1 ■' J HAMPSHIRE INTER-LIBRARC5^, CENTER NUMISMATIC N AND MONOGRAP No. 15 ^ J^/ ‘r^. TAPAS OIKISTHS A CONTRIBUTION TO TARENTINE NUMISMATICS By MICHEL P. VLASTO THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY BROADWAY AT 156th STREET NEW YORK 1922 PUBLICATIONS The American Journal of Numismaticsf 1866-1920. Monthly, May, i866-April, 1870. Quarterly, July, 1870-October, 1912. Annual, 1 91 3-1920. With many plates, illustrations, maps and tables. Less than a dozen complete sets of the Jour- nal remain on hand. Prices on application. Those wishing to fill broken sets can secure most of the needed volumes separately. An index to the first 50 volumes has. been issued as part of Volume 51. It may also be pur- chased as a reprint for ^3.00, The American Numismatic Society. Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Contempo- rary Medals. March, 1910. New and revised edition. New York. 1911. xxxvi, 412 .. >10.00. L itic Society. Exhibition Colonial Coins. 1914. ates. ;^i.oo. 4 - / NUMISMATIC NOTES & MONOGRAPHS Editor: Sydney P. Noe Numismatic Notes and Monographs is devoted to essays and treatises on subjects relating to coins, paper money, medals and decorations, and is imiform with Hispanic Notes and Monographs published by the Hispanic Society of America, and with In- dian Notes and Monographs issued by the Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation. TAPA2 OTKISTHS A CONTRIBUTION TO TARENTINE NUMISMATICS THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY BROADWAY AT 156th STREET NEW YORK 1922 COPYRIGHT 1922 BY THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY Press of T. R. Mar\ i.\ it Son, Boston MGEITY CENTER LIBRARY I TAPAS OIKISTH2 A CONTRIBUTION TO TARENTINE NUMISMATICS By M. P. Vlasto The year 473 B. C. was a disastrous one for Tarentum. In that year, we learn from Aristotle,^ although they were sup- ported by an auxiliary force of 3000 Rhe- gians, the Tarentines sustained a crushing defeat at the hands of the Messapo-Iapy- ginians and the Peuketians. This appall- ing reverse took place not far from where the villages of Mottola and Gioja del Colle now stand. Perhaps the most important result was a change of the constitution and the establishment of a democracy. This triumph of the popular party, according to Frangois Lenormant,^ was prompted by the Athenian democratic spirit which, thirty years later, was to be so strongly evident in Magna Graecia, after the foun- dation of Thurium. NUMISMATIC NOTES 2 TAPAE OIKISTH2 It has long been supposed that this dem- ocratic revolution left its mark in the Ta- rentine coinage of the period, and that the first issue of nomoi,^ exhibiting on their reverse the new type of a seated male fig- ure, is to be brought into relation with this institution of a democratic form of govern- ment at Tarentum. Raoul Rochette,4 in a learned and inter- esting paper on this class of coins, endeav- ored to prove that the seated figure could be none other than the Demos, or imper- sonation of the Tarentine people, and this identification, although incorrect, has held the field since first expressed by this eru- dite French numismatist in 1833. The three accurate platess which were carefully engraved and published with his paper, owing to new types which have since come to light, are now inadequate. Sir Arthur J. Evans in his masterly mon- ograph “The Horsemen of Tarentum ”,^| has also given us, so far as the scope of his work would allow, an excellent chron- ological summary of this class of coins. For details, however, he refers the reader NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 01KI2TH2 3 to the publication by Raoul Rochette. It is with this long neglected and very interesting series that I am here proposing to deal at some length, giving a descrip- tion and a tentatively chronological classifi- cation of all the hitherto known die-com- binations. As Rochette’s essay is now out of print, I believe such a work will be of great service to students as this series includes some of the finest products of the Tarentine mint. Carelli,7 in his monumental work, though far more complete than Garrucci^ for this class of coins, is often inaccurate, although some of his results are very beautiful. 9 As I hope to show, many of his engrav- ings are misleading and untrustworthy. In fact, neither the engraver of Carelli’s plates, nor any other engraver, can suc- cessfully give the stylistic^® differences of the original coins he is depicting. His task was made increasingly difficult be- cause most of the specimens of this series which have been preserved for us, are found, owing to their long circulation, in very poor condition only. Frequently, AND MONOGRAPHS 4 TAPAS OIKI2TH2 i too, they are imperfectly struck. A really fine, well-centered nomos of this class with both types complete is very rare, and bril- liant specimens in fleur de coin condition are hardly ever to be seen. Their study, in consequence, is surrounded with pecu- liar difficulties, and this plea is offered in extenuation of discrepancies we shall find in the interpretations of the accessory symbols on certain rare types represented only by poorly preserved examples. Raoul Rochette’s theory that the seated figure was no other than the Tarentine Demos, is now rightly discarded by the majority of numismatists” since the con- troversy between Mr. E. J. Seltman” and the late Mr. J. P. Six^^ about the so-called “seated Demos of Rhegium”. Both numis- matists, while disagreeing on the explana- tion of this Rhegian coin-type, rightlv recognized that at Tarentum the seated figure was certainly Taras, the eponymous founder or “oekist”, expressly designa- ted'4 by the inscription TAPA^^ on the architype of this series. They agreed to reject “ the Demos theory such abstract NUMISMATIC NOTES 1 TAPA2 OIKI2THS 1 5 and allegorical figures not having come into use earlier than the fourth century. Sir Arthur J. Evans wroted^ in 1889, Although this figure has with great probability been regarded as an impersonation of 'the Tarentine Demos, it is none the less true that this personification was itself assimila- ted to the idea of the heroic founder,” and clearly anticipated the above conclu- sion which tallies with the opinion ex- pressed by the late Dr. Head in the first edition of his famous Historia Numorum, (1887). The existence of a pre-Hellenic city, at Tarentum, before the arrival of the Lace- daemonian colonists, led by Phalanthos (circa 705 B. C.), may today be consid- ered as well authenticated. The old city of the native Salentines and Messapo- lapygians who first possessed the country, undoubtedly received at a very early date a rather important Cretan element through colonization.^^ Ancient tradition ^7 reports that Icadios, Apollo’s son, and his brother lapyx, had AND MONOGRAPHS 6' TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 both sailed from Crete for Italy. lapyx after his safe arrival founded the lapygian colony. Icadios was miraculously saved from shipwreck by a dolphin on whose back he came to the Parnassos shore. With lapyx had also landed in Italy, Satyra, the daughter of Minos, and the eponymous local nymph of Saturium. Be- loved by Poseidon, she gave birth to Taras, the heroic native founder or “oekisf’of Tarentum. Taras also gave his name to a small river which runs into the sea to the west of Mare Piccolo. It is known even today under the name Tara. Local tradition adds that Taras, after reigning for many years, fell by accident into this river while offering a sacrifice to his father, Poseidon. The Taren tines, unable to nnd his body and believing that Taras had left them in order to rejoin his father, imme- diately bestowed on him Divine Honors of Heroization. On his death, according to the Greek custom, the oiKiarrjs of each col- ony was worshipped as a hero, and games were often instituted in his honor. Prof. Studniczka, in his brilliant mono- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 7 graph ‘‘Kyrene” (1890), maintains that throughout the Tarentine coinage, the legend TAPA^ refers to the mint rather than to the type, and that the hero riding the dolphin is Phalanthos, the historical oekist of Tarentum. This theory is in har- mony with the lines of Pausanias (lib. x, ch. 13): “ For before Phalanthus reached Italy they say that he was cast away in the Ciis^an Sea, and was brought to land by a dolphin.” (Frazer’s Translation, Vol. V, p. 519). This identification is shared by Mr. Aubrey Gwyn, a firm believer in the value of local tradition, in his very remarkable paper ^9 ‘‘ The Character of Greek Coloni- zation.” However, Sir Arthur J. Evans, whose opinion is always entitled to great weight prefers in accordance with Pollux quoting Aristotle, to call the dolphin rider “ Taras ”. I cannot presume to enter into a discussion of the value of the arguments adduced on either side, but for the early Tarentine coinage new data will be pre- sented in the course of this study. These AND MONOGRAPHS 8 TAP A 2 OIK12TH2 s i 1 1 t t 1 ! lead me to prefer Prof. Studniczka’s theory. After the beginning of the fourth century, when the dolphin rider is first represented on coins in a boyish form more appropri- ate to the youthful Taras, it is more cau- tious to follow Sir Arthur Evans and M. E. Babelon .20 It is, however, impossible to decide where and when Phalanthos ends and Taras begins. Divine honors were paid to both heroes and in early days they were probably confused under the same worship. I therefore venture to recognize on the so-called “democratic ” series : Pha- lanthos, the historic founder of Tarentum astride on the dolphin, opposed to the seated Taras, the mythic oidaTvs, just as we shall later find them similarly opposed on certain subsequent “horsemen”.^' Taras and Phalanthos, as it might be pre- sumed, are thus both worthily commemo- rated on this beautiful series of coins. Taras, the seated oekist, is portrayed in varied aspects showing his intimate as- sociation with the city he has founded. As a hero, he appears seated holding out a kantharos (PI. I), and his heroic char- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 9 acter in one case is emphasized by the in- troduction of a sepulchral altar in front of him (Type 33). As the founder and or- ganizer of a hereditary monarchy which was to be continued for a few years after the end of the sixth century, we shall find him holding the royal staff (Type 50). As an active agent and as creator of the com- munity’s industrial pursuits, he is fre- quently represented holding the wool dis- taff, a reference to the famous Tarentine textile industry (Pis. II-VII). In other instances, he is depicted as an ephebos in- dulging in the pleasures of youth (Pis. VIII, XII and XIII). As the son of Po- seidon, he holds the trident — a sign of his maritime power (Types 9 to 9B, and 15); and when grouped with the panther, he appears closely akin to the Chthonic Dion- ysos^2 always connected at Tarentum with the heroized departed (Pis. IX-XI). En resume, Taras appears as the embodiment of the race; and in honoring their cekist, the Tarentines did little more than give full scope to their religious faith and civic pride. AND MONOGRAPHS 10 TAPAS 0 IKI:ETH 2 DATING AND CLASSIFICATION. Owing to the absence of dependable historic data, an arrangement into defi- nite chronological periods for the Oekists (as for convenience the writer proposes to call this class of Tarentine Nomoi) is an extremely difficult undertaking. As already noted Sir Arthur Evans has given the following chronological summary di- viding them into three main categories : Class I. — Of Archaic character (guil- loche border) B. C. 473-466. Class II. — The seated Demos surround- ed b}^ a wreath. B. C. 466-460. Class III. — Alternated with early eques- trian types. B. C. 460 to c. 420. Dr. Head in his second edition of His- tona Niimorum accepts this dating but Dr. K. Regling23 prefers to divide the Oekists into only two distinct periods. I. — From 473 to 450 B. C. II! — From 420 to 400 B. C. and even dates as low as the third century B. C., a nomos of this class, of abnormally low weight, formerly in the Warren col- lection. ^4 N U A[ I S M A T I C NO T E S TAPA2 OIKISTHS 1 1 The writer hopes to bring forward seri- ous considerations to show that the oekists do not form, as generally assumed, a sin- gle and continuous issue, alternating with the first equestrian types, as shown by Sir Arthur Evans, but that from the very be- ginning of their issue they were alternated and often struck simiultaneously with other early Tarentine nomoi presenting on the reverse die, opposed to the youthful hero astride on the dolphin, various types which were struck in more than one atelier of the ancient Tarentine mjint. After the first issue of the excessively rare Tarentine in- cuse nomoi, minted for commerce with the Achffian cities of Magna Graecia, the chronological order of the subsequent double relief series is reasonably certain. ^5 We are, however, still ignorant of the exact duration of the issues exhibiting in turn on their reverse, the wheel, the hippo- camp, the archaic head of Taras or of his mother the local nyrrph Satyra. The last types of one group and the earliest of an- other invariably overlap. The evidence of finds, the study of the 1 AND MONOGRAPHS 12 TAPA2 OIKI2THS i 1 1 1 1 j i i i 1 1 various dies, the close comparison of style, fabric and epigraphy of each of the above types, shows, in the writer’s opinion, that many nomoi with these varied reverses were often issued simultaneously and for a longer period than has been recognized hitherto. The date of issue of several of the latest nomoi with the wheel, hippocamp, male or female head reverses, must be brought down almost to the middle of the fifth cen- tury, i. e. about thirty-five years after the appearance of the first oekist. This I hope to show was struck at the latest c. 485 B. C. Indeed when we find the in- scription TAPA^ on nomoi exhibiting the wheel,^^ hippocamp,27 or juvenile head,^^ of late archaic or even early transitional style, denoting issues later than c. 473 B. C. (the cable border or early double circle enclosing a ring of beads or pellets having given way to the plain beaded ring), we are fully authorized to date the issue of these coins man}^ years after the earliest seated oekists of pure archaic style (in- scribed capiat? surrounded by a cable 1 NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 13 border in conformity with the early incuse coinage, c. 550-520 B. C.), or the first ar- chaic hippocamp nomoi struck about 510 B. C. In this paper it is my purpose to sup- plement the work of Raoul Rochette. In order to secure many of the facts that I have been able to collect, I have ransacked every available source of information, in- cluding old and recent sale catalogues, pamphlets and monographs, not neglect- ing several rather obsolete numismatic works now rarely consulted. Owing to the kindness of the keepers of public cabinets and of private collectors to whom my sincerest thanks are extended, I have been able to bring together casts of a large number of oekists. This assem- blage, without purporting to be considered as a corpus, has some fair claim to being as nearly as possible complete and up to date. The following public and private cabi- nets in which oekists are represented have been personally visited, when possible, or consulted for the present study : AND MONOGRAPHS 14 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 Athens (National Numismatic Museum) ; Aberdeen University (Anthropological Museum) ; Bari (Museo Archeologico Provinciale) ; Berlin (Kaiser Friedrich Museum) ; Bologna (Medagliere Univer- sitario) ; Boston (Museum of Fine Arts) ; Brussels (Cabinet des Medailles) ; Mr. Clarence S. Bement (Philadelphia, Pa.) ; Mr. W. Gedney Beatty (New York) ; Cambridge (Fitzwilliam Museum) ; Cam- bridge (Corpus Christi College) ; Copen- hagen (Royal Numismatic Cabinet) ; Mr. Claudius Cote (Lyons) ; Sir Arthur J. Evans (Oxford) ; Dr. Walther Giesicke (Leipzig) ; Glasgow (Hunter Collection) ; Gotha (Munzkabinett d. Herzogl. Hauses) ; Marquis Roberto Ginori (Florence) ; Mr. R. Jameson (Paris) ; London (British Mu- seum) ; Mr. de Loye (Nimes) ; Mr. P. Mathey (Paris) ; Mr. J. Mavrogordato (Hove) ; Milano (Brera — Medagliere Mi- lanese) ; Munich (Munzkabinett) ; Naples (Museo Nazionale — Santangelo and Stev- ens Collections) ; New York (American Numismatic Society) ; New York (Metro- politan Museum) ; Mr. E. T. Newell (New NUMISMATIC NOTES TAP A 2 OIKI2TH2 15 York) ; Prof. Sir Charles Oman (Oxford) ; Paris (Cabinet des Medailles — inch De Luynes Collection) ; Parma (Regio Mu- seo) ; Mr. Picard (Paris) ; the late Dr. S. Pozzi (Paris) ; Mr. E. S. G. Robinson (London) ; Viscount de Sartiges (Paris) ; Torino (Medagliere del Re) ; Vienna (Kunsthistorisches Hofmuseum) ; Prince of Waldeck (Arolsen) ; Winterthur (Mu- see Civique) ; Mr. E. P. Warren (Lewes) ; the late Sir Herman Weber (London). I regret that the learned keeper of the Taranto Museum, Cav. Quintino Quagli- ati, has been unable to send me casts of the oekists included in the very important collection under his care. I have particu- lar pleasure in expressing in these lines my sincerest indebtedness to Mr. Sydney P. Noe, the Secretary of the American Nu- mismatic Society who has read the proofs of this article and given me invaluable help in securing many important casts which I had been unable to obtain. In my attempts to distribute the oekists into successive chronological divisions, I have always taken into account the inval- AND MONOGRAPHS i6 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 uable evidence supplied by finds which have come to my knowledge during the last twenty-five years, in the course of repeated visits to Southern Italy and Ta- ranto itself. Unfortunately, for obvious reasons, this evidence, which should always supply the safest and best data for fixing any chronological succession, must, now- adays, be weighed with greatest cau- tion. Dealers or detainers of coin-hoards are invariably inclined to conceal the real circumstances of finds, and rarely take the trouble to note their composition before their dispersal. They always prefer to give unreliable or even misleading infor- mation, in order to avoid trouble with the authorities, thus depriving science of in- valuable assistance. ^9 The epigraphic evidence supplied by Tar en turn’s early coinage, although very valuable, must also be taken into account rather cautiously and given weight only when supplemented by the evidence of style and fabric. We find, for instance, on some of the early incuse nomoi, the form ^AHAT on the obverse associated with NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 17 T A R A ^ on the reverse of the same coin on others, 3 1 of extreme rarity and of some- what later style, ^ A R AT figuring on either side. On the subsequent double relief series the forms of letters and direction of inscriptions appear often to vary at ran- dom on unquestionably contemporary is- sues32 and even on the obverse and reverse of the same coins, probably according to the degree of instruction, the fancy or the origin of the engravers. This condition is present on the succeeding series as well, even down to 315 B. C., when we find on a gold drachm or half stater the inscrip- tion AS AT retrograde . 