdXc in 1. 580 ; t^x^v as in 1. 98. 3^4 ILIAD, BOOK V. 586. KiifjLpaxos seems to mean 'headlong': in 15. 536 it is a sub- stantive, = the top of the helmet. 593. Kv5oip,6v, ' tumult,' is here a thing in the hands of Enyo, as the spear is wielded by Ares. Cp. the description of Eris in 11. 4 iroXefJLoio T€pas |X€Td X€paiv i\ova-av. 597. dirdXajjLvos, ' helpless.' 601. olov is an adverbial Acc. Neut. : oiov 8t| expresses surprise, *to think how we wondered.' So 13. 633., 15. 287., 17. 587., Od. i. 32 (Ameis). 604. K€Lvos, 'yonder/ as 3. 391 kuvo^ 6 ye k.t.K. So o8€, 1. 175. 607. auTwv, sc. the Greeks, as the context shows. 612. Ilaicros, called 'Airaiaos in 2. 828. 621. dWa .. TCiix^a-, 'the arms as weir-, cp. 2. 191. 623. dp.<|>iPacriv, 'bestriding,' in defence: cp. 1. 21. 634. TTTucro-civ €v0d5', 'what compulsion is on you to cower here'? = 'what obliges you to be here where you shrink from the battle'? covTi, 'that art,' = ' since thou art.' 638. dW oiov — . The force of this phrase is somewhat clearer in two similar places in the Odyssey — • 4. 240 travra yt.\v ovk av kyob fjLv9rjpa, as 4. 465. 693. 4>TiYT]6Ta, ' sorely spent in spirit.' 70D. €m VT](X)V, ' towards,* i. e. so as to bear do\\Ti upon : Gen. as 3. 5 TT^TOVTai €7r' 'ClK^avoio podojv. 702. p,6Td Tpu)€or(riv "'Ap'qa, 'that Ares was among the Trojans.' This refers back to the speech of Diomede, 11. 601-6. 708. *"rXT], with V (as also in 7. 221), but v in the Catalogue (2. 500). Zenodotus read 'T8t), perhaps supposing a different place to be intended. There is a''T57 in Lydia (20. 3S5). 709. k€kXlp,€vos, lit. ' resting upon,' perhaps to describe a lake-village : cp. Od. 4. 6o8 vijactjv . .ai 6' d\i KeKXiarai. Kt]4>io-i3 was the old name of the lake Copais, from the river KrupLaos. 711. Tovs 8', sc. Hector and Ares. 715. Tov. The Art. refers to the following clause: 'we made the promise, viz. that he should,' &c. 720. ciroLXoixcvT], 'going about the work' 723. o-tB-qpccj) djovt dp,Cs, * on the axle at each end/ explains dp.' 727. \pv § ^7, I. Cp. Od. 14. 284 V€fX€(T(TCLTai /cafccL epya. 758. c€Tai, which is defensible, the whole clause p.dXa 8' wKa k. t. X. being epexegetic of circfyop-cvos. 906. KvScl* yaCcov, perhaps with allusion to 1. 869 irdp hi At* Kpoviwvi BOOK VI. The sixth book is not separated from the fifth by any appreciable break in the narrative, indeed we can hardly place a full stop between them. The plan of the book is as follows : — After some unimportant combats, in which most of the Greek leaders figure (1-72), Helenus advises Hector to return to the city, and to bid their mother Hecuba and the other matrons offer a peplos to Athene, with a prayer for deliverance from the hand of Diomede (73-118). During Hector's absence from the battle occurs the episode of the meeting of Diomede and Glaucus (119-236). Hector delivers his message, and the solemn prayer against Diomede is offered accordingly (237-311). Hector then goes to the house of Paris, and urges him to return to the field. Helen speaks to the same effect, and laments the disgrace and misery into which she has fallen (312-369). Hector passes on to his own house, and thence to the tower at the gate, where he has heard that Andromache has gone with their child. He there takes NOTES. BOOK VI. leave of her in the famous scene from which this book has its title ("EKTOpos Kal 'Av8pop,dxt]s cfjLiXCa), and returns with Paris to the field of battle (370-529). The division of the book at 1. 31 1 is justified by the form of transition, which marks a pause, and the opening of a new subject, — QJS €(paT* €vxofi€vrjy dvev€V€ be HaKKas 'AOrjvrj. ojs at /j,€V ^' evxoPTO, (cp. 9. I., 12. I., 16. I., 17. 424., 18. 1., 20. I., 22. I., 23. I., Od. 13. 185), and also by the circumstance (already noticed in the introduction to the last book, p. 295), that after this point we hear no more of the dpto-TcCa of Diomede. He is once mentioned (1. 437), but in a way that shows no trace of his superiority to other chiefs. On the other hand, the two scenes which finish Hector's visit to Troy take up the story exactly as it was left at the end of the third book. Paris had then fled from Menelaus : now, after some dallying at home, he is recalled to his duty by Hector. The speeches of Helen are in the same tone as before, and serve to bring out her character more fully. Finally the picture is completed by the passage between Hector and Andromache, the effect of which is heightened (if that is possible) by the artistic contrast which it makes to the preceding scene. A word remains to be said as to the structure of this part of the Iliad. It has been maintained that the Aristeia of Diomede is in fact a separate poem, incorporated into the Iliad either by the original author (if there was one author), or by an interpolator or arranger. Such a view may seem to be confirmed by the circumstance that the points at which the prominence of Diomede begins and ends can be so clearly traced. These points, however, cannot be regarded as preserving for us the limits of an originally independent poem. The first half of the sixth book (1-311) concludes nothing, and is an integral part of a new episode, the visit of Hector to Troy. The real question is, how are we to account for the fact that of the three scenes which make up this new episode the first — the meeting with Hecuba— recognises and indeed turns upon the exceptional prowess of Diomede, while the other two ignore it ? The explanation seems to be that the poet was obliged in the sixth book to disguise the want of any definite result, such as could bring the career of Diomede to a fitting close. He had also to take up the narrative of the third book, and put an end to the situation created by the defeat and consequent inaction of Paris. Both these dramatic requirements are met by Hector's visit. At first Diomede is kept in mind, both by his meeting with Glaucus and by the terror which he excites in Troy. But with Hector's progress he is forgotten. The sound of his exploits is allowed to die away, as it were, in the distance : and the main thread of the story is resumed with the return of Hector and Paris. ILIAD. BOOK VI. If this analysis is correct, we may still believe in an original ' Aristeia of Diomede,' from which the existing Aristeia was in substance derived. But we cannot suppose the 'for??i to be preserved. And we must regard the sixth book as pre-supposing, not only the actual fifth book, but also the preceding books (especially the third). That is to say, it pre-supposes a fifth book which has its present place in the context of the Iliad. 1 . oIwOt], * was left alone,* viz. by the gods. 2. I'Ovcre, 'aimed its course,' 'swept'; from I6vs 'aim,' 'direction,* 'effort' (1. 79). TTcSioio, gen. oi space, § 39, 3. 3. dX\T|\a)v, governed by I0t;vop.€vcov, * aiming at one another'; which again is to be taken with y.a.\'X] in the last line. 4. Here the first reading of Aristarchus is said to have been — fX(a(Tr]'jvs TToraixoTo XKa/jia.vdpov kol 'SiTOfMaXifxvrjs. And another ancient reading was — fi€(r(Trjyvs TTOTafioio ^fcajJLavbpov Kal ^ifxacvros. The ^TOjjLaXijivT] must have been one of the shallow lakes often formed at the mouths of rivers (like Lake Mareotis at Alexandria). The reading which preserves such a name may be taken at least to represent an ancient tradition. 5-72. This passage, in which most of the Greek leaders figure, may be compared with the introduction to the Aristeia. Cp. especially 5. 37 €\€ 5' dvbpa 'iKaaros ^yefjLovctJv' npcuTos k.t.K. 15. <|>iX€€(rK€v, 'was kind to,' 'entertained' (as guests). 17. viravTLCLcras, 'meeting' [the enemy]: vtrd as in v-nofxlvcu, &c. 19. {>(j)T]vCoxos, formed like vno-bfiws, viro-^prjaTrjpy vTTO-^rjTr^Sy Sec: * the chariot-driver under' [the chief warrior]. 39. p\a' oXcOpoi; TTcCpar', ' the ending of (i. e. the ending that consists in) destruction'; like reXos eaj/droio, 3. 309., 5. 553, &c. On irctpap mean- ing 'rope's end' see the note on Od. 12. 51 in Riddell and Merry's edition. 148. copt], the reading of Aristophanes (predecessor of Aristarchus) gives the best sense : ' and they (the leaves) come on in the spring season.' Cp. 2. 468 oaraa re cpvWa Koi dvOea y'lyverai cupy. The word cm^iYveTat expresses the /res/i growth of leaves : cp. e-rriyovoi = ' the 7ie2i/ generation.' Aristarchus himself read wpr], taking the clause to be = kmyiyuofX€V7]s rrjs ojprjs. The passage is usually quoted with this reading as an example of 'parataxis' (§ 57). 149. <|>iJ€i may be transitive, as in the j5receding line: 'bears,' 'is fruitful,' = ' flourishes.' 1) jjL€v — fj 5' is the reading now generally adopted. It is in harmony with the to, (x€v — dXXd 8e of 1. I47. The other reading Ti'ip.ev — v|S' gives a fair sense: 'the race of men at one time bears, at another ceases.' The correlatives T|p,€v — t|8€ are especially used of alternate acts or events, cp. 5. 751, Od. 2. 69. 150. The apodosis to el eOcXets 8aTjp.€vat is understood, or rather it ILIAD. BOOK VI. is supplied by the story which follows in 1. 152 tern k.r.X.: 'if you wish to learn these things — there is a city,' &c. Some take 8aT||xevai as an Imperative : * if you will, then learn — ' : but this is extremely harsh. Cp. 7. 375 at kOeKooaL iravaaaOai k.t.X. A similar ellipse is found with cttci, as 3. 59 Itt^l fxe Kar aiaav heiKcoas (see the note). 151. 7€V€T|v. The Acc. with eiScvai is used when it means 'knowing about ' generally : the object itself (not this or that fact about it) being the thing known. So /xifxvTjfJLaL, 6. 222., 9. '527., 23. 361 : and e'ipofxai, 6. 239., 10. 416 , 24. 390. 152. 'E<|)vpT], the old name of Corinth, which might be said to be in a corner (|jlvx^) the country of Argos {^rjfjios 'Apyeiouv, cp. 11. 158-9). Possibly however ''Ap-yos heie means the Peloponnesus. 159. 'Ap-yctcov, to be taken with 8Tip,ov (1. 158). Note the order of the narrative ; the poet first gives the main fact (11. 158-9), then goes back a little way for the details and causes (11. 160 ff.). lha\ia.(T06pa, 'life-destroying,' as Od. 2. 329 ^. <^np/ia/ra, = 'poisons * : or perhaps ' corrupting the mind,' i. e. instilling fear or hatred ; cp. Od 4. 716., 10. 363., 19. 323. 177. €poLTO, Mid. ' brought with him,' as his credential. NOTES. LINES 151-25T. 1 79. ap,aip.aK€TT)v, probably a kind of intensive form of fxaKpos, cp. (CTToy dfxaifxdK€Tos (Od. 14. 311) 'a monstrously tall mast.' 182. 8€iv6v may go with jjl€vos, or (better) as an adverb with diro- irvcCowa, * breathing a terrible breath, the fury of blazing fire ' : cp. 1. 470 dcivop . . pevovra 'nodding fearfully/ also Od. 4. 406 triKpov diTOirueiovaai d\6s troXv^fvOios odfjLrjv. 184. SoXvjioKTL. The early inhabitants ofLycia, according to Hero- dotus (i. 173), were the Mt Aua(, anciently called ^6\vfj,oi. Cp. Od. 5. 283. 186. dvTLav€ipas, ' a match for men,' cp. 3. 189. 187. TTVKivov, 'closely wrought,' hence 'crafty.' 192. 8180V 8* K.T.X. is subordinate in sense : 'he kept him in Lycia, giving him his daughter to wife ' : cp. 8180^ in 1. 219, and see § 27. 195. pcvas c'leXcTo Zevs. Any strange thought was attributed to the direct agency of some god : cp. 7. 360., 9. 377., 12. 234., Od. 23. 11., &c. The notion of romantic generosity is foreign to the Iliad. 237. For <(>'r]Yov some good MSS. have injpYcv : perhaps rightly, since the oak was too far out in the plain for the women to come. 239. €ip6p,€vai, 'asking about' (generally), cp. 1. 151. 240. He bade them pray,' which was the main object of his coming. By this answer he evaded their questions. 241. KTjSc* e(i)f^'irTO, cp. 2. 15. 242. dXX' 0T6 8t|, the apodosis is in 1. 251, €vOa k.t.X. 243. aiOo\3(rT|(ri, the Instrumental Dat., in the comitative use, § 38, 3. 248. T€Y€oi, ' with roofs ' ; doubtless of some particular kind. 251. '!]'rrtc8a>pos, * gracious giver,' cp. 1. 394. 252. The ancienls took €adYovo-a = * going to visit ' : but there is no support for this sense of d'70;. ILIAD, BOOK VI. 255. Hecuba answers her own question: rj |jiap ttov, ' straightway,' is attractive. pcva may be the subject of €K\€\a0€o-0at (or better) Acc. of the seat of feeling, § 37, 4. Zenodotus read i\ov r\rop. 289. irajiTTOiKiXoi, ' all covered with embroidery,' cp. 1. 294. The four lines 289-292 are quoted by Herodotus (2. 116) as helping to show that Homer knew of the story according to which Paris went with Helen to Egypt, where she remained during the war : whereas according to the Cypria (an epic anciently ascribed to Homer) the journey from Sparta was accomplished in three days. Probably Homer had an imperfect notion of the distance of Phoenicia. It is worth notice that he mentions Sidon several times, but not Tyre. 291. cTrnrXcos, 2 Aor. Part. ; the Indie. kn-cnXcos occurs in Od. 3. 15. 292. 636v, with r\yayG as a 'cognate' Acc. 301. cXoX-uYf], a cry raised by women at a sacred rite, cp. Od. 3. 450. 305. pvo-iiTToXi, 'shielder of the city.' 311. dv€V€V€. Nodding the reverse way, by throwing back the head, is still in the East the gesture answering to our shake of the head. 316. We have here the three principal parts of a house, the a\)\-{] or court-yard, the 8(o(xa, i. e. the chief hall (also called ^(yapov), and the OdXap,os, the women's apartment. See Mr. Gardner's paper on 'the palaces of Komer,' /ourfi. of Hell. Stud. III. p. 264. 319. 