Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/studentsguidetopOOdobs THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO THE PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORKS. LONDON : GEORGE WOODFALL AND ANGEL COURT, SKINNER STREET. SON, THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO THK PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORKS; CONTAINING, DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING DIMENSIONS, ABSTRACTING THE SAME, AND BRINGING THE QUANTITIES INTO BIEL; WITH TABLES OF CONSTANTS, AND COPIOUS MEMORANDA FOR THE VALUATION OF LABOUR AND MATERIALS IN THE RESPECTIVE TRADES, AS FOLLOWS : BRICKLAYER AND SLATER. CARPENTER AND JOINER. SAWYER. STONE-MASON. PLASTERER. SMITH AND IRONMONGER PLUMBER. PAINTER AND GLAZIER. PAPER-HANGER. ILLUSTRATED WITH EIGHT PLATES AND TWO WOODCUTS. BY A LATE EMINENT SURVEYOR. LONDON: JOHN WEALE, ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY, 59, HIGH IIOLBORN. 1843. ADVERTISEMENT. Tiie following Work was originally written expressly for the rising student by an eminent Architect and Surveyor of upwards of fifty years’ experience, but the manuscript having been left at his recent death in an imperfect state, it has been carefully arranged for publication, with much additional matter, by Mr. Edward Dobson, who was educated in the office of an active measuring surveyor, and who is the author of “ A Statistical Account of the Railways of Belgium,” to whom I am also indebted for the correction of the proofs. It is anticipated that this volume will fill the wide space between the student and the practical man, by removing the perplexing difficulties which hitherto have been a barrier to his advancement, and which can be appreciated only by those who aspire to be correct and efficient men of business, in the profession that they may desire to follow. JOHN WE ALE. Mat 23 , 1 843 . C 0 N T E N T S. Preliminary Observations On measuring .... On abbreviation On rotation .... On abstracting and bringing the On valuation .... On constants of labour quantities into bill Page 1 5 6 7 7 8 9 BRICKLAYER AND SLATER. BRICKLAYER. Technical terms ........ Measurement of digging ....... ,, „ in sidling ground ,, brickwork ...... „ brick facings ...... „ angle chimneys ..... ,, vaults, drains, ovens .... Reduction of cube brickwork to the standard thickness Measurement of tiling ....... Example shewing the method of keeping the measuring book Directions for abstracting ...... Form of abstract ........ Rotation to be attended to in bringing the quantities into bill 1 1 18 18 15 15 15 10 17 17 l!l 22 24 25 valuation of bricklayers’ work. Calculation of Materials. b 2 Rates of compression of various soils Concrete, the composition of ... Table of the size and weight of various articles . . 2G • 27 . 28 vm CONTENTS. Page Quantities of materials required for a rod of brickwork . . .28 Table shewing the number of bricks or tiles required for a yard of paving ........... 29 Table of the quantity of materials required to execute a square of tiling ............ 30 Calculation of Labour Table of Constants. Digging and wheeling away 30 Concrete ............ 31 Brickwork ........... 31 Paving ............ 31 Tiling ............ 31 Example 1. To find the value of a cubic yard of concrete . . .32 „ 2. To find the value of a rod of brickwork . . . .32 „ 3. To find the value of a foot of malm facing . . .33 „ 4. To find the value of a yard of paving . . . .33 „ 5. To find the value of a square of plain tiling . . .34 SLATER. Directions for measuring slating 34 VALUATION OF SLATERS’ WORK. Table of materials and labour . . . . . . .35 Example, to find the value of a square of duchess slating, copper nailed ............ 36 CARPENTER AND JOINER. Technical terms .......... 37 Abbreviations ........... 38 ON MEASURING CARPENTERS’ WORK. Carpenters’ work may be measured at per square superficial for labour and nails, and the timber at per foot cube, or as cube fir framed, &c 40 Measurement of cube fir framed ....... 41 „ labour and nails to roofs, floors, quarter partitions; &-c. 42 „ cube fir, no labour 43 „ centering 44 „ bracketing to cornices, cradling for entablatures, gut- ters and bearers ....... 45 ,, arris gutters, water trunks, sound boarding, chimney grounds, skirtings 46 CONTENTS. IX Page Measurement of pilasters, plinths, flooring, mouldings • . 47 99 door-cases, linings, &c. . . 48 99 doors with linings, dado . . • 4!) 9> sashes, frames, shutters, and fitting up to windows 50 99 staircases ..... • 52 Rotation, abstracting ...... Form of abstract ....... 50 Rotation to be attended to in bringing the quantities into bill • 58 VALUATION OF CARPENTERS AND JOINERS* WORK. Memoranda 00 Weight of timber . . • • 01 Calculation on the value of timber .... • • • 02 Tables of Constants for — Labour and nails to roofs ..... . 02 9* 99 naked floors .... . 03 99 99 quarter partitions . 03 Labour on fir timber ...... . 04 Calculation on the value of deals .... • 04 Tables of Constants for — Labour on deals ....... 65 Labour and nails to battening ..... 00 99 >9 weather boarding 00 99 99 rough boarding .... 00 99 deal floors ..... 00 99 99 batten floors .... 07 99 99 framed grounds .... 07 99 99 skirtings ..... 07 99 99 gutters and bearers 08 99 99 door linings .... 08 99 99 ledged doors .... 08 99 99 framed partitions 08 99 99 deal mouldings .... 09 99 99 doors hung complete . 09 99 99 window linings .... 70 99 window backs, elbows, and soffits 70 99 99 boxings to windows 70 99 inside window shutters 70 99 99 sashes and frames, hung complete 71 99 99 staircases ..... 71 99 99 outside strings to stairs 72 99 99 wall strings .... 72 99 99 dados ..... 72 99 99 columns and pilasters . • 73 X CONTENTS. Page 73 SAWYER MASON. On measuring stone-masons’ work 75 Measurement of stone steps .... 78 99 slabs ..... 70 99 labour on Portland or other stone 70 Abbreviations . 80 Measurement of staircases .... 80 99 landings .... 81 99 square steps to entrance doors, &c. 82 99 coping ..... 82 99 string courses .... 83 99 square plinths 83 99 window sills .... 84 99 curbs 84 99 columns ..... 85 99 architraves over columns 88 99 blockings and cornices 88 99 niches ..... 87 99 stone facings .... 89 Weight of stone VALUATION OF LABOUR. T able of constants for the different descriptions of masons’ work . 90 Labour on statuary or vein marble ....... 90 Rotation to be attended to in bringing the quantities into bill . . 92 FLASTERER. Technical terms 93 Abbreviations 95 Directions for measuring plasterers’ work 95 Form of abstract .......... 97 Rotation to be attended to in bringing the quantities into hill . . 98 valuation of plasterers’ work. Calculation of materials 98 Table of constants of labour 99 SMITH AND IRONMONGER. Cast iron girders, story-posts, &c. ; moulds, railings, gratings, &c. ; wrought iron railings, hand-rails, &c.— Ironmongery, how sold . 100 CONTENTS. XI PLUMBER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, AND PAPER-HANGER. PLUMBER. Page Plumbers’ work valued according to the price of lead ; pipes ; pumps ; water-closet apparatus . . . . . • . .101 PAINTER. Abbreviations .......... 101 Rotation ........... 102 Directions for measuring ........ 102 Form of abstract . . . . . . . . . .104 Rotation to be attended to in bringing the quantities into bill . .105 VALUATION OF PAINTERS’ WORK. Calculation of materials and labour ...... 10G glaziers’ work. Measurement . . . . . • • • • .100 Calculation of the produce of a crate of glass . . . . .107 Value of labour and putty, per foot superficial . . • .107 Calculation of the value of glazing per foot superficial, from the prime cost of glass per crate . . . . . . . • .108 PAPER-HANGER. Memoranda ; mode of valuing . 108 THE PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. The Author, having retired from the profession, has been enabled to devote considerable time to the preparation of the present work, which is intended for the information of the young student, in a department which, in some re- spects, is not the most pleasant part of the architect’s duty ; more particularly when it is one to which he does not feel himself perfectly competent, which is the case if he has not had the opportunity, or has neglected to avail himself of the means of obtaining the requisite information. It is therefore strongly recommended to the student, that, after he has acquired sufficient knowledge of construction for making out working drawings correctly, he should attend to the rules by which, in due time, he may become qualified to measure and value the work when per- formed. The disinclination often felt by young gentlemen of education for the study of these rules, and of the me- chanical part of the profession, make it the more necessary to impress on their minds the absolute necessity of study- n o PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ing these essential qualifications, — which can only be done, with any probability of success, by commencing at the lowest, and rising gradually to the higher departments. If the student neglects the operative part, he must never expect to be capable of making working drawings without •incurring the ridicule of the mechanic ; and when he com- mences business on his own account, if he also neglects the measuring department, he will be obliged to employ persons to make out his specifications, and to measure and value his works when completed. The expense incurred by thus employing others to do what lie is incapable of, is a minor consideration, for it is imperative on the young architect to reflect that he will be the responsible agent between the gentleman and the builder, and that if during the erection of an edifice, he allows the work to be inse- curely performed, or suffers his employer to be imposed on, not only is his character at stake, but he is also amen- able by the laws of his country (and very properly) ; so that following the profession of an architect, not being duly qualified, may be attended with the most serious consequences: for whether an architect allows his employer to suffer from inattention on his own part, or from the ignorance or dishonesty of the persons employed by him, it is precisely the same in effect, he being professionally employed, and receiving his commission on the cost of the building, which is paid him for designing, directing, and superintending its construction, and seeing that the whole is performed in a proper and workmanlike manner, examining and passing the accounts, and making every arrangement for their final settlement. Consequently, in case of failure in an}' respect, he is answerable, from whatever cause it may arise, except the improper inter- ference of his employer. Independently of this serious responsibility, if he does not qualify himself in the opera- VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 3 tive part, it is impossible that lie can ever follow his pro- fession with any comfort or satisfaction. Even in passing over or through his own buildings, he is obliged to be most careful of giving any directions, fearful lest he should commit himself before the common mechanic, who very soon discovers if the architect has practical know- ledge, and consequently in what manner the work may or must be done, and acts accordingly. It may be stated that architects of extensive practice cannot attend to all these things themselves. True ; but be it remembered, that young men do not very soon get into such practice, particularly if they are not well qua- lified ; and when they do, it is the more essential that they should perfectly understand the practical part of their profession, — that they may select proper assistants, and having chosen them, that they should know from their own experience if they perform their duty with ability and integrity. This treatise was commenced originally for the purpose of giving the pupils studying under the author, who had an extensive country practice, a correct idea of mea- suring, abstracting, bringing into bill, and valuing the different artificers’ works, agreeably to the methods con- sidered by London surveyors as the most correct and expeditious. The great talent and extensive practice of metropolitan surveyors, must be allowed as sufficient authority for concluding that the rules laid down by them are superior to any others that can be adopted. Independent of which, it being the practice for the archi- tect, or his clerk or surveyor, to meet the surveyor appointed by the tradesman to take the dimensions, abstract their contents, make out the quantities into bill, and value the work together, it is absolutely necessary that a regular system should be adopted and strictly b 2 4 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND adhered to in every part of the business, or much con- fusion would arise, as is generally the case whenever London surveyors have to meet country practitioners; and it is consequently of the utmost importance to establish the same system throughout the kingdom. The great improvements made in travelling, and the velocity with which we are now conveyed, will soon place every part of this country within a few hours’ journey from the metropolis ; and the natural consequence of these in- creased facilities of communication must be, that our habits and methods of doing business will proportionally assimilate. It is not intended, in this part of the work, to explain the methods of manufacturing any materials, as bricks, tiles, &c., or the methods of performing the respective works, except so far as to enable the young student to describe the work which he is about to measure, and to ascertain if it be executed in a proper and workmanlike manner. But a perfect knowledge of this department can only be obtained by great attention, perseverance, and practice. The method is shewn of valuing all the leading articles in each trade, by first ascertaining the fair price to be allowed for the materials, according to the prime cost thereof, and by adopting what the author considers the ne plus ultra, viz. a decimal ; by which, if correctly ascertained, the amount of labour thereon at all periods may be immediately found, by multiplying that decimal by the rate of wages allowed : this is the only method by which perpetual prices can be formed. Materials and labour arc continually, but not proportionally fluctuating, consequently the value of work can only be determined by first ascertaining the cost of the materials expended, and making the requisite allowances for profit and waste, and then the amount of labour in executing it. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 5 As the tradesmen’s bills must be passed and signed by the architect, the prime cost of materials may in most instances be obtained without much difficulty, and in all cases may be demanded before he allows the prices charged. The quantities required per rod, perch, square, or yard, according to the description of work, the archi- tect ought, agreeably to certain rules, to be capable of de- termining. But many difficulties arise, and the greatest attention is requisite to ascertain correctly the fair ave- rage of time to be allowed between the common and the best workmen, and also between what men can, and what they will do. The decimal must therefore be calculated agreeably to our respective judgments, and from the best information we can obtain ; the correctness of which depends on the attention we have paid to the subject, and the opportunities we have had of arriving at our con- clusions. Those which are now submitted to the public will be found as correct as they can be made in the compilation of a work like the present. It is anticipated that the professional man may, in his advice to the stu- dent, be induced to place this subject properly before him, and establish rules by which every description of work may be valued, according to the prime cost of materials and the rate of wages, at any time and place when and where the work has been performed. ON MEASURING. In order to illustrate the principle of measuring the different artificers’ works, drawings of reference are given, as the only means of conveying to the architectural stu- dent, who has never attended to the admeasurement of work, the correct method of proceeding. The description 6 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND of book generally used for measuring is shewn, with lines ruled according to the old practice ; few modern surveyors, however, think of ruling the columns for the dimensions, any more than they would rule lines to write by, it not being more requisite to those who are in the constant practice of measuring work ; but it is always customary to insert the date and the name of the person met, and also for whom, and where the work is done, in the manner hereafter described. In entering dimensions in the measuring book, observe that the number of times is always stated on the left of the dimensions, and in measuring brickwork the number of bricks in thickness on the right side, leaving another space or column for the amount the dimensions square to. Also be particular in entering the wastes in the book, that is, the manner in which the length and width of each dimension is made out, which is frequently done by collecting several together ; and likewise the particular situation of the work ; so that the student may be able to account for or make out how every dimension was taken, should any misunderstanding arise at a distant period, and he be called upon to give the necessary explana- tion respecting the way in which he has taken the work ; he will then be as ready and quick as it is necessary to be correct. ABBREVIATION. Every method that can be adopted to expedite the taking of dimensions with accuracy is most desirable. It is recommended to the young student to attend to the following practice; viz., using a kind of shorthand or abbreviation in describing the different works, which greatly facilitates the operation, and gives time for more VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 7 attentively observing the measuring rods, to know from ocular demonstration that the dimensions are taken and called correctly ; which all who have had much practice in measuring find to be very essential in correcting in- accuracies, from whatever cause they may occur. Although it may appear that this method of adopting initials is not sufficiently explanatory, they will, with a very little prac- tice, be read and understood with as much ease and certainty as if the words were written at full length. In this, as in the other departments, details are given to each respective trade. . ROTATION. No profession can be successfully pursued without adopting a regular system ; and in no department is this more essential than in measuring the multifarious works in a building, which can only be accomplished with any degree of accuracy by invariably taking the respective works in regular succession, by which it is scarcely possi- ble to omit any part of the work, which would constantly occur if some positive and undeviating rule were not attended to. In the following pages, the regular rotation to be adopted in measuring each particular description of work is given under the heads of the respective trades. ON ABSTRACTING, AND BRINGING THE QUANTITIES INTO BILL. The form of the abstract is drawn out for each trade, and also the rotation that should be observed in placing the particular kinds of work, which, if constantly attended to, will greatly facilitate the operation, as it is always known 8 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND in what part of the abstract any description of work will be found ; this more particularly alludes to the abstract for carpenters and joiners’ work, where there are so many different heads, as to make it absolutely necessary to pay the greatest attention to their order and regu- larity. This and the peculiarities to be attended to in each trade, are more particularly described at the com- mencement of their respective abstracts. The student is to observe that, before he begins to take out the quan- tities, he prepares the abstract, by considering what articles he will have, and writes the heads of them in their proper columns, according to the rotation to be observed in bringing them into bill. On this subject examples are given in each trade ; but the general rule to be attended to in such trades, where some of the work is valued by the rod, perch, yard, or square, is to place these first, and next the work valued by the cube foot, commencing with the quantities on which there is the least labour, and so in regular rotation to those that have the most. Next proceed with the articles that are valued by the superficial foot, commencing with the lowest, and, as before stated, to those of most value ; having entered all those by the foot superficial, then take those by the foot run in a similar manner, and next those that are numbered, as is more particularly described after their respective abstracts. VALUATION. In entering on this department, it is imperative to im- press on the mind of the young student the absolute ne- cessity of being circumspect and correct. If he intends to maintain his independence and be respected, he must make a point of conscientiously doing his duty with strict integrity; to accomplish which it is not only essential VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 9 that he be honest in his intentions, but that he should be qualified for the business he undertakes. Whether an act of injustice arises from ignorance or intention, it is precisely the same in effect ; it therefore behoves him on every account to be qualified for acting on his own judg- ment. But he cannot consider himself competent to mea- sure and value artificers’ works, unless he understands the nature of that work, the manner in which it is executed, the time required to perform the same, and can ascertain the prime cost of the materials used thereon at the period when the work was done. It is only possible to state the time and materials that should be expended in the several works taken on an average, but which will vary according to the description and execution thereof, both as regards the materials used and the ability of the workmen em- ployed. It is the duty of the architect to take all these circumstances into consideration before he affixes a value on the work; consequently, in this department, the greatest care, attention, and judgment are requisite, to do justice to all parties. To give the student the necessary impetus for acquiring these essential qualifications, was the au- thor’s principal motive in offering this work to the as- pirant. CONSTANTS OF LABOUR. These constants represent the time requisite to perform a given quantity of work, of the kind specified, in days and decimal parts of a day ; the factor to be applied, being the rate of wages per diem for one or more men, according to the nature of the work. These decimals are calculated, in all the trades, for the price per day allowed the master in his day bills, conse- quently with his profit thereon, being the only rate that 10 PRACTICE OF MEASURING, ETC. can be ascertained, the master of course paying each man per week according to his abilities and industry; therefore the full value of the labour, including the master’s profit, will be found by multiplying the decimal by the rate of wages, as shewn in their respective tables. Likewise, in all cases it must be understood that the prices stated in the tables for labour and nails include fixing ; and when added to the price of deals, calculated as shewn in page 64, will give the value of the work fixed complete, including la- bour, nails, and materials, according to the prime cost of materials and rate of wages allowed. BRICKLAYER AND SLATER. BRICKLAYER. TECHNICAL TERMS. In the erection of walls, when the bricks are laid longi- tudinally, they are called stretchers ; when laid trans- versely, they arc denominated headers. Old English Bond is when stretchers only are laid in one course, and headers in the next, and in like manner, headers and stretchers in each alternate course, in which case it is requisite to place quarter bricks to break the joints ; when these are introduced they are called closers. Flemish Bond is when headers and stretchers are placed alternately in each course, which disposition is not so strong, and considered inferior in every respect except appearance, and even in this the difference is so trifling as scarcely to be noticed, especially if laid in the English manner, with the same attention and neatness. Those who wish to investigate more minutely the re- spective merits of each method, are recommended to con- sult an excellent Treatise on Brick Bond, written by Mr. George Saunders. Pargetting is plastering the inside of chimney flues with mortar made with cow-dung. Gauged work is when the bricks are cut and rubbed to a particular gauge, as for arches over windows or other openings, and set with fine mortar. 12 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Dry steening is brickwork laid dry round wells, to keep the ground from falling in. Flat joint pointing is when the mortar in the joints is well raked out and filled in again with blue mortar, and the courses are marked with the edge of the trowel. Tuck and pat pointing is when, in addition to the above, plaster is inserted in the joints, with a regular pro- jection, and neatly pared to a parallel width. Outside splays, as cut and rubbed to shew fair. See Plate 1, fig. Q. Inside splays, only rough cut to batten or plaster against. See Plate 1, fig. r. Brick bird's mouth, is notching. See Plate 1, fig. o. Bricks for building, by act of parliament, are not to exceed, from the mould, 10 inches long, 5 inches wide, and 3 inches thick, without incurring an additional duty ; but they always shrink considerably in burning, so that when delivered they seldom exceed 8| inches long, by inches wide, and 2j inches thick. The standard measure for brickwork in London is the rod of 1 6 f. Gin. square, which dimension being multi- plied into itself produces 272 f. 3 in., but the odd 3 inches are never taken into account. It is therefore always con- sidered as 272 superficial feet, at 1 j brick, or 13£ inches thick, or 306 feet cube, viz.: 272 f. by If. ljin. All the other thicknesses are reduced to this standard, as shewn hereafter in the manner of taking the dimensions and abstracting the work. In measuring bricklayers’ work, it is usual to begin by taking the excavations ; first, for the basement story, if any, which is stated as digging and throwing out or wheeling away; the ground for sunk stories, according to circumstances; next, the excavations for footings to walls. It is customary, in taking the digging to footings of walls, VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 13 to allow about 6 inches on each side, over and above the thickness of the walls, for room to work them ; but if they are deep, and the ground bad and loose, allow 9 inches on each side on account of its falling in. But in sunk stories only allow to the extent of the footings, except in very loose ground. In taking the dimensions, the length, depth and width must be measured as before described, and reduced to the yard cube of 27 feel, viz. : 3 f. by 3 f. by 3 f. Claying of Vaults, by the yard square of 9 feet, de- scribing the thickness, 3 f. by 3 f. In measuring digging in sideling ground, where the areas of the two ends of the excavation are unequal, the cubic content must be found by the following rule: — Multiply the sum of the extreme areas, plus four times the middle area, by one-sixth of the length, and the pro- duct will be the answer required. Example. — To find the cubic content of the excava- tion abcd e f for the sunk stories of a house, to be built on the side of a hill : — c 1 D 14 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND 140 X 10= 700 2 84 x 6 = 252 2 952 sum of extreme areas. 112 x 8 = 448 x 4 1792 four times middle area. 2 2744 120 length. 54880 2744 6)329280 27) 54880(2032 yards 16 feet. 54 88 81 70 54 16 As an illustration of the correctness of the rule, let us lake the same example on a different principle of measure- ment. The solid abcdef may be divided into the two prisms ghibed and efcihd and the pyramid dahg. Taking each of these separately we have — Prism ghibed= 84 x4x 120 =20160 2 Prism E F C I II d = 120 x 6 X 84 = 30240 2 Pyramid dagh = (56 x 4) x 120 = 4480 2 3 “ or, 2032 yards 16 feet, as before. 54880 cubic feet. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 15 In measuring brickwork always begin with the found- ations, then proceed with measuring each story separate (or as high as the wall continues of the same thickness), as solid work, according to their respective thicknesses; then add for all projections, as breasts of chimneys, &c., deducting the openings, but not the flues, as the extra trouble and the pargetting is deemed equivalent to the deficiency of materials; but deduct the openings of doors, windows, &c. In measuring for labour only, the face of the work is girt, to pay for the extra labour of plumbing the angles, and working the returns fair. If the house or building be square, measure the front and back walls the whole length of the external face, and the return walls must be taken perpendicularly from the interior sides, or back of the front and back walls. In measuring walls that are faced with superior bricks, the walls are first measured as common work, and then the superficial quantity of facing is taken, as hereafter shewn, and is valued by considering the facing as two thirds of a brick thick, and deducting the common brick- work from the price thereof, the same thickness, viz. : — two thirds of a brick, by which the value per foot super- ficial, is ascertained. In measuring circles, or semicircles, they are marked To measure angle chimneys, draw lines on the floor, parallel to the two sides of the room, cutting the parts intersected by the chimney, as shewn in the plans, Plate 1 ; take either side by the height of the floor, and half the other (the work forming a triangle) for the thick- accordingly in the measuring book. with the diameters figured. 1G PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ness, either as the number of bricks, or as cube work, which by the directions before given, and the example shewn in the first chimney taken, proves it to be exactly the same ; consequently, if the projection should not amount to any certain number of half bricks, it would be best to take it as a cube dimension. In all cases it is supposed that the walls, as shewn by the dotted lines, are measured before the projecting chimneys are taken, which is the usual custom. In taking the dimensions of vaults, measure the abut- ments, or side walls, to the springing of the arch, then bend your rods round the soffit of the arch, and add once and a half the thickness thereof, by which you obtain the average girt of the arch ; then take the length clear of the walls; but if the arch is turned over one or both walls, add the thickness thereof to the length of the arch. But in taking the height of the walls, measure to the crown of the arch, without making any deduction for the decli- vity of the arches, on account of the additional trouble and waste of bricks, in cutting and fitting them to the curved soffit of the arch. Likewise in deducting open- ings with circular heads, the dimensions should only be taken to the springing of the arches, on account of the trouble and waste of bricks in fitting them to the arches. Drains to be taken and reduced as common brickwork if built with mortar. Shafts of chimneys are measured as solid work. Ovens and coppers arc measured as solid cube brick- work, deducting the ash-holes only *. Tiles, Welsh lumps, and fire bricks, are to be allowed as extras. In these, or any other brickwork that it is considered * This method is in common use amongst surveyors, but it would be far more consistent to measure the actual quantity of brickwork, allowing for the extra labour in price Ed. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 17 best or most convenient to measure by the cubic foot, multiply the solidity by 8, the number of lj inches in a foot, and divide it by 9, the number of 1^ inches in 13£ inches, which will reduce it to the standard of 1^ brick, or 13^ inches in thickness. In measuring brickwork no allowance is to be made in quantity for small or difficult works. Timbers inserted in the walls are not to be deducted. When plates are bedded in the walls, two inches to be allowed for ditto where no brickwork is over them. All sills and stone strings are measured in. All cuttings to be measured superficial ; as outside splays, cut and rubbed to shew fair, or inside ditto rough cut for battens, &c. See Plate 1, figs. i>. and Q. Birds’ mouths at per foot run, being notched to fit. See Plate 1, fig. o. Facings of all descriptions to be measured extra by the foot superficial ; in which case the reveals are also mea- sured, except where intended to be stuccoed. Gauged arches to doors, windows, See., are also mea- sured by the foot superficial. Groins are measured as common work, only taking the run of cut groins at per foot. Tiling . — Plain and pan tiling to be measured by the square of 100 feet. In measuring plain tiling, Allow for the eaves 4 inches extra. Ditto for dripping do. 6 inches extra. Ditto for all cuttings, hips, &c., 3 inches extra. Ditto for valleys 1*2 inches extra. In measuring pan tiling. Allow for the barge per foot run. Ditto for heading to barge per foot run. c 18 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Allow for cutting to hips and splays per foot run. Ditto for hips and ridges per foot run. Number the hip hooks, which should be painted three times in oil. Ditto T nails, ditto. Deduct for chimneys, and deduct and add for dormers. If the roofs are hipped, take the length at the bottom of the sides, and not measure the end; the two side tri- angles being equal to the hipped end one. Bricknogging by the yard square of 9 feet, including the timbers. Brick paving, ditto, ditto. Facias, beads and quirks, dentel or plain cornices, &c., measured and valued by the foot run. In order to illustrate the principle of measuring and making out bricklayers’ work, and bringing it into bill, in Plate 1, is given a plan, elevation, and section of the front wall of a house, with the windows to a larger scale, and also plaus of different chimneys. The rules before stated are likewise explained, by shewing the manner of taking the dimensions in the measuring book, and the method of preparing the abstract, and entering them therein, together with other imaginary quantities, to make the particular manner of abstracting the work perfectly clear and explicit. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 19 See the general rules under the head Measuring, viz. — Bricklayers’ Work done for A. B., Esq., at his house, Kensington, By C. I>. Measured January 1st, 1843, with Mr. E. F. ft. in. . 26 0 front of house. I Brick tooting, 2 bottom ) 0 9 projec.of footings. 4 0 9 do. other end. ft. in. 27 6 0 6 26 9 0 9 26 0 9 0 2 ) 5 0 3 6 2 ) 5 44 4 3 2) 4 3 3 6 7 6 3 6 7 104 4 3 26 0 13 0 2) 7 6 3 6 2 ) 7 104 4 3 2 ) 4 3 2 6 bks. | ft. in. 5 13 9 4 20 1 3 234 0 4 35 0 24 45 8 2 29 9 4 26 3 24 33 5 24 338 0 4 52 6 2 66 11 14 21 3 courses. 6 Figs. C and K. 27 6 26 0 Do. average thickness of) ' , n . the courses above do. \ . . 2 B. at each end. 80 4 17 6 DD*. reveals ^Windows ' 26 9 0 6 under door. 8 6 height of storj 9 0 5 0 0 4.4 upper reveal. 5 44 3 6 0 9 2 side reveals. 4 3 DIM. openings 'l 13 2 Door. DDL reveal J floor. 4 12 0 height of room to under side of one 13 0 pair door. 133 10 c 2 20 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. 10 0 3 6 10 44 4 3 2G 0 13 0 3) 8 0 3 6 3) 8 44 4 3 3) 4 3 2 3 26 0 9 11 3) 5 6 3 6 3) 5 104 4 3 3) 4 3 o 9 26 0 3 2 ft. in. 35 0 44 1 2 338 0 84 0 DD'. opening') 17 6 I _ v Front t door. DD'. reveal J 88 2 ft. in. Add B. W. to one pair ) 1 0 floor. £ 12 0 87 G 0 13 0 DD'. openings') 28 0 H 4 28 8 DD'. backs IQ Txvo pair floor, B. \\\ to 1 under side of tie-beam. 57 9 35 1 1 82 4 5 8J , 3 10.1 1 DD‘. opening 1 19 3 DD*. reveal ' Windows. DD'. backs J 17 7 Add B. W. to parapet to underside of coping. In making deductions for revealed windows, if the wall is only one brick thick, take one reveal in and one out, as follows; 00 (( DD‘. upper windows, sup- pose wall only l brick, and the window open- ings of the annexed di- mensions o 3.G thickness of floor, height of room. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 21 MEASURING CHIMNEYS. The height of the rooms supposed to be 10 feet. Do. of the chimney openings, 4 feet. ft. in. 10 0 4 (i 4 0 3 6 10 0 4 G 2 3 10 0 9 0 4 0 3 6 10 0 5 6 4 0 3 6 10 0 4 9 10 0 4 0 4 0 3 6 bks. ft. in. 3 45 0 2 14 0 101 3 3 90 0 2 14 0 1 55 0 2 14 0 5 47 C 2 40 0 2 14 0 54 0 B. W. to angle chimney. 90 0 DD‘. opening. 28 0 (See Plate No. 1.) f This, though taken before, is entered ft. in. 3 8 r loi t again to shew f o 'l the manner of abstract- Cube B. W. to angle chim- J 0 | ing cube B. ney. I. 1 > (4V. 90 0 red. to 1 £ br. th. B. W. to angle chimney. L. 180 0 28 0 28 0 95 0 0 DDL B. W. angle. 108 0 All gauged work is first measured in with the common brickwork, and afterwards taken at per foot superf. measured as follows. 3 6 n a 1 2 soffit to gauged arches. 3 10 1 0 3 10 face of ditto. (See Plate 1, fig. G.) 22 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ON ABSTRACTING In abstracting bricklayers 1 work, although it will be found advantageous, it is not so absolutely requisite to observe a regular rotation, as in joiners’ work. But particular attention is required in abstracting bricklayers’ work, to place the contents of the dimensions, according to their different thicknesses, and the deductions thereon, so that they may be reduced to the proper standard or thickness (of one brick and a half or thirteen and a half inches) in the abstract ; which will be perfectly easy after considering the explanation given and seeing the form of the following abstract. Place the cube brickwork in the ( One column for one brick thick } first columns. ( One do. for one and a half do. V By which method you may abstract brickwork to any thickness. Thus : — If half a brick thick, one half the quantity may be placed under the head of one brick, or one-third the quantity, under the head of lj brick. If two bricks in thickness, twice the quantity may be placed under the head of one brick. If two and a half bricks in thickness, the same quantity must be placed under the heads of one brick and also under lj brick. If three bricks in thickness, twice the quantity must be placed under the head of brick. In this manner brick walls of all thicknesses may be abstracted under two heads, and thereby avoid having a column for every thickness of wall in the building. Next proceed with the different descriptions of tilings and all other work measured by the square of 100 feet. One do. for one brick thick. One do. for one and a half do. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 23 Next the pavings, bricknogging, and other work mea- sured by the yard square of nine feet. Next the work measured by the foot superficial ; and next with the work measured by the foot run ; as shewn in the following abstract. The following are imaginary dimensions, to explain the manner in which walls of any number of bricks in thick- ness may be abstracted under the two heads of one brick and one brick and a half. These being the general thick- nesses of walls, it very seldom occurs that the walls are of the thicknesses here stated, which arc only given to make the principle understood. ft. in. 5 6 2 3 bks. ft. 1 12 in. 4 To be abstracted as ft. in. bks. (i 2 . 1 7 8 5 8 10 3 G 9 8 6 6 2 10 0 4 6 9 0 5 3 42 0 42 0 (if! 2 09 2 52 5 104 10 45 "I 45 45 0 0 47 3 94 0 1 li 1 li 1 U To be abstracted as ft. in. 8 0 9 4 7 G 3 9 12 G 3 8 10 G 5 2 8 4 3 9 10 10 5 G — bks. 31 4 41 5 51 o ft. in. ft. 60 28 1 112 45 10 137 54 3 271 31 *{ 31 125 59 7 238 in. bks. 8 . 11 4 . 1 4 . 1 6 . 11 3 . 1 3 . 11 0 . 1 4 . 11 Abstract arranged as before stated. 24 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND If different sorts of bricks are used, separate heads must be formed in the abstract, each detailing the various proportions and descriptions of the work. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 25 ROTATION To bo attended to in bringing the quantities into Bill. Yds. ft. in. Rods ft. in Sqres. ft. in. Yds. ft. in. Bricklayer. Cube of digging according to description, viz., throwing out, basketing, wheeling, or carting away, according to the distance Cube of concrete to founda- tion, or otherwise . . . Reduced brickwork, if stock bricks, if part with other bricks, their proportions, &c. Do. do. to garden walls . . Or whatever way the work may be done at per rod. Pan tiling, if dry or pointed inside or out .... Plain tiling, if double fir laths and wrought nails, &c. . Or other articles by the square. Bricknogging, flat or on edge Brick paving, . do. . . 10 in. or 12 in. tile paving . Pebble paving Or other articles by the yard superf. 26 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. Superf. of gauged arches Malm facings, either as best or second And other articles at per foot superf. Run of cut splays or birds’ mouth, &c And all other articles at per foot run, and then the arti- cles numbered, as chimney- pots, hip-hooks, &c., &c. VALUATION OF BRICKLAYERS’ WORK. CALCULATION OF MATERIALS. Digger . — 27 cubic feet, or one cubic yard, is called a single load, and contains 21 striked bushels. Two cubic yards = one double load. In estimating the cubic content of excavation required to form a given amount of embankment, due regard must be paid to the nature of the soil of which the embankment is to be formed. The following may be safely taken as average rates of the alteration in bulk of various soils when excavated and carried into embankment. Clays. — Compression about one-tenth of the original bulk in excavation. Gravels. — Compression about one-twelfth of the original bulk in excavation. Sand occupies the same space in bank as in exca- vation. Chalk. — Slight increase of the original bulk in exca- VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 27 vation, proportionate to the size and hardness of the frag- ments. Rock. — Increase about one-half of the original bulk in excavation, according to the size of the fragments. 23^ cubic feet of sand weigh one ton. 21f do. gravel do. 17 do. clay do. 13 do. chalk do. 18 do. night-soil do. Night-soil is remov cd in carts conta or 2| tons. Concrete is made of ground stone lime, and sharp gravel, with a proper proportion of sand, mixed in the proportion of five or six parts of gravel to one of lime, according to the nature of the lime and the proportion of sand mixed with the gravel. Its quality is much improved by the addition of smiths’ ashes or any material containing iron ; and for this reason ferruginous gravel is to be preferred whenever it can be obtained. A cubic yard of concrete, containing 27 cubic feet when mixed, requires 34 cubic feet of gravel, sand, and lime. Therefore, at the proportion of six of gravel to one of lime, a cubic yard of concrete will require 1.1 cubic yard of gravel and sand and three bushels of lime. Concrete expands slightly in slaking ; but this ex- pansion is too trifling to be taken into account in framing an estimate. 28 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND SIZE AND WEIGHT OF VARIOUS ARTICLES. Length. Breadth. Thickness. Weight. a. in. a. in. o. in. lbs. oz. Stock bricks . . . each . 0 8? 0 0 24 5 0 Paving do. . . . do. 0 9 0 44 0 D 4 0 Dutch clinkers . . do. 0 Gi 0 3 0 14 1 8 12 inch paving tiles do. 0 ID 0 113 0 14 13 0 10 inch do. . . do. 0 n 0 93 0 l 8 9 Pan tiles .... do. 1 H 0 94 0 04 5 4 Plain tiles .... do. 0 104 0 (i 4 0 n 2 5 Pantile laths, per 10 ft. bundle 120 0 0 14 0 i 4 0 Ditto, per 12 ft. bundle . . A bundle contains 12 laths. 144 0 0 14 0 i 5 0 Plain tile laths, per bundle Thirty bundles of laths make a lpad. 500 0 0 l 0 3 0 A bricklayer’s hod measures 1 ft. 4 in. x 5) in. x 9 in. and contains 20 bricks. A single load of sand is 27 cubic feet, or one cubic yard. A double load of sand is 54 cubic feet, or two cubic yards. A measure of lime is 27 cubic feet, or one cubic yard, and contains from 16 to 18 bushels. QUANTITIES, ETC. A rod of brickwork measures 16 ft. 6 in. x 16 ft. 6 in., or 272 ft. 3 in. superf., 1 J brick or I3j in. thick, called the standard thickness, or 306 cubic feet or 11^ cubic yards. A rod of brickwork laid to a 12 inch gauge, i. e. four courses to measure one foot in height, requires 4353 stock bricks. Ditto, laid to ll£ inch gauge, requires 4533 stock bricks. A foot of reduced brickwork requires 16 bricks. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 29 These calculations are made without allowance for waste; and indeed there is very little, as nearly every part is worked in, and much space is occupied by timbers, flues, &c., for which no deduction is made in measure- ment, and therefore in the erection of dwelling-houses, containing flues and bond timbers, 4300 stocks is quite sufficient, and this is the usual number allowed for a rod of brickwork. 5370 stocks to the rod, if laid dry. 4900 do. in wells and circular cesspools. A rod of brickwork, laid four courses to gauge 12 inches, contains 235 ft. cube of bricks and 7 1 ft. cube of mortar ; and the average weight is about 15 tons. A rod of brickwork requires H cubic yard of chalk lime and three loads of sand; or one cubic yard of stone lime and 3£ loads of sand ; or 36 bushels of cement and 36 bushels of sharp sand. A cubic yard or load of mortar requires nine bushels of lime and one load of sand. The proportion of mortar or cement, when made up, to the materials in their unmixed state, is as two to three. Facing requires 7 bricks per foot superficial. Gauged arches 10 do. do. Bricknogging per yard superficial, requires 30 bricks on edge, or 45 laid flat. PAVING. Description. Number required. Stock bricks, laid flat . . . per yard . 36 Do on edge do. . 52 Paving bricks, laid flat . do. . 36 Do on edge . do. . 82 Dutch clinkers . do. do. . 140 12 inch paving tiles . . • do. 9 10 inch do do. . 13 30 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND TILING. Gauge. Number required. inches. Pan tiles, per square 12 150 Do. . do. 11 1G4 Do. . do. 10 180 A square of pan tiling requires one bundle of laths and l£ hundred of 6d. nails. Plain tiles, per square . 4 600 Do. . do. H 700 Do. • do. 3 800 Do. . do. laid flat 210 A square of plain tiling requires one bundle of laths and nails, one peck of tile pins, and three hods oft mortar. CALCULATION OF LABOUR. Digger . — The amount of digging which a man can perform in a day depends so much on the nature of the soil on which he has to operate, that it is almost impos- sible to fix a constant for this description of labour; the following data may, however, serve as a slight guide. In loose ground a man will throw up about 10 cubic yards per day ; but in hard or gravelly soils, where hack- ing is necessary, from three to five cubic yards, according to the hardness of the ground, will be a fair day’s work. Wheeling is estimated by the run of 20 yards. A gang of three men, two for filling and one for wheeling, will remove about 30 yards per day to this distance ; and the labour of removing earth may be calculated according to distance, allowing three men to the first run, and an ad- ditional man for every 20 yards of distance. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 31 The following table, although far from complete, con- tains constants for all the principal descriptions of brick- layers’ work. Constant. To be multiplied by the rate of wages for a labourer per day. Concrete. — Labour in mixing, wheeling, throwing in from a stage, and puddling, (where required to be done,) including erection of scaffolding, per yard cube . .335 To be multiplied by the rate of wages for a bricklayer and la- bourer per day. Brickwork, per rod • . . 