Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/historicalsketchOOinalc 
 
AN 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF THE ART OF 
 
 CARICATURING. 
 
 WITH 
 
 GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 BY J. P. MALCOLM, F.S.A. 
 
 AUTHOR OF LONDINIUM REDIVIVUM, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF LONDON, &C 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1813. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It occurred to the Author of the following sheets, that the Art of Caricaturing 
 having reached a degree of perfection which has rendered it one of the means for 
 the correction of vice and improper conduct, it became a fit subject for an histo- 
 rical sketch of its progress. If the exercise of the art could be confined wholly 
 to the chastisement of immorality and folly, the sting of this description of satire 
 would be more severe ; but unfortunately it is applied in cases that are of too 
 little importance to deserve public reprehension, and is often made the vehicle of 
 personal resentment. Those Caricatures which apply to political events and 
 characters are now considered as the necessary consequence of holding a place 
 under the Government, or wishing to obtain one; and in both instances little 
 more is occasioned than a laugh by, and at the expence of, the parties : yet it 
 cannot be doubted it has its use, in checking many aberrations from propriety 
 in such breasts as are not callous to the shame of seeing their persons exhibited 
 in the shape of human monsters performing acts they could wish to be buried 
 in eternal oblivion. Were he inclined to insist still further on the utility of the 
 present sketch, he might safely refer to the number of persons employed in this 
 way, and the number of shops appropriated to the sale of Caricatures, as a 
 proof of the importance the Publick has attached to them. 
 
 In 
 
iv 
 
 In treating on the subject, the author has endeavoured to be as brief as pos- 
 sible, and hopes he has succeeded in rendering it as entertaining as brief. The 
 History of Caricaturing, although even intended to be general, would naturally- 
 narrow into that of English Caricatures ; for the obvious reason, that in no other 
 country has the art met with equal encouragement, because no other portion of 
 the globe enjoys equal freedom. The reader will therefore perceive that little has 
 been advanced on foreign satires of this nature. In describing the Caricatures 
 chronologically, he enables the reader to form a judgment of his own as to the im- 
 provement of the art in wit and humour ; and he would have appropriated the 
 characters, had the task been less invidious and dangerous ; besides, he did not 
 think himself justified in turning a species of allegory into libels, supported only 
 by conjecture. Numbers of others might have been added ; but he trusts enough 
 is done to make the subject connected and regular. 
 
 In concluding, he begs leave to make known his obligations to the Honourable 
 the Trustees of the British Museum, who by their special permission granted the 
 author to make drawings from Saxon and other antient Manuscripts, the Missals 
 of Richard II. and Queen Mary, and from the King's Collection of Pamphlets ; 
 nor should he do justice to his feelings, did he not thus publicly thank Joseph 
 Planta, Esq. Principal Librarian, for the facilities afforded him on that occasion. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE ' 
 
 ART OF CARICATURING. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The term Caricature, which we have adopted from the Itahan language, is 
 used at present in a very extensive sense; and not ahvays with propriety, as 
 there are many cases where a subject may be treated satirically without descend- 
 ing to Caricature. 
 
 Nature has permitted caricaturing from the earliest stages of creation : had 
 any given number of persons, the nearest related to our first parents, been ar- 
 ranged for examination on this head, individuals could have been selected whose 
 features afforded that peculiarity of expression and distortion of features which 
 constitutes Caricature ; nor has she ceased her caprices at this moment, as the 
 most superficial examination of mankind demonstrates. 
 
 The proportions of the face were fixed by the Creator ; and, where accident 
 or the passions have not interfered, nothing short of Omniscience could amend 
 them. Nature, the term we apply to the secret operations existing in the human 
 frame, or the power of expansion from a certain point, would strictly adhere to 
 the laws of the Creator, were */ie or i7 not interrupted ; but, being interrupted, 
 she makes a forehead too high or too low, and instead of the graceful line of cur- 
 vature, forces it into the segments of several circles, turns a nose on one side, 
 places an eye lower than its fellow, or makes a mouth too large or too small. 
 
 The causes of the interruptions alluded to cannot be inquired into at present : 
 they more properly belong to the Surgeon ; but they may safely, in most cases, 
 be attributed to the want of due care and circumspection in the mothers of those 
 persons whose features or limbs are thus distorted. 
 
 B It 
 
2 
 
 It has been frequently remarked, that the society of Friends, or Quakers, con- 
 sists almost universally of well-made people, placid and handsome in their fea- 
 tures : this fact may be satisfactorily accounted for, when we remember that, 
 whatever are the feelings or agitation of the mind a Quaker may experience, every 
 effort is made to suppress it; and their Jemales, not mixing in the usual anmse- 
 ments of the world, are not liable to those accidents which would cause carica- 
 tured lineaments in their offspring. 
 
 It is also a common remark, that children alter greatly in the course of their 
 growth ; many who are really beautiful in their infancy, becoming very monsters 
 in expression before they are adults. In these unhappy cases, neither Nature nor 
 accident has interfered : it is the passions that caricature, and friends that direct 
 their slow but certain effects. 
 
 See an urchin disappointed in some inexplicable whim fix its jaws as far 
 asunder as the muscles will permit, close its eyes, and bellow with the lungs of 
 a young Hercules till they are exhausted of air ; then, the blood stagnating, the 
 eyes glare, and the face becomes black, the body convulsed — and this is the 
 caricature of Vexation. In another instance the parent has indulged the favourite 
 frequently in some way equally imprudent and dangerous, and is resolved to 
 discontinue such indulgence : the favourite cannot comprehend why the change 
 has occurred, and becomes exasperated to madness ; the features swell with rage, 
 the blood rushes from the heart to the head, an universal flush is the conse- 
 quence ; and this caricature of Phrenzy clenches its hands and stamps like a 
 maniac. The same cause existing in a different and sulky temperament produces 
 a caricature of Grief, and sobs and sighs of long continuance. Thus these different 
 passions more or less are ever after apparent in their countenances. 
 
 Mothers and nurses often implant an expression of alarm and terror on the 
 features of infants, by throwing them about in the most violent manner under the 
 idea of giving the child exercise ; and it may be supposed, that the excitement of 
 frequent and excessive laughter must contribute to derange the features. Let 
 these various affections be compared with the serene aspect of an infant asleep, 
 or playing in its own way in the mother's arms, and the necessity of attempting 
 to keep our passions quiescent will be strongly apparent. 
 
 A child may be ushered into the world a complete Caricature, without a con- 
 sciousness of imprudence on the part of the mother ; but, on the other hand, we 
 are certain that children who are not born in that state may be preserved in a 
 
 great 
 
3 
 
 great degree from becoming the ridicule or abhorrence of the rest of mankind. 
 The author was once in a mixed-company of Quakers and members of the Estab- 
 lished Church : two of the party, each of the different religions, had sons pre- 
 sent nearly of the same age. The Quaker child, habited in the fashion of his 
 sect, sat with the gravity of a preacher ; he smiled only when the conversation 
 excited risibility, and, when he spoke, his sentences were correct and applicable 
 to the subject. The other little fellow was full of life and spirit; he laughed till 
 he cried, and leaped about till he was exhausted. So striking a contrast attracted 
 universal attention ; and the issue was a trifling wager, that every effort of a gen- 
 tleman of great eccentricity and pleasantry (one of the company) would prove 
 ineffectual to produce a smile in the face of the young Friend. He tried the 
 experiment, and every person laughed but the object of the wager. Can there 
 be a more convincing proof that parents and guardians are too frequently 
 Caricaturists ? 
 
 Such are the sources whence artists in all ages have derived their ideas of 
 Caricature ; that is, the matured artist. He that draws the human face divine 
 for the first time is a caricaturist /^(^r force: he views the lines of the original, 
 and, attempting to imitate them, produces a monster ; and it is only by patience 
 and perseverance he conquers his propensity to distortion : indeed, some indus- 
 trious individuals are disappointed in all their endeavours, and caricature to the 
 end of the chapter. This is also the case with certain ingenious natives of coun- 
 tries still in a state of uncultivated nature; and it must be acknowledged they 
 excel all competitors antient or modern in the art I am treating of, and have 
 done so from time immemorial. 
 
 The Greeks are well known to have brought the art of sculpture to great per- 
 fection at a very early period in the annals of mankind ; and that circumstance 
 has prevented us from judging how far they originally distorted the human 
 outline. 
 
 The Egyptians, who have left stupendous monuments of their skill in architec- 
 ture, may be said to have indulged in a peculiarity of drawing, which, though it 
 deprives Nature of its graceful forms, can hardly be pronounced caricature ; but, 
 as it will be necessary to enter more particularly into this part of the subject, we 
 must not lose sight of the Savage caricature and caricaturist, who is to be found 
 in the wilds of Siberia, throughout Africa, the recently-discovered regions of the 
 globe, and North America. 
 
 And 
 
4 
 
 And first we should observe that, for causes which have their origin fan above 
 our Hmited comprehensions, whole nations appear to others assemblages of cari- 
 catures. They call to their recollection the noble countenances of some of their 
 male population, and the soft and exquisitely-formed contours of numbers of their 
 fair countrywomen; and those they make the standards by which they judge 
 of the faces of the rest of the world. 
 
 Swinburne, in describing Naples, second edition of his " Travels in the Two 
 Sicilies," p. 100, says: "The fury with which they pursue the game (the lot- 
 tery) is inconceivable to every one who is not acquainted with their impetuosity 
 of character: cloaths, furniture, victuals, are pawned, robberies committed, and 
 trusts betrayed, in order to raise a stake for the lotto, which, next to St. Gen- 
 naro, excites the most tempestuous agitations in the soul of a Lazzarone. On a 
 day of drawing, the crowd and tumult in the hall are prodigious ; ragged fellows 
 are seen pressing up to the table, in hopes of being able to shake the precious 
 box that contains the ninety fatal numbers. As the five winning lots come up, 
 it is highly entertaining to observe the fierce expressions of joy or disappoint- 
 ment that strain or relax the features of each eager face, according as the number 
 tallies with the combinations upon which the owner has betted his money. 
 Hogarth should have visited Naples, to have beheld the very sublime of carica- 
 ture : in our phlegmatic countenances he saw only feeble specimens and demi 
 characters." 
 
 It would be almost absurd to remind the reader that the heads of quadrupeds 
 so far resemble those of bipeds, that both have eyes, nose, and mouth ; but it 
 may be pardoned when it is mentioned with a view to shew the infinity of vari- 
 ations the Creator has been pleased to ordain those organs capable of, which in 
 some instances produce the most pleasing sensations, and in others the most dis- 
 gusting. In short, such are the caricatured resemblances of man in the brute 
 creation, that physiognomists have even ventured to compare individuals with 
 bears, goats, sheep, and monkeys ; the latter animal, indeed, is so decided a 
 caricature of man, that no sagacity is required to discover the likeness. 
 
 The despised and inoffensive Hottentot has been marked by features which 
 makes his race the first remove from the brute creation. The cheek bones ex- 
 tend to a great breadth, and those of the jaws are as disproportionably narrow: 
 hence his face bears the form of a wedge, on which a flat nose presents a pair of 
 nostrils open and elevated to the extreme height of the ridge of that useful mem- 
 ber. 
 
ber. His mouth is large, the teeth regular and white, and his eyes such as would 
 be admired in Europe. The hair is black and woolly, and but little makes its 
 appearance as eyebrows, or even on the head, and of that little he generally de- 
 prives himself of part, as well as of his beard. Such is the Hottentot as Nature 
 is pleased to present him to our view. Not satisfied with her labours, the silly 
 savage paints his upper lip to the nostrils with red ochre and soot prepared with 
 grease, and the female uses those precious colours on her cheek-bones. 
 
 Enough has now been said to shew in what manner the Hottentot is charac- 
 terised, and in what particulars his face departs from our standard of beauty. It 
 should, however, be observed, that, though they are almost generally carica- 
 tures of human nature, individuals are sometimes favoured with proportions that 
 might be mistaken for European. It is the same with the Negroes, many of 
 whom may be called handsome, abating their complexions ; but the majority of 
 the race are the very reverse, as we find they have round foreheads, small eyes, 
 flat noses, large nostrils, high cheek-bones, small jaws, and mouths extremely 
 wide, bounded by lips which seem to turn outwards by their own weight, with 
 short black wool-like hair. 
 
 The author never saw a Caricature from the pencil equal to an original com- 
 posed of the face and head of a Negro officer. One of our generals, conceiving 
 that his operations against the enemy might be advanced by forming a corps of 
 Negroes, gave the poor fellow alluded to a commission, who appeared publicly 
 in his regimentals with a phiz quite as outre as any his nation ever produced, 
 buried in a huge full-powdered wig, on which he stuck the small military hat 
 used many years past: the effect was so irresistibly ludicrous, that the boys he 
 met in the streets fairly hunted off his wig and red coat by shouts and ridicule. 
 
 The national character of the antient Egyptians had less of that extravagance 
 in length and breadth of members of the face, than many others whose skin is 
 tinted with a tawny or deeper hue. If we may rely upon the hieroglyphics and 
 sculptures extant, their foreheads and noses formed nearly a straight line, with the 
 chin rather projecting, and the cheek-bones high. The celebrated Sphinx, on 
 the contrary, deviates from this outline, and represents an African face as above 
 described. M. Denon's Egyptian Barber, if really illustrative of that description 
 of person, demonstrates that Nature has her playful moments in that part of the 
 world ; and we know, both from him and other sources, that the females offer 
 themselves to view complete caricatures as far as dress will permit. 
 
 Chantreau 
 
6 
 
 Chantreau describes the Kalmucs as a people little favoured according to Eu- 
 ropean estimation ; the large angle of their eyes being placed obliquely, and de- 
 scending on the nose, the eye-brows are thin, black, and form a low arch ; the 
 nose generally flat, high cheek-bones, thick lips, a short chin, enormous ears 
 standing far from the side of the head, which with the face is particularly round. 
 The author, concluding his recapitulation, considers the Kahnuc face a specimen 
 of " disgusting deformity." 
 
 The writer of the Letters from Scandinavia asserts that any person conversant 
 with Chinese features will recognize them in those of the Kalmucs. "Their 
 heads and face," he observes, " are broad and round, and they have small eyes 
 and noses, with swarthy complexions. Their heads are shaved, all but a small 
 lock at the top ; and they wear a bell-fashioned cap." 
 
 The variations already described constitute the general character of those na- 
 tions which are not familiar to the European ; and it would add but little to our 
 stock of knowledge on this subject, to notice the peculiarities in the features of 
 the Ulieteans, Otaheitans, &c. which strongly resemble many of the Negro race, 
 though there are instances among the portraits that accompany the narrative of 
 Captain Cook's Voyages of manly and even heroic expression. 
 
 Every class of mankind is endowed with a certain species of natural taste, and 
 is enabled by Nature to appreciate what each considers beauty ; but an European 
 would be disgusted with the selections made by a Hottentot, a Kalmuc, a Chinese, 
 or an African, from their population, because he would endeavour to please his 
 fancy by fixing upon an object remotely resembling his own countrymen. 
 
 Supposing, therefore, a natural genius for the arts of painting or sculpture to 
 exist in any of the nations alluded to, and that it was possible with their limited 
 means to attain any thing like correctness of outline, their efforts could only 
 reach our caricature, as their originals for study are nothing better, according to 
 ©ur assumed standard of perfection. The Chinese, who have made the greatest 
 progress in the former art, are not at present caricaturists, though bad painters. 
 
 The gradation in sculpture from the Greeks down to the Otaheitans might be 
 traced without much difficulty; but, as Caricature and the Grotesque are the objects 
 of this work, I shall confine myself to those alone. I have already said that 
 nations have each a standard of taste ; but it must be understood, with certain 
 exceptions, to apply only to the sense of seeing. A savage cannot transfer just 
 conception to wood or stone ; on the contrary, he seems to lose all recollection 
 
 that 
 
7 
 
 that he had ever viewed the human species, and creates monsters from his own 
 disordered imagination — a fact very difficult to account for, as imitation is an 
 impulse of Nature almost in every other pursuit. 
 
 The British Museum contains ample illustrations of the total departure of sa- 
 vage sculptors or carvers from the outlines of man and beast, when attempting to 
 represent bipeds and quadrupeds ; and of others, who, though not uncivilized, 
 were incapable of giving forms true resemblances, probably through want of en- 
 couragement and the observations of criticism. 
 
 It would be injustice to the barbarians of the South Seas, if, in mentioning 
 their grotesque labours, we did not also mention the tools with which they were 
 compelled to work : their adzes were of stone ; the gouge, or chisel, of the bones 
 of the human arm ; their rasps coral ; and the materials for polishing, the skin of 
 the Sting Ray, and coral sand. Several heads and figures procured on the Western 
 coast of America North of California are, indeed, complete caricatures of man: 
 the heads, particularly, have features monstrous in the extreme ; and that they 
 might not be deficient in effect, tufts of coarse hair are fastened on them (see 
 Plate for these carvings) ; and the teeth of animals appear through the lips. It 
 is remarkable, that some of the rude sculptures profusely scattered over our most 
 antient Saxon buildings resemble the capricious fancies of these untutored artists ; 
 which tends to prove that the first native conceptions of genius at all times and 
 in all places are a confused chaos, which may be compared to the frightful dreams 
 that sometimes torture our minds when the body is at rest : in both cases phan- 
 toms float before the perception, ghastly and terrible to the imagination ; reflection 
 and the resumption of our faculties banish these shadows, when connected with 
 sleep ; but the unfortunate savage, or half-civilized sculptor or carver, appears to 
 act under some powerful impulse, and perpetuates his waking dreams. 
 
 The reader will be pleased to recollect the above observations, and compare the 
 following descriptions of carvings with other subsequent drawings of Saxon origin. 
 In an apartment of the Museum is preserved a large wooden bowl or bason, sup- 
 ported by two chimera's, monsters, or phantoms, one of which consists of a breast 
 and arms only, with a head shaped like that of a monkey, the mouth extending from 
 the nose to the chin, and from ear to ear set with teeth of bone. The other has 
 a little body, and a pair of feet on which he stands ; the arms hold the bason, but 
 it rests upon his fellow's back, who stands upon his arms. This extraordinary 
 personage has a set of teeth. These figures, if mentioned alone, might be said to 
 
 be 
 
8 
 
 be the consequence of a playful disposition in the carver, who in his graver mo- 
 ments would give likfenesses of human beings ; but it is far otherwise, as their 
 deities are equally frightful ; thus demonstrating that their caricaturing was invo- 
 luntary, unless we suppose they embodied their conception of evil spirits only. 
 
 The specimens we have of their idols are busts most ingeniously composed of 
 red feathers, except a border of yellow at the base, a tuft of the same colour on 
 the largest head, and a pair of yellow lips to one. The eye-brows are all black ; 
 the eye-balls enormous pieces of mother of pearl, and the pupils are little globes 
 of black wood. Of the rows of real teeth of fish or animals, two have depressed 
 corners, and are of monstrous extent, giving an air of grief, attended by an ex- 
 pression of savage wildncss. (See Plate \ -Jig' 2.) Another has a set of distorted 
 and even shocking features, with the eyes and mouth carried quite into the 
 temples, (See Jig. 5.) This has a kind of plume brought from the back of the 
 head down to the space between the eyes. Fig. l is a head in stone ; Fig. 3, a 
 weapon ; Jg. 4, a non-descript carving ; and Jig. 5, a mask in wood with real 
 hair; all from the South-sea Islands. 
 
 The Chinese have so far improved in the art of drawing, that we look with 
 pleasure on their representations of the placid and inoffensive faces of their coun- 
 trymen, which they seldom distort in their paintings : they are, however, subject 
 to the 6ame charge as the barbarous race just mentioned, in giving statues or 
 figures of fiends for their aerial protectors or persecutors. (See Plate II. Jig. 4.) 
 The spirit of thunder, or more properly of lightning, as imagined by them, is an 
 odd caricature : the forehead sinks into a deep furrow above the fierce frowning 
 brow, the nose projects and turns downward at the nostrils, and the mouth is 
 •> contained in the beak of an eagle. 
 
 The antient masks discovered at different places celebrated for the cultivation 
 of the arts, furnish us with ample means of judging how perfectly the sculptors 
 of Greece and Italy were acquainted with those lineaments of the face which best 
 produce ludicrous or frightful distortion. Two of the Miscellaneous Plates an- 
 nexed to this work contain specimens of those masks (see Plate ll. Jig. 1, 2, 3, 8.) 
 and lamps, derived from Pococke and Montfaucon. Of the latter the ideas were 
 particularly whimsical, which led the artists to stretch a human mouth and chin 
 for the reception of the wick ; to place a man looking at the light through his own 
 legs protruded from the seat oihonoxav (see PlatelW.Jgs. 2, 3. andPlaleUJig, 7.), 
 
 ' and 
 
Piatt' HpJ. 
 
9 
 
 and to form a head set upon two legs, with the lamp in the forehead. Fig. 6. 
 Plate II. is an Egyptian idol. 
 
 The liberal indulgence of the Trustees of the British Museum affords me 
 an opportunity of further illustrating this part of my subject, by engravings 
 from very curious and extremely well executed diminutive figures, preserved in 
 one of the apartments in a case marked " Asia." As it must have required con- 
 siderable attention and trouble from persons officially connected with these little 
 gentlemen, to describe who and what they are, and as I am resolved not to commit 
 errors, which may be avoided, by attempting appropriation, I feel myself perfectly 
 satisfied in offering them as Chinese and Japanese Agalmatolite and bronze de- 
 viations from the sobriety of features and attitude belonging to the sedate portion 
 of their countrymen. 
 
 With due deference to the antient empire of China, I shall first describe one of 
 its playful productions, in a person of some rank seated on a cushion in a loose 
 embroidered gown, who rests his left hand on his knee, and with his right applies 
 an ear trumpet or some other instrument to his ear, which produces that irritation 
 of the nerves, which, operating upon the muscles, screws the features into carica- 
 ture. (See Plate IV. Jig. 5.) 
 
 Two others are loosely-clad seated figures expanded by good living to the ex- 
 treme of the human size : they each laugh immoderately ; one holds a scroll, or 
 something resembling it ; the other, perhaps the bowl whence he topes ; and vases 
 stand near them. The slippers are discarded from their right feet, and lay ready 
 for future use. (See Plate W.Jig, 2, 6.) Had these gentlemen originated in 
 Italy, they would have been considered admirable representations of Bacchus. 
 
 A fourth sits resting his chin on his hands, and those on his knees ; altogether 
 producing a ludicrous sleeping hon vivant. (See Plate IV. ^g. 3.) 
 
 The last of these Chinese sculptures represented on the Plate shews an elderly 
 person reposing on a bag which he had been carrying, till, becoming lazy rather 
 than fatigued, he laughs at the spectator of his idleness. (See Plate IV. Jig. 1.) 
 
 The Japanese figures are all of bronze (provided no mixture of the Chinese 
 with them has occurred) : two are annexed, and bear a very different character 
 from those just described ; one is seated, has a remarkable high-pointed head, is 
 habited in a loose gown confined by a girdle, and his features express idiotcy. 
 
 Another stands on a chimera with the head of a horse and the tail of a fish ; 
 he rests on the right leg, and the left is raised, the left arm projects forward, the 
 
 c hand 
 
10 
 
 hand bears a slipper, and the right elevated threatens with a dagger. Three 
 horns ascend from his head, and the features are wild and savage. (See Plate IV. 
 fg- 7.) 
 
 The third stands exactly like the preceding ; but in this instance the face ex- 
 presses smiles and good temper; the figure appears to sport with pierced plates 
 connected by wire, in the manner of our dancers with festoons of flowers. A 
 non-descript animal climbs the pedestal. (See Plate IV. Jig. 4.) 
 
 Pococke presented his readers with an engraving exhibiting a person seated 
 cross-legged, with his arms behind him, and the head thrown back. This 
 figure was from Aleppo, and the cap worn by it is described as the Phrygian. 
 Whether it represents, as the author supposed, a particular mode of punishment, 
 or is only a species of the grotesque, cannot easily be determined. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Part of this section will be appropriated to the crude conceptions of antient 
 and modern nations in embodying their ideas of divinities and evil spirits : Let 
 me not, however, be misunderstood, as intending to treat the subject with un- 
 becoming levity ; my intention being solely to exhibit under one view the manner 
 in which the human frame and countenance have been distorted, to express 
 attributes unknown to the European of enlightened mind, and the well-informed 
 Christian. 
 
 Such of the nations alluded to as have attempted to show the benevolence of 
 a Deity, do not afford matter for my purpose : we will therefore pass over their 
 many-headed and many-armed figures, and proceed at once to the threatening 
 and terrific. Let us imagine the ideas annexed to the feathered idols already 
 described, and contemplate the expression of furious rage predominating in their 
 faces ; and it will lead us to suppose that punishment alone belonged to such 
 divinities. 
 
 The 
 
11 
 
 The author of " Recherches sur I'Origin et le Progies des Arts de la Gr^ce," 
 dwells at considerable length on the beings fancied by Northern nations. The 
 representation of Erlick Han, which he had from D'Anteroche's Voyage in Si- 
 beria, is a horrible combination, or Caricature, of a man and an animal : the 
 horns, the eyes, the nostrils, and the mouth, form a contour that exceeds the 
 frightful aspect of a bull in the last stage of baiting ; and the attitude is that of 
 a maniac : his companion in deformity, with six arms, gives the same frantic 
 ideas ; and both demonstrate, that terror alone could have imagined such 
 beings. 
 
 Much might be advanced in observations upon this propensity of people in- 
 volved in the darkness of heathenism ; but the pursuit is unpleasant, and serves 
 to increase our regret that any portion of mankind should still be in a state so 
 unenlightened. 
 
 We must now turn our attention to the Saxons, who, having invaded this 
 island, left us very numerous instances of the grotesque, most of which may be 
 safely placed to the account of ignorance of true taste, rather than to playfulness 
 of imagination ; as their most serious efforts in sculpture are extremely rude, 
 w^here they aim at the human figure. 
 
 Part of the church at Bredon in Leicestershire has inexplicable ranges of figures 
 inserted in the walls, adjoining heads of princes and queens, connected with a. 
 set of animals grinning over each other's backs, with faces as genuine caricatures 
 as any produced by Mr. Gillwray, A pillar of the West door of Ledbury church, 
 Herefordshire, has a capital of neatly executed foliage, which terminates in a 
 head, and y^'o^t the mouth proceeds the shaft. ( See Plate Y . Jig. The 
 West door of Leominster church, in the same county, is bounded by six pillars, 
 with richly and elegantly ornamented capitals ; but one exceeds the rest in 
 eccentricity, by presenting us with an old man with something like a tiara on his 
 head clambering in and entangled by a scroll ; another exhibits an ugly lion, 
 allusive to Leo Minster ; a third, a dove ; and a fourth, coils of snakes. Such 
 were the whims and fancies of the Saxons, which might be collected from all parts 
 of the kingdom to satiety, were it necessary. 
 
 Although it was my intention to advance progressively, it will be perceived that 
 I have unavoidably been obliged to notice the productions of nations as at present 
 existing, before the Saxons, whose labours preceded them many centuries, 
 because I wished to bring into one view various native excursions of uncultivated 
 
 talents, 
 
12 
 
 talents. Having in some degree accomplished this point, I shall proceed in 
 chronological order. 
 
 Numbers of the illuminated manuscripts in the British Museum were extremely 
 useful to me, in forming an estimate of the natural and intended caricature. 
 Some of very considerable age, which I have selected for engraving, are subjects 
 thus constituted. 
 
 " Liber Psalmorum sec. tradit. S. Hieronimi." Tiberius, C. VI. " cum ver- 
 sione Saxonica," nearly burnt to a crust, has been profusely decorated with draw- 
 ings. It appears to be a very old MS. ; and the outlines are generally of that 
 precise description which shews the near relationship between caricaturing and 
 the first dawnings of genius. — Somebody, for instance, tears asunder the jaws of 
 a large animal ; he places his right foot on the hind part of the beast, and the 
 toes of his left almost come in contact with his nose, through the unnatural bend 
 of the body. 
 
 There cannot be a stronger illustration of the connexion above alluded to than 
 may be observed in the accompanying plate, where the artist has given a 
 gigantic Christ, with a back almost doubled, releasing comparatively pigmy per- 
 sons from the jaws of a monster, figurative of the prison for souls ; sufficiently 
 terrific for the imagination of a Calmuck or a South American Indian. ( See 
 Plate VI.) 
 
 The same person (in the second plate from this MS.) shows the Saviour, erect, 
 threatened, or probably tempted on the mount by a devil ; a thorough caricature 
 of the human outline, f See Plate VII.) 
 
 Julius D. VII. (one of the Cotton MSS.) almost destroyed by fire, still affords, 
 amongst some fragments on astronomy, a drawing of a triangle, including three 
 others, on one of the lines of which the Saviour is extended. Now, all this is 
 correct enough ; but the artist presents a subject for my purpose, by placing two 
 fiends shooting at the crucifix with bows, and arrows or stings from their 
 mouths. (See Plate VIIL) 
 
 The Harleian MS. N° 603. " Psalterium D. Hieronimi," furnishes curious 
 variety of distortions that might be supposed the dreams of a visionary deli- 
 neated. The Psalms are in the antient mixed character of Saxon and Roman ; 
 consequently, it was written and illuminated at a very remote period. Those fa- 
 voured with the inspection of this book would immediately acquit me of the task 
 of describing with any kind of method even one of the illuminations, as they 
 
 could 
 
#- 
 
Mah'tybn . dei rf 
 
2&J^obn. del -ft 
 
could only be explained by the author: I shall, however, notice some of the oddities 
 observable on the pages. The first is a frontispiece, where we have the Saviour 
 embracing the saint, or, to speak more correctly, the two figures seem in the act 
 of twisting each other's necks in order to place their cheeks together. 
 
 In a second, devils drag groupes towards them with hooks, pierce them wi^h 
 tridents, and finally consign them to the huge gaping monster appointed to swal- 
 low obstinate sinners. 
 
 A third presents an aged man seated under a tree, who receives a beam directly 
 in his face from a flaming cornucopias held by a figure above, probably Jesus 
 Christ, by the emblem of the cross behind his head : several armed men are 
 before him, and their leader appears to have discharged an arrow against him. 
 
 In the next several persons bear a large dish, and others labour at a capstan. 
 The attitudes of the whole are the completest caricatures imaginable ; yet the 
 artist did not mean to burlesque his subject in this instance, as we perceive by 
 four men, in another drawing, whose positions are playfully grotesque ; thus 
 proving that he might have excelled as a caricaturist. 
 
 In one, a copy of which is annexed, an angel drives a person to the lower 
 regions with a spear ; and the Saviour rescues a saint from three fiends, who pro- 
 trude hissing snakes from their mouths, and endeavour to detain him by cords 
 tied to his feet. (See Plate IX.) 
 
 Another exhibits a fiend endeavouring to fix a three-pronged instrument into 
 the head of a figure who ascends to an angel ready to receive him. (See 
 Plate X.) 
 
 I shall now close this part of my labours on subjects unintentionally distorted 
 and sincerely connected with religion. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
14 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The MS. N** 928. of the Harleian Collection contains numerous slight but 
 masterly sketches of grotesque objects, which may have been intended as satires 
 and likenesses of persons well known at the time by those who had an oppor- 
 tunity of seeing them. The title of this clumsy little book is " Precat. ad 
 Christum. Hor. B. Marise. Coll. Ferial." Mr. Wanley, who sold the work to 
 the Trustees of the Museum, thus states his opinion respecting it: " The main 
 body of the book was (I believe) written in France, by some eminent Librarius, 
 or book writer, during the reign of our king Henry HI. who also adorned it 
 with many curious and well-drawn pictures, the rudeness of the age considered. 
 Among which pictures, many (as may be seen) were intended to expose the 
 wicked and inordinate lives of the then clergy, who were hated by the Librarii, 
 as taking away much of their business." — "The book contains the Horse B. 
 Mariae, with collects, &c. for the holydays, whose rubricks are in French ; the 
 office for the dead ; and some of the Psalms ; all in Latin." The most curious 
 of the sketches are : (See Plate XI.) 
 
 A monk's head, connected with the hinder parts of an animal, the tail of which 
 is firmly tied to that of one with the head of a dog. The heads stare at each 
 other with much discontent; neither have arms, paws, or hands. 
 
 A wolf growling at a snake entwined round his hind-leg, and a blue bear beset 
 by a scarlet monkey on his back. 
 
 A monkey's body with a boar's head at a grinning-match, with an old human 
 head attached to the body of an animal. 
 
 Two green bodies, like those of the pea-hen, terminating in one neck, on 
 which are dogs' heads. 
 
 Two priests' or monks' heads, with the bodies of lions, are most singularly 
 disposed, and the limbs as skilfully placed in unnatural attitudes. 
 
 The bodies of four animals with one head. 
 
 A human head in a cowl with an animal's body and four fore feet, two re- 
 versed to the others, has a tail which fprms the ngck of a gorgon's face connected 
 
 in 
 
15 
 
 in a similar manner with a similar object, except that the cowl discovers the phiz 
 of a monkey. 
 
 A bearded male in another instance has a neck in common with a lady, and 
 their body is without arms or paws, though furnished with a huge tail. 
 
 A priest in part of his vestments, the body that of a dog, the tail of which 
 being furnished with a head, that head amuses itself by preying upon its tail- 
 neck; another of this description flies with full speed, as the hind head has 
 fastened upon the back with his teeth. 
 
 Three initial letters are connected with a turret, on the summit of which is a 
 monkey, who is aimed at by a savage with a bow and arrow ; beneath is a dog 
 completely caparisoned for riding, bestrode by a monkey booted, clad in a blue 
 garment and red hood, with a sword by his side. This presumptuous fellow 
 spreads his arms in dismay ; and his hat falls behind him, as far as the strings 
 that secure it permits. 
 
 This work, it will be recollected, is the first I have had occasion to notice as 
 offering to our view Caricature employed for the purposes of revenge or repre- 
 hension. 
 
 The Cotton MS. Domitian A. XVII. " Psalterium in usum Ricardi II." is a 
 most beautiful book, richly illuminated, and profusely abounding with burnished 
 gold on every page. The various drawings of Choirs of Priests, Monks, and 
 Nuns, celebrating the service of the church, give an excellent idea of the appear- 
 ance of our abbies and collegiate churches at the period of Richard II. 
 
 The second page contains three drawings ; two are decidedly religious subjects; 
 but the first on the list (strange as it may appear, referring to the title of the 
 book) is a combat within lists before a king between the dwai-f and fool or 
 giant or hig Sam of the court ; the latter bends back with uplifted arms to 
 avoid the blow meditated by the little gentleman his opponent, who has thrown 
 back his hands in order to raise a sort of Jlexihle club or sling, with his 
 utmost force, furnishing an attitude, though not unnatural, yet ludicrous^ con- 
 sidering the form of the combatant. The king points with evident meaning to 
 the dwarf, as the probable victor, and several spectators seem much interested in 
 the scene. The drawing is exquisitely finished. (See Plate'KW.) 
 
 Viewing this drawing as above described, there is nothing of the nature of cari-^ 
 cature in it ; but, taking it in another light, it becomes one of the veriest cari- 
 catures I shall have to describe. The only cause for surprize is, how a man 
 
 could 
 
16 
 
 could have drawn and shaded with such exquisite skill, and err so egregiously in 
 conception. 
 
 It is my firm belief that the king is intended for Saul surrounded by his 
 court, the huge distorted falling personage for Goliath, and that the little Sancho- 
 Pan^a-gentleman buried in a hood can be no other than David. Now, this 
 combat was really decided in a valley in sight of the two armies ; Goliath came 
 to the contest armed, and David, though a youth, was tall and elegantly formed 
 —Could the artist have reversed the picture more completely ? 
 
 The eighth drawing is of Jonah on board the ship : a huge blue Boreas extends 
 his cheeks for the wind, and a black devil claws the sail of the vessel from the 
 yard. 
 
 The ninth subject is a choir of white monks : one of the number celebrates 
 mass, or vespers, at the altar ; another lies prostrate before it ; ten, seated in 
 their stalls, sing the service ; and above them appear, in a third range of seats, 
 five figures, which examined prove to be skeletons, two with tiaras on their 
 sculls, a third has a cardinal's hat, and the remainder circlets of gold. (See 
 - Plate XIII.) 
 
 The caricature in this instance principally consists in the arrangement of the 
 figures, which are diminutive in the fore-ground, larger in the middle distance, 
 and in the most distant seats the skeletons are gigantic, 
 
 A MS. in French, part of the same invaluable collection, written in honour 
 of the nuptials of the daughter of Henry VII. with the King of France, is 
 adorned with drawings, in which Allegory is caricatured without mercy, but 
 very unconsciously. One (see Plate XIV,) introduces the King and his 
 intended consort crossing the channel in a bark little longer than them- 
 selves. The monarch, detestably homely, holds a vine-branch, and between them 
 stands a sheaf of wheat. Paris guides the helm ; three sails are set on the 
 same number of masts, and four heads, two in the air, and the others in the 
 water, blow contrary ways for a fair wind. Honour and two armed men sit 
 in the tops, who must be destitute of legs, as there is not room for them ; and 
 four sailors man the shrouds. 
 
 A second, which I have engraved, presents us a bust of Discord brandishing a 
 sword ; a very little lady, " Paix," sits between two towers ; " Le gravnt Pas- 
 teur,'' the pope, and the prince " unique" double her size, support and cherish 
 a rose-branch, out of which arises another little lady, and from her head springs 
 
 a lily; 
 
I'Uit. AIV 
 
/ 
 
17 
 
 a lily ; Misericordia, Verite, Force, and Clemency, occupy a compartment above, 
 ready to unite their services ; and the field is scattered with roses and lilies. (See 
 Plate XV.) 
 
 About this period Henry VII. erected the magnificent Chapel at Westminster 
 which bears his name. The customs of that and previous times were at direct 
 variance with our ideas of religious propriety; of which we have durable proofs 
 in the strange carvings placed under the seats of choirs in many of our churches. 
 The whims and fancies of the artists were endless, and are extravagant beyond 
 the belief of those who have not seen them. The miscellaneous plate I now re- 
 fer to presents the reader with a mask of wild expression, (See Plate ^Vl.Jlg. 5.) 
 and a chimera, really indescribable, clawing a hog, (See Plate XYl.fig. 1.) from 
 the choir of the Chapel alluded to ; and on another plate he will find a female 
 employed in flagellating a male, who neglects his spinning, from the same source 
 (See Plate XXIX. 2.) The former plate also contains a concert of vocal and 
 instrumental musick, performed by non-descript men in a most ridiculous man- 
 ner, and a fiend with the heads of two females between his knees ; which are from 
 the originals in the choir of St. Katharine, near the Tower, London. (See Plate 
 
 XVI. /o^. 4.) . 
 
 Had the dignitaries of these churches directed the persons employed in orna- 
 menting them to confine their excursions within the bounds of decency, we might 
 have smiled at the perversion of taste, though we condemned the introduction of 
 any thing ludicrous to a place of worship ; but there is no demonstration extant 
 more convincing of the general profligacy of manners amongst the Clergy before 
 the Reformation, than the discovery berieath their seats of subjects, which, if en- 
 graved at present, and placed in a printseller's window, would cause him to be 
 prosecuted as a promoter of vice. It has been said that this method was adopted 
 by different orders of the religious to satirize each other ; and some of the carv- 
 ings I have seen were probably intended as Caricatures of particular persons. 
 
 I have also given a sketch of a monk who is most painfully placed as a bracket 
 for a cluster of pillars in the Cloisters of Westminster Abbey. (See Plate XVI. 
 ^g. 3.) Are we to suppose this to be a likeness of some contemporary of the 
 builder ? 
 
 The Prayer-hooh of Mary, daughter of Henry VIII. and Queen of England, 
 offers still further motives for reflection. The Trustees of the Museum having 
 granted permission, I now exhibit to the publick sketches from the pages of this 
 
 D book., 
 
18 
 
 book, which will confound the casuist who shall endeavour to reconcile such 
 representations with that sobriety of mind necessary to secure success to suppli- 
 cation. 
 
 Was the book expressly written for the Queen? Did she purchase it from a 
 number of others ? Or was it a present ? If the first query was the fact, she pro^ 
 bably delighted in ludicrous and improper ideas ; if the second, the same conclu- 
 sion follows. It cannot be imagined that a subject would dare to insult a modest 
 sovereign with a present like this ; therefore, from these premises we cannot but 
 conclude, that Mary either had the faculty of prayer, which subdues all sense of 
 perception of sublunary objects, making it a matter of indifference where or from 
 what she prayed ; or that her inclination for absurdity and caricature conquered 
 even her religion, in defence of which she spread ruin and desolation through her 
 kingdom. 
 
 The blanks that would otherwise have been at the bottom of the pages are 
 filled with avast variety of spirited drawings, many of which are derived from le- 
 gends and other innocent sources. The plate, selected as specimens, contains two 
 fiends throwing a holy Monk from a bridge, whose spirit embodied^is received on 
 the opposite side by the Virgin Mary. The Spirit of Evil giving his benedic- 
 tion to a Monk (which is omitted) ; and a Fox in a mitre, preaching to the sil- 
 liest birds of the feathered creation. The three remaining drawings are com- 
 bats between busts, or halves of men, seated on human faces, peeping between 
 the hind-legs of animals with tails ; one consists of the body of a greyhound, the 
 face of a goat, and asses' ears ; the opponent of the rider in this instance has a 
 human horned head with a great beard, the hind and only legs are winged, and a 
 face appears under the tail. {See Plate XVII.) 
 
 There is nothing in all the preceding descriptions that applies to caricaturing as 
 it is now used. The satirists carefully avoided offending the ruling powers ; and 
 they had not the means of multiplication by engraving, as at present. Painting 
 had met with little encouragement in England ; consequently, those who had a. 
 genius for drawing, possessed not the means to expand their ideas. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
4 
 
 J 
 
Malcobii ltd et 
 
FUUtIIl.p.i3. 
 
 MiiLcDlm . del . d -ft- 
 
19 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Italy being the theatre of the Arts after their decline in Greece, the sculp- 
 tors of the former country had the means of indulging any inclination to the gro- 
 tesque in the ornaments of their buildings, and in their statues of Bacchus, Si- 
 lenus, Satyrs, Chimeras, &c. &c. ; and when painting became a favourite art, the 
 painter had frequent opportunities of transferring an obnoxious face to his can- 
 vas, in the character of some bad individual of his subject. Those who repre- 
 sented banditti, and the vulgar, scattered very ludicrous and savage caricatures 
 through their pictures, particularly S. Rosa, Raphael Urbin, and Annibal Ca- 
 racci. Some, indeed, of the antient masters sketched decided distortions of the 
 human face in their playful moments. 
 
 One of the plates appropriated to these immediate pages gives the head of a 
 ruffian, the very focus of every bad passion, after Caracci, 1606. The employ- 
 ment or amusement of this human brute is the pushing of a stick against the 
 body of the Saviour, bound and unresisting. {See Plate XVIII. Jig. 8.) Accom- 
 panying the above, are the heads of two fiends, yelling before the unappalled St. 
 Anthony, (See Plate XVIII. ^o-. 7.) by the same Master ; but a Dutch artist, who 
 painted the same subject, excelled all subsequent efforts in pourtraying varieties 
 of grotesque tormenting beings. 
 
 Zuccarus burlesqued a subject from the Heathen Mythology in 1573? from 
 which I have given a head. (See Plate XVIII.^o^. 6.) 
 
 Callot, a Frenchman, who died in 1635, was an admirable caricaturist; from 
 whose works we may infer, that had not the genius of the French in this way 
 been checked by the despotism of their government, they would have excelled all 
 competitors. There cannot be more expressive and whimsical features and figures 
 than in the annexed mendicant and pigmy soldier, (^ee Plate XIX. Jig. 2 and 4.) 
 This man had the soul to lash the vices of his day, had he dared to use the licence 
 of a modern Englishman, 
 
 Le bel Adonis, and La divine Venus, are two good old specimens of French 
 abilities. (See Plate XVllI. Jig. 5.) 
 
 The 
 
20 
 
 The establishment of the doctrines of Calvin and Luther removed one restraint 
 from the artists who resided within the influence of their doctrines. Two Monks' 
 heads, from Cornelius Dusart, will shew the use he and his brethren of the pencil 
 have made of their liberty. These heads are genuine traits of joviality ; the last 
 puff of smoke retiring from the mouth of one, and the pipe placed behind his 
 ear, tell his late employment forcibly ; the other laughs at his own grotesque ap- 
 pearance, with the vestments of priesthood, embroidered with cards, and a pair of 
 tongs put round his neck by way of Amice or Stole. {See Plate XVIII.^o-. 2, 3.) 
 
 Two other illustrations of foreign skill are shewn in the admirable ballad-sing- 
 ers of Venne and a Dutch painter whose name has been cut from the print I 
 used. {See Plate XVIII. fg: l. and Plate XIX. Jig. 3.) 
 
 Heemskirk and Brower shall close this miscellaneous list, with a smoker and a » 
 tipsy elephant-featured gentleman ; from which their several powers may be 
 estimated. {See Plate XVIII.^^. 4. and Plate XIX. Jig. 1.) 
 