8ovp6s. to be taken with irdpotOe, 'at the head of the spear,' rather than with aixfJLT| in the next line. 321. cirovra, ' busy with ' : this is the only certain instance of the simple Verb cVcu. The original meaning is probably 'to handle,' as Mr. Leaf has shown {Jour^i. of Philology, xiv. p. 23 1) : cp. d6(ovTa in the next line. 326. 8aip,6vi'. This address expresses painful surprise: see i. 561. NOTES, LINES 255-396. 3^5 o\i \ih Ka\a K.T.X. * it is not well that you have,' &c. The assump- tion that the inactivity of Paris is due to anger at the Trojans is made in ironical politeness, to avoid imputing cowardice. 331. TTvpos, Gen. of material, § 39, 4. 335. Tpwcjv \ok^, 'anger at the Trojans see § 39, i. 336. ax€t TrpoTpaTT€o-0ai, 'to give way to vexation.* In these words, and again in 1. 339 vikt) 8' €ira(X€ij3€Tai av8pas, 'victory takes men in turn,' Paris alludes to the events of the third book ; cp. especially 3- 439- For CTrap-eCpcTai cp. 15. 684 aWor aXKov dfjLH/Seiai. 340. Sijo), Aor. Subj., expressing /z^r/^i-^ or resolution, § 31, i. 344. 6Kpvo€cro-r]S, 'a thing of horror'; from Kpvos 'chill.' The proper form of the word is Kpvofis, not oKpvons : the original reading here must have been KaKop.T]xavoo Kpvoco-o-ris, § 19, 3. 348. dTr6€po-€, 'would have swept me away,' the Aor. Indie, express- ing a subordinate part or consequence of the unfulfilled wish ws jx' o€\' K.T.X. Cp. Od. I. 218, and the Attic use after ws and I'va. 349. T€K|xT|pavTO, 'have arranged,' 'ordained,' esp. used of divine counsels, as 7. 70 (Kpoi/idrjs) fcaKoi (ppoveojv TeKp,a'ip€Tai afKpoiTepoiaL : Od. 10. 563 dW-qv 5' TiiXLV ohuv TiKpirjpaTO KipK-q. 35 T. OS fjST], Indie, as in 1. 348: 'one that had been alive to the indignation and many reproaches of men.* For the wide use of oi8a, cp. 2. 213., 5. 326 oTi 01 cf)p€alv dpTia rjdr]. 361. circo-crvTai 6<|>pa, see 4. 465. 368. 8a|x6a)criv, Fut , § 12, 3 : ' the time is come (t^St)) that they will subdue me, cause me to fall.' 370. €\) vaierdovTas, 'good to dwell in,' cp. Od. I. 404 'IOclktjs €ti vauTowa-qSy 'while Ithaca is still a dwelling-place.' 376. €1 8' d^e, see i. 302. The 8' may be for 8t|, § 51, 6. 378, 379. The main question put is, ' has she gone to the house of a sister-in-law or to the temple' ? The first member of the question is again subdivided by the alternatives 4s ya-Xoccv r\ clvarcpajv. Thus the first T|€ is answered by tj in 1. 379, the r\ of 1. 378 being subordinate. 382. eirel k.t.X. The apodosis is unexpressed, see on 3. 59., 6. 150. 394. 'iro\ij8copos, 'bountiful giver,' like 7j-ni6^copos, 1. 251. So Ameis : older explanations are, ' earned by many gifts ' {fivpia Uva, see 22. 471), and ' furnished with many gifts ' (such as Agamemnon promises, 9. 147 €70; 5' cnl ixeiKia dwaaj ttoWcl fxaX\ oVa' cv -naj ris efj kirebojKe Ovyarpi). The first of these answers to the ordinary custom of the time, which was that the bride was bought by the husband, but is hardly a natural meaning for the word, especially as the price of a bride is not called 8wpa. 396. 'HcTitov, Nom. to suit the following clause (§ 58, 3), cp. 14. 75 yrjfs oaai .. eXKojjx^v: and especially Od. 8. 74 — Mouo"' dp' doihbv dvrjfccv deiZepLdvai KXia dvhpwv, oifjLTjs Tjjs TOT dpa k\€OS ovpavov evpvv 'Uave. 3i6 ILIAD, BOOK VI. See also on 2. 232. But possibly it is of the nature of an exclamation, like the Nominatives noticed on 2. 353 : cp. Od. i. 50, 51 — vrjQw kv dpKpipvTTi, 6O1 r 6/z0a\os Icrri OaXdaarj^' vrjcros Bev^prjcaaa, OecL 6* kv dujuara vaUi. 397. These Kl\lk€s seem to be in Mysia : the historical Cilicia is much too distant for a raiding expedition from the Troad. 400. vi?|mov avTOJS, ' an infant and no more.' 403. €piJ€To, 'shielded,' * was champion/ the proper office of an dVa£. 407. C cp. 3. 146. The omission of Achilles here is worth notice. It seems to show that Andromache is speaking of attacks made in the course of the same day. On the other hand, she ignores the dpicTTeia of Diomede ; see the introduction to Book V (p. 294). 438. OcoTTpomcov. This is merely a conventional way of accounting for knowledge: cp. Od. 16. 356 rj tis a(piv to5' 'ienr^ 6(cuv, ^ etatbov avToi. The words probably suggested the later story told by Pindar (Ol. 8. 40 ff.), according to which Apollo prophesied that Troy would NOTES. LINES 397-478. be taken through the part of the walls built by ^acus, the mortal who had helped Apollo and Poseidon in the work. 450. Tpco'jov aX^os, 'sorrow for the Trojans,' § 39, i. 452. The difference between the Opt. 01 k€v .. ttco-oicv and the Subj. oT€ K€v . . a-yirjTai evidently is that the first is the case which the speaker does not care about, and therefore treats as comparatively remote. 456. irpos aWrjs, * at the beck of another.' 457. A fountain *TiTfp€ia, in the north of Thessaly, is mentioned in the Catalogue (2. 734). Pausanias saw one called Mcctcttjis at Therapne in Laconia : but Strabo tells us that the inhabitants of Pharsalus pointed out both these fountains near their city, on the site (as they believed) of the Homeric 'EAAds. Such identifications are of course valuable only as showing the popular interest in Homer. We may observe that the knowledge of Greek localities here ascribed to Hector is somewhat unlikely. This is a natural piece of forgetfulness 011 the part of a poet who was doubtless familiar with the names himself. 459. Kai iTOTc TLS eiTTTicri, Subj. of confident prediction, § 29, 4. Cp. again the close imitation in the speech of Tecmessa, Soph. Aj. 500 — :caL Tts TTiKpou TTpoacpOey/xa deaTroTiuv hpii \6yois idwTOJV, i'Sere rfjv 6ix^vv€tlv AiavTOSj OS jxiyiaTOV lax^o'f: CTpaTov, oias KaTpcias duO' otov CrjXov rpicpei' roiaiiT kp(i Tis. 463. The Inf. djivvciv goes with the whole phrase X'h'^^'^ toioCS' dvSpos { = 6ti ovk tariv dvrjp roiuade) rather than with TOtoOSe alone : cp. Od. 2. 58 ov yap €7r' dvrjp, oios 'Odvaaevs €crK€v, dprjv diro oikov dfivpai^with the note in Riddell and Merry's edition. Cp. also II. 15. 254 — 6dp(T€i vvv ' roLQV 701 doacrjTTjpa Kpoviojv 1^ ''idrjS TTp0€7JK€ TTap^GTapLivm Kot dpLVUtlV^ where the Infinitives evidently depend upon npoerjice. 465. Some read Trptv iVt, 'before ever I hear,' tri being used as with negatives (cp. 1. 367). But irpiv yk ri is simpler, and is supported by the MSS. 'TTvOco-Oat properly suits xO€is gives the reason of €kXiv0t] idxwv : Top- PT|cras is a further explanation of drvxOeis : and voTjcras gives the reason of Tapj3T)(ras, * frightened when he perceived.' 470. 8€ivov is an Adv., with vcvovra, cp. 3. 337. 478. The meaning is, as the t€ shows, 'to be like me (wSc) both mighty and a ruler of Troy.' But, by an anacoluthon of the kind noticed on 3. 80, dvdo-o-civ reverts to the main construction, thus standing instead oi [y^yiadai'] duaKra. See § 58, i. 3i8 ILIAD. BOOK VI. 479. Most MSS. have €iirr](Tw (as 1. 459), but citroi is required by the general sense, cp. <|)«poi in the next line. The first syllable of Trarpos could not be made short in Homer, § 52. 480. dviovra. The Acc. is used with €iit€iv, ' to say' [a thing about a person] : the thing said being irarpos 7' 08c iroWov dp,eCva>v : § 37, 7. 483. KiqcoSci, ' fragrant.' 484. -^^Kacrada, ^ with a smile/ * breaking into a smile.' 486. 8aip,ovi7] is a word of rebuke, here of course softened by the tone of the speaker. Cp. the two uses, 2. 190, 200. 488. 'rr€())i;Y|x€vov, ' out of reach of,' in a state of safety. 489. Toi TTpwra. On the Art. see 4. 424. Cp. also Hdt. 7. 203 ^tvai h\ 6vr}Tov ovhiva ..to) KaKov dpx'^s Yivop.€vco ov avvefxixOr] : Cic. Balb. § 18 *in qua fortuna est nascendi initio constitutus.' 492. iroXeixos 8' avSpccro-i p-eXTjcrci. Cp. Aesch. Sept. 200 — fi€\(i yap dvdpi, jx^ yvv^ /3ov\€V€Tcu, rd^ooBiV €v5ov 5' ovaa pirj PXdPrjv riOn. Also Eur. Heracl. 711 dvhpwv yap dXfcrj- aol be xp^ tovtwv piiKup, The words are quoted in Ar. Lys. 520. 496. GaXepov, cp. 2. 266. 500. Yoov, probably Aor., related to yodoj as earvyov to aTvyioj, &c. 506. dKocTTTjo-as, ' having fed on barley': d/coarrj is said to have been a word for barley in some dialects (Buttm. Lex. s.v.). 507. KpoaCvcov, * clattering,' apparently a sort of frequentative of Kpovou, Join 0€tT] ircSCoio, § 39, 3. 508. iroraixoio, Gen. as 5. 6 Xekovfiei^os 'ClKcavoTo. 510-11. 6 8'.. <|>€p€i. An anacoluthon of a kind unusual in Homer. The object is to give the effect of a quick and abrupt movement. 511. T]0€a, 'abode,* 'haunts.' 513. 'TTap,ct)aCva)v, ' glittering,' see 5. 6. TiXcKTwp, ^ the sun.* 518. T|0€i€, a form of address customary between brothers and intimate friends ; said to be especially used to an elder brother. -rj p,dXa K.T. \. The speech is ironical, as Paris wishes to boast of his quickness. It may be taken interrogatively: 'have I kept you waiting '? 523. TO may be taken with cjjlov Krjp, or (better) as an adverbial Acc. with dxvvTai, * is grieved thereat,' cp. 3. 176. 524. €v OvjjLcp can hardly be taken as a description of the place of the Ktjp (like ^Top kul (ppeoi, Krjp kv OTrjOeaai), since 0vp.6s is the least /oca/ of the words of this kind. Rather cfxov Kfip axvurai is a periphrasis for axvvfiai, and ev 0v|jl(S means 'deeply,' 'heartily': cp. 3. 9 kv 6vpLa> fiffiaoLiTcs. As Ameis points out, the Homeric way of saying that a person speaks to Aimset/, thinks within hiinself, &c., is to use a peri- phrasis with Qvp.i)S or a similar word : a hero speaks irpos ov pL^yaX-qTopa 6vfi6v, &c. NOTES, LINES 479-529. aicrxca, 'reproaches,' cp. 1. 351. virkp atOev, * on your account/ i. e. for which you are answerable. 528. KpTjTT^pa cXetiOcpov, 'a bowl in honour of deliverance.' 529. cXdo-avTas, Acc. in spite of Swt), cp. 2. 113 (^with the note). BOOK VII. The long day of debate and battle that begins with the second book is now brought to a close by the duel of Hector and Ajax. This is followed by a pause in the war. The Trojans offer to restore the possessions which Paris had carried off along with Helen, and propose a truce for burying the dead. The truce is accepted. The Greeks raise a mound over their dead, and fortify their camp with a rampart and ditch. The seventh book takes rp the slory of the war in harmony with the conclusion of Book VI. Hector and Paris appear on the scene, and the Trojans are gaining some advantage when Hector is led to propose the duel. The events of the earlier part of the day — the treaty and its violation — are referred to in his challenge (1. 69 ff.), and again by Antenor in the Trojan assembly, as a reason for restoring Helen (1. 351 ff.). Achilles is twice mentioned (11. 113, 22cS), and his absence is conspicuous throughout ; especially (e. g.) in the list of Greek champions in 11. 162-168. On the other hand, as in the later part of Book VI (p. 309), the Aristeia of Diomede is ignored. Ajax is the hero uf the day, not only after his doubtful victory over Hector (1. 321), but also in the estimation of the Greeks before the combat takes place (11. 1 79, 183). There is some awkwardness, too, in the second occurrence, on the same day, of such an incident as a duel between champions of the two contending parties : and after the breach of faith with which the first ended it seems strange that a second should be jToposed by Hector, and readily accepted. It has been asked, further, why the Trojan assembly should meet in a panic, to discuss the restoration of Helen, while the Greeks for the first time feel the need of fortifying their camp. With regard to the two last points, we may fairly answer that the day's fighting has been on the whole indecisive, and discouraging to both sides. It is true that this is not the impression given us by the fifth book. But that is merely part of the genei al want of reference to the fifth book already noticed. Moreover, the readiness of the Trojans to purchase peace by sacrificing Helen has been already shown by the 320 ILIAD. BOOK VII. speech of the elders (3. 159, 160), and therefore needs no new explana- tion. And the building of the wall round the camp may be intended as an anticipation of the battles of which it is the scene, and also as a mark of the difference made by the absence of Achilles (cp. his words, 9. 348- 355). As to the repetition of the duel episode, it may be enough to say that the two occasions differ in almost every respect, and that they are separated by the long interval (poetically speaking) of the Aristeia of Diomede. It is strange, however, that Paris, whose return to the war is described with so much circumstance, should do nothing of importance. And generally it must be admitted that in dramatic interest, and perhaps also in style and treatment, the seventh book falls below the general level of the Iliad. 5. cTTCi K€ Kd|ia)o-i, cp. I. 168. 6. vTTo is adverbial, ' beneath them.* 7. €€\5o|jL€vow(n gives the point of the comparison : for the Dat. cp. the common phrases ^ovXofxivo) fioi kcTi, &c. 11. *'EKTCDp 8' K.T.X., the apodosis to 1. 8 6 ji€v k.t.X., but no longer construed with €X€tt]v : cp. 3. 80 (§57). 12. dvT)s, the 'rim' of the helmet, which passed round the back of the head. Or it may here mean the helmet itself, as in 10. 30. 15. €md\p.€vov, * when he had leaped up into ' [his chariot]. 21. nepYdjxov, where Apollo usually was, cp. 4 508., 5. 460. For cKKaTiSwv (which ignores the f , § 54) read cKKaricov. 26. IrcpaXKca vCkt|v. The common interpretations are (i) 'victory that gives strength to one of the two sides,' * decisive victory ' (trcpos as in 1. 378 60/77 8' kripoiai ye vU-qv), and (2) 'victory that gives strength to the other side,' that changes the fortune of a battle. But in 15. 