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ATTEMPT 
 
 TO 
 
 DISCRIMINATE THE STYLES 
 
 or 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 in Snglantr, 
 
 FROM THE COXQUEST TO THE REFORMATION; 
 
 WITH NOTICES OF ABOVE 
 
 THREE THOUSAND BRITISH EDIFICES 
 
 PRECEDED BY A SKETCH OF 
 
 THE GRECIAN AND ROMAN ORDERS. 
 
 By THOMAS RICKMAN, Architect. 
 
 THIRD EDITION, 
 
 WITH VERY CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, & CO. 
 
 AND SOLD BV THE BOOKSELLERS IN GENERAL. 
 
 fficorgc SmitS, ^rirAtr, aibcrpooL 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Research Library, The Getty Research Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/discriminatestylOOrick 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 An outline of the present essay was written by the 
 Author for Smith's "Panorama of Science and Art," and 
 published in that work some years ago, but having 
 been frequently requested to enlarge and republisli it, 
 he has performed that task, and has subjoined a 
 copious list of buildings for the student's instruction. 
 The object of the present publication has been to 
 furnish, at a price which shall not present an obstacle to 
 extensive circulation, such a view of the principles oi 
 Architecture, more particularly that of the British Isles, 
 as may not only be placed with advantage in the hands 
 of the rising generation, but also afford the guardians 
 of our ecclesiastical edifices such clear discriminative 
 remarks on the buildings now existing, as may enable 
 them to judge with considerable accuracy of the 
 restorations necessary to be made in those venerable 
 edifices that are under their peculiar care ; and also., 
 by leading them to the study of such as still remain 
 
IV PKEFACE. 
 
 in a perfect state, to render them more capable of 
 deciding on the various designs for churches in imita- 
 tion of the English styles, wliich may be presented to 
 their choice. 
 
 As a text-book for the architectural student, little 
 need be said of this publication. The want of such a 
 work, particularly as it respects the English styles, is 
 generally acknowledged ; and it has been the aim of 
 the Author, by a constant reference to buildings, to 
 instil the principles of practice rather than mere 
 theoretical knowledge. 
 
 This essay is by no means intended to supersede 
 that more detailed view of English architecture which 
 the subject merits and requires : an undertaking of 
 this nature must necessarily be expensive, from the 
 recjuisite number of plates, without which it is impos- 
 sible to give a full view of this interesting subject ; but 
 should tlic present work be favourably received, the 
 Author may be stimulated, if time and opportunity be 
 afforded him. again to intrude himself on the Public. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 X HE Author of this work cannot^ in justice to his feelings, 
 appear a third time before the Public, without gratefully 
 acknowledging the very flattering communications he has 
 received from several eminent Prelates, and from various 
 other distinguished Personages, both of the Clergy and Laity, 
 in approbatioti of the plan he has pursued ; and he indulges 
 the hope, that under the present circumstances of the erection 
 of new churches, and of makitig additions to those of former 
 times, the elucidation which he has attemjyted, of the real 
 principles and essential differences of the styles of ancient 
 English Architecture, will derive an increasing degree 4if 
 interest. 
 
 To increase the facility of recurring to origirial examples 
 of the different styles, the Author has in this edition greatly 
 enlarged the tiotices of Buildings, some of which, though 
 highly valuable to the student, appear not to have been before 
 described. 
 
 BIR3IINGHAM, Gth Mo. 8, 1825. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS i 
 
 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE s 
 
 Tuscan Ordeh 13 
 
 Doric 15- 
 
 Ionic 21 
 
 Corinthian 26 
 
 Composite 30 
 
 Description of the Plates of Grecian Architecture 36 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE 37 
 
 The First, or Norman Style 46 
 
 The Second, or Early English 56 
 
 The Third, or Decorated English 71 
 
 The Fourth, or Perpendicular 89 
 
 Miscellaneous Remarks on Buildings of English Arch- 
 itecture, and a Comparison of the Principles of 
 
 Grecian and English Architecture 108 
 
 Description of the Plates of English Architecture 113 
 
 Enumeration of Buildings Illustrating the Principles 
 or English Architecture 121 
 
 INDEX OF BUILDINGS 383 
 
9in9[ttempt (|c. 
 
 X HE science of Architecture may be considered, in 
 its most extended application, to comprehend building 
 of every kind : but at present we must consider it in 
 one much more restricted ; according to which, Archi- 
 tecture may be said to treat of the planning and 
 erection of edifices, which are composed and embel- 
 lished after two principal modes, 
 
 1st, the Antique, or Grecian and Roman, 
 
 2nd, the English or Gothic. 
 
 We shall treat of these modes in distinct disserta- 
 tions, because their principles are completely distinct, 
 and indeed mostly form direct contrasts. But before 
 we proceed to treat of them, it will be proper to make 
 a few remarks on the distinction between mere house- 
 building, and that high character of composition in 
 the Grecian and Roman orders, which is properly 
 styled Architecture ; for though we have now many 
 nobly architectural houses, we are much in danger of 
 having our public edifices debased, by a consideration 
 of what is convenient as a house ; rather than what is 
 correct as an architectural design. 
 
 In order properly to examine this subject, we must 
 consider a little, what are the buildings regarded as 
 our models for working the orders, and in what 
 climate, for what purposes, and under what circum- 
 stances they were erected. This may, perhaps, lead 
 to some conclusions, which may serve to distinguish 
 
 B 
 
that description of work, which, however rich or 
 costly, is still mere house-building, in point of its 
 composition. 
 
 It is acknowledged, on all hands, that our best 
 models, in the three ancient unmixed orders — the 
 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, are the remains of Gre- 
 cian temples. IMost of them were erected in a climate, 
 in which a covering from rain was by no means 
 necessary, and we shall find this circumstance very 
 influential; for as the space within the walls was 
 always partially, and often wholly open, apertures in 
 those walls for light were not required; and we find, 
 also, in Grecian structures, very few, sometimes only 
 one door. The puq^ose for which these buildings 
 were erected, was the occasional reception of a large 
 body of people, and not the settled residence of any. 
 But, perhaps, the circumstances under which they 
 were erected, have had more influence on the rules 
 which have been handed down to us, as necessary to 
 be observed in composing architectural designs, than 
 either the climate or their use. It is now pretty gene- 
 rally agreed, that the Greeks did not use the arch, at 
 least in the exterior of their public buildings, till it was 
 introduced by the Romans. Here then we see at 
 once a limitation of the intercolumniation, which must 
 be restrained by the necessity of finding stones of 
 sufficient length to form the architrave. Hence the 
 smaller comparative intercolumniations of the Grecian 
 buildings, and the constant use of columns ; and 
 hence the propriety of avoiding arches, in composi- 
 tions of the purer Grecian orders. 
 
 The Romans introduced the arch very extensively, 
 into buildings of almost every description, and made 
 several alterations in the mode of working the orders 
 they found in Greece, to which they added one order, 
 by mixing the Corinthian and Ionic, and another by 
 stripping the Doric of its ornaments. Their climate, 
 also, was so far different as to require more general 
 roofhig, but still, from the greater necessity of pro- 
 
viding a screen from the heat of the sun, than aper- 
 tures to admit the Hght, it does not appear that large 
 windows were in general use, and hence an important 
 difference in modern work. Although, by roofs and 
 arches, much more approximated to modern necessi- 
 ties than the Grecian models, still those of Rome 
 which can be regarded as models of composition, are 
 temples, or other public edifices, and not domestic 
 buildings, which, whenever they have been found, 
 appear unadapted to modern wants, and therefore 
 unfit for imitation. 
 
 In a few words, we may sum up the grand distinc- 
 tions between mere building and architectural design : 
 the former looks for convenience, and though it will 
 doubtless often use architectural ornaments, and pre- 
 serve their proportions, when used as smaller parts, yet 
 the general proportion may vary very widely from the 
 orders, and yet be pleasing, and perhaps not incorrect ; 
 but all this is modern building, and not architecture 
 in its restricted sense ; in this the columns are essential 
 parts, and to them and their proportions all other 
 arrangements must be made subservient; and here we 
 may seek, with care and minuteness, amongst the 
 many remains yet left in various parts, (and of which 
 the best are familiar to most architectural students, 
 from valuable delineations by those who have accurately 
 examined them,) for models, and in selecting and 
 adopting these, the taste and abilities of the architect 
 have ample space. 
 
 As an introduction to the dissertations, it may not 
 be amiss to take a hasty sketch of the progress of 
 Architecture in England. 
 
 Of the British architecture, before the ari'ival of the 
 Romans in the island, Ave have no clear account ; but 
 it is not likely it differed much from the ordinary 
 modes of imcivilized nations ; the hut of wood with 
 a variety of coverings, and sometimes the cavities of 
 the rock, were doubtless the domestic habitations of 
 the aboriginal Britons; and their stupendous public 
 
4 
 
 edifices, such as Stonehenge and others, still remain to 
 lis. The arrival of the Romans was a new era; they 
 introduced, at least in some degree, their own archi- 
 tecture, of which a variety of specimens have been 
 found ; some few still remain, of which, perhaps, the 
 gate of Lincoln is the only one retaining its original 
 use. iVlthough some fine specimens of workmanship 
 have been dug up in parts, yet by far the greatest part 
 of the Roman work was rude, and by no means com- 
 parable with the antiquities of Greece and Italy, 
 though executed by the Romans. The age of purity, 
 in the Roman architecture, reaches down to several of 
 the first emperors, but very early with a degree of 
 purity of composition, there was such a profusion of 
 ornament made use of, as soon led the way to something 
 like debasement of composition. The palace of Dio- 
 clesian, at Spalatro, has descended to us sufficiently 
 perfect to enable us to judge of the style of both com- 
 position and ornamental details; and the date of this 
 may be considered from A. D. 290 to 300; and Constan- 
 stine, who died in A. D. 337, erected the church of 
 St. John, without the walls of Rome, which, in fact, in 
 its composition, resembles a Xorman building, and it 
 is curious to observe that the ornament afterwards used 
 so profusely in Norman work, is used in the buildings 
 of Dioclesian, whose Corinthian modiliions are capped 
 w^ith a moulding cut in zigzag, and which only wants the 
 enlargement of the moulding to become a real Norman 
 ornament. AVhen the Romans left the Island, it was 
 most likely that the attempts of the Britons were still 
 more rude, and endeavouring to imitate, but not exe- 
 cuting on principle, the Roman work, their architecture 
 became debased into the Saxon and early Norman, 
 intermixed with ornaments perhaps brought in by the 
 Danes. After the conquest, the rich Norman barons, 
 erecting very magnificent castles and churches, the 
 execution manifestly improved, though still with 
 much similarity to the Roman mode debased; but the 
 introduction of shafts, instead of the massive pier, first 
 
beg^an to approach that lighter mode of building, 
 which, by the introduction of the pointed arch, and 
 by an increased delicacy of execution, and boldness 
 of composition, ripened, at the close of the twelfth cen- 
 tury, into the simple, yet beautiful Early English style. 
 At the close of another centuny, this style, from the 
 alteration of its windows, by throwing them into large 
 ones, divided by muUions, introducing tracery in the 
 heads of windows, and the general use of flowered 
 ornaments, together with an important alteration in 
 the piers, became the Decorated English style, which 
 may be considered as the perfection of the English 
 mode. This was very difficult to execute, from its 
 requiring flowing lines where straight ones were more 
 easily combined; and at the close of the fourteenth 
 century, we find these flowing lines giving way to per- 
 pendicular and horizontal ones, the use of which 
 continued to increase, till the arches were almost lost 
 in a continued series of pannels, which, at length, in 
 one building — the chapel of Henry the VII — covered 
 completely both the outside and inside; and the eye, 
 fatigued by the constant repetition of small parts, 
 sought in vain for the bold grandeur of design which 
 had been so nobly conspicuous in the preceding style. 
 The reformation, occasioning the destruction of many 
 of the buildings the most celebrated, and mutilating 
 others, or abstracting the funds necessary for their 
 repair, seems to have put an end to the working of the 
 English styles on principle; the square pannelled and 
 mullioned windows, with the wooden pannelled roofs 
 and halls, of the great houses of the time of Queen Eli-~ 
 zabeth, seem rather a debased English than any thing 
 else; but during the reign of her successor, the Italian 
 architecture began to be introduced, first only in 
 columns of doors, and other small parts, and after- 
 wards in larger portions, though stiU the general style 
 was this debased English. Of this introduction, the 
 most memorable is the celebrated tower of the schools 
 at Oxford, where, into a building adorned with pin- 
 
6 
 
 nacles, and having mullioned windows, the architect 
 has crowded all the five orders over each other. Some 
 of the works of Inigo Jones are little removed beyond 
 this barbarism. Longleat, in AViltshire, is rather 
 more advanced, and the banqueting-house, Whitehall, 
 seems to mark the complete introduction of Roman 
 workmanship. The close of the seventeenth century 
 produced Sir Christopher Wren, a man whose powers, 
 confessedly great, lead us to regret he had not studied 
 the architecture of his English ancestors with the suc- 
 cess he did that of Rome; for while he has raised the 
 most magnificent modern building we possess, he seems 
 to have been pleased to disfigure the English edifice 
 he had to complete. His works at St. JNIary Alder- 
 mary, and St. Dunstan in the east, pmve how well he 
 could execute imitated English buildings when he 
 chose, though even in them he has departed, in several 
 respects, fi:om the true English principles. By the 
 end of the seventeenth century, the Roman architec- 
 ture appears to have been well established, and the 
 works of Vitruvius and Palladio successfully studied ; 
 but Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor 
 seem to have endeavoured to introduce a massiveness 
 of style which happily is peculiar to themselves. The 
 works of Palladio, as illustrated by some carpenters, 
 appear to have been the model for working the orders 
 during the greatest part of the eighteenth century ; but 
 in the early and middle part of it, a style of ornament 
 borrowed from the French was much introduced in 
 interiors, the principal distinctions of which were the 
 absence of all straight lines, and almost of all regular 
 lines. The examples of this are now nearly extinct, 
 and seem to have been driven out by the natural ope- 
 ration of the advance of good workmanship in tlie 
 loAver class of buildings. 
 
 All ornamental carvings were with difficulty execut- 
 ed in wood, and were very expensive ; but towards 
 the latter end of the eighteenth century, the Adams 
 introduced a style of ornament directly contrary to the 
 
heavy carving of their predecessors. This was so flat 
 as to be easily worked in plaster and other composi- 
 tions, and ornament was sold very cheap, and pro- 
 fusely used in carpenters' work. This flatness was 
 more or less visible in many considerable buildings; 
 but near the close of the century, the magnificent 
 works of Stuart and Revet, and the Ionian antiquities 
 of the Dilletante Society, began to excite the public 
 attention, and in a few years a great alteration was 
 visible; the massive Doric, and the beautiful plain 
 Grecian Ionic began to be worked, and our ordinary 
 door-cases, &c. soon began to take a better character. 
 The use of the simple, yet bold mouldings and orna- 
 ments of the Grecian models, is gradually spreading, 
 and perhaps we may hope, from the present general 
 investigation of the principles of science, that this will 
 continue without danger of future debasement, and 
 that a day may come when we shall have Grecian, 
 Homan and English edifices erected on the principles 
 of each. 
 
GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The many valuable treatises and excellent delinea- 
 tions of the Grecian and Roman buildings, and tlie 
 details of their parts, will render unnecessary, in this 
 dissertation, that minuteness which, from the total 
 absence of a previous system, it will be proper to 
 adopt in the description of the English styles. But 
 in this sketch a similar plan will be followed, of first 
 giving the name and grand distinctions of the orders, 
 then describing the terms and names of parts necessary 
 for those who have not paid attention to the subject 
 to understand, and a concise description of each order 
 will follow; with respect to the examples in England, 
 it will be most proper to leave the reader to select 
 his own, because in this country we have not, as in 
 the English architecture, the originals to study, but a 
 variety of copies, adapted to the climate, and to the 
 convenience of modern times. 
 
 In dividing the Grecian and Roman architecture, 
 the word order is used, and much more properly than 
 style; the English styles regard not a few parts, but 
 the composition of the whole building, but a Grecian 
 building is denominated Doric or Ionic, merely from 
 its ornaments ; and the number of columns, windows, 
 IkQ. may be the same in any order, only varied in their 
 proportion. 
 
 The orders are generally considered to be five, and 
 are usually enumerated as follows: 
 
 Tuscan, 
 
 Doric, 
 
 Ionic, 
 
 Corinthian, 
 
 Composite. 
 
 Their orioin will be treated of hereafter. Their 
 prominent distinctions are as follow: 
 
 The Tuscan is without any ornament whatever. 
 
9 
 
 The Doric is distinguished by the channels and pro- 
 jecting intervals in the frieze, called triglyplis. 
 
 The Ionic by the ornaments of its capital, which 
 are spiral, and are called volutes. 
 
 The Corinthian by the superior height of its capital, 
 and its being ornamented with leaves, which support 
 very small volutes. 
 
 The Composite has also a tall capital with leaves, 
 but is distinguished from the Corinthian by having the 
 large volutes and enriched ovolo of the Ionic capital. 
 
 In a complete order there are three gi'and divisions, 
 which are occasionally executed separately, viz. 
 
 The column, including its base and capital. 
 
 The pedestal, which supports the column. 
 
 The entablature, or part above and supported by the 
 column. 
 
 These are again each subdivided into three parts : 
 
 The pedestal into base, or lower mouldings ; dado or 
 die, the plain central space; and surbase, or upper 
 mouldings. 
 
 The column into base, or lower mouldings ; shaft, or 
 central space; and capital, or upper mouldings. 
 
 The entablature, into architrave, or part immedi- 
 ately above the column ; frieze, or central flat space ; 
 and cornice, or upper projecting mouldings. 
 
 These parts may be again divided thus : the lower 
 portions, viz. the base of the pedestal, base of the 
 column, and the architrave, divide each into two 
 parts ; the first and second into plinth and mouldings, 
 the third into face or faces, and upper moulding or 
 tenia. 
 
 Each central portion, as dado of the pedestal, shaft 
 of the column, and fi'ieze, is undivided. 
 
 Each upper portion, as surbase of the pedestal, 
 capital of the column, cornice of the entablature, 
 divides into three parts: the first into bedmould, or the 
 part under the corona; corona, or plain face; and c^ma- 
 timn, or upper moulding. 
 
 The capital into neck, or part below the ovolo; 
 
10 
 
 ovoloy or projecting round moulding; and abacus or tile^ 
 the flat upper moulding, mostly nearly square. These 
 divisions of the capital, however, are less distinct than 
 those of the other parts. 
 
 The cornice into bednioulcl, or part below the corona; 
 coroM«, or flat projecting face; cymatium, or moulding 
 above the corona. 
 
 Besides these general divisions, it will be proper to 
 notice a few terms often made use of. 
 
 The ornamental moulding; runnin cr round an arch, 
 or round doors and window^s, is called an archilrave. 
 
 A horizontal moulding for an arch to spring from, 
 is called an impost. 
 
 The stone at the top of an arch, which often pro- 
 jects, is called a key -stone. 
 
 The small brackets under the corona in the cornice, 
 are called mutules or modillions ; if they are square, or 
 longer in front than in depth, they are called mutules, 
 and are used in the Doric order. If they are less in 
 front than their depth, they are called modillions, and 
 in the Corinthian order have carved leaves spread 
 under them. 
 
 A truss is a modillion enlarged, and placed flat 
 against a wall, often used to support the cornice of 
 doors and windows. 
 
 A console is an ornament like a truss carved on a 
 key-stone. 
 
 Trusses, when used under modillions in the frieze, 
 are called cantalivers. 
 
 The space under the corona of the cornice, is called 
 a soffit, as is also the under side of an arch. 
 
 JJenlils are ornaments used in the bedmould of cor- 
 nices: they are parts of a small flat face, which is cut 
 perpendicularly, and small intervals left between each. 
 
 A flat cobunn is called a pilaster; and those which 
 are used with columns, and have a different capital, are 
 called an Ice. 
 
 A small height of pannclling above the cornice, is 
 called an attic; and in these pannels, and sometimes 
 
11 
 
 in other parts, are introduced small pillars, swelling 
 towards the bottom, called balustres, and a series of 
 them a balustrade. 
 
 The triangular portion over a series of columns is 
 called a pedime?it, and the plain space bounded by the 
 horizontal and sloping cornices, the tpnpcmum ; this is 
 often ornamented with figures or other work in relief. 
 
 Pedestals and attics are far from settled as to their 
 proportions, or the mode of their execution, depending 
 almost entirely on circumstances connected with the 
 particular design, rather than the order they are used 
 with. However, for pedestals, about one-fifth of the 
 whole height, including pedestal and entablature, is a 
 good proportion, though it may be often necessary to 
 to alter it from local circumstances. In general an order 
 looks much better, executed without pedestals. 
 
 Columns are sometimes ornamented by channels, 
 which are called Jiutes. These channels are sometimes 
 partly filled by a lesser round moulding; this is called 
 cabling the flutes. 
 
 If the joints of the masonry are channelled, the 
 work is called rustic, which is often used as a basement 
 for an order. 
 
 For the better understanding the description to be 
 given of the orders, it will be proper first to notice the 
 moiddings which, by different combinations, form their 
 parts. 
 
 The most simple mouldings are, 
 
 1st, The ovolo, or quarter round. 
 
 2nd, The cavetto, or hollow. 
 
 3rd, The torus, or round. 
 
 From the composition of these are formed divers 
 others, and fi-om the arrangement of them, with plain 
 flat spaces between, are formed cornices and other 
 ornaments. A large flat space is called a corona, if in 
 the cornice; a face or fascia in the architrave; and the 
 frieze itself is only a flat space. A small flat face is 
 called a fillet, and is interposed between mouldings to 
 divide them. 
 
12 
 
 A fillet is, in the bases of columns and some other 
 parts, joined to a face, or to the column itself by a 
 small holloAV, then called aj)ophij(j;es. 
 
 The torus, when very small, becomes an astragal, 
 which projects; or a head, Avhich does not project. 
 
 Compound mouldings are, the cyma recta, which has 
 the hollow uppermost and projecting. 
 
 The cyma reversa, or ogee, which has the round 
 uppermost and projecting. 
 
 The scotia, which is formed of two hollows, one 
 over the other, and of different centres. 
 
 In the Roman works, the mouldinffs are generallv 
 worked of equal projection to the height, and not 
 bolder than the above regular forms; but the Grecian 
 mouldings are often bolder, and worked with a small 
 return, technically called a quirk, and these are of 
 various proportions. 
 
 The ogee and ovolo are most generally used with 
 quirks. 
 
 Several beads placed together, or sunk in a flat face, 
 are called reedings. 
 
 All these mouldings, except the fillet, may be 
 occasionally carved, and they are then called eiiriched 
 mouldings. 
 
 From these few simple forms, (by adding astragals 
 and fillets, and combining differently ornamented 
 mouldings, faces, and sofhts,) are all the cornices, 
 pannels, and other parts formed, and the modern com- 
 positions in joiners, plasterers, and masons' work, are 
 very numerous, and too well known to need describing. 
 
 There are several terms applied to large buildings, 
 which it is proper also to explain. 
 
 A series of columns of considerable length, is called 
 a colonnade. 
 
 A series of columns at the end of a building, or 
 projecting from the side of a building, is called a 
 portico. 
 
 A portico is called tetra style, if of four columns ; 
 hexa style, if of six ; octo style, if of eight. 
 
13 
 
 Tuscan (f^rUer. 
 
 Though this is not, perhaps, the most ancient of the 
 orders, yet, from its plainness and simphcity, it is 
 usually first noticed. Its origin is evidently Italian, for 
 the Grecian work, however plain, has still some of the 
 distinctive marks of massive Doric, whilst the Tuscan 
 always bears clear marks of its analogy to the Roman 
 Doric. 
 
 The pedestal, when used, is very plain, but the 
 column is more often set on a plain square block plinth, 
 which suits the character of the order better than the 
 higher pedestal. This block projects about half the 
 height of the plinth of the base beyond its face. 
 
 The column, including the base and capital, is about 
 seven diameters high. The column, in the Roman 
 orders, is sometimes oidy diminished the upper two- 
 thirds of its height. This diminution is bounded by a 
 curved line, which is variously determined, but does 
 not differ much from what an even spring woidd 
 assume, if one part of it were bound, in the direction 
 of the axis of the shaft, to the cylindrical third, and 
 then, by pressure at the top only, brought to the 
 diminishing point. The Grecian columns are mostly 
 diminished from the bottom, and conically. The 
 quantity of diminution varies from one-sixth to one- 
 fourth of the diameter just above the base. 
 
 The Tuscan base is half a diameter in height, and 
 consists of a plain torus with a fillet and apophyges, 
 which last is part of the shaft, and not of the base, as 
 indeed all apophygse are considered to be ; and also all 
 the astragals underneath the capitals, as well as the 
 upper fillet of the base in all the richer orders, and in 
 masonry shoidd be executed on the shaft stones. 
 
 The capital of the Tuscan order is (exclusive of the 
 astragal) half a diameter in height, and consists of a 
 neck on which is an ovolo and fillet, joined to the neck 
 by an apophyges, and over the ovolo a square tile, 
 which is ornamented by a projecting fillet. 
 
14 
 
 The shaft is never fluted, but many architects have 
 given to this order, and some Imve even added to the 
 richer orders, large square blocks, as parts of the 
 shaft, which are called rustications, and are sometimes 
 roughened. 
 
 The Tuscan entablature should be quite plain, 
 havino; neither inutules nor modillions. The archi- 
 trave has one or sometimes two faces, and a fillet; 
 the frieze quite plain, and the cornice consisting of 
 a cyma recta for cymatium, and the corona with a 
 fillet, and a small channel for drip in the soffit. The 
 bedmould should consist of an ovolo fillet and cavetto. 
 
 This Tuscan is that of Palladio ; some other Italian 
 architects have varied in parts, and some have given a 
 sort of block modillions like those used in Covent 
 Garden church, but these are of wood, and ought not 
 to be imitated in stone. 
 
 This order is little used, and will most likely, in 
 future, be still less so, as the massive Grecian Doric is 
 an order equally manageable, and far more elegant. 
 
 Having explained the parts of one order, it \Aill be 
 necessary to make a few remarks, which could not so 
 well be previously introduced. If pilasters and columns 
 are used together, and they are of the same character, 
 and not antae, the pilasters should be diminished like 
 the columns ; but where pilasters are used alone, they 
 may be undiminished. 
 
 The fillet and moulding under the cymatium, which, 
 in rich orders, is often an ogee, is part of the corona, 
 and as such is continued over the corona in the hori- 
 zontal line of pediments, where the cymatium is omit- 
 ted; and is also continued with the corona in interior 
 work, where the cymatium is often with propriety 
 omitted. 
 
 In pediments, whose cornices contain mutules, 
 modillions, or dentils, those in the raking cornice 
 must be placed perpendicularly over those in the hori- 
 zontal cornice, and their sides must be perpendicular, 
 though their under parts have the rake of the cornice 
 
15 
 
 Banc <©rtier» 
 
 The ancient Grecian Doric appears to have been an 
 order of peculiar grandeur ; simple and bold, its orna- 
 ments were the remains of parts of real utility, and 
 perhaps originally it was worked with no moulding but 
 the cymatium,to cover the ends of the tiles, its triglyphs 
 being the ends of the beams, and its mutules those of 
 the rafters. In after times, its proportions were made 
 rather less massive, and its mouldings and ornaments, 
 though not numerous, were very beautiful. The 
 Romans considerably altered this order, and by the 
 regulations they introduced, rendered it peculiarly 
 difficult to execute on large buildings. As the exam- 
 ples of the two countries are veiy different, we shall 
 treat of them separately, and therefore first of the 
 
 Grecian Doric. 
 
 The columns of this order were, in Greece, generally 
 placed on the floor, without pedestal and without 
 base ; the capital, which occupied a height of about 
 half a diameter, had no astragal, but a few plain fillets, 
 with channels between them, under the ovolo, and a 
 small channel below the fillets. The ovolo is generally 
 flat, and of great projection, with a quirk or return. 
 On this was laid the abacus, which was only a plain 
 tile, without fillet or ornament. 
 
 In the division of the entablature, the architrave 
 and frieze have each more than a third in height, and 
 the cornice less. The architrave has only a plain broad 
 fillet, under which are placed the drops or guttee, 
 which appear to hang from the triglyphs. 
 
 The triglyph, in Greece, appears to have been gene- 
 rally placed at the angle, thus bringing the interior 
 edge of the triglyph nearly over the centre of the 
 angular column. The metope, or space between the 
 triglyphs, was nearly the square of the height of the 
 frieze, and a mutule was placed not only over each 
 
1(J 
 
 triglyph, but also over each metope. The cornice of 
 this order, in Greece, consisted of a plain face, under 
 the mutule, which was measured as part of the frieze, 
 and then the mutule, which projected sloping forward 
 under the corona, so that the bottom of the mutule in 
 front was considerably lower than at the back. Over 
 the corona was commonly a small ovolo and fillet, and 
 then a larger ovolo and fillet for the cymatium ; and 
 below the corona a fillet about equal in height to the 
 mutule. 
 
 The ornaments of this order, in Greece, were, 1st, 
 the flutings of the column, which are peculiar to the 
 order, and are twenty in number, shallow, and not 
 with fillets between them, but sharp edges. These 
 flutes are much less than a semi-circle, and should be 
 elliptic. 
 
 2nd, At the corner, in the space formed in the 
 soffit of the corona, by the interval between the two 
 angular mutules, was sometimes placed a flower, and 
 the cymatium of the cornice had often lions' heads, 
 M'hijh appear to have been real spouts. 
 
 3rd, In addition to the drops under the triglyph, 
 the mutules also had several rows of di'ops of the same 
 shape and size. 
 
 This order appears in general to have been worked 
 very massive ; the be-st examples are from five to six 
 diaQieters high, which is lower than the Italians usually 
 worked the Tuscan; but this gave peculiar grandeur 
 to the temples in Avhich it is thus employed. 
 
 Our present authorities for the Grecian orders are 
 scattered through a variety of very expensive works, 
 and in them presented in very irregular succession, 
 whether we regard their supposed dates, their purity, or 
 their orders ; and it M'oidd be a valuable present to the 
 architectural student, if the good authorities of each 
 order were collected, figured, and some account given 
 of their variations. AVith respect to the Doric order, 
 this has been ably done in a treatise by Edmund 
 Aikin, from which we shall take the libert}' of extract- 
 ing a few remarks. 
 
17 
 
 •* On viewing and comparing the examples of the 
 Doric order, the first emotion will probably be 
 surprise, at beholding the different proportions, — a 
 diversity so great, that scarcely any two instances 
 appear which do not materially differ in the relative 
 size of their parts, both in general and in detail, and 
 presenting differences which cannot be reconciled upon 
 any system of calculation, whether the diameter or 
 the height of the column, or the general height of the 
 order be taken as the element of proportion. At the 
 same time, they all resemble one another in certain 
 characteristic marks, which denote the order ; the 
 differences are not generic, but specific, and leave 
 unimpaired, those plain and obvious marks, which 
 enable us to circumscribe the genuine Doric order, 
 within a simple and easy definition. 
 
 " Interesting would be the investigation, could we 
 trace the history of the Doric order in its monuments, 
 and mark v/hat progressive improvements it may have 
 received in the course of time; but of the monuments 
 of antiquity few, comparatively, have survived the 
 injuries of time, and the more speedy and effectual 
 destruction of violence; and of these still fewer retain 
 either inscriptions, or, in the records of history, the 
 dates of their erection." 
 
 The examples of Grecian Doric, of which we have 
 accounts and figures, that may be depended on, are: 
 
 The temple of Minerva at Athens, called the Par- 
 thenon. 
 
 The temple of Theseus, at Athens. 
 
 The Propylea, at Athens. 
 
 The temple of INIinerva, at Sunium. 
 
 The portico of the Agora, at Athens. 
 
 A temple at Corinth. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Nemseus, between Argos 
 and Corinth. 
 
 The temple of Apollo, at Delos. 
 
 The portico of Philip, at Delos. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Pannellenius, in ^gina. 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 The temple of INIinen^a, at Syracuse. 
 
 The temple of Juno Lucina, at Agrigentum. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at ^Vgrigentum. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter, at Selinus. 
 
 A smaller temple, at Selinus. 
 
 A temple at yEgesta. 
 
 Three temples at Poestum. 
 
 Our limits will not permit us to enter minutely into 
 the question, which of these examples might be now 
 considered as the most valuable for imitation ; but one 
 circumstance it is requisite to notice, which is, that in 
 the Athenian examples, and many of the others, the 
 architrave projects over the top of the shaft, so as to 
 be nearly perpendicular to the front of the bottom of 
 the shaft, an arrangement never seen at Rome, but 
 which contributes much to the boldness of the Grecian 
 temples : and it is curious to observe, that in the 
 temple of Apollo at Delos, of Concord at Agrigentum, 
 and the temple at iEgesta, this projection is very small, 
 compared with that of the other examples; and that 
 in the portico of Philip, at Delos, and all the temples 
 at Poestum, there is no projection, but the face of the 
 architrave is set over the diminished part of the shaft, 
 the same as in Roman examples. 
 
 Two of the temples at Poestum have capitals, with 
 some trivial additions about the neck, and such a gTcat 
 projection of the echinus and abacus, as well as some 
 appearances in the entablature, that take very much 
 from their beauty. 
 
 The other temple at Poestum has (excepting the 
 projection above spoken of) all the characters of the 
 Grecian examples. 
 
 On the whole, the temples of INIinerva and Theseus 
 at Athens, and jNIinerv^a at Sunium, appear those 
 examples which deserve the most attentive considera- 
 tion, as well from the general beauty of the composi- 
 tion, as the excellence of the details and execution. 
 But in this order, as well as in Architectuie generally, 
 the duty of the Architect is not to be a servile copyist 
 
19 
 
 of any example, however fine, but by seizing the 
 principles and spirit, of the age of his best models, 
 to form such a composition as, by its fitness for the 
 purpose to which it is applied, should appear that 
 edifice which, for a similar purpose, the great Archi- 
 tects, whose works he seeks rather to renew than 
 imitate, would have erected. 
 
 Roman Doric. 
 
 This differs from the Grecian in several important 
 particulars, which will appear from the following rules : 
 from the strictness of which follows that extreme 
 difficulty of execution which has been so often com- 
 plained of in this order: 1st, the trigiyphs must be 
 precisely over the centre of the columns; 2d, the 
 metopes must be exact squares ; 3d, the mutules also 
 must be exact squares. 
 
 As, therefore, the intercolumniation must be of a 
 certain number of trigiyphs, it will be easily conceived 
 how difficult it will be, in large buildings, where a 
 triglyph is several feet, to accommodate this order to 
 the internal arrangements. 
 
 The Roman Doric is sometimes set on a plinth, and 
 sometimes on a pedestal, which should be of few and 
 plain mouldings. The bases usually employed, are 
 either the attic base of a plinth, lower torus, scotia, 
 and upper torus, with fillets between them, or the 
 proper base of one torus and an astragal ; or, in some 
 instances, of a plinth and simple filled The shaft, 
 including the base and capital, each of which is half a 
 diameter, is generally eight diameters high, and is fluted 
 like the Grecian. The capital has an astragal and neck 
 under the ovolo, which has sometimes three small 
 fillets projecting over each other, and sometimes 
 another astragal and fillet. The ovolo should be a 
 true quarter round. The abacus has a small ogee and 
 fillet on its upper edge. 
 
20 
 
 The architrave has less height than the Grecian, 
 being only two-thirds of the fi'ieze, which is eqnal in 
 height to the cornice. In a few instances the archi- 
 trave has two faces, but mostly only one. 
 
 The frieze has nothing peculiar to this mode ; if 
 plain, its metopes being, as before observed, sqimre. 
 
 The cornice differs much from the Grecian, having 
 its soffit fiat, and the mutides square, v\4th a square 
 interval between them. The Grecian drops in the 
 mutules generally appear in front, below the mutules; 
 but the Roman do not, and are sometimes omitted ; 
 the drops also are of a different shape, being more 
 complete cones. 
 
 The cymatium is often a cavetto, and sometimes 
 a cyma recta, with an ogee under it. The mutules 
 have a small ogee, which runs round them, and also 
 round the face they are formed of; and under the 
 mutules are an ovolo and small fillet, and the flat fillet 
 which runs round the top of the trigiyphs here belongs 
 to the cornice, and not, as in the Grecian, to the 
 frieze. 
 
 The Roman Doric is susceptible of much ornament, 
 for in addition to the flutes, the guttle of the trigiyphs, 
 and the roses in the soffit of the corona, the neck of 
 the capital has sometimes eight flowers or husks placed 
 round it, the ovolo carved, and the metopes in the 
 frieze filled with alternate ox-skulls and paterte, or 
 other ornaments. In interior decorations, sometimes 
 one or two of the mouldincrs of the cornice are 
 
 o 
 
 enriched ; but with all this ornament, the Roman 
 Doric is far inferior, in real beauty, to the Grecian. 
 
 The Doric we have now described, and its rules, 
 shoidd rather be considered Italian than Roman ; for 
 it is in fact the Doric worked by modern Italian 
 architects, rather than the Doric of ancient Rome, 
 of which we have only one example, which is far from 
 giving such a Doric as above described. 
 
 This example is the theatre of JNIarcellus, which 
 has dcTitils in the cornice, and of which the corona 
 
21 
 
 was so decayed even near 150 years back, as to give 
 no trace of any thing but an indication of a mutule, 
 which appears a little like a Grecian mutule. This 
 theatre is considered to have been erected by Augustus, 
 and it appears most probable that the portico of the 
 Agora, at Athens, was erected about the same time ; 
 if so, it becomes a curious question, how and why the 
 order shovdd be so altered in Rome. 
 
 The first order of the Coliseum is a much later 
 work, and is extremely poor in its combinations, but 
 has a capital very much like the theatre of JMarcellus, 
 and its cornice has an uncut dentil face. 
 
 As the Greeks and Romans differed much in their 
 modes of working the Doric Order, so there was 
 considerable difference in their execution of the Ionic, 
 though by no means so great as in the fonner. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of this order is the 
 capital, which has four spiral projections called volutes. 
 These in Greece were placed flat on the front and back 
 of the column, leaving the two sides of a different 
 character, and forming a balustre; but this at the 
 external angle producing a disagreeable effect, an 
 angular volute was sometimes placed there, showing 
 two volutes, one flat the other angular, to each 
 exterior face, and a balustre to each interior ; but this 
 not forming a good combination, a capital was invented 
 with four angular volutes, and the abacus with its 
 sides hollowed out. This is called the modern Ionic 
 capital. In the ancient, the list or spiral line of the 
 volute runs along the face of the abacus, straight 
 under the ogee; but in the modern, this list springs 
 from behind the ovolo, and in the hollow of the abacus, 
 which is an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, is generally 
 placed a flower. The abacus of the ancient capital 
 has only a small ogee for its moulding. 
 
 There are examples at Athens of an astragal to the 
 ancient Ionic capital below the volutes, leaving a neck 
 
22 
 
 which is adorned with carvings, but tliese examples 
 are rare. 
 
 The Ionic shaft, inckiding the base, which is half 
 a diameter, and the capital to the bottom of the 
 volute generally a little more, is about nine diameters 
 high. 
 
 The pedestal is a little taller, and more ornamented 
 than the Doric. 
 
 The bases used to this order are very various ; some 
 of the Grecian examples are of one torus and two 
 scotife, with astragals and fillets ; others of two large 
 tori and a scotia of small projection; but the attic 
 base is very often used, and with an astragal added 
 above the upper torus, makes a beautiful and appro- 
 priate base for the Ionic. 
 
 The cornices of this order may be divided into three 
 divisions; 1st, the plain Grecian cornice; 2nd, the 
 dentil cornice; 3d, the modilhon cornice. 
 
 In the first, the architrave is of one or two faces; 
 the frieze plain, and the cornice composed of a corona 
 with a deep soffit, and the bedmould moulding hidden 
 by the drip of the soffit, or coming very little below 
 it. The cymatium generally a cyma recta, and ogee 
 under it. 
 
 The second has generally two faces in the architrave, 
 and the cornice, which is rather more than one-third 
 of the height of the entablature, has a corona with 
 a cyma recta and ogee for cymatium, and for bed- 
 mould a dentil face between an ovolo and ogee. The 
 soffit of the corona is sometimes ornamented. 
 
 The third, or modillion entablature, has the same 
 architrave, frieze, and cymatium of its cornice as the 
 last, but under the soffit of the corona are placed 
 modillions, which are plain, and surrounded by a small 
 ogee; one must be placed over the centre of each 
 column, and one being close to the return, makes a 
 square pannel in the soffit at the corner, and between 
 each modillion, which is often filled with a flower. 
 
23 
 
 The bedmoiild below is generally an ovolo fillet and 
 cavetto. 
 
 This modillion cornice is, in fact, as well as the 
 capital, rather Italian than Roman, as the ancient 
 examples have the dentil cornice; and in point of time, 
 there may be some doubt, whether the modern Ionic 
 capital is not rather a deduction from the Composite 
 than the contrary ; for the angular volute of Greece is 
 not such a one as, if repeated, would make the modern 
 Ionic capital. The alteration of this order is in many 
 respects valuable, for although not equal in simplicity 
 to the Grecian Ionic, yet it is so easily manageable, 
 especially with a dentil cornice, as to be easily adapted 
 to modern wants ; and when executed on a large scale, 
 the modillion cornice has a bold effect. The great 
 difficulty in the Grecian Ionic is the return at the 
 angle ; it does not look well to have a column sideways 
 in a range with others fi'onting, and this arrangement 
 is so often wanted, and so ill attained by the Greek 
 angular volute, that many times there is no alternative 
 but the use of the modern capital. 
 
 It was once the custom to work the Ionic frieze 
 projecting like a torus, thus giving an awkward 
 weight to an order which ought to be light. The 
 introduction of good Grecian models has driven out 
 this impropriety, and much improved the present 
 execution of the order, which is very beautiful, if 
 well executed. 
 
 The Ionic shaft may be fluted in twenty-four flutes, 
 with fillets between them; these flutes are semi- 
 circular. This order may be much ornamented if 
 necessary, by carving the ovolo of the capital, the 
 ogee of the abacus, and one or tAvo mouldings of both 
 architrave and cornice; but the ancient Ionic looks 
 extremely well without any ornament whatever. 
 
 Our Ionic examples are not so numerous as the 
 Doric, nor so complete, several of them not being 
 entirely figured without conjecture. They are : 
 
 The temple on the lUisus, at Athens. 
 
24 
 
 The temples in the Acropolis, of JMinerva Polias, 
 and Erichtheus. 
 
 The aqueduct of Adrian, at Athens. 
 
 The temple of Apollo Didymeus, at Miletus. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, at Teos. 
 
 The temple of JMinerva Polias, at Priene. 
 
 The temple of Fortuna Virilis, at Rome. 
 
 Of these, for simplicity and elegance of composition, 
 the now-destroyed temple on the Illissus, is pre-eminent; 
 its volutes plain, but of excellent proportion, and it 
 had an angular volute to the external capital; its base 
 was in mouldings the attic, but the tori were large, 
 and the scotia flat; there was a small astragal above 
 the upper torus, and that torus was cut into small 
 flutes. The entablature was very plain, having an 
 architrave of one face only, a frieze plain, but which 
 there is some reason to suppose was carved in some 
 parts, and a corona with deep soffit, and for bedmould 
 only an ogee, with a fillet above, and astragal below. 
 
 The temples in the Acropolis are small, but extremely 
 rich, having many members carved. The cornice is 
 the same as the last example, but the architrave is of 
 three faces. There are three ranges of columns, and 
 the capitals of each have minute differences, but they 
 may all be described together : they have an ornamented 
 neck and astragal below the volutes ; the fillets of the 
 volutes are double, thus making the volute much more 
 elaborate, though not more beautiful; the bases are 
 enriched with carvings, and the columns fluted ; the 
 bases are nearly those of the last exam])le, but want 
 the astragal. Of these examples, the architraves have 
 a small projection from the top of the column, though 
 not near so much as the Doric. 
 
 The aqueduct of Adrian is plain, but of good com 
 position ; it has a good volute, an architrave of two 
 faces, and a small projection in front of the column; 
 a pkiin frieze, and a good plain dentil cornice. 
 
 The temples of JMinerva Polias, at Priene, and 
 Apollq, at Miletus, have a base which is curious, but 
 
25 
 
 by no means deserving of imitation ; it consists of a 
 large torus, resting on two scotife, which are divided 
 from it, and from each other and the plinth, by two 
 astragals at each division. This base gives the column 
 so unsteady an appearance, that it spoils an otherwise 
 beautiful order. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, at Teos, has an attic base 
 wdth an astragal added, and a cornice with dentils of 
 of greater projection than usual. These three last 
 examples have their volutes smaller than those of 
 Athens, which takes much from the grandeur of the 
 order. 
 
 The temple of Fortuna Yirilis, at Rome. This 
 example is far inferior to those we have before noticed. 
 The Romans seem to have had a singular predilection, 
 particularly in their declining works, for very large 
 fillets, and it is abundantly shown in this edifice, 
 where the fillet of the tenia of the architrave is very 
 nearly as large as the ogee under it, and larger than 
 one face of the architrave ; this, though the capital is 
 pretty good, spoils the order, and the cornice is poor 
 from the trifling appearance of the corona. The base 
 is the attic of very good proportion. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at Rome, is figured by 
 Deso-Qclefs, but it is only remarkable for its deformity, 
 and having an appearance of the modern Ionic. The 
 capitals have angular volutes, but under the usual 
 ovolo and astragal is a cyma recta, enriched with 
 leaves, and a large astragal and fillet. The entablature 
 is of a very poor character, and has small dentils and 
 large plain modillions. The base is of tw^o tori divided 
 by two scotia?, which are separated by a fillet. In this 
 example, the fillet on the bottom of the shaft is nearly 
 as large as the upper torus. 
 
26 
 
 dfTonntljian (BttJtv. 
 
 This order originated in Greece, and the capital is 
 said to have been suggested by observing a tile placed 
 on a basket left in a garden, and round -which sprung 
 up an acanthus. All the other orders have, in various 
 countries and situations, much variety ; but the 
 Corinthian, though not without slight variations, even 
 in the antique, is much more settled in its proportions, 
 and its greater or less enrichment is the principal 
 source of variety. 
 
 The capital is the great distinction of this order ; its 
 height is more than a diameter, and consists of an 
 astragal, fillet and apophyges, all of which are measured 
 with the shaft, then a IdcII and horned abacus. The 
 bell is set round with two rows of leaves, eight in each 
 row, and a third row of leaves supports eight small 
 open volutes, four of which are under the four horns 
 of the abacus, and the other four, which are sometimes 
 interwoven, are under the central recessed part of 
 the abacus, and have over them a flower or other 
 ornament. These volutes spring out of small twisted 
 husks placed between the leaves of the second row, 
 and which are called caidicolcs. The abacus consists 
 of an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, like the modern Ionic. 
 There are various modes of indenting the leaves, 
 which are called, from these variations, acanthus, 
 olive, &:c. The column, including the base of half a 
 diameter, and the capital, is about ten diameters high. 
 
 Of the Corinthian capital, although the best exam- 
 ples have all some trifling difference, principally in the 
 raffling of the leaves, and the connexion of the central 
 small volutes; yet there is one capital so different from 
 the others that it deserves some remark, more especially 
 as it has been lately introduced into some considerable 
 edifices. This capital is that of the circular temple 
 at Tivoli, called by some a temple of Vesta, by others 
 the Sybils' temple. In this capital the angular 
 volutes are large, so much so as to give the capital the 
 
27 
 
 air of a Composite, till more minutely examined ; it is 
 however a real Corinthian, for it has central volutes, 
 though they are small, and formed out of the stalks 
 themselves, and not as in the ordinary capital rising 
 from them. Its great beauty, however, is the very 
 bold manner of raffling the leaves, which gives it a 
 very different appearance from the other capitals, and 
 one which, in particular circumstances, may make it 
 valuable. The flower over the centre volutes, is 
 very different from the common one, and much larger. 
 
 If a pedestal is used, it should have several mould- 
 ings, some of which may, if necessary, be enriched. 
 The base may be either an attic base, or with the 
 addition of three astragals, one over each torus, and 
 one between the scotia and upper torus; or a base of 
 two tori and two scotite, which are divided by two 
 astragals, and this seems the most used to the best 
 examples; one or two other varieties sometimes occur. 
 
 The entablature of this order is very fine. The 
 architrave has mostly two or three faces, which have 
 generally small ogees or beads between them. 
 
 The frieze is flat, but is often joined to the upper 
 fiUet of the architrave by an apophyges 
 
 The cornice has both modillions and dentils, and is 
 usually thus composed; above the corona is a cyma- 
 tium, and small ogee; under it the modillions, whose 
 disposition, like the Ionic, must be one over the 
 centre of the column, and one close to the return of 
 the cornice. 
 
 These modillions are carved with a small balustre 
 front, and a leaf under them; they are surrounded at 
 the upper part by a small ogee and fillet, which also 
 runs round the face they spring from. Under the 
 modillions is placed an ovolo, and then a fillet and the 
 dentil face, which is often left uncut in exterior work. 
 Under the dentils are a fillet and offee. In some cases 
 this order is properly worked with a plain cornice, 
 omitting the modillions, and leaving the dentil face 
 uncut. 
 
2a 
 
 The enrichments of this order may be very con- 
 siderable; some of the moiildings of the pedestal and 
 base may be enriched ; the shaft may be fluted, as the 
 Ionic, in twenty-four flutes, which may be filled one- 
 third high by staves, -which is called cabling the flutes; 
 the small mouldino-s of the architrave, and even 
 some of its faces, and several mouldings of the cornice, 
 may be enriched; the squares in the soflit of the 
 corona pannelled and flowered, and the frieze may be 
 adorned with carvino-s. But thouo;h the order will 
 bear all this ornament without overloading it, yet, for 
 exteriors, it seldom looks better than when the capitals 
 and the modillions are the only carvings. 
 
 The principal Corinthian examples are in Rome; 
 there are, how^ever, some Grecian examples, which we 
 shall first notice: 
 
 A portico, at Athens. 
 
 The arch of Adrian, at Athens. 
 
 The Incantada, at Salonica. 
 
 A temple at Jackly, near INIylassa. 
 
 Of these, the fii'st has an entablature, which is almost 
 exactly that which has been generally used for the 
 Composite; the others have all dentil cornices, without 
 modillions. In two examples, the horns of the abacus, 
 instead of being cut off" as usual, are continued to a 
 point, which gives an appearance of weakness to the 
 capital. The bases are mostly attic, w ith an additional 
 astragal, and at Jackly the tori are carved. 
 
 The temple of Vesta, at Tivoli, has the capital 
 noticed above ; its entablature is simple, with an 
 uncut dentil face, and the frieze carved in festoons. 
 The astragal, under the capital, has a fillet above, as 
 well as below, and the base has a fillet under the upper 
 torus omitted. The flutes are stopt square, and not 
 as usual rounded at the ends. 
 
 The remain, caUed the fi'ontispiece of Nero, has 
 the complete block entablature, usually caUed Com- 
 posite. The capitals good, with attic base, and the 
 whole of good character. 
 
29 
 
 The temple of Vesta, at Rome, 
 
 The Basilica of Antoninus, and 
 
 The temple of Mars the Avenger, 
 are all incomplete; the first has pointed horns, and 
 the two first the attic base. 
 
 The temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and 
 
 The portico of Severus, 
 have both a cornice with dentil face only, and uncut; 
 the first an attic base. 
 
 The baths of Dioclesian have a good entablature, and 
 the attic base; some of the capitals are Composite. 
 
 The forum of Nerva, 
 
 The inner order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The outer order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Tonans, and 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Stator, 
 are all excellent, and beautiful in their proportions and 
 execution; the fillets small, and the order much 
 enriched. The forum of Nerva, and the temple of 
 Jupiter Tonans, have no bases visible; the others have 
 the real Corinthian base with two scoti£e. The last may- 
 be considered the best existing model of Corinthian ; 
 it is one of the most enriched, and nothing can better 
 stamp its value than a minute and rigorous examina- 
 tion of it with any of the other examples. 
 
 These are only a part of the antique remains of this 
 order, but they are the best known, and may be 
 sufficient to induce the student to examine every 
 example for himself. 
 
 It will not be right to quit this order without 
 adverting to two stupendous magazines of it, the ruins 
 of Balbec and Palmyra ; but although they are worth 
 examining as matters of curiosity, they are of com- 
 paratively little value; however rich, they contain 
 much of the faulty and crowded detail of the later 
 Roman work, and to what extent this was carried in 
 very great Roman works, the best evidence is the 
 palace of Dioclesian, at Spalatro, where, amidst a 
 profusion of ornament, we meet with great poverty 
 
30 
 
 of composition, and combinations of mouldings so 
 barbarous as to lead to a degree of astonishment, how 
 they could be executed by persons before whose eyes 
 were existing such examples as Rome even now 
 contains. In the decline of the Roman empire, it 
 became a fashion to remove columns; there are 
 therefore in Rome, many edifices with a variety of 
 valuable columns erected without their own entablature; 
 and Constantine, in the church of St. Paul without 
 the walls, began the Norman arrangement by springing 
 arches off the columns without an entablature, and 
 carrying up the wall to the clerestory windows, with 
 little or no projection; thus annihilating the leading 
 feature of the orders — a bold cornice. 
 
 OTompostte dDrDer* 
 
 The Romans are said to have formed this order by 
 mixing the Corinthian and Ionic capitals; like the 
 Corinthian, the capital is its principal distinction. 
 This is of the same height as the Corinthian, and it is 
 formed by setting, on the two lower rows of the leaves 
 of the Corinthian capital, the modern Ionic volutes, 
 ovolo, and abacus. The small space left of the bell is 
 filled by caulicoles, with flowers, and the upper hst of 
 the volute is often flowered. 
 
 From the great variety of capitals which are not 
 Corinthian, (for it seems most commodious to term 
 those only Corinthian which have four volutes in each 
 face, or rather eight sets round the capital; four at 
 the angles and four in the centre,) it may seem at first 
 difficult to say what should be called Composite, and 
 what considered as merely a Composed order; but 
 there appears an easy way of designating the real 
 Composite ca})ital, viz, that of considering the Ionic 
 volute, and the Ionic ovolo and astragal under the 
 abacus, as essential parts; for this ovolo and astragal 
 not existing in Corinthian capitals, forms a regular 
 distmction between the two. 
 
31 
 
 The column is of the same height as the Corinthian, 
 and the pedestal and base differ very little from those 
 of that order, the pedestal being sometimes a little 
 plainer, and the base having an astragal or two less. 
 
 The entablature mostly used with this order is plainer 
 than the Corinthian, having commonly only two faces 
 to the architrave, the upper mouldings being rather 
 bolder ; and the cornice is different, in having, instead 
 of the modillion and dentil, a sort of plain double 
 modillion, consisting of two faces, the upper projecting 
 farthest, and separated from the lower by a small ogee ; 
 under this modillion is commonly a large ogee, astra- 
 gal, and fillet. The assumption of this entablature 
 for the Composite is rather Italian than Roman, for 
 the examples of Composite capitals in Rome have 
 other entablatures, and this is found with Corinthian 
 capitals ; but we must suppose that Palladio and 
 Scammozzi, who both give this cornice to the Com- 
 posite, had some authority on which they acted, and 
 considering the great destruction of ancient buildings 
 for their columns, this is not improbable. 
 
 A plain cornice, nearly like that used to the Corin- 
 thian order, is sometimes used to this order, and also 
 a cornice with the modillions bolder, and cantalivers 
 under them in the frieze. 
 
 This order may be enriched in the same manner as 
 the Corinthian. 
 
 The Composite examples we have to notice are few, 
 and these are. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, 
 
 The arch of Septimus Severus, and 
 
 The arch of the Goldsmiths. 
 
 These are all at Rome, and all have an attic base ; 
 they have all large fillets. The first entablature is 
 plain, and has no dentil face ; the second has a dentil 
 face cut, as has the third, but the latter has an 
 awkward addition of a second ogee under the dentils, 
 apparently taken out of the frieze, which is thus made 
 very small. 
 
32 
 
 The baths of Dioclesian ; — this example is placed in 
 the same room with Corinthian columns ; it lias an 
 attic base, and the Corinthian entablature. 
 
 The arch of Titus : — this example has a real Corin- 
 thian base and entablature; in short, it has nothing 
 Composite but the capital. 
 
 On the -whole, an attentive examination of the 
 subject will lead us rather to discourage the use of this 
 order than otherwise ; it cannot be made so elegant an 
 order as the Corinthian, and can only be wanted when 
 columns are to be in two ranges ; and then the capital 
 of the temple of Vesta, at Tivoli, affords a sufficient 
 alteration of the Corinthian. 
 
 HaA'ing gone through the forms and distinctions of 
 the orders, it is proper to say, that, even in Greece 
 and Rome, we meet with specimens whose proportions 
 and composition do not agree with any of them. These 
 are comprised under the general name of Composed 
 orders, and though some are beautiful as small works, 
 scarcely any of the ancient ones are worthy of imitation 
 in large buildings. Of these composed orders we have 
 two examples in the Pantheon, one in the columns of an 
 altar, and the other in the pilasters of the attic : they 
 have both dentil cornices, with an uncut face ; the first 
 has angular Corinthian volutes, and none in the 
 centres, and water leaves instead of raffled leaves under 
 the volutes ; the other has no real volutes, but a scroll- 
 work gives the appearance of them, and this capital 
 is only fitted for pilasters. Modern composition has 
 run very wild, and produced scarcely any tiling worth 
 prolonging by description. There was, however, one 
 attempt of a singular kind, made some years since by 
 an architect at Windsor, who published a magnificent 
 treatise, and executed one colonnade and a few door- 
 cases in and near Windsor. This was H. Emlyn, who 
 conducted the restoration of St. George's chapel. His 
 
33 
 
 order, he says, was first brought into his mind by the 
 twin trees in Windsor forest. He makes an oval shaft 
 rise about one-fourth of its height, and then two round 
 shafts spring from it, close to each other, and the 
 diminution affords space for two capitals, which have 
 volutes, and instead of leaves, feathers like the caps 
 of the knights of the garter. His entablature has 
 triglyphs, and his cornice mutules. The triglyphs are 
 ostrich feathers, the gutt£e acorns, and the metopes are 
 filled with the star of the garter. 
 
 To conceal the awkward junction of the two 
 columns to the lower part, an ornament is placed 
 there, which is a trophy with the star of the garter in 
 the centre. 
 
 It is obvious that this order must be extremely 
 unmanageable, as it is difficult, and indeed almost 
 impossible to make a good angle column, and if its 
 entablature is proportioned to the diameter of one 
 column, it will be too small; if to the whole diameter 
 it will be too heavy, and a mean will give the capitals 
 wrong; so that in any shape some error arises. In the 
 colonnade above mentioned, the entablature is so light 
 as to appear preposterous. This attempt is not 
 generally known, as the book was very expensive, and 
 the colonnade at a distance from a public road ; but it 
 deserves consideration, because, though the idea was 
 new, its execution seems completely to have failed, 
 and indeed in large designs, no composed order has 
 ever yet appeared that can come into competition with 
 a scrupulous attention to those excellent models of 
 Greece and Rome, now, through the effects of graphic 
 art, happily so familar to almost every English 
 architect. 
 
 There are a few small buildings in and near Athens, 
 which, though not coming within any of the orders 
 precisely, are yet so beautiful in some of their parts, 
 as to require express notice. These are, 
 
 The Choragic monument of Thrasyllus, 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 The octagon tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, called 
 the temple of the "Winds, 
 
 The Choragic monument of Lysicrates, called the 
 lantern of Demosthenes, and 
 
 The temple of Pandrosiis. 
 
 The first is now merely a face, its intervals being 
 walled up, but was originally the front of a cavern, 
 and consists of an entablature supported by three 
 antae, and covered by an attic lowered in the middle, 
 on which is a statue in a sitting posture. The mould- 
 inscs of the antae are such as are used in Doric 
 buildings, and the architrave is capped by a plain fillet, 
 with a small fillet, and guttas below ; the guttag are 
 continued along with an interval about equal to each 
 drop. The frieze contains eleven wreaths of laurel, 
 and the cornice and attic mouldings are plain but 
 very good. 
 
 The whole of this monument is so simple, yet 
 possesses so beautiful a character as to render it worthy 
 of very attentive study. 
 
 The temple of the Winds is chiefly valuable for 
 its sculpture ; it had two door-ways of a composed 
 order, and in the interior is a small order of a Doric, 
 of very inferior proportions, which rises to the support 
 of the roof from a plain string, below which are two 
 cornices or rather tablets. The roof is of marble cut 
 into the appearance of tiles. The outside walls are 
 plain, with an entablature, and a string below, fomiing 
 a sort of frieze, on which are the figures of the winds. 
 On the w^hole, this monument is rather curious than 
 beautiful. 
 
 The lantern of Demosthenes. This is one of the 
 most beautifid little remains of antiquity existing. 
 The v.hole height is but thirty-four feet, and its 
 diameter eight feet. It is a circular temple, with six 
 engaged columns standing on a basement, nearly as 
 high as the columns, and nearly sohd. The capitals, 
 thougli not like most Corinthian capitals, are very 
 beautiful. The frieze is sculptured, and instead of a 
 
35 
 
 cymatium to the cornice, is an ornament of honey- 
 suckles, and above that on the roof, which is beautifully 
 carved in leaves, is a line of a waved projecting 
 ornament ; on the top is a vase, or rather the base of a 
 tripod. Our limits will not admit of particularising 
 all the singularities of this delicate building, but it 
 well deserves study and imitation. 
 
 The temple of Pandrosus is a building with Cary- 
 atid^e, or figures instead of columns ; they have each a 
 capital of an ornamented square abacus, and ovolo 
 carved. The entablature has no frieze, but an archi- 
 trave of three faces, the uppermost of which has plain 
 circles for ornament, and joins the cornice, which is a 
 dentil cornice, large, and of good mouldings. The 
 statues are good, and stand upon a continued pedestal 
 of two-thirds their own height; and there are two 
 ant£e which descend through the pedestal, and the 
 entablature is rather proportioned to these antee than 
 the Caryatidas. INIany of the mouldings are enriched, 
 and indeed the whole of this curious building, which 
 comprises the temples of Eryctheus, IMinerva Polias, 
 and Pandrosus, is a fruitful source of most delicate 
 enrichment. 
 
 In this essay it has by no means been intended to 
 mention every valuable remaining example ; all that 
 has been aimed at, is to give a general view of those 
 remains which must be considered as standards, and to 
 excite in the pupil that persevering attention to the 
 best models, which is the only way of arriving at a 
 complete knowledge of these very interesting sources 
 of architectural science. 
 
36 
 
 [ Description of the Plates of Grecian Architecture, 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 The Tuscan order without a pedestal, having all 
 its parts, and their members divided, with the names 
 attached. 
 
 The various kinds of what are usually considered 
 simple mouldings, with their names, and a portion of 
 an arch with an architrave springing from an impost. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Outlines of the Grecian and Roman Doric. The 
 Grecian nearly accords with the best Athenian 
 examples, but on this scale the minute parts cannot be 
 shown of their exact size, particularly the fillets of 
 the capital. The Roman is that which has been 
 many years used in England, as the standard of Roman 
 Doric, and is nearly that of Palladio. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 The Grecian and Roman Ionic. The parts of the 
 Grecian have been taken from various examples, in 
 order to combine as much as possible in one the general 
 appearance of the order. The Roman is the modern 
 Ionic of the Italian architects, as it has been executed 
 for many years in England with the modillion cornice. 
 The attic base has been applied in both instances, from 
 the difficulty of executing a more complicated one dis- 
 tinctly on so small a scale ; and when once this base is 
 clearly comprehended, any other will be easily under- 
 stood by the description in the former part of this work. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 The Corinthian and Composite orders. The Corin- 
 thian capital is the one most commonly used, and is 
 nearly that of the temple of Jupiter Tonans : the capital 
 of the temple of Jupiter Stator is too much enriched, 
 and the intersection of the middle volutes too delicate, 
 to be shown on so small a scale ; and for the same reason 
 the attic base is used in this plate as well as the last. 
 
 The example given of the Composite order has been 
 used in England for many years ; and the entablature 
 is that which appears most suited to the order. 
 

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37 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 In a work like the present, there will be little 
 propriety in a lengthened disquisition on the origin of 
 this mode of building; we shall therefore proceed to 
 the detail of those distinctions, which, being once laid 
 down with precision, will enable persons of common 
 observation to distinguish the difference of age and 
 style in these buildings, as easily as the distinctions of 
 the Grecian and Roman orders. 
 
 It may, however, be proper here to offer a few 
 remarks on the use of the term English, as applied to 
 that mode of building usually called the Gothic, and 
 by some the pointed architecture. Although, perhaps, 
 it might not be so difficult as it has been supposed to 
 be, to show that the English architects were, in many 
 instances, prior to their continental neighbours, in 
 those advances of the styles about which so much has 
 been written, and so little concluded; it is not on 
 that ground the term is now used, but because, as far 
 as the author has been able to collect from plates, and 
 many friends who have visited the Continent, in the 
 edifices there, (more especially in those parts which 
 have not been at any time under the power of 
 England,) the architecture is of a very different cha- 
 racter from that pure simplicity and boldness of 
 composition which marks the English buildings. 
 In every instance which has come under the author's 
 notice, a mixture, more or less exact or remote, 
 according to circumstances, of Italian composition, in 
 some parts or other, is present ; and he has little doubt 
 that a very attentive observation of the continental 
 buildings called Gothic, would enable an architect to 
 lay down the regulations of French, Flemish, Spanish, 
 German, and Italian styles, which were in use at the 
 time when the English flourished in England. 
 
 On the origin of the pointed arch, about which, 
 perhaps, there may be now more curiosity than ever. 
 
38 
 
 from the numerous accounts given by travellers of 
 apparently very ancient pointed arches in Asia, Africa, 
 and various parts of the Continent ; it will, doubtless, 
 be expected that something should be said ; and what 
 is necessary may be said in a few lines. To say nothing 
 on the impossibility, as far as at present appears, of 
 fixing an authenlic date to those, which if dated, 
 might be of the most importance, there appears little 
 difficulty in solving the problem, if the practical part 
 of building is considered at the same time with the 
 theoretical. Intersecting arches were most likely an 
 early, and certainly a very widely-spread mode of 
 embellishing Norman buildings, and some of them 
 were constructed in places, and with stones, requiring 
 centres to turn them on, and the construction of these 
 centres must have been by something equivalent to 
 compasses: thus, even supposing (which could hardly 
 have been the case) that the arches were constructed 
 without a previous delineation, the centres would have 
 led to the construction of the pointed arch; and ^vhen 
 once formed, its superior lightness and applicability 
 would be easily observed. To this remark it may 
 be added, that the arches necessarily arising in some 
 parts from Norman groining would be pointed. — 
 A careful examination of a great number of Norman 
 buildings will also lead to this conclusion — that the 
 style was constantly assuming a lighter character, and 
 that the gradation is so gentle into Early English, that 
 it is difficult, in some buildings, to class them, so 
 much have they of both styles : the same may be said 
 of every advance; and this seems to be a convincing 
 proof that the styles were the product of the gradual 
 operations of a general improvement, guided by the 
 hand of genius, and not a foreign importation. 
 
 During the eighteenth century, various attempts, 
 under the name of Gothic, have arisen in repairs and 
 rebuilding ecclesiastical edifices, but these have been 
 little more than making clustered columns and pointed 
 windows, every real principle of English architecture 
 
39 
 
 being, by the builders, either unknown or totally 
 neglected. 
 
 English architecture, may be divided into four dis- 
 tinct periods, or styles, which may be named, 
 
 1st, the Norman style, 
 
 2nd, the Early English style, 
 
 3rd, the Decorated English style, and 
 
 4th, the Perpendicular English style. 
 
 The dates of these styles we shall state hereafter, 
 and it may be proper to notice, that the clear distinc- 
 tions are now almost entirely confined to churches ; for 
 the destruction and alteration of castellated buildings 
 have been so great, fi-om the changes in the modes of 
 warfare, &c. that, in them, we can scarcely determine 
 what is original and what addition. 
 
 Before we treat of the styles separately, it will be 
 necessary to explain a few terms which are employed 
 in describing the churches and other buildings which 
 exemplify them. 
 
 JNIost of the ancient ecclesiastical edifices," when 
 considered complete, were built in the form of a cross, 
 with a tower, lantern, or spire erected at the intersec- 
 tion. The interior space was usually thus divided : 
 
 The space westward of the cross, is called the nave. 
 
 The divisions outward of the piers, are called aisles. 
 
 The space eastward of the cross, is generally the 
 choir. 
 
 The part running north and south, is called the cross 
 or transept. 
 
 The choir is generally enclosed by a screen^ on the 
 western part of which is usually placed the organ. 
 
 The choir, in cathedrals, does not generally extend 
 to the eastern end of the building, but there is a space 
 behind the altar, usually called the lady chapel. 
 
 The choir is only between the piers, and does not 
 include the side aisles, which serve as passages to the 
 lady chapel, altar, &c. 
 
 The transept has sometimes side aisles, which are 
 often separated by screens for chapels. 
 
40 
 
 Chapels are attached to all parts, and are frequently 
 additions. 
 
 The aisles of the nave are mostly open to it, and in 
 cathedrals both are generally without pews. 
 
 In churches not collegiate, the eastern space about 
 the altar is called the chancel. 
 
 To the sides are often attached small buildings over 
 the doors, called porches^ which have sometimes 
 vestries, schools, ho., over them. 
 
 The jont is generally placed in the western part of 
 the nave, but in small churches its situation is very 
 various. In a few churches a building like a chapel 
 has been erccted over the font, or the font set in it. 
 
 In large churches, the great doors are generally either 
 at the west end, or at the end of the transepts, or 
 both ; but in small churches, often at the sides. 
 
 To most cathedrals are attached a chapter-house and 
 cloisters, which are usually on the same side. 
 
 The chapter-house is often multangular. 
 
 The cloisters are generally a quadrangle, with an 
 open space in the centre ; the side to which is a series 
 of arches, originally often glazed, now mostly open. 
 The other wall is generally one side of the church or 
 other buildings, with which the cloisters communicate 
 by various doors. The cloisters are usually arched 
 over, and formed the principal communication between 
 the different parts of the monastery, for most of the 
 large cross churches have been monasteries. 
 
 The lady chapel is not always at the east end of the 
 choir; at I3urham it is at the west end of the nave, 
 at Ely on the north side. 
 
 The choir sometimes advances westwai'd of the 
 cross, as at Westminster. 
 
 The spaces in the interior, between the arches, are 
 piers. 
 
 Any building above the roof may be called a steeple. 
 If it be square-topt, it is called a tower. 
 
 A tower may be round, square, or multangular. 
 The tower is often crowned with a spire, and some- 
 
41 
 
 times with a short tower of hght work, which is called 
 a lantern. An opening into the tower, in the interior, 
 above the roof, is also called a lantern. 
 
 Towers, of great height in proportion to their 
 diameter, are called turrets; these often contain stair- 
 cases, and are sometimes crowned with small spires. 
 
 Large towers have often turrets at their corners, and 
 often one larger than the others, containing a staircase ; 
 sometimes they have only that one. 
 
 The projections at the corners, and between the 
 windows, are called buttresses, and the mouldings and 
 slopes which divide them into stages, are called set-off's. 
 
 The walls are crowned by a parapet, which is 
 straight at the top, or a battlement which is indented ; 
 both may be plain, or sunk pannelled, or pierced. 
 
 In castellated work, the battlement sometimes pro- 
 jects, Avith intervals for the purpose of discharging 
 missiles on the heads of assailants; these openings are 
 called machicolations. 
 
 Arches are round, pointed, or mixed : 
 
 A semi-circular arch has its centre in the same line 
 with its spring. 
 
 A segmental arch has its centre lower than the 
 spring. 
 
 A horse-shoe arch has its centre above the spring. 
 
 Pointed arches are either equilateral — described 
 from two centres, which are the whole breadth of the 
 arch from each other, and form the arch about an 
 equilateral triangle; or drop arches, which have a 
 radius shorter than the breadth of the arch, and are 
 described about an obtuse-angled triangle; or lancet 
 arches, which have a radius longer than the breadth of 
 the arch, and are described about an acute-angled 
 triangle. 
 
 All these pointed arches may be of the nature of 
 segmental arches, and have their centres below their 
 spring. 
 
 Mixed arches are of three centres, which look nearly 
 like elliptical arches; or of four centres, commonly 
 
42 
 
 called the Tudor arch; this is flat for its span, and has 
 two of its centres in or near the spring, and the other 
 two far below it. 
 
 The ogee or contrasted arch has four centres ; two 
 in or near the spring, and two above it and reversed. 
 
 The spaces included between the arch and a square 
 formed at the outside of it, are called spandrellsy and 
 are often ornamented . 
 
 Windows are divided into lights by mullioiis. 
 
 The ornaments of the divisions at the heads of 
 windows, (Sec. are called tracery. Tracery is either 
 Jl owing, where the lines branch out into the resem- 
 blance of leaves arches, and other figures ; or 
 perpendicidar, where the mullions are continued 
 through in straight lines. 
 
 The horizontal divisions of windows and pannelling, 
 are called transoms. 
 
 The parts of tracery are ornamented with small 
 
 arches and points, which are called featherings or 
 
 foliations, and the small arches cusps ; and according 
 
 to the number in immediate connexion, they are called 
 
 trefoils, quatrefoils, or cinquefoils. 
 
 The cusps are sometimes again feathered, and this 
 is called double feathering. 
 
 Tablets are small projecting mouldings, or strings, 
 mostly horizontal. 
 
 The tablet at the top, under the battlement, is 
 called a cornice, and that at the bottom a basement, 
 under which is generally a thicker wall. 
 
 The tablet running round doors and windows, is 
 called a dripstone, and if ornamented, a canopy. 
 
 Bands are either small strings round shafts, or a 
 horizontal line of square, round, or other pannels, 
 used to ornament towers, spires, and other works. 
 
 Niches are small arches, mostly sunk in the wall, 
 often ornamented very richly with buttresses and 
 canopies, and frequently containing statues. 
 
 A corbel is an ornamented projection from the wall. 
 
43 
 
 to support an arch, niche, beam, or other apparent 
 weight, and is often a head or part of a figure. 
 
 A pinnacle is a small spire, generally with four sides, 
 and ornamented; it is usually placed on the tops of 
 buttresses, both external and internal. 
 
 The small bunches of foliage ornamenting canopies 
 and pinnacles, are called crockets. 
 
 The larger bunches on the top are called Jinials, and 
 this term is sometimes applied to the whole pinnacle. 
 
 The seats for the dean, canons, and other dignitaries, 
 in the choirs of collegiate churches, are called stalls. 
 
 The bishop's seat is called his throne. 
 
 The ornamented open work over the stalls, and in 
 general any minute ornamental open work, is called 
 tabernacle ivork. 
 
 In some churches, not collegiate, there yet remains 
 a screen, with a large projection at the top, between 
 the nave and chancel, on which was anciently placed 
 certain images ; this was called the rood loft. 
 
 Near the entrance door is sometimes found a small 
 niche, with a basin which held, in catholic times, their 
 holy water; these are called stoups. 
 
 Near the altar, or at least where an altar has once 
 been placed, there is sometimes found another niche, 
 distinguished from the stoup by having a small hole 
 at the bottom to carry off water ; it is often double, 
 with a place for the bread. 
 
 On the south side, at the east end of some churches, 
 are found stone stalls, either one, two, three, or some- 
 times more, of which the uses have been much con- 
 tested. 
 
 Under several large churches, and some few small 
 ones, are certain vaulted chapels, these are called 
 crypts. 
 
 In order to render the comparison of the different 
 styles easy, we shall divide the description of each 
 into the following sections : 
 
 Doors, 
 
 Windows, 
 
44 
 
 Arches, 
 
 Piers, 
 
 Buttresses, 
 
 Tablets, 
 
 Niches, and ornamental arches, or pannels, 
 
 Ornamental carvings, 
 
 Steeples, and 
 
 Battlements, roofs, fronts, and porches. 
 
 We shall first give, at one view, the date of the 
 styles, and their most prominent distinctions, and then 
 proceed to the particular sections as described above. 
 
 1st, the JSormroi sfi//e, which prevailed to the end 
 of the reign of Henry II, in 1189 ; distinguished by its 
 arches being generally semi-circular; though sometimes 
 pointed, with bold and rude ornaments. This style 
 seems to have commenced before the conquest, but we 
 have no remains reallij known to be more than a very 
 few years older. 
 
 2nd, the Earhf English style, reaching to the end of 
 the reign of Edward I, in 1307 ; distinguished by 
 pointed arches, and long narrow windows, without 
 mullions; and a peculiar ornament, which, from its 
 resemblance to the teeth of a shark, we shall hereafter 
 call the toothed ornament. 
 
 3d, Decorated English, reaching to the end of the 
 reign of Edward III, in 1377, and perhaps from ten 
 to fifteen years longer. This style is distinguished by 
 its large windows, which have pointed arches divided 
 by mullions, and the tracery in flowing lines forming 
 circles, arches, and other figures, not running perpen- 
 dicularly ; its ornaments numerous, and very delicately 
 carved. 
 
 Perpendicular English. This is the last style, and 
 appears to have been in use, though much debased, 
 even as far as to 1630 or 1040, but only in additions. 
 Probably the latest whole building is not later than 
 Henry the VIII. The name clearly designates this 
 style, for the mullions of the windows, and the 
 ornamental pannellings, run in perpendicular lines. 
 
45 
 
 and fonn a complete distinction from the last style; 
 and many buildings of this are so crowded with 
 ornament, as to destroy the beauty of the design. The 
 carvings are generally very deUcately executed. 
 
 It may be necessary to state, that though many 
 writers speak of Saxon buildings, those which they 
 describe as such, are either known to be Norman, or 
 are so like them, that there is no real distinction. But 
 it is most likely, that in some obscure country church, 
 some real Saxon work of a much earlier date may 
 exist ; hitherto, however, none has been ascertained to 
 be of so great an age. 
 
 Without venturing to fix a date to either, it will 
 be proper here to mention two towers which have 
 hitherto been veiy Uttle noticed, and yet are of very 
 singular construction ; the first is, that of the old 
 church, St. Peter's, at Barton, in Lincolnshire ; this is 
 a short thick tower, with very thick walls, originally of 
 three stages ; the two lower of which are ornamented 
 by pei'pendicular stripes of stone, projecting from the 
 face of the wall, and near the top of each stage break- 
 ing into arches; the lower set of arches semi-circular, 
 and the perpendicular lines springing from a stone set 
 on the top of the arch ; the second set are straight- 
 lined arches, and run up to a flat string or tablet, on 
 which is the third plain stage, with only two small 
 arches, (if so they may be called,) as in the second 
 stage. On the top of these three stages is one evidently 
 early Norman, having a regular double Norman win- 
 dow in it, with a shaft and capital in the middle ; this 
 stage being clearly Norman, it is evident, the substruc- 
 ture must be of an earlier date; and in the second 
 stage of the lower part is also a double window, with 
 round arches, and divided by something (evidently 
 original, for there are two) exactly resembling a rude 
 balustre ; all this arrangement is so different from 
 Norman work, that there seems a probability it may be 
 real Saxon; and it should be noted, that the other, or 
 neiv church, St. Mary's, stands within 150 yards of 
 
46 
 
 the old church, and is principally a Norman building, 
 with an Pearly English tower, and a chancel of the 
 same ; and a very early Decorated east window, which, 
 of course, renders it necessary to go back to the con- 
 quest at least, for the date of the old one. The other 
 tower is that of Clapham church, in Bedfordshire ; 
 and this is principally remarkable for the extreme 
 simplicity and rudeness of its construction. It consists 
 of a square tower, without buttress or tablet, about 
 three squares high, with a rude round arch door, and 
 above it two heights of small round arched windows ; 
 above this part of the tower, with a plain set-off, 
 inwards is a Norman portion, with a Norman window 
 divided into two by a central shaft, plain, and of early 
 character ; this part is surmounted by a cornice and 
 battlement of later date. 
 
 \^''e shall now begin to trace the first or Norman 
 style, and fu-st of 
 
 Norman Doors. 
 
 There seems to have been a desire in the architects 
 who succeeded the Normans, to preserve the doors of 
 their predecessors, whence we have so many of these 
 noble, though, in most cases, rude efforts of skill 
 remaining. In many small churches, where all has 
 been swept away, to make room for alterations, even 
 in the perpendicular style, the Norman door has been 
 suffered to remain. The arch is semi-circular, and the 
 mode of increasing their richness, was by increasing 
 the number of bands of moulding, and, of course, the 
 depth of the arch. Shafts are often used, but not 
 always, and we find veiy frequently, in the same 
 building, one door with shafts, and one without. 
 When shafts are used, there is commonly an impost 
 moulding above them, before the arch mouldings 
 spring. These mouldings are generally much orna- 
 mented, and the wave or zigzag ornament, in some of 
 its diversities, is almost universal, as is a large round 
 moulding, with heads on the outer edge, pai'tly pro- 
 
47 
 
 jecting over this moulding. There are also mouldings 
 with a series of figures enclosed in a running orna- 
 ment ; and at one church at York, these figures are 
 the zodiacal signs. The exterior moulding often goes 
 down no lower than the spring of the arch, thus form- 
 ing an apparent dripstone, though it does not always 
 project so as really to form one. The door is often 
 square, and the interval to the arch filled with 
 carvings. Amongst the great variety of these doors 
 in excellent preservation, Iffley church, near Oxford, 
 is perhaps the best specimen, as it contains three doors, 
 all of which are different ; and the south door is nearly 
 unique, from the flowers in its interior mouldings. 
 South Ockenden church, in Essex, has also a door of 
 uncommon beauty of design, and elegance of execution. 
 Ely, Durham, Rochester, Worcester, and Lincoln 
 cathedrals, have also fine Norman doors. In these 
 doors, almost all the ornament is external, and the 
 inside often quite plain. 
 
 Almost every county in England contains many 
 Norman doors ; they are very often the only part 
 which patching and altering has left worth examining, 
 and they are remarkably varied, scarcely any two being 
 alike. In deUcacy of execution, and intricacy of 
 design, the College Gate, at Bristol, seems equal, if 
 not superior, to most ; and indeed is so well worked, 
 that some persons have been inclined to ascribe it to 
 a later date ; but an attentive examination of many 
 other Norman works will show designs as intricate, 
 where there can be no doubt of the date. 
 
 Norm AN Windows. 
 
 The windows, in this style, are diminutive doors 
 as to their ornaments, except that, in large buildings, 
 shafts are more frequent, and often with plain mould- 
 ings. The size of these windows is generally small, 
 except in very large buildings ; there are no mullions, 
 but a double window divided by a shaft, is not 
 
48 
 
 uncommon. In small rich churches, the exterior is often 
 a series of arches, of which a few are pierced, as win- 
 dows, and the others left blank. The arch is semicir- 
 cular, and if the window is quite plain, has generally 
 sloped sides, either inside or out, or both. The pro- 
 portions of the Norman windows are generally those 
 of a door, and very rarely exceed two squares in height 
 of the exterior proportions, including the ornaments. 
 
 The existing Norman windows are mostly in build- 
 ings retaining still the entire character of that style; 
 for in most they have been taken out, and others of 
 later styles put in, as at Durham, and many other 
 cathedrals. 
 
 There are still remaining traces of a very few circu- 
 lar windows of this style; the west window at Iffley 
 was circular, but it has been taken out; there is one in 
 Canterbury cathedral, which seems to be Norman; 
 and there is one undoubtedly Norman at Barfreston, 
 rendered additionally singular by its being divided 
 by grotesque heads, and something like mullions, 
 though very rude, into eight parts. 
 
 There seems to have been little if any attempt at 
 feathering or foliating the heads of Norman doors or 
 windows. 
 
 Norman Arches. 
 
 The early Norman arches are semi-circular, and in 
 many instances this form of the arch seems to have 
 continued to the latest date, even when some of the 
 parts were quite advanced into the next style; of this 
 the temple church is a curious instance; here are piers 
 with some of the features of the next style, and also 
 pointed arches with a range of intersecting arches, and 
 over this, the old round-headed Norman window. But 
 though the round arch thus continued to the very end 
 of the style, the introduction of pointed ai'ches must 
 have been much earlier, for we find intersecting arches 
 in buildings of the purest Norman, and whoever con- 
 
49 
 
 structed them, constructed pointed arches ; but it 
 appears as if the round and pointed arches were, for 
 nearly a century, used indiscriminately, as was most 
 consonant to the necessities of the work, or the 
 builder's ideas. Kirkstall and Buildwas abbeys, have 
 all their exterior round arches, but the nave has 
 pointed arches in the interior. There are some Nor- 
 man arches so near a semi-circle as to be only just 
 perceptibly pointed, and with the rudely carved 
 Norman ornaments. 
 
 There are a few Norman arches of very curious 
 shape, being more than a semi-circle, or what is called 
 a horse-shoe, and in a few instances a double arch. 
 These arches are sometimes plain, but are much oftener 
 enriched with the zigzag, and other ornaments 
 peculiar to this style. 
 
 Norman Piers. 
 
 These are of four descriptions, 1st, The round 
 massive columnar pier, which has sometimes a round, 
 and sometimes a square capital ; they are generally 
 plain, but sometimes ornamented with channels in 
 various forms, some plain zigzag, some like network, 
 and some spiral. They are sometimes met with but 
 little more than two diameters high, and sometimes 
 are six or seven. 
 
 2d, A multangular pier, much less massive, is some- 
 times used, generally octagonal, and commonly with 
 an arch more or less pointed. 
 
 3d, The common pier with shafts; these have 
 sometimes plain capitals, but are sometimes much 
 ornamented with rude foliage, and occasionally animals. 
 The shafts are mostly set in square recesses. 
 
 4th, A plain pier, with perfectly plain round arches, 
 in two or three divisions. 
 
 In some cases, the shafts are divided by bands, but 
 the instances are not many. 
 
 £ 
 
60 
 
 Norman Buttresses. 
 
 These require little description ; they are plain, 
 broad faces, with but small projection, often only a few 
 inches, and running up only to the cornice tablet, and 
 there finishing under its projection. Sometimes they 
 are finished with a plain slope, and in a few instances 
 are composed of several shafts. Bands or tiiblets 
 running along the walls, often nui round the buttresses. 
 There are, however, in rich buildings, buttresses 
 ornamented with shafts at the angles, and in addition 
 to these shafts, small series of arches are sometimes 
 used ; occasionally a second buttress, of less breadth, is 
 placed on the outside of the broad flat one. 
 
 Norman Tablets. 
 
 In treating of tablets, that which is usually called 
 the cornice, is of the first consideration; this is 
 frequently only a plain face of parapet, of the same 
 projection as the buttresses; but a row of blocks is 
 often placed under it, sometimes plain, sometimes 
 carved in gi'otesque heads, and in some instances the 
 grotesque heads support small arches, when it is called 
 a corbel table. A plain string is also sometimes used 
 as a cornice. 
 
 The next most important tablet is the dripstone, or 
 outer moulding of windows and doors; this is some- 
 times undistinguished, but oftener a square string, 
 fi*equently continued horizontally from one window to 
 another, round the buttresses. 
 
 The tablets, under windows, are generally plain 
 slopes above or below a flat string. In the interior, 
 and in some instances in the exterior, these are much 
 carved in the various ornaments described hereafter. 
 
51 
 
 Norman Niches, &c. 
 
 These are a series of small arches with round and 
 often with intersecting arches, sometimes without, but 
 oftener with shafts. Some of these arches have their 
 mouldings much ornamented. 
 
 There are also other niches of various shapes over 
 doors, in which are placed figures ; they are generally 
 of small depth, and most of them retain the figures 
 originally placed in them. 
 
 Norman Ornaments. 
 
 The ornaments of this style consist principally of 
 the different kinds of carved mouldings surrounding 
 doors and windows, and used as tablets. The first 
 and most frequent of them, is the zigzag or chevron 
 moulding, which is generally used in great profusion. 
 The next most common on door mouldings, is the beak- 
 head moulding, consisting of a hollow and a large 
 round ; in the hollow are placed heads of beasts or 
 birds, w^hose tongues or beaks encircle the round. 
 After these come many varieties, almost every speci- 
 men having some difference of composition ; a good 
 collection of them may be seen in the Archseologia, 
 and King's Munimenta Antiqua. 
 
 The capitals of piers and shafts are often very 
 rudely carved in various grotesque devices of animals 
 and leaves, but in all the design is rude and the plants 
 are unnatural. 
 
 There is one moulding which deserves mention, 
 from its almost constant occurrence, very nearly of 
 the same pattern and proportions over every part of 
 the kingdom; this is the moulding of the square 
 abacus, over the flowered or cut part of the capital ; 
 it consists of a broad fillet and hollow, which are 
 separated by a little sunk channel, and it is sometimes 
 continued as a tablet along the walls. 
 
53 
 
 Norman Steeples. 
 
 The Norman steeple was mostly a massive tower, 
 seldom rising more than a square in height above the 
 roof of the building to which it belonged, and often 
 not so much. They are sometimes plain, but often 
 ornamented by plain or intersecting arches, and have 
 generally the flat buttress, but that of St. Alban's 
 runs into a round turret at each corner of the upper 
 stage, and at St. Peter's, Northampton, there is a 
 singular buttress of three parts of circles, but its date 
 is uncertain. The towers of Norwich and Winchester 
 cathedrals, and Tewksbury church, are very fine spe- 
 cimens of the Norman tower. It does not seem likely 
 that we have any Norman spires, but there are some 
 turrets crowned with large pinnacles, which may be 
 Norman — such is one at Cleve, in Gloucestershire, and 
 one of the towers at the side of the west front of 
 Bx)chester cathedral. 
 
 Norman Battlements. 
 
 From exposure to weather, and various accidents, 
 we find very few roofs in their original state, and from 
 the vicinity of the battlement we find this part also 
 very often not original. It seems difficult to ascertain 
 what the Norman battlement was, and there seems 
 much reason to suppose it was only a plain parapet ; 
 in some castellated Norman buildings, a parapet, with 
 here and there a narrow interval cut in it, remains, 
 and appears original; and this, or the plain parapet, was 
 most likely the ecclesiastical battlement. INIany 
 Norman buildings have battlements of much later 
 date, or parapets evidently often repaired. 
 
A3 
 
 Norman Roofs. 
 
 The Norman wooden roof was often open to the 
 actual frame-timbers, as we see some remaining to 
 this day, as at Rochester and Winchester; but at 
 Peterborough is a real flat boarded Cieling, which is in 
 fine preservation, having lately been carefully repainted 
 from the original. It consists of a sort of rude 
 Mosaic, full of stiff lines ; and its general division is 
 into lozenges, with flowers of Norman character, and the 
 whole according in design with the ornaments of that 
 style. This kind of roof, particularly when the exterior 
 was covered with shingles, contributed much to spread 
 those destructive fires we so frequently read of in the 
 history of early churches. Of the Norman groined roof, 
 we have very many fine examples, principally in the 
 roofs of crypts, and in small churches ; they consist of 
 cross springers, and sometimes, but not always, of a 
 rib from pier to pier; they are sometimes plain, but 
 oftener ornamented with ribs of a few bold mouldings, 
 and sometimes with these mouldings enriched with 
 zigzag and other carved work of this style. The ruins 
 of Landisfarne, on the Northumberland coast, have 
 long exhibited the great cross springer rib, over the 
 intersection of the nave and transepts, remaining while 
 the rest of the roof is destroyed. 
 
 Norman Fronts. 
 
 The greatest part of the Norman west fronts have 
 been much changed by the introduction of windows of 
 later date (mostly large perpendicular windows.) The 
 ruins of Landisfarne, however, present us with one 
 nearly perfect. This consists of a large door with a 
 gallery or triforium over it, of which some of the 
 arches have been pierced through for windows ; and 
 above, one larger window. Rochester and Lincoln 
 cathedrals. Castle Acre priory, and Tewksbury church. 
 
54 
 
 all show what the Norman west fronts were, with the 
 exception of the introduction of the large window. 
 The east fronts much resembled the west, except the 
 door ; and in small churches we have both east and 
 west fronts perfect. Peterborough and Winchester 
 cathedrals furnish fine examples (except the insertion 
 of tracery to the windows) of transept ends ; these 
 generally rose in three tiers of windows, and had a fine 
 effect, both interiorly and exteriorly. There are a few 
 large buildings, and many small ones, with semi- 
 circular east ends; and of these, the east ends of 
 Norwich and Peterborough cathedrals are the finest 
 remaining, but in both, the windows are altered by 
 the insertion of tracery, and in parts, of new windows. 
 
 Norman Porches. 
 
 There are many of these remaining to small churches ; 
 they are generally shallow, and the mouldings of the 
 outer gate are often richer than those of the inner. 
 
 The general appearance of Norman buildings is 
 bold and massive. Very few large buildings remain 
 without much alteration and mixture with other styles ; 
 perhaps the nave at Peterborough and that of Roches- 
 ter cathedrals, present as little mixture as any, though 
 in these the windov^^s have been altered ; but of smaller 
 churches, Barfreston in Kent, Stewkley in Bucking- 
 hamshire, and Adel in Yorkshire, have had very' 
 little alteration. Tickencote, in Rutland, till within 
 a few years, was one of the most valuable remains in 
 the kingdom ; but it has been rebuilt sufficiently near 
 in its likeness to the original to deceive many, and 
 so far from it as to render it not a copy, but an 
 imitation ; yet it is still curious, and the interior of the 
 chancel is original. The interior aiTangement of large 
 Norman buildings is considerably varied : sometimes 
 the large circular pier is used alone, as at Gloucester 
 cathedral; sometimes mixed with the pier composed 
 of shafts, as at Durham ; and sometimes of that pier 
 
55 
 
 of shafts only, as at Peterborough, Norwich, &c. — 
 The triforia are various; some, as at Southwell and 
 Waltham abbey, a large arch quite open, but oftener 
 broken by small shafts and arches, and the clerestory 
 windows have often an arch on each side of the window, 
 forming a second gallery ; of these galleries, which are 
 partly pierced, the tower of Norwich forms the best 
 example. In many large churches we find the Norman 
 w^ork remaining only to the string running over the 
 arches, and later work above that ; this is the case at 
 Canterbury and Hereford. The arrangement at Oxford 
 cathedral is curious, as under the great arches, 
 springing from the piers, are other arches springing 
 from corbels, and between these two are shafts and 
 arches as ornaments, but not open as a gallery. In 
 small churches the gallery is generally omitted. 
 
 Of this style, it will be proper to remark two 
 buildings that deserve attention; the one for its sim- 
 plicity and beauty of composition, the other from its 
 being nearly unique, and being at the same time 
 a very fine specimen of ornament. The first is "die 
 vestibule, or entrance to the chapter-house, at Bristol, 
 and the other the staircase leading to the registry at 
 Canterbury cathedral. With respect to ornaments, 
 few surpass those of a ruined tower at Canterbury, 
 generally called Ethelbert's, and those on the front of 
 Castle Acre priory. Norman fronts are very numerous, 
 perhaps as much so as Norman doors, and some 
 are very curious from the rudeness and intricacy of 
 the decorations. There are many fme Norman cas- 
 tellated remains ; of these it may be enough to mention 
 those of Rochester in Kent, Hedingham in Essex, 
 Connisburgh in Yorkshire, and Guildford in Surrey. 
 
 The transition from Norman to Early English was 
 gradual, and it is sometimes very difficult to decide 
 on the character of some remains ; in general, the 
 square abacus to the capital is the best mark, for the 
 arch is none, many pure Norman works having the 
 pointed arch. The mouldings of later Norman work 
 
60 
 
 approach very near to Early English. The Temple 
 church, London, is one of those buildings which seems 
 to belong as much to one style as the other ; and two 
 Lincolnshire buildings, not far distant from each other, 
 show a curious crossing of the marks of these two 
 styles:— one, the front of the hospital of St. Leonard, 
 at Stamford, presents a semi-circular arch with pure 
 Norman mouldings, but the shafts are in two tows, 
 stand free, and have a round abacus of several miOuld- 
 ings, which are quite Early English. The other, part 
 of Ketton church, has the square Norman abacus and 
 semi-circular arch with Norman mouldings, and another 
 pointed one on the side ; but both these have a drip- 
 stone filled with the toothed ornament, which also runs 
 doAvn by the shafts, which are banded and have an 
 Early English base. 
 
 <Bt tlje geconti, or lEarlp i3ngli5& gtple. 
 
 Early English Doors. 
 
 As the Norman doors may be said to be all of semi- 
 circular arches, these may be said to be all pointed, at 
 least all the exterior ornamented ones; for there are 
 small interior doors of this style with flat tops, and 
 the sides of the top supported by a quarter circle from 
 each side. The large doors of this style are often 
 double, the two beins: divided bv either one shaft or 
 several clustered, and a quatrefoil or other ornament 
 over them. The recess of these doors is often as deep 
 as the Norman, but the bands and shafts are more 
 numerous, beuig smaller; and in the hollow mould- 
 ings they are frequently enriched with the peculiar 
 ornament of this style — a singidar toothed projection, 
 wliich, when well executed, has a fine effect. But 
 although this ornament is often used, (and sometimes 
 a still higher enriched moulding, or band of open-work 
 
57 
 
 flowers,) there are many doors of this style perfectly 
 plain ; of this kind the door of Christ church, Hants, 
 is a fine specimen. 
 
 The dripstone is generally clearly marked, and often 
 small, and supported by a head. In many doors, a 
 trefoil, and even cinquefoil feathering is used, the 
 points of which generally finish with balls, roses, or 
 some projecting ornament. The principal moulding 
 of these doors has generally an equilateral arch, but 
 from the depth and number' of the mouldings, the 
 exterior becomes often nearly a semi-circle. In 
 interiors, and perhaps sometimes too in the exterior, 
 there are instances of doors with a trefoil-headed arch. 
 The shafts attached to these doors are generally round, 
 but sometimes filleted, and they generally, but not 
 always, stand quite free. They have a variety of 
 capitals, many plain, but many with delicate leaves 
 running up and curling round under the cap-moulding, 
 often looking like Ionic volutes. The bases are 
 various, but a plain round and fillet is often used, and 
 the reversed ogee sometimes introduced. The most 
 prevalent base, and what is used not only to shafts, 
 but sometimes as a base tablet, is curious, from its 
 likeness to the Grecian attic base ; like that it consists 
 of two rounds, with a hollow between, and that hollow 
 is oflen deepened, so that if water gets into it the water 
 remains, and it is almost the only instance of a mould- 
 ing used in English work which will hold water, they 
 being in general so constructed as entirely to free 
 themselves of rain, and in a great measure of snow. 
 All these mouldings are cut with great boldness, the 
 hollows form fine deep shadows, and the rich bands 
 of open-work leaves are as beautiful as those executed 
 at any subsequent period, being sometimes entirely 
 hollow, and having no support but the attachment at 
 the sides, and the connexion of the leaves themselves. 
 These doors are not so numerous as the Norman, 
 yet many still remain in perfect preservation — York, 
 Lincoln, Chichester, and Salisbury, have extremely 
 
58 
 
 fine ones, and Beverley minster one, of which the 
 mouldings are bolder than most others. The door 
 of the transept at York, and those of the choir-screen 
 at Lincohi, have bands of the richest execution, and 
 there is a fine double door at St. Cross. Litchfield 
 cathedi'al presents a door curious for its resemblance to 
 some foreign cathedrals ; it is placed in a shallow porch 
 formed in the thickness of the wall, the arch of which 
 is riclily feathered, and otherwise ornamented ; the 
 interior aperture is divided into two doorways by a pier 
 of shafts, and this pier, as well as the side piers of 
 both the apertures, has a statue fixed against it, resting 
 on a corbel, and crowned with a canopy. The recess 
 is groined, and the whole is worked with great 
 delicacy, and full of rich ornament ; the interior por- 
 tion is in tolerable preservation, the exterior much 
 decayed; the doors appear original, and are covered 
 with beautiful ramifications of scroll-work, in iron. 
 Indeed there are many wooden doors, both of this style 
 and Norman, which seem to be of the same age as the 
 stone- work. 
 
 Early English Windows. 
 
 These are, almost universally, long, narrow, and 
 lancet-headed, generally without feathering, but in 
 some instances trefoiled. 
 
 A variety of appearance results from the combination 
 of thb single shape of window. At Salisbury, one 
 of the earliest complete buildings remaining, there are 
 combinations of two, three, five, and seven. Where 
 there are two, there is often a trefoil or quatrefoil 
 between the heads; and in large buildings, where 
 there are three or more, the division is often so small 
 that they seem to be the lights of a large window, 
 but they are really separate windows, having their 
 heads formed from individual centres, and in general 
 separate dripstones. This is the case even at Westmin- 
 ster, where they approach nearer to a division by 
 
69 
 
 mullioiis, from having a small triangle pierced beside 
 the quatrefoil, and a general dripstone over all. It 
 appears that the double window, with a circle over it, 
 sometimes pierced and sometimes not, began to be 
 used early in the style, for we find it at Salisbury; 
 and this continued the ornamented window till the 
 latest period of the style ; it was indeed only making 
 a double door into a window. In the more advanced 
 period it was doubled into a four-light window — at 
 Salisbury, in the cloisters and chapter-house ; and the 
 •east window of Lincoln cathedral is of eight lights, 
 formed by doubling the four-light, still making the 
 circle the ornament. This window is in fact a Deco- 
 rated window, but together with the whole of that 
 part of the choir is singularly and beautifully accom- 
 modated to the style of the rest of the building. In 
 small buildings, the vv^indows are generally plain, with 
 the slope of the opening considerable, and in some 
 small chapels they are very narrow and long. In large 
 buildings they are often ornamented with very long 
 and slender shafts, which are frequently banded. 
 Most of our cathedrals contain traces of windows of 
 this character, but some, as at Durham, have tracery 
 added since their original erection. Salisbury, Chi- 
 chester, Lincohi, Beverley, and York, still remain 
 pure and beautiful ; at York north transept are 
 windows nearly fifty feet high, and about six or eight 
 wide, which have a very fine effect. Although the 
 architects of this style v/orked their ordinary windows 
 thus plain, they bestowed much care on their circles. 
 Beverley minster, York and Lincoln, have all circles 
 of this style pecidiarly fine; that of the south transept 
 at York, usually called the marygold window, is 
 extremely rich, but the tracery of the circles at West- 
 minster is of a much later date. 
 
 There is in all the long windows of this style, one 
 almost universal distinction ; from the straight side of 
 the window opening, if a shaft is added, it is mostly 
 insular, and has seldom any connexion with this side, 
 
60 
 
 so as to break it into faces, though the shafts are 
 inserted into the sides of the doors, so as to give great 
 variety to the opening. 
 
 At Westminster abbey, there are a series of win- 
 dows above those of the aisles, which are formed in 
 spherical equilateral triangles. 
 
 Early English Arches. 
 
 The window-arch of this style being generally a 
 lancet arch, and some persons having considered the 
 shape of the arch to be a very distinguishing feature 
 of the different styles, it may be necessary in this 
 place to say a few words on arches generally. If we 
 examine with care the various remains of the different 
 styles, we shall see no such constancy of arch as has 
 been apprehended ; for there are composition lancet 
 arches used both at Henry the VII. 's chapel A^''est- 
 minster, and at Bath ; and there are flat segmental 
 arches in the Early English part of York ; and upon 
 the whole it wiU appear, that the architect was not 
 confined to any particular description of arch. The 
 only arch precisely attached to one period, is the four- 
 centred arch, which does not appear in windows, &€. 
 if it does in composition, before the Perpendicular style. 
 In large buildings, the nave arches of the Early English 
 style were often lancet, but in some large and many 
 small ones, they are flatter, some of one-third drop, 
 and perhaps even more, and sometimes pointed 
 segmental. 
 
 At Canterbury, in the choir, are some curious 
 pointed horse-shoe arches, but these are not common. 
 
 The architraves of the large arches of rich buildings 
 are now beautifully moulded like the doors, with deep, 
 hollow mouldings, often enriched with the toothed 
 ornament. Of this description, York transepts, and 
 the nave and transepts of Lincoln, are beautiful 
 specimens ; Salisbury is worked plainer, but not less 
 really beautiful, and Westminster abbey is (the nave 
 
61 
 
 at least) nearly plain, but with great boldness of 
 moulding. 
 
 The arches of the gallery in this style, are often 
 with trefoiled heads, and the mouldings running round 
 the trefoil, even to the dripstone ; Chester choir is a 
 fine specimen, and there are some plain arches of this 
 description in Winchester cathedral which are very 
 beautiful. 
 
 Early English Piehs. 
 