 Approaching nearer our own times, we find that the Dutch caricatured their 
 foreign enemies, of which many specimens are yet to be found in our print-shops. 
 Of these I shall observe generally, that, though not badly engraved, they afford 
 no traits of humour, and are sometimes indelicate. Louis XIV. was a fruitful 
 source for Dutch satire ; and how they treated him may be seen in the print facing 
 this page, wherein he receives a pail of milk from his relative Philip, taken by 
 the Ministers of the latter from a Spanish Cow, ornamented with flowers ready 
 for sacrifice. The back-ground relates to the defeats sustained by the French 
 armies, and the fate of their generals during the war in which France contended 
 with England, Holland, and Austria, for the succession to the throne of Spain. 
 {See Plate XX.) 
 
 The schemes of Law having made dupes in Holland, as well as in England and 
 France, Picart engraved a very curious and excellent satire upon them in 1720, 
 which is accompanied by an explanation in the French and Dutch languages. 
 
 A fiend raises a cloud of vapour, behind which he blows bubbles from a pipe ; 
 Fame, with two trumpets, precedes it ; and Fortune, whirling along upon wheels 
 inscribed with the names of the different companies, pushed forward by the pro- 
 jectors, distributes the various paper-securities of the time. Folly, with her usual 
 attributes, and a monstrous hoop petticoat, guides a car aflixed to the wheels, and 
 drawn by personifications of the South Sea, the Mississipi with a wooden leg, 
 &c. &c, ; legitimate Commerce appears crushed beneath the vehicle, and the 
 
 ground 
 
rtaum. p.zi 
 
21 
 
 ground before it is covered with mushrooms and serpents, the former bearing the 
 names of towns in Holland where the companies were most successful. 1 he sub- 
 ordinate parts of the jjrint are all highly characteristic of the general efforts to 
 entrap the unwary and the back ground contains different hospitals for the re- 
 ception of the lunatic and diseased victims of the " Actions''' 
 
 As it is by no means my intention to dwell upon foreign productions of this 
 nature, I shall pass on to the sera which produced the French Revolution, when, 
 the restraint of long-established stern authority being removed. Monarchy and 
 Aristocracy became subjects for something more than satire. Of this fact I shall 
 give three illustrations, in prints from " Revolutions de Paris." 
 
 The " Aristocrate croyant a la contre-revolution," and the " Aristocrate mau- 
 disant la revolution," a production of I789, is a head and features so contrived 
 that in one position it represents a person cursing the revolution, and in the re- 
 verse he hopes for a counter-revolution ; and this is principally effected by con- 
 triving the outline of the nose in one case to serve as the chin in the other. {See 
 Plate XXI.) 
 
 " The White Elephant" is not so readily explained : I shall, therefore, give 
 the references, only observing, that " Le Roi soliveau," or King Log, cannot be 
 mistaken. 
 
 1. L'El^phant blanc, chef des Siamois. 
 
 2. Le Maire grue, suivi de la Municipality. 
 
 3. Garde du Maire. 
 
 4. Aides de Camp de I'El^phant. 
 
 5. Jeunes Siamoises a portans des fleurs et des parfumes. 
 
 6. Gardes Siamoises. 
 
 7. Citoyens ^clair^s. 
 
 8. Le Roi soliveau. 
 
 9. Son epouse I'hermine. 
 
 10. L'Idol pass^. 
 
 The date of this print is in the third year of the French Republic. 
 
 Le peuple mangeur de Rois. The author of the Revolutions of Paris calls this 
 a grand and happy idea of the celebrated painter David, who proposed to the 
 National Convention the erection of a colossal statue " sur la place du Pont Neuf, 
 et d'asseoir au-dessus timage die peuple Geant du peuple Francais.'' 
 
 M. David observed, in his speech to the Convention, that the effigies of Kings 
 
 had 
 
22 
 
 had previously usurped the place of the Divinity in the temples, but that their la- 
 bours had finally overthrown these insolent usurpers. The trunks and fragments, he 
 proposed, should be used in composing his gigantic statue. The proprietors of 
 the work just mentioned improved upon the painter's suggestion, and represented 
 the republican giant strangling and burning of kings. They say that Homer 
 called the kings of his time devourers of the people ; they, therefore, recommend 
 that this figure of a French Sans-culotte should be termed the devourer of kings. 
 
 It may be presumed that the majority of French caricatures since the year 
 1793 have had any other than a political tendency ; many, however, have reached 
 England that do the artists credit, intended as satires on manners and fashions. 
 
 I have been informed that the Spaniards use this weapon of ridicule with great 
 success against the French, in the contest now pending between the two nations. 
 
 CHAP V. 
 
 next endeavour will be, to give a general idea of British genius as exerted 
 in the pursuit I am treating of. 
 
 The latent propensity for ridicule which has ever existed throughout the po- 
 pulation of England, was called into action in particular cases, as I have already 
 shewn ; but, as no general object for reprehension presented itself, fear of punish- 
 ment repelled any inclination for public satire. Our antient contests for power 
 were too sanguinary to admit of the interference of the pencil ; and, however 
 obnoxious a feudal lord might be to his vassals, or an opponent of equal rank, the 
 latter thought only of the sword and firebrand as the instruments of his ven- 
 geance ; and it may be presumed that " curses not loud but deep" were the re- 
 source of the former. 
 
 Henry VHI, found his subjects in this state of mental coercion at the com- 
 mencement of his reign ; and he was the last monarch who would have caused 
 
 its 
 
23 
 
 its partial removal, had it not suited his ambitious purposes. The contest be- 
 tween the Pope and him for the supremacy in England enlightened the public 
 mind; and from that period his holmess gradually became the object of abhor- 
 rence and ridicule of the majority of the people of this country : their means of 
 annoyance, however, were limited, as printing and the graphic art were then in 
 their infancy. 
 
 The short reign of Edward VI. advanced the work of Reformation ; and that of 
 queen Mary completely subdued the satirist for the time. Finally, Elizabeth 
 ascended the throne, and, her example giving confidence to those who wrote 
 and had acquired the art of engraving, the Pope, and all his adherents 
 clerical or crowned, felt their lash through the medium of their religion and its 
 peculiar rites and ceremonies. Of this there cannot be a stronger illustration than 
 in Batman's Doom, published in I581, from which the following lines are ex- 
 tracted as explanatory of the print which 1 shall proceed to describe. (See 
 Plate U.Jig. 5.) 
 
 * The lion and the dragon both do Albion's ensigne beare. 
 
 Supporters of a kingly badge, most fit for them to weare. 
 
 To serve as shew of valiant minde, two lawes they represent, 
 
 For God and man, to rule them by their own by due descent. 
 
 If Judah did the lion bear, and Dan the dragon fell. 
 
 Then judge who worthy ought to have, that rules them both so well. 
 
 For he whose heart once pierced was, hath fix'd his feet most sure. 
 
 In right of Albion's worthy grace, for ever to endure. 
 
 The lightsome sun the truth foretels which gives the lion light. 
 And tells the dragon what is past by shew of stars in night. 
 Who now must serve a worthy Queen, as Satan serv'd the Lordj 
 Until the time that Jesus comes, all nations to accord. 
 
 In justice to Master Batman or his artist, I must say, few of his successors 
 have equalled him in the thought and contrivance of his Gorgon's head, which is 
 thus composed : 
 
 A church-bell forms the cap, with crossed daggers, torches, &c. on it in relief ; 
 behind it, in place of feathers, a wolf's head in a mitre devouring a lamb, that of 
 
 * Numb, xxiii. Deut. xxxiii. Exod. xxix. Dan. xiv. t Exod. vL Ps. xc. 
 
 a goose 
 
24 
 
 a goose holding a rosary in the bill, an ass provided with spectacles reading, and 
 a hog in a square cap eating something obscurely represented. 
 
 The face consists of a paten for the cheek, an open measure for liquids makes 
 the mouth and chin, a fish the nose, a chalice and water the eye, the seal of a 
 roll of parchment the ear and curl of the hair, and the shoulder and breast are 
 books and priestly ornaments so disposed as to answer the designer's purpose com- 
 pletely. The pierced feet of Christ appear below supported by the Queen's 
 badges; and this he terms " Christ covered." 
 
 The same author has offered his readers a second engraving, far less in- 
 genious in the invention, and more acrimonious, which presents us with a 
 seven-headed monster producing a Pope, who must fall perforce into the flames 
 below him, where some of his predecessors are already burning. Two fiends are 
 employed in blowing the fire with bellows exactly like the modern instrument. 
 (See Plate III. fig. 1.) 
 
 " Spayne ayid Rome defeated" is the title of a print published early in the next 
 reign (see Plate XXII.), which was principally aimed at the perpetrators of the 
 Powder-Plot, who, according to the best authorities, were certain Papists and two 
 Jesuits, that contrived to convey a sufficient quantity of gunpowder beneath the 
 Parliament house to blow King, Princes, Lords, and Commons, to atoms, Had 
 their plan succeeded ; which having failed, the two Jesuits and eight conspirators 
 were executed. 
 
 The print represents a tent furnished with a table and seats, where a personage 
 presides whom we are to suppose, from his horns, to be his Satanic majesty ; his 
 counsellors coitMst of the Pope, a Cardinal, a Spaniard, and several Monks and a 
 Jesuit. A fiend leads Guy Faux, provided with a dark lantern, towards the steps 
 of the vaults below the objects of their vengeance ; and this devil exhibits the 
 bull or mandate of the Conclave in his claws. The front curtains of the tent are 
 withdrawn by similar beings, and the ornaments on the top are an owl, a fox, a 
 dragon, and perhaps a parrot, a gun and sword crossed, and pistols. 
 
 On the left is a view of the sea with the Spanish Armada in a circle, which is 
 broken by an English ship firing under full sail on both sides , and we have Til- 
 bury camp and the Queen on the adjoining shore. A beam proceeds from the 
 eye of Providence before Faux, inscribed " Fideo^ Rideo, I see and smile ;" and 
 two cherubs blow on the fleet, with " Dlfflo, dissipo, I blow and scatter," written 
 between them. 
 
 The 
 
25 
 
 The inscriptions on this curious and very respectably executed print are in the 
 Latin, English, and Dutch languages, of which I shall transcribe only the two 
 former. 
 
 Deo Trin-Vni Britannige bis ultori, in Memoriam Classis invincibilis sub- 
 versae, submersae ; Proditionis nefandae detectae, disiectae." 
 
 " To God, in memory of his double deliverance from y^ invincible Navy, and 
 y" unmatcheable Powder-treason." 
 
 " Octogesimus octavus, mirabilis annus, 
 
 Clade Papistarum faustus ubique piis, 
 Perditione prius, nunc proditione petebant; 
 
 Perdita perditio est, prodita proditio. 
 Fausta et festa dies, lux aurea quinta Novembris, 
 
 Anglis sulphureum prodidit ilia nefas." 
 
 In Eighty-eight, Spayne, arm'd with potent might. 
 Against our peaceful land came on to fight ; 
 But windes and waves and fire in one conspire, 
 To help the English, frustrate Spayne's desire. 
 To second that, the Pope in counsell sitts. 
 For some rare stratagem they strayne their witts ; 
 November's 5 th, by powder they decree 
 Great Brytane's state ruinated should bee. 
 But Hee, whose never-slumb'ring Eye did view 
 The dire intendments of this damned crew, 
 Did soone prevent what they did thinke most sure. 
 Thy mercies, Lord I for evermore endure." 
 
 Stultifera Navis, or the Ship of Fools, 1570," although prior in date to 
 the preceding articles, has been noticed later, in order to preserve the connexion 
 of subjects. The satirical work under consideration has considerable merit in the 
 designs ; but, being rudely executed on wood, their effect is much diminished. 
 One of my miscellaneous plates has a copy " of him that findeth ought of an- 
 other man's, not restoring it to the owner ;" which is a spirited sketch, and the 
 contrast between the guiding fiend and the imbecile fool is well imagined. (See 
 Plate XVL^g. 2.) I believe " Stultifera Navis" to be one of the first of the gra- 
 phic attempts to satirize vice and folly which appeared in England ; and those who 
 
 E examine 
 
I 
 
 26 
 
 examine the prints with that view, will find some progress made in the art of 
 earicaturing. 
 
 The reign of Charles I. may be considered the sera when the faculty of cari- 
 caturing obtained full licence to exercise its own discretion. The King and Court 
 on one side of the question, and the Parliament with a majority of the publick on 
 the other, were parties so powerful, that individuals inclined to satire felt secure in 
 the protection of their j^olitical friends, whether they happened to be Malignants 
 or Round-heads, and attacked their opponents without mercy. Such was the dis- 
 order and confusion of the times, that the Politician, Papist, the Established 
 Church, the Puritan, all fared alike. 
 
 It may be necessary to repeat from respectable historical authority, that 
 Charles I. is supposed to have made an ill use of his power during the first fifteen 
 years of his reign, during which many of his public acts appeared to originate 
 from a despotic principle, that tended to convince his subjects he aimed at ab- 
 solute monarchy. From the year 1 (740 he became convinced of the impractica- 
 bility of his wishes, and some of our historians think he was perfectly sincere in 
 his professions to the Parliament of discontinuing his former system of govern- 
 ment ; but the time had passed for reconciliation, and it remains for me to give a 
 slight view of the satirical history of his eventful reign, till it is closed by the print 
 of him in the character of the King of the Dead. 
 
 One of the first graphic attempts in the attack of Government was " Old Newes 
 newly revived," a pamphlet founded on the proceedings of the Parliament called 
 in the l6th Charles I. which, in consequence of numerous petitions, appointed 
 above forty committees to examine into the allegations contained in them. The 
 House also resolved that all projectors and unlawful monopolists should be ex- 
 pelled their body. The Lord Keeper Finch was voted a traitor, on the charge of 
 compeUing the Judges to declare the impost of Ship-money legal, for illegal acts 
 relating to the forests, and for recommending the dissolution of the preceding 
 Parliament : in consequence he fled to Holland. Judge Berkeley, who gave his 
 opinion in favour of the Shijj-money, being also impeached, he was summoned to 
 appear immediately from the court, when engaged in judicial proceedings; but 
 afterwards made his peace with ^10,000 skilfully applied, and died in safety. 
 The above explanation will be sufficient to develope the author's intention. 
 
 " Old A'ewes neivly revived; or the Discovery of all occurrences happened 
 since the beginning of the Parliament: as the confusion of Patents, the Deputie's 
 
 death. 
 
27 
 
 death, Canterburie's imprisonment, Secretary Windebank, L. Pinch, Doctor 
 Roane, Sir John Sucklin and his associates flight, the fall of Wines, the desolation 
 of Doctors Commons, the misery of the Papists, Judge Barckleye's imprison- 
 ment, and the mine of Alderman Abel's monopoly." l6'41. 
 
 Dr. Roane, one of the proctors of Doctors Commons, and considered as the 
 " body of the civil law," found it necessary to fly from the rage of the publick, 
 when the King's secretary of state Windebank thought flight essential to his own 
 safety. Finch, the lord keeper, appears preceding the secretary in the print, 
 and the other divisions are fully described by the title-page. 
 
 " The fVren's Nest defiled, or Bishop Wren anatomized, his life and actions 
 dissected and laid open. With a true relation of his persecuting of godly preach- 
 ing Ministers, their names particularly set downe, and the causes why they were 
 so persecuted." 1641. 
 
 The engraving is on wood, and only curious as being amongst the first efforts of 
 graphic satire on living characters. Beneath it are these lines : 
 " The Wren's nest is defil'd, for which he weepes. 
 Whilst that a Jesuit rudely in it peepes ; 
 That ruin'd house doth Norwich signifie, 
 Whose doctrine ruin'd was by fallacy 
 Hatcht by the Wren ; that vile polluted nest 
 Doth specific the Bishop's unclean brest." 
 One of the offences committed by Wren, and which caused this publication, 
 was the enjoining all Communicants to receive kneeling at the rails of the altar, 
 and the forbidding of the administering of the Sacrament in any other mode. He 
 also required the clergy of his diocese to read the proclamation called by James I. 
 and his son the Book of Sports, and suspended those who refused ; and thus the 
 anonymous author of this witty performance vented his resentment. 
 
 " The Old Newes revived" notices the imprisonment of Archbishop Laud. One 
 of the first steps adopted by the Commons against him was the appointment of a 
 committee to take into consideration how far he had been involved in the design 
 of subverting the laws and religion of the realm. The Commissioners from Scot- 
 land followed, by an accusation that he was the cause of all their troubles, and in 
 the sequel he was pronounced a traitor ; his fate need not be repeated. Grim- 
 stone, the member of Parliament, complimented him on this occasion by terming 
 bim " the sty of all pestilential filth ;" we need not, therefore, be surprised that 
 
 the 
 
28 
 
 the products of the press and of the graver were levelled at his devoted character 
 and person. 
 
 " Lambeth Fairer wherein you have all the Bishop's trinkets set to sale," unites 
 the two arts for that purpose ; but it will be sufficient to describe the print accom- 
 panying it. A good drawing of the Archbishop, in the full robes and insignia of 
 his office, weighed down by his situation. By this work the author hinted a 
 successor would not be demanded by him. 
 
 " A new play called Canterburie, his change of diet ; which sheweth variety 
 of wit and mirth : privately acted neare the palace yard at Westminster. 1641." 
 The author of this absurd play seems to have founded his sarcasms on the real or 
 presumed arbitrary imperious temper of Laud, of whom Abbot said, " his life 
 in Oxford was to pick quarrels in the lectures of the public readers and that 
 James I. often repelled the recommendation of him for promotion, by observing 
 " he would never desire to serve that master who could not remit one fault to his 
 servant." To this may be added Clarendon's words, he " never remitted any 
 thing of his severity towards men of all conditions, nor the sharpness of his lan- 
 guage ; which was so natural to him, that he could not debate any thing without 
 passion, nor suffer himself to be contradicted in debate." 
 
 |"1 Act, the bishop of Canterbury, having variety of dainties, is not sa- 
 I tisfied till he be fed with tippets of men's eares. 
 " In the-^ 2 Act, he hath his nose held to the grindestone *. 
 
 3 Act, he is put into a bird-cage with the Confessor. 
 _4 Act, the Jester tells the King the story. 
 
 1641." 
 
 The Archbishop is exhibited in a cage with his Confessor, and a fool performs 
 the part of the shewman, which print serves as a frontispiece. In another. Laud 
 is seated at table, and represented in the act of requiring the ears of his domestics- 
 as the forfeit of their neglect in not providing him with dainties suited to his 
 palate, after depriving each of that necessary organ himself, he tells them ;, 
 
 " This I doe, to make you examples. 
 That others may be more carefull to please my palate; 
 Henceforth let my servants know, that what I will, I will have done," 
 
 I have now to introduce a print to the notice of the reader which appeared ir> 
 1641-2, and is supposed to be the work of Hollar, though his name does not appear 
 
 * The sketch annexed is of a Carpenter holding Laud's chin to a grindstone, (See Plate XXUl.Jig. I.) 
 
 as 
 
I 
 
 "29 
 
 as the engraver, (See Plate XXIV.) That artist, for reasons unknown at present, 
 dechned explaining who was the object of his censure further than by the resem- 
 blance of the features of the person, and probably some of those said to be his mis- 
 tresses on the robe. I might offer many conjectures on the subject, and in all 
 probability stigmatize the memory of an innocent individual, the danger of which 
 places an insuperable bar to my pen, further than to say, the whole figure is drawn 
 with great excellence, and the expression well suited to the soliloquy inscribed 
 below it. 
 
 " Magna Britannia divisa. 1642." This is a very large engraving, nearly three 
 feet in length and proportionably wide, laboriously finished, with some of the 
 figures in the fore-ground several inches high, and bears the following inscription 
 at the base: " Amstelodami Hans Vanderpill excudit, et dedicat Posteritati, 3 1 
 Dec. 1642." 
 
 It is impossible to enter into a description of so complicated a performance; it 
 seems to comprehend events that would fill volumes ; great part of the alphabet 
 occurs in the references, and the numbers in the explanation in English and 
 French extend to 90. I shall give the former, as the latter would occupy many 
 pages. 
 
 " The (a) town of Edinburgh first opposeth the ridiculous postures, apish 
 tricks, and Episcopal ceremonies, which the forerunners of the Roman process 
 sion endeavour to introduce in Scotland anno 1637, 38, and 39, (b) The King 
 and Parliament of Scotland raise an army, which, under (c) the General Lesly, 
 whips the said procession and Episcopal war out of that kingdom, comes to 
 scourge it in England itself anno 1640, and there giveth place to the calling of a 
 free Parliament (d) The King and Parliament of England in the self-same 
 year overthrow the design which the said procession had, to kindle a war between 
 England and Scotland, and to cause the Papists of Ireland to pass auxiliarly over 
 into England ; do agree together of the means by a (e) Committee of persons 
 chosen by both Parliaments of the two Kingdoms, to repress the cruelty that 
 this popish war bears upon the forehead, and cause the Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 promoter of the same succour, and General of this procession, to be punished bv 
 an exemplary death anno 1641, (d) The King and Parliament give hopes to 
 the Protestants abroad, and to the Prince Elector Palatine in particular, to re- 
 venge the wrong which the flail of this Procession hath caused them to feel, since 
 their German wars : but the eflTects of their good intentions are diverted bv the 
 
 frequent 
 
30 
 
 frequent plots and skirmishes of this Procession, (d) The King and Parliament 
 of England labour to reform the Church, to conserve the person, dignity and 
 Royal authority, the laws of the Country, and the privileges of the Parliament, 
 the peace of the Kingdom, to purge the State from the Pope's Nuncio's, Jesuits, 
 and Priests, which have swarmed there so many years since, to redress the honour 
 of the nation, and the grievances of trade both within and without. Wherein 
 they from time to time receive incredible difficulties by the juggling tricks, .hypo- 
 crisy, practices of this Procession, both at home and abroad, (f) Mr. Isaac Pen- 
 nington, Lord Mayor of the city of London, the Aldermen and Common Council 
 thereof, offer not only their estates and lives, but (in imitation of both Houses) 
 effectually furnish, by an unexampled generosity, their money, plate, and forces, 
 to the King and Parliament to repress the monsters of this procession in Ireland 
 and England, (d) The King and Parliament make (h) the Earl of Warwick 
 General of the fleet, which passeth towards the river of H umber under these em- 
 blems in his streamers, ' Pro Deo et Patria,' ' Pro Rege et Libertate ;' turneth 
 upside down the (g) forts and kitchen batteries, which this procession had erected 
 in opposition to the town of Hull; and relieveth the place, (i) Sir John Hotham, 
 Knt. Governor of (k) the town and magazine of Hull, did set his ensigns uporj 
 the rampires with the emblems ' Vivat Rex cum Parliamento,' ' Pro Deo et Patria,' 
 and gloriously preserves the place for the King and Parliament, under the standard 
 of (l) ' Religio or Professio Christiana,' against the attempts and wildfires of this 
 procession, which he enforced to raise the siege and to change his Mutandos or 
 under-stops at York, (d) The King and Parliament raise with great charges a 
 powerful (m) army under the command of the Earl of Essex, for the defence of 
 the Protestant Religion, the security of his Majesty's person and Parliament, the 
 preservation of the laws, liberties, and peace of the Kingdom, and protection of 
 his Majesty's subjects against the aggression, violence, and oppression, of this 
 procession. The same army taketh Portsmouth again from it, gives it battle at 
 Edge-hill the 23d of October, 1642, where the General of the procession lost his 
 life, constrained it shortly after to withdraw its gaping mouth from the attempts 
 of London to Oxford, and thereabouts got upon it Farnham-castle, the episcopal 
 towns of Winchester and Chichester, and gave it many home touches in divers 
 counties before the end of December following, (n) His excellency the Earl of 
 Essex, (o) The Earl of Bedford, General of the Horse, (p) the Earl of Man- 
 chester, 
 
•i 
 
31 
 
 Chester, the Lord Brooks," &c. &c. &c. naming a considerable number of noble- 
 men and gentlemen who distinguished themselves at that period. 
 
 Thus the reader will observe that the inventor of the " Magna Britannia di- 
 visa" possessed no common talents for historical compression, even from the pre- 
 ceding extract; but, when he recollects that there are 90 distinct references besides, 
 the fame of the artist will rise proportionably in his estimation. As the drawing 
 and engraving of so large a print in Holland must have been very expensive, it is 
 not improbable that the secret service money of the Parliament was employed on 
 the occasion. 
 
 " The English Irish Soldier, with his new discipline, neiv arms, old stomach, 
 and new-taken pillage : who had rather bait than fight. 1642." 
 
 This redoubtable soldier appears in a complete suit of culinary armour, and is 
 supposed to utter these rhymes, which might have been better, and could not 
 have been much worse. 
 
 *' This fowl my feather is, who wins most fame. 
 To wear a pretty duck, he need not shame : 
 This spit my well-charg'd musket, with a goose 
 Now cries come eat me, let your stomachs loose. 
 
 This dripping pan's my target, and this artichoke 
 My basket-hilted blade, can make them smoke. 
 And make them slash and cut ; who most home puts,^ 
 1 '11 most my fury sheath into his guts." 
 
 The reader will probably here exclaim. Quant, suf. 
 " Time carrying the Pope, 164 1-2." 
 
 *' This burden back to Rome I '11 bear again ; 
 From thence it came, there let it still remain." 
 
 The above lines so fully explain the intention of the author of this well-en- 
 graved print, and the general dislike of his countrymen to the Roman Catholic 
 Religion, that I need only refer the reader to the annexed copy of it. (See 
 Plate XXV.) 
 
 " Heads of all Fashions, being a plaine dissection or definition of diverse and 
 sundry sorts of heads, butting, jetting, or pointing at vulgar opinion ; and alle- 
 gorically shewing the diversities of religion in these distempered times. Now 
 very lately written, since Calves-heads came in season, 1642." 
 
 An 
 
32 
 
 An extract from " Heads of all Fashions," under the title of a " Round head 
 at randome," will demonstrate the author's meaning far better than his engraver 
 has done. 
 
 " A Round-head is a man whose braines compact, 
 Whose Verilies and Trulies are an act 
 Infallible, beyond the vain compare 
 Of ordinary men, whate'er they are. 
 This head, though sometimes owned by a widgeon, 
 Can make new moulds to shape a strange rehgion." 
 
 It is well known that the Parliamentarians distinguished themselves by a par- 
 ticular mode of cutting and wearing their hair, which, producing a peculiar 
 appearance of rotundity to the phiz, their Royalist opponents gave them the 
 appellation of " Round-heads." 
 
 A print appeared in 1642, composed of three large figures, — one in the habit 
 of a monk, bears a scroll in his right hand, and with his left assists a Janus- 
 faced gentleman, in the double dress of a Jesuit and Prelate, in holding a cru- 
 cifix ; the Prelate's little finger of the right hand touches a book in the left hand 
 of a grave person , in black in a gown and ruff. We are indebted to the author 
 for the succeeding lines : 
 
 See here Malignants' foolery 
 
 Retorted on them properly ; 
 
 The Sound-head, Round-head, Rattle-head, 
 
 Well plac'd where best is merited. 
 
 This foolish world is full of foul mistakes, 
 
 Calls virtue vice, and goodness, badness makes ; 
 
 The Orthodox, sound and religious man. 
 
 Atheists call Round-head, (late) a Puritan : 
 
 Because he (roundly) Rattle-heads, Truth's foes. 
 
 Plainly depaints, as this next figure shows. 
 
 See here the Rattle-head's most rotten heart, 
 
 Acting the Atheist's or Arminian's part ; 
 
 Under one cater-cap a Janus face. 
 
 Rejecting truth, a crucifix t' embrace : 
 
 Thus Linsey Wolsie, priestly prelates vile. 
 
 With Romish rubbish did men's souls beguile ; 
 
 But 
 
33 
 
 But here's a Round-head to the purpose shown, 
 
 A Romish rounded shavehng, too well known ; 
 
 A bald-pate frier, a Round-head indeed, 
 
 Which doth (almost) rotundity exceed : 
 
 Since these Round-heads with Rattle-heads so 'gree, 
 
 Romish Malignants Round-heads (right) may be." 
 
 We find that " Heads of all Fashions" did not pass without a reply, in the ar- 
 ticle above, wherein the Royalists (designated " Malignants" by the Round-heads) 
 were identified as Papists and Monks. 
 
 " Mad Fashions, Od FasJdons, all out of Fashions ; or, the emblems of these 
 distracted times. By John Taylor. 1()42." 
 
 The figure of a man stands erect before the reader of the work, in a frontis- 
 piece engraved on wood, whose eyes have left their sockets, his legs usurped the 
 place of his arms, and his arms perform the unnatural office of supporting the 
 body. 
 
 The accompaniments are equally expressive of general disorganization. A horse 
 erect upon his hind-legs drives the cart, a church is inverted, fish sail in the at- 
 mosphere, a candle burns with the flame downwards, a labourer is wheeled by 
 his own barrow, and several timid animals chase the more ferocious. (See 
 Plate XXin.Jlg.S-) 
 
 Unhappily, these emblems were fatally derived from existing circumstances, 
 which to the truly peaceable were dreadful beyond all former example. 
 
 Another author, deeply infected with the politicks of the period, contributed 
 his mite in promoting the universal discord, by oflfering to the view of the 
 publick 
 
 *' The Kingdoms Monster uncloaked from Heaven." Two arms, descending 
 from clouds, remove a veil from the figure termed the Kingdom's Monster, which 
 appears in the form of a man, and dresses of the reign of Charles I. except that 
 there are four arms to the body; one holds a hatchet and firebrand, a second a 
 knife, and those are directed towards the kingdom and city of London ; a third a 
 sword, and the fourth a train directed towards the Parliament and Church ; the 
 arm with the train is provided with a popish pardon, and that with the sword 
 supports a rosary. The right leg is covered by a stocking and shoe, but the left 
 is booted and spurred; one half of the doublet is longer than the other. The grand 
 
 F deviation J 
 
34 
 
 deviation, however, commences at the neck, which branches into three trunks : 
 that ascending perpendicularly having a number of diminutive heads on it in- 
 scribed " Bloudy Irish ,-" a second has a similar groupe, called " Malignant 
 Plotters r and the third " Papist Conspirators,''' of the same description. 
 The aim of the allegorist seems to have been at the King, by these lines : 
 
 " Long time it walked muffled in a cloak, 
 
 Till Strafford's head was cut off" ; then it broke 
 
 Out of the cloud, but Heaven's holy hands 
 
 Hath now uncloak'd it, so that now it stands 
 
 In a full figure, as this picture here 
 
 Doth make it lively to your view appear." 
 
 The term " bloudy Irish" requires some explanation. During the absence of 
 the King in Scotland, news was received in England that the Irish Roman Ca- 
 tholics had, on the 23d of October 164I, begun a general extirpation of the Pro- 
 testants, which continued " in such an inhuman and merciless manner (says one 
 of our historians) that 40 or 50,000 of the English Protestants were massacred, 
 without distinction of age, sex, or quality, before they suspected any danger, or 
 could provide for their defence." The leaders of this horrible conspiracy assigned 
 two reasons for their diabolical conduct — defence of their religion — and that of 
 the King against a Puritanical Parliament in England. 
 
 The unfortunate alliance of the Monarch with the daughter of the King of 
 France, the allowing her a Chapel for the exercise of her religion, and the estab- 
 lishment of a convent of Monks through her means both in the palace of Somerset 
 and Denmark-house, had excited much disgust, and will account for the associa- 
 tion of the Bloudy Irish, Malignant Plotters, and Popish Conspirators, in the 
 print. On the other hand, the King wrote from Scotland " that it was no rash 
 insurrection^ but a contrived rebellion, such as must be prosecuted with a sharp 
 war." 
 
 John Vickars attacked the Sovereign Pontiff*, in 1643, through the medium of 
 a print of very superior drawing and execution, which is in the manner of Hol- 
 lar's engraving, though his name, or that of any other artist, is not discoverable 
 upon it. The inscriptions are in English and Dutch ; and this leads me to sus- 
 pect that, when the Roman Catholic religion was the subject, many caricatures 
 were contrived for circulation through both countries. Mr. Vickars has so accu- 
 rately 
 
35 
 
 rately described it, that I shall refer the reader to his lines, and the copy I have 
 given fP/a?eXXVI.) 
 
 A. Behold Rome's monster on his monstrous beast. 
 To fulness of his foulness now encreas'd ! 
 How he in Papal pride doth ride along, 
 
 And how his son and shavelings thrust and throng 
 To see his sacred hollow holiness 
 His Babylonish blasphemies express. 
 
 B. His barrel-bellied beast on stilts doth stalk, 
 
 C. And with seven hideous heads doth proudly walk. 
 
 D. The heads seven hell-spawn'd deadly sins do show. 
 Wherein Rome's rabble rankly rise and grow. 
 
 E. Four faithless feet, deceit, debate, and pride, 
 With ill-got gain, his steps on stilts do guide ; 
 To raise him up aloft in supreme seat. 
 
 Like Saturn's son, ruling all princes great. 
 
 F. His long cloud-threat'ning fierce-advanced tail, 
 The very stars (God's saints) doth sore assail ; 
 Whereby is shewn, Rome's bloody inquisition, 
 Wasting God's saints, hasting their own perdition. 
 
 G. The Babel's bishops, Jesuits, friers base, 
 About the beast's posteriors flock apace ; 
 
 H. And from his barrel breech, the dregs and lees 
 Of Rome's* all-rotten reliques, dear decrees, 
 
 I. They fill full cups of Romish fornication ; 
 
 K. Which by the Princes of Rome's domination, 
 
 L. So fiU'd, are swill'd, and they made drunk thereby. 
 
 And in destruction sleeping, snorting die. 
 
 As thus proud Babel's band doth proudly prance 
 
 In blood and blasphemy herself t' advance 
 M. 'Gainst God and his dear saints, Heaven's indignation 
 
 Pours down the phials of dire desolation 
 
 Upon Rome's w , and with his nostril's breath 
 
 N. Sends his obsequious servant, Serjeant Death, 
 
 O. Her 
 
 0 
 
36 
 
 O. Her to arrest with his death-wounding dart. 
 
 Who shoots his shaft, and reaves and cleaves his heart> 
 
 Whom (as she in her height of pride did sit)^ 
 P. He, with his rope of wrath, pulls to the pit 
 
 Of desolation and destruction dire, 
 Q. To burn in Hell's all ever-burning fire. 
 
 Thus is proud Babel fallen, and in her fall. 
 
 Fallen are her vassals, Satan's vessels all. 
 
 Even now this work begins, for Rome looks'sickly, 
 
 Even so, Lord Jesus, come ; oh Lord, come quickly ; 
 
 To right the wrongs of thy distressed saints, 
 
 To send an end to all their woes and plaints. 
 
 Most humbly, heartily, prayeth John Vicars. 
 
 The animosity of the various religious sects into which the nation had divided 
 against the Catholicks, has amply appeared in the preceding pages ; and it may 
 be worth while for the reader to compare the excessively malignant insinuations 
 and deductions contained in them, and the accompanying prints, with the very 
 liberal treatment the professors of the Roman Catholic faith have lately received 
 from all ranks of people. 
 
 The Catholicks had no exclusive right to complain, if they examined many of 
 the pamphlets and prints issued by sects against each other. One of those 
 caused the representation of a heart to be engraved with two wings, from which 
 two labels proceed. An anti-christian presbyter standing on the crown, a prelate, 
 and the pope, each pierce the heart with daggers ; the first holds the "Directorie," 
 the second the Litany, and the last the Latin Mass. Over the wings are inscribed 
 " Tender Conscience and Religiously aflfected," and on the labels are these lines : 
 
 The J Ye wound my tender, dear, and precious heart, 
 more I Your secret ones shall feel most bitter smart. 
 
 All three to injure me as mortal foe 
 
 Increaseth your eternal woe, woe, woe. 
 
 C. 8. Rev. V. 13. 
 
 " Catalogue of the several Sects and Opinions in England and other Nations. 
 With a brief rehearsal of their false and dangerous tenets, 1646." Twelve com- 
 partments. 
 
37 
 
 partments, each containing a representation of an individual of the sects charac- 
 terised, are placed at the upper part of the sheet under notice : those are in at- 
 titudes and habits suited to the description below. 
 
 " The nail hit on the head, and driven into the Citij and Cathedral Pf'all oj 
 Norwich. By John Carter, Pastor of Great St. Peter's in that City," lf)44. 
 Mr. Cai'ter preached from Isa. xx. 23. "And I will fasten him a nail in a sure 
 place ; and he shall be for a glorious throne to his Father s house." This worthy 
 gentleman made more use of the metaphorical nail in his text, than ever antient 
 or modern carpenter could have extracted from the best piece of iron which 
 passed through their hands. The business of this text, he observes, is nothing 
 else but the driving and fastening of a nail ; wherein, 
 
 1. The master- worker : who it is that fastens the nail. I. 
 
 2. The nail that is fastened : what, or who is that ? Him. 
 
 3. Ubi ? Where is this nail fastened? In loco Jideli : in a sure place. 
 
 4. The end, use, and benefit, of this nail so fastened. " He shall be for a glo- 
 rious throne to his Father's house." 
 
 The 49th page of the Sermon contains the print, which he thus alludes to : 
 " You see here, the pillar in the middle hath many nails fastened in it ; and 
 every nail beareth somewhat : upon some hang garments ; upon others the en- 
 signs of your authority ; upon others vessels of gold, and silver, and iron, and 
 brass, and earth, and wood, and instruments of musick." He pronounces that 
 the Deity will, at the day of judgement, take a strict view of all the nails that 
 ever he fastened in any place." Then, he adds, " shall the empty, rusty, and 
 unprofitable nails be put into the bag, and thrown down into the pit of hell." 
 
 This singular idea appears to have had its origin from the time and purpose of 
 the sermon, which was preparatory to a *' Guild solemnity," when it was cus- 
 tomary to present the officer elect with some speeches ; and withal with escucheons 
 or shields, and in them some devices, which hang all the year in his parlour, 
 to hint and remember him of his duty : " I," he continues, "have prepared you one 
 out of my text against to-morrow ; and with my speech, I present it to you out 
 of the pulpit. It is a very plain one, as you see, and not much charged." 
 
 The drift and intention of part of Mr. Carter's discourse is tolerably palpable 
 in the 40th page. 
 
 " But you will say, perhaps, how may we know the best nails ? I will tell 
 you, there are now in the kingdom two sorts of nails : Court nails and Parliament 
 
 nails. 
 
38 
 
 nails. Both are exalted very high : now tell me which you will chuse to depend 
 upon ? 
 
 " Methinks I hear some reply : What nail should we depend upon but that 
 which the Lord hath fastened ? And is not the King that nail ? Hath not God 
 set him upon the throne? And must I not go along with him in every 
 thing ? 
 
 " Give me leave to answer. We do acknowledge, with all duty and obedience, 
 that the King is the highest nail, that he is a precious nail, that he is a nail 
 chosen of God, and anointed : And the desire of our hearts is, that the Lord 
 would establish his throne, and fasten him so sure that he may never be 
 removed. 
 
 " But that which makes our hearts sad ; it is this, that he is not, in loco Jideli, 
 in a faithful place : That wall that is made up of Papists, Irish rebels, delinquents, 
 malignants, and wicked counsellors, must needs be a rotten wall; and can a nail 
 stand sure in such a place? 
 
 " The Parliament is a sound wall, made up of worthy Eliakims, loyal subjects, 
 servants of the Lord, and faithful patriots. 
 
 "Now, the Lord bring the King into the midst of his parliament again! then 
 should he be indeed in locojideli, and we might safely hang upon him. 
 
 " But in the mean time, his power and authority is with his Great Counsel. It is 
 an undoubted Parliament by the King's own act. But it cannot be a true Par- 
 liament without a King. Why then, he is with them virtually, though he be not 
 personally. The Parliament is all but one great nail. The King is the head, 
 the Houses are the body ; if you take the head of the nail, what can hang safely 
 on it ? Therefore now I can easily show you what nail to hang on : I thus de- 
 scribe it to you. King and Parliament." 
 
 " The wheel turned hy a voice from the throne of Glory, 1647. A sermon 
 by John Carter, Pastor of St. Peter's of Mancroft :" whi^h gave great offence ; 
 in consequence, he dedicated it " To those Magistrates in the City of Norwich 
 who were so highly offended and exasperated at this sermon." The same oddity 
 of conception and quaintness of application characterise ■ this discourse, that are 
 observable in the " Nail." His text was : " As for the wheels, it was said unto 
 them in my hearing, O wheel !" 
 
 His first simile is most curious : " A chariot commonly is drawn by four 
 liorses : by them, at their feet, are four wheels ; above, a seat wherein the man 
 
 sits 
 
 t 
 
39 
 
 sits who guides the engine; he, with his reins and whip and voice, commands 
 the beasts, the wheels, the whole chariot, and all things in it; and they are 
 moved and turned as he pleaseth. Such is the chariot of Providence ; God sits in 
 the seat, even above in heaven upon his glorious throne, and by his word and 
 power commands, guides, and moves all inferior things." 
 
 After severely reprehending the magisterial wheels of authority for not moving 
 with rapidity, he adds, " I doubt they are not round : it is the round spherical 
 figure that is fittest for motion : if there be angles and corners in a wheel, it will 
 never turn well : corners are mischievous things, corners are dark ; all the dirt of 
 the house is swept into the corner. I fear here is some cause our wheels move 
 no better : there is too many corners amongst them : dark corners of ignorance : 
 O let me speak plainly : there is too many sluttish corners, I mean of vice, as 
 pride, covetousness, luxury, and other sins : these hinder the motion ! O wheel ! 
 what ! art thou not round !" 
 
 As in *' the Nail" he presented his auditors with emblems, so he offered to 
 their inspection a laver, or a great vessel of brass, holding much water, set 
 upon a substantial base of brass of four square: and upon the borders of the base 
 graven lions, oxen, and cherubim, and four w^heels under the base to remove 
 the vessel from place to place upon every occasion : Such a thing is a good Ma- 
 gistrate ; a laver to cleanse and purge both Church and Commonwealth : he must 
 have a firm base of brass ; that signifieth the stability, courage, and fortitude 
 requisite in a Magistrate ; and he must have his four wheels, he must be apt to 
 move from place to place ; to go, yea readily to run, circuit for the administration 
 of justice." 
 
 " I shall go no further than my text: out of that I present you with this shield, 
 or escucheon, the whole device, a piece of Ezekiel's vision. 
 
 " The field is a marble colour, because the appearance was by the temple-wall, 
 the matter whereof was marble: the charge, a great wheel, with twenty-four 
 spokes joining together in one nave, and bound about with one ring, and in 
 the strake, eyes instead of nails : the colour of the wheel a sea-green ; verse g ; 
 the appearance of the wheel was as the colour of a beril, which was the colour of 
 the sea. 
 
 " The crest ; the head of a cherub with the wings and four faces, the face of 
 a man, the face of a lion, the face of an ox, and the face of an eagle ; and over 
 the crest above (I dare not be so bold as to represent the Son of God sitting 
 
 upon 
 
40 
 
 iipon a throne, but) the name niJl'' surrounded with glorious rays : and from 
 that glory a beam of light darting down to the wheel." The wheel Mr. Carter 
 describes as the magistrates, and the spokes their number ; the ring the unity 
 that should prevail amongst them ; the eyes, their vigilance : the colours he ap- 
 propriates in a similar manner, and continues, " The four faces commends unto 
 them four virtues requisite in governors : the face of a man wisdom ; the face of 
 a lion fortitude ; the face of an ox patience and unwearied labour ; the face of an 
 eagle swiftness of motion and heavenly-mindedness. By these creatures God doth 
 his great and wonderful works." 
 
 A more unpleasant subject than that I now offer has not hitherto occurred : the 
 person who can insult the memory of his enemy when in the grave is an execrable 
 wretch ; and the despicable triumph such a man proclaims, can only be viewed 
 with disgust and horror by the generous and liberal. 
 
 Nothing short of a history of the reign of Charles I. will explain how the pub- 
 lic animosity was excited against him, even beyond forgiveness or banishment : 
 I shall therefore proceed to shew how far political resentment went beyond the 
 present life in one (I hope solitary) instance, and to acquit the majority of the 
 population of England of rejoicing in the King's death, whatever part they might 
 have taken in opposing his measures. 
 
 " Thus fell King Charles I. in the forty-ninth year of his age, after a reign of 
 twenty-three years, ten months, and three days, which was partly quiet and 
 partly turbulent. None of the kings of England ever left the world with more 
 open marks of sorrow and affliction. The venerable Archbishop Usher was said 
 from a window to swoon at the sight of the fatal blow ; and as the rumour of 
 his death spread throughout the kingdom, all sorts of persons were overwhelmed 
 with grief. The pulpits every where resounded with sighs and lamentations ; 
 whilst the congregations of men, women, and children, were dissolved in 
 tears 
 
 "Charles I. represented stripped of his mortal attributes, and presiding over piles 
 of skulls and bones. 16^2." A print well engraved, and of great correctness in 
 the drawing. 
 