33 This series is made simpler by the fact that with three exceptions, the obverse type is the irapdaTjfjiov, Phalanthos, astride on the dolphin. Later we shall see how he comes to be confused with Taras. Very often the same obverse die is used with several reverse dies. At other times the same reverse die will be utilized with a new obverse die but such cases are very rare owing to the greater wear upon re- verse dies. The rather long and continued AND MONOGRAPHS i8 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 service of certain obverse dies allows us to determine with certainty the chronologi- cal succession of the reverses combined with them, using the state of wear shown or the progression of breaks or defects as criteria. In fact, that the die criterion is the saf- est and most conclusive in any tentative chronological arrangement, has been fully demonstrated by the notable results ob- tained by such able numismatists as Messrs. P. Gardner, G. F. Hill, Sir Arthur Evans, Prof. K. Regling, Messrs. J. Mavro- gordato, C. T. Seltman, Miss Agnes Bald- win and, foremost of all, by Prof. Tudeer and Mr. E. T. Newell. Unfortunately the bad preservation of most of the existing oekists renders the die comparisons somewhat delicate, though long numismatic experience can nearly always make the necessary allowances for wear in circulation or defective striking. Chronological conclusions based on style considerations are also very important when applied to the oekists. They were first issued when the finest archaic Ionian NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2THS 19 art, imported during the aristocratic rule at Tarentum, was flourishing in Magna Graecia. They were struck down to c. 400 B. C., when the truly Tarentine art was beginning to attain its freest and most congenial development. The gradual va- riations of style displayed on the oekist series are very remarkable, but we quickly observe, as with other contemporary is- sues,34 that the finest types with the seated oekist of purely Grecian style (viz. the master dies) have been copied, time after time, by contemporary indigenous engravers of very unequal capacity and often in a rather poor style. These are characteristic examples of the uneven work to be found in other Magna Grecian mints even during the best period. This is proved by the evidence of several finds, and is in agreement with the opinion ex- pressed by Sir Arthur Evans in his paper “ The Artistic Engravers of Terina” {Num. Chron., 1912). In other instances, several types of oekists have been coarsely imi- tated in a very barbarous style by the ‘‘ Mixo-Barbari ”, avery appropriate name AND MONOGRAPHS 20 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 for the indigenous Messapo-Iapygian and Peuketian borderers. Not having any coinage of their own, they struck barbar- ous imitations of the Tarentine issues from the very beginning of the double relief series, 35 probably at Lupia or Sallentium. Reference will be made to all the plated oekists I have been able to trace and I shall describe them at the end of each group of the normal series to which they belong. Finally I shall also include in my cata- logue a few other extremely rare plated oekists, which through their artless and unintelligent design betray the work of ancient forgers. These forgeries are gen- erally a combination of the obverse and reverse types belonging to two different issues. They are real ‘‘mules ” and they supply us with valuable help in dating sev- eral normal series. I am fully aware that the chronological succession proposed in this paper for the various types of the seated oekist, can at some points be but tentative and conjectu- ral. Many time-limits are quite arbitrary NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTH2 2 I and when venturing to determine new dat- ings in contradiction to those hitherto holding the field, it should be understood that the author does not make for them any claim to finality. He will feel entirely satisfied if the present undertaking proves useful for the further investigation and study of a long neglected series of coins. From an artistic standpoint this series offers us in a compendious form, a brief but invaluable record of the formation and progression of Tarentine art during the fifth century. As most of the oekists are rare, I have given under each type the list of all speci- mens known to me struck from the same combination of dies, without pretending to quote all extant examples especially for the commoner types. When selecting specimens to figure on the plates I have always taken the finest procurable and, when necessary, given the photograph of more than one example, in order to give a complete representation of any particu- larly rare type hitherto inaccurately de- scribed. Whenever possible I have noted AND MONOGRAPHS 22 TAPAS OIKI2THS the weight, size and provenance, such in- formation often helping to identify a coin previously published by other authors. With regard to the chronological arrange- ment followed in the course of the present study I have divided, for the sake of con- venience, the issues of the Tarentine oe- kists into four main Periods summarized within their approximately chronological limits, as follows : I. — Of archaic style (showing the influ- ence of early Ionian and Spartan sculp- ture), B. C. c. 485-473* II. — Of late archaic to early transitional style (influence of Pythagoras of Rhegium) B. C. c. 473-460. III. — Of transitional to early fine style (influence of Peloponnesian and early Attic sculpture), B. C. c. 460-443. IV. — Of early fine style to period of fin- est art (Attic influence of Pheidian sculp- ture and pictorial influence of Zeuxis), B. C. c. 443-400. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 23 ^ PERIOD I Before c. B. C. 485. (Refined Early Archaic Style.) Type No. 1 'JP TAP* (reading inwardly ^ in f. to L). Taras with pointed beard, hair bound with fillet, behind globular ear, and falling be- hind the nape of the neck in queue ending in a knot. The eye is represented as if in full face. He is wrapped in a close fit- ting himation, leaving bare his left breast, right arm, and part of his back behind which falls the end of his garment. He is seated r. on a four legged stool (5t>pos), holding in his right extended hand by the handle a very large kantharos, and in his left a distaff twined with wool. His feet are represented, side by side, both soles resting flat on the exergue which is formed by dots between two thin lines. Cable or guilloche border ornamented with dots. ^ASAT (reading inwardly in f. to 1.). Phalanthos naked, hair bound with fillet, the eye, almond shape, drawn facing. ^ A \S " AND MONOGRAPHS 24 TAPA2 OIKI2THS He is seated on dolphin r., both arms ex- tended, the left below the right, both hands with palms downwards. Beneath, a large cockle-shell {Pecten jacobceus), the hinge downwards. Border of dots between two plain circles. Slightly concave field. a. Naples. 25.5/26 mm. 8.05 gr. Museo PL. I Naz. Fiorelli No. 1800. Garrucci xcvii. 17. cf. L. Sambon Recherches sur les Monnaies de la Presqu He Itali- que (1870) p. 239, No. 23 ; cf. A. Sam- bon, Rassegna Numismatica, Anno XI, 4. p. 7. b. M. P. Vlasto. Al 26/26 mm. 6.97 gr. (be- PL. I. fore cleaning, this nomos weighed 8.12 gr.). Found at Taranto (1910). [The reverse die is fractured near dol- phin’s tail and opposite Phalanthos’ ex- tended arms on border.] Type No* I A TAf^A^ (T Same type, but smaller and of imitative poor style. Cable border reversed. A4AT (Tin f. to 1 .). Same type, but the fixing of arms to sides reversed. a. M. P. Vlasto. Al plated. 22/23 inm. 7.10 PL, I. gr. From the R. Jameson coll, (ex A. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 25 J. Evans coll.). Num. Chron., 1889, pi. I, 7 and Burlington Fine Arts’ Club Exhibition Cat. (Ancient Greek Art) , 1904, pi. ci, 21). h. M. P. Vlasto. plated. 22/23 rnm, 6.90 gr. (chisel cut, the bronze core visible on both sides) . Type No. i. This beautiful and, in my experience, all but unique nomos, was pub- lished by Fiorelli^^ when describing briefly the splendid example in the Naples cabi- net. Garrucci in his inaccurate engrav- ing37 of the same coin, as usual, alters the exquisite archaic purity and delicacy of the original. This coin is an admirable example of all that is finest in Grasco- lonian archaic art, and certainly one of the masterpieces of Magna Graecia’s early coinage. The obverse of the specimen that I am fortunate in possessing, owing to its worn condition strongly recalls several beautiful early grave stelas. Sir Arthur Evans has rightly pointed out in his famous mono- graph, 3 ^ the striking parallelism between the earliest oekists of this type and the old Spartan sepulchral 39 reliefs on which AND MONOGRAPHS 26 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 the heroized deceased holding out a kan- tharos,4° is represented seated upon a sim- ilar throne, alone or with his wife. In fact Type No. i gives us the key of the mean- ing of this new type. The seated, Dionysos-like figure can represent only the heroized Taras, the tra- ditional or heroic founder {olKLaT'qs) of Ta- rentum. The kantharos held in his hand, which Rochette regarded as allusive to to the Tarentine vintage,^* certainly stands here as the visible emblem of heroization. The distaff, with spirally twisted wool, although it refers to this Tarentine indus- try ,42 can also be explained by its Chthonic connections, 43 emphasizing here the sepul- chral significance of the new type. The archaic style displayed on this re- markable coin type at once strikes us as a combination of Ionian and Spartan art. One feels the tradition of the refined early Ionian art of the end of the sixth century, in the conventional delicacy of design and the skill in rendering the formal folds of the drapery. On the other hand the huge and disproportionate kantharos, the severe NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHS 27 and rather stiff attitude of the seated Taras reminds us strongly of the early Peloponnesian influence. The bearded head44 of the heroized oekist, with its early Laconian head-dress, recalls the well known life size bronze Head of a Warrior ,45 from the Acropolis at Athens, of ^ginetan art, and must also be compared to the beauti- ful head of Zeus4^ of Olympia, also belong- ing to the last years of the sixth century. The quite exceptional position of the heroized Taras on the obverse die relegat- ing the city-arms to the reverse, the un- usual size of the well-spread flan, and its thin plate-like fabric, the accurate neat- ness of both borders enclosing the types, the design of the exergue,47 and above all the extreme rarity of this master die, sin- gle out this splendid nomos as the proto- type of the oekist series. The explanation of the somewhat late archaic character of some of the letters of the inscriptions may be due to the foreign origin of the engraver, a true artist, possibly of Ionian birth. The reverse die exhibits Phalanthos, both hands extended, the palms turned AND MONOGRAPHS 28 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 downward in suppliant guise. This type, slightly modified, had made its first ap- pearance on three very rare nomoi,^^ with the wheel reverse, the latest of which can- not have been struck much later than c. 500 B. C. It is also frequently associated with the hippocamp reverse on nomoi of transitional style, ^9 struck c. 473-460 B. C. On purely numismatic grounds, and taking into account also morphological considerations, we can date the issue of type No. I before 476 B. C. close to the time the unique tetradrachm of ^tna was struck [cf. Hill, Coins of Sicily, pi. IV, 13], and a few years later than the issue of the also unique, but plated, stater of Peparethos, exhibiting Dionysos, or rather Staphylos, his heroized son seated on a diphros, which strongly recalls the first Tarentine oekist. The dating proposed by Mr. W. Wroth, 5 ° 490-380 B. C., for all the early silver coinage of Pepare- thos must, I believe, be revised and placed twenty-five years earlier on the evidence of the existence of a stater of Peparethos 5 * (as Wroth, pi. V, 8 with the NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 29 obverse die recut) in the 19 ii Taranto find. M. E. Babelon has dated the de- posit of this hoard in which incuse Syba- rite coins fresh from the mint occurred in great abundance, c. 507 B. C., a very few years after the overthrow of Sybaris. The much too late date of 473 B. C., hitherto proposed by all numismatists, had been accepted only in order to bring the appear- ance of a new Tarentine type into relation with the institution of the new democratic form of government, which took place in the year 473 B. C. and thus presumably confirm the seated Demos theory. There is no doubt, in the writer’s opinion, that Sir Arthur Evans, who has accepted this late dating, must have been somewhat misled by the rather uneven style of the example of this type then possessed by him 52 [pi. I, No. lA. a and Horsemen”, pi. I, 7]. Type No. lA. This nomos is only a plated coin, a rather weak and sketchy imitation of No. i, the work of an indige- nous forger probably of Messapo-Iapygian birth. All the archaic refinement and AND MONOGRAPHS 30 TAPA 2 OIKISTHS beauty of style displayed on the master die, have disappeared on this plated imi- tation. A glance at Plate I will show how most of the details of the origi- nal have been carelessly copied by the forger. The elegant fold of the himation’s end, falling behind the back of the seated oekist, is now only indicated by a rough line and all other details are, more or less, neglected. The reverse is also very awk- wardly drawn, the position of the hero’s arms impossible and reversed. All the splendid equipoise of the original is ruined. The legends of Type No. i, TAf^A^ and ^ AS AT, are copied TAI^A^ and A 1 AT, the final ^ suppressed on the reverse for want of space. Taking the above into consideration I cannot accept such a late date as 473 B. C. for the first appearance of the seated oekist in the early Tarentine coinage, and I trust I shall not greatly err in assigning to Type No. i, the approximate date of before c. 485. Mr. Arthur Sambon, in a short paperS3 concerning the Metapontine Acheloos di- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAP A 2 OIKI 2 TH 2 31 drachm, 54 expresses the opinion that, at Metapontum, the use of the cable or guil- loche border was continued until 470 B. C. This border, at Tarentum, is always found on the early incuse issues [c. 550-515 B. C.], for which I cannot see my way clear to accept the much too late dates of c. 515- 500 B. C., proposed lately by the same learned numismatist, in his otherwise very valuable paper on Magna Grsecia’s incuse coinage .55 It is well ascertained, in my opinion, that the coinage introduced at Tarentum during the middle of the sixth century, was from the very start an im- portation of fully-formed Grseco-Ionian art, and that the earliest incuse coins were not of primitive and rude style, but of care- ful and masterly work.5^ The cable border only very exceptionally 5 7 figures on the “wheel” Tarentine nomoi, struck from c. 520-500 B. C., for local circulation, about ten years before the cessation of the incuse series. The usual border for the earliest nomoi of this type is a raised band orna- mented with dots58 g^j 2 d on the latest issues of this class, after c. 500, the raised bor- AND MONOGRAPHS 32 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 der gives place to an ordinary dotted cir- cle. 59 The same remarks apply to the hip- pocamp series and there is no doubt that the cable border wholly disappears at Ta- rentum before 473 B. C., about ten years earlier than at Metapontum. Various explanations^® have been given to elucidate the choice of the cable border which was so popular on the early incuse coinage of Southern Italy. Mr. W. Deonna, the well-known archaeologist has, I believe, found^^ the best interpretation of this highly ornamental border which can be traced to primitive Assyrian art, and even when applied on purely numismatic ground, “ Cest un symbole religieux sans doute pro- phylactique ”. The cable border would thus have the same purport and meaning on Magna Graecia’s early coinage as the swastika on the coins of the Thraco-Mace- donian coast, Corinth and Sicily, if we are to accept the new and remarkable explana- tion of this symbol, given by Mr. J. N. Svoronos, in his very able and important but much discussed, paper ‘‘ L’Hellenisme Primitif de la Macedoine”. The cable NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTH2 33 border considered as a religious apotro- paion is a most becoming frame for the architype of the heroized oekist. The chronological arrangement of the succeeding group of oekists, is fixed by the regular concatenation of the dies. This group exhibits the same archaic character- istics as the earlier version of the heroized Taras. The seated oekist is however now relegated to the reverse die. The style displayed in this group is very uneven and typical of the remarkable artistic fall- ing back soon after 500 B. C., also to be found in other mints outside of Tarentum. It is probably the result of the anarchical spirit then prevailing in consequence of the unavoidable interference of indigenous elements which it was often necessary to tolerate. This artistic confusion lasted several years at Tarentum during the long struggle with her Messapo-Iapygian and Peuketian neighbors. I would assign to the present early issue of oekists the ap- proximate dates of c. 480-473 B. C, AND MONOGRAPHS 34 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 B. C. c. 480-473. (Group I). (Archaic Style.) Type No. 2 ^A^AT i/' in f. to 1 .). Phalanthos naked, the hair tied in knot on nape of neck {Kopvfi^os), astride on dolphin, r., both arms extended, as if about to applaud ; beneath, to 1., small cockle-shell (hinge up- wards), to r., cuttle-fish with eight tenta- cles {Eledone moschata, Octopus vulgaris). Double linear border enclosing circle of dots. Beardless Taras, the hair tied in knot on nape of neck, naked to waist as on type No. I , holding kantharos and distaff, seated r. , on diphros upon which sheep or panther’s skin with scalp and fore feet hanging on side. Plain linear exergue. Cable border. Concave field. a. London. 21.5/22.5 mm. 8.106 gr. Br. Mus. Cat., Italy, p. 169, No. 70 (vig- netted) . h. Berlin. M. 24/22 mm. 7.35 gr. (not fine), ex. F. Imhoof-Bltimer coll. (Greau, Paris Sale 1867, lot No. 278). c. Berlin. 22 mm. 8.22 gr., ex. Lobbecke PL. I. coll. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 35 d. Naples. M 19/21 mm. Museo Naz., Sant- angelo coll. Fiorelli, No. 2343. e. A. J. Evans. JR 22/24 mm. 7.974 gr. /. Vienna. JR 20/21 mm. 8.10 gr. Kunst- hist. Hofmus. (ex. Carelli coll.), cf. Carelli, N. I. V. T., cvii, 72, D. 80. g. M. P. Vlasto. Al 20/21 mm. 7.93 gr. From PL. I. the 1914 find (see appendix C). h. Cl. Cote. Al 20/23 mm. 8.10 gr. ex. Sir Herman Weber coll. (1918), bought from Gabrielli (Naples, 1887), cf. L. Forrer, Weber Cat., pi. 24, No. 531. i. Cl. C6te. JR 19.5/20.5 mm. 7.75 gr. (pitted by oxidation) ex. M. P. Vlasto coll. [The reverse die shows the following breaks, ^3 one, starting from the eye of Taras, reaches the tip of distaff ; the other, less important, starts beneath extended right arm and reaches the elbow, a and h were struck before this second fracture, c and / show both die-fractures at their worst.] Type No. 3 From same die as Type 2 . ^ Same type but the hair of Taras is rolled and the himation brought higher up, covering breast. Exergue dotted. Dou- ble linear border enclosing circle of dots. Outline of reverse die visible. i AND MONOGRAPHS 36 TAPA2 OIKISTH2 a. Paris. 24 mm. 8.10 gr. Cabinet des Medailles, De Luynes coll., No. 288 (ex. Dupre & Millingen coll., cf. R. Rochette l.c., p. 201). h. M. P. Vlasto. .