738 (the only place where the epithet is not applied to 'victory') krepaXKia dq/xov €XovT€s seems to mean 'having a people to gain fresh help from': and this sense fits the other places. Hence ' victory of other strength ' = ' a victory not won by themselves.' Here the ' other strength ' is that of Athene herself ; and Apollo means to hint that the victory so given would not be a fair one. So in 17. 627-630 Ajax perceives that Zeus is giving kr^paXKea vIktjv to the Trojans, and cries out that plainly Tpujeaai iraTrjp Zivs avrbs dprjyci. And in Od. 22. 236 Athene — oij TTOJ irdyxv 5/5ou krepaXKea vifcrjv, dXX* €T dpa aOcufos t€ nal dXKrjs 'n€ip7]ri(€v rjiilv *O^vaari0Sf Tjd' vlov Kv^aXifioio, i. e. she did not yet bring her own might (dXKrj) to decide the victory, but still tried the strength and dXK-rj of Ulysses and his son. The use of €T€paXKr]s pLaxr] in Herodotus (9. 103, cp. 8. 11) for 'in- decisive battle,' pugna anceps, may be a reminiscence of Homer; but this sense does not suit the Homeric passages. NOTES, LINES 5-80. 321 30. jAaxVovT[ai]. The Fut. is used of what will follow as a matter of course, and thus implies indiffere7tce, in contrast to the Subj. iravicroj- |i,€v: cp. 6. 71., 7. 116. T€KjAwp, lit. 'contriving/ « making/ hence the * settlement con- trived ' by a superior power, esp. a final, definite 'settlement,' Moom,' &c. The TiKixcop of Troy is the winding up, the final crisis, of its history. 39. irpoKaXco-o-CTai. is 1 Aor. Subj. ol60€v otos, ' singly and alone ' ( = avrbs md' aviov). The meaning /xoVoy TTpbs fxSvop (Schol.) does not suit 1. 226. The phrase can hardly be explained logically: it is an imitation of aWoOcv oiXXos and similar pairs (in which the repetition has a definite meaning). Cp. ahoOeu aivws in 1. 97. Such forms are rare in Homer ; hence it is singular that there are three instances in this book. 42. €iT6po-€Lav. The Opt. expresses the remoter expected result ; the purpose having been given by the Subj. irpoKaXcWcrai, § 34, 2, a. 44. o-uvOero, 'understood.' 46. Trap' *'EKTop[a], Acc. as 8. 280 GTT] h\ Trap* avTov iojv, 48. T) pd vv» jAot Ti mOolo, need not be a question : cp. 4. 93. 52. emo-Treiv, ^ to deal with,' 'go through with,' Lat. obire. 53. The gods did not say explicitly that Hector would not be slain ; but Helenus may be supposed to infer this. He ' understood their purpose,' which was simply to stop the battle for the day, and he put it in as encouraging a form as possible. 55. \kk(T(Tov 8ovpos IXwv, a sign of truce, cp. 3. 76-78. 59. opvio-Lv €oik6t€s al^v iTioipov€cov : cp. 6. 349 knel rdde 7' wde 6(01 Ka/cd refc^rjpavTo (with the note). 73. v^ilv 8', the apodosis to op/cia [jlIv — (1. 69). The ydp, however, indicates that the reason is put first, so that 1. 73 is parenthetical in sense, and the real apodosis is given in 11. 74, 75. 76. €mp,dpTvpos, 'a present witness,' a compound like km^ov/coAOs, kmovpos. 79. 86p,€vai. The Inf. for the Third Person Imperative: so 6. 92. 80. \c\dxwo-i, 'give me my portion,' i. e. duly bum the body : § 28, 2. Y 322 ILIAD. BOOK VII, 83. €KaTOS is a short form equivalent to kKarrj^oKos, * far-shooting.' 87. KaC iTOT€ Tis eiiTxio-t, a recurring formula, see 6. 459. 89. cTTjjjLa. There are mounds on the coast of the Troad, called by tradition the tombs of Achilles, Ajax, Antilochus, Patroclus. 95. vciK€i, 'with railing,' sharp rebuke. 96. Cp. Virgil's imitation, ^n. 9. 617 O vere Fhrygiae, neque enifn Phrygcs. 97. aiv60€v alvus, a phrase like oldOw oTos (1. 39), a kind of 'second power ' of aivus. 99, -uScup Kal 7ata, the elements of which men were supposed to be formed : Hesiod, Op. 61 yaiav vdn (pvpeiv (of the creation of woman). 100. aKTjptoi, 'lifeless,' cp. 21. 466 (pOivvdovaiv aK-qpLoi, 'waste away and have no life in them'; also 5. 812. oLkXccs, by hyphaeresis, for clkX^Us : cp. diroaipco (i. 275). Or it may be a Neut., used adverbially. 102. vCktjs TTcipaT' cxovrat. There is a play on the double meaning ofirctpap: the 'end,' i.e. decision, consummation, of victory, and the * end ' in the literal sense, as of a rope. The word €XovTai is chosen because it suits the latter: so 7. 402 oXiOpov TTcipar €(l)r]irTai, *the ends of destruction are fastened^ no. dvd 8€ o-X€0, ' but bear up,' ' put a check on yourself.* III. The €pis is the strife or rivalry out which the combat arises; hence €^ €ptSos p-dx^cr^O't is practically ' to fight a match,' ' to pit your- self against . . in fighting': cp. Od. 4. 343 \^ epidos ^i\oix7]\ddri kird\ai is the regular word for smith's work, cp. 12. 296., 20. 270. Tychius indeed was a worker in leather (1. 221) : but the division of labour had not then been carried far. 226. OLoOcv oios, 'alone for yourself,' significant repetition from 1. 39. 228. \L€r 'AxiXX-fja, 'after Achilles ' (in order). 229, 230. See 2. 771, 772. 232. Kai emphasises iroXces, 'not one, but manyJ* apx€, ' begin,' i. e. take the first spear-throw, cp. 1. 244. 235. ireipTiTtJc, 'try me,' i.e. try to frighten me. 238. Pwv, 'an ox-hide shield,* cp. 12. 105 Tv/cTrjai Poccrcri, and 12. 137 fioas avas. Pwv is said to be Doric for jSouv : it is probably the original form, cp. Sanskrit gaus, Acc. g-dm. It was read in this place by Aris- tarchus : other ancient readings are PoOv (Aristoph.), pji (Herodian). 239. TO \ioi co-Tt raXavptvov iroXep-iJciv. The chief question here is whether to is Nom. or Acc. If Nom., it refers either to the shield, or (more probably) to the whole fact just asserted: 'which thing (viz. the skill to use a shield) is mine wherewith to be a stout-shielded warrior.' If to is an Acc, it is used adverbially (as in 3-176 to kuI KXaiovaa riTrjKa, &c.), and the sense is, ' wherefore I have wherewith to be a stout-shielded warrior.' For this use of the Inf. after eo-Tt cp. 2. 291 (with the note). Cp. also 2. 451 kv b\ aOevos wpa^v kKaffrq) KapdiTj dWrjKToy iroXf/xi^civ ride /xdx^aOai. With TaXavpivov ttoXcijli j|€iv is to be compared the phrase raXavpivos iro\€fJiiaTr]s, applied in the Iliad to Ares (5. 289, &c.), meaning 'a shield- enduring warrior,' one stubborn in the use of his shield: TaXa-fpivos like Ta\a-iT€v$rj^, TaXa-ircipios, Ta\a-epy6s, all of which express endu7^ ance. Here TaXavpivov may be an Adjective used predicatively, ' to fight as a sturdy wielder of the shield,' or an Adverb with much the same force ( cp. aWrjKTov iroKefii^dv). 240. ciraijai, 'to dash on through^: liri as in kiroix^ffOai, kcpiTiuv, 241. 87]ia) p,€X'iT€o-0ai *'ApT] t, 'to sing and dance, make sport, for Ares the destroyer.' Cp. Tyrtaeus, fr. 16 ay€T w ^-napras 'ivonXoi Kovpoi ttotI TOLv "Apcos KLvaaiv (Dod.). Notice the oxymoron in ixcXireo-Oai : § 60. 242. The Yotp introduces the reason for giving notice that he is about to strike ; viz. unwillingness to take Ajax at a disadvantage. 243. XdOpT], with PaXcciv (1. 242), 6miT€V(ras, 'watching his advantage.' On the form see 4. 371. 249-254 are repeated from the former combat, 3. 355-360. 259. See 3. 348. 261. o-Tv[i€(TOa k.t.X, 296. avrdp e-yw k.t.X. After av t' kvipp-qvrjs . . 'Axcttov? we expect €70; T€ (or KoX (yoj) Tpuas ev(ppr]vco, but an independent sentence is substituted: see § 58, and the notes on 3. 80, 6. 478., 7. 11, 418., 8. 346., 12. 237, 447. ^ 298. at T€ |xoi €v\6[ji€vai K.T X. These words seem to imply some sort of divine honours: cp. 11. 761 trdvTfs 5' (vx^tocovto Ofwu Ail "SicTTopi T dvdpcuv, 22. 394 a) TpcDc? fcaTci darv Oecp ojs cvx^tooijvto. 0€iov S-uo-ovrat dywva, 'will enter the assembly of the gods/ i.e. held in their honour ; perhaps with the notion of their presence at the festival. In 18. 376 the same phrase is applied to the meetings of the gods themselves. Cp. 15. 428 vcwv Iv dycvvi, ' in the gathering-place of the ships,' i. e. the camp. 301. €pt8os TTcpL, lit. 'over strife/ i.e. with nothing in dispute apart from the contest itself. Thus the meaning is practically the same as 1^ €pi8os (1. Ill), viz. 'in pure combativeness ' : cp. and crnovbTjs, 1. 359. 305. 8l8ov, Impf. ' gave at the same time/ ' gave in return,' § 27. 310. ctcX 7rT€ovT€s, = ort deXiTToi rjaav, 'not having had hope.' 313. -ycvovTO, ' came to be/ 'got to/ cp. 8. 117. 316. d}jLls coOo-a, * being round it.' 343. cmPpCo-p, ' press in with overwhelming weight.' 346. T€TpT)Xvia, 'disordered,' cp. 2. 95 rcTprjx^i 5' dyopri. The two epithets Scivi^ t. supplement each other, = * in fearful disorder.' npidp,oio Gvp-flo-i, see 2. 788. 352. \l/€vo-iXa is the predicate in sense: ' this that you now say is not pleasing to me.' 358. |x09ov, a proposal, a 'thing to say.' 359. dird o-Trov8T]S, ' in earnest.' • 362. dir6(|>T]p,i, 'I say right out,' 'declare,* cp. 9. 309 XP^ '''^^ fivOov dTrr]\€y€iv, an Instrumental or ' comitative ' form, see § 40. 371. €YpT|Yop0€, Pf. Mid., ' keep awake,' cp. eyp-qyopOai (10. 67). 375. at K* cOcXcoo-i iraijo-acrOai k.t.X. The apodosis is not expressed; | = ' if they will — , let it be so.' Cp. 6. 150 (note). ^ 376. Swrixeos, 'evil-sounding.' 380. This line is not in the best MSS., and is doubtless an interpola- tion. The phrase Kard arpaTov €v T€X6€cro-Lv is not appropriate ; it should be Kard tttoXiv, as in 1. 370. The line is doubtless taken from 18. 298, where Kara arparov is rightly used. 387. ai K€ iTcp . . 7€voiTO is probably a courteous formula, ' an it please you.' The Opt. is due to the past Tense i^vwy^*" 393- "n H-V* be sure the Trojans bid h.\m,' although they bid him.' 400. 'AXcJdvSpoio, with 86X€o-9Ti'n'Tai, cp. 1. 102. NOTES. LINES 334-467. 403. €maxov, * shouted therewith,' in assent. 408. a\i<^Lt • about,' of a matter at issue between ^wo parties. 409. ov ydp Tis €L8a) v€Kva)v k.tA. ' there is (i. e. there should be) no grudging, as to the dead, in regard to soothing them with fire,' i.e. * no one should be unwilling to appease the dead with fire.' ov <))€i8co = ov xp^ (peideaOai (like ov vefx^ais, ' it is not a case for anger,' &c.). TTvpos is Gen. of material, as irpTjaat irvpus, &c. 411. opKia Z\ Zctis icTTco, ' to the treaty (i. e. about the burning of the dead) let Zeus be witness.' 418. v€Kvds T dY(p,€v, €T€pov 8c, a slight anacoluthon : instead of v^Kvas T€ vkrjv re (or V€Kvas t€ Kal v\t)j/) dyijjiev, the second object is expressed by an independent clause (§ 58). 421-3. irpoo-cPaXXcv . . ol 8' tJvtcov, i.e. 'as the sun was striking with his darts, they began to meet.' This is still the day which began at 1.381: the embassy being over at or soon after day-break. It appears to end at 1. 432, though the coming on of night is not mentioned. 425. The dead were taken home by their friends, so that d|xafdo)v €7rd€ipav implies 8i€Yvo)K€v ayt\k€v, ' gave to be brought to the Atridae.' 473 ff. The Greeks pay with their spoil — raw material and slaves. 478. o-povi, 'with serious mind,' i. e. meaning it seriously. 48. rdpYapov, Acc. of the part, in x\pposition to the whole (^I8tiv). 53. SciTTvov, the mid-day meal, see 11. 84-86. It is commonly taken before a battle, cp. 2. 381., 19. 171. The evening meal is hopnov, cp. 7. 370, 466., 8. 503., 9. 88, &c. In Attic the dopnov disappears, and the BeiTTvov takes its place : just as the modern ' dinner ' takes the place of the old-fashioned 'supper.' 54. diro 8' avTov, ' and thereupon,' ' straightway.' 58, 59. Repetition of 2. 809, 810 : and 11. 60-65 4- 44^-451 ; 11. 66, 67 of II. 84, 85. 67. T|'TTT€To, 'took hold,' i.e. hit their aim, told on the enemy. 330 ILIAD. BOOK VIII. 68. dfJL<|)ij3€pT|K€i, 'bestrode/ i. e. stood at the middle and highest point. 70. 81J0 Kfjpe, 'two fates,' i.e. two lots signifying death. The dual cJco-O-qv in 1. 74 would show that there were two lots for each side. But the two lines 73, 74 were rejected by Aristarchus. TavT|\€Y€os, an unexplained word, probably from dXeyoj, like Sva-rjXfyrjs, ' grievous,' d7r-7;\€7€c«;y, ' without recking,' vrjKeyrjs, * reckless ' (Alcm.). It may mean 'causing long care.' 72. €\k€, 'drew up,' so as to give the scales free play, cp. 12. 434. 75. a^TOS, i.e. as his own act, in contradistinction to the result of the weighing. 77. viTo, * beneath,* i. e. in their knees. 81. €T€Cp€TO, 'was in trouble.* There was also a reading eSdjivaro. 83. iTpwrai Tpix€S, * the foremost hair ' (of the mane), iiriraiv, * of a horse*: Plural as 4. 142 naprjiov €fjLfi€vat lttttojv. 84. KaCpiov, a vital place: cp. it. 439. 85. d\"yT|o-as, Aor. of the access of pain. dv-ciraXro, from irdWofiai, 86. iiriTovs, * the chariot and horses.' KvXtv86fji€vos ir€pl x^i-Xkco, ' writhing round the arrow point ' : cp. 13. 441 €p€iK6fJi€vos n€pl dovpt, also 13. 570., 18. 231, &c. 87. irap-qopCas, the wounded horse being a iraprjopos, see on 7. 156. 88. <|>ao"ydva) dicrpova irupov €0T]K€, ic.T.X. This is an anacoluthon of a kind unusual in Homer. 189. Rejected by the aacients/on account of the strangeness of giving wine to horses, which is spoken of here as if it were the ordinary practice. 190. r[ l\Loi, Here we must supply out of irvpov IOiqkcv k.tX, the more general idea ' set food before,' * attended to * (Zeugma). 193. irdcrav xpvor€iT]v €jji€vai, * that it is all of gold,' Inf. depending on kXcos ov>pavov ikcl ( = it is reported). No such shield is mentioned elsewhere. 197. €mpT]cr€p,€v, Fut. Inf. ' that I shall force to embark.* 198. v€p.€crT]o-€, Aor. ' was moved to indignation.' 200. avTiov T]\j8a, ' addressed,' ' bespoke.* Elsewhere these words generally mean ' spoke against,' or ' in reply.' 204. j3ovX€o, * you used to wish.* So Heyne : most editors take it as an Imperative, ' do you wish,' * you on your part ought to wish.' 206. Zfjv, an old form of the Ace, related to Zeuj nearly as ^ibv to ^ovs (7. 