 Of the piers of large buildings of this style, there 
 are two distinguishing marks ; first, the almost con- 
 stant division, by one or more bands, of the shafts 
 which compose them; and secondly, the arrangement 
 of these shafts for the most part in a circle. In 
 general they are few, sometimes only four, sometimes 
 eight, set round a large circular one ; such are the 
 piers of Salisbury and of Westminster abbey ; there 
 are sometimes so many as nearly to hide the centre 
 shaft, as at Lincoln and York ; but the circular arrange- 
 ment is still preserved, and there are some few, as at 
 the choir at Chester, which come very near the 
 appearance of Decorated piers. Amongst other piers, 
 one not very common deserves to be noticed ; it is 
 found at Beverley minster, and in a few other churches ; 
 it consists of shafts, some of which are plain rounds, 
 others filleted rounds, and some whose plan is a 
 spherical triangle, with the edge outwards ; at Run- 
 corn church, Cheshire, is a pier consisting of four 
 of these triangular shafts, with a handsome flowered 
 capital, which has altogether a very fine effect. 
 
 The capitals of these shafts are various ; in many, 
 perhaps the greater number of buildings, they are 
 plain, consisting of a bell with a moulding under it, 
 and a sort of capping, with more mouldings above, 
 and these mouldings are often continued round the 
 centre pier, so as to form a general capital. The 
 dividing bands are formed of annulets and fillets, and 
 
G'2 
 
 are often continued under windows, kc. as tablets, 
 and are, like the capitals, sometimes continued round 
 the centre shaft. Another and richer capital is some- 
 times used, which has leaves like those in the capitals 
 of the door shafts. This kind of capital is generally 
 used where the shafts entirely encompass the centre 
 one, as at York and Lincoln, and has a very fine 
 effect, the leaves being generally extremely well 
 executed. The bases used are frequently near 
 approaches in contour to the Grecian attic base, but 
 the reversed ogee is sometimes employed. There is 
 another pier, in buildings that appear to be of this 
 style, which is at times very confusing, as the same 
 kind of pier seems to be used in small churches even 
 to a very late date ; this is the plain multangular 
 (generally octagonal) pier, w^ith a plain capital of a 
 few ver}^ simple mouldings, and with a plain sloped 
 arch. Piers of this description are very frequent, and 
 it requires great nicety of observation and discrimina- 
 tion to refer them to their proper date ; but a minute 
 examination w^ill often, by some small matter, detect 
 their age, though it is impossible to describe the 
 minutiae without many figures. In general the capitals 
 and bases will carry in their character sufficient marks 
 to determine their date, except in the transition from 
 Early English to Decorated. 
 
 Early English Buttresses. 
 
 These are of four descriptions : 
 
 1st. A flat buttress is often used, but it is not always 
 so broad as the Xorman ; its tablets are more delicate, 
 and it has often the small shaft at the angle like the 
 Norman. 
 
 2nd. A buttress not so broad as the flat one, but 
 nearly of the same projection as breadth, and carried up, 
 sometimes with only one set-off, and sometimes without 
 any, and these have often their edges chamfered from 
 the window tablet. They sometimes have a shaft at 
 
63 
 
 the corner, and in large rich buildings are occasionally 
 pannellcd. These buttresses have also, at times, much 
 more projection than breadth, and are sometimes, as 
 at Salisbury, filled with niches and other ornaments. 
 
 .3d. A long slender buttress, of narrow face and 
 great projection in few stages, is used in some towers, 
 but is not very common. 
 
 4th. Towards the latter part of this style, the but- 
 tress in stages was used, but it is not very common, 
 and is sufficiently distinguished by its triangular head, 
 the usual finish of this style, which can hardly be 
 called a pinnacle, though sometimes it slopes off fi*om 
 the front to a point. From the buttresses of the aisles 
 to those of the nave, choir, &c. now began to be used 
 the flying buttress, of which Salisbuiy and Chichester 
 cathedrals present various fine examples. 
 
 Early English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is sometimes rich in mouldings, and 
 often with an upper slope, making the face of the 
 parapet perpendicular to the wall below. There are 
 cornices of this style still resembling the Norman 
 projecting parapet, but they consist of several mould- 
 ings. The hollow moulding of the cornice is generally 
 plain, seldom containing flowers or carvings, except 
 the toothed ornament, but under the mouldings there 
 is often a series of small arches resembling the corbel 
 table. 
 
 The dripstone of this style is various, sometimes of 
 several mouldings, sometimes only a round with a 
 small hollow. It is, in the interior, occasionally 
 ornamented with the toothed ornament, and with 
 floM^ers. In some buildings, the dripstone is returned, 
 and runs as a tablet along the walls. It is in general 
 narrow, and supported by a corbel, either of a 
 head or a flower. There are firequently, in large 
 buildings, in the ornamented parts, bands of trefoils, 
 quatrefoils, &c. some of them very rich. Although a 
 
64 
 
 sort of straight canopy is used over some of the niches 
 of this style, yet it does not appear to have been used 
 over windows or doors. In some buildings where they 
 are found, they appear to be additions. The tablets 
 forming the base-mouldings are sometimes a mere 
 slope ; at others, in large buildings, are of several sets 
 of mouldings, each face projecting farther than the 
 one above it ; but the reversed ogee is very seldom 
 used, at least at large and singly. 
 
 Early English Niches. 
 
 The most important niches are those found in 
 chancels, in the walls of the south side, and of which 
 the uses do not yet appear to be decided. Of these 
 there are many of all stages of Early English ; there 
 are sometimes two, but oftener three, and they are 
 generally sunk in the wall, and adapted for a seat ; the 
 easternmost one is often higher in the seat than the 
 others. They have sometimes a plain trefoil head, 
 and are sometimes ornamented with shafts ; they are 
 generally straight-sided. The statuary niches, and 
 ornamented interior niches, mostly consist of a series 
 of arches, some of them slope-sided, and some with a 
 small but not very visible pedestal for the statue. 
 They are often grouped two under one arch, with an 
 ornamental opening between the small arches, and the 
 large one like the double doors ; a straight-sided 
 canopy is sometimes used, and a plain finial. These 
 niches, except the chancel stalls, and the stoup and 
 water-drain, are seldom single, except in buttresses, but 
 mostly in ranges. 
 
 Eauly English Ornaments. 
 
 The first ornament to be described is that already 
 noticed as the peculiar distinction of this style, to 
 which it seems nearly, if not exclusively confined ; it is 
 the regular progression from the Norman zigzag to 
 
65 
 
 the delicate four-leaved flowers so common in Deco- 
 rated English buildings. Like the zigzag, it is 
 generally straight^sided, and not round like the leaves 
 of a flower, though, at a distance in front, it looks 
 much like a small flower. It is very difficult to 
 describe it, and still more so to draw it accurately; it 
 may perhaps be understood by considering it a succes- 
 sion of low, square, pierced pyramids, set on the edges 
 of a hollow moulding. This ornament is used very 
 profusely in the buildings of this style, in Yorkshire 
 and Lincoh^shire, and frequently in those of other 
 counties. 
 
 Another ornament, which, though not peculiar, in 
 small works, to this style^ was seldom but during its 
 continuance practised to so large an extent ; this is the 
 filling of the spaces above the choir-arches with squares, 
 enclosing four-leaved flowers. This is done at West- 
 minster, at Chichester, and in the screen at Lincoln, 
 in all which the workmanship is extremely good, and 
 it has a very rich effect. 
 
 In many parts, as in the spandrels of door-arches, 
 and other plain spaces, circles filled with trefoils and 
 quatrefoils, with flowered points, are often introduced. 
 These are of small depth, and are used in many build- 
 ings very freely. Sometimes instead of sunk pannels 
 a sort of boss of leaves and flowers is used, of which 
 there are some fine examples in the Early English 
 part of York minster. In the early period of the style, 
 crockets were not used, and the finial was a plain 
 bunch of three or more leaves, or sometimes only a 
 sort of knob ; but in small rich works, towards the 
 end of the style, beautiful finials and crockets were 
 introduced. 
 
 Early English SxEErLES. 
 
 The Norman towers were short and thick, the Early 
 English rose to a much greater height, and on the 
 tower they placed that beautiful addition the spire. 
 
66 
 
 Some of our finest spires are of this age, and the 
 proportions observed between the tower and spire, are 
 generally very good. Chichester is clearly of this 
 style, and Salisbury, though perhaps not erected till 
 within the period of the Decorated style, is yet in its 
 composition so completely of Early English character, 
 that it should be considered as such, notwithstanding 
 the date and the advance of its ornaments ; in beauty 
 of proportion it is unrivalled. The towers of Lincoln 
 and Litchfield, though perhaps not finished within the 
 date of the style, are yet of its composition ; the spires 
 of Litchfield are of much later date. Wakefield 
 steeple is finely proportioned, though plain, and it is 
 singular for its machicolations in the top of the tower. 
 The towers are flanked by octagonal turrets, square 
 flat buttresses, or, in a few instances, with small long 
 buttresses ; and generally there is one large octagonal 
 pinnacle at the corners, or a collection of small niches. 
 When there is no parapet, the slope of the spire runs 
 down to the edge of the wall of the tower, and finishes 
 there with a tablet ; and there is a double slope to 
 connect the corners with the intermediate faces. The 
 spire is often ornamented by ribs at the angles, some- 
 times with crockets on the ribs, and bands of squares 
 filled with quatrefoils, &c. surrounding the spire at 
 different heights. There are many good spires of 
 this style in country churches. 
 
 Early English Battlements. 
 
 During nearly the whole of this style, the parapet, 
 in many places plain, in others ornamented, continued 
 to be used; at Salisbury it has a series of arches and 
 paniiels, and at Lincoln quatrefoils in simk pannels. 
 Perhaps some of the earliest battlement is that at the 
 west end of Salisbury cathedral, plain, of nearly equal 
 intervals, and with a plain capping moulding ; but it 
 may be doubted if even this is original. In small 
 ornamented works, of the latter part of this style, a 
 small battlement of equal intervals occurs 
 
67 
 
 Early English Roofs. 
 
 The roof of the nave of Salisbury cathedral presents 
 the best specimen of Early English groined roof; it 
 has cross springers, and the rib from pier to pier, but 
 it has no rib running longitudinally or across at the 
 point of the arches. Another description of groining, 
 also peculiar to Early English works, is one with an 
 additional rib between the cross springer and the wall, 
 and between the cross springer and the pier rib; this 
 has a longitudinal and cross rib at the point of the 
 arches, but it does not run to the wall, being stopt by 
 the intermediate rib. The old groining, in a passage 
 out of the cloisters, at Chester, is a very good speci- 
 men of this roof. Another variety is found at 
 Litchfield, where there is no pier rib, but the two 
 intermediate ribs are brought nearer together, and the 
 longitudinal rib runs between them. The rib mouldings 
 of these groins are not very large, and consist of 
 rounds and hollows, and often have the toothed 
 ornament in them, and at Litchfield a sort of leaf 
 The bosses in these roofs are not many or very large, 
 the intersections being frequently plain, but some of 
 the bosses are very well worked. There do not 
 appear to be any Early English wooden roofs which 
 can clearly be distinguished to be such. 
 
 Early English Fronts. 
 
 There is, perhaps, a greater variety in the Early 
 English fronts, than in those of any other style ; the 
 west front of Salisbury is, no doubt, the finest ; but 
 the transept ends of Salisbury, York, and Beverley, 
 are very fine, and all different in composition. The 
 ruins of Tynemouth priory, Valle Crucis abbey, 
 Byland abbey, and Whitby abbey, all exhibit the 
 remains of excellent work. Of the smaller works the 
 east end of the lady-chapel at Salisbury, the extreme 
 
68 
 
 east end of Hereford cathedral, and the north transept 
 of Headon church, near Hull, deserve attention. In 
 general the west fronts and transept ends have a door, 
 and one, two, three, or even four ranges of niches, 
 windows, and arches over them. The transepts of 
 Westminster abbey are very fine, but much of the 
 work is not original. The west front of Lincoln 
 minster deserves minute examination for its details; 
 the old Norman front is encompassed by Early English, 
 the workmanship of which is very superior; and a 
 large feathered circle over the great door is nearly 
 unique, from the exquisite workmanship of its mould- 
 ings, which consist of open-work bands of flowers. 
 The west front of Peterborough cathedral is different 
 from all the rest; it consists of three large arches, 
 forming a sort of screen to the front. These arches 
 have piers of many shafts, and fine architraves, and 
 the gables enriched with much small work of circles 
 and arches, and a profusion of the toothed ornament 
 over the whole. 
 
 Early English Porches. 
 
 Of these, which are in general larger than the 
 Norman porches, it will be sufficient to mention two; 
 one the north porch of Salisbury cathedral, and the 
 other the south porch at Lincoln. The first is 
 attached to the north side of the nave, of which it 
 occupies one division, rising as high as the aisles; it 
 consists of a noble plain arched entrance, over which 
 are two double windows, close together, resting 
 on a tablet ; and quite in the peak of the gable, two 
 small niches close together resting on another string. 
 The interior is groined in two divisions, and its walls 
 ornamented with sunk pannelling. The porch at I^in- 
 coln is placed in a singular situation, running westerly 
 from the west side of the south transept. The lower 
 part is a rich piece of groined work, with three 
 entrances — north, south, and west, over which is a 
 
69 
 
 small room ; the whole of this porch, both interior and 
 exterior, is well worked, and richly ornamented. 
 
 The general appearance of Early English building 
 is magnificent, and rich rather from the number of 
 parts than from its details. In those buildings where 
 very long windows are used, there is a grandeur 
 arising from the height of the divisions ; in smaller 
 buildings there is much simplicity of appearance, 
 and there is a remarkable evenness in the value of the 
 workmanship. There is much of the other styles which 
 appears evidently to be the copy by an inferior hand 
 of better workmanship elsewhere; this is remarkably 
 the case in Perpendicular work, but is hardly any 
 where to be found in Early English work, all appears 
 well designed and carefully executed. 
 
 Of this style we have the great advantage of one 
 building remaining, worked in its best manner, of 
 great size and in excellent preservation ; this is Salis- 
 bury cathedral, and it gives a very high idea of the 
 CTcat improvement of this style on the Norman. 
 INIagnificent without rudeness, and rich, though simple, 
 it is one uniform whole. The west front is ornament- 
 ed, but by no means loaded, and the appearance of 
 the north side is perhaps equal to the side of any 
 cathedral in England. The west front of Lincoln is 
 fine, but the old Norman space is too visible not to 
 break it into parts. Peterborough and Ely have 
 perhaps the most ornamented fronts of this style. 
 As interiors, after Salisbury, the transepts of York are 
 perhaps the best specimens, though there are parts of 
 many other buildings deserving much attention. 
 
 In the interior arrangement of large buildings we 
 find the triforium a very prominent feature ; it is large 
 in proportion to the work above and below it, and i-s 
 generally the most ornamented part of the work. In 
 small churches the triforium is generally omitted. 
 Among the greatest beauties of this style are some of » 
 the chapter-houses, of which Lincoln and Litchfield, 
 both decagons, but of very different arrangement; 
 
70 
 
 and those of Chester and Oxford, both parallelograms, 
 deserve particular attention; but that of Salisbury, a 
 regular octagon, and of a character quite late in the 
 style, is one of the most beautiful buildings remaining. 
 Its composition is peculiarly elegant, and its execution 
 not excelled by any. 
 
 There appear to be fewer fonts of this style remain- 
 ing than of any other, at least of such as can be 
 clearly marked as belonging to the style. 
 
 Not much has been done in either restoring or 
 imitating this style; it is certainly not easy to do 
 either well, but it deserves attention, as in many 
 places it would be peculiarly appropriate, and perhaps 
 is better fitted than any for small country churches. 
 It may be worked almost entirely plain, yet if 
 ornament is used, it should be well executed; for the 
 ornaments of this style are in general as well executed 
 as any of later date, and the toothed ornament and 
 hollow bands equal, in difficulty of execution, the 
 most elaborate Perpendicular ornaments. 
 
 If the transition from Norman to Early English 
 was gradual, much more so was that from Early 
 English to Decorated ; and wC have several curious 
 examples of this transition on a large scale. West- 
 minster abbey, though carried on for a long time, 
 appears to have been carefully continued on the original 
 design; and except a very few parts, some of which 
 are quite modern, may be considered good Early 
 English throughout; but in the cloisters there is much 
 gradation. Ely cathedral presents Early English of 
 several dates, from just clear of Norman to almost 
 Decorated character. The nave of Litchfield, though 
 clearly Early English in composition, has the windows 
 of the aisles as clearly Decorated. Perhaps the finest 
 piece of accommodation between the styles is the lady- 
 chapel at Lincoln, which is evidently Decorated, but 
 executed so as beautifully to harmonize with the work 
 about it. 
 
71 
 
 Early English staircases (except round ones in 
 towers) are not common; it is proper therefore to 
 remark a small one, of rich character, at Beverley min- 
 ster ; it leads from the north aisle of the choir to some 
 adjacent building, and consists of a series of arches 
 rising each higher than the former, with elegant shafts 
 and mouldings. There is another in the refectory (now 
 a grammar-school) at Chester, leading up to a large 
 niche or sort of pulpit, for the reader. 
 
 In this style ought to be noticed those beautiful 
 monuments of conjugal affection, the crosses of 
 Queen Eleanor. Of these, three remain sufficiently 
 perfect to be restored, if required, and to do which 
 little would be wanted to two of them. One at 
 Geddington in Northamptonshire, is comparatively 
 plain, but those of Northampton and Waltham are 
 peculiarly rich, and of elegant composition; there is 
 enough of Early English character in them to mark 
 their date, and enough of Decorated richness to 
 entitle them to be ranked as buildings of that style; 
 that of Northampton is the most perfect, but that at 
 Waltham is, on the whole, the most beautiful in its 
 details. 
 
 There are few, if any, castellated remains in which 
 this style can be clearly made out. 
 
 (Bt t!)e Ci)iitr, or 23ecaratetr ISnglfef) ^tple* 
 
 Decorated English Doors. 
 
 The large doors of the last style are mostly double, 
 and there are some fine ones of this, but they are not 
 so common, there being more single doors, which are 
 often nearly as large as the Eai'ly English double ones, 
 and indeed but for the ornaments they are much alike, 
 having shafts and fine hollow mouldings. The small 
 doors are frequently without shafts, but the arch- 
 
72 
 
 mouldings run down the side, and almost to the 
 ground, without a base, — the mouldings being set upon 
 a slope, and frequently, when the base tablets consist 
 of two sets of mouldings with a face between, it is 
 only the loAver one which runs into the architrave to 
 stop the mouldings. The shafts do not in this style 
 generally stand free, but are parts of the sweep of 
 mouldings; and instead of being cut and set up 
 lengthways, all the mouldings and shafts are cut on 
 the arch-stone, thus combining great strength with all 
 the appearance of lightness. The capitals of these 
 shafts differ from the Early English, in being formed 
 of a woven foliage, and not upright leaves ; this, in 
 small shafts, generally has an apparent neck, but in 
 larger ones often appears like a round ball of open 
 foliage. There are also, in many good buildings, plain 
 capitals without foliage ; these have an increased number 
 of mouldings from those of the last style, and they 
 generally consist of three sets, — one which may be 
 considered the abacus, then a hollow and another set, 
 then the bell of the capital, and then the mouldings 
 forming the astragal: and both in plain and flowered 
 capitals, where the shaft is fllleted, it is common for 
 the fillet to run through the astragal, and appear to 
 die into the bell. Of these plaiji capitals, the cathedral 
 of Exeter, and the cloisters of Norwich, furnish very 
 fine specimens. The bases to these shafts mostly 
 consist of the reversed ogee, but other mouldings are 
 often added, and the ogee made in faces. Although 
 the doors in general are not so deeply recessed, as the 
 Norman and Early English, yet in many large build- 
 ings they are very deep. The west doors of York 
 are of the richest execution, and very deep. 
 
 To the open-work bands of the last style, succeeds 
 an ornament equally beautifid, and not so fragile; this 
 is the floAvered movilding; there are often three or four 
 in one door- way, and to the toothed ornament succeeds 
 a flower of four leaves, in a deep moulding, with 
 considerable intervals between. This flower, in some 
 
73 
 
 buildings, is used in great profusion to good effect. 
 Over these doors, there are several sorts of canopies ; 
 the dripstone is generally supported by a corbel, 
 which is commonly a head; in some instances a plain 
 return is used, but that return seldom runs horizon- 
 tally. The canopy is sometimes connected with the 
 dripstone, and sometimes distinct. The common 
 canopy is a triangle, the space between it and the 
 dripstone is filled with tracery, and the exterior 
 ornamented with crockets, and crowned with a finial. 
 The second canopy is the ogee, which runs about half 
 up the dripstone, and then is turned the contrary way, 
 and is finished in a straight line running up into a 
 finial. This has its intermediate space filled with tracery, 
 kc. and is generally crocketed. Another sort of canopy 
 is an arch running over the door, and unconnected 
 with it, which is doubly foliated ; it has a good effect, 
 but is not common. On the side of the doors, small 
 buttresses or niches are sometimes placed. 
 
 In small churches, there are often nearly plain doors, 
 having only a di-ipstone and a round moulding on the 
 interior edge, and the rest of the wall a straight line 
 or bold hollow, and in some instances a straight 
 sloping side only. In some doors of this style, a series 
 of niches with statues are carried up like a hollow 
 moulding; and in others, doubly foliated tracery, 
 hanging free fi'om one of the outer mouldings, gives 
 a richness superior to any other decoration. The south 
 door of the choir at Lincoln is perhaps hardly any 
 where equalled of the first kind, and a door in the 
 cloisters of Norwich of the other, 
 
 Decorated English Windows. 
 
 In these, the clearest marks of the style are to be 
 found, and they are very various, yet all on one prin 
 ciple. An arch is divided by one or more muUions, 
 into two or more lights, and these mullions branch 
 int-o tracery of various figures, but do not run in 
 
74 
 
 perpendicular lines through the head. In small 
 churches, windows of two or three lights are common, 
 but in larger four or five liolits for the aisles and 
 clerestory windows, five or six for transepts and the 
 end of aisles, and in the east and west windows seven, 
 eight, and even nine lights, are used. Nine lights 
 seem to be the extent, but there may be windows of 
 this style containing more. The west window of 
 York, and the east window of Lincoln cathedrals, are 
 of eight lights each; the west window of Exeter 
 cathedral, and the east window of Carlisle cathedral, 
 are of nine, and these are nearly, if not quite, the 
 largest windows remaininor. 
 
 There may be observed two descriptions of tracery, 
 and although, in different parts, they may have been 
 worked at the same time, yet the first is generally the 
 oldest. In this first division, the figures, such as 
 circles, trefoils, quatrefoils, &c. are all worked with 
 the same moulding, and do not always regularly join 
 each other, but touch only at points. This may be 
 called geometrical tracery; of this description are the 
 windows of the nave of York, the eastern choir of 
 Lincoln, and some of the tracery in the cloisters at 
 AYestminster abbey, as well as most of the windows 
 at Exeter. 
 
 The second division consists of what may be truly 
 called flowing tracery. Of this description, York 
 minster, the minster and St. Mary's, at Beverley, 
 Newark church, and many northern churches, as well 
 as some southern churches, contain most beautiful 
 specimens. The great west window at York, and the 
 east window at Carlisle, are perhaps the most elabo- 
 rate. In the richer windows of this style, and in both 
 divisions, the principal moulding of the mullion has 
 sometimes a capital and base, and thus becomes a 
 shaft. One great cause of the beauty of fine flowing 
 tracery, is the intricacy and delicacy of the mouldings ; 
 the principal moulding often running up only one or 
 two mullions, and forming only a part of the larger 
 
75 
 
 design, and all the small figures being formed in 
 mouldings which spring from the sides of the prin- 
 cipal. The architraves of windows of this style are 
 much ornamented with mouldings, which are some- 
 times made into shafts. The dripstones and canopies 
 of windows are the same as in the doors, and have 
 been described under that head. \Anberever windows 
 of this style remain, an artist should copy them ; the 
 varieties are much greater than might be supposed, for 
 it is very difficult to find two alike in different 
 buildings. 
 
 It does not appear that the straight horizontal 
 transom was much if at all used in windows of this 
 style; wherever it is found there is generally some 
 mark of the window originating after the introduction 
 of the Perpendicular style ; but it may have been used 
 in some places, and there are a very few instances of 
 a light being divided in height by a kind of canopy 
 or a quatrefoil breaking the muUion; the church of 
 Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, has some very curious 
 windows of this kind. In some counties, where flint 
 and chalk are used, the dripstone is sometimes omitted. 
 The heads of the windows of this style are most 
 commonly the equilateral arch; though there are 
 many examples both of lancet and drop arches; but 
 the lancet arches are not very sharp. There are a few 
 windows of this style with square heads ; but they are 
 not very common. 
 
 The circular windows of this style are some of them 
 veiy fine ; there are several very good ones in compo- 
 sition at Exeter and Chichester, and the east window 
 of old St, Paul's was a very fine one; but perhaps the 
 richest remaining is that at the south transept at 
 Lincoln, which is completely flowing. 
 
 Towards the end of this style, and perhaps after the 
 commencement of the next, we find windows of most 
 beautiful composition, with parts like the Perpendicular 
 windows, and sometimes a building has one end 
 Decorated, the other Peri>endicular; such is Melrose 
 
76 
 
 abbey, whose windows have been extremely fine, and 
 indeed the great east window of York, which is the 
 finest Perpendicular window in England, has still 
 some traces of flowing lines in its head. 
 
 This window has also its architrave full of shafts 
 and mouldings, which kind of architrave for windows 
 is seldom continued far into the Peq^endicular style; 
 and therefore when a Perpendicidar window has its 
 architraves so filled with moiddings, it may be con- 
 sidered early in the style. 
 
 Decorated English Arches. 
 
 Though the arch most commonly used for geiieral 
 purposes in this style is the equilateral one, yet this 
 is by no means constant. At York this arch is used, 
 but at Ely a drop arch. The architrave mouldings of 
 interior arches do not differ much from those of the 
 last style, except that they are, perhaps, more fre- 
 quently continued down the pier without being stopt 
 at the line of capitals, and that the mouldings 
 composing them are of larger size and bolder character, 
 though in large buildings still consisting of many 
 mouldings ; of this, one of the finest examples is the 
 architrave of the choir-arches at Litchfield, which is 
 one of the best specimens of the different combinations 
 of mouldings in this style. The distinction between 
 the Early English small multiplied mouldings and the 
 bold Decorated ones, may be well observed at Chester, 
 where the arch between the choir and lady-chapel is 
 very good Early English, and the arches of the nave 
 as good Decorated work ; and these two also show the 
 difference of character of the two descriptions of pier. 
 
 The dripstones are of delicate mouldings, generally 
 supported by heads. The arches of the galleries are 
 often beautifully ornamented with foliated heads, and 
 fine canopies; and in these arches the ogee arch 
 is sometimes used, as it is freely in composition in the 
 heads of windows. 
 
77 
 
 Decorated English Piers. 
 
 A new disposition of shafts marks very decidedly 
 this style in large buildings, they being arranged 
 diamondwise, with straight sides, often containing as 
 many shafts as will stand close to each other at the 
 capital, and only a fillet or small hollow between 
 them. The shaft which runs up to support the roof, 
 often springs from a rich corbel between the outer 
 architrave mouldings of the arches; Exeter and Ely 
 are fine examples. The capitals and bases of these 
 shafts are much the same as those described in the 
 section on doors. Another pier of the richest effect, 
 but seldom executed, is that at York minster, where 
 the centre shaft is larger than those on each side, and 
 the three all run through to the spring of the roof. 
 Three also support the side of the arch; these shafts 
 are larger in proportion than those of Exeter, &c. and 
 stand nearly close without any moulding between. 
 
 Another pier, common towards the end of this style, 
 and the beginning of the next, is composed of four 
 shafts, about two-fifths engaged, and a fillet and bold 
 hollow half as large as the shafts between each ; this 
 makes a very light and beautiful pier, and is much 
 used in small churches. All these kinds of piers 
 have their shafts sometimes filleted, and the architrave 
 mouldings are often large ogees. In small country 
 churches, the multangular flat-faced pier seems to have 
 been used. 
 
 Decorated English Buttresses. 
 
 These, though very various, are all more or less 
 worked in stages, and the set-offs variously ornamented, 
 some plain, some moulded slopes, some with triangular 
 heads, and some with pannels; some with niches in 
 them, and with all the various degrees of ornament. 
 The corner buttresses of this style are often set 
 
78 
 
 diagonally. In some few instances small turrets are 
 used as buttresses. The buttresses are variously 
 finished; some slope under the cornice, some just 
 through it; some run up through the battlement, and 
 are finished with pinnacles of various kinds. 
 
 Of rich buttresses there are three examples which 
 deserve great attention ; the first is in the west front 
 of York minster, and may be considered in itself as a 
 magazine of the style; its lower part, to which it 
 ascends without set-off, consists of four series of niches 
 and pannelling of most delicate execution ; above this 
 part it rises as a buttress to the tower, in four stages 
 of pannels, with triangular crocketed set-offs. The 
 first of these stages contains a series of statuary niches, 
 the rest are only pannelled. This buttress finishes 
 under the cornice with an ornamented pannel and 
 crocketed head ; the projection of the lower part of 
 this buttress is very great, and gives to the whole 
 great boldness as well as richness. The second is a 
 ruin, the east end of Howden church, Yorkshire; it 
 has also some niches, but not so many as that at 
 York. The third is also a ruin, the east end of the 
 priory at AValsingham, in Norfolk; this is very late, 
 and perhaps may be considered as almost a Per- 
 pendicular work, but it has so much of the rich 
 magnificence of the Decorated style, that from its great 
 plain spaces it deserves noticing as such; it is in fact 
 a flat buttress set up against one face of an octagonal 
 turret, and terminates in a fine triangular head richly 
 crocketed. The buttress of the aisles of the nave of 
 York minster are small compared with those at the 
 west end, but their composition is singular, and of very 
 fine effect ; they run high above the parapet as a stay 
 for the flying buttresses, and are finished by rich 
 pinnacles. 
 
79 
 
 Decorated English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is very regular, and though in some 
 large buildings it has several mouldings, it principally 
 consists of a slope above, and a deep sunk hollow, 
 with an astragal under it ; in these hollows, flowers at 
 regular distances are often placed, and in some large 
 buildings, and in towers, &c. there are frequently 
 heads, and the cornice almost filled with them. The 
 dripstone is of the same description of mouldings, but 
 smaller, and this too is sometimes enriched with 
 flowers. The small tablet running under the window 
 has nearly the same mouldings, and this sometimes 
 nms round the buttress also. The dripstone very 
 seldom, if ever, runs horizontally, though in a few 
 instances a return is used instead of the more common 
 corbel head. 
 
 The general base tablet of this style is an ogee, 
 under which is a plain face, then a slope and another 
 plain face ; and it is not common to find real Decorated 
 buildings with more tablets, although both in the 
 Early English and Perpendicular styles, three, four, 
 and even five are sometimes used. And here another 
 singularity with respect to tablets may be mentioned; 
 it is common in Early English work for the dripstone 
 to be carried horizontally after the return at the spring 
 of the arch, till stopt by a buttress, &c. and sometimes 
 it is even carried r^und the buttress : — and the same 
 arrangement is common in Perpendicular work, but 
 very rarely, if ever, is it so used in the Decorated style. 
 
 Decorated English Niches. 
 
 These form one of the greatest beauties of the style, 
 and are very various, but may be divided into two 
 grand divisions, which, if necessary, might be again 
 variously divided, such is their diversity, but these 
 two may be sufficient. The first are pannelled niches. 
 
80 
 
 the fronts of whose canopies are even with the face of 
 the wall or buttress they are set in. These have their 
 interiors either square with a sloping side, or are 
 regular semi-hexagons, &c. In the first case, if not 
 very deep, the roof is a plain arch; but in the latter 
 case, the roof is often most delicately groined, and 
 sometimes a little shaft is set in the angles, or the ribs 
 of the roof are supported by small corbels. The pedes- 
 tals are often high and much ornamented. 
 
 The other division of niches have projecting cano- 
 pies; these are of various shapes, some conical like a 
 spire, some like several triangular canopies joined at 
 the edges, and some with ogee heads; and in some 
 very rich buildings are niches with the canopy 
 bending forwards in a slight ogee, as well as its con- 
 tour being an ogee; these are generally crowned with 
 very large rich finials, and very highly enriched. 
 There were also, at the latter part of this style, some 
 instances of the niche with a flat-headed canopy, which 
 became so common in the next style. These project- 
 ing niches have all some projecting base, either a large 
 corbel, or a basement pedestal carried up from the 
 next projecting face below. All these niches are 
 occasionally flanked by small buttresses and pinna- 
 cles ; those of the first kind have very often beautiful 
 shafts. 
 
 The chancel stalls, of this style, are many of them 
 uncommonly rich, their whole faces being often 
 covered with ornamental camng. 
 
 Under this head, though not strictly niches, may 
 be mentioned, what appears to be very rare, some 
 wood carvings of a screen of this style ; they consist 
 of ten or more divisions of pannelling in the church 
 of Lancaster; part form at present a screen for a 
 vestry, &c. ancTpart are in a gallery as a lining to the 
 wall ; their composition is alike and simple, being an 
 arched head pannel with a triangular canopy between 
 two buttresses crowned with pinnacles; they are, 
 however, extremely rich, and varied in their details; 
 
81 
 
 the buttresses are pannelled with diversified tracery, 
 and the arch is an ogee canopy doubly feathered, and 
 filled with tracery, as is the space between the ogee 
 canopy and the triangular one, and both canopies are 
 crocketed and crowned by rich finials; though they 
 may be late in the style, yet the diversity of tracery 
 and boldness of character, combined with simplicity 
 of composition, so different from the elaborate and 
 gorgeous screen-work of Perpendicular date, seem to 
 mark them clearly as of the Decorated style. 
 
 Decorated English Oknaments. 
 
 As the word Decorated is used to designate this 
 style, and particularly as the next has been called florid, 
 as if it were richer in ornament than this, it will be 
 necessary to state, that though ornament is often 
 profusely used in this style, yet these ornaments are 
 like Grecian enrichments, and may be left out without 
 destroying the grand design of the building, while ^7^e 
 ornaments of the next are more often a minute divisioii 
 of parts of the building, as pannels, buttresses, &c. 
 than the carved ornaments used in this style. In 
 some of the more magnificent works, a variety of 
 flowered carvings are used all over, and yet the build- 
 ing does not appear overloaded; while some of the 
 late Perpendicular buildings have much less flowered 
 carvings, yet look overloaded with ornaments, from 
 the fatiguing recurrence of minute parts, which 
 prevent the comprehension of the general design. 
 
 The flower of four leaves in a hollow moulding, has 
 already been spoken of, and in these hollow mouldings 
 various other flowers are introduced, as well as heads 
 and figures, some of them very grotesque; and the 
 capitals are very seldom found two alike. The foliage 
 forming the crockets and finials is also extremely rich, 
 and the pinnacle, in its various forms, is almost 
 constantly used. The spandrels of ornamental ai'ches 
 are sometimes filled with beautiful foliage. 
 
 G 
 
8-2 
 
 An ornament almost as peculiar to the Decorated 
 style as the toothed ornament to the Early English, is 
 a small round bud of three or four leaves, which open 
 just enough to show a ball in the centre; this is 
 generally placed in a hollow moulding, and has a 
 beautiful effect. On the steeple of Salisbury, knobs 
 are used very profusely in many parts as crockets; 
 these are plain, but are so most likely on account of 
 the distance from the eye; these and some other details 
 show the Decorated date of this steeple, though its 
 composition is assimilated to the Early English build- 
 ing it is raised upon. It is seldom safe to judge of 
 date solely by the character of the ornamental carvings, 
 yet in many instances these will be very clear distinc- 
 tions. It is extremely difficult to describe, in words, 
 the different characters of Early English and Decorated 
 foliage, yet any one who attentively examines a few 
 examples of each style, will seldom afterwards be 
 mistaken, unless in buildings so completely transitional 
 asT ^.0 have almost every mark of both styles. There 
 is in the Early English a certain imnatural character 
 in the foliage, which is extremely stiff, when compared 
 Avith the graceful and easy combinations, and the 
 natural appearance of most of the well - executed 
 Decorated foliage; in no place can this be examined 
 with better effect than at the cathedrals of York and 
 Ely, both of which contain very excellent examples of 
 each style. 
 
 Decorated English Steeples. 
 
 At the commencement of this style, several fine 
 spires were added to towers then existing, and in after 
 times many very fine towers and spires were erected. 
 Grantham, Newark, and several other Lincolnshire 
 spires are very fine. These are generally flanked with 
 buttresses, many of which are diagonal, and are 
 generally crowned with fine pinnacles. Of these 
 spires, Newark deserves peculiar attention, it rises 
 
83 
 
 engaged in the west end of the church, and the lower 
 parts are Early English, but it is the upper story of 
 the tower and the spire which are its principal beauties. 
 This story rises from a band (which completely sur- 
 rounds the tower) of sunk pannels. The story consists 
 of a flat buttress of not much projection on each side, 
 thus making eight round the tower ; these are in three 
 stages, the two lower plain, with small plain set-offs, 
 the upper pannelled with an ogee head, and an ogee 
 canopy, above which is a triangular head to the 
 buttress richly crocketed, which finishes the buttress 
 under the cornice. Between these buttresses are two 
 beautiful two-light windows, with rich canopies on the 
 dripstone, and a general canopy over both, crocketed 
 and finishing in a rich finial; in the point of this 
 canopy, between the heads of the windows, is a statue 
 in a plain small niche, and on each side of the windows 
 are other statues in niches with ogee crocketed cano- 
 pies. The tracery of these windows is very good, and 
 the architraves, both of windows and niches, are 
 composed of shafts. The cornice is filled with flowers 
 and other ornaments at small intervals, and from the 
 corners rise short octagonal pedestals, on which are 
 beautiful pinnacles finishing in statues for finials. The 
 parapet is enriched with sunk quatrefoil pannels, and 
 the spire has plain ribs and additional slopes on the 
 alternate sides; there are four heights of windows in 
 alternate faces, all, except the top row, richly crocketed. 
 On the whole, perhaps there are no specimens superior 
 in composition and execution, and few equal. There 
 are many small towers and spires which appear to be 
 Decorated ; but there are so many of them altered, 
 and with appearances so much like the next style, that 
 they require more than common examination before 
 they are pronounced absolutely Decorated; and there 
 does not appear (as far as the author has been able to 
 examine) any rich ornamented tower of large size 
 remaining, that is a pure Decorated building. The 
 west towers of York minster come the nearest to 
 
84 
 
 purity, though the tracery of the belfiy windows and 
 the battlements are decidedly Perpendicular. 
 
 Decorated English Battlements. 
 
 A parapet continues frequently to be used in the 
 Decorated style, but it is often pierced in various 
 shapes, of which quatrefoils in circles or without that 
 inclosure, are very common, but another not so com- 
 mon is more beautiful ; this is a waved line, the spaces 
 of which are trefoiled ; it is well executed at the small 
 church of St. JNIary Magdalen, at Oxford. Pierced 
 battlements are become very common ; of these the 
 nave of York presents a fine specimen ; the battlement 
 is an arch trefoiled or cinquefoiled, and the interval a 
 quatrefoil in a circle, the whole covered with a running 
 tablet which runs both horizontally and vertically. 
 This round quatrefoil is sometimes exchanged for a 
 square quatrefoil, as at INIelrose abbey. The plain 
 battlement most in use in this style is one with small 
 intervals, and the capping moulding only horizontal; 
 but there may be some battlement perhaps of this date 
 with the capping running both vertically and horizon- 
 tally. In some small works of this style a flower is 
 occasionally used as a finish above the cornice, but it 
 is by no means common. 
 
 Decorated English Roofs. 
 
 The Decorated groined roof is an increase on the 
 last style in the number of ribs ; those of the simplest 
 kind consisted of the longitudinal and crossing rib at 
 the point of the arches, with the cross springers and 
 pier rib, with also an intermediate rib between the 
 cross springers and the pier rib and the wall arch ; and 
 these intermediate ribs increased in number, and 
 adorned with small ribs forming stars and other figures 
 by their intersections, give a variety to the groining 
 almost ccpial to the tracery of windows. In this style. 
 
85 
 
 the rib mouldings are generally an ogee for the 
 exterior, and hollows and rounds, with different fillets, 
 tov/ards the ceiling; in some few instances a principal 
 and secondary rib are employed. The bosses are placed 
 at all the intersections, and are often most beautifully 
 carved. Exeter cathedral is a fine example of the 
 plain roof, and the nave of York of the richer descrip- 
 tion, as is also the chapter-house of York. 
 
 There are buildings in which, though the upper 
 roof is shown, there is a preparation for an inner roof; 
 such is Chester cathedral, where only the lady-chapel, 
 and the aisles of the choir, are groined, and the whole 
 of the rest of the church is open ; but on the top of 
 the shafts is the commencement springing of a stone 
 roof. There is a chapel in a church in Cambridgeshire, 
 AYillingham, between Ely and Cambridge, w^hicli 
 has a very singular roof; stone ribs rise like the timber 
 ones, the intervals are pierced, and the slope of the 
 roof is of stone; it is high pitched, and the whole 
 appears of Decorated character. 
 
 There remain a few roofs, which appear to be of 
 Decorated character, that are open to the roof framing, 
 and have a sort of pannelled work in ogee quatrefoils 
 in timber, between the principals, which have arched 
 ornamental work ; of this kind is the roof of Eltham 
 palace. These are getting very scarce, as they are hardly 
 ever repaired but by new work of a totally different 
 kind. 
 
 Decorated English Fronts. 
 
 The east fronts of Decorated buildings consist so 
 often of one large window for the chancel or choir, and 
 two smaller ones for the aisles, if there be any, that 
 little need be said of their composition, as all its 
 variation in general depends on the variety of but- 
 tresses, &:c. used as finishings. Of these it may be 
 sufficient to mention three, the east ends of Lincoln 
 and Carlisle cathedrals, and Howden church. The 
 
86 
 
 first consists of a centre, and side aisles divided, and 
 flanked by tall buttresses without set-offs, but pan- 
 nelled, with canopy heads and small corbels, the angles 
 finished with shafts, and the tops of the buttresses 
 with a triangular crocketed head ; under the windows, 
 along the whole front, runs a line of pannels divided 
 by small shafts, and above them a tablet. The 
 great centre window has been described before; it 
 has eight lights, has over it one of five lights, flanked 
 by arch-headed pannels, and the gable has an orna- 
 mented crocketed capping, and a cross; behind the 
 buttresses rise octagonal pinnacles with rich finials : the 
 windows of the aisles are of three lights, and over them 
 the gables are filled with three tier of pannels and a 
 circle, plain capping, and a cross at the point. This 
 front has a very fine effect, and is almost the only east 
 front of a cathedral which can be seen at a proper 
 distance. The east end of Carlisle is evidently a 
 Decorated wall added to an Early English building; 
 its aisles are different from each other, but all the 
 buttresses are rich; its great beauty is the east window, 
 which is of nine lights, and in the composition of the 
 tracery is superior even to the west window of York, 
 to which the centre mullion gives a stiffness not 
 visible at Carlisle. At Howden, the tracery of the 
 great window is destroyed, and the whole in ruins; 
 but enough remains to show the symmetry of the 
 composition, and the richness and delicacy of the 
 execution. 
 
 The east end of Eitchfield cathedral is a semi-hexa- 
 gon, w4th very fine long windows of rich tracery; this 
 is late in the style, and seems to have been much 
 repaired at a still later date. Of west fronts one only 
 need be mentioned, but that must be allowed to be 
 nearly, if not quite, the finest west front in the king- 
 dom ; it is that of York ; its towers and buttresses have 
 already been spoken of, and it only remains to say, that 
 the three doors are the finest specimens of Decorated 
 doors in the kingdom; its great window is only 
 
87 
 
 excelled by that of Carlisle. The central part over the 
 window finislies by a horizontal cornice and battlement, 
 above which rises the pierced canopy of the window, 
 and at some distance behind the gable of the roof 
 rises with a front of fine tracery, and a pierced battle- 
 ment. It is to be regretted, that this beautiful front is 
 surrounded by buildings so near, that no good view 
 can be obtained of it, as, from the eye being brought 
 too near, the fine elevation of the towers is almost lost. 
 Of smaller churches, the east end of Trinity church, 
 Hull, deserves attention ; the windows are very fine, 
 but the centre one has a trace of Perpendicular work 
 in it. 
 
 Decorated English Porches. 
 
 There are not many of these remaining, but under 
 this head should be noticed three beautiful gates, which 
 are in some degree assimilated to porches; these are 
 the gates of the abbey at Bury St. Edmund's, of 
 Thornton abbey in Lincolnshire, and of Augus- 
 tine's monastery at Canterbury; they have all rich 
 and beautifully ornamented gateways, with rooms over 
 them, and their fronts ornamented with niches, win- 
 dows, &c. and at St. Augustine's, two fine octagonal 
 towers rise above the roof. These three are of very 
 varied composition, but all contain very valuable 
 details. 
 
 The general appearance of Decorated buildings is at 
 once simple and magnificent ; simple from the small 
 number of parts, and magnificent from the size of the 
 windows, and easy flow of the lines of tracery. In 
 the interior of large buildings we find great breadth, 
 and an enlargement of the clerestory windows, with a 
 corresponding dimiiuition of the triforium, which is 
 now rather a part of the clerestory opening than a 
 distinct member of the division. The roofing, from 
 the increased richness of' the groining, becomes an 
 object of attention. 
 
88 
 
 Hiough we have not the advantage of any one large 
 building of this style in its pure state, like Salisbury 
 in the last style, yet we have, besides many detached 
 parts, the advantage of four most beautiful mcacls, 
 which are in the highest preservation. These are 
 at Lincoln, Exeter, York, and Ely; and though differ- 
 ently worked, are all of excellent execution. Of these, 
 Exeter and York are far the largest, and York, from 
 the uncommon grandeur and simplicity of the design, 
 is certainly the finest; ornament is no-where spared, 
 yet there is a simplicity which is peculiarly pleasing. 
 Lincoln has already been spoken of as assimilated to 
 the Early English work around it ; and Ely has, from 
 the same necessity of assimilation to former work, a 
 larger triforium arrangement than common; though 
 not so bold in its composition as the nave of York, 
 the work at Ely is highly valuable for the beauty and 
 delicacy of its details. Amongst the many smaller 
 churches. Trinity church, at Hull, deserves peculiar 
 notice, as its Decorated part is of a character which 
 could better than any be imitated in modern work, 
 from the great height of its piers, and the smallness of 
 their size. The remains of JNIelrose abbey are ex- 
 tremely rich, and though in ruins, its parts are yet very 
 distinguishaWe. In imitations of this style, great 
 delicacy is required to prevent its running into the 
 next, wliich, from its straight perpendicular and hori- 
 zontal lines, is so much easier worked; whatever 
 ornaments are used, should be very cleanly executed, 
 and highly finished. 
 
 Though not so numerous as the Norman or Perpen- 
 dicular fonts, yet there are many good fonts of this 
 style remaining, and at Luton in Bedfordshire, is 
 erected round the font a beautiful chapel or baptistery, 
 of very fine composition. 
 
 As an example of transition fi-om this style to the 
 next, the clioir of York may be cited; the piers and 
 arch(^s retain the same form as in the Decorated work 
 in the nave, but the windows, the screens, and above 
 
89 
 
 all, the east end, are clearly Perpendicular, and of very 
 excellent character and execution. The windows still 
 retain shafts and mouldings in the architraves, and the 
 east window has a band of statuary niches as part of 
 its architrave. 
 
 There are many fine castellated remains of this style ; 
 of these, it may be enough to mention Caernarvon 
 castle, and the noble gateway to Lancaster castle. 
 
 iBt t!)e J^oiirtl), or JJerpentitnilar ^tple. 
 
 Perpendicular English Doors. 
 
 The great distinction of Perpendicular doors from 
 those of the last style, is the almost constant square 
 head over the arch, Avhich is surrounded by the outer 
 moulding of the architrave, and the spandrel filled 
 with some ornament, and over all a dripstone is gene- 
 rally placed. This ornamented spandrel in a square 
 head, occurs in the porch to Westminster hall, one of 
 the earliest Perpendicular buildings, and is continued 
 to the latest period of good execution, and in a rough 
 w^ay much later. In large, very rich doors, a canopy 
 is sometimes included in this square head, and some- 
 times niches are added at the sides, as at King's college 
 chapel, Cambridge. This square head is not always 
 used interiorly, for an ogee canopy is sometimes used, 
 or pannels down to the arch, as at St. George's, 
 AVindsor; and there are some small exterior doors 
 without the square head. The shafts used in these 
 doors are small, and have mostly plain capitals, which 
 are often octagonal, and the bases made so below 
 the first astragal. But there are still, in the early part 
 of the style, some flowered capitals; and in those to 
 the shafts of piers, in small churches, it is common for 
 the capital to have in its hollow one or two square 
 flowers. The mouldings of the capitals often contain 
 
90 
 
 (more particularly in the later dates of the style) a 
 member which is precisely the cyma-recta of Grecian 
 work. In small works, the bases of shafts have many 
 mouldings, repetitions of ogees are mostly used, 
 intermixed wdth hollows or straight slopes. The 
 architraves of these doors have generally one or more 
 large hollows, sometimes filled with statuary niches, 
 but more often plain ; this large hollow, in the archi- 
 traves of both doors and windows, is one of the best 
 marks of this style. 
 
 Perpendicular English Windows. 
 
 These are easily distinguished by their muUions 
 rvmning in perpendicular lines, and the transoms, 
 which are now general. The varieties of the last style 
 were in the disposition of the principal lines of the 
 tracery; in this, they are rather in the disposition of 
 the minute parts; a window of four or more lights is 
 generally divided into two or three parts, by strong 
 muUions running quite up, and the portion of arch 
 between them doubled from the centre of the side 
 division. In large windows, the centre one is again 
 sometimes made an arch, and often in windows of 
 seven or nine lights, the arches spring across, making 
 two of four or five lights, and the centre belonging to 
 each. The heads of windows, instead of being filled 
 with flowing ramifications, have slender mullions 
 running from the heads of the lights, between each 
 principal mullion, and these have small transoms till 
 the window is divided into a series of small pannels ; 
 and the heads being arched, are trefoiled or cinque- 
 foiled. Sometimes these small mullions are crossed 
 over each other in small arches, leaving minute 
 quatrefoils, and these are carried across in straight 
 lines. Under the transom is generally an arch ; but in 
 Yorkshire, I^incolnshire, and Nottinghamshire, and 
 perliaps in s(Mne other parts, there is a different mode 
 of foliating the straight line without an arch, which 
 
91 
 
 has a singular appearance. In the later windows of 
 this style, the transoms are often ornamented with 
 small battlements, and sometimes with flowers, which, 
 when well executed, have a very fine effect. Amidst 
 so great a variety of windows, (for perhaps full half 
 the windows in English edifices over the kingdom are 
 of this style,) it is difficult to particularize; but 
 St. George's, Windsor, for four lights, and the cleres- 
 tory windows of Henry the VII.'s chapel for five, are 
 some of the best executed. For a large window, the 
 east window of York has no equal, and by taking its 
 parts, a window of any size may be formed. There 
 are some good windows, of which the heads have the 
 mullions alternate, that is, the perpendicular line rises 
 from the top of the arch of the pannel below it. The 
 windows of the Abbey-church, at Bath, are of this 
 description. The east window of the Beauchamp 
 chapel at Warwick, is extremely rich, and has both 
 within and without many singularities. The mullions 
 which divide it into three parts, have a part of the 
 great hollow for their moulding, which on the inside 
 is filled with very rich statuary niches ; the centre part 
 of this window is divided into very minute pannellings 
 in the upper part. 
 
 It is necessary here to say a little of a window 
 which may be mistaken for a Decorated window ; this 
 is one of three lights, used in many country churches ; 
 the mullions simply cross each other, and are cinque- 
 foiled in the heads, and quatrefoiled in the three upper 
 spaces; but to distinguish this from a Decorated win- 
 dow% it will generally be necessary to examine its arch, 
 its mullion mouldings, and its dripstone, as well as its 
 being (as it often is) accompanied by a clearly Perpendi- 
 cular window at the end, or connected with it so as to 
 be evidently of that time. Its arch is very often four- 
 centred, which at once decides its date; its mullion 
 mouldings are often small, and very delicately worked ; 
 its dripstone in many instances has some clear mark. 
 
92 
 
 and when the Decorated tracery is become familiar, it 
 will be distinguished from it by its being a mere folia- 
 tion of a space, and not a flowing quatrefoil with the 
 mouldmgs carried round it. 
 
 Large circular windows do not appear to have been 
 in use in this style ; but the tracery of the circles in 
 the transepts of Westminster abbey appear to have 
 been renewed during this period. At Henry the VII. 's 
 chapel, a window is used in the aisles which seems to 
 have led the way to that \\Tetched substitute for fine 
 tracery, the square-headed windows of queen Eliza- 
 beth and king James the first's time. This window is 
 a series of small pannels forming a square head, and it 
 is not flat but in projections, and these, with the 
 octagonal towers vised for buttresses, throw the exterior 
 of the building into fritter, ill-assorting with the bold- 
 ness of the clerestory windows. In most of the later 
 buildings of this style, the window and its architrave 
 completely fill up the space between the buttresses, 
 and the east and west windows are often very large; 
 the west window of St. George's, Windsor, has fifteen 
 lights in three divisions, and is a grand series of 
 pannels, from the floor to the roof; the door is amongst 
 the lower ones, and all above the next to the door is 
 pierced for the window. The east window at Glouces- 
 ter is also very large, but that is of three distinct 
 parts, not in the same line of plan. 
 
 IN'^hen canopies are used, which is not so often as 
 in the last style, they are generally of the ogee 
 character, beautifully crocketed. 
 
 Perpendicular English Arches. 
 
 Although the four-centred arch is much used, 
 particvdarly in the latter part of the style, yet, as in 
 all the other styles, we have in this also arches of 
 almost all sorts amongst the ornamental parts of niches, 
 cV-c. and in the composition lines of pannels, are arches 
 from a very fine thin lancet to an almost flat segment. 
 
d3 
 
 Yet, with all this variety, the four-centred arch is the 
 one most used in large buildings, and the arches of 
 other character, used in the division of the aisles, begin 
 to have what is one of the great distinctions of this 
 style, — the almost constant use of mouldings running 
 from the base all round the arch, without any stop 
 horizontally, by way of capital ; sometimes with one 
 shaft and capital, and the rest of the lines running; 
 the shafts in front running up without stop to the 
 roof, and from their capitals springing the groins. In 
 window arches, shafts are now very seldom used, the 
 architrave running all round, and both window arches 
 and the arches of the interior, are often inclosed in 
 squares, with ornamented spandrels, either like the 
 doors, or of pannelling. Interior arches have seldom 
 any dripstone when the square is used. 
 
 Another great distinction of these arches, in large 
 buildings, is the absence of the triforium or gallery, 
 between the arches of the nave and the clerestory 
 windows; their place is now supplied by pannels, 
 as at St. George's, Windsor, or statuary niches, as at 
 Henry the VII.'s chapel ; or they are entirely removed, 
 as at Bath, and Manchester Old church, &c. 
 
 Perpendicular English Piers. 
 
 The massive Norman round pier, lessened in size 
 and extended in length, with shafts set round it, 
 became the Early English pier; the shafts were mul- 
 tiplied, and set into the face of the pier, which became, 
 in its plan, lozenge, and formed the Decorated pier. 
 We now find the pier again altering in shape, becoming 
 much thinner between the arches, and its proportion 
 the other way, from the nave to the aisle, increased, 
 by having those shafts which run to the roof, to sup- 
 port the springings of the groins, added in front, and 
 not forming a part of the mouldings of the arch, but 
 having a bold hollow between them : this is particularly 
 apparent at King's college chapel, Cambridge, St. 
 
94 
 
 George's, Windsor, and Henry the "N^'II.'s chapel, the 
 three great models of enriched Perpendicular style ; but 
 it is observable in a less degree in many others. In 
 small churches, the pier mentioned in the last style, of 
 four shafts and four hollows, is still much used; but 
 many small churches have humble imitations of the 
 magnificent arrangement of shafts and mouldings 
 spoken of above. There are still some plain octagonal, 
 &c. piers, in small churches, which may belong to this 
 age. 
 
 Though filleted shafts are not so much used as in 
 the last style, the exterior moulding of the architrave 
 of interior arches is sometimes a filleted round, which 
 has a good effect; and in general the mouldings and 
 parts of piers, architraves, kc. are much smaller than 
 those used in the last style, except the large hollows 
 before mentioned. 
 
 Perpendicular English Buttresses. 
 
 These differ very little from those of the last style, 
 except that triangular heads to the stages are much 
 less used, the set-offs being much more often bold 
 projections of plain slopes; yet many fine buildings 
 have the triangular heads. In the upper story, the 
 buttresses are often very thin, and have diagonal 
 faces. There are few large buildings of this style 
 without flying buttresses, and these are often pierced ; 
 at Henry the VII.'s chapel they are of rich tracery, 
 and the buttresses are octagonal turrets. At King's 
 college chapel, Cambridge, which has only one height 
 within, the projection of the buttresses is so great as 
 to allow chapels between the wall of the nave, and 
 another level with the front of the buttresses. At 
 Gloucester, and perhaps at some other places, an arch 
 or half arch is pierced in the lower part of the buttress. 
 There are a few buildings of this style without any 
 buttresses. All the kinds are occasionally ornamented 
 with statuary niches, and canopies of vai'ious descrip- 
 
95 
 
 tions, and the diagonal corner buttress is not so common 
 as in the last style; but the two buttresses often leave 
 a square, which runs up, and sometimes, as at the 
 tower of the Old church at ISIanchester, is crowned 
 with a third pinnacle. 
 
 Although pinnacles are used very freely in this style, 
 yet there are some buildings, whose buttresses run up 
 and finish square without any; of this description is 
 St. George's, AVindsor, and the Beauchamp chapel. 
 The buttresses of the small eastern addition at Peter- 
 borough cathedral are curious, having statues of saints 
 for pinnacles. 
 
 In interior ornaments, the buttresses used are some- 
 times small octagons, sometimes pannelled, sometimes 
 plain, and then, as well as the small buttresses of 
 niches, are often banded with a band different from 
 the Early English, and much broader. Such are the 
 buttresses between the doors of Henry the VII.'s 
 chapel. 
 
 The small buttresses of this style attached to screen- 
 work, stall-work, and niches, are different from any 
 before used, and they form a good mark of the style. 
 The square pedestal of the pinnacle being set with an 
 angle to the front, is continued down, and on each side 
 is set a small buttress of a smaller face than this pedes- 
 tal, thus leaving a small staff between them; these 
 buttresses have set-offs, and this small staff at each 
 set-off has the moulding to it, which being generally 
 two long hollows, and a fillet between, has on the staff 
 an appearance of a spear head. It is not easy to 
 describe this buttress in words, but when once seen, 
 it will be easily recognised; and as almost every 
 screen and tabernacle niche is ornamented with them 
 in this style, they need not be long sought. The 
 niches in front of Westminster hall, (one of the best 
 and earliest Perpendicular examples,) and the niches 
 under the clerestory windows of Henry the VII.'s 
 chapel, (one of the latest) have them almost exactly 
 similar. 
 
96 
 
 Perpendicular English Tablets 
 
 The cornice is now, in large buildings, often com- 
 posed of several small mouldings, sometimes divided 
 by one or two considerable hollows, not very dee}) ; 
 yet still, in plain buildings, the old cornice mouldings 
 are much adhered to ; but it is more often ornamented 
 in the hollow with flowers, kc. and sometimes m ith 
 grotesque animals; of this the churches of Gresford 
 and JMold, in Flintshire, are curious examples, being 
 a complete chase of cats, rats, mice, dogs, and a 
 variety of imaginary figures, amongst which various 
 grotesque monkeys are very conspicuous. In the 
 latter end of the style, something very analogous to an 
 ornamented frieze is perceived, of which the canopies 
 to the niches, in various works, are examples; and 
 the angels so profusely introduced, in the later rich 
 works, are a sort of cornice ornaments. These are 
 very conspicuous at St. George's, AVindsor, and 
 Henry the A^II.'s chapel. At Eath, is a cornice of 
 two hollows, and a round between with fillets, both 
 upper and under surface nearly alike. The dripstone 
 of this style is, in the heads of doors and some 
 windows, much the same as in the last style, and it 
 most generally finishes by a plain return; though 
 corbels are sometimes used, this return is frequently 
 continued horizontally. 
 
 Tablets under the windows are like the dripstone, 
 and sometimes fine bands are carried round as tablets. 
 Of these there are some fine remains at the cathedral, 
 and at the tower of St. John's, Chester. 
 
 The basement mouldings ordinarily used are not 
 materially different from the last style; reversed ogees 
 and hollows, vtiriously disposed, being the principal 
 mouldings; but in rich buildings several mouldings 
 and alternate faces are used. 
 
97 
 
 Perpendicular English Niches. 
 
 These are very numerous, as amongst them we 
 must' indude nearly all the stall, tabernacle, and 
 screen-work in the English churches ; for there appears 
 little Vv'ood-work of an older date, and it is probable 
 that much screen-work was defaced at the Reformation, 
 but restored in queen IMary's time, and not again 
 destroyed; at least the execution of much of it would 
 lead to such a supposition, being very full of minute 
 tracery, and much attempt at stiffly ornamented 
 friezes. The remains of oak screen-work and tracery 
 are much greater than would be conceived possible, 
 considerino; the varied destructions of the Reformation 
 and civil war. Most of our cathedrals, and very many 
 smaller churches, contain tabernacle and screen-v/ork 
 in excellent condition, and of beautiful execution; and 
 amongst this kind of work should be reckoned the 
 great number of stalls with turn-up seats and benches ; 
 these, though many of them are of abominable com- 
 position, are by no means all so; the ceremonies of 
 the church, legends, and above all, figures of animals, 
 flowers, and foliage, admirably designed and exe- 
 cuted, make up by far the greater number. At St. 
 JNIichael's church, Coventry, are many of the best cha- 
 racter. The benches before these stalls present, in their 
 ends and fronts, combinations of pannelling and flower- 
 work of great beauty. As an instance how late 
 wood-work was executed in a good style, there is some 
 screen-work in the church at Huyton in Lancashire, 
 in which the date is cut in such a way as to preclude 
 any doubt of its being done at the time; and the date 
 is corroborated by armorial bearings carved on the 
 same work; this date is 1603, a time at v/hich all idea of 
 executing good English v^ork in stone seems to have 
 been lost. J^-Iany niches are simple recesses, with rich 
 ogee canopies, and others have over-hanging square- 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 headed canopies, with many minute buttresses and 
 pinnacles, crowned with battlements ; or, in the latter 
 part of the style, with what has been called the Tudor 
 flower, an ornament used instead of battlement, as an 
 upper finish, and profusely strewed over the roofs, kc. 
 of rich late buildings. Of these niches, those in 
 Henry the VII.'s chapel, between the arches and 
 clerestory windows, are perhaps as good a specimen as 
 any. Of the plain recesses, with ogee canopies, there 
 are some fine ones at Windsor. 
 
 The whole interior of the richer buildino-s of this 
 style, IS more or less a series of pannels ; and therefore, 
 as every pannel may, on occasion, become a niche, we 
 find great variety of shape and size; but like those 
 of the last style, they may generally be reduced to one 
 or other of these divisions. 
 
 Perpendicular English Ornaments. 
 
 The grand source of ornament, in this style, is pan- 
 nelling; indeed, the interior of most rich buildings is 
 only a general series of it; for example, King's college 
 chapel, Cambridge, is all pannel, except the floor ; for 
 the doors and ^vindows are nothing but pierced pannels, 
 included in the general design, and the very roof is a 
 series of them of different shapes. The same may be 
 said of the interior of St. George's, Windsor ; and still 
 further, Henry the VII.'s chapel is so both within and 
 without, there being no plain wall all over the chapel, 
 except the exterior from below the base moulding, all 
 above is ornamental pannel. All the small chapels of 
 late erection in this style, such as those at AVinchester, 
 and several at AVindsor, are thus all pierced pannel. 
 Exclusive of this general souFce of ornament, there 
 are a few peculiar to it; one, the battlement to transoms 
 of windows, has already been mentioned; this, in 
 works of late date, is very frequent, sometimes 
 extending to small transoms in the head of the window, 
 as well as the general division of the lights. Another, 
 
99 
 
 the Tudor flower, is, in rich work, equally common, 
 and forms a most beautiful enriched battlement, and 
 is also sometimes used on the transoms of windows in 
 small work. Another peculiar ornament of this style, 
 is the angel cornice, used at Windsor and in Henry the 
 Vll.'s chapel; but though according with the character 
 of those buildings, it is by no means fit for general 
 use. These angels have been much diffused, as 
 supporters of shields, and as corbels to support roof- 
 beams, &c. Plain as the Abbey-church at Bath is in 
 its general execution, it has a variety of angels as 
 corbels, for different purposes. 
 
 A great number of edifices of this style appear to 
 have been executed in the reign of Henry the VII, as 
 the angels so profusely irtroduced into his own works, 
 and also his badges — the rose and portcullis, and 
 sometimes his more rare cognizances, are abundantly 
 scattered in buildings of this style. 
 
 Flowers of various kinds continue to ornament cor- 
 nices, &c. and crockets were variously formed towards 
 the end of the style, those of pinnacles vrere often 
 very much projected, which has a disagreeable effect; 
 there are many of these pinnacles at Oxford, prin- 
 cipally worked in the decline of the style. 
 
 Perpendicular English Steeples. 
 
 Of these there remain specimens of almost every 
 description, from the plain short tower of a country 
 church, to the elaborate and gorgeous towers of Glou- 
 cester and Wrexham. There are various fine spires 
 of this style, which have little distinction from those 
 of the last, but their age may be generally known by 
 their ornaments, or the towers supporting them. 
 Almost every conceivable variation of buttress, battle- 
 ment, and pinnacle, is used, and the appearance of 
 many of the towers combines, in a very eminent 
 degree, extraordinary richness of execution and 
 grandeur of design. Few counties in England are 
 
100 
 
 without some good examples ; besides the two already 
 mentioned, Boston in Lincolnshire, All Saints in 
 Derby, St. JMary's at Taunton, St. George's, Doncaster, 
 are celebrated; and the plain, but excellently propor- 
 tioned, tower of Magdalen college, Oxford, deserves 
 much attention. 
 
 Amongst the smaller churches, there are many 
 towers of uncommon beauty, but few exceed Gresford, 
 between Chester and AVrexham ; indeed, the whole of 
 this church, both interior and exterior, is worth atten- 
 tive examination. Paunton, near Grantham, has also 
 a tower curious for its excellent masonry. There are 
 of this style some small churches with fine octagonal 
 lanterns, of which description are two in the city of 
 York ; and of this style is that most beautiful compo- 
 sition, the steeple of St. Nicholas, at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, — a piece of composition equally remarkable for 
 its simplicity, delicacy, and excellent masonic arrange- 
 ment. Early in this style also is the steeple of St. 
 Michael at Coventry, which, but for the extreme 
 destruction of its ornaments, in consequence of the 
 nature of the stone, would be nearly unequalled. To 
 notice all the magnificent towers of this style would 
 take a volume, but the cathedrals at Canterbury and 
 York must not be omitted. At Canterbury, the central 
 tower, which has octagonal turrets at the corners, is a 
 very fine one; and the south-west tower, which has 
 buttresses and fine pinnacles, though in a different 
 style, is little inferior. At York, the centre tower is 
 a most magnificent lantern ; its exterior looks rather 
 flat, from its not having pinnacles, which seem to have 
 been intended by the mode in which the buttresses are 
 finished; but its interior gives, from the flood of light 
 it pours into the nave and transepts, a brilliancy of 
 appearance equalled by very few, if any, of the other 
 cathedrals. 
 
101 
 
 Perpendicular English Battlements. 
 
 Parapets still continue to be used occasionally. The 
 trefoiled pannel with serpentine line is still used, but 
 the dividing line is oftener straight, making the 
 divisions regular triangles. 
 
 Of pannelled parapets, one of the finest is that of 
 the Beauchamp chapel, which consists of quatrefoils in 
 squares, with shields and flowers. 
 
 Of pierced battlements there are many varieties, but 
 the early ones frequently have quatrefoils, either for 
 the lower compartments, or on the top of the pannels 
 of the lower, to form the higher ; the later have often 
 two heights of pannels, one range for the lower, and 
 another over them forming the upper ; and at Lough- 
 borough is a fine battlement of rich pierced quatre- 
 foils, in two heights, forming an indented battlement. 
 These battlements have generally a riuming cap 
 moulding carried round, and generally following the 
 line of battlement. There are a few late buildings, 
 which have pierced battlements, not with straight 
 tops, but variously ornamented; such is the tomb- 
 house at AVindsor, with pointed upper compartments ; 
 and such is the battlement of the eastern addition at 
 Peterborough, and the great battlement of King's 
 college chapel, Cambridge, and also that most delicate 
 battlement over the lower side chapels ; this is perhaps 
 the most elegant of the kind. Sometimes on the out- 
 side, and often within, the Tudor flower is used as a 
 battlement, and there are a few instances of the use of 
 a battlement analogous to it in small works long before; 
 such is that at Waltham cross. 
 
 Of plain battlements there are many descriptions : 
 1st, that of nearly equal intervals, with a plain 
 capping running round with the outline. 2nd, The 
 castellated battlement, of nearly equal intervals, and 
 sometimes with large battlements and small intervals, 
 with the cap moulding running only horizontally, and 
 
102 
 
 the sides cut plain. 3d, A battlement like the last, 
 with the addition of a moulding Mhich runs round the 
 outline, and has the horizontal capping set upon it. 
 4th, The most common late battlement, with the cap 
 moulding broad, of several mouldings, and running 
 round the outline, and thus often narrowing the inter- 
 vals, and enlarging the battlement. To one or other 
 of these varieties, most battlements may be reduced; 
 but they are never to be depended on alone, in 
 determining the age of a building, from the very 
 frequent alterations they are liable to. 
 
 PERrENDICULAll ENGLISH RoOFS. 
 
 These may be divided into three kinds ; first, those 
 open to the roof framing; second, those ceiled flat or 
 nearly so; and thirdly, the regular groined roof. 
 
 Of the first kind are those magnificent timber roofs, 
 of which Westminster hall is one of the finest speci- 
 mens. The beams, technically called principals, are 
 here made into a sort of trefoil arch, and the interstices 
 of the framing filled vvith pierced pannellings; there 
 are also arches from one principal to another. Crosby 
 hall in Bishopsgate-street, is another roof of this de- 
 scription, as is the hall of Christchiu'ch, Oxford, and 
 many others: this roof is not often found in churches. 
 
 The second is common in churches, and is the Per- 
 pendicular ordinary style of cieling. lich, though easily 
 constructed; a rib crossed above the pier, Avith a small 
 41at arch, and this was crossed by another in the 
 centre of the nave, and the spaces thus formed were 
 again divided by cross ribs, till reduced to squares of 
 two or three feet; and at each intersection, a flower, 
 shield, or other ornament was placed. This roof was 
 sometimes in the aisles made sloping, and occasionally 
 coved. In a few instances, the squares were filled 
 with fans, kc. of small tracery. A variety of this 
 roof which is very seldom met with, is a real flat 
 cieling, like the ordinary domestic cieling of the present 
 
103 
 
 day ; of this, the post room at Lambeth palace offers 
 one specimen, and a room attached to St. JNIary's hall, 
 at Coventry, another ; both these have small ribs cross- 
 ing the cieling, and dividing it into several parts. At 
 Coventry, the intersection of these ribs in the centre, 
 and their spring from the moulding, which runs round 
 from the side walls, are ornamented with carvings. 
 
 The third, or groined roof, is of several kinds. Of 
 this it may be well to notice, that the ribs in this 
 style are frequently of fewer mouldings than before, 
 often only a fillet and two hollows, like a plain 
 mullion. We see in the groined roofs of this style 
 almost every possible variety of disposition of the ribs, 
 and in the upper part of the arch they are in many 
 instances feathered; and these ribs are increased in the 
 later roofs, till the whole is one series of net-work, of 
 which the roof of the choir, at Gloucester, is one of 
 the most complicated specimens. The late monu- 
 mental chapels, and statuary niches, mostly present in 
 their roofs very complicated tracery. 
 
 We now come to a new and most delicate descrip- 
 tion of roof, that o^ fan tracery, of which probably 
 the earliest, and certainly one of the most elegant, is 
 that of the cloisters at Gloucester. In these roofs, 
 from the top of the shaft springs a small fan of ribs, 
 which doubling out from the points of the pannels, 
 ramify on the roof, and a quarter or half-circular rib 
 forms the fan, and the lozenge interval is formed by 
 some of the ribs of the fan running through it, and 
 dividing it into portions, which are filled with orna- 
 ment. King's college chapel, Cambridge, Henry the 
 A^II.'s chapel, and the Abbey-church at Bath, are the 
 best specimens, after the Gloucester cloisters; and to 
 these may be added the aisles of St. George's, Windsor, 
 and that of the eastern addition to Peterborough. To 
 some of these roofs are attached pendants, which, in 
 Henry the VII. 's chapel, and the Divinity school at 
 Oxford, come down as low as the springing line of 
 the fans. 
 
10 i 
 
 The roof of the nave and choir of St. Geor<rc's, 
 W mdsor, is very singular, and })crhaps unique. Tlie 
 ordinary proportion of the arches and piers is half the 
 breadth of the nave; this makes the roof compartments 
 two squares, but at Windsor the breadth of the nave 
 is nearly three times that of the aisles, and this makes 
 a figure of about three squares. The two exterior 
 parts are such as, if joined, would make a very rich, 
 ribbed roof; and the central compartment, which runs 
 as a flat arch, is filled with tracery pannels, of various 
 shapes, ornamented with quatrefoils, and forming two 
 halves of a star; in the choir, the centre of the star is 
 a pendant. This roof is certainly the most singular, 
 and perhaps the richest in effect of any we have ; it is 
 profusely adorned with bosses, shields, &c. 
 
 There still remains one more description of roof, 
 which is used in small chapels, but not common in 
 large buildings. This is the arch roof; in a few instances 
 it is found plain, with a simple ornament at the spring 
 and the point, and this is generally a moulding v/ith 
 flowers, &CC. but it is mostly pannelled. Of this roof, 
 the nave of the Abbey-church at Bath is a most beau- 
 tiful specimen. The arch is very flat, and is composed 
 of a series of small rich pannels, with a few large ones 
 at the centre of the compartments formed by the 
 piers. The roofs of the small chapels, on the north 
 side of the Beauchamp chapel, at Warwick, are also 
 good examples; and another beautiful roof of this 
 kind is the porch to Henry the A^II.'s chapel; but 
 this is so hidden, from the want of light, as to be 
 seldom noticed. 
 
 The ribbed roofs are often formed of timber and 
 plaster, but are generally coloured to represent stone- 
 work. 
 
 There may be some roofs of diflerent arrangements 
 from any of these; but in general they may be referred 
 to one or other of the above heads. 
 
105 
 
 Perpendicular English Fronts. 
 
 The first to be noticed of tliese, and by far the finest 
 west front, is that of Beverley minster, a building 
 much less known than its great value merits it should 
 be. What the west front of York is to the Decorated 
 style, this is to the Perpendicular, with this addition, 
 that in this front nothing but one style is seen, — all is 
 harmonious. Like York minster, it consists of a 
 very large west window to the nave, and two towers 
 for the end of the aisles. This window is of nine 
 lights, and the tower windows of three lights. The 
 windows in the tower correspond in range nearly with 
 those of the aisles and clerestory windows of the nave ; 
 the upper windows of the tower are belfry windows. 
 Each tower has four large and eight small pinnacles, 
 and a very beautiful battlement. The whole front is 
 pannelled, and the buttresses, which have a very bold 
 projection, are ornamented with various tiers of niche- 
 work, of excellent composition and most delicate 
 execution. The doors are uncommonly rich, and have 
 the hanging feathered ornament; the canopy of the 
 great centre door runs up above the sill of the window, 
 and stands free in the centre light, v>'ith a very fine 
 effect. The gable has a real tympanum, which is filled 
 with fine tracery. The east front is fine, but mixed 
 with Early English. The west fi'onts of Winchester, 
 Gloucester, Chester, Bath, and AVindsor, are all of 
 this style, and all of nearly the same parts; — a great 
 window and two side ones, with a large door and 
 sometimes side ones ; Chester has only one side window. 
 Though in some respects much alike, they are really 
 very different. Winchester has three rich porches to 
 its doors; Gloucester a very rich battlement, with 
 the canopy of the great window running through it ; 
 Chester a very fine door, with niches on each side; 
 Bath, a curious representation of Jacob's dream, the 
 ladders forming a sort of buttresses, and angels filling 
 
t 
 
 106 
 
 the space about the head of the great window ; Wind- 
 sor is phiin, except its noble window and beautiful 
 pierced parapet and battlements : but it is curious that 
 in all these examples the nave is flanked by octagonal 
 towers ; ut Winchester and Gloucester, crowned with 
 pinnacles; at Chester and AVindsor with ogee heads, 
 and at Bath by an open battlement. The ends of 
 King's college chapel, Cambridge, are nearly alike, 
 but that one has a door and the other not ; these also 
 are flanked with octagonal towers, which are finished 
 with buttresses, pinnacles, and an ogee top. Of east 
 ends, York is almost the only one which preserves the 
 whole elevation, and this is the richest of all; it is 
 highly ornamented with niches in the buttresses, and 
 has octagonal turrets which finish in very tall pinnacles, 
 of a size equal to small spires, but which, from the great 
 elevation of the front, do not appear at all too large. 
 Of small churches, the west end of St. George, Don- 
 caster, and Trinity church, Hull, are fine examples ; 
 as are the east ends of Louth church in Lincolnshire, 
 and A^'arwick church, as well as its beautiful com- 
 panion the Beauchamp chapel. 
 
 Perpendicular English Porches. 
 
 Of these there are so many that it is no easy matter 
 to chuse examples, but three may be noticed ; first, 
 that attached to the south-west tower of Canterbury 
 cathedral, which is covered with fine niches ; secondly, 
 the south porch at Gloucester, which has more variety 
 of outline, and is nearly as rich in niches ; the third 
 is the north porch at Beverley, and this is, as a pan- 
 nelled front, perhaps unequalled. The door has a 
 double canopy, the inner an ogee, and the outer a 
 triangle, with beautiful crockets and tracery, and is 
 flanked by fine buttresses breaking into niches, and the 
 space above the canoj^y to the cornice, is pannelled ; 
 the battlement is composed of rich niches, and tlie 
 buttresses crowned by a group of four pinnacles. The 
 
lo: 
 
 small porches of this style are many of them very 
 fine, but few equal those of King's college chapel, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 The appearance of Perpendicular buildings is very 
 various, so much depends on the length to which 
 pannelling, the great source of ornament, is carried. 
 The triforium is almost entirely lost, the clerestory 
 windows resting often on a string which bounds the 
 ornaments in the spandrels of the arches, but there is 
 not unfrequently under these windows, in large build- 
 ings, a band of sunk or pierced pannelling of great 
 richness. 
 
 Of this style so many buildings are in the finest 
 preservation, that it is difficult to select; but, on 
 various accounts, several claim particular mention. 
 The choir at York is one of the earliest buildings ; 
 indeed it is, in general arrangements, like the nave, 
 but its ornamental parts, the gallery under the win- 
 dows, the windows themselves, and much of its 
 pannelling in the interior, are completely of Perpen- 
 dicular character, though the simple grandeur of the 
 piers is the same as the nave. The choir of Gloucester 
 is also of this style, and most completely so, for the 
 whole interior is one series of open-work pannels laid 
 on the Norman work, parts of which are cut away to 
 receive them ; it forms a very ornamental whole, but 
 by no means a model for imitation. 
 
 Of the later character, are three most beautiful 
 specimens, King's college chapel, Cambridge, Henry 
 the VII.'s chapel, and St. George's, AVindsor; in 
 these, richness of ornament is lavished on every part, 
 and they are particularly valuable for being extremely 
 different from each other, though in many respects 
 alike. Of these, undoubtedly St. George's, Windsor, 
 is the most valuable, from the great variety of compo- 
 sition arising from its plan ; but the roof and single 
 line of wall of King's college chapel, Cambridge, 
 deserves great attention, and the details of Henry the 
 
108 
 
 VII.'s chapel will always command it, from the great 
 delicacy of their execution. 
 
 Of small churches, there are many excellent models 
 for imitation, so that in this style, with some care and 
 examination, scarcely any thing need be executed but 
 from absolute authority. The monumental chapels of 
 this style are peculiarly deserving attention, and often 
 of the most elaborate workmanship 
 
 The fonts of this style are very numerous, and 
 of all sorts of workmanship, from the roughest de- 
 scription, to that most elaborate specimen at Wal- 
 singham church in Norfolk. To some of these remain 
 font covers of wood, of which a few are composed of 
 very good tabernacle-work. 
 
 The castellated remains of this style are generally 
 much altered, to render them habitable; parts of 
 Windsor castle are good ; the exterior of Tattershall 
 castle, in Lincolnshire, remains nearly unaltered. 
 
 v«^'%-www%^%-vx%%v^ 
 
 iHferellaneous Memartts! an i^uiltitngs! of ISnijUsf) 
 arcljitectuve. 
 
 Having now given an outline of the details of the 
 different styles, it remains to speak of a few matters 
 which could not so well be previously noticed. As 
 one style passed gradually into another, there will be 
 here and there buildings partaking of two, and there 
 are many buildings of this description whose dates are 
 not at all authenticated. 
 
 There is one building which deserves especial men- 
 tion, from the singularity of its character, ornaments, 
 and plan; this is Roslyn chapel. It is certainly 
 imclassable as a Avhole, being unlike any other building 
 in Great Britain of its age, (the latter part of the 
 fifteenth century,) but if its details are minutely 
 examined, they will be found to accord most com- 
 pletely, in the ornamental work, with the style then 
 
109 
 
 prevalent, though debased by the clumsiness of the 
 parts, and their want of proportion to each other. 
 There seems little doubt that the designer was a 
 foreigner, or at least took some foreign buildings for 
 his model. 
 
 It will be proper to add a few words on the alter- 
 ations and additions which most ecclesiastical edifices 
 have received; and some practical remarks as to 
 judging of their age. The general alteration is that 
 of windows, which is very fi'equent ; very few churches 
 are without some Perpendicular windows. We may 
 therefore pretty safely conclude that a building is as 
 old as its windows, or at least that part is so which 
 contains the windows ; but we can by no means say 
 so with respect to doors, which are often left much 
 older than the rest of the building;. 
 
 A locality of style may be observed in almost every 
 county, and in the districts where flint abounds, it is 
 sometimes almost impossible to determine the date of 
 the churches, from the absence of battlements, archi- 
 traves, and buttresses ; but wherever stone is used, it 
 is seldom difficult to assign each part to its proper 
 style, and with due regard to do the same with plates 
 of ordinary correctness, a little habitual attention 
 would enable most persons to judge at once, at the 
 sight of a plate or drawing, of its correctness, from its 
 consistency, or the contrary, with the details of its 
 apparent style. 
 
 In a sketch like the present, it is impossible to 
 notice every variety; but at least the author now 
 presents the world with a rational arrangement of the 
 details of a mode of architecture on many accounts 
 valuable, and certainly the most proper for ecclesiastical 
 edifices. Still further to enable the reader to distin- 
 guish the principles of Grecian and English architecture, 
 he adds a few striking contrasts, which are formed by 
 those principles in buildings of real purity, and which 
 vdll at once convince any unprejudiced mind of the 
 impossibility of any thing like a good mixture. 
 
110 
 
 Grecian. 
 The general running 
 lines are horizontal. 
 
 Arches not necessary. 
 
 English. 
 The general running 
 lines are vertical. 
 
 An entablature abso- 
 lutely necessary, consisting 
 always of two, and mostly 
 of three distinct parts, 
 having a close relation to, 
 and its character and orna- 
 ments determined by the 
 columns. 
 
 The columns can sup- 
 port nothing but an entab- 
 lature, and no arch can 
 spring directly from a 
 column. 
 
 A flat column may be 
 called a pilaster, Vvhich can 
 be used as a column. 
 
 The arch must spring 
 from a horizontal line. 
 
 Columns the supporters 
 of the entablature. 
 
 Arches a really funda- 
 mental principle, and no 
 pure English building or 
 ornament can be composed 
 w^ithout them. 
 
 No such thing as an 
 entablature composed of 
 parts, and what is called a 
 cornice, bears no real rela- 
 tion to the shafts which 
 may be in the same build- 
 ing. 
 
 The shafts can only sup- 
 port an arched moulding, 
 and in no case a horizontal 
 line. 
 
 Nothing analogous to a 
 pilaster; every flat orna- 
 mented projecting surface, 
 is either a series of pannels, 
 or a buttress. 
 
 No horizontal line ne- 
 cessary, and never any but 
 the small cap of a shaft. 
 
 Shaft bears nothing, and 
 is only ornamental, and 
 the round pier still a pier. 
 
Ill 
 
 Grecian. 
 No projections like but- 
 tresses, and all projections 
 stopped by horizontal lines. 
 
 Arrangement 
 ment fixed. 
 
 of pedi- 
 
 Openings limited by the 
 proportions of the column. 
 
 Regularity of composi- 
 tion on each side of a 
 centre necessary. 
 
 Cannot form good stee- 
 ples, because they must re- 
 semble unconnected build- 
 ings piled on each other. 
 
 English. 
 Buttresses essential parts, 
 and stop horizontal lines. 
 
 Pediment only an orna- 
 mented end wall, and may 
 be of almost any pitch. 
 
 Openings almost unli- 
 mited. 
 
 Regularity of composi- 
 sition seldom found, and 
 variety of ornament uni- 
 versal. 
 
 From its vertical lines, 
 may be carried to any 
 practicable height, with 
 almost increasing beauty. 
 
 In the foregoing details we have said little of castel 
 lated or domestic architecture; because there does not 
 appear to be any remains of domestic buildings, so old 
 as the latest period of the English style, which are 
 unaltered; and because the castellated remains are so 
 uncertain in their dates, and so much dilapidated or 
 altered, to adapt them to modern modes of life or 
 defence, that little clear arrangement could be made, 
 and a careful study of ecclesiastical architecture will 
 lead any one, desirous to form some judgment of the 
 character of these buildings, to the most accurate 
 conclusions on the subject which can well be obtained 
 in their present state. 
 
112 
 
 Kor has any thing been said of monuments, because, 
 should they bear the name of the deceased, and the date 
 of his death, they were often erected long after; thus 
 Osric's tomb at Gloucester, and that of King John at 
 ^Vorcester, are both of Perpendicular date, if their 
 style may be considered as any guide. INIost of the 
 monuments which are valuable, ^vill have their style 
 ascertained by what has been said of larger erections. 
 There are many which deserve much attention, for the 
 excellence of their workmanship and composition; of 
 these may be noted those of Aymer de Valance, earl of 
 Pembroke, in Westminster abbey, and a curious 
 monument in Winchelsea church, Sussex; the monu- 
 ment of the Percys at Beverley ; that of king Edvv-ard 
 the II. at Gloucester, and that of Richard Beauchamp, 
 earl of Warwick, in the centre of the Beauchamp 
 chapel ; with several at Canterbury, York, and A^^irl- 
 ch ester. 
 
 There are two which are so singular, and so different 
 from the style in use at the time of their erection, that 
 they require particular remark; these are, the shrine 
 of Edward the Confessor, and the tomb of Henry the 
 III, both erected near the same time, and probably 
 by the same artist, who has been stated to be an 
 Italian; and this may account for the style of these 
 monuments, where, with some few traces of the 
 Early English, (the style in use at the time of their 
 erection,) there is much close resemblance to Boman 
 work ; added to ^^ hich they are covered with IMosaic 
 work, which has been much used in Italy. 
 
 The object of this essay being to lead the student to 
 examine and judge of buildings for himself, it has 
 appeared advisable to refer him to some buildings in 
 almost every part of the Kingdom; and in forming 
 this list, (which follows the description of the plates,) 
 it has been rather sought to refer to examples of 
 good character than to swell the number by those 
 which were doubtful ; ruins have not often been 
 referred to, except where they <?ontain, either in com- 
 
113 
 
 position or detail, some parts of considerable value; 
 sometimes it is only a part of the building referred to 
 which is valuable ; and it should always be borne in 
 mind, that the alterations which are continually taking 
 place, may make some of the references incorrect. It 
 is possible, that on the borders some churches may be 
 placed in a wrong county, from the division not being 
 well known. 
 
 Description of the Plates of English Architecture, 
 
 (No relative proportion has been preserved between the various subjects 
 engraved on each plate, it being the forms which are to be considered, each of 
 which is given of the size most convenient for the requisite clearness of 
 detineation.) 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 The design, in the centre of this plate, is intended 
 to give a general view of various parts as usually 
 defined ; and no letters of reference are employed, that 
 the student may the more completely acquire the 
 knowledge of parts by mere description. It consists 
 of a portion of wall, in which is a Perpendicular win- 
 dow of three lights and a transom. The transom heads 
 of the lights are cinquefoiled in an ogee arch, and 
 the upper lights in a plain arch ; the secondary divisions 
 above are trefoiled. This window has a dripstone 
 with plain returns. There are three buttresses; two 
 are square-set corner buttresses, (one seen in front and 
 one in flank;) and one diagonal one, which is seen at 
 its angle. These buttresses have each three stages, and 
 three set-offs, and die under the cornice, which is flow- 
 ered. The battlement is of equal intervals, and the 
 capping runs only horizontally. Under the window is 
 a tablet, which runs roimd the square buttresses, and 
 stops against, or dies into, the diagonal one. The 
 
 I 
 
114 
 
 base consists of two tablets; one an ogee and hollow, 
 and the other a plain slope. Tliis description ought to 
 be so fully comprehended, that if measures were added, 
 the student should be able to draw the design from the 
 description, being furnished with sections, or some 
 other mode of determining the mouldings. 
 
 The two uppermost lines of the plate contain various 
 arches : 
 
 rt, The semi-circular arch, h. The segmental arch. 
 
 c, The equilateral arch, d, The drop arch. 
 
 e. The lancet arch. J\ The horse-shoe arch. 
 
 g, The ogee arch, h. The four-centred arch. 
 Then follow foliations or featherings: 
 
 i, A plain arch, trefoiled. 
 
 A:, A square quatrefoil pannel, double feathered. 
 
 I, A square window-head, cinquefoiled. 
 
 9«, A transom, with ogee-head to the light, cinque- 
 foiled, and the spandrels trefoiled. 
 
 w, A trefoiled circle : this is of Early EngHsh cha- 
 racter, and the points flowered. 
 
 0, A cinquefoiled circle. 
 
 p. Plan of a plain Norman pier. 
 
 q, A Norman pier with shafts. 
 
 r, An Early English pier with a centre. 
 
 s. An Early English pier from Salisbury. 
 
 /, A Decorated English pier from Chester. 
 
 Uy A Decorated English pier from York. 
 
 u\ Xy Two Perpendicular English piers. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 This plate contains parts of various styles. 
 
 «, The top of an ogee canopy, with plain bold 
 crockets, and a finial which has under it a neck 
 mouldin"*. 
 
 h, A pinnacle, and part of its pedestal, which is 
 pannelled, and has an ogee cinquefoiled head. The 
 })innacle lias its canopies crocketed, with finials, and 
 a plain neck moulding; the points stopt by figures. 
 
115 
 
 The pinnacle has a finial and neck moulding, consisting 
 of an astragal and two fillets. 
 
 c, The finishing of the buttresses of the Beauchamp 
 chapel. The set-ofF seen is of bold hollows, and the 
 pedestal rises with a two-light pannel with trefoiled 
 heads. The upper part has four square pannels, which 
 are quatrefoiled, and the plan made octagonal by 
 figures at the corners supporting small shafts. In the 
 capping, a flower is placed in the corners, and the 
 whole has a small battlement. 
 
 d, A portion of a dripstone from York minster ; it 
 lias the ball flower in the hollow, and two varieties of 
 crockets. 
 
 e, A capping moulding, with two varieties of Early 
 English crockets. 
 
 f. The common muUion moulding, used, with 
 various proportions of its parts, in both the Decorated 
 and Perpendicular styles. 
 
 g, A Perpendicular mullion of elaborate character, 
 from the chancel of Warwick church. 
 
 A, Part of the same mullion with the exterior archi- 
 trave. 
 
 i. Half of the principal mullions of the window at 
 the west end of Beverley minster ; this window con- 
 tains four sets of mullions. 
 
 k. The common battlement capping, showing how 
 it is finished at the back. 
 
 /, The common string moulding of Decorated and 
 Perpendicular work, used for cornices and tablets of 
 various descriptions, and of sizes according to its uses. 
 
 m, A beautiful tablet moulding, much used in rich 
 Decorated buildings. 
 
 n, The most common late base moulding. 
 
 o, The Early English toothed ornament between two 
 filleted rounds, its most usual position. 
 
 JO, The square flower used in cornices, &c. ; it is 
 often made much richer than here represented. 
 
 7, A rose often used in late Perpendicular works, 
 particularly in wood-work. 
 
116 
 
 r, Plan of a division of groining ; that is, a repre- 
 sentation of its appearance lookin^]^ up at it from under 
 its centre. The ribs, which run from corner to corner, 
 are called the cross springers, and the longer side line 
 will be in this example the pier rib, and the shorter 
 the arch rib on the wall; the short central line will be 
 the longitudinal rib, (this being a division from a 
 nave,) and the longer one the cross rib. In this exam- 
 ple there is only one additional rib between the cross 
 springers and the pier rib, and these are represented 
 of smaller size. There are bosses at the intersections, 
 
 S PLATE VII. 
 
 Plan of a cathedral, collegiate, or other church, in 
 the form of a cross, with the usual additional buildings. 
 It is not the plan of any particular building, but 
 composed to introduce as many parts as it was expe- 
 dient to describe. The cross lines represent the 
 groinings of the roof, which, in plans of English 
 buildings, are usually laid down on the principle of 
 the division in the last plate. 
 
 a a, Towers at the west end, 
 
 b b, Porches. 
 
 c, The nave, d d, Side aisles of the nave. 
 
 e, The cloisters, f. The library. 
 
 g. The north transept. 
 
 //, The south transept. 
 
 i i. The side aisles of the south transept. 
 
 k k k, Chapels. 
 
 /, Chapter-house, with passage from the cloisters. 
 
 7w, Central tower, cross, or lantern. 
 
 ti, Screen, over which is usually placed the organ 
 
 o, Choir, at the east end of which is generally the 
 altar. 
 
 pp, Side aisles of the choir. 
 
 q, Ijady-chapel. 
 
 The small circles in several of the piers and walls, are 
 staircases ; the steps could not be shown on so small a 
 
U7 
 
 scale. The organ screen, and inclosure of the choir, 
 are of a lighter tint than the walls, to show that they 
 are not continued to the top of the arches ; against this 
 inclosure are placed the stalls in a cathedral. The 
 place of the bishop's throne varies, but it is generally 
 on the south side, and the pulpit nearly opposite. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 Two steeples ; one a Perpendicular tower with 
 a lantern ; this has octagonal turrets at the corners, 
 with buttresses attached below ; the lowest stages of the 
 buttresses are pannelled. A band of quatrefoils runs 
 under the belfry window, which is of three lights, and 
 has a crocketed canopy ; under the band of quatrefoils 
 is a square-headed plain-arched cinquefoiled window. 
 The dripstone of the door runs as a tablet round the 
 buttresses. The base mouldings are of three tablets. 
 
 The other steeple in this plate is a Decorated tower 
 and spire. The tower has diagonal buttresses of three 
 stages, sloping to the wall, at some distance below the 
 cornice, which is plain. The battlement has small inter- 
 vals, and a horizontal capping. The spire is ribbed at 
 the angles, and has four small windows with plain 
 canopies. The belfry window is of tvv'O lights, set 
 upon a plain string, which dies against the buttresses. 
 Below is a small window without a dripstone, and at 
 the bottom a larger one with a dripstone, and set on 
 a string. The base mouldings have two tablets. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 A Norman composition, which may be considered 
 as a view of one side of a nave, flanked with a small 
 tower, with two stages of ornamental arches, the 
 lower intersecting, and a window above. The but- 
 tresses are plain ; those below have a projection beyond 
 the parapet, those above are without. The windows 
 
118 
 
 are various, and the door-way has shafts and several 
 ornamented mouldings. 
 
 a, A string moulding, consisting of a fillet with the 
 alternate billet moulding, and a zigzag below. 
 
 by A section of the same moulding. 
 
 c, A string, consisting of a fillet and the hatched 
 moulding. 
 
 d, A representation of part of a circle of beasts' 
 heads, with their beaks over the round. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Part of a Norman interior, showing one side of the 
 nave, with the triforium and clerestory windows ; and 
 a wooden roof open to the rafters. The piers are the 
 massive circular piers, with ornamented arches; the 
 windows are varied, as are the divisions of the triforium, 
 to show the different modes of arrangement in this 
 style : through one of the arches is shown the roof of 
 the side aisle. 
 
 The lower portion is a roof and battlements, with a 
 cornice, and the pedestals of pinnacles. On the left hand, 
 the common battlement, with the capping running 
 only horizontally. In the centre, a division with 
 several descriptions of pierced battlement, and the 
 capping running round. On the right hand, the battle- 
 ment with one moulding running round, and the 
 capping running only horizontally. 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 An Early English composition, with a double door 
 and shafts, with leaved capitals and bands ; an orna- 
 mented circle above the centre of the doors. The 
 buttresses are nearly those of Salisbury cathedral, as 
 w^ell as the pannelling in, and the arches under, the 
 parapet. 
 
 Above, is an ornamented division of three windows, 
 and below, one plain one ; at the end is a flying 
 
119 
 
 buttress. On each side over the door, are circular 
 sunk pannels with ornamented points. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 The west end of a Decorated building. This has 
 square corner buttresses, which terminate with octa- 
 gonal pedestals for pinnacles. These buttresses are of 
 three stages ; the lowest have in front triangular crock- 
 eted heads, and square sunk niches. The second stage 
 is plain, with plain moulded set-offs ; the upper stage 
 is pannelled, and with triangular crocketed heads. 
 The parapet is plain, and the cornice flowered. The 
 window is set on a tablet, which runs round the 
 buttresses, and is of seven lights, with architrave of 
 mouldings, dripstone, and canopy, supported by- 
 figures. The canopy is triangular, and crocketed ; the 
 interval filled with tracery in sunk pannels. The 
 door-way consists of mouldings set on the lower base- 
 tablet, and a plain dripstone, supported by heads. 
 The door is covered with ornamental iron-work. The 
 base mouldings consist of two tablets, an ogee, and 
 plain slope. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 A composition showing a Decorated interior, with 
 three aisles, all of the same height, and groined. The 
 piers are of the late slender description, and the groins 
 at the sides rise from single shafts, setting down on a 
 stone seat, which goes round the aisles. At the end 
 are three niches, with pedestals and ogee canopies, and 
 over them a circular window with flowing tracery. 
 In the wall of the aisle is shown a stoup, and in front 
 a font raised on steps. 
 
120 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 A Perpendicular porch set against the aisles of a 
 building, of which part of two windows are seen. 
 This porch has buttresses of three stages, set square, 
 and leaving a corner, on which is placed a battlemented 
 pinnacle. The buttresses have moulded set-offs. The 
 door-way has an arch within a square, the spandrels 
 pannelled and flowered, and the dripstone running as a 
 tablet, but not round the buttresses. The inner door- 
 way plain-arched, and a plain dripstone. Over the 
 door are two heights of pannelling up to the gable, in 
 seven lights, with a battlemented transom, and a line 
 of square quatrefoils. The parapet pannels consist of 
 round quatrefoils, in squares ; the capping crocketed, 
 and running up to flank a cross, of which the pedestal 
 appears springing from the cornice. The cornice is 
 plain. The base mouldings consist of three tablets. 
 
 a, Section of the architrave mouldings of a door in 
 the ruins of Birkenhead priory, in Cheshire, a singularly 
 varied and very beautiful specimen of Decorated 
 mouldings. 
 
 b, One variety of the Tudor flower. 
 
 c, Part of the pier mouldings of St. IMichael's, at 
 Coventry ; — a specimen of Perpendicular mouldings. 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 
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121 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ENUMERATION OF BUILDINGS, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Dunstable Church, the remains of the ancient priory, is the 
 principal object of curiosity in this county. Its general arrangement 
 is Norman, and it appears to consist of the nave only of the priory 
 church, which is very broad, and of good character, the arches being 
 very high, the piers of small shafts, with some plain and some slightly 
 figured capitals ; there is no triforium, but the clerestory windows are 
 low down, near the top of the arch. These, and nearly all the rest of 
 the windows, are insertions, mostly of Perpendicular date. The west 
 front is a very curious piece of patchwork, with a fine Norman arch, 
 partly filled with Perpendicular masonry with niches. Another por- 
 tion has part of a Norman semicircular arch for one side, and is now 
 half of an Early English pointed arch. There are some excellent 
 Early English portions in this front, a small portion of Decorated 
 work, and the belfry story, which to the north is curiously mixed with 
 earlier work, is of flint and chalk in chequers, and is good Perpen- 
 dicular. The Norman sculpture is very good, and the Early English 
 deserving of great attention. There is in the interior a very good 
 Perpendicular wood screen, and a tolerably good Perpendicular gate- 
 way adjoins the west end of the church-yard. 
 
 Clapham Church has a tower which appears very ancient, and 
 which has been before mentioned. 
 
 Feljiersham Church has a fine west end ; it is Early English, 
 and forms a composition very beautiful and not very common. 
 
 Eaton Socon Church has various parts of good character, and 
 some singularities. 
 
122 
 
 Eaton Bray Church has a font which is curious, and more 
 distinct in its architectural character than fonts usually are. 
 
 Houghton Regis Church, and the Chapel at Heath, both 
 deserve careful examination. 
 
 Low SuNDON Church lias a south transept of Decorated character, 
 and other interesting remains. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Bedford, is a large church, with a nave and 
 south aisle divided by Early English or early Decorated piers and 
 arches. The west door, and the tower and spire, are of Decorated 
 character, and there are good Perpendicular porches north and south. 
 The windoAvs have been mostly Perpendicular ; but all the tracery, 
 except of one or two, has been cut away. There is one tomb, if not 
 more, with brasses, in the church. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Bedford, is a small church, with a plain 
 square tower, with nave and aisles mostly Perpendicular, and with 
 some windows of good character. 
 
 St. John's Churcpi, Bedford, has a Perpendicular tower ; but 
 the church has been modernized. 
 
 Great Bakford Church has a Perpendicular tower, and small 
 low spire. The church has a nave and chancel, and south porch, and 
 contains some good windows. The battlement of the tower has a very 
 neat central ornament. 
 
 Clifton, Cople, and Mappersall Churches have each some 
 ancient monumental brasses. 
 
 Harold Church has a good plain tower and spire. 
 
 WiLLiNGTON Church has a good Perpendicular tower, and some 
 sood windows of the same character. 
 
 IMarston Mortaine Church is a good Perpendicular building, 
 and its tower stands in the church-yard, at some distance from the 
 church. 
 
 Elstow Church has several portions deserving attention ; its 
 tower is also separated from the church ; and there is within one or 
 more monumental brasses. 
 
 Ampthill Church has some portions of Decorated work, parti- 
 cularly the piers and arches ; the tower and some of the windows arc 
 Perpendicular, plain but good. 
 
123 
 
 Maulden Church is mostly Perpendicular ; it has a small turret 
 at one corner of the tower, a feature not uncommon in this county. 
 
 SiLSOE Chapel. This little chapel has a toAver with a Decorated 
 window ; and above, a wooden spire with wooden flying buttresses. 
 
 Barton-le-Clay Church. This church has some curious and 
 excellent portions of Early English and Decorated character ; the 
 former principally in the chancel, where are three plain stalls and a 
 water drain. There has been a very good Perpendicular wood porch. 
 The belfry story of the tower is chequered with flint, and has a small 
 turret at the corner. The arch from the church to the tower is a very 
 good one. 
 