(R 24/23.5 mm. 8.35 gr .65 PL. I. Found at Taranto (1830), (ex. Mgr. Capyciolatro and R. Rochette colls.) , cf. R. Rochette, Type II, p. 200, pi. 11,19; also M. Y\z.sXo. Num. Chron., 1907. pi. X, 3. c. Cl. C6te. .R 22.5 mm. 6 gr. (very poor). ex. M. P. Vlasto coll. d. 1 M 22 mm. 8.04 gr. Hirsch Sale (1910), XXVI, pi. IX, [ex. R. Ratto Sale, 26th April, 1909, No. 170, lot No. 766 (7.98 gr. ?)] [The reverse die shows a break at foot of kantharos on a, h, d.] Type No. 4 From same die as Type 2. R/ Same type but the hair of T aras tied in knot lower on nape. The kantharos rather narrow. No fleece on diphros. The exergue plain. Raised border of thick double lines. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M.P. Vlasto. ^R 20/21 mm. 7.905 gr. ex. PL. L E. J. Seltman coll. b. Paris. M. 20.5/22 mm. 7.40 gr. (poor). NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTH2 37 Cabinet des Medailles. R. Rochette, Type III, p. 201, pi. II, 20. c. Cl. C6te. .<31 20.5/22 mm. (poor), ex. ooll. C. T. Seltman. [The obverse die now shows evidence of wear. The die on a, slightly damaged be- tween distaff and kantharos and behind back of Taras.] Type No. 5 From same die as Type 2 . B;/ Same type but knot of hair tied higher on nape. The usual fleece on diph- ros. Dotted exergue. Border of dots. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. ^31 23.5 mm. 8.22 gr. ex. H. PL. I. P. Smith coll. (New York 1899), cf. L. Correra, Neapolis 1913, Tav. VI, 19. b. Cambridge. .31 22.5 mm. 8.20 gr. Fitz- william Museum (McClean coll.) [The obverse die is now in very bad state, the reverse die is damaged beneath left hand of Taras on both a and b and also behind chignon on Type No. 6 ^A^AT (/"inf. to 1.). Phalanthos naked, the hair tied in knot on nape of AND MONOGRAPHS 38 TAPAi: OIKIETH2 neck, riding dolphin to r., both hands ex- tended as if applauding; beneath, small cockle-shell (hinge upwards). Border of dots. From same die as Type 5. a. Bari. 20/20.5 mm. Museo Archeologico PL. I. Provinciale. b. Bari. JR 19/20 mm. Museo Archeologico Provinciale. c. M.P.Vlasto. JR 20/22 mm. 7.62 gr. (poor). d. Naples. JR 23 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo coll., Fiorelli, No. 2342. [As the reverse die does not show the fracture behind chignon as type No. 5^, it is evident that the obverse dies of No. 5 and No. 6 were in use simultaneously.] Type No. 6A From same die as Type 6. Same type from another die — of poor style. The animal fleece only roughly in- dicated. Plain linear exergue. Concave field. a. Berlin. JR 20/22 mm. 7.82 gr. (not fine). PL. I. Konigl. Mus. Dressel 1 . c., p. 240, No. 86 (ex. Fox coll.). NUMISMATIC NOTES tapas oikisths 39 Type No. 7 From same die as Type 6. ^ Same type but the Jiair of Taras rolled above forehead. Dotted exergue. Border of rather large and irregular pellets. Concave field. a. Paris. M 20.5/21 mm. 7.80 gr. Cabinet PL. I. des Medailles. R. Rochette, Type I, p. 200, pi. II, 18, found at Taranto (cf. R. Rochette, p. 199). b. Berlin. 21/22 mm. 7.42 gr. (poor), ex. Ldbbecke coll. c. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 20/21 mm. 7.23 gr. (very poor) . Type No. 7A No traces of inscription. Same type from another die. Style later and poor. From same die as Type 7. a. Paris. ^31 20/21 mm. 8.10 gr. Cabinet des PL. I. Med., Coll, de Luynes, No. 287. Type No. 8 ^ AH AT {/' in f. 1.). Same type of im- itative poor style, border of dots. W AH AT Same type, but Taras with short hair naked to waist. The kantharos AND MONOGRAPHS 40 TAPA2 OIKI2THS rests on palm of extended r. hand. Plain exergue. No border. Outline of reverse die visible. a. London. JR plated. 20/21 mm. 6.784 gr. PL. II. Br. Mus. Cat., p. 169, No. 71. Ex. Payne Knight coll. b. Naples. plated. 24 mm. (Holed.) Mus. PL. II. Naz., Santangelo Coll. ; Fiorelli, No. 2344 - Type No. 2 . This rare type closely fol- lows the first version of the heroized Taras but the work is very different and entirely of Spartan character. The style displays a roundness and heaviness of form which contrasts strongly with the early formal elegance of the architype. The engraver has however given truer proportions to the kantharos and has happily filled up the vacant space beneath the seat with a sheep’s fleece, or possibly a panther’s skin (kQ8lop). The mystical purport of the lat- ter, and its consequent appropriateness for the heroized oekist, has been clearly de- monstrated by Mr. J. N. Svoronos.^^ R. Rochette in his remarks about the diphros,^5 on which Taras is seated, neglect- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 r 41 ed to point out that this four legged stool, throughout Grecian antiquity, has always been reserved to gods^^ and the heroized departed. At Tarentum the religious and chthonic character of the diphros, is fully confirmed by the choice of a similar seat as a coin type, on some exceedingly rare small divisions^7 of the nomos (probabl^^ trihemi- obols = I V 2 obol or i V4 litra) , at times asso- ciated with the symbol of a lustral branch. This latter type must represent the sacred diphros of Taras, no doubt an important ritual object, during the religious festivi- ties {Oeo^evia or ^cKvaia) instituted in the oekist’s honor. The new wapdarTjfxov version of Phalanthos, astride on the dolphin, with his extended hands as if applauding, has been explained by M. E. Babelon^9 as Tdpas /ceXei'crrr/s Without discussing here this picturesque and attractive explanation, challenged and refuted by Mr. H. Willers,7° I believe that this attitude of Phalanthos is merely in- tended to show the spontaneous gesture of the hero nearing the shore on which he was soon to land safely, thus illustrating AND MONOGRAPHS 42 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 happily the lines of Pausanias to which reference has been made. This obverse die [Type 2] appears to have been in use for an unusually long time and is found coupled with four varied reverses [Types 3 to 5]. Type No. 3. The utilization of this re- verse die must have been of comparative- ly short duration. It was soon replaced by a new one. Fortimately among the four known examples of this rare combi- nation of dies [Type 3], two, a and b, are brilliant specimens and do full justice to the archaic refinement of this type. It betrays an early Tarentine mannerism strongly contrasting with the rather heavy style of type 2. The himation is now closely drawn round the body of Taras and reaches his chest much higher up than on types i and 2, giving to the seated oekist a rather effemi- nate appearance, and this is emphasized by the archaic chignon of his head-dress. Carelli 7 ^ and other early writers have de- scribed this as a female figure but R. Roche tte corrected 7^ this not unreasonable NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 43 description of the androgynous type. The charming coin (36) now in my cabi- net, was formerly in the collection of R. Rochette, who had obtained it from the celebrated Archbishop of Taranto, Capyci- olatro.73 It is of abnormally high weight (8.35 gr.) and I have elsewhere 74 drawn attention to this quite exceptional piece. The monetary standard employed for these issues must now be briefly considered. Dr. Regling, in his masterly paper on the Italic standards (Klio, Bd VI, Heft. 3, р. 504) has weighed 127 oekists giving an average weight of 7.73 gr., with a maxi- mum of 8.22 gr. and minimum of 5.80 gr. But if we take into account only finely preserved and normal examples of the ear- liest issued oekists, we shail find an average weight slightly above 8 gr. This is in ac- cordance with the normal weight of all the early Tarentine staters from 550 B. C. to с. 450, They were struck on a system in which the nomos or stater weighed 8.23 gr. or somewhat less, following with suffi- cient approximation, Corinth’s standard, 8.25, then prevailing in Magna Gr3ecia.7s AND MONOGRAPHS 44 TAPA2 OIKI2THS Dr. Regling has noted the following average weights for the other early Taren- tine issues : 1. Reverse, wheel, 7.92 gr. 2. Reverse, archaic head, 7.83 gr. 3. Reverse, hippocamp, 7.95 gr. But these slight variations in weight, for almost contemporary issues, must be a result of the condition of the examples weighed. Even after having taken into ac- count the tendency of standards to fall, I can- not accept the figures quoted above as rep- resenting the normal Italic standard. It is only towards the end of the fifth cen- tury, that the weight of the normal Taren- tine or Italic nomos comes down to 7.79 as established by Dr. Regling. In my opinion, even the Tarentine incuse nomoi were struck on the full weight standard, roughly in accordance with the one of about 8.29 gr. in use by the great major- ity of Greek Achaean cities during 550-480 B. C. The particularly thin and flat fabric of these early Tarentine incuse coins ex- posed them to a very rapid loss in weight through wear and oxidation, and the not NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTH2 45 always obvious crystallization of the silver. Dr. Regling’s proposed standard for these early incuse nomoi, based as it is on aver- age weights, although sanctioned by so high an authority as the late Dr. B. V. Head in the second edition of Historia Numorum, is certainly subject to error on the light side and this can only be explain- ed as a result of condition and the small number of coins examined. Dr. Regling weighed four incuse nomoi, with the Hya- kinthian Apollo [av. wt. 7.69 gr.], and ten of the normal type [av. wt. 7.54 gr.]. I have been able to trace 7 ^ and in most cases note the weights of 44 Tarentine in- cuse nomoi : 33 (Phalanthos on dolphin), 8 (the Hyakinthian Apollo), and 3 combin- ing both types. All really fine examples invariably reach to the weight of 8 gr. The finest three and therefore the heaviest specimens among the eight incuse Taren- tine nomoi in my cabinet, all from different die-combinations, weigh respectively 8.06, 8.05 and 8 gr., giving an average weight of 8.037 gr-, and a fine coin of this class in the de Luynes collection weighs 8.10 gr. AND MONOGRAPHS 46 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 - In fact, since the Tarentine incuse nomoi were intended, as Dr. Regling rightly pointed out, for trade with the Achaean colonies, they could not possibly have been struck on a lower standard than the one followed at Taranto for local use. Type No. 4 . Unfortunately, all the specimens of this extremely rare type are in a bad state of preservation. Judging from the very small number I have been able to trace, the new reverse die must have been in use for a very short time only and it would seem to have been dis- carded owing to premature breaking. This seated oekist has the same characteristics as type 3 , and the engraver has now sup- pressed the animal skin on the diphros. The double circle border visible on a, is quite new and a simplification of the more elaborate border on type 3 , which is iden- tical with the border of the obverse die. Type No. 5 . This time the new reverse die outlives the very much worn obverse whose damaged and deteriorated condition with almost obliterated inscription, is plainly visible on the brilliant piece a now NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 47 in my collection (weighing 8.22 gr. PL I, 5 «). At an early date the plain dotted border of type 5 had already appeared on “wheel” nomoi and is frequently met with on other contemporary types, 77 all struck before c. 473 B. C. Type No. 6. As we have seen, the above reverse die is also found combined with a new obverse die on No. 6, but a close com- parison of the Cambridge nomos No. 56 with the four examples I have been able to trace of No. 6 shows that they were contemporaneous issues, and that the reverse die of No. 5 had evidently alter- nated with the obverse dies of Nos. 5 and 6. Type No. 6A. This slightly differing re- verse is known only in the example in the Berlin Cabinet, and is of very early and very coarse workmanship. Type No. 7. This rare type was ffrst published by R. Rochette as the prototype of the oekist issue. It is remarkable for its very primitive heavy workmanship. The eye of the oekist is wide open, globular and almost protruding. The figure of Taras AND MONOGRAPHS 48 TAPA2 OIKISTHS seems of a piece with the diphros, and his body is not felt or indicated through the heavy drapery which hangs like an un- yielding mass. The result is suggestive of the early Spartan style. Even the dotted border is very irregular. It would seem that the die must have been very hastily engraved. Type No. 8. This plated coin is an an- cient forgery. It is of quite unusual style, and is now photographed for the first time. The unduly narrow waist of the oekist is reminiscent of late Minoan art. The omis- sion of the final ^ of the ethnic^^ on the reverse added to other peculiarities of this type, lead me to believe that we have here a new concoction of the very same engraver who forged No. I A. It is difficult to de- cide, however, if this interesting plated type was intended to copy No. 7 or some other contemporary normal oekist of which as yet no example has come to light. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTH2 49 (GROUP II) (Later Archaic Style.) Type No. 9 (Traces of inscription to r. Pha- lanthos naked, with rather long hair, astride on dolphin, r., his 1. arm extended . 79 He holds behind him in r. a cuttle-fish with only six tentacles; beneath to 1. minute cockle-shell, hinge upwards. Border of two linear circles (the inner circle thicker). Taras naked to waist, the hair short, the eye drawn as if full face, seated on diphros to left, holding out in r. hand kan- tharos, and in L, behind him, a trident raised from 1. shoulder. Line of exergue dotted. Outline of reverse die visible. a. Glasgow. M 20/24.5 mm. 7.77 gr. Hun- PL. II. terian Musevim. C. Combe (Mus. Hunt.), Tab. 55, No. VII. F. de Do- minicis, Repertorio Numismatico, Na- ples, 1827, T. II, p. 406, No. 4. Ca- relli, N. I. V. T. evil, 70. Garrucci T. xcvii, 31. G. Macdonald “ Greek Coins in the Hunterian Coll.” T. I, p. 65. No. 9, pi. V, 3. Avellino 1 . c. No. 318. AND MONOGRAPHS 50 TAPAS OIKISTHS b. M. P. Vlasto. 22/27 mm. 7.77 gr. ex. E. PL. II. T. Newell coll. c. Naples. .31 22 mm. Museo Naz. Santangelo PL. II. coll. Fiorelli, No. 2373 ( ?) restruck on a Corinthian pegasos probably as Bab- elon, Traite, PI. ccviii, 10, c. 480 B. C. Type No. 9A From same die as Type 9. Same type from another die. a. Vienna. . 31 - 24/26 mm. 7.80 gr. Kunst. PL. II. Hofmus. (ex. Carelli coll.). Carelli. N. I. V. T. cvii, 69 ; very inaccurate. Type No. 9B From same die as Type 9. Same type but sheep or panther’s fleece on diphros, line of exergue double (?). Outline of reverse die visible, a. Parma. ^31 18/24.5 mm. Reggio Museo. PL. II. Type No. 9. On this version the hero- ized oekist holds, in place of the distaff, the trident of his father Poseidon, symbolizing the sea-faring power of the city he has founded. We know almost nothing of the early history of Tarentum, save that, like NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAE 0IKI2TH2 51 Sybaris and Croton, it quickly became both rich and powerful. As early as the last years of the sixth eentury, the Tarentines had established themselves on all the Sa- lentine and part of the Ionian sea-coasts, as far as the lapygian promontory. This growth eame after the founding of two purely Hellenic naval colonies : Callipolis and Hydrus. These eommanded both the Gulf of Tarentum and the Ionian Sea at their entrance. Unfortunately the three known exam- ples of this new type are all carelessly struck and not well preserved. Dr. G. Macdonald, the distinguished keeper of the Hunter collection, in his valuable cat- alogue of that famous cabinet, when de- scribing the rather poorly centred, and, at that time, the supposedly unique speci- men of type 9, described the trident, held in the oekist’s right hand, as a staff. After a careful re-examination of the original, at my request. Dr. Macdonald informed me that the seated figure holds either a trident or forked stick. Fortunately the example h, recently come to light, and now in my 1 i AND MONOGRAPHS 52 TAPAS OIKISTHS collection through the courtesy of Mr. E. T. Newell, shows quite clearly the prongs of the trident. They are of a very primi- tive shape, the middle prong being longer than the side ones, which curve outward. This coin confirms the very poor engrav- ing of the Hunter specimen first given by C. Combe, pi. 55, No. VII, with the con- spicuous but inaccurately drawn trident. The Santangelo coin c, the identification of which is impossible in Fiorelli’s cata- logue, has only quite recently been brought to my notice. Its condition unfortunately is very poor. Moreover it is restruck on a Corinthian Pegasos of a fairly early issue, judging from the depth of the incuse square plainly visible opposite and beneath the outstretched kantharos of the seated oekist. Notwithstanding the evident progress of art displayed on this type, I cannot agree to the dating of c. 460 B. C., proposed by Dr. Macdonald. The changed position of the legs of the seated Taras, with the left foot drawn back so as to occupy the vacant space beneath the diphros, the refinement in the treatment of the himation, neatly NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 53 folded round the knees with one end hang- ing down in a conventional, but graceful, fold, are certainly distinct improvements. Nevertheless, the very broad shoulders and slim waist of the oekist, the unskilful com- bination of profile and frontal views, dis- played on both dies of this type are sugges- tive of primitive art. So, too, with the double border, which finds a parallel only on type 4, the dotted line of exergue, and the type of Phalanthos on the dolphin holding a cuttle-fish, copied from the earli- est “ hippocamp ” nomoi — all these are indications which authorize us to associ- ate this remarkable type with the last issues of the preceding group, and to date type 9 before c. 473 B. C. A close examination of examples a, h, c, shows that the small symbol beneath Pha- lanthos ,79 on his dolphin, is again the usual cockle-shell, but of diminutive size, with the hinge turned upwards to left. It is somewhat unskilfully drawn, but it is not an uncertain object^® or helmet, as suggested by Carelli’s engraving — a bad cdpy of the Hunter coin engraved by Combe in 1782. AND MONOGRAPHS 54 TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 Type No. 9A. This new reverse die is known only in the very poor Vienna speci- men, formerly in the Carelli cabinet. It differs from No. 9 in that the folds of the himation are further from the feet. On Carelli ’s very inaccurate engraving of this coin, these folds are spread over and partly hide the right side of the diphros. Carelli, however, not having detected that his coin (type 9A) was from the same obverse die as the Hunter example, this time depicted the small cockle-shell beneath the dolphin correctly, and his engraving of the obverse type contrasts favorably with the absurd representation of the seated oekist (No. 9a). Type No, 9B. This very charming re- verse die is of a rather more advanced style and the trident, now held very close to the diphros, is of the usual shape with three upright prongs. The addition of the ani- mal skin on the diphros is also an improve- ment. Many of the details are obscure owing to the worn condition of the unique Parma coin, which may have been issued a few years after Nos. 9 and 9A, in order to utilize again the same old obverse die. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 55 PERIOD II c. 473-460 B. C. If the Tarentines established themselves upon the Salentine coast without quarrel- ling with the natives no very great period elapsed before they were at war with them. Successful in the beginning, the Tarentines were utterly defeated by the barbarians, v/ith great slaughter in 473 B. C. This disaster and the subsequent revolution are the first events in Tarentine history to which we can assign a definite date. The Tarentines were not long in avenging their defeat first upon the Messapo-Iapygians and a few years later upon the Peuketians.. Thus all the lapygian peninsula came into their possession and Tarentum regained its former splendor and opulence under the new democratic form of government. It is during the period of victorious pros- perity almost immediately following the establishment of the new regime that I propose to ascribe the first oekist (No. 10), < AND MONOGRAPHS 56 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 • Upon which the seated Taras is seen sur- rounded by the olive wreath, a significant symbol of this victory^^ of the Tarentine popular party. Associated with it is the new and symbolic legend TAPANTINON, which must be translated: (NomLOs) of the Tarentine People. Considering the extreme rarity, of most of the other “wreathed” oekists, their issue must have been of very brief dura- tion. This small group gives us a valuable chronological limit for a number of “un- wreathed” oekists, some of which were certainly struck before the “wreathed” types. That all these issues are m.ore or less contemporaries of each other, however, is proved by the use in common of certain obverse and reverse dies and by the pro- gression of style from late archaic to tran- sitional. The lines of the figures and the attitude of the seated oekist have now become much less rigid, the modelling of the body is less conventional and shows greater mastery, and the faint indications of per- spective show some improvement. Many NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 57 types now display an effort of the die-en- gravers to express a feeling of poise in the seated figure. Presumably the Parent ine school of artists must by this time have felt the influence of Pythagoras of Rhe- gium, known as the first sculptor to aim at rhythm and symmetry^^ and whose Eu- ropa seated on the Bull, ^3 erected at Taren- tum^^ soon after c. 480, was so highly prized by the Tarentines. Sir Arthur Evans has dated the Taren- tine “wreathed” oekists somewhat later, B. C. 466-460, following R. Rochette,^^ in order to bring these types into connection with the appearance on the Rhegian dies of a similar type issued^^ c. 466 B. C., when the Rhegians recovered their political free- dom.^7 I am far from denying that the Tarentine wreathed oekists, (of whose pri- ority I am convinced) may have influ- enced the Rhegian coinage, but the ap- pearance of the olive wreath on other contemporary Tarentine coin-types, one with the archaic head reverse (see Fig. i), the other of the hippocamp class, confirms, in my opinion, the commemorative char- AND MONOGRAPHS 58 TAPA2 OIKISTH2 acter of the wreath border at Tarentum, a most appropriate token of the Democratic Victory in 473 B. There can be little doubt that the symbolical wreath occur- ring on all these exceptional Tarentine nomoi, points to the same connection. We may, therefore, propose for this small wreathed issue, conjointly with the more important series of un wreathed oekists, standing in immediate die-relation to it, the approximative dates of c. 473-460 B. C. B. C. c. 473-460 [Wreathed] (Late Archaic to early Transitional Style.) Type No. JO 'lO 1 'IIT'IAflAT (r toL). Phalan- thos, naked, the hair tied in knot, astride on dolphin, to right, arms extended up- wards, both hands with open palms ; be- neath, large cockle-shell (hinge upwards): border of dots between two linear circles. RT Taras with pointed beard, the hair bound with fillet and turned up behind, naked to waist, seated to left on chair NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 59 (/cXktmos) and leaning backwards, his 1. hand holding a knotty staff resting obliquely on ground, and extending in r. hand a small upright distaff or spindle of wool. His hi- mation is neatly folded round the waist. One end, brought over, hangs down and is terminated with a tassel. Upon the chaii , a sheep or panther’s skin. The oekist’s left leg drawn backwards in front of the leg of chair. Plain linear exergue above dotted line. Around, wreath of olive leaves alter- nating here and there with olives. Con- cave field. a. Paris. 24/26 mm. 7.87 gr. Cab, des Med. (De Luynes, No. 279, ex. R. Rochette Coll., 1 . c., pi. Ill, 24, and Carelli Coll., D. No. 61, N. I. V. T. cvi, 51), R. Ro- chette, Type VII, 203. Riccio Reper- torio (1852), p. 53, No. 4. Garrucci T, xcvii, 28. h. Berlin. 21/23 mm. 7.02 gr. (poor). Konigl. Mus., ex. F, Imhoof-Blumer Coll. (cf. H. Hoffman Le Numismate, p. 97, No. 232, ex. Fontana Coll., Trieste, with wrong reading TAPAS). c. Cambridge. .<31 24.5/24mm. 7.85 gr. Fitz- william Mus. — McClean Coll. (ex. Paris Sale, 20 June, 1906, No. 86, ex. AND MONOGRAPHS 6o TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 R. Jameson and A. J, Evans Colls., ex. Bunbury Sale (1896), lot No, 88). d. Sir Arthur J. Evans. M 24/25 mm. 7.96 gr. PL. II. ex. P. Mathey Coll, and Philipsen Sale, Hirsch XV, 285, PL II. e. M. P. Vlasto. JR 23/23.5 mm. 7.74 gr. Greau 1867 Sale, lot No. 279. Type No. JOA Afl AT i/' in f. to 1.). Same but of im- itative poor style. No border visible. Bi/ Same barbarous style. a. Naples, plated 20/22 mm. Mus. Naz., PL. II. Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2372. Type No. U TAF^A^ ('\ to r.). Phalanthos, the hair short, naked, astride on dolphin to 1., arms extended as if to applaud; beneath, small cockle-shell (hinge upwards) : border of dots on band. Taras, the hair wavy at sides and tied in chignon behind with small fillet, wearing a plain necklace, naked to waist, seated on diphros to r., his r. hand resting on corner of seat, and extending in 1. large distaff. His r. foot brought backwards, hides the front leg of diphros. Around, NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI2TH2 61 wreath of olive leaves, alternating with olives. Concave field. a. London. 23/26 mm. 7.892 gr. Brit. PL. II. Mus. Cat., p. 169, No. 72 (vignette). P. Gardner, “ Types of Greek Coins,” pi. 19 (reverse). Num. Chron., 1889, pi. I, 8. b. Naples. .<31 22/24 mm. (Very poor). Mus. PL. II. Naz., Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2349- Type No. J2 ^AHAT (/" in f. to 1 .). Phalanthos naked, the hair rolled, astride on dolphin to r., both arms extended as on No. ii. The dolphin’s snout long and turned up- wards. Beneath, large cockle-shell (hinge upwards). No border visible. B/ From same die as No. ii. a. M. P. Vlasto. .31 23/24 mm. 7.73 gr. ex. PL. II. E. S. G. Robinson Coll. Type No. J3 ^ A FI AT in f. to 1.). Same type as No. 12. The cockle-shell smaller: border of dots [see No. 14R]. TAPA^ in f. to r.). Taras, the AND MONOGRAPHS 62 TAP A 2 OIKI2THS hair curly above nape, naked to waist, seated on diphros to 1., his 1. hand resting on r. comer of diphros, holding in r. hand distaff upright. Both soles resting flatly on exergue which is dotted above plain line. An olive branch starts r. and 1. of exergue forming an open wreath enclosing type. Outline of reverse die visible. a. Berlin. .31 22/23 mm. 7.78 gr. [oxidized]. PL. III. Dressel, Berlin Cat., p. 239, No. 81 [ex. Fox Coll.]. h. CL C6te. .31 22/23 mm. 7-95 gr. From the 1920 Gerace ( ?) find (see page 71). c. M. P. Vlasto. M. 22/24 mm. 8.01 gr. [in f. PL. III. to r. on obverse] ^ in graffito. From the 1920 Gerace ( ?) find. [On a, h, c, the obverse die is damaged and shows a fracture beneath dolphin and above and to r. of cockle-shell. The re- verse die shows a fracture which starting from 1. elbow of Taras mns between P and A of legend. This break is larger on a, which shows also two new small flaws hav- ing the appearance of two letters or of a double lemniskos hanging down, outside, the right comer of diphros.] NUMISMATIC NO T E S TAP AS OIKISTHS 63 Type No. J 3 A TAI^A^ in f. to r.). Phalanthos, the hair short, on dolphin to 1., of same t)rpe as No. 13, the cockle-shell larger: border of dots on band. [See No. 16E.] W TAK[A^.?] (A in f. to r.). Same type as No. 13, from another die. Ex- ergue off field. a. Berlin. 22/23 mm. 7.85 gr. Dressel, 1. c., PL. III. p. 238, No. 80. [The obverse die is in very poor condi- tion, fractured above head of Phalanthos and behind his loins, see also No. 16E (PI. V) for an earlier stage of last fracture.] The heroic character of the eponymous oekist is no longer put in evidence on these “ wreathed ” issues. Taras is now represented as a patron of industry, holding the distaff — an allusion to Tarentum’s famous wool-trade, the source of the city’s wealth.^ On No. 10, the knotty staff, which he holds in his left hand, is no doubt intended as a symbol of his guardianship over the Tarentine herds and flocks and the ani- AND MONOGRAPHS 64 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 mal fleece, at times placed on his seat, may have the same significance, should it rep- resent, in accordance with the view ex- pressed by R. Rochette, a sheep’s fleece9^ rather than a panther’s skin, as was sug- gested by the late Mr. R. S. Pool in the British Museum catalogue. Type No. lo. Carelli first published this very scarce type. It is closely con- nected with the earlier issues by its archaic style and by the presence of the fleece on the oekist’s seat. Here this seat is shaped like a chair (aX6(T/u,6s) 9^ rather than the usual diphros. The engraving given by Carelli, from the nomos then in his own cabinet (now in the de Luynes collection at Paris, after having passed through R. Rochette ’s pri- vate cabinet9-^), is very inaccurate.94 The legend as represented on Carelli ’s engrav- ing: NU N 1 ITV\ASAT is certainly blundered and fanciful. Through the kindness of M. 'E. Babelon, I have myself very carefully examined, on the original coin, the remaining traces of the' very much defaced inscription, and R. Rochette ’s rep- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI2THE 65 resentation of this noir os, as given on his pi. Ill, No. 24 , corresponds strictly to the real condition of the coin and legend. Only the first eight consecutive letters of the inscription can be recognized with any certainty. There are no traces whatever of the last two letters, which figure on Ca- relli’s engraving, placed upside down, be- tween the dolphin’s head and the hands of Phalanthos. This is the finest known ex- ample of this t}^pe. Sir Arthur Evans kindly wrote to me, as follows, after exam- ining the nomos, formerly in the P. Mathey and G. Philipsen cabinets and now in his new collection. “ So far as I can make out the inscription reads ; | ^ | \A i TV\ A H A T (traces of the last two letters are between the cockle-shell and dolphin’s head) ; it can not be ^ AH AT.” 95 Although this inscription is more or less obliterated on all other examples known to me, including the well preserved one in my cabinet, the close comparison of their casts has convinced me that the real reading of the legend is \A 0 | \AITV\AH AT, the traces of the penultimate letter showing the re- AND MONOGRAPHS 66 TAPAS OIKIETHS mains of an 0 and not an Q upside down. Within a few years, however, we shall see the Q replacing the 0 at Tarentum. This new form of legend may be considered as a positive indication of the new democratic government. A remarkable and extraordinarily rare nomos of early transitional style with the reverse die exhibiting the head of the local nymph Satyra, the mother of Taras, en- closed in a similar olive wreath, must cer- tainly have been issued simultaneously with the oekist type No. lo. Very prob- ably it was engraved in the same atelier. The close affinity in design and style of both obverse dies is most striking and suggests actual identity of handiwork. R. Rochette first published the specimen, 9 ^ in brilliant condition, from the Brera cabinet of Milano. A second example in the de Luynes 97 collection, Paris, has been photo- graphed by M. E. Babelon in the Revue Numismatique (1904), pi. I, 6. The au- thenticity of this type has been unjustly suspected 9 ^ and the beautiful Brera nomos put aside with other spurious coins by the NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 67 late curator of that collection Mr. S. Am- brosoli. A third example from the same dies is now in my cabinet (see Fig. No. i). It happily proves the absolute genuineness of this important coin of the “wreathed” democratic issue. It is somewhat badly struck, and is oxidized as well (weight 8.02 gr.). It comes from the small, but highly interesting, find made in 1914 in the neighborhood of Taranto (Appendix C). There were in addition fourteen other early Tarentine nomoi of various types. T' >£■: !\- J ) Fig. I Closely allied with the above types is the the very rare “ hippocamp ” nomos with the crab symbol, on which the dolphin- rider holds in his extended hands a similar olive wreath. I have lately added to my AND MONOGRAPHS 68 TAPA2 OIKI2THS - collection a brilliant example99 of this type (see Fig. No. 2 ) recording for the first time the obverse legend quite clearly: V\AHAT (abbreviation for TAPANTINON)- This inscription has hitherto been read incor- rectly because of the unsatisfactory condi- tion of all known examples. Both Dr. Regling^°° and have read MAP AT for 'I A PAT- The recumbent Achaean form M for ^ or must therefore defi- nitively be suppressed from the Tarentine alphabet. Fig. 2 Type No. loA. This presumably unique plated oekist is in too poor condition to call for any special remark, but again it may possibly be the work of the same forger who engraved Nos. lA and 8. Type No. ii. It is needless to draw at- tention to the beauty and attractiveness NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA 2 OIKI 2 TH 2 69 of this Splendid oekist in the British Mu- seum. The head-dress with its large chignon { kpu )^\ j \ os ) , the somewhat effeminate fea- tures of the oekist, his simple and hitherto unnoticed necklace, are late archaic or early transitional characteristics which find their counterpart on some of the youthful heads on the reverses of the ear- lier or contemporary Tarentine nomoi,^°4 litrae"°5 and hemilitras, generally identi- fied as representing the nymph Satyra. Although there can be no question as to the femininity of most of the heads on this group of coins, the evidence of oekist No. II seems, in some doubtful cases, in favor of a male identification: Taras. On all the contemporary small fractions of the Tarentine nomos exhibiting on their obverse dies a cbckle-shell, the youthful heads, on their reverses, are frequently but carefully enlarged copies of the oekist ’s head with its picturesquely changing head- dress. Type No. 12. This unpublished com- bination of dies is unique in my experience AND MONOCxRAPHS 70 TAPA2 OIKISTH2 and of a slightly later issue than No. ii. The weak early-transitional style of the obverse die strongly recalls Nos. lo and 13 and all these obverse dies are probably the work of the same native second-rate en- graver. The condition of the reverse die points also to its posteriority in date, a small crack which does not appear on No. 1 1 being now visible, just above the oekist’s forearm. Type No. 13. This extremely rare type, now photographed for the first time, was known until lately only from the descrip- tion given by the late Prof. Dressel of the then unique oekist in the Berlin eabinet, formerly in the collection of General Fox. This coin is unfortunately covered with a thick coat of oxide. The two new and very fine examples h and c came to my attention in 1920, one having found its way into the hands of a prominent dealer in Switzerland, the other having been sold in England. They were purchased by Mr. Cl. Cote and myself about the same time. Considering the great rarity of this type and suspecting a NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI 2 THS 71 find, I soon learned, although as usual the information was reluctantly given, that both coins came from a hoard of about 320 Tarentine nomoi, purchased at Reggio by an Italian dealer. This find, I was told, came from the neighborhood of Gerace (?), and included before its dispersal the following types ; A few nomoi of the early wheel issue (cf. Note No. 57), many “ hippocamps ”, the two above wreathed oekists and probably an oekist of type No. 20 (cf. PI. VI) the balance being “ horsemen ” of Evans Peri- ods I and II, the latest of which, now in my cabinet, was in absolute mint state. The date of the deposition of this hoard may have been circa 410 B. C., a few years after the beginning of Evans Period II. The obverse die of No. 13, of very poor transitional style, shows evident signs of wear due to its previous service with an- other reverse die [No. 14R, PL V] before being coupled with this wreathed reverse. It is the conspicuous break of this die above the cockle-shell, that the late Dr. Dressel described as a symbol of doubtful AND MONOGRAPHS 72 TAPA 2 OIKISTHS meaning or a fish(?). An earlier stage of this flaw is clearly visible on No. 14R of Group II A, described below. Type No. 13A. This coin, unique to the best of my belief, although of a very sim- ilar type, is of a somewhat later archaic style. The obverse die, which is of finer work than No. 13, is also to be found cou- pled with another reverse on No. 16E (Group II B) cf. PI. V. On all the following types excepting Nos. 15 and 17, the seated Taras is represented without any border, holding the usual dis- taff and leaning on a long plain staff {(TKrjTrpop) symbolizing his authority over the colony he has founded. For the sake of convenience I have di- vided the second group into two sub-series A and B according to the direction of the obverse type first to right, and after to left, following the data given by the various die-concatenations, which are rather intri- cate owing to their considerable number. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 73 Group II (A). Type No. J4 ^AHAT {Z' in f. to 1.). Phalanthos naked, the hair bound with fillet and rolled above nape, seated on dolphin to r., both hands extended as if applauding; beneath, cockle-shell (hinge upwards). Border of dots between plain lines. I^ ^AHAT to r.). Taras naked to waist, the hair short, seated to 1. on diph- ros holding in r. upright distaff and in 1. a long staff resting beneath his arm-pit. His feet and himation hide the fore-leg of diph- ros. Dotted exergue. Concave field. a. M. P. Vlasto. ^ 22/23 nun. 7.98 gr. ex. PL. Ill, R. Jameson Coll. cf. R. Jameson’s Cat., T. I. No. 96, PI. V, 96 (ex. A. J. Evans Coll.) b. Berlin. Al 22/23 mm. 7.85 gr. Dressel, 1 . c., p. 238, No. 75, (ex. Fox Coll.). Type No. HA From same die as No. 14. I^ ^AflAT (N to r.). Same type but the hair of Taras tied in chignon behind nape. Plain exergue. Outline of reverse die visible. AND MONOGRAPHS 74 TAPAS OIKI2TH2 - a. Boston. M 22/24 mm. 8.19 gr. Museum PL, III. of Fine Arts, No. 04303, cf. M. F. A. Bulletin, Dec., 1907 (Vol. V), No. 30. (ex. Warren Coll., cf. Regling, 1 . c.. No. 21, Taf. I, ex. Coll. Greenwell (1902). ex. Moore Sale (1889), lot No. 40). h. Berlin. M. 20/23 mm. 8.00 gr. ex. ColL Lobbecke. c. Munich. Ai. 21/22 mm. 7.84 gr. ex. ColL Longo. Type No» J4B ^A^AT (/" to !•)• Same type, Pha- lanthos leaning further backward, his hair tied in knot on nape. Dotted border. ^ ^ AH AT tor.). Same type but Taras with short hair, his left leg drawn back beneath diphros. Linear exergue. Outline of reverse die visible. a. London 21/23.5 mm. 8.03 gr. B. M. PL. III. C., p. 169, No. 74; P. Gardner, 1 . c., PI. I, No. 21 (reverse) ; T. Combe, Veter um Popular um et Re gum Nuvi. London, 1814, p. 33, No. 5. h. Paris Al 21.5/22.5 mm. 7.71 gr. (very much PL. III. worn). Coll, de Luynes, No. 280 (ex. R. Rochette’s ColL), cf. R. Rochette 1 . c., p. 205, note No. 3, struck over Corinthian Pegasos, as Babelon Traite, PL ccviii. Nos. 7 or 12. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTH2 75 c. M. P. Vlasto. M 22/25.5 7-71 gJ** (holed) . 