238). 207. aKaxoiTO KaOTjp.€vos, ' he would have the vexation of sitting quiet,' i. e. he would have to sit idle, however vexed he might be. 209. dTrTO-circs. The first part of the word is probably from a root meaning to 'throw' or 'dash' (whence also kapos €€pY€. Thc spacc described is probably the interval between the fortification (the wall with the outer trench) and the ships. Some (as Hentze, following Giseke and La Roche) take diro irvpYov Tdpos cepye to be the important words, = * the space from the wall to the trench,' and understand Ik vtjwv to mean merely ' outside the ships ' (cp. 15. 391 nix^os df^pe^jLaxovro Oodwv €fCTo6i VTjcbv). This seems forced, and it is not likely that the trench was at any distance from the wall. Faesi, on the other hand, joins irvp- yov Tdva)S. The Pf. is regularly used of the tone or pitch of the voice : § 26, 3. 229. 0T6 8t| <{)ap.€v, explaining €vixt»\ai, * the boasting of the time when we thought.' 230. ottot' €v At|p,vcj), sc. t}T€. The ellipse is certainly harsh. Others join ottot'.. T|Yopdao-0€, supposing that the Verb which, should govern as is forgotten, or understood out of T|Yopdacr9€. 233. av9', for avra, 'opposite,' ' facing.' 234. djiot, in the literal sense, ' the counterpoise to,* *a match for.' 236. ='has any king ever been befooled like me'? 239. €v0d8€ €ppcov, 'as I came on this quest.' The proper sense of €ppco {feppoj) is obscure. It may have meant ' to go,' or 'to turn ' (root var). In general, however, it has a distinctly unfavourable force ; note esp. the Imperative t/jpe, 'be off,' 'go about your business,' Ippirco (9-377, &c.). -243. aiuTovs 8t| TTcp, * ourselves at least,' if we are not to conquer the Trojans. 247. TeXetoraTov, i. e. the surest to make the sign good, to bring fulfilment. The sign is the escape of the fawn by falling near the altar of Zeus. 250. 'Travop,4)aicp, ' from whom all voices (i. e. omens) come.' 254. irdpos, ' before,* ' in front of: the only instance of ndpos govern- ing a Gen. ctx^p-cv, ' to have held,' i. e. ' guided,* 'driven.' 257. eTpairev, ' had turned,' when the blow was struck. 261. Tov 8€ |X€t', sc. k^rikaaav, understood out of 11. 253-5 > °^ '^'-s -jTpOTCpos . . €v|aTO . . cJcXdo-ai being = TrpcDros k^rfKaoe. The list of nine chiefs differs from that of 7. 162-8, by including Teucer and Menelaus, and leaving out Thoas and Ulysses. As to Ulysses, cp. 8. 92-98. 266. iraXivTOva. This is either a general epithet of the bow, ' bending back,' ' elastic,' or (more probably) it denotes a particular kind of bow (so certainly in Hdt. 7. 69, where it is used to distinguish the bows of the Arabians), viz. those with the ends curving in the opposite way to the centre, ^'^^^—..^'^ ^''^ ^ 268. 'U7r€|€ 80 (note). 348. dp,nr€piorTpcua, * wheeled about this way and that.' 349. TopYovs ofAjiar , ' eyes [as the eyes] of the Gorgon/ cp. 11. 36. NOTES. LINES 270-439. 335 355- ^•''"Ti» '^y the onset/ the * swing* of his attack. 358. ovTos 7€, emphasised in contrast to irarTip ov\l6s in 1. 360, Zeus being the real enemy. 361. cp.wv p,€V€a>v dTr€po)€t»s, lit, * one that causes the starting back,' the collapse or recoil, * of my furious efforts.' 363. It is best to join T6tp6ji€vov vtto, 'when in distress under (by reason of) the tasks,' &c. 367. 'rrpovTT^\L\\f€v, sc. EvpvaOivs. The story may be the same as the one told by Dione, 5. 395-402. 368. Ktiva. The name Kep^epos is not Homeric. 369. alird, ' steep-falling,' rapid. 373. ot' &v . . ei'iTT], 'when he s/iall call me,' Subj. of confident prophecy, § 31, 2. 376. 0copT|Jo|iat, Aor. Subj. 378. Join 7Ti0T|cr€i vwL 'irpo<|)av€VT€, 'will be glad at our appearing.* It is in sense an Acc. of the thing \ cp. 13. 352 tjx^^to yap pa Tpouaip dafivafxevovs, 'he was vexed at their being conquered by the Trojans': see § 37, 7. irpoi serving as an Ablative. 475 > 476. Rejected by Aristarchus, because (i) TjixartTcp would not be used of the very next day, and (2) they did not fight over Patroclus by the ships, but in the open plain. Moreover, there is no apodosis to 01 |Jl€V. 482. oi»8' T^v €V0' repeats ovi8' €i k€, 1. 478, there being no full stop at 1. 481 : cp. 6. 58 }n)h' .. /Z7;5' os . . , and 9. 385-391. 487. dcKouo-iv is the important word ; cp. 7. 7. 491. vcKticov 8i€c|)aiv€T0, 'appeared clear among the dead,' between the spaces covered with dead. 500. o viiv €crda)cr€ p.d\icrTa, ' which this time has done most in saving.* 503. €cj>oiT\io-6p,€(r0a, i Aor. Subj. 'let us furnish forth.' 505. dj€(r0€ (so Aristarchus), Aor. like e-n^aov, l^ov (§9, 3). The MSS. generally have dJacrOc : cp. d^ovro (1. 545), and d^cre (3. 105). 507. o-LTov T€, sc. Ko^ii^^aOe or the like, understood out of otvifcaOc : a Zeugma. €171, ' with,' to accompany the corn and wine. 512. jJiT| p,dv .. cmPaicv, a strong assertion under the form of a wish: ' they will not embark, let us not think it,* &c. Cp. Od. 7. 316 //^ tovto ^ a\a, and thus Agamem- non is to know his folly — i. e. not merely to confess it, which Mr. Grote would think enough, but to feel all its bitter consequences. These considerations, however, do not do more than show that the ninth book, if it is an addition, is a skilful and effective one. Other arguments have been found in peculiarities of language, and in allu- sions indicating a more advanced state of knowledge than is found elsewhere in the Iliad. With regard to the language, see the notes ^ 11. 42, 143, 337, 417, 684. Traces of a later geography may be seen in the mention of Egypt (1. 382), and of Delphi (under the older name TLvQoi, 1. 405), the use of the name 'EXXds (11. 447, 478), the Dolopes (1. 484), and the seven towns of Pylus (in 11. 150 ff., cp. 2. 591). See also the notes on the division of the spoil (1. 333), the destiny of Achilles (1. 410), and the allegorical or quasi-allegorical passage, 11. 502 ff. The style of the ninth book is unequal. The scene in the tent of Achilles is exceptionally fine : it may be doubted, however, whether the sustained rhetoric of the speeches is quite Homeric. The earlier part of the book is much below this level, though not perhaps inferior to most of the seventh and eighth books. Of this fact (if it be one) various explanations might be given. In any case, if the ninth book is pro- nounced to be a later accretion, the eighth can hardly stand as part of the original scheme. The disasters which it relates serve no dramatic purpose except to prepare for the great scene of the embassy. 2. ijja, 'panic': no clear distinction is to be drawn between \;\aKT'f]pas, so that the sense would be, 'let each division post its watch.' XcJdo-OoLV, cp. 8. 519. 68. cireira, 'after that,' i. e. as to the next step to be taken. 69. apx€, ' lead the way,' ' take action explained by 8aCvu k.t.X. 70. Nestor's language is curiously emphatic, considering that it was customary for the chiefs to feast in Agamemnon's tent (4. 343., 7- 3'3)' Possibly Nestor wishes in this way to hint at the importance of the proposal which he intends to make. 72. T|p,aTCat, 'daily.' 0pT)KT]0€v, Lemnos, from which the Greeks were said in 7. 467 to get wine, is doubtless included under the term ' Thrace.' Cp. however Od. 9. 196 ff. 73. ■uTToSeJCtj, 'means of entertainment': collective rather than abstract. 75. xp^w, a shorter form of XP^*-*^* 'need,' used with the Acc. owing to a peculiar ellipse of ikclvci or the like (cp. XP^^^ iKaverai, 10. 118., II. 609, also X- i'^^'j 10. 1 4 2). The ellipse is so far forgotten that we even find x- ^otl, x- yiyvcrai, but still with an Acc. of the person. 77. Td8€ YT]0T|o-€i€v, Acc. § 37, I. 89. doXXcas TjYc, ' brought to a meeting together.' 97. €V 'whatever it is in which he (the one whose advice you take) leads the way': crco cjcrat, ' will attach to you,' i.e. you will be (regarded as) the author of it : cp. Od. 1 1 . 346 'PiKKivoov V \k tov5' €X€Tat ipyov T€ €7roy re (depends upon). 106. k% €Ti ToO oT€, ' ever from the time that,' &c. 107. 'AxiX-fjos, with kXi(tit]0€v. TIG. €Tio-av, viz. by the defeat of the Greeks, as 1. 118. 115. ij/eOBos, a kind of cognate Acc. with KarcXc^as, 'no false tale hast thou told of,' &c. : cp. Od. 7. 297 ravra .. dXrjOcirjv KariXe^a. aras, ' acts of drrj/ i. e. blindness or infatuation. 117. 4>iXt|o"q, 'has come to love,' Aor., as 3. 415. NOTES. LINES 64-160. 343 118. Sdp.aaac Be, i.e. in having subdued. 121. 6vop,T|vca, 'I will set forth,' i.e. state the particulars: Subj. of purpose, § 29, i. 122. dinjpovs, ^untouched by fire/ i.e. not yet used : cp. 23. 267. TdXavra, much smaller than the talents of historical times ; cp. 23. 269, where two talents are less than the value of a \k^r]T]p.'fja-ai, liitguis favere,^' to observe silence.' The word does not occur elsewhere in Homer. 1 76. cTrapldjjLcvoi 86Trc5L€o-€ai dXKTjv, ' put on prowess/ as though it was a garment or piece of armour, i. e. make ready to exert your strength. 235. o-XTio'€cr9ai, 'that they will be kept back.' €v vr\v(Tl . . TtecrUcrBai, said here of the Trojan attack, as 13. 742 ; elsewhere of the flight of the Greeks, as 2. 175., 12. 126. 241. o-TeOrai, see 2. 597., 3. 83. 243. 6pivop.€vo\;s, 'driven about,' ' confounded': cp. 8. 183. 245. cI't], Opt. of the further consequence, in contrast to €KT€\€crco fi'^ay. 261. djia, 'sufficient,' outweighing the wrong done, cp. 8. 234. 262. €1 8c, with an Imper, as in 1. 46. KaraXcJco, Aor. Subj. 263. €v KXiaCrjcri, i. e. of things already in his possession : when Troy is taken (1. 277) he will add much more. 264-299 repeat 11. 122-157 with little change. 279. VT]T|o-a€T6pda)V can only refer to dv8pd(ri : it is an emphatic Possessive — 'their wives, not ours.' For this use of the Reflexive Pronoun cp. 6. 500 at yi\v crt ^(mov yOOV '^FiKTOpa W €1/1 OLKCO. 333. 8id . . 8ao"dcrK€TO, Tmesis. The representation of Agamemnon dividing the spoil at his own will does not agree with what is said else- where : cp. especially i. 161, 162 — Kol 677 ixoi ycpas avros dcpaiprjCcaOai dndX^rs, ' there only,' ' there and no further ' : but there is no clear instance of such an adverbial use. €}jlijjlv€, * used to await.' 359. There is here a change of construction : after the Participles p€|as and VT]T|cras we expect a Verb such as irXevao/jLai, for which the more picturesque o\|/€at . . vfjas €(xds is substituted. The change is saved from harshness, however, by the clause €7rT|v aXaSe Trpocpvo-o-co, with which pcjas and vT|T|cras can be construed : cp. 8. 269. 364. €v0d8€ cppcov, see 8. 239; cp. cppcrco {infra, 1. 377). 367. cXaxov Y€, ' got as my share' in the general division : the 76 points the contrast to Y€pas, the prize which (as he here says) Aga- memnon had given. See 1. 3.^3 (note). 374. oti5€ p<€v €pYov, ' nor assuredly in a deed,' i. e. still less in action than in counsel. With cp-yov we must understand (out of crvp,c|>pa.' atiTcp, * round myself.' vvKxas, Acc. of time, 'during the nights.' As to i'avov see on 1. 325. 472. aiGovo-T), the colonnade inside the entrance of the av\r\ or court- yard: cp. Od. 22. 449 (with Mr. Merry's note). 473. TrpoBoixo), a portico at the entrance of the house. 478. 8t' *E\Xd8os, see 1. 447. 482. TT]\ti7€Tov, see 5. 153. cm, 'furnished with.* 484. AoXoTTCo-o-iv, not elsewhere mentioned in Homer. 489. TTpoTaficov, i. e. giving you the first piece cut. 493. o, ' that,* see § 48, 2. 498. dp€TT|, the most comprehensive word, • worth,' * power,' &c. 499. KaC emphasises tov»s, 'even they, surely' (|Ji.€v). 350 ILIAD. BOOK IX. 500. irapaTpcaTTcocr', * turn from their purpose ' : rpcondou is to rpi-noj as (TTpoocpdoj, vcofiao) to arpicpoj, vijJLOJ. But see H, G. § 55, 9. 502. Kai yap k.t.X., explaining Xio-or6p.€vot : 'men pray — for there are such beings as Prayers/ &c. The description that follows is in accordance with the primitive habit of thought which regards every agency or influence as personal in its nature. Compare the passage about Ate in II. 19. 91 ff- — Upia^a Aios dv^drrjp" hrr), rj iravras daTai ouXopievrj' rrj fjiev 6' dTra\ol vodes, ov yap kir* ovdci niXvaTai^ dAA.' dpa ij y€ Kar dvhpuv Kpdara fiaivci. Cp. also the picture of Strife, II. 4. 441 ff., and of such powers as Flight, Tumult, &c. (II. 9. 2., 18. 535). In this instance the personifica- tion is drawn out with more detail than usual, and in a style that suggests allegorising — that is to say, a process in which the poet was fully con- scious of the difference between the thing prayer and the persons that he was imagining. Whether such a mental process as this is one which can be attributed to a poet of the Homeric age is a difficult historical question. Mr. Grote at one time regarded the passage as allegorical, but afterwards changed his mind, being convinced 'that the idea of allegory in reference to the construction of the mythes was alto- gether inadmissible.' See Grote, Hist, of Greece, I. p. 570 (ed. 1846), with the note on p. 574 (ed. 1851), and Mill, Dissertations and Dis- cussions, vol. ii. p. 305. 504. dXcYovcri, ' look to ' the mischief Ate does. 508. ai8€VT]v, a word of unknown meaning. NOTES. LINES 50O-608. 540. cOcov has the force of an Adverb, * after its wont * {^looOoTm), cp. 16. 260 ovs TTaTdes kpih^aivojaiv eOovr^s. 541. TTpoOcXvp.va, 'in layers/ i.e. so thickly that they overlapped as they lay; so of shields, 13. 130 (ppd^avres .. golkos aaK^'C irpoOeXv^vw : cp. T€Tpa0€Xv|jLvos, 'made of four layers of hide.' In later poets (and perhaps in 10. 