4.941 Extra labour to malm facings To be multiplied by the rate of wages for a bricklayer per day. . .014 Paving. Brick paving laid flat in sand To be multiplied by the rate of wages for a bricklayer and la- bourer per day. . per yard .040 Do. laid on edge in sand • do. . .075 Do. laid flat in mortar • do. . .056 Do. laid on edge in mortar . • do. . .084 Paving-brick paving laid flat in sand do. . .046 Do. on edge in sand . do. . .106 Do. laid flat in mortar • do. . .075 Do. on edge in mortar • do. . .121 Clinker paving on edge in sand • do. . .132 10 or 12 inch tile paving • do. . .010 Tiling. Pan tiling laid dry per square .422 Do. pointed outside . do. . .685 Do. pointed inside and outside . do. . .790 Plain tiling laid to a 4 inch gauge do. . .739 Do. . . to a 3j inch gauge do. . .764 Do. . . to a 3 inch gauge do. . .790 3-2 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND It would be impossible to give examples for every case that might occur, but the following will shew the method of valuing the principal descriptions of bricklayers’ work. Ex. 1.- — To find the value of a cubic yard of concrete, made in the proportion of six parts of gravel to one of lime. £ s. d. 1.1 yard of gravel, at per yard, prime cost Carriage of above to the works Three bushels of lime, at per bushel per cent profit ..... Labour on the above, found by multiplying the rate of wages per day for a labourer by the decimal .335 ...... Value per cubic yard . £ Ex. 2. — To find the value of a rod of brickwork. £ s. d. 4300 stocks, at per thousand . l| yards of lime, at per yard . Three loads of sand, at per load per cent profit ..... Scaffolding Labour per rod, found by multiplying the rate of wages per day for a bricklayer and labourer by the decimal 4.941 ..... £ Value per rod . VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 33 Ex. 3. — To find the value of a foot of malm facing. £ s. d. No. 7 best malms, (or seconds, as the case may be,) at each .... DD l . the value of seven bricks, according to the quality with which the walls are built, the facing having been measured with the wall, at each .... Extra value of the malm bricks Extra labour on the malm bricks, found by multiplying the rate of wages per day for a bricklayer by the decimal .014 . £ Ex. 4. — To find the value of a yard of paving, — say with stock bricks laid flat in sand. £ s. d. 36 stocks, at each .... Sand per cent, profit ..... Labour, found by multiplying the rate of wages for a bricklayer and labourer by the decimal .046 Per yard . . £ u 34 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Ex. 5. — To find the value of a square of plain tiling, laid to a four inch gauge. £ s. d. 600 plain tiles, at per thousand One bundle of laths and nails . One peck of tile pins .... Three hods of mortar .... per cent, profit Labour, found by multiplying the rate of wages for a bricklayer and labourer per day by the decimal .739 Per square . . £ SLATER. Slating is measured superficial, and charged per square of 100 feet. In measuring, allow for the eaves whatever the bottom course measures, and for the hips and valleys measure their length by 12 inches, viz., six inches on each side; also the length of all irregular angles, as chimneys, dor- mers, &c., by six inches wide, as a fair allowance for cutting and waste. For circular slating allow' one-third extra. VALUATION OF SLATERS’ WORK. — table of materials and labour. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK 35 t 36 PRACTICE OF MEASURING, ETC. Example. — To find the value of a square of duchess slating, copper nailed. of s . (/. No. 127. Duchesses, at per thousand . 2| lbs. of copper nails, at per lb. per cent profit Labour on above, at per day . Value per square £ CARPENTER AND JOINER. TECHNICAL TERMS. Floors. (Plate 2.) Folding Jloors, (fig. 1,) are laid four boards together, which are shot as nearly as possible to fit a given space, and forced downward folding into their places. Straight joint Jloors, (fig. 2.) — The boards are carefully laid the length of the room in regular straight joints, and their heading joints should be either splayed, (fig. 6,) ploughed and tongued, (fig. 7,) or executed as fig. 8, taking care to break them at proper distances. Some- times the edges are also ploughed and tongued. Dowelled Jloors, (fig. 3.) — Is when the boards are laid straight, joined with wood or iron dowels, or pegs let into the edges to confine them down, instead of nails from the face of floors, having them only on the edges of the boards. Figs. 4 and 5, shew the methods of replacing a board in the middle or end of a dowelled floor, should one be damaged, without disturbing the dowels in the boards on either side. Wainscot floors should have iron dowels, but deal floors may have dowels made of beech, as the dowel 38 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND should certainly be made of a material much stronger than the floor. If beech, they should be formed as at a and cut square ; and being driven into round holes in the battens makes them draw. In all framed work, as window-shutters, doors, par- titions, &c., the grooves for panels should be one-third the thickness of the stiles and rails. If framed square on both sides, or O G F, or O F, and square, the panels should be half the thickness of the stiles and rails. If framed B B, B F, or with a raised panel and square back, the panels should be two-thirds the thickness of the stiles and rails. In doors moulded on both sides, the grooves for panels must be ploughed deeper than the moulding, to prevent light shewing through the mitres should the deals shrink ; but if framed with a square back there is no necessity for ploughing so deep *. The joints of panels should be ploughed and tongucd. All tongues should be cut across the grain of the wood. ABBREVIATIONS. The same observations respecting abbreviations will hold good; but to a greater extent with the carpenter and joiner than any of the other trades ; and even the most complicated, as sashes and frames, which may appear at first unintelligible, will very soon be read with as great facility and equal accuracy, with all their varieties, as could possibly be if written at full length : viz. • This of course only applies where the mouldings are stuck on the solid, instead of being laid in, as is usual in most cases. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 39 FOR TIMBER. LNO L r to Q r P ns Fir or ( Ro Oak. t Bnd Labour and nails only. Labour to Quarter Partitions. Cube Fir rough. Bond. Ro & L Rough and Labour. W W rought. F Framed. B Beaded. EXAMPLE. C Fir, W, F, R, & B . Cube Fir, wrought, framed, rebated, and beaded. For DEALS, after describing their thickness. Inch deal R Inch deal rough. E S Edges shot. W1S Wrought one side. W 2 S Wrought two sides. G Grooved. B Beaded. P T Ploughed and tongued. D Dovetailed. F Framed. K Keyed. M & C Mitred and chamfered. S Sunk. P Plugged. L Ledged. EXAMPLE. Inch deal, W 2 S, F & B . . . Inch deal, wrought two sides, framed and beaded. Whole deal, W 1 S, P T . . . Whole deal, wrought one side, ploughed and tongued. 14 deal, W 2 S, M & C . . . . 14 deal, wrought two sides, mitred and chamfered. DOORS. R, G & L Rough, grooved and ledged. W, L, R, B Wrought, ledged, re- bated, and beaded. S Square. B, B & S Bead, butt and square. B F h Bead flush. B F‘ Bead flat. BS Both sides. OF 1 Ovolo flat. OR P Ovolo raised panel. QOB Quirk ovolo and bead. OG Ogee. Q k OG Quirk ogee. Q k O G B Quirk ogee and bead. OGF Ogee flat. OG R P Ogee raised panel. DM Double margin. BM Broad margin. EXAMPLE. 1J D>, W L, R & B door . . . . U D 1 , 4 P, Q O G & B, & B F h door Whole deal, wrought ledged, rebated and beaded door. One and a half inch deal, four panel, quirk ogee and bead, and bead flush door. •10 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND FLOORS. Inch WD Floor F Inch white deal floor, laid fold- ing. 14 Y D, R F Floor Inchandhalf yel- low deal, rough folding floor. Ro, E S Rough, edges shot. W F Wrought, laid folding. W S J Wrought, straight joint. D Dowelled. EXAMPLE. 11 inch Y deal, WSJ floor, HJP T, E N r 1J inch yellow deal wrought straight -s joint floor, heading joints ploughed C and tongued, edges nailed. SASHES AND FRAMES. f Deal cased frames, oak doable sunk D C frames, O D S sills, W PP, B | & P S, 14 W a & h Sashes Dh, B < P, P L & L weights l Any variation from this description IBP Iron box pulleys. BAP Brass axle pulleys. S H Single hung. C W L Common white line. I P Iron pulleys. I W Iron weights. sills, wainscot pulley pieces, beads and parting slips, 14 inch wainscot astragal and hollow sashes double hung, brass pulleys, patent lines, and lead weights. may be made with ease ; viz. if Jl P P, B & P S Mahogany pulley pieces, beads and parting slips. D P P, B & P S Deal pulley pieces, beads and part- ing slips. ON MEASURING CARPENTERS’ WORK. There are two methods of measuring carpenters’ work ; one by taking the superficial contents of roofs, floors, partitions, &c., at per square of 100 feet for the labour and nails, and then the cube contents of the timber with- out labour. The other method is, by measuring the cube contents of the timber as cube fir and labour, framed, &c., &c. If the scantlings of the timber are small or light, it will pay the carpenter best to measure the roofs, floors, &c., VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 41 as labour and nails, and the timber as no labour. But if the scantlings of the timber are large and heavy, then it will be more to his advantage to measure the work as timber, with the particular labour thereon, as follows : — If the work is measured as timber and labour, the scantling of each piece is taken as cube fir or oak and labour, and entered accordingly, as Cube fir, or oak, in ground joists, bonds, lintels, plates, &c., labour and nails included. Do. framed in roofs, partitions, naked floors, &c., labour and nails included. Do. . do. . . truss framed . do. Do. wrought and framed ..... do. Do. wrought, framed, and rebated .... do. Do. wrought, framed, rebated, aud beaded . . do. Do. in door-cases. Oak trusses put into girders, per foot run, stating their size, as 4 in. square, &c. In measuring for labour and nails to roofs, naked framed floors, ceiling floors, quarter partitions, or any other rough framed work, the dimensions should be taken from the extreme ends of the timbers each way, to ascertain the superficial contents thereof, as labour and nails at per square of 100 superficial feet. The openings to chimneys, staircases, &c., are not to be deducted, as the trouble of framing the trimmers and the joists into those openings is fully equivalent to running the joists through them. The same rule must be observed in taking the labour and nails iu quarter partitions, as doors, &c., which must be entered in the measuring book and valued according to the de- scription of the work, as follows : — 42 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND * For Roofs. Labour and nails to common shed roofing. Do. . do. with purlins. Do. . do. with purlins and struts. Do. . do. common span or valley with purlins and rafters. Do. . do. . span with collars, dovetailed into sides of rafters notched to receive purlins, filled in with com- mon rafters. Do. . do. . framed with principals, king posts, two struts and purlins, filled in with common rafters. Do. . do. . . do. with king and queen posts. Do. . do. . common kerb roof. For Floors. Labour and nails to fir ground joists, bedded and not framed. Do. . do. pinned down on plates and framed to chimneys. Do. . do. single framed floors, trimmed to chim- neys and stairs. Do. . do. with girders and cased bays. Do. . do. framed floors, with girders, binding, bridging, and ceiling joists. Do. . do. to common framed ceiling floors, with binding and ceiling joists. Quarter Partitions. Labour and nails to common 4 in. quarter partitions. Do. . do. . . 5 in. do. Do. . do. . . 6 in. do. Do. . do. truss framed with king posts. Do. . do. . do. with king and queen posts. If oak is used describe it. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 43 Having taken the labour and nails, you must then pro- ceed to take the timber therein, which must be entered as cube fir, or oak, without labour. In roofs, it is customary to take the highest timbers first, as the ridge piece, hips, &c., next the rafters, and so proceed downwards to the ceiling floor. In partitions, floors, &c., begin with the timbers of the largest scantlings. Wherever a tenon is made, the length must be taken from the ends of the tenon, and not from the shoulders. Likewise the length of joists, including the part in the wall. In measuring king and queen posts, take the whole length by the scantling of the shoulders. The parallel pieces sawed out for the abutment of the principal rafters must be deducted, should they exceed two feet in length and 2£ inches in thickness; but taken five or six inches short of the length between the shoulders, as the saw cannot enter with much less waste. But if the pieces are less than 2£ inches thick no deduction must be made, they not being worth more than the labour of cutting them out. ROOFS. Hips and valley to be taken run, at per foot for cutting and waste. All plates, lintels, discharging pieces, to be taken as bond timber. Gutter plates, diagonal ties, dragging pieces or braces, struts, and tie-beams, as fir framed. Deduct half the length of bond timbers running through openings. Allow the length of dovetails or scarf in bond timber, but only taken as bond timber. 44 PRACTICE OF MEASURING ANT) Fixing iron straps, screw bolts, hanging ditto, and all iron work, to be taken and allowed extra. Rounded hip and ridge rolls, and furring to rafters, to be taken and allowed extra. FLOORS. Oak trusses, let into brestsummers, to be taken at per foot run. Oak king or queen posts, let into brestsummers, each at . Girders sawed down, reversed and bolted, per foot run extra. Letting in screw bolts, plates, &c., each extra. Common or herring-bone strutting between the joists, per foot run extra. Furrings to ceilings, quarter partitions, battenings to walls, &c., are measured by the square, including labour and nails, and valued according to the thickness of the deals used, from f to 3 inches thick. Describe the bat- tening either as framed or nailed only, or if plugged, or if with horizontal backings. All wall-hooks and holdfasts to be allowed extra. Centering to groins, vaults, recesses, &c. — Take the depth by the circumference for the superficial dimensions, which is valued at per square for use and waste, materials and time. If taken in this way, the whole of the vaults or recesses must be taken, although the same centering might have been used. But where there are a number of vaults or recesses of the same size, the fairest way is to allow the whole of the materials and time, or, if any trifling alteration only is wanted, to allow the time ex- pended in doing it. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 45 If to small openings, as windows, recesses, doors, &c., ft. in. 3 6 0 4 12 10 0 9 1G 10 1 10 ft. in. Superf. of centering to apertures, as win- dows, &c. (Plate 3, fig. 1. A.) vealed windows. (Plate 3, fig. 2. B.) ft. in. r e 2 4 1 0 7 12 10 10 8 5 4 0 10 lie 10 Bracketing to cornices, (Plate 3.) — To be mea- sured at per foot superf., according to the girt, viz., 24 J inches by the length, as whole or 1£ inch deal, according to the thickness of deals used. Some allow the bracketing the same girt as the cornice. inches. G II 9 61 II 24 i Cradling for entablatures, measured and charged per foot superf., according to their thickness. All circular bracketing, cradlings, &c., to be charged double those of straight work. Ashlering at per foot superf., according to the thickness of the deals used. ft. in. 20 0 2 0 ft. Supposed length J (seeplate ^ fig . C-) Gutters and bearers, (Plate 3, fig. C.) — Measure the length, then the breadth of the bottom and half the eaves- board. Gutters between the roofs having two eaves-boards, 4G PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND one on each side, take for the width of gutter one of them. (Fig. D.) ft. in. 20 0 1 14 20 0 1 6 ft. Supposed length ^ Width, (fig. C.) | Enter them as — ^■Superf. of whole deal gutters | and bearers. Do. (fig. D.) . J Arris or fillet gutters per foot superf. Water trunks per foot run ; describe size, and allow for laps and half the length of shoe. Sound boarding. — Measure the dimensions between the joists at per foot superf. ; observe if single or double fillets. Chimney grounds, per foot superf. (Plate 3, fig. E.) ft. in. 4 <» 4 0 3 9 3 3 Enter them as 1J inch framed grounds, or the thickness, as the case may be. DD'. opening. Or they may be taken as — ft. in. 3 9 0 44 4 0 0 9 1 ^Framed grounds. J If the side grounds are very narrow, framed only for small mouldings, take them by the foot run, and enter them as narrow framed grounds. Hinges to be numbered and described. Skirtings, either plain or raking, taken at per foot superf. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 17 If raking, to be taken for the width as per sketch, (Plate 5, fig. B.) If on narrow grounds, take them per foot run. If plugged to the walls, allow extra for plugging. Moulded plinths. — Measure the square part by the length and width, and enter it — Whole deal, wrought one side, rebated and backed plinth. Girt the moulding, and allow half an inch behind the plinth. (See Dado, Plate 3, fig. n.) Pilasters. — Girt and enter them thus: ft. in. 7 G 2 0 2 G 0 9 1 \ inch deal, glued and blocked pilasters, framed Q k O G, or ovolo and bead, as may be. ( Plate 3, fig. 3.) ft. in. Moulded impost 0 0 0 3 0 9 The plinth may be measured in with the pilaster. Flooring, (Plate 2.) — In measuring boarded flooring, the dimensions must be taken, allowing the thickness of the skirting, and valued at per square. Enter them in your book according to their thickness, and if yellow or white deal, if common or second best or clean deal; if laid folding, straight joint or dowelled. The slabs are not generally deducted if they have mitred borders ; if they have not mitred borders, deduct the opening or slab from the flooring. If the deduction is made when there are borders, the borders must be taken at per foot run, which will amount to as much as the deduction made on the floor. Mouldings, such as architraves, round doors, windows, &c., base, surbase, &c., &c., are to be measured round the mitres and girt with a fine tape, and entered as 48 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND moulded architrave, base, &c., as the case may be. But in the abstract they must be all classed under the same head, as mouldings. Single mouldings, as Q k O G and bead, or Q k ovolo and bead, &c., may be taken at per foot run, but their girt must be described, as they will be valued accord- ingly. Doorcases, linings, &c., &c., (Plate 4.) — Doors are measured and valued at per foot superficial, according to their description. Solid doorcases are taken at per foot cube. Door linings, grounds, &c., at per foot superficial, as follows : — Solid doorcases and doors. ft. in. 19 2 0 9 0 5 ft. in. C O W It & B' 1 Doorcase, (fig. I.) ft. in. 7 3 7 3 4 8 19 2 If there is a sill, take it the same as the head, viz., by making an allowance for its passing under and beyond the jambs, as may be; and also allow the additional length of jambs for framing into ditto. If a stone sill, iron shoes should be secured to the bottom of jambs, which must be numbered. ft. in. 6 8 } 3 5 ft. W» Deal, 2 S L, R & B d Door, size including the rebates. (Fig. 1.) Number the bolts, and enter the hinges per pair. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 49 Doors with linings, (Plate 4.) ft. in. | ft. in. 6 8 3 I 16 7 0 CJ 17 4 0 4 $ Whole deal 4 P, Q O G & b and RFf doors, (fig. 2, and A fig. 3, 4, 5,) or as it may be. But the door must be taken first between and including the rebates. ft. 6 6 3 0 in. 8 8 i 5 their _ ( thickness. 2nd. The linings by calculation . . . W b . deal, PFR&b". lining, (as B,fig. 3 and 4.) 3rd. The grounds, viz. — Inch deal framed grounds. (D, fig. 3, 4, 5.) 1(5 7 C Twice the 0 9 < width of ( grounds. 17 4 C One face of 0 8 < architrave t for mitres. 0 18 0 0 9 4th. Architraves. — Sup r . moulded ar- chitraves. (C, fig. 3, 4, 5.) If mitred and block plinths, number them, but observe to take the archi- traves short. Number the locks, hinges, bolts, &c., describing them. Fig. 3 and 4, the common methods for doors in partitions : No. 4 has the preference. Fig. 5, for doors Q O & b J . b s in walls, consequently wide linings framed in panels to answer them. Dado (sec Plate 3.) — Elevation and section, showing base and surbasc-moulding, plinth, &c., and that the heading joints should be broken, as they are in a straight joint lloor. By the narrow grounds K, tongues I, and keys G, the dado hangs unconfined, the joints being also secured by slips ploughed and glued into the back, as at II, and dovetailed pieces inserted at regular distances, as at M, the top and bottom of dado, not being confined, and the joints thus secured, there will be no danger of the joints opening, even should the deal shrink. The tongues, I, through the grounds, K, should be about three feet asunder, as also the keys, G ; these must be about three inches wide at the bottom. The heading joints should be ploughed and tongued. E 50 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND B, the common, though bad method of rebating the dado into the grounds. E, fillet in floor to secure plinth. F, the best method, by grooving the plinth into floor. The angles of all dados must be grooved. Measure the height of dado within half an inch of the top of surbase, as it will do for dado and grounds ; then take superf. of moulded base and surbase mouldings ; girt the surbase from plastering to face of dado, and the base from dado to top of plain plinths ; then add half an inch for rebate. Enter the dado according to its description, viz. — As inch deal keyed dado. Do. dovetailed at the back, with grooved rail, or as the case may be. Do. do. raking. Do. do. circular on the plan, grooved and backed on the cylinder. Do. do. wreathed. Number each external mitre. Sashes and frames, shutters, and fitting up to windows, (see Plate 4.) — Take the dimensions from the beads of sashes on the inside, and allow seven inches additional height for head and sill, and eight inches in width for frames in common sashes; but nine inches for large sashes. ft. in. 9 1 4 10 ft. in. 8 G (Fig. 7.) D C F, O S sills, W P P, B & P S . 9 1 2 in. W, A & h, S S L, B C P, P L, L W 4 10 2 8 ft. in. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 51 French sashes, hung on hinges, or sashes hung on centres in solid frames. — Take the sashes separate, and the frames as directed for doorcases. If Venetian frames describe them as such. If mouldings up munten, take them per foot run. T f circular heads, take the sash by itself, and the frames as run of circular frames, as per description j viz., with beads, parting slips, &c., &c., as may be. Window shutters are taken per foot superficial, allow- ing for the rebates. Number the sash fastenings, locking bars, spring latches, hinges, &c., &c. The framed grounds, rebated and beaded boxings, linings, moulded architraves, &c., are taken per foot su- perficial, similar to the doors, viz. — ft in. ft in. 2 ) 8 8 0 11 2 ) 8 8 0 91 2 ) 8 8 0 61 2 ) 8 10 0 101 4 10 0 11 6 2 2 6 (Fig. 8.) 1J Dl. 4 Ran'. Q O l> A 1) b shutters, E, hung in two heights. Do. back flaps, F. top and bot tom bds. Inch deal, do. do. G. N. 4 pair 21 butts. 8 pair back flap hinges. 1 locking bar. 2 brass knob spring latches. 1 patent sash fastening. 1 1 deal, 4 panel, b b, back lining, II ■ 1 1 deal, Q O & B soffit, (fig. C, I.W _ _ elbows, (fig. 6 and 7, K.) 52 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. 4 4 ft. in. 2)11 2 0 o 5 2 0 5 27 5 0 9 Run of slit deal, beaded capping to back. No. 2. Caps and elbows. 1 j deal splaved and framed boxings, (fig. 8, L.) l.| deal framed grounds, (fig. (i, N.)" Moulded architrave, M. 1 pair of mitred and block 8) in. high. If boxings are executed, as shewn at L, (fig. 10,) they must be taken as splayed, framed, rebated, and beaded boxings, per foot su- perf., and the mouldings forming the architrave at per foot run. width of ar- chitrave. DI>*. ht. of plinth. width of ar- chitrave. Staircases (Plate 5) are taken per foot superficial, by girting the riser and tread by the length of the step, allowing extra for the thickness of the skirting, which is entered in the measuring book according to their thick- ness and description, viz., inch deal common steps, risers, and carriage. ]£ inch deal second best, steps, risers, and carriage, with moulded nosings, close or cut string ; or, 1 j inch deal second best, S 11 & C M nosings, mitred to receive brackets or string boards and return nosings, and dovetailed to receive balusters, lj inch clean deal, do. do. 1 j inch clean deal, S R & C, to geometrical stairs on a circular plan, the risers mitred to the string board. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. o3 Method of measuring Steps, Risers, ( \nd Carriage. ft. in. ! ft. in. 3 G 1 5 ft. in. Length of tread. TO 10 Sup r . 1 \ deal, S R & C to fliers, (fig. B and C.) ■) ^ L l 5 If geometrical winders, (as plan A,) conse- quently wrought and blocked carriages, (as fig. F and G,) they must be taken thus, and described as such : — 7 2 3 9 27 10 0 8 1 2 1 G 9 G 0 103 4 4 0 9 4 4 0 4$ Winders with circular ends, scription.) Risers, the lengths collected . (Enter de- 0 7 ( Project. 0 1 -j of nos- ling. 0 8 DD l . opening. Whole deal framed string. Whole deal apron, 2 sides, (fig. D.) ) Return J do. ploughed in, (fig. E.) . . i landing. N.B. All winders must be taken as before described. Fig. F, shews a single wrought and blocked carriage for a geometrical winder ; G, a set of do. as fixed ; the dotted lines shew the fronts of steps. If moulded return nosings, or brackets, either straight or circular, number them. Iron balusters, do. Block steps, do. Veneered curtails, do. (Plan of do., fig. II, shewing the manner of veneering it ; I, section of wedge.) Turnings to newels, do. Pendent drops, do. Handrails, either straight, ramped, or wreathed, per foot run. Planceers, Newels, bar balusters, &c., do. 54 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ROTATION. In measuring the carpenters’ work of a building, it is usual and customary to begin with taking the roof ; then the plates, bond timbers, &c., next the quarter partitions, then the naked floors under ditto. If it is determined to take the timber in the above with- out labour, then the labour and nails at per square must be measured as such before the cube timber is taken. In measuring joiners’ work, on entering each room, first take the boarded floors, then the dado or skirting, next the battening or bracketing if any, then the chimney grounds and chimney pieces, next the windows, as sashes and frames, linings, boxings, grounds, architraves, &c., and last the doors, linings, grounds, architraves to ditto, &c., &c. ABSTRACTING. In abstracting carpenters and joiners’ work, the greatest possible care must be taken to prevent confusion, for when several thousand dimensions have to be entered under their respective heads, unless a regular rule be ob- served in drawing out the abstract, and placing every description of work in the situation usually allotted to it, much time would be consumed in referring to the dif- ferent heads. Proper attention to the form here given, for abstracting the quantities and bringing the different articles into bill according to their regular rotation, will prevent the stu- dent from experiencing this inconvenience. The abstract for carpenters and joiners’ work should be made ou very large paper, and care taken to give sufficient VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 55 length in each column for all the dimensions that it may be requisite to enter in them. The deals, as shown in the lower range, should be put on the other side or on another sheet of paper, under their respective thicknesses. The partitions, backs and elbows, soffits, dados, columns, pi- lasters, stairs, strings, gutters and bearers, & c., &c., should be placed. It is also better, in abstracting the work of a large building, to keep the ironmongery on another paper, as every care should be taken to keep all the articles and entries separate and distinct. 56 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Abstract of Carpenters and Joiners’ Abstracted with Mr. X. Y. Z., January 1st, 1843. PER SQUARE. Labour and Nails. Q'. P. Roofs Floors Furrings and Battenings. I in. 1 in. 2 in. 2i in. 4 in. 3 in. Boarding. Flooring. Ro. Weather W 1 S VV2S Sound White 1 Yellow ; Inch Inch Inch Ro. W ro'. Foldg. 4 in. 4 in. 4 in. Wro>. S J Oak. Cube No labour Do. labour Wro*. Wro*. and framed Plank 1 in. 22 in. 4 in. 2 in. 3 in. 4 in. Slit Deal. Ro. IS 2 S 3 in. Deal. Ro. IS 2 S Inch Deal. Ro. IS 2 S 4 in. Deal. Ro. IS 2 S 4 in. Deal. Ro. IS 2 S VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK 57 Work done for A. B. by C. D. Fir. Cube \o labour Ami labour Wro>. W & F W F R & BJ, Window Shutters. Doors. Wainscot. Mahogany. Sashes ]}in.D>. ovolo 2 W ovolo Frames. DCF O S sill W P P B ic P S Sashes and Frames. Mouldings. Runs 2 in. Deal. Ro. IS 2 S 25 in. Deal. Ro. IS 2 S 3 in. Deal. Ro. 1 S 2 S IRONMONGERY. Screws Bolts Hinges Locks Rings Sundries 58 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ROTATION To be attended to in bringing the quantities into Bill. CARFENTER AND JOINER. Sqres. ft. in. Labour and nails to roofs, ac- cording to description Do. . do. to floors, na- ked framed do Do. . do. to quarter partitions Inch deal furrings, according to description .... Do. battenings . . . do. Do. rough boarding . . do. Do. wrought do. . . . do. Do. weather do. . . . do. Inch folding floors . . do. And the other floors, beginning with the inferior and finish- ing with the best, and so on for any other articles valued at per square. Then the cubes, as — Cube oak, no labour . . . Do. bond Do. wrought, &c., &c. . . Cube fir, no labour . . . Do. bond Do. wrought and framed, &c., &c VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. Ft. Cube fir, wrought, framed, and rebated Do. proper doorcases, or any other, according to the work thereon After the cubes, then the work valued at per foot superf., viz. — Superf. of inch oak plank, then the other thickness of oak plank, with the labour, &c. Superf. of £ in. deal rough, la- bour and nails .... Superf. of do. wrought one side Superf. of J in. deal, and pro- ceed to the thicker deals, with their labour, as the case may be, commencing with the thinnest, and pro- ceeding in regular succes- sion, according to their thick- ness and the labour thereon. Then the framed work, as — Inch deal square framed par-! titions Next the doors, as — lj in. 4 pauel bead flush and square doors .... GO PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Then the windows, viz. — Inch deal bead butt back lin- ings, quirk ogee and bead backs, elbows, and soffits Shutters — Bead butt back flaps, quirk ogee and bead shutters, &c., Sashes and frames — 1 £ in. deal ovolo sashes . . Deal cased frames and sashes, according to their descrip- tions Then — Superf. of mouldings The work per foot run . . I Do. numbered VALUATION OF CARPENTERS AND JOINERS’ WORK. MEMORANDA. 50 cubic feet of timber equal one load. 100 feet superficial equal one square. 120 deals are called one hundred. A reduced deal is 1 ^ inch thick, 11 inches wide, and 12 feet long. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 61 ]20 12 ft. 3 in. deals equal 5f loads of timber. 400 feet superficial of 1^ inch plank or deals equal one load. Planks are 1 1 inches wide ; deals, 9 inches ; and bat- tens, 7 inches. A square of flooring requires — Number of 12 ft. boards. Laid rough . . . . . . . 123 - Do. edges shot ...... 12^- Wrought and laid folding . . . . 