 " ' By his Majesty's death, the hieroglyphix : A Proclamation. 
 * Whereas the Crown and Sceptre of England, Scotland, and Ireland, have so 
 <©ften been taken from me, notwithstanding all my re-inthronizations, and I have 
 
 * Histoiy of England. 1722. 
 
 still 
 
41 
 
 still been laid by ; yet, now my victorious sword hath placed me in triumph, 
 where I sit clothed with the royal robes, and wear the crown without disturbance, 
 where worms are my companions, and the bones of all the dead my subjects : 
 
 ' If therefore any of the generation of Charles Stuart, or other English, Irish, or 
 Scots whatsoever, presume to jostle me, or be my competitor, he shall soon be my 
 captive : if the first step be in the throne, the second shall be in the grave. I have 
 long given warning, but will be at courtesy no longer ; and now I have begun to 
 set so good footing on this part of the earthen globe, that I shall attempt to con- 
 quer all the Emperors, Kings, and Monarchs in the world. 
 
 ' Given at the rout at Worcester, the remarkable third day of September iQ^l, 
 before my regal picture, Death.' 
 
 " Revelation, xiii. i8. 
 
 Here is wisdom : let him that hath understanding count the number of the 
 beast, for it is the number of a man, and his number is six hundred three score 
 and six. 
 
 Let him that hath but so much wisdom as by arithmetick to add so small a 
 sum, count, and here he shall find it (punctual) to an unit. 
 
 1. It must be subtracted out of the number which is comprehended in a man, 
 and that as he is the beast. 
 
 2. This number must amount to the just sum of 666. 
 
 3. The Scots king coming into England, with his Irish Papists and Presbyterian 
 Kirk, upon the account of the national League and Covenant, and by them pro- 
 claimed King of Britain, exactly beareth this number of the beast. 
 
 the brittlsh king ----- 003 
 
 his Irish papists ----- 004 
 
 natlonaLL LeagVe - - - - - 156 
 
 anD - -- -- -- -- 500 
 
 presblterlan kirke ----- 003 
 
 666 
 
 A list of the family from which Charles the Second, King of Scotland, de- 
 scended, that sat in the fatal throne of Scotland, and came to untimely ends : 
 The late King Charles (his own father) beheaded at Whitehall gate. 
 King James (his grandfather) poisoned. 
 Queen Mary, before him, beheaded at Fotherinhay castle. 
 
 G King 
 
42 
 
 King James V. murdered. 
 
 ■ James IV. slain at Dexfield, 
 
 James III. slain at Baneksborn. 
 
 James II. at Iloxl)orough. 
 
 James I. put to death by his subjects. 
 
 Alexander III. killed by a fall from his horse. 
 
 Donald Vn. twice deposed, and at last cast into prison, and his eyes put out. 
 
 Duncan II, slain. 
 
 Malcolm III. slain at Alnwick. 
 
 Macbeth slain. 
 
 Duncan I. slain. 
 
 Malcolm II. put to death by his subjects. 
 
 Grimus slain. 
 
 Constantine IV. slain. 
 
 Keneth III. murdered by a Scotch woman. 
 
 Kulenus murdered. 
 
 ■ Duffus murdered in the county of Murray. 
 
 Indulphus slain. 
 
 Malcolm I. murdered by his own servants. i ' i. 
 
 Constantine III. deposed. 
 
 Constantine II. slain. 
 
 . Donald V. killed himself. 
 
 Alpinus beheaded. 
 
 Dougallus drowned in the river Spey. 
 
 Fergus III. poisoned by his wife. 
 
 Eugenius VIII. murdered. 
 
 Ambirkeletus murdered. 
 
 Eugenius V. slain. 
 
 Maldwin strangled by his wife. 
 
 Ferquerd killed by a wolf. 
 
 Donald IV. drowned in the river Tay. 
 
 Ferquard killed himself in prison. 
 
 Constantine I. murdered. 
 
 Edgenius I. slain. 
 
 Fethalmachus murdered by an harper. 
 
 Kins 
 
43 
 
 King August! nus slain. 
 
 Romachus beheaded. 
 
 Donald III. murdered. 
 
 Donald II. slain. 
 
 Findocus murdered when hunting. 
 
 Nathalocus murdered. 
 
 Athrico killed himself. 
 
 Euthodius murdered by his servants. 
 
 Satrael murdered. 
 
 Ethodius murdered by an Irish harper. 
 
 Conarus died in prison. 
 
 Mogallus murdered. 
 
 Lugthacus murdered. 
 
 Duhdanus beheaded by his subjects. 
 
 Evenus died in prison. 
 
 Gillus murdered. 
 
 Durstus slain. 
 
 Thereus banished by his subjects., 
 
 Routha deposed. 
 
 Nothalus murdered. 
 
 Ferethatius murdered. 
 
 Fergus I. drowned at Carickfergus. 
 
 " Besides what has befallen others not mentioned in histories; and this Charles 
 Stuart is but the 110th king that ever was of Scotland, who is proclaimed traitor 
 and fugitive in England; his uncle was poisoned, and his mother and brother 
 both fled and proclaimed traitors to England." 
 
 " The Scots holding their young King's nose to the grindstone, 1651." — "Old 
 sayings and predictions verified and fulfilled touching the young King of Scot- 
 land and his good subjects." 
 
 The venerable gentleman who grinds the King's nose says, " Stoop, Charles 
 and these lines are on the plate : 
 
 " Come to the grindstone, Charles ; 'tis now too late 
 To recollect his Presbyterian fate. 
 You Covenant pretenders, must I be 
 The subject of your tragi-comedy." 
 
 Charles 
 
44 
 
 Charles II. almost hopeless of succeeding to the Crown, eagerly adopted every 
 means to forward his wishes. The year 1649 offered him a slight prospect of 
 success, through the proposal of the States of Scotland to make him their King, 
 on condition that he would sign the celebrated Covenant, and give other securities 
 for complying with their stipulations. This negotiation having prepared the 
 way, he was crowned at Scone in 1650. The following facts are those which his 
 English enemies called bringing his nose to the grindstone. 
 
 Soon after his coronation, he received a remonstrance from the Commissioners 
 of the Kirk, advising him to humble himself, and to repent of his own and his 
 father's sins, that he might be thereby able to quit the nation of their enemies 
 (Cromwell and his army) now in the bowels of the kingdom ; besides which these 
 Viceroys over a King denied him permission either to hold levees at Aberdeen or 
 appoint a lord chancellor. Part of his coronation oath was thus worded, that he 
 engaged for himself and his successors " to agree to all acts of Parliament enjoin- 
 ing the national covenant, and the solemn league and covenant, and fully establish 
 Presbyterian government," &c. &c. 
 
 " The Royal Oahe of Brittayne''' is a print engraved about the above date ; 
 which invites our attention to Cromwell, who is represented by it as the director 
 of a multitude, who are cutting and pulling down the emblematic oak of the king- 
 dom ; on the branches and trunk of which are suspended the Crown, Sceptre, 
 Magna Charta, Bible, Statutes, Reports, &c. ; a groupe lop off branches, and bear 
 them away ; others feast in a neighbouring house ; and hogs feed in the front, 
 *' fatted for slaughter." 
 
 The artful and progressive movements of Cromwell in obtaining supreme au- 
 thority could not well be depicted in allegory ; consequently, the artist has given 
 him in armour, completing his object by force, an aid he knew how to apply on 
 all occasions with complete effect ; and yet we find all his power could not protect 
 him from the sting of the Caricaturist, who has given the Protector a most dia- 
 bolical likeness of himself. Libels on his ambition became so numerous, as it 
 gradually developed itself, that an Ordinance appeared in 1655, commanding that 
 no person presume to publish in print any manner of public news or intelligence 
 without leave and approbation of the Secretary of state. 
 
 *' A true copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice for the Trial of King 
 Charles I. by J. Nalson," published 1684, has a curious frontispiece, represent- 
 ing 
 
45 
 
 ing a car, drawn by two monsters emitting fire, and driven by Satan, whicb con- 
 tains Civil War personified, armed at all points, except that his cloven foot ap- 
 pears, against which the three female geniuses of the union recline in chains ; his 
 right hand, furnished with claws, seizes the crown of Britannia; and on the point 
 of his sword, held in the right, is suspended the scales of Justice, who is crushed 
 under the wheels of the car, in company with the decapitated King. Those pre- 
 ponderate on the side of Liberty, represented as a few feathers ; and the more ^ 
 weighty articles of a Church and a Crown rise in the balance. A Fiend forms 
 part of a canopy, with the Commonwealth of England inscribed on ashield ; and 
 the spokes of the wheels are daggers revolving round -inoke from the axle. The 
 back-ground consists of a ruinous Church, whence wolves are driving lambs; and 
 a nightingale, escaping from her opened cage, is caught by a falcon. 
 The author adds : 
 
 " Whilst wing'd ambition, groundless jealousy, 
 Flaming rebellion, dismal anarchy. 
 To roll his hissing wheels each foaming strives, 
 Needs must they go, whom such a Jehu drives ! 
 But would you know the end of this career ? 
 He best can tell, ask the black charioteer." 
 
 The same author published in 1682 "An impartial Collection of the Affairs 
 of State," to which he prefixed an emblematical print, by White, in which Bri- 
 tannia weeps the fallen honours of the Church and State, who is accosted by a 
 bifrons Janus. {See Plate ^ . fig- 3-) Rome and Geneva in epitome, prompted 
 by the Devil. Westminster falls in ruins in the back-ground, the eye of Provi- 
 dence beams on Britannia; and the flaming sword defeats the Republican army 
 in the distance. {Figures 1. and 4. on Piute V. are from an old Dutch print 
 ridiculing Monkish indolence, &c.) 
 
 " If they who slew the monsters of the age 
 Inspir'd the old poets with romantick rage. 
 What wonders will the times to come relate 
 Of Charles from Charles, Great Britain's Charles y^ great." 
 
 This appears to be Charles treading down the Turks, Jesuits, Fanatics, and 
 France, in the presence of Britannia. The book is called " The Visions of Go- 
 vernment, 
 
46 
 
 vernment, wherein the Anti-monarchical principles and practices of all phanati- 
 cal Common wealth' s-men and Jesuitical politicians are discovered, confuted, and 
 exposed. By Edward Pettit, M. A. 2d ed. 
 
 " The picture of an English Antich, with a list of his ridiculous habits and 
 apish gestures, {See Plate Jig. 2.) 
 
 " Maids where are your hearts become ? Look you what is here ! 
 
 His hat in fashion like a close-stool pan, 
 Set on the top of his noddle like a coxcomb, 
 Banded with a calves tail, and a bunch of riband. 
 A feather in his hat, hanging down like a fox taiL 
 Long hair, with ribands tied in it. 
 His face spotted. 
 
 His beard on the upper lip compassing his mouth. 
 
 His chin thrust out, singing as he goes. 
 
 His band lapping over before. 
 
 Great bandstrings, with a ring tied. 
 
 A long waistcoat doublet, unbuttoned half way. 
 
 Little skirts. 
 
 His sleeves unbuttoned. 
 
 In one hand a stick, playing with it ; in the other his cloak hanging. 
 His breeches unhooked, ready to drop off. 
 His shirt hanging out. 
 His belt about his hips. 
 
 His sword swapping between his legs, like a monkey's tail. 
 Many dozens of points at knees. 
 
 Above the points of either side, two bunches of riband, of several colours. 
 Boot-hose tops, tied about the middle of the calf, as long as a pair of shirt 
 sleeves, double at the ends like a ruff band. 
 
 The tops of his boots very large, turned down as low as his spurs. 
 
 A great pair of spurs, gingling like a morrice-dancer. 
 
 The feet of his boots two inches too long. 
 
 Two horns at each end of his foot, stradling as he goes. 
 
 I turn with pleasure fi'om the religious and political horrors which terminated 
 
 at the Restoration, and present to the Reader copies of engravings^ each excellent 
 
 in 
 
Mnlri'lm.t. 
 
47 
 
 in their way. The descriptions accompanying them preclude the necessity of urv 
 saying more than that I think they have not been exceeded in humour by anv 
 succeeding Artist, though 132 years have elapsed since they were drawn. 
 
 « Lent," 1660. {See Plate XXVII.) 
 
 '* Here Lent and Shrovetyde claime their proper right, 
 
 Are both resolved, and prepar d to fight. 
 
 Lent, arm'd at all points, from the foot to head, 
 
 A fishing-nett hath for his banner spread. 
 
 An angling-rod he in his hand doth beare. 
 
 To shew that lakes and ponds and rivers cleare 
 
 Are at his great command ; eele, carpe, pike, tench. 
 
 Or lobster, which the brinish sea doth drench. 
 
 Are by his hook or crooke, his power will get. 
 
 And make all fish that comes into his nett : 
 
 A boyling kettle is his helmet fit, 
 
 (For Lent hath small use for a roasting spit). 
 
 Thus, mounted on a horse that ne're eat hay. 
 
 Lent meets with Shrovetyde, and begins to say : 
 
 * I now am come to mundifie and cleare 
 
 The base abuses of this last past yeare : 
 
 Thou puflf-paunch'd monster (Shrovetyde), thou art he 
 
 That were ordain'd the latter end to be 
 
 Of forty-five weekes' gluttony, now past. 
 
 Which I in seaven weekes come to cleanse at last: 
 
 Your feasting I will turn to fasting dyet ; 
 
 Your cookes shall have some leasure to be quiet ; 
 
 Your masques, pomps, playes, and all your vaine expence, 
 
 I'll change to sorrow, and to penitence ; 
 
 I will reforme you, and I hither came 
 
 To keep flesh from you, your proud flesh to tame : 
 
 Let butchers cleave their cleavers and their knives. 
 
 Hang up their axes, let their men or wives 
 
 Make things for future uses if they please ; 
 
 I come to give them all a writ of ease : 
 
 To 
 
48 
 
 To calves, lambs, piggs, hens, capons, all I give 
 Free leave to multiply, increase and live ; 
 There shall no ven'son be (with swearing) slaine. 
 And fishermen shall search the Ocean maine : 
 And sirha (Shrovetyde) I doe further meane. 
 Before I goe, to make your fat chapps leane : 
 For though, like rebel Is madd, you roave and stray. 
 And feast each Friday, and each fasting day 
 Though you regard no Eraber weeke nor law. 
 Nor rule or order keeps 3^ou under awe. 
 Yet be assur'd that whosoe're wrongs Lent 
 Shall not escape deserved punishment.' " 
 
 " Shrovetyde," 1660. {See Plate XXVIII.) 
 
 " Fatt Shrovetyde, mounted on a good fatt oxe, 
 Suppos'd that Lent was mad, or caught a foxe. 
 Arm'd cap a pea from head unto the heele, 
 A spit, his long sword, somewhat worse than Steele 
 (Sheath'd in a fat pigge, and a peece of porke) ; 
 His bottles fiU'd with wine, well-stopt with corke; 
 The two plump capons, fluttering at his crupper. 
 And 's shoulders lac'd with sawsages for supper ; 
 The gridir'n (like a well-strung instrument) 
 Hung at his backe ; and for the turnament. 
 His helmet is a brasse pott ; and his flagge 
 A cooke's foule apron, which the wind doth wagg. 
 Fix'd to a broome, thus bravely he did ride ; 
 And boldly to his foe he thus replyde : — 
 * What art thou, thou leane-jawde anottamie, 
 All spirit (for I no flesh upon thee spie) ; 
 Thou bragging peece of ayre and smoke, that prat'st. 
 And all good fellowship and friendship hat'st ; 
 - You'le turn our feasts to fasts ! when, can you tell } 
 Against your spight, we are provided well. 
 
 Tliou 
 
MaJrjjlm.dt'l fi j-\ 
 
I 
 
 49 
 
 Thou sayst thou 'It ease the cookes ! — the cooks could wish 
 
 Thee boyl'd or broyl'd with all thy frothy fish ; 
 
 For one fish-dinner takes more paines and cost 
 
 Than three of flesh, bak'd, roast, or boyl'd, almost. 
 
 You'le take away our playes, our sports, and pleasure. 
 
 And give the butchers time for ease and pleasure ! 
 
 Alasse, poor scabbe, how barren are thy hopes ! 
 
 The fencers, bears, and dauncers on the ropes. 
 
 Is manly sport, or lawlesse recreation. 
 
 Which all thy seav'n-weeks' time are still in fashion. 
 
 The truth is, thou aswagest few men's hunger. 
 
 And hast no faithful friend but the fishmonger. 
 
 There 's little danger to attend on me. 
 
 When men are drown'd at Sea to furnish thee. 
 
 Pease-pottage, and dryde beanes, by proof we find 
 
 Offends, and fills men with unwholsome wind ; 
 
 And, ere Tie be a slave, and pinch my maw, 
 
 I'le break all proclamation, rule, and law. 
 
 Wee'le fill our tubs with pouder'd flesh besyde ; 
 
 By licenst butchers we will be supplyde 
 
 With fresh meat : so, hungry Lent, adieu ! 
 
 We are resolv'd to feed in spight of you.* " 
 
 " A Good Husband for Jive shillings, or Esquire BickerstaflTs lottery for the 
 London Ladies," 1710. Lotteries were encouraged and patronized to such an ex- 
 cess at the period of this publication, that the most extravagant schemes procured 
 dupes for the projectors. The author of ''A Good Husband" seized the general pro- 
 pensity for his theme, and proposed, that all those ladies who had lost their hus- 
 bands in the war on the continent should become candidates for fifty-five prizes, 
 composed of public characters, which are described with some spirit; for in- 
 stance : " There are four very devout citizens, all of the low church, and very 
 much inclining to a commonwealth ; computed to be worth, in stock and reputa- 
 tation, 5000/. each ; and, as times go, are all honest men ; pay very punctually, 
 when they cannot help it ; take abundance of care when they buy to have enough 
 for their money, and seldom sell but they outwit their customers ; are all coffee- 
 
 H house 
 
50 
 
 house politicians ; true friends to the government, have lately drawn their effects 
 out of the Bank ; are constant communicants, hoth at church and meeting ; have 
 a great veneration for the Revd. Mr. Hoadly, and roar heartily against Dr. Sa- 
 cheverell." A print annexed to the title-page, of moderate execution, represents 
 the drawing of the lottery in slight caricature, which the writer mentions is to 
 take place in "Daniel Drum's cushion meeting-house," where high- church ladies, 
 who do not chuse to enter the walls, " may stand without-side, and peep in at 
 the windows, to see fair play, the glass being already taken down by the special 
 command of our sovereign lords the people," alluding to the destruction of the 
 Rev. Daniel Burgess's meeting by the mob. 
 
 Aminidah, or the Quakers Vision^' 17 10, a dream in favour of Sacheverell. 
 The author presents his readers with a very neat engraving of the sleeping Qua- 
 ker, the many-headed monster, Sacheverell's enemies, and St, Paul's. Aminidab, 
 contrary to the practice of his brethren, did not scruple to enter the " mighty 
 heap of stones" " between the teeth thereof," where he met the chief rulers of 
 the city, and amongst the rest the mighty man that kept the keys thereof." In 
 due time, " an upright man, clothed in a black garment, being ascended into an 
 high place, the spirit of the Lord descended upon him, and wonderful truths is- 
 sued out of his mouth, against Rotten Alembers ; insomuch that all who heard 
 him, were astonished thereat. No sooner had he awakened the ears of the multi- 
 tude with his marvellous sayings, but many of the lukewarm professors who were 
 there present waxed warm in spirit, and rushing out of the mountain into the 
 streets of Sion, cried with a loud voice, He hath the tongue of an asp, and he 
 spitteth his poison upon the Lord's people." 
 
 " Aminidali's Declaration, delivered at a general meeting, holden upon the first 
 day of the last Pentecost, 1710," is a satirical exhortation, addressed to such 
 Friends as were lukewarm in the cause of Sacheverell. I present the reader with 
 the frontispiece, which is extremely characteristic. {See Plate V. Jig, 2.) 
 
 ''A new Extempore Prayer in Verse,''' 1710, is illustrated by an engraving, 
 well executed, representing a gentleman on his knees, addressing the Divinity, 
 which beams from an eye upon him. A figure stands near a fire on a hill at a 
 distance ; and on another, facing it, is a monster with twenty heads, plunging with 
 great violence. This prayer is generally aimed at the religious and political ene- 
 mies of Queen Anne ; and, indeed, all who would by any means produce rebel- 
 lion and anarchy. 
 
 « Let 
 
51 
 
 *' Let no pretences whatsoe'er delude 
 From the true path, the weak misjudging crowd." 
 These hues explain the monster of the print ; and the author infers from the 
 number of heads, the number of ways in which anarchy may be produced. 
 
 "The Limehouse Dream, or the Church's Prop," 1710, was a publication 
 originating from Sacheverell. This dream is accompanied by a wooden print of 
 the dreamer, and the subject of his sleeping thoughts. St. Paul's and a Dissent- 
 ing Meeting are placed opposite each other ; and the members of the latter, tak- 
 ing ad\rantage of the doctrines of passive obedience and non-resistance, begin to 
 pull the church down, to enlarge their meeting. At this moment a lovely youth, 
 of angelic face and form, running to its rescue, flew into the church, clapped 
 himself in the room of the departed beam ; and though his stature seemed but 
 moderate at his entry, he immediately seemed much larger than any pillar in the 
 church, and bore it up with such force and consjtancy, that all their efforts to re- 
 move him were ineffectual." At length they succeed in dragging him before the 
 judges then holding the assizes ; and finally he is presented to the spectator roast- 
 ing alive, and basted by his enemies. The author whimsically illustrates the agi- 
 tation of the high court which tried Sacheverell. " Thou cunning sophister of 
 Hell, cried his foaming accuser, thou ridiculous incendiary, and a thousand op- 
 probrious names besides ; and he was seconded by another, yet more violent, 
 who cried, Were I to sentence that fellow, he should be spitted on a bramble, laid 
 across a saw-pit, roasted with the flame of my wife's top-knot, and a major-gene- 
 ral of my acquaintance should bring the drums of his regiment to make up the 
 entertainment. Others were for stigmatizing, imprisoning, and gagging him ; 
 till at length the whole assembly fell to pecking at one another, and noise and 
 clamour filled the court." 
 
 Seventeen different prints of Henry Sacheverell are mentioned in the recent 
 *' Continuation of Granger." This reverend divine espoused the Tory or Court 
 party of the day ; and preaching many wild and arbitrary doctrines, the leaders 
 of the Whigs seriously impeached him in Parliament. This event naturally, but 
 most absurdly, divided the nation on either side of the question ; and the tem- 
 perance of the partizans may be imagined from the above extracts. The hand- 
 some person, respectable family connexions, and polished manners of the Doctor, 
 procured him many friends. He was acquitted ; and died in 1724, Rector of St. 
 Andrew's, Holborn. 
 
 Elections. 
 
52 
 
 Elections. — The British Publlck entertain a perfectly just but neglected 
 sense of the description of men who should represent them in the House of Com- 
 mons. In this case the representative and the represented are exactly in the same 
 tempting situation ; the fascination of power, impunity in some particular cases, 
 and the honours attending the letters M. P. are balanced against the general love 
 of money. He that gives a bribe is not more culpable than he who receives it : 
 thus neither party have just cause of complaint. Let our patriots prevail on the 
 people to refuse, and the candidate will cease to offer. Numbers of real friends 
 to their country have wished to banish what is termed corruption, and every 
 honest man must pray for their success ; but the attempt is vain, and the exe- 
 cution impossible; arguments and ridicule are equally unavailing; the experience 
 of centuries is against them. 
 
 These most sapient observations, which cannot but occur to every individual in 
 England, naturally suggested themselves on the examination of one of the first 
 satirical prints published on the general subject of Elections. 
 
 " Sell not your country," exclaims a tall patriotic candidate, whirling his hat 
 in the air with one hand, at the same time that the other drops gold into the 
 pocket of a person whose back is towards him, provided with three tiers of those 
 convenient receptacles. " No bribery, but pockets are free/' slily observes this 
 wise elector. 
 
 The laws against bribery provision may make. 
 Yet means will be found both to give and to take : 
 While charms are in flattery, and power in gold,. 
 Men will be corrupted, and liberty sold." 
 
 A groupe surround the pedestal of a statue of Justice. " Regard Justice," says 
 one of the number. " We fell out, I lost money by her," answers another, 
 loaded with a bag of guineas. " Accept this at present," solicits a third. " It 
 will scarce pay," returns the solicited, " make it twenty more." Folly on the 
 opposite side, scattering treasures, receives the homage of genuflection from a 
 figure who whines, " Help me. Folly, or my cause is lost." " Let not thy right 
 hand know what thy left doest," whispers an old sinner with his face averted, one 
 hand stroking his beard and the other placed on his back, taking money from 
 one behind him. A fellow scrambles on the ground amidst scattered gold, and 
 is entreated to " accept this small acknowledgement," contained in a bag, by an 
 
 opponent 
 
,53 
 
 opponent to a gentleman who rides upon four men's shoulders, from whose hand 
 the precious train had proceeded. 
 
 " O cives! cives! quaerenda pecunia primiam est 
 Virtus post nummos/' 
 
 Is the motto to this undated print ; intituled, " Ready Money the frevailing 
 Candidate, or the Humours of an Election" which has some tolerable lines 
 beneath it, part of which are quoted above, and conclude with good advice: 
 " But as soon as the day of election is over. 
 His woful mistake he begins to discover ; 
 The squire is a member ; the rustic who chose him 
 Is now quite neglected, he no longer knows him. 
 Then, Britons ! betray not a sordid vile spirit. 
 Contemn gilded baits, and elect men of merit." 
 
 There is a print of some merit impressed upon a long slip of paper, and divided 
 nto three compartments, called " The Humours of a Country Election." It is 
 also without date, but from the dresses it may belong to the period between the 
 time of Queen Anne and the close of the reign of George II. An " explanation 
 of the cut," printed at the bottom, will serve instead of a description. " The 
 candidates welcomed into the town by musick, and electors on horseback, at- 
 tended by a mob of men, women and children. The candidates saluting the 
 women, and amongst them a poor cobler's wife, very big with child, to whom 
 they very courteously offer to stand godfather. The candidates very complaisant 
 to a country clown, and offering presents to the wife and children. The candi- 
 dates making an entertainment for the electors and their wives, to whom they 
 shew great respect. At the upper end of the table, the parson of the parish 
 sitting, his clerk standing by him. The members elect carried in procession in 
 chairs upon men's shoulders, with musick playing before them, and attended by 
 a mob of men, women, and children, huzzaing them." A quotation from Hu- 
 dibras, and four anonymous lines, precede the engraving. 
 
 " Being mounted, in their best array. 
 
 Upon a steed, and, who but they ? 
 
 And foUow'd with a world of tall lads 
 
 That merry ditties troll'd, and ballads. 
 
 Did 
 
54 
 
 Did ride, with many a good morrow, 
 
 Crying, ' Hey for our Town!' through the borough." ' 
 
 " A motley mixture! in long wigs, in bags, 
 In silks, in crapes, in garters, and in rags ; 
 From drawing-rooms, from colleges, from garrets. 
 On horse, on foot, in hacks, and gilded chariots." 
 
 The early editions of the Dnnciad contain an excellent etching of an Ass 
 bearing the works of Welsted, Ward, Dennis, Theobald, Haywood, &c. with 
 Mist's and other Journals, on which sits an owl in austere majesty, while poor 
 Jack trots along browsing his favourite thistle, and beating down the Flying Post 
 and Baker's Journal ; on one side is inscribed Deferor in vicum, and on the other 
 Vendentem thus et odores. A head-piece to the first book is composed of an 
 owl's head covered by the dunce's cap, two asses heads are on the sides, and be- 
 tween them thistles : the motto, Nemo me impune lacessit. 
 
 The first edition of Gay's Fables, 1727, is decorated with many very good 
 plates ; and Wootton, who designed several of them, has given strong proofs of 
 a talent for caricaturing. The Old Woman and her Cats may be referred to on 
 this occasion : she sits on a basket with a wooden leg, and has the true character 
 of whimsical vexation, while 
 
 " About her swarm a num'rous brood 
 Of cats, who lank with hunger mew'd." 
 
 One threatens on a stool in front, and she is assailed by another in the rear. 
 
 The Goat without a beard is full of humour ; and the Monkey who had seen 
 the world takes snuff with ludicrous grimace. His brethren admire the long 
 queue, lift their paws in admiration of his dress, and others fly and peep at him 
 from a place of safety. 
 
 Previous to this period, with some exceptions. Caricaturists had indulged a 
 propensity to render the objects of their satire odious to the world, not because 
 they were eminently vicious or immoral in private life, but because they were 
 persons who held political situations under the government. That it might fre- 
 quently be deserved, we cannot pretend to deny ; yet it is evident, that party 
 spleen too often suggested a degree of severity which belongs only to crimes of 
 the deepest dye. 
 
 Hogarth 
 
55 
 
 Hogarth was the man destined by tlie favour of Heaven to convert the powers 
 of the pencil and graver into rods of correction for vice ; and, although we must 
 not represent him as wholly guiltless of making an ill use of his talents, it may 
 be safely assei'ted that his graphic precepts of virtue and propriety very far out- 
 weigh his errors, originating from pique or private resentment. The success 
 which attended Hogarth's labours as a moral Caricaturist, both in his native 
 country and in every part of Europe, might serve as an useful lesson to future 
 artists, and induce them to select their subjects from the fruitful sources of folly 
 and misconduct, rather than the acts of any set of ministers or their adherents, 
 as it is well known that interest renders them callous to justifiable censure; be- 
 sides, unfortunately for the Caricaturist, he often puts it into the power of the 
 satirised politician to laugh at the senseless distortions of his fancy, tortured to 
 express something altogether inexpressible. Let us compare the detestable idea 
 of Sir Robert Walpole tearing gold from the bowels of an infant, with Hogarth's 
 emblematical print of the South Sea scheme of 1720, and make inferences from 
 each : the former will appear the offspring of ungovernable mahce, and the latter 
 a well-intended attempt to check a phrenzy which threatened the nation with ruin. 
 
 Hogarth has already received every possible commentary and illustration ; and 
 his merits and works are perfectly understood and fully appreciated : they do not, 
 therefore, require the same degree of notice from me, as if he had been less 
 known. If we take a general view of his productions, it will be found that he 
 seldom indulged in caricature beyond the limits which Nature assigns when she 
 thinks fit to be capricious ; and it was from this prudent restraint upon his genius 
 that he derived much of the approbation he obtained. Such was his discernment 
 that he had only to observe how the passions operated upon muscles and outlines 
 rather deranged when the mind was placid ; and his memory was so powerful that 
 he transferred them with the correctness of portraits ; and in delineating the faces 
 of the vulgar as he found them in the streets of London, he has merely given us 
 the expression and very character of the people without the least caricature. All 
 his large productions furaish instances of this fact ; some of which I shall men- 
 tion, and occasionally point out where he has deviated into distortion. " The 
 Oratorio of Judith" cannot be cited fairly on either hand ; nor can we safely pro- 
 nounce that the Chorus in the print have overstrained muscles, after recollecting 
 the variety of strange gasping mouths exhibited during Lent at Covent-garden 
 Theatre. " The Sleeping Congregation" has three figures intended as principals. 
 
 The 
 
56 
 
 The stupid drone who preaches, unconscious of the state of his auditors, is a 
 true transcript of almost exhausted nature ; the Clerk, a stern old fellow, leering 
 with fearful stealth at a pleasing female near him ; and even though the congre- 
 gation snore, it is only the snoring of several ugly persons. Hence it is evident 
 that the Sleeping Congregation is a satirical and not a caricature print. 
 
 " The Consultation of Physicians" is of a contrary description, and two or 
 three of the faces are barely human. " The Enraged Musician" seems to have 
 been produced from a selection of portraits made from blind musicians, ballad- 
 singers, and dustmen. The first of these itinerants, though an object of com- 
 passion, has his counterparts in London this very day ; and much of the singular 
 and ludicrous effect in the muscles of each face, arises from the effort of blowing 
 through a small pipe, and extending the mouth to sing, and roar Dust ho! 
 
 One of Hogarth's plates, denominated " Characters and Caricaturas," demon- 
 strates that he has been far exceeded by some of his successors in the latter art ; 
 as, upon an attentive examination of the whole of his variations, we find none of 
 those laughable traits which distinguish the faces in the Views of Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge hereafter described. He was far more successful in this way when he 
 drew without coercing his genius, as in " The Gates of Calais," where we have 
 genuine caricatures of national characteristics of face : and in Gin Lane, dreadful 
 marlcs of his power of representation in brutal inebriety. 
 
 Paul before Felix" was a fair subject for indulgence, as he intended to ridi- 
 cule Dutch designs. The idea conveyed by the gestures and attitudes of the 
 figures is extremely indelicate, and not very creditable to the courage of Felix. 
 The judges, justice, the angel, even the very dog, are caricatures. Had "The 
 Politician" been satirised by a modern engraver, it is probable we should have seen 
 a face many removes from human, attached to a body seeming to act from im- 
 pulses not common to our nature. Hogarth, with greater propriety, represented 
 an old man of plain homely features eagerly reading a newspaper by the light of 
 a candle which he has seized ; and, bringing the flame in contact with the brim of 
 his hat, burns a hole through it, unconscious of his folly. 
 
 The variety of intoxicated expression in A Midnight Modern Conversation" 
 is so justly descriptive of the effects of liquor on different temperaments, that we 
 might imagine their words from the turns in the countenances : in short, nothing 
 is exaggerated beyond the exaggerations incident to the state of the whole party. 
 The same observations apply to the series termed " The Harlot's Progress," in 
 
 which 
 
57 
 
 which all the characters must have appeared precisely as Hogarth has shewn 
 them under similar circumstances. In " The Rake's Progress" we must not ven- 
 ture to say, that we never saw originals quite so oddly compiled from Nature's 
 budget of singular mouths, eyes, and noses, as the priest, the clerk, and the old 
 lady about to be married to the rake exhibit ; the faces of each have strong I'e- 
 semblances in the present population of England. 
 
 " Industry and Idleness" abounds with every species of horrible expression. 
 The scenes of the latter vice are derived from sources not within the knowledge 
 of the strictly virtuous, who can barely comprehend how far wickedness may 
 derange the frame and regularity of the countenance of man. Indeed it is scarcely 
 possible to delineate the aberrations which cruelty, avarice, and drunkenness, 
 cause from symmetry and perfection ; which is strongly verified in the different 
 " Stages of Cruelty." 
 
 The above observations will serve as a criterion for estimating Hogarth's powers 
 as a Caricaturist. I shall next point out where he has excelled in exciting risi- 
 bility by touches of whim and humour, without having recourse to more exag- 
 geration than satire demands. The plates for " Butler's Hudibras" are generally 
 ludicrous, and strictly descriptive of the parties and scenes produced by the 
 author. There is much humour in the second plate, where a poor blind animal 
 is rode by the fat leader of the expedition bursting with repletion and importance, 
 contrasted with the squire, an epitome of every thing that is lean, demure, and 
 sanctified. A woman who stands near her table provided with nuts and apples 
 for sale, sees her baskets discharging their contents through the backward pro- 
 jection of a haymaker's seat of honour, who, seized with a sudden impulse of 
 awe, bows to Hudibras. The third is not without claims on this head in the 
 action of the principal figures, the master breathing war against a mob with 
 clenched fist and pistol pointed ; the man devoutly praying behind, his face con- 
 cealed in his hat. The tenth, referring to the disaster of the errants having been 
 seated in the stocks, exhibits the triumphant pair leading a lame fiddler with his 
 hands tied, while the man fastens the implements of his profession to the post, 
 where their boots and sword had before appeared as trophies of their defeat. 
 
 The fourth plate of " The Harlot's Progress" contains two figures, whose faces 
 are genuine copies of nature debased by infamy, exercising their talents at a good 
 joke. One lifts the gown and laces of the harlot, shuts an eye and sneers at her 
 finery ; and the other smiles with the malice of a devil, as she ties up her stocking. 
 
 I. And 
 
58 
 
 And in the succeeding print, the contest between the physicians concerning the 
 excellence of their different medicines, while the patient expires, is not only hu- 
 mourous, bu pointedly satirical. 
 
 " The Rake's Progress" offers a curious groupe in the assemblage, composed of 
 a fencing-master and dancing-master, an author, and other characters ; each of 
 whom are delineated with delicate touches of irony, and employ themselves in re- 
 hearsing their different professions during the Rake's perusal of a challenge brought 
 by a furious blustering weather-beaten officer. His subsequent marriage is still 
 more happily treated by the introduction of a species of episode — ladies fighting 
 in a distant part of the church, and two dogs seated, with their heads close to- 
 gether, snarling most expressively. 
 
 " Noon" may serve as another example, in which the lady and gentleman, 
 extravagantly dressed, express so much delight at the miniature of manhood, 
 their darling son, who surveys the dignity of his mien and person, and struts 
 loaded by a bag-wig armed with a sword and provided with a cane. " Evening" 
 furnishes us with a pair of pigmies of this descri])tion ; and it is evident from 
 the manner iry which Hogarth has introduced the boy with a Uiihtary hat crying 
 about a doll, that he was fully sensible of the absurdity of dressing children like 
 adults. The fat lady and her husband who carries an infant, and in return for 
 his civility who bears his hat and gloves, gives us to the life the London trades- 
 man enjoying the air. 
 
 The tendency of " Marriage a la Mode" prevented the indulgence of a playful 
 disposition, except in two instances, where it was perfectly justifiable, and served 
 to advance the object of the painter. The first plate of the series places avarice 
 and -hereditary honours in humourous contrast ; the coronet of the earl on a 
 canopy denotes his particular rank, and though suffering severely from the gout, 
 he is full dressed ; and by pointing to his pedigree, amply explains that he thinks 
 his family honours counterbalance the riches of the old commoner, to whom he 
 proposes an alliance between their children. The latter and his steward are 
 misers from head to feet ; and the manner in which the citizen lifts his spectacles 
 to take a superficial glance of the heraldic tree is truly natural, and could only be 
 performed by a man absorbed in schemes for the advancement of his fortune. The 
 second is in the fourth print, where the gentlemen sing and play on the flute and 
 sip coffee, while the lady is under the hands of her hair-dresser. 
 
 Other 
 
59 
 
 Other remarkable traits of pleasantrv are in the print of " Chairing of Members 
 after an Election." These are, however, rather misapplied; bat Hogarth con- 
 trives to make us .nile even where we disapprove, for who can approve the idea 
 of putting a sv/eep upon the pier of a church-yard gate in the act of accommo- 
 dating a skull with a pair of spectacles ? or who can examine the phiz of the sooty 
 brat without a grin ? The same contraction of the muscles must follow a view of 
 the Member of Furliament, as he falls from the chair in the presence of his fainting 
 lady ; and yet such a fall must inevitably produce a fracture, dreadful bruises, or 
 even death. The same censure will apply to the discharge of the gun by a 
 monkey, which points to the head of the aforesaid sweep, and the thresher 
 and wooden-legged seamen about to maim each other with a flail and monstrous 
 club. Still it must be admitted that all these occurrences might happen on such 
 an occasion, 
 
 " I'he Consultation of Physicians" is pregnant with genuine humour, and so 
 perfectly harmless, that we may indulge in risibility without the least check from 
 reflection. The principal holds a vessel containing a liquid, which he pre- 
 pares to taste ; and the remainder cogitate with solemn and profound sagacity, 
 aided by the indispensable cane-head applied secundum artem to the nostril, lip, 
 or chin. The variety and drollery of countenance in the twelve figures cannot 
 be surpassed. 
 
 " Strolling Players" is another inoffensive indulgence of gaiety of heart, with 
 the exception of the cutting oft' a cat's tail — an act cruel in thought and com- 
 mission, unnecessary to the intention of the piece, and which the artist could 
 only have introduced through one of those unaccountable lapses of memory that 
 causes a man one day to contradict a position he defended the preceding. The 
 curious mixture of things and operations observable in this print announces deep 
 study. A boy who is to perform an eagle sits within it, and feeds an infant, the 
 food supported by a crown ; a gentleman rehearsing a part deeply afflicting sheds 
 tears produced by an onion, and at the same time receives consolation through 
 the medium of a glass of gin or brandy, offered by a kind da«ie, whose tender 
 assiduity is rewarded by the solicitude of a female friend, employed in destroying 
 an enemy which sometimes drops from his quarters in the head upon the neck, 
 and thus becomes a victim to accident or inattention to his footing. Another 
 lady, alarmed lest she should lose a moment in her scenic preparations, pro- 
 nounces a speech in her under-garment ; a second, with a hamper for a toilet, 
 
 greases 
 
60 
 
 greases her hair by using a candle, and intends to have recourse to flour for powder; 
 a third repeats part of a play while her stocking is darned, the foot resting on a 
 wheelbarrow ; and two young fiends quarrel over a pot of beer placed on a Roman 
 altar. Twenty other combinations, equally absurd and common in the dressing 
 lumber-room of an itinerant company, are exhibited with the same humourous 
 fidelity. 
 
 " The Country Inn-yard" did not afford equal latitude for eccentricity of deli- 
 neation, except in the landlad}^ who rings the bell and vociferates, while her 
 spouse offers his bill to a traveller, — an old oddity, evidently disbelieving the 
 host, though he emphatically places his hand on his heart to vouch for the mo- 
 deration of the items. 
 
 " Paul before Felix" is a singular subject for the exercise of satirical talents, 
 and rather an improper selection. Hogarth has represented Paul as little better 
 than a stunted rutfian, tottering on a stool to enable him to peep over the bar, 
 which is held by a clown of an angel, who, neglecting his duty, falls asleep. 
 
 We shall now bid adieu to Hogarth, with nearly ihe conviction that " we shall 
 never look upon his like again." 
 
 " The Travels of Mr. John Gulliver, son to Captain Lemuel Gulliver; trans- 
 lated from the French by J. Lockman," 1731. The frontispiece by Hogarth and 
 Vandergucht. This John Gulliver is taken by female pirates, and presented to 
 the Queen of Babilary. Hogarth has deviated in every particular frcm the de- 
 scription of the parties. " The queen was of a majestic stature ; her gracious 
 and noble aspect corresponded to her exalted dignity," &c. — "That day I was 
 dressed more splendidly than usual ; 1 shone in jewels, and was cloathed in a most 
 magnificent habit." The annexed P/tf/eXXIX. shews how totally Hogarth has 
 insensibly caricatured the above description. 
 
 Tartuff''s Banquet. Populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo Ipse domi. 
 
 HoR. Sat. 1. 1. 1." The clear good engraving thus inscribed has the following 
 lines below it from the " Seasonable Reproof," 1 736. 
 
 [I think it necessary to mention my detern)ination in this place (where for the 
 first time I might commit an error in appropriation) not to offend the descendants 
 of any satirized individuals or living characters, by converting anonymous publi- 
 cations into real libels, through attempting to fix them on those they appear to 
 allude to, except in some political cases, where the parties might laugh with the 
 publick.] 
 
 " Were 
 
I 
 
61 
 
 " Were all oblig'd to practice what they teach, 
 Some warm sleek clerks would still more seldom preach. 
 Stall-fed Tartuff, reclining in his seat, 
 High heap'd his board, himself brimfull of meat. 
 Yawning with pain, thus sleepy silence broke, 
 And to his meagre curates sagely spoke : 
 ' My loving brethren, we should rest content 
 With the small pittance Heav'n has sent ; 
 'Tis better much to want, than much abound; 
 Hunger and thirst hereafter will be crown'd. 
 If we 've prunella, which will hang together. 
 Like the good Baptist, girt about with leather ; 
 And bread and water, we should ne'er complain : — 
 Here, John, give me a bumper of Champagne'." 
 
 The divine who is the subject of this satire sits before a dining-table in the 
 manner described in the above lines. His chair terminates in a bust of Janus, 
 on which his hat is placed ; and John pours the wine requested into a glass. The 
 viands before him are enclosed in a magic circle drawn on the table-cloth ; and 
 three curates seated at this very unsocial board, with a fourth behind the chair of 
 one of them, are hunger and patience personified : particularly he who reads, 
 because he has nothing to eat. A dog, a favourite of his master, has a handsome 
 allowance on the floor, which he turns from to wet the gown of one of the mi- 
 serable dependants. Behind the stern sleek son of the church are paintings, one 
 of which is the good Samaritan, the Levite become a prelate. 
 