15) it is used 2.s = 7Tp6ppi(os. 547. d[jL' aiiTw, ' over it,' viz. the boar. 552. The Curetes were the besiegers, according to 1. 531 : hence the T€ixos mentioned here must be the fortification of their camp. The Greeks were at the time in the same position. 554. OL8av€i, Transitive, ' causes to swell.' 557. EuTjvivT] is a Fem. patronymic, 'daughter of Euenus.' 559. €i\€To t6£ov, ' took up his bow,' viz. when Apollo took Marpessa from him (1. 564). 561. TT|v 8c, viz. Cleopatra. For the name given to commemorate the mother's story, cp. ' Megapenthes ' son of Menelaus (Od. 4. 11), and ' Odysseus ' (Od. 19. 407 ff.) The story of Alcyone as told by later poets seems to be unknown to Homer. 566. 45 dp€0)v, ' in consequence of the curses.' 567. KacriYVT|Toto. In the later form of the story Althaea had several brothers, who were killed by Meleager. <|>6voio, ' on account of the slaughter,' with dxcowa. 568. yaiav . . dXoCa, the form of invoking the gods under the earth. 570. Trpoxvu Ka0€jo(ji€VT], 'sinking down on her knees.' 571. 8cp,€v, with T|pdTO and dXoia, ' that they should give.' 573. Twv 84, sc. the Curetes, with op,a8os. 580. 'n"€8toLo is a partitive Gen., like the Gen. of materiaL TajjL€o-0ai is parallel in construction to cXeaOai, instead of depend- ing on it : cp. 3. 79, 80. 583. KoXXiiTds, 'knit together/ 'well made fast.' o-avi8as, 'folding- doors.' YOVV01JJJL6VOS, lit. 'clasping the knees,' but here in the derived sense, ' as he entreated '; since Oeneus was outside the door of the room. 589. Paivov. . €V€'Trp7]0ov, Impf. 'were now mounting,' &c. 593. dv8pas |JL€v K.T.X., subordinate in sense, 'how they slay the men,* &c. dp,a0ijv€i, ' levels with the ground.' 594. dXXoi, 'others,' i.e. 'strangers': cp. 3. 301 d'Xoxot 5' dWoiai bafieiev, 6. 456 irpos dWrjs larov v(paivois. 598. ci'Jas a Qv\ico, i. e. not for the gifts, but moved by this appeal. 599. Kal aureus, i. e. without them. 601. KaKiov, * less well,' sc. than now, when you are offered gifts. 602. Ctrl 8(opois, 'on the terms of receiving gifts.' 605. TijjLf,s, generally taken to be contracted from rifirf^i^, as Tt(XTivTa (18. 475) for ri/xrj€VTa, T€\yi\cr(Tai {Od. 7. 1 10) for rfx^Tjeaaai. 608. <))pov€Ci), nearly = 5o«€r ftot, ' my mind is,' ' I choose.' Atos aio-rj, 35^ ILIAD. BOOK IX, 'in the award of Zeus.' The phrase generally means simply the 'destiny assigned by Zeus' (as 17. 321., Od. 9. 52) ; but here there is a play on the other sense of ato-a, viz. ' estimation,' * place in a scale of honour,' cp. hv fcapbs atari (1. 378). 609. T) [A* €^€1, 'which (aio-a) shall abide with me,' cp. 17. 143 § c' avToos k\€Os kaOKov ex^i' 613. *Atp€l5t| . . ()>€pct)v xcip'-v, 'doing the pleasure of Atrides.' 615. KaXov Toi, 'it is well for you,' i. e. your duty rather is. 617. auToOu, * where you are.' § 9, 3. 619. Achilles is now so far moved as to doubt about returning. 620. €Tr' 64)p^ari v€0o-€, cp. I. 528. 625. T€\€VTT|, 'accomplishment,' i.e. result. jivGoio, 'of our speech,' i.e. of the message which we bring {ryde y' obw). 629. a^piov is predicative: 'has made his spirit cruel within him,' i. e. hardened his heart to be cruel. With 0€to, cp. 1. 637 Ov/jlov . . dcol Oecrav. 632. s which attached to guests. 642. KTiSio-TOL, 'the most valued,' 'nearest.' 645. Ti, with €€LD-ao, qualifies the admission, =' what you have said is all in a manner to my liking, but — '; cp. Od. 9. 11 tovto ri /jloi kolK- Xiarov kvi (pp€(Tiy eideTai thai, aoi 5' l/xa KrjSca 6vp.6s €iT€Tparr€TO arovo- cvTa e'lpeffO', i. e. * everything is here to make me happy, but — .' 647. dcrij<|)T]\ov, Acc. Neut., seems to mean 'an insulting thing': but the derivation of the word is unknown. i'pfjev takes a double Acc. 648. p.6Tavdo-TY]v, 'a sojourner,' one who has no rights of citizenship, and may therefore be outraged with impunity. 650. The dyyikiTj follows, introduced by -ydp = ' namely.' 654. d|X(j5i, 'round,' 'in the neighbourhood of.' 655. 11(1X115, with crxT|cr€crOai, 'will refrain himself from the battle.' 657. o-TreCo-avTCS. A libation was usual as a parting ceremony, cp. 1. 712, also Od. 7. 138 (2 TTUfxcLTq) anhbeaKov ore pLvrjaaiaTo koitov. 661. dcoTov, * the flock.* 671. 8€i8€xaT[o], cp. 4. 4. 673. \l\ i.e. p.0L, §51, 5. iroXmivos, 'worthy of much praise'; or (as Buttm. Lex. s. v. alvos) ' of much wise speech.* 68 r. (TOCOS, see 1. 424. 684. Kai 8' dv . . irapajivOTio-ao-Oai, the only instance of dv with an NOTES. LINES 609-698. 353 Inf. in Homer: the result of turning 1. 417 nal 5' dv. . irapafxyOrjaaifirji/ into the oratio obliqua. 691. €mr]Tai, Subj. because the event is future, § 34, 2, c. 698. yA\ 6<|)€X6s, 'would that you had not — ' : logically the jiT| belongs to Xio-o'ccrOai. BOOK X. The tenth book, entitled AoXcovcCa, forms a detached episode of the Iliad. During the night which follows the unsuccessful embassy Diomede and Ulysses sally forth to reconnoitre the enemy's position. From the spy Dolon, who has been sent forth by Hector with a similar object, they hear of the newly come Thracian king Rhesus, whose horses and armour are of more than mortal beauty. They kill Rhesus with many of his followers, and ride the horses back to the Greek camp. The relation of the Doloneia to the rest of the Iliad has long been matter of discussion. The Greek commentators mention a tradition (not noticed however in the oldest scholia) that it was originally a separate poem, and was inserted in its present place by Pisistratus. This tradition has no value as evidence, since it cannot rest on any other ground than the intrinsic probabilities of the case : but it shows that these had excited the attention of ancient scholars. It is not likely, indeed, that the book ever existed as a separate poem : but that it is later than the bulk of the Iliad is almost certain. The following are the chief reasons for this opinion : — 1. The tenth book comes in awkwardly after the ninth. That there should be some episode to occupy the night before books xi-xvii is natural, and dramatically appropriate. But the ninth book satisfies this want completely. A second quite distinct episode interferes with the effect of the first. 2. The introductory part of the book is cumbrous, and out of pro- portion to the adventure of the two heroes. First Agamemnon and Menelaus are awake with anxiety : then they go and waken the other chiefs in succession — all being fully described (1-179). The chiefs then go together to visit the watch, and hold a council on the battlefield of the day before, to concert measures in the desperate position of affairs. Nestor proposes that some one should go and try to find out what the Trojans are doing. Diomede volunteers to go, and chooses Ulysses as his companion (180-253). The real story of the book then begins. 3. There is no trace of Rhesus and his Thracians in any other part of the Iliad. 4. The language shows exceptionally numerous traces of later forma- 354 ILIAD. BOOK X. tion. Such are,— the Perfects in -Ka from derivative Verbs, P€PCt)K€v, irapcpxoJKcv, dBtjKOTCS : the Aor. 0T|KaTO (for eOcTo, § 5, 2) : the 3 Sing. Pres! jjL€ei€i (1. 121) : the Second Fut. Pass. iJL\,y'X]0ai'r]O'L (see on 1. 346), the Gen. or Dat. Sing. Kpvjts (11. 31 1, 398, 447), Slottttjp, 'a spy,' and SioirTciia), aPpordfco, dir]0€cro-a>, Bpatvo), BccXos. We may add oirXa in the sense of *arms,' w^hich is only found in II. 18. 613., 19. 21. Some words in this book are common in the Odyssey, but not found in the Iliad : as 86o-is, 4)Tip,is, 8aCTT], 86Ja : to which may be added the rarer dwreco, d8T]K6T€S, 6p<\>vaij] (vv^), and the forms €io-0a and ToiGr8€0"crL. 8. The style and tone of the book is unlike that of the Iliad. It is rather akin to comedy, not in the vein which sometimes appears in the Iliad (e.g. in the Olympic scenes), but of a rough, practical kind. The whole incident has the character of a farcical interlude, and as such it is out of harmony with the tragic elevation of the Iliad. 4. 6p(xaCvovTa, 'stirring,' 'turning over': so 1. 28 * stirring up' war. 6. d0€oiviK6€i,. 160. 0pa)o-|xcp ireSCoio, * the springing of the plain,' i.e. the rising ground, apparently near the Greek camp : cp. 11. 56 with 8. 560. 164. dpottv, 'from their eyelids.* 188. vuKTa, Acc. oi duration of time. ij^Lv, ' flight/ a word only found in this book (11. 398, 447). 324. diro 86^T)S, 'away from expectation/ 'disappointing.' 326. jjL€\XowL . . pov\eiJ€iv, 'are likely to be holding counsel.' 330. H-'H H-^^ • • fiTroxTjo-cTat. For |xt| with the Indie, in oaths, cp. 9. 133. Tois iTTTTOtcriv, ' that chariot,' Art. referring to 1. 322. 344. iTcSCoio, partitive Gen., like oSou in 4. 382. 346. 7rapa4>0aC'r]cri. This is the best attested reading : it is meant for an Opt., the -ai being added in imitation of the Subj. in --go-i (for -xi). Thus it is a ' pseudo-archaism.' 350. d(t)pa8CT|Ci;XaKds, Acc. by attraction to the Relatival clause ds etpeai. 417. K€Kpip,€VT], 'told off,' posted expressly as a watch. 418. oio-iv dvaYKT], 'who needs must,' as they are defending their homes, cp. 1. 422. Tpwcov is emphatic, opposed to WiKovpoi. 424. irws ydp — , ' nay, how — * ? But we should probably read (with Cobet) TTcos rdp, see 1. 61. Some MSS. have ttws t' dp. 428. Trpos with the Gen. means 'in the direction of,' without imply- "ing motion either io or from. 429. The A€\€Y€s and KavKcoves are not in the Catalogue. 431. tiriTOKopvcrTai, see 2. i (note). 434. oi8€, used adverbially, 'here are the Thracians.* 437. The Nom. is used as a kind of exclamation, cp. i. 231., 2. 353. 442. 'Tr€\d(rcr€TOv, Aor. in -crov, § 9, 3. 447. (xoi, Dat. ethicus^ used ironically. 457. <|)0€Y'yop,€vov, 'as he cried aloud' (not 'spoke,' as Aen. 10. 554^ 463. cTTiSoxTOfJicO' is the reading of Aristarchus ; most MSS. have €mPa)cr6|jie9'. From 22. 254 — dA.\' 076 Seupo ^€ous (mScO/xe^a, roX yap dpiaroi jxdpTVpoi 'iaaovrai kol kiriaKoiroi dpfjLovidojv, it may be inferred that €m8co€p€, * bring out,' *show'; cp. Od. 6. 92 Qoois epida wpo- (pepovaai, = ' in keen rivalry.' 480. p,€\€ov, 'idly,' an Adverb, as 16. 336 fxiKcov 5' TjKovTiaav. 482. Tw, i.e. Diomede. 483. €7Tia8T]v, • turning from one to another.' 485. dcnr]jjiavTOio-LV, cp. 15. 325 arj^avropos ov irapcovros. 487. cTTcpxcTO, 'went over or round ^ [destroying]. 489. ttXti^cic, Opt. of indefinite frequency, § 34, i,d. 493. dT|6€(r(rov, ' were unaccustomed.' 495. TOY TpLcrKai8€KaT0v, 'him for the thirteenth.* 496. KaKov ovap, *an evil sort of dream,' i.e. not a dream at all, but the real Diomede : a good example of oxymoron (§ 60). 497. Tfjv vvKra, * for that night.' But neither the Article nor the Acc. of duration is in place here. This line is probably spurious. 499. ortiv 8' i]€ip€v, 'he coupled them,' 'harnessed them together'; cp. 15. 680 €7r€i \k iToXkojv niavpas avvacipfTai i'mrovs, also the derivative o"vvT]opos, 'yoke-fellow.' He must at the same time have bridled them (perhaps this is implied by the word avvaeipco), and mounted one : cp. 11. 514, 527. ^ 502. movfj(ri. This word is only used in the Plural, here and 15. 633. It has a more concrete sense than (povos ; * the act or circu7nstances of slaying.' 524. OvvovTcov, 'as they came in hot haste.* 528. €vapa, of Dolon, 1. 458 ff. 531. This line is wanting in some of the best MSS. It occurs in II. 520, where it is more appropriate. 534. \|;€iJcro|jLai t) iVvp-ov €p€a) ; shall I deceive (i.e. be wrong) or speak the truth (be right) ? ' The doubt refers not to the next line, but to the hope expressed in 1. 536, that the horses heard may prove to be driven by Ulysses and Diomede. KcXerai 8c p,€ 0v|x6s is an apology for speaking when he was not sure. The line occurs also in Od. 4. 140. 535. djji4)C, because the sound was in both ears : cp. 2. 41, also the note on 1. 103. 537. cXao-aiaro, 'may have driven': cp. 1. 538, also Od. 21. 395. 538. yA\t\. iraOwo-Lv, * lest they have suffered,' cp. i. 555. 544. Cp. 9. 673. 547. For the Nom. cp. 1. 437. 548. o{(8€ TL is a sufficient hint of the new course which the action of the poem is destined to take — viz. that the de- struction of the Greeks will be averted, and that the death of Patroclus will put an end to the 'wrath,' and bring Achilles once more into the field. Indeed the sending of Patroclus is itself an anticipation of this all-important change in the temper of the hero. Thus it prepares us for that development of the story which we have in books xvi-xxii, and upon which the incomparable dramatic interest of the Iliad mainly depends. It is worth notice that the change from the battle on the plain to the tent of Nestor, like other changes of scene in the Iliad, is so managed as to cause the least possible break in the action. The interval during which Nestor is on his way to the ships (521-595) is filled by incidents : Hector who had been in the same part of the field goes to resist Ajax : Eurypylus, in supporting Ajax, receives his wound : Achilles sends Patroclus. Similarly the conversation of Nestor with Patroclus gives time for Eurypylus to reach the camp : and the meeting of Patroclus 3^4 ILIAD. BOOK XI. and Eurypylus keeps us in mind of the battle still drawing nearer, and thus leads on to the reixofJiaxicL of the next book. Cp. the notes on I. 493., 3. 121.. 6. 119. It is true that some of the details in this part of the Iliad are not free from difficulty. It is strange (e. g.) that Patroclus should delay so long with Eurypylus, and that when he returns to Achilles (at the beginning of book xvi) he should not have a word to say about Machaon. There is some want of clearness, too, in the movements of the heroes during the battle, especially on the Trojan side. In 11. 