4 . Turin. JR 22 mm. 7.56 gr. (poor). Med. del R'S. Fabretti, 788. Type No. J4C ^A^AT i/' to 1.). Same type from another die. ^ TARAA/TIA/O^ (^ to r.). Same type, but dotted exergue over plain line, the exergual line turned upwards to 1. be- neath the feet of Taras. Outline of re- verse die visible. a. Berlin. .<31 23.5 mm. 8.04 gr. Dressel, 1. c., PL. III. p. 238, No. 76, Taf. XI, 172. b. Paris. 22.5/23.5 mm. 7.90 gr. (very much worn). Coll, de Luynes. No. 276, ex. R. Rochette’s Coll, (cf . R. Rochette, Type VIII), 1. c., p. 205, ex. Coll. Du- rand. Cf. Hoffman, Le Nutnismaie, p. 97, No. 232, ex. Coll. Fontana = a (?). Type No. J4D ^ARAT (/" to 1.). Same type, of poor style. Phalanthos leaning backwards. TARA/VTI AO^C%tor.). Sametype of poor style. The exergue plain. Out- line of reverse die visible. AND MONOGRAPHS ;6 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 a. Vienna. M plated ( ?) 24 nim. 7.47 gr. [not PL. III. fine], (ex. Carelli Coll.), c£. Carelli. D. No. 68, T. cvi, 59. Ayellino Vet. Num. SuppL, p. 37, No. 640, cf. R. Rochette, p. 204, Note No. i. Type No. HE From same die as No. 14C. FT [No inscription]. Same type but the hair of Taras is short and indicated by hatches. Dotted exergue. Outline of re- verse die visible. a. Paris. Al 23/22 mm. 8.10 gr. Coll, de Luynes, No. 278. (ex. Dupre Sale (1867), lot No. 29). b. Berlin. Al 24/24 mm. 8.19 gr. ex. Coll. Lobbecke (Cat. Rollin et Feuardent (1863). No. 683). c. Sir Arthur J. Evans. Al 2i/24mm. 8.13 gr. PL. III. ex. F. S. Benson Sale, lot No. 23, PI. I, (ex. Bunbury Sale, lot No. 55). [The obverse die has now the following slight flaws : i) above dolphin’s snout; 2) in front of Phalanthos’ extended hands; 3) above dolphin’s tail to r.] Type No. HF ^ASIAT (/" to 1 .). Same type from another die. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAE OIKISTHS 77 From same die as No. 14E. a. New York. .<31 22.5/24 mm. 7.90 gr. Amer. PL. III. Niim. Soc. Coll. h. Glasgow. M 22/23 mm. 8.029 gr. Hunter Coll., Macdonald, 1 . c., No. 7. Combe, 1 . c., p. 305, Tab. 55, fig. V. Avellino. 1. c., ]\o. 321. [On b, the obverse die has a very large fracture hiding all the front part of the naked body beneath extended hands. On a, the early stage of this flaw is visible near Phalanthos’ loins.] Type No. HG From same die as No. 14C. W TARA^ (Nr to r.). Same type, but the linear exergue slightly curved to r. Outline of reverse die visible. a. London. 21/27 mm. 8.05 gr. Brit. Mus. PL. III. (ex. Dr. Parkes Weber Coll.). b. R. Jameson. JR 23/25 mm. 7.91 gr. Cat. Jameson, PI. V, No. 95, ex. Benson Sale, lot No. 22, PI. I, 22. [The reverse die is fractured to r. of the left hand of Taras and between R and A of legend]. AND MONOGRAPHS 78 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 - Type No* J4H From same die as No. 14F. TAPA^ to r.). Same type from another die. a. M. P. Vlasto. 23/24 mm. 7.92 gr. Ex. PL. IV. Maddelena Sale (Paris, 1903), lot 249. h. Cambridge. M. 20.5/24 mm. 7.87 gr. Fitz- william Museum (Coll. McClean). c. Cl. C6te. M. 23/22.5 mm. 7.73 gr. (pitted by oxidation), from the 1914 find. d. E. J. Seltman. ^ 23 mm. (H. O’Hagan, Sotheby 1908 Sale, lot No. 22.) Type No. 14 1 From same die as No. 14F. From same die as No. 14G. a. E. T. Newell. Hi 22/23 mm. 7.92 gr, PL. IV. b. Naples. M 22 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo PL. IV. Coll. Fiorelli, No. 2371, restruck on Corinthian Pegasos with swastika re- verse as Babelon, Traite, PI. xxxvi. No, 10. I have not been able to trace the follow- ing oekists all of type No. 14, in order to determine their precise die combinations. a. F. Bompois (1882 Paris Sale), No. 156. h. L, Lacroix (1888 Paris Sale), No. 95. c. Paris, ii Dec., 1899 Sale, lot 67. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 79 Type No« 14 J ^A^AT (/" to 1 .). Same type, from another die. W TARA^ C%tor.). Same type, from another die. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. 26/27 mm. 8.08 gr. L. W. PL. IV. de Moltheim Sale, No. 112. Rev. Num. (1904), PI. I, No. 2. b. Naples. M 25 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2370. c. (?) 23/25 mm. 8.15 gr. Hirsch XVI Sale (1906), lot 26, Taf. I. Type No. HK From same die as No. 14C. ^ From same die as No. 14J. a. Cambridge. M 22 /23mm. 7.07 gr. (not fine). Fitzwilliam Mus. (McClean Coll.). Type No. I4L From same die as No. 14E. From same die as No. 14J. a. Paris. .31 20. 5/21 mm. 8.20 gr., de Luynes PL. IV. Coll., No. 277. b. Parma. 22 mm. 7.60 gr. (poor). c. Berlin. .31 20/25 mm. 8.02 gr., ex. Coll. F. PL. IV. Imhoof-Blumer, (ex. Gr6au Sale, lot No. 281). AND MONOGRAPHS 8o TAPA 2 OIKI 2 TH 2 d. Vienna. 21.5/24 mm. 7.85 gr. (ex. Ca- relli Coll.), cf. Carelli D, No. 69. e. Cl. C6te. M. 23/24 mm. 8.09 gr., ex. Sir Her- man Weber Coll., (bought from Gab- rielli [Naples, 1887]), cf. L. Forrer, Weber Cat., PI. 24, No. 532. /. (?) ^ 23 mm. Paris, 9 May, 1910, Sale (Durufle). [On c, the reverse die has a linear break starting from 1. wrist of Taras and reach- ing the R of ethnic. Cf. No. 14 J a.] Type No. J4M. ^ARAT {'T to 1.). Same type from another die. TARA^ to r.). Same type from another die. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. .<51 20/23 mm. 8.02 gr., ex. PL. IV. Nervegna Coll., No. 276, PI II. L. Correra (Neapolis), 1913, Tav. VI, 21. H. Willers, 1 . c., T. XII, ii. b. Naples. .<31 22/25 rnm. (Very poor). Mus. Naz., Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2369. c. Munich. .<^ 21/23 mm. 7.99 gr. Hirsch XVI Sale, lot 25. d. Athens. Al 24/25 mm. 7.78 gr. Ex. M. P. Vlasto Coll. ^. (?) Al 23/25 mm. H. Osborne O’Hagan Sale, lot No. 22. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 81 Type No. HN A^AT {'T tor.). Same type of very early and barbarous style. Both legs of Taras in front of diphros, with feet fiat on exergue. Border of large dots. (No inscription). Same type and of same work as obverse. a. Paris. ^ plated, 20/21 mm. 6.37 gr. R. PL. IV. Rochette, type IV, No. 201, PI. Ill, 21. F. de Dominicis Repertorio (1827), T. II, p. 208. Mionnet, T. I, No. 380. b. Berlin. plated 21/22 mm. 6.07 gr. (The PL. IV. bronze core visible on both sides). Purchased in 1895. Type No. HO ^ A FI AT {/’ to 1.). Same type of very fine style j probably from same die as No. 14M. TARA^ to r.). Same type of fine style, cf. No. 14M a. J. Mavrogordato. M. plated, 20.5/22.5 mm. PL. IV. 6.58 gr. Hirsch XXXIV Sale, lot No. 21, Taf. I. [The bronze core visible only between cockle-shell and dolphin.] Type No. HP ^ARAT {'T to 1.). Same type of very barbarous style. AND MONOGRAPHS 82 TAPAS OIKIETH2 W TAHA^ (% to r.). Same type, of same style as obverse. a. M. P. Vlasto. M plated, 23 mm. 6.40 gr. PL. IV. (Very poor and the core of bronze vis- ible on both sides.) Type No. HQ ^AFIAT {/' tol.). Same type from an- other die. ^ TARA^ tor.). Same type from another die. a. Paris. M plated, 23 mm. 6.20 gr. Very PL. IV. poor. Ex. Pellerin Coll., cf. Pellerin Suppl. IV, PI. II, 3, p. 29, 30. R. Po- chette, PI. Ill, 22. Mionnet, T. I, p. 139, No. 281. de Dominicis, 1 . c., T. II, p. 208, No. 6. Type No. HR From same die as No. 12 (cf. Group I, wreathed series). (No inscription). Same type, but the left leg of Taras withdrawn beneath diphros, is resting on flat stool {vTroirddLov, xeXdivT]) roughly drawn. Concave field. a. Sir Charles Oman. JR 21/22 mm. 7.96 gr. PL. V, b. M. P. Vlasto. JR plated, 18/23 mm. 5.90 gr. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 83 PL . V . (The core is probably of lead). Ex. F. W. V. Peterson Sale, Sotheby, 19/12/ ’20, lot No. 7. (In f. to 1 . on reverse A in graffito beneath diphros.) c. Naples. iR plated? 23.5 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. 1801 (chisel cut on rev.). Type No. 15 ^A^AT to 1.). Same type, but Phalanthos is leaning backwards. (Cf. No. 14 D.) ^ (No inscription visible). Same type, but left foot of Taras drawn backwards resting on exergue. The oekist holds in r. hand in place of the long staff a trident upright, the prongs of which are visible above his 1. shoulder. Concave field. a. Paris. .41 21/22.5 mm. 6.72 gr. (very poor). PL.V. de Luynes Coll., No. 271. b. Milan. 22 mm. (Very poor.) Brera. Types No. 14 and 14A. Both these ex- ceedingly rare oekists, possibly struck before the end of Per. I, share the same obverse die, and no doubt must be considered as the architypes of this new version of the seated eponymous hero. These types show AND MONOGRAPHS 84 TAPAE OIKI2TH2 a conspicuous elaboration of anatomical detail together with an archaic stiffness of attitude. The relation of the right arm to the body is very awkward and typical of early art. Certain other details, such as the arrangement of the formal folds of the himation, tightly drawn round the legs of Taras on No. 14, or the androgynous appearance of No. 14 A, closely connect these oekist dies to No. ii of the wreathed issue, and all three reverses may be the work of the same artist. Type No. 14B. We have in this type a very good example of refined conventional archaic art. The position of oekist’s left leg, drawn back to occupy the vacant space beneath the diphros, first inaugurated on the somewhat earlier types Nos. 9, 9 A and 9B, and found also on most of the wreathed oekists [Nos. 10, loA, ii and 12], finds its parallel in early Ionian and Attic sculpture. In spite of these formal conventions, the figiu'es of both Taras and Phalanthos are very advanced for the period, notwith- standing mannerisms in certain details characterizing the early transitional art. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 85 The de Luynes specimen of this type is restruck over a Corinthian pegasos [see PI. Ill, 14B. 5 ]. The position of the 9, clearly visible (lying flat beneath the Pegasos) , the traces of Athena’s helmet and profile, the depth of the incuse square allow us to identify the Corinthian stater with toler- able probability as one of the types figured on PL ccviii of M. E. Babelon’s Traite, under Nos. 7 or 12. These Corinthian coins are now dated by Prof. P. Gardner in his valuable “ His- tory of Ancient Coinage,” circa 550 B. C. Many Metapontine staters, of the thick incuse fabric, belonging to the early years of the fifth centur}^, are restruck on coins of Corinth of similar types and we note this peculiarity^®^ on another contemporary Tarentine oekist described under No. 14I 6, now in Santangelo collection, Naples. This, however, is restruck on a much earlier Co- rinthian pegasos, with the swastika or mill- sail reverse, dated c. 600-550 B. C. It is noteworthy that the weight of these re- struck coins always corresponds to the correct Italic standard notwithstanding the AND MONOGRAPHS 86 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 original slightly heavier weight of the Co- rinthian coins used as blanks. Type No. 14C. The new form of legend, on this extremely rare type, TARANTI- NOS, has been completed by R. Rochette with the word AHMOS understood, and this was one of his best arguments, appar- ently confirming the seated Demos theory which has so long held the field. An un- usually fine oekist in my cabinet, of a very similar type [cf. No. 16H] displays the same form of legend TARANTINOS [hitherto badly read TARANTINQN? ow- ing to the incomplete or poor condition of the inscription on most of the known specimens] on the obverse die, associated with the usual Tarentine Trapdarjfjiov: Pha- lanthos astride on the dolphin. This form of inscription, also occasion- ally found on some rare early horsemen, "^9 not being confined to the type of the seated figure, cannot refer to all these different representations and therefore must be identified with the coin. We shall accord- ingly read the legend TARANTINOS (vdfjios) as on the well known coins of Alex- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 87 ander of Pherae AAEEANAPEIO^ ((rrari^p) and AA EE AN A PEI A (^p<^xf^v)- Type No. 14D. The particularly awk- ward design of this presumably unique oekist, in the Vienna cabinet, makes me suspect that the coin is plated. There is, however, no doubt that Nos. 14C and 14D are strictly contemporary in spite of small differences in the forms of some letters of the inscriptions, especially the letter 0 which is square (O) on No. 14C, and round on No. 14D. But we know from an early inscription found at Metapontum“° that both forms O and 0 were at times used' simultaneously and indiscriminately in southern Italy during the first years of the fifth century. The O , however, is met in no case, after 450 B. C. Types No. 14E to 14N. All these not uncommon oekists do not call for any special remark, and it is very probable that many other dies or die-combinations of this rather monotonous series may have escaped my notice. Type No. 14N. So far as I am aware this ugly and barbarous type a, has never been AND MONOGRAPHS 88 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 described as a plated coin, though often published by early writers such as Mionnet, de Domini cis and R. Rochette. The Paris specimen’s unusually light weight (6.37 gr.) is quite sufficient to betray this ancient forgery in spite of the good preservation of its silver coating. On the new example h, from the same dies, purchased during 1895, by the Berlin cabinet, the interior bronze core is plainly visible on both faces of the coin. The large ill -shaped letters of. the ethnic, with the final ^ suppressed, the stiff and poor design of the feet of the seated oekist, with their soles flat on the ground in front of the diphros, are rem- iniscent of the earlier plated oekist of type No. 8, and this poor imitation of No. 14 may well be the work of the same forger. Type No. 14 O. This plated oekist is quite remarkable on account of its ver}" fine style and can only be the work of the same official engraver to whom we owe the normal oekists Nos. 14L to 14M. I am almost certain that the obverse of Mr. Mavrogordato’s unique coin is actually issued from the same die as No. 14M, and NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 89 that, when struck, this plated oekist must have been included in the regular issue, the style and fabric of the coin precluding the possibility of its being the product of a private forger [see also No. 14R]. I shall subsequently draw attention (cf. p. 195) to another plated oekist of a later issue [cf. No. 55], now in my cabinet, struck from the very same pair of dies in use for the normal issue of that type. This disgraceful practice, so dangerous for the coiner, may be the true explanation of the abnormal low weight of a few other oekists which have reached us with their sil- ver plating untouched. It shows the dan- ger of dating coins solely on weight data. Types Nos. 14P and 14Q. It is only for comparison’s sake that I have reproduced (PI. IV) these two very barbarous plated ancient forgeries. Possibly the plated coin sold at the Bompois, 1882, Paris Sale (lot No. 155), described as exhibiting the seated Demos holding the Palladium ( !) in place of the upright distaff, and which I have been unable to trace, may be but an ill- ! preserved example of Nos. 14P or 14Q. 1 AND MONOGRAPHS i 90 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 Type No. 14R. This very rare type which, as we have already noted, shares its obverse die with the wreathed oekist of No. 13, is of very sketchy design and of a weak style similar to that displayed on some late and probably contemporary “ hippocamp ” nomoi.”* The excellent preservation of the obverse die shows that this combination of dies was issued before No. 13. The abnormally light weight (5.90 gr.) of the example h, in my cabinet, which is of ordinary preservation [see PI. V] and certainly from the same dies as both other known specimens of this type, has led to the discovery that my coin is plated over an unusual core of white metal, probably of lead. Sir Charles Oman’s oekist of this type weighing 7.96 gr., as well as the three known examples of the wreathed issue [No. 13] struck from the same, easily identified, obverse die, are certainly nor- mal and not plated coins. The Naples"^ oekist of No. 14R, disfigured by an ancient chisel-cut on the reverse, may possibly be plated, although Fiorelli does not mention it, as he invariably does in such cases (e. g. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAl OIK 1ST HS 91 after his description of the coin No. i8oi, in his catalogue : arg. fod. viz., plated). The inference is somewhat bewildering and probably can find no better explanation than the one offered above for Mr. J. Mav- rogordato’s plated oekist of type 14O. Type No. 15. Unfortimately the two known examples of this new version of the seated oekist, hitherto unpublished, are both in very poor condition. On the de Luynes’ coin, however, the oekisris trident is discernible in place of the regal staff ; and this extremely rare mod- ification of No. 14, recalling the earlier No. 9, had certainly been detected by the late duke, otherwise he would not have admit- ted so poorly preserved a coin into his particularly choice collection. Group II (B) Type No, J6 TARA^ (%tor.). Phalanthos, naked, the hair rolled, applauding, astride on dol- phin, to 1.; beneath, cockle-shell (hinge up- wards) ; border of dots between two very thin linear circles. AND MONOGRAPHS 1 92 TAPAS OIKI2THS [No inscription]. Taras naked to waist, the hair short, seated 1 . on diphros, holding r. hand extended (about to receive small dolphin [?]). In 1. hand plain staff from beneath arm-pit (cf. No. 14 ). Dotted exergue. Concave field. a. Glasgow. .<31 22/23 mm. 7.90 gr. [very much PL.V. worn]. Hunter Coll., Macdonald, No. 8, PI. V, No. 3. Combe, 1 . c.. Tab. 55, No. X. Avellino, 1 . c., p. 78, 323. Carelli, N. I. V. T. cvi, 62. F. de Dominicis, 1 . c., T. II, p. 406, No. 6. L. Sambon, 1 . c., p. 239, No. 28. b. Prince of Waldeck. 24 mm. 8.07 gr., ex. PL . V . Tanini ( ?) Coll. [The reverse die shows various flaws in field to left of seated oekist.] Type No. J6A. From same die as No. 16 . From same die as No. 14 C. a. (?) 22.5/24 mm. 8 gr., ex. Nervegna PL. V. Sale, lot No. 277, PI. II, 277. (Cf. L. Sambon, 1 . c., p. 239, No. 26.) [The obverse die is damaged close to the head of Phalanthos giving it a square ap- pearance. The reproduction is from a photogravure.] NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 93 Type No, J6B A 1 T (the A to 1. the T to r. of Pha- lanthos). Same type. Border of large dots. ^ TARA^ tor.). Sametype. Lin- ear exergue. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. ^31 21/25 mm. 7,63 gr., ex. PL. V. H. Booth Sale (Sotheby, 25, 7, 1900, lot No. 7). Babelon, Rev. Num. (1904) PI. I, 3, p. 1 14. M. P. Vlasto, Num. Chron. ^ 1907 ) PI- X, No. 4. H. Will- ers. 1 . c., Taf. XII, 7, h. Cl. Cote. 22/23.5 mm. 7.52 gr. [very much worn]. From the 1914 find. Type No. J6C [No inscription visible]. Same type, the cockle-shell smaller. Border of dots. [No inscription]. Same type. Con- cave field. a. Cambridge. ^31 19/23 mm. Corpus Christi PL . V . College, ex. Rev. Samuel Savage Lewis Coll. h. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 19/20 mm. 7.68 gr. [not fine]. On obv. above dolphin’s head A in graffito. Found at Taranto (1920). c. (?) 22 mm. 7.97 (?)gr. HartwigSale, Rome, 1910, lot No. 87, PI. I (reverse possibly from another die !) =R, Ratto, AND MONOGKAPHS 94 TAPA2 OIKIETHS Milano 13 May, 1912 Sale, PI. IV, No. 221, wt. 8 .o4(?). Type No, I6D From same die as No. 16C. Same type from another die. (The diphros narrow and high.) a. Naples. 23 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. PL. V. 2351 (Santangelo Coll.), cf. D. Mag- nan (1771) Tab. 39, XVII. h. Cambridge. .31 21/23 nim. 7.54 gr. Fitz- william Mus., ex. McClean Coll. c. M.P.Vlasto. ^ 22.5/23 mm. 7-94 gi*- (Cat. PL.V. Rollin et Feuardent, Paris, 1862, No. 685, bis.) [The reverse is damaged on h and c near lower part of distaff and to r. of oekist’s elbow.] Type No. J6E From same die as No. 13A (Group I, wreathed series). ^ Same type from another die. a. M. P. Vlasto. M 23/24 mm. 8.05 gr. Cf. PL.V, Babelon, Rev. Num., 1904, p. 114, PI. I-5- b. Cl. C6te. 3R 20/21 mm. 7.69 gr. (not fine, the reverse with two chisel-cuts). c. Dr. A. Giesicke. M 20/23 niui. 7.72 gr. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 01 K 1ST H 2 95 [The obverse die fractured behind loins of Taras — cf. No. 13A for a later stage of this flaw,] Type No. J6F TAR in small letters to r.). Same type, the pecten smaller. Border of dots between two linear circles. Same type, from another die. a. Naples. iR 21/23.5 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, PL.V. No. i8vj2. 1 Type No. J6G From same die as No. 16F. From same die as No. 16D. a. Vienna. JR 22 mm. 5.97 gr. (broken, part of coin missing; ex. Carelli Coll,). Carelli D., No, 70. Type No. J6H TAPAA/TI/V 1 0 ^ to r.). Same type, very small cockle-shell. Border of small dots between linear circles. Same type from another die. Outline of reverse die visible. a. Paris. JR 21/22 mm. 7.85 gr. Raoul Ro- chette type VI, pp. 202, 203, PI. Ill, AND MONOGRAPHS 96 TAPA 2 OIKI 2 TH 2 23 (with the incorrect reading T APAN- TIN 12 N). E, Babelon, Rev. Num., 1904, p. 1 14, PL 1 , 4. Mionnet SuppL, T. I, p. 281, No. 562 (the oval break of die below staff on oekist described as shield seen sideways), cf. Pellerin SuppL, IV, Tab. ii, fig. ii. b. London. ^ 21/22 mm. 7.71 gr. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 170, No, 75. T. Combe, 1 . c., p. 33, No. 6. c. Vienna. .<31 21 mm. 7.79 gr. (The reverse possibly from another die.) d. Cambridge. .31 22 mm. Corpus Christi Col- lege, ex. Rev. Samuel Savage Lewis Coll. e. M. P. Vlasto. 3 R 21/22 mm. 8.01 gr., found PL . VI . at Taranto (1907). L. Correra, Neapo- lis, Tav., VI, 22. H. Willers, 1 . c., Taf. XII, 8. /. Clarence S. Bement. .31 20/21 mm. g. CL C6te. j 3 l 21/22 mm. 7,40 gr. [damaged by oxidation], from the 1914 find. h. Dans le commerce. .<31 22 mm. 7.79 gr. [not fine]. Athens, 1921. [The reverse die on all above excepting j c, shows a large flaw starting dowm wards from left hand of Taras. The earliest stage of break is on b, f, and g, and latest on a and d.] NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 97 Type No. I [No inscription]. Same type, but Pha- lanthos with curly hair. In field to right, above, large cicada; beneath, large cockle- shell. Raised border on which large pel- lets between two linear circles. I^ TAPAA/TIA/ 1 0^ U to r.). Same type. Double linear exergue. Concave field. a. Naples. .<31 20/23 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli. PL. VI. No. 1808. h. M.P. Vlasto. 20/23.5 mm. 7.86 gr. Egger. PL. VI. 26, II, 1909 Sale, lot No. 23, PI. I, 23. L. Correra, Neapolis, 1 . c., Tav. VI, 20. H. Willers, 1 . c., Taf. xii, 10. [The reverse die on both a and b shows a break across 1 . leg of diphros and on 5 a break from the hanging fold of himation and across the staff.] Type No. 17 From same die as No. 16 . ^A^AT (i tol.). Taras, with short hair, naked to waist, seated on diphros to r. extending with 1 . hand kantharos which he holds by its base; his r. arm raised from AND MONOGRAPHS 98 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 shoulder; the r. hand upon the upper end of knotty staff resting upright on groimd. His 1. leg drawn backwards hides the fore- leg of diphros. Linear exergue. Concave field. a. Boston. 23 mm. 8.03 gr. Mus. of Fine PL , VI . Arts. No. 04306 ; ex. Warren Coll. (K. Regling, 1 . c., No. 24 ; ex. Greenwell Coll. ; ex. Montague, 1896, Sale, lot No. 27). h. London. JR 23 mm. 7.82 gr. (pitted by oxi- dation, but V. fine). Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 169, No. 73 ; P. Gardner, Types of Greek Chins, PI. I, 20 (Reverse). c. Paris. JR 23 mm. 7.65 gr. (not fine), de Luynes Coll., No. 285. d. Vienna. JR 22/24 mm. 7.90 gr. ; (ex. Carelli Coll.). Cf. Carelli, D. No. 79 . N. I. V. T., cvii, 71. Avellino, Giornale Num., Naples, 1811, p. 10. T. Caronini (Mi- lan, 1806), Tav. VI, fig. 50, p. 159. e. M. P. Vlasto. JR 22/23 7.61 gr. [much worn]. [The obverse die is in good condition on a and d, but damaged on head of Phalan- thos [cf. PI. V, 16A] on c and e. The reverse shows many small flaws, especially to 1. of seated oekist and beneath diphros.] NUIMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 99 Type No. I7A T A R A ^ ( ■% to r.) . Same type, but the hair of Phalanthos tied in knot behind neck. Border of dots. ^ AR AT ( i to 1.). Same type, but the hair of Taras tied behind ear with small fillet. The staff is plain, and fore- leg of diphros visible between the feet of seated oekist. Outline of reverse die visi- ble. a. M. P. Vlasto. ^51 21/24 mm. 7.91 gr. ; ex. PL . VI . Dell’ Erba Coll. L. Correra, Neapolis, 1. c., Tav. VI, 23. b. Prince of Waldeck. JR 23.5 mm. 7.91 gr. PL. VI. c. Boston. 23 mm. 7.94 gr. Mus. of F. A., No. 04307 ; ex. Warren Coll. (K. Reg- ling, 1. c., No. 25, Taf. I ; ex.Greenwell Coll.). d. Prof. Sir Charles Oman. JR 20/23 mm. 8.05 gr. e. Paris. Al 21/24 7*8o gr., de Luynes Coll., No. 284. Garrucci, T. XCVII, 29 (inscription on rev. omitted). /. Paris. JR 22/25 mm. 8.02 gr., de Luynes Coll., No. 286 (restruck). g. Paris. JR 21/23 mm- 7-95 gr. Cabinet des M^dailles, R. Rochette, Type IX, p. 206, PI. Ill, 25, ex. Dupr6 Sale, No. 55. AND MONOGRAPHS 100 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 h. (?) ^ 22/24 mm. 7.79 gr. (not fine) : ex. Sir H. Weber Coll. (Sotheby, 1882. Sale), cf. L. Forrer, Weber Cat., PI. 24. No. 583. i. Naples. JR 23 mm. Santangelo Coll., Fio- relli. No. 2348. j. Berlin. ^ 25/26 mm. 8.01 gr. ; ex. F. Im- hoof-Blumer Coll. k. Cl. C6te. .<31 23 mm. 7.70 gr. [The obverse die is in fine condition on bi; on all others damaged in many places to the r. of Type. The reverse die has a large crack on all known specimens, from staff, crossing the chest of seated oekist and reaching kantharos.] Type No. J8 [No inscription visible]. Same type but Phalanthos with hair short. Border of larger dots. W TAI^A^ (i to L). Same type but facing 1 . The object (probably a distaff but possibly a kantharos) held in extended r. hand is effaced, the staff held in 1. is knotty. Outline of reverse die visible. a. Naples. JR 22 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. PL. VI. 1807. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2TH2 lOI Type No. X9 A 1 T (to r. and 1 . of type). Same type. Border of dots between two linear circles. [No inscription]. Same type but the oekist holds distaff in r. ; the staff held in 1 . is plain. Die outline is exceptionally noticeable. a. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 23/25 mm. 7.26 gr. [worn] PL . VI . from the 1914 find. h. Naples. .31 21 mm. [Very poor.] Santan- gelo ColL, Fiorelli, No. 2353. [The obverse die has cracked behind Phalanthos’ loins.] Type No. J9A [No inscription visible.] Same type, from another die. Same, from another die. a. Cambridge. .<^ 20/21 mm. 7.87 gr. Fitz- william Mus. ; ex. McClean Coll, (very poor and restruck on uncertain type) . Cf. H. Hoffman, 1 . c., p. 97, No. 239 (poor) ; ex. Coll. Fontana, Trieste (read A 1 n in place of A | T., possibly from same dies as No. 19). Type No. 16 . In 1782, C. Combe first published this poorly preserved nomos in AND MONOGRAPHS 102 TAPA2 OIKIETH2 his catalogue of the Hunterian collection, as follows: “ Figurafere nuda sedens a s.d. tres hordei spicas, s. fusum,” and his highly fanciful and inaccurate engraving of the coin shows the seated oekist holding in his right hand, three disproportionally large ears of com while he is clutching in his left hand a short distaff. Carelli’s figure, taken from Combe’s engraving, is equally absurd and misleading. R. Rochette, however, when referring ”3 to this coin, recognized that the seated figure held the usual long staff in his left hand, but did not observe that the supposed ears of com were only flaws of the die or possibly traces of re- striking as suggested to me by Mr. G. Macdonald after a recent examination of the Hunter coin. That the coin is not re- stmck is proved by the beautifully pre- served nomos which has quite recently come to my notice through the kindness of Dr. K. Regling. This oekist [PI. V, i6B], from the same dies as the Hunter example, and exhibiting the identical flaws to the right of the seated oekist, is in the Prince of Waideck’s splendid collection at Arolsen. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAP AS OIKISTHS 103 On this very fine coin we can see clearly that the nght hand of Taras is empty. Possibly he extends his hand to receive a small dolphin, ”4 unless this too is merely one of the die-flaws that has the fortuitous appearance of a small dolphin swimming downwards from right to left. The soit disant stems and two other ears of com are certainly only flaws of the die. At any rate the conception of the seated oekist, as patron of the Tarentine harvests, ”5 may now be safely dismissed. The reverse die of this type, strikingly recalling the archaic character of No. 14, is certainly the work of the same engraver. Type No. 16A. The community of the obverse die between the apparently unique Nervegna coin and No. 16, shows that the interval betewen their issue must have been slight, but considering the worn con- dition of this die on No. 16A, there can be no doubt that these two issues are placed here in their proper chronological sequence. We shall again And this obverse die asso- ciated with a new reverse [No. 17, PI. VI] and judging from the occasionally AND MONOGRAPHS 104 TAPAi: OIKIETH2 fine condition of the die in this third asso- ciation, it must have been put in use, first concurrently, and then in alternation, with the reverse of No. i 6 A. The highly inter- esting reverse die of No. i 6 A, with the legend TARANTINOS, had already been in use for some time with another obverse die on No. 14 C [PI. Ill], but owing to the not quite satisfactory condition of the three specimens hitherto known, it is im- possible to decide which of the issues pre- ceded the other. Type No. 16B. When I first published this very interesting and extremely rare variety, eleven years ago, I did not take into account its blurred condition. This is owing to a slip of the die, in the right part of the field of my coin which is other- wise in brilliant condition. I ventured to explain the letter A, placed to the left of Phalanthos, as the abbreviated signature of a mint official or engraver of the coin. The specimen in Mr. C. Cote’s collection, from the same dies, is unfortunately in rather poor condition and rubbed to right of the dolphin rider. This nomos, how- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTH 2 105 ever, shows faint traces of the letter T placed opposite the A i^ear the border, and the inscription must be read A I T, [TA retrograde] an unusual, though not unique, abbreviation of the ethnic in the early coinage of Tarentumd^^ This reading is confirmed by another extremely rare and hitherto unpublished oekist [see No. 19, PI. VI] a specimen of which was included in the 1914 find with Mr. C. Cote’s exam- ple of No. 16B. Types Nos. 16C to 16G are rather com- mon and do not call for any special re- marks. Type No. 16E, however, is highly important as sharing its obverse die with the apparently unique wreathed oekist of No. 1 3 A. The condition of this obverse die shows that the wreathed issue was pre- ceded by No. 16E. Type No. 16H. I have already pointed out the import of the legend TAPAA/TI- NOt associated with the type of Phalan- thos riding the dolphin. The last two let- ters 0^ of the inscription are clearly legi- ble only on examples d and c. Type No. 16I. The great interest of AND MONOGRAPHS io6 TAPA2 OIKI 2 TH 2 this remarkably rare type lies in the large cicada “7 which appears in the field of the obverse die, behind Phalanthos above the dolphin. Fiorelli when first publishing the Naples example, on which the symbol is not struck up, added only : dietro simh. incerto. One must note the minute and realistic skill with which the artist has de- picted the membranous, diaphanous wings of the cicada, so clearly recognizable on my fine specimen [see PI. VI], The quite exceptional position of this symbol is rather difficult to explain being in contradiction to the unchallenged theory of Sir Arthur Evans that at Tarentmn before circa 350 B. C. all the S 5 mibols— fish, cockle-shell, dolphin, murex, cuttle-fish, cray-fish or crab — placed in the field are in no case associated with the figure of the dolphin rider. “The marine objects may them- selves be regarded as an integral part of the type and as representing, like the curl- ing waves that sometimes replace them, at times the little inner sea of Tarentum, at times the open Ionian waters, on the pro- duce of both of which the life and indus- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAP AS OIKISTHS 107 tries of the city were so largely depend- ent.” The cicada, however, is a solar symbol often associated with Apollo. The histori- cal founder of Tarentum, Phalanthos, bom at Amyklae,”^ a centre of Mycen- aean culture of Laconia, is only a modifica- tion of the Delphinian Apollo of Cretan descent, ”9 and this quite exceptional cicada-symbol is thus appropriate for the Amyklaean Phalanthos. Should this explanation be rejected, we might con- sider as an alternative that the cicada rep- resents a marque atelier, possibly dedica- ted or situated near the Temple of the Hyakinthian Apollo of the city. It is highly probable that the several different “ botteghe ” or “ ateliers ”, of the early Tarentine mint may have been dedi- cated to the deities and state patrons of the city. I am rather inclined to consider the hitherto unexplained and often con- spicuous single letters that appear in the field of the earliest horsemen of late archaic style struck c. 450 B. C., or somewhat ear- lier [see p. 1 12] as mint marks of some of AND MONOGRAPHS io8 TAPA2 OIKI2THS the Tarentine ateliers (with the exception of 0, probably an early engraver’s signa- ture) the letter P or H standing for Posei- dond^° A for Apollo, and J for Taras. Cf. Evans, PI. II, 2 and 4 with P , Evans, PI. II, 5 (with inverted A near the left elbow of Phalanthos) , and Evans, PI. II, i, with T. Type No. 17. In spite of the very fine workmanship of this rare version of the epon- ymous hero, this oekist must be included in the present group because its obverse is from the same die as Nos. 16 and 16A. The peculiar position of the right arm and hand of Taras is also found on contemporary types of Rhegium and shows clearly the influence of early fifth century Attic models. Type No. 17A. This type, very similar to that preceding, is much more common but of equal merit, and both these reverse dies may well be the work of the same artist. Type No. 18. The Naples oekist seems to be unique, but owing to its defective striking it is impossible to ascertain if this nomos is a replica of Nos. 17 and 17A or NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKIETH'S 09 a modification of the following No. 19. Type No. 19. This extremely rare oekist happily confirms the reading of the unusual form of the ethnic A | T? separated by the type, submitted for No. 16B, the letter T being very distinct on the original in my collection [cf. PI. VI, 19a]. PERIOD III Circa B. C. 460-443. It must of course be understood that the time limits assigned to this period are only approximate. There is no historieal infor- mation for this interval that ean supply any help in our elassifieation. It will however hardly be doubted that it is in the years immediately following c. 460 B. C., that the first issues of Tarentine nomoi with the horseman, of very early transitional style, finally superseded the latest hippo- camp and youthful head reverses. These were probably struck during certain ago- nistic festivities, together with the oekists, some of which are combined with strik- AND MONOGRAPHS I 10 TAPAE OIKIETH2 ingly similar, obverse diesy^^ I have not been able to trace any early horseman actually sharing the same irapdar^fiov die with an oekist, though, it is well known, that some “wheel” and “archaic youth- ful head” nomoi have the same obverse die in common. I have in my collection two nomoi of early transitional style, one with the hippocamp, the other with the head of Satyra, both struck from the same obverse die. We may therefore surmise that the oekists and the contemporary early horsemen were probably issued in different ateliers. The style and morpho- logical succession of their obverse types are unquestionably similar in both series, and there can be little doubt of their con - temporaneity. This is also confirmed at times by epigraphic evidence, and by the contents of well-known finds such as the Paestum (1858) and the 1864 Calabrian hoards^^3 which included, side by side, oekists and very early horsemen equally well preserved. The following oekists can be classified according to the data obtained from their NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 0IKI2THE 1 1 1 die-combinations. There must also be taken into account, criteria based on the development of their workmanship which progresses rapidly from transitional to early fine style during the first ten years proposed for their issue. The oekists of this period are character- ized by an increased delicacy in rendering details and by a truer understanding of the anatomical structure of the human body, combined with a greater freedom of move- ment. Towards the end of this issue we shall observe the first artless attempts to render true linear perspective in the repre- sentation of the four-legged diphros.’'^^ On the oekists of this third period, the double circle border enclosing a ring of beads or pellets, has wholly disappeared. This border, however, is found on many of the earliest horsemen such as Type Ai [Evans, Period I, PI. II, i] or Bi [Evans, Period II, PI. II, 4] with the same “mint mark” T as the architype of the horse- men Bi [Evans, Period I, PI. II, 2] with the legend TAPA/VTI/VQ/V HMi. That this horseman Bi [Ev., Per. II] must be AND MONOGRAPHS I 12 TAPAS OIKI2TH2 brought back among the first ivssues of Period I is proved by the cut below, from the splendid ^^5 example in my collection (see Fig. No. 3). The horseman of this type published by Sir Arthur Evans, PI. II, 4, struck on a small flan, does not show the early border surrounding the obverse type. Fig. No. 3 Circa B. C. 460-443 (Transitional to early fine style) Type No. 20 ^ASAT (reading inwardly to r.). Phalanthos naked, the hair short, astride on dolphin to 1., his r. arm extended and resting his 1. hand on dolphin’s back; be- neath, cockle-shell (hinge upwards). No border. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAE OIKISTH2 ii3 W TAR 1 (reading inwardly the placed between r. leg of diphros and lower part of staff, ^ to r.). Taras naked to waist, the hair curly, seated 1. on diph- ros, holding distaff in r. hand and in 1. with upraised arm, staff resting obliquely on ground. The fore-leg of diphros is not visible behind r. leg of the seated oekist. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. M 21/22 nim. 7.14 gr. (has PL . VI . lost weight through cleaning) probably from the Gerace (?) 1920 find. b. Naples. 22 mm. (Very poor.) Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. 1807. c. Naples. .<51 23 mm, (Not fine). Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2346. d. Naples. ^21 mm. (Very poor). Santan- gelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2347. e. Berlin. .51 21/24 mm. 7.88 gr, (not fineh ex. Ldbbecke Coll. /. P. Mathey. 20 mm. 6.90 gr.(?). Hirsch XV Sale (1906), p. 31, No. 387 (G. Philipsen Coll.). Type No« 20A From same die as No. 20 . [No inscription]. Same type, larger. Outline of reverse die visible. 