 " The European Race, humbly inscribed to the politicians of Great Britain, 
 France, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Holland, and Corsica, by an 
 Englishman ;" a print, drawn with considerable spirit and neatly engraved, 
 appeared in I738, in which the artist exhibits several of the states of Europe 
 contending for superiority. On the right is a scaffold, where Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and America, are placed as spectators ; the first reposes under the British 
 flag, in the character of Britannia, and on a beam before her is a crown sus- 
 pended by a cord. The black enemy of mankind, possibly meaning the Preten- 
 der, peeps from behind a cloud, and thrusting forward a rod and line baited with 
 a piece of gold, appears to fish for the diadem. A mastiff" of the " true English 
 breed," sits at the foot of the scaffold, and turning his head over his shoulder, 
 
 views 
 
62 
 
 views Italy seated on a fox, leading Spain on a wolf. Russia follows on a bear, 
 each rushing in traces with great apparent velocity. Turkey stalks along on an 
 elephant, accommodated with French spectacles ; and Holland, on a wild boar, 
 is just leaving the starting-post, where a monkey holds a flag. Behind those is a 
 chaise, drawn by two horses, containing a gentleman and lady. The initial 
 letters D. C. on the vehicle, mean perhaps the Duke of Cumberland. A herald 
 holds a large lion, whelped in the Tower of London, while a soldier, or the King 
 of England, mounts him. Germany glides on her eagle with clipped wings; 
 and king Theodore I. lies extended, thrown by his horse. A land-mark inscribed 
 " Here ends St. James's parish," is converted by a figure into a show-box. Two 
 dogs, which their collars explain to be Spain and Holland, snarl at each other 
 most significantly over a bone ; and a third, designating France, creeps from 
 behind the land-mark, and siezes the object of contention. On the right-side of 
 the fore-ground are two gentlemen on horseback : one exclaims, " Four to one 
 upon Fox," and the other offers him a label, on which is written " Gibraltar, 
 Port Mahon, and Georgia." The back-ground consists of the sea and two fleets, 
 with the rock of Gibraltar on the left, whence a rat emerges from its recess, and 
 seems to examine a groupe of ships, one of which is giving her broadside towards 
 the rock. Two suns, and part of St. Paul's (the rest obscured by clouds), are 
 placed in the sky ; and a pile of log-wood at the base of Gibraltar. " I returned, 
 and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the 
 strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor 
 yet favour to men of skill, but time and chance happeneth unto them all." Ecc. ix.l 1. 
 — ^The animals are particularly good in this plate. 
 
 The latter part of the above subject alludes to the Convention for the recon- 
 cilement of differences, entered into with Spain about the time of the date of the 
 print ; and is intended to express the public opinion of that measure, by sug- 
 gestions of meanness and imaginary offers of places to the Spaniards by Walpole, 
 to procure its execution, who had to accomplish the difficult task of reconciling 
 the haughty spirits of the two countries, equally exasperated by aggressions on 
 one part, and high pretentions on the other. 
 
 The origin of the following print on the Convention was the story of Captain 
 Jenkins, who related, that being upon a trading voyage to Jamaica, his ship 
 was boarded by the captain of a Spanish vessel, called by them Guarda-costa's, 
 who treated Jenkins and his crew with great cruelty for navigating where he was 
 
 ' found, 
 
63 
 
 found, and completed the outrage by cutting off one of his ears, and bidding him 
 take it to his master. 
 
 " Slavery, dedicated to the worthy and most injured Merchants of Great- 
 Britain." The front of the print consists of a field ploughed by four Englishmen 
 harnessed, and eating roots, driven and lashed by a Spaniard ; a lion rears him- 
 self against the back of the latter, and looks behind him in the face of a figure 
 with a star and riband drawing his sword upon the generous beast. A barren island 
 in the distance is protected by a ship with Spanish colours, beating oflT one with the 
 British ensign ; and a Spaniard on it is cutting off the ears of an Englishman. The 
 lines at the bottom are from Shakspeare's Richard II. 
 
 " The School of Politicks, or Pantaloon made a Minister. I738.'' This print 
 is correctly drawn, and etched with freedom ; and has these words, partly in- 
 vented for the occasion, at the bottom : " Concedo tibi virtutem, Tratandi, Gua- 
 rantandi, Mediandi, Blunderandi, Confoundendi, Corrumpendi, Pillagendi, Stock- 
 jobbandi, Ruinandi, Dominandi, impune per totam nationem." 
 
 Four figures are seated round a table, each in large wigs and black gowns : the 
 principal in the subject takes money from a bag with one hand, and gives to his 
 left-hand neighbour with the other ; the curls of the wig of the former are com- 
 posed of forage contract, bank, and promissory notes. The person on his right side 
 has a harlequin's jacket, puts his hand to his face as if vexed, and looks at the 
 pantaloon (dressed in character), who bows to him and the fourth figure, with 
 his left hand on his breast ; a dog does a very dirty act on the leg of the distressed 
 gentleman, and a monkey opposite exhibits a treaty illegible. 
 
 The back part of the room is filled by a variety of characters, all urging for- 
 ward, amongst whom is a very fat lady with a pen, a bishop with Codex, and a 
 poet laureat with an ode : another of the numerous attacks upon Sir Robert Wal- 
 pole and his protectors and friends, as is 
 
 " Boh the Political Balance Master, gone through his first purgation, and 
 ready for the second." Britannia in a melancholy posture, near fallen Trade, 
 balances upon her broken spear a beam, on which are seated Sir Robert and 
 Justice ; the latter outweighing the former, although assisted by heavy bags 
 from the Sinking-fund, the Exchequer, and Treasury. His involuntary ascent 
 on this occasion induces him to call upon a fiend, who, careless of his entreaties, 
 «hews him an axe as his due. The Dukes of Argyle and Bedford, trampling upon 
 
 court- 
 
64 
 
 court-favours, call for vengeance on the poor minister ; the former flourishing a 
 sword as the means. An oak on the left appears as if just trimmed, and labels 
 inform us, 
 
 " Gangreen members must be lop'd away, , 
 Lest nobler parts grow tainted and decay." 
 
 This threatening; caricature concludes with these lines : 
 
 " Though crafty knaves may for a while defer 
 The punishment their horrid crimes incur, 
 A secret horror still their conscience knows : 
 Justice has leaden feet, but iron claws." 
 
 The Duke of Argyle was a warm and powerful opposer of the measures of the 
 King and his ministers, because the King, suspecting he encouraged the Prince 
 of Wales in the unhappy dissension between him and his Royal Father, dismissed 
 him from his employments. Before this time he had been highly useful to the 
 house of Hanover on several occasions, particularly as a brave commander against 
 the rebels in 1715. 
 
 The Opposition made a grand effort to dislodge Walpole in 174I. They as- 
 signed Mr. Sandys the office of bringing forward the motion for the removal of 
 the Minister. Accordingly, on the 14th of February, the gentleman just-named 
 commenced his attack in the presence of 450 members, and as numerous an au- 
 ditory of strangers as could obtain admittance at the early hour of six in the 
 morning. The grounds of the motion he detailed with great animation ; the 
 principal of which were, the departure of Ministers from the objects of the grand 
 alliance, and the abandonment of the House of Austria, a renewal of friendship 
 and correspondence with France, the treaty of Hanover which confirmed that 
 connexion, the Convention with Spain, the increase of the National Debt from 
 400,000/. to 2,000,000/., notwithstanding that the sinking-fund had produced 
 15,000,000/. all of which had been expended in Spithead expeditions, and reviews 
 in Hyde Park. To these he added minor charges, in allusion to such means as 
 were intended to raise money, and obstruct naval and military measures wished 
 by the nation. 
 
 Having given this explanation, I must refer the reader to the next print, where 
 he will find the " Grounds for the Motion," offered by the caricaturist, which 
 was negatived by a majority of 184.^ 
 
65 
 
 On the same day Lord Carteret made a similar effort against the Minister in the 
 House of Lords, when the Dukes of Bedford and Argyle, the earls of Sandwich, 
 Westmorland, Berkshire, Carlisle, Abingdon, and Halifax, and the lords Haver- 
 sham and Bathurst, spoke with great earnestness in condemnation of Walpole, 
 whose friends being successful in this case as in the House of Commons, they re- 
 torted upon the caricature of the "Grounds," and published "The Motion," and 
 "The Political Libertines, or Motion upon Motion," which are described in the 
 succeeding pages ; and those produced "The Motive or Reason for his Honour^ 
 Triumph," which the author of this print attributes by every allusion in his power 
 to bribery. 
 
 " The Grounds. This print represents Walpole standing on a four-wheeled 
 vehicle called the money-press, with a naked infant held by a leg with one hand, 
 and the other grasps a sword, which has just opened its bowels, whence money 
 falls into the press. A label, directed to the cavity, has the words " Sinking- 
 fund" placed directly over one of four pannels, " For the (King);" the rest 
 
 are, " For secret services," " For the Projector," and " For friends and assist- 
 ants." In addition to the honours of his coat, is inscribed " Volpone, or the Pro- 
 jector ;" and from his mouth proceeds "Whoever flinches, I'll discard." On the 
 two extremes of the upper part of the design are " Torbay," and " Ferrol and 
 Brest." A stream of wind issuing from his mouth enables the French and Spa- 
 nish fleets to leave their ports ; a second, from a less-honourable aperture, secures 
 the British from following them. "This wind," says a flying devil, " is strong 
 against them." The money-press is decorated with banners, describing various 
 imposts ; and a balance-master, tottering at the end, exclaims, " Lawful plunder 
 
 by , lawful plunder :" a banner, with " malt and ale" on it, is appropriated 
 
 to this figure. Six contented supporters, yoked and harnessed, draw the money- 
 press, which is driven by Volpone Junior, who encourages his human steeds with 
 
 Pull away, my lads, never spare them," alluding to Liberty, Honesty, Trade, 
 and Man^factures, half-killed by the wheels, formed of Expence of Law, Gin 
 Act, Penal Laws, and Civil-list Taxes. 
 
 A person behind the press blows a French horn : on his coat is " Sidney," and 
 from an open pocket issues "Gazetteer," A bishop proclaims, "All bishops, 
 peers, commoners, or others, willing to list in Projector's service, let them repair 
 thither (pointing to the pocket), and meet with suitable encouragement." The 
 Gazetteer and Freeman's Journal attend as a drummer; Bribery and Corruption, 
 
 K personified 
 
66 
 
 personified as a female, and standing upon the usual baits, seems to spring from 
 the badges of Royalty : with her right hand she lavishes patents, &c. to certain 
 limbs of the law ; and with her left, bishopricks to a groupe of priests, one of 
 whom, bearing a mitre, observes, "Thy yoke is easy, and thy burden is light." 
 Two other groupes, also yoked, say they long for a general Excise ; and promise 
 when all others fail to stand by him. The hobbling lines which follow are print- 
 ed as an explanation : 
 
 " Wat be dat machine do make the folk groan^ ? 
 It be de invention of de old fox Volpon^, 
 To crush de people's spirit, and squeeze out der money. 
 
 Who be de big man dat de Engine don't sit on? ; 
 He be de great projector of Great Britain, 
 Whom all men, except de placemen, do spit on. 
 
 He find out contrivances, never before 
 
 Were practiced, to make dem both humble and poor ; 
 
 'Tis all for deir goods dat he do't, to be sure. 
 
 He let de manufactures sink, and to ruin run trade. 
 
 Yet year after year heavy taxes are laid ; 
 
 And vat be still more provoking, de huge debts lie unpaid. 
 
 He put all de best post in his family's hands. 
 
 Lay out de millions in houses, and purchasing lands ; 
 
 And give no account, wen de nation demands. 
 
 To carry on his designs, he make dem maintain 
 More officers civil dan in both France and Spain, 
 And double de army in any past reign. 
 
 Dem still more securely and surely to chouse. 
 He vid pension and pensioners fill up de house ; 
 So deir liberty itself now lies at his dispose. 
 
 In haste to swallow all, he did slily devise 
 
 Dat notable project call'd de Excise, 
 
 Which fill de whole nation vid rage and surprise. 
 
 De 
 
 * 
 
67 
 
 De list to encrease a whole ninth part and more, 
 He model de Gin Act, dat make tousands poor, 
 Yet leaveth de evil just de same as before. 
 
 De Register bill he take lately in hand, 
 Dat de forces by sea, as well as by land, 
 Might be slaves to his will and despotic command. 
 
 Fifteen years he withhold dem from curbing deir foes, 
 Who plunder and search dem ; then, to add to deir woes, 
 In place of redress, would de Convention impose. 
 
 Brave Vernon resolve deir proud enemies ruin ; 
 
 But, instead of sending any forces to him. 
 
 Both de French and Spanish fleets were let loose to undo hiiti. 
 
 Who be de human puppies dat de engine do draw ? 
 
 Dey be his tools, wid whom all he say pass for law, 
 
 And but for whom he would soon fall under justice's claw. 
 
 Who be de groupes of swordsmen, gownsmen, and other dat escort him ? 
 Dey be his creatures in de State, Churcli, Army, and Revenue, dat court him : 
 For, as dey depend on him, dey must needs support him. 
 
 Thus you see all des bands be at his devotion; 
 
 And dat de danger fear'd from him be no idle notion : 
 
 Judge den, if dere was not de grounds for de motion.^' 
 
 " TAe Motion^'' a very respectable engraving, bears the same date. The back- 
 ground is an interesting view of Whitehall, the Treasury, and the adjoining build- 
 ings, as they stood in 1741 ; from which state the place is entirely altered, except 
 the Banquetting-house, The often-repeated fancy of introducing a coach is adopt- 
 ed in this instance ; and the horses are urged full speed towards the Treasury. 
 The earl of Chesterfield is postillion, and drives over all in his way. The duke 
 of Argyle coachman, and brandishes a waved sword instead of a whip. Mr, Dod- 
 dington sits between his l^s, in the character of a spaniel, with the significant 
 name Bub on his collar. Lord Carteret calls to the Duke, " Let me get out," as 
 he perceives the conveyance is on the point of being overturned. Lord Cobham, 
 behind the coach as footman, holds firmly by the straps ; and Lord Lyttelton am- 
 ble? 
 
68 
 
 bles along as a second, himself and his Rosinante equally spare and thin. Small- 
 brook, bishop of Litchfield, bows obsequiously as they pass ; and Esquire Sandys, 
 with his arms extended, exclaims, " I thought what would come of putting him 
 on the box ;" while he drops from his left hand the Place Bill. Close in the front 
 of the print, Pulteney wheels a barrow loaded with the Champion, Craftsman's 
 Letters, the State of the Nation, and Common Sense. ** Zounds, they are over," 
 he observes ; and he deliberately proceeds, leading several figures by strings se- 
 cured to their noses. 
 
 " The Political Libertines, or Motion upon Motion. 1741." The coach is 
 once more broken down in the print before us ; the Exchequer in the distance. 
 
 " In the coach that lies before ye 
 
 See lord John , who aims at glory, 
 
 Tho' he's counted but a Tory." 
 
 This nobleman thrusts himself through the door ; and exclaims " I am out." 
 
 Then comes Campbell on the fore-box. 
 Who from court has had some sore knocks. 
 Yet he holds Time by the forelocks." 
 
 This politician exhibits a blank label on his knees, and from his right hand 
 proceeds " Pro patria mori." The middle horse has thrown his rider. 
 
 Who is he upon the ground ? 
 The nation's seal, and to be found 
 Whene'er you give ten thousand pound. 
 
 Next sits Philip in the saddle, 
 Who in Dutch aiFairs did dabble. 
 Now in house and print does babble. 
 
 Close clings Mordaunt as a Briton, 
 Who both Merryland have writ on. 
 Yet by Bob have both been on. 
 
 — — behind falls fighting Dicky, 
 Who for Bob has trick for trickee. 
 And for war was still most quickee. 
 
 Then 
 
€9 
 
 Then upon poor Uosinante 
 Comes lean Tony, quite gallante. 
 Swears he'll stickle vit. durante" 
 
 A nobleman on horseback, with "preferment" written on his coat; "my 
 speech" on his riband. 
 
 " Behold upon a prancer 
 
 Comes lord George, both wit and dancer. 
 Says, Pray Bob give me an answer. 
 
 Then see Billy, who disposes 
 Both of lives and people's noses. 
 Cannot get what he proposes." 
 
 This gentleman thrusts his sword through the Gazetteer ; and a monkey alarm- 
 ed flies before him. " D — ^mn it, to let him drive," issues from his mouth ; and 
 with his left hand he leads a Clergyman, the Champion, and Common Sense, by 
 the nose; a wheelbarrow, loaded with the Craftsman, &c. stands near him. 
 
 " Grave Sam was set to put the Motion,. 
 For his honour's high promotion. 
 But the House dislik'd the notion." 
 
 Grave Sam shrugs his shoulders, cries " Z — ns, it's all over ;" and has a Pen- 
 sion-bill suspended from his pocket. 
 
 " Next the prelate comes in fashion. 
 Who of swine has robb'd the nation, 
 Tho' against all approbation." 
 
 A hog grunts fiends from his mouth before him ; and the bishop says, "I can 
 pray, but not fast." A pool of water in the front of the print has a bull swim- 
 ming in it, with " Barcelona" on a label. A Fox declares he " will have peace;" 
 and below these animals is, 
 
 " They are all undone, 
 There is no more fun 
 At Bull-Ing-Brook fair." 
 
 « The 
 
ro 
 
 « The Motive or Reason for his Honour's Triumph'' has these lines beneath, 
 as some illustration of the subject. 
 
 " Who be dat de coach-box do sit on ? 
 'Tis Bob, the place-man of Great Britain, 
 Who is so high, the rest he spit on. 
 
 And by de side da talyr you see, 
 
 Tho' now he's safe, and growl so fierce. 
 
 Yet he fawn'd on him that make them verse. 
 
 And who be day that are riding there, 
 Who drive o'er trad, and no man spare? 
 The're under-placemen, of here and there. 
 
 Who be they that look like mobby ? 
 O that's the rabble, link to Bobby ; 
 O they do all the dirty jobby. 
 
 C!lose by kneels Scull-club's Gazetteer showy. 
 The dullest far in verse and prose ; . 
 How he hug de publisher by de nose. 
 
 Who is dat employing his hands, 
 
 O that is squire , yea and nay of Sandys, 
 
 Just as his honour please commands." 
 
 " The Commonwealth," inscribed on the roof of a coach, informs us that the 
 vehicle is to be considered as representing the State. The door is open quite to 
 the hind-wheel ; and within it sits the King, loaded with bags of money, and pre- 
 senting the enticing words " Come in." Sir Robert Walpole acting as coach- 
 man, with his new insignia of nobility, the star, and the label on his breast, and 
 the riband on his shoulder, flourishes his whip with one hand, and waives the 
 other towards his followers, but drives without reins ; he tramples his former lau- 
 rels under foot, and seems insensible to the obstinate braying of the two asses the 
 leaders, and the fall of the second horse and his rider, and the uneasy position of 
 Marlborough near him. The postillion with the asses is an academick, and the 
 traces have " merchandize" on them ; the horse, who falls with a bishop his rider, 
 
 is 
 
is muzzled^ and designates the woollen manufacture ; the " Sinking-fund" on tlie 
 other horses' traces is in deep shade ; and the remainder of them are inscribed, 
 " Husbandry goaded on by Bob." Admiral Cornish approaches Marlborough, 
 armed with a trident, with which h'e seems to menace him and Walpole. " Court 
 evil" kneels in the fore-ground, with asses' ears, offering his pen, and leading a 
 dependant in the fool's cap, who also kneels near a Globe ; the Gazetteer and 
 Quack Doctor with the word Motion in one hand, the other pointing to his lips. 
 A Scotchman serves as footman, and tunes his bagpipe ; and a vast chain to the 
 hind wheels of the coach conducts hackney speakers and voters, men of projects 
 and promises, bearers of pensions, and abettors of taxes, leather, soap, candles, ex- 
 cise, civil list, stamps, land tax, coals, and salt : one of these figures bears the 
 standard of England, with part of the above imposts wrote on it ; and two are full 
 of hopes and fears. Fame hovers over the coach, and proclaims the tools of state ; 
 and a yea-and-nay member turns his coat on the left side of the print, which has 
 many claims to approbation. 
 
 " The Cardinal Dancing- Master, or Placemen in Leading-Strings'' Two 
 ovals of very little merit. The first represents Cardinal Fleury, pointing to a 
 heap of gold, and tutoring Sir Robert Walpole, who practises the Spanish step ; 
 " now," adds the former, " the French caper." A wretched little gentleman, 
 playing the fiddle, says, " He'll dance soon to another tune and two other 
 persons observe, " By G — Gilly, he danced as well in two as I shall in twenty- 
 years, Harry." Several spectators, peeping through a door, add, " Cardy brings 
 him on finely — 'Tis the gold, sire, and he earns it." The second oval contains 
 the Cardinal leading Sir Robert, who guides a groupe composed of spiritual and 
 temporal placemen, and they urge poor Britannia to the brink of a pit, where she 
 is met by an Angel who presents her a " Place bill," with the observation of " A 
 majority at last." The Cardinal says, " Me fear she scape de snare;" Sir Robert, 
 *' Put her on, my lads the placemen, severally, " Oons she is rescued — she 
 fancies a pit before — depart in peace — Excise requires it — 'tis according to 
 law :" and finally, Britannia replies to the Angel, " Welcome ! after twenty 
 years' absence." A label from the clouds approaches the ear of Sir Robert in- 
 scribed " Beware of Feb. 2." " The Cardinal's dancing-song," and " The Place- 
 man's ballad," with the musick of the Cardinal and of Wooden Shoes, are printed 
 below the engravings. 
 
 " Make 
 
1 
 
 72 
 
 " Make de Spanish step, 
 Den rise up very strong. 
 Fort hien, Monsieur! 
 Now do de Counter-ton or. 
 
 Hold de head up, like the Jew, 
 Dere is money bid for you. 
 My valet no dance so true : 
 Tally dally, dero la, doodle do. 
 
 You come on, like any ting : 
 You'll soon dance to please de king. 
 You deserve de post and string, 
 Swing a swing, swing a swing, swing.^^ 
 
 Cardinal Fleury is introduced on this occasion as having Walpole in leading- 
 strings, because it seemed the interest of each of those ministers, at that parti- 
 cular time, to profess good- will at least between their respective courts. The 
 British publick, aware of the connexion subsisting between France and Spain, 
 were jealous of this harmony, and sensible that the finesse of the Cardinal might 
 be too powerful for the circumspection of their premier. The Caricaturist, en- 
 larging upon these fears, hesitated not to picture the most extravagant fancies ; 
 and his poet, naming several causes of discontent, grossly charges poor Walpole, 
 in other lines omitted, with what would amount to high treason against the state. 
 
 " The Reconciliation, 1742," relates to the success of the Opposition in the 
 House of Commons, Sir Robert Walpole's Resignation, and removal to the 
 House of Peers. The King is receiving the Prince of Wales, and raises him as 
 he kneels, declaring himself undeceived. Two gentlemen behind the Monarch 
 add, " Let the deceiver be punished ;" and that " The wish of the people is ac- 
 complished." Three others, full of disappointment and vexation, retire: the 
 principal damns the P. the D. of A[rgyle] and Mr, P[ultene]y ; another declares 
 he may go to Carthagena himself now ; and the third, he shall be displaced. A 
 picture over the door is called the Gazetteer-legion scourged by the devil, who 
 declares, as he lashes, that he has long owed them a grudge. 
 
 Although Sir Robert had succeeded in retaining his power in the instances 
 mentioned, it soon became apparent to the publick that his influence in the 
 cabmet had decreased; which was confirmed by the feeble defences he made 
 
 upon 
 
73 
 
 upon several occasions that required energy. This encouraged the opposition in 
 the House of Commons ; and they carried several questions against him by 
 small majorities. In this unpleasant situation he made an unsuccessful attempt 
 to separate the Prince of Wales from his party ; but, finding at length that all 
 his hopes were fruitless, he accepted of a peerage ; which making his removal 
 from office as little disgraceful as possible, he resigned the 11th February, 1742. 
 
 A print without date, which has more merit in the execution than so hateful a 
 subject deserves, is noticed for no other purpose than to shew the propensity of 
 some caricaturists to spread their brutal conceptions. It is termed " The Poli- 
 tical Vomit for the ease of Britain :" " He hath swallowed down riches, and he 
 shall vomit them up again; God shall cast them out of his belly." Job xx. 15. 
 The Earl of Orford, surrounded by his political enemies, is undergoing a violent 
 
 double operation; and labels, inscribed, " E — of O d — promises of what I 
 
 can catch — Ch r of the E First L — of , &c. &c." are eagerly ga- 
 thered. A groupe at the door is designated as a New Ministry, by " We come 
 in now," over their heads. 
 
 A very tolerable engraving published at this time, represents Walpole in his 
 robes, elevated on a rock, from which serpents ascend, with the inscriptions near 
 their heads, " Candidiora de nigro." " Semper sibilo." " Nil erubesco." ^' Cunctis 
 ef mihi gravis.'" Britannia assists his Lordship with her right hand, and offers a 
 coronet with her left, observing, " Nec par sudorihus^ " Jam cautis ductor- 
 ibus, inter tot aspera Jirmor," on a label, is suspended before him ; and Silence 
 with her attributes attends behind. Fame above, with one trumpet to her lips, 
 sounds " Tantam ad gloriam ," the other, in her left hand, has on the banner 
 attached to it " Non sufficit una." A scroll at the bottom of the print contains : 
 
 « Walpole, Anagr. VALLUM, POLUS. 
 " Nil metuens terris, tuto potes ire per Altum. 
 Anglia qui VALlum WALPOLUS, ipse POLUS." 
 
 The Earl of Orford, descended from a very antient family, was born l6j6, 
 and died 1744-5- Mr. Burke says, " He was an honourable man, and a sound 
 whig. He was not, as the jacobites and discontented whigs of his own time 
 have represented him, and as ill-informed people still represent him, a prodigal 
 and corrupt minister." 
 
 L " The 
 
1 
 
 74 
 
 " The Invasion, , or Perkin's Triumph; a Protestant print, inscribed to all 
 true lovers of their religion and liberty." This print was published in 1745, from 
 the pencil and graver of C. Mosley, which produced many good prints on other 
 subjects. It is not extravagant in the composition, nor are the features of the 
 different characters distorted into caricature. The back ground consists of St. 
 James's Palace in front, Westminster-abbey on the right, and the entrance from 
 Smithfield to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on the left. Before the last is a Smith- 
 field Martyr burning, and a monk throws the declaration into the fire. Opposite 
 to the Palace are a cross with monks prostrate and a triangular gallows suspending 
 fifteen persons ; and a bishop beats out five others from the Abbey with his cro- 
 sier. The fore-ground contains a royal state coach, drawn by six horses, whose 
 traces are inscribed " superstition," " passive obedience," " rebellion," " heredi- 
 " tary right," " arbitrary power and non-resistance." The pope acts as postil- 
 lion ; and the King of France as coachman. A monk bearing a banner of the 
 Inquisition clears the way ; and the horses trample under foot the Protestant Re- 
 ligion, represented as a Clergyman with the Scriptures, and a figure protecting 
 Magna Charta. The wheels of the coach crush Liberty, and labels inscribed 
 ♦ " Exchequer," " Mortgage," " Bank," and " Leases." The Pretender leans 
 
 through the window ; and is in the act of withdrawing a black mask from his 
 face. Two monks and the devil perform the office of footmen ; and a groupe of 
 Scotch soldiers march behind under the banner of Slavery, embroidered with a 
 pair of wooden shoes. 
 
 This is one of the many and varied successful attempts made to resist the pro- 
 gress of the Pretender, whose partizans in Scotland were in arms against the 
 government, and whose friends in England waited with impatience for the mo- 
 ment when they might follow the example of the Sister Kingdom. This period 
 of time witnessed the termination of the hopes of the family -of Stuart, though the 
 Pope and the King of France were their coadjutors, and the people of Great Bri- 
 tain were divided — a fact which strongly demonstrates that no power on earth 
 can replace in the breast of a Protestant those tenets removed by the eflforts of the 
 antient Reformers. The Pretender, having been acknowledged as the son and 
 successor of James II. by the King of France, a bill of attainder was passed 
 against him. Not discouraged by this severe measure, he attempted to prevail 
 on Queen Anne to resign her crown in his favour as a matter of right and justice ; 
 and succeeded so far both with her and in Parliament by intrigue, that the friends 
 
 of 
 
of the Protestant succession had much difficulty in counteracting his designs. He 
 afterwards resided in the dominions of the Pope ; and subsequently invaded Scot- 
 land, where the battle of CuUoden closed his pretensions. 
 
 A print, without a title, exhibits George II. supported by the British Lion, 
 who secures the crown on the Monarch's head. On the opposite side, a tiend, 
 exclaiming " Sum primum mobile," pushes forward the Pope, who says^ " Pefe 
 sanguinis Ampullam hceretici alteram,'' as he pours the contents of a bottle and 
 glass on the back of the King of France, whose words are, as he exerts all his 
 strength on the shoulders of the Pretender, " Jettons les rejormez a Terre.'* 
 The latter turning, unwilling to risk further danger, declares they " shall never 
 be a match for George while that Lion stands by him :" which the engraver has 
 taken care to demonstrate, by shewing the four allies prostrate under as many 
 lions, with the King on horseback crowned with laurel in the middle. Between 
 these designs is inscribed several complimentary lines in blank verse. 
 
 " Balance." A neat engraving, though not well drawn. Three judges, 
 seated under a rich canopy, preside, while a huge pair of scales decide the fate 
 of the Pretender, who rises in defiance of the assistance of a Jesuit and a load of 
 bulls and indulgences, and the rage of the Pope, the King of France and the 
 Queen of Spain assembled to his aid, weighed down by a Bible and Magna 
 Charta ; on the side of which are arranged, Religion, Liberty, Justice, Britannia, 
 and a groupe of the different orders of the state. The dress of the Pretender and 
 a Scotchman who tears his hair, point out the interest the Scotch took in his 
 success. Time reposes in front, and exhibits a book inscribed " Popish prac- 
 tices — Fulfillments — Dispensing Power — Imprisonment of seven Bishops — 
 Master of Magdalen College — taking away Charters, &c." 
 
 " Thou art weighed in the balances and art found wanting." 
 
 ** The agreeable Contrast between the British Hero and the Italian fugitive.*' 
 The Pretender, habited in the Scotch dress, sits at a table with a broken anchor 
 at his feet, leaning over the Pope's bull, and reading. The room is a libiary, 
 and the greater number of the books are Romish legends." A paper suspended 
 from the table contains these lines : 
 
 " That British valour has conspir'd to quell ire, 
 Should I go home Dad would not fail to tell me." 
 
 Britannia 
 
re 
 
 Britannia stands behind him and says : 
 
 " Vain fool, behold here at thy feet 
 
 Your broken hopes and Culloden's defeat." 
 
 Alluding to a view of the battle, " The rebels defeated by his Royal Highness 
 William Duke of Cumberland, April l6, 1746." The portly Duke attends on 
 the opposite side, and declares, " Britain gave me life ; for her safety I will rea- 
 dily risk it." Beneath : 
 
 " Here happy Britain tells her joyful tales, 
 
 And may again, since William's arms prevails." 
 
 Bella, horrida Bella /" The print now before me is very free and spirited in 
 the execution. Two Aldermen fight with their bottles in a state of intoxication. 
 Alderman Benn is down ; and W — r, in nerveless effort, endeavours to make 
 the most of his advantage, but falls in the attempt, sinking to the floor with 
 staring eyes and a weeping mouth. A dog of " Charly's breed" seizes the falling 
 wig of B — n ; and a groupe of citizens view the combat at a distance. Below is 
 a ballad, termed " No peace for the wicked, or war is broke out in the city." 
 Benn was notorious for his Jacobite principles ; who the other champion was I 
 do not know. 
 
 " Draw near, ye sober citizens. 
 
 Who dwell in London city ; 
 And if I can from tears refrain, 
 
 I '11 sing a dol'rous ditty : 
 But oh ! my soul abhors. 
 
 Alack ! what pity 't is^ 
 That Aldermen should rage in wars^ 
 
 And Gen'rals rust in Peace ? 
 
 'Twas at a feast our Lord Mayor gave 
 
 To Lords and Aldermen, 
 Where a most bloody war broke out 
 
 'Twixt W r and B — n. 
 
 W— r was — I don't know what ; 
 
 B — n's trade was boiling soap : 
 And, if he minds no other trade. 
 
 He may escape a rope. 
 
 But 
 
But he to state affairs, alas! 
 
 Must turn his soap-sud brains ; 
 And so, as chains now hang on him. 
 
 May he ne'er hang in chains : 
 But say, my Muse, what devil, or God, 
 
 Could raise this mighty pother ; 
 Make peaceful souls boil o'er with rage. 
 
 And brother baffle brother. 
 
 The noisy god of drunkenness 
 
 Jump'd into B — n's tenth bottle ; 
 And thence, with Harlequin's address, 
 
 Jump'd into B — n's noddle : 
 And then, and there, perswade did he. 
 
 Dull B — n for to be witty ; 
 And to propose some Cocoa-tree 
 
 Healths, in the loyal city. 
 
 * Let 's drink,' says he, ' the brave Prince Char 
 
 And d — n each Hanoverian : 
 The rascal that will not pledge me 
 
 By G — 's a Presbyterian* 
 *0 B— n, O B— n,' cries W r; 
 
 * A shame it is most burning ; 
 
 To name such treach'rous, thou'rt mad. 
 But not with too much learning.^ 
 
 In harmless words they parley'd first ; 
 As, ' You lie, Sir /' and ' You lie /' 
 
 * Thou art a scoundrel, W r :' 
 
 * B — n, thou art a mere hully* 
 Then, wanting words to vent their rage. 
 
 They 're forc'd to come to blows ; 
 
 W r lugg'd B — n's ass's ears, 
 
 B — n tweak'd W r's nose.. 
 
78 
 
 Mars now let loose the dogs of war, 
 
 ' To arms,' the furies sound : 
 Earth to its very centre shook. 
 
 When B — n fell to the ground. 
 Oh could blind Homer but have seen, 
 
 And sung this mighty battle. 
 How city heads broke city stones ! 
 
 How chains of gold did itittle ! 
 
 How W r's pale nose grew red. 
 
 And spouted streams of blood ; 
 How from the breeches knees of B — n / 
 
 Down rush'd a tawny flood ! 
 The hero smil'd 'midst all his fears, 
 
 To find out by the smell. 
 And by the colour to discern. 
 
 It was not blood that fell. 
 
 And now, ye sober citizens. 
 
 Be warn'd by B — n's sad fate ; 
 Observe Kiiig Charles the Martyi's rule. 
 
 And drink no healths of state : 
 But, if you needs must drink a health. 
 
 Then be advis'd by me ; 
 Leave out the dangerous words brave Prince, 
 
 And only drink plain C *. 
 
 i 
 
 And so, God bless our good Lord Mayor, 
 A worthy citizen ; 
 \ And grant his chair may ne'er be fiU'd 
 
 With such a fool as B — n : 
 May men of decency and sense, 
 
 Our city feasts still guide well ; 
 And crazy sots sent to preside 
 At Bedlam or at Bridewell -I". 
 * By which is meant church, constitution, &fc. 
 
 f The worthy Mr. Aldermen B — n is a president of both these hospitals ; famous for the sound 
 sense and good morals of their governors as well as inhabitants. 
 
79 
 
 The noble Game of Boh-C/ierri/." The cherries are suspended to the lower 
 part of a sign of the British crown, and labelled High Treasurer, Secretary of 
 State, and High Chancellor. A person, in a lamentable situation, disgorges one 
 he had swallowed ; a second, missing his aim, lays prostrate ; a third is making 
 a flying leap ; a fourth follows ; and a crowd of courtiers and officers of the Royal 
 household view the game. There is much life and vivacity in the figures of this 
 print. 
 
 George H. had been to Hanover; and on his return the friends of Mr. Pitt 
 claimed the performance of a promise in his favour, made by the Duke of New- 
 castle; but the time they chose was unpropitious, as the King felt displeased at 
 some of the most recent acts of his ministers, and had suspicions that the Pel- 
 ham's inclined to peace. Lord Bath had several audiences of his Majesty, in 
 which he omitted no opportunity of recommending Lord Granville, by repre- 
 senting him as sincerely disposed to prosecute the war tlien raging, the King's 
 most favourite pursuit at that particular period. Bath, becoming secure in pro- 
 portion as he advanced, proposed a new administration to Lord Cobham, to 
 include Mr. Pitt, but without success ; hence arose the term Broad-bottomed 
 Administration, for, as the Opposition thought proper to say the Monarch was 
 surrounded by a faction, they would have removed it for a Cabinet on a broader 
 bottom. The strength of the party became at length so imposing, that the Duke 
 of Newcastle and his friends determined to admit some of the number into of- 
 fices where they would be subordinate to themselves. A list of names was then 
 handed to the King : that of Pitt proved fatal to the scheme. This produced an 
 interview between Newcastle and Cobham, and a coalition, the first effects of 
 which was an agreement for a general resignation. The Duke of Newcastle and 
 Lord Harrington led the way on the 10th of February, 1 746 ; and the King gave 
 the seals of the former to Lord Granville, on the 1 1th. Mr. Pelham, Lord Hard- 
 wicke, Lord Pembroke, Mr. Legge, and Mr. G. Grenville, followed the example 
 of Newcastle and Harrington. Thus Bath and Granville found themselves in 
 possession of place and the King's good wishes ; but, utterly powerless, the new 
 minister of three days therefore felt the necessity of immediate retirement; and 
 the nation perceived, by the restoration of his old servants, that the King's in- 
 fluence could not resist the finesse of party. The reader will easily recognise 
 who voids the cherry, and who they are aiming at the others, after the above 
 explanation. 
 
 " English 
 
80 
 
 " English Credulitif ; orye're all bottled^'' 1749- O magnus posthac Inimi- 
 cis Risus ! Hor. Sat. It seems almost incredible to a modern inhabitant of Lon- 
 don that the fact on which this satire is founded could have taken place. Certain 
 persons, at the head of whom was the Duke of Montague, aware of the excess of 
 curiosity prevailing in all ranks of people, determined to ascertain whether it 
 had any limits ; and it must be acknowledged they thought of an expedient 
 which experimentalists of this description never before even imagined. The Little 
 Theatre in the Haymarket was selected as the place of performance, and the pub- 
 lick invited to see a man enter a quart-bottle, and hear him sing within it. The 
 theatre filled with anxious spectators, who v^^aited the usual time for the com- 
 mencement of the entertainment, far more easy and contented in mind than those 
 instrumental in collecting them. The latter had pretty well satisfied themselves 
 that curiosity in London knew no bounds, and were at a loss how to discharge 
 their numerous visitors : the former began to perceive they had been the subject 
 of a jest or wager ; and thus each party became victims to terror and rage. 
 
 The contrivers of this hopeful scheme suffered their fears to eclipse commoa 
 sense, and, totally forgetting her dictates, they sent a man upon the stage to say 
 they were sorry the person could not that evening afford them the gratification 
 of seeing him get into the quart-bottle, but that, if they would honour him with 
 their presence on another, he would make ample amends for his omission by 
 entering a pint-bottle. The torrent of resentment previously accumulated was 
 set in motion by the absurdity of the offer ; and in an instant riot and confusion 
 reigned in every portion of the theatre, which ended with the destruction of 
 every thing that could be broken ; and the deceivers escaped with difficulty 
 through the back part of the house. Never was resentment less justifiable, as it 
 is almost impossible any person could believe the statement of the bills of the 
 day. Those, therefore, who paid their money at the doors must have attended 
 either without a hope of gratification, curious to know how the performer would 
 evade his proposal, or without even reading the bills ; consequently, neither had 
 reason to complain; but, were we to judge from the catastrophe alone, we must 
 agree with our Caricaturist in consigning the whole of the spectators present to 
 the personage usually represented with an ugly cap and bells. 
 
 The personage alluded to appears in the print lively and active, turning a 
 child's rattle with one hand, and leading a groupe by a string with the other, 
 composed of a number of characters in arms, law, physick, &c. many of whom 
 
 are 
 
81 
 
 are evidently portraits of persons then living and well known, but which I must 
 beg leave to decline appropriating, through the probability of committing some 
 unpardonable error. The old motto of the tlieatre, Veliiti in Speculum, is over 
 the curtain ; and the candles hang in the old-fashioned way, set in hoops. A sword, 
 supposed to allude to one lost by the Duke of Cumberland, flies away ; and a 
 young satyr or daemon chases it, for the reward of thirty guineas offered for its 
 recovery. 
 
 The lines at the bottom are : 
 
 " With grief, resentment, and averted eyes, 
 Britannia droops to see her sons, once wise, 
 So fam'd for arms, for conduct so renown'd. 
 With every virtue, every glory crown'd. 
 Now sink ignoble, and to nothing fall ; 
 Obedient marching forth at Folly's call. 
 Whither, says she, ye triflers, do ye run? 
 Fond to be silly, glad to be undone; 
 While every idle, each unmeaning thing 
 Shall crowds in transport draw as in a string. 
 Forth, forth, they rush from colleges and halls. 
 From mansions, cottages, streets, shops, and stalls, 
 See the whole town in diff' rent forms array 'd. 
 Some gape in rags, some flutter in brocade. 
 Thus, thus chican'd, can foreigners but smile 
 When they poor easy Englishmen beguile ? 
 Hail, thou great genius, who, the jest to crown, 
 Thus bottled up the spirits of the town ; 
 Though with regret I think on this affair, 
 Yet take them simpletons, as they appear. 
 Can solid judgement yield to idle schemes ? 
 Whence then these visions and these frantic dreams ? 
 You would the shades of your forefathers view : 
 Alas! beware, their looks will pierce you through ; 
 Were it but possible they could arise. 
 They'd spurn ye, and such recreants despise : 
 
 M Yet 
 
82 
 
 Yet see they flock to fill the various groupe, 
 And each contends who first shall be the dupe. 
 Observe the sly French satyr's comic grin 
 To think how Folly thus takes idlers in. 
 Wing'd from his side the warrior's sword is fled. 
 And vainly he invokes the conquering dead ; 
 .The priest, the lawyer, and pert fribble, fain 
 Would court their converse in an humble strain ; 
 Whilst the smart youth, before to shew his wit. 
 Cries, Folly leads, ye 're bottled all and bit." 
 
 " The Military Prophet : or a Flight from Providence. Addressed to the 
 foolish and guilty who timidly withdrew themselves on the alarm of another Earth- 
 quake, April, 1750." The excellent engraving under notice cannot be called a 
 caricature ; but the artist has contrived to give strong resemblances of the various 
 eccentricities of features observable amongst the English publick. The old woman 
 who sells the life-guardsman's prophecy, another who reads it, and the hobbling 
 citizen tottering upon two canes, are not inferior to Hogarth's best works. (See 
 Plate XXX. Jig. 6.) The whole groupe of equestrians, pedestrians, and those 
 in coaches, present a scene of confusion and agitation drawn to the life; and on 
 the right gallops "the author of it all, brandishing a flaming sword, inscribed, 
 " Prophecy," and appearing to urge his dupes forward. The subject requires 
 little further elucidation, which may be given by saying, a soldier in the life- 
 guards, who had his brain completely turned by preaching and hearing Metho- 
 dism, presumed to announce the destruction of London by an earthquake. 
 Numbers, tinctured by the new enthusiasm, terrified themselves, communicated 
 their fears to the ignorant ; and the consequence was, the whole fled in the man- 
 ner above censured from this devoted city, to which they returned in due time, 
 probably rather more enlightened than when they left it. 
 
 " A Modern Contrast. Is it nothing to you all, ye tliat pass by ? Behold and 
 see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow!" The drawing and execution 
 of this print does credit to Proud the engraver. The houses of two publicans face 
 each other ; one sells his liquor with a license, and himself and wife bursting 
 with fat, exult at their door (see Plate^K^KS.. Jig. 3.) amidst a group of drun- 
 kards, over their neighbour, who is arrested, and his family turned out, and their 
 
 liquor 
 
83 
 
 liquor staved, for selling without a license. The sottish contriver of this false 
 satire of the government, for attempting to check the immoderate use of spiritous 
 liquors, has thrown Justice on the pavement, m a state of intoxication, where she 
 apphes a glass to her lips. 
 
 There is a curious print extant, the cojjy used on this occasion being without 
 date or title, which was intended as a strong expression of displeasure against the 
 House of Hanover. The horse, which is their armorial badge, has been strangely 
 tortured into a ludicrous monster by the Caricaturist, and is supposed to be erect 
 on the hind legs, terminating in talons, and treading on Liberty and Trade. The 
 tail resembles that of a serpent, the body that of a man, an(^ a human face full 
 of rapacious cunning peeps out of the neck of the correct representation of the 
 head of a horse. This animal neighs Worms," in great distress ; the face leers 
 at an attentive minister, places a finger to the nose, and receives from him with 
 the other hand a bag of l60,000 guineas. (See Plate XXXI. Jig. 4.) A crowd 
 of persons on the other side catch at the distribution of money, but damn Eng- 
 land. We are presented below with a nurse employed in a very disagreeable office 
 for Britannia reduced to infancy, who, lying across her lap, roars at the necessary 
 operation. Between the two designs is a list of foreign soldiers in daily pay for 
 England. 
 
 The frequent royal excursions to Hanover which occurred between the accession 
 of George I. and the close of the reigji of George II, produced great discontent. 
 The latter monarch returned from thence in Septembef 1 755, and brought with 
 him a subsidiary treaty for 12,000 men, which he had concluded with the Land- 
 grave of Hesse, and the draft of another with Russia, ratified after his return, for 
 40,000, ostensibly for the defence of England and Hanover, but really for that of 
 the latter country. Mr. Pitt said of these treaties, " They were advised, framed, 
 and executed, not with a view to the defence of Great Britain in case slie should 
 be invaded by France ; not with a view to protect the allies of Great Britain, if 
 they should be attacked by France, but purely and entirely for the preservation 
 of Hanover against the attempts of France and her confederates ; which I believe 
 to be so entirely the only object of the treaties, that I am convinced they would 
 not have been made had not that electorate belonged to the Sovereigiji of the 
 island." These facts will explain the cause of the statements of the satirist, and 
 the succeeding print of ' 
 
 St. 
 