343-346 Hector is opposed to Diomede and Ulysses, and he is presently put hors de combat for a time by Diomede (355 f). But in 11. 497-501 he appears in a different part of the field (/«ix^y dpLffTcpd), where he has been doing great deeds against Nestor, Idomeneus, and Machaon, — and whence he is recalled in order to oppose Ajax. Similarly Paris is first near Hector, where he wounds Diomede ; then he is on the left, and wounds Machaon ; and finally he is near Ajax, and wounds Eurypylus. But these difficul- ties are not removed by Lachmann's separate ' lays,* or indeed by any theory of the Iliad. The story which Nestor tells of the war between the Pylians and Eleans (670-762) is probably a later addition. It is quite out of keeping with the situation, and spoils the effect of the characteristic story which follows (765-790). See the notes on 11. 671, 699, 704. 4. TToXcixoio Tcpas, ' a sign of war.' The nature of this sign which Strife holds in her hands has been variously guessed at. The aegis is once called Aids ripas (5. 742); the rainbow is a rcpas iroXifJioio (17. 548) ; lightning is an omen of war (10. 5). Strife is described as hold- ing 'the tumult of fighting' (5.593). But the explanations suggested by these passages are not satisfactory. 5-9. These verses are a repetition of 8. 222-226. II. op9ia, *in shrill tones.' 13, 14 also occur in 2. 453, 454, where they are more appropriate. Here there has been no talk of returning. i6ff. The arming of Agamemnon is described here because his Aristeia is about to follow. 21. KijupovSc, * as far as Cyprus,* cp 4. 455. 22. dvaiT\€\Jo-€dva)T0, 'was set in a ring/ i.e. the Gorgon head was in a circular form, occupying (cttC) the centre of the shield, round the 6fi(pa\69. FopYO), called Topyeir] K€(pa\rj, 5. 741. 37. 8€ip.6s T€ 4)oPos T€, i.e. figures representing Terror and Flight; see on 5. 739. 40. djidav . . KoaLvc»}v (6. 513., 19. 398). To describe the slain warriors as 'glitter- ing with their (naked) breasts ' is a mocking way of telling us that they no longer glittered (in their armour). Aristarchus took pa> covras: they had but one chariot, and used it in common. For this sense of cp. 8. 254. 128. €as. The poet does not care to distinguish between the NOTES. LINES 7 8-1 94. two, or to tell us which was holding the reins : accordingly he uses the Plural. 129. TO) 8e, the horses. KVKT]GT|'nr)v, 'were thrown into confusion.' 131-135. Repetition of 6. 46-50. 138. 8t|, forms one syllable with the initial a, § 51, 6. 140. a7Y€\iT)v, cognate Acc. with cXOovra, cp. 24. 235 k^eaii^v lA- OovTi, and the note on 3. 306. T41. €5-€p,€v (i.e. h^-'ijjL^v), Aor. Inf. of k^-iTjfii. 142. To-O, Art. of contrast: 'you will pay for the outrage of another, viz. your father.* Zenodotus read ou, and this is adopted by some scholars, who hold that the Reflexive os may be used for any Number or Person. 145. diropovo-c, 'leaped from the chariot.' \0i[LaL, when already^;/ the ground : whereas Pisander was thrust xa\Lai€. 147. o\|xov, probably 'a roller.' It occurs in Hesiod in the sense of a ' mortar' : but this does not suit the context here. It was the headless and armless trunk, apparently, that was sent rolling — not the head, as in 13. 204. 153. 8t]l6(ovt€S, to be taken with both irejoi and LTrirfics (11. 150, 151), not with TToScs. ^55- a^^Xo), ' timberless,' i.e. consisting of brushwood (0a/^z'Oi), which would burn quickly (Doderlein). The usual explanations, viz. (i) * un- thinned' (d(p* rjs ovdeh l^vKiaaro), and (2) 'rich in timber' (taking the d- as intensive) are very improbable. 156. €l\v4>6o)v, 'rolling,' 'whirling [the fire] along.' 160. KpOTctXiJov, 'rattled along.' tttoXcixoio •y€tv, for the Gen., to be taken with pdXe, ' struck in the head ' ; or perhaps with tituo-k6}X€vos, ' aiming at.' 351. xO'^'^o^^''^ for the Gen., in the ablatival use. irXdYX^TI* cp. 12. 285. 353. avXwms, see on 5. 182. 354. d'rr€X€0pov, lit. 'without measure' (-neX^Opov), 'a vast distance.' 357. €pa)T|v, ' the throw' ; 'he went after the throw,' i.e. where the throw carried the spear. B b 370 ILIAD. BOOK XI. 358. Join Kara-cio-aTO 7aCT]S, 'had come down to earth again ' ; the Gen. as 13. 504 alxi^^ • • k^^ltol yairjs wx^to, also 3. 217 Kara x^oi/os ofifmra irrj^as. Or take 7a£T]s with o0i, as a partitive Gen. : cp. Od. i. 425 o9l ol OakafJLos irepi/caWcos avkrjs viprjXus ded/xrjTo. 359. €\nTvvro, 'came to life.' This appears to be the reading of Aristarchus : the MSS. have d\x.Trvvro, which properly means ' took breath,' cp. 1. 382 dveirvevaav KaKorrjTos. 364. (J |X€\\€LS, K.T.\., 'to whom I supposc you pray.' /xeAAoj with the Pres. Inf. generally means ' to be likely.' 365. cjavuco, Fut. § 12, 3. Kal vcrTcpov, * even though late,' = * sooner or later,' to be taken with cjavvco. 367. Toijs dWovs, ' others instead,' the Art. of contrast, § 47, 2, d. €TrL-€LO"op,ai, ' I will go after,' cp. 4. 392. 371. dv5poKjiT|TC{), * wrought by men,' not a natural hillock. 373-375. 6 p,€v . . a'CvvT . . 6 8€ . . qv€\k€, i.e. while Diomede was stripping off the corslet, &c., Paris was drawing his bow : § 27. TTxwyJv, the horn which formed half of the bow : see 4. no ff. 380. p€p\T)ai, scanned either as a dactyl, by making -rj short before the following vowel, or (more easily) by eliding the final at. 385. Kepai dyXae, 'whose glory is in a horn,' contemptuous way of describing a bow. But the ancients generally understood it of a peak or top-knot of hair : and so Helbig {//om. Epos, p. 165). 386. 387. €1 . . ireip-qOetTjs expresses wish (§ 30, 3) : * 2/ you would try — [when you do] the bow and arrows shall not avail you.' 387. ouK dv with the Subj. is an emphatic Future, § 29, b ; cp. 3. 54 ovK dv rot xP<^'(^(^f^V KiOapis, k.t.X. 388. (mYpdi|/as, ' when you have scratched.' avrcos, ' for no other reason,' hence 'idly.' 390. Ka)(t)6v, 'dull,' 'pointless.' 391. liravpT], lit. 'take,' 'lay hold': 'the weapon proves sharp even if it get but little hold,' cp. 11. 573., 13. 649. 392. 'n-€X€Tai, ' behaves itself,' ' proves itself sharp,' Lat. versaiur. dKT|pLov, 'lifeless,' cp. 5. 812. Aristarchus read dKT;piov dvSpa tCOt^o-lv : but dvSpa is unnecessary. 393. dp,(bi8pupa 8', apodosis to etos 6 k.t.X, 413. tXa-av, 'pressed,' 'thronged on him.' ev p-co-o-oicri, i.e. surround- ing him. |X€Td io-i irfjixa ti0€vt€S, * putting destruction (a destroyer, viz. Ulysses) in their midst' ; TTTjjjLa as 1. 347 vcviv drj robe -nri^a kvX'iv- 41 7. Join -uTTal oSovtwv, • there is a noise of rattling made by its teeth.' viraC may also be taken adverbially, = ' thereat/ as in Od. 8. 380 iroXvs .5' Vird KOfMTTOS dp(xJp€l. ^ 418. aap, • readily.' 424. 'n-p6TfAT]criv, 'the belly.' 425. ayoario, 'with the palm of his hand.' 427. 6v»-T]/ace (not time, as in later Greek) : cp. 4. 185 ov/c kv Kaipioj d^v irdyr) jSe'Aos, and 8. 84 pdkiaTa de Kaipiov kern. So Xenophon, Hell. v. 3, 5 tov Koipov kyyvTepoj rod reixovs, ' nearer the wall than was right.' The text of Zeno- dotus had (BcXos, and so the MSS. except Ven. A : cp. 4. 185. 446. €p€pT|K€i, 'took his way,' cp. t. 221. 451. €'ir€ ttcSlov, 'dealt with the plain,' viz. swept over it, driving all before him (kXov€o>v). 502. ojiCXci, ' was engaged,' a euphemism, the word properly implying ff'iendly companionship (as 5. 86, 834). So oapiarvs, ' keeping company,' in 13. 291 /icrd irpofxdxojv oapiaTuv, 17. 228 iroXep-ov oapiarvs. 503. vcoov, ' of the youth ' ; a word not elsewhere used in this way, for the Greek warriors generally. They are so called in contrast to Nestor and Idomeneus (who was paaanToXios, see 13. 361). Aristarchus read v€wv, which would be more difficult to explain. 504. \6Xo\TO KcXeuOov, ' would have fallen back from the way,' i. e. yielded before the advance of the Trojans. 506. iraOcrcv, sc. f^axv^- dptovTa, 'as he was doing peerless deeds.' 508. iT€pC8€tcrav, * feared about him ' ; see on 5. 566. 509. TToXcp-oio p,€TaKXLv0€VTos, Gcn. absolutc, 'if the tide of battle turned' : cp. 14. 510 efcXive iicLxqv. 514. dvrdtLOs, 'to be set against,' cp. 9. 401 ^vxn^ avra^iov. 515. This line was thought spurious by the ancients, because it limited the worth of the Irjrpos to dressing wounds. But probably the art had not got much beyond this point in Homeric times. Later poets made Machaon excel in surgery, Podalirius in medicine. 521. dpivop.€vovs, ' driven,* sc. before Ajax, 1. 485. 522. irappepaws, 'being mounted beside,' as charioteer. 523. 6p,iX€ojx€v, 'are engaged with,' see on 1. 502. 526. tyviiiv, 'I have recognised,* Aor. of the immediate past. 528. I0vvo|x€v, 1 Aor. Subj. of iOtvoj, 'direct.' NOTES. LINES 467-585. 373 529. €pi8a irpoPaXovTCS, ' throwing forward strife,' = 'dashing forward in combat': cp. 3. 7 epiSa irpocpepovrai, also 17. 742 Kparepov fxivcs 533. ji€Ta with the Ace., here of motion between, 535. ai ircpl 5i(t>pov, sc. riaav. 537. ai t', ' and those ' (others) — . 538. dv8p6(x€ov, 'made of men,' a word elsewhere used with such Nouns as xP'^^j ' flesh,' Kpias^ &c. 539. p.LvvvOa 8€ xo-^^To 8oa;p6s, lit. ' he gave way but a little while from his spear,' a litotes (§ 59), meaning that he did not give way, when he had thrown his spear, but followed it up at once. 542. AiavTOS . . p,axT)v, ' fighting with Ajax.' 543. This line is not in any MS. It is found in quotations (Aristot. Rhet. II. 9, &c.). The four lines 540-543 are probably spurious. It is certainly strange that Ajax should be struck with terror (1. 544), if Hector evidently shrank from meeting him (1. 542). The lines may have been interpolated by some one who wished to maintain the supe- riority of Ajax, as proved by the duel in the seventh book (7. 312). 544. Al'avO', for AiavTi. €V ^o^ov wpcrc, 'stirred flight in him,' = ' stirred him to fly.' The phrase is generally used of a body of men. 546. €(pov, i. e. ' while they were fighting, the chariot was bearing,' &c. Scjias, ' like' : properly 'in the fashion,' Acc. § 37, 3. 597. NT]\Tjiai, 'of the breed of Neleus,' cp. Tpujioi imroi (5. 222). The story goes back to 1. 520. 601. alirvv, 'hard,' lit. 'steep,' used like Lat. arduus \ cp. 13. 317 aiVu 01 eaaeirai 'it will be up-hill work for him.' 603. 0€YJap,€vos, ' calling,' making his voice heard. Join K\LcriTf]0€v aKo-ucras, ' hearing from the tent.' 609. vvv oici) K.T.X. This is one of the passages in which the events of the ninth book appear to be ignored : what Achilles here predicts having already taken place, if that book is part of the poem. It i§ possible however that Achilles intends an insulting reference to the embassy: 'now the Greeks will indeed be at my feet' — i.e. they will come in earnest now, when the Trojans reach their ships. 611. €p€to, probably for epi-eo: if so, it should be accented €p€io, cp. alSeio (Curt. Verd. II. 47). 622. 0iv', so accented, must be Oiva. We might read 0iv', i.e. Otvi. 626. dvyaripa, Acc. in agreement with the Relative tt|v because nearer than the Nom. 'EKap,T|8T] : see § 58. 627. eJcXov, ' set aside,' as a yepas: see on 9. 333. 630. lin, 'on it,' viz. the basket, ttotco 6i|;ov, 'a relish for (to eat with) the draught.' 631. i€po\), perhaps 'goodly,' see 5. 499 : but the epithet is evidently conventional. 633. Tcirapjicvov, 'studded,' like the sceptre of Achilles (i. 246). ovara, 'handles.' 635. v€p.€0ovTO, 'were (represented) feeding.' irtjOp-cves, 'stands.' 636. p-o-yccov, ' with effort,' — pioyis. 638. KijKT]o-€, • mixed a draught' {kvk^uv) : cp. Od. 10. 234 (v ffcpiv Tvpov T€ Kot d\(f)iTa Kal fX€\i x^^P^^ oiVQj npatxve'io} €KVKa k.t.K. 639. npap.v€La). The ancient commentators differed as to the locality of this wine. Probably it was not known in historical times. 642. d<|)€TT)v, 'had got rid of (dcpLijiJii). 643. TcpiTovTo, Impf. 'were delighting each other,' i.e. while they were doing so, Patroclus stood by the door : cp. 1. 596. 647. dvaivcTo, Impf. 'was for refusing': cp. 23. 204. 648. oux €8os cVtC, 'it is not (time for) sitting': a phrase like ov vkii^ais, ' it is not (matter for) anger,' oh cpeidw yiyverai (7. 409\ &c. 649. vcjjLccr-rjTos apparently means here ' an austere man,' one whose character it is to be angry at wrong (v€fj,€aada6ai KaKci €pya, cp. 5. 872). For this force of the Verbal in -tos we may compare imeiKTos, ' yielding ' NOTES. LINES 588-699. 375 (8. 32), kpinros, ' creeping,' arap^rjTos, 'undismayed,' &c. also Lat. cautus (from caveo), grains, Sec. If we press the parallel with aiSoios the sense would be 'towards whom one feels viixeais^: and this does not suit the context unless v€/x60'is = ' fear,' a meaning not found (except perhaps in one use of ve/xea/foyuat, Od. i. 263 O^ovs ve^^a't^ero allv Iovtqs). 653* olos €K€Lvos BcLvos avT|p, ' what kind of man he is — how much to be feared/ 656 ff. 'What means Achilles by thus pitying the Greeks who are wounded ? ' i. e. what is the use of his sending as he does (wSe) to ask for a single wounded man, when he neither knows (1. 657) nor cares (1. 665) what becomes of the whole army? vias is the Plural of gene- rality : [why does he pity] ' wounded Greeks.' = ' this or that w^ounded man of the Greeks': cp. 4. 142., 8. 83. 658. irevOcos, with oi6€, 'knows about the distress.' 662. This line is wanting in the best MSS. It does not fit the story, for Nestor had left the field before Eurypylus received his wound. 665. €crOX6s €wv, i. e. though so well able to save them. 667. TTvpos, Gen. of material, § 39, 4. 