 Luton Church. This has been a rich and beautiful specimen, 
 but is now sadly dilapidated and disfigured as to the ornamental 
 parts. The tower is in chequers with flint, and is partly Decorated 
 and partly Perpendicular ; but all the mouldings and workmanship are 
 peculiarly good. It is not often that such beautiful suites of mouldings 
 are found, as are in and about the tower and some parts of the church ; 
 but much of the other part of the church is later, and not so good. 
 The church is large, and contains some late monuments of remark- 
 able character, and a monumental chapel, with a singular double arch. 
 In various parts of the church, traces of work much earlier than its 
 general character are to be found, particularly a fine Early English 
 pier in the north aisle, with flowered caps. There are some remains 
 of good wood screen-work, and the ceilings are wood, and mostly well 
 executed. This church is celebrated for its baptistry chapel over the 
 font ; it is of Decorated character, late, and of good design ; but its 
 execution is not delicate. The west door is very curious, but sadly 
 neglected; it has some very rich and good panelling cut out of the solid 
 oak, and part of it in tolerable preservation, particularly inside. Tliere 
 are some small remains of stained glass in a few of the windows, and 
 some late stalls in the chancel. On the whole, this church deserves 
 very minute examination. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard Church. This is a large and fine church ; it 
 consists of a nave and aisles, north and south transepts, with a 
 tower and spire at the intersection, with a chancel and an ancient 
 vestry on the north side of it, and the church has a north, south, and 
 west porch. The tower and spire, and most of the walls of the 
 aisles and ehancei, are Early English. The spire, nave, piers and 
 arches, and doors, are Early English, or very Early Decorated. The 
 buttresses are few, and are of stone ; but the outside walls are mostly 
 plastered. The windows are now nearly all Perpendicular, clearly 
 insertions ; but some of them have very good tracery. There are 
 some good stalls in the chancel, and many very good Early English 
 moiddings about the church. There is a portion of good wood screen- 
 
124 
 
 work. The west door is a curious specimen of ornamental iron-work, 
 and the latch has a hand to hold the ring, like the modern coach- 
 handles. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard Cross stands in the market-place, and is in 
 tolerahle preservation. It is Perpendicular, of good composition ; but 
 its details and execution not equal to the design. 
 
 ToDDiNGTON Church has a good plain tower ; the belfiy story of 
 which is very good, and it has the small corner turret. There 
 are some other portions of the church deserving attention, mostly 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 WiMiNGTON Church deserves examination. 
 
 The extensive erections, of various dates, which are comprised 
 within the walls of Windsor Castle, claim particular notice and 
 attention. The general exterior appearance of the castle is mostly 
 later tlian the restoration of Charles II.; but there are various portions 
 of much earlier date ; of these the most important is 
 
 St. George's Chapel. This is one of the finest Perpendicidar 
 buildings in the kingdom ; it is regular in its plan, and (except the 
 remains of a much earlier wall, and one door at the east end) all in 
 one style. It is a most valuable edifice for study ; but care must be 
 taken to distinguish between the ancient work and the modern restora- 
 tions, or rather additions, which include the altar-screen, some of the 
 work of the stalls, the organ-screen, the font, and several smaller parts. 
 This chapel stands, in a great measure, engaged with other buildings, 
 leaving a general view of the south front only. The west end is 
 visible in a small court ; the north side and east end are built up. 
 The exterior of the chapel is plain, and less imposing in the castle- 
 yard than might be expected from so large a building ; but its outline 
 at a distance, combining with the other buildings of the castle, is very 
 fine, particularly in advancing from the west. 
 
 Tlie shape of this building is singular ; it is a cross church, with 
 the transepts ending in octagonal projections^ which have two heights 
 of Avindows, the lower ranging with those of thv aisles, the u])per 
 with the clerestory. At each end of the aisles are also small octagonal 
 projections sidewaj'^s ; all these are separated by screens, and form 
 monumental chapels. In the south transept is placed a modern font ; 
 and tlie chapel at the east end of the north aisle forms a retiring room, 
 and an approach to the royal gallery on the north side of the altar. 
 
125 
 
 In the eastern wall of the chapel, is a iloor-way of Early English 
 date ; and perhaps other portions, of a date prior to the present 
 chapel, may remain ; but the whole of the chapel is a specimen of 
 the Perpendicular style in its advanced, but not latest, period. This 
 building was, some years since, put in complete repair ; a new organ- 
 screen, altar-piece, and other small portions restored ; the roof of the 
 nave being painted with armorial bearings, and the whole highly 
 enriched ; so that it now presents one of the best examples of the 
 capability of English architecture for the reception of splendid 
 colouring and gilding. 
 
 The interior presents a complete arrangement of connected panel- 
 ling, there being no real portion of plain wall, and the windows and 
 doors being pierced portions of the general design. The tracery of 
 the windows is not remarkably rich or varied ; but the transoms are 
 almost all battlemented, and the system of mouldings is so excellent, 
 so well harmonized, and so completely supported through every part, 
 that the wliole effect is more satisfactory than that of almost any 
 edifice of the same style. The groining of the nave has been parti- 
 cularly noticed in the body of this work, and those of the other 
 portions, though not of such rare occurrence, are equally beautiful of 
 their kind. That portion which is real fan tracery, is remarkable for 
 the excellence of its proportions and beautiful combinations of form. 
 
 The v/est window is, in fact, the whole west end of the nave, 
 panelled and pierced down to the top of the door ; it has a large 
 portion of good «tained glass distributed over it, and the effect of this, 
 when the sun is westward, must be seen to be properly appreciated. 
 
 The east window, and a few others, have been deprived of a large 
 portion of tracery, and filled v/ith transparent pictures of large size, 
 and (considered as pictures) of great beauty ; but certainly not pro- 
 ducing that rich and mysterious effect Avhich is caused by the IMosaic 
 glass of ancient date. 
 
 The fittings of the choir, in which are placed the banners of the 
 Knights of the Garter, are mostly modern, and, as well as the other 
 modern portions, have been partially copied from various parts of the 
 building, and probably from remains of the old stalls ; but they cer- 
 tainly bear marks of being rather copies of parts, than compositions 
 of an ancient architect. 
 
 There are a few ancient monuments, but mostly late, and not very 
 good, except a small niche to Bishop Beauchamp, and the iron monu- 
 ment of King Edward IV. which, on account of the material, deserves 
 minute attention. 
 
 There are seven arches in the nave, and seven in the choir. The 
 height of the nave is not gi-eat in proportion to its breadth ; but the 
 arches being narrow, only one-third of the breadth of the nave, the 
 whole effect is very fine. 
 
 The mouldings of the piers are different from those of most 
 buildings of the same date, and are much more effective as to light 
 and shade than Perpendicular piers in general. 
 
126 
 
 The principal exterior enrichments are the pierced parapet and 
 battlements, which are of very <j:ood design. 
 
 The buttresses do not finish with pinnacles^ but square battlemented 
 turrets, something like those of the Beauchamp chapel, at Warwick ; 
 to the east of this chapel, is a building of later date, called the 
 tomb-house. 
 
 There are several small portions of the cloisters, and other adjacent 
 buildings, that deserve attention. 
 
 Shottesbrooke Church is a beautiful miniature cross cluirch, 
 with a tower and spire at the intersection, and some good windows; 
 it is mostly of late Decorated character. 
 
 AviNGTON Church has a Norman arch of singular shape, dividing 
 the chaiicel from the nave ; it is a portion of two arches, and being 
 more than a quadrant of each circle, it forms an obtuse depending 
 point in the middle ; and there is reason to believe it was thus built, 
 and not, as is the case with some Norman arches, become depressed 
 bv time. The font in this church is Norman ; it is round, very large> 
 and sculptured with figures under Norman arches. 
 
 Welford Church is a curious little remain, containing all the 
 styles : a rude Norman round tower supports an Early English stage 
 above it and a Decorated English spire, and the body of the church 
 contains Perpendicular work. 
 
 St. Helen's Church, Abingdon, is a large church ; part of 
 which has live divisions, or what is called in foreign churches five 
 naves ; that is, an additional aisle on each side. 
 
 St. Nicholas' Church, Abingdon, has a good door-way of late 
 Norman character, but much mutilated. 
 
 Abingdon Abbey-gate, though much mutilated, has a sufficient 
 ])ortion remaining to deserve examination ; it is of Perpendicular 
 date, and of good composition. 
 
 St. Lawrence's Church, Reading, has a fine tower of Perpen- 
 dicidar character, and of chequered fiint-work. The church, though 
 large, is not equal to the tower. There is in this church one or more 
 monumental brasses. 
 
 St. IVIary's Church, Reading, has a tower of the same descrip- 
 tion, but of later date, and not equal in execution. 
 
 Wargrave Church has a similar tower to those last mentioned, 
 and its date is perhaps earlier ; but it has modern pinnacles. 
 
127 
 
 Although most of the buildings of the Abbey at Readinr, are in 
 ruins, and the walls stript of their stone casing, there stiU exists, in 
 tolerable condition, one of the gates, which well deserves attention ; 
 and there may yet remain some traces of ancient work in the Abbey 
 ]\IiLL, which may be curious from the great rarity of any other than 
 castellated or ecclesiastical remains of such early date. 
 
 Beenham Church has a monumental brass of a later date than 
 usual. 
 
 Bray Church is a large and mostly plain church; but has some 
 windows and other portions deserving notice. The tower stands not 
 at the west end, but on the south side. 
 
 Englefield Church, though much modernized, has some Early 
 English features. 
 
 Thatcham Church has some good Perpendicular features, and 
 some portions of much earlier date. 
 
 TiDMARSH Church has a good monumental brass, and some por- 
 tions of its architecture are deserving of notice. 
 
 Newbury Church is a large Perpendicular edifice of late date, 
 but good character. ' 
 
 The Churches of Faringdon, Padworth, Shillixgford, and 
 Sparsholt, all contain portions worth examining. 
 
 Stewkley Church is an object of curiosity, as well for its being 
 a good Norman structure, as for its having been heretofore almost 
 constantly cited as a Saxon church, although there does not appear 
 any real evidence of its erection before the conquest ; and there is 
 nothing about it to distinguish it from many churches known to be 
 erected after the Conquest. It is of a frequent Norman plan, with a 
 short square tower between the nave and chancel ; which tower is 
 surrounded at the belfry story by a range of intersecting arches. 
 There are several ornamented doors and windows, and its whole 
 arrangement and execution is very similar to those of other well- 
 known Norman churches. 
 
 HiTCHENDEN Church Contains some good relics of plain Norman 
 work, a curious font, and some other parts deserving of examination. 
 
128 
 
 Stan'TON Buhy Church has a fine and much-enriched Norman 
 nrch between the nave and chancel. 
 
 Upton Church has a good Norman door, and some other portions 
 deserving of notice. 
 
 Great IMarlow Church has some Early English portions. 
 
 Little Marlow Church is principally Perpendicular, plain but 
 good. 
 
 Eton College has various portions worth examination ; its 
 construction is in many parts of brick, with stone mouldings and 
 dressings, and many of the chimneys are elaborately ornamented. 
 
 Eton College Chapel is a specimen of late Perpendicular ; 
 its outline, at a distance, is good, slightly resembling King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge. The interior is much disfigured by admixtures 
 of Roman screen-work. 
 
 Maid's Morton Church has some stalls highly enriched. 
 
 HiLLESDEN Church has some good Perpendicular parts. 
 
 Water Stratford, and Dinton Churches, have each a portion 
 of Norman work. 
 
 The Church at Haversham has some Decorated features, as has 
 also Chetwode Church, with some portions still earlier. 
 
 Ely Cathedral is of course the first object in this county. It 
 contains nearly a complete series of examples ; some valuable Norman 
 work in the older parts ; Early English, of several gradations ; 
 Decorated work of most excellent execution ; and good Perpendicular. 
 The central lantern is, of its kind, the finest in the kingdom ; its 
 composition is very bold, and its execution extremely delicate. There 
 are some restorations, which require to be distinguished from the 
 original work. 
 
 This cathedral is considerably enclosed by buildings, but not so as 
 preclude some good views of it. The west end is sufficiently open to 
 permit a good north-west view, which comprises the principal features 
 of the church. 
 
 The plan of this church is not a common one ; it is very long in the 
 nave, but the transepts are of only three arches projection ; in the 
 
129 
 
 centre of the cross is ii lantern, and not, as usnal, a tower; and at 
 the west end is a high tower, originally flanked by fonr large turrets, 
 of which only the two southern are now remaining. The Lady Chapel 
 is not, as usual, at the east end, but is a building on the north side, 
 its south-western angle joining the north-east corner of the north 
 transept. 
 
 The nave and transepts are Norman ; the western portions Norman 
 imd Early English, of several dates ; the six eastern arches of the 
 choir are also Early English, but of more advanced character. The 
 three western arches of the choir are Decorated, as is the loAver 
 portion of the lajitern, which is of stone. The upper part of the 
 lantern is of wood, and its character later, and not so flne as the earlier 
 portions. The Lady Cha]>el is of Decorated character, but late, and 
 with a few indications of Perpendicular. 
 
 The various portions of Early Remains, now incorporated with some 
 of the Prebendal Houses, are curious, and deserving of minute 
 examination. Some of the records of the cathedral might lead to a 
 supposition that they were parts of the ancient conventual church, 
 and consequently Saxon; but there are several circumstances recorded 
 with respect to this ancient conventual church which cannot be met 
 by the building, of which these remains formed a part; and therefore, 
 till more decisive evidence is produced, than has yet appeared, its 
 character, ornaments, and mouldings, must have their due considera- 
 tion in assigning the probable date, and this character and ornament 
 are precisely the same as Norman work, known to be of a period 
 subsequent to that of the nave of this cathedral. 
 
 If these remains are Saxon, it is useless to attempt to separate 
 buildings of the same character into Saxon and Norman, and it becomes 
 so much the more proper to retain the name of Norman for all build- 
 ings of this style ; and when any edifice can be clearlij demonstrated 
 to have been built before the Conquest, such may then be called Saxon. 
 
 ]Much praise is due to tlie exertions of the Rev. George Millers,* 
 a minor Canon of this cathedral, for his endeavours to elucidate this 
 subject, although his reasoning is not quite sufficiently conclusive to 
 fix a Saxon date to the remains in question. 
 
 Several of our Norman cathedrals possess remains of such buildings, 
 of equal extent, and in a situation similar to those which are with 
 tolerable certainty ascertained to have been Infirmary Chapels, and 
 this may not improbably have been the destination of these arches. 
 
 The cloisters were situated on the south side of the nave, but of 
 these there are only a few remains, and hardly any of the chapter- 
 house j but among the surrounding buildings, now prebendal houses, 
 
 * To the polite attention paid by this gentleman to the antiquarian visitors of 
 this cathedral, and his readiness to procure them admittance to the Prebendal 
 Houses, now containing these curious remains, the Author is happy to bear this 
 pnblic testimony. 
 
 I. 
 
130 
 
 the deanery, &c. tliere are several portions deserving of a careful 
 examination. Of these, a chapel built by Prior Crauden, is the most 
 curious ; it is small, and so surrounded, built up, and divided, that 
 it requires great attention to couijirehend its arrangement ; yet it is 
 one of the most curious and valuable Decorated remains in the king- 
 dom ; its ornaments are of the best character, and Avell executed, and 
 the whole design of great excellence ; it is floored with IMosaic, repre- 
 senting, in a part still nearly perfect, some of the history of tlie book 
 of Genesis. This chapel is now a private house, and of course not 
 always accessible ; but it is well figured in the 14th vol. of Archoeo- 
 logia. At some distance from the cathedral, is the great gate of the 
 monastery ; it is Perpendicular, early and good ; and it may be 
 pro])er here to remark, that the dates given in the records to the 
 various parts of these buildings, are in general rather earlier than 
 what the appearance of the parts themselves would lead one to assign. 
 
 The \\'estern front of this cathedral, wiien complete, was one of 
 great magnihcence, and differing from all those now remaining ; and 
 though its effect is greatly injured by the mutilation on the north 
 side, it is still imposing. The lower portion is Xonnan, with an 
 Early English projecting porch, and the interior Norman portion is 
 now partially lined with Perpendicular work ; part of whicli is ancient 
 and part modern. There are also some small portions of modern work, 
 which do not harmonize with the parts they are attached to. The 
 nave is long, having twelve arches, and is of a plain description of 
 Norman ; yet its proportions are very good. ]\Iost of the windows 
 are tilled with tracery of various dates. The transepts are also 
 Norman, of a character not much differing from the nave. The north 
 end of the north transept was repaired not many years ago. In 
 the intersection of the transepts, nave, and choir, rises the lantern, 
 an octagon, with its alternate sides of different dimensions ; it is nearly 
 eighty feet diameter, and is perhaps the best piece of Decorated com- 
 position in the kingdom. The manner in which tlu' arrangement is 
 made, and the excellence of the details, equally dniiu attention. The 
 open-work screens on the inside of the four windows, and to the 
 blank space above the groining of the choir, have a singular but 
 beautiful eifect. Under the Avindows are some trefoil niches, which 
 are nearly, if not quite, unique in their form, and most excellent in 
 their detail. The groining of the lower part of the lantern is pecu- 
 liarly fine ; and although the upper portion of the lantern is not so 
 good in its composition, it i.s so far removed from the eye as not to 
 have any injurious effect. 
 
 The choir has been removed into the six eastern arches, which are 
 Early English ; thus leaving the three western Decorated arches clear 
 and visible, in conjunction with the lantern ; this, added to the length 
 of tlie nave, produces an effect equal to that of any cathedral in the 
 kingdom, from the extent of the space and its complete illumination. 
 'I"he character of these western arches is singularly, yet beautifully. 
 
131 
 
 arranged to harmonize, in point of elevation of its parts, with the 
 six eastern arches : this, and the very great excellence of the details, 
 renders this part of the editice a most valuable study. The eastern 
 arches are in a style of rich, but correct and beautifid Early English. 
 The exterior has had later pinnacles added, and some other alterations, 
 particularly the insertion of two windows, of Perpendicular character, 
 to the east end of the aisles, to light the chapels of Bishops West and 
 Alcock; but Iriie east end of tlie choir remains unaltered, and is one of 
 the finest specimens extant of an Earl}'- English east front. The interior 
 of this portion, and the interior of the gallilee or western porch, 
 present, in combination with some smaller portions, one of the most 
 beautiful series of Early English compositions, details, and arrange- 
 ments, to be found in any English edifice. The upper portion of the 
 western tower, though its eflfect at a distance is fine, does not so well 
 bear the inspection of a nearer view ; as neither in composition or 
 detail is it equal to other works of the same date. 
 
 The Lady Chapel, now Trinity Church, is a most beautiful 
 specimen of late Decorated work ; it is a chapel withoiit piers, of 
 large dimensions, and its composition and details remarkably fine. 
 The series of niche-work surrounding the interior, the groining of the 
 roof, and many of the exterior parts, are hardly to be equalled; but there 
 are some singularities, not so pleasing, about the large M'indows, and 
 the height is hardly suflicient to afford a satisfactory proportion. It is 
 a pity to be compelled to add, that the tracery of many of the 
 windows, and some other parts of the stone-work, are in a state of 
 rapid decomposition. The interior is pewed, not in an elegant way ; 
 and the mode of colouring the walls and roof is such as very much to 
 detract from the beauty of the edifice. 
 
 In addition to this cursory notice of the various parts of this 
 valuable cathedral, it remains to mention some monuments and 
 smaller portions. There are some very rich Norman doors, particu- 
 larly that on the south side, called the Prior's Entrance, and several 
 monuments, of earlier date, well deserve the attention of the 
 student, though partially injured by time and dilapidation of parts. 
 The chapels of bishops West and Alcock, are curious in many 
 points, one of not the least important, is the proof how much, 
 elaborate work may be crowded together to very little effect. These 
 chapels are (perhaps Avith none) certainly with very little exception, 
 the most gorgeous erections in the kingdom ; l)ut as to general effect, 
 are inferior even to the porch or gallilee of this cathedral, and far 
 inferior to some Decorated monuments of not a tenth of the cost. 
 
 The organ-screen is by Essex, and much better than many modern 
 works. The stalls in the choir are partly ancient and partly copied, 
 with some poor insertions of parts, but on the whole they have a 
 good effect. The altar-piece is modern, ajid not nearly so good as the 
 organ-screen. 
 
 On the whole, this cathedral presents to the student so complete a 
 'series of English Architecture, ttiat it cannot be too carefully studied. 
 
132 
 
 It is but justice to the Detin and Chapter, to say, that their portion 
 of the fabric is taken great care of, and kept very clean. The verger 
 of this catliedral is ])ecidiar]y attentive to strangers of antiquarian 
 character, and desirous to give every facility to their visits to its 
 different parts. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Ely, though not large, has many parts deserv- 
 ing of attention. The tower and spire are good. The nave has long 
 round piers, v>'ith Norman capitals, and pointed arches, with Early 
 English mouldings. The Avindows of the clerestory and aisles are mostly 
 Perpendicular. The chancel is Early English, but with an inserted 
 Perpendicular east window. A Chapel is good Early English, with 
 some niches; and there are some remains of stalls in the chancel ; the 
 north side has a good porch, and a line Early English door. 
 
 Among the buildings of Cambridge, many are of great value, and 
 within a short distance are several curious churches. 
 
 King's College Chapel, the greatest beauty of Cambridge, and 
 in many respects of its age, claims the first attention. This chapel 
 is regular in its plan, and both its sides are nearly alike, and its ends 
 are only distinguislied by the magnilicejit door at the west. The 
 buttresses project so boldly at bottom as to include a range of chapels 
 on each side of the nave ; these are partly monumental, partly used 
 as vestries, and part contain the library of the College. The whole inte- 
 rior is one panelled arrangement, of which the windows, doors, and 
 apertures to the chapels are only piercings. The stone-groined roof is 
 one of the largest and best fan tracery roofs in the kingdom; aided by 
 the strength of the buttresses, and its excellent execution, it has 
 remained uninjured ; it is covered by a wooden roof, which is also in 
 most excellent condition. Four lofty turrets at the corners add 
 much to the beauty of the outline ; and as the buttresses are pinnacled, 
 the chapel is a very pleasing feature in every view of tlie town, the 
 turrets rising as high, if not higher, than the steeples of any of the 
 churches. The windows of this chapel have some fine stained glass. 
 The screen under the organ, and the stalls, are of poor design, being of 
 the middle of the 17th century; but the altar screen by Essex, in the 
 latter end of the 18th, is much better than most works of that date. 
 The doors of this chapel, and the north and south porches, are pecidiarly 
 fine; and the execution of the whole of the very best character. King's 
 College old building has an entrance gate which, though in a mutilated 
 and decaying state, shoAvs great excellence of composition. 
 
 Jesus College is the next in point of architectural curiosity. In 
 the gateway, the cloisters, and some other parts, are portions of very 
 good, though late. Perpendicular; but the chapel is the most important 
 feature ; it was a conventual church, its plan is a cross, with a tower 
 at the intersection. The north and south transepts and nave are open 
 to the cross; the choir is now the chapel, and is divided from the 
 
1^3 
 
 cross by a modern wiill. The north transept has some Norman small 
 portions, and in the other portions liave been made some alterations 
 as to windows, but the choir remains with its original Early English 
 windows, which have shafts and small mouldings of the best character 
 and execution. Under these windows, a portion of very excellent 
 niche work, with interesting arches, and the toothed ornament, has 
 been laid open, and it is likely much more is hidden under modern 
 casing. The tower has a very beautiful lantern story, once open to 
 the nave, but now shut off by a modern ceiling; its composition is 
 singular, but very good, and if laid open and a little restored, would 
 be a very great addition to the beauty of this fine chapel, particularly 
 if an open screen were substituted for the blank division wall of the 
 choir. 
 
 The Hall of this coUege has a fine wood roof springing from very 
 excellent corbels, and at the upper end of the hall is an oriel of peculiar 
 beauty. 
 
 Trinity College Chapel is late Perpendicular, but of good 
 proportion, and the principal gate of this college also deserves 
 attention. 
 
 St. John's College Gate has a magnificent appearance, though 
 of late date. 
 
 Several of the other colleges afford small portions of late Perpen- 
 dicular style, but mostly of too debased a character to be of much 
 value to the student. 
 
 Of the churches in Cambridge, several are deserving of great 
 attention. 
 
 Great St. ^Iary's is a very excellent specimen of late Perpen- 
 dicular ; it is highly, though not extravagantly, enriched in the 
 interior. Tlie outside is plainer ; it consists of a nave, and aisles 
 with clerestory. The piers and arches have very excellent mouldings; 
 the span,drils are filled with enriched tracery, and the details of the 
 A\hole church are very weU executed, and are deserving of minute 
 examination. The chancel is plainer than the church, and much 
 hidden by the seats for accommodating the university. The wood 
 ceiling is of very good design and execution. The top of the tower 
 has been modernised. 
 
 St. INIary the Less was.once the chapel of Peter-house College ; 
 it is only a nave, and has some very good Decorated windows : the 
 east Avindow is of six lights, and those of the sides are of four lights 
 each. There are two handsome niches on the outside of the east 
 end, and a good Perpendicular font in the church. 
 
 Trinity Church is mostly of Perpendicular character; some 
 parts are of excellent detail and execution. The chancel has some 
 
134 
 
 Decorated windows. The church is singular in its plan, from the 
 very great size of the transepts, which have each two heights of 
 windows on the east side ; these windows are two iive-light windows 
 below, and three three-light windows above ; they are varied, 
 and are peculiarly excellent in their execution. The interior 
 of the church is sadly spoiled in its appearance, by very large 
 galleries. t 
 
 St. Michael. This church has some good Decorated windows, 
 particularly the west window. Though a small church, it deserves 
 careful examination. 
 
 St. Pkter. This is a small church, now mucli neglected, if, 
 indeed, it is ever used ; it has an Early English door, of good 
 j)roportions and mouldings, and has a curious font. Some parts of 
 the church are of Decorated character. 
 
 St. Gilks. This church, though very much modernised, has 
 some indications of good work ; there is a tolerable porch. The east 
 window is Perpendicular, and the chancel has some Early English 
 portions. 
 
 St. Sepulchres has long been celebrated as one of the few round 
 churches. The circular portion is Norman, with short massy piers 
 and semi-circular arches, some few of which, as well as part of the 
 groin ribs, have zigzag enrichments. The clerestorj^ forms a round 
 low tower. There are some Perpendicular additions, and all the 
 Norman windows have been taken out, most of the apertures enlarged, 
 and filled with Perpendicular tracery. 
 
 There is a small portion yet remaining of Cambridge Castle, 
 consisting of a square tower and gateAvay ; they appear to be of the 
 Early English style. 
 
 Barnwell Church, or, as it is sometimes called, St. Andrew's 
 THE Less, appears to have been the chapel of the Priory ; it is a plain 
 Early English building, with plain long Early English windows, and 
 a good door-Avay of the same character ; some Perpendicular windows 
 have been inserted. The west end has two windows^ and the east end 
 three. 
 
 There are several other small churches in Cambridge, which have 
 had portions of good old -w^ork of several styles about them, but are 
 now so much modernised as almost to hide these features. 
 
 Barnwell Priory, adjacent to the church, still exhibits, in a 
 variety of farm buildings and offices, sufficient remains of very excellent 
 plain Early English work, amply to repay the trouble of examination. 
 
135 
 
 St. INIary's Chapel, Sturbridge, (now a bam, on the ground 
 where a celebrated fair is held,) is a small Norman building, with two 
 good door-ways, and some small windows, with mouldings of very 
 good execution. A gable and capping mould seems of later date. 
 
 Chesterton. This is a large church, the tower Decorated, and 
 the spire appears of the same date ; there is a good Decorated arch 
 into the tower from the church ; the tower staircase projects inwards, 
 in a manner not very common. The church has a nave and aisles, 
 and a chancel, the whole of which is Perpendicular, but the arches 
 spring from piers of an earlier date, which are octagonal, with good 
 capitals. The north porch, some of the windows, and some corbels 
 for the roof, deserVe examination. 
 
 Impington. This is a small church, the chancel Decorated, with 
 a Perpendicular east window inserted. The nave and tower Perpen- 
 dicular, a north door, with a four-centred arch, and good mouldings. 
 There has been a good wood ceiling, now much defaced. A wood 
 porch on the south side has been very well executed, with hanging 
 tracery and side-screens. " 
 
 HisTON St. Andrew. This is a small cross church, Avith a low 
 tower ; the nave Perpendicular, of much the same character as 
 Chesterton. The chancel and transepts have been very excellent 
 Early English ; the windows with very good shafts, but now much 
 broken ; and a modern east window inserted. The transepts have 
 some stalls, with intersecting arches and tine mouldings. There is a 
 good Perpendicular font, and some good old wood seats. 
 
 GiRTON is a small church, with a tower of Perpendicular character, 
 much like Chesterton, but with earlier windows ; it has a good south 
 porch and chancel, and no buttresses, except to the porch and chancel. 
 The windows of the tower and the west end of the aisles have no 
 architraves, but the face of the midlion is flush with the face of 
 the wall. 
 
 Streatham is a plain Perpendicular church, with a tower and 
 spire, some of the windows are tine, but others modernized. 
 
 Eltisley. The tower, and part of the church, are Early English ; 
 the spire is large and plain, but of rather later date. There is a north 
 transept and some good Perpendicular windows on the north side of 
 the nave ; the roof and some of the windows are modern. 
 
 Thorney Abbey. The church of Thorney is the only remaining 
 portion of the Abbey, and appears to be the nave of the church; it 
 has had five arches, but these are walled up, and the aisles destroyed 
 
136 
 
 the upper tier of arches is filled with Perpendicular tracery, from the 
 clerestory windows of the cluirch. The Avest end is a fine specimen, 
 thoufrh much mixed, beinu: flanked by Norman square turrets, crowned 
 with octagonal Perpendicular tops, with very rich and well-executed 
 panels. The west door-way has fine deep mouldings and niches. This 
 front has an imposing appearance, and the details deserve examination. 
 
 Leverington Church has a fine spire. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Whittlesea, has a very fine tower and 
 spire, and some portions of the church also deserve attention. 
 
 WiLLiNGHAM Chapel has already been noticed in the body of this 
 work, for its curious stone roof. 
 
 The Churches of Babraham, Camps, Swavesey, Sawston, and 
 Trumpington, have all portions deserving the student's examination. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Wisbeach, is a large church, with a hand- 
 some tower, mostly of Perpendicular date, but with some earlier 
 portions. The north aisle of the chancel is Decorated ; and there is a 
 fine M-indow of the same date, at the west end of the south aisle of 
 the church. 
 
 St. JMary's Church, Wisbeach, is also principally of Perpen- 
 dicular date ; it has a large plain tower without pinnacles. 
 
 Bartlow Church has a round tower, in general a mark of great 
 antiquity, towers of that form being mostly Norman. 
 
 IsELHAM Church is the remains of the priory church, of plain 
 Norman architecture, with a semicircular east end. 
 
 Stuntney, a chapel to Trinity Church, Ely, is also of Norman 
 character. 
 
 The churches of Hattxton-newton, Pampisford, Kirtling, and 
 HADDENHiiiu, are all principally Norman, and contain many valuable 
 remains. 
 
 The remains of Denny Abbey, now converted into a farm-house, 
 retain the ancient Norman arches and windows. — There are also some 
 interesting remains of Anglbsby Abbey. 
 
137 
 
 Chester Cathedral. This edifice, though its exterior seldom 
 attracts the attention it deserves, from the decay of the stone, and 
 the destruction of battlements and pinnacles, yet, to those who will 
 take the pains to examine its composition, it presents a fine series of 
 very good Avork. The Norman portions are small, but the chapter- 
 house, its vestibule, and a passage beside it, the lady-chapel, and 
 some portions adjoining the north aisle of the choir, present varied and 
 excellent specimens of Early English. The transition to Decorated 
 work may be traced, and the completion of that style in the south 
 transept, and parts of the nave, with the organ screen, is very well 
 marked. The bishop's throne was once the shrine of Saint Werburg, 
 and deserves peculiar attention. It is of pure Decorated character, 
 and though disfigured by paint, it is in excellent preservation. The 
 west end, the south porch, the cloisters, the upper part of the nave 
 and transepts, and the central tower, are Perpendicular work, mostly 
 of good character, and the stalls and tabernacle-work are peculiarly 
 fine. 
 
 This Cathedral is nearly surrounded by buildings, so situated, that 
 from no one point can a view of the whole of it be obtained. The 
 most open point is the eastern, which is a view by no means interest- 
 ing, from the destruction of the battlements and pinnacles, and the 
 insertion of windows of late date in the eastern portion. The other 
 parts can only be seen from a few yards' distance, and in small por- 
 tions. Of the usual additional buildings, this church has cloisters 
 and a chapter-house. There is also remaining, under part of the 
 prebendal houses, a very fine Norman crj'pt, which has been cleared 
 out, and rendered accessible, by the direction of the present worthy 
 Bishop. This crypt anciently supported the great hall of the monastery, 
 but has been so built over, as to have been concealed till its late clear- 
 ance ; it has been ventilated by windoAvs communicating Avith the 
 cloisters being unstopped, and presents the student Avith a very valuable 
 Norman composition, in very good preservation. Various partial repa- 
 rations have lately been made, some of Avhich have removed portions 
 of considerable interest. 
 
 The Avest front and south porch are Late Perpendicular, and have 
 been very fine ; but from the nature of the stone, and the various 
 injuries the battlements and other portions have sustained, they have 
 noAv a A'ery dilapidated appearance, and this is sadly the case with 
 most of the exterior ; the details of the toAver (once very beautiful) 
 can noAv scarcely be made out. The piers of the nave are fine, Avith 
 floAvered capitals, of very excellent workmanship, and of Decorated 
 character ; the architraves and Avail of the south aisle appear mostly 
 of the same date, but the tracery of the Avindows is Perpendicular, 
 and seems to have been put in at the time when the clerestory of the 
 
 M 
 
138 
 
 nave (wliich is also Perpendicular) was erected ; the tower and the 
 interior arches supporting it are Perpendicular, and from the appearance 
 below in the nave, it is very probable that these arches are cased on the 
 Norman piers. The north transept is small, and has, by the late repa- 
 ration, been considerably altered. There are some Early English 
 chapels to the eastward which have various peculiarities; and in one 
 of them is an ancient press or cupboard for vestments, with some 
 very fine iron foliage on the doors. The south transept is very large, 
 has a centre and side aisles; the piers, arches, and walls of the aisles 
 are Decorated, of very good design, and excellent workmanship. The 
 clerestory window, and a large south window, and also some of the 
 windows of the western aisles, are Perpendicular. The south end has 
 been a fine composition, but the stone is now so much mouldered, 
 that its arrangements cannot be clearly defined. This transept is 
 divided from the cathedral by a Avooden screen, and is the parish 
 cliurch of St. Oswald. 
 
 The organ screen is plain, compared with that of many cathedrals, 
 but the stone portion is of Decorated date and good execution ; it has 
 some wooden additions, partly modern. The choir has piers and arches 
 of rather singular mouldings, which are of a transition character, 
 from Early English to Decorated, and the windows of the aisles 
 purtahe of the same singularities. The lady chapel has been a most 
 beautiful specimen of Early English, of a date rather late in the 
 style, but worked with peculiar delicacy ; its piers, shafts, mouldings, 
 groining, and boss, are of beautiful design and excellent workman- 
 ship. The insertion of Perpendicular windows, and the consequent 
 alterations of various arches and other parts, have taken away much of 
 the beauty of the general effect of this chapel, but its mouldings and 
 ornaments remain deserving of careful examination. The clerestory 
 of the choir, and the east window, appear to have been originally of 
 Decorated character; but the tracery being destroyed in the civil war, 
 these windows are now filled with wretched tracery, put in most likely 
 at the restoration. 
 
 The bishop's throne, and the stalls, have been mentioned before. 
 The lady chapel, aisles of the choir, and one portion of the eastern 
 aisle of the south transept, are stone groined, and in various other 
 parts the first stones or springer of the groins are put in. There is no 
 altar screen in the choir, but a piece of tapestry fills the arch into the 
 lady chapel up to the spring. In the aisles of the choir are a few 
 ancient monuments, and some niches and small detached portions of 
 ornament deserving attention. The south porch and consistory court 
 adjoining, are of the same character as the west front, and are much 
 mutilated, but they have been very rich ; they are Perpendicular, but 
 are not of debased character. 
 
 The cloisters adjoin the north side of the nave, and the west of 
 the north transept ; their exterior to the court, and the groining, are 
 Perpendicular, but the side walls are almost all of earlier date, and 
 
139 
 
 present various curious portions of Norman and Early English, and 
 some singular combinations, where parts of one date are covered or 
 intersected by those of another. The south line of these cloisters is 
 destroyed, but its foundations remain. Close adjoining the north 
 transept is the chapter-house, and its vestibule. These are very singu- 
 lar and beautiful specimens of Early English ; the vestibule is plain, 
 the chapter-house enriched, but both excellent ; and to the nortli 
 of these is a passage, and the remains of some vaults, andother build- 
 ings, all of Early English character. 
 
 Of the monastic buildings, there remains the Refectory, now the 
 Grammar School, a once beautiful room, of Early English date, but 
 now much altered by additions and insertions of later character, and 
 retaining hardly any of its original features, except a stone pulpit and 
 its staircase, which are in good preservation. 
 
 The entrance into the Abbey Square is under the Abbey Gate, 
 over which is the Register Office. The exterior of this gate has been 
 lately cased ; but the fine bold groining of the gateway remains. 
 
 St. John's Church, Chester. This is the nave, with a portion 
 of the cross of a large Norman church. The eastern portion has been 
 long destroyed, and some eastern chapels, of fine Perpendicular character, 
 are now in ruins. The portion of the cross remaining is now small, 
 the part which has served for chancel, and a portion of the transepts 
 having been rebuilt. The nave remains, but appears at an early 
 period to have been shortened, and the tower to have been placed 
 to the westward, detached from the church, the small space thus left 
 being walled in, but not roofed. The tower has originally been a very 
 fine one, but is now despoiled of its ornaments at the top, and the stone 
 is so much mouldered, that its very fine paneling, and other ornaments 
 of the buttresses, windows, &c. can hardly be guessed at. The nave 
 has large and short round Norman piers, with an Early English 
 triforeum clerestory, and a north porch of great beauty. Of the 
 windows of the church, some are altered and modernized, others poor 
 in design, and the whole exterior has a desolated appearance ; but the 
 Early English portions are peculiarly excellent, and deserving of 
 attention. 
 
 The churches of St. INIary, St. Peter, and Trinity, in Chester, 
 all contain some portions of Perpendicular character, amidst much 
 debased and modern work. 
 
 Nantwich Church is a cross church, with, a large portion of 
 excellent work. The west door is Early English, but late in the style. 
 The rest of the church isDecorated or Perpendicular, with some portions 
 of a transition character between them. The nave is rendered curious, 
 by the flying buttresses of its interior : it has also a north door of singu- 
 
140 
 
 lar character : it has an ogee arch within a square drip, and a square 
 paneled moukling, forming an architrave, and the spandrils of the arch 
 are filled with rich tracery. This door is close under the slope of a 
 window, and is flanked by slender octagonal shafts, crowned with 
 battlements. The north transept has a very fine decorated window, 
 and the south transept some excellent Perpendicidar ones. The 
 chancel is stone groined, and has some excellent stall work; the exterior 
 is4ine, with rich buttresses. In the church is a stone pulpit, excellent 
 both in its design and execution. The tower is rather small in 
 proportion to the size of the church, but is of good design ; it is an 
 octagon of Perpendicular date, and has small pinnacles. 
 
 Acton Church has some curious Perpendicular windoAvs in the 
 nave, and the tower has some portion of Early English ; there is a rich, 
 but late monument in the north aisle. 
 
 Sandbach Church is principally Perpendicular, some parts of it 
 are of good design. 
 
 Sandbach Cross is a curious relic of high antiquity ; it consists of 
 two sculptured stones, elevated on several steps. 
 
 The ancient chapel at Birkenhead is a small Norman structure, 
 with some Perpendicular and some modern windows, and a very fine 
 Norman stone-groined roof, with plain ribs. Amidst the ruins of the 
 adjacent priory are some parts of Decorated date, and very excellent 
 execution, particularly the remains of a door-way. 
 
 Bromborough Church has a Norman south door. 
 
 Bebbington Church is very singular in its plan, and curious in 
 some of its parts, and in the mode in which the parts of diflerent styles 
 are joined. Part of the nave is Norman, and a south wall is Early 
 English, with a door having some good mouldings. The tower, which 
 supports a short spire, is of early Decorated date, and is at the west 
 end of the south portion of the nave. The east part of the nave, and 
 the chancel, have been rebuilt in the Perj)endicular style, from a 
 design of considerable beauty, and with much of the work well executed. 
 Some of the windows and interior panelings are fine ; and the east 
 window of the chancel is very curious, from the mixture of perpendi- 
 cular and curved lines, in a manner which is nearly, if not quite, unique. 
 There is some tolerable wood seats, with portions of carving. The 
 church had once some good pinnacles ; but these are gone, as well 
 as most of the battlement ; and the exterior of the church is not 
 attractive at a little distance, and is, therefore, not so much attended 
 to as it deserves. 
 
141 
 
 Stoak Church lias a small chapel of wood and plaster on the south 
 side of the chancel. It is the burial-place of the Bunbury family ; it 
 has also a Norman door, and some ancient wood screen work. 
 
 Thornton Church has some tolerable portions of Perpendicular 
 date. 
 
 Thurstaston is a curious small church, with some Norman por- 
 tions, and a semicircular chancel, evidently composed of materials 
 taken from an edifice of earlier date. 
 
 Macclesfield Church is principally modern, but with a Per- 
 pendicular tower, and a curious chapel on the south side, built for 
 the family of Savage, of Rock Savage. 
 
 The Churches of Audlem and Little Peover contain parts 
 deserving attention. 
 
 NoRTHEXDEN, BowDEN, and Cheadle Churches have all por- 
 tions of Perpendicular work, mixed with much that is debased and 
 modernized. The church at Cheadle has a south porch, which bears 
 the date of 1637? ^^^ is of far better composition than might be 
 expected at that time. 
 
 Runcorn Church has some part of the chancel of Perpendicular 
 date, as is also some wood screen work, of good execution. The 
 piers on the north side of the nave are Early English, and there is a 
 north door of the same date : of these the design is not very common, 
 and the execution excellent. 
 
 The chancel of Stockport Church had a very fine Decorated east 
 window, though much mouldered. The church has been rebuilt, 
 and the chancel altered ; but the window did remain a short time 
 v^ince, and there are some fine stone stalls in the south wall of the 
 chancel. 
 
 BIobberley Church has a rich screen, the remains of a rood loft, 
 and some stalls and niches in the chancel. 
 
 Great Budworth Church is principally Perpendicular ; in the 
 chancel are some ancient wood stalls. 
 
 Ince is an ancient church, Avith some traces of Norman date, but 
 most of it is much later. Near this church is a building, once the 
 I\Ianor House of the Abbots of St. Werburg ; its character is Late 
 Pfcrpendicular. 
 
142 
 
 Fkodsham Cuuucii has some Norman piers and arches, and some 
 portions of Perpendicular, particularly a large chancel window- 
 
 Over Church is of late Perpendicular date; it has a font with 
 a rich niche over a water basin. 
 
 BuNBURY Church is Perpendicular ; the aisles run westward to 
 the western part of the tower, which is open by three arches to the 
 nave and aisles. The toAver is plain, but has eight pinnacles. In 
 this church is a fine altar tomb, with niches to the memory of Sir 
 H. Calvely. 
 
 Tarvin Church has a fine tower, which, as well as the church, has 
 been much enriched, with carving, but is now considerably mutilated; 
 the style is Perpendicular. 
 
 Eastham Church is mostly of Perpendicular date ; it has a spire, 
 which, from its situation, has considerable eflfect at a distance, but is 
 not so pleasing on a nearer inspection. This is usually said to have 
 been built from the designs of Inigo Jones, but was most probably 
 erected at an earlier period. 
 
 Shotwick Church has some Perpendicular portions, and a Nor- 
 man south door, with some ornaments, not very common. 
 
 JMalpas is a handsome Perpendicular church, with a tower em- 
 battled with four pinnacles ; the interior is lofty, with a wooden ceiling 
 of rich design ; the windows of the aisles are large, with elegant 
 tracery. In the chancel is an ancient monument, to the memory of 
 Sir Handle Brereton. The church appears to have had pinnacles on 
 the buttresses, but only the pedestals now remain. In the chancel 
 are some ancient oak stalls, and two stall niches in the south wall. 
 
 Shocklach, a very small ancient church, has a Norman south door 
 with enrichments. 
 
 Farndon Church has some parts Perpendicular, and some earlier 
 portions in the chancel. At the end of the south aisle is a curious 
 stained glass window, executed after the siege of Chester, in the 
 civil wars, with representations of several gentlemen of this county, 
 who commanded in Chester at that time. 
 
 The small chapel of Bruera, or Chxirch-en-Heath, is a very 
 ancient fabric, with a plain Norman arch between tlie nave and 
 •chancel ; and a south door, with Norman enrichments. Various 
 stones, with carvings on them, of the same character, are built into 
 the walls. 
 
143 
 
 AsTBURY Church is a large and fine specimen of the Perpendicu- 
 lar style. Its plan is singular ; the tower standing north of the west 
 end of the north aisle ; the nave is lofty, and has at the west end a 
 porch, the whole height of the nave, and of three stories, the lowest 
 having an entrance door, the next a three-light window, and the 
 uppermost a two-light window ; this upper window has a transom, 
 and is repeated on the sides of the porch. On each side of the ])orch, 
 in the west wall of the nave, is a long four-light windoAv, with fine 
 tracery and two transoms ; the west end of the south aisle has a 
 five-light window, and that of the north aisle a four-light window. The 
 tower is plain, with a good spire, and seems to be the remnant of a 
 church of earlier date. The west front is extensive, and has an imposing 
 effect, which is aided by an ancient gate ; this gate, though not fine in 
 its details, is suflUciently harmonious as to its outline, to benefit the 
 general view of the church. The interior of the church has some 
 earlier portions and indications of Early English in the chancel. The 
 ceilings are all of oak, much ornamented, but some part of late date. 
 Tliere is a considerable portion of very excellent screen-work and 
 wood stalls, and a rood loft. Some of the windows have portions of 
 very fine stained glass remaining. In the church-yard is a very 
 curious monument of some of the families of Venables, ]Mainwaring, 
 or Brereton. Two figures, a knight and lady, are on a tomb, over 
 Avhich is an arch, with bold buttresses, canopies, and pinnacles. 
 
 [ Two other figures are recumbent on tombs, one north, the other 
 
 [ south of the arch ; the whole, though much mutilated, has been 
 well designed and executed, and appears (with the exception of the 
 pinnacles, which are additions) to be of Decorated date. This monu- 
 
 1 ment is curious, from the great variety of fine ancient monuments out 
 
 1 of doors. 
 
 Lawton, or Church Laavton, Church, is a modern building, 
 but the Norman south door has been preserved. 
 
 \ Brereton Church, of PerpendiciUar character, has the aisles even 
 
 i with the west side of the tower, which opens to the nave and aisles 
 
 ! with arches ; the church is spacious and lofty, and has roofs of carved 
 
 I oak. 
 
 Nether Peover Church has a stone tower, but the body of the 
 church is principally timber and plaster; the nave is divided from the 
 aisles by piers and arches, formed of rude beams of wood, and others, 
 springing from above the piers, form an arch over the nave. There 
 are some other churches in this county which have partial remains of 
 the same kind. 
 
 WiTTON Church is plain but spacious ; it is of Late Perpendicular 
 character, with an embattled tower. 
 
144 
 
 MiDDLEWiCH Church has a tower, and the interior has indications 
 o^ several styles. 
 
 Davenham Church has a spire steeple, rebuilt about 1680. The 
 church is of considerably earlier date. 
 
 Barthomley Church has a Norman door on the north side of 
 the chancel, the rest of the church is of several later styles, some part 
 is ceiled with oak, and richly carved. 
 
 CoppenhaIvL Church is partly of wood and plaster, apparently 
 of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Wrenbury Church has a handsome tower, and some good oak 
 ceiling with carvings. 
 
 Wybunbury Church has a lofty tower with pinnacles, and some 
 statuary niches on each side of the west door, and window over it. 
 The church is spacious, and has carved wood ceilings. The tower 
 leans to the north-east. 
 
 Prestbury Church has portions of various styles ; and on the 
 south side is an ancient Norman church, consisting of a nave and 
 chancel, with an enriched west entrance. This building is now a 
 mausoleum. 
 
 DisLEY Church is of Late Perpendicular date, but has some 
 curious portions of stained glass in the windows. 
 
 The church of MoTTRAM, in Longdendale, is a Perpendicular build- 
 ing, with a handsome tower, which has pinnacles and a soutli porch. 
 
 There is an ancient, apparently Norman, tower yet remaining of the 
 Old Castle of Chester, and parts of the walls of the city, and 
 a tower, called the Water Tower, are deserving of attention. Tlie 
 ancient gates have been replaced by modern erections ; but the wall 
 is complete, and affords an excellent walk round the city. 
 
 Beeston Castle, on an insular hill, overlooking the Vale Royal, 
 has a portion of the walls (particularly part of the tower flanking the 
 entrance) in a state so perfect as to merit examination. 
 
 This county has a great number of halls and otlier manorial edifices, 
 some of which are very curious specimens of wood and plaster work, 
 and others of stone work : they are many of them now used as farm- 
 houses, and have been much modernized ; but the following list 
 contains some which remain more or less in their original state : — 
 
145 
 
 Crewe Hall has been modernized, but its interior has many 
 portions in their original state. Brereton Hall, Grafton Hall, 
 Poole Hall, Harden Hall, and Marple Hall are of stone ; 
 Chorley Hall is partly of stone, and partly of wood and plaster; the 
 stone portion early, and the wooden portion curious. • JMerton 
 Grange, Garden Hall, Erdwick Hall, Little Moreton Hall, 
 and Bramall Hall, are of wood and plaster ; the two last mentioned 
 are large, and peculiarly fine specimens. 
 
 CTotnlualL 
 
 Launceston Church, though not very excellent in its composition, 
 is yet curious for the very great profusion of ornament. The south 
 porch, and some parts adjacent, are literally covered with panels 
 and carvings. There is also a line of singular carving and niches 
 under the eastern windows, and in the central niche a recumbent 
 figure. 
 
 The White Hart Inn, Launceston, has a fine Norman door for 
 an entrance, most probably removed from some ancient monastic 
 edifice. 
 
 Probus Tower is a fine specimen of a Perpendicular tower. 
 
 St. Germain's has a good Norman front, but there appears nothing 
 to warrant a supposition that its age is so great as that assigned to it 
 by the learned Whitaker. The west end has a fine door-way under 
 a very deep arch, with shafts and mouldings, and some small Norman 
 windows above. This entrance is flanked by two short towers ; and, 
 except the upper part of the southern tower, the arrangement does not 
 appear to have been altered from the original design. 
 
 CuRY Church has a Norman door, and Egloshayle has a curious 
 stone pulpit. 
 
 IMoRA'iNSTOw Church is a curious edifice, partly Norman, with a 
 porch and door on the south side, with very bold Norman enrichments. 
 A part of the piers and arches of the nave are of the same character; 
 other portions are of later date, but of elegant design and execution. 
 The font is Norman, large and plain. 
 
 The south door of Kilkhampton Church is a very fine specimen of 
 Norman, with shafts and bands of zigzag, and the bealcheaded ornament ; 
 some other parts of the church are of much later date. 
 
 N 
 
146 
 
 Truro Church has something of the same character as Launceston 
 church, though not so crowded with ornament. The battlements are 
 paneled, and the cornice, in some parts, filled with enrichments and 
 niches over some of the doors. 
 
 The Churches of Laureth, Warbustow, St.Enoder, St.Austel, 
 St. Stephen near Launceston, Landwednach, and Tintagel have 
 all curious Norman fonts, and some of them have other portions 
 deserving attention. 
 
 LosTwiTHiEL Church has a singular font, with a large portion 
 of carved ornament. 
 
 Bodmin Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular church, 
 rather late in the style, but well executed ; there are some parts of the 
 aisles of an earlier date, and a large and singular Norman font. 
 
 Padstow Church is of the same Perpendicular character, and 
 has an earlier and much enriched font. 
 
 The Churches of St. Kew and St. Burien, are of about the same 
 date as Bodmin, and those of St. Just in Penwith, and St. Neots, 
 are rather later. 
 
 FowEY Church also bears some resemblance to Bodmin, and 
 has a lofty tower. 
 
 Camborne Church is also Perpendicular, and has a fine Norman 
 font. 
 
 The buildings on St. INIichael's Mount deserve attention ; the 
 outline of the whole is fins and picturesque, and the chapel and some 
 other portions appear of Decorated date, if not earlier. 
 
 St. Bennet's, a considerable monastic remain, has various por- 
 tions of domestic Perpendicular work. 
 
 Place House, near Fowey, is a very curious domestic remain ; it 
 is late Perpendicular ; and an oriel, and some other parts have 
 more enrichment than is generally found in domestic buildings. 
 
 CoTHELE House has a fine court, surrounded by buildings not 
 much altered ; they are plain, compared to the last example, but of 
 earlier date. 
 
147 
 
 Carlisle Cathedral. Althouf:!;h this edifice is partly surrounded 
 by buildings and trees, at no great distance, there are several points of 
 view in which it may be seen to advantage, particularly the east end, 
 which is the finest composition of the whole. This church was 
 originally a complete cross church, like most of our cathedrals, and had 
 cloisters and a chapter-house. The greatest part of the cloisters, and a 
 large portion of the nave, were destroyed in the civil wars, and the 
 two remaining arches of the nave are fitted up as a parish church. 
 This part is Norman, of a simple and massive character ; but the 
 greatest portion eastward is Early English, of elegant design, and 
 parts much ornamented with foliage and the toothed ornament. The 
 east end is Decorated, and seems to have replaced a front of earlier date. 
 The transepts are narrow, short, and have no aisles; but there is a small 
 chapel east of the south transept. The choir consists of seven arches, 
 with a small one eastward, which spring from clustered piers, with 
 rich capitals : it has aisles, and is considerably wider than the 
 nave. The tower is small and low, and coincides with the centre of 
 the nave, but not with the centre of the choir. The whole of the 
 ceilings of the choir and its aisles have been within a few years groined 
 with plain groining, which springs in the choir from shafts rising from 
 corbels, coming down no lower than a string, running over the dripstone 
 of the choir arches, and under the triforium, which is formed of arches 
 with tracery, three in each division of the choir. The Early English 
 clerestory windows have been filled with tracery of a later date, and 
 there are a few Perpendicular windows inserted in the aisles. Under 
 some of the windows of the aisles are very elegant small arches, springing 
 from shafts. The Early English buttresses are verj' plain, but bold ; 
 the parapets are all plain, and there are no buttresses to the clerestory. 
 This general plainness of appearance adds much to the effect of the 
 only enriched portion of exterior, the east front, Avhich contains one of 
 the finest, if not the finest. Decorated window in the kingdom : it is con- 
 siderably decayed ; but its elegance of composition and delicacy of 
 arrangement, the harmony of its parts, and the easy flow of lines, rank 
 it even higher than the celebrated west window of York cathedral, 
 which it also exceeds in number of divisions, having nine lights. This 
 window fills the space between two very bold buttresses, crowned with 
 fine pinnacles, which rise above the ridge of the roof. Over the great 
 window, is a small one of rich tracery, in a spherical triangle, to light 
 the roof ; the gable has crockets and crosses ; the aisles have fine two- 
 light windows at the east end, and the south aisle has a sloping plain 
 parapet and bold buttresses, with two rich pinnacles. The north aisle 
 has a straight enriched parapet, and an octagonal turret, with two bold 
 buttresses, terminated by paneled pedestals and enriched canopies. 
 
148 
 
 The great size of tins window, (about 50 feet high and 30 feet wide,) 
 and the massiveness of its accompaniments, give to this front a 
 peculiarly imposing effect. 
 
 The Chapter House, originally the Refectory, is a parallelogram, 
 with some Perpendicular windows ; the interior is divided into several 
 apartments. There is an ancient Gate House adjacent. 
 
 Lanercost Church is part of the ancient abbey of Lanercost ; a 
 portion of the nave is all that is at present fitted up, the remaining 
 parts are more or less ruinated ; the buildings are partly Norman, 
 but mostly Early Englsh, of an early and massive design. The west 
 front has been a fine composition, though now much mutilated ; the 
 west door has a series of shafts and deep mouklings, over which is a 
 line of small arches, supported by detached shafts. From a string 
 above these arches rise the series of fine long lancet arches, to the 
 number of seven, three of which are pierced for windows, the middle 
 one broader and higher than the others. These arches have had 
 long detached shafts, now broken away, and only the bases and capi- 
 tals remaining, and the arches have rich mouldings. There is a 
 figure in a niche in the gable above this centre window. The other 
 parts of the church present some singular and beautiful combinations 
 of very early date. 
 
 Some of the churches, on the borders, appear evidently to have been 
 constructed as places of occasional retreat and defence. Of this the 
 tower of the church of Burgh on the Sands, and the now desecrated 
 church of Neavton Arlosh, are prominent instances, to which may 
 be added Great Salkeld Church. 
 
 KiRKLiNTON Church presents a good specimen of almost un- 
 altered Norman. It consists of a small nave and chancel, with an arch 
 in the interior, with the usual Norman mouldings. 
 
 Warwick Church is also Norman, and has a semicircular east 
 end. 
 
 ASPATRIA, TORPENHOW, IsELL, IrTHINGTON, and KlRKHAMP- 
 
 TON Churches, are all Norman, and have arches and door-ways 
 with the usual ornaments of that style. 
 
 The Church of Bridekirk has a variety of Norman remains : 
 particularly the chancel arch, one or more doors, and a very curious 
 and highly eiuriched font. 
 
 Dearham Chruch has also some Norman parts; a Norman font, a 
 sculptured cross in the church-yard, and a sculptured stone in the 
 interior. 
 
149 
 
 St. Bees has a Norman west door, some Early English portions 
 at the east end, and some other parts deserving attention. 
 
 The churches of Bhomefield, Edenhall, and Grinsdale, have 
 Norman doors. 
 
 In the cliurch-yards of Bewcastle, Irton, Gosforth, Rock- 
 cliffe, and Muncaster, are sculptured stones, or crosses, and 
 most of these churches have some parts deserving examination. 
 
 Holme Cultram Church, once part of the chapel of the abbey, 
 presents some Early English features. 
 
 Egremont Church has an Early English east end. 
 
 Brigham Church has a handsome Decorated window of five lights 
 at the east end of the south aisle, and a curious circular window, with 
 an ogee point of the same date. In the south aisle is a monumental 
 arch, with a rich canopy. 
 
 There are several monastic remains in this county ; of these, the 
 principal are the ruins of the tower, and part of the transepts of Cal- 
 DER Abbey, the east end of the church of the nunnery of Seton, 
 and the gatehouse of the priory of Wetherall. 
 
 There are various castellated buildings in this county, some of 
 them in good preservation, others more or less ruinated ; among the 
 most entire, may be mentioned Carlisle Castle, Naworth'Castle, 
 (of which the buildings are in nearly a perfect state,) and Scaleby 
 Castle. 
 
 All Saint's Church, Derby, has a tower of peculiar beautj'- ; it 
 is of the Perpendicular style, and late ; but its general arrangement 
 and details are very fine, though the pinnacles and buttresses have 
 some appearance of the flatness often produced by the combinations of 
 late date. The tower consists of three stories, the lower contains to 
 the west the door, with a good niche on each side, and a beautiful line 
 of paneling, with shields between them, on which rests a four-light 
 window. The second story begins with a line of paneling, and has a ' 
 window of tracery, with panels on each side, of which only a small 
 part is pierced for light, and another line of panelling above, crowned 
 with a small battlement. The tliird stage is the belfry story, which 
 has a large four -light window with a transom and panels on 
 
150 
 
 each side : above is a rich battlement and four large pinnacles, and 
 four small octagons with an ogee cap and rich finial. The two upper 
 stages being above the roof of the church, (a Roman Doric building, 
 about 100 j-ears old, by Gibbs,) are the same on all four sides, and the 
 tracery and paneling filling the face of the tower almost close to the 
 buttresses, give to tlie whole tower a very rich effect. The situation 
 of the church, in the middle of the town, also renders the tower, on an 
 approach from a distance, a very fine object, and the steeples of the 
 other churches are so small as not to interfere with its effect. 
 
 The Churches of St. Peter, St. Alksiund, and St. Michael, 
 all contain portions of old work, principally Perpendicular, and mostly 
 poor in its execution. 
 
 The Church at Chesterfield, the leaning spire of Avhich has 
 excited so much attention, deserves investigation, from its valuable and 
 curious parts. The apparent leaning of the spire arises partly from 
 the curious spiral mode of putting on the lead, and partly from a real 
 inclination of the general lines of the wood\^'ork of thp spire. The 
 to\^er is at the intersection of the cross, and with the nave, and some 
 other parts of the cliurch is of good, but singular Decorated character ; 
 the dripstones are almost all returned, the windows, the mouldings, 
 and buttresses good, with very plain but elegant pinnacles. The 
 clerestory of the nave has small Perpendicular windows, and the east 
 Avindow of tlie chancel is of the same character. The north transept 
 is Early English, and there is one good pier of that date. There is 
 some very good wood screen \\ork in a rood loft, and in a screen in the 
 south transept. A south porch is not so fine as the other parts of the 
 church ; but the doors, particularly the west door, have fine deep 
 mouldings. From various singularities of character and detail, this 
 church deserves minute attention. 
 
 Dronfield Church is beautifully situated on a hill, on one side 
 of the village ; it has a fine tower and spire, which, as well as the 
 church, is mostly of Dect)rated character ; the chancel has been very 
 fine, but the east window, a very large one, has been deprived of its 
 tracery. In the chancel are three very rich stone stalls, the foliage 
 of which is very beautiful ajid varied in each staU. 
 
 Repton Church has, under the chancel, a very curious Norman 
 crjnit, once approached by staircases from the church ; there are fttur 
 piers, round and twisted, with a bead running in the sunken part of 
 the spiral, and eight pilasters, some of which are curiously paneled. 
 The whole have square capitals, with straight sloped sides, and from 
 each springs a plain flat rib to form the groining. The character of 
 this jiortion of Norman is very singular, and not very like many other 
 examples, the piers being rather slender in their proportions, compared 
 
151 
 
 witli tlie usual massive piers, used in Norman crj'pts. There are some 
 singular Norman portions in the church, but these are of a rather 
 different character. The principal part of the interior of the church, 
 not Norman, is of Decorated character, and early, but the windows 
 have been mostly modernized. The north door is Early English. — 
 The to\\'er and spire are Perpendicular, and the outline peculiarly line, 
 but the details are not equal. This spire is of great height, and is a 
 very conspicuous object to the surrounding country. 
 
 The School, and the House of the head master, contain a few 
 remains of the priory at Repton ; the master's house has an ancient 
 brick tower, apparently built in the reign of Henry VI ; it is of tole- 
 rable Perpendicular character, and curious for its material. 
 
 TrcKNALL Church has its piers and arches mostly Early English, 
 late in the style, and varied with two very fine capitals ; the windows 
 have been nearly all altered or modernized, except the clerestory 
 A\'indows, which are Perpendicular. The upper part of the tower and 
 the spire are also Perpendicular ; but not fine, either in design or 
 execution. In the south wall of the south aisle is a tomb under 
 an arch of Decorated character, with very excellent mouldings, and 
 a good cross on the canopy. The church has been recently new 
 pewed, and its interior appearance is very neat. 
 
 Stanton-by-Bridge. This church appears to have had a Norman 
 tower, which has been replaced by a brick gable and wooden belfry. 
 The church consists of a nave and chancel, with a north aisle to the 
 nave. There is a Norman arch betAveen the nave and chancel, and 
 a fine Norman south door ; the rest of the church appears early 
 Decorated with octagonal piers, and some small but good windows. 
 
 INIelbourSte Church is a fine example of Norman, and is nearly 
 in its original state; the alterations being only in some of the windows, 
 the east end, and the upper part of the tower. The west entrance is 
 fine, and the nave of good proportions ; the piers circular and massive, 
 though not very short ; the arches of the horse-shoe shape, with fine 
 moiddings, and zigzag ornament. The tower stands between the nave 
 and chancel. There are monumental arches with efiigies, one on the 
 outside of the south aisle, and one on the inside of the church. 
 
 SwARKESTONE Church Contains some Norman portions, a south 
 door now stopt up, and a fine arch between the nave and chancel, over 
 which, on the east gable of the nave, is a small ancient bell niche. 
 The rest of the church is poor, and very much altered by the insertion 
 of modern windows. 
 
152 
 
 Chellaston Church is a Perpendicular building, of good charac- 
 ter ; the tower has been replaced by a pigeon-house bell-turret of 
 wood. The church consists of a nave, south aisle, and chancel ; the 
 latter of later date and poor design ; the nave and south aisle have very 
 good windows; the piers are octagonal, with capitals of good execution. 
 
 Chapel-kn-le-Frith is mostly naodern ; the east window is Per- 
 pendicular, but very late, and of very poor execution. 
 
 Castletox Church has a Perpendicular tower ; the rest of the 
 church is much modernized, but with indications of earlier work in 
 several parts. 
 
 Hope Church is Perpendicular, but of late date ; it has a tower 
 and spire, and the church is embattled, and has pinnacles. 
 
 Hathersage Church is of Perpendicular date, plain, but well 
 executed ; it has a tower and fine crocketed spire. 
 
 Bakewell Church. This is a large and fine cross church, with 
 a tower at the intersection, and tall spire. The west door is Norman, 
 and there are some portions of Norman work in other parts of the 
 church. The chancel is Early English. There are some remains of 
 a stone screen, and several monuments deserving attention. 
 
 Matlock Church has some Perpendicular portions, of good charac- 
 ter, and well executed. 
 
 Ashbourne Church is a large cross church, with a tower and 
 fine spire. The building is principally Early English, with various 
 alterations, additions, and insertions of later styles. The nave has 
 very fine Early English piers and arches. The chancel is of the same 
 character, but with a Perpendicular east Avindow, of seven lights, 
 inserted ; there are three plain stone stalls in the chancel. The north 
 transept has Decorated windows ; the south transept, a large Per- 
 pendicular window. The font is fine, clearly Pearly English. There 
 are several good Early English door-ways. Over the whole of this 
 church the ditiferent styles are very much mixed, but the walls and 
 buttresses appear mostly of the original character of the church. 
 
 Of the Church of Fenny Bentley, some portions and a monu- 
 ment deserve attention. 
 
 Baslow Church has a tower and a short spire, which, with the 
 greatest part of the church, are Perpendicular ; but there are some 
 
153 
 
 windows of earlier date, and two stone stalls in the chancel. The 
 tower is not in the usual place, but at the west end of the north aisle. 
 
 The desecrated Chapel of Stkkti.ey is a very curious specimen of 
 Norman composition ; with the exception of the roof, and a few win- 
 dows which have been enlarged, it is nearly perfect and unaltered. 
 It consists of a nave and chancel, with a circular east end ; has a 
 fine south door, a rich arch between the nave and chancel, and some 
 good groin ribs at the east end. The ornaments are elaborate and 
 well executed. 
 
 The Churches of Ashford, Hognaston and Keddleston, have 
 all Norman south doors, and other portions of later character deserving 
 examination. 
 
 Alsop in the Dale, Bolsover, Boulton, Brassington, 
 Clown, Heath, Killamarsh, Kirk Ireton, Ockbrook, Parwick, 
 TissiNGTON, Thorp, Winster, and Youlgrave, have all more or 
 less of Norman indications, amidst various later features, and many 
 alterations. 
 
 The tower of Bradbourne Church is Norman. 
 
 Brailsford Church has some Norman indications, and three stone 
 stalls in the chancel of later date. 
 
 Darley Church is partly Norman, and has a very early sculptured 
 flat stone monument. 
 
 ^ Halt Hucknall Church has some Norman remains, and a portion 
 of ancient stained glass in some of the windows. 
 
 The Churches of Bradley, Eginton, Sutton, andMoRLEY, have 
 all portions of stained glass; that, in the latter, is curious in its design. 
 
 The small remains of Beauchief Abbey, now a chapel, are 
 deserving of attention for several portions of detail ; the situation is 
 beautiful, and peculiarly sequestered. 
 
 Bonsal, Scarcliffe, Newton Solney, and Shirley Churches, 
 all have portions deserving attention, and the three latter some ancient 
 monuments. 
 
 Ashover Church has a curious lead font, with figures under 
 Norman arches. 
 
154 
 
 Denby Church has two stone stalls, and Chaduesden one stone 
 stall in the chancel. 
 
 Alfreton Church has some handsome Perpendicular windows, 
 and a pinnacled tower, with indications of an earfier date. 
 
 Sandiache Church has some Norman portions, and a Decorated 
 chancel of curious composition. There are some small remains of 
 stained glass in the windows, and three elesjant stone stalls in the 
 chancel. The Avindows of the chancel have some singularities, and 
 the parapet appears of later date. 
 
 Whitwell Church has a Norman tower, and two stone stalls in 
 the chancel. 
 
 Longford Church has some Norman portions, and three stone 
 stalls in the chancel. 
 
 The Church of Marston-upon-Dove has some Early English 
 portions, and some parts of Decorated character. 
 
 Doveridge and Bredsall Churches have considerable portions 
 of the Early English style ; each of them has a tower and spire, 
 and the latter three stone stalls. 
 
 The ruins of Stidd CnAPEii are Early English. 
 
 Church Broughton, and Longley Churches have each three 
 stone stalls in the chancel. 
 
 Chelmorton, Elvaston, and Hayfield, have each some remains 
 of rood lofts, or other screen work. 
 
 Ilkeston Church has an Early English stone screen, and three 
 stalls in the chancel, and some ancient monuments deserving 
 examination. 
 
 Mackworth Church has some elegant portions of the Decorated 
 style. 
 
 TiDEswELL, Church is principally of Decorated date ; it is a cross 
 church, with an embattled tower at the west end with crocketed pinnacles. 
 
 Spondon Church is also of Decorated character, and has three 
 stone stalls in the chancel. 
 
155 
 
 NoRBiJUY Church has a fine Decorated chancel with large windows, 
 and much of the original stained glass remaining, which is peculiarly 
 beautiful and deserving of imitation. 
 
 In this county are a few curious specimens of domestic Architecture; 
 of these, Wingfield Manor HousjB is mostly in ruins, but presents 
 some beautiful features. 
 
 Haddon Hall, near Bakewell, is kept up in a habitable state, 
 with much ancient furniture, and is one of the most curious mansions 
 in the kingdom. The most ancient portions, the hall and chapel, were 
 built soon after 1427, and no part of it appears later than the reign of 
 Henry VIII, except some interior fittings, which may be nearly as late 
 as the end of that of Elizabeth. The buildings are very irregxilar, and 
 surround two courts. The situation is fine ; and the great variety of 
 outline, combining with some very fine trees, renders the view of the 
 hall, in almost every direction, peculiarly interesting. On the whole, 
 this edifice is deserving of a most minute examination and attentive 
 study. 
 
 Hardwick Hall is a curious specimen of the style of the reign of 
 Elizabeth, and has not been altered materially since its erection ; it is 
 furnished, and some portions of tapestry, and perhaps of other furni- 
 ture, are older than the house itself, and were, perhaps, removed 
 from the old hall, now in ruinsj at a very short distance from the 
 present mansion. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral. This magnificent edifice is more closely 
 surrounded by the adjacent buildings than some other cathedrals ; its 
 north front and west end are the portions most seen. The plan is 
 singular, having no central tower, nor any at the west end ; but the 
 transepts are formed by two massive Norman towers, of fine proportion, 
 rich in exterior Norman ornament, and dissimilar in their details. 
 These towers are the principal remains of their date ; of the Early 
 English style there are portions of the lower part of the chapter- 
 house ; but the general character of the church is Decorated, of 
 beautiful proportions, and very excellent details. The east window 
 of tlie choir, and the rich screen before the west end, are of Perpen- 
 dicular character, as is the upper part of the chapter-house. The 
 cloisters were on the south side, but of these very little is now 
 visible. The interior presents a view remarkably imposing, from the 
 uniformity of the nave and choir, and the very elegant tracery in the 
 
156 
 
 windows, which exhibit the greatest variety of Decorated tracery of 
 any building in tlie kingdom. WindoAvs of this character are also 
 inserted in the north and south sides of the tower, and form the 
 transept windows. The Lady Chapel exhibits the same style as the 
 church, and the whole is groined with great simplicity, but in a 
 manner which produces a very rich effect. The chapels are numerous ; 
 some of them have excellent screen-work, and there are many good 
 monuments. 
 
 The elevation of the nave and choir consists of the arch, a trifo- 
 rium, which is smaller than is often seen, but of great beauty, and 
 the clerestory windows, which are very large, and almost entirely fill 
 the space between the groining ; this, with the great size of the 
 windows of the aisles, and the nume'-ous chapels, give an air of great 
 lightness to the fabric. The west front is enriched with an elaborate 
 screen, the character of which is much later than the time of the 
 bishop by whom it is usually stated to have been erected. It is not 
 exactly similar in its divisions, though the differences are such as not 
 to destroy the general effect ; it consists of a series of rich niches, 
 with pedestals and canopies, and three ranges of figures, exclusive of 
 the small semi-angels in the battlement. The upper range of statues 
 is continuous, but the lower ones are interrupted by the doors. The 
 west front above, is, by the mode in which the aisles are finished, 
 rendered rather flat, yet has various parts deserving of great atten- 
 tion, particularly the great west window of nine lights. The towers 
 are finished with corner turrets and ogee tops, and are not of great 
 height, rising scarcely more than a square of the tower above the 
 ridge of the roof, which latter is lead, and exhibits almost the only 
 specimen remaining in England, of the flowered lead ornament, 
 running along the ridge. The buttresses of the nave and aisles have 
 pinnacles, a large portion of which arise from small battlements ; and 
 from the frequency of this sort of pinnacle in this county, it becomes 
 a good mode of distinguishing it, to call it a Devonshire Pinnacle. 
 The parapets have nearly all plain bold battlements, and most of the 
 cornices have flowers. 
 
 On the north side of the nave is a handsome porch, which is 
 curious from its showing an approach to the Perpendicular character, 
 and being without buttresses. To the central division of the aisles 
 of the choir are attached chapels, north and south, forming an eastern 
 transept ; and there are also small chapels north and south of the 
 eastern division of these aisles. These last mentioned chapels are 
 small, and of later character than the rest of the fabric. Two small 
 chapels of Decorated character are idso added east of the transeptal 
 towers ; and on the east and west sides of these towers are galleries 
 
157 
 
 of communication, carried on groins springing from corbels against 
 the wall. The whole of the buttresses of the aisles are very bold, 
 and the clerestory is lofty, and supported by plain but bold flying 
 buttresses. 
 
 The general character of the interior of the building is simplicity, 
 with very excellent mouldings, but not a large proportion of carvmg 
 or flowered capitals, though the corbels, from whence the upper tier 
 of shafts in the nave and choir spring, are very line. 
 
 To accommodate the new work to the towers, the westernmost 
 arch of the choir is a very acute one, not more than a fifth of the 
 others in width. 
 
 In the easternmost arch of the choir, on the south side, are three 
 stalls, which, for lightness and richness, are hardly to be exceeded ; 
 they have very rich open-work canopies, which rise above the spring- 
 ing of the choir arches ; and they are each raised a step above the 
 other, eastward, in the seats. 
 
 The bishop's throne is an uncommonly rich example of wood work, 
 of great lightness, but yet of sufiicient boldness for its size, which 
 is perhaps superior to any in England, rising to the spring of the 
 arches of the clerestory windows, or near sixty feet from the floor. 
 There is a variety of wood screen-work about the choir and chapels, 
 some of which is very good, but other portions are of a later and 
 much inferior character. 
 
 In the Lady Chapel there are three stalls, the seats rising eastward 
 under the windows, on the south side of the easternmost division, 
 and a monumental arch under the next window, on the same side. 
 
 There are various fine monuments in difi^erent parts of the cathedral; 
 of these may be mentioned. Sir W. Stapylton and Bishop Stapylton, 
 in the north aisle of the choir ; that of Bishop Staflbrd, and a tomb 
 of beautiful design and excellent execution, evidently of the Perpen- 
 dicular style. To this last particular attention is necessary, because 
 in a late publication it is said to be of the date of 1283, apparently 
 from Bishop Bronscombe, by whose name it is called, having died in 
 1281 ; and not satisfied with thus giving to a specimen, with nearly 
 every possible mark of Perpendicular date, the age of an Early 
 English, or at least very early Decorated erection, the author of the 
 book in question gives the four-centered arch of the tomb, in his plate 
 of arches, as one of the date of 1283, and this in a work stated to be 
 expressly for the elucidation of the principles of English architecture. 
 
158 
 
 Here it may be proper to repeat the remark made in the body of 
 tliis work, on the great uncertainty introduced by attaching the date 
 of a man's death to the tomb which goes by liis name. There is much 
 reason to sup})ose that the monument of King John, at Worcester, 
 is not much ohler than Henry VII's time, (though the statue is 
 evidently of earlier date, and perhaps was executed not very long 
 after the death of the king,) and the tomb of Osrick, a Saxon king, 
 at Gloucester, is evidently of late Perpendicular character. 
 
 The excellent tracery of the windows, and its great variety, has 
 been noticed above, and it is proper to add, that this tracery is of an 
 Early character, and not what can be strictly called flowing, like the 
 decorated tracery of the northern counties, but principally formed of 
 intersections of arches and circles intermixed, and there is a great 
 prevalence of trefoils, comparatively few cinquefoil heads being found 
 either in the windows or other stone-work. 
 
 The upper stage of the north tower is of later date than the other 
 part of the towers, and the finishings of the turrets of both towers 
 are modern. The Chapter-house is separated from tlie southern tower 
 by a small plain arched chapel, apparently of the same date as the 
 tower, with a later window inserted at the east end, but retaining 
 its original Norman door- way at the west. 
 
 The Chapter-house is of two characters, the lower Early English, 
 of a very beautiful design ; this reaches to a string under the sill of 
 the windows, above which the work is Perpendicular, of remarkable 
 beauty, with windows at the sides and west end, of four lights, and 
 the east end a much larger one, of seven lights ; these side windows 
 have between them beautiful niches, springing from shafts, and these 
 niches support a wooden roof, with arches under a straight tie-beam. 
 The slope of the ceiling is pannelled, and the space between the 
 beam and ceiling, tilled with rich tabernacle- work ; on the whole, 
 this Chapter-house deserves more minute attention than it has 
 usually received. The greatest part of the Cathedral is in excellent 
 preservation, and there is a large portion of very good ancient stained 
 glass remaining in many of the windows; that in the west window 
 is modern. The stone gallery of the minstrels, (part of the triforium 
 range,) and the ancient clock in the north transept, are curious 
 remains, and worth attentive examination. 
 
 The churches in Devonshire, like several other of the western 
 counties, have a large portion of remains of Perpendicular character, 
 and they are peculiarly rich in screen-work. 
 
 East Allington Church has a wood screen, and also a wood 
 pulpit, umch enriched. 
 
159 
 
 Alphington Chuhch has a circular Norman font, with inter- 
 secting arches, and scroll ornaments above. There is also some wood 
 screen-work. 
 
 AsHBURTON is a spacious and handsome Perpendicular Church. 
 
 AsHCOMBE Church has a Norman font, and a wood screen. 
 
 AsHTON Church has a very fine wood screen, with the rood loft 
 remaining. 
 
 Atherington Church has a very rich screen, with the rood loft 
 across the north aisle. In this church is the monument of a crusader, 
 and an altar tomb, with quarterfoil pannels and brass plates, with 
 the figure of a knight and his two ladies. 
 
 AvETON GiFFARD Church has some portions of Early English 
 remaining, with other parts of later date. 
 
 AwLiscoMBE Church has a fine Perpendicular window in the 
 south transept, and a stone screen. 
 
 AxMiNSTER Church has a Norman door- way, with enriched mould- 
 ini:s ; there are also three stone stalls of unequal height, and a 
 A\ ater-drain, and the monument of an ecclesiastic, with a mutilated 
 
 effigy. 
 
 Bampton Church has some remains of ancient stained glass. 
 
 Beaavorthy Church has a Norman door-way, with some portions 
 enriched. 
 
 The Church at Beer Ferrers has various interesting portions ; 
 the east window is a fine one, and has some ancient stained glass, 
 representing the founder. Sir William Ferrers, and his lady. There 
 is a stone font of rather singular character. On the north side of 
 the chancel are the efligies of a knight and his lady, and in the north 
 transept is a Ioav arch, with, very good mouldings, and the efiigy of 
 a crusader, finely executed, but mutilated. 
 
 Berry Pomeroy Church has a fine wood screen, with the rood 
 loft, and an altar tomb under an enriched arch ; the slab of the 
 tomb has had some brass plates, now removed. 
 
 Abbots Bickington Church has some remains of stained glass. 
 
160 
 
 BicKLEiGH Church has a plain Norman door-way, and some 
 portions of later date. 
 
 BiDDEFORD Church has a Norman font, and a stone screen in the 
 chancel. 
 
 BiGBURY Church has three stone stalls and a water drain, a rich 
 font, and a monument, with fine brasses, partly removed. 
 
 Bishops Teignton. This is a Norman church, with a low 
 massive tower between the nave and chancel, and a north aisle, with 
 Norman piers and arches, and enriched capitals. The west door-way 
 is Norman, and much enriched ; and there is a plainer door- way on 
 the south side, with a square head and figures over it ; the font is 
 Norman, circular, and of less diameter in the middle than above and 
 below ; it is enriched with rude sculpture. Some of the windows in 
 the chancel are Early English ; the west window is Perpendicular, of 
 four lights, and there are various windows inserted in the older walls. 
 
 Blackauton Church has a Norman font, and a good wood screen, 
 with carvings of pomegranates. 
 
 North Bovey Church has a wood screen. 
 
 Bovey Tracey Church has a very fine wood screen, with the 
 rood loft, and a highly enriched pulpit. 
 
 Bradford Church has a plain Norman door, with other parts of 
 later date. 
 
 Bradninch Church has a rich screen across the nave and aisles, 
 of the date of 1528. 
 
 Bradstone Church has a Norman door. 
 
 South Brent Church has a Norman font, and a good wood 
 screen across the nave and aisles. 
 
 Bridford Church has a rood loft screen painted and gilt, and a 
 highly enriched wood pulpit. 
 
 Broadwoodwiger Church has a good wood screen and an altar 
 tomb, with niches, with a recumbent figure of a knight. 
 
 BucKLAND Brewer Church has an enriched Norman door, and 
 some remains of later character. 
 
161 
 
 BucKLAND ON THE MooR Ciiuncii Juis ;i f^oocl wood screeh, and 
 the Church of Wkst Buckland one highly enriched with very fine 
 carvings. 
 
 BuNDLEY Church has some Norman piers, a font of early date, 
 and a good monument with pannels, and a female figure. 
 
 BuRLESCOMBE Church has a rood loft, screen, and a fine altar 
 tomb, enriched with angels under canopies, holding shields. 
 
 BuRniNGTON Church has a good wood screen. 
 
 Chawley Church has some screen work of good character. 
 
 Chittlehampton is a handsome Perpendicular Church, Avith a 
 fine tower. There is a rich pulpit, with figures of saints and vine 
 leaves ; a very early monument, with a cross flory, and a slab with 
 rich brass plates, of a man and his two wives. 
 
 Christowe Church has a Norman font, and a good wood screen, 
 across the nave and aisles. 
 
 Chulmleigh Church has some screen work. 
 
 The Churches of Churston Ferrers and Clayhanger have 
 wood screens ; the latter has had a rood loft. 
 
 Broad Clist is a handsome Perpendicular Church with three 
 stone stalls, and within them an effigy of a knight, in plate armour. 
 The stalls have buttresses and pinnacles, and very rich canopies, with 
 varied foliage. 
 
 The Church of Clist St. George has some remains of stained 
 glass, and that of Clist St. Lawrence a fine wood screen. 
 
 CocKiNGTON Church has an octagonal font, and a wood screen ; 
 that of Coleridge has also a wood screen. 
 
 CoLLUMPTON Church is a handsome Perpendicular building, with 
 a very rich chapel added by John Lane, in the year 1528, which is 
 a fine specimen of the gorgeous enrichment of that time. This church 
 has a very fine wood screen, with vine leaves in the cornice. 
 
 CoLYTON is a fine Perpendicular Church, with a rich stone 
 screen across the south transept. There is an altar torn!) of very 
 
 p 
 
162 
 
 rich Perpendicular character, with tabernacle work, and the figure of 
 a young lady, the daughter of W. Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire. 
 
 The Church of Combe in Teignhead has a wood screen, and 
 that of CoRNwoOD three stone stalls, and a water drain. 
 
 Crediton is a handsome Church, with a nave and side aisles, of 
 late Perpendicular character, and there are remains of three rich stone 
 stalls. 
 
 CuLMSTOCK Church has a fine stone screen, with a very rich 
 door-way, canopied with foliage, and a good finial. 
 
 Dartington Church has a rood loft screen, and a monumental 
 effigy under an arch with an ornamented canopy. 
 
 St. Saviors Church, Dartmouth, is a spacious -structure, with 
 some portions remaining of Decorated character. There is a fine 
 stone pulpit with some later additions of wood, and an uncommonly 
 rich wood screen. 
 
 Dawlish Church has part of the screen and rood loft remaining. 
 
 Dittisham Church has a stone pulpit of elaborated design, but 
 unequal execution, and a wood screen. 
 
 DoDBROOK Chxjrch has an Early stone font, and some portions 
 of wood screen work. 
 
 The Church at Doddiscombleigh has some remains of ancient 
 stained glass, and that of Dowland a good rood loft screen. 
 
 East Downe Church has a wood screen, and Downe St. IMary 
 a plain Norman door-way. 
 
 DuNSFORD Church has a plain Norman door-way, and the 
 Church at Farway some piers and other portions of the same 
 character. 
 
 Feniton Church has a very rich and complete wood-screen, 
 and on the south side of the chancel an altar tomb with pannels, and 
 on it an emaciated figure in a winding sheet. 
 
 Haccombe Church has some portions of Decorated character, 
 and some very curious monuments ; a large altar tomb for Sir Hugh 
 Courtenay and his lady. In the north aisle the monument of a lady 
 
163 
 
 under an arch, and another arch with a lady in a veil. Between the 
 nave and aisle, on a tomb, a small effigy in armour. A tomb with the 
 effigy of a knight of the Haccombe family, of peculiar beauty. The 
 figure is in armour, and his legs crossed ; the armour is covered with 
 beautiful enrichments of small flowing lines, much like the tine iron- 
 work spread over doors and cope chests of Early Decorated character. 
 The design of this enrichment on the helmet and arms is peculiarly 
 elegant. 
 
 Halberton Church has a fine wood screen, very rich, and in good 
 condition, and a wood pulpit with much enrichment. 
 
 Harberton Church has a very rich stone pulpit, with statues 
 and foliage, and three stone stalls and a water drain ; it has also a 
 fine wood screen. 
 
 Heavitree is a handsome Perpendicular Church, and has some 
 remains of screen work. 
 
 The Churches of Heanton Punchardton and Broad Hemp- 
 STON, have each good ^vood screens. 
 
 Little Hempston Church has the rood loft screen, and a monu- 
 ment of a crusader, which is much mutilated. In the south aisle 
 are two monuments to a knight and his lady ; he is in plate armour. 
 
 Hennock Church has some wood screen work. 
 
 The Churches of High Bray and High Hampton have each 
 plain Norman doors, and that of Holcomb Burnell, one of the 
 same style, but considerably enriched. 
 
 Holdsworthy Church has some Norman piers ; a plain Norman 
 door, and some portions of later date. 
 
 HoLNE Church has an Early stone font, a rood loft, screen, and 
 an enriched wood pulpit. 
 
 HoNiTON is a late Perpendicular Church of good character, and 
 has a fine wood screen, rich, and in good condition. 
 
 The Churches of Huish and Ilsington have some portions of 
 Avood screen Avork ; and that of Ipplepen has a fine screen and 
 enriched wood pulpit. 
 
 Kenn Church has an Early stone font, and a good wood screen. 
 
164 
 
 Kj:ntisbEv\ke Ciiuncn lias a fine wood screen. 
 
 Kenton is a fine Perpendicular Church ; it has a rich \vood screen 
 A\ilh scroll wtjrk, on which is inscribed the creed in Latin ; it has 
 also a wood pulpit^ with enrichments. 
 
 Kings Carswell Church has a very fine tomb to the memory of a 
 knight and his lady, of the Dinham familj\ The knight is in armour, 
 and this and the ornaments of the lady's dress, are remarkably Avell 
 civecuted. This monument is much mutilatetl. In the north aisle of 
 this Church is another monument, an altar tomb, with a recumbent 
 figure of a lady. 
 
 The Churches of Abbots Carswell and Kings Nympton have 
 each portions of \^'ood screen work remaining. 
 
 Knowstone Church has a plain Norman door. 
 
 Lajvierton Church has some remains of ancient stained glass. 
 
 LiTTLEHAJi Church has a wood screen. 
 
 LoxBEARE Church has a Norman enriched door-way and a Nor- 
 man font. 
 
 LuPPiT Church has an early stone font and a stone screen. There 
 is an altar tomb with niches and rich tabernacle work under an open 
 arch with foliage. This tomb has had rich brasses, but they have been 
 removed. 
 
 Lustleigh Church has various portions deserving of attention. — 
 There are some remains of ancient stained glass and a wood screen ; 
 tliree stone stalls of equal height and a double water drain. In the 
 North aisle, are two arches with the effigies of a Knight and his Lady. 
 
 Manaton Church has a rich rood loft screen. 
 
 Marlborough Church has a lofty spire ; some remains of screen 
 work, and an enriched wood pulpit. 
 
 In jMarldon Church is a monument of Perpendicular character, 
 with a figure much smaller than usual. 
 
 The Churches of Marwood and St. IMary Church have wood 
 screens. 
 
165 
 
 Marystowe Church has an early stone font, and two stone stalls 
 with acute arches. 
 
 The Church of Meeth has a Norman enriched door, and that of 
 South Milton has several Norman portions and a Norman font ; it 
 has also a wood screen. 
 
 North BIoulton Church has a very rich octagonal font, and a 
 good wood screen. 
 
 South Moulton is a handsome Perpendicular Church, and has a 
 rich but late stone pulpit, with statues and foliage. The design of this 
 pulpit is good, but the details are not of such delicate proportions as 
 are sometimes seen ; the foliage is varied and in great profusion. 
 
 MoNKLEiGH Church has a wood screen and an altar tomb, with 
 tabernacle work under a flat arch of Perpendicular character. 
 
 MoRETON Hampstead Church has a wood screen. 
 
 Newton Ferrers Church has three stone stalls, with acute arches, 
 and a double water drain. 
 
 West Qgwiill Church has a rood loft, screen, and three stone 
 stalls- 
 
 Ottery St. Mary. This is a large and curious Church, being 
 built, like Exeter Cathedral, with two towers for transepts. The 
 Church consists of a nave and aisles, choir and aisles, and a Lady 
 Chapel. The greatest part of this edifice is Early English, of a 
 character rather different from what is common, and having various 
 small alterations of later date ; the exterior is plain, and the windows 
 are mostly without dripstones. At the east end of the Lady Chapel, 
 are some good niches of later date than the Chapel itself. The groining 
 of the interior is of later date than the building, and the north aisle 
 of the nave is of Perpendicular character, and late date, with a very 
 rich roof, ornamented with pendants. In this Church is a very rich 
 monumental arch over an altar tomb, which is plain, but has an effigy 
 of an armed Knight ; this arch has fine mouldings and hanging 
 tracery, A^-ith an ogee canopy, with crockets and a large finial. Over 
 the whole of this monimient, shields are intermixed with the foliage 
 in great numbers, and in a mode not very common. On the whole, 
 this Church deserves very minute examination. 
 
 Paignjton Church lias a tower, nave, and a south transept ; the 
 west door is Norman, with enriched mouldings. The upper part of 
 
166 
 
 the tower, and the soutli transept, are PerpencUcuhir ; the window in 
 the hitter, hirge, of five lights. In this Cluirch is a stone screen 
 forming a door-way, and two side arches, which are monuments to 
 some of tlie Kirkliam family. This screen is a very rich assemblage 
 of tabernacle work, with figures in niches under canopies, with but- 
 tresses and pinnacles of very elaborate composition ; the arches have 
 pendants, and upon large canopies above thein, are angels holding 
 shields. Though of late date, this screen deserves great attention ; 
 there is also a stone pulpit with very rich foliage. 
 
 Peahembury is a handsome Church, and contains a very fine wood 
 screen, and some pews of the same character. 
 
 Parkham Church has an enriched Norman door. 
 
 The Church of North Petherwin has some Norman piers, and 
 a good wood screen ; — and that of Pilton has also a wood screen and 
 a stone pulpit. 
 
 PiNHOE Church has a fine wood screen with vine leaves and 
 grapes, and also a highly enriched wooden pulpit. 
 
 Plympton St. JMary is a large Church, principally of Perpendi- 
 cular character, with a fine tower. There are three stone stalls and a 
 water drain. In the south aisle, under a rich canopy, is an altar tomb 
 adorned with niches and tabernacle work, and thereon recumbent the 
 figure of a Knight in plate armour ; this monument is considerably 
 mutilated. 
 
 PiiYMSTOCK Church has a good wood screen. 
 
 Plymtree is a handsome Cliurch with a fine wood screen painted 
 and gilt, and an Octagonal stone font. 
 
 PoLTiMOUE Church has some portions of Decorated and Early 
 Perpendicular character, a fine wood screen, and a slab for the 
 founder, John Baunfield, dated 1390. 
 
 South Pool Church has a Norman font and a wood screen. In 
 the Chancel is an altar tomb lo one of the Rectors, with a sculpture 
 of the Resurrection on it. 
 
 PoRTLEMOUTH Church has a good wood screen. 
 
 Powdkrham Church has a wood screen. In a window in the 
 north aisle, is a monument with u female figure. 
 
167 
 
 Rattery Church has a Norman font and a good wood screen 
 across the nave and aisles. 
 
 The Churches of Sampford Peverell and Sherford have each 
 portions of screen work. 
 
 SiLVERTON Church is a handsome edifice of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Staverton Church has a good wood screen. 
 
 Stockley Pomeroy Church has a Norman door-way^ with enriched 
 mouldings. 
 
 The Churches of Stoke Gabriel, Stoke in Teignhead, and 
 Stokenham, have each of them wood screens. 
 
 SwiaiBRiDGE Church is a fine Perpendicular Church, with a spire; 
 it has a stone pulpit, with figures of saints, and a fine Avood screen. 
 
 SuTCOMBE Church has a plain Norman door-way, and some por- 
 tions of later date. 
 
 Tallaton Church has a very rich and complete wood screen. 
 
 Tamerton Foliott Church has a fine tower. In the chancel is 
 an altar tomb, with the figures of a knight in plate armour and his lady. 
 
 East Teignmouth Church has various Norman portions. The 
 tower is massive, and situated between the nave and chancel. The 
 north side has some Norman windows, and a door with a square head; 
 and the arch above filled with rude carvings, having also an ornamented 
 dripstone round it. The font is Octagonal, of better design than 
 execution ; it is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Thornbury Church has a plain Norman door, and a monument, 
 with a Knight in armour and his Lady. 
 
 Tiverton is a handsome Perpendicular Church, with a tower ; 
 there are some remains of earlier date, and an enriched Norman door- 
 way. A Chapel, built by a merchant, named Greenway, in 1517, is 
 a good example of the gorgeous style of ornament of that time. The 
 ceiling is coved, and has tracery and rich pendants ; like many works 
 of that time, the design is better than the execution. The Church 
 has some rich screen work. 
 
165S 
 
 Tlie Church of Tor Bryan has a very tine wood screen, and an 
 enriched wood pulpit ; that of Tor IMohun has a good stone font, and 
 a fine wood screen, which has been ])ainted and gilt. 
 
 ToTNEs is a fine Perpendicular Church, with a good tower, which 
 has Octagonal pinnacles, and rich buttresses. In the chancel, is a very 
 rich stone screen, with the rood loft and stairs remaining. Tliere is 
 also a stone pulpit enriched with trtxcery and shields. There is a large 
 south porch to this Church. 
 
 The Churches of Trusham and Uffculme have very rich wood 
 screens. 
 
 Ugborough Church has a Norman font, and some portions of 
 wood screen work. 
 
 WiTHERiDGE Church has a stone pulpit. 
 
 WooLBOROUGH Church has a good wood screen across the nave 
 and aisles. 
 
 The Church of Woolfardisworthy, near Hartland, has a Norman 
 door-way, with enrichments, and a Norman font. 
 
 East Worlington Church has an enriched Norman door. 
 
 Yealmpton Church has two stone stalls, with trefoil arches of 
 an Early character, and has some portions of the later styles. The 
 east window is Perpendicular. 
 
 The remains of INIonastic Buildings in this county are not very 
 numerous, but the following may be noticed : — 
 
 Ford Abbey. — The chapel has a groined roof, and some arches ; 
 the latter of late Norman, but the groinings Early English. The hall 
 and cloisters are rich late Perpendicular, about the date of 1508. 
 
 Frithelstock Priory appears to have been of Early English 
 character. The west end has three lancet windows. 
 
 Hartland Abbey has some portion of the cloisters remaining of 
 Early English date. 
 
 The principal remains of Tavistock Abbey are of Perpendicular 
 character; they are converted to various purposes, and much mutilated. 
 
169 
 
 Of Castellated and Domestic buildings^ there are not many to be 
 noticed : — the remains of the Bishop's Palace, at Bishop's Clist, has 
 some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 CoMPTON Castle has been variously altered, but still contains 
 some portions worth examination. 
 
 Bradley Hall, near Newton BusheU, is an ancient mansion, of 
 Perpendicular character ; the chapel, hall, and a gateway remain. 
 
 Dartington Hall has had a large portion pulled down, but the 
 hall and some other parts still remain. The hall is of Early Perpen- 
 dicular character. 
 
 The Bishop's Palace at Exeter has various portions of ancient 
 work, though much altered and covered by modern arrangements — 
 The chapel is Early English. A fine chimney-piece erected by Bishop 
 Courtenay, has been engraved. 
 
 Sherborne Church is a large cross Church, with various portions 
 of different dates. The south porch is a curious specimen of Norman. 
 The largest portion of the church is good Perpendicular, and was 
 partly erected in the reign of King Henry VI. The choir and aisles 
 have good buttresses, pinnacles, and flying buttresses, and a very good 
 panelled parapet. The belfry story of the central tower rising above 
 the roof, has eight windows with buttresses, Avhich arise from a bold 
 slope under the windows, below which the tower is plain. This 
 church was anciently conventual ; and some portions of the additional 
 buildings remain, though very much mutilated, and converted to vari- 
 ous purposes. Three sides of the lower part of the tower appear to be 
 the original fabric, but the eastern side is of the same date with the 
 choir. 
 
 There are a few good Early English windows in the north aisle of 
 the choir or its chapel. 
 
 The groining of most of the church is rich and good; the south 
 transept has a wood ceiling. There are some remains of ancient stalls 
 and screen work, and some portions of ancient stained glass. 
 
 Abbotsburv Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular 
 church, with a nave, aisles, chancel, and a fine tower. 
 
 Beaminsxek Church is a late but good Perpendicular edifice 
 
 Q 
 
170 
 
 Tlie tower has rich buttresses, and some good panelled tablets ; it has 
 a staircase turret, and had originally pinnacles, now destroyed. 
 
 Bradford Abbas Church has a tower, nave, aisles, and chancel, 
 and a large south porch ; it is principally of Perpendicular character. 
 The tower is richly ornamented with niches, and has a large west 
 window, A^ith a door below, enriclied with hanging tracery. The 
 tower has a staircase turret at the north-east corner, and smaller tur- 
 rets at the other corners, all with pinnacles. The nave has a handsome 
 wood ceiling, and there are some portions of stone screen work. 
 
 In this Church-yard, is the lower part of an ancient cross ; and there 
 are several ancient altar tombs, with panels, wliich are not very com- 
 monly found remaining on the outside of a church. 
 
 Bridport Church is a large and handsome edifice, mostly Perpen- 
 dicular. It is a cross church, with a tower at the intersection, which 
 has a staircase turret. There is no clerestory, the body and aisles 
 being of equal height ; a few of the windows have been modernised, 
 but they are mostly large and fine. That in the south transept, is of 
 six lights. In the north transept, is the monument of a crusader. 
 
 BucKLAND Newton Church has an Early English chancel ; the 
 rest of the church is mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Great Canford Church is a small building of singular plan : — it 
 has a nave and chancel, M'ith a north aisle to each, and the tower is 
 situated between these two north aisles ; there is also a south aisle to 
 the nave, and a south chapel to the chancel. Some of the piers and 
 arches are Norman, and there are some portions of the later styles. It 
 seems not unlikely, that what is now the north aisle, was the original 
 church. 
 
 The Church at Cernk Abbas is a handsome Perpendicular build- 
 ing, with a fine tower, which has octagonal turrets and pinnacles : a 
 rich niche, and a band of panelling under the belfry windows. 
 
 Chettle Church has some Early English remains. The tower is 
 of Perpendicular date. 
 
 The Church of Coohbe Keynes has an Early English chancel, 
 and some other portions of later styles. 
 
 Corfe Castle Church has various portions of Norman and Early 
 English character, mixed with others of later date. 
 
 Cranborne Church has a large and fine Perpendicular tower. — 
 
171 
 
 The church lias portions of Earlier character, and a door under the 
 north porch is Norman. The church has a rich wood pulpit on a stone 
 base. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Dorchester, has a good Perpendicular 
 tower, and the south aisle is of the same style. In the north aisle is 
 an altar tomb under an ogee arch. Under a window in the south aisle 
 is the figure of a cross-legged knight, and a similar figure in the north 
 aisle. 
 
 Great Fontmell Church is mostly of Perpendicular character ; 
 the tower has a stair-case turret. The south aisle and south porch 
 are very late in the style, but rich, with a double line of panelling 
 under the battlement, in the lower tier of which are various curious 
 carvings of letters and figures. 
 
 FoRDiNGTON Church has a tower at the west end, a nave and 
 transepts, and a modern chancel. There are some Norman piers and 
 arches, and portions of later styles. The tower is high, and has 
 battlements and pinnacles. 
 
 GiLLiNGHAivi Church has a tower, nave, and aisles, of equal 
 height, and a chancel with a north chapel. There are some Norman 
 piers and arches, and portions of later date. The tower and south 
 aisle are perpendicular. In the church are some ancient wood seats. 
 
 Hampreston is a small Church with some Early English and 
 Decorated portions. 
 
 Haukchurch has a lofty Perpendicular tower, a nave, aisles, 
 chancel, and south porch ; there are some Norman piers, and arches, 
 and the porch is Early English. In the church are the remains of a 
 stone screen. There are various modern alterations. 
 
 The Church of Iwerne IMinster is a cross church with a tower 
 and spire at the west end. There are some Norman or very Early 
 English portions in the body ; the north transept is Early English. — 
 Various portions have been altered, but enough remains to deserve 
 examination. The tower has a battlement with machicolations ; and 
 the spire has ribs and ornamented bands. 
 
 ^ Litton Cheney Church has a fine tower with battlements and 
 pinnacles, and a nave and chancel. It is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 LoDERS Church has a nave and chancel, and a massive tower at 
 the west end. The style is Perpendicular, with some good windows. 
 
172 
 
 Lyme Regis Church has some Decorated portions, with others of 
 later date. 
 
 Maidbn Newton is a large cross church with a tower at the in- 
 tersection. The north door is Norman enriched with zigzags. 
 
 The Church of jMelbury Bubb is a curious small edifice, mostly of 
 Perpendicular character. The tower is on the south side, and forms 
 the porch. The windows have been filled with rich stained glass, some 
 of which (though much mutilated) still remains. The church is built 
 of flint and stone. 
 
 Nethkrby is a handsome Perjiendicular Church, it has a nave and 
 aisles without clerestory, and a tower with a staircase turret. 
 
 Piddleton Ciiuuch has a tower, a nave, with a north aisle and 
 south transept, and a chancel. There are some Decorated portions, 
 with much of later date. The font is curious, being covered with 
 a carved trellice and leaves. 
 
 There are two monuments with recumbent figures, but much 
 mutilated. 
 
 PiMPERN Church has a Norman enriched door-way, and an arch 
 of the same style between the nave and chancel. 
 
 The Church of Studland has various Norman portions. 
 
 Symondsbury Church is a cross Church with a tower at the 
 intersection, it has some Perpendicular and some earlier portions. 
 
 St.Mary's Church, Wareham, is an ancient Church, but variously 
 altered, there are some Decorated portions. The Church of St. 
 Martin, not now used, has also some features of the same style. 
 
 WooTON Glanfield Church has a tower, nave, and chancel, 
 with a south porch and south Chapel ; this Chapel contains several 
 good Decorated windows, and the east window of the chancel is of 
 the same style. The tower and nave are of later date. Under the arch, 
 from the south Chapel to the nave, is an altar tomb with a recumbent 
 figure. On the south side of the east window in the chancel wall, is 
 a Bracket for a statue, and in the south wall a small plain water drain. 
 There are some remains of ancient stained glass in the windows. 
 