1 
 
 84 
 
 " St. James's in Octobei', the King at Hanover," 1750 ; intended to illustrate 
 the stagnation of business, caused by the absence of the Court and its attendants. 
 The grenadiers on duty at the gate lean listless against it ; one wishes the mo- 
 narch safe home, and the other answers, " Aye, we shall peck again then :" a 
 chimney-sweeper passes between them, crying " Sweep for the soot, ho." Six 
 men bear a coffin from Cleveland-place, inscribed, " Trade.'^ A groupe of 
 tradesmen converse near the palace, declaring, " Seven months in twelve is too 
 hard indeed." — "Not a tye-wig, major, or brig bespoke — Nora hat." The 
 keeper of a neighbouring coffee-house intreats them in vain to subscribe 2*. 6d. 
 each for the birth-day dinner ; and a landlady opposite observes, " Few whetters 
 from court now ;" even a pair of shoe-blacks cry they are starved for want of 
 employment. 
 
 Other persons in the front of the print are courtiers, " Dim me, my lord, if I 
 know how to kill time now the King is abroad." — "Marry, as we have done," 
 replies his lordship, " and you will find employment enough." — A citizen, wfio 
 exclaims, " What a melancholy appearance is here ! — I'll out of town now these 
 weddings are over." — A wench crying the last dying speech of Maclaane — 
 
 *' D um, they are all poverty struck." A knife grindeh: " G — save great 
 
 George our King ! — I wish he was here though, for they seem to want meat more 
 than knives," &c. 
 
 " Foreign trade and domestic compared," in two divisions. One contains the 
 king of France seated under a canopy, presenting Commerce, who kneels before 
 him, a placart "That trade shall be free from Taxes," and saying, "All that I 
 have is thine." To which the favoured lady replies, " By your Majesty's pater- 
 nal care and protection, I am enabled to do greater things at any European Mar- 
 ket than my neighbours ;" and this assertion is supported by money bills paid 
 and accepted, invoices, &c. &c. scattered on the fore-ground, where a large wool- 
 pack is accompanied by a letter, dated London, Nov. 1/53: "Monsieur, You 
 may have what Wool you v/ant, and remit the balance in Wines. Yours, &c. 
 Tim. Wiseacre." The more distant parts of the print exhibit the sea, bounded 
 by the islands of Tobago, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia, and ships proceeding and 
 returning on their voyages. 
 
 The second division shews the British Minister, the duke of Newcastle, ad- 
 vancing, provided with two yokes, one labelled " 5 per cent on Exports," and the 
 other " duty on Salt, and additional duty on Sugar." Ihose he intends to add to 
 
 the 
 
85 
 
 the *'ol(l subsidy, new subsidy, old duty, and new duty," which have weighed Com- 
 merce to the earth, sij^hitig, " O^^ite spent, bore down, and ready to breathe niy 
 last gasp," where she is surrounded by boxes ot" French lace, cambrick, letters of 
 credit, bills returned unpaid and protested, and an invoice of 2/4 hogsheads of 
 Sugar, and 135 casks of Indigo, per the Apollo, from St. Domingo to A. B. mer- 
 chant'at Bristol. 
 
 To shew the contempt in which the Minister is supposed to hold the staple ar- 
 ticle of the nation, a dog is seen wetting a wool pack immediately under a niche, 
 furnished with an owl blinking through spectacles, holding in its beak a lantern,v 
 and speaking this sentence in Latin, " Non mihi si centum oculi sint Commo- 
 dum videre possum." A more ludicrous aid has seldom been introduced in a sa- 
 tirical print. (See BlisceUaneons Plate.) The back-ground contains groupes of 
 sailors out of em])loyment ; and several ships bear brooms at their mast heads, 
 the symbol of sale. Three persons near Commerce seem inclined to afford her 
 relief. 
 
 The measures of the duke of Newcastle and his coadjutors, it will be seen by 
 the preceding caricature, gave as little satisfaction as those of hi^ Britannic Ma- 
 jesty, which, it is pretty plainly hinted by Mr. Pitt, were exclusively his own. 
 Thus, according to Squire Western, in Fielding's Tom Jones, all his lands were 
 to be sent to Hanover ; and our friend the caricaturist decidedly informs us, that 
 the whole trade of England was transferred to France by the weight of the Mi- 
 nisterial imposts. 
 
 " A Court Conversatiorr is next in succession, published when Mr. Fox was 
 Secretary of State. In the print before us, Mr. Fox and (I suppose) Lord Anson 
 stand in the fore-ground ; the latter leans on a broken anchor, and points with one 
 hand to the London Gazette held in the other {See Plate XXXI. Jig. -^.) ; the 
 former directs his friend's attention to the mob burning Admiral Byng in effigy 
 in the street. The heads of these principals have been exchanged by the artist 
 for those of a Fox and a Goose ; and it would be injustice not to notice the stupid 
 air of reproach in that of Anser, a quibble upon Anson, both as calling him a 
 goose, and approaching the sound of the real name. Behind them is the Coun- 
 cil-table, where three of the members are disturbed by the fall of a picture of the 
 siege of Port Mahon, which causes the overturning of the table, A map of North 
 America hangs covered by cobwebs ; and a pile of Subsidiary Treaties lay near a 
 Place and Pension Ledger, No. 21. 
 
 Below 
 
86 
 
 Below this well-engraved plate are these lines : 
 
 " Quoth Anser to Reynard, Methinks you had better 
 Have not made so free with this same cursed letter. 
 Sly Reynard replied, Yet your Lordship must own. 
 Not Byng had been burnt, if the truth had been known." 
 
 France had determined at this period to attack Minorca ; and, aware of her 
 superiority atjinesse, the cabinet of that power completely concealed their real 
 design, by terrifying the English ministry with a grand display of troops between 
 Calais and Boulogne, as if they were intended for an immediate invasion. Thus 
 we find the Privy Council taken unawares by the fall of Port Mahon, while they 
 were bringing foreign troops into this country for its protection. Mr. Pitt, then 
 in the Opposition, was so exasperated with Lord Anson, that he intemperately 
 declared him unfit to command a cock-boat on the River Thames. The letter in 
 the Gazette alluded to must be that announcing the proceedings of Admiral 
 Byng, whose caution in avoiding the enem}', and apparent want of courage, ex- 
 cited the most furious anger in the public mind against him ; and every engine 
 was employed to bring him to punishment, amongst which may be included, 
 
 " Bung Triumphant" An arch, the reverse of a triumphal, records June 26, 
 1756. Over the key-stone is the Admiral's ship on a shield, the crest reversed, 
 with thigh-bones on the wreath ; the supporters a cow and a sheep ; the motto 
 " safe and sound." The English lion and the French fleurs-de-lis are placed on 
 two pedestals " Topsy turvy," which support flags of the two nations, " Whole, 
 not a rag in a flag." This arch terminates in the now obsolete 07'naments of 
 Temple-bar, a head and limbs, descriptive of the punishment of traitors. Two 
 apertures beneath the architrave are filled with statues of Gallisoniere and Byng, 
 supposed to be playing at " bo peep." Immediately under the structure is a scaf- 
 fold, with the Admiral secured by a halter to a gallows, who sighs, " I am trou- 
 bled in spirit, and grief overwhelmeth my soul ;" to which Wesley replies, " O 
 rejoice ! rejoice that the Lord loveth thee, for therefore art thou chastised." A 
 mob suj-rounds the place; and in the front are personifications of England, Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and Wales, and France : the four first of whom are provided with 
 baskets of " English flints," " Scotch pebbles," " Irish potatoes," and " Welsh 
 onions," intended for the detestable purposes, common at the time the print was 
 engraved, of pelting the obnoxious criminal on the way to execution. The Eng- 
 lish 
 
 ( 
 
87 
 
 iisli sailor cries, " O my dear eyes, new for your jolly nob ! — what ! you would 
 not fight, and be d — d to you ?" The Scotchman, " Mester Beeng, tak gued heed 
 tuU yere lugs, eil tak muckle aim at yere hed." The Irishman, "O blur and 
 nowns, but I'll bate you, my dear; and I wish, honey, Blakeney was here now ;" 
 and th^^ Welshman, " Cot ss hur plood and potty, how hur tinkers its ! Cots 
 sounce, hur is all rates and fire." The Frenchman turns away in disgust and 
 astonishment, observing, " La diable ! la Monseur le grand Monarque no serva 
 Monsieur Gallisoniere so as dese, for sava his fleet." 
 
 The Anecdotes and Speeches of the earl of Chatham contain the ensuing as- 
 sertions : "The great error was, in the Admiralty not sending a larger fleet, and 
 not sending it sooner. Mr. Byng's only fault was acting with too much prudence, 
 owing to the smallness of his force. He was sacrificed through the management 
 of Lord Hardwicke, to screen Lord Anson, &c." * 
 
 It may be worth while to describe " The Fuion, or Justice anticipated, and 
 the Addressers redressed" 175^, to shew the violence of party at the time it was 
 published. We cannot but feel regret that the suggestions contained in it were 
 gratified by the shedding of British blood, even in the instance of Admiral Byng. 
 
 Britannia, the City of London, and Justice, seated at a fable covered by copies 
 of Addresses, have a number of delinquents before them ; over whom, suspended 
 on a cloud, are an axe and block, a rope, and musket ; behind them is a view of 
 the Tower ; and at the windows appear such of the obnoxious politicians and 
 officers as the contriver of the print chose to place there. A second cloud hovers 
 over another groupe, supposed to be meritorious men in their diflferent public sta- 
 tions, bearing wreaths of laurel, and the names of Cunningham, Vernon, Pepe- 
 rel, Jefferys, West, Johnson, Hawke, and Blakeney ; a glory beams on these, and 
 lightning darts upon the other. The City says, " I demand, in behalf of the 
 City of London, and all the trading Cities and Towns in (ireat Britain, an impar- 
 tial inquiry, and immediate justice to be executed against weak or wicked Minis- 
 ters ; and that the virtuous and brave may be rewarded according to their merit." 
 
 Britannia replies, " Due regard shall be shewn immediately to the many re- 
 monstrances and loyal addresses of my children for an inquiry." Justice adds, 
 "With me there is no respect of persons, nor taking of bribes." Below the favour- 
 ed groupe isinscri! ed, " Rewards for bravery and personal merit," which are enu- 
 merated ; and under the condemned, " And behold I saw in my dream, that the 
 Goddess Astrea denounced several pains and penalties against State delinquents." 
 
 Amongst 
 
88 
 
 Amongst tlie vest were the following : Admiral Byng — To be shot at by a sailor 
 out of every ship of Admiral West's division at the battle of the 20th of May, 
 1756', for his cowardice in that action. Chateauneuf- — His estate and side-board 
 to be a})propriated to the payment of foreign subsidies, and be obliged to dine 
 every other day on the viands and delicacies of Fee-lane, except once a year on a 
 jowl of Newcastle salmon ; his sideboard furniture to be trenchers and wooden 
 spoons. Lovegold — To be mulcted 30,000/. per annum during the war for the 
 support of a national Militia, and to wear wooden shoes. Aqiiapulco — ^To be 
 mulcted 200,000/. towards the recovering of Minorca out of the hands of the 
 French; and lo/. to each of the widows of sailors who have or shall lose their 
 lives in the Mediterranean during tiie present war. Renard — To be allowed to 
 eat neither geese nor poultry, nor any thing else but guts and garbage, or soup 
 rneagre, nor any liquor but the juice of sour grapes for 10 years. Mon. Lass — 
 For involving the nation in deep distress by his evil councils, to cry wooden shoes 
 for his subsistence; and travel barefooted from London to Ardmagh, and there to 
 be dilapidated. — ^The non-fighting Captains in the late battle to be broke, and ren- 
 dered incapable of bearing any other command than that of swabbers on board 
 their own ships all the time of the war." 
 
 " The Scribleriad," an heroic poem, published in I751, and written by the late 
 Richard O. Cambridge, Esq. is embellished with seven prints nearly approaching 
 caricature: they were drawn by Wall in one instance, and Boitard designed and 
 engraved the remainder. The title of the work explains its purport, which was 
 to ridicule a false taste in literature, &c. The frontispiece has lately been re-en- 
 graved, and much improved by a back-ground, the work of Landseer, in a collec- 
 tion of Mr. C.'s labours, published by his son. The print of Scriblerus preparing 
 to burn himself on a pile of his own rarities, is well done, but has nothing co- 
 mic in it. 
 
 " Let the brave Phoenix my example be ; 
 That Phoenix now, alas ! I ne'er must see I 
 His pile magnific the great thought inspire; 
 And my choice treasures light the glorious pyre." 
 
 The Third Book is faced by a representation of the (^^^cen of an imaginary 
 country, whose history is related by a Priestess of Rumour. For the first time 
 we have a delineation of the Plica Polonica, an epidemical disease of the hair, 
 
 which 
 
89 
 
 which twines inextricably, and cannot be cut from the head without a dangerous 
 effusion of blood. 
 
 " The Queen herself approach'd in solemn state ; 
 Her head th' inextricable Plica grac'd: 
 Whose folds descending, veil'd her beauteous waste, 
 Then length'ning downwards, form'd a regal train. 
 And swept with awful majesty the plain." 
 
 The print annexed to the Fourth Book is one of the best ; and shows Scrible- 
 rus making atonement for the murder of Acrostick, by funeral games, in which 
 a Briton and a German attempt an aerial flight : 
 
 " They spread their wings, and with a rising bound. 
 Swift at the word, together quit the ground." 
 
 The wing of one of the adventurers breaks ; and Boitard has very happily ex- 
 pressed his convulsive seizure of his antagonist's right leg, with whom he falls 
 amidst an astonished assembly and the prize bull. 
 
 In the last plate Scriblerus is beatified by a set of Alchymists, for his successful 
 essays in that art ; and we have him seated upon a platform, elevated on four 
 battered hogsheads ; a bull bleeds at his feet ; and his old competitors celebrate 
 his new honours on a harp and with songs, two only lamenting their own failure. 
 
 It may be observed generally of the satirical prints published before the Ame- 
 rican war, that the countenances of the principal characters barely convey the 
 actual feelings of the individual. In this particular, they may be said to resemble 
 the sketches prepared for his subject by a second-rate historical painter. The 
 artist had, in no instance which 1 have seen, ventured to give a likeness in the ex- 
 treme of ludicrous distortion. We therefore view these prints with perfectly calm 
 muscles ; and sagacity is kept upon the stretch, to recal circumstances and events, 
 in order to appropriate the figures. 
 
 Bunbury is one of the few caricaturists who might look over a collection of 
 his own productions without experiencing a sensation of remorse. This gentle- 
 man has escaped, as far as my knowledge of his works extends, the sting of hav- 
 ing wantonly injured the feelings of individuals, who were not accountable to him 
 for the singularities of their features, persons, or manners, or their deviations from 
 a particular path prescribed by party in politics. 
 
 Mr. Bunbury long amused the publick, and reigned the unrivalled monarch of 
 
 N the 
 
90 
 
 the grotesque, almost as long as his present Majesty has swayed the sceptre of 
 Great Britain. Lately, indeed, rivals have disputed liis pretensions to exclusive 
 excellence with great success ; but the veteran always creates good-humour in the 
 breast of spleen, and excites a laugh even from gravity itself. I shall now pro- 
 ceed to notice a few of tlie best subjects of his pencil chronologically. 
 
 The " E(fnes Cantab." and Cantab.'" engraved by Bretherton in IJJ2, are 
 done in a style precisely opposite to that adopted at present, which deserves ap- 
 probation in some particulars, and is deficient in others; the artist, having etched 
 the outline and the strongest shades, has given the other tints by the dry point ; 
 consequently the prints appear at a little distance like aqua-tints, and have not 
 that clear richness observable in modern caricatures. Bretherton seems, how- 
 ever, to have entered into the spirit of the design in every instance ; and his pro- 
 ductions do not suffer by a comparison with the works of others who have since 
 engraved from the sketches of Bunbury. 
 
 The Eques Cantab, is a spare figure mounted upon a hunter, his chin sur- 
 rounded by a thick neckcloth ; the jolt of the horse places a huge queue in a ho- 
 rizontal position, and he carries a large hooked stick. A finger-post points to 
 Cambridge in the rear, and to Newmarket in front. Cantab, paces along in the 
 second plate on an animal strongly resembling a cart-horse ; this figure is a most 
 perfect resemblance of nature, as she is sometimes pleased to present us with 
 priests, fellows of Colleges. The large nose, the copious under-lip, the small 
 eye, the swelling white wig, and the triangular hat insecurely stuck on it; the 
 protuberance before, and the rusty black suit, are all characteristic. Cantab, car- 
 ries a sermon in his pocket, which he has just preached at a Church in the dis- 
 tance; and two hogs pay their respects to him in the fore-ground. 
 
 " The Village Barber" published in J772, is a whimsical conveyance of that 
 odd compound to posterity, who struts before his house, armed with his lancet, 
 razor, and bason ; an enormous black wig appears to balance his nose and spec- 
 tacles, and two signs inform us he is "Barn: Factotum: Dresses, shaves, bleeds, 
 &c. In utrumque paratus. Bobs, bob-majors, scratches, and other wigs made 
 here ; also sausages, wash-balls, black-pudding , Scotch pills, powder for the itch, 
 red herrings, breeches balls, and small-beer by the maker." 
 
 " The Concerto Spirituale,'* 1773, is a groupe of three figures, finely contrast- 
 ed ; a second Mr. Bright, abounding with the nose, lips, and excrescencies of 
 good living, sits a vast mass of flesh at the bass viol i another, denied the full con- 
 
 iour 
 
91 
 
 tour of an Apollo, plays on the hautboy with a hollow cheek, while a brother per- 
 former on the French horn swells his almost to bursting. 
 
 The Siege of' Namur, hij Captain Shandy and Corporal Trim" represents 
 those well-known heroes marching to the gate. The " honest triumph" in the 
 eyes of the former, mentioned by Sterne, is perhaps converted into something 
 hke fierceness ; but he grasps one of his crutches with the eagerness of an old 
 soldier, who forgets their use in the face of an enemy, and points forward, while 
 the other props his unwieldy frame, agitated from the sole of his foot to the ex- 
 treme end of his queue. Trim fixes his eyes on his commander, advances in ihe 
 grenadier's step, with a pick-axe raised for action, and rouses our attention towards 
 the object of attack — a perforated bank forming the sides of a gate, which a board 
 fastened to two sticks set in the ground informs us is the gate of St. Nicolas, de- 
 fended by a pair of jack-boots projected as cannon. The Captain holds the Lon- 
 don Gazette in his left hand, and a wall behind him has a plan of the town fast- 
 ened to it. 
 
 " A 3Tilitia Meeting"'' appeared in the above year, in which print two magis- 
 trates sit at a table, one with his back towards the spectator, reading from the Mi- 
 litia Bill ; the other, fat and important, seems to speak in thunder. A soldier, 
 not altogether like a waggoner in masquerade, introduces two clodpoles, the short- 
 est of whom has his hair dressed in the military style, and seems to be offered as 
 a substitute for the otlier, one of the most stupid inhabitants of a village of clay- 
 huts. The whole of the groupe informs the spectator that the magistrates reject 
 the substitute as under size ; that he wishes to get the bounty ; and that the prin- 
 cipal is fearful of being compelled to serve. 
 
 " Mutual Accusation,"'' 1774. This print, allowing for the peculiar nature of 
 the subject, may be considered as one of the best from the pencil of Mr. Bunbury. 
 Two Ouacks meet in the street where both reside; the sign of one is inscribed, 
 "Dr. Walker's veritable Anti-scorbutic Pills: beware of impostors;" and that 
 of the other, " True Anti-scorbutic Pills." The contention between the fat man 
 and his lean adversary is comic in the extreme ; and the battle between the two 
 viragos, their wives, in the distance, can only be exceeded by reality. We will 
 not attempt to decide whether Mr. Bunbury aimed his satire at living characters 
 in this instance ; but it is certain it was never better applied. The cats and dogs 
 of the two families, partaking of the general animosity, fight for very love of 
 their masters and mistresses. 
 
 "When 
 
92 
 
 *' When once you've told and can't recall a He, 
 Br)ldly persist in't, or your fame will die. 
 Learn this, ye wives, with unrelenting claws — 
 Or right or wrong, assert your husband's cause." 
 
 "A Barbers Shop" I785. The drawing from which this large print was 
 done by Jones, in the dotted manner, formed part of the collection of Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds. It has the merit of finishing and keeping, and the features are gene- 
 rally but little strained beyond the bounds prescribed by Nature : indeed it may 
 rather be termed a sketch of one of the ludicrous scenes of real life than a carica- 
 ture. The principal figure is covered by a white cloth, and undergoes the double 
 torture inflicted by an awkward boy with curling irons, whose arms are barely 
 long enough to reach their destination, and the frizzing of a grinning adult : the 
 face of this sufferer will long explain the pangs produced by the manner of dress- 
 ing the hair in 1785. A label with " Fox" on it lies under this gentleman's 
 foot; and the frizeur's pockets exhibit others with "Hood and Wray." Two 
 dogs resembling a lion and a fox, with similar labels attached to their collars, have 
 a wig between them, each snarling with a curl in his mouth. A fat person sits 
 bald, reading a news-paper ; over his head is inscribed, " State of the Poll :" a 
 block supports his wig, and the floor his hat, loaded by a large cockade for Hood 
 and IVray. A third person turns his head, shuts his eyes, and gently touches 
 with a towel the bleeding scars on his face and neck, left by a bad razor ; a boy 
 points to his own jaw, and distinctly tells him where the wounds are deepest. A 
 fourth is thoroughly lathered, and awaits the dire flourish of the shaver, with a 
 strong expression of fear. And two others face a glass, and replace their neck- 
 cloths with equal gravity and whimsical eflfect. The political inferences to be 
 drawn from this print are little more than that the celebrated Westminster Elec- 
 tion conveyed its influence even to the barber's boy. 
 
 " City Fowler's Mark!" 
 
 " Against the wind he takes his prudent way, 
 While the strong gale directs him to the prey ; 
 Now the warm scent assures the covey near, 
 He treads with caution, and he points with fear." Gay. 
 ■ clausisque expectat ocellis 
 
 The 
 
93 
 
 The real sportsmen hold the trading sportsmen of London in sovereign con- 
 tempt. The First of September, which annually lets the latter loose upon all the 
 little harmless birds that chirp in the hedges round the metropolis, removes the 
 restraint imposed upon the pens and pencils of wits and caricaturists ; and the 
 newspapers and print-shop windows abound with sarcasms on the blunders sup- 
 posed to be committed by the cock ne^^s in their field- anuisements, Mr. Bunbury 
 has not been the least successful of their satirists, as he evinces by the ludicrous 
 turn he gives to the above lines by Gay. A labourer sits in a particular posture 
 behind a bush ; " the warm scent" attracts the setter, and he points ; two cits 
 " tread with caution," one cocks his gun, and the other takes aim upon his 
 shoulder with an eagerness and awkwardness not to be described. 
 
 " Corporeal Fear," 1781. The print before us is an illustration of the facility 
 which the terrors of mankind afTord the wicked, of accomplishing their crimes; 
 and tends to prove that presence of mind and a little courage would often rescue 
 the traveller from the horrors of highway-robberv. A dancing-master seated in 
 his gig is arrested on his progress by a miserable wretch, who presents a candle- 
 stick instead of a pistol to his breast ; and a clumsy fat old virago clambers 
 up the carriage on the opposite side. The terrified caperer has dehvered his 
 purse, hat, whip, and fiddle ; and stands the picture of fear and despair, 
 with his pockets turned inside out, begging for mercy. In the dotted manner, 
 by Baldry. 
 
 "Billiards,'" 1781, engraved by Brotherton. This subject conveys instruc- 
 tion, though the figures and features are in the extreme of caricature. Two of 
 the figures are sharpers, and grin with inward pleasure and contempt at the in- 
 expressibly ridiculous motions of one of their antagonists about to play ; two 
 others, concerned in the game, stand in stupid expectation, and the rest of the 
 groupe partake of the same feelings. A picture of a duel on the wall hints the 
 consequences attending Billiards. 
 
 " The Inflexible Porter," 1783. It is impossible to examine the print before 
 us, without partaking of the sensations of the parties. The pampered insolent ser- 
 vant lifts both his hands, and denies his master with unrelenting front. A gen- 
 tleman bows, and intreats for admission with a smiling disappointed countenance; 
 and another, thin as a lath, and dressed in the extremity of the fashion, stands 
 passive in silent vexation, though, by the hand in his pocket, and the manner 
 in which the fore-finger of the other is pointed towards it, we may suppose 
 
 a bribe 
 
^4 
 
 a bribe will remove all obstacles raised by the then Jlexible porter. > This 
 caricature is sufficient in itself to abolish the custom of shewing great men 
 for money. 
 
 The front, side-view, and back-front of a Modern Fine Gentleman, appeared 
 in the same year, but has little to recommend it. Both these 'prints are 
 stippled. 
 
 " J College Gate,"' 1794- TVatson and Dickenson sc. dotted manner. The 
 Divines going upon duty is a laughable groupe : One stands upon a horse- 
 block in the distance, rotund and short ; the whiteness of the wig, contrasted 
 with the mahogany-tinted countenance, shows his love for old port. Ano- 
 ther ambles along in the front, a second-rate in fat. But the figure who ap- 
 proaches, aged, lean, and wrapped close in his great coat, has a face which defies 
 description, and is screwed into twenty different expressions. The conceited 
 young gentleman who trots in another direction is opposed to a fifth in his gown, 
 in a curious style. 
 
 " The Country Club" stippled by Dickenson, 1803. Although a caricature, 
 the general character of this subject strictly accords with Nature. The party 
 wait for dinner, which is brought in by the landlady, a fat complacent woman, 
 and her assistants. An impatient friend to his stomach exclaims, with extended 
 mouth, against the lateness of the hour, and presents his watch to a mortified 
 waiter for inspection. A beau with most simple and unmeaning features carefully 
 suspends his hat to a hook in the wall. A short well-fed clergyman squeezes a 
 lemon into an enormous punch-bowl : and a friend snuffs a bottle near him 
 with expressive eagerness. The most diverting part of the print consists of a trio, 
 composed of a Justice, Militia-officer, and an Exciseman : the subject of conver- 
 sation is a good joke, and the whole of the party enjoy it in a way peculiar to 
 each, but the latter, a little fellow with his hands in his waistcoat-pockets, looks 
 up to the Justice with an earnest enquiring grin, which in itself would establish 
 Mr. Bunbury's fame as a caricaturist. The rules of this club are inscribed on a 
 board as follows : 
 
 " Club-law. No journeyman or apprentice must belong to this society. 
 No jokes in this society but practical ones, or forfeit ^d. 
 
 Any gentleman as gives another gentleman the lie before strangers to forfeit 6d. 
 Any gentleman as behaves ungenteel to be fined ^d. and turned out. 
 All fines to be spent in punch." 
 
 " TJie 
 
95 
 
 The present State of Europe a political farce, of four acts, as it is novr 
 h\ rehearsal by all the Potentates A. D. 1761. The distant part of this print re- 
 presents the Island of Corsica, and the bombardment of Bastia. On the left is 
 a weeping Genoese, who sighs, " I see and bewail the error too late of my Country's 
 severity to those brave Islanders." The Russian bear growls inactive near him, 
 against a Danish dog gnawing a bone. A Swedish one stands and snarls over 
 Pomerania, at a Prussian attempting to throw a collar on his neck, charging him 
 " to fly from our Prussian I'omerania, or else, you meddling cur, I'll chain you." 
 The King of Prussia plays the Black Joke on a flute ; and the Queen of Hun- 
 gary, dancing to it, falls, exclaiming, " Duce take his Joke, I have crack'd my 
 crown by it." The Empress of Russia calmly says, " Oh, sister, keep it up for 
 the Joke's sake." The British Lion, in contempt and anger, wets the Gallic 
 cock, and behind are the members of the Quadruple Alliance, the Pope, the 
 Kings of France and Spain, and the Devil. The Pope addresses his Spanish 
 Majesty in these words, " My Son, assist your most Christian brother against the 
 Heretics ; it will be more meritorious than a crusade :" who answers, " I own I 
 love them not, but dread their power." The Grand Monarch entreats, " Dear 
 brother, assist me now, or I am lost for ever." And the Devil consoles them, by 
 assuring them he will provide a retreat for them all in his dominions. The lines 
 below are too contemptible for insertion. 
 
 The reign of his present Majesty commenced most inauspiciously in the opi- 
 nion of the Caricaturists, who indulged in inferences of which I should be ex- 
 tremely unwilling to give an explanation. I shall offer on this occasion an ac- 
 count of a very ludicrous print, called the " Flying Machine'''' from Edinburgh 
 in one day, performed by Moggy Mackensie, at the Thistle and Crown. It 
 would be impossible, I should imagine, for the most patriotic Scotchman to look 
 at this print without laughing at the figures seated on a huge broomstick flying 
 through the air, though, with me, they must disapprove of the tendency of the 
 satire. 
 
 " On broomstick, by old Moggy's aid. 
 Full royally they rode. 
 And on the wings of Northern winds 
 Came flying all abroad." 
 
 The garden of Eden is before them, and behind them a desolate vs^ilderness." 
 
 Joel, chap. ii. v. 3. 
 
 Such 
 
96 
 
 Such appears to be the motive the persons alluded to, chose to assign for the 
 visits of our Northern brethren. To add to their discontent, a Princess high in 
 power thought it expedient to trust the direction of her son to an individual, 
 vi'hom the Caricaturists called The Jack Boot. This individual was supposed 
 further to govern most of the actions of his pupil, and particularly in the pa- 
 tronage of places ; which gave rise to " The Jack Boot kicked down, or English 
 Will triumphant ; a dream." English Will, or the Duke of Cumberland, 
 slighted by the Princess and her son, is exhibited kicking down a Boot with a 
 Scot in it. (See Plate XXXI. Jig. 5.) The Princess essays in vain to lift him, 
 and the friends of the Duke exult. 
 
 " The Highland Seer, or the Political Vision. Felix quem Jaciunt aliena 
 pericula cautum. 
 
 " Is there a curse on human kind so fell. 
 So pestilent, at once, to prince and people, 
 As the base servile vermin of a court. 
 Corrupt, corrupting ministers and favourites ? 
 How oft have such eat up the widow's morsel, 
 The peasant 's toil, the merchant's far-sought gain, 
 And wanton d in the ruin of a nation !" Thomson. 
 
 The Scotch nobleman, made the subject of indignation on this occasion, rouses 
 from his slumbers in the manner of Garrick in the character of Richard III. and 
 beholds five spectres, who address him in similar solemn admonitions to those in 
 Shakspeare's celebrated play : 
 
 " Let not ambitious love thy heart ensnare. 
 Lest thou the fate of Mortimer should share." 
 
 " William des Roches am I ; beware, proud Scot, 
 Lest foul disgrace like mine should be thy lot." 
 
 " Listen to Hubert's voice ere it is too late, 
 
 Resign thy povv'r, and shun the favourite's fate." 
 
 " Montfort, who rul'd an easy monarch's heart. 
 Bids thee with caution act thy dangerous part." 
 
 " Beware, O favour'd Thane, remember well, 
 That Essex by a Queen's indulgence fell." 
 
 The 
 
97 
 
 The " favoured Thane," aghast with terror, cries, " By St. Andrew, these ill- 
 fared ghaistes gar my bleed run cauld with horror; 'gin I were safe in my ain 
 country, I'se be content to feed on bannocks and baggies, as I were wont to do." 
 The North Briton and the Monitor lie on a table by him ; and the following 
 words are on a label : " Fly, Sawney, to the middle of Wallachia, and in its 
 blissful vales forget your fears." An explanation is given below : " Roger Mor- 
 timer, Earl of March, favourite and supposed minion of the Queen Mother in 
 the reign of Edward III. William des Roches, Bishop of Wmchester, favourite 
 of Henry III. and during the minority of that Prince protector of the realm. 
 Hubert de Burg, favourite of the same Monarch, and successor to William des 
 Roches after his disgrace. Simon Montfort, Earl of Leicester, favourite of the 
 same Monarch, afterwards married to the Countess. 
 
 " The Congress ; or a device to lower the Land Tax. 
 
 " Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum ; 
 Cum faber incertus scamnum, faceretne Priapum, 
 Maluit esse Deum : Deus inde ego, furum." Hor. Sat. viii. lib. 1. 
 
 The British Minister bows obsequiously to the representatives of the Gallic 
 Monarch ; one of whom receives a scroll, inscribed " Guadaloupe, Martinico, &c. 
 &c. &c. &c. &c. &c," with the invitation " Tak aw again, Mounseers, and gie 
 us back what you please." To which the Frenchman replies, pointing to papers 
 on the ground, " Der is Canada, Newfoundland — now tank de Grand Monarche 
 for his royale bountee." Both the Frenchmen tread on a Lion, and one of them 
 holds him chained. Two labels on the neck of the beast, who seems much dis- 
 pirited, offer the words " Auditor Briton." A person waves a curious banner 
 over the English Negotiator, which is suspended to a cross, and composed of an 
 embroidered petticoat and a boot. " Standard of England," written above it, is 
 partly erased. Near him, and in the corner of the print, part of a tomb appears, 
 inscribed " English glory obiit I762.'* 
 
 Mr. Pitt, the organ of all those who disapproved of the measures of Lord Bute 
 and Mr. Fox, declared that his Majesty's servants had forgot that France was 
 merely to be dreaded by England as a maritime and commercial power, in 
 making the peace satirized in the above print; " And therefore, by restoring to 
 her all the valuable West India Islands, and by our concessions in the Newfound- 
 
 o land 
 
m 
 
 land fishery, we had given to her the means of recovering her prodigious losses, 
 and of becoming once more formidable to us at sea. 
 
 " ChurchiWs Prophecy of Famine" 5th edition, which appeared in 1763, 
 contains a most expressive caricature of Famine, personified as a Scots Lassie 
 emerging from her cave in the sterile Highlands, hanging in tatters, and furiously 
 scratching her arms. Far from approving the subject of this pastoral, it is im- 
 possible to deny that his description of famine is highly characteristic and poeticaL 
 (See Plate XXX. Jig. 4.) 
 
 " With double rows of useless teeth supplied. 
 Her mouth from ear to ear extended wide. 
 Which, when for want of food her entrails pin'd. 
 She op'd, and cursing swallow'd nought but wind. 
 All shrivell'd was her skin, and here and there 
 Making their way by force, her bones lay bare. 
 Such filthy sight to hide from human view, 
 O'er her foul limbs a tatter'd plaid she threw." 
 
 " The Times, or 1768." Britannia, seated at the base of the left of two pil- 
 lars encircled with labels, inscribed, " Hampden, Marvel, Sidney, Russell, Earl 
 of Somerset, Buckingham, Laud, and Macclesfield," seems indifi^erent to the 
 scene before her ; in which we are presented with a curious jumble of Hierogly- 
 phics, consisting of a Scotch gentleman mounted on what appears from the stripes 
 to be intended as a Zebra, who is busily employed in scratching, assisted in the 
 operation by a lady, perched on the opposite side of a pannier, containing labels 
 of " Fines and Imprisonments" and " Augmentation of Forces ;" which operation 
 is delicately explained by the words " Cure for the Itch," placed on a very 
 honourable mark of distinction thrown across the shoulders. The animal thus 
 double-laden chews a thistle, and complains he is hard-ridden, though his saddle 
 is decorated with the figure of a white horse and a thistle. A monkey dances 
 under the trio, and ridicules them ; and a hog's head, projected forward facing 
 him, munches a carrot. A tall figure preceded by a lion, just arrived from the 
 Temple of Virtue, and accompanied by Fame, points to a spectre stabbed in the 
 breast, and surrounded by the command " Thou shalt do no murder," rising 
 from the base of a hill, on which is a gallows occupied, and " Mount S — t" be- 
 neath 
 
99 
 
 neath it ; and directing his words to the animal, says, " These are thy triumphs, 
 oh misguided Caesar." A bat and a dragon fiit near the head of the lady ; 
 higher, an owl with a band and legal wig, the scales of Justice dropping from his 
 claws (See Plate XXXI. Jig. 6.) near the inscription Summa jus, summa 
 injuria.'^ Above, a gentleman rides on a broom, declares he is well mounted, 
 and points to a medal of Oliver Cromwell suspended to a curtain connected with 
 the pillars. The lines below are interspersed with representations of things for 
 words ; as an eye for an /, a cat for ca^-alogue, &c. 
 
 There are few prints of this description more decidedly hostile and violent 
 against the Court. The King is compared to an animal equally stupid and en- 
 during ; and he is told by Mr. Wilkes, that his triumphs consist in the murder 
 of one of his subjects — alluding to Allen, who was killed by the military when 
 a mob had assembled around the King's Bench Prison for the supposed purpose 
 of rescuing that gentleman then confined there through the resentment of the 
 Ministers. Lord Bute is attacked as one who rode and directed the Monarch, 
 under the influence of the Princess of Wales ; and that distinguished lady is re- 
 presented in an attitude, and employed in a manner, that reflects nothing less 
 than infamy on him who designed so gross a subject. We will, therefore, dis- 
 miss it, without further explanation. 
 
 " Midas, or the Surry Justice.'^ The subject of this print sits with asses ears 
 and stupid uncertainty for words to complete a letter beginning thus : " Sir, send 
 me the Ax Re Latin to a Gustus of Pease." Commitments and Warrants, and 
 Fenning's Spellmg, lie on the table ; and a cat reposes under it on the Statutes at 
 large. A musket inscribed on the barrel " The present practice of a justice of the 
 peace," makes part of the contents of the room ; and Mr. Wilkes, standing 
 astonished behind him, declares " Not satisfied with the murder of the English, 
 he must also murder the English language." It seems almost superfluous to say 
 the above is aimed at the Justice who acted when the riot occurred in which Allen 
 lost his life. The following is on the other side of the question, and equals it in 
 malignity : the charge of ignorance and murder balanced against ambition and 
 contempt for the divine commands. 
 
 " The Impostor imposed upon, or the Ass canvassing for Chamberlain" A 
 representative of the Ward of Farringdon Without, whose eyes had an unfortu- 
 nate obliquity, is here exhibited trampling on the Commandments, bearing ban- 
 ners 
 
100 
 
 ners of Magna Charta and the Bill of RightSj and receiving the highest honours 
 of the City of London from persons who observe, Putting the chain about his 
 neck reminds me of that agreeable ornament which the Government in former 
 times imposed upon our brother Cornish I Heigh ho ! We are all deceived ! He 
 does not fit the gown, or the gown does not fit him : the Ward of Farringdon 
 has mistaken his measure." An ass with a very stupid human face enveloped in 
 a large wig bears the city petition on his back on a label, from whose mouth are 
 these words : " This Lord Holland is a desperate fellow. I must call myself a 
 carrier to shew myself beneath his resentment." " Fools, fools," exclaims the 
 principal person, " this is his Address, not the City." 
 
 Aiistey's " Epistola poetica familiaris," addressed to W. Bampfylde, Esq, 
 1776, in Latin, is adorned with etchings, after the ludicrous sketches of the above 
 gentleman. Those were sent to Mr. A. as illustrations of his " Election ball 
 but, as they arrived too late for insertion in a new edition of the poem (which 
 had been suggested by the subject being offered for dilation from Mrs. Miller's 
 coterie at Batheaston), the author determined to give them to the publick in the 
 Epistle alluded to. (See a sketch Jrom one of the prints, plate ^XX.Jig. 8.) 
 
 Mr. Inkle, of Gloucester, and his daughter, are the principal characters in 
 these prints : the first represents the old gentleman full of wonder at the fruitful 
 contrivances of the lass, who sits before her dressing-glass adorning her head in 
 all the monstrous extravagance of the then fashions, to which her servant Madge 
 contrives to add the feathers of a cock she plucks in the back-ground. The 
 expression is very good. 
 
 " As sure as I live there was Madge in her smock 
 Laying hard at the tail of our old dunghill-cock ; 
 She pluck'd it, and pull'd it, and tore from the stump 
 All the feathers that cloth'd his unfortunate rump. 
 — While envious grimalkin, her whiskers display'd. 
 In death-boding murmurs the hero dismay'd ; 
 And with fire darting eye-ball, expanding her claws, 
 Wreath'd her tail with fell transport, and cruel applause.'*^ 
 We next have the lady in deep despondence, upon finding that she cannot sit 
 erect in the chair which is to convey her to the ball ; the top remains unshutj 
 
 and. 
 
101 
 
 aiid the chairman bows to the father with great humour. The third shews her 
 in the chair; Mr. Inkle observes, 
 
 " Meanwhile, pretty brisk, and uncommonly strong, 
 Ij tott'ring on two sticks, went hobbling along. 
 How crampt in this posture 
 They wriggl'd and tost her, 
 While every step thit they trod 
 Her foretop and nose 
 Bent time to their toes. 
 And her feather went niddity-nod," 
 
 The fourth and fifth prints are the Meeting of Inkle and Lord Perriwinkle; and 
 a subse-^Ment Election conversation ; both of these excellent. 
 
 The prints to the " New Bath Guide," in the late editions of Mr. Anstey's 
 works, are deserving of commendation. 
 
 " The Love-Feast, a poem," addressed to the whole communion of Fanatics, 
 printed in 1778, has a tolerable frontispiece, which I shall describe; but the 
 reader must himself appropriate the satire. The Goddess Murcia sits under a 
 canopy almost in a state of nature, and offers a mitre to a fox in canonicals, kneeK 
 ing at the steps of the throne to receive it : 
 
 " Thine be the diocese of all Moorfields — 
 Romano wav'd his wig, and cry'd huzza! 
 Simonio, disappointed, stalk'd away." 
 
 The two last lines are exactly descriptive of the figures as represented. A per^ 
 son waiting at a door offers a label to Simonio, inscribed " Wanted an advowson." 
 The scene is a meeting with the pulpit and reading-desk ;. and the lustres are the 
 gifts of Lucy Cooper and Alderman Gripus. A note from the author follows ; 
 *' The fanatics here levelled at pretend to cite scripture in support of these feasts 
 among them, which they call love-feasts : but Christian charity, alone, not lust, 
 was the basis of those assemblies among the eaily converts to Christianity. The 
 modern love-feasts are certainly taken from the heathens : such . like feasts were 
 held by them in honour of the goddess Murcia (or Venus), an annual scene of 
 lewdness and debauchery ; and therefore the poet introduces this goddess to prcr 
 side at. his." 
 
 « Tiiere : 
 
102 
 
 " There brothers, sisters, and lewd pastors meet. 
 To truck rehgion for a jovial treat ; 
 To drown a year's hypocrisy in wine, 
 And carry on imposture's chaste design ; 
 In solemn farce a jubilee to hold, 
 And cast new saints in Reynard's perfect mould. 
 Mouths open, whites of eyes, erected ears. 
 Caricatures created for Teniers." 
 
 The Administration of Lord North gave fresh vigour to the Caricaturists ; and 
 the manner in which the different ruling parties appear to have viewed their la- 
 bours, encouraged them to proceed, till they became a kind of allegorical history 
 of public events, which is continued with unabated zeal to the present moment. 
 One amongst the best published between I780 and 1 790, not relating to politicks, 
 was a has relief found at the Opera House : the Vestris, father and son, were 
 the subjects of the satire ; and we find that the rich men of England did not 
 escape, as the succeeding dedication evinces. 
 
 " To such of the Nobility, Gentrie, &c. of Great Britain, whose hearts are so 
 unnaturallie devoide of feeling, as to prefer the squandering away of that wealth 
 which God has put them in possessione of (as Stewards of his bountie) upon im- 
 pertinent coxcombs, the very scum of a rival nation, and at best but the shadow 
 of a contemptible animal, to nobly relieving the distresses of their unfortunate 
 countrie-men, this sculpture is humbly dedicated." 
 
 The drawing is uncommonly good ; and we have in the middle a coat of arms, 
 supported by two clowns as represented in pantomimes ; on the shield stands a 
 figure in the old English dress who offers a purse to Vestris, capering with soli- 
 citations for his second benefit, while he motions away a person kneeling and 
 praying relief for the sufferers in a hurricane at Barbadoes. Two ladies complete 
 the groupe by offering money for tickets. One of the four sides of the relief has 
 the two dancers in full display of their agility, with a monkey between them 
 equally nimble. The words above are so placed as to read, the son of this (the 
 monkey) father, a fine mutilated antient statue, is stated to be out of fashion, 
 and the trio in fashion. In the second face of the relief the trio is repeated with 
 the inscription Modern graceful postures," with a statue of Apollo as Grace in 
 old times. In tiie third, Vestris in a ridiculous attitude exclaims, " I am alone 
 
 the 
 
103 
 
 the monkey, taking snuff", denies his assertion, and says, " No, pardieu, behold 
 your tutor." In the last Vestris struts en Roy, and the monkey bows obse- 
 quiously. 
 