13 Do. . . straight joint .... 13£ Do. . . . do. and ploughed and tongued 14 Number of 12 ft. battens. One square of wrought folding floor requires . 17 Do. straight joint ...... 18 WEIGHT OF TIMBER. 39 cubic feet of oak equal 1 ton. 65 fir do. 66 „ deals . do. 60 elm do. 51 „ beech . do. 45 ash do. 34 „ mahogany do. 62 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Calculation, shewing the method of ascertaining the Value of a Cube Foot of Fir or oilier Timber from the prime cost prices : — £ s. d. Fir timber, at per load, say Carriage (according to distance) Sawing, on an average .... Waste in converting, - *<, .... 20 per cent, profit ..... £ s. d. H ^ or 3s. 0 \d. per foot cube. 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 5 15 0 0 11 6 6 6 6 1 5 H 7 11 The constants in the following tables are to be multi plied by the rate of wages for a carpenter per day. LABOUR AND NAILS TO ROOFS. At per square of 100 superficial feet. Labour. Nails. Days. s. d. To common shed roofs, one story high . .650 o 0 Do. do. with purlins .... .800 o 0 If two stories, add .... .084 If three do. add .169 Common span or valley, with purlins and rafters, two stories high 1.000 2 0 If three stories, add .... .084 Framed roofs, with collars dovetailed into sides of rafters, notched to receive pur- lins, and filled in with common rafters . 1.906 3 6 VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 63 Labour. Nails. Roofs framed with principals, king posts, Days. s. (/. purlins, braces, and common rafters 2.940 4 0 Do. do. with king and queen posts 3.170 4 0 Common curb roofs on one side 1.125 2 0 If two sides, add . ... . .084 If three sides, add .... .169 I f above two stories, add .100 LABOUR AND NAILS TO NAKED FLOORS. At per square of 100 superficial feet. Ceiling floors, joists only .584 1 6 Do. framed with tie-beams .834 1 9 Do. with binding and ceiling joists 1.000 1 11 Ground joists, bedded but not framed .500 1 6 Do. pinned down on plates and framed to chimneys ...... .836 1 6 Single framed floors trimmed to chimneys and stairs 1.050 1 9 If above 9 in. deep, add .169 Framed with girders and cased bays 1.700 3 0 Framed with girders, binding, bridging, and ceiling joists .... 2.500 4 0 LABOUR AND NAILS TO QUARTER PARTITIONS. At per square of 100 superficial feet Common 4 in. partitions .900 1 3 Do. . 5 in. do. .... 1.050 1 6 Do. . 6 in. do. .... 1.100 1 6 Truss framed with king posts 1.736 1 6 Do. with king and queen posts 2.000 If oak, extra one-third. 04 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND LABOUR ON FIR TIMBER. At per foot cube. Days. Cube fir bond .... . .063 Do. framed ..... . .126 Do. truss framed .... . .168 Do. framed and chamfered . . .168 Do. wrought and framed . .210 Do. do. and rebated . .252 Do. W, F, R, and beaded . .294 Do. W, F, R, and D beaded . . .336 Do. proper doorcases . . .378 Planing fir, per foot superf. . .014 Bond timbers, wall plates, wood bricks, pole &c., are all to be under the head of bond. and curb, Calculation, shewing the method of finding the Value of Deals or Battens from the prime cost prices. Prime cost per hundred of 12 ft. 3 in. deals, say ....... Carriage, according to distance . 20 per cent profit . ... . or 7s. Id. to be allowed in day- 120 J bills for each 3 in. deal . In measured work, allow for waste tV £ 42 s. d. 12 0 £ s. d. 35 0 0 0 10 0 35 10 0 7 o 0 £ 42 12 0 0 7 1 0 • 0 00 0 7 In calculating the value of deals in thicknesses, add the value of the sawing, according to the number of cuts. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. G5 Every rise and fall of £9 per hundred, will increase or diminish the price of deals as near as possible per foot superficial, 1 d. per inch in thickness. This rule will be found sufficiently correct for practice where the quantities arc not large ; where they are, the exact calculation should be made. LABOUR ON DEALS, AT TER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. In order to facilitate the fixing of proper prices for the labour on deals, at per foot superficial, the different descriptions of work which have always been considered of equal value, are classed together, by which the system adopted for valuing the various sorts of labour on deals, will be rendered more simple and easy ; over the column in which is inserted each kind of work of equal value, is placed the decimal which, multiplied by the rate per day allowed for a carpenter at the time and place where the work is performed, will shew the fair and equitable price to be allowed. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. For deals from \ 4 to 1 in. thick J .009 .019 .027 .037 For deals from I 2 to 3 in. thick ) .013 .027 .037 .049 Edges shot. Labour and Cut circular. Cut standards. Plugged. nails. Sunk shelves. Jacked. Planing on Scolloped. Rounded. each side. Ledged. Grooved. Rebated. Ploughed and tongued. Framed. Battened. Mitred. Scribed. Backed. Throated. Clamped. Beaded. Dovetailed. v 66 rRACTICE OF MEASURING AND BATTENING, PER SQUARE. Labour. Nails. Days. s. d. fin. to If in. 12 in. from centre to centre .590 2 0 If plugged to walls, add .170 1 0 Extra for wall hooks. WEATHER BOARDING, PER SQUARE. Rough ..... • .420 o 6 Ditto splayed edges • .680 3 0 Wrought . • 1.000 3 3 Ditto and beaded • 1.255 3 6 ROUGH BOARDING, PER SQUARE. f in. deal, rough .... .500 2 6 Do. . edges shot .667 3 0 Do. . ploughed and tongued .750 3 0 Inch deal, rough .... .542 2 9 Do. . edges shot .709 3 0 Do. . ploughed and tongued . .918 4 0 Whole deal, rough .584 3 0 Do. . edges shot .750 3 6 Do. . ploughed and tongued 1.042 4 0 If in. deal, rough .667 3 0 Do. . edges shot .862 3 6 Do. . ploughed and tongued 1.167 4 0 DEAL FLOORS, PER SQUARE. Inch, rough edges shot . .765 2 6 Do. wrought folding . 1.180 2 6 Do. do. straight joint . 1.500 3 6 Whole deal, rough edges shot .840 3 0 Do. . wrought folding 1.255 4 0 VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 67 Labour. Nails. Days. s. 9 Labour and Nails. Add, If I3B or moulded ...... .027 If BF or quirk moulded ..... .042 DEAL MOULDINGS, FIXED COMPLETE. Common mouldings ...... .128 Add, if quirked ....... .028 The materials for mouldings in deal will be found as near as possible of the same value as the labour. Small mouldings may be measured at per foot run, and valued according to the girt and form. DOORS HUNG COMPLETE, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Two panel square framed ..... .070 Add, for every additional two panels ; If framed square, For Igiu. deal ....... .019 2 in. do. ....... .021 2^- in. do. ....... .027 If Framed B B and square, For lj in. deal . ...... .021 2 in. do 024 2£ in. do 027 If framed B F and square, For lj in. deal ....... .027 2 in. do. ....... .037 2^ in. do. ....... .012 If framed Qk. O G and Bd. and square, or Q Ov. and Bd. and square, For Ig- in. deals ...... .021 2 in. do 024 2£ in. do 027 If double margins 4£ in. wide .... .021 Do. 5£ or 6 in. do. . . . .042 Hung folding '....... .013 70 PRACTICE OE MEASURING AND WINDOW LININGS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Labour and Nails. Inch deal two panel square framed back linings . .101 If B B or moulded, add ..... .013 B F or quirk moulded, add .... .021 For each panel above two, if square . . . .021 Do. . do. if moulded . . .027 If splayed ........ .007 WINDOW BACKS, ELBOWS, AND SOFFITS, TER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Inch deal, plain keyed or two panel square backs .085 Do. two panel square backs, elbows and soffits . .098 Add for each panel above three, If splayed ........ .010 If bead butt or moulded ..... 013 B F or quirk moulded ..... .021 BOXINGS TO WINDOWS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Framed, rebated and beaded boxings . . . .101 Splayed F R and beaded boxings . . . .120 INSIDE WINDOW SHUTTERS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. 2 in. deal clamped flaps in one height . . .120 Inch do. two panel square in one height . . .125 For every panel above two add, If framed square 022 If B B or moulded ...... .022 B F or Q k . moulded ...... .026 Q O G & b, or Q O & b & square . . . .026 For every extra height add . . . . . .013 VALUING ARTIFICERS* WORK. 71 SASHES AND FRAMES HUNG COMPLETE, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Labour and Nails. Sashes — 1| in. deal ovolo sashes ..... .049 Do. wainscot or mahogany .... .070 If 2 in. or 2j in. sashes deal, add . . . .021 If do. wainscot or mahogany, add . . . .028 If astragal and hollow in deal, add . . . .013 If do. in wainscot or mahogany, add . . . .021 Frames — Deal cased frames O S sills, DPPB&PS, S hung .070 If prepared for 2 or 2£ sashes, add . . . .013 If prepared with wainscot or mahogany PP B ds . & P slips, add 085 If for 2 or 2£ in. sashes, add . . . .019 If double hung, add 013 To find the value of sashes and frames, add to the above for labour and nails only, the amount of materials ex- pended. STAIRCASES, TER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Common steps and risers and two fir carriages . .070 Do. moulded nosings and close strings . . .098 Do. do. mitred to cut string-boards and dove- tailed to balusters 127 Add, If winders circular one end .... .042 Do. circular two ends ..... .085 Do. geometrical with wrought and blocked car- riages ........ .056 Riser tongued to step bottom edge . . . .021 Do. do. both edges ..... .042 72 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Labour Feather tongued joints and Nails. . .021 Add for each — Quarter curtail glued upright . .667 Do. blocked and veneered . 1.167 Proper curtail step and riser . 3.334 Returned moulded nosing . .250 Do. circular .... . .417 Plain cut bracket . .250 Do. circular . ... . .417 Housing to step and riser . .098 Do. to winders .... . .125 Do. to moulded nosings . .167 Do. to do. circular ends . .459 OUTSIDE STRINGS TO STAIRS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Whole deal, plain .084 Do. sunk .... .098 Do. sunk and moulded .112 Do. do. cut .... .127 Do. do. mitred to risers .140 If wreathed, — four times the above. If ramped, — once and a half do. WALL STRINGS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Plain and plugging ...... .080 If moulded, add ...... .021 If rebated for plastering, add .... .028 DADOS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Proper dado, with dovetailed keys, joints secured with slips, and dovetails hung to grounds by keys grooved into do. and dado 070 VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 73 Labour and Nails. Add, If raking scribed to steps 019 Do. to moulded nosings ..... .021 If base grooved into floor 009 For each external mitre beyond two in the room .228 If circular on the plan, — double the above. If wreathed do, — treble do. COLUMNS AND PILASTERS, PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. 1^ in. deal plain pilasters, properly glued and blocked .112 Do. do. diminished . . . . . .153 1^ in. deal diminished columns, properly glued and blocked, under 14 inches diameter . . .420 Do. do. above do. ...... .350 Add for Arris, or deep fluting to pilasters, one inch wide .021 Do. two inches wide ..... .028 Do. three inches wide ..... .042 Arris or deep fluting to columns, one inch wide .027 Do. two inches wide ..... .042 Do. three inches wide ..... .056 Straight grooves to columns .... .021 Headings to flutes to do. .... .070 Straight grooves to pilasters .... .013 Headings to flutes to do. .... .042 SAWYER. The charges for sawyers’ work are often very inconsist- ent, and differ widely in various parts of the country. The proper mode of valuing the labour on saw ing fir or any other kind of timber is by the square of 100 super- ficial feet, the price depending on the usual rate of wages and the hardness of the timber. 74 PRACTICE OF MEASURING, ETC. Sawing to old timber is usually charged double on account of the extra labour occasioned by nails, &c. Small scantlings may be charged by the foot run. Planks, deals, battens, and flat cuts, according to their length, at per dozen cuts. And all other descriptions of sawyers’ work may be valued in a similar manner, according to the circum- stances of the case. M A S 0 N. ON MEASURING STONE-MASONS’ WORK. There is a variety of opinions respecting the manner of measuring stonemasons’ work, both in taking the dimen- sions for the stone, and also for the labour. It cer- tainly requires more practical knowledge of the operative or working part of the business, than any other trade, to determine correctly between these conflicting opinions. The following rules may be considered sufficiently ex- planatory of the principle on which the practice is go- verned or founded. In measuring cube Portland or other stone ; all stones that are worked square should be taken accurately as they come from the saw to the banker, of course including the parts laid on or pinned into the walls. But as bevelled or irregularly formed stones cannot be converted without more waste than square ones, the dimensions should be taken so as to make a fair allowance for such additional waste, particularly as the solid contents of all the different descriptions of Portland stone, whatever shape the stones may be worked to, are abstracted under the same head, (viz. Cube Portland,) and therefore should be of the same value ; but which cannot be the case, unless the extra 76 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND waste in the bevelled stone, &c., is allowed for in taking the dimensions. When this is done, it is only requisite, in estimating the prime cost, to calculate for the waste as if all the stones in the building were cut and worked square. If this method were not adopted, it woidd be requisite, in ascertaining its real value, to make so many different heads in the abstract for cube Portland, as there are different shaped or bevelled stones, accurately describing each ; when the calculations for waste, and of course the price, must vary according to each particular form, the trouble of which would be endless and without any ad- vantage ; indeed, it would come to the same thing, viz. making the necessary allowances for waste, according to the form of the stone. Bevelled or arch stones should be taken about one-sixth above the mean dimension, to allow for waste. In measuring the cubic contents of spandril steps, some difference of opinion exists as to the best method of taking the requisite dimensions. The following three methods are in common use : viz. — 1st. Take the length of the step by its extreme width and by the whole height of the riser measured from tread to tread. 2nd. Take the length of the step by the extreme width from the nosing of the tread to the acute angle, and by half the height of the riser taken from the top of the tread to the acute angle downwards. 3rd. Take the length of the step by its extreme width, and by three-fifths of the depth of the riser taken from the top of the tread to the acute angle downward. To illustrate these different methods, a diagram is given, Plate 6, fig. 3, showing the method of sawing two spandril steps out of the same block, by which it will be VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 77 seen that, allowing half an inch only in each step for waste in sawing and taking them out of winding, the ori- ginal block must not be less than twelve inches deep; and supposing the extreme length of the step, including the part pinned into the wall, to be five feet, the size of the block will be 5 0 1 3 1 0 6 3; and each step will therefore contain 5 0 1 3 0 6 3 1 6 By method 1st, we have 5 0 length of step. 1 3 extreme width. 0 6 whole height of riser. 3 16 which is correct. It should, however, be observed, that if the steps, instead of having moulded nosings were worked plain, the block would only require to be eleven inches deep, as shewn by the dotted lines, or one-twelfth less than for moulded steps, whilst the rule gives the same content as before, and consequently it should only be applied for the latter de- scription of step. By method ‘2nd, we have length of step. extreme width of do. to acute angle, (half height of riser from top of tread ( to acute angle downwards. 