 WiMBOKNE Minster is a large cross Church Avith a tower at the 
 intersection of the cross, and another at the west end. Tlie center 
 lower is Norman, short and massive, with some plain and some inter- 
 
173 
 
 secting arches in tlic belfry story. The nave is either late Norman or 
 very Early English, with Perpendicular clerestory windows. The 
 western tower is Perpendicular, and had once a line west window, now 
 shut up. The Hoor of the choir or chancel is considerably raised above 
 that of the body of the Church, and has under part of it a small 
 crypt. The east window is Early English, with three line lancets. 
 Some stone stalls and a water drain remain. There are two rich 
 monuments with recumbent figures in the choir, and a cross-legged 
 Knight on a low altar tomb, in the north aisle of the nave. 
 
 The monastic and domestic remains in this County are some of 
 them deserving of attention ; of Abbotsbury Abbey, the remains are 
 small ; a building now used as a barn, and a gateway are the most 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Cerne Abbey. The gateway tower, with a fine oriel, remains, 
 though much mutilated. The ancient barn, a large and well-built 
 edifice, is still used ; it is built of flint and stone. 
 
 Milton Abbey, the seat of the Damer family, has remaining the 
 ancient hall of the Abbey, now part of the mansion. The Church 
 of the Abbey is now used as the private chapel of the family, a 
 new parish church having been built by the first Earl of Dorchester. 
 This chapel has been repaired when made a private chapel ; it is the 
 choir, transepts, and tower of the Abbey Church. The choir is prin- 
 cipally of Early Decorated character, and the transepts and tower 
 mostly Perpendicular. In the choir are three rising stalls and a water 
 drain. The general appearance of this edifice is very fine, having good 
 battlements and some pierced parapets. 
 
 At Sherborne there are several portions of domestic building 
 which deserve attention. 
 
 The Abbey Buildings have the refectory remaining, and used as 
 a manufactory ; and there are some portions of the domestic buildings 
 adjoining, which have various good details, built into later erections. 
 
 The Abbey Barn is large, and in good preservation. 
 
 Some Alms-houses, called St. John's House, are of Perpendicular 
 character, and have a small chapel, with some portions of good stained 
 glass in the windows. 
 
 In the town of Sherborne there are also some other remains de- 
 serving examination. The Conduit is now very much mutilated. An 
 
174 
 
 ancient building called the New Inn, has some good Perpendicular 
 features, and there were lately several other houses of ancient date. 
 
 Of the castellated remains in this county, Corfe Castle is the 
 principal, the portions still standing are considerable, but much di- 
 vested of details ; there are also some remains of Sandford Castle, 
 near Weymouth, built in the reign of King Henry VIII. 
 
 The Cathedral at Durham is situated on a considerable 
 eminence, close to the precipitous bank of the river Wear, and with 
 the ancient castle, (now the Bishop's Palace,) the Deanery, and other 
 ecclesiastical residences, occupies a large portion of the peninsula 
 formed by that river ; and as both the banks are high, and in parts 
 well wooded, this mass of building has, in almost every point of view, 
 a very imposing eifect. Between the Cathedral and the Castle is an 
 open space, which affords a fair view of the north front of the former, 
 but on the south and east it is so surrounded, as to alFord no correct 
 view of the edifice from those points. The western front is well 
 seen from the opposite bank of the river, and there the distance is 
 such as to prevent the alterations of detail, which have at various i 
 periods taken place during the repair, from operating to the disad 
 vantage of the view. 
 
 The general character of the largest portion of this Cathedral is | 
 Norman, of a very bold character, but there have been additions and 
 insertions of all the later styles. The Chapel of Galilee, or, as it is 
 sometimes called, the Lady Chapel, is of a later character of Norman 
 than the nave. The eastern portion of the choir, which is called the 
 Cha])el of the Nine Altars, is Early English, with a large Decorated 
 window at the north end of this building. The large west window, 
 and that of the north transept, are also of Decorated character and 
 rich composition. There are also many windows in various parts of 
 the Cathedral, of Decorated and Perpendicular tracery inserted in 
 the openings, of Earlier date. The two western towers are Norman 
 below, and the upper portions later, with an intermixture of semi- 
 circular and pointed arches ; to these towers, during the late repair, 
 pinnacles, and a pierced battlement of a Perpendicular character, have 
 been added. The great central toAver, which is very lofty, is Perpen- 
 dicular above the nave, but has the Korman piers and arches below. 
 The upper story of this tower is short, and the one below it 
 very lofty, with long windows ; this gives to the former an appear- 
 ance of being an addition. The whole of this tower has been 
 repaired. 
 
175 
 
 The interior of the Church suffers in effect from' the circumstances 
 of its situation not permitting a Avestern entrance, and also from the 
 galilee being entirely divided from the nave, and only entered by a 
 small door ; but the nave being magnificent in its proportions, and 
 very bold in its details, with the central tower open to a great height, 
 the whole effect of this portion of the Cathedral is exceedingly fine. 
 
 The organ screen is very elaborately carved in oak, now almost 
 black from age, and of a style by no means harmonizing with the 
 Church, being of Italian character, and the very dark colour contrast- 
 ing with the whiteness of the nave, terminates abruptly the vieAv. 
 The eastern arch of the choir is Early English, and the mode of 
 ornamenting the pier of union between this style and the Norman, 
 has a good effect. The altar screen is an admirable assemblage of 
 Early Perpendicular tabernacle work, which harmonizes well with 
 the screen work of the Bishop's throne erected over the magnificent 
 tomb of Bishop Hatfield. 
 
 The Chapel of the Nine Altars forms an eastern transept, which 
 extends north and south one arch beyond the aisles of the choir, 
 and is a remarkably fine specimen of rich Early English compo- 
 sition ; the east windoAV is a rich wheel, the other windoAV lancets, 
 with inserted tracery, mostly of Perpendicidar character. The 
 groins of the nave and choir are Early English, the latter of later 
 character than the former. 
 
 There are considerable remains of the conventual buildings, but, 
 ' in various parts, repaired and modernised. The chapter house, a fine 
 Norman structure, has been pulled down; the cloisters are of Per- 
 pendicular date. The ancient kitchen of the deanery, a fine octagon, 
 with plain but very beautiful gi-oining, remains in use. 
 
 From the opposite side of the river, the galilee and the conventual 
 buildings form an interesting group, having bold buttresses and 
 ; ancient walling towards the river. 
 
 The Norman portions of this Cathedral are deserving of great 
 [ attention, particularly the doors, of which there are several that are 
 very curious, from the character of the ornaments used. 
 
 j The Castle at Durham is the Bishop's Palace, and consists of 
 I the keep, now in ruins, and a large mass of buildings of almost 
 every date, from Norman to the present time ; the present Bishop 
 has thrown open some fine interior doors, and other Norman Avork 
 heretofore hid, but the largest portion of the interior is fitted up in 
 a style subsequent to the time of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
17t> 
 
 The front to tlie river retains nnich of its ancient appearance, and 
 presents, in combination with the Cathedral, and other adjacent 
 buiklings, a group of irregular but very bold character, scarcely 
 equalled in England. 
 
 The ancient Bhidge over the Wear, near the Castle, is deserving 
 of attention. 
 
 The Churches in the City of Durham, though far inferior to the 
 Cathedral, j^et contain some singularities, amidst various modern 
 insertions and alterations. 
 
 St. Giles's Church has various Norman portions, with a cliaracter 
 resembling the galilee of the Cathedral. 
 
 St. i\lARGARET's Church has also some Norman remains, and 
 some parts of later date. 
 
 St. Mary-le-Bon Church has some Decorated and Perpendicular 
 portions, with an Italian entrance of very poor character. 
 
 St. Mary the Less has most of its ancient features destroyed by 
 modern alterations. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Church has also been much altered, but still 
 retains some features of ancient date. 
 
 St. Oswald's Church is a large and handsome edifice, tlie piers 
 and arches mostly Early English, some windows and other portions 
 Decorated, and the clerestory and tower of Perpendicular character. 
 
 The Palace of the Bishop of Durham, at Bishop's Auckland, 
 deserves attention, not only for its beautiful situation, but also for 
 the Chapel, a very fine composition, with lofty piers and arches of 
 Early English character, the piers consisting of four shafts, two of 
 them marble, and the other two stone, with marble bases and stone 
 capitals. The chapel has been repaired at various times, and the 
 clerestory seems of later date than the rest of the work. The win- 
 dows of the aisles are of good Decorated composition, particularly 
 the east window, which is very fine. 
 
 Auckland St. Helens is a small Church, with a bell gable. The 
 clerestory Perpendicular, and some portions of Earlier character. 
 
 Great Aycliffe Chukcu is a handsome edifice, with a lofty 
 tower ; the piers and arches arc Norman and Early English. There 
 
 
177 
 
 are the remains of two ancient crosses, one built into the wall ; and 
 an effigy in the church-yard, of a knight in armour. 
 
 The Church of Barnard Castle has some Norman and Early 
 English features ; the east window is Decorated, and the south aisle 
 has Perpendicular windows inserted in a wall of earlier date. 
 
 BiLLiNGHAM Church has a lofty tower ; the principal portions of 
 the Church are Norman, or Early English, with some lancet windows. 
 
 Bishop Wearmouth Church now appears a modern building ; 
 the chancel is ancient, the east window Early decorated. 
 
 Brancepath Church has a tower which is of Norman or Early 
 English character ; the piers and arches are all Early English ; the 
 chancel, the clerestory, and some other portions, are Perpendicular. 
 There is some wood screen work, and an old oak chest. 
 
 The Church of Chester-le-Street has a handsome tower and 
 spire, the lower part Early English, with a Perpendicular west door 
 and window inserted ; above the tower is a lantern and tall spire. 
 The interior of the church, and many windows, have been modern- 
 ised, but there are still some ancient features remaining, and a small 
 portion of stained glass. In the north aisle are many monuments to 
 the Lumley family. 
 
 CoNNiscLiFFE Church is finely situated on the banks of the Tees. 
 It has a tower and spire, and is a long church, with a low clerestory ; 
 some portions are Early English, and other parts of Perpendicular 
 character. The piers are circular, with pointed arches, and there are 
 a few lancet windows. 
 
 The Church of Dalton-le-Dale is a small edifice, with a small 
 bell gable with a double pointed arch. The general character of the 
 church is Early English, with flat buttresses and lancet windows, and 
 the small buttress under the east window so common in that style. 
 There is a Norman door, now closed, on the north side. 
 
 In the chancel is a fine altar tomb, with an efligy, and another 
 with a female effigy, much mutilated. 
 
 Darlington Church is a large and fine cross Church, and, 
 except the east end, which has been rebuilt, and the spire, which is 
 also modern, is not much altered in its exterior appearance ; but the 
 interior is sadly blocked up with modern screens and galleries, so 
 
 R 
 
178 
 
 that the shape of the church is very imperfectly seen. Its character 
 is Early English ; some portions very early, appearing almost of 
 Norman character ; the west end, and ends of the north and south 
 transepts, are fine pieces of Early English composition ; the doors 
 are plain, but good ; the windows of tlie aisles of the nave are of 
 two lights, square-headed, and of Decorated character. 
 
 In the chancel are three stone stalls, rising eastward, of a date 
 considerably later than the walls of the chancel ; and there is a low 
 window close eastward of the transept, in the north and south sides 
 of the chancel. This window is frequent in some other counties, 
 and appears to have served to give a strong light close behind the 
 screen of the rood loft ; from which circumstance it may be well 
 to distinguish these windows by the term screen windows. 
 
 Easington Church has a Norman tower, and some portions of 
 Early English work ; th.' aisles have some Decorated and some later 
 windows ; the chancel has some Decorated windows, with good 
 tracery ; the buttresses of the chancel appear earlier than the win- 
 dows, and there is the small buttress under the east window. There 
 are some remains of wood screen-work, and a monument with a 
 female effigy. 
 
 Egglescliffe Church has some good Perpendicular portions, the 
 east window is a rich one of five lights. In the south wall, under 
 an arch, is a recumbent figure in chain armour, with very good details. 
 
 Gainford Church has an ancient toAver, with a square staircase 
 turret, and some other ancient portions, remaining amidst modern 
 reparation. 
 
 Gateshead Church has been almost deprived of its ancient 
 appearance, but some piers and arches of Decorated date remain, 
 and k Norman south door, under a modern porch. 
 
 Hart Church has a low massive tower, with Norman piers and 
 arches; it has a fine and much-enriched font. 
 
 Hartlepool is a large and curious Church, principally of Early 
 English character ; the tower has very large and bold flying but- 
 tresses, to keep it from a greater inclination than it seems to have 
 very early attained. The south door has late Norman enrichments, 
 and although the chancel has been shortened, and various modern 
 alterations made, the whole Church deserves attentive examination. 
 
179 
 
 Heighington Church has a Norman tower opening to the Church 
 by a semicircular arch ; the piers and arches of the Church are of a 
 hiter character. Tlie pulpit is ancient, enriched with carvings. 
 
 Houghton-le-Spring is a large cross Church, with a tower at 
 the intersection ; there are some portions Early English, and some 
 Decorated ; there are some lancet windows in the south transept, 
 and the east and west windoAvs have fine Decorated tracery. There 
 is a mutilated effigy now set upright in the south transept, and in the 
 same part is the monument of the celebrated Bernard Gilpin, who 
 died in 1585 ; it is a good specimen of the mixture of Gothic and 
 Italian forms and mouldings which prevailed at that time ; it is an 
 altar tomb, with panelled sides. 
 
 Jarrow Church was very much altered about forty years ago, 
 but it still retains some curious Norman features, particularly the 
 tower standing on the north side. There is an inscription on a stone, 
 stating the original Church to have been built in A. D. 685, but this 
 stone is not now in its original situation, and affords no proof of the 
 date of the present Church. Adjacent to the Church are some 
 remains of the buildings of Jarrow Priory. 
 
 Kellow Church is small, and has a low tower at the west end ; 
 it has some Decorated features, and some portions of earlier date. 
 
 Lanchester Church has a tower, Avith some Perpendicular 
 portions, and some of earlier character. The piers, and the arch into 
 the chancel, have an early character, almost Norman. The chancel 
 is of fine Early English, with three lancets at the east end ; the 
 south windows later insertions. The windows of the nave and 
 clerestory are Perpendicular. There are various portions of fine 
 stained glass, and some oak seats in the chancel ; also some enriched 
 corbels in the wall, and a water drain. 
 
 Medomsley is a small Early English Church, with a tower ; the 
 windows are mostly lancets, with three at the east end, which are 
 enriched with shafts in the interior, having good bases, capitals, and 
 bands. 
 
 Merrington Church has the tower between the nave and 
 chancel, and is of Norman character, with the windows mostly 
 altered, and the upper part of the tower of much later date. The 
 south door is Norman, and enriched ; and in the interior is a wood 
 screen. 
 
180 
 
 Monk Wearmouth Church has had nearly all its ancient features 
 obliterated by modern alteration, but its tower is Norman, and of 
 very rude execution. A south door has very good mouldings, of 
 Decorated character. 
 
 Norton Church has some Norman, and some Early English 
 ])ortions, with various later windows inserted. There is in this 
 Church a fine monumental effigy, the details of which are remark- 
 ably good. 
 
 PiTTiNGTON is a curious Church, with the piers on the north side 
 Norman, and twisted like those at Orford, in Suffolk; the arches 
 enriched. The piers and arches of the south side are later ; the 
 tower is Early English, or late Norman. In the church-yard is the 
 effigy of a cross-legged knight. The windows of the Church have 
 been mostly modernised. 
 
 Ryton Church has a tower and spire, and is mostly of Early 
 English character, with various later windows inserted. The chancel 
 has good buttresses, some lancet windows, and a curious round- 
 headed Early two-light window on the south side. There are some 
 stalls, and a portion of screen work in the chancel. 
 
 The Church of Redmarshall has a massive tower at the west 
 end ; the arch into the chancel is Norman. There is a fine altar 
 tomb, with recumbent figures, of Perpendicular date. On the north 
 side of the chancel, are three stone stalls, and on the south side an 
 urched recess. 
 
 Seaham is a small Church, with some curious Norman features. 
 
 Sedgfield Church has some curious Early English piers, with 
 enriched capitals. There are several Decorated windoAvs, particularly 
 the east window, of five lights. The tower is late Perpendicidar. 
 
 SocKBtTRN is a small Church, with an Early English chancel, and 
 three lancet windows at the east end. In the north chapel is a fine 
 monument of a knight in chain armour. 
 
 Staindrop Church has some portions of Early English ; the 
 piers fine, with some semicircular arches. The tower opens to the 
 nave and south aisle. The aisles have some Decorated windows, and 
 those of the clerestory and chancel are of Perpendicular character. 
 The tower has a large square staircase turrett, and is very plain. 
 There is a good south door of plain mouldings, and a plain porch. 
 
181 
 
 with stone ribs for the ceiling. The chancel has some good stone 
 stalls, and a fine monument of Decorated character, having a canopy 
 and flat segmental arch, with good mouldings. 
 
 There is also a very rich monument of later date, and very delicate 
 execution, to the memory of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, 
 and his wives. 
 
 Stranton Church has a lofty west tower, opening by arches into 
 the church. This church has windows, and some other portions of 
 various styles. 
 
 Of the Monastic edifices there are some remains :— 
 
 St. EdiMUNd's Hospital, Gateshead. The chapel is unroofed, 
 but the walls remain a beautiful specimen of Early English, of very 
 fine composition. 
 
 Beaubepair Abbey has some remains of good Early English 
 character, with later insertions. 
 
 FiNCHALE Abbey has some Decorated remains, and some portions 
 of earlier date, with two fine lancet windows. 
 
 LiNDisPARNE, or HoLY IsLAND, has the ruins of a magnificent 
 Norman church, of which the west end, and various other portions 
 remain, and are deserving of attentive examination. 
 
 The adjacent Castle of Bamborough has a fine Norman keep. 
 
 Barnard Castle, though much in ruins, has several portions 
 deserving attention. 
 
 Brancepath Castle has been added to, and the interior mostly 
 rebuilt, but a large portion of the ancient exterior remains. 
 
 Raby Castle retains most of its original exterior, but the interior 
 and many of the windows are modernised. The ancient hall, with a 
 carriage road through it, remains, and, except colouring, in nearly 
 its original state. It is a magnificent hall, with two rows of 
 octagonal piers, and a fine groined roof. 
 
 Hilton and Lumley Castles have also some ancient portions 
 remaining. 
 
182 
 
 i£$0n% 
 
 The Church of Qreat Bentley has some considerable Norman 
 remains. 
 
 BocKiNG Church is a handsome edifice, mostly of Perpendicular 
 character ; the tower is lofty, and of good design ; it has a good west 
 door, and a large window over it. 
 
 BoRLEY Church has some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Bradfield Church is small, it has some Perpendicular parts, 
 and some of earlier date. 
 
 Braintree Church has an Early English tower, and a shingled 
 spire, of much later date, above it. The Church is large, and mostly 
 of Perpendicular date, with some good windows. 
 
 Braxted Church has some Norman remains. 
 
 Brentwood is a small Church, with some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Canewdon is a Perpendicular Church, with a massive west tower, 
 of a simple but bold character. 
 
 Chelmsford is a large Perpendicular Church, with a tower and 
 spire, and a large south porch. 
 
 Chingford Church is small, and principally of Perpendicxilar 
 character. It is much covered with ivy. 
 
 Coggeshall Church is a large and fine Perpendicular edifice, 
 with large and good windows ; the clerestory is plain, and has no 
 buttresses. The aisles are embattled, and the buttresses panelled. 
 The east window is a large and fine one, of seven lights. 
 
 CoPFORD Church has some Norman portions. 
 
 Corringham is a small Church, with a tower, and low wood 
 spire; the tower seems Norman, and has two tier of plain round 
 arches at the upper part ; some of these arches are pierced for win- 
 dows. The church has some portions of later date. 
 
183 
 
 Dedham Church is a Perpendicular edifice, with a fine west 
 tower, and a large nortli porch. The tower has a door on its north 
 side, and has octagonal turrets, with rich pinnacles, and a panelled 
 battlement. 
 
 Grkat Dunmoav Church has some Decorated and some Perpendi- 
 cular portions ; the east window is a fine decorated one of five lights. 
 
 DuNMOw Priory, now the Church of Little Dunmow, is the 
 remains of the east end of the original church ; it has some good 
 Decorated windoAvs, and some of its parts appear to be of earlier date. 
 
 FiPiELD Church has a chancel, with some curious work of Deco- 
 rated character. 
 
 Greenstead Church is a very curious edifice ; it is very small, 
 and the nave is constructed of trunks of trees, (oak or chesnut.) 
 They are roughly hewn, and plastered inside ; are let into a wooden 
 sill at bottom, and into a plate at top, and secured by wooden pins. 
 There is a Avooden steeple at the west end, and there is one principal 
 in the roof of the church, but these do not appear so old as the 
 wooden sides. The chancel is partly of brick, and a door and win- 
 dow have some good mouldings in brick-work. 
 
 This church has usually been considered of great antiquity, and 
 from the mode of its construction, it would not be easy to repair it 
 partially. It does not resemble the wooden edifices of Cheshire, and 
 some of the midland counties, but is wholly a wall of upright trunks 
 of trees, so that it may be of a date soon after the Conquest, as at 
 any much later period it would most likely have carried with it some 
 kind of architectural arrangement, from whence a date might be 
 inferred. 
 
 Hadstock Church has a curious Norman door-way- 
 
 Halstead is a large Perpendicular Church, and a Decorated 
 chancel, with some good two-light windows, and one fine one of five 
 lights. 
 
 Hadleigh Church has a Norman semicircular east end. 
 
 East Ham Church has also a semicircular east end ; the church is 
 small, with a low tower, of which the lower part is Norman, as are 
 part of the walls of the church and chancel ; on the north side of the 
 latter are three plain intersecting arches. The windows of the church 
 are of later date, and some modern. 
 
184 
 
 Harlowbury Chapel, now a barn, has a line semicircular headed 
 door, the shafts of which have capitals like those of the Gallilee at 
 Durham ; there are some small windows with round heads, and some 
 with ])ointed heads. 
 
 Hatfield Broadoak Church has a west tower and large porch 
 of Perpendicular character, and some portions of an earlier date. 
 
 Hatfikld Peverkll Church was part of the Priory Church, 
 and has been much altered in various parts, but there remains a good 
 Norman door with zigzag. 
 
 Castle Hedingham Church is a curious edifice, particularly the 
 chancel, the east end of which is a fine specimen of the mixture of 
 outline and details, which accompanied the gradual formation of the 
 Early English style. This east end consists of three windows with 
 shafts, and a circular one over them. The interior appearance of the 
 lower windows has a Norman character, the arches being round, and 
 partly ornamented with the billet moulding ; the shafts are small, and 
 have an Early English character, but with the Norman square abacus. 
 The arches of the actual windows are pointed at the glass, and have 
 on the outside an Early English appearance, w ith shafts, and the 
 central one, a regular dripstone ; but here is a Norman mixture, the 
 abacus of the shafts running as an impost string along the wall. 
 Under these windows is a string, below which there are two small 
 buttresses with bases — a common feature in Early English east ends. 
 The buttresses of the chancel are plain Norman buttresses, of small 
 projection. The circular window is of more complete Early English 
 character, but it has round arch divisions about the central plain 
 circle. Wherever these instances of mixture and transition of style 
 are found, they should be carefully examined. 
 
 Little Horkesley Church has three effigies, displaced from 
 their original situation, and set upright against the wall ; two of them 
 are knights, and the other is a female figure. 
 
 East Hornuon Church is a small irregular structure, partly of 
 brick, with several chapels, which contain portions of different dates. 
 There is a font which appears Norman ; it is a large square block, 
 with intersecting arches on one of the sides, and a rude cross on 
 another. 
 
 Layer Marney Church is principally of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Great Leigh Church has some Norman portions. 
 
j 185 
 
 LisTON Church is a small edifice of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Allsaints Church, Malden, is curious for a tower of a singular 
 shape, being triangular on the plan, and supporting a hexagonal 
 spire. This tower is very plain, and is of Late Norman or Early 
 English character. The church is of later date. 
 
 Little Maplestead Church is a building of great interest, 
 being the latest of the few round churches in the kingdom ; it is of 
 pure decorated character, and its details plain, but very good. The 
 interior has six piers, which have each three shafts set round a triangle ; 
 the mouldings of the arches, and those of the capitals and bases are 
 plain, but very good ; the arches running to the outside wall spring 
 from plain corbels. There is an eastern portion, forming the chancel, 
 of similar character. The windows are mostly of two lights, with 
 good mouldings. The west entrance is under a wooden porch, of 
 later character than the church, and is an arched doorway, the archi- 
 trave of which has two slopes cut into beautiful square flowers : it has 
 also an enriched dripstone, terminating in a small finial. The chancel 
 end of this church is semicircular, and is probably the latest erection 
 of that form in England. This is the smallest of the round churches, 
 the diameter of the circular part being only about 26 feet, and the 
 whole length of the church and chancel little more than 60 feet. 
 
 Middleton Church has some Norman remains. 
 
 Netteswell Church has a small portion of curious ornamental 
 brick-work in one of the walls. 
 
 Newport Church is a handsome Perpendicular edifice, Avith a 
 good tower, and large south porch. 
 
 South Ockendon Church is curious for a round tower, not very 
 common, except in Norfolk, in which county they are more numerous. 
 They have usually been considered as of very early date, but there are 
 many which carry pretty strong marks of a date hardly admissible as 
 Norman. This church has a very elaborate Norman door, with the 
 enrichments varied and very well executed ; but part of its details are 
 such as almost to entitle it to be considered Early English. 
 
 Prittlewell is a handsome Church, with a fine Perpendicular 
 tower, having good buttresses, panelled battlements, and four rich 
 pinnacles. 
 
186 
 
 The Church of Little Raink lias u massive tower, with a largo 
 staircase turret at the south-east coruer, and angle buttresses at the 
 west corners. The base of the tower has a tablet tilled with quater- 
 foils. The tower and part of the church is Perpendicular, but there 
 are some Earlier portions. 
 
 Rainiiam Church has considerable Norman remains. The arch 
 into the chancel, and a door-way, are semicircular, with Norman 
 enrichments. 
 
 Raylkigh Church has a tower, with a short spire, and a staircase 
 turret, battlemented. This church is principally of Perpendicular 
 character, with some portions of earlier date. 
 
 Saffron Walden. This is a large and very elegant specimen of 
 Late Perpendicular. It has a nave and aisles, large south porch, and 
 a chancel and aisles. The clerestory windows of the nave are very 
 large, and of six lights ; those of the chancel, Avhich has a lower roof, 
 are much smaller, and two in each arch. The eastern end of the 
 nave is finished by two octagonal turrets, with crocketed ogee heads. 
 The windows of the aisles are very large, filling up the spaces close 
 to the buttresses, and they are mostly square-headed. 
 
 The tower has bold buttresses, crowned with octagonal turrets, and 
 very long plain pinnacles. These pinnacles and the spire, which is of 
 wood, covered Avith lead, appear to be of later date than the church. 
 The interior of this church is very fine, the piers being remarkably 
 li";ht and elegant. 
 
 Thaxted Church is also a large and fine church of Perpendicular 
 character, but of earlier date than Saffron Walden. It has a tower, 
 with a very rich crocketed spire. The tower has a fine panelled band 
 under the battlements, and flying buttresses to the spire. The nave 
 is curious, being not so wide as either of the aisles. There is a large 
 south porch much enriched. JMost of the buttresses of the aisles are 
 enriched with panelling, and have fine pinnacles. Some of the win- 
 dows are square-headed. The tracery of some of the windows has 
 been much mutilated. This church had, at one time, a considerable 
 portion of fine stained glass, which has, however, long been gradually 
 diminishing in quantity. 
 
 Thundersley is a small church, with short, round, and octagon 
 piers, some flowered cajiitnls, and pointed arches, of ])lain slopes. 
 This is an instance of mixed form and character, Noruian and Early 
 English ; the ornaments of the cajntals are varied. 
 
187 
 
 TiLTKV Church, or Chapel, is the remains of the east end of the 
 Priory Chnrch, and is a remarkably fine specimen of Decorated work ; 
 it has bold buttresses at the east angles, with two rich niches, in a 
 situation rather curious, being partly on the buttresses and ])artly on 
 the wall. The east window is a very beautiful one, of five lights, with 
 peculiarly elegant tracery. There is also a fine window, of three lights, 
 on the north side. The wall, up to the string under the windows, is 
 chequered with flint and stone. There are some rich stalls in the 
 chancel. 
 
 Waltham Abbey Church is a large and fine Norman structure, 
 comprising only the nave of the original church. The piers are round 
 and massive, and have indents of wave and zigzag lines on some of 
 them ; the arches are semicircular, with zigzag enrichments. The 
 triforium arch is one simple bold arch, those of the clerestory have 
 three openings ; in the centre ones, v/hich are the largest, the win- 
 dows are pierced, one over each great arch. The great arch of the 
 cross, now walled up, is a very fine one. The two arches westward, 
 have been altered, and have pointed arches. The tower is of much 
 later date, and there are some additional buildings on the south side, 
 now used as vestries, which have some beautiful and very well 
 executed portions of Decorated work. There are various inserted 
 windows, of diflFerent dates. This church deserves very attentive 
 examination, as its date may be considered as clearly fixed to within 
 very few years of the Conquest. 
 
 North Wkald Church has some portions of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter. 
 
 South Weald Church has some Perpendicular portions, and some 
 parts of earlier date. There is a monument to Sir Anthony Browne, 
 who died in 1567, which well exemplifies the debasement of the 
 Perpendicular style at that time. 
 
 WiDFORD is a small Church, with a wood spire, and has some 
 portion of Early English and Decorated character. 
 
 The monastic remains of this county are rather numerous, but 
 consist, in most instances, of very small portions. 
 
 Be LEIGH Abbey has some Perpendicular remains, and some por- 
 tions of earlier date. 
 
 Bycknacrk Priory. These remains are principally composed of 
 the central arches of the church, and a small portion of wall adjacent ; 
 they are of very late Norman, or Early English character. 
 
188 
 
 Barking Abbey Gate remains; it has a large octagon turret at 
 one corner, and a niche over the Gate, under a three-light window. 
 
 Of CoGGESHALL Abbey there are several portions remaining ; the 
 exterior has some good plain lancet windows, and the interior some 
 good groining and windows, with shafts. 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory, Colchester, is the remains of a large 
 church, with many bricks built in, supposed to be taken from the 
 Roman buildings, of that station. The west end has a central door, 
 and one on the south side, with fine deep Norman arches, and over 
 these are two rows of intersecting arches. Of the interior there 
 remain several piers and arches, massive and plain. The piers are 
 round, and the triforium arches, large and plain, like those at Wal- 
 tham Abbey. 
 
 St. John's Abbey Gate, Colchester, is a handsome structure, 
 of Perpendicular character. 
 
 The small remains of Latton Priory, now a barn, show it to have 
 contained some good Decorated work. 
 
 Lees Priory has a gatehouse remaining, of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Of the Priory at St. Osyth, there are very considerable remains, 
 and the gatehouse exhibits a fine specimen of flint work, intermixed 
 with stone, so common in Norfolk. There are also some fine orna- 
 mented chimneys. 
 
 Stratford Abbey has a small arch remaining, which has been a 
 very beautiful Early English entrance, but now much mutilated. 
 
 Some of the buildings of Waltham Abbey remain : particularly a 
 fine gate, with a postern, which have very good mouldings. 
 
 Of Castellated remains may be enumerated Colchester Castle, 
 of which some very good Norman portions still exist. 
 
 Hadleigh Castle, of which portions of two towers are the prin- 
 cipal remains ; and 
 
 Hedingham Castle, one of the finest and best preserved of the 
 Norman keeps, in which there are many fine Norman enrichments, 
 and the building generally deserves attentive examination. 
 
189 
 
 There are several domestic remains ia this county well deserving 
 attention ; many of them are of ornamented brick-work. Of these 
 may be noticed Beckixgham Gatk, in the parish of Tolleshunt 
 IMajor ; — Eastbury House, near Barking ; — some portions of Gos- 
 FiELD Hall ; — Horsham Hall, a very fine old house, Avith several 
 large and elegant oriel windows ; — Heron Hall, and Nether Hall, 
 Luth ruins, but curious for the brick-work ; — Layer JVIarney Hall, 
 one of the most curious specimens of ancient brick-work remaining ; — 
 Panfield Hall, built in 1546; — Toppinghoe Hall, and Little 
 Wahley H^ll. 
 
 The remains of the Hospital at Audley End, though much dila- 
 pidated^ still retains some ancient features. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral. Although this edifice is connected with 
 other buildings to the north, and the eastern parts are much hidden 
 by adjacent houses and walls, yet the principal part of the south side 
 and the west end are open, and a tolerably good south-west view of 
 the building is obtained, which gives a proper effect to the very fine 
 tower in the centre. 
 
 The basis of this church is Norman, and of this date is the princi- 
 pal part of the nave, most of the walls of the transepts, the crypts 
 under the choir, the aisles of the choir, and some other parts ; but 
 the singular intermixture of other styles with the remaining Norman 
 portions, and particularly the boldness with M'hich the Perpendicular 
 additions have been made, form its principal claims to attention. The 
 Norman fabric appears to have been a complete cross church, with 
 a multangular east end, a crypt under the choir, and multangidar 
 chapels projecting from the aisles. This form is still preserved, but 
 the Perpendicular additions are so managed, as to give the choir above 
 an eastern finish nearly square ; these alterations, and the junction 
 with the Lady Chapel, (a Perpendicular eastern addition,) give rise to 
 many very curious forms of groining, and other parts which are 
 deserving of great attention. Hardly any of the Norman windows 
 remain unaltered ; some of the windows of the south aisle of the nave 
 are of decorated date ; nearly all the other windoAvs are Perpendicu- 
 lar insertions. The nave has seven arches semicircular, with the 
 original plain massive Norman pier, but the two western arches and the 
 west end are Perpendicular. The Norman arches have the original 
 triforium, with some zigzag and other enrichments ; the clerestory 
 windows of the nave are Perpendicular insertions. The nave and its 
 
190 
 
 aisles are groined in several different modes^ but principally plain, 
 except the two western arches, which have rich tracery and many 
 bosses. Connected with the piers of the Norman tower and clioir, 
 and joined to their various portions in a singidar yet beautiful man- 
 ner, is the very magnificent and highly enriched choir in Avhich the 
 ancient Norman forms are still preserved ; but as it was laced over 
 with Perpendicular tracery of excellent character, this enrichment 
 covers also the walls of the transepts, so as to present from the choir, 
 (which extends west of the cross,) a view peculiarly imposing. The 
 aisles of the choir have the original low Norman groining, and the 
 triforium portion is so large as to afford a second height of chapels, 
 which look down into the choir through the open Perpendicular 
 screen-work ; and these upper chapels are connected by a curious 
 passage, or whispering gallerj^ which is carried round the east win- 
 dow outside, and over the passage into the Lady Chapel. These 
 chapels in the aisle, both above and below, are enriched with many 
 small niches, and other portions of different dates. 
 
 The Lady Chapel is a verj'' rich and elaborate eastern appendage to 
 the choir, and partially visible from it through the screen- work, which 
 becomes in its upper part the east window of the choir, and over the 
 altar-screen, which is modern. As the roof of the choir rises higher 
 than that of the nave, there is room for a flat window in the arch over 
 that into the nave ; this admission of light, in a mode not very com- 
 mon, has a fine effect. 
 
 On the intersection of the cross rises the central tower, which is 
 one of the finest specimens of an enriched Perpendicular tower in the 
 kingdom, and it appears to have been the original design from whence 
 the many rich toAvers of the western countries have been more or less 
 derived, few of which come near it in point of beauty, and none 
 exceed it in harmony and exceUence of composition. 
 
 Of the usual attached buildings, this cathedral has many, and 
 together with the prebendal buildings, erected on ancient sites, the 
 Bishop's palace, and some ancient gates, they cover a considerable 
 extent of ground, mostly north of the church. Of these buildings, 
 the first and most important is the cloister, which is very large, and 
 remarkably rich ; it is of Perpendicular date, with very rich fan 
 tracery groining. The window tracery is all perfect and glazed, and 
 the whole, including the Lavatories, in very good condition. — The 
 doorway, at the north-east corner, covers another doorway of Early 
 Engli^^^l date, and of very fine mouldings: it leads to a groined pas- 
 sage of the same character, and this passage to a second small cloister, 
 which is, in its present style, of later date than the great cloister ; 
 
191 
 
 but it is so surrounded by ancient edifices, now variously iJtered and 
 modernised, that there is little doubt but that the present building is a 
 re-edification, on an older site. On the east side of the great cloister 
 are two or three Norman buildings, with later additions, one of which 
 is the library, or chapter-house, the eastern portion of which is 
 Perpendicular, with rich groining. The deanery, and some other of 
 tlio ecclesiastical residences, have various ancient features remaining, 
 and to the close is a fine Early English gate, well deserving attentive 
 examination, though much mutilated. East of the small cloister are 
 some remains of what appears to have been the Infirmary chapel, now 
 built up amidst modern houses. 
 
 The interior of the cathedral is deserving of very great attention, 
 for the excellence and variety of monuments, small portions, and 
 details. Of these, a few may be noticed more particularly. In the 
 north transept is a small Early English edifice, which is now a vestry, 
 and appears always to have been appropriated to that service, or the 
 safe custody of vestments, &c. ; it is of Early English character, and 
 remarkably elegant in its form, proportions, and details, the interior 
 groining, &c. being finished with as much care as the exterior. 
 
 In the north aisle of the choir is the monument of King Edward II. 
 which is, perhaps, the finest specimen of Decorated Tabernacle work 
 extant ; its composition is very fine, and peculiarly light and rich ; its 
 details, of great beauty, and finished with the utmost care. The 
 effigy is a fine one. 
 
 There are several other later monuments deserving examination. 
 
 In the Lady Chapel there has been an altar-piece, of very great 
 delicacy, but of which a large portion has been cut away to put up a 
 wooden screen, on the removal of which the remains of this excellent 
 piece of workmanship were discovered. It is composed of very fine 
 niches, and retains in different parts portions of its original painting 
 and gilding. 
 
 A modern organ-screen has lately been erected in the room of one 
 of barbarous composition, erected in the last century. The present is 
 composed from some ancient portions of screen-work, and the other 
 parts are carefully imitated from different analogous portions of the 
 edifice. 
 
 There are various remains of good stone screen-work in the choir, 
 some of the chapels, and the stalls, and some other wood-work in 
 the choir are of good character. 
 
19^ 
 
 In some of the windows there are considerable portions of ancient 
 stained glass ; but as these are in the Lady Chapel and the cast and 
 west windows, they have not a very great effect on the church 
 generally. 
 
 On the whole, tliis cathedral and its adjacent edifices affords to 
 the arcliitectural student a course of practical study, equal to almost 
 any in point of curiosity, and peculiarly valuable for its singular mix- 
 tures and adaptations. 
 
 Iron Acton Church is of Perpendicular character. In the church- 
 yard is a very beautiful cross, which, although much mutilated, de- 
 serves examination. In the church is a tomb to Robert Poynts, who 
 seems to have built the tower. 
 
 Al?,ionsbury is a handsome Cross Church, with a tower and spire 
 at the intersection. The east window of the chancel, and that at the 
 end of the south transept have three lancet lights, and the church has 
 some other Early English portions, with others of later date. 
 
 Amney Crucis Church has an embattled tower, and several por- 
 tions deserving examination. 
 
 Down Amney Church has a tower and spire, of good Early 
 English composition, a nave, aisles, south transept, and chancel, parts 
 of which are of later date. In the church is a tomb, with two effigies 
 of Nicholas Villars and his wife, under an ornamented arch. 
 
 Amney St. JMary is a small Church, with some remains of Late 
 Norman, or Early English work. 
 
 Arlingham Church has some portions of Decorated, or very 
 Early Perpendicular character. 
 
 Ashciiurch is a small Church, with a Perpendicular tower at the 
 west end, a nave, and north aisle, and a chancel ; most part of the 
 building is of Perpendicular character, but there is a Norman door- 
 way on the south side, and several small portions of Decorated cha- 
 racter. There are some remains of good wood screen work in the 
 church, and a little stained glass. 
 
 AsHELWORTH Church has a tower and spire, a nave, and south 
 aisle, and two equal chancels. There are some Early Englisli win- 
 dows in the north chancel. The lower part of the tower is of Deco- 
 rated character ; the upper part of the tower, the spire, and most of 
 
193 
 
 the church is Perpendicular. At the west end of the south aisle is a 
 wooden porch, and one of stone on the north side of the nave. There 
 are some small remains of wood screen-work and stained glass. 
 
 A^•EXING is a Cross Church, with a low tower, and has some 
 Decorated portions, and some of earlier date. 
 
 Badgworth Church has some Early English portions^ and some 
 of later date, worthy of attention. 
 
 Barnwood Church has a fine Norman arch between the nave and 
 chancel, and various portions of later date. In the belfry is part of a 
 fine Perpendicular font, now disused. 
 
 Berkeley Church has been much altered, but still contains 
 some portions deserving attention, particularly the west end, of Late 
 Norman, or Early English date. 
 
 Beverstone is a small Church, with some lancet windows in the 
 chancel, and some portions of later date. 
 
 BiBURY Church is a handsome edifice, with a nave, aisles arid 
 <jhancel, and a tower ; at the west end of the north aisle there are 
 some good Perpendicular window s, and several parts of earlier date ; 
 the north and south doors are Norman. 
 
 English Bicknor Church has a low embattled tower, a nave 
 and chancel, and side aisles ; there are some Norman portions, and 
 various parts of later date. 
 
 BisLEY Church has some Perpendicular features, and has a nave 
 and aisles, with a tower and tall spire at the west end. 
 
 BiTTON is a large handsome Church, with a nave and north aisle, 
 and fine Perpendicular tower, with a staircase-turret, enriched with 
 small pinnacles. Some portions of the church are Norman, and some 
 later. In the north chancel are three fine stone stalls, with a water- 
 drain. 
 
 Brockthorp is a small Church, with some ancient portions. 
 
 BucKLAND Church is a fine Perpendicular building, with some 
 ancient stained glass. 
 
 Bully is a very small Norman Church, with a fine arch at the east 
 end, which led to the chancel, and a south door of the same character. 
 
 T 
 
194 
 
 Campden Church is a fine building of Late Decorated, or Early 
 Perpendicular character. The nave is very lofty, and the tower has 
 rich pinnacles. Tliere have been some very fine brasses on tombs in 
 this church. 
 
 North Cerney Church has some remains of stained glass, and a 
 stone pulj)it. 
 
 South Cernky has considerable Early English remains ; the 
 chancel is of later date, and the east window, a Decorated one, of 
 tliree lights, with considerable enrichment on the mullions and archi- 
 trave mouldings. In the south-east angle is a rich niche, with a 
 canopy of an unusual shape. 
 
 Charfield Church is a small edifice, with a low tower, mostly of 
 Perpendicular character. 
 
 Chedworth Church has a stone pulpit. 
 
 Cheltenham Church, amidst various repairs and alterations, 
 contains some valuable portions. The church is in form of a cross, 
 with nave and aisles, transepts, and chancel, and a tower and spire at 
 the intersection. There are piers of Early English date, and some 
 later ; much of the walls, and some of the windows, are of Decorated 
 character, and there is some Perpendicular work. The windows are 
 many of them curious ; in the north transept is a large circular win- 
 dow, and at the west end are some curious large windows, with 
 tracery, in which the Decorated and Perpendicular characters are 
 singularly mixed. In the eastern window, on the south side of the 
 chancel, is a very handsome water-drain, of Decorated character, and 
 not common shape ; it is set under the slope, at the east side of the 
 window', and is a square recess, with buttresses, and an arch on the 
 east and north sides, with a good crocketed canopy ; it has an embat- 
 tled top, and the under side of this top is groined. 
 
 Cheringtox is a small Church, with a nave, chancel, south tran- 
 sept, and low west tower ; there are some Early English featiu-es, and 
 some of later date. ' 
 
 Churcham is a small Church, with some plain Norman portions. 
 
 Cirencester. This magnificent Church, one of the largest and 
 finest in this country, is so closely surrounded by houses, that it is 
 difficult to examine its exterior, and except at the east end, no view j 
 of the whole can be had. The church consists of a lofty west tower, ( 
 
195 
 
 a nave, aisles, and a north chapel ; and a chancel, with two north 
 aisles, and one south aisle. There is also a large porch, or gate, on 
 the south side, which reaches to the street, and is joined by the houses 
 on each side. The whole of this church, except the chancel, and its 
 south aisle, is Perpendicular, but of several dates, the south porch 
 being the latest portion. The tower and nave, with its aisles, are of 
 very fine character, rich, but not overloaded with ornament. The 
 chancel, which is quite inclosed by modern wainscoting, is of Early 
 Decorated character, as is the south aisle ; and the piers, \\'hich divide 
 these two portions, are Early English. The piers, on the north side 
 of the chancel, are later ; and the chapel, on the north side, is very 
 narrow ; it has a very rich fan tracery roof. The piers and arches of 
 the nave are light and lofty, with good mouldings. Tlie ceilings of 
 this part of the church are of wood, flat, with good mouldings. The 
 original stone pidpit, which is a very good one, of the date of this part 
 of the church, has been raised at a later period, with some stone- work, 
 of very incongruous character, and is now almost hid by pews and the 
 reading-desk. The nave is open to the tower by a very fine arch, 
 and in the west window, (a fine one of five lights,) there is some good 
 stained glass ; the east window is also filled with ancient stained 
 glass. There are some remains 6f screen-work, both stone and wood, 
 some good, and other parts inferior. There were some good brasses 
 on tombs, but they are now much mutilated. The porch forms a very 
 fine approach to the south door, and has one or more rooms over it, 
 now used for vestry meetings and other purposes ; it is very rich, with 
 fan tracery groining, has three large windows to the upper part, and 
 is crowned with pierced battlements and pinnacles. The work of this 
 porch, and the pierced battlement of the nave, is very delicate, and 
 considerably decayed or mutilated ; but the tower and the other parts 
 of the church are mostly in good preservation. 
 
 Bishop's Cleeve Church is a large building, with some Norman 
 portions, and others of later date ; the tower is modern. 
 
 The Church of Clifford Chajibers is small, has a Norman south 
 door, and various portions of later character. 
 
 Cold Ashton is a handsome Perpendicular Church, with battle- 
 ments and pinnacles to the tower and buttresses. 
 
 Cromhall Church has several ancient portions deserving atten- 
 tion; some of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Deerhurst is a very curious Church. The tower has built up 
 with it the remains of an edifice, apparently of an older date, and 
 
196 
 
 vhere are two small windows from the tower into the nave^ of a very 
 rude cliaracter. There are various Norman portions about the church ; 
 some Early English, and considerable Decorated portions, particu- 
 larly windows, of which there are some very good. There is also some 
 Perpendicular work, principally in the south aisle. There are a few 
 ancient wood benches, and small remains of good stained glass. This 
 church adjoins the Priory, now a farm-liouse, and is deserving of very 
 minute examination, from its singular mixture of parts and styles 
 about the tower. 
 
 DiDBRooK is a small Perpendicular Church, and appears, by an 
 inscription, to have been built about 1470. 
 
 Dyrham Church is a handsome building, and consists of a nave 
 and side aisles ; the south aisle Late Perpendicular, and some other 
 portions of earlier date. 
 
 The small Churches of Eastleach vSt. IMartin, and Eastleach 
 TuRViLLE are situated within a very short distance of each other, on 
 different sides of a small river, and have each some ancient portions 
 deserving examination. 
 
 Edgeworth is a small Church, with some Norman portions, and 
 .some of later date. 
 
 Elkstone Church is small, but has a very handsome Late Per- 
 pendicular tower, opening into the nave. The chancel is very curious, 
 having some fine Norman groining, and enriched arches, with a stair- 
 case leading to a chamber over it, which has no apparent opening to 
 the nave, but a lancet window eastward. The walls of the nave, and 
 the south door, are Norman, and the cornice of the nave enriched with 
 carved heads ; several later windows have been inserted in both nave 
 and chancel, but the east window, a small one, is a remarkably fine 
 specimen of Norman enrichment, both within and without. In the 
 church is a handsome Perpendicular font, and the steps and base of a 
 good stone pulpit. 
 
 Fairpord Church is a large and handsome edifice, of Late Perpen- 
 dicular character, and all of one style, without alteration. It was built 
 to contain some fine stained glass windows, which still remain, every 
 window in the church being filled with it ; but though this glass has 
 very fine portions, its general effect is not near equal to much ancient 
 glass, of inferior workmanship, from the pictorial divisions having no 
 reference to the tracery in many of the windows. It has also had 
 ^•any transpositions and repairs, which renders some parts quite 
 
197 
 
 unintelligible. The church, however, deserves very attentive examin- 
 ation, its details being in many parts verj'^ fine. The tower is in the 
 centre, between the nave and chancel, and is open to them and the 
 side aisles ; this gives the church a fine efll'ect in the interior. The 
 tower has had fine groining, once open to the church, but now closed 
 by a ringing floor, and mutilated. There are stalls in the chancel, and 
 a good font, of the date of the church, a very fine wood ceiling, and 
 some very good wood screen-work. 
 
 Fii-TON Church is small, with a low tower, and has some portions 
 of Decorated character. 
 
 Frampton-upox-Severn Church has a handsome tower, with 
 pinnacles ; it has some Decorated portions, and two tombs, under 
 arches, with the effigies of a knight and a lady. 
 
 There are several Churches in Gloucester, which, though all 
 more or less altered and mutilated, are deserving of examination. 
 
 St. Catherine's is quite a ruin, but contains some portions of 
 Norman and Early English character. 
 
 St. John the Baptist's has an ancient tower and a spire ; the 
 church is modern. 
 
 St. IMichael's has an ancient tower, and some ancient portions in 
 the interior, but nearly hid by modern alterations. 
 
 St. JMary de Load is an ancient and curious Church. The tower 
 is between the nave and chancel ; and there are some fine Norman 
 and Early English portions, and some of later date. There is an 
 ancient wooden pulpit. 
 
 St. ]\Iary de Crypt is a handsome Cross Church, with a good 
 Perpendicular tower at the intersection. The west door is Norman, 
 and there are some small Early English and Decorated portions ; but 
 the greatest part of the church is of good Perpendicular work. There 
 are some remains of very good screen-work in the choir. 
 
 St. Mary Magdalen, a small Chapel to an alms-house, has a 
 good Norman south door, and a good Perpendicular east window. 
 
 St. Nicholas is a curious Church, haA'ing considerable Early 
 English portions, with Perpendicular additions and insertions. The 
 tower is a handsome one, and has part of a spire remaining. This 
 
198 
 
 tower seems, soon after its buildincr, to have received an inclination, 
 by a settlement of its foundation. There is a very fine ancient head, 
 with an iron ring to one of the doors, as a handle or knocker. 
 
 Lower Guittixg Church is a small Norman edifice, with two 
 door-ways and an arch into the chancel, with enrichments. 
 
 Harscombe Church is small, with lancet windows^ and a singular 
 bell-turret at the east end of the nave. 
 
 Hasfield is a small Church, with some Norman remains, and 
 some parts of later date. There is a plain font, lined with lead, 
 which appears to be Norman, and some well cut ancient bench ends. 
 
 Hawkesbury Church has some Perpendicular portions, and 
 some remains of earlier date. 
 
 Henbury Church is curious for the great inclination of the 
 chancel to the north of the line of the nave. The general character 
 of the church is Early English, with some very good details ; there 
 are a few Decorated windows, and some Perpendicular insertions. 
 The church has also many modern alterations. 
 
 Kemmerton Church has a nave, and aisles, and a tower ; it has 
 some Early English portions, and some of later date. 
 
 Kempley is a small Norman Church with a nave, chancel, and a 
 small shingle spire. 
 
 Letchlade is a large Church with a handsome spire ; it is prin- 
 cipally of Perpendicular character with good details; it has a porch 
 with a curious flat stone roof. 
 
 Maisemore Church has a Norman arch between the nave and 
 chancel, and some Decorated windows ; the rest of the church is of 
 Perpendicular character. 
 
 Maisey Hampton is a small cross Church, with a low tower at the 
 intersection ; it has some Early English portions, and some of later 
 date. 
 
 Marshfield is a large and handsome Perpendicular church with 
 a tower at the west end. There are some stone stalls in the chancel. 
 
 Mickleton is a handsome Church, with a large chancel and a 
 spire. It has some Norman arches, and some portions of later date. 
 
199 
 
 MiNCHiN-HAMPTON IS a large cross Church, with portions of several 
 styles ; some of the nave arches are semicircular, others pointed. The 
 south transept has a very large window, with a rich wheel in the 
 tracery. 
 
 Newland Church is large, with a handsome tower at the west 
 end. In the church-yard is the tomb of a forester who died in the 
 reign of King Henry VI. 
 
 Newnham Church has some late Norman or Early English por- 
 tions, and other parts of later date. 
 
 NoRTHLEACH is a large and handsome Perpendicular church, with 
 good tower at the west end, and a fine porch. 
 
 Norton Church is a small edifice, mostly of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Oddington Church has a Norman door, the rest of the church 
 of later date. 
 
 Ozleworth is a curious Church, with an octagon tower between 
 the nave and chancel rising from enriched Norman arches. 
 
 Pauntley Church has a Norman enriched door. 
 
 Pucklechurch is a large Church with a nave and north aisle, and 
 a tower with pinnacles. The north door is Norman, the rest of the 
 church of later character. 
 
 QuENiNGTON is a very small Church, with very rich Norman doors. 
 
 QuiNTON is a large and handsome Church, with a nave and aisles, 
 and a tower and spire. 
 
 Rangeworthy is a small Church, with a small tower ; it has a Nor- 
 man south door. 
 
 RoDBOROUGH Church has a tower with pinnacles, and a nave, 
 chancel, and south transept ; amidst many alterations some ancient 
 features remain. 
 
 Ruardeane Church has some Norman portions, but most of the 
 church is of later date, the west window is a fine one with rich 
 tracery. There is a water drain in the chancel. 
 
200 
 
 RuDFORD Church is a small but good Norman building ; the soiith 
 door and arch to the chancel are much enriched. Some of the win- 
 dows have been altered. 
 
 St. Briavels is a small cross Church, with some Norman or 
 Early English portions, and some of later date. 
 
 Saintbury Church has been much altered and mutilated, but 
 has a Norman door and some later portions deserving examination. 
 
 SiDDiNGTON St. Peter's is a small Church with a nave or north 
 aisle, and the tower at the west end of that aisle. The south door is 
 Norman, and a very fine one, as is the arch into the chancel. There 
 are some Decorated windows, some Early English piers and arches, 
 and several Perpendicular windows. 
 
 Slimbridge is a handsome Church with a fine spire. 
 
 Standish Church is principally of Decorated character, and has 
 a fine east window. 
 
 Stanley St. Leonard's Church has some Early English portions, 
 and some of later date. 
 
 Stone Church is a small Perpendicular building with an Early 
 English chancel. 
 
 Stonehouse Church has been much modernised, but retains 
 several ancient features; the north door is Norman, and there is a large 
 and good Perpendicular window on the north side. 
 
 Stratton Church is a small ancient edifice, with a small steeple 
 between the nave and chancel. 
 
 SuDELY Church, though only a portion is used for service, is de- 
 serving attention. 
 
 The Churches of Upper and Lower Swell have each of them 
 considerable Norman remains. 
 
 Swindon Church has a curious hexagonal tower. 
 
 Tetbury Church has been rebuilt, but the ancient tower and spire 
 remain. 
 
 Tewksbury Church is one of the most curious and magnificent 
 edifices in the county. The nave is Norman, the piers round, and 
 
201 
 
 very lofty ; at the intersection of the cross, is a very fine Norman tower, 
 adorned with arches both witliin and without in several stages. The 
 choir has a multangular east end with additional chapels and a chapter- 
 house, all of excellent Decorated character, the windows of the aisle and 
 transepts, are some Decorated and some PerpendiciUar. The west 
 window is Perpendicular, inverted into a very lofty Norman arch of 
 great depth with shafts and mouldings. The clerestory windows of 
 the nave are inserted in the Norman arcade ; those of the choir are of 
 fine Decorated tracery, with considerable remains of ancient stained 
 glass. There are some traces of the cloisters remaining on the south 
 side of the nave ; they were Perpendicular and very rich. There are 
 Several portions of very good wood screen-work and stalls. 
 
 This church has a rich and varied series of monuments from very 
 early Decorated date, to very late Perpendicular; in the whole there is 
 above a dozen, all of them of excellent workmanship, and several of 
 singular composition. There are also various portions of stone screen- 
 work, some very good. 
 
 Thornbury is a handsome Perpendicular Church, with a lofty 
 tower. The north and south doors are of much earlier character. 
 
 TiRLEY Church has various Decorated portions, and some of later 
 date ; there are some good ancient wood benches. In the church-yard 
 are two very large and fine yew trees ; that on the south side short 
 and very thick, that on the north side very tall. 
 
 ToDENHAM is a haudsome Church, with a tower and spire ; at the 
 west end, a nave and two aisles. In the chancel are some stone stalls 
 with canopies, and a water drain, and the stairs to the rood loft 
 remain. 
 
 The Church of Toddington, amidst much alteration, retains some 
 ancient features, principally Perpendicular. 
 
 Twining Church has Norman doors and arch into the chancel. 
 
 Upleadon Church has a Norman north door. 
 
 Upton St. Leonard Church has various Norman remains of good 
 execution, and various portions of later date ; the tower and some 
 windows late Perpendicular. 
 
 Wbllford Church has a lofty tower with pinnacles; it has 
 several Norman portions. 
 
 u 
 
202 
 
 Wksterlehmi is a handsome Perpendicular Church, with a lofty 
 tower, and has a stone pulpit. 
 
 WiLLERSLEY CiiURCH has a navc, chancel, transepts, and a tower 
 at the intersection with pinnacles. The church contains portions of 
 various dates. 
 
 WiNCHCOMB Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular edifice, 
 with a tower at the west end, a nave and side aisles. 
 
 WiTHiNGTON Church has various Norman portions, and others of 
 later character. 
 
 WooLASTON Church is a small cross church, with some Norman 
 remains. 
 
 Some few Monastic remains may be noticed : — Of the Abbey at 
 Cirencester, only a gate-house remains ; at Clearwell is a stone 
 cross; at Deerhurst, are some remains of the Priory, particularly 
 a square-headed long window, much enriched with Decorated tracery. 
 There are some remains of IIavles Abbey ; and at Lanthony 
 Abbey, near Gloucester, there is a gateway and some other buildings, 
 with a large barn. At Tewksbury the Abbey Gate is standing, 
 though much dilapidated. 
 
 Of Castles, there may be enumerated Berkley Castle, the seat 
 of Earl Berkley, which has many ancient portions remaining of vari- 
 ous dates. 
 
 Beverstone Castle has some parts remaining of the ancient 
 fabric. The Castle of St. Briavels is almost entirely in ruins. 
 
 Of Sudeley Castle the remains are considerable, and deserving 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Thornbury Castle, which was never completed, is a very mag- 
 nificent ruin ; the style is late Perpendicular, with good details. 
 
 There are various manorial and other houses of ancient date, in 
 different parts of the county. Of these may be mentioned, Ashel- 
 woRTH ^Slanor House, near the Church, M-hich retains several good 
 portions of ancient work, and Ashe l worth Vicarage, now a 
 farm-house, a remarkably fine specimen of wood-Avork. There are 
 also several ancient domestic edifices in the city of Gloucester, 
 some of stone, and others with very good wood work. 
 
203 
 
 Down Amney Manor House, retains some ancient portions and 
 good cliimneys ; and there are some remains of good character about 
 the Manor House, near the Church at Standisli. 
 
 Winchester Cathedral. — This Cathedral is so situated as to 
 afford better views of it than many others, j'^et, perhaps, not those 
 which would have been most desirable. The view from the north- 
 west corner is the best of the general elevation of the building. 
 The east end is too much confined to afford a proper view of its 
 proportions. 
 
 The general character of the building was Norman; the tran- 
 septs and centre tower are still of that style; but the nave has 
 had its piers cased, and the appearance of its walls much altered by 
 the insertion of Perpendicular windows, the addition of Perpen- 
 dicidar buttresses to the north aisle, and of a very magnificent 
 west front, with three porches, of a character not very common. 
 Some part of the eastern portion of the cross is Early English, 
 of a very beautiful character, which has had additions also of the 
 Perpendicular style, particularly the clerestory of the choir, and 
 various insertions of Perpendicular windows in walls of earlier date. 
 There are no additional buildings at present remaining to the service 
 of the Cathedral ; but the Prebendal Houses have various portions 
 of the monastic edifices mixed with modern erections, and one of the 
 gates is still in tolerable condition. 
 
 The Norman parts are of a bold, simple character, and well 
 executed. The tower is low and massive, rather more ornamented 
 above the roof, and that ornament very good. 
 
 The Early English parts are of different dates, some plain, others 
 more enriched, but all remarkable for the excellence of their details. 
 There is not much decidedly Decorated work, but the Perpendicular 
 of the nave is of an Early character, and singular for the boldness 
 of its details, arising most probably from the casing of the Nor- 
 man piers. The groining is varied in different parts of the church ; 
 that of the nave is remarkable for its intricacy and richness. In its 
 smaller structures, screens, and monumental chapels, and also in 
 stall work, this cathedral is A'ery rich. The old screen fronting 
 eastward, at the back of the space behind the altar-screen, is a 
 most excellent piece of Decorated work, of very great delicacy of 
 execution. The altar-piece is of late Perpendicular, and one of 
 
204 
 
 the most elaborate specimens of that style. A new screen has recently 
 been erected at the western entrance of the choir, and some alter- 
 ation made in the arrangement of the ancient wood stalls, some of 
 which are very fine, and of a date earlier than sometimes met with. 
 
 Of Monumental Chapels, there are to be mentioned : — That of 
 William of Wykeham, in the nave, and those of Cardinal Beaufort, 
 and Bishops Wainflete, Fox, and Gardner ; they are all of very 
 elaborate composition, and of excellent execution, and give examples 
 of the Perpendicular style, from an early period to that time when 
 it became much debased. The Chapel of Bishop Edington, near the 
 choir, is of a different and less splendid character. 
 
 There are several smaller monumental erections, of earlier date, in 
 the Cathedral ; of which may be noticed the tombs of King William 
 Rufus and Bishop de Lucy. The screen, inclosing the eastern part 
 of the choir, is good Perpendicular, and on the top are placed several 
 mortuary chests, supposed to contain the bones of some Saxon kings. 
 — The font is large, and of Norman character ; it is covered with 
 figures and other ornaments, in a bold and rude style, both of design 
 and execution. 
 
 Under the choir and some adjacent portions, there is a crypt of 
 Norman character, with some alterations, of a later date. 
 
 This Cathedral, like Gloucester, exhibits a curious mixture or 
 casing of the Norman work, with Perpendicular alterations and 
 additions ; but the different mode of adapting the new work to the 
 old, and the great difference of the effect produced by the two modes, 
 deserves very attentive examination. The contraction of the choir, 
 by a slope of the arch next the east window, is to be noticed here as 
 well as at Gloucester. This cathedral, including its smaller portions, 
 contains a remarkably fine and varied series of the Perpendicular style, 
 and the examples of the earlier styles, though not very diversified, 
 are of very good cliaracter. 
 
 Winchester College is deserving of a careful examination ; the 
 buildings are mostly of Perpendicular character ; some are late in that 
 style, but parts are very good. 
 
 The Chapel, and a building in a court, now used as a library, 
 deserve particular attention. 
 
 The Hospital of St. Cross is a very curious structure, and its 
 chapel a very fine specimen of the gradual transition of the styles, 
 and some of the other buildings valuable of their kind. The entrance 
 
205 
 
 gateway, built by Cardinal Beaufort, is of good design and execution, 
 not rich, but its composition very appropriate. The Chapel, or 
 Church, as it is often called, is a Cross Church, having much of 
 Norman character in various parts ; but they are, as it were, softened 
 gradually into Early English, and at the west end, even to a Deco- 
 rated character, by such easy steps as to form a very valuable study. 
 There are also some curious insertions of later character, particiUarly 
 one of the piers in the chancel, which has every appearance of being 
 inserted by shoring up the arch above it. 
 
 Some of the piers are circular, some clustered, some have mould- 
 ings, clearly of Norman character, and some with the mouldings, as 
 clearly Early English. Most of the arches of the nave and chancel 
 are pointed, and in the eastern part the windows are principally 
 Norman, with circular heads and zigzag ornaments. The font is 
 square, not much ornamented. There is a water-drain, of a character 
 rather uncommon, and several other small portions, which are curious ; 
 also some stone screen-work. On the whole, this Church must be 
 seen to be duly appreciated. 
 
 Alton Church has a tower and spire ; it is a large church, mostly 
 of Perpendicular character, but with some traces of earlier work. 
 
 Basingstoke Church has a low embattled tower ; it is mostly of 
 Perpendicular character, with some very good windows. 
 
 Holy Ghost Chapel, near Basingstoke, now in ruins, has an 
 octagon tower, and some other portione, much ornamented, of late 
 Perpendicular date. 
 
 Bramshot Church has considerable Early English remains, with 
 various Perpendicular insertions. 
 
 Christchurch Twynam is the Priory Church, and is a large 
 and magnificent structure, with the tower in the centre. The nave 
 is Norman, of a bold and simple character, with the clerestory of a 
 later style. The north door is Early English, and is a remarkably 
 fine specimen of a double door of that style. The chancel is princi- 
 pally of much later date, with some fine Perpendicular windows, and 
 other portions. The altar-screen is a very fine one, and there are 
 some other portions of screen-work remaining. There are several 
 Chapels, mostly of late Perpendicular work, but of good execution. 
 
 CoMPTON Church is small, but has some good Norman doors and 
 windows, and some portions of later date ; the east window, an early 
 Decorated one, of three lights. 
 
206 
 
 CoRHAMPToN is a Very curious Church, liaving some resemblance 
 to the Tower of Barton in Lincolnshire in its masonry and rough 
 plastered wall ; it appears to be of Early Norman character. 
 
 ExTON Church is principally Early English, with some insertions 
 of a later date. 
 
 Fareham Church has an Early English chancel ; some other parts 
 of the Church are later, with inserted windows, and there are modern 
 additions and alterations. 
 
 Itchen StokeJ is an Early English Church, with an east window, 
 of later date, inserted. 
 
 Hambledon is a large Church, with some good Early English 
 portions, and the windows in pairs. There are also some good Per- 
 pendicular portions. 
 
 East Meon is a curious cross Church, with a Norman tower and 
 a wood spire. The tower has three good l)elfry windows, and three 
 circular windows above them. The west door is good Norman, and 
 has a three-light Decorated window over it. Some otlier windo\\-.s 
 have been altered or inserted. The font is shaped like tliat at Win- 
 chester Cathedral, and sculptured, with many figures on the sides. 
 
 PoRTCHESTER is a large Norman cross Church, with many win- 
 dows unaltered ; the south transept is destroyed, and the chancel is 
 small, and of later date, with a three-light Perpendicular east window. 
 The west end has a good door-way, and three windows above, now 
 stopped up. 
 
 Portsmouth Church has some ancient features remaining, amidst 
 various alterations. 
 
 RoMSEY Church is a large and curious edifice ; it is a cross Church, 
 with a low massive tower ; the general exterior appearance Norman, 
 of very good character, and much of it unaltered. The west end is 
 Early English, very plain outside, and its details accommodated to 
 the Norman part ; but the inside of this western portion is a very fine 
 specimen of Early English, rich rather by composition than minute 
 ornament. The central portion, and the transepts, with the sides of the 
 chancel, are Norman, showing various singularities and mixtures of 
 pointed and round arches. The eastern windows are evidently 
 inserted, and are fine ones, with early Decorated tracery, and mould- 
 ings and ornaments of Early English cliaracter. The font is a plain 
 square one, with four panelled feet. Some portions of the Norman 
 
207 
 
 part are much t'liriclied with zigzag and other ornaments ; other parts 
 are much plainer. There are various windows, of later date, inserted. 
 
 S>:lbourne Church has a small low embattled tower, and a 
 north chapel or transept. The chancel is Early English ; many 
 ^\ indows have been inserted or modernized. 
 
 SiLCHESTKR CnuRCH has some Early English portions, and several 
 windows of later date. 
 
 SoBERTON is an Early English Church, with a south transept; the 
 east window is of Decorated character. 
 
 St. Michael's Church, Southampton, has a tower between 
 tlio nave and chancel ; there are many Norman portions, and some of 
 later date, the windows mostly Perpendicular. The font is large, 
 and of Norman character. 
 
 Warneford Church has a large Norman tower, of good character; 
 the Church and chancel are Early English, with lancet windows. 
 
 Of the Churches in the Isle of Wight, several may be enume- 
 rated, and others, though small, contain interesting minute portions. 
 
 Binstead Church has some early rude carving over a door, and 
 some portions of later date. 
 
 Calbourxe Church has a simple but elegant Early English east 
 end, consisting of two lancet windows, and a quaterfoil. 
 
 Carisbhoke Church has a Perpendicular tower, and other por- 
 tions, deserving attention. 
 
 Cuale Church has an embattled tower and staircase- turret, and 
 other ancient features. 
 
 GoDSHiLL Church has some ancient monuments, particularly one, 
 an effigy, on an altar tomb under a canopy, with good hanging tracery 
 and ornamented spandrills, with a panelled parapet. 
 
 MoTTisTON Church has a toAver and spire, a nave, and north aisle, 
 M'ith portions of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Shalfleet Church has a Norman door, and several portions of 
 later date. 
 
208 
 
 Whippingham Church is larger than many of the Island Churches; 
 it has a tower and spire, and is mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Whitewell is a small Church, with a west tower ; it has a 
 curious font, and some other ancient portions. 
 
 WooTTON Church is a small edifice, with a Norman door, and 
 some Early English windows. 
 
 Yaverland Church has also a Norman door, with some windows 
 of later date. 
 
 Of the monastic remains in this county, may be mentioned a small 
 portion of Hyde Abbey, in Winchester, and the beautiful ruins of 
 Netley Abbey ; these are extensive, and exhibit some very excellent 
 specimens of Early English composition, the details being remarkably 
 good, and the general effect very beautiful. 
 
 Of castellated work, may be noticed the interesting remains of 
 WoLVESEY Castle, in the suburbs of Winchester, some of the 
 details being very curious, though the whole is now much mutilated 
 and dilapidated. 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle has an entrance gateway, and some other 
 portions deserving of attention, nor should the curious well in this 
 castle be forgotten. 
 
 The West Gate at Winchester deserves examination. 
 
 At Bishops Waltham are considerable remains of the ancient 
 palace of the bishops of Winchester. 
 
 Hereford Cajthedral. — This edifice is better situated than many 
 other Cathedrals ; a good western, northern, and eastern view being 
 easily obtained ; and the south side is clear, except the cloisters and 
 other additional buildings placed on that side, and joining to various 
 prebendal houses and other edifices, partly ancient. The nave of this 
 Cathedral is Norman, and some other parts are of the same style, but 
 later date, and the eastern portions have much Early English mixed 
 with the Norman. The transepts and Lady Chapel are of the Early 
 English style, with small additions and insertions, of later date. 
 
209 
 
 The nave had a tower at the west end, which fell down in the year 
 1786, and the west end was rebuilt in a different style, and shortened 
 by one arch. 
 
 The piers of the nave are circular and very massive ; the triforium 
 and clerestory have been altered at the time of the repair. The north 
 transept is used as a separate church, and titted up as such ; its 
 character is very rich Early English, with windows of very large 
 dimensions, and of early Decorated character. The triforium of this 
 portion is remarkably beautiful, and the clerestory windows circular 
 trefoils, inclosed in triangles. Tlie old Lady Chapel, now the library, 
 is also a fine specimen of Early English, but of different character ; 
 its eastern elevation originally very fine, but the stone very much 
 perished. The choir is rather deficient in light, from the smallness of 
 tlie clerestory windows, and from some very unsightly supports to the 
 tower arches into the transepts. There are several Perpendicular 
 chapels added to different parts; one south of the Lady Chapel, by 
 Bishop Audley, and one ly Bishop Stanbury, in the north aisle of the 
 choir ; both these are very rich. There are some large Perpendicular 
 windows inserted, principally on the south side. The cloisters are 
 only the north and east sides of a square, and are of good Perpendi- 
 cular character ; there is also a second cloister to the eastAvard, of 
 inferior design ; between these was situated the ancient chapter-house, 
 of which only a few fragments remain ; but they are so excellent, 
 that the destruction of that building is very much to be regretted ; it 
 appears to have been of Decorated character, and very rich. 
 
 The font of this Cathedral is large, circular, and of Norman cha- 
 racter. There are many monuments, of various dates, some of which 
 are very fine : of these, may be noticed one at the north end of the 
 eastern transept; Bishop Cantelupe's, in the north transept; and 
 another rich one, with effigies, in the arch at the south end of the 
 aisle of this transept ; one in the south aisle of the choir, and one 
 to Bishop Booth, in the north aisle of the nave. On the north side 
 of the nave, a large open porch, with a room over it, of Perpendicular 
 character, has been added to the earlier porch, which projected from 
 the nave, and the whole now forms a very prominent feature in the 
 northern view. 
 
 The central tower had formerly a large spire, now taken down. 
 This tower was raised, most probably, on the Norman basis, and 
 perhaps is only a casing of part of it. Its appearance is bold and 
 massive ; the battlements and pinnacles were altered at the repair, 
 after the fall of the western tower. Although this Cathedral by no 
 means equals many others, as a study for beginners, yet, to the farther 
 
 X 
 
210 
 
 lulvuiiced stiulent, wlio can make gooil use of the examination of 
 mixtures and anomalies, it presents a valuable field. 
 
 In the City of Hkrkford are several Parish Churches, some of 
 which contain portions of ancient work, of good character. There 
 are some remains of the monastery of the Black Friaks ; particularly 
 a Cross, which, though much decayed and mutilated, is still deserv- 
 ing of examination. 
 
 Cannon Peon Church is a small building, with a nave, aisles, 
 and chancel, some portions of late Norman or Early English character, 
 with later insertions. There is some screen-work and ancient 
 benches ; and the font, which is large, appears to be a later top, 
 placed on an earlier base ; the top is ornamented with quaterfoils, and 
 is octagonal. 
 
 EwYs Harold is a small Church, with a massive tower, of Early 
 English character. 
 
 KiLPECK Church has some fine Norman portions. 
 
 Ledbury Church is a large and curious edifice ; the tower, which 
 has a lofty modern spire, on a base of Early English character, is 
 separated from the Church, and does not appear to have ever 
 adjoined to any part of it. 
 
 The eastern portion, now the chancel, is Norman, and has some 
 curious short piers, on a sort of pedestal. The west front has a fine 
 Norman door in the centre, but above, the details are Early English, 
 with windows almost of a Decorated character. The porch, on the 
 north side, is good Early English, and most of the windows of the 
 sides are very large, and of a character which may be considered as a 
 transition from Early English to Decorated. The east window is later, 
 and has some stained glass. The j)iers of the nave are of Perpendicular 
 character. On the north side of the north aisle of the chancel, is a 
 chapel, forming a sort of transept ; it is of Decorated character, and 
 tlie architrave mouldings, and the hollow of the muUions are filled 
 with the ball-shaped flower of that date ; the windows have very 
 good tracery, and under one of them is a door, with very good mould- 
 ings. There is a little wood screen-work, and one fine ancient 
 monument, of very good Perpendicular character, in the north aisle 
 of the chancel. This Church contains much of composition and detail, 
 deserving of attentive study. 
 
 Leominster Church. — This Church also contains portions of 
 every style. The ancient part is of a plain but good Norman, and 
 
211 
 
 the Decorated portion has considerable analogy to the chapel at 
 Ledbury, being ornamented in the same way witli tlie ball-tlower. 
 The west front is a fine one, showing the tower, with a small 
 building north of it ; then the fine west window, a rich Perpen- 
 dicular one, of eight lights, with buttresses, something like the 
 west window of Gloucester Cathedral, and to the south, the west 
 window of the south aisle, a Decorated one, of four lights, with very 
 elegant tracery. The tower has its two lower stages, of late Norman, 
 with the arch of the door finely recessed ; the two upper stages are 
 of much later date. Some windows of the south side have been 
 altered, and a part of the east end, whicli was burnt in IGOl), has been 
 rebuilt in a style totally different from that of the rest of the churcli. 
 This church is of great breadth, nearly equal to its length. 
 
 IMadley Church is a curious edifice, principally of Decorated 
 character ; it has a midtangular chancel, under which is a fine octa- 
 gonal crypt, with a central shaft and good groining. The windows 
 of the church are mostly of two lights, but one at the east end of a 
 south chapel is a large one of five lights. At the west end is an 
 embattled tower. 
 
 Ross. — The situation of this Church is. fine, and the general outline 
 good, Avith a lofty spire ; but there is very little good work about the 
 church, from various alterations and repairs. Some of it is Perpen- 
 dicular, but not of good character. 
 
 Of castellated remains in this county, several may be noticed. — 
 Clifford Castle has some portions standing, though much ruinated. 
 — LoxGTowN Castle has part of a circular keeji remaining. — Good- 
 rich Castle is in ruins, but so much of its buildings remain, and 
 they are of such magnificence and variety, that they are well worthy 
 of attentive examination. 
 
 Wilton Castle, on the banks of the Wye, near Ross, has consi- 
 derable portions remaining, but principally of late date, and of parts 
 more adapted to domestic purposes than defence. 
 
 The Abbey Church of St. Alban. — This magnificent edifice is 
 as large as several of the Cathedrals, and contains a series of work 
 of almost every style and date, in its buildings or smaller portions. It 
 is a cross church, with a massive tower in the centre, and has had the 
 various adjacent buildings of the monastery, of which only a gatehouse 
 remains. The tower, transepts, and some parts of the nave are 
 
212 
 
 Norman, of a plain and bold character. The four western arches on 
 the north, and several more on the south side are Early English, of 
 which stj'le are also the three western porches, of which only the 
 centre one retains its original use. The choir and Lady Chapel are of 
 a date later than the western part, and contain portions of a transi- 
 tion from Early English to Decorated work. The screens, and some 
 monuments, and monumental chapels, present excellent sjiecimens of 
 Perpj'ndicular composition. The choir and some other portions are 
 groined, but the largest part of the church has plain flat ceilings, v.-hich 
 have been variously j)aiuted. ^lany windows of later date have been 
 inserted in different parts. On the south side, there are remains of 
 part of the cloisters, Avhich appear to have been very handsome. 
 There are several small portions, a water-drain and other niches, of 
 very excellent design and execution ; and the whole church contains 
 so many singiUarities and beauties, that it deserves the most attentive 
 examination. It is proper to notice, that in the construction of this 
 church, and in some of the other churches in this town, Roman bricks 
 (most likely from the ruins of A'^erulam) have been largely used. 
 The other churches in St. Alban's contain portions deserving of 
 attention. St. Michael's is a small Church, with many Roman 
 bricks in the walls. St. Peter's is a cross church, A\ith some good 
 Perpendicular windows, and St. Stephen's has various ancient 
 portions. 
 
 Abbotts Langley Church has some Perpendicular portions, and 
 a pretty good octagonal font. 
 
 Aldbury Church has some good work, and an altar tomb, with 
 the ertigies of a knight and his lady, with some good screen-work 
 round it. 
 
 Aldenham Church has some Early English portions, and a font 
 of that character. There are two female efligies, under fine monu- 
 mental arches of good design, and there is some screen-work 
 remaining. 
 
 The Church of Ayot St. Lawrence is in ruins, and a new one 
 built near it ; the old church contains some portions of very good work, 
 a good font, and one or more ancient moniunents. 
 
 The Churches at Baldock and Chipping Barnet have each por- 
 tions deserving examination. 
 
 Bengeo Church has a Norman arch between the nave and 
 chancel. ^ 
 
213 
 
 Berkhampstead St. Peter's is a large Cross Church, of various 
 dates, with some good windows, and various parts worthy of attention. 
 There is a monument with good effigies. A chapel has some 
 wave-lined windows, with Perpendicular lines amongst them, an 
 arrangement not very common. 
 
 Bishops Stortford Church has various interesting features. 
 
 Braughing Church is a handsome edifice, with a fine tower and 
 spire. 
 
 Broxbourne is a large Church, of Perpendicular character, with 
 some elegant chapels, and some ancient monuments. The font 
 appears to be of Early date. 
 
 Brent Pelham is a small Church, with a curious slab tomb, of 
 Petworth marble, with sculptured figures. 
 
 BusHEY and Cheshunt Churches have various portions deserving 
 examination. 
 
 The Churches of Flamstead and Harpenden have each some 
 good ancient work. 
 
 Hemel Hempstead Church has some Norman features. 
 
 HiTCHiN Church is a handsome edifice, with a remarkably fine 
 porch, of Perpendicular date, and a rich font of the same character. 
 
 Kensworth Church has some Early English portions, and some 
 of later date. 
 
 Kings Langley Church has some good work, of various dates, 
 and several ancient monuments. 
 
 The Church of Market Street has some ancient portions. 
 
 Little Munden Church has some good Perpendicular work, and 
 a fine monument of that character, with effigies of a knight and his 
 lady, also another of earlier date. 
 
 Great Offley Church has a beautiful font, which appears to be 
 of Decorated character ; it is octagonal, with tracery and canopies. 
 
 Puttenham and Redburn Churches deserve examination. 
 
214 
 
 RiCKMANSwoRTH Church has a good Perpendicular tower, and 
 some other portions of ancient work. 
 
 Sacobibe Church has the tower on the south side of the nave, and 
 in the chancel are two stone stalls and a water-drain. 
 
 Sarratt Church has some portions which deserve examination. 
 
 Sawbridgeworth Church has some portions of good Perpendi- 
 cular work, and some of earlier date ; it has also some monumental 
 brasses, and some ancient wood seats. 
 
 Stevenage Church has the tower situated on the south sitle ; 
 the font is a good one, though plain ; it is of Early English character. 
 
 The Chui'ches of Tring and Ware have each interesting portions ; 
 the latter has a font, of Perpendicular date, with considerable enrich- 
 ment. 
 
 Weston Church has some Norman portions, and some parts of 
 later date. 
 
 Wheathampstead Church has a font of Early English or Early 
 Decorated date ; the details good, and the design not very common. 
 
 Wormley Church has a Norman door, and an Early English 
 chancel, with lancet windows. 
 
 Great Wymondley Church has a Norman arch, separating the 
 nave and chancel. 
 
 Amongst the ancient buildings in this county may be noticed the 
 remains of the Palace at Kings Langley, and the old Palace at 
 Hatfield. 
 
 Waltham Cross, in design equal, if not superior, to any of those 
 erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor, is situated in this county ; 
 it is sadly mutilated, but its delicate execution, and the preservation 
 of small portions of most of its details, render it a very interesting 
 subject of study. 
 
215 
 
 Allwalton Church has one of tlic most singular combinations of 
 Norman and Earlj^ English to be met with. The piers are round, the 
 bases and capitals with mouldings considerably advanced in the Early 
 English style, while the arch is semicircular, and the architrave 
 Norman, the drijistone is also a real Norman moulding, A\'hile the 
 supporters are flowers of good Early Englisli character. There are 
 three plain seats in the chancel, of a character still more advanced 
 than the capital above-named ; and there is also in the church a 
 singular corbel and a door-way, in which the shafts and mouldings 
 are curiously combined. 
 
 The chancel of this church is mostly of Decorated character, and 
 has, on the north and south sides, the curious long window reaching 
 lower down than the others, close to the east wall of the church, 
 which is frequent in the midland counties ; it seems to have had 
 some purpose of giving liglit behind the screen dividing the nave and 
 chancel. It will hereafter be frequently noticed, and may be called 
 a luip side window for distinction, as it is always lower down than the 
 general range of the chancel windows. The font is plain, but with 
 good Early English mouldings. There is also a water-drain. This is 
 a small church, but contains many curious details and combinations. 
 
 Brampton Church is a handsome edifice ; the nave has taU. 
 arches, and a small clerestory, of Perpendicular character. The chan- 
 cel is Decorated. The tower has a date, 1635, but is of better com- 
 position than might be expected from that date. The south porch is 
 good, and has a very fine wood-door with rich tracery, in good pre- 
 servation. 
 
 BucKDEN Church has a tower, with a fine spire. 
 
 Bury Church is the eastern portion of a large cross church, con- 
 taining many valuable remains. 
 
 Chksterton Church has had various parts modernised, but 
 retains many valuable ancient portions. The tower is Early English, 
 and very good, and has a good spire. The piers and arches are some- 
 what resembling some of those at Allwalton. There is a very fine 
 Early English south door, under a modern porch. 
 
 CoNiNGTON Church has a fine tower, with octagonal pinnacles ; 
 the font has a mixed character, Norman and Early English. 
 
 Eynesbury Church, amidst various modern alterations and 
 repairs, retains some ancient features. 
 
216 
 
 At Great Gidding Chukch is u curious holy water basin, resem- 
 bliug a Norman capital. 
 
 GoDMANCHESTEii CiinRCH has a tower and spire, of tolerable out- 
 line, but very poor details ; some parts of the Cliurch are Perpen- 
 dicular, and of tolerable execution ; some windows, and a porch and 
 doorway under it, are the best portions. 
 
 Elton Chukch has some Early Decorated piers and arches, and 
 some windows of later date, and various Perpendicular portions, parti- 
 cularly a fine tower, which opens into the nave and aisles, with lofty 
 arches on three sides. There is a <rood south porch. In the chanci'l 
 are three good stalls, with a water-drain and a cupboard. Tlie font 
 is a good one, octagon, with panelled sides, and there are some good 
 old wood seats. 
 
 Hartford Church has various Norman portions ; some of the 
 arches semicircular, some slightly pointed. 
 
 All Saints Church, Huntingdon, has a fine Perpendicular 
 tower, with a good entrance on the west side ; the buttresses of the 
 tower are enriched with niches. The chancel is Early English, and 
 has a fine door, now stopped up ; the church has some Early JCnglish 
 piers, but has many alterations and insertions of windows, some of 
 which are of Perpendicular character. 
 
 St. Mary's Church is of Perpendicular character, but consider- 
 ably mutilated. 
 
 KiMBOLTON Church has some portions deserving attention. 
 
 Lkighton Bromswold Church has some parts of mixed Norman 
 and Early English character. 
 
 Ramsey Church has some piers and arches, in which the Norman 
 and Early English styles are mixed ; the piers are Norman, the arch 
 is pointed, and the dripstone clearly Early English. 
 
 The Church at St. Ives has various ancient portions worthy 
 attention. 
 
 St. Neots is a remarkably fine Perpendicular Church ; it is late 
 in the style, with some singularities, but is altogether a very fine 
 specimen, particularly the tower, the composition of which is very 
 good. There is a fine wood roof, and some ancient screen-work. 
 
iil7 
 
 Sawtry All Saints has three seats, of very plain work, on 
 the north side of the altar ; they are curious, from their breadth, 
 and their being on the north side of the church, instead of the 
 south. 
 
 The Churches of Great and Little Stewkley are principally 
 of Perpendicular character, with some portions of earlier date. 
 
 Upton Ciiurcii has a curious trefoil Early English door, and a 
 font of very curious character, with the same mixtures noticed above. 
 
 WooTON Church has a chancel of very great beauty, the east end 
 particularly ; it is Early English, and the mouldings remarkably fine. 
 
 Yaxley Church has a tower and fine crocketted spire, with pin- 
 nacles, and flpng buttresses. The church has various Perpendicular 
 portions, and some of earlier character. 
 
 Mtnt 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral. — This most extensive and magnificent 
 edifice contains examples of stj^le, whicli (including monuments and 
 small parts) form almost a continued series of gradation from Early 
 Norman to very late Perpendicular ; its buildings in immediate 
 connection with the Cathedral, are nearly complete, and it has a more 
 than ordinary diversity of chapels. The plan of this Cathedral, west- 
 ward of the centre tower, is not uncommon. Two towers form the 
 flanks of the west end of the nave, to the northern side of which the 
 cloisters are attached. The portion, eastward of the centre tower, is 
 curious from the diversity of its parts ; behind the altar in the choir, 
 the two next arches are set sloping, so as to narrow the middle aisle 
 of Trinity-chapel, and place the side chapels on a slope also. The 
 eastern part of Trinity-chapel is circular, and has attached to it, 
 eastward, a circular chapel, called Becket's crown. The eastern 
 portion of the building is mostly Norman, with Early English upper 
 parts, and mixed variously with the Norman, of which style the 
 eastern transept principally consists. Several of the chapels have the 
 eastern part circular. The western transept, the nave, cloisters, and 
 south-west tower, are all good Perpendicular work. The north-west 
 tower is Norman. The cloisters, though deprived of their pinnacles, 
 battlements, and part of their canopies, are still fine ; and the large 
 window, at the west end of the chapter-house, adds much to their 
 appearance. Of the chapels, that of King Henry IV. must be noticed 
 as a beautiful piece of Perpendicular work ; it is simple, but the roof 
 
 T 
 
218 
 
 is an excellent specimen of fan tracery. St. Anselm's chapel has had 
 introduced a very fine Decorated M'indow. There are several other 
 chapels which claim attention, and the church is very rich in monu- 
 ments. The crj'pt is extensive, and from its variety, very curious. 
 The general exterior appearance of the church is magnificent, from its 
 ver)'- fine central tower ; and a judicious addition of pinnacles to the 
 north-Avest tower, would add much to the general effect. Attached 
 to the south-west tower is a rich and heautiful porch. The nave of 
 the Catliedral is peculiarly fine; the shafts of the piers have a divi- 
 sional band, like the Early English shafts; the eastern portion of the 
 nave next the great tower, presents an apj)earance remarkably magni- 
 ficent, from the numerous steps, and the arches with pierced parapets 
 leading to various parts. There are many fine tombs of tlie arch- 
 bishops, which should be noticed ; these, with some few other monu- 
 ments in the Cathedral, form nearly a regular series from very early 
 date till the reformation. 
 
 In this Cathedral there is not much of Decorated character ; for 
 though there are small portions of that style, the general features of 
 the building arc Norman, Early English, and Perpendicular ; and in 
 these styles the church forms a most excellent study, from the variety 
 and singularity of many portions. The richness and variety of the 
 stone screen-work in the various chapels deserves particular attention, 
 and the organ-screen, at the entrance to the choir, is peculiarly fine. 
 
 Among the prebendal houses and other buildings surrounding tlie 
 Cathedral are mixed various portions of the ancient buildings of the 
 monastery, and Avith the walls and gates of the precinct, are extended 
 over a large space of ground. Of these, it may suffice to enumerate 
 the building called the Treasury, a very fine specimen of Norman ; 
 the Registry, which has a most excellent example of a Norman 
 staircase; and the remains of what appears to have been the Infir- 
 mary Chapel, now inclosed amidst the buildings of various houses. 
 The entrance gate, called Ciirist-Ciiurcii gate, is a good specimen 
 of late Perpendicular. 
 
 The situation of this Cathedral is so confined by buildings, that it 
 is difficult to obtain any general viev/ of it ; the best is that from the 
 south-west, which is, however, too near to do justice to the fine out- 
 line of the building. The west door, and the central portion of the 
 west end is a tine composition, but too much inclosed to be seen to its 
 proper eflfect. 
 
 l?o( HESTER Cathedral. — The exterior appearance of this Cathe- 
 dral is not very imposing, a short spire covering the low central toAA^er, 
 
219 
 
 and the exterior walls of the nave being either much decayed, or 
 covered by modern repairs. The other parts of the churcli are 
 surrounded by buildings, so that little more than one portion can be 
 seen at a time. The west front is a fine specimen of Norman enrich- 
 ment, but has a very large Perpendicular west window inserted. 
 The nave has Norman piers and arches, except those next the cross, 
 which, Avith most of the eastern portions of the church, are Early 
 English. The nave has most of the windows Perpendicular insertions. 
 There are other Norman portions on the south side of the church, 
 which appear to be the remains of the cloisters, and some other of the 
 usual monastic adjuncts. On the north side of the choir, close to the 
 east side of the north transept, is a tower, now unroofed, and called 
 Gundulph's tower ; this has usually been considered to have been 
 built by the architect of the castle, but there is notliing in the masonry 
 or details to favour this supposition. The crypt of this church is very 
 spacious, extending under the buildings of the choir eastward of the 
 great cross ; its character is Early English, but a portion under the 
 north aisle may be considered very early in that style, if not Norman. 
 The Early English style of this Cathedral is plain, and the composition 
 good without much ornament, but having some doors and other 
 portions, with very good details. There are a few ancient monuments, 
 but they are more remarkable for singvdarity than beauty. There is 
 one very line Decorated window in a little chapel, in the south aisle of 
 the choir, and the door, leading to what is now the chapter-house^ is a 
 curious specimen of enrichment, in the Perpendicular style. The 
 whole of this cathedral, except the nave and a part of the south aisle 
 of the choir is groined, principally with plain Early English groining. 
 As at Canterbury, the floor of the choir is raised very considerably 
 above that of the nave. 
 
 Adisham Church has a low tower, and is a large cross church ; 
 the chancel and north transept Early English, with long lancets ; the 
 north window of the transept a good Early Decorated one. The east 
 windows of the chancel are equal lancets ; there are some portions of 
 later work about the church. 
 
 Aldington Church is principally of Early English character ; 
 the east window a large and fine five-light Perpendicular one. 
 
 AsHFORD Church is a large and handsome cross church, of Per- 
 pendicular character, with some good doors and windows. 
 
 Aynesford Church has a tower and spire, and a circular end to 
 the chancel ; it is mostly of Early English character, with some later 
 windows. 
 
oon 
 
 Bapchild Church has a tower and spire, situated on the south 
 side of the south aisle. The church is principally Early English, 
 with Perpendicular east windows. The situation of the towers in this 
 county is singularly varied, being in almost every possible position, 
 except the east end of the chancel. 
 
 Barfrestox. — This curious Xorman Church has been as much 
 spoken of and ligured as any church of that style ; it has many singu- 
 larities, and exhibits a very fine specimen of Xorman arrangement, 
 mouldings, and enrichment. The church is small, and consists only of 
 a nave and chancel, the latter much narrower than the former ; there 
 have been some insertions of a later date, but, on the whole, the church 
 is nearly in its original state ; one of the doors is much enriched, and 
 is a very fine one. 
 
 The Church at East Barmixg is small, with some good Early 
 English portions, and some of Decorated date. 
 
 Birchington Church has its tower and spire situated between 
 the south aisle and south chancel ; the three east windows of the 
 chancels are of good Perpendicular character. 
 
 BiDDENDEN is a large and handsome Perpendicular Church, with a 
 tower and staircase-turret embattled. 
 
 Borden Church has a porch and some other portions embattled, 
 which is the case with comparatively few churches in this county, 
 most of them having dripping-eaves, and neither parapet, battlement, 
 or cornice. Part of this church is Early English, and part Decorated. 
 
 BouGHTON MoxcHELSEA Church has a low tower, situated 
 between the nave and chancel ; some part of the church is Early 
 English, and some of later date. 
 
 The Church of Boughton Blean is a handsome church, with 
 portions of the Early English and Perpendicular styles, and has a 
 chapel like a transept, on the south side of the south aisle. 
 
 Boughton Alulph is a cross Church, with a low tower ; some 
 portions are Decorated, and some Perpendicular. 
 
 BoxLET Church has the tower between the nave and chancel ; it 
 has some good Decorated and Perpendicular windows. 
 
 St. Martin's Church, Canterbury, though built with some 
 Roman bricks and stone from ancient edifices, has nothing evidently 
 
221 
 
 earlier about it than the Early English style, except the large 
 and curious stone font, which is Norman, and much enriched. The 
 east window of this church is a Decorated one. 
 
 Charthabi is a very curious church, it is of Early Decorated cha- 
 racter, with very fine windows, of singular and beautiful design ; 
 these have some remains of very fine ancient stained glass. The 
 church is large, and has a south transept, and a large chancel, in 
 which is a monumental arch of the date of the church, with not much 
 enrichment, but very good mouldings ; there are also some brasses. 
 The windows of this church, have, at a distance, an appearance as if 
 they were of the Perpendicular style, but an examination of their 
 mouldings and character, will at once convince the student of their 
 real date. The church has a good v/ood roof, of a date much later 
 than the stone work. The tower is of flint, and much later than the 
 church. 
 
 Chelsfield Church has the tower and spire standing on the 
 north side of the east end of the nave. It is principally of Early 
 English character, with some later windows inserted. 
 
 CoBHAM Church has an embattled tower, and parapets to the 
 church, which is of Perpendicular character, and the chancel Early 
 English. There is a north porch, and a very fine water bason or 
 drain, under a richly canopied nich, of Perpendicular date, and very 
 good detail. 
 
 Cranbook is a large and handsome Perpendicular church, with a 
 tower, all except the chancel, embattled, with good buttresses and 
 fine windows. 
 
 Dexton, is a small church, mostly of Early English date, with a 
 good Decorated east window. 
 
 Elham Church, has a large Early English tower, and a lead 
 spire ; over the west door is a fine three-light Decorated window 
 inserted. 
 
 Eythorne Church has an embattled tower on the north side of 
 the west end of the north aisle. The church has lancet Avindows and 
 some of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Faversham is a large cross church, with a modern spire ; it has 
 some Decorated portions, and some of later date. 
 
 Hawkhukst Church has the tower, south porch, and aisles em- 
 battled ; there is no clerestory ; there are some Decorated windows, 
 
222 
 
 and the east window is a \'ery curious specimen of transition from 
 Decorated to Perpendicular. 
 
 IIernk Church has a very fine Early English tower, with some 
 Decorated windows inserted ; this tower stands at the west end of 
 the north aisle, and the nave has a very fine five-light Perpendicular 
 window at the west end, and a good Early English door under it ; 
 the aisles of the church are embattled. 
 
 Hythe Church is a curious edifice ; some of the western part is 
 Norman, but the eastern part is Early English, of remarkably good 
 design and execution, with a profusion of the toothed ornament, hav- 
 ing most of the shafts, strings, and caps of marble. There is a beau- 
 tiful band of small panelling round part of the chancel, under tlie 
 windows, which are fine lancets. This end of the clmrch has very 
 bold buttresses, and under it is a remarkably fine crypt, groined, and 
 having a door on the south side, with remarkably fine and delicate 
 mouldings. There are some windows in the church, which are later 
 insertions ; in the chancel are two stone stalls and two water-drains. 
 
 IcKHAM is a cross church, with a small tower and wood spire ; 
 most of this church is very good Early English, and there are some 
 good Decorated windows. 
 
 Leeds Church has a low massive tower, and in the chancel are 
 three stalls and a Avater-drain. 
 
 LiTTLEBOURN Church has a large Early English chancel, witli a 
 door on the north side, and good lancet windows ; the north aisle of 
 the church has good two-light Decorated windows. 
 
 Lydd Church has a fine Perpendicular tower, with crocketted 
 pinnacles, a large west window, and a double door below it ; some 
 parts of the church are of earlier date than the tower. 
 
 Maidstone Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular edifice ; 
 the tower stands on the south side of the south aisle. 
 
 IMeopiiam Church is principally of Decorated character ; it has 
 small circular clerestory windows, and a door on the south side of 
 the chancel, with good mouldings, and a head of a singular shape ; 
 most of the windows have no drip- stones. 
 
 INIershaji Church has a large tower standing on the south side 
 of tlie nave, which has a window, of very singular character, over the 
 west door ; it is Perpendicular, but with flowing lines above a hori- 
 
zontiil line at the spring of the arch ; and there are other Perpendi- 
 cular windows, of various shapes, about the church. 
 
 Nettlestead Church is a Perpendicular building, with large 
 rich windows, and canopied set-ofFs to the buttresses. 
 
 Newington Church is mostly of Early English character, with 
 some Decorated windows. 
 
 The Church of Newington near Cheriton has the tower and 
 aisles embattled, and some Decorated windows, one of which has a 
 canopy. 
 
 St. Nicholas in Thanet is a large Church, with a lofty embattled 
 tower ; most of the church is also embattled ; some portions are Early 
 English, and there are some good Decorated windows, particularly the 
 east window, of live lights. 
 
 Northfleet Church has some Decorated windows, of good 
 character, and some parts of later date. 
 
 OspRiNGE Church has some portions of Early English, and some 
 windows of later date, with plain canopies, crowned with finials, but 
 no crockets. 
 
 Patricksbourne Church has various portions of good Norman, 
 of which style there are two doors, and the arch between the nave 
 and chancel. The east window is circular, a little like that at Bar- 
 freston ; there are some portions of the later styles in different parts 
 of the church. 
 
 Preston Church has a nave and south aisle, and a chancel ; the 
 tower situated at the east end of tlie south aisle. The style is princi- 
 pally Early English, with some Decorated windows- . 
 
 Reculver Church, if the sea has yet spared a part of it, is of 
 Early English character ; before its mutilation, it was a handsome 
 church, remarkable for two towers and spires at its Avestern end. 
 
 The Church of New Romney is a large and handsome edifice ; 
 the lower part of the tower, and part of the nave is Norman ; the 
 upper part of the tower Early English, and the remaining mostly of 
 Decorated character, with large and fine windows. There are three 
 seats under a plain arch, on the south side of the south aisle. The 
 Norman portion of this church is of very good composition. 
 
224 
 
 RucKiNGE Church has h large low tower and small spire ; the 
 church principally Early English, with some Decorated windows. 
 
 St. Clement's Church, Sandwich, is a large Church, with a 
 central J^orman tOAver, massive, and enriched with arches, in several 
 tiers, of very fine composition. The different portions of this church 
 present examples of various styles ; the font is octagon, plain, but of 
 good Perpendicular composition. 
 
 The Churches of St. jMary and St. Peter, at Sandwich, have 
 each some portions deserving attention. 
 
 Selling Church has the tower between the nave and chancel ; 
 part of the church is Early English, and part Perpendicular. 
 
 The Church at Sittingbourne has some curious windows of 
 Decorated cliaracter, and some line ones of Perpendicular date. 
 
 Stelling is an Early English church, with some good Decorated 
 windows. 
 
 SuNDRiDGE Church has some large and fine Perpendicular win- 
 dows ; the east window has seven lights. 
 
 The Church of Sutton, near Dover, is a small Church with a 
 circular east end, and no belfry ; the windows small lancets. 
 
 Upchurch is a handsome edifice, with some portions of Decorated, 
 and some of Perpendicular character ; on the south side are three 
 windows, Avith ogee canopies and finials, but no crockets. 
 
 WooDCHURCH has a tower and spire, a nave, and north aisle ; the 
 north aisle, and a north porch are embattled, and of Perpendicular 
 character ; the < ..mcel fine Early English, with good lancet Avindows. 
 
 From the above enumeration, it will be seen hoAV generally the 
 Early English style prevails in this county, Avhich will be more appa- 
 rent from the following lists, in which the churches are classed, 
 according to the predominance of the several styles : — 
 
 The Churches of Brabourn, Bridge, Davington, St. IMary's, 
 at Dover, St. Lawrence in Thanet, and Smeeth, are all prin- 
 cipally valuable for their Norman portions, though they have also 
 some later features. 
 
225 
 
 The Churches which follow, are almost all of Early English cha- 
 racter, nearly throughout, the portions of other styles being small, 
 principally inserted windows ; the steeples are variously situated, and 
 in some churches there is only a small wood pigeon-house belfry. — 
 Alkham, BeaksbournE, Bexley, Bobbing, Buookland, Cheri- 
 TON St. Martin, Chislet, Darenth, Doddington, Eastry, 
 West Farleigh, Farningham, Folkstone, Fawkham, Good- 
 nestone, Graveney, Guston, Halling, Great Hardress, IIar- 
 
 RIETSHAM, HiNXHILL, HoATH, IIoRTON, HoUGHAM, KeNNINGTON, 
 
 Lkvei.and, Luddenham, Lydden, IMilstead, Minster in Tha- 
 
 NET, MONGEHAM, NeAVNHAM, NoNINGTON, NoRTON, OfFHAM, PaU- 
 
 dlesworth, Petham, Postling, Rainham, Ripple, River, Old 
 
 IlOMNEY, SiBBERTSWOLD, StOUTING, StoDMARSH, StURRY, SwANS- 
 
 coMBE, Teynham, Waltham, and Wooton St. Martin. 
 
 The Churches of Appledore, Ashurst, Barham, Bishops- 
 bourne, St. Paul's Canterbury, Eastwell, Frittenden, Hoo 
 St. Margaret, Kingston, IMilton next Sittingbourne, Otford, 
 Sheldwick, Southfleet, Sutton at Hone, Thornham, Wil- 
 LESBOROUGH, WooDNESBOROUGii, and Yalding, are principally 
 distinguished by their Decorated portions. 
 