 Hostilities having commenced between England and her North American co- 
 lonies, exaggerated graphic representations of the conductors of the war, and the 
 events of it, appeared on all sides ; even the magazines entered the lists, and vied 
 with their more independent coadjutors in the poignancy of their inferences. 
 Without entering into a disquisition on the merits of the question between Eng- 
 land and America, or attempting to decide whether the former had a right to 
 impose taxes at pleasure on a nation so remote without representation in Parlia- 
 ment, I shall proceed to shew how a large part of the community vented their 
 opinions, which were uniformly at variance with those of the ministry. 
 
 Lord North as a Colossus, placed on the pedestals of Tyranny and Venality, 
 his right hand displaying places, pensions, and lottery tickets, and his left grasp- 
 ing a blazing torch, on which is written " America." The great door of West- 
 minster Hall appears behind him, whence rushes a torrent studded with the 
 heads of the minister's friends, who swim with great eagerness forward, till they 
 meet a broom, which Mr. Wilkes places before them, asserting to Britannia 
 " I '11 stem the stream :" who answers, " Those that should have been my pre- 
 servers have been my destroyers." 
 
 " See our Colossus strides with trophies crown'd, 
 And Monsters in Corruption's stream abound." 
 
 *' Royal Raree-show, or a picture of parties and politics during and at the 
 close of the last session of Parliament." June, 1779. There are twelve divi- 
 sions in this print. Lord North devising ways and means, in which he is assisted 
 by a devil in disguise, who offers money while he surveys three jews in rags. 
 Sir W. Howe asleep in his tent amidst bottles and glasses ; and General Bur- 
 goyne's army laying down their arras at Saratoga, The House of Commons, 
 proving that they have done every thing ; Greenwich Hospital in flames, and the 
 governor beset with complainants against the provisions and cloathing. The 
 Duke of Richmond turned linen-draper. The Opposition pudding-makers. Mr. 
 Fox, covered with his speeches and motions, at a gaming-table, " abusing the 
 national gamblers." The repulse of the French armament from the island of 
 Jersey. A mob pulling down the houses of Roman catholics, and burning cru- 
 cifixes. 
 
]04 
 
 citixes, statues, &c. A collection of English Jesuits contriving schemes against 
 the Protestants. The Irish raising Hibernia, and signing resolutions not to wear 
 English manufactures ; and lastly, the interior of the Long Room at the Custom- 
 house, Commerce expiring, and the clerks idle at their desks. 
 
 " A great man at his private devotions''' 1780. The great man alluded to 
 kneels before an altar, embroidered with the words " The holy Roman Catholic 
 faith," and in the dress of a monk ; a crucifix stands on the altar, and portraits 
 of Boreas and Twitcher serve instead of the usual pictures. A likeness of the 
 Pope hangs above an open door, and petitions from Surrey and Middlesex lie 
 within it as waste paper. A print of Martin Luther drops from the wall in neg- 
 lected fragments. 
 
 It seldom happens that a satire is more unfounded, as the whole tenor of the 
 great man's life has decidedly proved him to be a true Protestant ; and it has been 
 his singular misfortune, to be censured as a secret Catholick at one period, and 
 at another as a bigoted Protestant who would part with his Ministers and the 
 fidelity of a great portion of his subjects, rather than violate an oaih taken more 
 than half a century past. 
 
 It vvill be seen from this and the following print that the opposers of the mea- 
 sures of the Court set no bounds to this description of reprehension. He that 
 secretly encouraged Popery is next engaged in scenes assimilated to those so dread- 
 fully and excellently described by Shakspeare in tlie play of Macbeth. 
 
 " The Closet is a print very badly executed in aquatinta ; but the drawing 
 of the figures is far from being incorrect. The subject is too delicate to explain ; 
 it shall therefore only be described. Four persons sit at a table in one corner of 
 the engraving ; the principal frowns violently, at the same time looking at a fiend 
 prompting a second gentleman, who familiarly puts his hand on the shoulder of 
 the first, and says " Be bloody, bold, and resolute, be firm, fear nothing." " Sic 
 volo," he repl es, " I am firm, hem! who's afraid? eh!" A head of Medusa 
 shakes it? snakes beneath the chair of him who speaks in the words of the weird 
 sisters, and rolls of vapour envelope the lower part of the table. A third holds 
 " A code of laws for America;" and exclaims, " Kill them, or they will you;* 
 ;aiid the fourth, " Instructions to Generals Howe, Burgoyne, &c." adding 
 
 " Tho' Nature's Germins tumble all together, 
 Ev'n till destruction sicken." 
 
 Beneath 
 
105 
 
 Beneath is a personification of Folly, provided with darts and firebrands, which 
 he flourishes around him, declaring, " I am firm too in folly, and is not this pre- 
 cious foolery, my masters ?'' A person near the fool discharges a pistol at his 
 head, as an " amende honorable for using general warrants," and at his feet lies 
 a body gasping its last words, " I was YoRKE-shire, yet honest, but curse the 
 Closet." To complete this groupe of folly and self-destruction, we have a mo- 
 dern St. Denis, who carries his head in one of his hands, and " An humble Ad- 
 dress in the other from the Loyal Town of Manchester to Cha (these three letters 
 erased) Geo. III. with lives and fortunes. Murray Sec" The other half of the 
 print relates to America, where there are representations of the burning of 
 Esopus, and murders committed by the Indians. The flight of a number of 
 Highlanders, one of whom having fallen laments, " How hard, oh Frazer, is thy 
 lot ! Was it for this I sought the court, and danced ?" And a second cries, " Hoot 
 awa lads, ken ye not one Arnold (the American general) is hard at your heels;" 
 and of a body of troops marching disarmed in the presence of an American army 
 led by a commander in the character of Falstaff*, whose shield bears the motto 
 
 Scale of Talents," and his sword that of " Poetical Imposition ;" two books 
 carried under his arms are intituled " The devoted Legions, a poem," " Maid of 
 the Oaks," and " Bon Ton and he declares in the words of the facetious 
 Knight, " I have led my rag-o-muffins where they have been peppered ;" al- 
 luding to the convention of Saratoga when General Burgoyne surrendered to 
 General Gates. The middle compartment of the print represents the capture of 
 the Weymouth Packet, with ^20,000 in dollars on board, by an American 
 privateer; the landing of maimed soldiers from a transport, candidates for Chel- 
 sea-hospital ; and a gallows with Germaine exciidit below. 
 
 It may be imagined that the public mind must have been highly exasperated 
 to encourage such productions ; and that it was the fact, the riots of June 1780 
 demonstrated, when a vast mob, led by Lord G. Gordon under a pretence of 
 petitioning the two Houses of Parliament against the encouragement of Popery, 
 spread destruction and terror throughout the metropolis and the kingdom, by 
 burning the mansions of those they disapproved of, extorting money from the 
 peaceable, and even letting loose all descriptions of felons from the prisons. 
 Strange as it appears, amidst all the ravages of the time politics were forgotten, 
 and the Ministry escaped unhurt. 
 
 p 
 
 " A View 
 
106 
 
 " A View of the Cock-pit, with the reprimanded Magistrate in disgrace." The 
 building just mentioned is the back-ground, and the principal object a Lord 
 Mayor securing his face from the effects of a syringe squirted upon it, the pes- 
 tiferous breath of a flying fiend, the bellows of a second, and the lashes of a Satyr. 
 A groupe of Aldermen comment upon the scene thus : " Had he exerted his au- 
 thority in time, it would have saved much bloodshed." *' And would have pre- 
 vented the army from being our masters." On the other side are several low 
 spectators, and a boy holds a label, " The history of the Riot in Moorfields, and 
 who were the calm spectators." Dr. Johnson remarked, in one of his letters to 
 Mrs. Piozzi, that he was convinced very trifling energy in the then Lord Mayor, 
 seconded by a small military force, would have served to disperse the rioters, who 
 sometimes did not amount to more than 200 in a groupe ; but as it is declared in 
 the songs now quoted, the blue cockades worn as the designation of these mis- 
 creants had terrors sufficient to master all the powers of manhood in more in- 
 stances than one. A reprimand from Government was a trifling punishment on 
 such an occasion. 
 
 " Give ear, all ye wits, and ye dull thinking cits. 
 To a story I mean to relate. 
 Concerning the deeds, that all credit exceeds. 
 Of a wonderful Ch — f M-g te. 
 
 'Twas such a vile job to encourage a mob, 
 
 But such mighty things come to pass. 
 If right we conceive, and Pythagoras believe. 
 
 That a mare was transform'd to an ass. 
 
 For to see London burn! to affairs what a turn ! 
 
 Which caus'd a full stop to all trade ; 
 Well pleas'd at the riot, the people to quiet 
 
 His L p was sorely afraid. 
 
 At length, forc'd to wait on a Council of state 
 
 For his wisdom display 'd in Moorfields ; 
 Where the strange city-tool, well-known for a f — 1, 
 
 Got kick'd out of doors neck and heels. 
 
 Please 
 
107 
 
 Please your Lordships, 'Twas fear, or I ne'er should be here ; 
 
 I was frighten'd quite out of my wits ; 
 Tho' I grant it is mean, seiz'd with folly and spleen, 
 
 A disorder that reigns among cits. 
 
 On this great occasion th' Asso n, 
 
 That terror can strike to the soul. 
 Lay snug in their shops, such fine weather f-ps, 
 
 A-sleeping — now was not it droll ? 
 
 Oh what a vile thing for a citizen's k — g 
 
 To merit such rays of disgrace ! 
 The annals of Fame shall his weakness proclaim, 
 
 And wretchedness follow his race. 
 
 Since with scandal he 's crown'd, 
 Come, a bumper push round. 
 There's wisdom in that, my brave boys. 
 * No Popery !' we '11 cry. 
 And drink, 'till we die, 
 * Success to the Protestant Cause'." 
 
 " The Association Officers, or City Defenders''' These brave citizens are 
 mounted upon complete Rosinantes, one of which is lame ; the foremost is too 
 short to reach the stirrups, and in consequence, rides with his legs clinging to 
 the saddle, his right hand does the double duty of grasping his sword by the 
 point, and holding the bridle ; his left hand protrudes his hat, his wig is in the 
 act of departing, and his horse's tail brushes the neck of that of his eager com- 
 panion, the most complacent thin gentleman imaginable, with a queue claiming 
 acquaintance with that of the animal he rides. In this way did their fellow citi- 
 zens censure those who, with arms in their hands, neglected the best interests of 
 the city. 
 
 " Argus" The Argus sleeps instead of watching ; and this royal slumber 
 enables some wary persons to steal the sceptre of England, while others cautiously 
 lift the crown, who appear to be Scotchmen. One in a huge wig and ermined 
 robe answers another in a plaid and bonnet, who queries, " What shall be done 
 
 with 
 
108 
 
 with it ?" " Wear it yoursel, my Laird." And a third declares, " No ; troth, 
 I 'se carry it to Charly ; and he'll not part with it again." Britannia weeps in a 
 corner ; and her favourite lion reposes in chains, close to a map of Great Britain, 
 whence America is torn. A miserable figure in rags, on the opposite side, clasps 
 his hands, and exclaims, " I have let them quietly strip me of every thing 
 which we are to suppose is a personification of the English community. An Irish- 
 man, bearing a harp, departs, protesting he will take care of himself and fa- 
 mily. An American, leering upon the dozing sovereign, observes, " We in 
 America have no crown to fight for or lose and behind the hedge which forms 
 the back-ground a clumsy Dutchman feasts upon honey, in the absence of the bees 
 from their hives. 
 
 " The Bull over-drove ; or the drivers in danger." The British- bull enraged 
 kicks the Ministry till they cry " This is worse than the battle of Minden," and 
 *' He has kick'd the treasury of my guts out." The monarchs of France and 
 Spain stalk away, saying, " By Gar, my friend America, I must leave you — 
 dis bull will play le diable — I wish I was safe out of his way; he beats the^ 
 bulls of Spain." America replies, I fear. Monsieur, I shall get little by your 
 friendship." 
 
 " Sir Charles Tardy, on a sharp look-out for the French-fleet. There is none 
 so blind, as those who will not see." The Hardy commander satirized is repre- 
 sented as a Colossus ; his right-foot rested upon a hill at Plymouth, and the left 
 on Ushant ; the French fleet pass between his legs before the former place, and 
 the port of Brest appears empty in the distance. He, however, seems to be 
 upon the alert, and, in the hurry of the moment, applies the wrong end of the 
 telescope to his eye, and does not perceive that he looks the wrong way for 
 France. The figure is well drawn, ludicrous without distortion ; and the posi- 
 tion suited to the soliloquy : " D'Orvilliers has certainly sneaked into Brest — or 
 into the moon, perhaps — 1 '11 have a peep there ;" and to that luminary we are 
 to suppose the glass directed. 
 
 The election of 1780 induced Stockdale and others to pubRsh a print intituled 
 " Old England, or an Election in the year 1580 — Great Britain, or an election 
 in the year 17S0.'* The execution is far from excellent ; but it aflTords a political 
 contrast between the two periods, at the former of which the freeholders of a 
 county are exhibited soliciting a sturdy veteran to become their representative 
 with humble reverences ; and at the latter we are presented with a person high 
 
 ia 
 
109 
 
 m office, recommending a very fine gentleman advancing in a dancing step, each 
 furnisfied with notes and guineas, which they offer to a set of insolent tradesmen, 
 who seem to treat both with disdain. 
 
 The Right Honourable Charles James Fox was long a most powerful and ener- 
 getic enemy of the American war. He exhausted his vast powers of oratory 
 against Lord North, and those who acted with him, in attempting to subjugate 
 the Colonies ; and even threatened the Premier with the block, if he should gain 
 a majority in the House of Commons. That majority was at length obtained ; 
 but, mercy keeping pace with success, the noble Lord became an object of pity ; 
 his former errors were viewed in a more favourable light than they had been ; and, 
 as he knew all the secrets of the cabinet, Mr. Fox naturally supposed his assis- 
 tance might be necessary in an administration of which himself was a member. — 
 Thus happened the Coalition, which lasting no great length of time, Mr. Fox 
 became an unwearied opponent of the Right Hon. William Pitt, second son of the 
 Earl of Chatham, who had been in and out of favour with George the Second 
 more than once : not so the son with his successor ; for, with the exception of 
 Lord Sidmouth's administration, Mr. Pitt maintained his ground firmly; nor did 
 Mr. Fox succeed to his place till the former died, a victim to his opposition of the 
 French revolution and its consequences to England. The measures and opinions 
 of these two great men form the basis of most of the remaining subjects 1 have to 
 notice. 
 
 " Changing Places ; alias. Fox stinking the Badger out of his nest," I782, 
 The animosity of the premier, and the leader of the opposition, at this period, 
 was apparently extreme. We do not wonder, therefore, that a finger-post in 
 the spirited etching before me represents in one direction tlie hand holding an 
 axe pointed to Tower-hill, while the other, the way " to the Treasury," drops 
 towards the Fox, an animal represented pouring a stream of eloquence from 
 the wrong end of his person, while he grins over a bag of guineas, a faro-bank, 
 the knave of hearts, and other cards. His political opponent, under the form of 
 a hos decorated with a riband, flies from the scent with his tail between the 
 legs ; and a very tolerable likeness in the head of the lord intended to be sati- 
 rized, marked with a circle divided iiito the four quarters. East, West, South, 
 and North. A good bust of Janus peeps from the bushes behind the Fox, one of 
 which bears a resemblance to that cunning quadruped ; and at a distance a noble 
 lord is thrown from his horse, in leaping a gate when hunting a stag. — The 
 " Budget" consists of a barrel of small beer and a pile of soap, 
 
 " The 
 
110 
 
 " The late Bombardment of Government Castle." The licence granted to 
 caricaturists is used to the full extent in the two prints before us on this subject. 
 There is a castle on the right, the battlements of which are furnished with the 
 heads of the Administration in power instead of cannon ; and those are projected 
 through the walls, hissing forth from the mouths black balls labelled, in a man- 
 ner nearly resembling comets, with these sentences inscribed on them : " You 
 plague us more than Congress." " You are enemies both to Church and Castle." 
 " You expose all our plans." " Our plans were good though unsuccessful." " My 
 lords and gentlemen, remember kingdoms fall by discord." " You want our 
 heads, to get into our places." " Destruction to patriots." " To order, to order." 
 
 The assailants ranged in a line before the Castle return shot for shot ; and tell 
 their enemies to " treat speedily with America." " No landmen ought to preside 
 at the Admiralty." " The war hath cost us ^.100,000,000." " You have lost us 
 America." " You err both in law and policy." A groupe in a corner, safe 
 from the effects of the contest, wait " Expecting promotion ;'* and in the front a 
 deputation of British population shout encouragement to the besiegers. 
 
 " The Surrender of Government Castle," in March I782, to the late besieging 
 minority. The old garrison and placemen are marching out, the new garrison 
 and new placemen are marching in. " Articles to be observed by the garrison. 
 All the privates to remain in the garrison. All the principal officers to march 
 out, not allowed the honours of war. They shall lay down their titles and sym- 
 bols of honour, where they received them. They shall not enter any of his 
 Majesty's fortifications except it he the Tower. They shall be accountable for the 
 specie expended in Government Castle. Their parole shall be from Government 
 Castle to Tower hill, and from Tower hill to Temple bar, and no further, till 
 they shew satisfactory accounts." The governor of the Castle looks with anxiety 
 from the battlements, and adds : 
 
 " To lose you, sirs, concerns me more 
 Than all I lost by you before." 
 
 Each of the defeated party make consolatory observations to their neighbours ; 
 and the successful promise most liberally ; but there is no point in any of the 
 speeches. 
 
 " Sawney ganging bach again, being turned out of place."" We observe at a dis- 
 tance a well-known buildingsituatedat Westminster, which has recently been greatly 
 altered, and now resembles a castle ; this appears in a dangerous state, and the 
 
 sign 
 
I 
 
 111 
 
 sign of a Crown seems inclined towards the earth ahuost beyond recovery. Two 
 props are placed against the house, which are described as the Hberty of the press, 
 and paper credit ; and on the front are the words, *' Mrs. Bull, late in partnership 
 with Sawney M'Kenzie her steward." Such was the deplorable condition of the 
 premises when certain persons determined to reinstate the proprietor. Those are 
 led by an odd animal, with a head much resembling that of a fox ; and they pro- 
 ceed to restore the sign of the Crown to its original place by means of ropes. The 
 Steward, stout and athletic, stalks away loaded with purses and other articles? 
 amongst which peeps the upper extremity of a sceptre. A bull-dog chained to 
 the garden-wall barks furiously at him ; but the Steward seems under no appre- 
 hension, as his enemy is chained. 
 
 The war in America assumed a very serious aspect after the Colonies declared 
 themselves independent of the Mother Country ; as the antient and inveterate 
 European enemies of England, finding the Americans capably of offensive warfare, 
 thought the time favourable for taking part in it, in order to accomplish their own 
 views of aggrandisement. France w^s the first power which armed against this 
 country, Spain followed her example, and Holland united in the unequal contest. 
 These accumulating evils still further inflamed those who attributed all the mis- 
 fortunes of the country to the Ministry. In I782 the King changed his Ministers, 
 and appointed Lord Rockingham premier, and Lord Shelburne and Mr. Charles 
 James Fox Secretaries of State. Less than six months had elapsed, when the 
 death of Lord Rockingham caused another change, and the appointment of Mr. 
 Pitt to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, The general wish for peace had 
 now become so prevalent, that it was accomplished in I783, and liighly censured 
 by Mr. Fox and his party. 
 
 It seldom happens that we find neatness of engraving united with strong cari- 
 cature : a print, intituled, " EcceT published by Hooper, I782, and engraved by 
 Hyder, is an exception. The inscription, 
 
 " Mollia cum duris sine pondere habentia pondus," 
 surrounds the margin : and we have his Majesty in front in deep meditation, and 
 with a face expressive of melancholy, embraced by Lord North, who grasps one 
 of the monarch's hands, and attracts his notice round the shoulder to " Fresh 
 Supplies." Discord, or some other fiend, perhaps Rebellion, lifts the crown from 
 his head, and a diabolical human face looks up to the act with much complacency. 
 Six persons attend ; one whispers the premier, another pushes him on, and the 
 
 remainder 
 
I 
 
 112 
 
 remainder, with those already mentioned, possess strong and whimsical character- 
 istic features, readily appropriated by thosfe conversant with the leading politicians 
 of the time. 
 
 " Ahithophel in the dumps." — " And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was 
 not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose and went and hanged himself." The 
 scenery is dreary and mountainous ; a gallows faces the intended suicide, furnished 
 with a halter, and beneath it are a block and axe. The ass, sensible of his approach 
 to the end of his journey, turns his head and eyes towards the words, " Let desert 
 mount," and brays his sensations. The dejected Ahithophel sits with his hands 
 clasped over a rotund person, and we perceive with surprise that his head is that 
 of a Fox. 
 
 " The High and Mighty Pug answering Fox's Proposals of Peace,' 1782. 
 A Fox holding a pen in his paw approaches a pedestal, on which is seated a pug 
 dog, with a pipe in one paw, and securing a letter under the other three, directed 
 to their High Mightinesses, &c. A head of the King peeps forward, from which 
 proceeds the words, " My Fox, in this negotiation thou art a mistaken goose 
 according with the answer of Master Pug, " The King your master proceeding so 
 arbitrarily, obliged me to join the powers at war with him ; I cannot therefore 
 treat of a separate peace." 
 
 " The Button Maker."' A very great person offers to the inspection of his cour- 
 tiers a paper of new buttons, which we are to suppose were just completed by him. 
 Turning to his kneeling subjects, and waving his left hand, as if rejecting the 
 humble Remonstrance of the City of London, he says, " I cannot attend to your 
 Remonstrance ; do not you see that I have been employed in business of much 
 more consequence." The courtiers, full of admiration, exclaim, " What a genius! 
 Why, he was born a button-maker! What taste ! what elegance ! not a prince 
 in Europe can make such buttons." The Aldermen, on the other hand, seem 
 inclined to sneer, " What a princely employment is button-making! What a pity 
 he did not serve his time to the trade ! How he would have surpassed his fellow- 
 craft. He does not care a button for our Remonstrance. He is an excellent tur- 
 ner ; I wish we had as good a one in the city." From all which we are to con- 
 clude that the great person alluded to amused himself during his leisure hours with 
 mechanical operations. , 
 
 " jin Air Balloon Engagement Jbr the Empire of the Shi/.'" The idea is whim- 
 sical, but the execution bad enough. An Englishman and a Frenchman, each 
 
 suspended 
 
113 
 
 suspended to Balloons, with the flags of their respective nations above them, figlit 
 with broadswords far above the earth and sea; on the latter lie their scabbards 
 and hats. 
 
 It is an inexphcable fact in the history of our poUtical feuds, that what appears 
 an obvious advantage or necessity to a leader of opposition in Parliament, be- 
 comes perfectly unnecessary and dangerous, provided he is made a Minister : thus 
 Mr. Fox, who wa^ desirous of peace even for a month, opposed that of I783, 
 though he had himself endeavoured to negotiate separately with the Dutch, be- 
 cause Mr. Pitt succeeded him in office, and completed what he had intended. 
 Having united his parliamentary forces with those of Lord North, they fairly 
 out-voted the new Minister ; and the Coalition ensued which Mr. Pitt called a 
 baneful alliance, an ill-omened marriage, and forbade the banns in the name of 
 the public safety. The public opinion will be estimated from some of the fol- 
 lowing prints. 
 
 " Fronti nulla Jides. The Mash I783, is a stippled representation of the 
 faces of Messrs. North and Fox coalesced. The contrast is complete, and shews 
 in every possible way the opposite qualities and passions of the parties. The face 
 is divided by a line ; that of Mr. Fox occupies the left side ; the hair of this is 
 black and disordered ; that of the other half is dressed in the fashion, and pow- 
 dered. The dark eye and eyebrow of the former conveys a sly intimation of suc- 
 cessful cunning ; the second, white and open, expresses, in union with the half 
 mouth, vexation and disappointment; not so the remaining half, which rises, and 
 confirms the smile partly visible in the eye. 
 
 " A petrified Lusus Naturce lately discovered in the ruins of a temple once 
 dedicated to Liberty by the Britons," I783. The idea of this Lusus Naturae is 
 derived from those stones found in Italy, which when divided by an instrument in 
 the proper direction are found to be so clouded or diversified by colour, as to give 
 fancied representations of landscapes, towns, castles, and even portraits. The 
 foreground of the print contains a large stone, supposed to have been sawed 
 through, which is attentively examined by a personage of very high rank. As he 
 imagines he traces likenesses on its surface of the leading members of a celebrated 
 coalition; he declares "his friend Jenkinson (the late Earl of Liverpool) shall 
 write a dissertation on this phcenomenon." As it doth not appear that the dis- 
 sertation alluded to was intended for the public eye, we are indulged with the 
 conjectures of an anonymous observer, placed at the bottom of the engraving. 
 
 a " No. 1. 
 
114 
 
 " No. 1. Supposed to be the head of a patrician, on close examination. Lin- 
 naeus was of opinion it never contained much brain. He vainly accepted a situ- 
 ation in the Commonwealth that exposed him to his fellow citizens, as he was 
 known to be a mere tool in the hands of others. 
 
 " 2. The head of a turbulent and factious tribune of great abilities, which he 
 exerted occasionally for and against Government, as he happened to be in or out 
 of power in the Senate. He cared not what falsehood he advanced, to carry a 
 question against a Consul. 
 
 " 3. The head of a tribune, of patrician ancestors, who had been Consul, and 
 much admired for his wit, eloquence, and knowledge. He had the art to impose 
 himself upon the people for an honest, disinterested man. He was removed from 
 the Consulate by a faction, whose conduct he declared would ruin the State ; yet, 
 rather than lose the emoluments of office, he joined his enemies, and submitted 
 to hold under them a subordinate office in the Republic. His conduct in this 
 instance was much censured by the people, and gave rise to many witty 
 pasquinades." 
 
 " The Loves of the Fox and the Badger, or the Coalition ff'edding," 1784^ 
 consists of nine compartments, each of which is highly ludicrous ; and although 
 the artist deals in animals, he has contrived to attach to them a character almost 
 human, particularly the Badger, one of the most stupid, sleepy, fat creatures ima- 
 ginable, though adorned with a riband. The first represents the Badger down, and 
 the Fox upon him ; this is politely termed a scene in the Bear-garden. The second 
 is the Fox's dream. That animal, squatted upon his haunches, his fore feet under 
 his jaws, has a vision relating to dice, the road to Hounslow, a purse, and a prison 
 window. The Badger's dream follows, who totters upon a sofa, and sees a block 
 and gibbet. The Fox and Badger erect are next united by the Devil — " Necessity." 
 They then quarter their arms : the shield, composed of " the Treasury bag" filled, 
 and suspended over the head and horns of disconsolate John Bull, is supported by 
 the new-married pair, treading on the motto, " Money, money, money." A 
 devil, with the head of a Fox, appears at a " pay-table," giving cash to the pro- 
 prietors of the Post, the Chronicle, and " Harry Bothsides," to advertise the Coa- 
 lition-wedding. The seventh division is " the Honey-moon, or Edistone Light- 
 house." That luminary appears so inscribed ; the Fox shovels the coals blazing 
 on a hill, and the Badger sits on end resting upon a spade. (See Plate XXX, 
 Jig. 9,) The eighth, " The new Orator Henley, or the Churching." The Fox 
 
 and 
 
115 
 
 and Badger sit together on a chair of state ; a clerical orator vociferates from a 
 hogshead, " a charter is nothing but a piece of parchment with a great seal dang- 
 ling to it." The devil prompts this " honest Jack L e," A clerk before him 
 
 is on " a seat for Portsmouth," and a mopstick majority are arranged behind. 
 " The Wedding-dance and Song" conclude this whimsical performance. The de- 
 vil makes the trio. 
 
 " The British Titansr 
 
 " First Typhon strove, more daring than the rest. 
 With impious hands, the Imperial bolts to wrest. 
 Him and his crew the red right arm of Jove 
 Down to their native hell indignant drove." 
 
 The King, seated on the clouds, in the character of Jupiter, crowned with pre- 
 rogative, and attended by his eagle, hurls his thunder. Mr. Fox falls ; the axe 
 of faction descends from his hand towards Lord North, who, with Mr. Burke in 
 the character of a Jesuit, and a third person, as an old woman, with the East In- 
 dia Bill and Receipt Tax, prompted by the Devil, endeavour to raise pieces of 
 rock to destroy the monarch ; the heaven-born Minister crowned with laurel, and 
 surrounded by a glory. Lord Thurlow, the Duke of Richmond, Dr. Johnson, &c. 
 
 The friends of the Court viewed some of the acts of the Ministry as tending 
 to establish a power independent of the Crown, whence originated the above 
 print of the British Titans. The King, much displeased, dismissed Mr. Fox and 
 his party, and again appointed Mr. Pitt Chancellor of the Exchequer, and First 
 Lord of the Treasury ; but as the House of Commons seemed inclined to support 
 the Ex-Ministers, a new Parliament was called in 1784. 
 
 " The Hanoverian Horse and British Lion. 1784." This is a satire on the side 
 of opposition. A vacant throne is surmounted by the royal arms ; one of the 
 supporters of which has left his place to take Mr. Fox on his back, with the inti- 
 mation that " We shall resume our situation here at pleasure, Leo Rex." The 
 king of beasts growls, " If this horse is not tamed, he will soon be absolute king 
 of our forces," alluding to a fine white animal trampling on Magna Charta, Bill 
 of Rights, and the Constitution, neighing " Pre-ro-ro-ro-ro-ro-ro-gative," and 
 kicking violently " his faithful Commons." The leaders of this animal, in and 
 out of place, are further described by the labels. " Pr ythee, Billy, dismount be- 
 fore ye get a fall ; and let some abler jockey take your seat." Billy, inattentive 
 to this disinterested advice, a proffered bridle, and a flourished whip, cries 
 
 " Bravo ! 
 
116 
 
 "Bravo! go it again! I love to ride a mettled steed; send the vagabonds 
 packing." 
 
 " The Parliament Sampson fighting with his Jaw. 1784." It is impossible ta 
 look on this print without immediately recognizing Mr. Fox, who is represented 
 speaking with great vehemence. The pun conveyed by the title is derived from 
 a source not very respectable. He jawed him, or he talked with him, implies, 
 that the argument was not strictly within the rules of good-breeding, as a term 
 of this description can belong only to the vulgar, who command their opponents 
 to hold their jaw, or cease to talk, and add, let us have no more of your jaw, with 
 a similar want of politeness. It is thus, then, that the Parliament Sampson sub- 
 dued his political enemies, by loud and incessant declamation ; but the inventor 
 of the design did not reflect how much strength and energy he granted the per- 
 son intended to be satirized, even though he attempts to associate the real Samp- 
 son's jaw-bone of an ass with that of Mr. Fox, who could not be compared to an 
 ass, and a Sampson at the same time. The label from his mouth contains a far 
 more perfect satire than the print, and is in these words, "That I am called the 
 Man of the People, is well known, and is as equally just. I am resolved to sup- 
 port their voices, rights, and liberties. As I am not able to do this by being only 
 a Pratesman, it is requisite that I be made a Statesman ; and, indeed, placed in 
 the Treasury, to be a close guard of the people's treasure. The justness of my 
 claim to this honour, is my being the man of the people. Till this justice and 
 honour is done me, and this essential service is done the people, my opponents 
 may expect researches, motions, and harangues ; for I am determined with my 
 jaw to knock down all before me." 
 
 Master Billy's procession to Gi-ocers" Hall. 1784." There are three cars in 
 this design, intended to ridicule one of the civic honours conferred on Mr. Pitt » 
 two drawn by men, but the first, or that containing " Sir Wattey," moves by the ex- 
 ertions of creatures with huge ears, and the legs of quadrupeds. " Master Billy" sits 
 with a fine feather in his hat, and flowing hair, in the second ; and the third accom- 
 modates an odd squat, " Sir Barney." Grocers' Hall fronts the procession ; Mas- 
 ter Billy is directly before a toy-shop; and he seems to have passed the sign of 
 his father without noticing it. The usual attendants of public spectacles surround 
 the cars, shouting "Pitt and Plum-pudding;" and an officer scatters money 
 amongst them, under a banner marked "No. 45-" Other banners represent 
 sugar-loaves and raisins ; and are inscribed " Pitt and Prerogative/' " King's 
 Men," &c. The gold box is conspicuous in the van, 
 
 " Female 
 
117 
 
 Female Influence, or the Devons e Canvas. 1784." The very beautiful 
 
 and accomplished lady who so ardently interested herself for Mr. Fox, at the 
 election in 1784, is said, by some censorious persons, to have submitted her fair 
 face to the rude kiss of a butcher, in hopes of obtaining a vote for her favourite. 
 This print describes the alledged fact ; and offers nothing worthy of notice be- 
 yond the sly, delighted countenance of the sacrificer of beasts, who wipes his 
 mouth in preparation, in a way that would not have dishonoured the maimer of 
 Sancho Panca, when in the presence of the Spanish duchess. {See Plate XXX. 
 
 The political Rat-catcher, or Jack Renegadd's new patent Traps. 17 84." 
 This Jack Renegado sits behind a door, on a three-legged stool, resting his chin 
 on his left hand, in an attitude most expressively patient and attentive, imme- 
 diately under a portrait of Robinson Crusoe. A ragged and decayed fragment, 
 fastened to the wall, is called " Magna Charta, in fine preservation," near which 
 hang two whole-length paintings of " Sanct. Carol. Pri." and " William III." the 
 latter completely enveloped by a monstrous cobweb. The apartment thus deco- 
 rated presents a floor covered with traps, baited by peerages, baronetcies, king- 
 pensions, the Mastership of the Buckhounds, a place of ^.1000 per ann. and a 
 seat in the new parliament. Each trap decoys its rat ; and Master Jack seems 
 crowned with success. 
 
 " The Apostate Jack R. the Political Rat Catcher. N. B. Rats taken alive." 
 Whoever examines the cautious, anxious cunning of the figure who crawls from 
 the Treasury, and with a cage on his back, a ferret in his pocket, and encircled 
 by the " cestus of corruption," offers " pensions" to the wary animals surround- 
 ing him, equally cautious and keen, must smile at the ingenuity of the artist, 
 who has contrived to give tolerable rat likenesses of a set of persons, who must 
 be nameless, but who are charged by this satire with entering a celebrated house 
 through fissures and crannies for the purpose of being bought. 
 
 The Westminster Mendicant," 1784. This is Sir Cecil Wray, blind, lean- 
 ing on a staff, led by a dog, with a subscription-box suspended to his neck ; and 
 Sir Cecil bears a subscription scrutiny-box under his arm : the unsuccessful can- 
 didate opposed to Mr. Fox at the election. 
 
 *' Pity the weak and needy, pray ! 
 Oh pity me, 1 've lost the day. 
 
118 
 
 Ye Christians, charitable, good, and civil, 
 Pray, something give to this poor wand'ring devil. 
 By man cast out, perhaps by man forgiven. 
 Then may one Judas find a road to heaven. 
 
 See here the dog, of all his kind 
 The fittest for a beggar blind ; 
 The beast can bark, or grunt as hog ; 
 His name is Churchill — oh the dog !" 
 
 " The Maid Servants" Address to Master Billy Pitt" 1785. The cook at- 
 tacks the persecuted Minister in the street, with a spit; the house-maids with 
 
 mops, brooms, and Sir R e ; and from one window flows a cascade ; all the 
 
 rest being blanks, inscribed " Commutation," except a shop-window, closed as 
 retail, the master removed to Dublin. These are allusions to taxes too well known 
 to require further explanation. 
 
 " The Origin of the Gout" 1785. A son of early pleasure, swelled with re- 
 pletion, and wrapped in flannel, sits by a table furnished with the means of drink- 
 ing. His right leg rests upon a stool, and his crutches against his chair ; and he 
 would amuse himself with a bass-viol, but at this moment the devil enters bowing, 
 with a modern hat in his right-hand, and with a pair of tongs in the other applies 
 a burning coal to the knee of the patient, who appears to roar from the effects of 
 the visit. 
 
 " j4 new Coat of Arms granted to the Heads of the University of Cambridge 
 since their late Edict against Dinners" 1786. The title fully explains the 
 origin of the print, which was probably the conception of some Cantab bon vivant, 
 most severely grieved at the loss caused by the edict. The supporters are two 
 cooks, one bearing an inverted sauce-pan, and the other the cruel instrument 
 once used for broiling a saint, and now degraded to perform the same office for 
 beef and mutton. They lament in uriison, and their attitudes are even more ex- 
 pressive of listless sorrow than the twin mourners exhibit whom we sometimes 
 see before the door of a house whence a funeral is soon to proceed. The crest is 
 an arm, with the hand grasping a roll, inscribed, " Capitale Judicium" — the 
 motto, " Impransi, Juvenes disquirite ;" and the arms, " Quarterly first, a mitre 
 
 and 
 
119 
 
 and foolscap transverse ways ; second, Sable, an inn shut up ; third, Gules, 
 Caput Utiiversale, on an ass's head proper ; fourth, Argent, a book intituled, 
 " Excerpta e Statutis." 
 
 A ridiculous story circulated about this time purported, that his Majesty had, 
 on sitting down to one of his meals, discovered an animal on his plate, which is 
 said principally to inhabit the head. Enraged at so disagreeable an occurrence, 
 
 the monarch ordered every member of his kitchen to be shaved. Dr. W 1 
 
 who assumed the appellation of Peter Pindar, and under that disguise most re- 
 prehensibly attacked the royal family on several occasions, made this story the 
 subject of his satire, with the title of the Lousiad, 
 
 The second canto is accompanied by an engraving, the subject of which ad- 
 mits but of one expression. We have the Royal Kitchen, and the various mem- 
 bers of it, expressing the utmost rage at the Sovereign's command to shave the 
 whole. This principal is designated by the lines : 
 
 " Fierce as staring Ajax from his seat, 
 
 Uprose with visage stern the king of meat." 
 
 This monarch of viands extends his right hand, with the fist clenched, and 
 seizes his queue with the left ; a figure before him grasps a rolling-pin, and 
 stumbles over a saucepan behind him. The cook drags his spit from its situation; 
 and a dog upon the watch for good things makes very free with a goose on it. A 
 little gentleman in the front tears his long hair ; and the groupe of the back ground 
 in shade seem ready for desperate resistance. 
 
 The Petition of the Cooks explains the Lousiad. 
 
 " What creature 'twas you found upon your plate, 
 We know not ; if a Louse, it was not ours. 
 To shave each cook's poor unoflfending pate. 
 Betrays too much of arbitrary powers. 
 The act humanity and justice shocks; 
 Let him who owns the crawler lose his locks." 
 
 " Lieutenant Governour Gall-stone inspired by Alecto ; or the birth of Mi- 
 nerva," 1790. 
 
 ** From his head she sprung, a goddess arm'd." Milton, 
 
 This 
 
120 
 
 This inspiration appeared in 1790, and has perhaps never teen exceeded in 
 the excellence and fire of the drawing, or the bold and decisive manner of the 
 etching. Had the tendency of the satire thus conveyed against a person now 
 deceased been less severe, we should have viewed the print with more compla- 
 cency, as uninterested spectators. As the Whole Duty of Man was once con- 
 verted into a libel, by the insertion of real names opposite to imaginary charac« 
 ters, I shall not commit myself, by appropriating the Lieutenant Governor, who 
 sits on a " reservoir for Gall-stone," prompted by Alecto, just emerged from a 
 flaming mouth. The position of the figure is extremely correct, listening and 
 preparing to write, the fury places her mouth to his ear, snakes writhe around 
 her head, and one, directed by her hand over his shoulder, touches the point 
 of the pen with its sting ; a second, twining down her other arm, sucks her 
 breast. The table before them is covered with books and papers, inscribed, 
 " Valetudinarian Bath Guide, Treatises on the Philosopher's Stone and Long Life, 
 on the fatal effects of eating hot rolls for breakfast, Man-midwifery analyzed. 
 Private Anecdotes, Answer to Mackittrick, never published for prudential rea- 
 sons. Scraps of French, a Rat-trap represented over the words Landguard-fort, a 
 Frontier Garrison of importance, vide Own Memoirs, the Cooper-boy turned 
 Soldier, an old Song, incendiary Letter, and extortive Epistle, a file of the latter 
 lies under the table, in company with four bags of money, labelled ^ 100, from 
 Lord B. ^100 per annum from Lord Camb." &c. 
 
 Elevated on the pile of books is the monkey-postilion alluded to by the Lieute- 
 nant Governor in one of his works, something resembling a human creature, 
 who breaks the spear of death with his foot, and flourishes a whip and a bottle, 
 labelled, " Laudanum, or the Preservative of Life," prepared by Lieutenant Ge- 
 neral Jackoo, Spanish Postilion to Dr. Viper — " O Death, where is thy sting I" 
 EJitracts of Hellebore and of Hemlock peep from his pockets. A dead dog lies at 
 the feet of Death, and an Elegy on the death of my favourite dog, horse-whipped 
 to death for barking whilst 1 was, &c. In the front of the design we have the 
 head of the traitor Struensee in a dish, with the claw of a fiend fixed in one of 
 the eyes ; and a bundle of the St. James's Chronicle. 
 
 The wall of the apartment supports the pistols of John Duke of Marlborough, 
 resting in peace ; part of a print of St. Ardre's Nunnery, or a grave to immure 
 my daughters alive, to keep their fortunes myself. Over this is the sketch of a 
 monument to the memory of the immortal Chatterton, who wrote 400 years before 
 
 he 
 
121 
 
 he was born : a stranger erects this monument." A skeleton disgorges an infant 
 from its jaws with a pen and Rowley's poems in the hands. Above the man- 
 monkey hangs a " portrait of the pretender — the star in my sister's possession 
 for favours received." 
 
 The whole of the upper portion of the print consists of smoke infernal and 
 vapour from the brain of the principal figure, whence arises an admirable figure 
 of the Minerva mentioned in the title, bearing " the coward's delight, or the 
 wooden gun," and a cracked shield bordered with snakes, on which is written. 
 Acts of courage and wisdom — running away from my command in Jamaica, 
 for fear of the black-a-moors ; refusing to fight Lord Orwell after belying him, 
 and afterwards begging pardon; extorting ^100. per annum from my eldest 
 son by a pistol ; swindling my youngest son Phil, out of ^500. by a forged note 
 of hand ; debauching my own niece on a journey to Southampton ; horse- 
 whipping my own daughter to death for looking out at a window ; attempting to 
 gull LordThurl. ; extorting ^100. per annum from Lord Camd. for suppressing 
 his confidential letters to myself; gulhng of Lord But.; ditto Lord Bathu. ; 
 ditto Lord Coven. ; causing my footman to be pressed from Bath and cruelly 
 flogged for refusing to father my own child by the cook-maid ; scandalizing wo- 
 men of virtue to be revenged upon their husbands ; noble defence before the 
 court martial for embezzling the king's stores ; patient endurance of my sentence 
 in a gaol ; and heroic bearing of my discharge from the service for cowardice." 
 
 The owl grasps three leaves, on which are, " Character by Sam. Foote ; Phill. 
 is as stupid as an owl, as senseless as a goose, as vulgar as a blackguard, and as 
 cowardly as a dunghill cock." " Poetry on the Lieutenant Governor receiving 
 Lord Orwell's challenge : 
 
 A challenge in form I receiv'd the next day, 
 But the heart of a coward my face did betray : 
 For I, like a good Christian, think fighting a sin, 
 And what the world talks of, I care not a pin." 
 
 And " Wit and decency, or the door of the hermitage bath." The explosion 
 carries with it " Life of Gainsborough — Art of decyphering my own memoirs ;" 
 and " Junius discovered, or undeniable proofs that Sir JefFery Dunstan was the 
 author of Junius's Letters, sealed up pro bono publico." Three of the signs, the 
 lion, the scales, and the crab, are exhibited on the top of the print ; the first is 
 
 R termed, 
 
122 
 
 termed, " The lion of the tribe of Judas." The flames of hell burst beneath 
 the scales loaded with a book called " The final account; Memoirs of a life of 
 villainy, and a Fame with two trampets, proclaiming ' Imprimis, a young 
 coward ; finis, an old rogue/ ' Heavy as death it sinks, and hell receives the 
 weight,' serves as a motto over the book. In the right hand corner is an old 
 lady performing on musical glasses, a second governor stands enraptured behind 
 her, the orchestra consists of fiends, hogs are the audience, and three others oc- 
 cupy a side box, one of which weeps and holds a " pathetic ode to Lord Jersey." 
 A flying infant presents a label, " Miss Ford's (partly erased) St. Cecilia's first 
 appearance at the Little Theatre." On the opposite side sits a dsemon playing on 
 a bass viol with one string, labelled " Gainsborough humbugged ;" under him is 
 the " Portrait of an ungrateful madman left unfinished by Gainsborough." 
 " The picture thus does yet unfinish'd stand. 
 Ingratitude's d^ d crime, stop'd the great painter's hand." 
 