7 10 which is about one-twelfth less than the real content. 5 0 0 1 6 0 4 3 2 78 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND By method 3rd, we have 5 0 0 length of step. 13 0 extreme width of do. (three-fifths of height of riser from top ° ( of tread to acute angle downward. 2 115 which is nearly correct. A better way than either of the above methods is to take the length of the step by a dimension found as fol- lows, allowing half an inch on each step for waste. 1 3 width of step. 6 2 base of rectangle. 4 half do. of triangle. 6 1.3 > This gives 5 0 1 3 6 3 0 as before. In measuring winders the content may be found in the same way, taking the extreme length of the step by the mean sectional area, making due allowance for waste. The labour on the under side to be taken as circular sunk work. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 79 All stone exceeding three inches thick should be taken as cube measure, with the labour, &c. on do. All stones three inches thick, and under, should be taken as slab, at per foot superficial. The usual custom has been to measure in such edges as are worked, and show fair. Objections have been made to this practice, and with some degree of justice ; but it will make very little difference, if the edges of thin slabs are measured separate, and a fair price allowed for the labour ; and for cutting into narrow pieces for mantles, jambs, &c., it would be nearly equal to the value of the stone, but in thick slabs the same argument will not hold good ; and, therefore, as the object in measuring work should be to ascertain its real value, and allow only a fair remunerating price, it appears more correct to measure the labour on the edges at per foot run, offering a fair price, according to their thickness, instead of entering it as stone. An extra price should be allowed for very large scantlings, also for hoisting stones on exceedingly high buildings, according to circumstances. LABOUR ON PORTLAND OR OTHER STONE. In measuring the labour of working Portland stone, the principal difference of opinion arises in determining what faces or beds should be taken as plain work. Examples are given showing the methods of taking the labour on different kinds of common work ; but in the measurement of superior work, a plain face must be taken previous to measuring the sunk, moulded, or other work, when the mould could not be applied without first making that plain face. There cannot be much difference of opinion in taking the other labour, such as sunk work, moulded work, circular-sunk or circular-moulded work, &c., which 80 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND must be girt as it appears when the work is finished, but which is not always the case with the plain work ; and therefore it is requisite to know the manner in which the work is executed, to form an accurate conclusion, and to do justice to the workman in its measurement. ABBREVIATIONS RECOMMENDED. In measuring stonemasons’ work the same rules must be observed in entering the dimensions in the book as directed for the other trades ; and the following abbrevia- tions are recommended, for the reason stated under that head : — C P Cube Portland. P W Sup' Plain work. S W Sunk work. CS W Circular sunk work. C W Circular work. C C W Circular circular work. M W Moulded work. C M W Circular moulded work. MEASUREMENT. Staircases. (Fig. 3, Plate 6.) ft. in. 5 0 1 3 0 G 5 0 1 2j 4 G 0 7 1 3 0 G ft. in. Cube Portland steps, the 5 ft. including that part of the step 3 1J that is pinned into the wall, and also the projection of nosing. 1 1 tread. P W top 10 1 i under the next riser. LI 2k M W front. Girt of moulding, nosing and riser. M W end Taken or girt at the average width. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 8J ft. in. 0 G 0 G ft. in. P W to front the part pinned into the wall. 5 0 1 1 5 0 0 4J P \V to soffit. [Or the whole flight may be taken in one dimen- ft. in. sion.l r o li) . j o iij rebate to front of step. S W rebate . . . . 0 1 J do. to back of step. No. of steps pinned into ^ 0 4| wall. No. of holes cut for balus- ters. 5 0 1 3 1 0 G 3 ( Block of stone required ( to cut two steps out of. 13 3 4 G 0 G 2)13 3 4 G 12 0 0 7 2) 0 G 0 C 2) 4 G l 22 3 Landings. (Plate 6, fig. 1.) C P Landing r 12 o | jj Jl Jin wall. 0 1| 1 Joggles. 113 3 PW top and bottom. Here is more plain work than appears, but the plain faces must be made be- fore the joggles are worked. 31 W front. P W to front of landing in the walls. S W joggles . (Fig. 2) Run of cutting 0 9 girt of the joggle. 0 4 J do. of the groove for do. L i ij ( Cut for and pinning fl3 3 I landing into wall, | 4 G J which is allowed to <( 4 6 be taken through the | I doorway, &c. , for the 1^22 3 I extra trouble of pin- ioning up thequoins, &c. G 8*2 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Square Steps to Entrance Doors, etc. (Plate 6, fig. 4.) ft. in. c 9 1 1 0 7 6 9 1 8 « 9 1 71 6 9 0 21 6 9 4 1 in. C P supposing two steps. P W to bottom step. P W to top step. S W rebate for landing. 2 in. Portland landing No. plugs. f Portland steps worked to an j exact length, and fitted be- j tween spandrils, allow one end as plain work. 3 1 0 9 21 3 6 2 41 1 9 0 21 1 9 0 41 3 6 Coping. (Plate 7, fig. 1.) C P feather edged coping P \V P W to Jts. Allow P W toonejoint of each stone, which should average 3 feet in length. P W to return of angles where they occur. Run of throat, or may be taken at .... f Nothing extra is al- 1 lowed for being cut or worked bevel on the , j face, as it may be done ( 1 9 top. I °o ii} ed g es - j |j j , | projection over wall. Angle quoins may be No. extra for each at or measure the coping through both ways as common coping, which gives an extra length the width of the coping for the extra thickness, and the trouble of sunk work on the top. Or they may be measured thus : — VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 83 ft. in. 1 ii 1 n 0 3 1 1 1 1 11 •I 11 0 3 *3 10 0 41 0 4 0 4 3 6 1 0 0 8 3 6 0 2 3 6 0 91 3 6 0 1 1 0 0 8 Squai 2 0 0 11 0 6 2 0 2 10 ft. in. C P quoin, fig. 2 S W top. P W joint. ft. in. 0 3 P W outside edge and pro-_) 0 11 jection. 41 No. of cramps. Pairs of plugs. Lead for running ditto. ft. n f 0 11 inside edge. | 0 11 projection. S W inside angle notched . ■{ 0 1 throat. I L. 0 4 String Courses. (Plate 7, fig. 6.) 0 P string course. S W top. PW Throat S W, or run of throat. P W to one joint of each stone average 3 ft. in length. 0 71 0 2 projection. 0 91 Square Plinths worked all round. (Plate 7, fig. 9.) C P plinth. P W sides. f 0 11 0 6 j 2)1 5 l 2 10 * In taking the angle quoins of coping some will allow the plain top to be taken first, but this is incorrect, as there is no occasion to make it pre- vious to sinking the top, being only necessary to bring the stone to its thickness and out of winding as if for plain work. G 2 84 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. 0 n 0 c 1 2 0 4 4 2 0 8 0 6 4 2 0 10 0 8 0 0 4 2 0 7 6 o 1 0 7 0 0 6 0 I 1 8 0 7 0 (i 2 11 0 9 0 C 2 11 0 9 2 11 0 fi 0 C 0 C in. P W top. S W rebate. No. of mortice holes. Window Sii.ls. (Plate 7, fig. 4.) C P window sill. ft. In. f 0 2 | 0 fi ; o 2 I L o 10 0 6 top. 0 1 throat. (0 7 5.) roc I o 7 ; o « ) o 1 I l I 8 P W to one end of each stone, which should not he less on an average than 3 ft. in length. Take the quoin ends that shew fair as P W. C P circular curb. (Plate 7, fig- 7-) P W top, front and projection . P W to one end.* S W top and throat ..... Curbs. (Plate 7, fig. C P curbs. P W including projection . . . P tV. CPtV. S tV to arch joints. Plugs per pair, with lead ; or allow the lead per lb. Holes, each • This is what is usually allowed. Some claim both ends, others measure them thus 2)0 6 | I P tV to projection of ends. 0 2 VALUING ARTIFIOBRs’ WORK. 85 fl. 111. 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 3 1 3 1 3 1 11 1 11 0 8 1 11 1 11 0 8 )5 5 1 5 !)5 3 1 3 5 5 4 64 5 3 3 11 1 74 1 n 1 5 1 5 1 11 1 11 2)1 11 0 8 G 0 0 10) Columns. in. CP CP 1 I } shaft. i j (Plate 7, fig. 8.) C P base. C P cap. PW ) I ' shaft taken two sides. PW j Circular work " J; shaft. I Circular work J S \V to bed for joggle in lower stone. P W top bed of upper stone in shaft. P W top "1 P W rims )-base. Circular 31 work J 86 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. 1 11 1 11 ft. in. 1 IP W top 2) 1 11 0 8 P W sides ) cap. 6 0 0 8} Circular M work In measuring the circular M work to cap, it should be taken at the average between the angle of abacus and the front. If the neck moulding is worked in the shaft, the same dimensions may be taken for C P and labour as the bot- 1 tom stone of the shaft. Architraves over Columns. (Plate 7, fig. 10.) 3 0 1 7 1 7 C P 3 0 1 7 P W bottom bed. 2) 3 0 2 0 M W to fronts. 1 7 1 7 P \V to end. 1 4 l 0 1 7 1 11 S W to the joggle. ft. in. r i 7 0 2 S W to end, including the joggle 0 2 l 1 11 Blockings and Cornices. (Plate 7, fig. 3.) 3 6 f 0 6 | 0 4 1 6 0 6* J C P blocking ) \) l 0 i l, 0 6 J for bevel. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 87 ft. in. ft. in. 3 6 3 51 1 C 0 6 0 9 3 6 2 4 0 8 3 0 1 3 0 5 3 6 2 6 3 0 0 9 3 6 3 0 1 2 6)1 Oh 1 3 0 9 12)2 6 1 0 0 9 P W < 0 ft. in. 1 6 1 71 4 .3 51 P W joint, average size. Run of groove for plugs. No. pairs of plugs, and running with lead, per pair. If the plain work to bed of cornice, on 'I ^ , which the blocking stands, is not [ g* taken, it would be allowed to take [> the bottom bed, which would make | , . . it 4 ft. 1J in. for the P W. J ‘ C P top bed of cornice. C P bottom bed of cornice. P W beds P W under blocking. Sunk and moulded work . Groove to run joints with lead. 1 3 1 3 2 6 r 1 1 | 0 10 j 0 6 1 0 7 L3 0 Niches. (Plate 7, fig. 11.) CPI C P y Stones in body. I J 88 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ft. in. 0 9 0 9 0 4 ft. in. I C P head centre stone. 3) 2 9 1 9 1 3 C P arch-stones taken the whole width, on account of trouble in getting them out. 3) 2 9 1 6 P W face of do. 6) 2 9 1 3 S W to arch joints of do. Circular-circular work to spherical head. 12) 2 C 0 9 P W to bed of stones in body. 0) 1 3 0 9 Ditto. 2)13) 1 0 1 0 5 0 4 8} 14 8} 0 74 10 0 S W to arch joints. Circular work to body S W to front A . . fu in. ft. f 3)3 0 9 4 o I 4)9 5 l 4 8} ( 5 0 | 5 0 < 4 I L 14 8} Run of bead and double quirk. 4 11} Circular do. No. of cramps. No. of plugs. X loo VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 89 Stone facings to fronts of houses, if more than three inches thick, should be taken as cube stone, and the face, and one bed and joint taken as P W. Bond stones taken one face bed and joint. If not more than three inches take them as slab, and one bed and joint as P W. If to circular -headed windows, take the arch joints as sunk work and the soffits as circular plain work, and the straight reveals as P W. If rustics, take them as S W. If stone facings are taken to a parallel thickness, as for old brick fronts, they may be taken as slab even to 4 in. thick, but the PW to beds and joints must not then be taken. In abstracting masons’ work, the paper must be ruled in columns as before described, observing to place the C P in the first column, and leaving sufficient space in the following columns for the different sorts of labour on do., as P W, S W, M W, &c. ; the next columns for Port- land slabs, keeping each thickness in a separate column ; the next columns for vein, statuary and other marble ; the next for Yorkshire and Purbeck pavings and other articles of different descriptions ; the following columns for articles taken as running measure, and the last columns for those numbered. WEIGHT OF STONE. Purbeck stone 14 cubic feet weigh one ton Portland 16 55 55 do. Bath 17 55 55 do. Yorkshire . 15 55 55 do. Granite 13£ 55 57 do. Marble 13 55 55 do. Purbeck paving . 50 feet superf. 55 do. Do. step 13 by 6|- 25 feet run 55 do. 90 PRACTICE OK MEASCRING AND VALUATION OF LABOUR. TABLE OF CONSTANTS FOR THE DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF MASONS’ WORK. N. B. The factor to be applied is the rate of wages for a mason per day. Days. Labour, squaring and laying new York or Purbeck paving per foot superficial .... .021 If in courses, add . . . . . .010 Labour on Portland or similar stone per foot superficial. N.B. Sawing to be taken as half plain work. Plain work to bond stones . per foot superf. .140 Do. to beds and joints . do. .181 Do. rubbed face . do. .209 Do. do. circular . do. .291 Sunk work rubbed do. .250 Do. do. circular do. .313 Moulded work rubbed . do. .292 Do. do. circular . . do. .417 Circular work to shafts of columns having the neck moulding or part of the base worked in the same stone . do. .334 Circular circular or spherical work to domes or balls . do. .500 If rubbed, add extra . do. .049 Taking up, squaring and relaying old paving .... . do. .042 Add if in courses do. .015 LABOUR ON STATUARY OR VEIN MARBLE, INCLUDING SAWING, WORKING, AND POLISHING. Plain work .... per foot superf. . .875 Circular work . . . . do. . 1.250 VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 91 Sunk work . . per foot superf. Days. . 1.667 Moulded w'ork . . do. . 2.334 Circular sunk work . do. . . 2.334 Circular moulded work do. . 3.000 ON OLD WORK. Old vein marble chimney reset per foot su perf. .125 Do. do. squared and reset do. .167 Do. do. sanded, grounded, and squared . do. .209 Do. do. and reset ..... do. .250 Do. do. cleaned and reset do. .250 Do. do. sanded, polished, and reset do. .375 Do. do. sawed, sanded, polished, squared, and reset .... do. .626 In the west of England, and all the counties in which stone is abundant, it is usual and customary to build with the rough stone of the country, and the practice generally is to measure the walls by the perch of 18 superficial feet, supposing them 24 inches thick, to which thickness all the walls, whether more or less, are reduced by multiply- ing the superficial contents by the thickness in inches and dividing them by 24 — or they may be reduced to the cube perch of 36 feet : but some regulate the prices per perch according to the thickness of the w alls. In measuring the work some contend to girt the quoins and all projections, as they say to pay them for the extra trouble in working and setting the stones, but this should not be allowed except for labour only, and even then it is much fairer to measure the quantity of walling as it is, and make a proper allowance for the extra labour, either in quoins, chimney breasts, flues, reveals, &c. 92 PRACTICE OF MEASURING, ETC. ROTATION To be attended to in bringing the quantities into Bill. MASON. Perch, ft. in. Rough stone walling founda- 1 tions in random courses, well bonded and flushed with mortar, and grouted with hot lime and sand every two courses .... Do. do. above foundations, le- velled every two feet or height of two quoins, well bonded and flushed with mortar every course. Superficial of extra labour to external quoins Do. do. to internal quoins, &c. Cube Portland, or any other stone valued per foot cube. Superficial of plain work. . Do. of sunk work, or such other labour, as the case may be Superficial of 1^ Portland slab. Do. 2 do Do. 2^ do Do. of 1 in. vein marble slab in chimneys, &c. Do. of 1 in. statuary marble slabs, in do., &c. Do. of Purbeck paving Do. of Yorkshire paving, &c. ;l then the runs, as run of Pur-j beck steps, &c. ; then the N os. as No. of holes cut, &c. . . ' P L A S T E R E R. TECHNICAL TERMS. Pricking up or Rendering is the first coat of coarse stuff, as lime and hair laid on the walls. If intended to be floated it is crossed, as a key for the next course or coat ; if it is only intended for setting or two coat work, then it is not crossed, as it is not necessary, and would show through the thin coat of lime and hair. Render set is two-coat work on walls ; viz. one coat of rough plastering performed with lime and hair, and one coat of fine stuff, which is called setting ; this is performed by laying on a very thin coat of fine mortar, denominated finishing stuff, which must be well trowelled to prevent its cracking. Floated render set is three-coat work : one coat of rough plastering crossed, another coat laid on ditto, and floated with a long rule to make it perfectly straight on the face, and one coat of fine stuff or setting on ditto, as R. S. Lath and plaster is lathing on quarter partitions, &c., and one coat of plastering only laid on the laths, as pricking up or rendering is on the walls. Lath and plaster set is two coats on the lathing, as render set is on the walls. 