 The Churches of Benenden, Charing, Chidingstone, Head- 
 corn, Hearnhill, Hoo All Saints, East Peckham, Rolvenden, 
 Sandhurst, Sevenoaks, Stone, Sutton Valence, Tenterden, 
 TuNSTALL, Ulcombe, and Westerham, have all considerable por- 
 tions of the Perpendicular style, and some of them are almost wholly 
 of that character. 
 
 The following Churches may be noticed for a mixture of parts of 
 various styles : — Allington, Great Chart, Chilham, Gilling- 
 HA3I, Edenbridge, Hadlow, HasTingleys, Horsemonden, Lam- 
 BERHURST, East Malling, Minster iu the Isle of Sheppy, Sel- 
 lings, Tunbridge, Wittersham, Wrotham, St. Dunstan's at 
 Canterbury, and St. Margaret's at Cliff. 
 
 There are various monastic remains in this county ; of these, may be 
 noticed St. Augustine's Gate atCANTERBURY, a most beautiful speci- 
 men of Decorated character, with the original wooden doors remaining. 
 This gate, for composition and execution, will still, though much muti- 
 lated, vie with the best buildings of its date. The remains of the 
 abbey are now small, a large portion of the fine tower of St. Ethelbert 
 having fallen from the effects of the weather, and much of the stone 
 removed. 
 
 z 
 
226 
 
 The Hospital Chapel of St. Nicholas, at Harbledown, contains 
 some good ancient work, and a good octagon Perpendicular font. 
 
 The remains of Horton Priory are not extensive, but very beau- 
 tiful ; they are late Xorman, with insertions of Perpendicular win- 
 dows and doors, and both composition and execution are very good. 
 
 The front of IMalling Abbey remains, and is also of Xorman 
 character, with later insertions. 
 
 There are some remains of the Nunnery at Davixgton. 
 
 Of the Castellated remains, Rochester Castle claims the first 
 notice, from its extent and the great preservation of many parts of it. 
 The style is Norman, and it presents a fine specimen of the modes 
 adopted at the date of its erection, to enable a very small number 
 within the castle successfully to resist a much greater number of 
 besiegers ; for this the access, the various successive gates, and other 
 defences, are admirably adapted. The masonry, in the interior, is 
 very good, particularly that of the well, which is in one of the walls, 
 and was accessible from several floors of the castle. 
 
 Canterbury Castle had also a well in the wall of the keep, of 
 which the outer walls only now remain in a very mutilated state. 
 
 There are some remains of the Castles at Allixgton, Cowling, 
 Saltwood, and Tunbridge, which all deserve attention, particularly 
 that at Tunbridge. 
 
 Dover Castle, although very much altered by the continued 
 addition of buildings, of various dates, contains many ancient features 
 deserving examination. 
 
 Hever Castle and Leeds Castle are both used as residences, 
 and in consequence have had various alterations and additions, but 
 still retain various ancient portions. 
 
 Among the ancient domestic edifices Eltham Palace deserves 
 particular attention ; the principal part remaining is the ancient hall, 
 of which it presents an interesting and remarkably elegant specimen. 
 
 ,, IMay Place, Crayford, may be also mentioned. 
 
 In the parish of Leeds, in this county, is an ancient residence, called 
 Battel Hall, of which some portions remain, which are extremely 
 curious, and of which it is difficult to find out the exact use. The 
 
227 
 
 room is used as a kitchen^ and has various doors and windows, and 
 several niches, of which one contains a very beautiful and complete 
 arrangement for two water-cisterns ; this niche and the cisterns are of 
 1 excellent design, and very good execution, with a very rich ogee canopy 
 and good hanging tracery, all (as well as most of the stone-work of 
 the room,) of Decorated character, and the mouldings remarkably 
 good. This niche is not like the usual water-drain, so common in 
 tlmrches, and there is nothing in the situation or arrangement of the 
 room which shows it having been at any time appropriated as a chapel. 
 The author is indebted to a friend for an accurate description and 
 sketches of this very curious relic, which, from the house being 
 iuliabited, is little known to any but the acc[uaintances of the occupier. 
 
 Ill the Churches of this county, in addition to his own personal 
 observation, the author has had the assistance of the very valuable 
 drawings and observations of his friend, Henry Petrie, Esq. of the 
 Record-office, containing most of the churches in Kent, Surry, Sussex, 
 a great part of Hampshire, and some parts of a few other counties. 
 Although, on the whole, there is not a large proportion of very mag- 
 nificent churches in this county, when compared with some others, as 
 Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, or Somersetshire, yet, amidst these 
 smaller edifices, the student will often meet with portions of peculiar 
 
 : interest, and many parts of considerable value in making the adapta- 
 tions required in churches, from the difference between ancient and 
 
 : modern arrangements. 
 
 I AuGHTON Church has a tower and spire ; the general appearance 
 of the building Perpendicular, but with some portions of earlier date. 
 
 BoLTON-LE-MooRS is a large Church, with some portions of Per- 
 pendicular character, and others later, and much debased. 
 
 Blackburn Church did contain some portions of good ancient 
 work, but it is now partly demolished, and a new church building. 
 
 Cartmel Church has a curious tower, and some other parts 
 deserving attention. 
 
 The old Church at Chorley contains a few ancient parts, the best 
 of which is a door on the south side, with good mouldings, but much 
 decayed. 
 
 Childwall Church has some Early English piers, and some 
 square-head Decorated windows, but most of the church is modern. 
 
228 
 
 Clitheroe Church has a Norman arch between the nave and 
 chancel , the church mostly poor Perpendicular, of late date, but has 
 a tine east window, and two good ones at the east end of the aisles. 
 
 EccLEs Church is of late Perpendicular character, and its details 
 pot very good. 
 
 Farnworth Church has some Perpendicular portions of tolerably 
 good design. 
 
 Halsall Church. — The north aisle and north wall of the chancel, 
 and east end window of the south aisle, are all of Decorated character, 
 and in the chancel is a line canopy over a tomb of this style. The 
 rest of the chancel is early Perpendicular work, of excellent execu- 
 tion J and of rather later date, is the tower and spire, and the arches 
 of the nave. There are no clerestory windows, and the ceiling, ■which 
 appears original, has three flowered mouldings, one at the point, and 
 the others at the spring of a plain arch. The exterior of this chancel 
 has been executed in a very careful manner. 
 
 HoLLAXD Chapel has a nave and aisles, of Decorated character ; 
 the windows are very fine, particularly the east window. The piers 
 and arches have very good mouldings. 
 
 HuYTON Church, amidst much modern Vv'ork, retains some por- 
 tions of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Kirkha.m Church has been nearly rebuilt, but retains some 
 ancient portions. 
 
 Lancaster Church has some good Perpendicular portions, and 
 some good wood screen-work ; the tower is modern. 
 
 IManchester Collegiate Church is a large and handsome edi- 
 fice, of late Perpendicular character, but much of its composition and 
 detail very good ; the tower is a fine one. There is an octagonal 
 vestry on the south side, and several chapels. The choir has some 
 very fine stall-work and screens, and a rich wood roof. 
 
 Ormskirk Church is singular for having a large western . tower 
 at the end of the present nave, and a spire, like those of Aughton and 
 Halsall, at the west end of the south aisle ; tlie tower is much later 
 than the spire, and both together give the church a curious outline. 
 The church is mostly modern, with a few portions of late Perpendi- 
 cuhir character. 
 
229 
 
 Prestwich Church has a lofty tower, and looks well at a distance, 
 but the details are very late and poor ; at the west end of the north 
 aisle is a Decorated two-light window, in a piece of wall more ancient 
 than the rest of the church. 
 
 Septon Church has a lofty spire ; the principal part of the church 
 is very late Perpendicular, with parts much debased, but there are 
 small portions of earlier date, the effigy of a knight under an arch, 
 and some other monuments, with some wood screen-work, part of 
 which is good. 
 
 Walton Church, the mother Church of Liverpool, has the old 
 tower, which has a Decorated door and window, and some portion of 
 old wall, but has been much modernised. 
 
 The Church of Walton-le-Dale has some portions of late Per- 
 pendicular work, but its details are poor, and most of the church is 
 modern. 
 
 Warrington Church has the centre tower, arches, and the 
 chancel of the old church remaining ; these are of Decorated character, 
 and very good, the windows, particularly the east window, of very 
 elegant tracery. The north transept late and poor Perpendicular, the 
 south transept and the nave modern. 
 
 Whalley Church is large, and mostly of Early English character; 
 the nave windows, and the east window are Perpendicular insertions. 
 The piers and arches of the nave are varied, some of the piers being 
 round, some octagon. The chancel is large, and a fine specimen of 
 Early English, of which style there is but little in this county ; the 
 arch into the chancel, the south door of the chancel, and the north 
 and south doors of the church are Early English, plain, but with good 
 mouldings. There are three plain stalls in the chancel, and consider- 
 able remains of good wood screen-work, said to have been brought 
 from the Abbey Chapel. 
 
 WiGAN Church is large, of late and poor Perpendicular character ; 
 the tower stands at the east end of the north aisle of the nave. 
 
 WiNwicK Church has had some good work, both Decorated and 
 Perpendicular, but mutilations and alterations have left but little 
 unaltered ; the mouldings of some parts of the chancel are good. The 
 tower has a spire on it, and standing high is seen at a considerable 
 distance ; the west side of the tower has a good window, and some 
 niches. 
 
230 
 
 Of monastic edifices in this county, may be mentioned Cocker- 
 sAKD Abbey, of which the principal remain is an octagon chapter- 
 house ; FuRN'Ess Abbey, of which the remains are considerable, and 
 are Norman and Early English ; and Wiialley Abbey, of which 
 the remains are also considerable : some portions of this Abbey are 
 very good, of Decorated and Perpendicular character. The north 
 gate has been a fine composition, with good Decorated windows. 
 
 The entrance tower of Lancaster Castle is a fine one, and a 
 part of the keep of Clitheroe Castle remains. 
 
 The old Hall at Rufford has some ancient wood-work, of good 
 design. 
 
 Belgrave Church, has some Decorated portions, and some parts 
 of later date. 
 
 Bottesford Church tower and spire are deserving attention. 
 
 Buckminster Church has a massive tower and spire, with por- 
 tions of several styles. 
 
 Castle Donnington Church has some ancient monuments. 
 
 Claybrook Church has some portions of Decorated and Perpen- 
 dicular work. 
 
 Cold Overton Church has a tower and spire ; nave, aisles, and 
 chancel ; some parts are of Decorated character. 
 
 Croxton Kyrikl Church is mostly Perpendicular, the tower 
 stands between the nave and chancel. 
 
 Frisby Church has a tower and spire, the east window is a fine 
 one of Decorated character. 
 
 The Churches of Gaddesby, Garthorpe, and Goadby Maure- 
 WARD, have each portions deserving attention, some of Decorated 
 character. 
 
 Hinckley, Market Harborough, and Melton 3Iowbray, are 
 all large Churches, and have various curious portions. The tower of 
 Melton Mowbray is partly Early English, and a very fine one. 
 
231 
 
 The Churches of Houghton, Kibworth, and Kkgworth, have 
 spires, and various portions deserving examination. 
 
 The Churches in Leicester contain many interesting features, and 
 are deserving very attentive examination. 
 
 All, Saints has a curious tower, situated on the north side of the 
 north aisle ; it is partly of Early English date, as is part of the 
 church ; and some other parts of later date ; the chancel is modern. 
 There is an ornamented font, of Early English character, and of sin- 
 gular shape. The pulpit, some of the doors, and a little wood-work 
 in the peAvs, have some carving in wood, of good character. 
 
 St. Margarets. — This is a fine Church, with a lofty tower ; the 
 nave, piers, and arches, are Early English ; the chancel, and clerestory, 
 and the tower. Perpendicular. The chancel is very fine, and has a rich 
 niche on each side of the east window; within are also some good doors; 
 and on the south side three rich fiat stalls, and a water-drain under 
 the south-eastern window of the chancel. There are some wood-stalls 
 and seats, and a good but much mutilated font; of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter ; in the north aisle is the tomb of an ecclesiastic. The buttresses 
 at the south-west corner of the south aisle are well grouped with 
 Decorated niches and canopies, and there are a few other portions of 
 good Decorated work about the church. 
 
 St. IMartins has a tower and spire in the centre of the church ; 
 the lower part of this tower is Norman, with four semicircular arches 
 into the nave, chancel, and transepts ; much of the rest of the church 
 is Early English, with later windows inserted ; the chancel is Perpen- 
 dicular, and has three late flat stalls under the south-east window. 
 The north and south doors of the church are good Early English, and 
 to that on the north side is a groined Perpendicular porch of wood ; 
 in the south transept there are three good equal trefoiled stone-stalls, 
 and a plain arched cupboard, with good mouldings. The spire and 
 upper part of the tower are of much later date than the lower part, 
 and the spire has been nearly, if not entirely, rebuilt. 
 
 St. INIary's is a large and very curious Church, with a tower and 
 lofty spire, situated at the west end of the south aisle, and a very 
 small space detached from the south side of the nave. The plan of 
 the church is a nave and chancel, with a very large south aisle, and a 
 small north aisle ; the chancel and part of the nave are Norman, and 
 most of the remaining portions are Early English ; but these styles 
 have been curiously mixed, and are again altered in parts by modern 
 arrangements and inserted windows. The lower part of the tower is 
 
232 
 
 Early English ; the upper part much later, and the spire modern. 
 The various styles are admirably designed, and well executed ; the 
 exterior of the chancel has been rich, but is partly modern casing and 
 repair. On the south side of the chancel, within, are three fine Nor- 
 man stalls, with double shafts and rich mouldings ; and on the south 
 side of the south aisle are three Early English stalls and a water- 
 drain ; these have double shafts like the stalls in the chancel, and are 
 enriched with the nail-head ornament. The font is curious, of a form 
 not very common, and much enriched with sculpture ; there is some 
 good wood screen-work, and the wooden roofs of the church have been 
 very fine. This church is, in many respects, deserving of minute 
 examination ; some of its mixtures and arrangements are very sin- 
 gular. 
 
 St. Nicholas is a Norman Church, with a tower between nave 
 and chancel ; the north aisle is destroyed, and the arches filled up ; the 
 south aisle and chancel are of later date ; the tower is much patched 
 with modern brickwork, and has formerly had two tier of ornamental 
 arches outside above the roof of the church. Under a window, in the 
 south side of the south aisle are three plain stalls and a cupboard. 
 The Norman portion of this church is very plain, and most probably 
 early, and the church stands very close to the wall, usually esteemed 
 a fragment of Roman work. 
 
 Loughborough is a handsome Perpendicular Church, having a fine 
 tower, and panelled battlement partly pierced, with other portions 
 considerably enriched. 
 
 The Churches of Plungar, Quorndon, Redjiile, and Rothely, 
 have portions deserving of examination. 
 
 SoMERSBY Church has a tower and spire between the nave and 
 chancel ; the font, and some other portions, are of a character worthy 
 of attention. 
 
 TiLTON Church has some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Waltham Church has a tower and spire between the nave and 
 chancel, and a north chapel or transept. Part of this church is of 
 Decorated character, with portions of earlier date ; the font has inter- 
 secting arches, with a mixed character of Norman and Early English; 
 there are three stall-seats, enriched with flowers on the mouldings. 
 
 Of the antiquities in this county, the portion of Wall, near St. 
 Nicholas Church, in Leicester, is one of the most curious ; it is prin- 
 
cipally formed of bricks, which, from their similarity to those used in 
 the Roman buildiiifjs, discovered in various parts of the kingdom, may 
 be considered as Roiyan bricks ; and the wall is usually considered a 
 Roman wall. Its a'^>pearance might lead to the same conclusion, but, 
 notwithstanding the current opinion, there does not appear to be any 
 positive evidence of its being of that date. Tliis remark is made, not 
 from a wish to disturb the established credit of this work as a Roman 
 remain, but merely from the desire that the question may be consi- 
 dered, whether all the bricks of this character, which are found in 
 ancient buildings, were really made by the Romans ? This remain, 
 however, whether considered as Roman or not, is a very curious and 
 interesting relic. 
 
 Of monastic edifices may be mentioned the small remains of 
 Leickster Abbey, of which, jierhaps, the most curious portion now 
 existing is the outward brick wall, with an inscription worked into it 
 in bricks of a varied colour. There are some remains of Ulvers- 
 CROFT Priory. 
 
 In the Castle-yard at Leicester, is a good PerpendiciJar Gate- 
 way remaining, with a groove for the portcullis. 
 
 On the west side of the Church-yard of St. Slartin, in Leicester, is 
 Wigstone's Hospital, an alms-house, containing some good Per- 
 pendicular work, both in stone and wood. 
 
 The Castle at Ashby-de-la-Zouch is in ruins, but contains various 
 portions deserving examination. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral. — This noble edifice, from its singular situa- 
 tion, is seen over a great extent of country, and its three towers have 
 a very fine effect. The west and east fronts have already been noticed. 
 The division of the Norman work, and later additions to the western 
 towers, are very plain. The nave is very fine, and the piers pecu- 
 liarly rich. The proportions of the nave and side aisles are such as 
 do not often occur, the aisles being remarkably narrow, but the whole 
 has an excellent effect. The vieAV of the transept is very fine, and 
 the lantern is good, though rather obscure, from the small size of 
 the windows. At each end of the transept is a circular v/indow ; 
 the north a good Early English one, the south, one of the finest 
 Decorated circles remaining. This window is set in an arch of open 
 stone-work, which is nearly, if not quite, unequalled. The screen 
 
 2 a 
 
234 
 
 under the organ is one of the finest examples of late Early Englisli 
 work; it lias some little resemblance to the character of Queen Elea- 
 nor's crosses, but its principal beauty is in the worl<^ianship of the bands 
 of open foliage round the doors. The walling of the arches is filled 
 with square iiowers, and these have been painted and gilt, traces of 
 which stdl remain. The arrangement of the intersection of the 
 smaller eastern transept is very good, and adds niucli to the beauty of 
 the choir. Some beautiful small chapels are attached to the Lady 
 Chapel, and the south door is peculiarly elegant. Three sides of the 
 cloisters, of good Decorated work, remain in their original state; the 
 fourth is a modern library, and in the midst of the area, some feet 
 below the surface, is a fine tessellated pavement. From the eastern 
 side of the cloisters is the passage to tlie chapter-house, Avhich is a 
 decagon, and though not equal to Salisbury, is yet very tine. 
 
 INIost of our cathedrals would form a sufficient basis for several 
 years' study, and none more than Lincoln ; the variety and singidar 
 character of the greatest part of tlie building is sucli, that it would 
 be an interesting and valuable employment to compare tlie character 
 of many of its details and arrangements with other buildings of like 
 dates. As the western portion from the transept can only be seen in 
 detail by a very close view, (from the near approach of the surround- 
 ing buildings,) the character of the work (rich Early English) has a 
 peculiarly imposing eftect, from the number, variety, and beaut}- of 
 the mouldings near the eye ; and as tliese are in excellent preserva- 
 tion, this is perhaps one reason of the general ascription of peculiar 
 magnificence to this cathedral. The porch attached to the west side 
 of the south transept, and some chapels on the east side of the same, 
 are particularly deserving of attention for the intricacy and beauty 
 of the mouldings, and the singularity and excellence of their general 
 comj^osition. 
 
 Although much enclosed by buildings on the north, west, and south 
 sides, this cathedral is open to a space adequate to give a remarkably 
 fine view of the east end ; sufficiently near to give proper effect to 
 its excellent details, and far enough to enable the eye to take in at 
 once the beautiful composition of tliis part of the choir, combined 
 with the clia])ter-house and the more Avestern parts of the edifice, 
 with the centre tower. 
 
 Tlie general style of this Cathedral is Early English, but of a 
 remarkably rich and beautiful character, and its gradation from the 
 more simple appearance of the nave and transepts to the magnificent 
 and elaborate style of the choir, is deserving of minute attention. 
 The Lady Chapel and eastern portion of the choir, is a sort of transi- 
 
235 
 
 tion to the Decorated style, of peculiar beauty and interest. Into the 
 inclosure round this building there are several gates ; and on the 
 .south side are many interesting remains of the Bishop's Palace ; 
 some of these are of Early English character, and very fine. 
 
 Of the other ancient buildings in this city, the Roman Gate, still 
 applied to its original use, and forming the entrance from the north, 
 is one of the most curious. Time and weather have much mutilated 
 the stone-work ; but it is evident that the architrave was originally 
 moulded. Some parts of the Castle have been supposed Roman, 
 and the rest, though not so old, deserves attention. In the southern 
 street are several interesting remains. A building, now a malt-house, 
 sometimes called John op Gaunt's Stables, has a fine arch with 
 mixed Norman and Early English details ; and nearly opposite, is a 
 beautiful Oriel, which is considered the remains of John of Gaunt's 
 Palace ; the details of this window are remarkably fine. In the 
 same street, is a late Perpendicular Conduit, much mutilated. In 
 another street, near the Cathedral, is a building called the Jew's 
 House, having some semicircular arches with beautiful details and 
 various singularities of composition. 
 
 The churches of the city of Lincoln are poor, mostly small, and 
 much mutilated, both as to portions of the churches and as to 
 their details. Of five churches in the street east of the river, four 
 have Norman towers, all very nearly resembling those of the villages 
 of Bracebridge and Harmston, a few miles to the southward of them. 
 
 Of these five churches, St. Peter, at Goat, St. Mary, and St. 
 Benedict, all have parts remaining of good character, particularly 
 St. Benedict. 
 
 On the line of hill which runs from Lincoln to Grantham, is a 
 succession of villages at very short distances from each other, the 
 churches of some of which present the student a most valuable series 
 of details and curious composition. 
 
 Bracebridge below the hill, and Harbiston upon it, have been 
 noticed ; and Waddington between them, contains still enough of 
 the Norman features about it in the interior, to allow it to be considered 
 as originally of the same date. 
 
 Of CoLEBY, the lower part of the tower, and a portion of the 
 nave, is Norman ; the rest of the church principally Earlj' English, 
 with later additions ; a late and not very good Perpendicular spire and 
 addition to the tower. The south door of the church is a very fine 
 specimen of Norman, and has been engraved. 
 
236 
 
 BooTiiBY, the next Church, is small, ;ind contains nothing deserv- 
 ing of attention but a Decorated window at the east end ; the tower 
 is very ancient, at least Early English, but as well as the church, has 
 been strangely patched and modernised. 
 
 Navenby contains some very valuable details ; a portion of the 
 church is Early English, and has some curious ])iers both of that style 
 and the next, but the most valuable portion is the chancel, the win*, 
 dows of which are of Decorated character, and very fine, particularly 
 the east window, the mullions of which are extremely delicate, and 
 the tracery (or at least what is left, for the head has been most dis- 
 gracefully mutilated to ceil the chancel,) remarkably fine ; it is of six 
 lights, and in excellence of composition scarcely yields to any in 
 England : on the south side of the chancel is a depository for the 
 service of the altar, and also three stalls ; and on the north side a large 
 monumental arch, and a smaller upright one of not very common con- 
 struction All these works are inserted in the walls of the chancel, 
 are in the very best character of the Decorated style, and in good 
 preservation ; but covered with so many coats of whitewash, as to 
 require an eye well accustomed to such work duly to appreciate their 
 beauties. The exterior of the chancel is plain, but very good, and the 
 canopies of the eastern buttresses have very fine finials. 
 
 Wellingore has a tower and short spire, and various parts deserv- 
 ing of attention, but the work is not of that excellent character which 
 is seen at Navenby. 
 
 Welbourne presents some excellent and curious features; the 
 tower is very Early English, and on it has been placed a Decorated 
 spire, of a singular shape, the line of the rib being curved, and making 
 the spire approach the shape of a sugar-loaf; the spire has flying but- 
 tresses from the angles of the tower, is crocketted, and of good work- 
 manship. The clerestory of the church is Perpendicular, of a good 
 and rather singular character ; the chancel has been rebuilt in a very 
 poor style ; the remainder of the church is Decorated, of very good 
 character ; the piers are octagonal, with very excellent mouldings to 
 the bases and capitals. The tracery of the windows is very good, with 
 some singular forms, and there is a south door and porch, of good 
 design, and excellent workmanship. Above the chancel roof, in the 
 gable of the nave, to the east, is a rich circle of tracery, of early Deco- 
 rated character, and over it a singular projecting niche and canopy, 
 apparently to hold a very small bell. On the whole, this church 
 deserves more attention than, from its situation, (at a distance from 
 ^ny considerable road,) it is likely to obtain. 
 
237 
 
 Leadkniiam. — This Church has a tower and spire, of most 
 graceful proportions, its character Early Perpendicular, of good design 
 and execution ; the chancel and porches are also Perpendicular ; the 
 rest of the church very excellent Decorated work ; the north door 
 peculiarly fine, with a canopy and most excellent crocketting and 
 mouldings ; the piers, arches, and mouldings throughout the church 
 peculiarly good, and the windows good tracery, with flat arches, but 
 many of them sadly mutilated by cutting away part of the mullions 
 and tracery; the buttresses are canopied at top, and have good moulded 
 set-otFs ; the spire is crocketted, has rich windows, and the tower has 
 very good buttresses, with octagonal pinnacles. 
 
 FuLBECK. — The general exterior appearance of this church is late 
 Perpendicular ; the tower, clerestory, porch, and most of the south 
 side being of that character ; the chancel is of earlier date, but has 
 been partly modernised. There are three early Decorated stalls on 
 the south side ; the nave has Early English piers, evidently set on 
 old Norman foundations, the arch into the chancel a good one. The 
 font is a very fine specimen of a Norman font ; the exterior of the 
 clerestory is rich, and has pinnacles and panelling ; some figures in 
 relief are attached to the south-east corner pinnacle, which, at a small 
 distance, become indistinct, and resemble an awkward bag hung about 
 the pinnacle ; the tower has eight pinnacles, and its outline is very 
 good. 
 
 Caythorpe Chcrch is also in the line of villages ; it is a cross 
 church of very great singularity. The chancel has been rebuilt, and 
 all its ancient features lost ; the north transept has a Perpendicular 
 window ; all the rest of the church is of Decorated character, and 
 generally well executed ; the tower stands on four very fine piers and 
 arches, with good mouldings ; its buttresses good, with canopied tops, 
 four pinnacles, and four fine pierced flying buttresses ; the spire 
 crocketted, slightly sugar-loaved, and pierced with quatrefoils, in 
 circles, for windows ; the battlement of the tower pierced, with the 
 waved line feathered. The plan of the nave is most Likely unique ; 
 it has two \\'indows and tliree buttresses at the west end, (under one 
 of these a Perpendicular door has been inserted,) and arches and piers 
 run down the centre of the nave, with half an arch abutting at the 
 apex, against the centre of the west wall of the tower, above the tower 
 arch : this curious arrangement is worked in the same good style, and 
 nearly of the same date as the tower. The windows of the nave are 
 very irregularly situated, and have some curious and good tracery ; 
 the south door is very good, and the west end a fine composition. The 
 wliole of the steeple of this singular church is of Decorated character. 
 The pinnacles are curious, being like some at Beverley Minster, cut so 
 
238 
 
 that the angular crockets, instead of rising as usual from the corbels at 
 the angle of the pedestal, rise from behind the finial of the canopy. 
 
 Brant Broughtox, on the road from Newark to Sleaford, is a 
 very curious church ; the chancel has been lately rebuilt, but the 
 other parts of the church remain in their original state ; the tower and 
 spire, and the west end of the aisles Decorated ; the belfry window very 
 fine, the spire crocketted, and pierced with quatrefoils for windows ; 
 the nave early Perpendicular, the piers and arches ])lain, the buttresses 
 very rich, like those of Nev/arlc ; the window architraves very rich, 
 and the hollows filled with flowers ; two porches have very curious 
 stone roofs, with very elaborate ribs and bosses ; many good pinnacles 
 and sunk panelled battlements ; the windows good Perpendicular. 
 
 Bkckinghaj:. — The tower of this C'liurch is Perpendicular, with 
 eight good pinnacles ; the nave, piers, and arches good Early English, 
 with shafts, some banded, and with the nail-head ornaments in some 
 of the capitals ; the -windows good Decorated, with flat arches ; the 
 north door a very curious one, of mixed Xorman and Earlv English 
 character ; the south door and south porch both excellent Elarly 
 English, but Avith the zigzag mixed with the toothed ornament. In 
 the church-yard, on the ground, exposed to constant trampling, is a 
 fine ancient female figure, evidently from a monument ; its continu- 
 ance there is a great disgrace to those who could turn out of the 
 church so fine a piece of ancient sculpture, and take into it so wretched 
 a piece of composition and execution as the altar-piece of this church, 
 but which was doubtless placed there before the incumbency of the 
 present learned and polite Rector. 
 
 NoR.AiAXTON Church, next to Caythorpe, is a small church, with 
 portions of Norman and Early English ; the tower is curious, from a 
 character which renders it very difficult to ascertain its date ; some of 
 the details are good, and others very bad. It is possible it may have 
 been rebuilt with fragments. The font is a large plain round block. 
 
 Carleton Scroope has some good Early English and Decorated 
 portions ; the font is octagonal, large, and bold, with good panelling, 
 of Decorated date. In the church is a plain water-drain ; there are 
 also some remains of stained glass. 
 
 Ancaster Church has a tower and spire. The arches of the 
 nave are Norman on the north side, and Early English on the south, 
 both of very good character ; there are also Decorated portions, and 
 some good windows. The chancel has low side-windows ; there is a 
 little good screen- work. The font is round, with intersecting arches 
 of Norman forms and late details. 
 
239 
 
 Belton Church has some portions of Perpendicular date, and 
 some Norman remains Avitliin. 
 
 Grantham. — This magnificent edifice is very simple in its plan ; 
 consisting of a nave and chancel, with aisles to each, a north vestry, 
 a north porch, and a south porch ; under part of the eastern portion 
 is a crypt. The tower is engaged at the west end of tlie nave, and 
 opens to the nave and aisles by three very fine arches ; it is very 
 loftv, and has a very fine spire ; there is a small clerestory to the 
 chancel, but none to the nave. Tlie piers and arches are very various ; 
 some Early English, some earl}' Decorated, and some Perpendicular. 
 The north door was originally a very fine one, but has been, as well 
 as the north j)orch, much mutilated ; the south door is good, but nmch 
 plainer ; both are Early English. The tower, and some portions of 
 the church are of a transition style, from Early English to ]3ecorated, 
 with most excellent details ; the windows are varied, and some very 
 fine. The parts of decidedly Decorated character have good deiails, 
 and some very fine windows ; and the same may be said of the Per- 
 pendicular portion. There are some good monumental arches, and in 
 the chancel is a stone screen, with a door to a vault, of excellent com- 
 position and delicate execution; the font is a large and fine one, with 
 niches and statues ; it may be considered late Decorated, or early 
 Perpendicular. This church forms altogether a most valuable example, 
 and deserves very careful study. 
 
 Little Ponton is a small church, with Norman and Early 
 English portions, and some windows of later date. 
 
 Great Ponton Church is a good plain Perpendicular building, 
 with a nave, aisles, and chancel, and a south porch ; the composition 
 is good, but has nothing particular to notice. The tower is one of the 
 most beautiful specimens of masonry to be found, it is late Perpendicu- 
 lar, with considerable and very minute enrichment; the buttresses have 
 very beautiful niches, and the base some panelling Avith shields and 
 figures ; all these enrichments, as well as the mouldings, where out 
 of reach, are in excellent preservation. The design of the tower is 
 fine, with rich battlements and pinnacles. 
 
 Coltster WORTH is a small church, with a good Perpendicular tower, 
 and a clerestory of the same date ; the piers and arches are Early 
 English. 
 
 The line of villages under the Clifl^, continues also north of Lin- 
 coln to Kirton, but of this line many churches have been rebuilt, 
 apparently about a century ago; some, however, have ancient portions 
 
240 
 
 still remaining. Burton and South Carleton have some ancient 
 windows, and other parts, which seem to have helon^ed to a more 
 ancient church, and to have been built into the present walls. North 
 Carletox, Scampton, AisTHORPE, Cawerixgham, Ixguam, and 
 Willoughtox, are all modern buildings, in which the old materials 
 have been used with very little preservation of their forms. Brat- 
 TLEBY and Fillixgham have been rebuilt, and have ancient por- 
 tions built into the modern walls. Harpsweli., Hemps'.vell, and 
 Blyborough have various parts deserving attention, and of various 
 styles. Grayingham has a very good Early English door in the 
 tower; the upper part of the tower is of later date, and the church 
 modern. 
 
 Kirtox Lindsey is a large church, with a considerable portion of 
 good Early English ; buttresses appear to have been added to the 
 tower at a later date, and there are various Perpendicular portions not 
 very well executed. 
 
 Redburn Church has a tower, part of which is ancient, but most 
 of the church is modern. 
 
 HiBALSTOw Church has the lower part of the tower and the 
 chancel of Early English character; the church is modern, the chan- 
 cel has a low side window on the south side. 
 
 At Barton on the Humber are two churches, one called the Old 
 Church, the other the New Church. The former, with the excep- 
 tion of its tower, has very little Avhich appears so early as the year 
 1300 ; it is principally of Decorated character, with good windows, 
 and is a large church. The latter, or New Church, has (insertions 
 and additions excepted) hardly any thing so late as the year 1300 ; 
 some of the piers and arches are Norman, but most of the church is 
 good Early English, particularly the tower. It is necessary thus to 
 contrast these churches, to give proper effect to the consideration of the 
 tower of -the Old Church, which has been mentioned in the body of 
 the work. It is proper also to state, that both churches have some 
 Perpendicular insertions and additions, and are deserving attention, 
 exclusive of the curiosity of the tower alluded to. 
 
 Having thus taken the two lines of churches from Lincoln, a third 
 line presents itself, which contains as much, if not greater, variety 
 and excellence of composition than is to be met with in a similar dis- 
 tance in the kingdom. These churches are either upon, or within a 
 very few miles of the road from Lincoln to London. 
 
241 
 
 Lesingham Church has a fine Early English tower, and a spire 
 of later date; the church has some portions Early English, and others 
 later. 
 
 Sleakord is a church of great interest ; it has a naX'e and aisles, with 
 a large cliapel, or transept, on the north side, and a large chancel 
 without aisles. The tower stands at the west end of the nave, and 
 has a spire. This steeple is much the oldest part of the church, and 
 is of Early English character ; the upper pu^rt and spire of a period 
 rather more advanced. The aisles, which af^^carried westward as far 
 as the front of the tower, are of the Decorated style, as is the tran- 
 sept or north chapel, and a porch, now used as an engine house. 
 Most of the piers and arches of the nave, the clerestory and the chan- 
 cel, are of the Perpendicular style, and are most probahly a re-build- 
 ing on the old site, as at that period some new arches of the same 
 style appear to have been cut out and under-built in the tower, and 
 the west window inserted. This seems the only way of accounting 
 for the singular mixture of forms and arrangements found about the 
 tower, which has at present a good groined roof. The whole of the 
 details of this church, in all its styles, are very good; but the insertion 
 of galleries, monuments, pewing, &c. since the Reformation, has oc- 
 casioned the usual defacements consequent on such alterations. 
 
 The west front is a fine one, the ends of the aisles being enriched 
 with parapets and pinnacles ; the windows have very good tracery, 
 and the doors good mouldings ; that in the west aisle has a crocketted 
 canopy. 
 
 The windows of the aisles and north chapel are varied, and are 
 remarkably fine specimens of Decorated tracery. 
 
 The clerestory, and other Perpendicular portions of the church, are 
 of good character, and well executed. 
 
 In the interior there is a spiral staircase, on the south side of the 
 tower, which is larger and more enriched than such staircases usually 
 are^ and has a moulded band, with the nail-head ornament running 
 round the newell, and a moulding under each of the steps ; this stair- 
 case is of Early English character. The piers and arches of the nave 
 are lofty and with good mouldings, and all the windows remarkably 
 well executed. In the chancel are three fine Perpendicular stalls, 
 and a water-drain, the details very good and delicately finished. At 
 the east end of the south wall of the south aisle, is a good water-drain, 
 of Decorated character, and the font was originally a fine one of the 
 same style, but it has been mutilated, and a top of very incongruous 
 
 2 B 
 
242 
 
 design placed upon it. The screen and canopy of the rood loft remain 
 at the entrance to the chancel, and are fine specimens of wood- work. 
 
 From the beauty of tlie design, and the excellence of the execution, 
 of most parts of this church, it deserves attentive examination. 
 
 QuARRiNGTON CutiRcii has a tower and spire ; part of the church 
 is Early English, and part Decorated, with a line door^ and some 
 good windows. The font is curiously shaped, and is of Perpendicular 
 date, not very well executed. 
 
 Silk Willoughby is a fine Church, of Decorated character, with 
 a tower and spire of very good composition ; the chancel is Perpen- 
 dicular, of good character, and has three equal stall- seats, and a small 
 plain water-drain. The font is circular, with Norman shafts, and 
 intersecting arches ; there is a small portion of good stained glass in 
 the east window, and some good wood screen-work and bench ends. 
 There is a good south porch, in wliich remains the pedestal of a stoup, 
 or holy Avater-basin, which is not of very common occurrence, stoups 
 being much less numerous than water-drains, which have been some- 
 times mistaken for them. 
 
 WiLSFORD Church has a tower and spire ; the church and chancel 
 have many parts Early English, some of the mouldings of which have 
 a small toothed ornament ; there are some good Decorated windows, 
 particularly the east window of four lights. On the south side of the 
 chancel is a low sido-Avindow inserted ; it is a large oiie, of two lights, 
 and of Decorated date ; the font is Perpendicular, octagon, with the 
 sides concave. 
 
 Kelby is a small but very curious Church ; it contains portions of 
 all the st3des, with many singularities. Tlie chancel is Norman, and 
 has a Norman water-drain and cupboard, and a low double window on 
 the south side ; there are some Decorated windoAvs, and the clerestory 
 is Perpendicular ; the lower part of tlie tower is Norman. The 
 arches of the south aisle have piers without Cixpitals, and the aisle is 
 groined in stone ; a circumstance not very common in tlie small parish 
 churches of this county ; there are some old seats with rich bench ends. 
 The font is a plain octagon, cut out of a large square stone, leaving a 
 square step at bottom, and a sort of round block at each corner to 
 break the octagon to a square. This is one of the numerous ancient 
 and very plain fonts, to be found in this and the adjoining counties, 
 in churches of much later date and richer character. This church 
 deserves much more attention than its appearance is likely to attract; 
 the Norman water-drain is, perhaps, one of the earliest to be found. 
 
243 
 
 Haydor Church has a tower and spire ; nave, aisles, chancel, and 
 north chapel ; there are some considerable portions of the three last 
 styles, and some very good details ; a good font, of Decorated cha- 
 racter, octagon, with varied panelling. There are some good Deco- 
 rated windows with beautiful tracery, and considerable remains of 
 fine ancient stained glass ; the ancient stairs to the ^-ood-loft are 
 remaining. 
 
 SwARBY Church has had much alteration and mutilation, yet 
 contains some portions of beautiful detail, principally of early Perpen- 
 dicular character, but parts are much older ; tlie font evidently Early 
 English, but the supports ap])ear later than the body. 
 
 AswARBY has a fine tower and spire ; it is a small church, with a 
 lofty clerestory ; the exterior is mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 with soma older portions. 
 
 OsBOURNBY Church has some very excellent portions of Deco- 
 rated work ; particularly a porch, some stalls in the chancel, and some 
 of the windows ; there is a water-drain in each aisle, and one in the 
 chancel. The font is a large one, the upper part round, the lower 
 part octagon ; the round portion is covered with shafts and intersect- 
 ing arches, filled with the nail-head ornament ; there are some remains 
 of a good rood-loft screen, and some ancient benches. 
 
 AuNSBY is a small but very curious Church, v/ith a tower and spire ; 
 there are some arches in the nave which, with their piers, would be 
 deemed Norman, but their basss are clearly of Early English cha- 
 racter. The piers and arches on the south side, and the walls and 
 windows of that aisle, are of a late Decorated character, v/ith a door 
 still later ; but all of excellent composition and detail, though on a 
 small scale ; in these windows are remains of some of the most beau- 
 tiful stained glass in the district, the colours remarkably bright ; they 
 are, however, only in very small portions. The font of this church is 
 a very curious one ; tlie lower part square, the upper part circular, 
 with an octagon or round pillar at each corner of the square, having 
 varied Normau capitals and Early English bases. 
 
 Threckingham is a curious Church, with a lofty tower and spire ; 
 much of the work is Early English and Early Decorated, with some 
 later additions. The chancel is a curious specimen of the mixture of 
 the Norman and Early English styles, having quite a I\orman appear- 
 ance on the outside, with round arches, but the details are late ; the 
 iuside is as clearly Early English, with beautiful shafts and mould- 
 ings ; there are some good Decorated windows ; the piers and arches 
 
244 
 
 are varied, mostly jEarly English. In the chancel is a good stall and 
 Clipboard ; the font is a very curious one ; it is circular, with Early 
 English panelling on the upper part, and plain below, except a base 
 moulding, in the hollow of which an inscription has been cut in letters 
 of bold relief, but they have been so worn and trodden on as to be 
 now illegibL ; there are a few ancient monuments, and some good 
 screen- work and bench ends. 
 
 Walcot Chubcii has a tower and fine crocketted spire, which, with 
 the largest portion of the church, are of the Decorated character ; the 
 windoA\s are very fine, particularly the east Avindow ; the piers and 
 arches not quite so good, but may have been mutilated. The cleres- 
 tory is Perpendicular, On the south side, between the windo\\s of 
 the south aisle, is a most beautiful canopied niche, with buttresses 
 and pinnacles ; it is in a situation not very common, and is remark- 
 ably well preserved. The south door of this church is a rich one, 
 and the whole edifice deserves attentive examination. 
 
 FoLKiNGHAM is a large and handsome church, mostly of Perpen- 
 dicular character, the chancel is earlier, with some good Decorated 
 windows. The tower is the principal feature ; it has eight pinnacles 
 and a rich battlement ; the belfry window is double, with two archi- 
 traves under one dripstone, an arrangement not uncommon in towers 
 of the same data in this district. 
 
 KiRBY Laythorpb is a small church with a Norman door, some 
 Early English portions, a good octagonal Perpendicular font, and a 
 curious wooden porch of that style. There is a little wood screen- 
 work. 
 
 AsGARBY Church is mostly of Perpendicular character, with some 
 piers, arches, and windows, of an earlier date. The tower is lofty, 
 and has a fine crocketted spire ; the whole is not much enriched, but 
 of good Perpendicular composition. There is a small plain water- 
 drain in the north aisle, and another richer in the chancel. The 
 font is octagonal, large, and quite plain. 
 
 HowEL is a small Church, with a gabl: arched for two small bells; 
 this end is of Decorated character, and is a good specimen of that 
 kind of substitute for a tower. The south door is Norman, and there 
 is one Early English lancet window. The piers are circular, with 
 semicircular arches, the arch into the chancel pointed. There is a 
 low monumental arch with hanging tracery, and an effigy in the 
 chancel. The font is octagon, of Perpendicular character, and there is 
 the stump of a cross in the church-yard. 
 
245 
 
 Hkckin'ton. — Tliis beautiful church, of pure Decorated character, 
 is one of the most perfect models iu the kingdom, having, with one 
 exception, (that of the groining or interior ceiling which is wanting, 
 and appears never to have been prepared for,) every feature of a line 
 church, of one uniform style, without any admixture of earlier or 
 later work. Its mutilations are comparatively small, consisting only 
 in the destruction of the tracery of the north transept window, and 
 some featherings in other windows, and the building a wall to inclose 
 a vestry. The plan of the church is a west tower and spire, nave and 
 aisles, spacious transepts, and a large chancel, with a vestry attached 
 to the north side. The nave has a well proportioned clerestory. 
 There is a south porch ; a rich font ; the tomb of an ecclesiastic, 
 under a low arch in the chancel, and the assemblage of niches used 
 in the Catholic ceremonies at Easter, and called a sepulchre. On the 
 south side of the chancel, under a window, is a very rich water-drain, 
 and in the wall three stone stalls. In the north transept are two 
 other water-drains, and in the south transept are two cupboards, a 
 water-drain, and three stalls. In the chancel, and some of the church 
 walls, are very good brackets. The vestry has a crji:)t below it, and 
 a water-drain in the waU above. Fully to describe this church, would 
 require a much larger space than can be allotted to it, but some singu- 
 larities remain to be noticed, and it may be AveU to remark, tliat 
 every part of the design and execution is of the very best character, 
 equal to any in the kingdom. The church is rich rather from its com- 
 position, than from minute or profusely scattered ornament, and the 
 outline, at a distance, is peculiarly fine. The south side of the church 
 is more enriched than the north, and the chancel more so than the 
 nave. The tower and spire are very lofty, and the four pinnacles 
 which crown the tower, are large and pentagonal; this unusual shape 
 has, at less cost, an effect fully equal to an octagon, and the pinna- 
 cles are without crockets, but have rich finials, the spire is plain, with 
 three tier of windows on the alternate sides. The whole arrangement 
 of this steeple is peculiarly calculated for effect at a distance. The 
 whole of the windows of the church are fine and much varied, and 
 the east window, of seven lights, has a great resemblance to that in 
 the chancel at Hawton, near Newark, in which church also are three 
 stalls and a water-drain, with a sepulchre, of a character resembling 
 those of this church, as will be more particularly remarked when 
 treating of Hawton church. The south porch, and all the buttresses 
 of the south side, have very fine niches, some of them with double 
 canopies. At the east end of the nave, and at the east end of the 
 chancel, are large rich pinnacles ; but the buttresses generally finish 
 with canopies below the parapet. The chancel buttresses are richer, 
 and the parapet is pierced ; the chancel door, a small one on the south 
 
246 
 
 skle, lias rich mouldings, and a plain ogee canopy, with a rich linial, 
 and the windoAv is slightly encroached upon by this door. The arch 
 ijito the porch, and the south door of the church, have very fine mould- 
 ings Avitli shafts ; the north door is plainer, and has no porch. In the 
 interior, the first object worthy of notice is the font, a hexagon with 
 very rich niches, but sadly mutilated and painted ; the design and 
 execution both excellent. In the nave, the piers and arches are plain, 
 but with very good mouldings ; one window, on the south side, is filled 
 with ancient stained glass, of a character so excellent as to make it 
 much to be regretted that more has not been preserved. In the chan- 
 cel, the stalls have been carefully cleaned, and exhibit a specimen of 
 pure Decorated work as rich as the finest sculpture of foliage and 
 small figures can render it, and hardly surpassed by any in the king- 
 dom. The -n-ater-drain and sepulchre are not yet cleaned, but are of 
 the same excellent character, as is the arched tomb ; the vestments of 
 the efiigy are also remarkably well executed ; the sepulchre, of which 
 there are not many specimens now remaining, consists of a series of 
 richly ornamented niches, the largest of Avhich represents the tomb, 
 having angels standing beside it ; the side niches have the IMaries and 
 other appropriate figures, and in the lower niches are the Roman 
 soldiers reposing ; these niches have rich canopies, and are separated 
 by buttresses and rich finials, having all the spaces covered by very rich 
 foliage. The various small ornaments about these stalls and niches 
 form one of the best possible studies for enrichments of this date, and 
 it is almost peculiar to this church, that there is nothing about it 
 (except what is quite modern,) tliat is not of the same style and 
 character. 
 
 Burton Pedwardine Church is in ruins, but contains various 
 portions deserving examination. 
 
 Great Hale Church has no chancel, but the nave and aisles are 
 of the Decorated style, Avith very good windows and doors. 
 
 Helmpringham. — This church is also mostly of Decorated charac- 
 ter, much resembling Heckington in some parts ; it has fine doors and 
 windows, a lofty tower and crocketted spire. The chancel has a low 
 side window, both north and south. 
 
 SwAYTOX is a fine cross church ; the tower and chancel Early Eng- 
 lish, the other parts mostly Decorated. The details of the A^indows 
 are remarkably delicate, although the scale of the windows is very 
 large; this gives to the west end of the church a peculiarly fine ap- 
 pearance. The chancel has lancet windoAvs, and the east window is 
 a tAvo-light, Avith shafts, having delicate corbels at the bottom. 
 
247 
 
 HoRBLiNG is a large church, with the tower between the nave and 
 chancel. The nave has aisles, and a large transej)t. The chancel and 
 jKirt of the tower are Xornian, tlie upper part of the tower is Early 
 Knglish, as are some other portions, but much of the nave and aisles 
 is Decorated, with a Perpendicular clerestory, and various windows of 
 tlie same style inserted. There are buttresses and strings of Norman 
 iliaracter remaining in the west end; the west window is a very large 
 ;!iid line one, of Perpendicular character. The font is very rich, and 
 liiis tlie instruments of the crucifixion and other carvings, of Decorated 
 eliaracter. In the chancel is a Norman water-drain and a stall, both 
 very plain. This cliurch, and that at Swayton, deserve peculiar 
 attention. 
 
 BiLMXGBOROUGH is another fine tower and spire, something like 
 Heckington, but neither in composition nor detail quite so good, or so 
 rich. IMost of the church is Decorated, the chancel has some Early 
 English windows, and the clerestory of the nave is Perpendicular, the 
 north and south doors are fine, and there are some windows with very 
 good tracery. 
 
 Sempringiiam Church seems the remains of a larger building; the 
 nave and north aisle are Norman, with a remarkably fine south door, 
 and some Norman windows, having later windows inserted ; the 
 tower stands east of the nave, and there is a very small modern chan- 
 cel ; there is also a plain Norman door on the north side ; there has 
 likewise been a porch on the south side, and this, perhaps, has led 
 to the peculiar jjreservation of this doorway, still perfectly sharp in 
 its ornaments, which are remarkably fine, both in design and execu- 
 tion. The wood door is a very old one, Avith good iron work. The 
 piers and arches of this church are very bold, and the windows good ; 
 the Norman parapet remains, with a wave line under it for a cornice. 
 The tower is Perpendicular, plain in its design, but has eight rich 
 pinnacles. 
 
 AsLACKBY Church is principally of Perpendicular character, Avith 
 some earlier portions, particularly the chancel and the south door — 
 There is a good octagon font of the date of the church, and a water 
 drain in the north aisle. 
 
 KiRBY Underavood is a small poor church, some parts of which 
 are Decorated, others Perpendicular. The font is a plain cylindrical 
 stone, set on a smaller cylinder, and square steps ; all quite plain, and 
 with a large basin. 
 
 B iPiNGALE is a large church, mostly of Decorated character ; it 
 consists of a large west toAver, a nave, and south aisle of nearly the 
 
248 
 
 same width as the nave, and as long as the nave and chancel ; part of 
 it is divided for a school, and in this portion, subject to continnal muti- 
 lation, are two very fine tombs, with effigies ; one is under a very 
 fine arch, which formerly luid hanging tracery, and the canopy still 
 retains very rich crockets. These monuments are peculiarl)' fine, both 
 in composition and execution. The piers and arches dividing the 
 church are very good. The tower and part of the nave are Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 DijNSBY Church has a handsome Decorated tower, of simple but 
 bold composition ; the church is partly of the same date, and partly 
 earlier ; the south door a good Early English one ; most of the win- 
 dows have been altered, and the north aisle rebuilt. 
 
 Haconby CnuRcn has a tower and spire, nave, aisles, and chancel, 
 and a north chapel to the chancel, now shut up and in very bad con- 
 dition. The church has Early English piers and arches, and some 
 Decorated portions ; the windows mostly Perpendicular, the chancel 
 chapel is late Perpendicular, and has been very rich ; it has hereto- 
 fore opened into the chancel by a very handsome door. The font is 
 curious and quite plain ; a cylinder set on a smaller one, with four 
 small pillars round it, the whole on a square base ; this form is not 
 uncommon, but it is seldom so entirely plain as in this church. There 
 are water drains in the chancel and south aisle. In the chancel is an 
 oak chest with very excellent tracery panelling and other carvings ; 
 the design and most of the execution is so good that it appears not im- 
 probably to be of Decorated date, and there are also some wooden 
 benches, of nearly equal antiquity ; in both the tracery is very well 
 cut, the figures not quite so well. 
 
 IVIoRTON is a large and handsome cross church, with a lofty tower at 
 the intersection. There is a Norman door now stopt in the chancel, and 
 a portion of Early English in the nave ; but the largest part of the 
 church is Decorated and Perpendicular, both of good character, withlarge 
 and fine windows, and a rich west porch. The tower is finely groined. 
 In the chancel is a water drain, and three equal stone stalls ; and in 
 the north transept is a beautiful small Perpendicular niche. The font 
 is octagon and panelled, with the instruments of the crucifixion. 
 
 BotJRNE is a large church, but seems only part of a more extensive 
 plan. The piers and arches of the nave are Norman, and very bold, 
 with plain round arches ; the clerestory, and some other portions, are 
 Perpendicular. The west end of the church is curious from the mode 
 in which the work of the difi^erent dates has been set on and grafted 
 into each other. There is a commencement of two Early English 
 
249 
 
 towers, placed upon a part of earlier date, but mixed, between the 
 towers, with Perpendicular insertions. Of these towers the north 
 is only as high as the west end of the nave, but the south rises much 
 higher, and has a Perpendicular belfry story and pinnacles. The 
 Avest window is a fine and large one of Perpendicular character, with 
 a door of the same period under it, having a stoup with an ogee crock- 
 etted canopy over it. In the south porch is another stoup. The 
 walls of the chancel and south aisle appear earlier than the windows 
 in them, and there is a portion of an Early English door remaining, 
 close to a buttress. The font is a rich and fine Perpendicular one. 
 
 The churches of Thurlby and Baston are small, but have various 
 ancient portions, mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Langtoft Church has a tower and spire at the west end of the 
 north aisle, it has a large clerestory, and is mostly Perpendicular, 
 with some earlier portions. 
 
 Markkt Deeping Church has some traces of Norman; the nave 
 piers, and a few windows are Early English, but the tower and 
 clerestory, and most of the Mdndows, are Perpendicular. There is a 
 Perpendicular font, (octagon) with varied panelling, but not very 
 well executed. There is also a low side window on the south side of 
 the chancel, and a water drain in the south aisle. 
 
 East Deeping is a large and curious church ; it consists of a nave 
 and large south aisle, a chancel and south aisle, and a modern steeple. 
 The nave is Norman and Early English, and the south aisle Deco- 
 rated ; all of very good composition, with some good windows. There 
 is a large Norman font with intersecting arches, and some screen- 
 work, and a very little ancient stained glass^ The south porch is 
 Early English, and very tine. This church deserves attentive ex- 
 amination. 
 
 West Deeping Church has a tower and crocketted spire, nave, 
 aisles, and chancel ; the nave has Early English piers and arches ; 
 the chancel is Decorated ; the steeple, clerestory, and several windows 
 Perpendicular ; in the chancel are three stalls and a water drain, and 
 about the church are several good brackets. The font is a fine speci- 
 men of Early English, with shields ; it stands on arches rising from 
 shafts. 
 
 Uffington is a large and handsome Church, with a fine tower and 
 spire ; the nave piers and arches are Early English, but the chancel, 
 and aisle windows, and the steeple, are Perpendicular, with some very 
 
 2c 
 
250 
 
 fine windows, particularly the east window ; the tower, which opens 
 into the church bj'^ a fine arch, is late Perpendicular, and its lower 
 story peculiarly elegant, having a very fine door with helmets and 
 shields in the spandrells, and very well carved foliage in the mould- 
 ings. The lower part of the toAver buttresses have very fine niches 
 with rich crocketted canopies ; the carvings of this door and niches, 
 though not so rich or minute, resemble those in the tower of Great 
 Ponton ; there are some small portions of ancient stained glass. 
 
 Stamford contains several churches and other edifices deserving 
 particular notice. 
 
 All Saints Ciittkch is curious from the way in which the Early- 
 English and Perpendicular portions are united to each other ; in some 
 parts both styles are very well worked ; the tower and spire are very 
 beautiful, rather late Perpendicular, but with very good details, and 
 there are two porches of the same style. Most of the interior, and the 
 lower part of the exterior of the church is Early Englisli, of a very 
 fine character ; there is a very fine Perpendicular panelled font, and u 
 rich wood-roof to part of the church. 
 
 St. Georgf/s, amidst much mutilation and alteration, possesses 
 some old portions, principally Perpendicular, and some ancient stained 
 glass. 
 
 St. John's Church is principally of Perpendicular character, with 
 fine wood roofing, and a south porch, Avith a rich crocketted canopy ; 
 there is some good wood screen-work, and the stairs to the rood-loft 
 remaining. 
 
 St. IMary is one of the finest churches in the tOAvn, though not 
 very large ; the steeple, a tower and spire, is a very fine specimen of 
 Early English composition. There are Early English parts about the 
 church, but a large portion of it is Perpendicular, witli some rich 
 chapels, and a fine monument with the effigies of a knight and his 
 lady on a canopied altar tomb ; the font is octagon and Perpendicular. 
 This church and All Saints deserve very attentive examination. 
 
 St. Michael's Church has been much altered and modernised, 
 but retains its interior piers and arches, Avhich are good Early English. 
 
 There are several buildings of considerable interest in and about 
 Stamford. The Free-School is partly a Norman building, witli 
 later windows inserted, and two fine Early Englisli piers and arches. 
 Near this is a handsome Doorway, now an entrance into a garden 
 
251 
 
 from the street. There is iilso a small Norman Door near tlie 
 bridge, and a door, which seems to have been part of the Castle, in 
 an old wall near the river. 
 
 The Gate of the White Friars remains, and is a good compo- 
 sition. 
 
 St. Leonard's Hospital, is the remains of a Norman Church ; 
 the west end is of mixed Norman and Early English, the forms 
 being Norman, and the details mostly Early English. 
 
 Brown's Hospital, or Almshouse, presents some good portions of 
 late Perpendicular character. 
 
 The next line of churches to be noticed commences with Boston, 
 and runs to the celebrated Abbey of Crowland. 
 
 Boston Church is one of the largest churches and loftiest towers 
 in the kingdom. The church is principally Decorated, and the tower 
 Perpendicular, both excellent in their kind ; the chancel is partly 
 Decorated, and partly Perpendicular, and there is a good south porch. 
 The interior is on a very magnificent scale ; the mouldings of the piers 
 and arches remarkably bold and good ; the church is groined in plaster, 
 a modern work of not very good composition. There are three stalls 
 in the south aisle, and several monumental arches ; one rich, the 
 others plainer ; some of the parapets and pinnacles are very beautiful, 
 particularly a sort of niche on the east end of the north aisle. The 
 south door, under the porch, has a very fine ancient wood door ; the 
 western windows of the aisles, and some few others are Perpendicular. 
 The tower, which is one of the finest compositions of that style, is a 
 a complete arrangement of panelling over walls and buttresses, except 
 the belfry story, in which the window is so large as nearly to occupy 
 the whole face of the tower. A very rich and elegant octagonal 
 lantern rises from the tower, and is supported by flying buttresses 
 from the four pinnacles, and has also a rich pierced battlement and 
 eight pinnacles ; this lantern is paneUed throughout, and each side 
 pierced with a large two-light window, having double transoms ; this 
 composition gives to the upper part of the steeple a richness and 
 lightness of appearance scarcely equalled in the kingdom. The details 
 of the tower are very good, and the whole church deserving careful 
 study. 
 
 Freeston Church has a handsome tower, and some other portions 
 of good ^vork. 
 
252 
 
 KiRTON is a large and handsome Church, principally Perpendi- 
 cular, with 8ome earlier portions. 
 
 SuTTKRTON CiiURCii luis a tower and fine crocketted spire ; part 
 of Perpendicular character, and some parts earlier. 
 
 GosBERTON Church has n tower and spire of excellent proportion. 
 
 SuRFLEET Church has also a tower and spire ; parts of the church 
 are Perpendicular, and other parts of the earlier styles. 
 
 Pinchbeck is a curious Church, mostly of Perpendicular character ; 
 the tower svems to have settled during its erection, as the lower stories 
 are considerably inclined, and the belfry story perfectly upright. 
 
 Spalding Church has a fine tower and crocketted spire ; the 
 phurch is mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 C ROWLAND is the north aisle of a very magnificent Perpendicular 
 church, which was but the nave of tlie Abbey church, the west piers 
 of the Norman eastern portion still remaining ; this large nave appears 
 to have been built between the Norman choir and some portions still 
 remaining at the west end ; part of Avhich is Norman, part Early 
 English, and part Perpendicular. At the west end of the present 
 church is a massive Perpendicular tower, forming an entrance to it ; 
 some of the south piers and arches of the nave, and small portions of 
 the clerestory of that side still remain, but every winter become more 
 and more ruinated. The western entrance, one of the most beautiful 
 portions of rich Early English in the kingdom, is in such a state that 
 a very slight fall from above would entirely destroy it ; thougli, from 
 the excellence of the stone, the most valuable details which it presents 
 are nearly as sharp as when first cut. The church has a large Perpen- 
 dicular font, of the block shape, noticed at Kelby, but ornamented 
 with panelling ; it has also a very large stoup under a niche at the 
 entrance ; this is remarkable, as being a plain cylinder on the floor, as 
 large as a font, and the same date as the font itself. The part used 
 for service, though only so small a portion of the original edifice, 
 makes a handsome church, and the groining of the roof is very good ; 
 the original windows have been very fine ones; there is some good 
 screen-^^'ork and ancient pewing. 
 
 The celebi-ated triangular BRiD(iE, near this church, is a curiosity, 
 though not now of much utility ; the character of the mouldings is 
 Decorated. 
 
253 
 
 There are many other fine churches in this county, of which a fe\r 
 may be noticed. 
 
 Bennington Church, near Boston, has a remarkably fine font, 
 with niches, pinnacles, and statues : and Leverton Church, the 
 adjoining parish, has three very rich stone stalls in the chancel. 
 
 The churches of Segdbrook, Long Bennington, Great Gun- 
 NERBY, Claypool, and Doddington, have all portions of ancient 
 work deserving attention, and the last three have spires. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, JMiddle Raisin, has a fine Norman door, and 
 some later portions. 
 
 Stoke Rochford and Tattershall Churches have some good 
 Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Clee Church has some fine Norman piers and arches, and various 
 parts of later date. The font is circular, large and plain. 
 
 Stow Church is an edifice of considerable size, and principally of 
 Norman character; the chancel, and the west and south doors, are very 
 fine specimens of that style ; the transepts are plainer ; the upper 
 part of the tower and the west window are Perpendicular, and there 
 is a small niche of that date on the north side of the west door ; 
 there are some inserted windows and a good font, which has an 
 octagonal body on a shaft, surrounded by smaller ones. 
 
 Great Grijisby is a large cross church, a considerable portion of 
 which is Early English, with a Norman west door, and a large tower at 
 the intersection of the cross. In the church is a tomb, with a recumbent 
 eftigy. The font is large and of Early English character, as is also a 
 cross in the church yard, the top of which is destroyed. 
 
 Sutton Church has a fine tower and a spire, the church is large, 
 and has portions of several styles ; the windows mostly Perpendicular, 
 some very good. 
 
 The last church to be mentioned, and one of the finest in the 
 county, is that of Louth ; it has a lofty tower and rich crocketted 
 spire, a nave and aisles, and chancel. It is a remarkably fine specimen 
 of a Perpendicular exterior ; the forms being very good, and the de- 
 tails well executed ; the east end is peculiarly fine, the window being 
 of seven lights, and remarkably beautiful in its tracery. The but- 
 tresses, also, of the east end have niches in them, and are crowned 
 
254 
 
 with rich finials ; the parapet of the chancel is a fine one, with a cross 
 and crockets on the gable. The tower, above the roof of the church, 
 has two stages, each of which has two long windows ; the upper ones 
 with rich ogee canopies. The battlement of the tower, octagonal 
 pierced turrets, and pierced ilying buttresses to the spire, give a rich- 
 ness and lightness to the steeple possessed by few edifices of the same 
 style. The cornices are mostly filled with liowers and other enrich- 
 ments, and the whole church forms a valuable study of the style. 
 
 In the church yard of Somersby is a cross deserving of notice for 
 a crucifix forming its upper portion, of which there are very few 
 remaining. 
 
 Of the Monastic edifices there are many small remains : but those at 
 Thoknton Abbey are so considerable as to require particular notice; 
 various parts are standing, some domestic, some ecclesiastic ; but 
 most of very good design and execution ; some of the work is Deco- 
 rated, and some a little later ; the remains of the chapter house are 
 very fine. 
 
 Tattershall Castle is a fine specimen of the later castellated 
 tower; it is Perpendicular, with good details. 
 
 Largely as this county has been noticed, a very great number of 
 its churches remain almost wholly unknown, not being much inter- 
 sected by great roads. Although many of these churches are at short 
 distances from the road and each other, yet those in the north-eastern- 
 part of the county do not appear to have been ever carefully examined. 
 
 Hontrcm 
 
 Although various causes have contributed to strip the metropolis of 
 ancient English edifices, and particularly that wide desolator, the fire 
 of 1666, there are yet remaining some very curious specimens. 
 
 The Chapel in the White tower, now the Record Room, is one of 
 the most complete specimens of a Norman church, on a small scale, 
 which remains ; and in some other parts of the White Tower are Early 
 English remains. 
 
 The Church of St. Bartholomew the Great, in West Smith- 
 field, contains much good Norman work, and its entrance gate, from 
 Smithfield, is Early English, with the toothed ornament in its 
 mouldings. 
 
255 
 
 The Temple Church, of which the mixed part has been men- 
 tioned before, is one of the best of the few round churches. The 
 eastern part is a most excellent specimen of plain light Early Englisli, 
 and its groining and slender piers are perhaps unequalled. 
 
 The Dutch Church, Austin Friars, contains some very good 
 Decorated windows. 
 
 The end of Ely Chapel, fronting Ely-place, has one fine Deco- 
 rated window of curious composition. 
 
 The Church of St. Catharine, near the tower, though sadly dis- 
 figured by alterations of various dates, still contains several parts 
 worthy of attention, particularly in the eastern portion. 
 
 St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, is Perpendicular work of pretty 
 good character. 
 
 The remains of Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate-street, are so very ex- 
 cellent in their kind, that it is a pity they cannot be restored to their 
 original state ; erected as a domestic mansion, they furnish many 
 good hints for modern work, and the details are as good as any Per- 
 pendicular work remaining of the kind. 
 
 Westminster Abbey. — Tliis magnificent edifice is now so well 
 known by the various engravings of the building and its parts, that it 
 is less necessary than heretofore to notice it at much length. The 
 building may be considered to consist of four parts : — the Abbey 
 church ; the chapel of Henry the Seventh at the east end ; the Chap- 
 ter-house Cloisters, and other buildings adjoining, on the south side ; 
 and the western towers added by Sir Christopher Wren. The first 
 portion, or the Abbey Church, though not entirely finished till con- 
 siderably after the date of the style, is in composition Early English, 
 and one of the finest examples of that character, and is also peculiarly 
 excellent in its details. The chapel of Henry the Seventh, one of 
 the latest, is on the whole the most enriched edifice of the Perpendi- 
 cular style in England ; it is one entire mass of panelling and orna- 
 ment, there being no plain wall above the base ; it forms a good ex- 
 ample of the extent to which a building may be enriched, and a re- 
 markable contrast to the simplicity of the church to which it is 
 attached. As a magazine of Perpendicular detail, it is peculiarly 
 valuable. The porch, or entrance from the east end of the Abbey, is 
 
256 
 
 seldom noticed;, and not often well seen, for want of light ; but it is 
 a most beautiful composition, and deserves attention. The cloisters 
 and adjacent buildings have some doors, windows^ and other parts of 
 great beauty, some of which are of the Decorated style. Of the 
 western towers little need be said, their difference from the edifice to 
 which they are added, and even from the portion of the Perpendicular 
 style upon which they are built, is now sufficiently evident. There are 
 many ancient monuments in this church, which the student will find 
 it very advantageous to examine with great care. 
 
 Westminster Hall. — The north front of this edifice is one of the 
 earliest, as well as best, specimens of the Perpendicular style, every 
 distinguishing feature of the style being here exemplified. The inte- 
 rior has Norman walls below ; and above the arches are filled with 
 Perpendicular tracery ; and from stone corbels of that date, spring the 
 ribs of the wood roof; the largest, and on the whole, the most mag- 
 nificent wood roof in the kingdom. 
 
 Amidst the various alterations which ^the convenience of the Imperial 
 Parliament has required, there are yet remaining some portions of St. 
 Stephen's Chapel, and the adjacent buildings, but most of them are 
 inaccessible, owing to their forming part of the Parliamentary offices, 
 or of the Speaker's house ; there is, however, a small portion of good 
 screen work near the lobby of the House of Commons, easily accessible 
 and deserving of attention. 
 
 Of the churches in this county, most have been very considerably 
 altered from the wants of the increasing population, and others were 
 originally not edifices of much consequence. In the following list there 
 are small remains of good work, but scarely a single good wholly ancient 
 church ; amongst the fonts are several curious ones. The churches 
 of Bedfont, Harlington, Hayes, Hendon, and Harrow, have 
 each small Norman remains. The following are principally of the 
 later styles : — Acton, Greenford, Hadley, Hanworth, Har- 
 mondsworth, Heston, Hillingdon, Ickenham, Kingsbury, 
 South Mimms, Northall, Ridge, Rislip, Stains, Stanwell, 
 Stepney, Stratford-le-Bow, Teddington, Walton, and Wills- 
 den. 
 
 Monnio\itf)^f)itt. f 
 
 The church of St. Thomas, at Monmouth, and the church at 
 Abergavenny, have some portions of good work, and there are 
 small remains of the Priory at Monmouth. . 
 
257 
 
 The Castles of Abergavknny, Caldkcot, Chepstow, Newport, 
 Ragland, and White Castle, are all, more or less, ruinated, but 
 have many parts deserving attention. 
 
 The Abbeys of Llanthony and Tintern are in this county ; the 
 ruins of the former are considerable ; of the latter, nearly the whole of 
 the walls of the magnificent church remain. As a picturesque object, 
 this abbey is justly celebrated, but justice has not been done to its 
 architectural character, which is of a style forming a transition from 
 Early English to Decorated, so that in beauty of composition and de- 
 licacy of execution, it yields to few edifices in the kingdom. 
 
 KorfoUt 
 
 Norwich Cathedral is so situated that no very good general 
 view of it is to be obtained ; the best is that of the west front. The 
 plan is almost wholly Norman, with a circular east end, and some 
 circular chapels attached to it. There has been a Lady Chapel east- 
 ward, now destroj^ed, which was Early English, and some foundations 
 have been discovered, Avhich appear to have been those of a building 
 like Becket's Crown, the eastern termination of Canterbury Cathe- 
 dral. There are various insertions of later styles, but the nave, cen- 
 tral tower, and eastern portion, present a continued line of Norman 
 work of excellent character, and with not much alteration, except in 
 the windows and the roof ; the latter is of Perpendicular character, as 
 is the centre of the west front, the door, and large west window. 
 The east end is a very fine composition ; in its aisles are some good 
 Norman groined roofs. Parts of the choir arches have been filled up 
 and altered with rich Perpendicular work of good character. The 
 tower, both inside and out, presents one of the best specimens of 
 Norman ornament extant. The spire is good, of Decorated or early 
 Perpendicular character. The cloisters are large and fine, and com- 
 prise a curious series of work, from early Decorated to middle Perpen- 
 dicular ; and the gradation is easily observed in the character of the 
 tracery, though something of the same general forms are preserved; 
 there is a very fine door, and some lavatories of very good work, in 
 these cloisters. The chapter-house has been destroyed. There are 
 various portions of screen-work and monuments in the cathedral 
 deserving attention, and the font is a very fine one. The Norman of 
 the nave is very bold, and the triforium arches very large ; the choir 
 exhibits another specimen of Perpendicular addition to a Norman edi- 
 fice, differing from those at Gloucester and Winchester. 
 
 2d 
 
258 
 
 The precincts of the cathedral present several ancient buildings of 
 considerable interest. The Bishop's Palace has some remains of the 
 ancient hall, and an Entrance Gate, both valuable specimens. Near 
 the west end of the cathedral is a Free-School, containing some 
 good work ; and not far from thence are the two ancient Gates ; one 
 called St. Ethelbert's Gate, is of Decorated character, and the 
 other called the Erpingham Gate, of late Perpendicular, both valuable 
 in their respective styles. 
 
 The Churches in the city of Norwich are very numerous, and some 
 of them very valuable. The most conspicuous is St. Peter Man- 
 croft, a large and fine Perpendicular church, with a lofty tower ; the 
 plan is a nave, aisles, and two transeptal chapels, of the same height 
 as the aisles ; there is no specific distinction of chancel on the out- 
 side. The windows are large and fine, and the interior is remarkably 
 light and elegant, with fine niches between the arches of the nave. 
 The battlements of the tower are modern and patched, as are some 
 other parts, but when complete, this must have been a peculiarly fine 
 one ; the band, under the windows of the aisles, is enriched with panel- 
 ling and shields. 
 
 St. Michael Coslany. — This church may be noticed as a very fine 
 specimen of Norfolk building in flint and stone ; it prevails in a great 
 number of the churches, and at a short distance the effect is good. 
 The tracery mouldings, some real, some apparent, and tlie ornaments, 
 small battlements, tudor flowers, and other embellishments, are cut in 
 stone ; and the interstices, representing the sunk parts, filled up with 
 flint. In tliis church, a portion of the chancel is built in this wa}', 
 and the work being well executed and very minute, its effect is very 
 curious ; this portion of the church is Perpendicular, and the design 
 very good ; there are older portions, some of them Early English, 
 and the church deserves attention for its character, exclusive of the 
 flint and stone-work. It may be well to state, that in some churches 
 this mixture is found of Decorated cliaracter, witli the elegant forms 
 of that style beautifully made out, and it is possible there may be 
 some of it of a still earlier date. 
 
 The Churches of St. Bennet, St. Ethelred, and St. Julian, 
 liave round towers ; the two latter have Norman portions still remain- 
 ing ; but these towers have been so disturbed, as to their original 
 openings, that it is not possible to assign a date with certainty ; from 
 those openings which are most perfect, it seems at least possible that 
 some of these towers were erected as late as the year 1200 ; some of 
 them maj% however, be of much greater antiquity. They have usually 
 been considered as very early Norman, but their date deserves inves- 
 tigation, as they are not uncommon in this county, and yet very few 
 are to be found in other counties. 
 
259 
 
 The Churches of All Saints, St. Augustixe, St. Clement, 
 St. George Tombland, St. John Timberhill, St. IMAnGAUKT, 
 St. Martin at Oak, St. IMartin at Palace, St. Micii.-el at 
 Thorne, St. Peter Hungate, St. Peter Permountergate, St. 
 Peter Soutiigate, St. Simon anb Jude, and St. Switiiin, have 
 all portions of good ancient Avork amidst much mutilation and addi- 
 tion ; the Perpendicular style predominates, but with earlier portions, 
 and almost every church has some portion flint and stone. 
 
 St. Gregory's Church has a passage under the chancel, and that 
 of St. John Maddersiarket a passage under the steeple ; both 
 these churches have some Perpendicular portions, and some flint and 
 stone. 
 
 The Churches of St. Andrew, St. George Colegate, St. Giles, 
 St. John Sepulchre, St. Lawrence, St. Michael at Plea, St. 
 Savior, and St. Stephen, are all handsome Perpendicular churches, 
 and have nearly all good steeples, some of which are lofty and elegant 
 flint and stone towers ; they all contain portions well deserving 
 examination. 
 
 There are in this city various buildings, remnants of ecclesiastical 
 edifices, that contain valuable portions ; of these may be noticed St. 
 Helens, now an almshouse; St. Andreav's Hall, belonging to the 
 corporation; the Dutch Church, and the Bridewell, which last 
 is the best piece of plain flint work in the city, perhaps in England ; 
 indeed, it is diflicult to comprehend the smoothness of the face and 
 the delicacy of the jointing without seeing the building. There are 
 good stone windows in the front, which appears to have been part of 
 a monastic edifice. 
 
 The Castle is so conspicuous and so fine an ornament that it can- 
 not fail to be noticed immediately on approaching the city. The 
 building is the shell of the Norman keep, and Avithin and about it are 
 the prisons and courts of the county. The exterior is a fine specimen 
 of the style, and much enriched by arches in several stories : on one 
 side is an entrance-gate, called Bigod's tower. 
 
 The town of Lynn contains so many objects of interest, that it may 
 he advisable to notice them together. 
 
 St. Margaret's Church is a large and curious building, with 
 parts of several styles, and having an east end of very singular and 
 beautiful composition ; it is in two stages, the lower has a rich band 
 above the base, and three fine niches ; the second stage has a circular 
 
0,60 
 
 window, and two octagonal turrets form the flanking buttresses. The 
 cliancel is Early English, and there are two western towers. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Chapel is a large building, with some very excel- 
 lent portions ; the character is a singular mixture of Decorated and 
 Perpendicular composition and detail ; part of the tower is earlier. 
 The south porch and west end are very rich, and the wood doors, 
 though mutilated, have been very good ones ; the wood roof of the 
 church is a fine one. 
 
 St. Edjiund's Church is small, compared to the others, but has 
 some good Perpendicular portions,, and some of earlier date. 
 
 The Redmount Chapel, though sadly dilapidated, is a very beau- 
 tiful and singular edifice ; it is very small, but presents a miniature 
 cross chapel, of excellent Perpendicular composition and execution. 
 
 The portion of the Grey Friars' Church remaining, has a singular 
 lantern, with two stages of windows rising from gables on open 
 arches ; it is of Perpendicular character, lofty and very light ; but it 
 has a staircase turret on one side, which interferes with its symmetry 
 in one direction. 
 
 The Workhouse is the remains of an ancient church, Avhich has 
 some good work about it. 
 
 The Town-hall has a handsome Perpendicular front, with flint 
 and stone in squares. 
 
 The South Gate is one of the ancient gates of the town. 
 
 The Church of West Lynn has a tower and spire, with various 
 ancient portions. 
 
 AsHiLL Church has a flint tower ; the church is mostly Perpen- 
 dicular, the chancel Decorated. 
 
 Attle borough is a fine Church, principally of Decorated character ; 
 with some fine windows and very excellent details ; there are indica- 
 tions of a Norman eastern portion, now destroyed. 
 
 The Churches of Colney, South Pickenham, Watton, and 
 Wramplingham, have all round towers, and some other portions 
 deserving attention. 
 
261 
 
 IIadiscoe Chuhch lias also a round tower, and a very good Nor- 
 man door. 
 
 Gresiiaiw Church has a round tower, and some portions of Deco- 
 rated work. 
 
 The Churches of Deepham, Loddon, Redenhall, Swaffham, 
 Terrington, Tilney, and Vv'^ickleavoou, have all large and fine 
 towers, mostly of Perpendicular character, and several richly panelled 
 with Hint and stone ; some of these churches are large and handsome. 
 
 The Churches of Barford, West Bilney, Cringleford, Earl- 
 UAM, Easton, Houghton-le-dalk, Kimberley, ]\Iiddleton,Nar- 
 BuRouGH, North Ruxgton, Soham Toney, Snitterton, Stock- 
 ton, Thetford St. Mary, St. Peter, and St. Cuthbert ; Wal- 
 I'OLE, Walsoken, and East Winch, all contain portions deserving 
 examination ; many of them are small churches, some much patched 
 and modernized. 
 
 Binham Church, part of the ancient priory, has a fine west end of 
 Early English ; the interior is Norman. The font is a handsome one, 
 of Perpendicular character. 
 
 In the Church-yard at East Dereham, over a spring, is a plain 
 but curious Norman arch ; the church has various interesting portions. 
 
 BuRNHAM Thorpe Church has some curious portions, principally 
 of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Gii.lingham Church is principally Norman, the tower in the 
 middle, and a tine Norman door at the west end. 
 
 Framlingham Earl's Church is a small Norman building, with 
 two small but curious doors, and a good interior arch of separation. 
 
 Wymondhabi Church is large, and of various styles, with a fine 
 tower in ruins. 
 
 Hillingdon Church has a Norman door of uncommon beauty ; 
 its details peculiarly fine and curious. 
 
 Chedgbave Church has a fine Norman door, and other ancient 
 remains. 
 
 Cromer Church is a Perpendicular building of great beauty; its 
 
262 
 
 tower a remarkably fine composition, and some other portions of the 
 church have very excellent details. 
 
 Keninghall Church has a south door of very singular Norman 
 composition. 
 
 Clay Church is a large and curious edifice ; the clerestory win- 
 dows are singular, being alternately of the usual shape and circu- 
 lar. The south aisle is of very rich Perpendicular, with a fine porch, 
 and to the eastward, a chapel partly ruinated, in which has been a fine 
 Decorated window. The battlements and parapets of this church are 
 very fine and remarkably rich, and the windows of very good com- 
 position. 
 
 Thwaite Church has a fine Norman door. 
 
 Sale Church is a curious and valuable composition ; the tower is 
 remarkably well proportioned, and its parts excellent, the general 
 style Perpendicular, rich, but not overloaded ; the west front has a 
 singular appearance from two staircase towers, of bold character, lead- 
 ing to rooms over the two porches ; these, with various other parts, 
 are desers-ing of attentive examination. 
 
 Cawston Church has parts of various character, some portions 
 Decorated, but mostly Perpendicular ; the top of the tower has a 
 peculiarly awkward appearance from being deprived of its battlements. 
 
 Snettisham is a large and curious church, with various interesting 
 portions. 
 
 Catfield Church has a chancel of good Perpendicular, and other 
 portions deserving of attention. 
 
 Castle Rising Church has a west end of remarkably fine Norman 
 composition, a fine door and large window above, with intersecting 
 arches on each side ; this church has also other portions worth exam- 
 ining. 
 
 Little Snoring Church has a door-way, exhibiting, in a curious 
 manner, the mixture of Norman and Early English character ; it has 
 shafts with Early English capitals, and the square Norman abacus. 
 The head of the door is a round arch, and its immediate surrounding 
 moulding is a hollow, (a common feature in much later times,) then 
 follows a sharp pointed arch, with a very bold zigzag, and above all a 
 moulding in a horse-shoe shape, consisting of a small round, and a 
 
263 
 
 hollow filled wkh flowers. On the whole, this is one of the most 
 singular doors extant. 
 
 I HiNGHAM Church is a large and curious edifice, mostly of Deco- 
 rated character, with very good details and fine tracery in the win- 
 dows ; the tower is a very fine specimen of the flint and stone work. 
 
 Ingham Church has a handsome tower, of Perpendicular charac- 
 ter ; the church has some earlier portions, and two fine tombs with 
 efligies. 
 
 South Lopham is a large church, with a fine Norman tower be- 
 tween the nave and chancel; the church has later portions and inser- 
 tions. 
 
 LuDHAM Church has a fine font, much enriched with carvings of 
 animals and other figures. 
 
 I The Church of North Walshabi is a magnificent edifice, the tower 
 
 ' of which is in ruins ; but there is a fine south porch of flint and stone, 
 and a font with a very rich wooden cover, of tabernacle work. The 
 whole building, which has no clerestory, is Perpendicular, but very 
 early in the style. 
 
 WoRSTEAD is a very fine church, the tower of Decorated, and most 
 of the church and chancel of Perpendicular character, with consider- 
 able flint and stone ornament. The arrangement and composition of 
 I this tower are very fine. The font is one of peculiar richness, the 
 i sides being panelled with great delicacy, its pedestal having niches and 
 I buttresses, and the risers of the steps panelled ; it has also a wood 
 cover, of Tabernacle work, as rich as that at Walsham. There is some 
 good wood screen-work in this church. 
 
 Walsingham Church contains various portions of good work, but 
 ! its font is the most attractive ; this is one of the richest in England, 
 if, indeed, it be any where exceeded ; its character is Perpendicular, 
 and very good ; like Wor stead, the steps are ornamented. 
 
 Yarmouth Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a tower 
 1 and small spire. The west end has four fine turrets, with large plain 
 pinnacles. There is a handsome south porch and transepts, the tower 
 being at the intersection of the cross ; the north and south aisles of 
 the nave are very wide. Some part of the building is Early English, 
 and others, particularly windows, of the two succeeding styles ; some 
 of these windows are large and good. 
 
264 
 
 Tlicre are at Yarmouth two ancient Gates. 
 
 Of the remains of monastic edifices, the rnins of the Priory at 
 Wai.singiiam are very fine ; the east end of the Priory church is 
 standing, and though much dilapidated, sutiicient remains to show the 
 excellence of the design. 
 
 Of Castle Acre Priory, the remains are considerable ; the west 
 front of the cliurch is a remarkably fine specimen of Norman enrich- 
 ment, and there are some curious remains of the domestic apartments 
 of the Priory, of later date. 
 
 The Abbeys of St. Bennet, Thetpord, Langley, West Acre, 
 and North Creak and Beeston Priory, are all in ruins, but 
 contain some beautiful portions, principally Early English, with others 
 of later date. 
 
 The Castles of Castor, Castle Acre, and Castle Rising, though 
 in ruins, deserve examination. 
 
 Of ancient domestic buildings, may be enumerated the old Hall at 
 Armingiiall, which has a very rich and curious porch; Blickling, 
 Ejinkth Hall, Fincham Hall, Hunstanton Hall, Wolterton 
 House East Basham, the remains of Bishop Hall's Palace, at 
 Heigham, and Middleton Tower ; there is also a small building 
 standing in an unfrequented spot, which appears to be an original 
 domestic building, called Winwall House ; it has been figured in 
 Britton's Chronological Antiquities, and has Norman buttresses, and 
 some portions of ornament of that style ; it does not appear to have 
 been an ecclesiastical edifice, and therefore seems to have a fair claim 
 to be one of the oldest, if not quite the oldest, domestic edifice in^ 
 England. ^ 
 
 It may be proper to remark, that in some of the ancient buildings 
 at Lynn and other parts of this county, ])ricks are used in buildings 
 evidently of earlier date than that commonly assigned to the extensive 
 use of that material in large edifices. 
 
 Peterbohough Cathedral. — The approach to this Cathedral lias 
 a very monastic appearance. Passing under a Norman gate, with later 
 additions, a court is entered, the right side of which is a line of the 
 domestic buildings of the abbey, still retaining much of their original 
 
265 
 
 appearance ; at the end of the court is the noble front of the cathedral, 
 consisting of three fine Early English arches ; but their beauty is 
 much diminished by the small chapel or porch, which in another place, 
 would have been very beautiful. The general arrangement of this 
 Cathedral is Norman, but nearly all the windows have had tracery 
 inserted, and in some parts, the windows enlarged. The east end is 
 circular, and the aisles are made out square by a Perpendicular addi- 
 tion, which has some excellent fan tracery groining. This work is 
 plain in its exterior appearance, and the buttresses have sitting statues 
 instead of pinnacles. The choir has a wooden groined roof, of very 
 inferior workmanship and appearance. The central tower is low, and 
 forms a lantern. The screen is a barbarous piece of painted wood- 
 work. A very small part of the back arches (apparently a lavatory) 
 of the cloisters, is still to be seen, and is so good as to make the destruc- 
 tion of the cloisters much to be regretted. The remains of the monastic 
 buildings in the court in front of this cathedral, deserve very minute 
 attention ; though their stjde is much varied, and there are various 
 insertions, yet they present, on the whole, a valuable specimen of that 
 bold and varied outline, both of plan and elevation, which has been so 
 often attempted to be imitated in modern times with very little suc- 
 cess. The nave of this cathedral is a very good specimen of that 
 description of Norman work which has its piers composed of shafts ; 
 the proportions are good, and the general appearance fine, without that 
 overwhelming heaviness which appears in those edifices where the 
 great circular piers are used. 
 
 The views of this Cathedral are confined and not very good, except 
 that of the magnificent Early English west front, which is seen to 
 very good eflfect. In the front court, leading to the north side of the 
 cathedral, is a late Perpendicular gate, remarkably rich in ornament. 
 >,On the south of the south transept are some fine Early English 
 remains, which may have been the refectory, or more probably the 
 infirmary chapel of the ancient monastery. 
 
 Although this county does not present so great a number of large 
 churches as Lincolnshire, or perhaps, in proportion, so much of the 
 Decorated style in its purity, yet it will be found to oflFer to the 
 student frequent opportunities of examining the transitions of the 
 styles, and their progress from one to the other ; it contains also 
 several churches, of that style of building, noticed in the body of this 
 work in the remarks on Saxon buildings, and of which the old church 
 at Barton, in Lincolnshire, is a curious example. 
 
 The first of these to be mentioned, is Brixworth Church, which 
 had not, to the knowledge of the author, been noticed, till visited by 
 
 2e 
 
26G 
 
 him at the close of tlie year 1823, in company with liis friend, 
 G. Baker, the historian of this county ; which visit led to a subsequent 
 more minute examination of the building, and a search for traces of 
 the parts which have been destroyed. It has since been visited by 
 J. Britton, and several antiquarians, and a plate of it may possibly 
 appear in a future number of tlie Chronological Antiquities. 
 
 This church, in its original state, appears to have consisted of a 
 spacious nave and narrow aisles, a large chancel and a western tower, 
 with a clerestory to the nave, and the chancel divided from it by a 
 large arch. The lower story of the tower had four doors, one on each 
 side the north and south, small, the east and west large and lofty ; 
 in tlie upper part of the tower and looking into the nave, is a window, 
 with two of the rude balustres found in the windows of the tower of 
 the old church at Barton on the Ilumber. In this state the church 
 would be near 120 feet long, the nave 30 feet wide, and the aisles 
 appear to have been from 10 to 12 feet wide ; but as the foundations, 
 which were discovered by digging on the north side, were irregular, 
 this widtli is, in some degree, conjectural, although it is not likely to 
 be more than a foot or two wrong. If we suppose 11 feet as a medium 
 for the breadth of the aisles, it will give the exterior breadth of the 
 church, in the original state, GO feet, as the walls are near three feet 
 and a half thick. 
 
 The construction of this church comes now to be noticed, and this 
 is particularly curious ; the Avails being mostly built with rough red 
 stone rag, in pieces not much larger than common brick, and all the 
 arches turned and most of them covered, with courses of bricks or 
 tiles, as they may be called, precisely similar in quality and size to 
 those found in Roman works discovered in this county ; and over the 
 balustres of the window, looking from the tower into the nave, these 
 bricks are used as imposts. The great arch, between the nave and 
 chancel, has, at an early period, been partly taken down and filled up 
 with a good pointed arcli ; but this was not so completely done as to 
 destroy the remains of tlie spring of the original arch, which, on strip- 
 ping the plaster, was found to have the same tile impost, and tile 
 arch, and course of covering tiles as are found in the other arches. 
 At what date the church remained in its original state, the author does 
 not presume to determine, but from the nature of the alterations now 
 extant, it must have been very early ; and he now proceeds to state these 
 as they appear. The north door of the tower is stopt up, and against 
 the west side of the tower is erected a circular staircase, built of the , 
 rag stone, in a very rough state ; the stairs are partly remaining, and j 
 the under side of them have been formed upon rough plastered center- < 
 ing, in the mode usually adopted l)y the Normans. To afford access 
 
267 
 
 to this staircase, the original west door of the tower luis been partially 
 stopt, and the aperture is a small circular-headed door. There is no 
 other access to these stairs, and they lead to tlie two stories of the 
 tower, reaching rather higher than the present remains of the original 
 steeple, upon which is now a belfry and lofty spire, of a style which 
 may be considered of from 1300 to 1330. Proceeding eastward, we 
 i'nid the original aisles destroyed, and the easternmost arch, on the 
 south side, remainijig to its original use, but now leading into a south 
 aisle, nearly of the date of the belfry ; and to give access to the eastern 
 j)art of this aisle, the wall of the original chancel, on the south side, 
 has been opened, and two arches inserted, which are dissimilar in their 
 shape, range, and mouldings. In the arch next to the tower, on the 
 south side, is also inserted a door, and of such a character as to fix its 
 date to about the year 1150 ; it is covered by a porch, of a date some- 
 ^vhat later. We now come to the present chancel, which is an addi- 
 tion eastward of the original one. The east end had originally one 
 large Avindow, and two small ones ; the lower part of the large one 
 has been opened to the ground, widened, and the upper jnirt supported 
 b)'^ a wood lintell resting on two wooden uprights, against which are 
 some remains of a Perpendicular wooden screen. Eastward, the pre- 
 sent chancel consists of portions of each of the four styles ; on the 
 north side, joining the old chancel, are parts of two Norman divisions, 
 with small Hat buttresses, and such a direction as to make it probable 
 that this Norman chancel was multangular eastward. In these two 
 divisions are inserted two windows ; one a Decorated two-light win- 
 dow, forming a north low side- window ; the other a Perpendicular 
 two-light, which is so inserted as to preserve above it the Norman 
 arch of the window originally lighting that division. The rest of the 
 chancel, below the string, is Early English, and has Perpendicular 
 windows above it ; on the south side is a Perpendicular door, and a 
 low side-window of the same date. The nave is now lighted by six 
 windows inserted in the old walls, all of different sizes, and with the 
 exception of two, which are alike, of different dates. A vestry has 
 been formed in the nave, opposite the porch, and a wall built across the 
 nave at that part, forming a screen ; the vestry is lighted by a small 
 window, differing from any of the others. This church has been thus 
 particularly described, on account of the extraordinary preservation of 
 so much of the original structure, amidst alterations which appear to 
 have been carried on, from the time of the Normans to the Reforma- 
 tion, about every fifty years ; for so diversified are the different addi- 
 tions and insertions as to character ; it is also curious for the discovery 
 of a relic in a small shrine, which appears of the age of the south aisle, 
 and was inserted in the south wall, near a window ; interfering with 
 a seat, it was taken out of the wall, and behind it found a cavity, 
 containing a small wooden box, in which was a small bone, which, 
 with the shrine, is carefdly preserved. 
 
268 
 
 Brigstock Church is another curious specimen, but here the 
 early work forms only a very small portion, — though surrounded by 
 ancient remains, of such a character as to confirm, as much as their 
 antiquity can do, the earlier date of this portion. The tower is of 
 very rough masonrj', plastered, and has a roughly built round stair- 
 case on the west side, as at Brixwortli ; the tower opens into the 
 north aisle by a semicircular headed small plain door, with a small 
 window over it. The arch into the nave has large plain blocks for 
 imposts, and a projecting stone round the arch, like those at Barton- 
 on-the-Humber ; the pier of this arch is on the north-east corner of 
 the tower, abutted against by Norman piers and plain arches. The 
 rest of the church has various interesting features, of several styles, 
 but nothing more appears now to remain of a character like the lower 
 part of the tower, which has, above it a belfry and spire, of a date 
 somewhat later than that at Brigstock. There are several good doors 
 and windows, a small water-drain, a beautiful niche in the chancel, and 
 the stairs to the rood-loft remain. 
 
 Eari/s Barton. — This tower, which, as well as that of Barton- 
 on-the-IIumber, has been engraved in the Chronological Antiquities, 
 is apparently of the same character, but more ornamenied, and Avith 
 rather more finish of workmanship ; it is, however, still rude, com- 
 pared M'ith most Norman work, and its west, door has a curious 
 approximation to Roman work, in an impost av ith Hutes, and a rude 
 moulding over it, similar to a Roman archit. ..ve. The balustre is 
 used to the windows ; the number of stone ribs is greater than at 
 Barton-on-the-Humber, and the upper stories of the tower diminish 
 in size, a few inches each way less than the story below. This tower 
 so clearly resembles Brixworth in the balustre, Brigstock in the work 
 about the door, and Barton-on-Humber in general character, that there 
 can be little hesitation in considering them of the same class ; and the 
 next tower we have to describe, that of Barnack, assimilates also, in 
 several points, to Brigstock and PZarl's Barton. The church of Earl's 
 Barton is highly interesting, exclusive of its curious tower. The 
 chancel, below the window, the south door of the church, and some 
 other ])ortions are Norman, good, and much enriclied ; other portions, 
 both of church and chancel, are Early English, and the north door, 
 and some of the windows, are Decorated ; while some inserted win- 
 dows, and the clerestory, are Perpendicular. There are two Early 
 English water-drains, and three Norman stalls. There have been low 
 side-windows to the chancel, but they are now stopt. Several of the 
 Decorated windows have ogee heads, a form very common in this 
 county. The arch from the tower into the nave is evidently an inser- 
 tion of later date than the rest of the tower ; it is partly Norman t(j 
 the spring of the arch, and Early English above. 
 
269 
 
 Barnack Church is another tower the lower part of which has 
 the projecting stone ribs noticed above, and the arch into the nave 
 resembles that at Brigstock, but is much more ornamented with an 
 arrangement in tlie impost unlike any Norman work, but much like a 
 rude attempt to imitate Roman mouldings. This arch was stopt at an 
 early date, the tower being lined within by an Early English staircase 
 in one corner, and a fine groined roof of that date. In the stopping 
 of the arch into the nave, is a good Early English door, and upon the 
 two stages of the ancient to\\'er is a belfry and short spire, about the 
 same date ; thus is this tower also preserved by its upper part of much 
 l.iier, but still ancient date. This cluirch, independent of its tower, is 
 A'L'ry curious ; some of the piers are Norman, others Early English. 
 'J'he chancel is Decorated, and a south chapel rich Perpendicular ; 
 there is a fine Earlj' English south door and porch. The east window 
 is a singular one, having crocketted canopies over the heads of the 
 li!.';hts, similar to the east window of IMerton College, Oxford, though 
 ht're the tracery of the head of the Avindow is not so rich. There are 
 otlier Decorated n'indows, with curious tracery, and in the church and 
 cliancel several monuments Avell deserving attention, as also some 
 beautiful niches on the walls, and a water-drain. The font is a very 
 curious one, clearly Early English ; the composition and execution, 
 both excellent. 
 
 These Churches of Brixworth, Barton-on-the-Humber, Earl's Barton, 
 Brigstock, and Barnack, have been described as briefly as possible, 
 from a desire that they should be visited and minutely examined by 
 those who feel any interest in the question of the existence of real 
 S;ixon edifices ; they must be seen, to be properly appreciated, for 
 to do justice to them in words would require a volume on each. 
 
 AcHURCH is a small cross Church, with various curious portions of 
 Early English and Decorated character. It has a tower and spire. 
 
 All Saints Church, Aldwinkle, has a remarkably fine tower ; 
 it is of late Perpendicular date, but very good, both in design and 
 execution ; its mouldings are intricate and beautiful, and its general 
 outline at once simple and elegant. The church has various Early 
 English portions, and a font which appears of that date ; some Deco- 
 rated v/indows, and a small Perpendicular Chapel south of the chan- 
 cel, with a beautiful water-drain ; there is also another small water- 
 drain in the chancel. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Aldwinkle, has four piers in the nave, all 
 so much varied as to warrant a supposition, if more of a sort, that 
 tliev were of different dates ; but there is nothing about the church 
 
270 
 
 which requires such a supposition ; and if all of one date, it is a 
 curious instance of that mixture of style which, in a less degree, is 
 not uncommon in this county. There are some good Decorated win- 
 dows with varied mouldings, and the steeple is another instance of 
 accommodation of style, looking much like an Early English steeple 
 till minutely examined, when it appears clearly Perpendicular ; of 
 which style are the clerestory windows and some other parts, 
 
 AsirnY Ledgers Church is principally of Perpendicular character 
 with some earlier portions; there are three water-drains and a cup- 
 board. The screen and rood loft remain, and are very rich, and there 
 are some ancient seats, and a small portion of ancient stained glass. 
 The font is cylindrical and plain. 
 
 Badby Church has some Perpendicular, and some earlier por- 
 tions. There are two stone stalls, and two water-drains. 
 
 Bainton Church is small, but contains some curious portions; 
 some Early English, and some of the two succeeding styles. There 
 is a good Early English font, two very beautiful Decorated water- 
 drains, and a small niche beside the east window. Some screen- 
 work and a very little stained glass remain. 
 
 The Church of Barnwell All Saints has been a fine one, but 
 is much mutilated, and about to be pulled down ; there are some 
 curious Early English and Decorated portions. The steeple is situa- 
 ted west of the south transept, and has served as a porch to the 
 church. It has a tower and sjiire of good Early English character. 
 
 Barnwell St. Andrew's is a very curious Church. The tower 
 and spire, and several other portions, are Early English much en- 
 riched, particularly the windows of the tower ; one of which is cir- 
 cular. The clerestory and some other portions are Decorated, and 
 there are some good Perpendicular windows. There are some stone 
 stalls, and one or two otlier niches, and small remains of screen M'ork 
 and stained glass. The font is octagonal, with canopies and pinnacles. 
 The north door of this church has some curious Decorated capitals, 
 and the whole edifice deserves careful examination. 
 
 Little Billing Church has been much altered at diflferent 
 times, but still contains ancient portions, and a very curious font 
 with an inscription. 
 
 The Church at Church Brampton has some decorated and Per- 
 pendicular features. The stairs to the rood-loft and some ancient 
 benches remain. The font is plain, large, and circular. 
 
271 
 
 Braunston Church has a tower and spire ; in the Church is a 
 monumental effigy of a knight. 
 
 Great Brington Church has various Perpendicular and some 
 I'urlier portions. The font is a curious one^ witli the nail head and 
 toothed ornaments. TI;e Chapel of the Spencer family contains some 
 hue, but fine monuments. There is some Avood screen-work, and 
 nncient benches ; also, two stone stalls, and one or more water-drains. 
 
 Brockhole Church is a small Church with some Norman and 
 Pearly English portions, and some of later date. The font is octa- 
 
 p)iiai. 
 
 BuGBROOK Church has portions of several styles, a good wood 
 screen, an enriched octagonal font, and a water-drain. 
 
 BuLwicK Church has a simple but very elegant tower and 
 s})ire, a nave, aisles and chancel ; part is Perpendicular, and part of 
 ])ecorated date. In the church is some screen-work, three stone 
 stalls, and a water-drain. 
 
 Castor is a large and fine cross Church, with a very fine Norman 
 tower in the centre, and a short spire. The toAver is one of the 
 finest specimens of Norman enrichment ; it has two stages and three 
 tablets, all much ornamented and very well executed. There are 
 various portions of the later styles about the church. 
 
 Canons Ashby is a handsome Church, Avith a fine toAver and Avest 
 end, Avhich is of a transition style betAveen Early English and Deco- 
 rated, and of very beautiful composition ; over the Avest door is a 
 large and rich Perpendicular AvindoAV of a curious shape. 
 
 Castle Ashby is a neat Church, in the grounds of the Marqms 
 of Northampton; part of the church is Decorated, and part Perpen- 
 dicular; both good of their respective styles. The north porch is 
 very curious ; it is a sort of mixed Norman and Early English, and 
 has much the appearance of being brought from some other place. 
 There is a monument of a crusader, Avith an effigy in chain mail. 
 The font is octagonal, quite plain, but, from its shape and size 
 appears of Perpendicular date. There are tAvo water-drains and a 
 small niche. 
 
 Charavelton Church has a curious font ; it is octagonal on a 
 square pedestal, and much enriched Avith varied ornament in a singu- 
 lar style. 
 
>» 
 
 272 
 
 CoGENHOE is a small Church, 'with some good Early English parts, 
 one or two good Decorated windows, and a considerable portion of 
 Perpendicular date; amongst others the south porch, which has a 
 stoup. The south door is Early English. The font is a plain cylin- 
 drical one with two bases, each a plain slope. 
 
 CoTTERSTOCK is a handsome Church, containing portions of aU 
 the styles, and all good. The west door of the tower is Norman, 
 the upper part Early English, and the battlements Perpendicular. 
 The church is mostly Early English, with later insertions; the chan- 
 cel Decorated, with tine tracery in the windows. The south porch 
 Perpendicular, richly groined. In the chancel there are three stone 
 staUs, and a water-drain on the south side, and a cupboard on the 
 north ; there is also a water-drain in the north aisle of the church. 
 The font is octagon, of Perpendicular character, in good condition 
 and well executed. There are some small remains of good screen- 
 work, and stained glass. Tliis church is a valuable and interesting 
 edifice, and in the church-yard are some ancient tombs. 
 
 Denford Church is mostly Early English, with a later clerestory 
 and some inserted windows. The to'^^'er and spire, piers and arches, 
 and the chancel, are good specimens of plain Early English ; in the 
 chancel are some good stalls on both sides, and a plain water-drain, 
 all having very good details. The font is very plain, octagon above, 
 and square below. There is a good south porch. 
 
 DoDFORD Church has some piers and arches, and various other 
 portions of Early English, with some large and rather singular win- 
 dows inserted in the south side. In the north aisle is a line monu- 
 mental arch with an effigy, and another effigy on an altar tomb. The 
 font is Norman, circular, and much ornamented. 
 
 DusTON is a cross Church with a central tower. Some portions 
 are of Early English character ; some few earlier, and some later. 
 The west end has no door, but three lancets for the nave, and a 
 small one over it ; and two three-light windows in the ends of the 
 aisles. There is a circular font, with some ornament, and in the 
 chancel a water-drain. 
 