 The musick-book from which this monster plays is, " Friendship, a Solo, for 
 the viol de Gambo, dedicated to the memory of Gainsborough and Sterne," and 
 it leans against a scull with a candle set in one of the eye-sockets supported by a 
 volume of Sterne; "quite chop-fallen — alas, poor Yorick." An Ass Pegasus 
 completes the subject. 
 
 The Revolution in France was an event that roused the latent passions of the 
 people of England in a very considerable degree. They had long viewed the 
 arbitrary and despotic government of that country with disgust, despised the 
 people who submitted to it, and seized every opportunity, serious and satirical, 
 to convince them how they condemned the pusillanimity which prevented any 
 attempt at amendment. When the English nation found at length a sensation 
 of freedom had passed from one extremity of France to the other, a sincere and 
 generous feeling of approbation influenced each individual, and they ardently 
 wished their antient enemies success in obtaining political blessings equal to 
 their own. 
 
 Most unfortunately for the repose of mankind, the French became licentious 
 in their ideas of liberty, and spread throughout Europe theories dangerous to the 
 very existence of society : those having been disseminated in England, the pub- 
 lick divided in opinion upon their merits, and we had immediately Royalist and 
 Republican parties. Thomas Paine, a superficial observer of the human mind, 
 
 published 
 
123 
 
 published his "Rights of Man" and "Age of Reason;" those who had never 
 read before, and consequently were unacquainted with the danger of trusting man 
 with the exercise of all his rights, now read, and were convinced of the truth of 
 his positions, and acting upon them, the government became alarmed, an alien 
 act was passed to remove from our shores the vast numbers of Frenchmen unac- 
 countably collected here, and finally war was declared to exist between France 
 and England. 
 
 Such of the measures of Mr. Pitt as necessarily passed through the two Houses 
 of Parliament met with determined opposition from the Duke of Bedford,^ the 
 Earls of Lauderdale, Derby, &c. &c. Mr. Fox, Mr. Grey, Mr. Burke, who af- 
 terwards altered his opinion, Mr. Sheridan, &c. &c. which opposition pro- 
 ducing violent animosity beyond the walls of the legislature, the terms Democrat 
 and Aristocrat were applied without reserve. Public meetings took place at 
 several different periods, at which some of the noblemen and gentlemen just 
 named presided ; those were imitated by an inferior set of politicians at Copen- 
 hagen-house and other places, when violent resolutions were passed against the 
 three branches of the State. Inflamed by these proceedings, and the difTerent 
 publications of the day, many outrages were committed, and it became no longer 
 safe for the Monarch to appear in publick. This effervescence gradually sub- 
 sided as the events on the continent developed themselves ; and France, becoming 
 a despotic military nation, it was perceived by those who had contended in fa- 
 vour of that country as a Republick, that it would be well to guard against her 
 attempts at Universal Monarchy ; which having been done till the close of the 
 eighteenth century, under a heavy pressure of taxes, it was thought expedient to 
 make peace with France ; which being accomplished upon the resignation of Mr. 
 Pitt and the appointment of Lord Sidmouth, about two years elapsed in that 
 state of repose. War was again declared, and Mr. Pitt again braved the storm 
 of popular dislike in pamphlets, newspapers, and caricatures. Mr. Fox suc- 
 ceeded after his decease, found his former friends, the French, exactly as Mr. 
 Pitt had described them, averse to peace ; and himself compelled to double the 
 taxes he before had reprobated. He died — the Catholic Question caused the 
 dismissal of his friends Lords Grenville and Grey, and Mr. Percival was made 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 Such is the general history of the last twenty years, the reader will find it en- 
 larged by the description of many of the following caricatures. 
 
 " Loyalty 
 
124 
 
 " Loyalty against Levelling." I J 92. 
 
 " nought can make us rue, 
 
 If England to itself do'iest but true." 
 
 There is much merit in the invention of this print, and the characteristics are 
 well imagined. There are two compartments ; that on the right is appropriated 
 to France, and the other to England : in the latter the sun shines unobscured, 
 in the former clouds darken the atmosphere. Two signs have been elevated on 
 posts, that in France is converted into a gallows, by cutting down part of it with 
 the crown, which is trampled under foot by two of the national guard who, as- 
 sisted by Thomas Payne, have contrived to convey a rope from their own terri- 
 tories around the British emblem of Royalty, and they pull while the author of 
 the " Rights of Man" starts from the saw he had been using on perceiving at- 
 tached, to the wall to which the sign belongs the resolutions of the Association for 
 preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers, and a Pro- 
 clamation by the King, and exclaims aghast " Here's a stop to my levelling." 
 A soldier and a sailor below shake hands and declare for their king and country, 
 and the British lion, roused from his repose in the Tower, menaces Payne from 
 the outer wall of that fortress. 
 
 The wall of the French building, converted into a support for the gallows, is 
 covered with placards, inscribed " Libert^ et Egalite — ca-ira — Mr. Fox's speech 
 to the ^ig Club Anglois — and Memorial of Cit. Thomas Payne to the National 
 Convention." Besides the figures employed in pulling down the Crown of Eng- 
 land, a sans-culotte vociferates " Vive la nation," strides over a decapitated body, 
 rests a pike with the head on it against his shoulder, and most significantly presses 
 his hands to his emaciated body, which presents famine covered with rags. To 
 conclude, " L'arbre de la liberte," withered and leafless, seems barely strong 
 enough to support the weight of a suspended monk. 
 
 " Sir Allan Gardiner, Covent Garden. Weeds carefully eradicated, and 
 venomous reptiles destroyed by Royal Patent. God save the King." 1794. Sir 
 Allan, rather oddly employed for a naval commander, and a candidate at the 
 election of that time, has an apron tucked around his full-dress uniform, and 
 with his left hand fixed in the fur of the head of a Fox, bearing the hkeness of a 
 well-known late patriot, decapitates him with a pruning knife, as a weed on 
 " constitutional ground." The head observes, " I was always a staunch friend 
 
 to 
 
125 
 
 to the crops and sans-culottes, but this d d crop is quite unesTpected." Bri- 
 tannia suspends a wreath of laurel over the head of Sir Allan, and encourages him 
 to " Go on, Britain approves and will protect you :" to which he replies, " My 
 life and sei-vices are ever devoted to my King and Country." The Queen, the 
 Admiral's flag ship, is in the back-ground, alluding to the victory of June 1, 
 1794. On the right side of the print is a devil or fiend raking a head towards 
 flames where two others roar in agony " This will not Tell-ivell" and " I was 
 fool Hardy" Delighted with the operation he performs, the enemy of mankind 
 says, " Long looked for come at last — Welcome thou staunch friend and faith- 
 ful servant, enter thou into the hot-bed prepared for thee." " Now," returns the 
 first, " will no prospering virtue gall my jaundiced eye ; nor people fostered by a 
 beloved sovereign, and defended by the wisdom of his counsellors. To anarchy 
 and confusion I will blow my Home, and wallow in everything that is d ble." 
 
 An ode appeared in 1795 addressed to an eminent bookseller who unfortu- 
 nately observed on a particular occasion, that " Small profits do great things." 
 The small profits alluded to furnished the bookseller with a handsome coach, and 
 the wag of an artist exhibits him ascending to it from the Bible, Tillotson, and 
 the Common Prayer, which serves as a step; his pocket is loaded with puffs and 
 lies, and he carries his own Memoirs as a chapeau bras, a dog treats the first forty 
 years of the life of J. L. very ill, and several ludicrous figures are spectators. This 
 author observes : 
 
 " Shame on the cits ! (they surely lost their senses 
 In jealous fit, to slight a kindness rare !) 
 Did he not offer to pay all expenccs 
 
 To have his statue fix'd up in the square? 
 Was not this modest worth, and perfect goodness ? 
 And was not your refusal downright rudeness ?" 
 This reminds us of a Bookseller who announced his shop as the cheapest in the 
 world ; another, that resided near him, pronounced his the cheapest in Finshury. 
 
 " The Rival Pigs." 1795. There can be no doubt that the Guinea-pig 
 seated on a chair with a bead resembling Mr. Pitt's, is intended for that gentle- 
 man, and the Pig without a guinea facing him is certainly Mr. Fox. This print 
 is barely worthy notice did it not allude to the powder-tax, which woefully disap- 
 pointed the Minister, and was the source of much merriment to the mob, who 
 
 called 
 
126 
 
 called those who wore hair-powder Guinea-pigs, because they paid a guinea per 
 annum for the licence. 
 
 " Tlie Political Locust." 1795. This enormous green destroyer with a hu- 
 man head much resembling that of one who was frequently termed a heaven-born 
 Minister, has reduced poor old England to a yellow desert ; and having nothing 
 else to devour, attacks a decayed and almost leafless tree called the remains of the 
 Old Constitution, while he clings to the ramparts which keep the sea from over- 
 whelming the " little Island." 
 
 " Rogues in Grain." 1796. The characters are, a stupid farmer with his 
 arms folded across his breast seated at a table smoking, with a sly leer in hi» 
 countenance, and a 7nonopoUzer just arrived, who stands booted, with a whip 
 under his arm and his hands in his waistcoat pockets, " Come, come," says the 
 latter, " you had better let me have your corn — I know you have a good stock — 
 you'll get a better price from me than by carrying it to market." " Lord love 
 thee," replies the farmer, " I Ve got no corn ! consider what a harvest it was. 
 But how much art thee willing to give if I could find any." The real scarcity 
 caused by unpropitious weather had raised bread to a very great price in 
 and it was generally supposed the agents of monied men visited all parts of the 
 country to purchase grain to retail at a considerable advance : many abortive at- 
 tempts were made to lessen the evil by substitutes for bread. 
 
 The fourteenth of September, or City Sportsmen." I796. There are two 
 scenes in the print of City sportsmen : in one, a watchman rouses a discontented 
 gentleman who complains of his noise, and is told in return it was by his own 
 desire he called him : we next observe a small publick house with a skittle ground 
 near it, the landlady earnestly informs her husband the sportsmen are coming 
 down the hill, and he as eagerly drives poultry into an outhouse, perfectly un- 
 conscious that one of the sportsmen had taken aim at one of his skittles exactly 
 in the direction, he proceeds, exclaiming, " dang that old turkey-cock, how he 
 stands, I verily believe he has a mind to be shot :" another, alarmed for the safety 
 of a person seated in a tree on one side of the marksman, calls to him, " You 
 sir, up in the tree, take care of yourself, you don't know how a shot may fly." 
 
 A second pair of " Septembrizers" having flred, terrify a poor deaf woman 
 seated on a style, who, blessing herself, places her hand on the seat of honour, 
 declaring she is so hard of hearing that she could not be certain whether it was a 
 gun, but she felt as if she had received a pellet behind : her favourite cat sits on 
 
 a fence 
 
127 
 
 a fence near her, and causes her mistress fresh danger, as two other determined 
 dogs start back, convinced tliat puss is a hare, for Jowler " has a dead nose at 
 game," and he certainly shews liis teeth at grimalkin: to conclude, a fifth shoots 
 a crow for a partridge, and a sixth discharges his gun by accident as lie rests it 
 on his shoulder : this wiseacre damns the gun, inquiring what it is at now, and 
 speaking prophetically, he is convinced himself and companions will do some 
 mischief before they return to their homes. 
 
 Billy's Raree Show, or John Bull enlightened." I797. It shonld be ob- 
 served that the syllable en in the title is erased, consequently John Bull is light- 
 ened. The Premier performs double duty, as he attends with one hand to the 
 strings of his shevv-box, and with the other " lightens" John of his savings as he 
 jjeeps through the glass. The Show appears by the banner on the summit to 
 have been licensed by authority, and the Showman wears a trumpet and banner 
 of the royal arms round his shoulder. " Now (addressing Bull) pray lend your 
 attention to the enchanting prospect before you — this is the prospect of peace, 
 only observe what a busy scene presents itself; the ports are filled with shipping, 
 the quays loaded with merchandize; riches are flowing in from every quarter; 
 this prospect alone is worth all the money you have got about you." The total 
 absence of perception and conception (see Plate XXX. Jig. 1.) was never more 
 correctly pourtrayed than in the face of Bull, who answers, " Mayhap it may, 
 Master Shewm, but I eanna zee ony thing like what you mentions : I zees no- 
 thing but a vvoide plain with some mountains and molehills upon't; as sure as a 
 gun it must be all behind one of those." One of the natural consequences of war 
 is the decrease of trade, the Karee Show informed the Minister that his repeated 
 assertions respecting the flourishing state of commerce and the country were dis- 
 believed by those for whom they were intended. 
 
 " Billy, or the Modern Colossus amusing himself." 1797. Mr. Pitt, unlike 
 the antient Colossus which stood upon opposite shores, has, in this instance, 
 mad*; a kind of horse of the pediment of the Speaker's seat in the House of Com- 
 mons, where, having free use of his heels, he kicks and spurs Mr. Fox till he 
 bleeds, and overturns other members of the opposition. Rather more tender of 
 his friends, his right boot is without a spur, and the ministerial party, grateful for 
 this act of favour, kneel and bow with great humility. The air of .consequence 
 with which he sits is strongly marked in the countenance and throughout the 
 figure : two leathern budgets are strapped round his waist, he rests his left hand 
 
 on 
 
128 
 
 on that containing the " remains of the gold and silver coin ;" and his right holds 
 the sceptre and a terrestrial globe, which immediately conveys the idea of a very 
 amusing exercise called " cup and ball." The other half of the budget is inscribed, 
 " Resources for the War and is filled with assignats of various denominations, 
 and lists of the different species of Militia and Volunteer forces. The influence 
 of the Minister in Parliament, and the act for restraining payments in specie at 
 the Bank, are the objects of this satire. 
 
 " John Bull at his Studies, attended by his guardian Angel" Had Mr. Pitt 
 seen this Caricature, he could not have been displeased at the whimsical manner 
 in which he is represented calming the perturbed spirits of the representative of 
 our population. With a countenance most placid and benevolent, he flies into 
 his friend's presence with celestial wings ; and tuning his harp, as he peeps from 
 the clouds around him, he plays, 
 
 " Cease, rude Boreas, blust'ring railer. 
 Trust your fortune's care to me." 
 Never was mortal more perplexed than John ; his very feet contract and rise 
 towards his head, which he scratches, as he reads a long scroll, inscribed, " Tax 
 upon Income. A plain, short, and easy Description of the different Clauses in 
 the Income Tax, so as to render it familiar to the meanest capacity. Clause 1. 
 N. B. for a further explanation, see Clause 701. Clause 2. N. B. This Clause 
 will be better understood by reading Clause 2053. Clause 3. N. B. This Clause 
 has no connection with Clause 9075> &c. &c." 
 
 A label held on the table by John's Journal, Day-book, and Ledger, presents 
 part of Dibdin's song of Poor Jack : 
 
 " The sweet little cherub that sits up aloft, 
 
 To keep watch for the purse [life erased] of Poor Jack." 
 The following print shews the fruits of Taxation, in the decisive defeats of the 
 fleets of every nation which had then entered the contest between England and 
 France. 
 
 John Bull taking a Lunch; or Johnny's purveyors pampering his appetite 
 with dainties from all parts of the world." 1798. The old gentleman seated in 
 state makes a lunch that would excite the envy of an emperor. He is waited 
 upon by admirals, and his food consists of captured ships of the line; puff" paste 
 from Brest, brought by Howe ; Dutch pudding from Camperdown, by Duncan ; 
 a ragout and hashed crocodile, by Nelson ; Bridport minced meat ; Warren's 
 
 Irish 
 
129 
 
 Irish stew ; Gardner's fricando ; fricasee from Cadiz, by St. Vincent, &c. Flou- 
 rishing his knife, John apphes a dismasted ship to his mouth with the fork, and 
 asserts he shall never be able to lay all those up in his wet dock. It should be 
 remembered that the salt-cellar is a mortar, and the pepper-box a cannon. Three 
 heads are seen behind the chair peeping through a window ; those, being mem- 
 bers of opposition, curse John's cooks and guts together. 
 
 "-4 Specimen of Scotch Moclesty" 1798. The same jolly countenance, and 
 large white wig, serves to convey twelve different characters to the notice of the 
 inspector, of the specimen of Scotch modesty, whence it would seem the intention 
 of the artist to insinuate one person, holding twelve different places, might be 
 exhibited as a governor of the Charter-house, a joint keeper of the Signet in 
 Scotland, a Chancellor of the University of St. Andrew, patent printer of the 
 Bible in Scotland, Custos Rotulorum for Middlesex, a Treasurer of the Navy, a 
 governor of Greenwich ho>pital, a commissioner of Chelsea hospital, a com- 
 missioner for India Affairs, a governor of the Bank of Scotland, a Secretary, and 
 an elder brother of the Trinity-house. Accordingly, the same person is ma^^^to 
 appear in these various characters. 
 
 '^Shrine at St. Anne's Hill" I798. A large fat dark-complexioned person 
 kneels, with a new Constitution in his pocket, before an altar composed of articles 
 almost too horrid for description. On the drapery in front are crossed daggers 
 tinged with blood ; a guillotine, marked in the same manner, forms the back of 
 the altar-piece, from which two tablets are suspended by a tri-coloured riband, 
 inscribed. Droit de rhomme. Those declare the right of worshipping whom we 
 please, or to create or bow before what we please, to use any name in vain (alluding 
 to the adoption of a Goddess of Reason in France in place of the Divinity), to work 
 nine days of the week, and do what we please on the tenth, to honour parents when 
 we find it necessary, to kill, commit adultery, bear what witness we please, and 
 covet our neighbour's house or any thing that is his. A stand, with a scull and 
 bones, supports the red cap of liberty, furnished with the French cockade ; and 
 busts of Robespierre and Buonaparte complete the Shrine at St. Anne's Hill." 
 
 A flight of Republican cherubim descend on the left, which are rather more 
 aged than those heavenly attendants usually appear to artists ; and they are sin- 
 gular besides in having adopted the cap and cockade of France; and, what is still 
 more extraordinary, they strongly resemble several public characters who flourished 
 circa I798. 
 
 s " London 
 
130 
 
 " London Corresponding Society/ alarmed. — F'ide Guilty Conscience^* 1*98. 
 The Engraver has contrived to give each of the characters in this print a pecuhar 
 expression of ferocity and terror. 71ie president, with his arms bare to the elbows, 
 seizes the candle from the candlestick, and applies it close to a list of State arrests, 
 in which he finds the names of O'Connor, Binns, Evans, &c. His audience con- 
 sists of a hair-dresser, a butcher, and other figures, whose occupations may be 
 imagined from their appearance ; they surround a table provided with beer and 
 gin ; a dark flight of stairs shew them to be in a cellar ; prints of Tooke and 
 Paine hang on the wall ; and a Journal of their proceedings, signed T. Firebrand, 
 Sec. offers the following designation of delegates : " Forging Sam, Barber Joe, 
 Dick Butcher, Filching Ned, Dissenting Nick, &c. &c." 
 
 The two preceding prints have the same object in view : the first intimates that 
 one of our veteran leaders of opposition would have presented us with a new Con- 
 stitution, composed a la Frangaise; and the other exhibits the second class of 
 Reformers, whose intentions were never fully developed, as Government seized all 
 their papers, brought their leaders to trial for high treason (of which they were 
 acquitted), and thus dissolved the Corresponding Society. The French principles, 
 supposed to have actuated the British people, operated more fatally in Ireland, 
 where the deluded multitude had recourse to arms, and met their French invaders 
 as deliverers. This caused 
 
 " The "Allied Republics, or France and Ireland^'' 1798. Erin or Ireland, under 
 the semblance of an ass, permits a Frenchman to ride on him, and direct him 
 with the sword of fraternity. The simple animal, braying, treads upon a crown, 
 mitre, and sceptre; is goaded behind by a blue devil, and carries a huge bag of 
 potatoes, linen, and barrels of beef, pork, and usquebaugh, for the benefit of his 
 good Ally, whose brethren in arms gibbet the inhabitants and burn their houses. 
 " Erin go brah," the motto adopted by the United Irish at the above period, pro- 
 duced the quibble, " go, bray ;" and the latter word naturally suggested the idea 
 of an ass. A song beneath the print illustrates the subject still further, as one 
 verse will serve to prove : 
 
 " De linen I get in de scuffle. 
 Will make de fine shirt to my ruffle. 
 While Fat may go starve in his hovel, 
 And Erin may go bray." 
 
 " The 
 
 \ 
 
" The Royal Soldier in His Majesty's Service,'" 1798, There are many sub- 
 jects and occurrences turned into jest by the Caricaturist, which pass unnoticed 
 by the pubHck ; it was far otherwise with the Volunteer system for the defence 
 of the realm. The former seized upon the subject with avidity ; and the canaille 
 never suffered a corps of Volunteers to pass them, without exercising their wit 
 upon the aggregate, or individuals who happened to betray any unsoldier-like pe- 
 culiarities. The mistakes committed at drill, and the irregular fire at reviews, 
 were treated with unmerciful severity. 
 
 Two or three instances selected from a very considerable number in which the 
 graver has perpetuated the bhmders of our citizen-soldiers, must now be detailed, 
 to illustrate the above brief introductory observations. And first, " The Royal 
 Soldier,'' or Mr. Pitt. 
 
 " He would be a soldier, the sweet Willy, o ; 
 The first of all swains 
 That gladden'd the plains, 
 All nature obey'd him — the sweet Willy, o." 
 
 This is nothing more than the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the uniform of a 
 Volunteer, standing erect, with his musket shouldered ; a figure so tall, so thin 
 and meagre, that an army of the same description might reasonably depend upon 
 saving more than half their number of the usual proportion of slain, through the 
 extreme difficulty that would be imposed upon bullets in finding substance to act 
 upon. Something more was certainly intended by this satire than merely exhi- 
 biting Mr. Pitt as a tall narrow soldier. It had become the custom at this period 
 for Statesmen to head bands of Volunteers ; and it is extremely probable, had the 
 French invaded England, that they would have found either a Cabinet without 
 Ministers, or soldiers without officers. 
 
 " The Aivhward Squad." A tall, well-made sergeant, in a graceful attitude, 
 gives the command to shoulder arms, at the same time pointing to the fuguelman. 
 The awkward squad, alarmed at the sudden order, lose every spark of recollection ; 
 they look aghast; some face about; one presents, and screws his face into a most 
 expressive state of apprehension at the effects of the explosion of his piece; 
 another charges ; and a third salutes ; and, to complete the jest, their legs are in- 
 terwoven beyond disentanglement. 
 
 " The Lock Step, or drilling Jbr the Review.'" The sergeant, in despair, orders 
 his men to lock up ; declaring at the same time they will never do for a review, 
 
 which 
 
132 
 
 which the soldiers amply confirm, by beating the skin off of each other's heels^ as 
 they march. One of the aggrieved party, enraged at the damage received by his 
 flesh, storms at the offender ; and the last man in the file rejoices that he is not 
 the first. 
 
 Justly alarmed at the necessity which existed for additional loans and taxes to 
 carry on the war in I798, Mr. Pitt and his colleagues thought it expedient to call 
 on the affluent for voluntary aids to the Government, which having been ob- 
 tained to a limited extent, they were so far relieved from their embarrassment in 
 meeting the publick with the budget of that year. 
 
 "Voluntary Subscriptions,''' 1798. The celebrated financier, assisted by a 
 Scotch gentleman, subsequently greatly honoured by the House of Lords in 
 Westminster Hall, attend within an apartment of the Treasury ; the latter near* 
 a table, in an attitude of surprize and pleasure, occasioned by a crowd seen through 
 a window, reaching quite to Charing Cross, each individual bearing his bag of 
 gold, impatient to subscribe their names in a vast book, opened, as the caricatu- 
 rist has it, "for the preservation of our places, our pensions, our candle-ends, our 
 cheese-parings, our bishoprics, our rectories, our grandmothers, our wives, our 
 sisters, &c. &c." A door iialf-opened conceals a person behind it, whose nose, 
 mouth, and hands, only appear ; above which hangs a portrait of one of the 
 Kings of Corsica. Tlie Financier alluded to puts his finger to his nose, and says 
 to the mouth and hands, " Mum — a good draw — soon come back — look well in 
 the list;" to which the mouth replies, " Can't afford it, I tell you — always some 
 new-fangled nonsense or another; I wish you would let us be at peace and quiet- 
 ness." A gentleman, standing within the door, holds a borough remonstrance ; 
 and asks, "Will he bleed? if he don't, I'll prick him again." The door has se- 
 veral representations pasted on it, particularly of Quiberon, Toulon, and the Dun- 
 kirk Races ; with a plan for starving the French, referring to places where our 
 arms had been less successful than had been expected. 
 
 " The gallant Nelson bringing home two uncommon French Crocodiles from 
 the Nile." 1798. The idea of this caricature is singular enough. Each croco- 
 dile has an human head attached to his enormous upper jaw, which are tolerably 
 correct likeriesses of the same number of persons, celebrated for their oratorical 
 powers in one of the branches of our Legislature. They weep in concert at their 
 captivity, and that they are secured by padlocks and chains from any attempt to 
 injure their conductor, who tells them he supposes they are grieved for what they 
 
 have 
 
/ 
 
 133 
 
 have done, but tliat he shall conduct them to his master. Mr. Bull attends, star- 
 ing and scratching his head, and exults that " Horatio has got un at last ;" " why 
 (he continues) these be the old cock devils." 
 
 " A Messenger from the Nile : agreeable News Jar the Directory, or the run~ 
 away Admiral's unexpected arrival." 1798. The five directors of French affairs 
 are assembled in council at a table, in their grand costume of office. Maps of 
 England and Ireland are spread before them ; and instructions for Admiral Bruyes 
 on his leaving Egypt. At this moment an Admiral, who had escaped from the 
 destruction inflicted on the French fleet at the mouth of the Nile by that of Lord 
 Nelson, bursts into the room, and with the air of a maniac, declares the misfor- 
 tunes of his companions, and his own, in being singed from head to foot, which 
 
 alone prevented him from playing the d 1 with Nelson. Had Milton seen the 
 
 horror and infernal expression pourtrayed in the countenances of the Directors on 
 this occasion, his ideas on the subject of Satanic disappointed malice must have 
 been assisted, if not improved. The great Beelzebub himself could not have sus- 
 pended the passage of snuff from the box to the nose, while he listened to un'- 
 welcome news, with a more diabolical air, than one of these gentlemen displays, 
 {See Plate XXX. fg. 7.) 
 
 It will be remembered even now with astonishment, that the French, who are 
 justly celebrated for foresight and sagacity, should have assembled an army of 
 40,000 men, for an expedition to Egypt, where it was evident to all Europe be- 
 sides, they must either inevitably perish, through the privations of the country, 
 the hostility of the inhabitants, or be cut off from all communication with France 
 by the superiority of the British navy. Such was soon found to be the fact. The 
 army arrived in Egypt, commanded by Buonaparte. He traversed a desolate soil, 
 harassed by a vigilant enemy ; saw the whole of the ships of the line taken, 
 burnt, and dispersed, which had protected him in his passage ; found the place 
 unsafe, and unprofitable ; fled secretly to France, unobserved by our cruizers ; and 
 revenged himself on the five Directors, then the monarchs of that wretched na- 
 tion, by driving them from authority, and nominating himself First Consul, then 
 Emperor. 
 
 " Satan's return from Egypt," (erased). Earth discovered in council with 
 Beelzebub and Belial, a sketch after Fuseli. Satan thinks proper to appear on this 
 occasion in the uniform of a French general. He is seated, frowns, droops the 
 corners of his mouth, and applies his hands with distorted fingers to his hat ; one 
 
 foot 
 
134 
 
 foot rests upon a skull, and that upon manuscripts ; the other, extended, tramples 
 upon the Marsellois Hymn, and the Council of Five Hundred ; a nimbus, or 
 glory, beams from behind his head, and infernal cherubs flit round a triangle 
 formed of daggers, inclosing his hat, near which are written " Buonaparte, Ducos, 
 Sieyes." Beelzebub and Belial, clothed in white, and furnished with wings, stand 
 on each side of the chair, one provided with Constitutions for all occasions. 
 
 " Buonaparte leaving Egypt." 1 8oo. The hero of the print before us ad- 
 vances alone towards a boat, where two of his friends wait for him, loaded with 
 bags of gold. A ship under weigh, at some distance from the shore, explains his 
 intention ; and lest it should be misunderstood, he points to a crown, sceptre, and 
 fasces, floating in the air, near a figure of Fame, who takes a short respite to re- 
 cover her breath, exhausted in spreading his exploits. A groupe of wretched, 
 starved, scarecrow soldiers in the back-ground rush forward, but are too distant 
 and forlorn to overtake him. 
 
 It is an opinion very generally received, that however violent the expressions 
 may appear which are uttered in the debates of each session of Parliament, no 
 real animosity exists between the parties who use them. There was an exception 
 in the case of Messrs. Pitt and Tierney. Those gentlemen, exasperated by conti- 
 nual opposition on one side, and a pertinacity of opinion, and a perseverance in 
 measures supposed to be injurious to the country on the other, charged and recri- 
 minated, recriminated and charged, till they were sufficiently inflamed to meet in 
 mortal combat, whence they fortunately returned uninjured, to the great satisfac- 
 tion of their respective friends. The caricaturists, finding it to be a bloodless duel, 
 thought it fair game, and offered their illustrations in 
 
 " The Duel, or Charley longing Jor a pop'' 1798. The scene of the duel is 
 on Putney Heath, near an unoccupied gibbet, on which a crow having perched 
 himself informs a political groupe below there is plenty of room for them. The 
 foremost of these desperate men takes an eager aim at a tall slender gentleman, 
 who, holding his pistol pointed to the earth, tells his antagonist, armed as he is 
 with conscious rectitude, he defies them all. A stout person, provided with a 
 blunderbuss, draws his friend the duellist back, and informs him he might as well 
 shoot at a needle ; that he cannot hit his mark with a pop-gun ; and recommends 
 the blunderbuss, as larger in the bore. In this interval of suspense a Scotch gen- 
 tleman arrives, crying " Murder !'' and " stop the duel !" which is repeated by a 
 mouth projected from behind the margin of the print, with the addition " Ha ! 
 what, what ! — shot, shot !" 
 
 « Bloody 
 
I 
 
 135 
 
 Bloody News, or the fatal Putney Duel." The duellists face each other ; 
 Britannia, seated at some distance from them, screams in terror for her darling ; 
 and the Lion lies upon his back at her feet. The Scotchman, introduced in the 
 preceding print, attends with Treasury cordial ; and tells the genius of England 
 not to fear for her favourite boy, who is in no danger ; adding, were he as well 
 made for fighting, he would challenge them all. Alluding to the spare habit of 
 body of the other, Mr. T. declares he might as well shoot at a rush-light. A te- 
 legraph behind Britannia communicates the words " bloody news — shot," &c. 
 
 " The danger over, or Billy's return to John Bull." The principal actor in 
 the affair of the duel appears with an air of satisfaction before Mr. Bull, and as- 
 sures him of his safety. The latter, extremely delighted, blesses Mr. P. and ex- 
 presses his happiness at his safe return ; asks him why he risked his precious life; 
 and inquires what would have become of iiim if he had been killed, left without 
 a soul to have contrived a few new taxes, or tell him he was the happiest old man 
 alive ; to assure him his pockets were overflowing with money, and convince him 
 every thing was right. 
 
 " A correct plan and elevation of the famous French Raft" This caricature 
 of a vessel, though said to have been engraved from a drawing made by an officer 
 at Brest, carries its own condemnation with it to every person who has seen any 
 description of machine navigated on the Ocean. Although the absurdity and im- 
 possibility of such a conveyance for an army to invade England, even across the 
 narrow Straits of Dover, is manifest on a moment's reflection, thousands of people 
 in England contended that it was not only practicable, but that it was actually 
 built for the accommodation of 30,000 men, and provided with heavy metal to 
 protect their landing. We were even informed of the dimensions of this addi- 
 tional wonder of the world ; in length 700 feet, and in breadth 600. A vast 
 cone, 180 feet in diameter at the base, and the same number in height, occupied 
 the centre, for the double purpose of accommodation for the men, and to support 
 a yard only 500 feet in length, which, turning on a pivot, was to move a triangu- 
 lar sail, hung by a point to the end of the yard, whichever way occasion required. 
 These are the principal features of the Raft. Had any nation determined upon 
 a scheme for the destruction of their armies, surely it will be allowed that the in- 
 ventor of the tale of the Raft ought to have been consulted, as his contrivances 
 would dispose of them by the art of sinking, in less time than by scuttling any 
 given number of transports, or even by the operations of a tempest. 
 
 " The 
 
136 
 
 " The Raft in danger, or the Repuhlican Crew disappointed.''' 1798. The Raft 
 is greatly improved in the print thus intituled ; and makes a most formidable ap- 
 pearance, with a citadel and numerous towers, cavalry, infantry, and a complete 
 battery of cannon on each side of the oblong square. Disdaining the use of sails, 
 the tremendous machine makes its approaches by wind-mills, and water-wheels 
 and oars. An enormous flag, displayed on the citadel, announces " Liberty and 
 Equality ;" another on the front " Plunder ;" several less conspicuous are in- 
 scribed Regicides — Parricides — Deism and Atheism — Robbery — Murder — ^I'or- 
 ture, &c. &c. The guillotine and cap of liberty stand in terrorem, at both ex- 
 tremes of the Raft. — We must now turn our attention to England, where a cap- 
 stan, placed upon a clifT, is turned by five persons ; from which a cable passes to 
 the head of the Raft. Three of those disinterested Englishmen wear the red cap, 
 and French national cockades ; another, a hat ; and the last has no covering for 
 the head. The principal in this encouragement of invasion has on other occa- 
 sions been represented with the head of a Fox. He looks pleased, labours hard, 
 and cries " Pull away, citizens." The next behind him is a handsome man ; and 
 bears a treatise under his arm, entituted " Bedfordsh — Agriculture." Another, 
 whose nose appears to have profited by libations of Sherry, follows the example 
 of one before him, in mutually agreeing to take care of the rope. And the last, 
 a short, fat man, dressed in half mourning, starts, asserting that a storm is ap- 
 proaching, for he hears thunder. The storm he alludes to is caused by three 
 heads, intended for the King, Mr. Pitt, and perhaps Lord Melville. The two 
 former scatter the names of our naval commanders towards the Raft ; and the 
 other those of celebrated Bow-street officers, in the direction of the capstan. A 
 British army, encaniped on the heights, wait the approach of the enemy ; and 
 our fleets are seen closing in the rear of the Raft. Three Republican heads, fur- 
 nished with wings, hover in the character of gannets near the Raft. 
 
 " Equality is the go, d — e." 1798. Refinement and economy having reached 
 their ne plus ultra, the caricaturist presents us with the consequences in the print 
 before us, in which a mean-looking person, in lank dark hair, wrapped in a six- 
 caped great coat, with a coarse-coloured neck-kerchief, sits in his chaise, driving 
 from Edinburgh to London ; his groom (who usually rode on horseback behind 
 / his master's carriage before this period) sleeping soundly by his side. So much 
 
 for economy. To explain the equality from the figures would be no great stretch 
 of capacity, because the groom looks quite as respectable a man as his master; 
 
 but 
 
13; 
 
 but upon examining more minutely, we discover on the body of the chaise a du- 
 cal coronet under the initial H. whence we must conclude that dukes had actually 
 exchanged places with their servants when this print was etched, and that the 
 meanly-dressed man is one of those very dukes. 
 
 " Improvements in iveights and measures, or Sir John See-clear discovering 
 the balance of the British Flag."' 1798. Sir John, ludicrously long and narrow, 
 holds aloft in his right hand steel-yards, inscribed " Jive la J^galite." On one 
 side are suspended turnips, cabbages, carrots, a cap of liberty, and labels of the 
 advantages of cold economy, proposing to retain as the navy of England half 
 a dozen ships of war, to send 50,000 sailors to plant potatoes, with 1000 weighty 
 reasons for giving the enemy a chance of escaping from their ports ; these kick 
 the beam by the simple means of the Union flag. A table offers to view books 
 on improvement in the art of political dunging; the pursuits of agriculture, &c. 
 with the apostate laird, a parliamentary romance; and the loss of the agricultural 
 chair. A placard on the wall is a table of weights and measures laid down upon 
 the true democratic principle of the steel-yard- of Egalit^ ; and a picture repre- 
 sents three hogs feeding in the trough of democratic verbosity, which is called 
 pigs meal, or new method of feeding the swinish multitude. 
 
 " A visit to the Irish Pig, with rejlections physical and moral." 1799. The 
 enormous pig exhibited in London some years past is represented so large as to 
 occupy nearly half of the print. A personage of high rank, and once a good 
 practical farmer, condescends to visit the overgrown animal ; and they both exa- 
 mine each other with great attention, except that the latter is deficient in his ob- 
 servation, through the want of a glass. A military gentleman, decorated with a 
 key of office, or the key of the sty, (which the caricaturist pleases,) assists at the 
 inspection with a lantern, and remarks, " That pig is the tallest, fattest, properest 
 
 pig to stand before the ■ ; the most wonderful I ever had the honour to shew. 
 
 It is arrived from Ireland ; truly worthy of the inspection of the curious ; an 
 amazing animal." " True, true, very fat, very fat — Ireland — ha! ha! — hope he 
 did not eat any of the rebels ; sha'n't like the pork if he has ; stick to Fetter- 
 lane — clean and wholesome that — pretty sausages, ha ! ha ! — what does he say ? 
 Talks French, ha ! ha !" " We, we, we," answers the pig. 
 
 The great political measure of uniting the kingdoms of England and Ireland, 
 under the superintendance of one legislature, excited considerable warmth of dis- 
 cussion in both countries. Predictions were confidently pronounced, as to the 
 
 T prac- 
 
138 
 
 practicability, utility, and beneficial results of such an union ; and the disgrace, 
 resistance, and dis- union which would occur on the part of Ireland. Thus ba- 
 lanced were the opinions of the public, when the graphic satirist offered the re- 
 presentation of 
 
 " An Irish Union ; if there be no great love in the beginning, yet heaven may 
 decrease it upon better acquaintance" I799. The principal figures are Mr. Bull 
 and his cousin Patrick. The former, though apparently extremely stupid, ap- 
 pears an inoffensive character; but the latter is represented as a ruffian from head 
 to foot. Mr. Pitt, with half-closed eyes, performs the ceremony of joining their 
 hands ; and my Lord Melville obliges the Irishman with an extract from the 
 History of Scotland, which he reads in an attitude of considerable self-import- 
 ance, tending to prove that since the Union with that nation many had " made 
 the siller ;" and thence inferring, that Patrick must become much happier and 
 more independent in his new situation than he had ever been before. The strange 
 unpleasant countenance of the Irishman only enquires in return, " Now is it blar- 
 neying you are at ?" Mr. Pitt requests him to believe what the gentleman says 
 to be right ; declares he unites Mr. Bull and him as friends ; and concludes with 
 "whom I put together, let no man put asunder." Mr. Bull, with vacant stare, 
 thinks *' it may be nation good fun," but is as ignorant " what it is about" as his 
 cousin Paddy. 
 
 " A new Irish Jaunting Car ; the Tandem, or Billy in his Sulky." 1 799. The 
 frail and slender car or sulky, well-suited to the delicate frame of the driver, is 
 drawn by two Bulls, the foremost marked J. B. and the other P. B. John tugs 
 away with perfect good will, but complains of the difficulty of getting his Irish 
 brother along, adding, he is not quite satisfied with so close a connexion, as Mas- 
 ter Patrick plunges and kicks most violently, not a little alarming the driver, who 
 endeavours to persuade him to follow the example of John, especially as he finds 
 the vehicle descending a hill, and in danger of being overturned by large stones 
 in the road, inscribed " Irish resolutions," " Irish objections," and " The Voice 
 of the People." 
 
 "A Jlight across the Herring-pool.'' 1800. Mr. Pitt stands on the coast of 
 England, provided with a vast Imperial pouch, the mouth of which he extends, 
 and exhibits several little gentlemen, adorned with insignia of nobility, standing 
 amidst stars and garters and ribands. Those view with great attention the flight 
 mentioned in the title of the print, composed of a variety of characters, who glide 
 
 through 
 
139 
 
 through the air in attitudes various as whimsical. Mr. Pitt kindly encourages 
 them ; and tells them he has plenty of room in his budget. A very pleasant 
 Scotch gentleman, seated upon a list of very pleasant sinecure and other places, 
 calls to the aerial travellers, and informs them, if they have any conscience, there 
 is sufficient to satisfy them all. Two men kneeling, and a lady in an attitude of 
 intreaty, are near a temple on the opposite shore, whence the flight proceeds ; and 
 lament, " Och ! och ! do not leave us, consider your old house ; it will look like 
 a big walnut shell without a kernel." 
 
 Foreign Amusement, or the British Lion on the watch.''* 1801. A Bear, 
 whose collar has the word " Paulo" engraved on it, sits on his hind parts, and 
 holds a padlock and chain, with which he secures several vessels carrying the Bri- 
 tish flag. A hill in the back-ground is ascended by a two-headed eagle, crowned, 
 bearing a banner, and followed by birds of the same description, armed. A huge 
 Lion lies extended in the front of the print, resting his head on his paws, which 
 exhibit a most formidable row of talons ; those, and the keen expression of his 
 eye, augurs eager attention to passing events, and much resentment. The Bear 
 seizes the vessels, under the conviction that Mr. Bull has plenty of them. The 
 Eagle wishes him success; but the Lion observes, they find it pretty sport at pre- 
 sent, though they will think otherwise when he takes a leap amongst them. A 
 northern confederacy, composed of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, aimed at the 
 maritime rights of England, took place at the beginning of the present century. 
 The Bear above denotes Russia, whose Emperor Paul acted with great barbarity 
 towards the crews of the ships he seized in his ports. Lord Nelson fully verified, 
 the threat of the Lion ; and soon dissolved the confederacy, by his spirited and 
 successful attack on Copenhagen. 
 
 " The Vision of the three Cats, a Fable." 1800. This Sultan reposes at length, 
 richly habited, and supported by magnificent cushions. Thus far we observe no- ' 
 thing more than what is common to Eastern monarchs ; but upon examining the 
 features attentively, we discover a strong accidental likeness of his present Ma- 
 jesty. Three Cats, seated on light clouds, constitute the vision. One is oppressed 
 with fat ; a second is little better than a skeleton ; and the third is blind. The 
 Sultan thought his dream singular, and commanded a Dervise to expound it, who, 
 being a shrewd man, declared his opinion that the fat cat was symbolical of his 
 ministers, the lean of the people, and the blind of himself. 
 
 " Citizens ivorshiping their Idol" The Idol is Buonaparte, and the Citizens 
 
 several 
 
140 
 
 several well-known British faces: one of the number repeatedly excited the at- 
 tention of the Caricaturist, who has represented him in another print as the 
 
 " Common Gat^den Orator; or, aut Caesar aut nullus." " I am ever ready to 
 exert my abihties for my constituents, but I am best judge where." The Orator 
 stands before a table covered with the materials for drinking and smoking, and 
 vociferates, with clenched fist, to an auditory composed of the lowest description 
 of persons, whose features seem to have been collected from all that is vicious and 
 detestable in the wide circle of human depravity, and their attitudes form all that 
 is vulgar and ungraceful. The speech of the gentleman alluded to is to the fol- 
 lowing purport. Addressing them as his dear friends and constituents, he tells 
 them, had not his principles suited all occasions, he could not have retained a seat 
 in the Legislature so long as he had done, remarking at the same time that the 
 coalition with Lord North was a proof of his abilities in a certain way ; as well 
 as his support of the Prince in his claim of the Regency, without their consent, 
 and the exalted character given by him to O'Connor, was of his intrepidity. He 
 then enquires why he should continue his attendance in the House, as the mem- 
 bers composing it insisted all he said was an old story : here he knew he should 
 receive attention ; here he was sure of a majority, of safety in abusing the Mi- 
 nistry, disputing the acts of the Senate, and of spreading sedition in defiance of 
 law. " D — n the law ; bad luck to Pitt ; to the Bank to-morrow ;" exclaim his 
 constituents. 
 
 ''u4 Muddy; a Sketch in Bond-street^' 1800. It became the fashion, at the 
 time this print was engraved, to build the coaches of people of rank so extremely 
 low, and reduce the height of the wheels to such a degree, that the Caricaturist, 
 in common with the publick, called them Muddys. The former demonstrated 
 the propriety of the term by sketching one with the lower part of the body of the 
 coach almost touching the filth in the streets ; the footmen behind it elevated half 
 their length above the top ; the coachman buried in the rising sides of the box till 
 his head only is visible ; and the gentlemen who stop to converse with the ladies 
 inside, looking down upon them. Another wag went still farther; and represent- 
 ing the sudden check of motion, sends the footman fairly over the top of the vehicle 
 to break his head against^ that of the coachman. 
 