1 i i 1 1 I AND MONOGRAPHS 1 14 TAPAS OIKI2TH2 a. Cl. C6te. ^ 24/23 mm. 7.58 gr. ; ex. Sir PL. VI. Herman Weber Coll. L. Forrer, Weber Cat., PI. 24, No. 534. Type No. 20B From same die as No. 20. R 7 [No inscription]. Same type, but both legs of diphros visible. a. Berlin. HI 23 mm. 7.80 gr. Dressel, 1 . c., p. PL. VI. 237, No. 73. h. Cl. C6te. HI 20/22 mm. 7.90 gr. ; ex. L. Na- ville Coll. ; ex. Dr. S. Pozzi Coll., cf. Cat. de la Coll. Pozzi by A. Dieudonne (unpublished), PI. XII, No. 312. Type No. 21 From same die as No. 20, R? Taras, naked to waist, the hair curly, seated 1. on diphros with its four legs drawn in perspective, holding kantharos by han- dle in extended r., and in 1. distaff sup- ported by 1 . arm. His r. foot rests on stool with lion’s feet, his 1. leg, naked from knee, dravm backwards. Double linear exergue, the one beneath dotted. Concave field. [Cf. No. 31, PI. VII.] a. Cambridge. HI 21 mm. 7.83 gr. Fitzwilliam PL . VI . Museum, McClean Coll. ; (ex. Con- N U M I S M A T I C NOTES V, TAPAS OIKISTHS 115 sul E. F. Weber Coll., Hirsch XXI Sale, PI. II, No. 296.) h. Bologna. ^ 20/22 mm. (Very poor.) Me- dagliere Universitario. Cf. Carelli, N. I. V. T. evil, 68. [The obv. die of Nos. 20 and 20A is in fine condition; on Nos. 20B and 21 it shows unmistakable signs of wear, and a large flaw hides Phalanthos’ left hand and crosses the dolphin’s back.] Type No. 22 TAPA 1 N 1 TINQN (N above). Pha- lanthos naked, seated on dolphin 1 ., r. arm extended holding strigil, 1. resting on dol- phin’s back; beneath, prawn to 1 . [TAPANTI]N 1 0 ^ to r., the 0 ^ beneath diphros, to r.). Taras naked to waist, seated 1 ., on diphros, holding dis- taff in r. and staff in 1 ., arm raised from shoulder (as No. 20). a. Naples. ^31 20 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo PL. VII. Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2357. Type No. 23 From same die as No. 22. TARA^ to r.). Same type but AND MONOGRAPHS 1 16 TAPA 2 OIKISTHE Taras resting 1 . hand on comer of diphros. Outline of rever.se die visible. a. Aberdeen. Al 21 mm. 7.865 gr. Aberdeen. PL . VII . University, Anthropological Museum. Type No. 24 Froiii same die as No. 22. W TAPA^ CA to r.). Taras naked to waist, seated to 1. on diphros holding dis- taff in r. and staff in 1. beneath arm -pit (as No. 14). Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. Al 20mm. 7.86 gr., ex. Strozzi. PL. VII. 1907, Sale, No. 844, PI. III. h. Brussels. Al 22.5 mm. 7.89 gr. Cabinet des PL . VII . Medailles, Baron L. de Hirsch Coll. c. Cl. C6te. Al 21 mm. 7.45 gr. (not fine) found at Taranto, 1918. d. Picard.. Al 22 mm. 7.65 gr. e. Marquis R. Ginori. JR 21 mm. 7.78 gr. Type No. 25 [No inscription]. Taras, the hair curly, naked to waist, seated 1. on diphros, hold- ing distaff in r. and staff in 1. beneath arm- pit (cf. Nos. 16A-16 I). 1^' [No inscription]. Phalanthos naked, seated on dolphin 1., arms extended ap- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 117 plauding, beneath, cockle-shell (hinge up- wards). No border. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. M 26/25.5 mm. 7.70 gr. (ob- PL . VII . verse slightly double-struck) , ex. Booth Sale, lot No. 7. H. Willers, 1 . c., Taf. XII, 9 - h. (?) .ai 25 mm. 8.01 gr. Cf. Carelli D. 71. Type No. 25 A From same die as No. 25. TARA^ CN to r., added). Other- wise as die of No. 25. Concave field. a. Naples. 23/24mm. Santangelo Coll. Fi- PL. VII. orelli, No. 2350. b. Turin. .<31 23/26.5 mm. 7.86 gr. Medagliere del Re. c. M. P. Vlasto. 31 26.5/26 mm. 7.84 gr. ; ex. Booth Sale, lot No. 7. d. Berlin. M 24 mm. 6.73 gr. (very poor). Dressel, 1 . c., p. 237, No. 74. e. Copenhagen. .31 24 mm. 7.79 gr. Royal Num. Cab. (National Museum). /. Cl. C6te. .31 25/20 mm. 7.64 gr. (not fine), g. (?) M 22/24 mm. 7.64 gr. (worn). S. Benson Sale, PI. I, No. 24 (ex. Bun- bury Sale, lot No. 88). /?.(?) .31 25 mm. 7.60 gr. Cf. Carelli D No. 70. AND MONOGRAPHS ii8 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 i. (?) 25 mm. 6.97 gr. (pitted by oxida- tion). Paris, 17, 12, 1921, Sale, Coll, d'un Artiste, lot No. 12 (P. Mathey). [The following oekists which I have not been able to trace were probably of type Nos. 25 or 25A: 1-2, Greau, Paris Sale (1867), lots Nos. 281, 282; 3, F. Bompois, Paris Sale (1882), lot No. 155; 4, Capo Sale, Rome (1891), lot No. 1096. Type No. 26 T 1 APA 1 A/ 1 Tl 1 NQ.N (Q around). Phalanthos, the hair rather long and wavy, naked, seated r. on dolphin; 1. hand ex- tended with open palm; beneath, large cockle-shell (hinge upwards). Taras, the hair short, naked to waist, seated to 1. on diphros, holding distaff and staff beneath arm -pit, as No. 25 (obverse). Outline of reverse die visible. a. Naples. 23 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. PL. Vin. 1803, Garrucci T. XCVII, No. 30. b. Vienna. 22/26 mm. 7.34 gr. (very poor) . (ex. Carelli Coll.). Carelli D. 67, N. I. V. T., evil. 74. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI2THE 119 c. London. ^ 22.5/23 mm. 7.85 gr. Brit. Mus., (ex. James Whittall Sale (Sothe- by. 1884), lot No. 88). c?. ( ?) .(31 22/23 mm. 8 gr. (with ^ in graf- fito in f. to r. of obverse), from the Hirsch XV Sale, 1906, lot No. 386 (G. Philipsen). Type No. 27 From same die as No. 26. Taras, the hair wavy, naked to waist, seated 1. on diphros holding distaff and and staff, arm raised from shoulder as No. 20. No exergue. Concave field. a. M. P. Vlasto. 3R 23 mm. 7.26 gr. In f. to PL. VIII. 1 . of rev. ^ in graffito (ex. P. Mathey Coll.) b. London. .31 23/25 mm. 7.74 gr. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 76. Evans, 1 . c., PI. I, 9. c. Vienna. ^31 20/22.5 mm. 7.97 gr. (ex. Carelli Coll.) Carelli D. 66, N. I. V. T., CVI, 57 (inaccurate). d. Cambridge. .31 23 mm. 7.31 gr. (very poor). Fitzwilliam Mus., McClean Coll. (ex. M. P. Vlasto Coll). e. Cl. Cote. 3 R 23 mm. 7.30 gr. (not fine), (M. P. Vlasto Coll). /. E. J. Seltman. 31 23 mm. 7.50 gr. Hirsch XXI Sale, No. 297 (Consul Weber). 1 AND MONOGRAPHS 120 1 TAPAS 0 IKI 2 THS 1 i i 1 1 ! i i g. (?) ^ 23 mm. 7.98 gr. Nervegna Sa.e, PI. II, No. 279. h. (?) .<31 25 mm. 6.58 gr. Formerly at Lewes House, E. P. Warren Coll. (K. Regling, 1 . c., p. 5, No. 26). i. Turin. HI 23 mm. Med. del Re. Type No, 28 [No inscription visible]. Phalanthos naked, seated on dolphin to 1., r. arm ex- tended, resting 1. hand on dolphin’s back (as on No. 20). No cockle-shell beneath. Same type, plain exergue. a. Naples. HI 23 mm. (very poor). Santangeh PL.Vni. Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2345. Type No. 29 [N 0 inscription visible] . Same type , but beneath dolphin a murex {tritonium nodi- ferum). Linear incuse border. ^ Same type as No. 28, but the two back legs of diphros show in perspective. a. Naples. HI 23 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo PL.Vm. Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2354. Carelli, N. I. V. T., CVI, 56 (very inaccurate). Type No. 30 [No inscription]. Phalanthos rather di- shevelled, naked and ithyphallic, astride ! NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKI2TH5; 12 1 dolphin- to 1., extending with r. an olive wreath and resting 1. on dolphin’s back. Beneath, large prawn (palemon). B/ TAPA ! ^ (The ^ between staff and r. leg of diphros to r.). Taras, naked to waist, seated on diphros to 1. holding distaff and long staff, r. arm raised from shoulder, as on No. 20. a. M. P. Vlasto. M 22 mm. 7.74 gr. (ex. E. j. PL.Vn. Seltman Coll.). L. Covrera, Neapolis, 1 . c., Tav. VI, 25. b. M. P. Vlasto. JR 22 mm. 7.94 gr. (ex. F. W. V. Peterson Sale, lot No. 7). c. Vienna. .<31 23 mm. 7.63 gr. (ex. Carelli PL.vn. Coll.). Carelli D. 72, N. I. V. T., CVI, 64. d. Cl. C6te. ^ 21/23 mm. 7.38 gr. (rev. pitted by oxidation), from the 1914 find. e. (?) JR 21 mm. 7.73 gr. Hartwig, Rome Sale, 1910, cf. No. 84 (with TAPA 2 ) on obv.?). /. ( ?) .e XII, p. 208, PI. IV, 32. Rei>. (1905), p. 68, No. 45. PI- II. • d. PaHs. 21/23 mm. 7.96 gt. de Luynes Coll., No. 272 (ex. R. R'ocbette Coll.). R. Rochette, PI. IV, 33. e. Glasgow. ^31 23/25 mm. 7.60 gr. (poor). Hunter Coll., Macdonald, No. 12. C. Cdmbe, 1 . c., PI. 55, No. Vl. Avellino, 1 . c., p. 77, No. 319. Carelli, N. I. V. T., evil, 66. /. Munich. iR 20/20.5 mm. g. Copenhagen. M 23/25 mm. 7.64 gr. (not fine). h. Berlin. ^ 22/23 mm. 7.88 gr., ex. Lobbecke Coll. i. Berlin. 20/21 mm. 7.44 gr., ex. Lobbecke Coll. j. Sir Arthur Evans. Al 23/25 mm. 7.194 gr. (poor). k. E. T. Newell. Al 22.5/25 mm. 7.73 gr. (ex. M. P. Vlasto Coll.) from the 1914 find. Type No, 35 TAPA[A/TI/V^ 2 /V] (around type Q). Same type turned to left, of weak, imita- tive style. Same type (?) Concave field. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA 2 OIKI2THS 127 a. M. P. Vlasto. M plated, 19/20 mm, 6.93 gr. PL. VIII. (The bronze core visible on edge.) Types Nos. 20 and 20A. I am inclined to date the issue of this type immediately after the striking of the earliest horsemen of Type A I and Bi, cf. Sir Arthur Evans’s First Periodj which suggest very primitive art, and were, in my opinion, struck pos- sibly even earlier than 460 B. C., in spite of the epigraphic evidence pointing to a some- what later date. The inscriptions carefully noted on all the oekistsof my Second Period are varied at random, and show, as already noted, the imreliableness of epigraphy as a criterion at Tarentiun during the greater part of the fifth century. [cf. Fig.' No. 4-1 . V The long use of the obverse die of No. 20, (found coupled with at least four reverse dies), provides us with valuable criteria for placing other closely connected types of oekists in their probable chronological succession. The seated hero on the reverse, strongly recalls No. 19 of the preceding Period, and is of a slightly more advanced transi- AND MONOGRAPHS 1 128 TAP AS OIKI2TH2 j 1 tional style. The oekist’s figure has lost much of its rigidity especially on the somewhat later Xo. 2oB struck when the obverse die shows unmistakeable signs of long striking. These oekists are all very rare and are not mentioned by either Carelli or R. Rochette. Their style is rather weak and closely agrees with that of one of the early horsemen depicted by Sir Arthur Evans [PI. II, 3,9 andPl.XI,i],andothers^^^ which have come to fight since 1 889. That all belong to these early issues is proved by their die-combinations. Type No. 21. This last utilization of the obverse die, now badly damaged, with a new version of the heroized oekist, considering the rarity of the type, must have been quite exceptional, and is, I believe, only a mule of Xo. 31 described hereafter. Types Nos. 22, 23 and 24. These three oekists share the same obverse die on which Phalanthos holds in his right hand a strigil. The X^aples and Aberdeen coins of the first two types appear to be unique, all three are certainly the work of NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA 2 01 KISTH 2 129 the same engraver. This obverse die comes in use again during Period IV on Nos. 56 and 56A. Types Nos. 25, 25A. This rather com- mxOn type is only a revival of the nionotonous version so frequently m^et during the pre- vious period but now displaying the same weak transitional style noted above. The only interest of this type lies in the exceptional transfer of the seated oekist’s type to the obverse die, and in its rather flat and spread fabric also to be noticed on the following very rare contemporary types Nos. 26 to 34. Type No. 26. The obverse of this type like Nos. 22, 24, presents the legend TAPA/VTIA/f 7 A/, with the Q in place of 0 and is of a remarkably advanced style for the period. The cockle-shell symbol is an ex- quisitevepresentaXionoithePecten-JacobcBus, much appreciated even today by the in- habitants of modern Taranto under the name of Pettine. The appearance of the in the inscription at this early date can be explained by the commercial relations of the Spartan City with Ionia and its j i i ! AND MONOGRAPHS i 130 TAPAS OIKI2THS Magna Grascian colony of Velia, whose earliest eoinage, from c. 500 B. C., had adopted the Ionian alphabet. ^^7 In this it was to be followed a few years later by Thurium (after c. B. C. 443) where a pre- dominant Ionic element was mingled with the Athenian colonists. An exceptional and somewhat earlier horseman from my collection is illustrated here (see Fig. No. 4) owing to the close agreement of its Fig. No. 4 obverse type with the above oekist. It bears the same form of legend T I APA A/ T \NQN, but it has the earlier form TAR 1 AA/TI 1 A/ 0 A/ around the horseman. I have in my eollection a second example of this remarkable horseman from the same dies, showing quite clearly the earlier NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTHS form R of the inscription on the reverse. The Berlin example of this type [Dressel, 1. c., p. 242, No. 95] confirmxS this reading, though the coin is somewhat worn, and the end of inscription obliterated.’'^^ Type No. 27. This oekist which shares the same obverse die with No. 26 shows strong Attic influence and makes one think of this figure as a slightly older type of those youthful gods seated in the east frieze of the Parthenon. ^^9 The himation is no longer represented with stiff formal folds. We can now trace an effort at free- dom in the smaller folds made by the movement of the legs, while the larger folds still retain the conventional form. It must be noted here that the beautiful example depicted on PI. VIII, 27a has in the field to right of the oekist ’s elbow the letter A of an early form incised (graffito). I have been able to trace this letter A generally shaped A or A on many oekists that have passed through my hands [No. 13 c, No. 14R b, No. 16C b, No. 26 d, No. 56 A c]. This letter A is probably only the initial of A[N A 0 AM A], showing AND MONOGRAPHS 132 TAPAE 0 IKISTH 2 1 1 1 ! that these coins were dedicated as offerings for a special religious purpose in the temples of one of the gods or state patrons, the character of the incised letter apparently precluding the reading of A for A [EGA ON] or prize money as on the celebrated Metapontine coin though, should this last interpretation perchance be the right one. our oekists would be a most becoming prize for the winners of games instituted in the honor of the two principal Tarentine state patrons: Taras and Phalanthos. Owing to the exceptional low weight of the example/? of this type, 6.58 gr.. Dr K. Regling dates it c. 281 B. C., after the reduction of the Tarentine nomos to about 6.80 gr. on the basis of the Roman six- scru.ple standard. ^30 This extraordinarily low weight should receive the explanation proposed for Mr. J. Mavrogordato’s plated oekist. [Type 14O.] Mr. E. P. Warren has kindly informed me that he cannot now trace this coin at Lewes House, and as it is not to be found in the Boston Mu- seum of Fine Arts, it has been impossible for me to secure a cast in order to ascer- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI 2 THS 1 133 tain if it was actually struck from the dies of No. 27. Type No. 28. This oekist without the cockle-shell beneath the dolphin seems to be quite unique. In other respects it is very similar to our No. 20A. The coin is very poorly preserved and of very weak transi- tional style. Type No. 29. This highly interesting type, also in the Santangelo collection at Naples, is presumably unique and hitherto known only from Carelli’s engraving which is very inaccurate owing to the very poor condition of the coin. The usual cockle-shell is here replaced by a very realistic murex-shell {tritonium nodijerum) known today at Taranto under the popular name of Buccino. The obverse type is surrounded by a linear border incuse, unique in all the Tarantine series. The tritonium nodijerum mmst not be con- fused with the true purple-shell or Mur ex brandaris, of which an exquisite represen- tation is to be found on the earliest gold stater, ^3 1 struck at Tarentum. It also figures on one of the Tarentine nomoi wdth 1 1 AND MONOGRAPHS 134 TAPA 2 OIKISTHS the head of Nymph Satyra on the reverse, whieh may be dated a few years earlier than our oekist. Garrucci’s representation of this extraordinarily rare nomos, PI. XCVII, 17, taken from the Bunbury speci- men now in my cabinet , '32 is very inaccurate as one can judge from the Fig. No. 5. The inscription reads ^AHAT and not TAPA^, as in Garrucci’s engraving. Fig. No. 5 Type No. 30. This new obverse die is also found combined with three very differ- ent reverses which connect their issues with those of Nos. 20 and 21. Phalanthos is represented holding an olive wreath, perchance commemorating a victory of the Tarentines over the Peuketians. He is dishevelled and ithyphallic, possibly a pun- ning allusion to his name (0aX\6s, (pdXaudos)^ NUMISMATIC NOTES V. TAPAS OIKI 2 THE 135 None of the specimens of No. 30 to 32 that I have come across is in really fine condition with both sides well centred and complete. Sir Arthur Evans’ coin of No. 31 [cf. PI. VII, 31&] is the finest and shows clearly the large prawn {palaemon xiphias) beneath the dolphin. The reverses of Nos. 20 and 30 are no doubt the work of the same engraver. Type No. 31. This remarkable type shows a bold attempt to render perspective for such an early date. On No. 29 the die- cutter had drawn the two back legs of the diphros in perspective [cf. PI. VIII], but this rather pretentious new type is some- what unbalanced, and it is evident that the engraver failed to place the diphros per- pendicular to the exergue, thus destroying the equipoise of the seated oekist [cf. PI. VII]. The footstool (Qprjws) is uncom- fortably high. This stool, ornamented with lion’s feet, has been taken by Sir Arthur for an Ionic capital and explained as a visible emblem of heroization. There are, however, other redeeming points in this elaborate version of the seated Taras. AND MONOGRAPHS 136 TAPAS OIKISTHS The skilful rendering of the folds of his himation is unrivalled for such an early issue. As noted above this reverse is also used with the much earlier obverse die on No. 21 [cf. PI. VI,] which, owing to the condition of that old die, I proposed to consider as a mule. Type No. 32. The wretched condition of the only two known specimens of this hitherto unpublished reverse prevent any accurate examination of the oekist who is represented seated on a chair in place of the usual diphros as on the wreathed reverse of No. 10. This new type is important as providing us with a valuable link to subse- quent issues of similar design ascribed to the following period [cf. Nos. 45-46, Per. IV]. Type No. 33. This splendid type is one of the masterpieces of the Tarantine mint. The heroic character is deliberately empha- sized by the appearance of a sepulchral altar or tomb before which the heroized oekist is engaged in a solemn sacrifice as though occupied with the sacred rites without which no Greek city was founded. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAE OIKIETHE 137 Sir Arthur Evans has rejected R. Rochette’s proposal bringing this altar into relation with the tomb or HP^^ON of the Amyklaean Apollo. The site of this tomb has been identified, with great probability by Sir Arthur Evans and Signor Viola, ^^4 as an eminence bordering the ancient walls of Tarentum not far from the Temenid gate. This gate is mentioned by Polybios, and is known today in modern Taranto, as the Erta di Cicalone.^^^ It is from this sepulchral mound of Hyakinthos that Hannibal made the treacherous fire-signal to the conspirators led by Philemenos and Nikon (B. C. 212).