 E ASTON Church has a fine Perpendicular tower, with lofty 
 octagonal pinnacles. The principal external portions have Perpen- 
 dicular windows, but the piers and arches are much earlier. 
 
 Great Everdon Church has a very rich and beautiful Decorated 
 door, and some other portions deserving attention. 
 
 <» 
 
273 
 
 FiNEDON Church is a large and handsome edifice ; it is nearly 
 all of Decorated date, and remarkably well executed. The plan 
 has a nave, aisles, transepts, a large chancel and south porch, with a 
 fine tower and spire at the west end ; the windows are many of them 
 very plain, and some with ogee heads, but all have very good mould- 
 ings. The west door is rich, and a fine composition. The tower, 
 battlements and spire, are early Perpendicular, and very good. Be- 
 tween the two piers, west of the transept, is a very rich and beauti- 
 ful Hat arch, pierced in very elegant tracery, and crowned with a 
 battlement ; it appears later than the church, but is remarkably well 
 executed. Arches in this situation are not common, but there is one 
 in a neighbouring church which will be noticed in its proper place. 
 The font at Finedon is curious, being a large cubical mass of stone, 
 with the upper angles sloped oflf, so as to bring the plan of the upper 
 face octagon ; it is perfectly plain. The benches of this church 
 appear nearly coeval with the fabric, or at any rate not many years 
 later. 
 
 Flore Church has a west tower, nave, aisles, and chancel ; some 
 
 I)ortions Early English, but most of the exterior Decorated, with 
 ater windows inserted. The font is circular, large and plain, and 
 there is a water-drain in the south aisle. 
 
 Fotheringhay Church has only the nave and west tower, the 
 eastern arch, intended to lead to the chancel, being filled up. The 
 whole is Perpendicular, the proportions very good, and the details 
 excellent ; the interior spacious, lofty and light, the piers with very 
 good mouldings. There is an ancient stone pulpit, and the font is a 
 very fine one, octagon, with fine panelling ; the tower has a fine octa- 
 gonal lantern, and the design of the whole is very good. 
 
 Gayton Church has a fine monumental ogee arch, with a wooden 
 eflSgy on an altar tomb, and some other portions deserving attention. 
 
 Glinton Church has a tower and very taper spire, mostly of Per- 
 pendicular character, but with some earlier portions ; particularly an 
 Early English door and porch. In the church-yard are several ancient 
 tombs, two of which have effigies. 
 
 East Haddon Church has some Decorated portions, and some of 
 later date. The font is Norman, circular, on a plain circular pedestal, 
 and has intersecting arches, and some other rude sculpture. At the 
 east end of the south aisle is a water-drain, and in the chancel another 
 more enriched, and three handsome stone stalls. 
 
 2f 
 
274 
 
 HarlesTon Church, amidst various alterations, retains some 
 ancient features. In the chancel are three stone stalls, a water-drain, 
 and two large brackets. 
 
 HarpoI/E Church has a Norfnan door, some Early English por- 
 tions, and some of later date. The font is cylindrical, with rude 
 Norman sculpture ; there are three water-drains in different parts of 
 the church. 
 
 Helpstone is a curious church, of various dates, with much mix- 
 ture of the three last styles, and some traces of Norman. The window^ 
 at the east end of the south aisle, is a Decorated one, of rather singular 
 shape, and very beautiful mouldings. There are some very good 
 Early English stalls on each side of the chancel, and on the south side 
 a water-drain ; the south door and porch are of the same date. The 
 font is plain ; there is a little good screen-work, and some ancient 
 tessellated tiles in the chancel. 
 
 HiGHAM Ferrers is a large and curious Church ; it has two naves 
 of equal height, wiih small clerestory windows to each of the outer 
 sides, and a north and south aisle, thus presenting to the interior three 
 rows of piers and arches, and four spaces; some of the piers are Early 
 English, some later, and part of the tower is of that character, but 
 most of the church is later, with very good Decorated windows, and 
 some Perpendicular ones. The tower and spire, which latter is 
 crocketted, are the latest portions. At the west end is a flat porch 
 much enriched Avith sculpture, and having very excellent mouldings. 
 The east ends of the centre portions of the church have very fine 
 windows; over one of which is a very fine niche, in good preservation. 
 There are some ancient monuments in the church, and some of the 
 brasses have been very fine, but are much mutilated ; there is some 
 good wood screen and stall work ; the font is plain, of Early English 
 character ; there is a little stained glass, and some ancient tiles in the 
 chancel. There is considerable appearance of mutilation of parts, and 
 the earth is much heaped against the walls of the church ; but the 
 edifice has many curious portions, and deserves minute attention. 
 
 Irchester Church has a plain but handsome tower and spire, 
 which, as well as much of the exterior of the church, is of Perpendi- 
 cular character, with good windows. The piers and arches, and 
 several doors are Early English, with good details, quite late in the 
 style ; the font, and a monumental arch, are of the same style ; there 
 remain also a double water-drain and double cupboard, some good old 
 pewing, and a little screen-work. 
 
 ♦ 
 
275 
 
 Irtlingborough Church has various curious portions; particu- 
 larly the steeple, which is a square tower of four stages, of good Early 
 English character, on which is a lofty octagojial lantern, of later date. 
 
 IsLip is a small but beautiful church, with a crocketted spire ; it is 
 wholly of one character, which is late, but very good Perpendicular, 
 the design elegant, and the execution good ; it might be copied as a 
 modern church, without omission or addition, except a vestry, which 
 appears once to have existed north of the chancel. 
 
 Kettering is a large and handsome Perpendicular Church, with 
 a very tine tower, and rich crocketted spire ; the west door, and a 
 four-light window over it, are fine examples of this style. 
 
 Kingsthorpe Church has a tower and spire, some Norman por- 
 tions, and some of the later styles ; there are some chapels, and three 
 water-drains. 
 
 KisLiNGBURY Church lias various portions of good Decorated work, 
 a handsome octagonal font, an ornamented water-drain, and two cano- 
 pies of niches at the east end of the chancel j the east window is a fine 
 one of five lights. 
 
 LowiCK Church is a handsome Perpendicular edifice, with a 
 steeple of remarkable beauty ; it is a fine tower of four stages, with 
 good buttresses, and four good pinnacles, and above a large octagonal 
 lantern, connected with the pedestals of . the pinnacles by Hying but- 
 tresses ; — the Avhole of this steeple is of good design, and excellent 
 execution ; it is rich, but not overloaded with ornament. The church 
 is good Perpendicular, with two stalls at the east end of the north 
 chapel, and also two stalls and a water-drain, at the east end of the 
 chancel, which appear older than the rest of the church. The font 
 seems of Early English character, it is large and plain ; there is some 
 old pewing and benches, and the windows of the north aisle have 
 portions of fine ancient stained glass, in good condition. In an arch, 
 between the chancel and north chapel, is an alabaster monument of 
 a knight and his lady, which is much mutilated, but when perfect 
 must have been one of the finest of its kind ; there seems every reason 
 to suppose it had a rich canopy over it, and the finish of those portions 
 of minute ornament which still remain is so exquisite, that its very 
 superior character may be easily imagined. The knight has his right 
 gauntlet in his left hand, and takes a hand of his lady with his right. 
 The details of the armour and drapery of these figures, and also of the 
 canopies over their heads, where not mutilated, are as sharp and per- 
 fect as when first executed. In a chapel, on the south side of the 
 
276 
 
 church, is another alabaster tomb, having an effigy of a later date, 
 finished with nearly equal care, but the design not so good ; there is 
 also another tomb with a brass. This church deserves very careful 
 examination. 
 
 Maxky Church is a curious edifice ; it has a Norman tower, with 
 a large Perpendicular west window inserted, and a belfry story of that 
 style added. There are some Norman piers and arches, and some of 
 Decorated character ; there are also some very good Perpendicular 
 windows, and an arch from the north aisle to the north chancel, with 
 rich hanging tracery. In the chancel are three fine stalls, and some 
 of the windows have small portions of ancient stained glass. 
 
 The Church at Middleton Cheney has a fine tower and spire, 
 a rich porch, and several other portions deserving attention. 
 
 ]\IouLTON Church has some piers and arches, of Norman character 
 and singular construction ; there are other portions of ancient date, 
 and several water-drains. 
 
 In Newton Church is a tomb, with a very fine brass, having two 
 kneeling figures, and a rich cross, surrounded with an inscription. 
 
 St. Giles's Church, Northampton, is a large cross church, with 
 portions of various styles ; part of the chancel is very good Early 
 English, and the east window Decorated. There are several Perpen- 
 dicular windows, and the whole church has the styles much mixed, 
 the west door being a very large and fine Norman one. The font is 
 octagonal, with rich panelling ; there is a late Perpendicular monu- 
 ment of alabaster, in a south chapel. 
 
 St. Peter's, Northampton, is a remarkably fine and curious 
 specimen of enriched Norman ; the capitals of the piers are elaborately 
 carved, and having been carefully cleaned, exhibit one of the best spe- 
 cimens of Norman in the kingdom. The tower has some singular 
 buttresses, but they appear to have been added when the belfry story 
 was built ; the tower has some curious Norman ornament on the 
 outside, and opens into the nave by a very rich arch. The font is a 
 fine one, of early Perpendicular character. This church appears to 
 have had much repair during the Early English period, and there is 
 an arch of that date in the south aisle. There is a small arched crypt 
 continued east of the present chancel, which has the appearance of 
 having been shortened during the early repair. This is a very curious 
 church, and deserves very attentive examination. 
 
277 
 
 St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, is one of the few round churches ; 
 it has eight circular piers, with Norman capitals, and plain pointed 
 arches ; there is a good Perpendicular tower and spire at the west 
 end, and a chancel with a north and south aisle eastward. There have 
 been insertions of various dates, so that the present building is much 
 mixed, and some parts of each of the three last styles may be found in 
 the eastern addition, which has also received modern alterations. 
 
 NoRTHBOROUGH Church is a curious edifice, with a bell niche at 
 the west end ; there are traces of Norman or Early English ; but most 
 of the church, and the piers and arches are later. There is a south 
 chapel, or transept, of a transition character, from Decorated to Per- 
 pendicular, of very elaborate design, and excellent execution, with line 
 windows, and some monumental arches and canopies, in the interior ; 
 which, though much mutilated, have enough remaining to show the 
 beauty of their composition. The font is plain, and in the south porch 
 is a stoup, of Perpendicular character. This church deserves attentive 
 examination. 
 
 OuNDLE Church is a large and very fine Church, with a lofty 
 tower and spire, and large transepts. JMost of the piers and arches 
 are Early English, and there are some windows of that date ; the 
 clerestory and much of the Avails, and many windows, are Decorated. 
 The tower and spire, the south porch, and part of the transept, with 
 some windows, are Perpendicular, all very good of their date. The 
 south porch has the original wooden door, and a rich groined roof. 
 The tower and spire are peculiarly fine ; the west door has a shallow 
 porch and a canopy, the whole tower is panelled, and the spire 
 richly crocketted. The Decorated tracery is good, and some part of 
 it with uncommon forms. In the chancel are three very rich stalls 
 rising eastward, and there is some good wood screen work, and a few 
 remains of ancient stained glass. 
 
 Peakirk is a curious small Church, having a bell gable at the 
 west end for three bells. The north piers and arches are Norman, 
 the south Early English. The south door is Norman, with a square 
 head under the arch, and considerable enrichment. The south porch 
 is Early English, and there are a few windows of that style, and 
 some of later date. The font is octagon and plain, and in the south 
 aisle is a square cupboard and a water-drain. 
 
 PiLTON is a small Church with a tower and spire, and is princi- 
 pally of Early English character, with some later portions and a 
 curious mixed south door, with zigzags, the toothed ornament, and a 
 circular arch. 
 
278 
 
 PiTSFORD is a curious Church. The south door Norman, and a 
 very fine example. The tower is below of early Decorated character ; 
 the upper part later ; most of the windows and some other parts of 
 the church have had modern alterations. The porch is Perpendicular, 
 and has a handsome niche over the entrance. There is a low monu- 
 mental arch and a water-drain in the chancel. The font is a very 
 curious one, Perpendicular and octagon, with good panelling ; it has 
 a sort of additional projection, or bracket, on one of its sides, much like 
 a miniature oriel, and of which it is not easy to conjecture the use, 
 unless it might be for fixing the hinges of a wooden cover, or the 
 staples of some fastening for the cover. This conjecture is strength- 
 ened by four small holes, in which some metal seems, at one time, to 
 have been inserted. This projection may not be a solitary instance, 
 but no other has yet come to the author's knowledge. 
 
 PoLBROOK is a very curious Church ; it has a very elegant Early 
 English tower and spire, which is situated at the west end of the soutli 
 aisle. Some of the piers and arches are Xorman, of an unusually tall 
 proportion. The chancel, north transept, and the north and south 
 doors and porches are Early English, of different periods in the style, 
 but all very good. The north transept has two sides enriched by a 
 fine range of stone stalls with beautiful mouldings, and the interior of 
 the east window (which consists of three lancets) is remarkably fine. 
 On each side of the chancel is a low side window, which here seems 
 clearly to have been built with the church, and has a plain bar across 
 at about one-third of its height, which appears to be also original. 
 The font has a plain cylindrical base, and an octagon top, with Early 
 English trefoil panelling. In the chancel is a water-drain of singular 
 character, but with very excellent details, and the mouldings enriched 
 with the toothed ornament. The whole of this church deserves very 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Raunds is a large and handsome Church, with a remarkably fine 
 and lofty tower and spire. This steeple is of Early English character, 
 and is one of the best specimens of composition of that style in the 
 county ; it has a shallow porch, like those at Higliam Ferrers and 
 Oundle, and every stage above has shafts and ornamental arches and 
 circles, of which the details are very good. In the interior of the 
 tower is a screen, with handsome arches, M'hich appears to have been 
 intended to be seen from the entrance below, but from a later groining 
 now formed over the lower stage, is only visible from above. The 
 church has some Early English piers and arches, some Decorated win- 
 dows, and some Perpendicular ones ; the north and south doors arc 
 Early English. The chancel arch has been very curiously inserted be- 
 tween two buttresses^ or square piers, of which that on the south side 
 
279 
 
 is in the middle of an arch ; there is a late altar tomb with panelling, 
 two water-drains, and one stone stall. The font is a curious circular 
 one, and has a moulded pedestal, hut its upper part is plain, except 
 four projecting figures, of which three are defaced, but the fourth 
 has a ram's head ; it is possible the others may have had other beasts, 
 or human heads. In the church-yard is the base of a handsome 
 
 T?iXGSTEAD Church has a tower and spire, which with the piers 
 aiul arches, and some part of the walls, are Early English ; other 
 jjortions are Decorated, with line tracery in some of the windows; and 
 there are three stalls, a water-drain and cupboard in the chancel. The 
 font is plain above, but its pedestal has good moulded shafts. 
 
 RoTHWELL Church has a fine Early English door, and some other 
 interesting portions. 
 
 RusHDEN is a large and handsome Church, with a fine Perpendi- 
 cular tower and crocketted spire, and a shallow porch on the west 
 side; the piers and arches, and the transepts, are of Decorated date, 
 as is a part of the chancel. The north door is Early English, and has 
 o\er it a very rich Perpendicular porch, with fine groining. Across 
 the nave, betAveen the piers of the transepts, there is a very rich 
 pierced arch, as at Finedon. Both these arches are nearly of the same 
 sliape and mouldings, and have a similarity which would lead to the 
 supposition of their being erected by the same person ; but although 
 tlnis similar in design, the tracery of each is beautifully varied. The 
 font is octagon, and appears Early English, with a pedestal of later 
 date. In the chancel are three Early English stalls, and a water- 
 drain, and the church has some remains of screen-work and ancient 
 stained glass. 
 
 Spratton is a curious Church, with portions of several styles ; the 
 tower and spire, the piers and arches, and some other parts, present 
 the mixture of Norman and Early English forms and details, so often 
 mentioned. Part of a rich Decorated niche remains at the east end of 
 tlie south aisle, and there is some good wood pewing. 
 
 St. Martin's Church, Stamford Baron, is in this county, 
 I though part of the town of Stamford ; it is the burying-place of many 
 I of the Cecils. This church is a fine specimen of late Perpendicular, 
 
 with good details ; the piers and arches are very light and lofty, and 
 I there is a good south porch ; there are several windows which have 
 
 good stained glass. About the tower there is a trace of earlier work, 
 
 but it is obscure. 
 
280 
 
 Stanwick Church has a nave, chancel, and south aisle, with an 
 octagonal tower and ricli spire; the tower is Early English, and 
 curious for its form and some of the decorations ; the spire is Deco- 
 rated, and has very good windows ; some parts of the church are 
 Early English, particularly the south door and porch, and a niche in 
 the chancel. The upper part of the church and chancel are good 
 Perpendicular ; tlie font is mutilated, but has some good carving, and 
 there is some ancient wood pewing. 
 
 Stoave Church has a monumental effiiiv of a cross-leffged hnisht, 
 and other parts deserving attention. 
 
 Strixton is a small but curious Early English Church, but little 
 altered ; the east end has three lancets, and is a beautiful, though 
 simple composition. 
 
 SuDBOROUGH Church has a nave, aisles, and chancel, and two 
 transepts ; the tower is at the west end. There are some Early 
 English portions, particularly the chancel, in which is a monumental 
 effigy under an arch ; some parts are Decorated, with good windows, 
 some of which are square-headed ; the south porch is Perpendicular. 
 This church is small, but deserves attentive examination. The but- 
 tresses and pinnacles, at the south-east corner of the chancel, are well 
 grouped. 
 
 King's Sutton is a beautiful Perpendicular Church, with a tower 
 and crocketted spire. It has suffered mutilation in parts, but is yet a 
 very good specimen of the style. 
 
 Tansor is a small but curious Church ; the north and south doors, 
 and the piers and arches, present good specimens of the mixt Norman 
 and Early English ; many of the mouldings and ornaments are singular, 
 and very well worked. There are several parts of the church pure 
 Early English, and some later ; there is a little screen-work, and in 
 the chancel is a plain double water-drain. 
 
 Thrapstone Church has a west tower and spire, nave, aisles, 
 and transepts, and a large chancel ; most of the piers and arches are 
 Early English, of which character is a good south door ; the chancel 
 and some other portions are of Decorated date, and the tower and 
 spire Perpendicular. In the chancel are three equal stone stalls, with 
 rich mouldings and crocketted canopies, and also a plain but elegant 
 double water-drain. In the east wall of the north aisle is an Early 
 English water-draia, with the nail-head ornament. 
 
281 
 
 TicHMARSH Church has a remarkably line and rich tower, of 
 Perpendicular character, and very good detail. There is not much 
 continued panelling, but very rich bands and fine niches, some good 
 windows, and a west door, with niches on each side ; there are four 
 large, and four small pinnacles, and a very rich pierced battlement, of 
 curious design. This toAver is very well executed, and is one of the 
 richest in the county. The church has various curious portions ; the 
 piers and arches are varied, but all good, and mostly of Early English, 
 or Early Decorated date ; there are traces of Norman in the chancel, 
 and a very good Decorated north door to the church ; there are some 
 good windows, both Decorated and Perpendicular, and a plain but 
 good w-ood roof. This church deserves attentive examination. 
 
 TwYWEL.1, is a small Church, with some valuable Norman remains. 
 The north and south doors are both good ones, and the piers and arches 
 are curious ; the font is plain, octagonal above, and circular below ; in 
 the chancel is a water-drain. 
 
 Uptox is a small Church, with some Norman, and some Early 
 English features. 
 
 Warmington Church is one of the most valuable Churches in 
 this county ; its general character is Early English, with some later 
 additions and insertions ; it has a tower and spire, nave and aisles, 
 north and south porches, and a chancel. The tower and spire are 
 remarkably good, both in design and execution, and much enriched 
 with the toothed ornament and small balls ; the west door is a 
 remarkably fine specimen of the style ; it has a trefoiled head, shafts, 
 with very good capitals, and the whole of the mouldings very delicate. 
 The piers of the nave are part round, and part octagon, with capitals 
 and mouldings, having a slight mixture of Norman ; the arches are 
 pointed with good architraves ; the arch into the chancel is a very fine 
 one, and springs from corbels of peculiar elegance. The clerestory is 
 Early Decorated, and the nave is groined with wood, the groins spring- 
 ing from rich Earlj^ English capitals ; this wood groining is of Deco- 
 rated character, and has very well carved wooden bosses. The north 
 and south doors and porches are very fine, particularly the south 
 porch, which has handsome arches on each side, and both are groined. 
 The windows of the south aisle are Early English, of beautiful design, 
 with remarkably elegant mouldings ; in the church, the stairs to the 
 rood-loft are perfect, but they are evidently a Perpendicular addition. 
 There are some portions of screen-work, some niches, and some elegant 
 corbels ; there is on the north side of the chancel an altar tomb, per- 
 fectly plain, and much larger than common. This church deserves 
 very careful study ; with the omission of a few Perpendicular inser- 
 
 2g 
 
282 
 
 tions, it might be wholly copied as a modern church with advantage. 
 A« a specimen of enriched Early English, it is not very often excelled ; 
 the font is modern. 
 
 The Church of Weeden Beck contains various portions deserving 
 attention, some Norman, and some of the three later styles, a little 
 good wood work in pewing and chancel stalls, and several good win- 
 dows ; the font is a plain octagon above, and square below. 
 
 In Weekly Church is a monumental effigy of the Lord Chief Jus- 
 tice INIontague. 
 
 Wellingborough is a large and handsome Church, of various 
 • styles. A south door is Norman ; the tower and spire, at the west 
 end, a very fine composition. Early English, late in the style, with 
 parts almost to be considered Decorated, and the whole having excel- 
 lent details. Some of the piers and arches of the nave are Decorated, 
 and the east window, of five lights, is a very fine one ; the tracerj', 
 mouldings, and exterior canopy, remarkably good. The rest of the 
 church is Perpendicular, of fine composition, and very well executed. 
 There is some ancient screen and wood stall work, and a modern font, 
 a better imitation than many of ancient work. 
 
 Whiston Church is a beautiful edifice, and might be executed as 
 a modern church Avithout alteration ; the style is late Perpendicular, 
 but the details are remarkably good. It has a lofty and elegant tower, 
 nave, and aisles, and small chancel, but no clerestory ; the grouping of 
 the tower, buttresses, and pinnacles, is remarkably fine, and the tracery 
 of all the windows good. The south door is enriched, and has a shal- 
 low porch ; the north door is plainer, but has good mouldings ; the 
 piers of the nave are lofty, the arches four centered, with rich panelled 
 spandrills to the nave. The font, of the date of the church, is elegant, 
 and of good composition, octagon, with panelled sides ; many of the 
 old wood benches remain. 
 
 WiLBY Church presents as fine a composition of a spire steeple, 
 with a lantern, as Whiston, of a tower ; it is earlier than that church, 
 but has equal excellence of detail. The church is much earlier than 
 the steeple, and has had a north aisle, no\\» destroyed ; the piers and 
 arches are Early English, and there are some Decorated windows, 
 one of which has the ogee head, which is common in this district. 
 The font is singular, but there may be a doubt of its antiquity, though 
 it is lined with lead ; its bason is circular, set on an octagon foot. In 
 the south aisle is a small plain water-drain, and the chancel has a low 
 side-window to the south. 
 
283 
 
 WoLLASTON Church is a handsome cross Church, witli a lofty 
 tower and spire at the intersection. 
 
 The Churches of Great Addington, Dallington, and Hard- 
 INGSTONE have portions of Early English remaining. 
 
 The Churches in the following list preserve portions of several 
 styles, though some of them have considerable mutilations and altera- 
 tions: — Abington, Aynho, Barby, Great Billing, Fawsley, 
 Low Heyford, Holdenby, Newnham, Ravensthorpe, Staver- 
 TON, Thornhaugh, Wansfobd, Wittering, and Woodford. 
 
 Of castellated edifices, the ruins of the Castle at Northampton, 
 are now mere earthen mounds ; but the Castle at Barnwell, has 
 ^some of its ancient walls and works remaining in a state almost as 
 fresh and perfect as when first built, particularly the entrance gate, 
 and some vaulted rooms on each side of it. This remain deserves 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Of manorial houses may be noticed «hose at Fotheringhay and 
 Higham Ferrers, and also the manor-house at Northborough, one 
 of the most valuable domestic remains in the kingdom ; it is princi- 
 pally of Decorated date, and some of its portions and details are of 
 remarkable beauty. The house is used as a farm-house, and requires 
 considerable examination to find out the elegant doors and other small 
 parts. 
 
 St. John's Hospital, and the adjoining Hospital of St. Thomas, 
 at Northampton, have some portions of very elegant work of the 
 three later styles, and all deserving careful examination. 
 
 The Beadhouse, at Higham Ferrers, has had some portions of 
 very good Perpendicular character, but they are in a very mutilated 
 state. 
 
 The last architectural features to be noticed in this county, are the 
 crosses ; of these, one at Helpstone, an octagon, with panelling and 
 buttresses, with pinnacles, has seldom been noticed, but is an elegant 
 composition. The two crosses of Edward I. at Northajipton and 
 Geddington, have been often described, and deserve the most atten- 
 tive study ; the latter is plain compared with the former, but its 
 design is very good. The cross at Northampton is a composition of 
 peculiar elegance and beauty, and though considerably mutilated, has 
 enough of its excellent detail remaining to show what it must have 
 been when perfect. 
 
284 
 
 Kottfiuintirrlantr^ 
 
 The Church of St. Nicholas, at Newcastle, is a large and hand-, 
 some church, mostly of Decorated character, except the steeple, which 
 is of later date. This church is a cross church, but has no tower at 
 the intersection ; the choir is inclosed for service ; the nave is left 
 unseated, and is of a character rather different from the eastern parts. 
 There are some fine windows left, but some have been inserted, others 
 altered and modernised ; the steeple is the most beautiful feature of 
 the building, and is a most excellent composition ; it is early Perpen- 
 dicular, not much enriched, but producing a very fine eflfect ; it is the 
 type, of which there are various imitations ; the best known are St. 
 Giles's Edinburgh, the church at Linlithgow, the college tower at 
 Aberdeen, and its modern imitation by Sir C. Wren, at St. Dunstan's 
 in the East, London ; but all these fall far short of the original. The 
 tower is engaged, and opens to the nave and aisles by beautiful arches ; 
 the corners are bold buttresses, crowned by octagonal turrets, with 
 pinnacles ; from the base of these turrets spring four flying buttresses, 
 on the intersection of which is placed an elegant lantern, crowned with 
 a spire. The flying buttresses are crocketted, and are peculiarly grace- 
 ful in their forms. This steeple is as fine a composition as any of its 
 date, and the lightness and boldness of the upper part can hardly be 
 exceeded. The church has some singular and curious portions, and 
 the whole edifice deserves attention. 
 
 Hexha.m is a large and handsome Church, with several curious 
 portions of different styles. 
 
 NoRHAM Church has a large portion of good Norman work. 
 
 The Churches of St. John's Newcastle, Hallystqne, Mor- 
 peth, and Belford, contain portions deserving attention. 
 
 Of monastic remains, Tynemouth Priory is a very fine specimen; 
 the parts now existing belong to the east end and some other portions 
 of the church, and are of remarkably beautiful design. The style is 
 Early English, with considerable enrichment, and though the stone is 
 much perished, it shows great delicacy of execution ; some part of the 
 north aisle of the church appears of earlier date. 
 
 The remains of the Priory Church of Brinkburne, though in 
 ruins, contain various curious specimens of transition from Norman to 
 Early English. 
 
285 
 
 The Castlb at Newcastle is a Norman keep, with a small hut 
 elegant chapel within ; some of the details are curious, from the 
 mouldings being of a character more advanced than the date of the 
 general features of the building. 
 
 At Alnwick are two ancient gates ; and thmigh much of the 
 castle is of modern repair, yet most probably some ancient parts 
 remain. 
 
 Warkworth Castle is one of the finest castellated remains we 
 have, and cannot be too carefully studied. 
 
 The Castles of Bothal and Norham have parts deserving attention. 
 
 Averham Church has some Decorated portions, and some of later 
 date ; there are several monuments, one with an effigy. 
 
 Balderton Church has a porch and two doors of good Norman 
 wprk, and various portions Early English ; the lower stage of th« 
 tower Decorated ; the upper, and spire. Perpendicular. 
 
 Bingham Church has a curious Early English tower, and a later 
 bejfry story and spire. The piers of the church are small, and 
 remarkably curious, having I'aried foliage, of excellent design and 
 execution, some late Early English, others very early Decorated. 
 The transepts and chancel are of later date than the nave. There are 
 Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular windows. The cornice 
 of the tower is curious, and there are the remains of statues, which 
 have served for pinnacles. 
 
 BuNNV Church has a tower and a crocketted spire ; some portions 
 of the church are Decorated, and some later, with various modern 
 alterations. 
 
 CoDDiNGTON CiiURCH is small, but has various parts of good Early 
 English character, and some Decorated. 
 
 Gamston Church has a fine Perpendicular tower, with eight 
 pinnacles. 
 
 Hawton Church, near Newark, deserves peculiar attention. It 
 has a tower of fine outline, but poor details. This tower, with the 
 
286 
 
 clerestory, and some other portions, are late Perpendicular, but the 
 rest of the church is much earlier. The piers and arches are Early 
 English, with nail-head in some of the capitals, and the drip-stone of 
 one arch is filled with the toothed ornament ; in each aisle is a water- 
 drain, and a rich niche at the east end of the south aisle. There is a 
 monumental arch in the south aisle, with plain mouldings ; this, and 
 the windows of the east end of the aisles, are Decorated. The font is 
 singular, but appears ancient; there is a little wood screen-worh, and 
 some plain ancient benches ; also a very small quantity of stained 
 glass. The chancel is the most curious and beautiful portion of the 
 building, and from its character and details, appears to have been 
 designed by the same person as the church of Heckington, in Lincoln- 
 shire. This chancel is wholly of Decorated date ; the south side has 
 two windows ; the westernmost is complicated with the south door, 
 in the same way as at Heckington ; in this side are three equal stone 
 stalls, and a double water-drain, which are, in general arrangement, 
 similar, and in many of the details exactly like those at Heckington. 
 On the north side, beginning eastward, is the sepulchre, about the 
 same size as that at Heckington, but superior in design, and also in 
 the richness of the different parts ; adjoining westward, is a monu- 
 mental arch, under which is the effigy of a knight. This arch has 
 very deep and rich mouldings, fine hanging tracery, and an ogee 
 canopy, with peculiarly rich crockets, and a fine finial \s'hich serves as 
 the bracket for a statue ; close to the west of this arch is what was 
 once a door to a small chapel ; this is now blocked up, but has shafts, 
 deep mouldings, hanging tracery, and an ogee canopy, of the same 
 character and equal richness to that of the arch, and like that, has a 
 statue on the finial. This series of rich work occupies a space about 
 seventeen feet long and twelve feet high, and connected as it is by the 
 very beautiful east window with the stalls on the north side, presents, 
 in a small space, enrichments not easily paralleled. At Heckington, 
 the church being on a large scale, the stalls, &c. seem ornamental 
 portions ; here the scale of the chancel is small, and these form a com- 
 plete group. It is only justice to the present polite Incumbent to say, 
 that he is fully aware of the value of these beautiful features of his 
 church, and very desirous, when it can be properly done, of their being 
 cleared of their many coats of whitewash. 
 
 This chancel has been thus minutely described to draw the attention 
 of artists to it ; for as the church is on no road but from one village to 
 another, (though within a mile of the great north road, and about two 
 from Newark) it is not likely to be visited, unless by those who go on 
 purpose, and no adequate notice of it seems yet to have appeared. 
 
 HovRiNGHAM Church has a Norman porch. 
 
287 
 
 Kelham Church is a small neat edifice of Perpendicular character, 
 late in the style, and not very good ; there is a little screen-work, and 
 some remains of ancient stained glass. 
 
 The east end of the Church at Kingston is of late Perpendicular, 
 and built for the reception of a monument of the same date, of uncom- 
 mon splendour. 
 
 The Church at IMansfield deserves minute attention ; the tower 
 has its two lower portions early Norman, built of small stones, and 
 the outside plastered : and this it appears to have been, at least very 
 anciently, if not originally. The belfry story is Decorated, with a 
 good two-light window ; the arches and piers are mostly of good early 
 Decorated character ; there is one Early English window remaining, 
 and a good north door of Decorated character. Some of the windows 
 are Perpendicular, particularly a handsome three-light at the west end 
 of the north aisle, of very good mouldings. 
 
 Newark Church is one of the largest and most elegant parish 
 churches in the kingdom. It has a lofty west tower and spire, a nave 
 and chancel, with large aisles, transepts, and some chapels on the 
 south side to each, extending to the west face of the tower, the lower 
 part of which is Early English, and the upper part and the spire 
 Decorated ; some parts of the church are Decorated, and part Perpen- 
 dicular. In the nave is a Norman pier remaining on each side, and a 
 part of the tower is evidently built on a Norman base. The general 
 exterior appearance is Perpendicular, yet on a minute examination it 
 appears as if the piers and arches, both of the nave and chancel, the 
 fine corresponding buttresses each side of the east window, and various 
 other buttresses, as well as the whole western portion of the south 
 aisle, were erected by the Decorated architects. The Perpendicular 
 work is early, and of excellent character ; the east window is of very 
 large dimensions. Over the east gable of the cross is a fine specimen 
 of a bell niche, one of the most ornamented remaining ; the style is 
 good Perpendicular. The buttresses of this church, both Decorated 
 and Perpendicular, are very excellent, and there are some good doors, 
 and in the interior some good wood screen-work and stalls, but to the 
 screen-work some modern portions have been added. There are some 
 ancient monuments, a rich monumental chapel between two piers in 
 the chancel ; and against the screen, behind the altar, is one of the 
 largest and finest brasses now remaining ; some of the windows have 
 ancient stained glass. The belfry story, the spire, and the western 
 part of the south aisle, which comprise the principal Decorated por- 
 tions, are deserving of attentive study, their composition being very 
 good, and the detail admirable. 
 
288 
 
 St. Mary's CiitrRCH, Nottingham, is a very large cross church, 
 of Perpendicular character ; tlie west end modern, in a very bad 
 taste ; the exterior has many singularities about it, particularly in the 
 arrangement and mouldings of tlie buttresses. The tower is large and 
 fine, taken two stages above the roof, and crowned with a good battle- 
 ment and pinnacles. The church has a very large proportion of win- 
 dow, equal if not superior to any church in England ; the interior is 
 good Perpendicular, thougli, like the exterior, with some singularities. 
 Tlie south porch is a very curious one ; its front extremely rich, with 
 pannels and hanging tracery, and a very curious stone roof, with pan- 
 nels. Over the great window, in the north transept, is a canopy with 
 V'ery bold crockets. The south transept has been very fine, and is 
 carefully repaired. Under the windows at the end of the north and 
 south transepts, in the interior, are two monuments of Perpendicular 
 character, of the finest design and the best execution ; the foliage 
 peculiarly curious, and vying in elegance with the work of our best 
 cathedrals ; these most excellent specimens, which are very little 
 known, are much hidden by pewing. As their design is much varied 
 from each other, they deserve, from the very great diversity of detjul, 
 the most careful attention of the student. 
 
 St. Peter's Church has some portions of tolerably good work ; 
 but the greatest part of the church has been modernised. 
 
 The Church at East Retford has various portions deserving 
 examination, particularly the east window, the tracery of which is very 
 fine, and of a character like that at Hawton. 
 
 West Retford Church has a tower and spire of good outline; 
 the church is principally of Perpendicular character. 
 
 The Collegiate Church of Southavell is a large and magnificent 
 edifice, mostly in good preservation ; it is a cross church, with a low 
 centre tower, and a chapter-house, on the north side. The nave and 
 transepts are Norman, the parts east of the centre Early English, and 
 the chapter-house early Decorated, all of very excellent composition. 
 There are some Perpendicular insertions, jiarticularly a verj' large 
 west window ; the surrounding space is sufiicient to give every side of 
 the building its full efl^ect. The nave and transepts are of very bold 
 character, and the details well executed ; the piers are short and round, 
 the arches of the triforium large, and the clerestory -windows small, 
 showing circles on the outside, and arches with shafts within The 
 aisles are stone groined, and the nave has a wooden flat ceiling. The 
 arches of the center tower are very fine, being bold and sim])le ; 
 several of the Norman doors are very fine, and the north porch is 
 large, and considerably enriched. 
 
289 
 
 The Early English portions, which consist of the choir, its aisles, 
 and small eastern transepts, form one of the best examples of this 
 style in the kingdom ; the whole is in good preservation, and the 
 peculiar enrichments of this style, the tooth, and the nail-head orna- 
 ments, are freely used. The east end is remarkably simple and 
 elegant, and has two tiers of fine lancet windows. 
 
 The chapter-house has no centre pillar, and is a fine specimen of 
 early Decorated work ; the tracery of the windows, the stalls under 
 them, and the entrance-door, which is double, with tracery in the 
 arch, are all very good, and there is in them a peculiar fiat style of 
 carving the foliage and enrichments, not very common in England, but 
 rather more so in Scotland. The organ-screen, and some interior 
 stalls, are of later Decorated character, and are peculiarly beautiful ; 
 they have been restored in parts, but apparently with great care to 
 copy what was original. The choir is fitted up for service with gal- 
 leries, which take away the usual character of the aisles ; there are a 
 few ancient monuments, but none very rich or curious The whole of 
 this church deserves the study due to a cathedral, and though it is not 
 so varied in its styles as some edifices, it claims attention for its purity 
 and good preservation. 
 
 Upton St. Peter, a chapel to Southwell, has some good Early 
 English piers, and other portions of later date. 
 
 The following list of Churches contain portions of several styles, 
 some of them very good, but amidst mixtures of inferior work, and 
 various alterations and mutilations in some of the buildings : — Crom- 
 well, Farndon, East and West jMarkham, North and South 
 MusKHAM, Ordsall, Rossington, Scrooby, Sutton-on-Trent, 
 TuxFORD, Thorpe, Weston-in-the-Clay, and Wollaton. 
 
 The front still remaining of Newstead Abbey Church, can 
 hardly be spoken of in too high terms ; like St. Mary's Abbey, in 
 York, it is of the latest Early English, and in delicacy of execution 
 and elegance of composition, has hardly an equal ; it is in excellent 
 preservation, though only a mere wall, and most of its delicate orna- 
 ments nearly as fresh as when first carved. 
 
 At Newark is a handsome Cross, with some good niches. 
 
 Newark Castle is now in ruins ; it has been a large edifice, of 
 various dates, and still contains portions deserving attention. 
 
 Nottingham Castle is now mostly modern ; but the excavations 
 
 2h 
 
290 
 
 in the sand rock, on Avliich it stands, some of which appear to be of 
 considerable antiquity, are worth examining. Some of these excava- 
 tions are used as portions of dwelling-houses, particularly in the face 
 of the rock, about a mile below the castle. 
 
 The Cathedral of Christ Church, which is the chapel of the 
 College and the cathedral of tlie diocese, claims the first notice. It 
 is a Norman building, of singular character, from the disposition of its 
 arches, which are double, a lower one springing from corbels attached 
 to the piers ; part of the nave has been demolished, and many win- i 
 dows of late date inserted in different parts. The roof of the choir is 
 a curious and beautiful groined roof, with pendants ; on the north side 
 of the choir are some chapels of later character than the rest of the 
 church, and the northernmost one, called the Latin chapel, has some 
 Decorated windows. Part of the cloisters remain ; they are of Per- 
 pendicular character, and the chapter-hoxise is a very beautiful and 
 valuable specimen of Early English. The tower is in the centre of 
 the cross, and is a plain Early English one with a spire. 
 
 This Cathedral is so inclosed by the College buildings and by I 
 gardens, that no view of the Avhole can well be obtained. The interior I 
 has many portions deserving examination. In the Dean's chapel are ! 
 two altar-tombs, a Decorated monumental erection, with three canopied 
 arches, and a most magnificent Perpendicular erection, called the 
 Shrine of St. Frideswide ; it consists of three tiers of tabernacle- ! 
 ^\ork, the upper of which has its niches ornamented with very fine ! 
 canopies. The groining and piers of this chapel have some singu-« 
 larities. 
 
 Some of the Churches in Oxford have portions of great beauty; 
 otliers are curious on other accounts, though, except St. IMary's, none 
 of them are very attractive, till examined -v^-ith some attention. , 
 
 St. Mary's Church is one of the principal features of the High- 
 street, and though not benefitted by the very incongruous porch with 
 twisted pillars, is, on its southern side, a fine church. The plan is a 
 spacious nave and aisles, and a large chancel, without aisles. The 
 steeple is on the north side. All the building, except the steeple, is 
 Perpendicular, not very early, but very good ; the piers and arches 
 have delicate mouldings, and over each pier is a beautiful niche, from 
 the top of which springs the corbel, carrpng the wood arches of the 
 
291 
 
 ceiling ; most of the windows are very good ones, and the whole is a 
 fine specimen of the style. The steeple consists of a very plain tower, 
 from the top of which rises a spire with plain ribs, and one very good 
 large canopied window at the bottom. At each corner, the double 
 buttresses of the tower are finished by rich niches, with canopies and 
 pinnacles, and behind the group thus formed, rises, connected with it, 
 a large pedestal, with pinnacles at the corners, and a larger one in the 
 centre. This disposition is not common, and produces altogether far 
 the most satisfactory arrangement of any for the junction of a tower 
 and spire. The whole of the steeple is of Decorated date, and the 
 mouldings of these portions of the spire being filled with the ball 
 flower, so common in that style, the effect produced is very rich ; the 
 niches are filled with statues. 
 
 St. Mary JMagdalen is a small Church, much of which is of the 
 Decorated style, M'^ith some good windows ; the south aisle has the 
 waved line pierced parapet, and buttresses, with canopies and niches, 
 of remarkably beautifid composition. 
 
 St. MichjEi/s Church has an elegant though plain Perpendicular 
 porch, and other ancient features. 
 
 St. Giles's Church has various Early English portions, some good 
 lancet windows, and some portions of later date. 
 
 Holywell Church has a tower, with some curious portions of 
 Early English composition, with later additions and alterations. 
 
 The Churches of St. Aldate, St. Ebbs, St. Clement, and St. 
 Peter le Bailly, have all portions deserving attention, amidst 
 various alterations. 
 
 St. Peter's in the East is a curious Church ; the original por- 
 tions Norman, with details peculiarly rich and well executed ; it has 
 had many introductions and alterations, particularly some large win- 
 dows, which, with a large south porch, a parapet, and other additions, 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, have much altered the exterior 
 appearance of the church. There yet remains the south door, one 
 window of the chancel, a portion of groining, and some other parts in 
 the original state, and these show the beauty of the Norman church. 
 Under the chancel is a fine Norman crypt, some of the capitals of 
 which have sculptures of a curious character. The later parts of this 
 church are very good, and the whole deserves attentive study. 
 
293 
 
 Although the public edifices of the University are mostly of Per- 
 pendicular diaracter, and some very late, yet many are objects of value 
 to the architectural student. 
 
 Most of the exterior of the Schools is of quite a debased character, 
 but small portions are of superior design. Amongst these, the 
 Divinity School is to be particularly noticed ; the general composi- 
 tion of this interior is fine, but its peculiar feature is the roof, which 
 consists of bold four-centered arches, the spandrils of which are filled 
 with tracery, and the spaces between these ribs are groined with two 
 rows of pendants finishing below in small niches, which reach much 
 below the ribs, and thus form tliree arches across the span. The 
 details of this roof, and the rest of this portion, are very good. 
 
 Christ Church has most of the College buildings of later date, 
 but the hall is a very beautiful room, and its roof a peculiarly fine 
 specimen of an open wood roof. In dili'erent parts of the buildings 
 some small ancient portions may be found deserving examination. 
 
 All Souls College has a gateway, and some other portions o* 
 good Perpendicular, but mixed with later work of a very ditferent 
 character. 
 
 The Entrance Gate of Brazen-nose College is a fine composi- 
 tion, with very good details. 
 
 Baliol College has a fine oriel, and some other ancient features. 
 
 Corpus Christi College has over the entrance an elegant niche. 
 
 Exeter College Chapel is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 ]Magdalen College presents a variety of curious features ; the 
 whole of one quadrangle is ancient ; this contains the hall, chapel, and 
 cloisters, and has a very fine entrance tower. The chapel has had a 
 new ceiling, and other modern alterations, but its west door is a rich 
 and curious specimen ; it has a detached stone arch, of peculiar light- 
 ness and elegance. Near this door, in an angle, is a plain but elegant 
 stone pulpit. The most imposing feature of this college is its lofty 
 and peculiarly elegant tower, which, for simplicity of design, is hardly 
 anywhere exceeded ; it is very plain from the ground to the belfry 
 story ; this has on each side two fine windows, and a rich open battle- 
 ment ; the tower is crowned with eight rich pinnacles, and being seen 
 from its base has a very fine effect in the approach to it. 
 
293 
 
 Meiiton College is also ricli in ancient portions ; the chapel is 
 one of the finest in Oxford ; it consists of three portions of a cross 
 chnrcli, the clioir and transepts, (there being no nave,) and a tower 
 at the intersection. The choir is of Decorated character, with very 
 good \\'indows ; the east Ai-indow, of seven lights, is a very curions 
 one, witli a rich wheel, and crocketted canopies and pinnacles, as part 
 of the tracery ; the side-Avindows are also very good ones. The tower 
 and transepts are Perpendicular, the windows very good, and the 
 tower, M'hich is short and massive, has a very elegant belfry storj', 
 A\ith a pierced battlement and eight pinnacles. 
 
 There are other portions of the College buildings deserving atten- 
 tion ; they are principally Perpendicular. 
 
 Nev/ College has the hall, chapel, cloisters, and a bold bell 
 tower, of excellent Perpendicular character, early in the style, and 
 plain as to the exterior, but with excellent details, and the chapel a 
 A'erj' rich interior. This chapel has been restored, and a very rich 
 screen and organ-case erected, but the ante-chapel has had very little 
 alteration, and is a remarkably line composition. The Avindows of the 
 cloisters are good, and their details rather singular. In this chapel is 
 preserved the crozier of the founder ; it is in good condition, and 
 affords a beautiful specimen of the mode in Avhich architectural orna- 
 ment was in that day adapted to utensils and furniture. 
 
 Oriel College, Hall, and Chapel, Avith the porch leading to 
 them, afford curious specimens of the singularities of debased Perpen- 
 dicular ; the parapet of the porch being formed by the letters of an 
 inscription. 
 
 St. John's, University, and Wadham Colleges, have all ex- 
 amples of the mixture produced by the introduction of Italian details 
 before the ancient forms Avere disused. 
 
 Oxford Castle and the ruins of Oseney Abbey and Godstoav 
 Nunnery near Oxford, may be noticed, but their remains are very 
 small. 
 
 Adderbury Church has a toAver and spire, the building is of 
 various dates, and has considerable specimens of Early sculpture. 
 
 Astall is a small Church Avith some good Early English and 
 Decorated portions, and some of later date. Some of the AvindoAvs 
 have good tracery, and there is an elegant cross on the north porch. 
 In the church-yard is an ancient altar tomb Avith quartrefoils and 
 
294 
 
 shields ; it is not common to meet so good p.n ancient tomb out of 
 doors. 
 
 Bensington is a small Church v»dth a Decorated east window, and 
 some traces of both earlier and later work ; the tower is modern, 
 
 Bloxham Church has a lofty and elegant tower and spire, and 
 various other interesting portions. 
 
 BuRFORD Church is a large and curions edifice. It has a Norman 
 central tower, and various portions of Norman and Early Englisli 
 work adjacent, but the largest part of tlie church is Perpendicular, of 
 various dates, and evidently partial rebuilding, a very fine Norman 
 door being preserved at the west end. There are several large 
 Chapels, and a remarkably rich south porch, late Perpendicular, with 
 very beautiful fan tracery groining and excellent details. In the 
 interior, the junction of the different portions produces various singu- 
 larities. There are several ancient monuments of different dates, and 
 varying much in their execution. In the nave is a stone chapel used 
 as a seat, and another of wood, both good compositions. There is 
 an ancient wood pul])it and some other good wood work ; there are 
 also small portions of very good ancient stained glass. The roof of 
 the nave has been remarkably rich wood work, but now much muti- 
 lated and altered. The upper part of the Norman toAver has within- 
 side some fine arches forming a gallery round that stage of the tower. 
 The spire is of Perpendicular da<.e. There is a line circular font with 
 niches and statues, and lined with lead ; it appears to be of Decorated 
 date. Under part of the church is a crypt, used as a bone house. 
 The plan of this edifice is very irregular, but it has so many singular- 
 ities and beautiful portions, that it deserves minute examination. 
 
 In the town of Burford are many ancient domestic edifices, the 
 doors of which, though plain, are of very good composition, and 
 there are also some fine wood gables, with panelling and hanging 
 tracery. 
 
 Dorchester Church is a large and very curious edifice, with 
 portions of various dates mixed with each other. The plan is irre- 
 gular, the south aisle being very large, and part of it having once 
 had a row of piers not now existing. There are portions of all the 
 styles, and of transitions from one style to another. At the west end 
 of the north aisle, is a curious Norman door of singular shape, and 
 in the same aisle, under a window, is another door of Early Deco- 
 rated date, AN'ith various singular mouldings and combinations. Some of 
 the buttresses of the east end have singular mixtures of style, but the 
 
295 
 
 principal feature is the chancel ^vindows and some stalls. There are 
 three \\iudo\vs, norths south, and cast ; the Mall and architrave 
 mouldings of which, are clearly of Decorated date, if not earlier, 
 being filled with the ball ornament in the hollows. The north win- 
 dow is of four lights, the mullions crossed by waving lines, on which 
 are leaves, and the wliole forming a genealogical tree springing from 
 a figure recumbent under the centre mullion, and having statues up 
 the mullions. The tracer}' of the head of the window is not very 
 elaborate, but a tree springs above the centre mullion into the com- 
 partment in the centre of the head. The east window is divided 
 into two portions of three lights each, by a large plain buttress ; but 
 the chancel having been ceiled below the point of the arch, it is not 
 clear how this Avindow originally finished ; its present appearance, is 
 of two very long windows, more than two-thirds of which, besides 
 tlie heads, are filled with a description of tracery which must be con- 
 sidered a transition from Decorated to Perpendicular; but this tracery 
 lias also small statues, and small crocketted pinnacles intermixed. 
 The south window is of four lights, of decidedly Perpendicular cha- 
 racter, and with a transom, on which, at the base of the upper mul- 
 lions, are statues, and the head is filled with good plain Perpendi- 
 cular tracery. These windows, if not unique, are very curious, and 
 tlie stalls under the south window are no less so ; they are three stalls 
 rising east^-ard, and a M'ater-drain which is rather wider than a stall, 
 but the canopy of which ranges with that of the stalls. These 
 canopies are very rich, and are divided by buttresses^ on which have 
 been pinnacles now destroyed. Under the canopy of each stall, in 
 the back wall, is a small window, with very beauviful mouldings and 
 remains of fine stained glass; the shape of this window may be called 
 a M-aved triangle, and these v.'indows on the outside have a series of 
 plain arches over them. The whole of these stalls and windov/s are 
 clearly of Decorated character, and the chancel altogether presents a 
 most curious piece of composition. 
 
 There are some good ancient monuments, and there have been 
 some fine brasses, but they are now gone. There are some other 
 cupboards and drains worth examining, and the font is very curious; 
 its upper part is of lead, with Norman arches and figures ; it is set 
 on a Perpendicular stone base, finished with a battlement, the work- 
 manship of which is not very good. There is also a wooden porch 
 which appears to be of Perpendicular date. 
 
 This church must be visited and studied to be properly appreciated, 
 as it is hardly possible to describe its singularities. 
 
 Henley is a large Church, with some portions of chequered work 
 
296 
 
 m flint and chalk ; it has a ;;oo(l tower and various interesting por- 
 tions, both Decorated and Perpendicular. The east window has good 
 Decorated tracery. 
 
 Iffley CmiRcii has been so often described, and is now so well 
 figured, that less may be said of it. It has small portions of all the 
 styles, but is principally a Norman church with an Early English 
 addition to the chancel, and a low Xorman tower between the nave 
 and chancel. The two later styles have only inserted windows. 
 The Norman portion is remarkably well executed, and furnishes three 
 very fine door-ways, and a handsome west end. The Early English 
 portion presents a remarkably elegant specimen of the .^tyle ; this 
 portion and the Norman chancel, are both groined. The font is very 
 large and lined with lead ; it has a square top supported on a centre, 
 thick shafts and four thinner ones round it. 
 
 RoTHERFiELD Grays Church has a font of a singular shape, and 
 other interesting portions. 
 
 SwiXBROOx is a small Church, Avith a curious small tower, open 
 Avith an arch to the west, and having a door and window in the west 
 wall of the church under this arch. There are some Norman piers 
 and pointed arches, and some curious windows of later date ; the east 
 window is Perpendicular, a good one of five lights. There are some 
 remains of a rood-loft and good wood screens. 
 
 In this church are many monumental figures lying on shelves, 
 covering one side of the chancel ; they seem to be subsequent to the 
 year lOOO. 
 
 The Church at Great Tew has a door of very late Norman, with 
 apparently some later additions, and an Early English porch. The nave 
 has some piers and arches of Decorated character, and there are some 
 good windows of that style. The tower and clerestory are Perpen- 
 dicular, and there are some inserted windows of that date. There is 
 a good Perpendicular font. The pulpit is ancient, of wood, with good 
 panelling, and some of the bench ends are of elegant design. This 
 church is not a large one, but in composition and execution, it is 
 superior to many churches about it. 
 
 Whiteford, a small Chapel near Burford, is a curious edifice; it 
 has a small bell niche, and a nave and chancel ; the north door and 
 the font are Norman. The nave and chancel are mostly Decorated, 
 the side-windows of one light, and the east window with three lights. 
 Part of the nave, at the west end, is of later date ; the pulpit is 
 ancient, with good wood panelling. 
 
297 
 
 WiTNET Church is a large aiid handsome cross Church, with a 
 tower and lofty spire at the intersection ; the nave has aisles and a 
 clerestory ; tlie transepts are large, and the chancel small. The tower 
 and cliancel are Early English, and the north transept Decorated, with 
 a fine window of seven lights ; the clerestory and some other parts, are 
 Perpendicular. There is a water-drain in the chancel, and two mo- 
 numental effigies in the north transept. 
 
 Hanborough Church has a very fine Norman door, and the 
 Churches of Deddikgton, Ensiiam, Enstone, Eweujik, Kidling- 
 Tox, I^IoNGEWELn, and SuiPLAKE, all contain portiqus worth exam- 
 ining. 
 
 Of domestic edifices, the ancient Kitchen at Stanton Harcourt, 
 IIoLTON House, and Astall Manor-house, may be mentioned. 
 
 Great Caste rton is a small church, principally of Early English 
 character, with a small tower of much later date ; there are some por- 
 tions of Early Decorated character. The whole of the early details are 
 very good, and there is a handsome south porch, the shafts of which 
 have very good capitals. The clerestory windows have been small 
 quarterfoils, but most of them are mutilated. There are several curious 
 ancient monuments, particularly one built into the outside of the 
 wall of the south aisle. 
 
 Little Casterton is a small church, and its composition, though 
 good, has nothing very remarkable ; yet the church deserves very at- 
 tentive examination, as the present worthy incumbent has had every 
 stone portion scraped and cleaned from the numerous coats of white- 
 wash once filling up the details, and has carefully restored the ancient 
 water-drain, and other small embellishments of the church ; so that, 
 added to its state of good repair, it is a model of neatness, and an ex- 
 cellent example of the very great improvement of a church under such 
 treatment. The church has a gable for two bells at the west end, a 
 nave, aisles, and chancel. The piers and arches are late Norman, with 
 capitals, which have some forms nearly approaching to Roman in the 
 sculpture. There are some windows Early English, and the east win- 
 dow Early Decorated ; those of the clerestory are Perpendicular. — 
 There is a good Decorated water-drain in the chancel, and a curious 
 tomb in the south wall ; it is an arch with fine deep mouldings, spring- 
 ing from short shafts, and has two monumental slabs, one on the ground, 
 and one about two feet above it, on both of which are flowered 
 crosses. 
 
 2 r 
 
298 
 
 E.-vrpixr.UAM is a liandsomo church,, Avith n curious tower and spire 
 the lower part Early English, the upper later, with some singu- 
 laritioa, but on the whole a fine composition. The church has late 
 Norman, or Early English piers and arches, with u later clerestory ; 
 the chancel and transepts are Early English, with later windows in- 
 serted. In the chancel are three stone stalls and two water-drains. 
 
 EssENDiXE Church is a small building, with a gable for two bells 
 at the west end, a nave, and chancel. Some part of the church is 
 Norman, and some Early English. The Norman south door is much 
 enriched, and has been frequently engraved; there have been various 
 windows inserted. 
 
 ExTON Church has a handsome steeple with tower, lantern, and 
 spire. The church has a nave and south aisle, a south porch and south 
 transept. ^lost of the church is of good Perpendicular character. 
 
 Ketton is a large cross church, with a tower and lofty spire at the 
 intersection, a nave, aisles, transepts, and chancel. The general charac- 
 ter is Early English, but the west end exhibits a curious specimen of the 
 mixture of Norman and Early English forms and details. The chancel 
 and various inserted windows are of later date. The belfry story of the 
 tower is a very handsome one, Mith slender shafts to the Avindows, 
 and tlie toothed ornament. The date of the south porch has been 
 pretty well ascertained to be 12.32. The spire is later than the tower, 
 and has some small figures under niches, finishing some of the angle 
 ribs. There are some ancient wood stalls and pews, but much mu- 
 tilated. 
 
 South Luffenha.m Church has a tower and handsome crocketted 
 spire, a nave and south aisle, and a small clerestory, mostly of Deco- 
 rated character. 
 
 Market Overton Church has some curious portions. 
 
 Okehasi Church has a fine tower and spire, and is a large edifice, 
 mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 At PicKwoRTH a beautiful Decorated arch is the only remaining 
 portion of the church. 
 
 Rvhall Church is mostly of Perpendicular date, but the tower 
 and spire considerably earlier, being Early English, but very late in 
 that style, with some singularities. In the chancel are two stone 
 stalls, and in the aisles two plain water-drains. 
 
299 
 
 TicKENCOTK CHiJRcn luw l)oon a very curious one, entirely Nor- 
 
 f man, with much enrichment^, but has been rebuilt ; and the only an- 
 
 f cient parts remaining, are the arch (which is a very ela])orate one) 
 
 ' between the nave and chancel ; the font, and some part of the groining 
 
 of the chancel. 
 
 Uppingham Church is large, and contains various interesting 
 portions. 
 
 The assizes are held in the hall of the Castle of Okeham, which, 
 ; amidst various introductions and mutilations, has preserved enough of 
 I its original features to show it to have been good work of very late 
 j Norman, or very Early English. 
 
 Shrewsbury Abbey Church. — The basis of this church is Nor- 
 man, but it is much reduced in size, and many alterations have been 
 made, particularly the introduction of a very large Perpendicular win- 
 dow over the west door, which is deserving of attention, and also 
 some other parts of the church ; but the principal attraction is the 
 stone pulpit still standing in the garden ; it is of Decorated character, 
 of most excellent design and execution ; the series of mouldings form- 
 ing the corbel, which projects the front from the wall, is of great 
 beauty, and the groining of the roof is of equal excellence ; it is to be 
 regretted that so much ivy covers the top, that its upper finishing can- 
 not even be guessed at : the ivy must materially injure a building 
 which, including the excellence of its character, is nearly, if not quite, 
 unrivalled. 
 
 The towers of St. Julian and St. Alkmond have both some an- 
 cient portions, but of little value. 
 
 Of the Old Church of St. Chad, a small but very curious portion 
 remains, and is now a school ; it contains Norman, Early English, and 
 Decorated remains, and appears to have been part of the south aisle of 
 the chancel. 
 
 St. ]Mary's, Shrewsbury. — This is a large and very fine cross 
 church; the lower part of the tower, and the south porch, good Norman 
 work; the rest of the church principally Early English, with various in- 
 sertions of windows, the whole of the clerestory being Perpendicular. — 
 The nave has round arches, though evidently of Early English charac- 
 ter ; there are some very good and curious Early English windows. 
 
300 
 
 particularly the ends of the transepts, inid one on the north side of the 
 chancel. There is a portion of very good Avooden roof, and a very 
 jxood font of Perpendicular character. Tlie soutli aisle of the chancel 
 is a school ; it has some Decorated windows, and has had a very large 
 one at the east end, now stopped up. 
 
 Ellesmere Ghurch has an east window of fine Early Perpendi- 
 cular composition. 
 
 Tlie church at Hales Owkn is a large edifice, ^lith a tower rising 
 in the centre, and a spire; the aisles j)ass on each side of the tower, 
 so tliat there are hardly any regular transepts. Some portions of tlie 
 churcli are Norman, and very good, other ])arts are later, and the 
 comjiosition inferior. 
 
 Shifnal Church is principally Norman, with some good later 
 windows. 
 
 The little Chapkl of St. Kenelms has some beautiful portions, 
 particularly the tower. 
 
 The Old Church at BRinGENORTH, and the churches of Claa-ek- 
 LEY, HoDNET, MoRTON CoRBET, and SiiAAVBiRCH, have all portions 
 deserving examination. 
 
 BuiLDWAS Abbey, Weni>ock Abbey, and Ludi.ow Castle, 
 present some very good remains, principally Norman and Early 
 English. 
 
 There are some remains of BRiDGENORTn Castle. 
 
 Near Hales Owen are the remains of a monastic edifice, sometimes 
 called Hales Owen Abbey, and sometimes by other names; they 
 are mostly Early English, and very good, particularly the gable of Avh:U 
 ajipears to have been the chapter house, and A\hich has some very fine 
 lantxit windows. Amongst the fragments built up in the wall ad- 
 jacent, is a very small effigj^ of a knight in armour, not above Ifl 
 inches high, which appears to have been monumental; it is very weli 
 executed, and remarkable for its size, and does not ajipear to have 
 been a drip sui)porter, or other accessory statue- 
 
301 
 
 Wj:lls Cathedral. — The situation of this edifice and the adjoin- 
 ing pahice is beautiful, and though no whole side, except the west 
 front, is visible in any one view, the cathedral is Avell displayed from 
 several points, particularly the north-west. As at Peterborough, the 
 palace and several other buildings adjoin the cathedral, and add much 
 to its general appearance. 
 
 The character of a large portion of the building is Early English^, 
 Avith portions of the two later styles, which are very beautifully ac- 
 commodated in their forms to the older parts. 
 
 The nave and transepts, and part of the towers, are Early English ; 
 the west front remarkably rich in niches and statues, and not less so in 
 shafts and other small ornaments appropriate to the style. The lower 
 part of the sides of the western towers are similarly enriched, but the 
 whole of the remaining exterior of the building is rather plain than 
 otherwise ; the Early English windows are mostly filled with Peqien- 
 dicular tracery, except those in the west front. The upper parts of 
 all the towers are much later than the lower, and much accommodated 
 to the earlier portions, as to lines and forms. The eastern part of the 
 cross, and the chapter house, are of Decorated character, and remark- 
 ably elegant. The cloisters (which are, as at Chichester, only three 
 sides of the square,) are Perpendicular. The nave and transepts, and 
 a north porch out of the nave, all present an Early English arrange- 
 ment not very common, and differing much from the style of Salisbury, 
 but very remarkable for simplicity and elegance. Across the arch of 
 the tower is a fine reversed arch, which had probably the same intent 
 as those at Finedon and Rushden, in Northamptonshire, that of 
 strengthening the adjacent piers. The arrangement and details of the 
 choir and lady chapel are singular and very beautiful, producing, from 
 the combination of piers, arches, and groining, an effect of peculiar rich- 
 ness and intricacy. The chapter house is raised on a crypt, and has a 
 curious staircase up to it, which is also a passage to some adjacent 
 buildings. The crypt is a fine model of plain groining, and the chapter 
 house, which has a centre pier, fine groining, good windows, and a 
 double door, is both Aiithin and without abeautiful specimen of thestyle. 
 
 The font in the south transept seems of the date of that part of the 
 building. There are various excellent portions of stone screen work, 
 chapels, and monuments, and some stained glass, the effect of which 
 is peculiarly good. This cathedral deserves much more attention than 
 
302 
 
 it lias usually had ; it is very rich in detail, of the hest, as well as the 
 )nore singular kinds ; and in point of composition some of its j)arts 
 yield to no edifice in the kingdom. 
 
 The Bishop's Pai.ace, though it has been altered, and parts much 
 modernized, contains some line portions ; an Early Decorated chapel, 
 and some parts of earlier date. The Gates and other buildings in 
 the precincts of the cathedral deserve careful examination. 
 
 Bristol Cathedral. — This very fine building having had the nave 
 destroyed, which, from a fragment, appears to have equalled the choir, 
 is so curtailed in its exterior appearance, that its being closely sur- 
 rounded by buildings, is of less importance than if it was complete. — 
 It is open on the north side, but its exterior, though good, conveys 
 little promise of the value of the interior. The transepts, centre 
 tower, and choir remain, and are Early English as to most of the 
 original Avails and buttresses, and some parts are still clearly of that 
 style ; but others have been, during the latter part of the Decorated 
 style, added to, altered, and portions built up, as well as additions 
 made, of chapels and small parts, so that it is very puzzling to make 
 out the date of the separate parts ; but the whole is very fine, and 
 though wanting in eflfect, from the loss of the nave, yet is so very rich 
 in excellent detail, both as to the smaller portions, chapels, inonu- 
 ments, and groining, as to deserve much more carefid examination 
 than it usually receives. 
 
 Of the customary adjacent buildings, the chapter house and part of 
 the cloisters remain ; the latter are Perpendicular and not very excel- 
 lent ; but the chapter house, a large room, with considerable enrich- 
 ment on the walls ; and the A^estibule, plain in its detail, but of beau- 
 tiful composition, present specimens of Norman not often equalled. 
 
 The College Gate, Norman below, and Perpendicular above, is, 
 as to the gateway, its arch mouldings, the shafts, and arches in the 
 passage, and the details, one of the most elaborate specimens of Nor- 
 man work ; and the preservation, in its original sharpness, of all the 
 most minute carved detail, is one of the best tests of the value of the 
 oolite in which it is executed. 
 
 Bath Abbey Church. — This building, although in some measure 
 insulated, derives little advantage therefrom. The west front is best 
 seen, but by no means at sufficient distance for its full effect. The 
 north side is completely built up with small houses against the Malls, 
 aiul the south partially so. The east is seen but to little advantage, 
 uid from no point can the whole building be se<?n, so as to give ell'ect 
 
303 
 
 to tlie tower. The plan of this cathedral is a phiin cross, with a tower 
 at the intersection, peculiar from its not being square, hut greater in 
 the north and south than east and west dimensions. The transept is 
 narrow, and has no aisles. The nave and choir have each a north and 
 south aisle ; there are no additional buildings, except a small vestry 
 attached to the eastern side of the south transept. 
 
 Tliis cathedral may be considered as of uniform character, and as 
 one of the latest specimens of the Perpendicular style. The whole of 
 the work shows a singular mixture of plainness and ornament, some of 
 the mouldings and other details being extravagantly large^ and others 
 uncommonly small; it nevertheless contains some parts of great beauty. 
 Tlie west front has a magnificent window of seven lights, with two 
 transoms ; under the window, is a rich door-Way, with a niche on each 
 side, containing a statue, and a very rich battlement over it ; this 
 centre is flanked by turrets, square at bottom, and octagon when clear 
 of the aisles ; on these turrets are represented a ladder, with angels 
 ascending and descending ; the whole of the space above the window 
 is covered with angels standing on corbels without niches, and over 
 the centre is a single figure in a rich niche which goes through the 
 battlement; above the termination of the ladder the turrets are richly 
 panelled, and on each side of the ladders is a series of statues stand- 
 ing on pedestals, with a rich canopy over the uppermost. The aisles 
 at the west end are low, containing a 4-light windoAV, and a door in 
 each ; they are flanked by bold square buttresses, on which are open- 
 work pinnacles, the effect of which is very meagre. The whole of the 
 battlements of this front are varied and very rich. The niches on each 
 side of the great door are beautifully executed, but much dilapidated. 
 The mouldings of the doors, which are arch heads within a square, are 
 very good ; and, abating some ornaments not by any means fit for 
 imitation, this front deserves much attention. 
 
 The east end is very plain, and its proportions by no means equal- 
 ling the west. The great window of the choir is of seven lights, and has 
 three transoms, and, like the west doors, is included in a square compart- 
 ment, with tracery and spandrills ; the towers which flank it are plain 
 and heavy, but pannelled when clear of the roof. The aisles at the 
 east end project beyond the centre ; they have plain buttresses and a 
 4-light window, with small doors under each ; a wall running between 
 these buttresses, and enclosing a space for lumber, takes off much 
 from the beauty of this front. 
 
 The north and south transept windoAvs are fine, but only the latter 
 can be seen to any advantage. 
 
304 
 
 Many of the fl)ring buttresses remain, but the outside, from its loss 
 of pinnacles, and being so much built up, gives but little idea what 
 the church would be if complete, and could be seen at a proper distance. 
 
 The composition of the tower is fine; it has octagonal turrets, pan- 
 elled above the cornice, and a very rich pierced battlement. 
 
 The nave is of five arches ; the mouldings of the piers are good, 
 but very large ; the cieling is a very fiat arched roof of panelling, the 
 mouldings of wliicli are much too small for their height, and there- 
 fore contrast unpleasantly with the bolder work below ; the ceiling of 
 the side aisles of this part of the church is liable to the same objection. 
 The windows of the nave and aisles are principally of five lights, with 
 good, but not very rich tracery ; the clerestory windows have a tran- 
 som. There is no triforium, the sills of the clerestory windows 
 coming down to the string which runs over the arches of the nave. 
 
 The screen, which is modern, of square panelling, and extremely 
 incongruous in such a church, runs at the eastern extremity of the 
 nave, entirely spoiling the view across the transepts, which are still 
 further encumbered by staircases to modern galleries, whicli fill up, 
 and totally destroy the eflfect of the arches in the choir. The whole 
 of the eastern portion, including the transepts, has the same arrange- 
 ment as to mouldings and windows as the nave, but is enriched by a 
 series of fan tracery in the roof, of different designs, adapted to the 
 different portions of the groining ; those of the aisles are peculiarly 
 beautifid, the plan being nearly square. 
 
 The choir is of three arches ; the easternmost on the south side is 
 filled with that beautiful specimen of rich work, the chapel of Prior 
 Bird, which though mutilated in various parts, contains much very 
 excellent detail. It should be noticed that the window at the east 
 end of the south aisle is inserted in an arch which appears Norman, 
 and is probably the only remains of a more ancient edifice. 
 
 St. BIary, Rkdcliffe. — This magnificent edifice contains so 
 much of valuable composition, that it ranks quite as a cathedral, or 
 collegiate church. Though not very well seen, its west and south 
 sides are tolerably open. Some parts of the building on the outside 
 are decayed, others are in good preservation. It consists of a series 
 of portions from Early English to middle Perpendicular, with the 
 styles considerably mixed, and sliding into each other. The lower 
 part of the tower is the oldest part, then the very rich north porch, 
 and then the church ; the lady chapel, now a school, seems the latest 
 of all. The Early English portion is very good, the composition of the 
 
305 
 
 upper part of the tower very fine, and though the spire has only 
 about the lower one-third remaining, it gives some idea of what its 
 effect would be if complete. The north porch is singular, but very 
 beautiful, and of pure Decorated character. The Avindows of the 
 church are mostly Perpendicular, but the details of many of the piers, 
 arches, and some other parts, are more like Decorated than Perjien- 
 dicular; and other parts show a transition from one style to the other. 
 The nave is very narrow, and this, added to the pewing, and the fine 
 east window being blocked up by some paintings by Hogarth, takes 
 away much from the general effect of the interior, which is, however, 
 rendered fine by the loftiness of the proportions, and the excellence of 
 the groinings, which are complete all over the building. 
 
 Various other churches in Bristol deserve attention ; Bedjiinster 
 Church, and St. Augustines, have various ancient portions, amidst 
 alterations and insertions. 
 
 The Temple Church has a fine tower and other parts deserving 
 examination ; St. Thomas's a plainer tower ; and St. John's various 
 curious portions, mostly of Perpendicular date. 
 
 St. Philip and Jacob is a large church of various dates, the tower 
 situated at the east end of the south aisle ; some portions are curious. 
 The font is Norman, plain, and lined with lead. Part of the tower 
 and many parts of the church, are good Early English. 
 
 St. James's is to appearance a modern church, but its west end, 
 which is much built up, and with difficulty accessible to view, con- 
 tains some very fine Norman portions, particularly a very curious 
 circular window. 
 
 St. Stephens is a Perpendicular church of rather late, but good 
 character. The tower is a very fine one, with the very light pierced 
 battlement and turrets common in the west of England, of which 
 those at Gloucester cathedral appear to have been the example. Tliis 
 church has also a rich porch. 
 
 St. Mark's Church, often called the Mayor's Chapel, is a small 
 church, of very great interest. It contains some Early English por- 
 tions, and some Decorated, both excellent. The ancient altar piece 
 has been lately laid open and restored, and is an uncommonly fine 
 specimen of late Perpendicular niches and tabernacle work. Near the 
 altar are some fine ancient monuments, and some good stone stalls. — 
 East of the tower is a little chapel, now used as a vestry, which is, in 
 its comjwsition and detail, one of the most "elegant models of the Per- 
 
 2 K 
 
306 
 
 pendicular style remaining ; it h.is a fan tracery roof, some niches, and 
 other emhellishnients, rich hut not overloaded with ornament. The 
 whole of this churcli deserves careful attention. 
 
 Tlie churches in the following list all contain ancient portions, prinr 
 cipally Norman or Early Englisli, with later parts to some of them, 
 AsHii^L, Barton David, Becingtox, Blackford, Church Dray- 
 ton, ClIRlSTON, DOCILTING, ENGLISH CoMBK, HaWKRIDGK, HoL- 
 
 COMRE Langridge, INIiddle Chinnock, MiDsuaiMER Norton, Mil- 
 ton Clevkdon, Pen Aller, Stone Easton, and Sutton Bingt 
 ham. 
 
 The porch of Bridgewater Church has a door-way of very curious 
 character : it is good Decorated work, and has what in modern imita- 
 tion may well be used as an authority for a fan-light. 
 
 Bathkord Church has some curious portions, and Bath Easton 
 
 a beautiful tower. 
 
 Bathwick and Weston Churches deserve attention. 
 
 Dundry Church has a very fine tower, with the Gloucester-pierced 
 turrets and battlements ; and standing very high, this tower is a very 
 conspicuous object from Bristol and other parts. The church is small, 
 but contains some curious portions, and a fine Perpendicular font. 
 
 The two Churches at Glastonbury deserve attention. St. 
 John's has a very fine tower, with Gloucester open turrets and 
 battlements, and otherwise much enriched. St. Benedict has a 
 tower with less enrichment, but which is of good composition. The 
 churches arc both of Perpendicular character, but not equal to the 
 towers. 
 
 Ilminster Church has a fine tower, of a light and uncommon 
 construction. 
 
 Keynsham Church, and its Chapel at Brislington, both exhibit 
 some good Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Long Ashton is a Perpendicular Church, of remarkably neat and 
 elegant composition, not much enriched, but with very good details, 
 and affording an excellent example for modern imiialion. It is but 
 justice to state, that although the earth in the church-yard had accu- 
 mulated to a considerable height against the walls, good and effectual 
 drains have been made close round tlic churcli. 
 
r307 
 
 LuLLiNGTON Ciu'ucii bus soiue Norman portions, and some of 
 later date. 
 
 The Church of St. IMary, at Taunton, is another very fine speci- 
 toien of the western enriched Perpendicular towers, of which this is 
 one of the most elaborate ; and, with the church, is a very tiue exam- 
 ple of the date. 
 
 St. Cuthbert's Church, Wklls, is a handsome Perpendicular 
 edifice, with some traces of earlier work, but the principal 
 feature is the tower, one of the most beautiful compositions 
 of the style. The belfry windows are very long and large, giving 
 to tlie ^^'hole of the tower above the roof of the church, the 
 appearance of a magnificent lantern. The grouping of the but- 
 tresses and pinnacles, at the angles of the tower, are very fine, 
 and there are some good niches, and a large west door, and window 
 over it. This tower deserves very careful examination, the compo- 
 sition differing much from the later towers of the same style. 
 
 The Churches of Wolverton, and Norton St. Philips, have 
 sctaie Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Of Castellated remains, Farleigh Castle, and Foxley Castle, 
 may be noticed. 
 
 In the Church-yard at Dundry, is a very simple but beautiful 
 cross, in good preservation. 
 
 Of monastic edifices, the remains of the magnificent abbey of Glas- 
 tonbury, are considerable. The chapel of St. Joseph, once at the 
 east end of the abbey church, has a large portion of its very excellent 
 enrichment and detail, yet perfect ; it is of a transition character, 
 retaining principally Norman forms, but its detail, in a great degree. 
 Early English. What remains of the church itself, is of a plainer 
 character, and some parts of later date, but with some details deserv- 
 ing attention. Of the domestic buildings of the abbey, the Abbot's 
 Kitchen is in a very perfect state, and deserves careful examination. 
 The Inn, and some other domestic buildings in the vicinity, offer good 
 specimens of late Perpendicular. 
 
 On a hill near Glastonbury is the Tor, a tower which is the only 
 part remaining of a chapel ; it is of Decorated character, and is a very 
 beautiful though simple composition, and although in so very exposed 
 a situation, is very perfect in its details. 
 
 In Bristol are some ancient fragments deserving examination ; 
 of these may be enumerated a Gateway, called the Bartholomews, 
 
308 
 
 in Christian-street, which is Early English ; — tlie Gateway to 
 Spicer's Hall, on the Back, a fine piece of wood-work ; and the 
 entrance to the Guard-House a good Perpendicular doorway. 
 
 There were lately remaining some fine Early English remains of 
 the Castle, at Bristol ; and the vaults, with some good groining, may 
 be still in existence. 
 
 Lichfield Cathedral. — The general character of the nave and 
 transept of this church is Early English, but of a curious character ; it 
 has not the simplicity of Salisbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey, 
 nor the very rich detail of some parts of Lincoln IMinster, but it 
 approaches in composition, in some parts, much nearer to Decorated 
 work tlian either of them. In the transepts are various traces of 
 Xormnn, and the whole has a very ricli appearance. The choir is 
 Decorated, of very good charactw, with later reparations and additions. 
 There is some good Perpendicular niche-work remaining, which has 
 been copied with partial additions for the stalls. The screen is 
 modern, and several modern alterations have taken place. The east 
 end is hexagonal, and the church has an advantage few possess, of 
 being completely insular, and some fine trees not far oflf add much to 
 the beauty of its appearance at some distance, and with its three 
 s])ires, form various beautiful combinations in several directions. The 
 plan of this cathedral is curious ; the walls of the nave and choir not 
 being in a straight line, those of the choir inclining a little to the 
 north. 
 
 Of the usual additional buildings, this church has only the chapter- 
 house, a beautiful decagon. This chapter-house is approached from 
 the north aisle of the choir bj' a passage enriched with niches, in tlie 
 same excellent style as those in tlie chapter-house itself, which has a 
 very rich centre pier, and is beautifully groined. Above the chapter- 
 house is a librar}^ which is in the same style, good Early English, but 
 worked much jilainer. 
 
 There are several ancient monuments in tliis cathedral, and one 
 which has been a rich one on the outside. The piers and arches of 
 the choir are very fine, but are now filled in with walling, hiding the 
 portion towards the aisles, and rendering them mere passages. The 
 niches under the windows, in tlie eastern part of the choir, are remark- 
 ably rich, and extremely well executed. There is a considerable 
 portion of stained glass in the windows, some very ancient, some 
 modern, and some of an intermediate date. The interior of this 
 
309 
 
 edifice, as well as the surroumliiig area, is kept in a very neat and 
 (.lean state, and the admirable monument, by Chantrey, to the grand- 
 children of the present Dean, carefully preserved from injury. This 
 cathedral deserves minute and careful examination, not only for the 
 beauty of various portions, but for some singularities and adaptations 
 not often met with. 
 
 Abbot's Bromley Church has a Norman door, and some portions 
 of Decorated and Perpendicular character, with modern additions and 
 
 insertions. 
 
 Br K WOOD Church has a fine spire and other portions deserAang 
 attention. 
 
 Barton-under-Needwood is a handsome Perpendicular Church. 
 
 Cheadle Church has had many mutilations and alterations, but 
 the east end has been a fine Decorated composition, the buttresses 
 having niches. There are some good Decorated windows, and the 
 east window has been a very tine one, but the arch has been altered, 
 and the tracery mutilated. 
 
 Hanbury Church is principally Perpendicular ; but the chancel 
 has an Early English door and window, and some insertions of later 
 date ; the font is Norman. 
 
 Handsworth Church has been mostly rebiiilt, only the tower 
 and a small portion of wall remains of the ancient edifice. 
 
 IIarborne Church has a late Perpendicular tower ; the church 
 is modern, but some ancient buttresses remain. 
 
 King's Bromley Church has some portions of good early Deco- 
 rated work, and some of later date ; there is a little good wood screen- 
 work. 
 
 St. Michael's Church, Lichfield, has a tower and spire, some 
 portions of Early English, and some Decorated ; the east Avindow is 
 Perpendicular, large and elegant. 
 
 Penkridge Church is principally of Perpendicular date ; the east 
 window is earlier and a Decorated one, with very fine tracery. 
 
 Sedgeley Church has a tower and spire, and other curious 
 portions. 
 
310 
 
 Shknstone Church is a curious buildiuj^, with some portions of 
 all the styles. The south door is Early English, and a very iine one. 
 In the south transept is a good window, with mouldings worked in 
 brick ; the chancel is modern. 
 
 St. IMarv's Church, Stafford, is a large and fine cross church, 
 with an octagon tower at the intersection, the upper part of which is 
 of late date. Most of the piers and arches of this church are Early 
 English, or very early Decorated, of which character there are some 
 good windows, and some later in the style : the north door is a very 
 fine one, with fine shafts and bold hollows, filled with flowers. The 
 east window and some others are Perpendicular. In the north tran- 
 sept is the font, which is large and very curious, having an inscription 
 and carvings of figures and animals, in a style not very common ; its 
 date appears to be 'Early English, but its character is very singular, 
 and deserves minute attention. 
 
 A smaller Church in Stafford, St. Chad's, is so shut up as to be 
 seldom seen ; the nave is modern ; the tower is good Perpendicular, 
 situated between the nave and chancel, which latter is Norman, with 
 a modern east Avindow. 
 
 Stowk Church, near Lichfield, has portions of several stj-les ; 
 some of the I^arly English work is verj^ fine, ])articularly the south 
 door ; the other styles have various singularities in their execution. 
 
 Tamworth Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a fine 
 tower, and a crypt under part of the church. Some portions are of 
 Decorated date, and some Perpendicular, and both good ; some of the 
 windows have had very fine tracery. In the tower is a curious double 
 staircase, one from the inside, and one from without, each communi- 
 cating with a ditferent set of floors in the tower. Part of this parish 
 is in Warwickshire, but the church is situated in Staftbrdshire. 
 
 Tettknhall, Church has some interesting portions, some Early 
 English, some Early Decorated, and some of later date ; the east win- 
 dow has five lancets. 
 
 Tutbury Church is the nave of a much larger building ; the 
 north arches are walled up, and the south wall of the south aisle 
 mostly of later date, with Perpendicular windows ; the present east 
 end is the arch of the centre tower walled up, and part of the tran- 
 sept pier remains ; the piers and arches are Norman, a simple and 
 bold example. The west door, and the arch of a window over it 
 are very fine ; the door is much enriched with beakhead^ zigzag, and 
 
311 
 
 other XoniKui enriclimeiits, and part of the arcli is worked in gypsum, 
 the ornaments very delicately cut, and retaining much of their original 
 sharpness. The font is a good one, of Perpendicular character, but 
 mutilated. This church is a valuable Norman specimen. 
 
 Walsall Cihjhch has been rebuilt, except the chancel, and that 
 has been considerably altered. 
 
 Wkdnesbuuy Church has an octagonal east end, and some other 
 portions of Perpendicular character ; but the church has had various 
 modern alterations. There are some ancient wood seats, and a curious 
 wooden moveable reading-desk. 
 
 Wolverhampton is a large cross church, with a modern chancel ; 
 the general appearance of the exterior is Perpendicular, but the piers 
 and arches are umch earlier, and the doors are very early Decorated, 
 if not Early English. In the nave is a rich stone pulpit. The upper 
 part of the tower is late Perpendicular, but a very hne composition, 
 much better than the other portions of that style about the church. 
 In the church-yard is a rude pillar or cross, with knots and other 
 carving, but very much weathered by time. 
 
 YoxALL Church has some Decorated and some Perpendicular 
 portions ; the south door is plain Norman ; the chancel has a good 
 wood-roof, and there is some good wood screen-work. 
 
 The following Churches, amidst alterations and additions, contain 
 some good ancient work: — Bushbury, Chedleton, Colwich, Leek, 
 King's Swinford, Rowley Regis, Uttoxeter, West Bromwich, 
 and Whichnor. 
 
 TuTBURY Castle is a fine ruin, and contains some good Perpen- 
 dicular remains, and some of earlier date. 
 
 Croxden Abbey, a fine ruin, on the edge of Derbyshire^ has some 
 good early English portions. 
 
il2 
 
 Bury St. Edmond's contains a number of interesting remains. 
 
 St. James's Church is a large and fine Perpendicular edifice ; the 
 west end a peculiarly rich and beautiful composition, both as to design 
 and execution. The church is large, compared with the chancel, 
 which has been repaired with modern \\indows. This church has no 
 tower; but what is called the Church Gatk, a very fine Norman 
 tower, over a gateway, leading to the ancient abbey precinct, has the 
 bells belonging to the church. This tower is about 40 feet south of 
 the churchy is a very good specimen of Norman, and in good pre- 
 servation. 
 
 St. INIary's Church is also a Perpendicular building, not so rich 
 outside as St. James's, but some portions of the interior are fully 
 equal, and the wood roof of the nave is a very rich and fine one. The 
 tower is low and massive ; it stands partly in the north aisle, and the 
 lower part seems of earlier date. There is a fine Dvcorated north 
 door, and a porch of later date, with a singular and beautiful roof. 
 Both these churches stand near the ruins of the Abbey, of which 
 some of the walls remain, mostly cleared of the stone casing, and 
 presenting only a grouted mass of rough work ; but the north-east pier 
 of the cross of the abbey church has a few stones remaining at the 
 springing of the arch, and there are other indications of Norman 
 character. The west front has been built into some modern houses; 
 and a fine octagon, which maj' have been the chapter-house, quite 
 stript of its casing, is now a stable. From the extent of the ruins, 
 this church must have been very large, and fully deserving so fine an 
 entrance-gate as the church-gate. 
 
 Another entrance to the precinct A\as by the Abbey Gate, which, 
 though much mutilated, still exhibits some most excellent Decorated 
 features. There are some parts about this gate that might lead to the 
 supposition that it was a casing on an earlier work. The composition 
 is very fine, and the mouldings and other details peculiarly beautiful 
 and well executed. 
 
 Of nearly the same date as this gate is the Abbey Bridge, where 
 the wall of the precinct is carried over a fine stream ; it is in good 
 preservation. 
 
 The Borough Goal at Bury is the remains of an ancient edifice, 
 part of which appears Norman. 
 
313 
 
 Beccles Church has a large tower and other portions deserving 
 attention. 
 
 Blithburgh Church is a large Perpendicular Church, and has 
 been a fine one, but the tracery and other parts are much mutilated 
 and defaced. The font is octagon, and of good composition. 
 
 BoTTKSDALE Chapel has some good Perpendicular portions, and 
 some curious inscribed stones built into the wall. 
 
 Bradfield Church has some Decorated and some Perpendicular 
 portions. 
 
 Braysworth Church has a fine Norman door, and some other 
 portions deserving attention. 
 
 Bungay Church has a fine tower. 
 
 Clare Church is a large and handsome edifice, and has a very 
 fine Perpendicular font, which is octagon, with good panelling. 
 
 CocKFiELD Church has a large and handsome tower. 
 
 Covehithe Church is in ruins, but they present various interesting 
 features. 
 
 Dunwich Church is in ruins, as weU as the adjacent buildings, 
 the remains of the monastery of Grey Friars, and the Chapel of 
 the Hospital of St. James, but they all contain portions deserving 
 attention ; some of these are Norman, of very good character. 
 
 East Bergholt Church has various curious portions, mostly of 
 Perpendicular character. 
 
 Eye Church has a fine Perpendicular tower. 
 
 The Churches of Farnham, Fornham St. Martin, Frajiling- 
 HAM, and Great Thornham, have all portions deserving attention. 
 
 Horningsheath Church is small, and has had much modern 
 reparation, but still contains some good Decorated and Perpendicular 
 portions. 
 
 Hadleigh Church is a large edifice, with a tower and spire, 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, but with some earlier portions. 
 
 2 L 
 
314 
 
 There are two south porches, and the aisles artd clerestory extend 
 alonicc tlie chancel as well as the nave. In the church-yard is an 
 ancient gateway called the Rkctor's Tower. 
 
 IIoLTON Church has a fine Norman south door^ and a good font 
 of either Decorated or early Perpendicular character. 
 
 IcKWORTH Church is small, but has an Early English chancel, 
 with some fine lancet windows. There are also some good Decorated 
 and Perpendicular windows. 
 
 Ingham Church has a square flint and stone tower. The church 
 is mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Ipswich, has a large and curious font, and 
 some other portions deserving attention. 
 
 Lavenham is a large and curious Church, Avith a lofty clerestory 
 and fine tower, with very bold buttresses. The character is late Per- 
 pendicular, and the battlements and some other portions much en- 
 riched. 
 
 Long Melpord is a large Perpendicular Church, with a verj' 
 extensive appendage east of the chancel, built mostly in chequers of 
 flint and stone. Like Lavenham, the clerestory is very lofty, but 
 here the tower is a plain and poor modern erection. 
 
 LoMESTOFFE Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular 
 church, with a verj' low clerestory. It has a tower and spire, and a 
 south porch ; the windows are large and fine, the buttresses much 
 enriched, and the east end has some chequered work of flint and stone. 
 This church has a handsome font. 
 
 The Chapel at Orford has some curious ancient portions in the 
 part now used, but is principally remarkable for some considerable 
 Norman ruins at the east end, the piers of which are much varied, 
 and some of them of very singular shapes. The font is a curious one, 
 with many figures. 
 
 RiNGSFiELD is a Small Church, covered with thatch, but it has 
 portions of ancient work remaining. 
 
 Snape Church has a hexagonal Perpendicular font, with consi- 
 derable enrichment. 
 
315 
 
 SouTHWoLD is ii large and handsome Perpendicular Church, mostly 
 of flint and stone, with considerable enrichment. The south porch is 
 very elegant, and above the clerestory roof is a li^ht open lantern. 
 The tower is large and lofty. 
 
 Stoke-by-Nayland is a large Church, of Perpendicular character, 
 with a line tower and some good windows. 
 
 The Church of Stowmarket has a tower and slender spire of con- 
 siderable height ; much of the church is Hint and stone walling ; part 
 of it is Decorated and part Perpendicular. 
 
 Sudbury has three Churches, All Saints, St. Gregory, and 
 St. Peter ; they have all been fine churches, mostly of Perpendicu- 
 lar character, but some of the tracery and other parts have been much 
 mutilated. 
 
 Walberswick Church is partly in ruins, but the tower and some 
 other portions deserve attention. 
 
 Woodbridge Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a fine 
 tower. 
 
 WooLPiT Church has a tower and spire ; considerable portions of 
 the church are built with fiint and chalk. The south porch is large, 
 and very much enriched. Some parts of the building are Decorated, 
 and some Perpendicular. 
 
 WissET Church has a round tower, and Norman north and south 
 doors. 
 
 WisTON Church has some Norman portions, particularly a rich 
 and curious south door. 
 
 WoRLiNGWORTH Church is mostly of Perpendicular character ; 
 it has an enriched font, with a very lofty and elegant font cover. 
 
 Amongst the Monastic edifices the remains of several are of some 
 extent. Of these may be noticed Butley Abbey, Clare Priory, 
 Leiston Abbey, Mendhaji Priory, and Sibton Abbey. 
 
 Of Castellated Buildings, Bungay Castle, Clare Castle, and 
 those of Framlingham, Mettingham, Orford, and Wingfield, 
 
 may be mentioned. 
 
 The Domestic edifices are some of them very fine, some being 
 curious specimens of enriched brickwork. There may be noticed, 
 
316 
 
 part of Wolsey's Collegr at Ipswich^ Flixton Hall, Gedoing 
 Hall, Giffard's Hall, Helmingham Hall, Hengrave Hall, 
 Kentwell Hall, Little Wenham Hall, Parham Hall, Rose 
 Hall Basham, Seckford Hall, Sutton Hall, and West Stow 
 Hall. 
 
 At Burgh there are some portions of Roman wall remaining. 
 
 Surras* 
 
 The Church of St. IMary Overy, or St. Savior, in the borough 
 of Southwark, is u large and very fine cross church, with a large and 
 lofty tower at the intersection, containing one of the heaviest and 
 finest peals of bells in the kingdom. A large portion of this church 
 is Early English, of a character curious and valuable, with some parts 
 and some insertions of later date. The whole church is undergoing a 
 gradual and carefid repair. The details of many parts of this 
 church are very good, and in fine preservation, and the whole 
 church is worthy of attentive examination. There are some ancient 
 monuments. 
 
 The Churches of Lambeth, Kingston'-on-Thames, and Putney, 
 contain ancient portions amidst various alterations. 
 
 Beacuwortii Church has the tower between the nave and chan- 
 cel, and has some portions of each of the three last styles. 
 
 Beddington is a handsome church, with a fine tower ; tlie church 
 is principally Perpendicular, and mostly of flint and stone. The font 
 is large and square, on a centre, and four corner shafts. There are 
 some wood stalls. 
 
 Brajiley Church has an Early English chancel and south chapel, 
 with long lancet windows. 
 
 Carshalton Church has some Early English and some Deco- 
 rated portions. 
 
 CoBHA3i Church has some Decorated windows, and some earlier 
 portions. 
 
 The Church at Compton has a very curious chancol, with a chapel 
 over the groined roof of the chancel, tlie access to which is by a stair- 
 case from the outside. These portions are of Early English character, 
 with semicircular arches, and there is a portion of wood-work which 
 
317 
 
 seems as old as the stone-work. The church has a low tower and 
 spirCj and some portions of Decorated character. 
 
 Croydon Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular edifice, 
 with a lofty tower, but has had various modern alterations and inser- 
 tions. 
 
 Dorking Church is a cross church, with a low tower ; it is prin- 
 cipally Perpendicular, and amidst various modern alterations still 
 retains some good windows. 
 
 DuNSFOLD Church has a nave, chancel, and north transept, all 
 with good Decorated windows, mostly of two lights, but the west 
 Avindow has three. At the north end of the transept is a good door. 
 
 Effingham Church has some Decorated and some Perpendicular 
 portions. 
 
 Ewhurst is a cross Church, with a wood steeple at the intersec- 
 tion ; it is mostly Early English, with good lancet windows. 
 
 Farnham is a Perpendicular Church, with some good windows, 
 particularly the east window of five lights. It has a low tower. 
 
 GoDALMiNG is a cross Church, with a spire ; there are some Early 
 English portions, and several curious windows of later date. 
 
 St. Mary's Church Guilford is a curious edifice ; it has a tower 
 at the west end of the chancel, and on the north side, a sort of north 
 aisle, with a circular east end, and a western portion with a lower 
 roof. Some parts are Early English, and others of later date. 
 
 St. Nicholas Guildford has an embattled tower, and portions 
 of several styles ; there are some good lancet windows remaining. 
 
 Hascomb Church has a small belfry and spire, on the roof of the 
 nave ; the chancel has a circular east end, and there are some Early 
 English and some Decorated windows. 
 
 Leatherhead Church has a Decorated chancel, and a north 
 transept of Perpendicular character, built with Hint and stone. 
 
 LiNGPiELD Church has a Perpendicular tower and spire, with a 
 panelled parapet ; some other parts of the church deserve attention. 
 
 ]Merstha3i Church has an Early English tower and wood spire ; 
 the church mostly Perpendicular, with good windows. 
 
318 
 
 NuTKiELD CiiURCu has ii smviU tower and spire, and a s. n i 
 chapel ; part of the chancel is Early English, and some parts of ibi' 
 church Perpendicular. 
 
 OcKHAM Church has an embattled tower. The church has some 
 Decorated and some Perpendicular windows ; the east window has 
 seven lancets. 
 
 RvEGATE Church has a lofty embattled tower ; the church princi- 
 pally of Perpendicular character, Avith some good windows. 
 
 Sheere Church is principally Early English, with some later 
 insertions and additions. The tower and spire are between the nave 
 and chancel, and there is a south aisle to both nave and chancel. 
 
 Stoke near Guildford is a handsome Perpendicular Church ; the 
 tower flint and stone, with a large west door and window over it. 
 
 Sutton Church has some Decorated portions remaining amidst 
 modern additions. 
 
 Woking Church has a Ioav tower, a nave and south aisle, and 
 chancel, partly Early English, and partly Decorated. 
 
 The Churches of Mitchai\i and East INIoui.sey have some Per- 
 pendicular portions, and those of Bisley and Frinley have some 
 parts constructed wdth wood and plaster. 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing notices how prevalent the Early 
 English style is in this county, and this will be more apparent from 
 the following list of Churches, most of which have considerable por- 
 tions of that style, with later additions and insertions : — Abinger, 
 Capell, Chiddingpord, Chelsham, Chesindon, East and West 
 Clandon, East Horsley, Merrow, Merton, Mickleham, 
 Newdigate, Ockwood, Send, Tattersfield, Warlingham, and 
 
 WiTLEY. 
 
 Of Monastic remains, Newark Priory and Waverley Abbey 
 may be noticed ; and on a hill near Guildford is a ruined building, 
 called St. Catherine's Chapel. 
 
 Guildford Castle has a fine Norman keep, and there are con- 
 siderable remains of Farniia3i Castle. 
 
 LosELY INIanor House may be mentioned as an ancient domestic 
 edifice, and there are a few others in the county. 
 
319 
 
 SU00^T* 
 
 CiiicHKSTKR Cathedral. — This building is too closely surrouiulpd 
 to admit of any good general view ; those from north-west and north- 
 east are the best, as in tliese directions the centre tower and spire, 
 which are good, have their full effect. A portion of the walls of the 
 nave of this church is Norman, the rest of the church Early English, 
 but in the nave are two additional aisles of later character, thus 
 making what foreigners call five naves. The tower and spire are fine 
 specimens of plain Early English. The lady-chapel is of later date, 
 as is the north wall of the nave, whicli has some curious buttresses. 
 The end of the south transept has a fine Decorated window of seven 
 lights, and a beautiful circle over it ; there is also a good circle at the 
 east end. There is no detached chapter-house, and the cloisters 
 occupy three sides of an irregular piece of ground, and are placed 
 much eastward of the usual position. The upper part of the north- 
 western tower is destroyed ; the south-western tower is plain, its tAvo 
 upper stages good Early English. Near the west end is a very fine 
 bell tower, which is a very good composition, with a lantern connected 
 by small fiying buttresses with octagonal turrets that spring from the 
 corners above the battlement. 
 
 There are some fine monuments, particularly one to Bishop Langton 
 in the south transept. There is considerable mixture of Norman and 
 Early English forms and ornaments in some parts, and many of the 
 details, particularlj'^ Early English, deserve minute examination. 
 Tliere are a few Perpendicular insertions about the building, and the 
 cloisters are of that style. 
 
 Amberley Church has a Norman nave, and an Early English 
 chancel ; the arch between the nave and chancel is Norman, much 
 enriched. 
 
 Arundel is a large cross Church, mostly of Perpendicular charac- 
 ( ter ; the chancel has a north aisle, and is shut up, and in a very dirty, 
 dilapidated state ; it contains several very rich monuments, some of 
 them very late, others earlier, and though not so rich, of better compo- 
 I sition. There are some remains of very good wood screen-work. At 
 the intersection of the cross is a low tower. The nave and transepts 
 are used for service, and kept in good repair, and clean. The nave has 
 circular quaterfoils for clerestory windows, and against the south-west 
 pier of the cross is a fine stone pulpit, raised with wood, and used as 
 the present pulpit. Some parts of this church are flint and stone. 
 
320 
 
 AsHBURNHAM CutJRCH has a low towcr, which, as well as the 
 church, is battlemented ; the chancel has three equal gables to tlie 
 east. Some portions of this church are Decorated. 
 
 The Church at Battlk is large, with a very late tower, which has 
 the original Early English west door built in ; the piers are Norman 
 with pointed arches ; the clerestory and chancel Early English. The 
 south aisle is Perpendicular, and there are various inserted windows, 
 some modern. The font is square, with five supports, and is of 
 mixed Norman and Early English character. 
 
 Beddingham is a small Church, with small circular clerestory win- 
 dows ; the church is partly Early English, and partly Decorated. 
 
 BisHOPSTONE Church is mostly Norman, with some mutilations 
 and some modern alterations ; it has a tower, nave, chancel, and an 
 eastern chancel. Some of the details are Early English. 
 
 BosHAM is an Early English Church, without much mixture ; it 
 has a tower and spire, nave and south aisle, and large chancel, which 
 has double lancets at the sides, and five lancets for the east window. 
 
 Eastbourne is a large Church, mostly Early English, Avith a 
 clerestory, a massive tower, and some insertions of late date. 
 
 Boxgrave is the remains of the priory church, which was a large 
 cross church, with a low tower. The nave is nearly destroyed, and 
 the choir and transepts form the present church, which is Early Eng- 
 lish, of good character, with bold flying buttresses. The nave had 
 Norman piers, with plain pointed arches. There are some Decorated 
 windows. 
 
 Bramber is a small mutilated Church, with some good Norman 
 portions. 
 
 Brighton Church is built with flint and stone, but has been so 
 much altered and modernised as to retain but few ancient features ; 
 some portions are Decorated. 
 
 Broadwater is a large cross Church, with a tower and small 
 shingle spire ; most of the church is Early English, with some good 
 Decorated portions. 
 
 CniDDiNGLY Church has a handsome stone tower and spire, partly 
 Early English ; the church of later date, and poor composition. 
 
321 
 
 Clymping is a curious Church, mostly Early English, with good 
 lancet windows. It has a Norman tower situated at the south end of 
 the south transept, with an entrance door on the west side. 
 
 DiTCHLiNG is a cross church, mostly Early English, with some 
 Decorated windows. 
 
 Etchingham is a curious Church, with a tower in the centre, 
 partly Decorated, with some good windows, and partly Perpendicular. 
 
 FiNDEN Church has a tower and shingle spire west of the south 
 aisle ; it has a south transept, and is mostly Early English, v/ith a 
 Decorated east window. 
 
 FiRLE Church has some good Decorated windows, and some later, 
 with modern insertions. 
 
 West Grinstead Church has a tower and shingle spire east of 
 the south aisle; it is partly Early English, partly Decorated, and has 
 a Perpendicular wood porch. 
 
 The Churches of All, Saints and St. Clement, at Hastings, 
 have both been handsome edifices, partly of flint and stone, and 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, but they have been much altered 
 and mutilated. 
 
 Heathfield is a small Church, with a spire mostly Early English, 
 with a Decorated east window, and quaterfoils for clerestory windows. 
 
 West Hoathly Church has a lofty spire, an Early English nave, 
 and Decorated chancel. 
 
 Kingston is a small plain Church, of good Decorated character, 
 with some handsome doors and windows. 
 
 There are several Churches at Lewes deserving attention. St. 
 Thomas-a-Becket, in the ClifFe, is much modernised, but has some 
 good Perpendicular portions; as has also St. Michel's. All Saints 
 has a Perpendicular tower, and a modern church. St. John's has 
 some Norman and Early English traces, but is much modernised. 
 Southover Church has portions of several styles, and seems built 
 with ancient stone from the adjacent priory. It has a Norman slab 
 tomb-stone within. St. Anne's has a plain but early tower, with 
 a short spire ; some portions of the church are Norman, and others 
 fine Early English. 
 
 2m 
 
322 
 
 North Mundkaw Church has a Perpendicular tower, and some 
 portions of earlier date. 
 
 Newhaven Church has a short Norman tower between the nave 
 and chancel, which latter has a circular east end. On the south side 
 some arches have been stopt up, and some Early English windows 
 inserted. This church, though small, deserves attention. 
 