 Two very good etchings were published in 1805 without names, intended as a 
 satire upon the extremes to which students at our Universities sometimes proceed. 
 The first exhibits an emaciated figure, with his hair in disorder and nails uncut, so 
 
i4i 
 
 deeply involved in study, that the fire in the grate departed unobserved : impelled 
 however by natural feelings and instinct, his body has crept forward to the edge of 
 the fender, and the legs have ventured upon the sides of the former ; and tlius he 
 sits with spectacles on nose, and his book rested on the mantel piece. The na- 
 ture of his pursuits is pointed out by scraps on the geography of the moon, finite 
 matter divisible in infinitum, &c. &c. The motto, 
 
 Mediamque Minervam. 
 
 Luctantur paucae, comedunt coliphia paucse. 
 The other presents us with the student completely equipped as a jockey, with 
 his academic habit suspended on the wall. This choice spirit, elevated by the 
 contents of the bottles behind him, fancies himself on a winning horse; and to 
 make the matter complete, he sits doubled in three portions, dragging by a bridle 
 fastened to the chimney-piece, in the exact attitude of a person riding a race ; his 
 whip in his mouth, his spurs stuck into the edge of the falling table, and the de- 
 canters and glasses spinning from it to seek the books his eagerness had previously 
 sent upon the floor. 
 
 " Birds of a Feather Jiock together,''' l800, was intended as a satire upon the 
 general equality of dress. Two pickpockets stand at the bar for examination by 
 a Police-office Magistrate. The savage features of these miscreants alone distin- 
 guish them from the groupe of sufferers from their skill, who' attend to state their 
 losses. The thief, habited in a blue coat with gilt buttons, leather breeches, and 
 half boots furnished with tassels, rests his hands, covered with gloves, on the bar; 
 and his brother in iniquity returns a stare through a glass at one of his accusers. 
 In short, such is the similarity of costume, that we find no difference between the 
 parties, except the thieves have performed an involuntary act of politeness, by 
 taking off their hats. 
 
 " Devils angling for Lawyers" 180O. The gentlemen of the law are unfor- 
 tunately situated, constantly balancing between fees and conscience. It cannot 
 be supposed a conscientious lawyer ever became a subject for satire; and where 
 shall we find a lawyer who will grant he is without a conscience? Who has a 
 right to advance that lawyers solicit employment as tradesmen do custom ? Are 
 not the wrong sides of questions adopted by numerous clients ; and do they not 
 solicit the lawyer to defend them ? And now we arrive at the precise point where 
 the balance prevails, where the Devils angle or fish for lawyers ; conscience on 
 » one 
 
142 
 
 one side, the bait on the other. The Caricaturist has seized on this very critical 
 moment ; and he presents us with the high enclosure that fences out the auditors 
 in a Court of Justice, over which several devils peep, each furnished with a rod, 
 line, and hook, baited with purses of 100 and 500 guineas. The groupe of long- 
 robed gentry sitting under the enclosure would discompose the muscles of eighteen 
 judges out of twenty ; one is fairly caught, another bites, and a bait suspended 
 between two produces such doubtful, delighted, and impatient looks, that a very 
 dull devil might perceive he had a fair chance, not for a nibble, in the fishing 
 phrase, but a downright snap. This is a genuine caricature, and is accom- 
 panied by 
 
 " Devils Parson shooting T in which we discover no traits of humour, as the 
 Clergy seated round a table at their wine are merely fired at by devils, without 
 reference to any peculiarity in the profession or actors. 
 
 A small print, neatly engraved, and amply illustrative of the riot and confusion 
 of an Election, was published, without date or name, to satirize Sir Francis Bur- 
 dett and his political friends. Sir Francis harangues the electors ; and several 
 well-known characters appear on each side of him. A fiend, with a cockade on 
 a point of his horns, almost faints with heat, although fanned by an imp, and de- 
 clares, " It is so hot, I'll return to the place whence I came." Boxing, casks, and 
 bottles of gin, a key and fetters, marrow-bones and cleavers, " No Bastille," and 
 a number of ludicrous incidents, are crowded both in the fore and back grounds. 
 Those who do not approve of Sir Francis as a politician describe him as a demo- 
 cratical reformer. It is certain that the peculiar turn of his parliamentary motions 
 have secured him the approbation of the multitude ; and they have repeatedly, 
 openly and roughly expressed their attachment at Elections where he was con- 
 cerned. On the occasion of his instituting an enquiry into the state of the Cold- 
 bath Fields prison, and after he had been ordered to the Tower for a breach of the 
 privileges of the House of Commons, the riots in the neighbourhood of his 
 mansion became truly alarming. 
 
 " Jn Attack on Le Livre Rouge ; or Champions of Liberty reducing an over- 
 grown Red Book." This is one of the very numerous caricatures in vphich Sir 
 Francis Burdett is the principal figure. John Bull la) s prostrate, borue down 
 by the weiglit of the list of his place-men and sinecure-men ; and although the 
 artist intended his three friends, Burdett, Whitbread, and Calcraft, should re- 
 lieve him from the pressure, there are few who would wish to lie extended with 
 
 a book 
 
143 
 
 a book on their back to be cut to pieces on it by two enormous axes and a huge 
 broad sword. We have Sir Francis, besides, as a Modern St. George attacking 
 the monster Despotism, ycleped Ministers — as a model for Patriots, elevated on 
 the rock of Integrity in the sea, standing on the Bill of Rights and Magna 
 Charta, with the best of characters inscribed on it, and surrounded by ministerial 
 fish, rather of the non-descript order, which hiss spite, envy, and malice against 
 him in vain — as a Political Sampson, rather in danger by pulling down two 
 pillars, called Corrupt Representation and Unlawful Privilege, which have sup- 
 ported a gallery of Ministers, that must inevitably brain him as they tumble, if 
 the laws of gravity prevail in caricature or architecture. In another, Britannia 
 laments the arrest of her favourite son by two persons, one very much alarmed, 
 and the other in an official gown and wig, who calls Britannia " A blink-eyed 
 B — h ;" this ill usage did not, however, operate to prevent " Britannia's visit to 
 the Tower," where we find the prevailing party have contrived to muzzle the 
 Lion. 
 
 And now, that we may not be charged with partiality, we shall notice one print 
 on the other side of the question, called " Francis the First crowned, or the 
 Dream realized." The Baronet is supposed to be in the Tower, and dreaming 
 that he was at large in the room where the regalia is kept. Like another Blood, 
 he seized what he supposed to be the chief emblem of royalty, which he eagerly 
 placed on his head ; but, alas, it proved to be a very common utensil, and the 
 contents being inverted, the poor dreamer awaked to all the horrors of night, a 
 prison, and a wet shirt, dripping on the Westminster Petition. 
 
 " Don Quixote, Commander-in-chief, reviewing his troops previous to the 
 Campaign," 1810. The Minister, cased in armour, and resting on the Standard 
 of the United Kingdom, appears before the door of the Treasury, and musters 
 his yea and nay men, who stand in a hollow-square, each provided with a roll, 
 inscribed " Ministerial Military Exercise, aye and no," which they use instead 
 of muskets. Two clerks attend the Don, to register the names of defaulters and 
 those of staunch men, A trumpeter and an officer are ready to proclaim a "treaty 
 for an armistice for fourteen days if necessary." And the whole party seem much 
 delighted with the contents of the military chest, whence a Rose in January 
 presents a bank note with one hand, and gathers more with the other. Behind 
 him a Scotch nobleman and his friends peep from an adjoining gate ; and the first 
 
 says 
 
144 
 
 says to the Minister, " An ye should want a set a brae fellows for any service, I 
 ha them here ready for ye." The general orders printed below this print charac- 
 terise the persons satirised with some spirit. Mr. P — directs the army to be in 
 readiness on the 23d, as he has intelligence the enemy muster in great force, well 
 provided with ammunition from Walcheren, Spain, and Portugal ; and makes 
 many arrangements, amongst which are the following, that the " Potatoe Ran- 
 gers," who are apt to talk in the ranks, should be entirely silent on this occa- 
 sion, as the attack would probably take place in the night; that all sutling coffee- 
 houses near the fort should be searched for deserters. The post of the late Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Walcheren to be near the Royal Standard, who will not be in 
 the field early. And finally, he gives the charge of the military chest to the vete- 
 ran Adjutant-general G — R — , with orders to distribute one pound marching- 
 notes to young recruits, and to render every assistance to deserters surrendering 
 themselves before the day of battle. 
 
 " The Contractor and the Contracted" 18 10. The Minister having been in 
 the minority on more occasions than one about this time, the Caricaturist has 
 introduced us to a scene supposed to have occurred in a great assembly of pro- 
 vincial and other characters, " What, you thinks as how I can't see further than 
 my nose," cries a short fat man in a sailor's dress, with an enormous red nose and 
 a brandy bottle in his pocket, to Mr. P. who weeps — "but you're mistaken. 
 I sees how things are going, and you thinks I 've forgot the Ass in the fable, but 
 I a'nt ; I knows well how to butter- my biscuits on both sides. So a speedy 
 exit and soon — d'ye see, I knows 195 is more than 1S6." This termination of 
 an unpleasant subject between two friends will remind the reader of a toast said 
 to have been drank on a public occasion by a rich citizen, now a baronet, " A 
 speedy peace and soon." Facetious as this rubicund face generally appears, its 
 frown strikes terror to the heart of poor P. and he exclaims, " What, will you 
 also leave me before my time, oh. Sir Willy, Sir Willy, this stabs me to the 
 soul !" " Whereas, P. and Co. bankrupts, to surrender, and partnership dis- 
 solved," is placed above the premier. 
 
 " A new Game of Shuttlecock, as played by his Majesty's Servants, for the 
 Amusement of John Bull," 18 10. The Shuttlecock in the instance before us is 
 the toy made in the usual form, set with feathers " plucked from a Somersetshire- 
 goose," and converted into the Speaker's warrant by those words written on it, 
 
 and 
 
145 
 
 and bearing the Serjeant at Arms seated on the top. The groupe of Ministers 
 aim at the persecuted warrant with violent individual exertion. Mr. Perceval 
 cries, " Curse the thing, I wish I had never seen it ; away with it." Lord E. 
 is fearful it should be knocked in his direction, as he had not power to strike it. 
 A great Law-officer prepares for a furious blow, saying, "D — it, I'll hit i?: as 
 hard as I can, though I am almost afraid to meddle with it." — A gentleman in a 
 black gown and great wig bawls, " Don't strike it to me again ; I '11 have nothing 
 more to do with it : I have sent it to Bow-street, and one of the Magistrates of 
 the office in that street declares he cannot Read it. Die Veneris — why it is 
 Spanish to me — we don't understand them there warrants." Alluding to each 
 branch of the Administration declining to acknowleds;e himself concerned in the 
 warrant for committing Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower. 
 
 " The last Resource, or supervatnral Committee employed^'' 1810. A parody 
 upon Macbeth consulting the Weird Sisters. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 in an attitude the most extravagant^ vvith his legs and arms spread, exclaims, 
 " I conjure you, by that which you profess, answer me : though you untie the 
 
 winds, and let them fight against the Churches, answer me what 1 ask you." 
 
 " Demand — We'll answer — Come high or low, thy self and power daftly shew," 
 reply the Witches ; when from behind a cauldron arise the ghastly forms of 
 Messrs. Fox, Pitt, and Burke ; the first of whom bids the enquirer " Be bloody, 
 bold, and resolute;" the second, " Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care — 
 who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are ;" and the last, " Laugh to scorn 
 the power of man." A Speaker, who very seldom speaks, inclosed by a flight of 
 steps, laments that they have tied him to a stake, whence he cannot fly, but, 
 bear-like, must fight the cause. 
 
 " Country Independence^ or Cambridge Butter too hard for York Dump- 
 lings^' 1810. We are to infer from this title, that Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire 
 are celebrated for butter and dumplings : hence arises part of the allusion ; but 
 the dumplings seem to be an exuberance. Mr. Yorke, who enforced the stand- 
 ing order which produced the Burdett-contest, as to the legality of the Speaker's 
 warrant, having appeared as a candidate for re-election at Cambridge, met with 
 decided opposition ; and the Caricaturist has thought proper to lepresent that op- 
 position in a way peculiar to himself. " Gentlemen," says Mr. Yorke from the 
 hustings, " I have had the honour of representing this city; but I never found the 
 
 u butter 
 
146 
 
 butter so firm before," which speech is occasioned by the blows inflicted as rolls 
 of that useful article reach his breast and body hurled by the Cantabs beneath : 
 " D — n their butter," adds a friend, as a himp takes his nose, " I wish they had 
 melted it first." 
 
 ** Modern method of carrying a Majority, or Prime deep Pockets Jbr 
 banging up Opposition." 1810. Mr. P. standing before the door of the Trea- 
 sury, with a pair of pockets to his coat of extraoi'dinary dimensions, containing 
 an assemblage of little " Independent gentlemen," vociferating " aye, aye, aye," 
 is accosted by his taylor with " Please your honour, I called to know what size 
 the pockets of your new coat are to be, as you thought the last not large enough ; 
 I know the Treasury cut." To which he answers, he fears he shall not require 
 large ones long, but requests they may be deep, as he would not wish every body 
 to know what is in them. 
 
 *' The Triumphal Entry into St. James's, or the Downfall of the Modern 
 Colossus." 1811. A spirited white horse, furnished with a human face set in 
 the front of that peculiar to his species, bows, in his way, to a groupe in the gate 
 of the Palace, headed by Fame, who bids them bow the knee before him. The 
 horse is richly caparisoned, and bears a crimson cushion and coronet on the saddle. 
 The modern Colossus, crowned with a cap and bells and grasping a sceptre, who 
 does not appear to have learned the art of riding from the Astleian equestrians, 
 totters as he stands on the cushion, apparently removed from his balance by a 
 bundle of protests, which an officer informs us are the greeting of York, Cla- 
 rence, Kent, Cumberland, Sussex, Cambridge, and Gloucester. A party of 
 friends behind him draw back alarmed, all of whom wear Spencers, and one 
 bears a banner inscribed Honourable Band of Blue Spencer Pensioners ;" an 
 empty purse serves as a tassel to this flag, and, in imitation of the Colossus, each 
 wears the cap of Folly. A gentleman, deeply and indelibly marked by the 
 juice of the grape, and who need fear no Rivals when writing for the stage, is 
 not a little pleased with the disaster of the Colossus ; and another of his party 
 observes, " He had better have mounted one of his dray-horses." 
 
 It seems almost superfluous to say these prints relate to the presumed perti- 
 nacity of Mr. Perceval in retaining his place after the sense of the House of Com- 
 mons had more than once been found to be against his measures. They insinuate 
 inferences of dishonourable ways and means to procure votes in order to defend 
 
 the 
 
147 
 
 the unfortunate Walcheren expedition and other unpopular schemes. — Tlie suc- 
 ceeding caricature aUudes to a memorial presented Ky an unsuccessful comi zander 
 to his sovereign on that occasion, in defence of himself: and lastly, in "Tiie Tri- 
 umphal Entry," they anticipate the expulsion of Mr. Perceval, as Minister, by the 
 Prince Regent ; the reverse of which was the fact, as that gentleman stepped 
 from the full enjoyment of health and power into the grave, impelled by the hand 
 of an assassin. 
 
 " Secret Influence, or a Peep behind the Screen." 1810. A gentleman 
 richly habited in scarlet, seated in a chair of state under a purple canopy, and 
 decorated with a blue riband, is partly concealed by the " Caricature Screen, or 
 Fun Concentrated. N. B. Most to be seen on tiie other side." An officer of 
 distinction enters a door facing him, and bowing, hides all his face except the 
 profile with his hat held in the right hand, and with the left presents a " Me- 
 morial of the Expedition to — " the remainder of which is concealed by a part of 
 the screen covered with prints of Captain Bobadil, Sir John Falstaff, the Copper 
 Captain, and Hudibras. The officer declares he has mended his pen and written 
 the memorial again, " It is now more intelligible to which the gentleman re- 
 plies, " I do not like second editions, give it to my servant." The idea and exe- 
 cution of this print is very excellent, and it is impossible to fail in appropriating 
 the subject. 
 
 " The Hottentot Venus" exhibited for some time in London, has been a 
 fruitful source of profit to the Caricaturist ; and though this modern goddess can- 
 not boast of statues erected to her honour, she may securely boast of the honours 
 of the pencil and graver. In one instance we are presented with her elegant form 
 in the centre of a planet as an " Astronomical phaenomenon, first seen in this 
 country in the year of Jubilee ;" in a second she stands in the full display of 
 beauty as Sartjee, the Hottentot Venus, from Gamtoos River, South Africa ; in a 
 third, as one of three Graces : this whimsical print exhibits her between Miss 
 Risdale, thirty-five years of age and thirty inches in height, and Miss Harvey, 
 an Albiness, with perfectly white hair and piriTt eyes ; in a fourth she becomes 
 an addition to the broad-bottom family, which is of necessity nameless; and 
 finally, quant, suff'. the Lady accommodates Master Cupid on her enormous 
 bottom, whence he takes aim with his bow and arrow, warning the observers to 
 take care of their hearts. 
 
 " Banyan 
 
148 
 
 " Banyan Day, or a Gloomy Ninth of November" l8lO. A worthy cha- 
 racter who has often been the subject of this description of satire, and who 
 really must wish a speedy end and soon to the freedom with which he is treated, 
 is presented to the publick kneeling amidst turtle, prize beef, fish, dead game, 
 and wine, lamenting his hard fate with streaming eyes and watering mouth, " Oh 
 this," he sighs, " is grieving with a vengeance, we might be sorry, but fasting, 
 — all my eye ; I don't know which waters most, my mouth at the delicious food, 
 or my eyes at the disappointment." 
 
 " Lord Mayor's Day — no shew — lio feast — no turtle — no venison — no 
 hare — no pies — no puddings — no wine — no fruit — no barges — no man in 
 armour." The cause of Banyan Day, or no feast at Guildhall on the 9th of 
 November, was the King's violent illness at that period, and the Princess Ame- 
 lia's decease. 
 
 " The Berners-street Hoax.'' 1810. The Lady who really was the subject 
 of this practical wit, starts back, amazed at the entrance of a groupe consisting of 
 the first magistrate of a great city, a jew pedlar, an apothecary, an undertaker's 
 man loaded with a coffin, a brewer, a gun-maker, an optician, frizeur, &c. &c. 
 one of whom says, " Madam, the street is full of trades-people after we have 
 done." " Oh lord, oh lord," gasps the lady, " what can all this mean : I sent 
 
 for none of you ; I know nothing about it — for sake do not torment me 
 
 to death." 
 
 Posterity should be informed that it has lately been the practice of certain 
 merry gentlemen to write circular letters to professional men and tradesmen, ap- 
 pointing them to attend at an appointed hour and place, with their terms and 
 various articles of sale and manufacture, which place is invariably the habitation 
 of a person perfectly unconscious of the approach of the proposed assembly, 
 whose confusion and dismay, and the uproar caused by the disappointed persons, 
 forms the reward of the deceiver or hoaxer. 
 
 " The Brazen Image set up at Oxford." 18 10. An excellent Caricature as 
 to the execution. Three laymen surround the pedestal, two endeavour to erect 
 the statue, and the third a very stout man, points to the defective parts of the 
 figure. Two students, aware of this fact, amuse themselves by repeating the 
 action of his hand by one of theirs directed to the vast protuberance with which 
 nature has furnished him behind. Three divines of equally vast dimensions are 
 
 admiring 
 
149 
 
 admiring spectators. The pavement of the Hall is scattered with an Address to 
 the Monarch from one of the Universities respecting the Roman Catholic Ques- 
 tion, and a Petition to the same purport. The pedestal has an inscription setting 
 forth, that GrenouHle collected individuals in every capacity, from the Vice 
 Chancellor to the Bed-makers and the Beadles, to attend " the Dedication of the 
 Image which was to be set up." This image, we are informed below, was de- 
 rived from the munificence of the Pope to the University of Oxford, who en- 
 trusted it to the care of Captain Coal, of the Isis Packet, many years chief mate 
 of the Company's ship Exeter. The modern Lady of Babylon had nearly been, 
 lost in the channel, owing, it is said, to the Portland lights not being discernible : 
 on that occasion the lady received some damage, particularly in the seat of honour 
 and on the nose, damages which Messrs, Frogum and Grenouille, the Phidias 
 and Praxiteles of the day, promised to restore. 
 
 " Roivlandsonts Views in Oxford and Cambridge^'' 1810, deserve notice for 
 the slight and pleasing manner with which he has characterised the architecture 
 of the places mentioned ; but it is impossible to surpass the originality of his 
 figures : the dance of students and filles de joy before Christ-church College is 
 highly humorous, and the enraged tutors grin with anger peculiar to this artist's 
 pencil. The Professors in the view of the Observatory at Oxford are made as 
 ugly as baboons, and yet the j)rofundity of knowledge they possess is conspicU" 
 ous at the first glance ; and we should know them to be Masters of Arts without 
 the aid of the back ground. The scene in Emanuel-college Garden, Cambridge, 
 exhibits the Learned in a state of relaxation ; several handsome lasses remove 
 apples from a tree, and the indolent curiosity with which they are viewed by 
 these sons of ease is very characteristic. (See Plate XXX. Ji§. 5.) 
 
 CHAP; 
 
150 
 
 CHAP. VL 
 
 It is presumed that a sufficient number of subjects have been described in th6 
 preceding pages to give the reader an opportunity of judging for himself as to 
 many points which form the basis and intention of this work. Had I been so 
 incUned, and had it been probable the publick would have approved of the plan, 
 there are hundreds of Caricatures that deserve and might have received attention, 
 which must remain unnoticed, because the present pages are to be considered as 
 a History of Caricaturing^ and not of Caricatures. It is now my province to 
 make such observations on the invention, humour, allegory, inferences, or ma- 
 lignity, of the subjects described, as may occur on examination, by which an 
 opinion may be formed as to the degeneracy or improvement of the art at par- 
 ticular times, and of its present state. — I have before observed, it was in the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth that the Caricaturist first felt himself partially at 
 liberty ; I shall therefore commence my remarks from that aera. 
 
 " Batman s Christ covered,'^ demonsti-ates that the germ of this species of 
 satire existed in great perfection inherent amongst our population, which is so 
 contrived as to pay a handsome compliment to the Sovereign by placing her 
 badges as supporting the Saviour free from human intervention, while a portion 
 of her subjects closed him from view with the utensils and articles used m their 
 worship, which are so artfully and whimsically disposed as to produce the re- 
 semblance of a hideous head, calculated to confirm the protestant charges of cor- 
 ruption and degeneracy in the Roman Catholick faith. 
 
 ^' Spain and Rome defeated" a production of the time of James I. possesses none 
 of those delicate traits which amuse as well as correct. The artist grossly intro- 
 duces infernal agency by personifying Lucifer and several of his imps, and asso- 
 ciating them with the enemies of his religion ; by this means he disseminated his 
 own angry suggestions, and would have made his friends hate them rather than 
 guard against their machinations : the ideas that occur on examining this print 
 are in fact excited on almost every occasion when religion was made the motive 
 
 of 
 
151 
 
 of satire. I shall therefore notice all those of this description at once. — " The 
 IVreris Nest defiled" is a ridiculous pun on the name of IVren, without a con- 
 curring reason for adopting it, as the involuntary act of a bird cannot be assimi- 
 lated to the voluntary defilement of the human mind. Archbishop Laud, 
 weighed down by the sacred book, supposed to condemn the errors of popery, is 
 a h 'ppy allegorical illustration of his situation, as he was charged with an inten- 
 tion to revive those errors. The person who represented the same unhappy Pre- 
 late with his chin held to a grindstone, knew nothing of the keen edge of satire, 
 and therefore sent him to undergo a punishment that could only have been in- 
 flicted by a savage. 
 
 " Time carrying the Pope^' conveys nothing offensive to the most fastidious 
 observer. Time, we all know, causes the greatest changes in things and opinions ; 
 the Roman Catholick Religion becoming useless in England, through one of 
 those changes, the inventor of the print returns the Pope, the grand representative 
 of that faith, safe and loaded with his attributes and implements to the country, 
 where it originated, borne by the symbol of past ages. The term of Roundhead, 
 as a mark of reproach to a sect, was happily retorted upon the Monks in one of 
 the prints of the " Interregnum.''' The Puritan is said by his enemies to have 
 shorn his locks in outward proof of the peculiar sanctity of his life and tenets, 
 and that he might more readily accomplish the improper ends of his hypocrisy. 
 The Puritan thus called the shaven crown of the Monk, Roundhead, and insi- 
 nuates the same motive in the Devotee. 
 
 " The Kingdo7ns Monster" has nothing to recommend it to the enlightened 
 Christian, who views the schisms in Christianity with the deepest regret. The 
 monster with three groupes of heads and four arms, by which massacre, civil 
 war, and incendiary acts, are attributed to a peculiar religion, strongly resembles 
 invective in speech, which is ever more injurious to a cause than well-directed 
 satire is useful. Rome's Monster is also replete with the venom peculiar to reli- 
 gious animosity. We cannot deny that the author of this print possessed a large 
 portion of genius and invention, but it is impossible to discover the least spark 
 of humourous suggestion. The Pope rides upon a beast with dreadful heads, all 
 of which are appropriated to different orders of priesthood ; this beast is elevated 
 upon stilts to denote pride, but why a barrel envelopes its body I know not, nor 
 can I imagine how the author could think of blending any idea of religion with 
 the discharge behind ; it corresponds, however, with those of a bigot who could 
 
 think 
 
152 
 
 think of precipitating even an allegorical representation of his opponents into the 
 infernal regions. 
 
 " Carters Nail hit on the Head,"' seems rather the fancy of an eccentric cha- 
 racter, than an attempt at allegory or satire : he makes a better use of his Wheel 
 in the former way. — Nelson's " Janus Bifrons'^ introduces the infernal being as 
 advising the Jesuits and Puritans. 
 
 The idea of personifying Lent and Shrovetide, and loading them with their 
 respective accompaniments, is one of the first attempts at humour in this branch 
 of the art, which is convincing that had the bad passions of mankind been less 
 indulged, artists might have been found who were capable of seizing upon the 
 ridiculous and weak sides of characters and sects, and of converting them into 
 whimsical and severe reproofs. " Lent" meagre and exhausted by deprivations, 
 surrounded by strings of shell and other fish, threatens to starve the sleek and 
 rotund " Shrovetide,'' provided with every dainty of the season ; Aminidab's 
 declaration has some humour in the lower part of the print, where the singu- 
 larities of the Friends in their meetings and gesticulations are pourtrayed nearly 
 to the life, but the upper part is disgraced by the monster often before condemned. 
 " Tartiiff's Banquet'' is a still further proof that malignity was not necessary to 
 censure religious error, or even deviations from the dictates of religion in indivi- 
 duals ; for here we have contrast, the fat opposed to the lean, a metaphorical 
 magic circle to keep dependents from making free with their superiors' viands ; 
 and the contempt in which pride holds indigence is pourtrayed by the insolence 
 of a dog wetting the garments of his master's guests, who starve in the midst of 
 plenty, to shew that a Prelate may trample upon his Kectors or .Vicars, or those 
 upon their Curates with impunity. 
 
 I have thought it prudent not to dwell upon particular prints which originated 
 from the acts of the Clergy, either as bodies or individuals ; but it may be per- 
 fectly safe to say that the graphic satirist has arrived to a degree of eager atten- 
 tion, that no event occurs, however reverend the actor, but he immediately sees 
 himself in all the excess of distortion, placed in such situations, and coloured in 
 such glaring tints, as were enough to terrify vice herself. The " Banging Bi- 
 shop" may be cited as an instance : a Prelate who departed from his sacerdotal 
 character so far as to beat a person he disputed with, was exhibited in as many 
 forms as the antient gladiators had attitudes ; and a Divine, who was thought to 
 visit the Mount Coffee-house rather too often for repletion, appeared in hideous 
 
 resemblance, 
 
lo3 
 
 resemblance, with the words below, " And Moses came down from the Mount, 
 znd his Jace shone" Indeed we find that a gentleman of this profession must 
 be precluded from the enjoyment of the bottle and pipe, the sports of the 
 field, and even good eating, if he would escape the lash of the self-created 
 censor. There never was, perhaps, a more ridiculous distressed figure repre- 
 sented, than the Divine situated between a very excellent dinner and a very 
 beautiful female, who sighs, " Alas ! which way shall I turn me ?" All these 
 latter prints, it may be observed, refer to facts, and well-known transgressions 
 from the path of propriety ; they are therefore allowable, if not quite commend- 
 able, and, I must do the Caricaturists the justice to add, that I believe very few 
 of their prints are now aimed at doctrines and whole bodies of Christians, and I 
 am pretty well satisfied that a sincere, plain, worthy clergyman, let his sect be 
 what it may, has no reason whatever to dread them. 
 
 I shall dismiss the Religious Subjects, and turn to the Political and those 
 which refer to Society and Manners. " Stultifera Navis^ has wooden cuts of 
 various subjects, and it would be wrong to say none of them offer slight traits of 
 humour, though they are very thinly scattered ; this may in some measure be 
 attributed to the author of the work, who confined the artist to the representation 
 of a variety of fools ; besides, he had many difficulties to contend with in work- 
 ing upon wood, as curved lines cannot be made correctly, nor any of those 
 touches given which have so happy an effect in etching, then very little prac- 
 tised in England. Most, indeed, of the satirical prints of the Interregnum were 
 of the former description, and I strongly suspect some of the best on copper were 
 engraved in Holland, or by Germnns or Dutchmen resident in London. Hollar, 
 we are aware, did some things of this description. 
 
 The print of " Old News newly revived'''' was engraved on wood, and with 
 some others I shall mention, strongly resembles those terrific engravings which 
 appear at the fronts of contemptible pamphlets and ballads at present, the pro- 
 ductions of miserable authors, fifth rate printers, and bad engravers. We look 
 in vain for a trace of genius, the deputies ghost rises from the ground, and is as 
 large from the head and shoulders as a whole length of a man on the same line, 
 and thus proceeds the design. 
 
 The print noticed as having been engraved by Hollar in a very masterly man- 
 ner, of a nobleman seated in a state of dejection, with the faces of his numerous 
 mistresses pourtrayed on his robe, offers an unfavourable contrast with the English 
 
 X works 
 
154 
 
 works of that date, though there is no exertion of genius or fancy in the attitude, 
 or brilhancy in the satire. " Magna Britannia divisa''' was engraved at Amster- 
 dam by Vanderpill on copper; the idea, however, certainly originated with an 
 Enghshman. Still we advance without humour or satire, if we except the calling 
 the primum mobile of the design a procession formed of a groupe of Catholics ; 
 besides this, there is nothing more to be discovered than detached sketches of his- 
 torical facts, something allegorized. 
 
 " The English Irish Soldier'" comes nearer to our present criterion of Carica- 
 ture ; but he is deficient in that peculiarity which should distinguish the man 
 who would rather " bait than fight ;" and the whole whim of the piece consists in 
 giving him a coat of culinary armour, and the means to use it. 
 
 " Heads of all Fashions" is a wooden cut, and the execution is truly wooden. 
 Of all the heads introduced, not one differs from the unmeaning scratches of a 
 school-boy, though the thought is sufficiently brilliant to have produced a gra- 
 dation of whimsical features to the acme, the complete puritanical Roundhead, 
 who are well lashed by Mrs. Hutchinson, in the Memoirs of her husband. 
 
 " Mad Fashions,"" also in wood, advances no further in irony than informing 
 us, by the power of the graver, that the political and religious state of the country 
 was reversed. The illustrations are silly, because the design is composed of impos- 
 sibilities ; the horse driving the cart; the wheelbarrow the man, &c. &c. 
 
 We may rank " Syons Calamity'' with " Britannia Divisa,'' without further 
 comment. 
 
 " Charles I. as King of the Dead'''' must be called an effusion of malice against 
 a monarch who had ceased to offend his subjects ; it could not be satire, as satire 
 is applied to amend the living, but cannot reach the dead ; nor is it caricature, for 
 caricature cannot be applied to a skeleton ; nor is the design correct in the in- 
 ference, for there is no distinction in the grave, and there can be but one Lord of 
 the dead. It should be observed here that not one of the subjects 1 have still to 
 notice is engraved' on wood. 
 
 As I have already condemned the idea of grinding the chin of Laud, it cannot 
 be supposed the placing of the nose of Charles II. on a grindstone will meet with 
 that approbation which " The Picture of an English Antich"' deserves. This 
 appears to be a true representation of a very fine gentleman of 1646, without any 
 of that exuberance we should discover in a modern print of the same tendency. 
 Here we have him as he was ; at present we caricature away almost all resem- 
 blance 
 
155 
 
 blance of man. Nalson's frontispiece to his copy of the Journal of the High 
 Court of Justice, &c. is an allegorical print, in which he very properly compares 
 civil war to a fiend drawn in his car by monsters, and driven by Satan ; and, with 
 equal sagacity, the three figurative persons of the three kingdoms are chained, 
 while he seizes the crown ; and, suspending the scales of Justice on his own sword, 
 tramples the goddess under foot. There perhaps never was a better or closer al- 
 legory than this. The satirical print on the subject of Elections, though indif- 
 ferently executed, has more of humour than any of those already noticed ; but it 
 is rather in the speeches of the parties, than the whimsicality of their persons, fea- 
 tures, or attitudes. The whole tends to insinuate bribery to be the grand engine 
 of success. The humours of a country election approaches nearer to the idea of a 
 Hogarth, in the condescending manoeuvres of the candidate, who salutes the 
 vulgar woman, and promises to become godfather to the infant she expects. 
 
 The observations which naturally occurred on a review of Hogarth's perform- 
 ances are already familiar to the reader ; and as the prints described become far 
 more numerous as we approach our own time, I shall dwell only on those which 
 appear to come nearest to perfection ; amongst which we cannot venture to in- 
 clude the engravings aimed at Walpole, who became the target of a host of 
 archers, composed of most inveterate enemies, that spared no species of obloquy 
 capable of being expressed by the art of drawing ; thus we find him ripping the 
 bowels of an infant, suffering under the pangs of a cholera morbus, taught dancing 
 by a French Minister, and always as trampling beneath his feet every thing noble, 
 every thing generous, and every thing that a Minister ought to cherish. We 
 cannot even smile on viewing these prints, for their suggestions lead to the scaffold 
 or guillotine, if it had then been in use. 
 
 The engravings aimed at the Pretender are nearly of the same description as, 
 those against the above-named Minister, a^d drawn in serious sadness of enmity, 
 with the exception of Bella, horrida hella /" the representation of a civic 
 drunken battle, in which we still search in vain for the truth and skill of Hogarth. 
 " The noble Game of' Bob- Cher rr/" is a merry thought, highly illustrative of the 
 difficulty of catching the Ministerial offices of that day ; and " English Credulity" 
 in which the silly visitors of the bottle conjurer are led in a string by Folly, with 
 the " Military Prophet,''' are proofs that Hogarth had not monopolized all the 
 whim and fancy of his countrymen ; or that his prints had called into action those 
 latent seeds of talent since fully expanded. Indeed, as I have already observed, 
 
 the 
 
156 
 
 the last mentioned plate would do him honour as to the sketching of the ludi- 
 crous in our population, and certainly exceeds him in the neatness of the en^ 
 graving. " The Court ConversatiorC is even a better engraving than the "MiUtm-y 
 Prophet'" and The Interlocutors T ''Anser the Goose," and ^'•Reynard the Fox," 
 are irresistibly laughable. " Bung Triumphant'" is exactly the reverse, though 
 produced by the same political event. In this, Admiral Byng is placed at the 
 gallows; and the artist would recommend, by vulgar insinuations, that he de- 
 served, and should receive, brutal insults in his last moments. In the same censure 
 we must include the blood-stained suggestions of " The Vision." The time when 
 Bunbury began to amuse the community with his inoffensive exaggerations next 
 occurring, I must beg leave to refer the reader to my remarks on his works, which 
 though less distinguished by strength and firmness in the drawing than the Cari- 
 catures of more modern artists, must always maintain their ground with the 
 judicious, whose approbation will be secured by their unassuming merit ; while 
 Rowlandson, Gilwray, and others, command it by an unbounded spirit and fire of 
 genius, which glows in every line of their works. 
 
 " The Flying Machine'' is in the style of the works alluded to, although more 
 than fifty years have elapsed since it was engraved ; and it cannot but be considered 
 as singular, that so whimsical and bold an engraving should have appeared amongst 
 the comparatively tame brethren of its day. Lord Bute, who like Walpole under^ 
 went every sting that the Caricaturist could inflict, seems to have excited but few 
 ludicrous ideas; that of a Scotchman stuck in a Jack Boot has more drollery in 
 the conception than any other relating to him. 
 
 Mr. Bamfylde, an amateur artist like Mr. Bunbury, deserves honourable men- 
 tion for the humour of his sketches, which are a pleasant contrast to the Wilkes 
 and Liberty caricatures, the result of furious political passions. The " Bas Relief 
 found at the Opera House''' belongs tr the school of Bunbury and Bamfylde, and 
 is equally satirical and laughable. 
 
 Lord Northj a fellow-sufFerer in the cause of the Government with Walpole and 
 Bute, at a later period sustained a torrent of satire, reprehension, abuse, and ob- 
 loquy. He, too, appears in caricature as every thing that is disgraceful and de- 
 testable. With him has been associated the late Mr. Fox ; but, in numerous in- 
 stances, that gentleman forms the hero of each piece. The character of the latter 
 gentleman for easy gaiety of disposition kept his persecutors in good humour, and 
 they laughed while they lashed. " The Mask''' is a keen satire on the pair; one 
 
 half 
 
15; 
 
 half stupidity and obstinacy, the other leering and cunning; both strong lilie- 
 nesses of the parties. Whether the above mentioned circumstance prodacc(t an 
 improvement in the temper of the graphic censors contemporary with Mr. Fox^ 
 or whether the amendment arose from some other cause, I am not competent to 
 decide; but it is a positive fact that a degree of levity, and mirth-exciting fancy, 
 plays in Caricatures for the last twenty-five years, which merely dawned in the 
 days of Hogarth, who forces a smile, when the moderns excite hearty laughter. 
 The plain matter-of-fact man cannot comprehend the extensive powers of those 
 employed almost exclusively in this pursuit. Like the composer in music, whose 
 mind, turned to the art he professes, produces sounds and combinations he knew 
 not, or thought not of, before, the Caricaturist takes his subject, and borne away 
 by his fancy, he nearly creates a new order of beings and things, all of which are 
 subservient to the fact he illustrates : he plays with the features and persons of 
 well-known characters ; and, while the object before us seems scarcely human, 
 through exaggeration, we immediately appropriate the distorted portrait. (See 
 Plate XXX.) This branch of the art was unknown till about the period I have 
 mentioned ; and the facility with which these persons exercise a species of allegory 
 peculiar to themselves is equally original. A Genevese clergyman, v.lio had vi- 
 sited all parts of Europe, and was particularly attached to such productions, once 
 assured me the Caricatures of the Continent seem all forced and unnatural, and 
 entirely destitute of that fire and freedom, and invention, conspicuous in our own. 
 
 It has been the practice on remarkable public events occurring, to offer them ia 
 Caricatures as speedily as possible ; and as there are many artists who subsist on 
 this species of employment, a rivalry exists which requires the utmost promptitude 
 in the parties to secure a sale for their v/orks. He that would ensure success is 
 aware that he is expected to draw with great correctness ; which having attainedj 
 he flies to his pencil, and thence to etching; and thus he gives a spirit in every 
 touch of the needle that could not be effected were he compelled to proceed with 
 caution. By these means, his labours resemble the first conceptions of the greatest 
 masters, in the rough sketches of their most celebrated performances, and which 
 they invariably degenerate from by endeavouring to amend them. 
 
 I shall conclude with giving some instances, selected from the remaining 
 prints described, which are particularly ludicrous, rejecting those altogether that 
 bear any marks of a brutality of disposition in the artist. 
 
158 
 
 " Tlie Loves of the Fox and Badger.'' Both the suggestion and execution are 
 konical and excellent ; Lord North the badger, Mr. Fox the fox. " Female In- 
 fluence'" ranks high in droll expression ; and " The Political Rat-catcher" is pa- 
 tience and expectation personified. " The Origin of the Gout" whimsically in- 
 sinuates the fiery tortures of that disorder in the application of a coal by a fiend. 
 The " Political Locusf' is deeply satirical, and shows the consequences of war 
 and taxation at the first glance. " Billy's Raree-show'' also is replete with hu- 
 mour. The statesman, loud in his boasts of the prosperity of the country, would 
 persuade the personification of the English population his assertion was correct. 
 The stupid vacant stare of Bull, copied in the Miscellaneous Plate, is a compre- 
 hensive epitome of the countenance of every bumpkin in the country, particularly 
 if accompanied by the conclusion of his observation, that he could see nothing of 
 the fine prospect ; " as sure as a gun, it must be all behind one of those." 
 
 " The Marriage of England and Ireland^' with Mr. Pitt in the character of 
 the priest, and his " Invitation to the Irish Members^'' are instances of a rich fund 
 of ideas in the minds of the artists ; and the application of the vision of " The 
 Three Cats" is severe in the extretii.v " The Devil angling for Lawyers" equals 
 the preceding print in satire, and is far more ludicrous. 
 
 Were I to proceed further, I might exhaust the patience of the reader, who, I 
 think, will agree with rpe that Caricaturing has reached its full maturity of per- 
 fection in this country ; surely a land of freedom in Caricatures, as our Patriots^ as 
 well as Ministers and other eminent men, can feelingly testify. 
 
LIST OF 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 Plate I. - - To face Page 8 
 
 II. ------ - 8 
 
 III. ------- 8 
 
 IV. - 9 
 V. 11 
 
 VI. 12 
 
 VII. ------- 12 
 
 VIII. ------- 12 
 
 IX. . - . 13 
 
 X. - - 13 
 
 XI. ------- 14 
 
 XII. - - 15 
 
 XIII. ------- 16 
 
 XIV. 16- 
 XV. 17 
 
 XVI. 17 
 
 iP/a^eXVII. - To face Page iS 
 
 XVIII. 19 
 
 XIX. 19 
 
 XX. ------ 20 
 
 XXI. ------ 21 
 
 XXII. 24 
 
 XXIII. 28 
 
 XXIV. 29 
 XXV. ------ 31 
 
 XXVI. ------ 35 
 
 XXVII. ------ 47 
 
 XXVIII. ------ 48 
 
 XXIX. ------ 6*0 
 
 XXX. ------ 82 
 
 XXXI. 83 
 
 THt END> 
 
 V 
 
WORKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 ANECDOTES of the MANNERS and CUSTOMS of LONDON, from the Roman 
 Invasion to the Year 1700; including, the Origin of British Society, Customs, and 
 Manners, with a general Sketch of the State of Religion, Superstition, Dresses, and 
 Amusements of the Citizens of London, during that Period. To which are added, Il- 
 lustrations of the Changes in our Language, Literary Customs, and gradual Improve- 
 ment in Style and Versification, and various Particulars concerning Public and Private 
 Libraries. Illustrated by Eighteen Engravings. The Part appropriated vo the 
 Eighteenth Century, includes the Charities, Depravities, Dresses, and Amusements 
 of the Citizens of London, within the above Period ; with a Sketch of the Domestic 
 Architecture, and of the various Improvements in the Metropolis, &c. By J. P. Mal- 
 colm, F. S. A. Illustrated by Forty-five Engravings. In Five Volumes, 8vo. Price 
 ^3. I2s. Boards. 
 
 N. B. The Eighteenth CVn/wrj/ may be had separate, in 2 Vols. 8vo. Price i^L lO*. 
 Boards, and a few Copies of the Work from the Roman Invasion to the Close of the 
 Seventeenth Century, in one vol. 4to. to correspond with the Eighteenth Century, pre- 
 viously published. Price ^3. '6s. Boards. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES, illustrative of the Manners and History of 
 Europe, during the Reigns of Charles II. James II. William III. and Queen Anne. By 
 J. P. Malcolm, F. S. A. In Svo. Price \2s. in Boards. 
 
 LONDINIUM REDIVIVUM, or an Ancient History, and Modern Description of 
 LONDON, compiled from Parochial Records, Archives of various Foundations, the 
 Harleian MSS. and other authentic Sources. By J. P. Malcolm, F. S. A. In 4 Vols. 
 4to. Price d£l. Is. in Boards. 
 
 EXCURSIONS in the Counties of KENT, GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, MON- 
 MOUTH, and SOMERSET, in the Years 1802, 1803, and 1805; consisting of De- 
 scriptive Sketches of the most interesting Places and Buildings, particularly the 
 Cathedrals of Canterbury, Gloucester, Hereford, and Bristol; with Delineations of 
 Character, in different Ranks of Life. By J. P. Malcolm, F. S. A. The Second 
 Edition ; embellished with Twenty-two highly-finished Plates, in one volume Royal Svo. 
 Price £\. Is. 
 
 In the Press, 
 
 EXCURSION THROUGH THE FOREST OF CHARNWOOD, in the County of 
 Leicester, iu 1793. Illustrated by many beautiful Plates. By J. P. Malcolm, F. S. A. 
 
 Printed by J. Nichols, Son, and Bentley, 
 lied Lion Passage, Fleet-street, London. 
 
THE GETTY CENTER 
 
'Mi