94 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Floated lath and plaster set is three-coat work on the laths, as floated render set is on the walls. Trowelled stucco. This work either on walls or parti- tions is performed as before described for setting ; then a thin coat of stucco, which is prepared with a large portion of sand, and laid on similar to the fine coat called setting, but worked with water, and trowelled till it is perfectly hard and solid. All rooms that have cornices must either be floated or have a screed formed all round them, to obtain a straight face for running the comice by. Rough cast is pricked up and floated as if to be set or stuccoed, and then the rough cast, (which is composed of half lime and half small stones,) thrown with force into ditto, and consequently appears rough on the face when finished. Depeter is pricked up and floated in a similar manner, and small stones forced on dry from a board, by which the face of wall is finished rough, and the same colour as the stones used. Depretor is plastering done to represent tooled stone. Pugging to Jloors is pricking up between the joists of floors either on laths or boards, to prevent the sound escaping from one room to another; this should be per- formed with coarse stuff and chopped hay if on boards, but if on laths with lime, sand and hair, and not less than l£ in. thick in either case. Ornaments are said to be worked by hand when they are so designed that they cannot be cast, which renders the work very expensive, as every part must be performed in the plaster as if modelled in clay. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 95 ABREVIATIONS. R R Rough render. R S Render set. F R S Floated render set. L O Lath only. L P Lath and plaster. L P S Lath and plaster set. F L P S Floated lath and plaster set. S B Stucco on brick. S L Stucco on lath. W S W Wash stop and white. L W l ce Lime white once done. L W 2 ce Lime white twice done. C C Common colouring. RGB Rough cast on brick. R C L Rough cast on lath. If any of these are whitened, add W W N W White to new work. ROTATION. In measuring plasterers’ work, first take the ceiling; second the sides; third the cornices and enrichments. Plasterers’ work is taken superficially, and valued bv the square yard of 9 feet. If cornices are round the room, take the ceiling only to half the projection of the cornice, or one projection in and one out ; or measure the ceilings clear of the cornices, and take the whole of their projection as lathing and pricking up. If the cornices are bracketed, as fig. 1, measure the ceilings clear of the cornice. The sides of the room should be taken from the ground through the bottom bed or half the height of the cornice. If on brick, or bracketed, as fig. 1, take them only to the bottom of cornice. In taking the length of cornices, measure the size of the room, taking one projection in and one out, and girt them from the mould or from the ceiling to the wall line. Number all the angles in the room above four, as extra. MEASURING. (Plate 8.) 96 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND In taking cornices where there arc coves, take the coves as superf. of cove to cornices, and allow 1 inch extra on the girt of the cornice for the return of the mould on the cove. All enrichments to be taken separately. Friezes, under the cornice, must be taken as superf. of plain floated frieze. A floated ground must be taken under all enriched friezes. If cornices are run to old ceilings, a screed must be allowed. Enriched friezes, ceilings, or soffits must be measured first as plain work, and then the enrichments taken sepa- rately at per foot run, and a price fixed according to their description and value. All circular mouldings and enrichments to be taken one face in and one out, fig. 3. To explain the foregoing rules, see section of a cove cornice, &c. &c., fig. 2. Take first the ceiling through the reeds. Second, length of cove above the cornice by 2 ft. Third, length of moulded cornice by 1 ft. 2 in., being 1 in. extra for top on cove. Fourth, do. of plain floated frieze by 6 in. Fifth, do. of moulded architrave by 8 in. Sixth, do. of moulded reeds by 9 in. Reveals to windows taken at per foot run, price accord ing to width. ABSTRACT VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK 97 £ 0> X3 <5 * c o« ce cu »S o d X3 £ X: c c cfl 0) all in the Abstract as not whitened, and the whitening in a separate head, as- White to new work. 98 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ROTATION To be attended to in bringing the quantities into Bill. Plasterer. Yds. ft. Rough render .... Render set Floated render set . . Lath and plaster, one coat Lath and plaster set Floated lath and plaster set Stucco on brick . . . Stucco on lath . . . Pugging White new work . . Wash, stop, and white . Lime white .... Colouring, as the case may be Superf. of plain cornice, &c &c Then the Run of cornices, girt, &c. . „ reveals . . . . „ beads, &c. . . . „ Nos. of mitres, &c. VALUATION OF PLASTERERS’ WORK. Calculation of Materials. 1 hundred oflime = 25 striked bushels (old measure). Materials. Labour. 100 yards of render set require i hd. oflime. 4 Plasterer, la- 1 double load of sand, Vbourer &bov, 4 bushels of hair. ) 3 days each'. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 99 130 yards of lath, plaster, and set require Materials. f 1 load oflaths. 10,000 nails. { 2 hd. of lime, j 1 Jdble.lds.of sand. 1^7 bushels of hair. Labour. Plasterer, ! labourer and I boy, six days j each. Lathing. 1 bundle of laths and 384 nails will cover 5 yards. Render only. ( \\ hd. of lime. 1 8 7£ yards require . . -J 2 double loads of sand. ( 5 bushels of hair. Floating requires more labour, but not more than half the quantity of stuff as rendering. Setting only. 0 _, , . • f 1 A hd. of lime. 375 yards require . . j 5 bushels 0 i' hair. 20 per cent, is always allowed on the prime cost of the materials. Calculation of Labour. The decimal is to be multiplied by the rate of wages for plasterer, labourer, and boy, per day. Days. Rough render . . . . . . . .019 Floating do. ....... .021 Setting ........ .016 Lathing ........ .019 If circular work, add on the lathing and also on each coat of plastering .... .008 If to groins, add as above . . . . .010 SMITH AND IRONMONGER SMITH. Cast iron in girders, story-posts, columns, &c., is charged by the ton or the cwt. Moulds are generally charged extra, if out of the com- mon run. Articles in common demand, as cast-iron water-pipes, gutters, &c., are sold by the yard, according to diameter. Cast iron in railings, gratings, casements, brackets, &c., is charged by the pound, according to the nature of the work. Wrought iron in chimney-bars, railings, handrails, shoes to piles, &c., is charged by the pound. IRONMONGERY. Nails are sold by weight, and charged by the hundred. Screws at per dozen. Iron bolts and screws at so much each. Brass flush bolts at per inch. Pulleys each, ac- cording to diameter. Hinges and screws at per pair. Locks at per piece. Twenty per cent, profit is allowed on the prime cost of all ironmongery. PLUMBER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, AND PAPER-HANGER. PLUMBER. Plumbers’ work is valued according to the price of lead, at per cvvt., to which must be added the labour ; for which, however, we have not sufficient date on which to base a set of constants for this description of work. Lead-headed nails, wall-hooks, and holdfasts are charged per piece ; clout nails, by the hundred. Joints are charged separately. Water pipes, funnel pipes, and socket pipes are charged at per foot, according to diameter. Washers and plugs, air-traps, brass grates, spindle valves, bosses, ball and other cocks, at so much each. Common lift, hydraulic or force pumps, at so much each, according to diameter. Water-closets, at so much each, according to the de- scription of apparatus. PAINTER. ABBREVIATIONS. oo e* o GO f— -r OO CC • Number of times in oil common colour. F Flatted, as 3 O F three times in oil and flatted. D W Dead white. F G French grey, or the particular colour may be written. CC F Clear colour and finish. G W Grained wainscot. G M Grained mahogany. 102 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND ROTATION. In measuring painters’ work, first take the windows ; second, the skirting, dado, or wainscotting ; third, the chimney pieces, if painted; and last, the doors. MEASURING. In measuring painters’ work, all work not cut in on both edges, must be taken including edges aud projec- tions, at per yard square of 9 feet. Work cut in on both edges, as skirtings, cornices, shelves, &c., are measured at per foot run. Ornamental work first taken as common, and then superf. of labour to ornaments at per foot superf. or run. Sash frames, window lights, casements, bars, dormers, frontispieces, chimney pieces, &c., numbered and valued at each. Sash squares at per dozen. Iron or wood railings, balusters to stairs, &c., are measured on both sides as solid work, to allow for the extra trouble of painting round the bars, rails, &c., at per yard. If ornamented, add extra one face in the width of such ornamental parts. If ornamented turned balusters, also add one extra face as far as the turned work goes. Handrails, &c., grained mahogany, first measure them in with the balusters and then per foot run for graining. Soffits to windows per foot run. Letters or figures numbered and valued at per inch in height. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK, 103 Windows and doors are measured thus : — (see Plate 8.) Windows (fig. 4.) I Window front. ft. in. 11 0 5 5 7 10 6 0 20 3 1 2 22 6 ft. in. Shutters ft. in. 7 0 0 4 edges. ft. in. 4 6 1 6 boxings and edges. 7 10 6 0 7 6 If the backs f 10 61 , ini 7 6 are cut away ! 10 C > B . 10 9 the linings ; 4 6 soffit Linings^ ^ g must bemea-'| 0 9 elbows ft. in. ^ viz. 26 3 1 2 — sured to the 3 floor thus : ( 26 3 f 7 6 3 9 120 [Beads varnished, supposing , them to be mahogany or l 11 3 wainscot sashes and beads 1113 12 squares varnished. 1 locking bar. Some only allow the shutters to be taken thus : . • • l 22 6 C I G boxings. 0 6 edges. 2 0 3 9 shutters. (The outside of window would be taken as 1 1 ^ 5 9 instead of 6 feet. ( N 1 frames. J 1 dozen of sqtiares, sill, if the stone sill is painted. Doors (fig. 5.) 2) 7 o 4 4 16 0 0 « I Door fronts for both sides 4 ( projection of archi- ” 4 j traves. 4 4 r « 6 0 6 i « 6 0 2 0 1 — 0 8 (J6 0 | rebates. ABSTRACT 104 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND Bv this method every description of work stands in rotation in the Abstract as it should be drawn into Bill, and will likewise be found with much more facility on the Abstract. VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 105 ROTATION To be attended to in bringing the quantities into Bill. Painter. Yds. ft. in j Once in oil Run of Skirting, &c. . . No. sashes. Doz. squares Twice in oil Runs Numbers Three times in oil ... Runs Numbers Three times in oil and flat l dead white .... J Runs Numbers If carved work, or any other per foot superf. it must be put under the yards of painting so many times done. Likewise party or other co- loured work must be placed under the head of work ac- cording to the number of coats. 106 PRACTICE OF MEASURING AND VALUATION OF PAINTERS’ WORK. Calculation of Materials. 45 yards of work, I si coat, | , , bg of white lead . including knoll, ng, slop- | s , bg of litl)argei ping, and every prepara- > & c tion requisite for the se- , , c 1 . 1 quart of oil. cond coat will require. J . „ C 5 lbs. of white lead. Second and following coats < , ... C 1 quart of oil. 20 per cent, profit is always allowed on the prime cost of the materials. calculation of larour. The decimal to be multiplied by the rate of wages for a painter per day : — First coat, including stopping, &c. . .027 Second and following coats . . .019 The above data will suffice for the valuation of common work, for which alone it is possible to lay down any rules, as the value of decorative work, as graining, imitations, &c., depends upon the ability of the artist, and the manner in which the work is executed. GLAZIERS’ WORK. In measuring glaziers’ work the dimensions must be taken between the rebates, and all irregular panes the extreme size each way. The price per foot must be calculated from the prime cost per crate, allowing for carriage and 20 per cent, profit. The larger the panes are the more difficulty, risk, and waste ; consequently the price should increase in the following proportions : — VALUING ARTIFICERS’ WORK. 107 ft. in. ft. in. Panes whose superficial contents ) 1 .. 2 0 at per foot, are under ) Do. do. do. from 2 0 to 2 6 add 2 il. ' ) Above the Do. do. do. do. 2 C to 3 0 add 4 d. j \ squares whose Do. do. do. do. 3 0 to 3 6 add 6 d. ' . contents are ) under 2 feet. A CRATE OF CROWN GLASS Contains 1*2 tables of the best, at per crate 91 15 99 seconds 99 99 18 99 thirds 99 99 18 99 fourths 19 Each table is from 4 ft. to 4 ft. 6 in. diameter : some tables may be cut to within 2 in. of the centre, others not nearer than 4 inches. ft. in. Supposing a crate to be 4 ft. 6 in. diameter, and that it may be cut to 2 in. from the centre, the quantity of glass that may be cut from it, in- cluding the triangular pieces, will be . . 14 2 If only 4 ft. diameter, and cannot be cut nearer than 4 in. of the centre . . . • .10 10 25 0 And deducting the triangular pieces, which are of very little value . . . . . .26 We have as the available contents of the two tables 22 6 The average contents per table . . .113 Taking the sizes of squares that will cut to the most advantage ; but as squares of all sizes must be cut from the tables as they are wanted, the average produce per table is not more than 10 ft. superficial. Labour and putty per foot may be found by multiplying the rate of wages for a glazier per day by the decimal .110. 108 PRACTICE OF MEASURING, ETC. Example . — To find the value per foot of glazing, with best Newcastle crown glass, or any other kind of glass: — Prime cost of crate (12 tables) £ 0 s. 0 <1. 0 Carriage, &c. .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 per cent, profit 0 0 0 Divide by No. of feet the crate will produce, for best glass . 120) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Labour and putty 0 0 0 Total per foot =£0 0 0 PAPER-HANGER. A piece of paper is 12 yards long, and, when hung, 20 inches wide. Twelve yards running measure is equal to 6 J square yards, or 60 feet superficial ; therefore divide the superficial feet by 5, which will give the number of yards, and these divided by 12 will give the number of pieces of paper; the price as per agreement, to which price must be added — For pumicing and preparing the walls, at per piece For lining paper, and hanging do. do. For hanging the paper . . . do. Borders .... per doz. yds. run. Hanging do do. If there be any odd yards they are charged as one piece. THE END. C. Wood Cal I and Son, Primers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London. CARPENTER & JOINER John Wcala.A ?-chUectu raJZibi-aiy'. J 9 JRghJTdlmn. IS 4-3. WJ Been r. sc. CARPENTER & JOINER CARPENTER & JOINER Plate ,s. Elevation LANDINGS Fiq.2. Fig . 4. Square Steps ,Mw Male .ArAuUdund Library .50. High. Holborn.1843 TVS Be O ' r Section, shewing joggle MASON ■ 7 ) \ i n Piatt .6. STAIRCASES Fig . 3. MA.S O N Platt 7 Plan 1 Plate ti. Pig -5. IV. i Betvtr sc John Bhalc .Architectural Librarr. SP.Hu/h Holhoro 1043. GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00951 0302 I &!’