 OviNG Church has a nave, chancel, and north transept, with a 
 tower and shingle spire ; most of the church is Early English, with 
 some Decorated, and some Perpendicular windows inserted. 
 
 Piddinghoe is a small Early English Church, mostly of flint, with 
 a circular tower. 
 
 Rye is a large and curious cross Church ; it has some Norman por- 
 tions and some Early English, particularly part of what was the choir, 
 the aisles of which have had fine lancet windows ; the east A\'indow 
 is Perpendicular, large and fine, and there is a bold and rich flying 
 buttress at the east end. Many windows and other parts of the 
 church have been modernised or mutilated. 
 
 Shipley Church has a Norman tower and a shingle spire between 
 the nave and chancel. JMost of the church is Norman, with some 
 later insertions. 
 
 New Shoreham is the remaining portion of a large cross Church, 
 of which nearly all the nave has been destroyed ; it has various por- 
 tions of fine late Norman, gradually running into Early English 
 forms and details. The church is an excellent one for practical study, 
 particularly \\lien considered in conjunction and contrast with its 
 neighbours Steyning and Old Shoreham. 
 
 Oi>D SiiOREiiAJi is also a cross Church, with fine Norman arches 
 to the tower, and various other Norman features ; it has, however, 
 various insertions and mutilations. The font is circular and plain, 
 standing on a circular pedestal. 
 
 SoMPTiNG Church has a very curious tower at the west end of 
 the nave ; it has a shingle roof, some very small windows, and a sort 
 of rib running up the centre of the side of the tower, a little like 
 Barton in Lincolnshire. The cliurch is a cross church, mostly Early 
 English, with some later insertions. The tower seems earlier than 
 the church, and deserves minute examination. 
 
323 
 
 SouTHCASE Church has a circular tower, and some arches stopt 
 on the south side ; the church is mostly Early English. 
 
 SouTHWiCK Chuuch has a Norman tower, nave, and chancel, 
 with the arches on the south side stopt, and various windows of later 
 date inserted. On the tower is an Early English belfry story, and 
 a short spire. 
 
 Steyning is a very curious Norman Church, with a great variety 
 of excellent and very elaborate detail, which deserves attentive study. 
 
 North Stoke Church is an Early English cross Church, with 
 later windows inserted ; the belfry is at the north end of the north 
 transept. 
 
 Waltham is a small Church, with a circular east end ; the win- 
 dows have trefoiled heads, but may be insertions. 
 
 Westham Church has a low tower, which, with the north aisle, 
 is embattled. Some portions are Perpendicular, and some earlier. 
 
 WixcHELSEA Church is only the eastern portion of a very fine 
 Church, principally of Early English and early Decorated character, 
 with most excellent details. On the south side are two monuments, 
 three stalls, and a water-drain ; and on the north side several monu- 
 ments. All these are of the richest design and inost excellent execu- 
 tion. One of them has been admirably engraved in Blore's Monu- 
 mental Remains, and is hardly exceeded in beauty of composition by 
 any monument in the kingdom. This church deserves the most at- 
 tentive study. 
 
 Worth Church has a nave, chancel, and south chapel, and a 
 small tower and spire on the north side. On the walls of the nave 
 and south chapel, there are some stone quarterings or ribs like the 
 tower at Barton in Lincolnshire. 
 
 By the above enumeration, it will be seen how prevalent the Early 
 English style is in this county, which will be more apparent from the 
 following lists, in which the churches have been classed according to 
 their predominant styles. 
 
 The Churches of Alciston, Beding, Burpham, Elsted, Jev- 
 iNGTON, Iping, North Marden, Telscombe, Treyford, and 
 Wilmington, have all Norman portions; some have admixtures of 
 Early English and later insertions. 
 
324 
 
 The next list is extensive, and comprises the Early English 
 churches of the county, which have but little admixture of other 
 
 styles : — 
 
 ALDINGBOURX, 
 
 At'PLEDRAM, 
 
 BARCOMGE, 
 
 BAULAVINGTON, 
 
 BARNHAM, 
 
 BEPTON, 
 
 SOUTH BERSTED, 
 
 WEST BLETCIIINGTON, 
 
 BODIHAM, 
 
 BOLNEV, 
 
 BOTTOLPHS, 
 
 BURY, 
 
 CHAILEY, 
 
 CHILTINGTON, 
 
 CHITHURST, 
 
 COATES, 
 
 COMBES, 
 
 DIDLING, 
 
 DONNINGTON, 
 
 FAIRLIGHT, 
 
 FARNHURST, 
 
 FERRING, 
 
 FISIIBOURN, 
 
 FLETCHING, 
 
 GOREING. 
 
 GREETHAM, 
 
 HAXGLETON, 
 
 HARDHAM, 
 
 HELLINGLY, 
 
 HOVE, 
 
 HOLLINGTON, 
 
 EAST HOATHLY, 
 
 HORSHAM, 
 
 HUNSTON, 
 
 HURSTMONCEAUX, 
 
 WEST ITCHENOR, 
 
 ICKLESHAM, 
 
 IFORD, 
 
 KEYMER, 
 
 MID LAVANT, 
 
 LINCHMERE, 
 
 LUDGERSHALL, 
 
 MADEHURST, 
 
 OVINGDEAN, 
 
 PAGHAM, 
 
 PACKING, 
 
 PEASEMARSH, 
 
 PEVENSEY, 
 
 PLAYDEN, 
 
 PLUMPTOX, 
 
 PORTSJ.ADE, 
 
 PRESTON, 
 
 ROGATE, 
 
 ROTTINGDEAN, 
 
 RUSPER, 
 
 RUSTINGTON, 
 
 SELLIIAM, 
 
 SELMESTONT, 
 
 SIDLESHAM, 
 
 SLINDON, 
 
 STEDHAM, 
 
 SOUTH STOKE, 
 
 WEST STOKE. 
 
 STOUGHTON, 
 
 TANGMERE, 
 
 TARRING NEVILLE, 
 
 AVEST TARRING, 
 
 TERWICK, 
 
 WEST THORNEY, 
 
 TORTINGTON, 
 
 UDIMERE, 
 
 WASHINGTON, 
 
 WESTFIELD, 
 
 WESTMESTON. 
 
 WISBOROUGH GREEN, 
 
 WEST WITTERING, 
 
 WIVELSFIELD, 
 
 YAPTON. 
 
 Some of the above have been very little altered, and form excellent 
 models for small plain chapels ; many of them have good details within, 
 though their exteriors are very plain, and it may be noticed here, that 
 the churches of this county have the tower or belfry in idmost every 
 position except the east end of the chancel. 
 
 The Churches in the following list have an admixture of Decorated 
 portions, with the Early English, sometimes merely one or two win- 
 dows, sometimes with a little Perpendicular work : — 
 
 ARLINGTON, 
 
 ASHURST, 
 
 BECKLEY, 
 
 BIGNOR, 
 
 EAST BLETCHINGTON, 
 
 BURWASH, 
 
 BUXTED, 
 
 CATSFIELD, 
 
 COCKING, 
 
 COMPTON, 
 
 DENTON, 
 
 EARNLEY, 
 
 EARTHAM, 
 
 EASTERGATE, 
 
 EWIIURST, 
 
 FELTHAM, 
 
 FITTLEWORTH, 
 
 FRAMPFIELD. 
 
 FRANT. 
 
 GRAFFHAM, 
 
 HARTFIELD, 
 
325 
 
 HAKTING, 
 HORSTED KEYXES, 
 IFIELD, 
 MERSTOX, 
 NEWICK, 
 
 NOUTHEAM, 
 PATCH AM, 
 SALEHURST, 
 STOPHAM, 
 STREET. 
 
 SUTTOX, 
 WADHURST, 
 WALDROX, 
 AVOODMAXCOAT. 
 
 The Churches in the following list are mostly Early English, with 
 Perpendicular insertions and additions : — 
 
 ALBOURXE, 
 
 BEXUILL, 
 
 CHIDHAM, 
 
 COWOELD, 
 
 EDBURTOX, 
 
 FOLKIXGTOX, 
 
 WEST HAMPXETT, 
 
 LITTLE HAMPTOX, 
 
 HAMSEV, 
 
 HOUGHTON, 
 
 KIRDFORD, 
 
 LAUGHTON, 
 
 EAST LAVANT, 
 
 LITTLIXGTOX, 
 
 MARESFIELD, 
 
 PULBOROUGH, 
 
 RACKTOX, 
 
 RODMILL, 
 
 ROTHERFIELD, 
 
 SEDLESCOMB, 
 
 SELSEV, 
 
 SULLIXGTOX, 
 
 THAKEHAM, 
 
 WALBERTOX, 
 
 WILLIXGDOX. 
 
 The following Churches are of Decorated character, some of them 
 with but little admixture : — 
 
 ARDIXGLEY, 
 
 BERWICK, 
 
 CHALVINGTON, 
 
 FORD, 
 
 ISFIELD, 
 
 NORTH CHAPEL. 
 
 NUTHURST, 
 
 PETWORTH, 
 
 SEAFORD, 
 
 SLAUGBAM, 
 
 TILLINGTOX, 
 TROTTON, 
 COLD WALTHAM, 
 WISTON. 
 
 The Churches of Alfriston, Ashingtox, Crawley, Heyshot, 
 LiNDFiELD, Poynings, and Rype, have an admixture of the Deco- 
 rated and Perpendicular styles. 
 
 The following Churches are principally Perpendicular : 
 
 EAST ANGMERING, 
 
 BILLINGHURST. 
 
 WEST BOURNE, 
 
 BREDE, 
 
 BRIGHTLING, 
 
 ST. ANDREWS, Chichester, 
 
 ST. PETER THE Great. Do. 
 
 CROWHURST, 
 
 CUCKFIELD, 
 
 DALLINGTON, 
 
 GESTLING, 
 
 HAILSHAM, 
 
 HEXFIELD, 
 
 HOOE, 
 
 MAYFIELD, 
 
 ORE, 
 
 PARHAM. 
 
 PENHURST, 
 
 POLEING, 
 
 PYECOMBE, 
 
 RINGMER, 
 
 SINGLETON\ 
 
 TICEHURST, 
 
 UCKFIELD, 
 
 WIGGENHALL, 
 
 WITHYAM. 
 
 But none of these are very large or fine examples of that style, 
 though some of them have good windows and other details. 
 
nuC) 
 
 On a review of tlie churches of this county, it will appear rather 
 singular to find in a district so early occupied by the Normans so few 
 Norman churches, and such a very preponderating number of those 
 of Early English date ; a prejionderance, it is true, approached in 
 some of the adjacent counties, but not equalled by any county in 
 England. 
 
 CnirHfisTER has several ancient edifices besides the Cathedral, 
 deserving attentio-n ; of these may be mentioned the Caxon's Gate. 
 and the Bishop's Palace Gate ; the Priory, which has some Early 
 English remains ; the Hospital of St. Marv, and the Cross, whicli 
 latter is, perhaps, the richest market cross in the kingdom ; it is late 
 Perpendicular, but the composition and details remarkably good. 
 
 Lewes has considerable remains of the Castle, partly Norman, 
 and partly of later date. The Lord's Place, the ancient Priory tf 
 Lewes, has now little to evince its former splendour, but some walling 
 and vaults, and a mutilated, but still beautiful Early English arch of 
 entrance, near Southover church. 
 
 Winciielsea has the ruins of a Castle, called Camuer Castle, 
 several ancient Gates, and some remains of the monastery ofGREV 
 Friars. 
 
 At Rye is a castellated building, called Ipres Tower. 
 
 Of the Castles of Bramber, Hastings, and Pevensey, the remains 
 are but small ; those of Amberley, Bodiaji, and the ancient part of 
 Arundel, are much more considerable, and contain portions deserv- 
 ing careful examination. IIurstjionceaux Castle is of later date, 
 but is a most valuable specimen of the gradation from the castle to the 
 mansion. 
 
 The monastic remains of the county are not very numerous, besides 
 those already enumerated ; the ruins of Mayfield Palace, once the 
 seat of the Archbishops of Canterbury, and those of Bayham Abbey 
 may be noticed, and also Battle Abbey, of Avhich the entrance gate, 
 and some other portions, are of Decorated character, with excellent 
 details. 
 
 Of domestic edifices may be mentioned the ruins of Cowdrav 
 House, at one time as magnificent a mansion as almost any in the 
 kingdom ; Halnaker House, and Danny Place. 
 

 Warwick Castlk, although the apartments in use are moder- 
 nised, yet, in its outward arrangements and general forms, retains 
 much of the bold outline and grandeur of the ancient abodes of the 
 J:^nglish nobility. One tower, called Guy's Tower, is nearly untouched; 
 it appears to be of Decorated character ; though A'^ery plain, it is, 
 j)erhaps, the most perfect remain of its kind in existence — is very 
 curious both as to composition and construction, and its outline, seen 
 from a distance, is peculiarly iine. 
 
 Warwick Church. — The whole of this church, except the chancel 
 and its adjuncts, is a composition of the greatest barbarity, but the 
 cnancel is an uncommonlj'^ beautiful specimen of Perpendicular work, 
 and the east front is remarkably fine, simple in its arrangement, yet 
 rich from the elegance of its parts, and the excellent execution of its 
 details. The interior is equally beautiful, and there are, on the north 
 side, a monumental chapel and vestry of very good character ; but the 
 great feature of the church is the Beauchamp Chapkl, an erection 
 M-liose date, cost, and operative builders, are all well knoAvn ; it is 
 completely enriched both within and without, its details of the most 
 elegant character and excelk^nt execution, and in very good preserva- 
 tion. It consists of a chapel of several arches, and a small aisle or 
 rather passage, on the north side, between the chapel and the chancel 
 of the church. This aisle is arch-roofed in three divisions, each a 
 diflferent pattern ; the chapel itself is groined with a fiat four-centred 
 arch, and is a very beautiful specimen of composition. At the back 
 of the altar is a small room formed in the projection of the buttresses, 
 which is. very great. In the centre of the chapel stands a very rich 
 altar-tomb, with the effigies of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 
 whose executors erected the chapel : there are some other monuments, 
 but some of the largest of them are of much later date, and rather 
 disfigure the chapel, than add to its beaut j'. The panelling and 
 minute details of this chapel are remarkably good, and with the ad- 
 joining chancel, form an assemblage of various details not often met 
 with. 
 
 The city of Coventry is very rich in curious building. Of Per- 
 pendicular wood-work, there is a great abundance in various parts of 
 the town, particularly one Almshouse, forming a small square, and a 
 House near St. IMary's hall. The ancient public buildings are also 
 numerous. 
 
328 
 
 St. Mary's Halj> is the meeting place of the corporation, and is a. 
 very curious building ; tlie kitchen, and some other parts, appear 
 much older than the hall itself, which is very excellent Perpendicular 
 work, and it has a small but very beautiful oriel, in which stands a 
 plain but ancient table. The hall hus a fine timber roof, and at 
 the bottom stands a very fine carved oak chair, most parts of which 
 are in excellent preservation. 
 
 The present House of Industry is a large and irregular collection 
 of buildings, amongst which are all the remains of the White Friar's 
 MoxASTERV, consisting principally of a portion of the cloisters, and 
 some adjacent buildings ; these are carefully preserved, (the line of 
 cloister being the dining-room,) and contain some very good specimens 
 of early Perpendicular work. The groining of the cloisters is uncom- 
 mon, and very beautiful ; it is also well adapted for modern plaster- 
 Avork. There are other detached parts of value, particularly the 
 remains of a gate, and a doorway now blocked up, and a small window 
 placed in it. 
 
 The ecclesiastical buildings in Coventry are four, exclusive of the 
 remains of the Cathedral, which are very small, and all traces 
 of the detail are gone ; but they appear to have been Early English. 
 
 The Grey Friar's Steeple. — This beautiful remain stands in a 
 garden, and consists of the central part of a cross church, on which 
 rises a short tower, which becomes octagonal, and has an elegant 
 spire. The small remains of the buildings attached, show it to have 
 been late Early English, but the tower itself is good early Decorated 
 work, with bold mouldings of excellent character ; the spire appears 
 to be later. 
 
 St. IMichael's Church. — If the stone of which the tower is 
 built had been more durable, this would have been the finest Perpen- 
 dicular steeple in England. The church has many traces of being 
 erected on foundations of earlier date, but it is now all Perpendicular 
 as to general appearance. The steeple is early in the style. The 
 tower has four stages, all of them adorned with niches and panelling 
 of very excellent character. The spire has several stages, some of 
 which are panelled ; and round the bottom is arranged a lantern, 
 which gives to this spire a peculiar appearance of lightness. The 
 steeple is very lofty, and when viewed at such a distance as not to 
 show the decayed appearance of the details, is one of the most satis- 
 factory as to its proportions of any in the kingdom. The church is 
 large and undivided ; its interior arrangement is fine, from the great 
 breadth of the aisles, and the lightness of the piers. The clerestory wall 
 
329 
 
 is panelled down to tlie arches, of Avhicli panelling the windows 
 form part. There is in this chnrch and its vestry^ a large collection 
 of stall-seats, some of them linely carved. 
 
 Trinity Church has also a fine spire, and tlie distance between 
 the two s])ires not being more than a hundred j-ards, their combina- 
 tions at a distance are very fine. This is a cross church, and in many 
 of its parts much resembles St. IMichael's, but the design is not so 
 good. In this church is a large stone pulpit. 
 
 St. John's, or Bablake Church, also resembles St. IMichael's in 
 the panelling over the arches, but the clerestory windows are longer 
 ;ind square-headed. There are several singularities about the compo- 
 sition of this church that deserve attention. 
 
 The following Churches have all some ancient portions remaining, 
 amidst various alterations and mutilations : — Alcester, Arrow, 
 Bidford,Charlecot, Chesterton, Edgbaston, Hatton, Kineton, 
 Leamington, Meriden, Shuckburgii, Stonleigh, Sutton Cold- 
 field, Ufton, and Wroxall. 
 
 Alveston Church has the tower between the nave and chancel, 
 and a Norman door nov/ walled up. The font is a brass basin set in 
 a wood-frame. 
 
 Aston Church has a handsome Perpendicular tower and spire ; 
 some parts of the church are of earlier date, but much modernised. 
 In the chancel are some altar-tombs with eifigies, one of which is very 
 well executed. 
 
 BiLTON Church is small, and principally of Norman character, 
 with a Perpendicular tower. The east window, the arch between the 
 nave and chancel, and a north door, are all good specimens of the 
 Norman style. 
 
 Deritend Chapel, Birmingham, is a rnodern brick building, but 
 some of the timbers in the roof appear to be taken from the ancient 
 edifice, and one of them is part of a handsome carved beam. 
 
 St. Martin's Church, Birmingham, was a Decorated building, 
 but it has been cased with brick, so that the spire is the only part of 
 the ancient structure visible. There are in the church several effigies, 
 which have the armour and details remarkably well executed. 
 
 2n 
 
330 
 
 Brails Church is large, and has a lofty tower ; some portions are 
 Early English, and some of Decorated and Perpendicular character. 
 The south aisle has a pierced wave-line, parapet, and battlemented 
 pinnacles ; the clerestory windows are Perpendicular and square- 
 headed. In the church-yard is an ancient tomb with an effigy. 
 
 CoLESUiLL Church has a fine spire of late Perpendicular work, of 
 better design than execution. The spire is crocketted, and standing 
 high, is very extensively 'seen to great advantage. The font is Nor- 
 man, with considerable enrichment. 
 
 Dunchurch is a handsome and curious church ; the chancel is 
 Early English, with some good Decorated windows inserted, particu- 
 larly the east window ; this chancel has the low side-windoAv. The 
 nave is Decorated with good piers and arches, and some good windows ; 
 the doors of the aisles have remarkably rich mouldings. The tower 
 is Perpendicular, with considerable enrichment, but mutilated ; there 
 are two ancient water-drains, and the ancient font is in the tower; 
 it was plain and circular, with a cabled moulding round the upper 
 edge. There are some small portions of ancient wood-work in the 
 pews. 
 
 Henlky IX Arden is a small but good Perpendicular Church, 
 rather late in the style, but the details well executed. 
 
 Kexilwortii Church has a fine and much enriched Norman 
 door at the w est end, and various portions of later date. 
 
 Knowle Church is principally Perpendicular Avork, the chancel of 
 good character, and it has a slight angle in the wall of the easternmost 
 division, like that noticed at Winchester cathedral. There is a 
 little ancient wood screen-work in this church. 
 
 Lapworth Church has a tower and spire which stand on the 
 north side of the north aisle, and are, with the clerestory and some 
 other parts of the church. Perpendicular ; there are also some Early 
 English, and some Decorated portions remaining. 
 
 Long Compton Church is principally of Decorated character, with 
 some good windows ; the clerestory and tower are of later date. 
 
 MiDDLETON Church has some Norman and Early English portions 
 remaining ; the tower is Perpendicular, and of late date ; the small 
 openings have crocketted canopies. 
 
3.31 
 RvTON CiiUHCii has sonic Early English features. 
 
 Sheldon is a small Church, with a fine Perpendicular tower, which 
 has the small openings cano])ied as at IMiddleton. 'i'lu^ church has 
 some good early Decorated features, and a curious wood porch, parts 
 of which have had good carvings, now nearly obliterated by time and 
 A\'eather. In the north aisle is a beautiful piece of stone tabernacle 
 A\ork, consisting of three canopied niches. 
 
 Snitterfield Church has some portions Early English, and some 
 Decorated ; the clerestory and upper part of the tower are Perpen- 
 dicular. The aisle windows have no featherings, but their mouldings 
 and those of the doors are remarkably good. 
 
 Solihull. — This is a large and curious cross Church ; the west 
 end of the nave and the south aisle are late Perpendicular, the west 
 window of the nave a singular but good composition. The rest of the 
 church and lower part of the tower are Decorated work, of an early 
 and curious character, particularly the chancel, which, as well as the 
 transepts, has very good windows ; and attached to the north side of 
 the chancel is a small chapel of equal character, now used as the 
 vestry, and under it a small but beautiful plain-groined crypt. In 
 both the chancel and the vestry are the usual niche on the south side, 
 for the vessels of the altar ; that in the chancel a richly canopied niche, 
 and that in the vestry plainer. The tracery and mouldings about 
 these parts of the church are very good, and there are some corbels in 
 the wall of the chancel that are hardly to be equalled for the spirit and 
 beauty of their foliage ; they are very perfect, and deserve great 
 attention. This church, particularly the chancel, is carefully attended 
 to, as to those minute repairs and cleaning on which the stability of 
 ancient edifices so much depends. The piers of the tower are plain, 
 but very good ; the belfry story is Perjiendicular, and the spire modern. 
 There is a little good tabernacle and screen-work in the church. 
 
 Southam Church has a tower and spire ; part of the church is 
 Decorated, with some very good windows, other portions are Perpen- 
 dicular, some very good, others inferior. There has been considerable 
 mutilation of tracery and other parts. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avox is a large and handsome cross Church, the 
 nave onlj'^ separated for service. The transepts, tower, and some parts 
 of the nave are Early English. The tower appears to have been 
 strengthened by under building the ancient arches with others of Per- 
 pendicular character. The upper part of it is Decorated, with curious 
 circular Avindows, having varied tracery. The south aisle is Decorated, 
 
332 
 
 with some good windows; the west end of tlie nave, with the piers, 
 arches, and clerestory, are Perpendicular, as is the north porch. The 
 chancel is late Perpendicular, and a fine specimen of its date; on the 
 north wall is Shakespeare's monument ; on the south side are some 
 stone stalls, and there are many of the wood-stalls remaining. In the 
 south aisle of the nave are the remains of some stone stalls, which have 
 had rich canopies. In some of the windows are portions of good 
 stained glass. The present font is modern ; the ancient one, after 
 being long a receptacle for rain-water, is now carefully preserved in a 
 gentleman's garden ; it appears to have been Perpendicular, of elegant 
 design, and good execution. The same gentleman also preserves part 
 of the ancient cross. 
 
 The Chapel at Stratfokd is late Perpendicular, much like the 
 chancel of the parish church. 
 
 Wellesbourxe Church has a Norman arch into the chancel, 
 some Early English portions, and a late Perpendicular tower ; the 
 church is much altered and modernised. 
 
 WooTEN Wawen Church has the tower between the nave and 
 chancel ; there is a south aisle the whole length of the chancel, ])art of 
 which is of Decorated character ; the south door is Early English, the 
 tower, and most of the church Perpendicular. 
 
 At Warwick there are two Gates, each containing some ancient 
 work, with modern additions 
 
 Of Castellated edifices, besides Waru ick Castle, may be mentioned 
 Tamworth Castle, which is much modernised, and ]Maxtoke Cas- 
 tle, the remains of which are the entrance gate, and some other 
 portions. 
 
 Of Kenilwouth Castle the ruins are very extensive, principally 
 late Perpendicular, but there are some Xorman portions, and some 
 small detached portions of later date, which deserve attentive exam- 
 ination. 
 
 There are some remains of INIaxtoke Priory, and the gateways 
 of Stoneleioh Abbey and Kenilwortii Priorv, are still stand- 
 ing ; Wroxall Abbey has also part of the ancient buildings re- 
 maining. 
 
 At Henley in Arden is a handsome though much mutilated stone 
 cross. 
 
Of domestic editices may be noticed Newiiall, near Sutton Cold- 
 field, and Castle Bromavich Hall. 
 
 Kendal is a large and curious Church, but more so for tlie plan 
 than its details. It has a low engaged tower, and is nine arches in 
 length ; it is wholly five divisions wide ; to the nave and one arch of 
 the chancel there is a low clerestory. ]\Iost of the -work is late Per- 
 pendicular and poor, but there is some tolerable wood ceiling, and a 
 little screen-work. Though it would be a long church, if of the usual 
 width, it is nearly square, from the great breadth. 
 
 Over Staveley, a Chapel to Kendal, has some very late Perpen- 
 dicular portions. 
 
 Grassjiere Church has some ancient portions remaining, amidst 
 much alteration, and the same may be said of Ambleside, Kirby 
 Lonsdale, and Shap. 
 
 Appleby Church has some good piers and arches, and some Deco- 
 rated and Perpendicular features amidst various alterations ; there is 
 a little good screen-work. 
 
 Brough Churcu is large, but is mostly poor and late Perpendicu- 
 lar ; there is a little ancient stained glass. 
 
 There are some remains of the monastery of Shap. 
 
 The remains of Brougham Castle are considerable, partly Nor- 
 man, and partly of later date, particularly the chapel, v/hich is a 
 small but curious room. 
 
 The Keep of Appleby Castle is in good preservation, and there 
 are considerable ruins of the castle at Brough ; of Kendal Castle 
 only some rough walling and arches are remaining. 
 
134 
 
 Samsbury Cathedral. — From the valuable illustrations now 
 published, which have rendered this cathedral familiar to the public, 
 it will not be necessary to describe it so minutely as some other build- 
 ings. The situation of this cathedral is peculiarly pleasing ; the 
 precinct or close is kept in the best order, and lias within some very 
 fine trees, which^ as well as those in tlie palace grounds, group with 
 the cathedral in many points of view, in a beautiful manner. The 
 west front, the north side, and the east end, are all open, and may be 
 seen from peculiarly favourable distances. The north-east view is, 
 perhaps, the best general view of a cathedral to be had in England, 
 and displays the various portions of this interesting edifice to the best 
 advantage. 
 
 This edifice has the advantage of being built in one style, the Early 
 English, and from a uniform and well arranged plan. The tower 
 and spire are of later date, but admirably accommodated to the style of 
 the building ; there is also an addition between the east and west 
 piers of the cross, which is of Perpendicular date ; it is a rich pierced 
 arch, on each side, evidently placed there to tie together and strengthen 
 the piers of the cross. The plan of this edifice is as a cathedral com- 
 plete, having spacious cloisters and a chapter-house, and also a tower 
 for a library and muniment room ; there are two transepts, each of 
 Avhich has an aisle eastward ; and a large north porch to the nave. 
 IModern alterations have taken away the altar-screen, and thrown the 
 Lady Chapel open to the choir ; the organ-screen is also modern. In 
 various parts of the church are several ancient monuments, some of 
 which are very fine. On tlie whole, this cathedral presents an object 
 for study hardly equalled by any in the kingdom ; the purity of its 
 style, and the various modes of adapting that style to the purposes 
 required, deserve the most attentive consideration. 
 
 The Close is entered by several ancient Gates, which deserve 
 examination. 
 
 Salisbury has three churches. St. Thomas's is a large and hand- 
 Rorae Perpendicular church, with the tower standing on the south side 
 of the south aisle. The church has a nave and chancel, with aisles and 
 a clerestory ; it is rather late in the style, but the composition is good. 
 
 St. Edmund's is also a handsome Perpendicular church, with large 
 ■windows and good tracery ; the chancel has been modernised. The 
 
S35 
 
 tower fell down, and was rebuilt about the year 1653, in a much better 
 style than usual at that time. 
 
 St. Martin's is a large church, with a tower and spire. The 
 chancel is Early English, some parts of the church Decorated, and 
 some Perpendicular. 
 
 The following list of churches have all some ancient portions re- 
 maining, though some of them haA'e been altered or mutilated : — 
 Amesburv, Bkmerton, Burcojibe, Fisherton Anger, Hindon, 
 LoNGBRiDGE Devsrel, Wilton, WARaiiNSTER, and Wooten 
 Basset ; also those of Great Bedwin, Chorlton, Corston, 
 Chippenham, Cricklade, St. Jajies Devizes, Norton St. 
 Philips, and Stourton. 
 
 AvEBURY is a curious Norman church, with an enriched and curi- 
 ous leaden font. 
 
 Bishop Cannings is a large and handsome church, mostly of Early 
 English character. 
 
 Barford St. IMartin is a cross church, with some Early English 
 portions and others of later date. 
 
 C111L1.1ARK is also a cross church, with a tower and handsome spire ; 
 some parts of this church are Early English, and some of the later 
 styles. 
 
 St. John's Church, Devizes, is a large and handsome church ; 
 the tower and some other parts Norman, and most of the remaining 
 portions good Perpendicular. 
 
 FoNTHiLL Bishop is a small but curious cross church, with a low 
 tower ; it is mostly Early English, of good composition, with some 
 portions of the later styles. 
 
 Nether Hampton is a small church, mostly Perpendicular, but 
 the chancel is Early English, and the east window, of three lights, a 
 most elegant specimen of that style. 
 
 Malmesbury Church, the remains of the abbey, consists of the 
 nave of that building, and has a Norman west end, with a very fine 
 door ; there are also other Norman portions, but mixed with the later 
 styles. 
 
336 
 
 There are several crosses in this county deserving examination ; 
 ]Malmesbury Cross, and the Butter Cross, at Salisbury, are 
 market crosses of considerable size ; the others are mere pillars. 
 Crickladk Cross is of elegant design, with handsome niches ; those 
 at Great Bedwin and Laycock are much plainer, and that at Stee- 
 ple AsHTON of much later date. 
 
 The ruins of Laycock Abbey deserve attention, particularly the 
 cloisters, wliicli are very line. 
 
 Amongst other domestic edifices, the ancient portions of Wilton 
 House may be noticed, and also Loxgforu, the seat of the Earl of 
 Radnor, for its singular plan. 
 
 Worcester Cathedral — This cathedral is much shut up except 
 on the north side, of which a pretty good view may be obtained, and 
 also of the east end, but they are both partially obscured by some 
 houses and a small church standing on the north side of the choir ; the 
 south side and west end are both closely surrounded by buildings. 
 The outline of this church is fine, the scale is large, and the centre 
 tower, though the stone is much perished, is a fine composition. The 
 general character of the building is Early English, with various inser- 
 tions, and many of the windo^^•s filled with later tracery ; there are, 
 however, some earlier parts ; a crypt, part of the nave, the chapter- 
 house, and two passages to the cloisters, are Norman ; parts of the 
 nave and aisles are Decorated, the cloisters, and a fine south porch, 
 are Perpendicular. The interior of this cathedral is very spacious, in 
 good preservation, and very light ; part of the nave presents a Deco- 
 rated character ; the east and west windows, and the organ-screen are 
 modern ; the rest of the interior, particularly east of the cross, is Early 
 English, with elegant details and good groining. Across the south- 
 eastern transept is the monumental chapel of Prince Arthur, son of 
 King Henry VH. a piece of late but very good Perpendicular compo- 
 sition. Against one of the north piers of the choir is a very rich and 
 elegant stone pulpit ; its composition is of late date, but it is very well 
 executed. In the middle of the choir is the tomb of King John ; the 
 top slab, with the etfigy, is evidently of a date soon after his decease, 
 but the tomb is as evidently of Perpendicular date, and was most 
 likely erected when Prince Arthur's chapel was erected. There are 
 several fine ancient monuments in different parts of this church, and 
 the Early English details are remarkably elegant, and deserving of 
 
337 
 
 attention. The chapter-house is a decagon, with a centre pier ; it is 
 Norman, with later windows inserted, and has a fine range of inter- 
 secting arches. 
 
 The School adjoining the cloisters is of Decorated character ; it 
 has some fine windoAvs, and a door with very rich and elegant mould- 
 ings. This cathedral deserves more attention than has usually been 
 bestowed upon it. 
 
 Alderminster is a curious cross church, with a low tower ; part 
 of the nave is Norman, with good doors north and soutli ; the rest of 
 the church good Early English, with some later windows inserted. In 
 the chancel is a handsome water-drain. 
 
 Alvechurch is a small church, with some Norman piers ; the 
 chancel is Early English, with a good south door ; there are several 
 good Decorated Avindows, and some portions of later date. 
 
 Bromsgrove Church has a handsome Perpendicular tower and 
 spire; there are some, Norman, and some Early English arches, and 
 some part of the chancel is Decorated, but most of the exterior of the 
 church is Perpendicular 
 
 Bengeworth Church is curious for its plan, which is very irre- 
 gular ; it has a handsome tower and spire, and some very good Per- 
 pendicular windows, and other portions; some parts, and a few 
 windows, are of earlier date. 
 
 Chaseley Church has a tower and spire ; there are some windows 
 with good tracery, and other parts deserving attention. 
 
 CoRSTON Hackett is a curious small church, with a bell gable for 
 two bells ; it has some Decorated, and some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Dodderhill is a curious church, being the transept and cross of a 
 late Norman church, with a chancel of later date, and a Perpendicular 
 tower in place of the south transept ; there are some modern addi- 
 tions, but no nave. 
 
 Droitwich has three churches. — St. Andrew and Mary has some 
 very fine Early English portions, with additions of later date. St. 
 Peter's has a Perpendicular tower, some good Decorated windows, 
 and a small portion of ancient stained glass. Of St. Nicholas only 
 the tower remains ; it is small, and of late Perpendicular character. 
 
338 
 
 Evesham has two cliurclies. — Allsaints, now used as tlie parish 
 church, luis a tower and spire, whicli, as well as the porch, and most 
 of the church, is Perpendicular and of good composition ; on the south 
 side is a beautiful small chapel, with elegant fan tracery groining. In 
 the chancel is one good Decorated window, and there are other traces 
 of parts earlier than the general appearance of the church. Part of the 
 churcli has a remarkably fine wood ceiling, with moulded beams and 
 carved floAvers ; the font is octagon, of very good design and execution. 
 The other church of St. Laurence is in a dilapidated state, but has 
 been a very beautiful structure, of Perpendicular character, with a 
 tower and spire of a date somewhat earlier than the church, and a 
 south chapel, rather later ; the details of every part are excellent, 
 those of the south chapel and east window remarkably so. In this 
 chapel, the roof of which is beautiful fan tracery, is the font, which is 
 of the date of the chapel, and a peculiarly beautiful design ; it is 
 octagon, with rich panelling. This church deserves attentive exam- 
 ination. 
 
 Great Hampton Church has the tower between the nave and 
 chancel, and is a good specimen of plain Perpendicular work. The 
 porch has pierced spandrells to the entrance arch, and stone ribs with 
 a flagged roof. In the church-yard is the base of a very elegant octa- 
 gonal cross. 
 
 Hanbury Church has a modern tower, the church has some Early 
 English piers and arches, some part of the chancel also is of that 
 style, but the east window is a modesn insertion ; there are some 
 Decorated and some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Hallow is a small but curious Church, the south aisle having 
 wooden piers and arches, if they may be so called ; there is a Norman 
 door and an Early English window remaining ; a large east window 
 has been stopped up, and a small one inserted ; the tower is destroyed, 
 and the present belfry is of wood and plaster. 
 
 Hartlebury Church has considerable portions of Norman in the 
 interior, and portions of the later styles, with a good Decorated 
 south door ; there are some ancient tombs on the outside of the north 
 wall. 
 
 King's Norton Church has a remarkably fine spire ; the tower is 
 a very fine composition, it is of Perpendicular character, and rather 
 late, but good ; the spire is crocketted, and has canopied windows. 
 The church is large, principally plain Decorated work, with Perpen- 
 
339 
 
 dlcular insertions and additions ; the north and south doors are Deco- 
 rated, and the south porch Perpendicular. The church is large, but 
 has no clerestory windows. 
 
 Kidderminster is a large and handsome church, mostly of Per- 
 pendicular character, with good panelled battlements ; the tower 
 stands at the west end of the south aisle ; the chancel is Decorated, 
 with some good windows, and an ogee-headed south door. 
 
 Great Malvern is a large and very fine cross church, with an 
 elegant tower in the centre. The whole exterior appearance of this 
 church is Perpendicular, and very good ; the tower has a little of the 
 character of that of Gloucester cathedral ; the nave of the church is 
 Norman, with short and very thick piers, and semicircular arches. 
 The chancel is a very fine Perpendicular composition, with large 
 clerestory windows ; the tracery of the windows is in general very 
 good, the east window, and that in the north transept peculiarly so, 
 and there are considerable portions of ancient stained glass ; there is a 
 
 ;e north porch. This church was the chapel of the monastery, 
 the south side is very plain, and appears to have been always much 
 hid by the cloisters and other buildings ; there is some ancient wood- 
 Work in the church, and many ancient figured tiles. 
 
 Little Malvern was originally a cross church, but little now 
 remains except the tower and chancel, and some walls ; these are mostly 
 Perpendicular, but with traces of earlier date. The belfry of the 
 tower is elegantly panelled, and though now despoiled of its battle- 
 ments, has an appearance betokening its original beauty ; there is a 
 fine carved beam, the remains of the rood-loft, and some other good 
 wood- work in the church, and a little ancient stained glass j the font 
 is octagonal and plain. 
 
 NoRTHFiELD Church has a tower, nave, south aisle, and chancel ; 
 a north door is Norman, and various parts are of different dates to 
 Decorated, but early in that style ; the chancel is Early English, and 
 a beautiful composition, enriched with shafts and arches within, and 
 plain without. Part of the tower is earlier than the chancel, and the 
 whole church deserves attentive examination. 
 
 Norton is a small church, with a west tower, nave, transepts, and 
 chancel, but part of the nave has fallen down, and the tower is now 
 distinct from the church, which is mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 with two doors having some singular tracery in their heads ; there are 
 some ancient monuments in the church. 
 
340 
 
 Old Swinford Church has a portion of good Norman work, and 
 some of Decorated date, but part of the church is modern. 
 
 Ombersley Church has a short tower, on which once stood a 
 very lofty spire ; part of the church is Xorman, and part Early 
 English, with many windows of later date ; the chancel is Early 
 English, of very good design, with some stone stalls on the south side. 
 The east window is modern ; in the church-yard is the base of an 
 elegant cross, raised on several steps. 
 
 Pershore Church is only the choir and south transept of a very 
 large and fine cross church ; some parts are Xorman, as the nave 
 appears to have been, but most part is fine Early English, with some 
 later portions ; enough remains of the destroyed portions to indicate 
 their beauty. 
 
 Pershore Holy Cross Chapel stands a few yards east of the 
 church, and is a tolerable Perpendicular edifice of no great beauty. 
 
 Redmarly Church has been much altered and modernised, but 
 there remains a small water-drain in the chancel, and the ancient 
 font, which is large, circular, plain, and lined with lead ; there is a 
 little ancient ^\ood-work. 
 
 Salwarp is a small but curious cluirch ; the exterior mostly Deco- 
 rated, the interior piers and arches Norman, and an arch of that 
 character between the nave and chancel ; the tower and some win- 
 dows are Perpendicular. 
 
 Sedgberrow Church has a small octagon tower and s})ire ; the 
 east window is Perpendicular, the other windows mostly Decorated. 
 
 Severn Stoke Church has a nave, aisles, and chancel, a south 
 transept, and the tower in place of a north transept ; there is a trace 
 of Norman work at the west end ; the piers of the nave are Early 
 English ; the toM'er, and some other portions are Decorated, and vari- 
 ous smaller portions, with several windows. Perpendicular. 
 
 Staunton is a small Church, with a tower and spire at the west 
 end, a nave, north aisle, and north transept, and chancel ; some por- 
 tions are Decorated, and some Perpendicular ; the font is octagonal, 
 of Decorated character and singular shape ; there are some good old 
 wood benches. 
 
 Shipston-on-Stour Church has some Decorated portions, but 
 other parts have been altered and modernised. 
 
341 
 
 TiuMiNGTON, a Chapel to Shipston, has a west tower, nave, and 
 chancel, with some Early English portions, and some of later date. 
 
 Whittington is an ancient wooden Chapel, with part plastered, 
 £1 and some curious wood tracery in the windows. 
 
 The Churches in Worcester are many of them modernised, but 
 St. John's, Beowardine, has some Norman piers and arches; the 
 rest of the church mostly Perpendicular. St. Peter's has some 
 portions of Norman and Early English, some Decorated windows, and 
 a Perpendicular tower. 
 
 Yardley Church. — This has a fine tower and spire of Perpendi- 
 cular character, but not so rich as that of King's Norton. Tliis church 
 has much Decorated work, and some Early English about the chancel. 
 Some windows in this church remarkably exhibit the difference 
 between superior and country work ; they are of the same size and 
 design, but in one the mouldings are delicate and very carefully exe- 
 cuted, in the other they are much less elaborate, and roughly 
 executed. There is a good Perpendicular north door, and a very 
 curious wooden south porch, which is most likely of Decorated date ; 
 it is of oak, and though rude, and portions of the ornament defaced, 
 yet from the character of the work, and particularly the roof framing, 
 seems entitled to be really considered of that style. Some good orna- 
 mental hanging feathering has been carved on the front, but is almost 
 obliterated by time. 
 
 The following churches have all some ancient portions remaining, 
 though some have had much alteration, and others are much 
 mutilated : — Astley, Bishop's Cleeve, Chaddesley Corbet, 
 Eastham, Eckington, Grimley, Hagley, Harvington, Hinlip, 
 Holt, Kempsey, Maddersfield, Pedmore, Powick, Rock, 
 Rouslench, Stockton, Stoke Prior, and Stone, with St. 
 Alban's, St. Andrew's, St. Helen's, and St. Michel's, in 
 the city of Worcester. 
 
 The castellated edifices of this county do not appear to have been 
 numerous. The mount, on which once stood the Keep, is the only 
 remain of the Castle at Worcester. 
 
 Dudley Castle, though considerably ruinated, deserves minute 
 attention ; the entrance to the great court, and portions of what 
 appears to have been the keep, have still details in very good condi- 
 tion ; they are of early Decorated character, and form most excellent 
 specimens of castellated ornamental work ; there is also a real ogee 
 
342 
 
 bearing arch, of Decorated character, with good mouldings, but there 
 is in the interior a segmental arch round it, that takes away the prin- 
 cipal bearing. The walls of the buildings are standing to a great 
 extent, but large portions of them are very late Perpendicular work. 
 
 Of the Abbey at Eveshaji, the entrance gate, or bell tower, and 
 an entrance to some other part of the Abbey, now a garden gate, are 
 the principal remains. The bell tower is a lofty and very beautiful 
 tower, of late Perpendicular character, but excellent both in compo- 
 sition and detail ; it is also in good condition. The buttresses, and 
 whole face of the walls, are panelled, and it is crowned by a rich 
 open battlement and pinnacles. The small gate may have been the 
 entrance to the cloisters ; it is enriched with bands of small niches for 
 statues. The chapel of this monastery, which is supposed to have 
 been a large and fine one, is entirely destroyed, but there are pre- 
 served in the garden of the Crown Inn, at Evesham, some fraginents, 
 which may have belonged to this chapel ; they are principally of 
 Decorated character, and of uncommon richness of design and excel- 
 lence of execution ; they consist of piers, groin ribs, and a small portion 
 of carved work. Near the church-yard is a School House, and some 
 other remains of ancient architecture. 
 
 Malvern Abbey. — The gateway remains ; it is of Perpendicular 
 character, and in good preservation. Near it is the Abbky Baux, a 
 very interesting piece of Avood-work, evidently of Decorated character, 
 with some very good moulded work in oak for windows, and tracery 
 piercings of a bold style in the principals of the roof; this barn 
 deserves attentive examination. 
 
 Edgar's Tower is an ancient gate, so called, leading into the 
 precincts of the Cathedral at Worcester, and there is another ancient 
 gate to the river. 
 
 Amongst domestic edifices may be noticed several at Droitwich. 
 The Town Hall is a small building, with some very good wood-work 
 in tracery of windows and other parts. The George Inn is an 
 ancient timber house, one gable of which has the hanging tracery 
 nearly perfect, and of a pattern very much superior to what is gene- 
 rally found remaining. Another ancient limber house has a gable 
 with tracery nearly similar. Another ancient house, partly of brick, 
 has some remarkably fine brick chimneys, much ornamented, and 
 diifering from each other. 
 
 In the Parish of Ilanbury, is an ancient house, called IMere 
 Green Hall, which deserves attention, from a date being on the 
 
343 
 
 front, 1337, in Ariibic figures, of tin appearance far too modern to 
 suppose the date original. The house has been variously altered and 
 modernised, and there is nothing about the house to lead to a suppo- 
 sition that it is so old as 1337 ; there are, hoAvever, some small 
 portions which may be as early as 1537, of which period it is possible 
 the date may be. 
 
 ¥ot1v$f)iiT* 
 
 York Minsteu. — This magnificent cathedral has a portion of all 
 the styles, but the Norman only appears in a fine crypt under part 
 of the choir, which reduces the general appearance to the three later 
 styles; of these the transepts are Early English ; the nave and arches 
 supporting the great tower, are Decorated ; and the choir and upper" 
 part of the great tower, are Perpendicular. The cloisters are de- 
 stroj^ed, but the chapter-house remains ; and at some distance is a 
 building lately restored as a library. The church is much shut up 
 with buildings on the south side ; the north is more open, but is not 
 a public passage. There liave been so many references to this build- 
 ing in the former part of the work, that less detail will be required 
 here ; but it will be proper to remark the excellent effect produced 
 by the great simplicity of composition in the nave. The organ-screen 
 is very fine, and the choir is just so much richer than the nave, as to 
 indicate its superior 'appropriation. The altar-screen is light and 
 beautiful, and the tabernacle-work of the stalls very good. The 
 lady-chapel is a continuation of the choir, on a diflferent level, the 
 altar being much raised. The chapter-house is of Decorated charac- 
 ter, and of admirable execution; it is an octagon beautifully groined. 
 The exterior appearance of this church is very fine from its great size, 
 and the excellent effect of its three towers; and in the value of its 
 details, both within and without, it is equalled by few buildings, 
 and exceeded by none. 
 
 The more minutely this magnificent edifice is examined, the more 
 will its great value appear. The simplicity and boldness, and at the 
 same time the great richness of the nave, and the very great chastity 
 of design and harmony of composition of the choir and great tower^ 
 render the building more completely one whole than any of our 
 mixed cathedrals ; while the exquisite beauty of the early character 
 of the chapter-house, and its approach, forms a valuable link to unite 
 the Early English transepts and the Decorated nave. This chapter- 
 house is by far the finest polygonal room without a central pier in the 
 kingdom, and the delicacy and variety of its details are nearly un- 
 equalled. Too much praise cannot be given to the Dean and Chapter, 
 
344 
 
 for tlie careful restoration of every decayed portion ; nor should the 
 wortliy Sliute, the mason under whose guidance every restoration 
 has been conducted, be forgotten ; by a diligent examination and 
 careful measurement of every perfect portion of a decayed member, he 
 has succeeded in preserving the finest specimen of the Decorated style 
 in the country, and has formed in his school men capable of jier- 
 forming the same toilsome but valuable task to other buildings. By 
 this restoration, the whole of the west front may be considered in as 
 good a state as Avhen first erected, a considerable portion of the south 
 side is also restored, and the same careful repair is gradually pro- 
 ceeding over the whole edifice. 
 
 "The cloisters appear to have been situated on the north side of the 
 nave ; and there has lately been laid open, by the pulling down some 
 old buildings further north, part of a very beautiful series of Norman 
 arches, which appear to have belonged to some cloister, or edifice of 
 that nature ; they are late in the style, with some singularities, but 
 though mutilated, are peculiarly fine in their details. 
 
 From the clearing of old buildings, a much better general nortli 
 view is now to be obtained than was formerly the case, but it is stiU 
 not such as to show the building to advantage, and the very small 
 space at tlie east end is particularly to be noticed, as it prevents the 
 view of the most simply magnificent east front in the kingdom. 
 
 Tlie collection of smaller work and details in this cathedral is pe- 
 culiarly fine ; amongst these may be enumerated, the organ and altar- 
 screens, the niches at the west end, and sides of the nave under the 
 windows, and the monuments of Archbishops Gray, Kinreton, Gren- 
 field, and Bowett, and several other monuments M'hich are excellent 
 specimens of their several dates; nor should the most elegant and 
 minute details of the passage to the chapter-house be forgotten. 
 The wood screen work is very good, and tliere is a considerable por- 
 tion of fine stained glass of various dates and characters. This 
 cathedral has been well illustrated by engravings, and deserves the 
 most attentive and repeated examination of the student. 
 
 The numerous churches in the city of York are of very various 
 character, and many contain small portions which are very curious, 
 but none of them, on the whole, are very remarkable. St. Michael 
 Le Belfry, and St. Martin's Church, in Coney-street, are the 
 most complete, and are good, but late. Perpendicular. In many of 
 the churches are various considerable portions of ancient stained 
 glass, which in their present state, being often mixed with a greater 
 portion of plain glass, and in many parts very decayed and dirty. 
 
345 
 
 are not only useless, but liable to continued waste ; Avhereas if 
 the portion in each church were cleaned and put into one win- 
 dow, its value would lead to its being kept in order, and it would 
 be an ornament to the church. Ali^ Saints, and St. ^Iary's, in 
 Castle Gate, have towers and lofty spires ; they are mostly Perpen- 
 dicular, with some earlier portions. All Saints on the Pavement, 
 and St. Helen's, have elegant octagonal lanterns. 
 
 St. Denis, St. Lawrence, and St. Margaret, in Walmgate, 
 have good Norman doors with portions of later date. St. INIary 
 BisHOPJiiLL, the Elder, has portions of good Early English and 
 Decorated work, amidst various alterations and insertions. St. ]\Iary 
 BiSHOPHiLL, the Younger, has a Norman tower, some Early English 
 piers and arches, and portions of later date. Trinity Church, in 
 iMicklegate, has a Norman tower, and part of the church, which. 
 has been much mutilated, of the same style, and other parts of later 
 date. The churches of St. Cross, St. Cuthbert, St. Martin, in 
 Micklegate, St. Michael, in Spurrier Gate, and St. Olave, have 
 all Perpendicular portions, and some of them small remains of earlier 
 date. 
 
 EAST RIDING. 
 
 Beverley BIinster. — This church has the advantage of being 
 completely insulated, and although the north and east views are 
 confined, the south side and excellent west front are seen to great 
 advantage. The general character of this church is Early English, 
 with many introductions ; many windows in the nave are Decorated, 
 and there are several Perpendicular windows, besides those of the east 
 and west fronts. The transepts are very little altered. The choir 
 has a screen, which is a strange attempt at mixing Grecian and English 
 work. In the choir is a most beautiful monument to one of the Percy 
 family, of Decorated character, and of most exquisite execution ; it 
 is a double arch groined within, and triangular canopies with rich 
 buttresses. The arch is an ogee, double feathered, with tracery be- 
 tAveen the ogee head and triangle ; all the points have heads or half 
 figures, and in the tracery are angels with censers. The spandrels of 
 the featherings are filled with armed figures, bearing shields. Both 
 canopies are richly crocketted ; the finial of the upper is tall and very 
 rich; the lower finial is a corbel, on which is a figure, seated in the 
 attitude of benediction; and behind the crockets, about the middle 
 of the upper canopy, are two figures supporting corbels on which are 
 angels. All the small mouldings are filled with the ball ornament, 
 and the whole is in very good preservation, except the tomb, which 
 is plain, and has had some fine brass-work, which is gone. In the 
 
 2p 
 
346 
 
 north transept is a fine ultar-tomb of good Decorated workmanship, 
 and there are several other tombs. In the nave there are Doric 
 galleries in each arch, which, though in themselves not bad, are 
 certainly out of place. An ogee leaden cupola of the date of these 
 galleries, has lately been taken dowUj and the exterior of the church 
 much improved therebj'. 
 
 The west front of this church is to the Perpendicular, what that 
 of York is to the Decorated style, and it is now undergoing the same 
 careful restoration whicli York minster is, by a mason named Cuming, 
 who was brought up in the cathedral works at York. In the last 
 century a gorgeous wooden composition was put up as an altar-screen ; 
 behind this are the remains of the ancient altar-screen, or rood-loft, a 
 composition which, from what remains of it, appears to have been 
 unrivalled in its description of \york ; it is of late Decorated charac- 
 ter, and so full of ornament, and that ornament so minute, that few 
 modern chimnev-pieces would require equal delicacy of execution ; 
 it has been a series of niches, with canopies and separating buttresses, 
 every part filled with tracery, and the plain spaces with ricli flower- 
 Avork in lozenges. The back part of this screen is approachable from 
 the lady chapel, and exhibits a most excellent piece of rich groin- 
 ing, with very fine bosses, and there has been some remarkably fine 
 and intricate tracery in the arches, but it has been cut away to put in 
 some poor modern monumental tablets, 50 years ago or upwards. The 
 whole of this screen is so excellent and so near the eye, that it forms 
 one of the best schools in England for Decorated details ; and there 
 is also in the nave and transepts of the church, details of foliage, 
 figures, and animals, almost level with the eye, in the niches under 
 the Avindows, from the Early English to the Perpendicular style, 
 both included. In this respect this church is superior, as a study, to 
 York iMinster, because there, though the details are as good in many 
 parts, they are most of them so far from the e}''e, as to be drawn 
 M'ith great difficulty. In the nave is a monument equalling, in 
 chastity of composition, but not in richness of detail, the Percy 
 monument; it is earlier, and less superbly ornamented, but still very 
 rich. The north porch is a very fine one, of Perpendicular character. 
 At the south-west corner of the church are the remains of some 
 groining, apparently more ancient than any other part. Although 
 this church has much mixture of style in some parts, yet the styles 
 are so remarkably well worked as to deserve the most minute ex- 
 amination. The transepts are Early English, and their north and 
 south fronts are uncommonly fine specimens of that style. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Beverley, if it had not so rich a neighbour 
 as the IMinster, would be thought a curious and valuable church ; its 
 
347 
 
 west front is very fiue, with beautiful pierced towers,, very fine win- 
 dows, and a door of great beauty, very rich in moiddings, and the 
 hanging feathering. The chancel has some good Decorated work, 
 -and some curious groining. Tlie western part is early Perpendicular, 
 and the interior piers and arches very fine. It is very much to be 
 regretted that this valuable church has not had the benefit of the 
 same careful restoration as the IMinster ; there are portions which 
 might now l)e made out, though much decayed, but M'hich a very 
 short time will entirely destroy ; some repair is, however, now pro- 
 ceeding. Every part of this church is curious; the original buildings 
 were evidently Norman and Earlj' English ; some portions are very 
 early Decorated, and of various gradations to advanced Perpendi- 
 cular, and the additions have been made not only round, but under the 
 former work, so as to cause some curious anomalies. The Perpen- 
 dicular portions of this church are very good, being rich, but not 
 overloaded with panelling. The octagonal turrets flanking the 
 nave, are peculiarly tine. The font in this church is large and very 
 fine, of Perpendicular character, with a date and inscription. 
 
 Barmston and Beeford Churches are Perpendicular, and have 
 each of them tov/ers with pierced battlements. 
 
 BiLTON, a small church or chapel between Headon and Hull, is 
 a curious specimen of plain Early English Avork; the windows are very 
 long and narrow. 
 
 CoTTiNGHAM Church, between Hull and Beverley, is a curious 
 small church, with some Decorated work, and a very excellent Per- 
 pendicular chancel ; the tower is a light and beautiful design. 
 
 GooDMANHAM Church is principally of Norman character, with 
 later insertions and additions. The capitals of some of the piers are 
 curious. The font is octagonal, with considerable enrichment, and 
 of much later date than the church. 
 
 Headon, near Hull, has a very fine church, some parts of which 
 are sadly mutilated, particularly a once fine window in the south 
 transept. A large portion of the church is Early English, of which 
 the front of the north transept is an uncommonly fine specimen. 
 The tower, which is in the centre, is lofty, of good Perpendicular 
 work. 
 
 Hemingborough is a handsome cross Church, with a tower and 
 spire at the intersection ; it is mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 with some tine windows and portions of good pierced battlement. 
 There are traces of earlier work in different parts of the church. 
 
348 
 
 HowDEN is a large and very fine cross church, with a lofty tower 
 in the centre, the upper part of wliich is good Perjiendicular, the 
 rest of the church mostly Decorated, and the transepts very early 
 in the style, and portions quite of Early English character. The 
 west end of this church is a very fine composition, bold and simple, 
 and the east end, which is in ruins, was one of the finest Decorate(^ 
 east ends in tlie kingdom; indeed, ruinated as it is, this choir forms 
 a most valuable study, from the multitude of excellent details still 
 remaining perfect. There has been an octagonal chapter-house and 
 a small chapel, which are of Perpendicular date, but early in the 
 style, and though unroofed, are yet nearly perfect in the greatest 
 part of the details. In the north aisle of the choir, and in a chapel 
 out of the south transept, are two very fine Decorated monuments 
 with very rich canopies. There is some good Perpendicular screen- 
 work in the church. The large pinnacles on the turrets of the east 
 and west ends of this church are curious, some of them are hexag- 
 onal, and of fine proportion. This is one of those churches that de- 
 serve much closer attention than they appear to have received. 
 
 Trinity, or the High-Churcii, at Hull, is a large and fine 
 building ; its east end to the street is Decorated, and of good com- 
 position ; it is a cross church, and in the centre has a very loftj' and 
 beautiful tower. The western part is Perpendicular, of good cha- 
 racter, remarkably light, and with very small piers. The transepts 
 are of very early Decorated work, and the great window of the 
 south transept is very curious from its tracery and mouldings. Only 
 part of the nave is pewed ; the chancel is open, and has a very fine 
 eflfect; there is in it a Decorated monument, with rich canopy and 
 buttresses, and some niches and stalls; there is also some wood 
 Bcreen-work. The font is large and much enriched. 
 
 St. Mary, the Loav-Church, has some good Perpendicular Avin- 
 dows, much like some of the High-church windows. 
 
 Keyingham is one of the very few spires in this district ; it is 
 Perpendicular work. 
 
 Newbold is a very curious cross church with a low tower, it is 
 mostly Norman, with several enriched doors and arches. There are 
 several inserted windows of later date, and a little wood screen-work. 
 The font is Early English, and curious from its shape and enrich- 
 ments. 
 
 Ottr INGHAM Church has a spire, and is principally of Decorated 
 composition. 
 
349 
 
 Patrington is a large cross church with a tine vSpire. Many 
 portions of this church are fine Decorated work, and others good 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Paul, a village on the Humber, below Hull, has a small cross 
 church of good Perpendicular character, and in the south transept 
 is a water-drain in perfect preservation, with the spout remaining 
 through the wall to the outside. 
 
 RouTH Church has a Norman door, and the chancel, which is of 
 later date, has several monuments and three stone stalls. 
 
 Skirlaw Chapel deserves attention ; it was built by Walter Skir- 
 law, bishop of Durham and archbishop of York; and is a very 
 beautiful specimen of a Perpendicular chapel ; there are parts of it of 
 curious design. 
 
 Swine Church has a considerable portion of Early English work, 
 and some Perpendicular. 
 
 Wagham Church is partly of Decorated character, and has three 
 stalls in the chancel ; the tower is Perpendicular. 
 
 Welwick is of Decorated character; it has a low tower, and there 
 is a fine monument within. 
 
 In this Riding, the following churches have all some portions of 
 Norman or Early English, and some of them of both these styles : 
 Bishop's Burton, Goxhill, Hilston, Hunmanby, Lisset, and 
 Thorne Gumbold. 
 
 The churches of Barney Moor, IMarket Weighton, and Ship- 
 ton, have some Early English and Decorated portions. 
 
 The following have portions of Decorated or Perpendicular work, 
 and some of them of both styles; amongst the Perpendicular churches 
 are some handsome towers and other portions : — 
 
 aldborough, 
 atwick, 
 brandsburtox, 
 burstwick, 
 burton pidse.\, 
 
 CATWICK, 
 
 easington. 
 
 elsterwick, 
 fuodingham. 
 iialsham, 
 holmpton. 
 
 HORNSEA, 
 
 HUMBLETON, 
 
 KILNSEA, 
 
 PRESTON ALL SAINTS, 
 
 ROOS, 
 
 SKEFFLING, 
 
 SKIPSEA, 
 
 SPROATLEY. 
 
 SUTTON, and 
 
 TUNSTALL. 
 
350 
 
 The churches of Bardsea, Garton, Hayton near Pocklington, 
 Leven, Mappleton, PockIvIngton, Riston, Scarborough, Siier- 
 BURN, SiGGLETHORNE, and WiTiiERNSWiCK, all contain portions of 
 ancient work, deserving examination, but some of them are much 
 mutilated and modernised. 
 
 NORTH RIDING. 
 
 In this' division of the county, Ripon IMixster claims the first 
 notice; it is a large and venerable edifice, containing various parts 
 worthy of attention, particularly its west front, which is a very fine 
 specimen of bold Early English, and, except the battlements and 
 pinnacles, without alteration. Part of this church is Norman, and 
 a great portion of the transepts but little later. The interior of the 
 tower has a singular appearance, two of the arche.s being Norman, and 
 the other tA\'o having Perpendicular casing to join the nave, which is 
 of that style up to the western towers. The choir is partly Decorated, 
 and on the south side of it is a Norman crypt, with some Norman 
 buildings above, used as vestries. Each portion in the different styles 
 is of good character ; the east window is a Decorated one, of five 
 lights, with very elegant tracery. There are portions of stone and 
 wood screen-work, and in one of the vestries a number of very fine 
 wood bosses belonging to the ancient groining of the choir. In the 
 north transept is part of a rich stone pulj)it. The west front has a 
 remarkably plain but elegant appearance, and its proportions are very 
 good. The choir is sadly disfigured by heavy modern galleries, but 
 the nave is very light, and its composition very fine. The whole 
 edifice deserves attentive examination. 
 
 GiLLiNG, near Richmond, is a curious church ; some portions are 
 Norman, and others of later date. The piers and arches are Early 
 English ; the tower has been rebuilt, and the old Norman AvindoA^s 
 transferred to the new work. On each side the cliancel, in a Norman 
 arch, is a low side-window of Early English character ; there are 
 various other inserted windows ; the clerestory is late and poor Per- 
 jiendicular. 
 
 Helmsley is a large and fine church, Avith a tower at the west 
 end, and transepts ; some parts are Norman, and some Early English, 
 with some later Avindows and other insertions. There is a little 
 screen-Avork, and some small remains of ancient stained glass ; there 
 is a small good Avater-drain in the north aisle ; the font is a hexagon, 
 of Early English character, plain, but of very good composition. 
 
351 
 
 KiRKDALE is a siiiall and very curious church ; it has a stone with 
 a Saxon inscription in the wall over the south door, and hence has 
 been called a Saxon church ; but it is allowed that the stone has been 
 removed from its original situation, and built into the wall to preserve 
 it. The church has been often repaired and patched ; it has, how- 
 ever, some Norman arches within ; that into the chancel is very rude, 
 and one now stopped, which was once the west door, still ruder, and 
 both tliese have some singular mouldings. The chancel is Early 
 English, with some lancet windows, has a small water-drain, and 
 also a little ancient stained glass. The font is octagon and plain ; 
 it may be Early English ; there are some ancient monumental slabs 
 built into the west wall. 
 
 Lestingham is a curious church, with a fine Norman crypt and a 
 circular east end; there is a low tower at the west end; part of the 
 church is Norman, and some parts are of later date. 
 
 St. Leonard's Church, New IMalton, has a small portion of 
 ancient work in the chancel, which appears Early English, but most 
 of the building is modernised. 
 
 St. Michael's, New Malton, is a fine Norman church, with a 
 Norman clerestory ; there is also a fine Norman arch into the chancel, 
 which latter is Early English, and has some good lancets. The tower 
 has been rebuilt, and many parts of the church modernised. The font 
 is curious ; it is circular upon a square pedestal, with the corners 
 chamfered. 
 
 Old Malton is a very curious church ; it is only part of the nave 
 of a very large cross church, with one tower of the west end standing. 
 There are also some ruinated portions eastward, which seem part of 
 the piers of the cross. This building is curious for the mixture of 
 Norman and Early English forms and details ; those of the west front 
 are singular and very excellent ; the great door is semicircular, but 
 with mouldings clearly Early English. This church deserves very 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Richmond Church is principally of Perpendicular character, with 
 a fine tower of that style ; there are some windows and other portions 
 of the earlier styles, and one stone-stall in the chancel ; the font is 
 octagonal and Perpendicular. 
 
 Trinity Chapel, Richmond, is sadly mutilated and built up ; 
 the ancient portions remaining seem of Early English character. 
 
352 
 
 Sherripp Hutton Church has some Decorated portions, and 
 some Perpendicular. There is an ancient monument, a little ancient 
 
 cfoinoi"! rploQ-c; onrl o rvr\r\r\ ■^f/irv/l .rl^^rw* 
 
 some Perpendicular. There is an a 
 stained glass, and a good wood-door 
 
 Slingsby Church has some Early English piers and arches, and 
 some lancet windows, with others of later date ; the tower and cleres- 
 tory Perpendicular. There is a mutilated effigy in the chancel, and a 
 little Avood sci"een-work. 
 
 Stongrave Church has the chancel and its aisles of Decorated 
 character, the rest of the church mostly Perpendicular ; there is a 
 south porch. 
 
 Thirsk is a large and handsome Perpendicular church ; it has a 
 lofty west tower, a naA'^e, aisles, chancel, and south jiorch, the 
 whole is of one design, with pierced battlements ; the details are 
 good, and the general appearance elegant. 
 
 The following churches have some ancient portions, amidst various 
 alterations and insertions ; Appleton, Barton, Carleton Miniot, 
 Leeming, Osmotherley, and Scawton, of Norman or Early 
 English ; Catterick, Croft, Hovingham, Kirkby jMoorside, 
 Ingleton, and Thornton, of Decorated or Perpendicular. 
 
 WEST RIDING. 
 
 Ackworth is a small neat church, witli a tower, nave, south aisle, 
 south porch, and chancel ; there" are several ancient portions remain- 
 ing amidst much modern alteration ; there is a small but elegant 
 south door to the chancel. 
 
 Aberford Church has a tower and spire ; there are portions of 
 all the three later styles. 
 
 Adel is a small and very beautiful Norman church, with very 
 good details. 
 
 Brayton is a curious church ; the tower is Norman and very good, 
 and has a Perpendicular lantern and spire, making altogether a hand- 
 some steeple. The arch into the chancel, and a south door, are Nor- 
 man, and much enriched. The chancel is Decorated, with some good 
 windows; the nave Perpendicular. 
 
355 
 
 CoxiNOSBURGH CiiURCH has sonie plain Xorman piers and arches, 
 an Early English porch, some Decorated windows, and various Per- 
 pendicular portions. 
 
 Crofton Ciiukch is a small but very neat cross church, with alow 
 centre tower ; it is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 DoxcASTER Church is principally remarkable for its tower, the 
 details of Avhich are some of the richest exterior work in the kingdom, 
 particularly the canopies of the buttress stages. The church is a large 
 cross church, mostly of Perpendicular character, but with various 
 traces of earlier work ; the interior does not answer the expectations 
 so highly excited by the richness of the exterior. 
 
 Eastby is a small but curious church, standing close to the ruins 
 of the abbey ; it has no tower, but a small bell gable at the west end 
 for two bells ; most of the church is Early English, with small low 
 side-windows each side the chancol. A south aisle, and a north chapel, 
 are Perpendicular. The east window is a three-light Decorated one ; 
 the font is almost early enough to be called Norman ; there is a little 
 wood screen-work. 
 
 EccLESFiELD. — This IS a large cross church, with the tower in the 
 centre. The general character of the whole is Perpendicular, with 
 much likeness, though in aroughish way, to Rotlierham ; which church 
 and this form a verj'' good contrast between country and superior work. 
 The work at Ecclesfield is very little of it really bad, but it is worked 
 with large coarse proportions, and many minute particularities which 
 appear copied from Rotherham ; there is good wood-work in the roofs, 
 stalls, and screens ; to some work in the chancel, figures of priests are 
 carved as finials. There is a little ancient stained glass. 
 
 Hatfield is a large and fine Perpendicular cross church, with a 
 lofty tower in the centre, and fine M'indows to the ends of the tran- 
 septs. This church is not very rich, but is elegant in its proportions, 
 and is throughout nearly alike in character. 
 
 Hemsworth is a large church, mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 but with some fine Decorated windows at the east end. 
 
 Knaresborough is a large church, partly rebuilt and partly'ancient ; 
 the tower is between the nave and chancel, and the aisles run past it 
 on each side ; the east window is Decorated ; as are some windows in 
 a north chapel, and there are some good Perpendicular windows. 
 
 2q 
 
354 
 
 St. Peter's Cuurch, Leeds, amidst various modern alterations, 
 preserves some ancient features, and the church of St. John has two 
 good ancient windows at the east end. 
 
 Mar is a small but curious church, mostly of Early English 
 character, with later windows inserted j the tower has a small spire, 
 and two singular arched recesses on the north and south sides; there 
 is a south porch with stone ribs, and covered with flags. 
 
 Methi.y Chcrch has a tower and spire, and is mostly Perpendi- 
 cular with some good windows ; part of the south aisle is Decorated. 
 
 The old Church at Pontefract, though in ruins, has sufficient 
 remains of good Decorated and Perpendicular work, to deserve atten- 
 tive examination. 
 
 Rotheriiam. — This is one of the finest Perpendicular churches in 
 the north ; its execution is very excellent, and the design in every part 
 very rich ; it is also in very good preservation ; it is a large cross 
 church, with a central tower and spire, these are fully enriched with 
 pannels, canopies, and crockets. The wliole of the buttresses are 
 panelled, and with crocketted canopy set-offs ; almost every door and 
 window is richly canopied, and there is an appropriately enriched south 
 porch. The windows are all good Perpendicular, with the exception 
 of two or three poor (perhaps renewed) ones in the chancel. The 
 interior is very lofty and spacious, the piers and arches with very 
 good mouldings, and the original roof of the nave, a flat wood one, 
 remaining ; it is one of the best compositions of the kind, plain but 
 rich from its good proportion and excellent ornaments. There are 
 some tolerable Perpendicular monuments, and some peculiarly good 
 screen-work. On the whole, this church deserves the most attentive 
 examination, both as to its composition and most of its details. 
 
 Sanbal Church is a cross church, with the tower in the centre ; 
 it seems to be of early and singular Decorated character, but the exe- 
 cution is very inferior ; there are various Perpendicular additions. 
 
 Selby is a large and magnificent cross church. The nave and west 
 end Norman and Early English, with a fine north porch. The north 
 transept and centre tower Xorman, with later additions and insertions, 
 and a good Perpendicular chapel. The Chapter-house remains, and 
 there are some indications of the cloisters on the south side, but the 
 south transept is destroyed. The choir is a most beautiful specimen 
 of Decorated work; the east end peculiarly fine, with very beautiful 
 
355 
 
 windows, and octagon turrets with rich pinnacles. The groining and 
 interior arrangements of the choir are very rich and line, and the 
 details peculiarly good. There is some very fine stone screen-work, 
 and a little very good ancient stained glass. The whole of this church 
 is curious, and deserves examination. 
 
 The Oi^D Church at Sheffifld is a large cross church, with a 
 central tower and spire ; the whole (except parts of the tower and 
 spire) has been cased and modernised by very barbarous hands, but 
 with some curious attempts at imitation, though in a very bad style ; 
 and in the interior very little old is left, but that is sufficient to cause 
 much regret that more has not been preserved. 
 
 SiLKSTONE Church has some good Norman features, and some 
 portions of later date, a little good wood screen-work, and a fine flat 
 wood roof to part of the chancel. 
 
 SkeIjTOn Church is a small but curious and beautiful model of an 
 Early English church ; it has a nave and aisles, with good piers and 
 arches under one roof, which comes down very low at the sides ; there 
 is no tower, but a bell gable. The east and west ends are fine with 
 beautiful lancets. The details of this church are very good. 
 
 SwiLLiNGTON Church has considerable portions of good Decorated 
 work, and other parts of later date. 
 
 SwiNTON Chapel, near Rotherham, has a very good Norman door. 
 
 Tadcaster is a handsome church, with a fine tower, and is of good 
 Perpendicular character. 
 
 Thorpe Salvin Church has a remarkably fine Norman arch. 
 
 TiCKHiLii is a handsome Perpendicular church, with a nave, aisles, 
 and clerestory ; a chancel, and fine tower with pinnacles. 
 
 Amidst the various barbarisms with which it has been cased and 
 surrounded, the Old Church at AVakefield stiU preserves some 
 ancient features ; the south porch is good Perpendicular, and some of 
 the piers and arches in the nave and chancel are good ; the tower 
 and spire seem Early English, but have been much repaired, and a 
 new door and window inserted. 
 
 On the Bridge at Wakefield is a small Chapel of early Per 
 pendicular character, highly enriched, and though much mutilated, 
 beautiful specimen of that style. 
 
356 
 
 WoRSBROUGH has 11 neat low tower and spire, the church mostly 
 Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window. 
 
 The Churches of Badswortii, Bawtry, Bkothertox, Ferry 
 Friston, Guiselky, Haysgarth, Huddersfield, Kirkthorpe, 
 and Thorniiill, have all some portions of ancient work remaining, 
 amidst alterations and mutilations ; and the following list are princi- 
 pally of the Perpendicular stj-le ; some of them of that late and rough 
 character prevalent in the north, while others are of better detail : — 
 Almondbury, Bradford, Bingley, Bolton, Cawtiiorne, Gar- 
 grave, GiGGLEswicK, Halifax, Hooton Robert;?, Kildwick, 
 Long Preston, Rotiiwell, Skipton, Taxkersley, Thorne, 
 Thriberg, "Waddington, Wentwortii, and Wragby. 
 
 The churches have been arranged in Ridings ; the other buildings 
 will be noticed without such distinction. Of monastic edifices this 
 county has some very fine remains. 
 
 Ayton Abbey is entirely ruinated, and very little is left standing. 
 
 There are some remains of Bolton Abbey deserving attention. 
 
 Burton Priory, near Barnsley, has some very beautiful portions 
 remaining ; the east end of the church and some domestic apartments 
 are of Decorated character. A pigeon-house seems of Early English 
 date ; it is circular, and a curious building. A handsome Perpendi- 
 cular gateway is standing at a little distance. 
 
 Part of the west end of By land Abbey is standing ; it is Early 
 English of beautiful character ; there has been a fine circular window 
 over a range of lancets. 
 
 Eastby Abbey, near Richmond, has fragments of various styles, but 
 most of Early English and Decorated. The buildings are very exten- 
 sive, and consist principally of the domestic parts of the convent ; 
 the refectory has some windows with very elegant tracery. 
 
 Fountain's Abbey, near Ripon, is one of the most magnificent ruins 
 in the kingdom ; the greatest part of the walls of the church are 
 standing ; it was a very large cross church, partly Xorman, and partly 
 Early English, and has a curious eastern transept quite at the east 
 end. The tower is late Perpendicular, and stands on the south side 
 of the nave. The cloisters, the refectory, and various other portions, 
 remain more or less perfect, and are very carefully preserved ; this 
 ruin is deservinj; of close examination. 
 
357 
 
 Of KiRKiiAM Priory, die gateway, a beautiful Decorated compo- 
 sition, aud various other parts remain. Some portions are Norman, 
 others later. 
 
 KiRKSTALL Abbey, near Leeds, is most beautifully situated, and 
 consists principally of the ruins of the church, a very large cross 
 church, with the tower in the centre ; and there are remains of the 
 cloisters and some other buildings, principally of late Norman 
 character, with some later additions. 
 
 At Richmond is the steeple and part of the cross of the Grey 
 Friars remaining ; it is a remarkably elegant specimen of good 
 Perpendicular work. 
 
 RiVAUX Abbky has much of the church, parts of the refectory 
 and cloisters, and adjacent buildings, in a state to be very useful to 
 the student. Some portions are Norman, others Early English, and 
 there are some curious mixtures of these stjdes. The church has a 
 large portion of the choir with the details in a perfect state, and is an 
 uncommonly beautiful composition. These ruins deserve careful 
 examination. 
 
 Roche Abbey has a portion of the transepts and cross re- 
 maining ; the arches are pointed with round-headed clerestory 
 windows. 
 
 There are some small remains of the church of Wykehaji Abbey, 
 but in a very ruinous state. 
 
 Of Whitby Abbey, a large portion of the very magnificent church 
 remains ; part of it is of Decorated character, and part earlier ; the 
 details are in many parts very fine. 
 
 At York, St. Mary's Abbey has the gateway remaining, and 
 part of the church ; the latter is one of the richest and most beautiful 
 specimens of transition from Early English to Decorated that has 
 remained for examination. Its tracery, mouldings, and other details, 
 are of the most delicate composition ; and being entirely exposed, are 
 fast decaying. 
 
 The gate of entrance to Trinity Priory, in York, also remains, 
 but built up with modern erections. 
 
 Of Castellated Edifices this county has some very fine specimens 
 of various dates ; of these may be noticed, Bolton Castle, 
 
358 
 
 CoNiXGSBURGH Castle, the keep of which presents some very early 
 and curious Norman features ; Helmsley Castle, of which the re- 
 mains are of later date. Knaresborougii Castle has some beautiful 
 Decorated portions, and some round towers of excellent masonry. 
 Of IMalton Castle the remains are very few ; those of jMiddleham 
 and Pickering Castles are more considerable. Pontekract 
 Castle has various curious portions. The remains of Richmond 
 Castle are very extensive ; the keep is Norman, and a very fine oae. 
 Sandal Castle has only the mount and a few portions of walling. 
 Of Sheriffhutton Castle the ruins are extensive, and principally 
 of Perpendicular character. Scarborough Castle has part of the 
 keep standing. Skipton Castle has some ancient portions, with 
 modern alterations and additions. Slingsby Castle .is mostly 
 Perpendicular, and only the walls remaining. Clifford's Tower, 
 part of the ancient Castle of York, is a very curious edifice, and 
 deserves attentive examination. The Walls and Gates of York, 
 though much mutilated, and parts in a decayed state, deserve attention ; 
 of the gates may be enumerated, Micklegate, Walmgate, Bootham 
 and Monk Bars, and Laythorp and Castlegate, Posterns. 
 
 Of Domestic Buildings, this county does not contain so many 
 curious ones in proportion to its size as some others, but a few may 
 be noticed : — 
 
 The Guildhall of the city of York is a fine Perpendicular hall. 
 The Palace of the Archbishop of York at Bishopsthorpe has a 
 small Early English Chapel. Browsholme Hall, Heath Hall, 
 an ancient House at New Malton, another near Pontefract 
 Castle, and one near St. INIary's Abbey, York, are good specimens of 
 their several dates. Fountains Hall, near the abbey, is late, but a 
 good outline. The George Inn, in Coney-street, York, has a very 
 handsome ancient doorway. 
 
 At the close of the English counties, it may be proper to state 
 that from some parishes being partly in two counties, it is possible 
 that a building may be noticed under a county different from the one 
 usually taken. 
 
 It is also proper to notice an error in the account of Carlisle 
 Cathedral, which was not discovered until the sheets were printed. 
 The east end of the church is not seen to advantage, being closely 
 built up, but the south side is open, and a view of the east end is 
 obtained, but not a good one, and from the beauty of the east front, 
 this is much to be rejrretted. 
 
359 
 
 Bangor Cathedral is situated in an inclosure, allowing pretty 
 good views of each side of the building. It is a cross church, with 
 a tower at the west end. The tower, nave, some parts of the 
 transepts, and most of the windows of the choir, are Perpendicular ; 
 the south aisle of the nave is Decorated, and there are some buttresses, 
 and other portions of Early English character. There is a north 
 aisle to the choir, Avhich is divided and used as a chapter house and 
 vestry. The font is a handsome octagonal one, of Perpendicular 
 character. 
 
 Llandaff Cathedral is of various dates, and partly in ruins, 
 with a modern erection within the ancient walls ; it is nearly 
 insulated so as to be seen on each side. The west front has a fine 
 Perpendicular tower to the north, and none to the south. The west 
 end, and a portion of the nave, is a fine specimen of Early English, 
 with a much enriched Norman south door, and a plainer one to the 
 north. Some parts of the choir and lady chapel are of Decorated 
 date, with later inserted windows, and some modern ones. The 
 middle part, now used as the choir, is modern, and has a Grecian 
 portico over the altar. The chapter house, a square with a central 
 pillar, is early Decorated, with plain but elegant groining. There 
 are several ancient monuments in the building. The details of some 
 parts are excellent, particularly the Early English. Near the 
 cathedral are some remains of the episcopal Palace in ruins. 
 
 St. Asaph Cathedral. — This cathedral is completely insulated ; 
 standing in a church-yard, of moderate dimensions, close to the south 
 side of the street of St. Asaph. The church-yard is sufficiently large 
 to afford a good view of each of its sides. It is a plain cross church, 
 with a short square embattled tower at the intersection, having at the 
 north-eastern angle a square staircase turret. The nave has side 
 aisles ; the transepts and choir are without aisles. There are no 
 additional buildings, nor does any thing now remaining lead to the 
 supposition of there having been any. The choir is a modern re- 
 edification, with much attempt at imitation of ancient work, but no 
 real resemblance to any style, though the intention appears to have 
 been the imitation of the Perpendicular style. The nave and 
 transepts are evidently of Decorated date, and though worked very 
 plain, contain some singularities, and even beauties ; among these 
 may be reckoned the west window, which is an elegant one of six 
 lights. The piers and arches of the nave consist of plain but bold 
 
360 
 
 mouldings, as does also tlie western door. The Luttresses about the 
 church are few, but bold, simple, and very plain. The clerestory 
 windows of the nave are small square apertures, with portions of 
 tracery which appears to be ancient. The windows of the transepts 
 are all of Decorated character, but nothing uncommon as to their 
 tracery. The belfry windows of the tower appear to have been 
 altered. The tower and some other parts have partially undergone 
 some of tlie same renewals as the choir. A portion of the transepts is 
 separated for chapter-house and vestry, 
 
 St. David's Cathedral is a large cross church, with a lofty but 
 plain tower at the intersection ; it is much surrounded by buildings, 
 and its exterior partly in ruins. The plan has a nave and aisles, 
 transepts and a choir, the aisles of which are unroofed. The south 
 transept has two vestries to the east, and the north transept a school 
 house in the same situation. There was once a lady chapel, but it 
 is now unroofed and dilapidated. The greatest part of the building 
 is of a late Norman character, with some portions of the later styles, 
 and a number of Perpendicular windows inserted. There have also 
 been some modern reparations. The interior has several rich portions, 
 particularly the rood loft screen, and a small chapel east of the choir, 
 which has fan tracery groining. There is also a little wood screen 
 work. At a short distance there are considerable remains of the 
 Bishop's Palace, some portions of which deserve examination. 
 
 Bedgellert is a small church of Early English character, with 
 three lancet windows at the east end. 
 
 St. David's Church, Brecknock, is a large cross church, with a 
 lofty tower in the centre. 
 
 St. Donat's Church has several ancient monuments. 
 
 Gresford Church is a very beautiful Perpendicular edifice, with 
 a lofty tower of fine composition. The church is late in the style, 
 but has many excellent portions. There is a rich niche in the north 
 aisle, and a water drain in the south aisle. The rood loft screen is 
 remaining, and in good preservation. The wood roof is a very fine 
 one in square pannels, with ribs and flowers. There are considerable 
 portions of fine ancient stained glass in some of the windows. In the 
 south aisle is a flat arch over an effigy in chain mail. There are 
 several portions of wall Avhich appear older than the general character 
 of the church, one of which contains the water drain, and another 
 the monument. The font is Perpendicular, but not a very good one. 
 Thi^ church is beautifully situated, and deserves careful examination. 
 
361 
 
 Holt is a plain Perpendicular church, with a to\\'er, and a nave 
 ;ind aisles of equal height, without a clerestory. 
 
 Llanghaai Church has a handsome water drain, and otlier por- 
 tions deserving attention. 
 
 Mold is a rich and beautiful Perpendicular church, with remark- 
 ably light and elegant piers and arches, the spandrills of whicli are 
 beautifully enriched. The tower is modern. There are some portions 
 of ancient stained glass. 
 
 NoRTHOPE is a handsome churchy principally of Perpendicular 
 character, with a lofty and handsome tower, not much enriched, but 
 of good proportion. 
 
 Wrexhaji is a large and tine Perpendicular church, with a lofty 
 and very rich tower. The church has an octagonal east end, and is 
 of good composition : but the principal feature is the tower, which is 
 very much like some of the Somersetshire towers, and is entirely 
 covered with rich panelling. The corner buttresses are finished by 
 rich open work turrets. 
 
 The following churches have all portions of ancient work, though 
 some of them have various alterations and insertions ; — 
 
 BEAUMARIS, FLINT, LLANGHERNE, 
 
 CAERWENT, ST. MARTIN, NEWPORT, 
 
 CARDIFF ST. MARY and OVERTON, 
 
 CARMARTHEN, ST. THOMAS, at RHYDLLAN, 
 
 CHIRK, Haverfordwest, RUABON, 
 
 CLVNOG. hay, ST. ASAPH, 
 
 CRICKHOWELL, HOLYWELL, TENBY, ami 
 
 DENBIGH, LLANGOLLEN, WHITEFORD. 
 
 In the church yard of Llantwit IMajor is a sculptured stone or 
 cross, with carvings of knots and other ornaments. 
 
 Of the Monastic edifices in Wales, the following deserve notice ; — 
 
 Basingwerk Abbey, near Holywell. These ruins are consider- 
 able ; parts of the church, some of the domestic apartments, and part 
 of the chapter house remain, which are remarkably elegant specimens 
 of Early English ; some of the details are very beautiful. 
 
 The ruins of the Priory at Brecknock are not of great extent. 
 
 2 K 
 
362 
 
 There is a considerable monastic or ecclesiastical edifice in ruin-i 
 at Dkxbigii. 
 
 The Priory of St. Dogma kls, in Pembrokeshire, is an Earlj' 
 English ruin of small extent. 
 
 EwENNY PniORV has varions portions remaining. 
 
 The Chapel of St. Goven is small, and situated almost close to 
 the sea, among rocks of great boldness. 
 
 Tliere are some remains of the Priory at Haverfordwest. 
 
 The Chapel over the celebrated spring at IIolywelt>, is a singular 
 and verj^ beautiful composition of late Perpendicular ; it is very 
 small, but is very highly enriched, and has some very beautiful groin- 
 ing and niches. Above is a room not often visited, which, though 
 much plainer, is deserving of attention. 
 
 Of IMargam Abbey, the chapter house, a beautiful polygon, is the 
 principal remain, and has some good details. 
 
 Pyle Priory has the gateway tower standing, but much ruinated. 
 
 Valle Crucis, near Llangollen, has little more than the Avails of 
 the church remaining ; but these, and some other fragments, are very 
 beautiful, particularly tlie west end. 
 
 In Castellated remains Wales is very rich ; some of them very 
 extensive, with a variety of excellent detail ; and others with little 
 more than a portion of ruined wall. The Castles of Conavay and 
 Carnarvon are pre-eminent ; they are each very extensive ; they 
 each retain portions of valuable detail, and are each situated on the 
 banks of a river ; there is, however, one curious difference, which at 
 once distinguishes them from each other, which is, that at Conway 
 all the towers and turrets are circidar, and at Carnarvon they are 
 all angular. Some portions of the detail of these castles are of 
 Decorated date, and very good. 
 
 Chirk Castle is inhabited, and has portions of various dates. 
 
 The Castle of St. Donats is habitable, and is principally Perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
 Careav Castle is in ruins, but has some magnificent apartments, 
 and several ranges of very large windows. 
 
363 
 
 The Castles of Coyty, Flint^ Haulkch, Llaciiarne, Llan- 
 STKPHAN, Manorbeer, aud RhyddlaNj have large portions of the 
 walls standing; several of them are very extensive, and in some 
 nearly all the exterior walls are standing. 
 
 The Castles of Carmarthen, Cilgerran, Cocii, Llanuaff, and 
 Pembroke, have considerable portions remaining, with other parts 
 completely ruinated. Those of Aberystwyth, Brecknock, Crick- 
 HOWELL, Tenby, andXEWCASXLE-iN-EMLYN, have smaller portions 
 remaining. 
 
 The Castles of Caergwrlly, Cardiff, Dolbadern, Haverford- 
 west, Newport, Roach, and Swansea, have most of them only 
 the keep or a single tower standing; those of Denbigh, Llehaiden, 
 and Pen Arth, have little more than the gateway, while those of 
 Cricieth, Kidwelly, and Pencoed, have the gateway and portions 
 of ruined walling. 
 
 Of Domestic buildings may be noticed, Corsygedol, Gavidir 
 House, Llanfey Court; and Tudor Hall, in Anglesea. 
 
 This enumeration is not likely to include more than a portion of 
 the ancient edifices in the Principality ; indeed its architectural features 
 deserve far more attention than has hitherto been paid to them, more 
 particularly in those parts remote from the public roads, where many 
 small but curious edifices are most likely to be found. 
 
 Stotlantr* 
 
 Aberdeen. — The Church of St. Nicholas is a large and curious 
 edifice, and, like many of the ancient churches still used in the large 
 towns of Scotland, has accommodation for more than one congrega- 
 tion. This is a cross church, with a tower and short spire at the 
 intersection ; the nave is modern, and contains one place of assembly, 
 and the choir another, the transepts serving as entrances, vestry, &c. 
 The arches of the cross are Norman, some other portions of the 
 transepts are Early English, the choir is Decorated, with a semi- 
 hexagonal east end ; some of the windows have very good tracery. 
 There is a crypt under the eastern part of the choir. To the aisles 
 of the choir there are affixed some lead spouts, with a rich tudor flower 
 cast on them as an ornament, which standing free, has a good effect. 
 There is in the choir a little fine wood screen-work, and in diiferent 
 
parts of the cluirch some ancient monuments, jiarticuhirly one in the 
 north transept under an arch. A part of the tracery and mouldings 
 of the windows of the aisles of the choir, are worked in granite. 
 
 CoRSTORPHiNE Church is principally of late Perpendicular charac- 
 ter with some singularities, some parts are very rude and poor. 
 
 Dalkeith Ciiuucii is partly unroofed and partly modernised, 
 some parts are good Decorated work, the chancel has an octagonal 
 east end. 
 
 Dalmeny is a small but very beautiful Norman church, with some 
 parts much enriched. There are some modern restorations and alter- 
 ations. 
 
 Douglas Church has several fine ancient monuments. 
 
 DuMBLANE Cathedral has the choir fitted up as a parish church, 
 which is without aisles. The nave has aisles and is in ruins. On the 
 south side of the south aisle, is a Norman bell tower, small and lofty, 
 with a later upper story- The general style of this building is Early 
 English, of a very beautiful cliaracter, but it has various later in- 
 sertions and alterations. The north aisle of the nave is continued 
 eastward, and forms the chapter-house, now a vestry, which is a 
 beautifully groined room, in it are two efligies of an Earl and 
 Countess of Strathearne. There is a very fine tomb of a bishop 
 under a much enriched arch, with short shafts and flowered capitals, 
 having also very good mouldings, and two rows of toothed ornament. 
 In the church are some wopd stalls, and a little good wood screen- 
 work. 
 
 Dundee Church has been a large cross church, and now is 
 arranged to accommodate four congregations. The tower at the west 
 end is a very fine one of Decorated character, but mutilated ; the nave 
 is modern, and does not fill up quite to the transepts, the centre of the 
 cross is destroyed, and its place occupied by lumber-rooms and 
 entrances. Each of the transepts is fitted up for a congregation, and 
 the choir for another. The old church has been Early English and 
 Decorated, but nearly all the windows are modern. In the clerestory 
 of the choir were small lancet windows, and the piers and arches 
 are plain but good. 
 
 DuNFERiMLiNK Chitrch is the ancieut a])l)ey church, A\ith a modern 
 choir, transepts, and central tower ; the ancient part consists of the 
 nave, and a tower at the west end of the north aisle. A large por- 
 tion of the nave is Norman with considerable enrichment. There 
 
S65 
 
 is a very rich Norman north door, and a porcli of later date ; there 
 are some Early English windows in the north aisle, and some Deco- 
 rated portions about the west end. There are two stoups in the 
 porch. 
 
 St. Giles's, or the High Church, Eoixburgh, is divided for four con- 
 gregations, and some smaller portions are separated for other purposes. 
 The plan of the edifice is a nave, choir, and transepts, with aisles and 
 chapels, both north and south ; a large portion of the building is of Deco- 
 rated character, with later additions and insertions, and much modern 
 alteration. The choir is the principal church, and has good groining ; 
 some of the piers have flowered capitals, and some of the arches good 
 mouldings ; a few of the windows have the tracery remaining, but 
 from most of them it has been cut away On the south side, a large 
 chapel, perhaps the ancient chapter- house, is used for the meeting of 
 the General Assembly ; it has octagonal j^iers, with good flowered 
 capitals, and is richly groined. The south transept is separated for 
 another congregation, and is galleried and otherwise arranged, so as 
 to make a very awkward place of assembly, the pulpit being imme- 
 diately opposite, and within a few feet of a pier; this portion has 
 some good groining. In the nave and aisles two congregations are 
 accommodated, and on the north side are several rooms used for vari- 
 ous purposes. 
 
 The exterior appearance of the church is much deteriorated by its 
 windows being despoiled of tracery, the destruction of battlements, 
 parapets, and pinnacles, and various modern alterations, but it is in 
 contemplation to restore it, and of this it is very capable, as the sub- 
 stantial part of the building is not much injured, and if the interior 
 divisions were cleared, it would make one or even two very fine 
 churches. The tower at the intersection of the cross is low and mas- 
 sive, and crowned with a lantern bearing some resemblance to that 
 at St. Nicholas, Newcastle, but very flat, and much inferior in effect 
 to that beautiful steeple. 
 
 There are several ancient monuments in this church. 
 
 The College Church, Edinburgh, is the choir and transepts of a 
 small "but very beautiful cross church, the nave of which is destroyed, 
 and the tracery of most of the windows taken away. The interior 
 is a very beautiful Decorated composition, with the capitals of the 
 piers enriched with foliage, not exceeded in design or execution in 
 any English cathedral. The mouldings of these piers and arches are 
 very good, and the church is groined, the aisles plain, the centre and 
 transepts richly ornamented with very good bosses. The exterior has 
 
3()6 
 
 some good mouldings and other details. The soutli door has an open 
 porch, formed by a circular segmental arch between two bold but- 
 tresses with good groining. This porch is evidently the original, 
 from M'hence something of the same kind, though much smaller, at 
 Roslin Chapel, has been taken. This building is all of good Deco- 
 rated character, and is deserving of minute examination and study. 
 
 Elgin Church is the nave and centre tower of a cross church; it 
 has been much patched and modernised, but has various portions 
 deserving attention, particularly three doors, with some good mould- 
 ings filled with the toothed ornament and flowers. 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral is a large and fine cross church, with 
 remarkably short transepts. It has a tower and spire at the intersec- 
 tion, and another tower at the west end of the north aisle. The 
 nave and aisles form one church, the choir and aisles another ; the 
 transepts and a part of the nave are open as a vestibule for access to 
 each church. The general character of the church is Early English, 
 very excellently designed and executed, and though some part of the 
 work is evidently of later execution, the same style is well kept up : 
 at the end of each transept are additions now in ruins. On the north 
 side of the east end of the choir is the chapter-house, and beneath it 
 and the choir a crypt. The composition of the nave and choir is dif- 
 ferent, but each very good. In the choir the capitals of the piers are 
 flowered, in the nave plain. Those in the choir very much resemble 
 some capitals in the transepts at York Minster, and are equally well 
 executed. The west door (now sto])ped) is one of great richness and 
 beauty, and bears a strong resemblance to the doors of the Continental 
 churches, being a double door, with a square head to each aperture, 
 and the space above filled with good niches ; the general design of the 
 door-way is French, but the mouldings and details English. There 
 is a late screen at the entrance into the choir, and one or two ancient 
 monuments. The crypt under the choir and chapter-house is not 
 equalled by any in the kingdom ; it is from the fall of the ground well 
 lighted, and is an uncommonly rich specimen of Early English ; the 
 piers and groining are of the most intricate character, the most beautiful 
 design and excellent execution ; it is now cleaned, and carefully kept 
 from injury. The groins have rich bosses, and the doors are much 
 enriched with foliage and other ornaments ; the piers hare fine 
 flowered capitals, much like some at York. The increased care 
 bestowed of late by the Lord Provost and magistrates on this church, 
 particularly as to the crypt, has been very beneficial ; and much 
 credit is due to J. Cleland, Esq. the superintendant of works, for the 
 judicious mode in which the clearance of rubbish and cleaning has 
 been effected. The upper part of the tower and spire, and a few 
 
367 
 
 other parts, are mucli later than the other work, but will be easily 
 distinguished. This church, like several others in Scotland, is not 
 known or studied so much as it deserves to be. 
 
 The Tron Church, Glasgow, has a Perpendicular tower, but the 
 church is modern. 
 
 Haddington Church is principally Perpendicular. 
 
 Kirkliston Church is mostly modern, but the tower is ancient, 
 and two doors are preserved, which are very line specimens; the north 
 door Norman and plain, the south door much enriched, and mixed 
 Norman and Early English details. 
 
 The Church at Leuchars has considerable Norman remains ; the 
 chancel and an eastern circular end (on which is now set a modern 
 steeple,) are very good Norman, with intersecting arches, and within 
 are several fine arches. The whole of this work is in tolerably good 
 preservation, and is one of the best Norman remains in Scotland. 
 The enrichments consist of billets, chevrons, and cabling, with some 
 others. 
 
 LiNLiTHGOAV Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a nave 
 and aisles, transepts, choir and aisles ; the eastern end a semihexagon. 
 There are many modern reparations, and the very beautiful crown on 
 the tower, a finer one than that at St. Giles's, Edinburgh, has been 
 taken down ; the screen and some of the ceilings are modern. The 
 nave is open, as in English large cross churches, and the choir pewed 
 and galleried for service. IVIost of the walls and many windows of 
 this church are of Decorated character ; but there are other portions 
 of a transition to Perpendicular, and a few of good Perpendicular. 
 There are some good ancient groinings in the aisles ; and the south 
 porch and south door, Avith an oriel above, deserve attention. There 
 are various parts of this church which evince the connexion of Scot- 
 land with France ; the west door is double, with square heads to each, 
 and a window over the door in the same arch ; and there are various 
 circular headed parts of Perpendicular character. This church is very 
 clean Avithin ; it has several very fine Decorated windows, and deserves 
 careful examination. 
 
 The church of Old Machar, sometimes called the cathedral of 
 Old Aberdeen, is a large and handsome church, though only the nave 
 of the original church, the choir being destroyed, and only a very 
 small portion of walling of the transepts remaining. The west front 
 of this church is very imposing, and is mostly worked in granite, in 
 
S68 
 
 a very bold style, and of Decorated character. It has two towers 
 v/ith short spires, the towers machiolated ; a large west door, and over 
 it seven long one-light windows, witli round arches, trefoiled in the 
 head. The piers are round, and some of them (particularly the great 
 pier at the cross) have Howered capitals, very well worked. There 
 is a soutli porch, with some details worked in granite, much smaller 
 than might have been expected from such a material. The wood 
 ceiling of the interior, though later than the church, is a handsome 
 one. In the transepts are several line ancient monuments, two, con- 
 siderably enriched, but suffering much in the detail from constant 
 exposure to weather. 
 
 The Cathedral of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, in Orkney, is a 
 large edifice, v,'ith some Norman portions, and some of later date. 
 
 The Church at Paisley, the nave of the Abbey Church, is a large 
 and handsome edifice, partly Early English, and partly Decorated ; 
 the west front a fine composition ; the interior is also line ; the aisles 
 Early English, the clerestorj' Decorated. The transepts and choir are 
 in ruins ; but are there some fine remains, particularly a large window' 
 in the north transept despoiled of part of its tracery, and some beauti- 
 ful stone stalls in the choir, where is also a plain water drain. The 
 chapter house, or at least a south chapel near the remains of the 
 cloisters, is roofed, and is a beautiful specimen of Decorated work ; 
 the east window is a fine one, and under it is a large band or pannel 
 of sculpture, apparently of later date. The roof is not groined, but 
 has groin ribs laid on an arch, an arrangement not uncommon in 
 Scotland. In the centre of this chapel is a very rich altar tomb, with 
 an effigy and rich canopy ; it is of Perpendicular character, but 
 remarkably well designed and executed. There are some remains of 
 the abbey buildings, and in different parts of the church and ruins 
 are some very good doors and windows, ■\\ith very good tracery. 
 Under the clerestory windows are some large and very singular corbels, 
 which are nearly if not quite unique. This church, like many of the 
 large churches in Scotland, is surrounded by buildings, and only to be 
 examined by access from several different points. 
 
 Perth Church, now divided into three parts for separate con- 
 gregations, has been a handsome cross church, Avith a low tower and 
 short lead spire ; it is mostly of Decorated character, but with many 
 modern alterations and restorations. Some of the piers and arches are 
 good ; and there are several round headed apertures of late date, as 
 noticed at Linlithgow. There are some portions of good plain groining. 
 
 The Old College Chapel at St. Andrews has a lofty tower, 
 forming the gate of the College. This chapel has an hexagonal east 
 
36d 
 
 end, and lias been a rich building, but much mutilated. There is a 
 rich monument within to Bishop Kennedy. 
 
 Stirling Church is a large edifice, with a massy tower of 
 Decorated date at the west end ; the nave is low, with round piers 
 and moulded arches pointed ; some good Decorated windows, and a 
 small clerestory with round headed windows. The chancel is loftv, 
 with fine piers and arches ; the east end octagon, with a curious 
 ancient stone ceiling ; the windows modernised and patched ; the 
 buttresses bold and ornamented with iliches. This part seems of 
 later date than the nave. 
 
 The following Churches, though some of them are partly in ruins, 
 and most of them partially altered and modernised, contain portions 
 of ancient work ,: — Carnwarth, Coldingham, Crawford, Dud- 
 DiNGSTONE, Laswade, Lecrop, Restalrig, Seaton, aiid South 
 Leith. 
 
 The ruinated Abbeys and Cathedrals in Scotland are some of them 
 very fine. 
 
 Arbroath Abbey has been very extensive ; the principal remains 
 are part of the nave, a small portion of the east end, and most of the 
 chapter house and south transept. The west doors, and one in the 
 north aisle, have had very fine mouldings, and what details remain 
 are very good ; the whole has been Early English. Near the west 
 end is the Abbey Gate, a fine one, of Decorated character, plain, 
 but of good composition. 
 
 There are some remains of the Church of Beaulky Abbey. 
 
 The tower is all that remains of the once rich Abbey of Cambus- 
 kenneth. 
 
 The ruined chapel of CoWie, near Stonehaven, has some Early 
 English portions. 
 
 The remains of Dryburgh Abbey are considerable ; parts of the 
 church, and parts of the domestic buildings, are standing, and are of 
 various dates ; but mostly Norman and Early English, with some 
 Decorated portions, and a continuance of Norman forms mixed with 
 the later styles. There are some fine doors, a few good windows, and 
 various small chapels and passages ; the details of the work are in 
 general very good, and the whole deserves attention. 
 
 2 s 
 
There are some remains of the Abbey at Dukfkrmline connected 
 Avith the church ; these appear to have been the refectory, and a line 
 plain gateAvay ; in the refectory are a reading gallery and some good 
 windows. These remains arc of Decorated character, with some 
 round arches. 
 