^^^ Possibly, how- ever, this remarkable type may refer to the death of Taras as related by local tradition. ^3 7 The oekist has again been transferred to the obverse die, no doubt in order to pro- tect the high relief. However, a small break in the die, near the end of the distaff [see PI. VIII, 33a] must have occurred almost as soon as the die was put into service. It rapidly increased in size impairing the beauty of many examples that have reached AND MONOGRAPHS 00 TA1PA2 OIKI2TH2 US. It is owing to this break that the dis- taff has at times been described*^® and engraved as an oar, [cf. Magnan, 1. c., T. I. Tab. 39 , No. XVIII, PI. VIII, 33 b] or as the raised back of the diphros [cf. PI. VIII, 33i]. I cannot agree with the opinion expressed by the late Dr. H. Dressel that the type of the reverse is of somewhat earlier style. "39 The drawing of the figure, in true perspective, is most life-like, and his hair streaming in the breeze is one of the first hints of the argutiae minutiarum which later attains to such perfection on the Tarantine dies. However, the dotted border surrounding the obverse type is an early feature, associated with many of the contemporary horsemen. It gives place on the subsequent oekist issues to a plain linear border. Type No. 34. This type, one of the very finest representations of the heroized oekist, shows a remarkable advance in style. The poise of the seated figure, and the delicately elaborated composition of the drapery, suggest again the influence of Attic marble reliefs and resemble in a re- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHS 139 markable way the Parthenon frieze. This almost purely Pheidian style apparently would indicate a somewhat later date of issue than the one proposed for the end of Period III. A close and repeated examination of the obverse die, has led me to the conviction that this type Is struck from the very same die as the one used for Nos. 26 and 27 [see PI. VIII] after a careful recutting. The engraver has greatly improved the figure and arms of Phalanthos and recut his waist, unduly narrow on Nos. 26, 27. The practice of recutting old dies at Taren- tum is undeniable from the very start of its coinage. I have in my collection three incuse nomoi all struck from the same ob- verse die (easily identified from several small breaks) each specimen showing suc- cessive stages of the recutting. The large square mark on the reverse [see Fig. No. 5] in the field to right of the head of Satyra has been cut into the old die after a first issue of this remarkable type before the addition of the mark of value, indicating that this nomos was the unit or stater. AND MONOGRAPHS 140 TAPA 2 OIKISTH 2 The rather early date proposed here for No. 34 is apparently further corroborated by the evidence of the 1914 find which in- cluded an example of this type in fine condition. The analysis of the coins of this small hoard shows, as will be seen in Appendix C, that its deposition could hardly have been later than c. 440 B. C. Type No. 35. This unique example, with the obverse type turned to left, is plated over a bronze core and probably was intended to imitate the preceding No. 34. Unfortunately, the coin being of small flan, a great part of the seated oekist, which is of unusually good style for an ancient for- gery, is lost and cannot be examined with any detail. Carelli gives, Plate CVI, 55, the en- graving of an extraordinary type which can be described as follows: “TAPA^ CNtor.). Phalanthos naked, seated on dolphin to 1., holding in r. hand a trident and in 1 . a cuttle-fish. In field above dolphin’s head a cockle-shell (hinge upwards). “ 1 ^ ^ASAT ('^tor.). Tarasnakedto NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAE OIKISTH2 141 waist, extending distaff with r. and holding in 1 . from arm-pit a long staff. His r. foot resting on prow of vessel.” L. Sambon, probably following Carelli, describes an oekist p. 239, in his well-known Recherches sur les Monnaies de la presqu’ile Italique, under No. 30, as follows: ''il pose le pied droit sur une proue de navireR Finding it impossible to trace any ex- ample answering to the above descriptions I consulted my late friend Dr. Imhoof- Blumer, whose experience has always been placed most willingly at the disposal of numismatists, but he informed me that he had never met a Tarentine oekist any- thing like Carelli’s engraving. It is by mere chance that I found quite recently the source from which Carelli had copied this incongruous type, while examining the very obsolete plates of Golt- zius’ Sicilia et Magna Grcecia, sive historice urbium et populorum Graecice published at Bruges in 1576. This type is engraved p. XXXV, PI. XXXIII, JKi.j. Among the 17 Tarentine types figured PI. XXXI to XXXIII, only three represent genuine • AND MONOGRAPHS 142 TAPA2 OIKI2TH2 types, the balance being fanciful and spuri- ous representations of coins which do not exist. The Greau sale catalogue (1867) men- tions under lot No. 287 the following coin “Sans legende? Taras assis d gauche sur un dauphin tenant {probablement) un trident de la main droite et un polype de la gauche, posant un pied sur une proue de vaisseau et laissant tomber le bras gauche.'^ This coin must be an ill-preserved example of a very late oekist of Type 59, and the supposed prow of a vessel undoubtedly represented the usual stool found beneath the right foot of the seated oekist, which the com- piler of the Greau sale catalogue, owing to Carelli’s engraving, failed to identify. I believe that the version of the seated Taras as patron of the Tarentine fleet, may safely be discarded as one of the countless inven- tions of the wholly unreliable Goltzius. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHS 143 PERIOD IV Circa B. C. 443-400 The approximate date of 443 B. C. pro- posed as a limit for the oekists of our Third Period, is the date of the foundation of Thu- rium. Erected on a site not far remioved from the ruins of Sybaris, Thurium was established by the Athenians in the hope that the new city would take the place and importance of the former Achaean colony. Fearing that the nev\/ly founded city might ally itself with the Ach^ans of Metapon- tum and the bordering Lucanians who, during the middle of the fifth century, had greatly extended southward their incur- sions to the prejudice of the peaceful (Enotrians, the Tarentines decided to seize the territory between Thurium and Meta- pontum, formerly belonging to Siris, a city which had been destroyed by the Achaeans of Metapontum, Sybaris and Croton [B. C. 560]; and to establish there a fortress to hold all their foes, whether Greek or Luca- nian, at check. War for the possession of Siris was waged on land and sea; the ' AND MONOGRAPHS 144 TAPA2 OIKIETH2 Thurian armies were led by a Spartan exile named Cleandridas. Hostilities lasted about fourteen years, but finally the victorious Tarentines obtained a favourable treaty of peace, giving them possession of the coveted territory but allowing to the Thurians many privileges. One result was the foun- dation of Heraclea [B. C. 432], a joint colony of Tarentum and Thurium, a few miles further inland than the old Siris. The Tarentines thus reduced Metapontum almost to vassalage. The progress in style displayed by the last oekist-issues, grouped under Period IV, is most remarkable and the engrav- er’s art reaches a level almost unrivalled in the subsequent Tarentine series. Side by side with the evident influence of Attic models of purely Pheidian style, we now find on many new versions of the seated Taras a pictorial element suggestive of the painters’ rather than the sculptors’ art. It is impossible not to accept Le- normant’s view recently accepted by Sir Arthur Evans, that the pictorial st}de on all the more or less contemporary coin NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHE 145 types of Magna Graecia, was due to the in- fluence of the great painter Zeuxis who during the last quarter of the fifth century B. C. had made Croton the centre of his activity. Unfortunately most of the finest types of the Tarentine oekists have been copied by native engravers of very slight skill, and we find many examples of carelessness and want of finish. This is also to be observed, even during the best period, at Terina, Metapontum and in other Magna Grsecian mints. That the oekists of Tarentine Greek style and those of poor workmanship are to be grouped together as strictly contem- porary, is fully corroborated by the evi- dence of the small but highly important 1914 find from the immediate neighbor- hood of Taranto. I was fortunate enough to be able to examine this find in its in- tegrity before its dispersion, and can give its analysis (Appendix C). All the coins were more or less coated with a tena- cious greyish oxide. The removal of this coating left the surface of many of the coins somewhat eroded. It is noteworthy that AND MONOGRAPHS 146 TAPAE OIKISTH 2 no early horsemen were included in this small find, but negative evidence proves nothing and it is now conceded that many early equestrian nomoi were issued before oekists of advanced style as Nos. 34, 37 A and 42, and all three of these were repre- sented in this find by very fine or brilliant specimens. Sir Arthur Evans has expressed the opinion that between the early horsemen of his First Period (c. 450-430 B. C.) and those he has described under his Second Period (c. 420-380 B. C.), the Tarentine moneyers had stopped the striking of the equestrian types and had reverted to the precedent oekist-issues; and Dr.K.Regling shares the same opinion even extending from 450 to 430 B. C., the interval between the first two horsemen Periods. There is no doubt that after c. 430 B. C., the oekist-nomoi must have formed the principal staple of the Tarentine currency, but since 1 889 when Sir Arthur Evans pub- lished his monograph, many new equestrian types of late transitional to early fine style have come to light which lessen the lapse NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHE 147 noticed by Sir Arthur Evans in the artistic development between horsemen of his Per- iods I and II. Apparently this disturb- ing gap is now satisfactorily filled. Most of these new horsemen are unpublished. They show so many affinities in design and such great similarity in the style of their die-cutting witn many oekists of the Fourth Period, that it is difficult to date them as lateas42oB.C. I am therefore very much inclined to believe that both oekists and horsemen continued to be struck, side by side, from 430 until c. 400 B. C., when the equestrian types permanently displaced the seated oekist. This conclusion receives corroboration from the evidence supplied by the very important hoard of 1908, from the Ionian Calabrian shore (?) of which I can give but a summary, from notes taken during 1910 (Appendix A), when I had the opportunity of hurriedly looking through this find which had passed into the hands of a prominent dealer. The five oekists included therein were in exactly the same condition of preservation as the bulk of the horsemen belonging to the first two Periods AND MONOGRAPHS CO TAPAS OIKI2TH2 represented in this remarkable hoard, and their contemporaneity was obvious. The weight standard of the oekists dur- ing their last issues is now somewhat lower and the average weight proposed by Dr. K. Regling of 7.73 gr. is correct, though some exceptional pieces noted weigh 8.14 and even 8.20 gr. We also find certain issues [see No. 37] represented by examples in brilliant mint state, weighing as little as 7.63 gr. Circa B. C. 443-400 Type No* 36 [Inscription obliterated]. Phalanthos naked, seated on dolphin, r., 1. arm ex- tended; beneath, cockle-shell (hinge up- wards) — poor style. Taras, naked to waist, seated 1 . on chair, holding bird by the end of its wings; 1. fore-arm resting on back of chair, his r. foot drawn back beneath chair (poor style) . a. M. P. Vlasto. ^ plated, 19. 5/21 mm. 6.10 PL. VIII. gr. [very poor] the bronze core visible on edge. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKI 2 TH 2 1 149 Type No. 37 [No inscription]. Phalanthos, the hair long, and blown backwards, naked and ithyphallic, seated on dolphin to r., extend- ing in r. hand a strigil, 1. arm resting on dolphin’s back. Beneath prawn {palcemon vulgaris). Plam linear border. Very fine style. , B/ Same type, but of beautiful style. The legs of chair drawn in perspective. The very scant himation leaves both legs of Taras bare from the knees. It is orna- mented with a tassel on the end hanging over chair. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 2i mm. 7.63 gr. (f. d. c. ) PL. VIII. Cf. M. Vlasto, Num. Chron., 1907, PI. X, 5, (ex. E. J. Seltman Coll.). b. M. P. Vlasto. .31 19/21 mm. 7.60 gr. (not fine) , with the graffito 3 »IA, on obverse. c. Sir Arthur Evans. 20/21 mm. 7.66 gr. (f. PL. IX. d. c.). Paris, 21 Dec., 1907, Sale, PI. I, 18 [from the Nervegna Coll.]. d. London. M 19/21 mm. 7.73 gr. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 171, No. 82. e. Paris. i 3 l 20/21 mm. 7.70 gr. (f. d. c.) R. Rochette, Type XIV, p. 209, PI. IV. 36. f. Paris. 31 22/23 rnm. 7.82 gr. de Luynes i 1 i 1 \ \ 1 1 AND MONOGRAPHS ISO TAPAS OIKISTHS i ! [ 1 1 [ i 1 1 1 i Coll., No. 282 (ex. R. Rochette Coll.), R. Rochette, PI. IV, 35. g. Berlin. ^19 mm. 7.55 gr. (not fine), ex. Imhoof-Blumer Coll. h. Naples. .-R 20/21 mm. (f. d. c.). Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. 1805. i. Cambridge. .R 19/21 mm. 7.74 gr. (not fine). Fitzwilliam Mus., ex. Me Clean Coll. j. Sir Charles Oman. .R 19/2 1.5 mm. 7 gr. (not fine). k. R. Jameson. R 20/21 mm. 7.48 gr. (ex. A. J. Evans Coll.). Jameson, Cat. PI. V, lOI. l . Cl. Cote. R 20/22.5 mm. 7.82 gr. (f. d. c.), ex. L. Naville and S. Pozzi Colls., cf. Dieudonne, Cat. Pozzi, PI. XII, 309. (ex. Strozzi 1907 Sale, PI. Ill, No. 842). m. (?) R 21/22.5 mm. 7.45 gr. Ex. Arch- aeologist and Traveller’s, Sotheby Sale (A. J. Evans), 20 Jan., 1898. PI. I, 6. [Cf. Dumarsan, coll. Allier d’Hauteroche (1829) PI. I. 10 — D. C. Cavedoni (Modena 1838), Spicelegio Numismatico, p. 17, etc., etc.] Type No. 37A \AOV\l 1 T 1 V\AS AT (O above). Same type of crude, bold style. In field three small pellets [one to 1 ., one to r. of Phalan- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 01KI2TH2 I 5 I thos, and tlie third between dolphin and shrimp.] ^ Same type as No. 37, of very bold style. a. M. P. Vlasto. M 19/21 mm. 8.14 gr., from PL. IX. the 1914 find. b. Cl. C6te. M 20/21 mm. 7.76 gr. (ex. M. P. Vlastc and H. P. Smith, 1900, Colls.). L. Correra, Neapolis, 1 . c., Tav. VI, 24 Cf. L. Sambon, 1 . c., PI. XVII, No. 9 (very inaccurate), p. 240, No. 32. Type No» 37B No inscription. Same type of bar- barous style. A small pellet above shrimp ; no border visible. Same type of barbarous style. a. Berlin. ^ 19/20 mm. 6.91 gr. (very fine), PL . IX . ex. Lobbecke Coll. Type No. 37C Same type, of better style. Linear bor- der. Same type; Taras holds in r. hand a small fish in a net (blundered representa- tion of the usual bird) . Poor style. Out- line of reverse die visible. AND MONOGRAPHS 152 TAPAS 0IKISTH2 1 I 1 ! ! a. M. P. Vlasto. M 21/23 ^nm. 7-776 gr. Ex. PL. IX. Sir Herman Weber Coll. (1918) and G. Sim (1890) Sale, lot No. 44. L. Forrer, Weber Cat., PI. 24, No. 535. Cf. R. Rochette, p. 2 12. Type No. 38 mW 1 T 1 V\ASAT (O above). Same type, of very fine style. Without pellets. Linear border. Taras, hair curly, naked to waist, seated to 1. on chair, holding out in extended r. hand by both wings a bird at which a panther’s cub jumps. His 1. fore-arm resting on distaff held in 1'. hand and placed flat on back of chair. The himation is wider than on No. 37, and hides part of his legs. His r. foot drawn backwards, beneath chair, is resting on stool vith lion’s feet. Outline of reverse die visible. (Beautiful style). a. Berlin. JR 21 mm. 7.83 gr. Ex. Lobbecke PL. IX. Coll. (ex. Giiterbock Coll.). b. M. P. Vlasto. HI 20/21 mm. 8.10 gr. Ex. A. PL. IX. Delbecke Sale, PI. I, 14. c. M. P. Vlasto. HI 20/21 mm. 7.70 gr. Ex. H. P. Smith Coll. (New York, 1899). d. W. Gedney Beatty. HI 21/23 mm. 7.565 gr. PL . IX . (somewhat pitted by oxidation) . N U ]\ [ I S M A T I C NOTES I TAPA2 OIKISTHS 153 e. Cambridge. ^ 21mm. 7.67 gr. Fitzwilliam PL . IX . Museum, — Leake Coll. (cf. Leake, Num. Hell., 1854, p. 147). /. London. ^21 mm. 7.80 gr. (Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 81, vignette very inaccurate) . Evans, 1 . c., PI. I, 12. g. Naples. ^21 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2360. h. Naples. M 20 mm. (Very poor). Santan- gelo Coll., No. 2361. i. R. Jameson. M 21mm. 7.91 gr. (ex. A. J. Evans Coll.), cf. Jameson Cat. PI. V, No. 102. Type No. 38 A Same type, of barbarous style. Same type, of crude style. a. London. Al 20/21.5 mm. 7.989 gr. British PL. IX. Museum, ex. James Whittall (1884), London Sale, lot No. 88. Type No. 39 From same die as No. 38 . B/ Taras naked, with scanty drapery over r. thigh, seated to 1. on chair, his r. foot brought round ankle of 1. leg. He extends r. hand towards large panther rearing in front of him. His 1. hand resting i i i AND MONOGRAPHS 154 TAPAS OIKI 2 TH 2 ■ i 1 i 1 j on back of chair, holds lemniskos (?). Beautiful style. a. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 22.5 mm. 7.15 gr. (very PL. IX. much worn). L. Correra, Neapolis, 1 . c., 1913, Tav. VI, 27. Type No. 40 From sarnie die as No. 38. B/ Same t}^pe as No. 38, but Taras holds bird by one wing in extended r. hand, and distaff in 1.; his 1. fore-arm rests on back of chair. In field behind chair, a panther’s cub walking to 1 . The legs of: Taras are placed as on No. 39. Outline; of reverse die visible. a. Sir Arthur Evans. .31 21.5/22.5 mm. 8.20! PL . IX. gr. b. Berlin. .31 20/21 mm. 7.25 gr. (poor). Dres- PL. IX. sel, 1 . c., p. 230, No. 83 (ex. Peytrignet Coll.). c. London. 31 21/22 mm. 7.83 gr. Brit. Mus., PL. X. ex. J. Whittall, 1884 Sale, lot No. 88. | d. Bari. AR 20 mm. Very poor. e. M. P. Vlasto. 20/21 mm. 7.78 gr. Ex. j Imhoof-Blumer Coll, (Greau, 1867, Sale, No. 286). [Cf. R. Rochette, p. 210 {avec un quad- NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPAS OIKISTHE 55 nipMe au repos derriere le siege) and L. Sambon, 1 . c., p. 240, No. 33]. Type No, 4J From same die as No. 38, 1^ Taras, "^he hair curly, naked to waist, seated to 1 . on chair as on No. 37 extending r. hand on back of which lies a spindle of w’ool horizontally. A panther’s cub, reared on its hind legs, and turned to 1. , looks upwards towards extended hand of Taras. Linear exergue. Very hne style. a. M. P. Vlasto. ^ 21/22 mm. 7.30 gr. (f. d. PL . X . c. but has lost weight after cleaning) . b. Cl. Cote. 20/22 mm. 7.77 gr. PL. X. c. Cl. C6te. 21/22 mm. 7.81 gr. d. Vienna. ^31 20/21 mm. 7.67 gr. Ex. Carelli Coll., cf. Avellino, p. 78, No. 327 ; ex. Museo Capyciolatro. e. Sir Charles Oman. ^ 20.5/21 mm. 7.128 gr. /, (?) At 21/22 mm. 7.77 gr. Merzbacher, Munich Sale, Nov., 1910; ex. Paris, A. Sambon, 1902, Sale, No. 284 ; ex. M. P. Vlasto Coll. (cf. Rev. Int. d'Arch. Num., 1899, p. 143, PI. I, 2) where the coin is very inaccurately described. AND MONOGRAPHS 156 TAPAS OIKI2TH2 1 1 1 < j i ! Type No* 42 From same die as No. 37A. Same type of crude style. Outline of reverse die visible. a. M. P. Vlasto. . 3 ^ 21/22 mm. 8.08 gr., from PL. X. the 1914 find. b. M. P. Vlasto. JR 23/22 mm. 7.92 gr. (From the Pacelli-Telese Coll.). Type No. 43 From same die as No. 38. Same type, without the panther’s cub. Taras holds in extended r. hand distaff, point downwards, and his r. foot, drawn back beneath chair rests on stool. Outline of reverse die visible. Very fine style. a. M. P. Vlasto. .<31 21 mm. 7.94 gr. Found PL. X. at Taranto, 1907. b. M. P. Vlasto. . 3 ^ 21 mm. 7.98 gr. c. London. .31 22 mm. 7.658 gr. Brit. Mus., Italy, p. 171, No. 83. d. Berlin. .31 20 mm. 7.96 gr. Ex. Lobbecke Coll. (ex. Schmidt Coll.). e. Naples. ^21 mm. Mus. Naz., Santangelo Coll., Fiorelli, No. 2362. /. Naples. .31 21 mm. Mus. Naz., Fiorelli, No. 1806. NUMISMATIC NOTES TAPA2 OIKISTH2 157 Type No. 43 A Same, from another die. From same die as No. 43 . a. Vienna. ^ 21/22 mm. 7.52 gr. Carelli, D. PL.X. 62, N. I. V. T., evil, 73. Type No. 44 [m]W 1 T 1 V\A