668. €mcrx€pw, lit. 'in a row,' i.e. 'without check.' 671. 'HXciovcri. The name ' Eleians' only occurs here : in the Cata- logue (2. 619) and elsewhere (Od. 15. 298., 24. 431) they are called 'Eireioi, as also in the context of this passage (1. 688). 672. PoT]AaaiT], oT€, 'a cattle-lifting raid (of the time) when*: for the use of ot€ cp. 8. 229 tt^ 'i^av €vx<^^o.L ore ^17 k.t.\. 674, pva-i €\at;v6p.€vos, with iy . . KLovTL, ' golug as a young man,' 'going fresh.' 686. xp€^os,''debt,' arising, as the context shows (1. 688), from loss by a foray of the Eleians. 688. SaiTpcvov, 'portioned it out'; elsewhere used of dividing the meat at a feast. 689. K€KaKcop,€VOi, ' havlug been hardly dealt with.* 690. €\9u)v, Masc. according to the sens^, though construed with piy] 'HpaKXif^eLT] : so 5. 638. 691. Ttov -nrpoTfpoav ct€cov, ' in the course of former years,' § 39, 2. 694. Ta\)0' 'UTr€p'T] § 37, i. 697. TpLT]K6(ria, 'three hundred head,' see on 5. 140., 11. 244. 699. Four-horse chariots are not found elsewhere in Homer, either in war (8. 185 being rejected as an interpolation), or in the Games of Book XXIIT. This passage, however, is probably ancient, even if it does not go back to Homeric times. The absence of allusion to 376 ILIAD. BOOK XI. Olympia (which was on Nestor s frontier) and the mention of a tripod go far to prove it to be not later than the institution of the Olympic chariot-race (01. 25), with the crown of olive as the only prize. aviTOLO-Lv 6x€o-<|)iv, ' their chariot with them,' § 38, 3 : cp. 8. 24. 703. TU)v K.T.X., ' for these things, words and deeds,' * for this wrong by word and deed,' viz. the sending away of the charioteer. La Roche takes Twv as Masc, sc. 'Eireiwy, the story going back to 1. 695, after the digression about the horses : if so, roiv is governed by circcov, cp. 2. 576, Twv kKarbv vrjcbv rjpx^ k.t.X. This however is too harsh. 704, 705. As to the power of the king over, the division of spoil see the note on 9. 333. Here ihe king first determines what part is to be €jaip€T6v for himself, and then gives the rest to be divided : a repre- sentation of the matter which does not exactly agree either with Book IX (where the king appears to be absolute), or with Books I and XVI. Perhaps, however, in this instance the king claimed so much as a debt (xp^ros). Indeed the whole process is described as a restitution, not a division of spoil proper. This was the view of the ancient critics, and accordingly they rejected the next line (705), supposing it to have been wrongly brought in from Od. 9. 42. 706. SiciirojAcv, (5t-€7ra;), 'we were setting in order,* 'settling': the Impf. is used with reference to tiXGov, — 'as we were doing so, the enemy came.' Cp. 596, 643. 709. MoXiov€, called also 'AKTopicovc (1. 750), nominally sons of Actor (brother of Angelas), really of Poseidon, and Molione. Hence the name MoXCovc comes from their mother, or her ancestors. 711. ©pvoecro-a, called 0pvov in the Catalogue, 2. 592 Koi Qpvov *A\(p€ioio TTOpOV. 712. veaTT], 'the last place,' cp. 9. 153 v^arai Uv\ov. 714. p,€T€Kia0ov, 'had passed across,' an isolated use. a|xjxw 8' is the apodosis. 717. €o-o-vp.€vovs, Plural, to suit the sense, after Xaov. 721. «s, 'thus,' i.e. in such a way that he got a chariot, 11. 738, 744. 722. pdXXcuv, ' pouring' (its waters), hence Intrans., 'falling/ 724. €iT€pp€ov, Impf. (after the Aor. p,€Cvap.€v), ' streamed on mean- while after us.* 726. €v5ioi, 'at mid-day,' cp. Od. 4. 450. 730, repeats 7. 380. 734. irpoTTapotOe, 'before' (they could do so). €pe(r0at, Mid., 'to bear as your own.' 799. i'crKovT€s, 'likening you to him,' i.e. taking you for him. tV/ccu or (more commonly) ktafcco is formed from the root Ik-, originally /^ik-, as didddKco (cp. dibax-T]), TiTvafcofAai (root tCk-), &c. 800. dva7rv€i>crco(rt T€Lpop,€voL, ' take breath from their hard straits.' 801. 6X177], 'little is a recovery of breath in war,' i.e. but little, but a short respite, will serve for men to recover breath. 802. K€Kp,T]6Tas diJTfj, 'wearied with the battle-cry,' i.e. with battle. 806. The ships of Ulysses were in the nriddle, see 11. 5. 807. ayopi], 'meeting-place.' Oc^jlis, 'place of justice' (Ocfiiarfs), or rather, in a wider sense, ' place of government,' where all public business went on. For the goddess Themis has to do with all orderly meeting (Od. 2. 69 T] T* avhp^v dyopas ijfiev Xv€i 776^ KaOi^et, cp. II. 1 5. 95., 20. 4). 810. Kara p,T)p6v oiVtw, join with p€j3XT]p.€vos (1. 809). 812. wjjicov Kal K€aX'f]S, Gen. with Kara, 'down over' (not from): cp. Od. 10. 362 (of pouring water) fcard Kparos re /cat w^iojv. II. 5. 696 KaTCL 5' 6(p6a\fxoju Kexvr dx^vs, 'a mist was shed over his eyes.' 820. o-xT|crovo-L, 'will hold in check.' 821. vtt' avToO 8ovpi, 'under his spear,' cp. 3. 436. 823. dXKap, 'defence,' in the concrete sense, 'bulwark*; cp. 5. 644 ouSe TL (76 Tpuj^GGLV 6iofj.ai d\/cap eaeaOai. 824. ir€(J€OVTat, sc. 'Axclio'i: see on 9. 235., 11. 311. 831. TTpoTi, 'from,' with 'Ax^^A^os : the place of <\>aiaiv is unusual. 832. This line is doubtless the source of the later stories about the education of Achilles. 833 ff. iT]Tpoi |JL€V . . Tov |X€v ..68' K.T.X., au auacoluthou ; the regular form would be irjTpol . . u filv . . 6 Se. The harshness is softened by the partial Apposition iTjTpol . . 6 : cp. the note on 3. 211. 836. Join TTcBCcp Tpwojv, as 15. 739 dAA' \v yap ireblo) Tpoucov TTvfca Oojp-qKrdoiv k.t.X. 838. €01, Opt. without dV in a 'potential' sense, as occasionally in Homer, esp. in negative sentences, § 31, 4. Here the interrogative has nearly the force of a negative. Some however read ttSjs kcv. 841. |X€0Y|(rco, 'give way from you in your distress,' = fail in the task of helping you. Elsewhere fxeOirjui takes a Gen. of the thing {noXifj-oio, pidxr]s, dkKrjs) or work neglected. 842. vTTo (TTcpvoio Xapwv, I.e. supporting him by putting an arm round his waist in front. 845. irepnrcTjKcs, like kx^w^vKes (i. 51), 'full of sharpness or bitter- ness,' i.e. pain. It is not=6^v. 847. 68vvT|-4>aTov, ' pain-killing.' NOTES. BOOK XII. 379 BOOK XII. The twelfth book, called the TcixofAaxta, relates the successful assault which the Trojans now make on the wall and trench of the Greek camp. The narrative is simple. After Hector and the Trojan leaders have vainly tried to urge their horses across the trench (40-60), Polydamas advises them to leave their chariots and make the attack on foot, which they do accordingly, in five divisions (60-107). Asius alone keeps to his chariot, and attempts to pass the gate of the camp : he is met by the Lapithae, Leonteus, and Polypoetes, who defend the gate (108-194). Hector and his followers, in spite of the omen of an eagle carrying off a serpent, endeavour to break down the wall (1015-289). But the decisive attack is led by Sarpedon, with Glaucus and the Lycians (290- 330). Menestheus, being next to the part of the wall at which they aim, sends for Ajax, who comes with Teucer to his aid (331-377). Glaucus is wounded ; still Sarpedon presses on with his Lycians ; but the contest is doubtful, until at length Hector appears on the scene (378-438). He takes up a great stone, breaks in the gate, and leads the way into the camp, followed by the Trojans (439-471). There has been thought to be a want of continuity between the eleventh and twelfth books. It is true that in the eleventh book we are not told that the Trojans have reached the wall, whereas at the beginning of the twelfth they are busy in the attack. But this gap is a slight one, and is filled by the scene in the tent of Nestor, during which the battle must be supposed to be going on. The details of the reixop-axia present some difficulties of the kind noticed in the introduction to Book XI. The five divisions in which the attack is made (86 ff.) are not distinguished in the subsequent story. It is not made clear whether the gate which Asius finds not yet shut (i2cff.) is the same as that which Hector eventually breaks open (459 ff.). That they are distinct gates may be inferred from the descrip- tion of Asius attacking on the left of the Greek camp (118), whereas according to the account in the next book (13.312, 675-679) Hector entered it in the middle. On the other hand it was held by Aristarchus, with much show of reason, that Homer only recognises one gate {TrvKai). Some critics accordingly reject the story of Asius (i 16-199). Others, again, see objections to the part relating to Sarpedon (290-429). The passage certainly begins as though Sarpedon were to be the real con- queror, rather than Hector ; and it is curious that the words in which Hector is said to have * first leaped within the wall of the Greeks ' (os 38o ILIAD, BOOK XII, TTpwTos kcrrjXaTo reixos 'AxafcDi', 1. 438) are applied in the sixteenth book to Sarpedon (16. 558). The digression at the beginning of the book about the subsequent destruction of the wall by Poseidon and Apollo is probably an addition — perhaps suggested by the passage 7. 443 ff., and by the fact that no trace of the Greek camp was to be seen in later times. See the note on ^fxiOeoi (1. 23). 3. ojiiXaSov implies that it was no longer a conflict of the chief warriors (wpofxaxoi), but of the rank and file (o/xiAos) as well. 4. o-XT|o-€tv, ' to hold out.' 7. oiTpwv Kal Xatov, Gen. with OefxeiXia, * foundations consisting of trunks of trees and stones.' 33. Kctp, for Kara, 'down stream.* * lev, = iVcav. 35. dp,<|)i . . 8€8T|€t, ' was furious (lit. blazed) round,' governing reixos : cp. 6. 329 darv to5' dficpididije. 36. 8ovpaTa, 'the timbers : ' the wall being a wooden one. 37. Aids \jid(Triyi is metaphorical, expressing that they were driven back by the direct intervention of Zeus. Cp. 13. 812., 16. 658. 41, 42. OT* dv . . o-Tp€<|>€Tat is anomalous, (i) because ot* dv is not usual in a simile (§ 33, i, d), and still more (2) because (rTp€€Tai can- not be a Subj., since the endings with the short vowel are confined to Non-Thematic Tenses : see on i. 67. The whole simile, however, is open to doubt. The point dwelt upon NOTES. LINES 3-69. 381 is the way in which an animal at bay wheels about (aTp€(|)€Tai, 11. 42, 47), making rushes at the mass of its assailants ; which is compared with Hector rushing about, not to attack the Greek lines, but to urge the Trojans to cross the ditch. 44. 0ajjL€ids, used adverbially, ' hurl spears thick and fast.' 47. ir€LpT]TtJcuv, not elsewhere used with an Ace: cp. 15. 615 Kai p* eOeXev prj^ai crrLxas dydpuv ircipijTL^Qji/, where the construction is different. The repetition of o-tCx^s dvSpwv in 1. 48 is a farther awkwardness. 49. €i\i6to : the word is appropriate here, being repeatedly used of a hero urging on his men, as in this book, 1. 467 kUX^to he Tpweaaiv kXt^afxevos KaO' o/xiXov (so 1. 408), and also of a hunted animal, see 8. 340., 17. 283, 728. Another reading (equally ancient) is €\X£cro-€0', ' entreated,' also an expression which is used of a leader's exhortations, cp. 5. 491., 15. 660. Of the two words elXio-crcTO evidently makes better sense. The chief objection to it is the unusual rhythm produced by construing Iraipovs with the next line. But it is curious that there is a similar rhythm in 1. 44 Oafxeias \ at'xAtas kfc x^^P^^y and 1. 51 en oLKpcv \ xe^Aci ecpeaTaores. Neither reading is satisfactory. 50. oviSe 01 LTTTToi. Weil (Rev.de Phil. vi. 124) proposes ouSc Tco(Hentze). 53. i»Tr€p0op€€tv crxeSov must here mean 'to leap right over,' 'to cross at a bound,' opposed to i^^pi^ax., ' to go through.' There is no other instance of o-xeSov with this meaning : but we may trace it in (JxeSfos (and avTO-ax^^i-os), ' immediate,' ' off hand.' Indeed the original meaning of ax^-^ov must have been ' adjoining ' (cp. k^fjs, €(p-e^i]s)y from which the meaning ' directly,' Lat. continuo, is easily derived. 54. €'n"Y]p€<))€6s, 'overhanging.' 56. T|pT|p€L, 'was furnished,' cp. 5. 744. lo-Tao-av, 'set up.' The MSS. have co-rao-av, an impossible form. 59. [X€voCv€ov, *were anxious,' ' bethought them eagerly': elsewhere fievoLydco means to ' desire ' or ' intend.' The form p,€voiv€ov, if it is for k-fievoivaov, is exceptional. TTc^oi goes with reXcowt (Fut.), ' they thought whether they can accomplish it on foot.' For this use of €1 with the Fut. cp. i. 83 ai/ 5c (ppdcrai ei yue aaucreis. 62. €Xai>vojx€v, Pres., 'we are seeking to drive.' 64. TTOTi 8' aviTovs, ' on to them,* i.e. ' hard by them,' cp. 7. 337 ttotl 5' avTov (sc. TVfxjSov) deipLopLev wfca irvpyovs. 66. * iinTCdv, 'in their chariots.' 86. 5iacrTavT€s, ' parting,' to form the five divisions. 92. K€ppi6vif]s was Hector's charioteer (11. 521), but now fought on foot while a less good warrior (xcpcCcuv) took care of the chariot. 98. The fourth division may be the AapSdviow, whom the Trojan Catalogue gives as commanded by y^lneas and Antenor's two sons (2.819-823). 101. The allies (€7rLKovpoO under Sarpedon here form only one of five divisions — a representation hardly consistent with the Catalogue, or with other accounts which describe them as much more numerous than the Trojans (cp 2. 130., 4. 438). 105. dX\T|\oi;s dpapov, lit. 'fitted each other together,' i.e. 'formed a close array,' as 1. 86 acplas avrovs dpTvi^avres. poeo-tri, 'with ox-hide shields,' cp. 7. 238. 107. crxTqcrgGrO'. sc. Aaiaovs, 'would hold their ground,* as in 1. 126, cp. also 2. 175. But see on 9. 235, where the same line is used of the Trojan attack. 112. TTcXacrev, 'drew near,' i.e. 'assailed': see on 4. 449. 113. €jjL€\\€ K.T.X. The death of Asius occurs, 13. 384 ff. VTTO . . dXv^as, Tmesis. 116. 8vo-covv[jLos, 'of hateful name,' cp. 6. 255. d}X(j)€KdXi;i|/€v, ' spread its shade over him' : so of Odvaros, 5. 68. 118. €ipov€cov, 'with onward purpose.' toi 8', ' and the rest,' viz. his followers. 128. AainGdcov. The Lapithae are not elsewhere mentioned in the Iliad, though the two leaders are given in the Catalogue (2. 740, 745), and their war with the Centaurs is referred to by Nestor, i. 263. NOTES. LINES 71-180. 134. 8iT|V€K€€p' 01, since 01 is here a Relative, taken up by 01 p' crt in 1. 199 : ' meanwhile those who followed Hector and Polydamas, who &c. . . . they, I say, still hesitated.' 201. cir' dpicTTcpd Xadv ccpycov, ' keeping the army back to the left,' i.e. skirting it, as he flew from right to left in front of their ranks. For ccpywv of a bou7idary cp. 2. 845 oaaovs 'BWrjanovTos dydppoos kvTos €€pyei, also 2. 617., 24. 544 : of the direction of a course (as here) cp. Hdt. 7. 43 €TTOp€veTo €v9€VT€v €V dpiaT€prj pL€v dnepyojv ^Poiretov iroXiv (with other places quoted by Stein a. /.). 203. €Ti may go with dcnraipovTa or (better) with Jcoov, * still alive, for it struggled ': cp. 17. 653 ^ooov er' 'Avt'iXoxov, also 6. 500., 17.681., 19- 335. Kai ov TTO) \Tj0€To is parallel in sense to do-Traipovra : it struggled and was not yet ready to give up the contest. 204. k6i|/€, ' struck at,' ' bit.' avTov is most naturally taken with cxovra as Object to k6i|/€ : ' it struck at Aim [with a slight emphasis on the Pronoun] as he held it,' i.e. it struck in return : cp. l. 218 oy k€ deois knnrHOrjTai /xaXa t €k\vov avTov, ^they listen to Aim ' (in return). Some (as La R.) take avrov of the serpent, ' it struck at him (the eagle) that was holding it.' But this would require € avrov. Leaf suggests Kuxpe he avrbv exovra. 207. atiTos, 'by himself,' § 46, i. KXd^^as, 'with a cry.' Trvoifjs dv€^oio, 'away with the wind,' generally ap.a or ptcrd tt. d., but the Dat. Plur. by itself may have a ' comitative' sense, § 38, 3. 208. aidXov, 'coiling,' 'wriggling': or possibly 'gleaming,' i.e. with the light playing on its coils, cp. 1. 167. The quantity of the first syl- lable of 6(|)Lv here has not been satisfactorily explained. 212. oviSc p,€v ot»8€ = the later ov plt)v ovbi : the first ovhi a general denial, the second belonging to €Oik€. 213. Sfjuov €6vTa, ' one who is a man of the people'; dijfxos used in the predicate for drjpLorrjs, or rather for brjfjiov. Cp. p/eds eris in Horace, Ep. I. T. 59. irapej, ' sideways,' i. e. ' to other purpose.' 218. The MSS. have opvis €irfiX0€, but Aristarchus read t)X0€, — rightly, the i of dpvis being long in Homer, cp. 9. 323. Tpcao-Cv is the ' true ' Dat. ' came as a sign for the Trojans.' 222. We may join ctcXccto-c Soixcvai, 'did not make an end so as to NOTES. LINES 181-285, give/ Mid not achieve giving.' <}>€pa)v stands by itself : * did not, with its bringing, gain the end of giving the serpent to its brood.' 225. ov K6o-p,a>, 'in no orderly fashion,' a litotes, § 59. avra, § 46, 2. 227. 8T]a)o-a)o-tv, * shall have slain.' The common reading 8T)a)i., 'their own strength' : cp, 1. 153. 258. KpocTTas, ' battlements,' projecting stones on which the breast- work (cTTctX^cts) was built. 261. av)€pvov, * pulled up' : see on i. 459. 264. -u-rro T€ixo3 Lovras, ' as ihey came up against the wall.* 265. K€A.€'uti.6(uvt[€], K^X^vTLCioj, Frequcntati vc of fceXevoj. 268. Zeugma : vclkcov is construed grammatically with jxeiXixtois and aCv€TO, 'showed itself,' 'faced them,' see on 11. 734. 420. €TT€l rd TTpuiTa, 'when once,' 'from the first moment that — .' 421. The scene here is a 'common field' (km^vvos dpovpa) divided into strips by the oupa, i.e. stones serving as landmarks (II. 21. 405). A dispute arises on the question whether these have been moved. 423. oXiyco evi X"P^» the ground which was in dispute. 425, 426 repeat 5. 452, 453. 428. -yvp^vcoOciT], Opt. of indefinite frequency, § 34, i, c. 429. |iapvajji€vcov, governed by otcco (to whichever of them). 433- ^Xov is Intransitive, but must be repeated after ws t€ in a Transi- tive sense : ' they held on, as a woman holds the scales.' X€pvTjTLS, Fem. of x^P^V^^ ' 3. day-labourer ' ; formed like yv^prjs, nevTjs, fcovpTjs — words denoting classes. The derivation is uncertain. 434. o-raGp-ov, ' the weight.' dp.(t)is dvcXKci, * raises, holding them apart.' viz. in the two scales. The Schol. join dp,is to-djovo-a, against the order of the words. C C 2 388 ILIAD. BOOK XII. LINES 435-459. 435. dciK€a, •miserable.' 436. TCTttTo, 'was stretched,' i.e. held with balanced force, cp. 11. 336 €V$a (T(piv Kara laa fjt-dxrjv iTCLVvaac Kpovicov, also 20. 10 1. 437. k€8os v»iT€pT€pov, ' the glory of the stronger,' i.e. of victory. 446, Trpujivos irax^s, * thick at the base.' 447. o^vs €T]v. Here the sentence becomes independent, § 57, 4. 452. oXCyov, not with dxOos, but an adverb with ItnLyii. 454. TTVKa and cmPapws both go with opapvias : the gate was closely fitted and strong. Some join cipwro irtiKa, but this gives a weak rhythm. 456. €'TTT]p.oiPoC, * overlapping ' ; a single bolt (kXtjis) was let into both (cirapTipei). 457. €p€io'dp.6vos, * taking a firm stand.* 459. Oaipovis, 'hinges.' 460. ovK dv Tis |xiv €pvKdKOL. So thc MSS. Aristarchus read ov KCV TIS |XIV €pVKaK€V. INDEX TO THE NOTES. Accusative : teriniuMS ad quern, i. 322., 5. 291., 6. 88., TO. 195, 268. de quo, 2. 409., 3. 192., 5. 85., 6. 50, 151, 480., 8. 378, 535. of the part affected, i. 258, 362, 474., 3. 2 TO, 438., 5. 361,698, 896., 8. 340., 10. 573. of the r^j-^/// of a sentence, 3. 50., 4- 28, [55, 197., 5. 759. of time, TO. 188, 497. Neuter Pronouns, i. 289., 5. 185, 757. 827.,8.4T3., 9.77., II. 694: cp. I. 294., c. 757., 7. 456. with verbs of knowing, &c., 6. 151, 222, 239., 9. 35. Double Ace, i. 362., 3. 438., 5. 329., 6. 70., 8. 4^, 9. 58, 647., II. 565. Cognate Ace, i. 388., 4. 384., 5. 361., 7. 138, 456., 8. 34, 405., 9. 115., 1 1. 140, 241. d\X(£ of the apodosis, i. 82., 8. 154., II. 796. aWos, 2. 191., 5. 517, 621,, 6. 426. d|x<()C, I. 103., 2. 41, 700, 3. 442., 6. 117., 10. 535, 573., II- 393, 466. c. Dat., 7. 408., 9. 547, 654. c. Ace, 4. 295., 6. 436. QjA 12. 69. Article : of contrast, i. 20, 70, 107, 167, 191, 340, 382, 383, 409-, 2. 217 , 3. 109, 138., 4. I. 399-» 5- 502, 673., 10. 506, 559., II. 142, 367, 571. _ ^ anticipating an Infinitive or Re- latival Clause, 3. 308., 5.665, 715., 6. 523., 8. 7., 9. 309., II. 186, 467. repeating a Subject, I. 190, 496., 4. 491 » 5- 736, 8. 119, 302. with Numerals, 5. 271., 11. 174. of contempt, 2. 275., 3. 54. 390 INDEX. Article : with ixOOos, I. 552., 9. 309., II. 186. as a Relative, i. 125., 3. 351., 9. 167. irregular, I. 11., 10. 97, 231, 277, 322, 408, 497., II. 763. Asyndeton, 3. 406., 4. 37, 351., 5. 805, 819., 12. 244. Attraction, i. 263., 2. 73, 113., 4. 341., 6. 411, 529., 8. 219., 9. 39., 10. 281, 416., 12. 276. avrdp, I. 133., 2. 599., 4. 542., 5. 485. of the apodosis, i. 133. avTos, I. 4, 47, 51, 218, 356., 4. 237' 470. 493., 5- 450-, 7- 338., 8. 24, 75., 9. 194, 342., II. 235, 699., 12. 204, 207. avToOi, atiToO, I. 428., 9. 465, 617. atirtos, I. 520., 2. 138, 342., 5. 255., 6. 400., 9. 599., 10. 50., II. 388. 7ap, I. 123, 217., 2. 803., 7. 73, 242, 328., 8. 147., 10. 61, 127, 424., 12. 326, 344. Catalogue of Ships, 5. 543, 612, 708., 6. 457., 10. 429., II. 671. Dative : i. 150, 200, 250, 283., 3. 424., 4. 219, 410., 5. 24, 40, 116, 125, 315, 546, 903., 7. 7, 136., 10. 16, 38, 188, 447., 12. 218, 374. locatival, i. 189, 482., 2. 285., 3. 16, 212., 4. 95., 5. 40, 326., 9. 303., II. 58: with a verb of motion, i, 3., 7. 187, 218., 8. 129. comitative, i. 528., 3. 168, 193, 194., 6. 243., 12. 28, 207. 8€ of the apodosis, 1.58, 1 37, 194., 2. 189, 322., 4. 212, 262., 7. 14Q., 9. 509., 10. 181., II. 268, 409, 412, 714., 12. 145, 246, 375. 8ta, c. Gen., 5. 503. c. Ace, I. 6oo., 2. 40, 57. €1, of wish, 10. Ill, 222., II. 386. with a Future, 5. 350., 12. 59. €t TTOT erjv 76, 3. 180., II. 762. (t 5' dy€, I. 302, 524., 6. 376., 8. 18., 9. 46, 167, 262. €vC, 1. 311: with abstract words, 9. 143, 319, 378, 491. €^ after,' 5. 865., 11. 62. = ' in consequence of,' 9. 566. cm, 5. loi, 178., 8. 507., II. 45, 630., 12. 252. c. Dat., 4. 178., 8. 529., 9. 482, 602., 10. 48, 304., II. 261. c. Gen., 3. 5., 5. 249, 700., II. 546., 12. 82. c. Ace, 2. 687, 765., 5. 355. in Composition, i. 50, 471., 2. 148., 3. 196., 7. 52, 76, 240, 262, 403., 9. 167, 176., 10. 487., II. 264. Future, 6. 71., 7. 30. with K€v, I. 139, 523., 2. 229., 12. 227. Fut. Participle, 3. 383. Genitive : objective, 2. 356., 4. 417., 6. 335, 450-, 7- 409-, 8. 124., 9. 250, 448., II. 28, 250, 542., 12. 392. partitive, 3. 400., 4. 382., 5. 73, 162, 265., 9. 580., 10. 344., II. 234, 358, 761. of the source, 2. 397., 3. 100., 7. 63., II. 306, 318. of material, i. 470., 2r 415 , 5. 6, 544-. 6. 331, 508., 7. 409., 9- 137, 214., II. 667. q{ space, 6. 2., 10. 353. of place, 9. 219. of time, 5. 523., 8. 470., 11. 691. of price, 3. 366., 11. 106: cp. II. 547- Gen. absolute, 3. 289., 5. 500., 9. 463., II. 458, 509. with yvwvai, 4. 357. with Xa^eTv, etc., I. 197., 3. 78., 5. 310., 6. 45., 10. 505., II. 258. ^i, I. 77v 3. 215, 430., 6. 518., 7. ^ 393-, 9- 57- iTljxcv — T|5€, 6. 149. INDEX. Imitations of Homer, 2. 486., 4. 405, 468., 6. 411, 492., 7. 125., 9. 63., II. 786. Imperfect : Qii7'elative time, i. 495 , 6. 192., 7. 305, 8. 129., 9. 589., II. 643, 706, 724. with apa, 9. 316 : cp. 3. 183., 8. 163., 12. 164. Infinitive : of conseque7tce, i. 8, 291., 2. 214, 291, 452., 4. 511., 7. 239, 8. 223., 9. 322, 571., II. 340., 12. 222, 377. as an Imperative, i. 323, 582 , 2. 10, 413., 3. 285., 4. 42., 6. 92., 7. 79, 179., 9. 279. with dv, 9. 684 : cp. 418. Inf. Aorist, see Aorist. Irony, i. 170., 2. 250., 3. 433., 4. 6., 6. 326, 518., 9. 40, 353., 10. 447 : see also Litotes. KaC, 3. 168, 5. 135, 898., 7. 232, 281., 8. 470., 9. 499, II. 365. of the apodosis, i. 478. Kara, I. 44, 271, 424, 484., 2. 366 , 4. 20f)., 5. III., 6. 232., II. 358, 812. Kctvos (predicative), 3. 391., 5. 604 : see o8€. Litotes, 2. 393., 5. 31, 218., 7. 199., 8. 400, 513., II. 502, 539., 12. 225. jji€Td, I. 48: c. Acc, 7. 228., 9. 54., II. 227, 533. jiif|, 2. 195., 5. 233, 487., 8. 95, 512., 9. 698., 10. 511. in oaths^ 9. 133., 10. 330. with Aor. Imperative, 4. 410. Middle (meaning), i. 13, 56., 2. 435v 6. 177, 233., II. 549, 798., 12. 289. Weuter Plural, of cattle, 5. 140 , II. 244, 682, 697. with Singular verb, 2. 36. Nominative : in exclamations, i. 231 » 2. 353., 5. 403., 6. 396., 8. 177., 10. 437, 547. 5, ='that,' I. 120., 8. 32., 9. 493, 534-; 439- O T€, I. 244, 412, 518., 4. 32., 6. 126. O Tl, 10. 142. o8€ (predicative), 5. 175., 10.434., II- 347. Optative : (1) in Principal Sentences — as an Imperative, i. 2c., 3. 407 , 4. 93., 7.48., II. 791. of acquiesce7ice, 3. 74., 4. 18. with oviK dv (in requests) , 2. .250., 5.^32, 456. without dv or kcv, 5. 303., 10. 247» 5.'^7m II. 838. of an unfulfilled condition in the past, 2. 81., 3. 223., 4. 223., 5. 311., 9- 515- (2) in Dependent Clauses — of a remote or i7naginary case, I. 64., 4. 263., 6. 281, 452., 7. 42, 340., 9. 141, 245. of indefinite frequency, i. 610. 10. 489., 12. 428. by 'Attraction,' 3. 299., 5. 215., 12 229. in oratio obliqua, 10. 398. Order {varcpov irpoTepov), i. 251., 5. 118, 359., 8. 284. in narrative, 6. 159., 9. 529., 12. 141. ovTos ( = Lat. iste) i. 419, 550., 5. 761, 831., 8. 282., 10. 82, 129., 12. 69. 6<()pa, 4. 465., 5. 690., 6. 361. Oxymoron, 5. 164., 6. 168., 7. 241., 8. 525., 10. 496, 515., 11. 100, 241,502. Parataxis, i. 4, 10, 18, 134., 2. 122., 4, 443., 6. 148, 192., 7.. 421., 8. I,, 9. 118, 144, 3.^4, 345, 593v n. 127, 233, 506, 643, 706., 12. 203. combined with Anacoluthon {i. e. change from a dependent to an indtpendent construc- tion), 3 80., 6. 478 , 7. II, 296, 418., 8. 346., 9. 580., 12 237, 447. Participle ; see Aorist. with indefinite subject under- 39^ INDEX. stood, 2. 234, 291, 709., 6. 26S., 9. 318., 10.47. ^Imperfect, 3.44., 5.150, 433., 7. 310., 10. 201., II. 506. Perfect (meaning), i. 113, 221, 228, 239., 2. 90, 95, 222, 272., 4. 4, II, 107., 5. 228., 6. 125, 488., 7. 171, 346, 371., 8. 227., II. 26, 124., 12. 147, 273, 310. irepC, 7. 289 , 9. 100., II. 30, 89. in Composition, i. 258., 9. 321, 449., II. 100., 12. 322. c. Dat., I. 317., 5. 566., 8. 86. c. Gen., 4. 46. Play on words, 2. 700., 4. 104., 5. 473, 555., 6. 143, 201., 7. 102., 9. 608., 12. 343. Plural : indistinguishable from the Sin- gular, I. 14., 6. 168. in concrete sense, 3. 242., 9. 115, 189., 10. 391, 521. oi generality, 3. 49., 4., 142., 5. 506., 8. 83., II. 128, 656. see also Neuter. Post-Homeric : stories, &c., 3. 144, 243., 5. 392., 9. 145, 405., II. 740., 12. 23. usages, arts, &c., 7. 334., 8. 185., 9. 122., 10. 513., 11.515,699. irpoTi, TTpos, c. Gen. i. 239., 6. 456., 10. 428., II. 831. irpwTov, irpujTa, = 'formerly,' 2. 572^, 4. 424., 9. 34. ra TTpwTa, 4. 424., 6. 489., 12. 420. Subjunctive : (i) in Principal Sentences — oi purpose, i. 137, 184., 6. 340., 9. 121, 262., 10. 115. of deliberation, i. 150., 9. 619., 10. 62, 63., II. 404. of solemn prediction, assurance, &c., I. 205, 262., 3. 54., 4. 164., 6. 459., 7. 87, 197., 8. .373v II. 387, 433- (2) in Dependent Clauses — with €1, 6ir6T€, &c. (without dV or Kkv), I. 80, 164, 341., 4. 351., 5- 6. with a Relative, 3. 287., 5. 6. after a Past Tense, i. 158, 559., 2. 4., 5. 128., 9. 691. 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