 Elgin Cathedral must have been, when entire, one of the finest 
 buildings in Scotland. Though now in ruins, enough remains to 
 show the excellence of the composition and details. The plan has 
 been the usual one of a large cross church, a nave, aisles, and tran- 
 septs, a choir, some chapels, and an octagon chapter-house on the 
 nortli side. There were originally three towers, one in the centre 
 and two at the west end. Part of the towers and west front, part of 
 the south transept, and most of the choir, with the chapter-house and 
 chapels, remain standing ; all the rest of the church is destroyed or 
 lying in fragments on the ground. The chapter-house and a south 
 chapel are richly groined ; the choir seems to have been arched with 
 stone and not groined. There are some good stalls, some remains of 
 screen work, and several very fine monuments. The tracery of most 
 of the windows has been destroyed. In the chapter-house are pre- 
 served numerous portions of carving of various dates and style of 
 execution, but most of them very good. The general arrangements of 
 this church seem to have been Early English, carried on slowly, and 
 thus mixed gradually with ornaments of later date. There are several 
 very fine doors, and in some of these the ornaments of the Early 
 English and Decorated characters are mixed. The east end is a very 
 fine specimen of enriched Early English, not exactly resembling any 
 other example of that style. The western towers are of a plainer 
 character, and the M'all between them, with the great entrance doors 
 and a large window above, seem of rather later date. The chapter- 
 house may be considered Decorated, and there are a few fragments of 
 Perpendicular character. This church must be seen to be properly 
 appreciated, and it is to be regretted, that this, like many other 
 Scottish edifices of value, has not yet been adequately illustrated by- 
 engraving. 
 
 The Abbey of Holvrood, of which the chapel is the principal 
 remain, has some good specimens of Early English composition, with 
 some curious detail. There are small portions of Norman, particularly 
 a door and part of the south aisle. The west door is fine and much 
 enriched. 
 
 Some portions of the ancient Church and Monastery at Iona remain, 
 but unroofed and ruinated. There are some round piers and pointed 
 arches, and some doors and windows with round headed arches. 
 
571 
 
 There is a tomb with an eliigy in the church, and some portions of 
 the monastic buildings still remain standing. In the church-yard is 
 an ancient Cross. 
 
 There is an ancient Chapel on Inch Corjian, which has some 
 curious parts. 
 
 Jedburgh Abbey is the remains of a large cross church, partly 
 of Norman, and partly of Early English character. 
 
 Kelso Abbey is a fine Norman r\iin ; part of the transepts, centre 
 tower, and west end remain. There are some fragments of Early 
 English and some portions of the Norman mouldings are small and 
 delicate, with the nail head orivament in some of them. 
 
 Lanark old Church is in ruins ; but there is a good door, and some 
 other portions of Early English character. 
 
 LiNCLUDEN is the remains of a small but beautiful church, which 
 appears to have been of late Decorated character. The tracery of the 
 windows has been much mutilated ; but enough remains to show that 
 it was very good. There is a fine door, a rich monument, some 
 very beautiful stalls, and a water drain in the chancel, which was 
 separated from the nave by a screen of late and singular character. 
 There is a tower and some vaults, with several ruined walls connected 
 with the chapel on the north side. This chapel deserves attention 
 for its singularity of forms in the round arch with Decorated details. 
 
 Melrose Abbey has the walls of great part of the church and 
 part of the cloisters standing ; it has a gradation of style from Early 
 English to Perpendicular, and very good examples of each ; but the 
 largest portion is Decorated, with some tracery, and other details, 
 which are hardly exceeded in the kingdom. Here are, as before 
 noticed in many Scottish edifices, examples of early forms with late 
 details, particularly a semicircular headed door with Decorated 
 mouldings of the best character. There are some good ancient monu- 
 tnents, and many water drains ; some of which are very evidently 
 insertions ; some of them in the chapels standing in the south side of 
 the nave are curious for a mixture of early ornament, the nail head and 
 the toothed ornament, with forms and details of late Perpendicular. 
 The carvings in the cloisters are curious, from being executed in a flat 
 style, which has been adopted in Scotland in a few other instances ; 
 and also from shells being carved for square flowers instead of the 
 usual foliage. There are some good triforium arches, \^ith square 
 pannels under them, which are useful examples for modern imitation. 
 
372 
 
 The plan of the nave is curious, having a very narrow south aisle, 
 and Ix'yond that, a lower south aisle much broader. The eastern 
 p;irt projects but little east of the transept, making tlie choir very 
 short, and this portion is richly groined. There are many windows 
 V/ith hne tracery, particularly the south transept window, a Decorated 
 one of live liglits, the composition of which has rarely been exceeded. 
 The east window is Perpendicular, with many of the arch lines 
 straight, instead of being curved, as usual. This window has been 
 mutilated in the alternate lights, so that it is very difficult to make 
 out the original design. There are other curious ])ortions about this 
 building, and the whole deserves the most careful examination. 
 
 The Abbey of Pluscardine has part of the church and some of 
 the adjoining buildings remaining, ar.d these are carefully preserved, 
 and part made luibitable. There are some Decorated and some 
 modern insertions ; but m.ost of the work is very good Early English, 
 and in some parts much resembling in character some works in Kent. 
 Tliere are traces of the cloisters, and some round-headed doors with 
 Decorated, and some with Early English mouldings. One room 
 seems to have been the chapter-house, and its mouldings are remark- 
 ably delicate and well executed. The north transept is a fine com- 
 position, and has had a very large circular window in the gable. 
 
 RosLiN Chapel has been so well illustrated by plates, that it will 
 not be necessary to notice it so minutely as might otherwise be the 
 ^■ase ; this building is of Perjiendicular date, and if its details are 
 carefully examined, the)' will be found mostly of that character ; but 
 from the massive proportions of many parts, and the elaborate minute- 
 ness of others, there is a singular character about it, unlike almost 
 any other building in the kingdom. The portion remaining consists 
 of the choir and aisles, and part of the east walls of the transepts, 
 with a chapel at the east end of the north aisle, sunk many steps 
 below the level of the church, but wliich from the fall of the ground 
 is lighted by an eastern window. There is a small clerestory, the 
 piers are short, and round, but variously reeded, channelled, and 
 otherwise enriched ; they support in some ])arts straight lined stone 
 imposts, covered with carving of small figures and other ornaments ; 
 the arches are some round, others ])ointed. The ornamental flowers 
 and other small enrichments are profusely scattered over the work, and 
 while some are very minute, others are remarkably large, and they 
 are varied as to their stjde of carving. There are several square- 
 headed apertures, and the general appearance of the work intimates 
 a communication with the Continent. This edifice is certainly a 
 curiosity, but contains hardly any thipg ^vhich it is desirable to imitate 
 in modern worli. 
 
373 
 
 The Cathedral of St. Andrews is the remaining portion of a very 
 large cross cliurch, which was principally of very late Norman cha- 
 racter, with some portions Early English, and some parts later. The 
 east end of the choir, part of the walls of the south transept and 
 south aisle of the nave, and a part of the west end, are all that are 
 now standing. The details of the several styles, as far as they can 
 be made out, are very line, and it is to be regretted that so little is 
 left for examination. 
 
 In the same enclosure with the Cathedral, which is surrounded by 
 an ancient wall with turrets, stands the Chapel of St. Rule, 
 a small Norman structure, with a plain but lofty square tower. Thisi 
 chapel has now no roof, but there are marks of three roofs of differ- 
 ent elevations. This building is in good preservation, and a modern 
 staircase has been built for access to the top of the tower. 
 
 There are various remains of the buildings of the monastery adja- 
 cent to the cathedral, of these the most important is the Abbey 
 Gate ; this is near the west end of the cathedral, and is of Early 
 Decorated character, plain, but of good composition. 
 
 There are some small remains of a Chapel called the Black 
 Friars ; it seems to be a north transept, with an octagonal north 
 end ; it is of Decorated character, with the remains of good windows 
 and groining. 
 
 The Abbey of Sweetheart, or New Abbey in Galloway, is a 
 very beautiful ruin, having most of the walls standing, and part of 
 the gi'oining of the transepts. The character of the work is a transi- 
 tion from Early English to Decorated, some lancet windows, and 
 some with fine early tracery ; the west end is a fine composition. 
 The plan was a cross, with aisles to the nave and transepts, and none 
 to the choir. There are some stone stalls and a water-drain, but 
 mutilated. These ruins are not so much known as they ought to be, 
 for the excellence of their composition and details. 
 
 The Castles of Dumbarton, Edinburgh, and Stirling, all 
 deserve attention, not only from their situation, but from the ancient 
 portions they contain ; in the two first these are small, but at Stirling 
 there are portions nearly, if not quite as curious as Roslin Chapel. 
 
 The Castellated edifices of Scotland have not yet had sufficient 
 attention paid them ; it has therefore been considered advisable to 
 give the following list, that they may be more minutely examined and 
 described. Of this list some are mere towers, others are ruins of 
 
37t 
 
 greftl extent and maguiticeiice ; in some few instances, perhaps they 
 are nearly annihilated, while the ancient name is given to a modern 
 building adjoining to, or built near, the old edifice. Of these, some 
 are called castles and some towers : — 
 
 ABEHGELDIK, 
 
 A lies, 
 
 ASSVNT, 
 
 HVLVENIK, 
 
 BKRCALDINK, 
 
 BERIDAL, 
 
 KLAIR, 
 
 BOTHWELL, 
 
 BRaEMAR, 
 
 BRANXHOLM, 
 
 BUOCHEL, 
 
 liRODRICK, 
 
 CAERLAVEROCK, 
 
 CARDONESS, 
 
 CASTLE CAMPBELL. 
 
 CASTLE ERASER, 
 
 CASTLE OF DOGS, 
 
 CASTLE TORIN, 
 
 CASTLE VARUICK. 
 
 CARRICK, 
 
 CATHCART, 
 
 CAWDOR, 
 
 CHAIRNSBURG, 
 
 CHISAMIL, 
 
 CLUNIE, 
 
 COMBRA, 
 
 CRAIG MILLAR, 
 
 DOCHART, 
 
 DOUNE, 
 
 DRUMMOND, 
 
 DUART, 
 
 DUMBARTON, 
 
 DUNBAR, 
 
 DUNNOTTER, 
 
 DUNOLLV. 
 
 DU.VROBIN, 
 
 DUNSCAITH, 
 
 DUNSKV, 
 
 DUNSTAFENAGE, 
 
 DUNTULM, 
 
 DUNTROON, 
 
 DUNVEGAN, 
 
 EILAN DUNAN, 
 
 ELIBANK. 
 
 FAIRLIE, 
 
 FINLAGAN, 
 
 FVVIE, 
 
 (;ARTII, 
 
 GARWALI), 
 
 GILNOCHIE, 
 
 GIRNIGO, 
 
 GLAMLS, 
 
 GOLDILANDS, 
 
 GRANTULLV, 
 
 GVLEX, 
 
 HALES, 
 
 IN'VERLOCHY. 
 
 KEISE, 
 
 KILBURME, 
 
 KILCHURN, 
 
 KILDONAN, 
 
 KNOCK, 
 
 LENOX, 
 
 LEVEN, 
 
 LOCH ALINE, 
 
 LOCH LEVEN. 
 
 MINGARV, 
 
 MOIL, 
 
 MOV, 
 
 NEWARK, 
 
 NIDDRY. 
 
 PENCROSS, 
 
 RED CUMIN, 
 
 ROSLIN, 
 
 ROTHSAV, 
 
 ST. ANDREWS. 
 
 SINCLAIR, 
 
 SKIPNLSH, 
 
 SMALLHOLM. 
 
 STALKER, 
 
 STRATHAVEN, 
 
 SWIN, 
 
 TRAQUAIR, and one on the 
 
 smaller CUMBRAV ISLAND. 
 
 There are in Scotland some circular low buildings called Duns, of 
 which neither the dates nor uses have been properly explained. The 
 following list is extracted principally from Dr. M'Culloch's interesting 
 and valuable Tour in the Western Highlands, and is given for the 
 purpose of enabling future tourists to examine them more perfectly. 
 Some are much dilapidated, and others almost obliterated. 
 
 AMWORTM in Galloway, 
 
 BARRVHILL, parish of 
 Meiglo, 
 
 CASTLE FINDLAV, near 
 Calder, 
 
 CASTLE GOWEK. Gallo- 
 way, 
 
 CRAIG PIIADRIC, near 
 
 Inverness, 
 CREICH in Sutherland, 
 DUN' EVAN, near Calder, 
 DUNADEER in Aberdeen- 
 shire, 
 DUNJARPEL, near Fvcri, 
 
 DUN MAC SNIOCHAIN, 
 
 Argyle, 
 DUN FHION, on the 
 
 Beauley, 
 FINHAVEN, near lirechin, 
 KNOCK FARRIL, Ross. 
 LAWSHILL, near Dum- 
 
 jturdy, Forfar, 
 
 I 
 
375 
 
 MOAT OF THE MARK. One in BUTE. One iu ISLA, 
 
 in Galloway, One iiiCANTYRE. One on LOCH SUN ART, 
 
 NOATH, Aberdeenshire, One near CULLEN, One on LOCH TARBET, 
 
 TOR DUN. near Fort Au- One on DUNDEE LAW, One on LOCH TEACHUS, 
 
 gustus, One on DUNSKEIG HILL, Morven, 
 
 One near BALBIGXO in One near FORDUN, Meams, One near STIRLING, and 
 
 Mearns, One near INVERGARRV, One near TROUP. 
 
 There are a few edifices which are not strictly to be considered of 
 either of the former classes, which may be noticed as containing sin- 
 gularities of architecture ; some of them are in ruins, and some 
 have been modernised. At Aberdeen, Campbeltown, Linlith- 
 gow, and Melrose, are Crosses, but of very different characters. 
 At Aberdeen, King's and IMaRischal Colleges have some ancient 
 work. The Bridge over the Don, near Aberdeen, is a fine specimen 
 of ancient work in that department. 
 
 At Dunfermline, the ruins of the Palace nearly adjoining the 
 Abbey deserve attention. 
 
 At Elgin, the Bishop's Palace and some adjacent buildings, and 
 the ToLBOOTH, have ancient portions remaining. 
 
 At Glasgow, the Guildry Tower, and some parts of the old 
 buildings of the College, may be noticed. 
 
 Herriot's Hospital, Edinburgli, is a singular example of the 
 mixed Italian style on its first introduction. 
 
 The ancient part of the House at Hawthornden, near Roslin, 
 deserves attention ; the situation is peculiarly fine. 
 
 The Palace of Linlithgow contains portions of very valuable 
 detail ; some parts early, some late. The chimney in the great hall, 
 and some other portions, are very curious. 
 
 At Stirling, an ancient building, now the Military Hospital, 
 and the ruins of Mars' Work, are curious, and deserve examina- 
 tion. 
 
 On the general view of the ancient edifices of Scotland, though 
 much has been done for their illustration, much more remains to be 
 done, as some of the best are stiU very little known in England. 
 
876 
 
 irrlaiitr* 
 
 So great has been the mutilation of ancient edifices in Ireland, that 
 Very few indeed are to be found in a perfect state ; but the remains 
 of these buildings are numerous, and many are deserving of more 
 attention than they appear collectively to have had. 
 
 The Cathedral of Christ Church, Dublin, is a large cross church, 
 with several chapels, and having various parts altered and modernised, 
 yet still containing portions deserving attention ; much of the building 
 is Early English, with some earlier, and some later portions. A door 
 has some very fine enrichments, partly Norman, and partly so fat 
 advanced that they may be considered Early English. An ancient 
 eftigy in this cathedral is called that of Earl Strongbow^ but it is much 
 mutilated. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, is also a large cross church, 
 ■with a tower and spire. It has several chapels and attached buildings, 
 and a part of the church was once used as a parish church. This 
 Cathedral is partly Early English, with some earlier and some later 
 portions. The choir is a beautiful composition, with elegant piers, 
 having fine capitals with foliage, and the arches have good mouldings ; 
 the triforium is light and elegant, and the clerestory has lancet 
 windows ; the whole is groined with plain Early English groining, 
 part of which is plaster, copied from the ancient stone. 
 
 The Church of St. Audoen, in Dublin, has some ancient por- 
 tions remaining. 
 
 The Cathedral of Kildare is in ruins, except part of the choir, 
 which is kept up for service ; the ruins are extensive, and some 
 portions deserve attention. In the church-yard is one of the celebra- 
 ted round towers. 
 
 The Church of St. Canice, in Kilkenny, is the cathedral of the 
 see of OssoRY ; it is a large cross church, with a low tower at the 
 intersection, and most of the building in pretty good condition ; a 
 portion is Early English, and parts of later date. Near this cathedral 
 is a round tower. 
 
 There are in Ireland several places, having a collection of ecclesias- 
 tical edifices, forming a sort of group of chapels, and though now 
 mostly in ruins, they deserve a closer investigation than they have yet 
 received. Of these may be noticed. 
 
377 
 
 ClOnmacnoise, in King's County, where there are several churches 
 in ruins, and two round towers ; most of which edifices are very 
 ancient. 
 
 Glandalough, in Wicklow, is another collection of small ruined 
 edifices near each other, with two round towers, one of which is 
 imperfect ; and a curious building called St. Keevin's Kitchen. 
 
 MoNASTBRBOYCE, in Louth, is another group. There are several 
 chapels, a round tower, and four crosses. 
 
 FouRE, in Westmeath, has three ruined churches and a monastery. 
 The doorway of St. Fechins, one of the churches, is curious for having 
 a plain square lintel, with a cross sculptured on it. 
 
 In Lough Garron are the ruins of two Abbeys, standing on two 
 islands. 
 
 Of the following list of Churches, some few are in use as such, and 
 in tolerable condition ; some of them have modern portions added ; 
 some are partly ruined and partly kept up ; but a great number are 
 in ruins. 
 
 aghaboe, 
 
 archerstown, 
 ardbracan, 
 
 ATHLONE, 
 
 BALDONGAN, 
 
 BRAY, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT, 
 
 CASTLETOWX, 
 
 Chapel of ST. EIRE, 
 
 CHAPEL IZOD 
 
 CLONARNEV, 
 
 CLO\XURRV. 
 
 CLONDALKIN, 
 
 DERALOSSORY, 
 
 DONAGHMORE, 
 
 DONARD, 
 
 DONNYBROOK, 
 
 tjt. Mary, DROGHEDA, 
 
 DULEEK, 
 
 DUNMORE, 
 
 FRETAGII, 
 
 FURNACE, 
 
 KELLS, 
 
 KILLBERRV, 
 
 KILBRIDE, 
 
 KILLESHEE, 
 
 KILLISHEV, 
 
 KILMANMAN, 
 
 LANESBOROUGH, 
 
 LONDONDERRY, 
 
 LONGFORD, 
 
 LOUGHSENDY, 
 
 LUSK, 
 
 MAYNOOTH, 
 
 MILLEXTOWN, 
 
 MOONE, 
 
 MORNINGTON, 
 
 MOSSTOWN, 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NEWTOWN FORBES, 
 
 OLD KILCULLEN, 
 
 OUGHTERAD, 
 
 RATHMICHjEL, 
 
 RATOATH, 
 
 REARY, 
 
 ROSENALLIS, 
 
 SCURLOGHSTOWN, 
 
 SKRYNE, 
 
 ST. DOOLACHS, 
 
 SWORDS, 
 
 TRIM, and 
 
 TULLAGH. 
 
 In addition to the Stone Crosses noticed above, the following may 
 be mentioned ; some of which are covered with very elaborate sculp- 
 ture ; Castledermot, Finglass, Kells, Old Kilcull-en, and 
 
 MOONB. 
 
 2 T 
 
378 
 
 The remains of monastic edifices are numerous, and nearly all in 
 ruins. Of these may be mentioned ; 
 
 AGHABOE, 
 
 AGHAMACART, 
 
 ARKLOW, 
 
 ATHLONE, 
 
 BECTIVE, 
 
 CARLINGFORD, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT, 
 
 CELBRIDGE, 
 
 CLANE, 
 
 CLONARD, 
 
 DRUMRANY, 
 
 DUNBRODY, 
 
 DUNDALK, 
 
 DULEEK, 
 
 HOWTH, 
 
 KILBARRICK, 
 
 KILBEGGAN, 
 
 KILDARE, 
 
 The Black Friars, KIL- 
 
 KEXNY, 
 Franciscan in KILKENNY, 
 St. John's, KILKENNY, 
 LAHOIL, 
 MALAHIDE, 
 MELLIFOXT, 
 MULLINGAR, 
 
 MULLIFARNAM, 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NEW ABBEY, near KU- 
 
 cuUen, 
 NEWTOWN ABBEY, East 
 
 Meath, 
 NEWTOWN PRIORY, 
 PLASSEY, 
 RATOATH, 
 SHROWLE, 
 St. John's Priory, near 
 
 TRIM, 
 WEST KILKENNY. 
 
 The Castles remaining are numerous ; some of those in the follow- 
 ing list are connected with modern buildings, and are inhabited, 
 others have most of the walls standing, but unroofed, and some are 
 entirely in ruins: — 
 
 ARDEE, 
 
 ARDMULLAN, 
 
 ARKLOW, 
 
 ASIGH, 
 
 ATHCARNE, 
 
 ATHLONE, 
 
 ATHLUMNY, 
 
 BALDOXGAN, 
 
 BALLYFERMOT, 
 
 BALLYNAKIL, 
 
 BLACK CASTLE, Wicklow, 
 
 BRAINSTOWN, 
 
 BRAY, 
 
 BULLOCK, 
 
 CARBERRY, 
 
 CARLINGFORD, 
 
 CARLOW, 
 
 CASTLEBRACK, 
 
 CASTLECUFFE, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT. 
 
 CASTLETOWN DELVIN, 
 
 CLANE, 
 
 CLOGUNONEY, 
 
 CLONASLEE, 
 
 CLONMACNOISE, 
 
 CLONMORE, 
 
 DALKEY, 
 
 DRYMNAGH, 
 
 DUNAMAN, 
 
 DUNMORE, 
 
 DUNMOW, 
 
 DUNSANY, 
 
 DURROW, 
 
 EDENDERRY, 
 
 CARRY, 
 
 GRANARD, 
 
 GRANTSTOWN, 
 
 GESHILL, 
 
 HOWTH, 
 
 JIGGINSTOWN, 
 
 KEEVIN, 
 
 KILBERRY, 
 
 KILBRIDE, 
 
 KILDARE, 
 
 KILGOBBIN, 
 
 KILKENNY, 
 
 KILKEA, 
 
 KILLEEN. 
 
 KILLENINNY, 
 
 KILLISHEY, 
 
 LEA. 
 
 LEIXLIP, 
 
 LISCARTON. 
 
 LISMORE, 
 
 LOUGHSENDY. 
 
 AIALAHIDE, 
 
 MACETOWN, 
 
 MAYNOOTH. 
 
 MONKSTOWN, 
 
 MORRETT, 
 
 MOONE, 
 
 MOSSTOWN, 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NAUL, 
 
 PHILIPSTOWN, 
 
 PUCK. 
 
 RATHLINE. 
 
 ROCHE, 
 
 SAUGHSKINNY, 
 
 SCURLOGHSTOWN, 
 
 SHEAN. 
 
 SWORDS. 
 
 TERMONFECKAN. 
 
 TIMOLIN, 
 
 TIMON. 
 
 TIMAHOE, 
 
 TINNEHINCH, 
 
 TORFECKAN, 
 
 TRIM, 
 
 TRIMLESTOWN, and 
 
 WATER. 
 
379 
 
 There remains to be noticed a description of buildings which are 
 nearly peculiar to Ireland, and to which a very high antiquity has 
 usually been assigned ; these are the Round Towers ; for a com- 
 plete list of which, the author is indebted to the kindness of his 
 friend, J. Vevers, of the Kildare-street School, Dublin, who has 
 visited most, if not all of them. They are as under : — 
 
 In Ulster nine. 
 
 County. 
 
 1. STEEPLE, near Antrim, Antrim. 
 
 2. ARMOY. Do. 
 
 3. R\M ISLAND, Lough Neagh. Do. 
 
 4. DRUMLANC. Cavan. 
 
 5. DRUMBO, Down. 
 
 County, 
 
 6. MAGHER A, part destroyed, Down. 
 
 7. DEVENISH ISLAND, in 
 
 Lough Eme Fermanagh. 
 
 8. CLONES, Monaghan. 
 
 9. ENISKEEN, Do. 
 
 In Leinster twenty-four. 
 
 Coutitij. 
 
 1. CLONDALKIN, Dublin. 12. 
 
 2. LUSK, Do. 13. 
 
 3. RATHMICH^L, Do. 14. 
 
 4. SWORDS, Do. IG. 
 
 5. CASTLEDERMOT, Kildare. 17. 
 
 6. KILCULLEN, Do. 18. 
 
 7. KILDARE, Do 1!». 
 
 8. OUGTEtlAD, Do. 20. 
 
 9. TAGHADOE, Do. 21. 
 
 10. AGHAVULLER. part destroyed, 2-2. 
 
 [Kilkenny. 24. 
 
 11. FERTAG, Do. 
 
 County. 
 Irishtown, KILKENNY,. • • Kilkenny. 
 
 KILREE, Do. 
 
 TULLOHERIN, Do. 
 
 Two at CLONM ACNOISE, • • King's. 
 DROMISKEN, part destroyed, Louth. 
 
 MONASTEKBOVCE, Do. 
 
 UONAGHMORE, Meath. 
 
 KELLS, •• Do. 
 
 DYSER T, Queen's. 
 
 TIMAHOE, Do. 
 
 Two at GLANDALOUGH, one imperfect, 
 [Wicklow. 
 
 In MuNSTER fourteen. 
 
 County. 
 
 8. SCATTERY ISLE, in the 
 
 Shannon Clare. 
 
 9. CLOYNE, Cork. 
 
 10. BALLYBFG, the lower part only. Do. 
 
 11. KILMALLOCK, Limerick. 
 
 12. On the Rock at CASH EL Tipperar)'. 
 
 13. ROSCREA, Do. 
 
 County. 
 
 1. DRUMCLIFFE, Clare. 
 
 2. DYSART, Do. 
 
 3. INISCALTHRA, in Lough 
 
 Deirgeart Do. 
 
 4. KINETH, Cork. 
 
 5. AGHADOE, Kerry. 
 
 6. RATTOO, Do. 
 
 7. DVSERT, Limerick. 14. ARDMORE, Waterford. 
 
380 
 
 In CoNNAUGHT nine. 
 
 County. County. 
 
 1. FEARTAMORE, Galway. 6. MEUCK, Mayo. 
 
 2. KILMACDUAGH, Dow 7. TURLOUGH, Do. 
 
 3.AGHAGOWER, Mayo. 8. ORAN, •• Boscammon. 
 
 4. BAI.AGH, Do. 9. DUUMSCLIFFE. in ruins,. . . • Sligo. 
 
 5. KILLALA, Do. 
 
 Total — Fifty six remaining. 
 There were five others standing within a few years^ namely : — 
 
 1. ARDFERT, County of Kerry, which fcU in 1770. 
 
 2. CORK, County of Cork, pulled down about 80 years ago. 
 
 3. BRIGOWN, do. do. about lyttO. 
 
 4. Ship-street, DUBLIN, destroyed a few years back. 
 
 3. DOWNPATRICK, County of Down, pulled down 1792. 
 
 The last was taken down to enlarge the cathedral, after being partly 
 ruinated for many years ; and it is very remarkable, that under the 
 foundation of this tower, were found the vestiges of a more ancient 
 church, which appears to have been of exceeding good masonry, and 
 upon a large scale. In the walls of the tower there were many 
 pieces of cut stone, that had evidently been used in some former 
 buildings. 
 
 Of these towers much has been written, and their dates and uses 
 have been much contested ; as to the latter, they seem to have been 
 considered as ecclesiastical structures, from their constant vicinity to 
 churches ; but their particular service is very difficult to assign. 
 They are from fK) or 70 to above 100 feet high : they usually taper from 
 the bottom ; their diameter at the ground being from 16 to 20 feet 
 without, and from 10 to 14 feet within. The door is usually some 
 feet from the ground, and when perfect, they have generally a conical 
 top, and four small windows some distance below, opposed nearly to 
 the cardinal points. 
 
 With respect to the date, it has been usual always to attach great 
 antiquity to these Irish towers, and also to the round towers of 
 churches in England ; of which a few are in Sussex, more in Suffolk, 
 and still more in Norfolk. Of the English ones, visited by the 
 Author, he has by no means found their appearance to justify a very 
 high antiquity ; and the circumstances of the Irish tower at Down- 
 patrick, as well as some sculpture and ornaments on one or two of the 
 other towers,, would seem to militate considerably against the very 
 ancient date usually mentioned for these edifices. 
 
381 
 
 There are, doubtless, other buildings in Ireland deserving atten- 
 tion, besides those enumerated ; and there is no doubt, but both 
 Ireland and Scotland would well repay an examination of ancient 
 buildings, much more minute than has hitherto been attempted. 
 
 For the use of the student a Table is subjoined, showing the 
 duration of the styles of English Architecture, and the Kings reign- 
 ing in each period. To render this list more useful, it is printed in 
 duplicate, that one may be cut out, and serve as a Table for the more 
 readily consulting other works. 
 
 Kings. Date. 
 William 1 10G5 
 
 William II 1087 
 
 Henry 1 1100 
 
 Stephen 1135 
 
 Henry II 1154 to 1189 
 
 Richard 1 1189 
 
 John 1199 
 
 Henry III 1216 
 
 Edward 1 1272 to 1307 
 
 Edward II 
 
 Edward III 1326 to 
 
 Richard II 1377 
 
 Henry IV 1399 
 
 Henry V 1412 
 
 Henry VI 1422 
 
 Edward IV 1460 
 
 Edward V 1483 
 
 Richard III 1483 
 
 Henry VII 1485 
 
 Henry VIII 1609 to 1546 
 
 style. 
 
 Norman. 
 
 Early 
 English. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Prevailed little more than 124 
 years : no remains really 
 KNOWN to be more than a few 
 years older than the Conquest. 
 
 Prevailed about 118 years. 
 
 1307 I Decorated ( 
 1377 j E"?^^**^' I 
 
 Continued perhaps 10 or 15 
 years later. Prevailed little more 
 than 70 years. 
 
 Perpendicu- 
 lar English. 
 
 Prevailed about 169 years. 
 
 Few, if any, whole buildings 
 executed in this style later than 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 Tills style used in additions 
 and rebuilding, but often much 
 debased, as late as 1630 or 1640. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 ABBOTS Bickington Church ••• 159 
 Abhotts Bromley do. ••• 309 
 
 Abbotsbury do. ••• 169 
 
 Abbey 173 
 
 Abbotts Carswell Church 164 
 
 Abbotts Langley do. 212 
 
 Aberdeen, St. Nicholas do. 363 
 
 King's College 375 
 
 Marischal do. ib. 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Bridge near ib. 
 
 Aberford Church 352 
 
 Abergavenny do. 256 
 
 'Castle 257 
 
 Aberystwith do. 363 
 
 Abingdon Abbey Gate 126 
 
 St. Helen's Church ib. 
 
 St. Nicholas's do. ib. 
 
 Abinger Church 318 
 
 Abington do. 283 
 
 Achuroh do. 269 
 
 Ackworth do. 352 
 
 Acton do. 140 
 
 Acton do. 256 
 
 Adderbury do. 293 
 
 Adel do. 54, 352 
 
 Adisham do. 219 
 
 Aisthorpe do. 240 
 
 Albourne do. 325 
 
 Alcester do. 329 
 
 Alciston do. • 323 
 
 Aldborough do. 349 
 
 Aldbury do. 212 
 
 Pajrc 
 
 Aldenham Church 212 
 
 Aldcrminster do. 337 
 
 Aldingbourn do. 324 
 
 Aldington do. 219 
 
 Aid winkle, All Saints do. 269 
 
 St. Peter's do. ib. 
 
 Alfreton Church 154 
 
 Alfriston do. 325 
 
 Alkham do. 225 
 
 Allington do. ib. 
 
 Castle 226 
 
 Allwalton Church 215 
 
 Almondbury do. 356 
 
 Almonsbury do 192 
 
 Alnwick Castle 285 
 
 Gates ib. 
 
 Alphington Church 159 
 
 Alsop in the Dale do. 153 
 
 Alton do. 205 
 
 Alvechurch do. 337 
 
 Alveston do. 329 
 
 Amberley Castle 326 
 
 Church 319 
 
 Ambleside do. 333 
 
 Amesbury do. 335 
 
 Amney Crucis do. 192 
 
 Amney St. Mary do. ib. 
 
 Ampthill do. 122 
 
 Ancaster do. 238 
 
 Anglesey Abbey 136 
 
 Appleby Castle 333 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Appledore do. •• 225 
 
384 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Appledram Church •••• 
 
 Appleton do. 
 
 Arbroath Abbey 
 
 Abbey Gate 
 
 Page 
 324 
 352 
 
 • 369 
 
 • ib. 
 
 Ardingley Church 325 
 
 Arlingham do. 192 
 
 Arlington do. 324 
 
 ArminghaU Old Hall 264 
 
 Arrow Church 329 
 
 Arundel Castle 326 
 
 Church 319 
 
 Asgarby do. 244 
 
 Ashbourne do. 152 
 
 Ashburnham do. 320 
 
 Ashburton do. 159 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch Castle 233 
 
 Ashby Ledgers Church 270 
 
 Ashchurch do. 192 
 
 Ashcombe do. 159 
 
 Ashford do. 153 
 
 Ashford do. 219 
 
 Ashelworth do. 192 
 
 Manor House 202 
 
 Vicarage ib. 
 
 AshiU Church 260 
 
 Ashill do. 306 
 
 Ashington, do. 325 
 
 Ashover do. 153 
 
 Ashton do. 159 
 
 Ashurst do. 225 
 
 Ashurst do. 324 
 
 Aslackby do. 247 
 
 Aspatria do. 148 
 
 AstaU do. 293 
 
 Manor House 297 
 
 Astbury Church 143 
 
 AsUey do. 341 
 
 Aston do. 329 
 
 Aswarby do. 243 
 
 Atwick do. 349 
 
 Atheringtondo. 159 
 
 Attleborough do. 260 
 
 Auckland St. Helen's do. 176 
 
 Audlem Church 141 
 
 Audley End Hospital 189 
 
 Page 
 
 Aughton Church 227 
 
 Aunsby do. 243 
 
 Avebury do. 335 
 
 Averham do. 285 
 
 Avening do. 193 
 
 Aveton GifFard do. 159 
 
 Avington do. 126 
 
 Awliscombe do. 159 
 
 Axminster do. ib. 
 
 Aynesford do. 219 
 
 Aynho do. 283 
 
 Ayet St. Lawrence do. 212 
 
 Ayton Abbey 356 
 
 BABRAHAM Church 136 
 
 Badby do. 2/0 
 
 Badgworth do. 193 
 
 Badsworth do. 356 
 
 Bainton do. 270 
 
 Bakewell do. 152 
 
 Balderton do. 285 
 
 Baldock do. 212 
 
 Bamborough Castle 181 
 
 Bampton Church 159 
 
 Bangor Cathedral 359 
 
 Bapchild Church 220 
 
 Barby do. 283 
 
 Barcombe do. 324 
 
 Bardsea do. .350 
 
 Barford do. 261 
 
 Barford St. 3Iartin do. 335 
 
 Barfreston Church 48, 64, 220 
 
 Barham do. 225 
 
 Barking Abby Gate 188 
 
 Barlavington Church 324 
 
 Barmston do 347 
 
 Bamack do. 269 
 
 Barnard Castle 181 
 
 Church 177 
 
 Bamby 3Ioor do. 349 
 
 Bamham do. 324 
 
 Barnwell do. 134 
 
 Castle 283 
 
 All Saints' Church 270 
 
 — ^— — St. Andrew's do. ib. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 385 
 
 Page 
 
 Bamewall Priory 134 
 
 Barnwood Church 193 
 
 Barthomley do. 144 
 
 Bartlow do. 136 
 
 Barton do. 352 
 
 Barton David do. 306 
 
 Barton-le-CIaydo. 123 
 
 Barton, St. Mary's Church ■•• 45, 240 
 
 St. Peter's do. 45, 240, 265, 
 
 269 
 Barton-under-Needwood Church, 309 
 Basingstoke do. ••• 205 
 
 Basingwerk Abbey 361 
 
 Baslow Church 152 
 
 Baston do. 249 
 
 Bath, Abbey Church, 60, 91, 93, 96, 
 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 302 
 
 Batheaston Church 306 
 
 Bathford do. ib. 
 
 Bathwick do. ib. 
 
 Battel Hall 226 
 
 Battle Abbey 326 
 
 Church 320 
 
 Bawtry do. 356 
 
 Bayham Abbey 326 
 
 Beachworth Church 316 
 
 Beaksbourne do. 225 
 
 Beaminster do. 169 
 
 Beauchief Abbey 153 
 
 Beauley do. 369 
 
 Beaumaris Church 361 
 
 Beaurepair Abbey 181 
 
 Beaworthy Church 159 
 
 Bebbington do. 140 
 
 Beccles do. 313 
 
 Beckingham do. 238 
 
 Beckingham Gate 189 
 
 Beckington Church 306 
 
 Beckley do. 324 
 
 Beddingham do. 320 
 
 Beddington do. 316 
 
 Beding do. 323 
 
 Bedfont do. 256 
 
 Bedford St. John's Church 1 22 
 
 St. Mary's do. ib. 
 
 2 1 
 
 Page 
 
 Bedford, St. Paul's Church 122 
 
 Bedgellcrt (-hurch 360 
 
 Beeford do. 347 
 
 Beenham do. 127 
 
 Beer Ferrers do. 159 
 
 Beeston Castle 144 
 
 Priory 264 
 
 Beleigh Abbey 187 
 
 Belford Church 284 
 
 Belgrave do. 230 
 
 Belton do. 239 
 
 Bemerton do. 335 
 
 Beneiiden do. 226 
 
 Bengeo do. 212 
 
 Bengeworth do. 337 
 
 Bennington do. 253 
 
 Bensington do. 294 
 
 Bepton do. 324 
 
 Berkeley Castle 202 
 
 Church 193 
 
 Berkhampstead Church 213 
 
 Berry Pomeroy do. 159 
 
 Berwick do. 325 
 
 Beverly Minster, 58, 59, 61, 67, 71, 74, 
 105, 106, 112, 115, 345 
 
 St. Mary's Church, 74, 346 
 
 Beverstone Castle 202 
 
 Church 193 
 
 Bewcastle do. 149 
 
 Bexhill do. 325 
 
 Bexley do. 225 
 
 Bibury do. 193 
 
 Bickleigh do. 160 
 
 Biddeford do. ib. 
 
 Biddenden do. 220 
 
 Bidford do. 329 
 
 Bigbury do. 160 
 
 Bignor do. 324 
 
 Billingborough do. 247 
 
 Biilingham do. 177 
 
 Billinghurst do. 325 
 
 Bilton Chapel 347 
 
 Church 329 
 
 Bingham do. 285 
 
 Bingley do. 356 
 
386 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Binham Priory 261 
 
 Binstead Church 207 
 
 Birchington do. 220 
 
 Birkenhead Chapel 140 
 
 Priory 120, 140 
 
 Birmingham Deri tend Chapel ••• 329 
 
 St. Martin's Church, ib. 
 
 Bishop's Auckland Palace 176 
 
 Bishopsbourne Church 225 
 
 Bishop's Burton do. 349 
 
 Cannings do. 335 
 
 Cleeve do. 52,195 
 
 do. 341 
 
 Bishop's Clist Palace 169 
 
 Stortford Church 213 
 
 Bishopstone do. 320 
 
 Bishop's Teignton do. 160 
 
 Bishopsthorpe Palace Chapel 358 
 
 Bishop's AValtham Palace 208 
 
 Wearmouth Church ■•• 177 
 
 BisL-y Church 193 
 
 do. 318 
 
 Bitton do. 193 
 
 Blackaiiton do. 160 
 
 Blackburn do. 227 
 
 Blackford do. 306 
 
 BlicklingHaU 264 
 
 BUthburgh Church 313 
 
 Bloxham do. 294 
 
 Blyborough do. 240 
 
 Bobbing do. 225 
 
 Bocking do. 182 
 
 Bodiham Casde 326 
 
 Church 324 
 
 Bodmin do. 146 
 
 Bolney do. 324 
 
 Bolsover do. 153 
 
 Bolton Abbey 356 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Bolton-le-IMoors Church 227 
 
 Bonsai Church 153 
 
 Boothby do. 236 
 
 Borden do. 220 
 
 Borley do. 182 
 
 Page 
 
 Bosham Church 320 
 
 Boston do. 100, 251 
 
 Bothal Castle 285 
 
 Bottesdale Chapel 313 
 
 Bottesford Church 230 
 
 Bottolphs do. 324 
 
 Boughton Aluph do. 220 
 
 Blean do. ib. 
 
 Boughton Monchelsea do. ib. 
 
 Boulton Church 153 
 
 Bourne do. 248 
 
 Bovey Tracey do. 160 
 
 Bowden do. 141 
 
 Boxgrave do. 320 
 
 Boxley do. 220* 
 
 Brabourne do. 224 
 
 Bracebridge do. 235 
 
 Bradbourne do. 153 
 
 Bradfidd do. 182 
 
 do. 313 
 
 Bradford do. 160 
 
 do. 356 
 
 Abbas do. 170 
 
 Bradley do. 153 
 
 BracUey HaU 169 
 
 Bradninch Church 160 
 
 Bradstone Church 160 
 
 Brails do. 330 
 
 Brailsford do. 153 
 
 Braintree do. 182 
 
 BramaU Hall 145 
 
 Bramber Castle 326 
 
 Church 320 
 
 Bramley Church 316 
 
 Brampton do. 215 
 
 Bramshot do. 205 
 
 Brancepath Castle 181 
 
 Church 177 
 
 Brands Burton do. 349 
 
 Brant Broughton do. 238 
 
 Brassington do. 153 
 
 BratU'lby do. 240 
 
 Braughing do. 213 
 
 Braunston do. 270 
 
 Braxted do. 182 
 
INDEX. 
 
 381 
 
 Page 
 
 Bray Church 127 
 
 Braysworth do. 313 
 
 Brayton do. 352 
 
 Brecknock Castle 363 
 
 Priory 361 
 
 St. David's Church ••• 360 
 
 Brede Church 325 
 
 BredsaU do. 154 
 
 Brent Pelham do. 213 
 
 Brentwood do. 182 
 
 Brereton do. 143 
 
 HaU 145 
 
 Brewood Church .309 
 
 Bridekirk do. 148 
 
 Bridford do. 160 
 
 Bridge do. 224 
 
 Bridgenorth Castle • 300 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Bridge water do. 306 
 
 Bridport do. 170 
 
 Brigham do. 149 
 
 Brightling do. 325 
 
 Brighton do. 320 
 
 Brigstock do. 268, 269 
 
 Brinkbume Priory 284 
 
 Bristol Cathedral 55, 302 
 
 CbUege Gate 47, 302 
 
 ■ Bedminster Church 305 
 
 ' St. Augustine's do. ib. 
 
 ^—^— St. James's do. ib. 
 
 St. John's do. ib. 
 
 St. Mark's do. ib. 
 
 St. JMary RedcllfFe do. ••• ib. 
 
 St. Philip & Jacob do. •■• ib. 
 
 St. Stephen's do. • •■ ib. 
 
 St. Thomas's do. •■■ ib. 
 
 Temple do. ••• ib. 
 
 Bartholomew Gateway ••• 307 
 
 Castle 308 
 
 Guard House ib. 
 
 Spicer's Hall ib. 
 
 Brixworth Church 265,269 
 
 Broad Clist do. 161 
 
 Broad Hempston do. 163 
 
 Broadwater do. 320 
 
 Page 
 
 Broadwoodwiger Church 1 60 
 
 Brockhole do. 270 
 
 Brockthorp do. 193 
 
 Bromborough do. 140 
 
 Bromefield do. 149 
 
 Bromsgrove do. 337 
 
 Brookland do, 225 
 
 Brotherton do. 356 
 
 Brough Castle and Church 333 
 
 Brougham Castle ib. 
 
 Browsholme Hall 358 
 
 Broxboume Church 213 
 
 Bruera do. 142 
 
 Buckden do. 215 
 
 Buckland do. 193 
 
 Buckland Brewer do. 160 
 
 Buckland-on-the-Moor do. 161 
 
 Buckland Newton do. 170 
 
 Buckminster do. 230 
 
 Bugbrook do. 270 
 
 Buildwas Abbey 49, 300 
 
 BuUy Church 193 
 
 Bulwickdo. 270 
 
 Bunbury do. 142 
 
 Bundley do. 161 
 
 Bungay Castle 315 
 
 Church 313 
 
 Bunny do. 285 
 
 Burcombe do. 335 
 
 Burford do. 294 
 
 Houses ib. 
 
 Burlescombe Church 161 
 
 Burgh-on-the-Sands do. 148 
 
 Burgh Roman WaU 316 
 
 Burnham Thorpe Church 261 
 
 Burpham do. 323 
 
 Burrington do. 161 
 
 Burstwick do. 349 
 
 Burton do. 240 
 
 Burton Pidsea do. 349 
 
 Burton Pedwardine do. 246 
 
 Burton Priory 356 
 
 Burwash Church 324 
 
 Bury do. 215 
 
 Bury do. 324 
 
388 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Bury St. Edmonds Abbey 312 
 
 ■ Abbey Bridge, ib. 
 
 Abbey Gate, 87 
 
 312 
 
 Borough Gaol, 312 
 
 Church Gate, ib. 
 
 St. James's 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Bushbury Church 311 
 
 Bushey do. 213 
 
 Butley Abbey •• 315 
 
 Buxted Church 324 
 
 Bucknacre Priory 187 
 
 Byland Abbey 67,356 
 
 CAERGWRLLY Castle 363 
 
 Caermarthen do. 363 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Caernarvon Castle 89, 362 
 
 Caerwent Church 361 
 
 Calbourn do. 207 
 
 Caldecot Castle 257 
 
 Calder Abbey 149 
 
 Cambourne Church 146 
 
 Cambridge Castle 134 
 
 Great St. Mary's Ch. 133 
 
 St. Andrew's the Less 
 
 Church 134 
 
 Cambridge St. Giles' Church 134 
 
 St.MarytheLcssdo.-- 133 
 
 St. Michael's do. •■• 134 
 
 St. Peter's do. ••• ib. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's do. ••• 134 
 
 Trinity do.-- 133 
 
 King's College Chapel, 89, 
 
 93, 94, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 132 
 Cambridge, Jesus College Chapel, 132 
 
 St. John's College Gate, 133 
 
 Trinity College Chapel, ib. 
 
 Cambuskenneth Abbey 369 
 
 Camcringham Church 240 
 
 Campbeltown Cross 375 
 
 Campden Church 194 
 
 Page 
 
 Camps Church 136 
 
 Canewdon do. 182 
 
 Cannon Peon do. 210 
 
 Canons Ashby Church 271 
 
 Canterbury Castle 226 
 
 Cathedral, 48, 55, 60, 100, 
 
 106, 112, 217 
 
 Canterbury Christ Church Gate, 218 
 
 Infirmary Chapel ■•• ib. 
 
 . Registry 55, 218 
 
 Cathedral Treasury, 218 
 
 Ethelbert's Tower, 55, 225 
 
 St. Augustine's Abbey, 87 
 
 Gate ■•• 225 
 
 St. Dunstan's Church, ib. 
 
 St. JMartin's do. 220 
 
 St. Paul's do. 225 
 
 Capell Church 318 
 
 Garden Hall 145 
 
 Cardiff Castle 363 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Carew Castle 362 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle 208 
 
 Church 207 
 
 C.prleton Miniott Church 352 
 
 — Scroope do. 238 
 
 Carlisle Castle 149 
 
 Cathedral, 74, 85, 86, 87, 147, 
 
 358 
 
 Carlisle Chapter House 148 
 
 Gats House ib. 
 
 Carnwath Church 369 
 
 Carshalton do. 316 
 
 Cartmel do. 227 
 
 Castle Acre Castle 364 
 
 Priory 5S, 55, 2fi4 
 
 Castle Ashby Church 271 
 
 Bromwich Hall 333 
 
 Don ningtou Church 230 
 
 Hedingham do. 184 
 
 Rising Castle 264 
 
 ChurcK 262 
 
 Castleton do. 152 
 
 Castor Castle .■ 264 
 
 Church 271 
 
INDEX. 
 
 389 
 
 Page 
 
 Catfield Church 2(52 
 
 CatsHtld do. 324 
 
 Catlerick do. 352 
 
 Catwick do. 349 
 
 Cawston do. 2()2 
 
 Cawthornedo. 356 
 
 Caythorpedo. 237 
 
 Cerne Abbas Church 170 
 
 Cerne Abbey 173 
 
 Chaddesden Church 154 
 
 Chaddesley Corbett Church 341 
 
 ChaUey do. 324 
 
 Chale do. 207 
 
 Chalvington do. 325 
 
 Chapel-en-le-Frith do. 152 
 
 Charfield do. 194 
 
 Charing do. 225 
 
 Charlccot do. 329 
 
 Chartham do. 221 
 
 Charwelton do. 271 
 
 Chaselcy do. 337 
 
 Chawley do. 161 
 
 Cheadle do. 141 
 
 Cheadle do. 309 
 
 Chedjp-ave do. 261 
 
 Chedleton do. 311 
 
 Chcd worth do. 194 
 
 Chellaston do. 152 
 
 Chelmorton do. 154 
 
 Chelmsford do. 182 
 
 Chelsfield do. 221 
 
 Chelsham do. 318 
 
 Cheltenham do. 194 
 
 Chepstow Castle 257 
 
 Cheriton, St. Martin's Church ••• 225 
 Cherrington do. ■■■194 
 Cheshunt do. ■•■ 213 
 Chesingdon do. •■■ 318 
 Chester Abbey Gate 139 
 
 Casde 144 
 
 Cathedral, 61, 67, 70, 76, 85, 
 
 96, 105, 106, 114, 137 
 
 Chester Cathedral Grammar School, 
 
 71, 139 
 
 Chester Cathedral Refectory 139 
 
 Page 
 Chester, St. John's Church -96, 139 
 
 St. Mary's do. ib. 
 
 St. Peter's do. ib. 
 
 Trinity do. ib. 
 
 Chesterfield Church 150 
 
 Chester-le-streetdo. 177 
 
 Chesterton do. 135 
 
 Chesterton do. 215 
 
 Chesterton do. 329 
 
 Chettle do. 170 
 
 Chetwode do. 128 
 
 Chichester Cathedral, 57, 59, 63, 65, 
 
 66, 75, 319 
 Chichester, Bishops Palace Gate, 326 
 
 Canon's Gate ib. 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Hospital of St. Mary, ib. 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 St. Andrew's Church, 325 
 
 St. Peter the Great do. ib. 
 
 Chiddingford Church 318 
 
 Chiddingley do. 320 
 
 Chidham do. 325 
 
 Chidingstone do. 225 
 
 Childwall do. 227 
 
 Chilham do. 225 
 
 Chamark do. 335 
 
 Chiltington do. 324 
 
 Chingford do. 182 
 
 Chippenham do. 335 
 
 Chipping Barnet do. 212 
 
 Chirk Castle 362 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Chislet do. 225 
 
 Chithurstdo. 324 
 
 Chittlehampton Church 161 
 
 Chorley do. 227 
 
 Hall 145 
 
 Chorlton Church 335 
 
 Christchurch Twiname Church, 57, 
 
 205 
 
 Christon Church 306 
 
 Christowe do. 161 
 
 Chulmleigh do. ib. 
 
 Churcham do. 194 
 
390 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Church Brampton Church 270' 
 
 Broughton do. IM 
 
 Drayton do. 306 
 
 Church-en-Heath do. 142 
 
 Church Lawton do. 143 
 
 Churslon Ferrers 161 
 
 Cilgarran Castle 363 
 
 Cirencester Abbey 202 
 
 Church 194 
 
 Clapham do. 46, 121 
 
 Clare Castle 315 
 
 Ch\irch 313 
 
 Priory 315 
 
 Clavcrley Church 300 
 
 Clay do. 262 
 
 Claybrooke do 230 
 
 Clayhanger do. 161 
 
 Claypool do. 253 
 
 Clearv/dl Cross 202 
 
 Glee Church 253 
 
 Cleve do. 52 
 
 Clifton do. 122 
 
 Clifford Castle 211 
 
 Clifford Chambers Church l!)5 
 
 Clist St. George Castle 161 
 
 St. Lawrence do. ib. 
 
 Clitheroe do. 230 
 
 Church •* 228 
 
 Clonmacnoise Churches 377 
 
 Clown do. ••• 153 
 
 Clymping do. 321 
 
 Clynog do. 361 
 
 Coates Church 324 
 
 Cobham do. 221 
 
 Cobham do. 316 
 
 Coch Castle 363 
 
 Cockersand Abbey 230 
 
 Cockfield Church 313 
 
 Cocking do. 324 
 
 Cockington do. 161 
 
 Coddington do. 285 
 
 Cogenhoe do. 272 
 
 Coggcshall Abbey 188 
 
 Church 182 
 
 Colchester Castle 188 
 
 Page 
 Colchesttr, St. Botolph's Priory, 188 
 
 , St. John's Gate ib. 
 
 Cold Ashton Church 195 
 
 Coldingham do. 369 
 
 Cold Overton do. 230 
 
 Cold Walthamdo. 325 
 
 Coleby, do. 235 
 
 Coleridge do. 161 
 
 Coleshill do. 3,30 
 
 Collumpton do. 161 
 
 Colney do. 260 
 
 Coltsterworth do. 239 
 
 Colwich do. 311 
 
 Colyton do. 161 
 
 Combe in Teignhead do. 162 
 
 Combes do. 324 
 
 Compton do. 205 
 
 Compton do. 316 
 
 Compton do. 324 
 
 Compton Castle 169 
 
 Coningsburgh do. 55, 358 
 
 Church 353 
 
 Conington do. 215 
 
 Conniscliffe do. 177 
 
 Conway Castle 362 
 
 Coombe Keynes Church 170 
 
 Copford do. 182 
 
 Cople do. 122 
 
 Coppenhall do. 144 
 
 Corfe Castle 174 
 
 Church 170 
 
 Corhampton do. 206 
 
 Cornwood do. 162 
 
 Corringham do. 182 
 
 Corston do. 335 
 
 Corston Hackett do. 337 
 
 Corstorphine do. 364 
 
 Corsygedol House 363 
 
 Cothele do. 146 
 
 Cotterstock Church 272 
 
 Cottingham do. 313 
 
 Cottingham do. 347 
 
 Covehithe do. 313 
 
 Coventry, Almshouses 327 
 
 , Cathedral 328 
 
INDEX. 
 
 391 
 
 Page 
 Coventry, Grey Friars' Church- 328 
 
 House of Industry 328 
 
 St. John's Church 329 
 
 St. Mary's HaU, 103, 328 
 
 St. Michael's Church, 97, 
 
 100, 120, 328 
 
 Trinity Church 329 
 
 Cowdray House 326 
 
 Cowie Chapel 369 
 
 Cowling Castle 226 
 
 Cowfold Church 325 
 
 Coyty Castle 363 
 
 Cranbourne Church 170 
 
 Cranbrook do. 221 
 
 Crawford do. 369 
 
 Crawley do. 325 
 
 Crediton do. 162 
 
 Crewe HaU 145 
 
 Cricleth Castle 363 
 
 Crickhowell do. 363 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Cricklade do. 335 
 
 Cross 336 
 
 Cringleford Church 261 
 
 Croft do. 352 
 
 Crofton do. 352 
 
 Cromer do. 261 
 
 Cromhall do. 195 
 
 CromweU do. 289 
 
 Crowhurst do. 325 
 
 Crowland Bridge 252 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Croxden Abbey 311 
 
 Croxton Kyriell Church 230 
 
 Croydon do. 317 
 
 Cuckfield do. 325 
 
 Culmstock do. 162 
 
 Cury do. 145 
 
 DALKEITH do. 
 
 DaUington do. 
 DaUington do. 
 Dalmeny do. 
 Dalton-le-Dale do. 
 Danny Place 
 
 364 
 
 283 
 
 325 
 
 364 
 
 177 
 
 • 326 
 
 Darenth Church 225 
 
 Page 
 Darley Church 153 
 
 Darlington do 177 
 
 Dartington do 162 
 
 Hall 169 
 
 Dartmouth, St. Saviour's Church, 162 
 
 Davenham Church 144' 
 
 Davington do. 224 
 
 ' Nunnery 226 
 
 Dawlish Church 162 
 
 Dearham do. 148 
 
 Deddington do. 297 
 
 Dedham do. igj 
 
 Deepham do. 261 
 
 Deerhurst do 195 
 
 Priory 202 
 
 Denbigh Church 351 
 
 — ' Monastery 362 
 
 Denby Church 154 
 
 Denford do. 272 
 
 Denny Abbey 136 
 
 Denton Church 221 
 
 Denton do. 324 
 
 Derby, All Saints' Tower, 100, 149 
 
 , St. Alkmond's Church, 150 
 
 , St. Michael's do, lb. 
 
 , St. Peter's do. ib. 
 
 Devizes, St. James's do. 335 
 
 , St. John's do. ib. 
 
 Didbrook Church 196 
 
 Didling do. 324 
 
 Dinton do. 128^ 
 
 Disley do. 144 
 
 Ditchling do. 321 
 
 Dittisham do. 162 
 
 Dodbrook do. ib. 
 
 Dodderhill do. 337 
 
 Doddington do. 225 
 
 do. 253 
 
 Doddiscomleigh do. 162 
 
 Dodford do. 272 
 
 Dolbadem Castle 363 
 
 Doncaster Church 100, 106, 353 
 
 Donnington do. 324 
 
 Dorchester do. 75, 294 
 
 , St. Peter's Church ••• I7I 
 
 Dorking Church 317 
 
392 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Douglas Church 364 
 
 Doulting do. 306 
 
 Dover, St. Mary's do. 224 
 
 Ca-stle 226 
 
 Doveridge Church 154 
 
 Down, Amncy do. 192 
 
 ———, Manor House 203 
 
 Downe, St. Mary's Church 162 
 
 Dowland Church ib. 
 
 Droitwich, Ancient Houses 342 
 
 ■ George Inn ib. 
 
 St. Andrew and Mary 
 
 Church 337 
 
 ■ St. Nicholas's Church ib. 
 
 St. Peter's do.-- ib. 
 
 TownHaU 342 
 
 Dronfield Church 150 
 
 Dryburgh Abbey 369 
 
 Dublin, Christ Church Cathedral, 376 
 
 ■ St. Patrick's do. ib, 
 ■ St. Andoen's Church ••• ib. 
 
 Duddingstone Church 369 
 
 Dudley Casde 341 
 
 Dumbarton do. 373 
 
 Dumblane Cathedral 364 
 
 Dunchurch Church 330 
 
 Dundee do. 364 
 
 Dundry do. 306 
 
 Cross 307 
 
 Dunfermline Abbey 370 
 
 Church 364 
 
 Palace 375 
 
 Dunmow Priory 183 
 
 Dunsby Church 248 
 
 Dunsfold do. 317 
 
 Dunsford do. 162 
 
 Dunstable do. 121 
 
 Dunwich do. 313 
 
 Grey Friar's Monastery, 313 
 
 St. James' Hospital ib. 
 
 Durham Bridge 176 
 
 Castle 175 
 
 Cathedral, 40, 47, 48, 54, 59, 
 
 Page 
 
 Durham, St. Margaret's do. 176 
 
 St. Mary-le-Bon do. ••• ib. 
 
 St. Mary the Less do. ib. 
 
 St. Nicholas's do. ib. 
 
 St. Oswald's do. ib. 
 
 Duston Church 272 
 
 Dyrham do. 196 
 
 EARLHAM Church 261 
 
 Earl's Barton 
 Earnley 
 Earth am 
 Easington 
 Easington 
 East AUington 
 East Angmering 
 East Banning 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 268, 269 
 
 324 
 
 ib. 
 
 178 
 
 349 
 
 158 
 
 325 
 
 220 
 
 313 
 
 East Bergholt do. 
 
 East Bletchington do. 324 
 
 Eastbourne do. 320 
 
 Eastbury House 189 
 
 Eastby Abbey 356 
 
 Church 353 
 
 East Clandon Church 318 
 
 East Deeping 
 East Dereham 
 East Downe 
 Eastergate 
 East Haddon 
 Eastham 
 Eastham 
 East Ham 
 East Hoathley 
 East Horndon 
 East Horseley 
 East Lavant 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 • 249 
 261 
 162 
 324 
 273 
 142 
 341 
 
 ia3 
 
 324 
 184 
 318 
 325 
 
 Eastleach, St. Martin do. 196 
 
 Turx-ille do. ib. 
 
 East Mailing Church 225 
 
 174 
 
 St. Giles's Church 176 
 
 East Markham 
 
 East flleon 
 
 East Moulsey 
 
 Easton 
 
 Easton 
 
 East Peckham 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 289 
 206 
 318 
 261 
 272 
 225 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 East Retford Church 2»8 
 
 Eastry do. 225 
 
 East Tc^gnmouth do. 
 
 Eastwell do. 
 
 East '\\' inch do. •■ 
 
 East Worlington do. 
 
 Eaton Bray 
 
 Eaton Socon 
 
 Eccles 
 
 Ecclesficld 
 
 Eckington 
 
 Edburton 
 
 Edenbridge 
 
 Eden HaU 
 
 Edgbaston 
 
 Edgeworth 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 107 
 225 
 261 
 1G8 
 122 
 121 
 228 
 353 
 341 
 325 
 225 
 148 
 329 
 196 
 375 
 365 
 
 Edinburgh Castle 
 
 • College Church 
 
 St. Giles's do. ib. 
 
 ' Herriot's Hospital •■• 375 
 
 Effingham Church 317 
 
 Egglescliife do. 178 
 
 Eginton do. 153 
 
 Egloshayle do. 145 
 
 Egremont do. 148 
 
 Elgin, Bishop's Palace 375 
 
 Cathedial 370 
 
 ~ Church 366 
 
 . Tolbooth 376 
 
 Elham Church 221 
 
 Elkstone do. 196 
 
 EUesmere do. SjQO 
 
 Elsted do 223 
 
 Elsterwickdo. — 349 
 
 Elstow do ■•■• 122 
 
 Eltisley do. 135 
 
 Eltham Palace 85,226 
 
 Elton Church 216 
 
 Elvaston do. 154 
 
 Ely Cathedral, 40, 47, 69, 70, 76, 77, 
 82, 88, 128 
 
 Ely, St. Mary's Church 132 
 
 Trinity do. 131 
 
 Emneth Hall 264 
 
 Empingham Church 298 
 
 Page 
 
 Englefield Church 127 
 
 English Bicknor do. 193 
 
 English Combe do. 306 
 
 Ensham do. 297 
 
 Enstone do. ib. 
 
 Erdwick Hall • 145 
 
 Essendine Church 298 
 
 Etchingham do. 321 
 
 Eton College 128 
 
 Chapel ib. 
 
 Evesham Abbey 342 
 
 All Saints' Church 338 
 
 — . St. Lawrence do. ib. 
 
 School House 342 
 
 Ewelm Church 297 
 
 Ewenny Priory 362 
 
 Ewhurst Church 317 
 
 do. 324 
 
 Ewys Harold do. 210 
 
 Exeter, Bishop's Palace 169 
 
 Cathedral, 72, 74, 75,77,85, 
 
 €8, 155 
 
 Exton Church 206 
 
 do. 298 
 
 Eye do. 3L3 
 
 Eyneshury do. 215 
 
 Eythorne do. 221 
 
 FAIRFORD Chuich 196 
 
 Fairlight do. 324 
 
 Fareham do. 206 
 
 Faringdon do. 127 
 
 Farleigh Castle 307 
 
 Farndon Church 143 
 
 do. 289 
 
 Farningham do. 225 
 
 Farnham do. 317 
 
 do. 313 
 
 Casde 318 
 
 Farnhurst Church 324 
 
 Farnworth 
 
 Farway 
 
 Faversham 
 
 Fawkham 
 
 Fawsley 
 
 X 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 228 
 162 
 ^1 
 225 
 283 
 
394 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Felmersham Church 121 
 
 Feltham do. 
 
 Feniton do. 
 
 Fenny Bentley Church 
 
 324 
 162 
 152 
 324 
 356 
 183 
 240 
 197 
 181 
 
 Ferring do. 
 
 Ferry Friston do. 
 
 Fifield do. 
 
 Fillingham do. 
 
 Filton do. 
 
 Finchalc Abbey 
 
 Fincham HaU 264 
 
 Finden Church 321 
 
 Finedon do. 273 
 
 Firle do. 321 
 
 Fishboumdo. 324 
 
 Fisherton Anger Church 335 
 
 Fittleworth do. 324 
 
 Flamstead do. 213 
 
 Fletching do. 324 
 
 Flint Castle 363 
 
 Church 301 
 
 FlixtonHall 316 
 
 Flore Church 273 
 
 Folkingham Church 244 
 
 325 
 225 
 335 
 325 
 168 
 
 171 
 313 
 273 
 
 Folkington do. 
 
 Folkstone do. 
 
 Fonthill Bishop do. 
 
 Ford do. 
 
 Abbey 
 
 Fordington Church 
 
 Fornham, St. fllartin Church 
 Fotheringay do. 
 
 Fountains Abbey 356 
 
 HaU 358 
 
 Foure Churches 377 
 
 Fowey Church 146 
 
 Foxley Castle 307 
 
 Framlingham Castle 315 
 
 Church 313 
 
 Earls Church 261 
 
 Frampficld do. 324 
 
 Frampton-upon-Severndo. 197 
 
 Frant do. 324 
 
 Freeston do. 251 
 
 Page 
 
 Frinley Church 318 
 
 Frisby do. 230 
 
 Frithelstock Priory 168 
 
 Frittenden Church 225 
 
 Frodingham do. 349 
 
 Frodsham do. 142 
 
 Fulbeck do. 237 
 
 Furness Abbey 230 
 
 GADDESBY Church 
 
 Gainford 
 
 Ganiston 
 
 Gargrave 
 
 Garthorpe 
 
 Garton 
 
 Gateshead 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 St. Edmund's Hospital, 
 
 Gay ton Church 
 
 GeddingHall 
 
 Geddington Cross ■• 
 Gestling Church •••• 
 
 Giifard's HaU 
 
 Giggleswick Church- 
 
 71, 
 
 GUling 
 GiUinsrham 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 ■Manor House 283 — 
 
 Girton 
 
 Glandalough Churches- • • 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral 
 
 CoUege 
 
 Guildry Tower ■ 
 
 -Tron Church- •■• 
 
 Glastonbury, Abbots Kitchen -•• 
 
 Inn 
 
 St. Benedict Church, 
 
 St. John's do. 
 
 St. Joseph's Chapel, 
 
 Tor 
 
 Glinton Church 
 
 Gloucester, Ancient Houses 
 
 Cathedral, 54, 92, 94, 
 
 103, 105, 106, 107, 112, 189 
 Gloucester, St. Catherine's Church, 
 St. John the Baptist's do. 
 
 ib. 
 178 
 285 
 356 
 230 
 349 
 178 
 181 
 273 
 310 
 283 
 325 
 316 
 356 
 350 
 171 
 225 
 201 
 135 
 377 
 366 
 375 
 
 ib. 
 367 
 307 
 
 ib. 
 306 
 
 ib. 
 307 
 
 ib. 
 273 
 202 
 99, 
 
 197 
 ib. 
 
Gloucester, St. Mary de Crypt Ch. 
 
 ■ St. J\Iary de Load do. 
 
 ' St.]\Iary Magdalen do. 
 
 St. Michael's do. 
 
 St. Nicholas do. 
 
 Goadby Maureward Church 
 
 Godalming do. 
 
 Godmanchester do. 
 
 Godshill do. 
 
 Godsto w Nunnery 
 
 Goodmanham Church 
 
 Goodnestone do. 
 
 Goodrich Castle 
 
 Goreing Church 
 
 Gosberton do. 
 
 GosfieldHaU 
 
 Gosforth Church 
 
 Goxhill do. 
 
 Graffham do. 
 
 Grafton Hall 
 
 Grantham Church 82, 
 
 Grasmere do. 
 
 Graveney do. 
 
 Grayingham do. 
 
 Great Addington Church 
 
 Great Ay cliffe do. 
 
 Great Barford do. 
 
 Great Bedwin do. 
 
 Cross 
 
 Great Bentley Church 
 
 Great Billing do. 
 
 Great Brington do. 
 
 Great Budworth do. 
 
 Great Canford do. 
 
 Great Casterton do. 
 
 Great Chart do. 
 
 Great Dunmow do. 
 
 Great Everdon do. 
 
 Great Fontmell do. 
 
 Great Gidding do. 
 
 Great Grimsby do. 
 
 Great Gunnerby do. 
 
 Great Hale do. 
 
 Great Hampton do. 
 
 Great Hardress do. 
 
 INDEX. 396 
 
 Page Page 
 
 iy7 Great Leigh Church 184 
 
 ib. Great Malvern do. 339 
 
 ib. Great Marlow do. 128 
 
 ib. Great Offley do. 213 
 
 ib. Great Ponton do. 100,239 
 
 230 Great Salkeld do. 148 
 
 317 Great Stewkley do. 217 
 
 216 Great Tew do 296 
 
 207 Great Thomham do 313 
 
 293 Great Wymondley do 214 
 
 347 Greenford do 256 
 
 225 Greetham do 324 
 
 211 Greenstead Church 183 
 
 324 Gresford do. 90, 100, 360 
 
 252 Gresham do. 261 
 
 189 Grimley do. 341 
 
 148 Grinsdale do. 149 
 
 349 Guildford Casde 55, 318 
 
 324 St. Catharine's Chapel, ib. 
 
 145 St. Mary's Church ••• 317 
 
 239 St. Nicholas' do. ib. 
 
 333 Guiseley Church 356 
 
 225 Guston do. 225 
 
 240 Gwidir House 363 
 
 283 
 
 176 HACCOMBE Church 162 
 
 122 Haconby do. 248 
 
 335 Haddenham do. 136 
 
 336 Haddington do. 367 
 
 182 HaddonHaU .■^. 154 
 
 283 Hadiscoe Church 261 
 
 271 Hadleigh do. 183 
 
 141 Castle 188 
 
 170 Hadleigh Church 313 
 
 297 Rectors Tower ib. 
 
 225 Hadley Church 256 
 
 183 Hadlow do. 225 
 
 272 Hadstockdo. 183 
 
 171 Hagley do. 341 
 
 216 HaUshamdo. 325 
 
 253 Halbertondo. 163 
 
 253 Hales Owen Church 300 
 
 246 Abbey ib. 
 
 338 Halifax do. 356 
 
 225 Hailing do. ; 225 
 
396 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 P.ifie 
 
 Hallow Church 338 
 
 Hallystone do. 284 
 
 Halhaker House 326 
 
 HalsaU Church 228 
 
 Halsham do. 349 
 
 Halstcad do. 183 
 
 Halt Hucknall do. 153 
 
 Hambledon do. 206 
 
 Hampreston do. 171 
 
 Hamsey do. 325 
 
 Hanborough do. 297 
 
 Hanbury do. 309 
 
 Hanbury do. 338 
 
 Hanbury I\Iere Green Hall 342 
 
 Handsworth Church 309 
 
 Hangleton do. 324 
 
 Hanworth do. 256 
 
 Harberton do. 163 
 
 Harbledowne Hospital Chapel • •■ 226 
 
 Harbome Church 309 
 
 Harden Hall 145 
 
 Hardham Church 324 
 
 Hardingstone do. 283 
 
 Hardwick Hall 154 
 
 Harlech Castle 363 
 
 Harleston Church 274 
 
 HarlinjTton do. 256 
 
 Harlow Bury Chapel 184 
 
 Harmonds worth Church 256 
 
 Hannston do. 235 
 
 Harpendcn do. 213 
 
 Harpolc do. 274 
 
 Hkrpsw^n do. 240 
 
 Htoold do; 122 
 
 Harrietsham do. 225 
 
 Hanow do. 256 
 
 Harscombe do. 198 
 
 Hart ^ do. 178 
 
 Haartfield do; 324 
 
 Hartford do. 216 
 
 Harting do. 325 
 
 Hartland Abbey UJ8 
 
 Hartlcbury Church 338 
 
 Hartlepool do. 178 
 
 Hatvington do. 341 
 
 Page 
 317 
 
 • 198 
 
 • 225 
 ■ 321 
 
 Hascomb Church 
 
 Hasfield do. 
 
 Hastingleys do. 
 
 Hastings AH Saints doi •••• 
 
 St. Clement's do. ib. 
 
 Castle 326 
 
 Hatfield Church 353 
 
 Hatfield Broadoak do. 184 
 
 Hatfield Palace 214 
 
 Hatfield Peverel Church 184 
 
 Hathersage do. 152 
 
 Hatton- do. 329 
 
 Haukchurch do. 17^ 
 
 Hauxton Newton do. 136 
 
 Haverfordwest Castle 363 
 
 Priory 362 
 
 St. Martin's Church,[361 
 
 . St. Mary's do.... ib. 
 
 St. Thomas's do.... ib. 
 
 Haversham Church 128 
 
 Hawkhurst do 221 
 
 Hawkridge do 306 
 
 Hawksbury do 198 
 
 Hawthovnden 375 
 
 Hawton Church 285 
 
 Hay do 361 
 
 Haydor do 243 
 
 Hayes Abbey 256 
 
 Hayfield Church 154 
 
 Hayles do 202 
 
 Haysgarth do 356 
 
 Hayton do S50 
 
 Headcorn do 225 
 
 Headon do 68, 347 
 
 Heanton Punchardton do 163 
 
 Hearnhill do 225 
 
 Heath Chapel 122 
 
 Heath Church 153 
 
 Heath Hall 358 
 
 Hfeathtield Church 321 
 
 Heavitree do 163 
 
 Heckington do 245 
 
 Hedingham Castle 65^ 188 
 
 Heigham Bishop Halls Palace ... 264 
 Heighington Church 179 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Hellingly Church 324 
 
 Helmingham HaU 316 
 
 Helmpringham Church 246 
 
 Hebnsley Casde 358 
 
 Church 350 
 
 Helpstone do 274 
 
 Cross 283 
 
 Hemel Hempstead Church 213 
 
 Hemingborough do 347 
 
 Hempswell do 240 
 
 Hems worth do 353 
 
 Henbury do 198 
 
 Hendon do 256 
 
 Henfield do 325 
 
 Hengrave Hall 316 
 
 Henley Church 295 
 
 Henley-in-Arden do 330 
 
 Cross 332 
 
 Hemiock Church 163 
 
 Hereford Black Friars Cross 210 
 
 Cathedral 55, 68, 208 
 
 Churches 210 
 
 Heme Church 222 
 
 Heron Hall 189 
 
 Heston Church 256 
 
 Haver Castle 226 
 
 Hexham Church 284 
 
 Heyford do 283 
 
 Heyshot do 325 
 
 Hibalstow do 240 
 
 Higham Ferrers Beadhouse 283 
 
 Church 274 
 
 ' Manorhouse ... 283 
 
 High Bray Church 163 
 
 High Hampton do lb. 
 
 Hillesden do 128 
 
 Hillingdon do 256 
 
 Hillingdon do 261 
 
 Hilston do 349 
 
 Hilton Casde 181 
 
 Hinckley Church 230 
 
 Hindon do 335 
 
 Hingham do 263 
 
 Hinlip do 341 
 
 Hinxhill do 225 
 
 Page 
 
 Histon St. Andrew's Church 135 
 
 Hitchenden Church 127 
 
 Hitchin do 213 
 
 Hoath do. 225 
 
 Hodnet do 300 
 
 Hognaston do 153 
 
 Holcombe Burnell do 163 
 
 Holcombe Langridge do 306 
 
 Holdenby Church 283 
 
 Holdsworthy do 163 
 
 Holland Chapel 228 
 
 HoUington Church 324 
 
 Holme Cultrura do 149 
 
 Holmpton do 349 
 
 Holne do 163- 
 
 Holton do 314 
 
 Holton House 297 
 
 Hoh Church 341 
 
 Holt do 361 
 
 Holy Ghost Chapel 205 
 
 Holy Island Church 181 
 
 Holyrood Palace Chapel 370 
 
 HolyweU Chapel 362 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Honiton do 163 
 
 Hoo All Saints Church 225 
 
 St. Margaret's do 225 
 
 Hooe do 325 
 
 Hooton Roberts do 356 
 
 Hope do 152 
 
 Horbling do 247 
 
 Horningsheath do 313 
 
 Hornsea do 349 
 
 Horsemonden do 225 
 
 Horsham do 324 
 
 Horsham HaU 189 
 
 Horsted Keynes Church 325 
 
 Horton do 225 
 
 Priory 226 
 
 Hougham Church 225 
 
 Houghton do 231 
 
 Houghton do 325 
 
 Houghton-le-Dale do 261 
 
 Hougton-le-Spring do 179 
 
 Houghton Regis do 122 
 
3UB 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hove Church 
 
 Hovingham do 
 
 Hovringham do 
 
 Howden do 78, 85, 80, 
 
 Howell do 
 
 Huddersfield do 
 
 Huish do 
 
 Hull Trinity do 87, 88, 106, 
 
 Low do 
 
 Humbleton do 
 
 Hunmanby do 
 
 Hunstanton Hall 
 
 Hunston Church 
 
 Huntingdon All Saints do 
 
 — St. Mary's do 
 
 Hurstmonceaux Castle 
 
 . Church 
 
 Huyton do 07, 
 
 Hyde Abbey 
 
 Hythe Church 
 
 ICKENHAM Church 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ickham 
 
 Icklesham 
 
 I ck worth 
 
 ItHey 
 
 Ifield 
 
 Iford 
 
 Ilkeston 
 
 Ihninster 
 
 Ilsington 
 
 Impington 
 
 I nee 
 
 Manor House 
 
 Inch Cornian Chapel .... 
 
 Ingham Church 
 
 Ingham do 
 
 Ingham do 
 
 Ingleton do 
 
 lona 3Ionastery 
 
 Iping Church 
 
 Ipplc'pen do 
 
 Ipswich St. Peter's do. . 
 ■ — Wolsey's College 
 Irchestcr Church 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 47, 48, 
 
 do 
 
 Page Page 
 
 324 Irish Abbeys 378 
 
 352 Castles ib. 
 
 286 Churches 377 
 
 348 Crosses ib. 
 
 244 Round Towers 379 
 
 356 Iron Acton Church 192 
 
 163 Irthington do 148 
 
 348 Irtlingborough do 275 
 
 348 Irton do 149 
 
 349 Isclham do 136 
 
 349 Isel do 148 
 
 264 Isfield do 325 
 
 324 Islip do 275 
 
 216 Itchen Stoke do 206 
 
 ib. Iwerne Minster do 171 
 
 326 JARROW Church 179 
 
 324 Priory ib. 
 
 228 Jedburgh Abbey 371 
 
 208 Jevington Church 323 
 
 222 
 
 KEDDLESTON Church 153 
 
 256 Kegworth do 231 
 
 222 Kelby do 242 
 
 324 Kelham do 287 
 
 '314 Kellow do 179 
 
 296 Kelso Abbey 371 
 
 325 Kemmerton Church 198 
 
 324 Kempley do 198 
 
 154 Kempsey do 341 
 
 306 Kendal Castle 333 
 
 163 Church ib. 
 
 135 KenQworth Castle 332 
 
 141 Church 330 
 
 . ib. : — Priory 332 
 
 371 Keninghall Church 262 
 
 240 Kcnn do 163 
 
 314 Kennington do 225 
 
 263 Keusworth do 213 
 
 352 Kentisbcare do 164 
 
 370 Kenton do ib. 
 
 323 KentweU Hall 316 
 
 163 Kettering Church 275 
 
 314 Ketton do 56, 298 
 
 316 Keyingham do 348 
 
 274 Kcyincr do 324 
 
INDEX. 
 
 399 
 
 Page 
 
 Keynsham Church 306 
 
 Kibworth do 231 
 
 Kidderminster do 339 
 
 Kidlington do 297 
 
 Kidwelly Castle 363 
 
 Kildare Cathedral 376 
 
 Kildwick Church 356 
 
 Kilkenny St. Canice do 376 
 
 Kilkhampton Church 145 
 
 KiUamarsh do 
 
 Kilnsea do 
 
 KHpeck do 
 
 Kimberley do 
 
 Kimbolton do 
 
 Kineton do 
 
 153 
 
 349 
 
 210 
 
 261 
 
 216 
 
 329 
 
 King's Bromley do 309 
 
 Kingsbury do 256 
 
 King'sCarsweU do 164 
 
 King's Langley do 213 
 
 Palace 214 
 
 King's Norton Church 338 
 
 King's Nympton do 164 
 
 King's Sutton do 280 
 
 King's Swinford do 311 
 
 Kingsthorpe do 275 
 
 Kingston do 225 
 
 Kingston do 287 
 
 Kingston do 321 
 
 Kingston on Thames do 316 
 
 Kirby Laythorpe do 244 
 
 Eorby Lonsdale do 333 
 
 Kirby Underwood do 247 
 
 Kkdford do 325 
 
 Kirkby Moorside do 352 
 
 Kirkdale do 351 
 
 Kirkliam do 228 
 
 Priory 357 
 
 Kirkhampton Church 148 
 
 Kirk Ireton do 153 
 
 Kirklinton do 148 
 
 Kirkliston do 367 
 
 Kirkstall Abbey 49, 357 
 
 Kirkthorpe Church 356 
 
 Kirkwall Cathedral 368 
 
 Kirtling Church 136 
 
 Page 
 
 Kirton do 252 
 
 Kirton Lindsay do 240 
 
 Kislingbury do 275 
 
 Knaresborough Castle 358 
 
 Church lb. 
 
 Knowle do 338 
 
 Knowstone do 164 
 
 LAMBERHURST .Church 
 
 Lambeth do 
 
 Lambeth Palace 
 
 Lamerton Church 
 
 Lanark do 
 
 Lancaster Castle 89, 
 
 Church 80, 
 
 Lanchester do 
 
 Landwednach do 
 
 Lanercost do 
 
 Langley Abbey 
 
 Langtoft Church 
 
 Lanthony Abbey 
 
 Lapworth Church 
 
 Laswade do 
 
 Latton Priory 
 
 Laughton Church,. , 
 
 Lavmceston do 
 
 WTiite Hart Inn 
 
 Laureth Church 
 
 Lawton do 
 
 Lavenham do 
 
 Laycock Abbey 
 
 Cross 
 
 Layer Marney Church 
 
 HaU ... 
 
 Leadenham Church .... 
 
 Leamington do 
 
 Leatherhead 
 
 Lecross 
 
 Ledbury 
 
 Leeds Castle 
 
 Church 
 
 St. John's Church 
 
 St. Peter's do. 
 
 Leek Church 
 
 Leeming do 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 225 
 316 
 103 
 164 
 371 
 230 
 228 
 179 
 146 
 148 
 264 
 249 
 202 
 330 
 369 
 188 
 325 
 145 
 ib. 
 146 
 143 
 314 
 336 
 ib. 
 184 
 189 
 237 
 329 
 317 
 369 
 210 
 226 
 222 
 354 
 354 
 311 
 352 
 
400 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Lees Priory ....■.•..•..•.•.■.•. 188 
 
 Leicester Abbey 233 
 
 ■ Castle Gateway ib. 
 
 AU Saints' Church 231 
 
 — St. Blargaret'sdo ib. 
 
 — St. Blartin's do. 
 
 — St. JMary's do. 
 
 — St. Nicholas' do. 
 
 — WaU 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 232 
 
 ib. 
 
 — Wigstone's Hospital ... 233 
 
 216 
 123 
 124 
 
 Leighton jBromswold Church 
 
 . Buzzard do. 
 
 _ — Cross 
 
 Leiston Abbey 315 
 
 Leominster Chiurch 210 
 
 Lesingham do 241 
 
 Lestingham do 351 
 
 Letchlade do „ 198 
 
 Leuchars do 367 
 
 Lewes Castle • 326 
 
 Priory 326 
 
 All Saints' Church ib. 
 
 — St. Anne's do 
 
 — St. John's do 
 
 — St. Michael'sdo 
 
 — St, Thoinas-a-Bccket do. 
 — Southover do 
 
 Leveland 
 Leven 
 Lever ington 
 Leverton 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 ■do. 
 do. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 225 
 350 
 136 
 253 
 
 Lichlield Cathedral, 58, 66, -67, 68, 
 
 70, 76, 86, 308 
 Lichfield St. Michael's Church... 309 
 
 Linchmere Church 324 
 
 Lincluden do 371 
 
 I/incoln, Bishop's Palace » 235 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 Conduit ib. 
 
 Jew's House ib. 
 
 .John of Gaunt's Palace, ib. 
 
 — Stables, ib. 
 
 — Minster, 47, 53, 57, 68, 59, 
 
 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 
 75, 85, 88, 233 
 
 Lincoln, St. Benedict's Church... 
 
 St. Mary's dq. .., 
 
 St. Peter's at Goatdo. ... 
 
 Roman Gate 4. 
 
 Lindfield Church 
 
 Lindisfarne do. 53. 
 
 Linglield do 
 
 Linlithgow do 
 
 Cross 
 
 — Palace 
 
 Lissei Church 
 
 Liston do. 
 
 Little Billing Church 
 
 Littlebourn do 
 
 Little Casterton do 
 
 Little Dunniow do 
 
 Littleham do 
 
 Littlehampton do 
 
 Little Hempstone do 
 
 Little Horkesly do ^^. 
 
 L'ttle Malvern do 
 
 Little Maplestcad do 
 
 Little Marlow do 
 
 Little 3IoretQn Hall 
 
 Little Munden Church 
 
 Little Peover do 
 
 Little Ponton do 
 
 Little Kaine do 
 
 Little Snoring Church 
 
 Little Stewkley do 
 
 Little Wailey Hall 
 
 Little Wenham do 
 
 Littlington Church 
 
 Litton Cheney do 
 
 Llacharne Castle 
 
 LlandafF do 
 
 — Cathedral 
 
 — Palace 
 
 Llanfey Court 
 
 Llangham Church ... 
 
 Llanglwrne do 
 
 LlangoUcn do 
 
 Llanthony Abbey 
 
 Llanstephan Castle ... 
 Uantwit MaJoi Cross 
 
 Pagp 
 235 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 235 
 325 
 181 
 317 
 367 
 375 
 ib. 
 349 
 185 
 270 
 2^ 
 297 
 183 
 164 
 325 
 163 
 183 
 339 
 185 
 128 
 145 
 213 
 141 
 239 
 186 
 262 
 217 
 189 
 316 
 325 
 171 
 363 
 363 
 359 
 359 
 363 
 ^1 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 257 
 363 
 361 
 
INDEX. 
 
 401 
 
 LlehaiSen Casde 
 
 Lodden Church 
 
 Loders do 
 
 London Chapel in Tower 
 
 Crosby IlaU 102 
 
 Dutch Church 
 
 Ely Chapel 
 
 St. Bartholomew's Church 
 
 'St. Catharine's do 
 
 St. Dunstan in East, do 
 
 St. John's Gate 
 
 St. Mary, Aldermary 
 
 Temple Church 56, 
 
 Old St. Paul's 
 
 Long Ashton Church 
 
 Long Bennington do 
 
 Longbridge Deverel do 
 
 Long Compton do 
 
 Longford do 
 
 Longford House 
 
 Longleat do 
 
 Longley Church 
 
 Long Milford do 
 
 Long Preston do , 
 
 Longtown Castle 
 
 Loseley 3Linor House 
 
 Lostwithiel Church 
 
 Loughborough do 101, 
 
 Lough Garron Abbey 
 
 Louth Church 106, 
 
 Lower Guitting do 
 
 Lower Swell do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Lowestofte 
 Low Heyford 
 Lowick 
 Low Sundon 
 Loxbeare 
 Luddenhara 
 Ludgershall 
 Ludham 
 
 Ludlow Castle 
 
 Lullington Church 
 
 Lumley Castle 
 
 Luppit Church 
 
 Lustleigh do 
 
 Page 
 363 
 261 
 171 
 254 
 255 
 2oo 
 255 
 ,254 
 255 
 6 
 255 
 6 
 255 
 75 
 306 
 253 
 335 
 330 
 154 
 336 
 6 
 154 
 314 
 356 
 211 
 318 
 146 
 232 
 377 
 253 
 198 
 200 
 314 
 283 
 275 
 122 
 164 
 225 
 324 
 263 
 300 
 307 
 181 
 164 
 164 
 2 
 
 Luton Church 
 
 Lydd do 
 
 Lydden do 
 
 Lyme Regis do 
 
 Lynn Grey Friars do 
 
 Red Mount Chapel 
 
 St. Edmund's Church 
 
 St. JMargaret's do. 
 
 St. Nicholas' Chapel .. 
 
 South Gate 
 
 Town Hall 
 
 ^^'orkhouse 
 
 .88. 
 
 Page 
 123 
 222 
 225 
 172 
 260 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 259 
 260 
 ib. 
 ib- 
 ib. 
 
 MACCLESFIELD Cliurch 141 
 
 3Iackworth do 154 
 
 Maddersfield do 341 
 
 3Iadehurst do 324 
 
 Madley do 211 
 
 ^laiden Newton do 172 
 
 Maids Morton do 128 
 
 Maidstone do 222 
 
 Maisemore do 198 
 
 Maisey Hampton do 198 
 
 Maiden All Saints' do 185 
 
 Mailing Abbey 226 
 
 Malmsbury do 335 
 
 Cross 336 
 
 Malpas Church 142 
 
 Malton Castle 358 
 
 Malvern Abbey 312 
 
 Manaton Church 164 
 
 Manchester Old do 93, 95, 228 
 
 Manorbeer Castle 363 
 
 Mansfield Church 287 
 
 Mappersal do 122 
 
 3Iappleton do 350 
 
 Mar do 354 
 
 Marstield do ,.... 325 
 
 Margam Abbey 362 
 
 Market Deeping Church 249 
 
 Market Harborough do 230 
 
 do 298 
 
 do 213 
 
 do 349 
 
 do 164 
 
 IMarket Overton 
 ^larket Street 
 Market Weighton 
 IMarlborough 
 Y 
 
402 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Marldon Church 164 
 
 Blarple Hall 145 
 
 Marshfield Church 198 
 
 Rlarston upon Dove do 154 
 
 Marston Mortaigne do 122 
 
 Marwood do 164 
 
 Marystowe do 165 
 
 Matlock do 152 
 
 Maulden do 123 
 
 Maxey do 276 
 
 Maxtoke Castle 332 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 May Place 226 
 
 Mayfield Church 325 
 
 Palace 326 
 
 Medomsley Church 179 
 
 Meeth do 165 
 
 ]\Ielbourne do 151 
 
 Melbury Bubb do 172 
 
 Melrose Abbey 75, 84, 88, 371 
 
 Cross 375 
 
 Melton Mowbray Church 230 
 
 Mendham Priory 315 
 
 flieopham Church 222 
 
 Meriden do 329 
 
 Merrington do 179 
 
 Merrow do 318 
 
 JMersham do 222 
 
 Merstham do 317 
 
 Merston do 325 
 
 3Ierton do 318 
 
 fllerton Grange do 145 
 
 Mcthlcy do 354 
 
 Mcttingham Castle 315 
 
 Mickleham Church 318 
 
 Mickleton do 198 
 
 Middle Chinnock do 306 
 
 IMiddlcham Castle 358 
 
 Middle Raisen St. Peter's Church, 253 
 
 Middleton Church 185 
 
 Middleton do 261 
 
 Middleton do 330 
 
 Tower 264 
 
 Middleton Cheney Church 276 
 
 Middlcwich do 144 
 
 Page 
 
 Mid Lavant Church 324 
 
 Midsummer Norton do 306 
 
 Milstead do 225 
 
 Milton Abbey 173 
 
 Church 225 
 
 Milton Clevedon Church 306 
 
 Minchin Hampton do 199 
 
 Minster in Sheppy do 225 
 
 in Thanet do 225 
 
 Mitcham do 318 
 
 Mobberley do 141 
 
 Mold do 96, 361 
 
 Monasterboyce do 377 
 
 Mongeham do 225 
 
 MongeweU do 297 
 
 Monkleigh do 165 
 
 Monk Wearmouth do 180 
 
 Monmouth Priory 256 
 
 St. Thomas's Church, 256 
 
 Moreton Hampstead Church 165 
 
 Morley Church 153 
 
 Morpeth do 284 
 
 Morton do 248 
 
 Morton Corbett Church 300 
 
 Morvinstow do 145 
 
 Mottiston do 207 
 
 Mottram do 144 
 
 3Ioulton do 276 
 
 JMuncaster do 148 
 
 NANTWICH Church 139 
 
 Narborough do 261 
 
 Navenby do 236 
 
 Naworth Castle 149 
 
 Netherby Church 172 
 
 Nether Hall 189 
 
 Nether Hampton Church 335 
 
 Nether Peover do 143 
 
 Nedey Abbey 208 
 
 Netteswell Church 185 
 
 Netdestead do 223 
 
 Newark Castle 289 
 
 Church 74, 82, 287 
 
 Cross 289 
 
 Priory 318 
 
INDEX. 
 
 40S 
 
 Page 
 
 Newbold Church 348 
 
 Newbury do 127 
 
 Newcastle in Emlyn Casde 363 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne do 285 
 
 St. John's Church... 284 
 
 St. Nicholas' do.lOO, ib. 
 
 Newdigate Church 318 
 
 Newhall do 333 
 
 Newhaven do 322 
 
 Newick do 325 
 
 Newington do 223 
 
 Newington near Chariton Church, ib. 
 
 Newland Church 199 
 
 NewMaltonSt. Leonard's Church, 357 
 
 St. Michael's do. ib. 
 
 House at 338 
 
 Newnham Church 199 
 
 Newnham do 225 
 
 Newnham do 283 
 
 Newport Castle 257 
 
 Newport do 363 
 
 Church 185 
 
 do 361 
 
 New Romney Church 223 
 
 New Shoreham Church 322 
 
 Newstead Abbey 289 
 
 Newton Church 276 
 
 Newton Arlish do 148 
 
 Newton Farrers do 165 
 
 Newton Solney do 153 
 
 Nonington do 225 
 
 Norbury do 154 
 
 Norham Castle 285 
 
 Church 284 
 
 Normanton do 238 
 
 NorthaU do 256 
 
 Northampton Castle 283 
 
 St. GQes's Church, 276 
 
 St. Peter's do. 52, ib. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's ... 277 
 
 • St. John's Hospital 283 
 
 St. Thomas's do. ib. 
 
 Queen's Cross. ..71, ib. 
 
 Northborough Church 277 
 
 House 283 
 
 Page 
 
 North Bovcy Church 160 
 
 North Carlcton do 240 
 
 North Cemey do 194 
 
 North Chapel do 325 
 
 North Creak Abbey 264 
 
 Northenden Church 141 
 
 Northiam do 325 
 
 Northfield do 339 
 
 Northfleet do 223 
 
 Northleach do 189 
 
 North Harden do 323 
 
 North Moulton do 165 
 
 North Muskhamdo 289 
 
 North Mundham do 322 
 
 Northope do 361 
 
 North Petherwin do 166 
 
 North Rungton do 261 
 
 North Stoke do 323 
 
 North Walsham do 263 
 
 187 
 
 180 
 
 199 
 
 225 
 
 339 
 
 North weald 
 
 do. 
 
 Norton 
 
 do. 
 
 Norton 
 
 do. 
 
 Norton 
 
 do. 
 
 Norton 
 
 do. 
 
 Norton St. Philip's do 307 
 
 Norton St. Philip's do 335 
 
 Norwich Cathedral, 52, 54, 55, 72, 73, 
 
 257 
 
 Norwich AH Saints' Church 259 
 
 St Andrew's do ib. 
 
 St. Augustine's do ib. 
 
 St. Bennet's do 258 
 
 St. Clement's do 259 
 
 St. Ethelred's do 258 
 
 St. George Tombland do. 259 
 
 St. George Colegate do. ib. 
 
 St. Giles's do. ib. 
 
 St. Gregory's do. ib. 
 
 St. John's Madder-market 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. John's Sepulchre do. ib. 
 
 St. John's Timberhill do. ib. 
 
 St. Julian's Church ... 258 
 
 St. Lawrence's do 259 
 
 St. Margaret's do ib. 
 
404 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Norwich St. Martin at Oak Church, 259 
 St. Martin at Palace 
 
 Church ih. 
 
 St. Michael Coslany do. 258 
 
 St. Michael at Plea do. 259 
 
 St. 31ichatlat Thome do ib. 
 
 St. Peter Hungate do. ib. 
 
 St. Peter's Mancroftdo. 258 
 
 St. Peter Pcrmounter- 
 
 gate Church 259 
 
 St. Peter Southgate do. ib. 
 
 St. Saviour do. ib. 
 
 St. Simon and Jude do. ib. 
 
 St. Stephen do. ib. 
 
 — I St. Swithin do. ib. 
 
 Dutch do. ib. 
 
 • BridewcU ib. 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 ■ Free School 258 
 
 ■ Gates ib. 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall 259 
 
 St. Helen's ib. 
 
 Bishop's Palace 258 
 
 Entrance 
 
 Gate 
 
 Nottingham Castle 289 
 
 Nutfield 
 Nuthurst 
 
 — St. iMary's Church, 
 
 — St. Peter's do 
 
 do. 
 do., 
 
 2JJ8 
 ib. 
 318 
 325 
 
 OCKBBOOK Church 153 
 
 Ockham do 318 
 
 Ockwood do ib. 
 
 Oddington do 199 
 
 Oft"hani Church 225 
 
 Okeham Castle 2it9 
 
 Church 2I»8 
 
 Old 3Iachar do 3(17 
 
 Old 3Ialton do 351 
 
 Old Romney do 225 
 
 Old Shoreham do 322 
 
 Old Swinford do 340 
 
 Onibersley do ib. 
 
 Ordsall do 289 
 
 Page 
 
 Ore Church 325 
 
 Orford Castle 315 
 
 Chapel 314 
 
 Ormskirk Church 228 
 
 Osbournby do 243 
 
 Oseney i^^bbey 293 
 
 Osmotherley Church 352 
 
 Ospringe do 223 
 
 Ottbrd do 225 
 
 Ottcry St. Mary's do 1H5 
 
 Ottringham do 348 
 
 Oundle do 277 
 
 Over do 142 
 
 Over Stavely Chapel 333 
 
 Overton Church 3til 
 
 Oving do 322 
 
 Ovingdean do 3C4 
 
 Oxford CcLStle 293 
 
 Cathedral 55, 70, 290 
 
 St. Aldate Church 291 
 
 St. Clement's do ib. 
 
 St. Ebb's do ib. 
 
 St. Giles' do ib. 
 
 Ilolyv/ell do ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do 2!»0 
 
 St. 3Iary 3Iagdalen do. 84, 291 
 
 St. 3Iicha.>l's do. ... ib. 
 
 St. Peter le Bailly do. ... ib. 
 
 St. Peter's in the East do. ib. 
 
 AU Soul's College 292 
 
 Baliol do ib. 
 
 Brazen Nose do ib. 
 
 Christ Church do. ...102, ib. 
 
 Corpus Ciuristi do ib. 
 
 lixeter do. Chapel, ib. 
 
 St. John's do 293 
 
 .Magdalen do. ...100, 292 
 
 ."\lorton do 293 
 
 New do ib. 
 
 Oriel do ib. 
 
 University do ib. 
 
 Wadham do ib. 
 
 Schools 5, 292 
 
 Divinity School 103, ib. 
 
 Oidewoith Church 199 
 
INDEX. 
 
 405 
 
 Page 
 
 PACHING Church 324 
 
 Paddlesworth do 225 
 
 Padstow do 146 
 
 Padworth do 127 
 
 Pagham do 324 
 
 Paignton do 165 
 
 Paisley do 368 
 
 Pampisford do 136 
 
 Panfield Hall 18'J 
 
 Parham Church 325 
 
 Parham Hall 316 
 
 Parkham Church 166 
 
 Parwick do 153 
 
 Patcham do 325 
 
 Patricksbourne do 223 
 
 Patrington do 34'J 
 
 Paul's do ib. 
 
 Pauntley do lit'J 
 
 Peahembury do 166 
 
 Peakirk do 277 
 
 Peasemarsh do 324 
 
 Ptdmore do 341 
 
 Pembroke Castle 363 
 
 Pen AUer Church 306 
 
 Pen Arth Castle 363 
 
 Pencoed do ib. 
 
 Penhurst Church 325 
 
 Penkridge do. 309 
 
 Pen with St. Just Church 146 
 
 Pershore do 340 
 
 Holy Cross Chapel ib. 
 
 Perth Church 368 
 
 Peterborough Cathedral, 53, 54, 55, 
 65?, 6;», 95, 101, 103, 264 
 
 Petham Church 225 
 
 Petworth do 325 
 
 Pevensey Castle 326 
 
 Church 324 
 
 Pickering Castle 358 
 
 Pickworth Church 21)8 
 
 Piddinghoe do 322 
 
 Piddl-jton do 172 
 
 Pilton do 166 
 
 Pilton do 277 
 
 Pimpern do 172 
 
 Page 
 
 Pinchbeck Church 252 
 
 Pinhoe do 166 
 
 Pitsford do 278 
 
 Pittington do 180 
 
 Place House 146 
 
 Playden Church 324 
 
 Plunipton do. , ib. 
 
 Plungar do 232 
 
 Pluscardine Abbey 372 
 
 Plympton St. IMary's Church 166 
 
 Plymstock Church ib. 
 
 Plymtree do ib. 
 
 Pocklington do 350 
 
 Polbrook do 278 
 
 Poking do 325 
 
 Poltimore do 166 
 
 Pontefract Castle 358 
 
 , House near ib. 
 
 Pontefract Church 354 
 
 Poole HaU 145 
 
 Portchester Church 206 
 
 Portlemouth do 166 
 
 Portslade do 324 
 
 Portsmouth do 206 
 
 Postling do 225 
 
 PowdL'rham do 166 
 
 Powick do 341 
 
 Poynings do 325 
 
 Prestbury do 144 
 
 Preston do 223 
 
 Preston do 324 
 
 Preston All Saint's do 349 
 
 Prestwich (;hurch 229 
 
 Prittk-WL-ll do 185 
 
 Probus do 145 
 
 Pucklechurch do 199 
 
 Pulborough do 325 
 
 Puttenham do 213 
 
 Putney do 316 
 
 Pyecombe do 325 
 
 Pyle Priory 362 
 
 QUARRINGTON Church 242 
 
 Quenington do. 199 
 
 Quinton do. ib. 
 
40fi 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Quomdon Church . 
 
 Pace 
 
 RABY Castle Church 181 
 
 Rackton Church 325 
 
 Ragland Castle 257 
 
 Rainham Church 186 
 
 Rainham do 225 
 
 Ramsey do 21fi 
 
 Rangeworthydo 199 
 
 Rattery do 167 
 
 Raunds do 278 
 
 Raven sthorpe do 283 
 
 Rayleigh do 186 
 
 Reading Abbey 127 
 
 Abbey Mill ib. 
 
 St. Lawrence's Church ... 126 
 
 St. Mary's do ^ib. 
 
 Reculver Church 223 
 
 Redbum do 213 
 
 do 240 
 
 Redenhall do 261 
 
 Redmarly do 340 
 
 Redmarshall do 180 
 
 Redmile do 232 
 
 Repton do 150 
 
 School 151 
 
 Restakig Church 369 
 
 Rhydllan Castle 363 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Richmond Castle 358 
 
 Church 351 
 
 ■ Grey Friars 357 
 
 Trinity Chapel 351 
 
 Rickmansworth Church 214 
 
 Ridge do 256 
 
 Ringmer do 325 
 
 Ringsfield do 314 
 
 Ringstead do 279 
 
 Ripengale do 247 
 
 Ripple do 225 
 
 Ripon Minster 350 
 
 Rislip Church 256 
 
 Riston do 350 
 
 Rivaux Abbey 357 
 
 River Church 225 
 
 Page 
 
 Roach Castle " 3f3 
 
 Rochester Castle 226 
 
 Rochester Cathedral, 47,52, 53,54, 65, 
 218 
 
 St. Margaret's-at-Cliffe 
 
 Church 225 
 
 Roche Abbey 357 
 
 Rock Church 341 
 
 Rockcliffedo 148 
 
 Rodborough do 11)9 
 
 RodmiU do 325 
 
 Rogate do 324 
 
 Rolvenden do 225 
 
 Romsey do 206 
 
 Roos do 349 
 
 Rose Hall Basham 316 
 
 Roslyn Chapel 108, 372 
 
 Ross Church 211 
 
 Rossington do 289 
 
 Rothely do 232 
 
 Rotherfield do 325 
 
 Rotherfield Grays Church 296 
 
 Rotherham Church 354 
 
 RothweU do 279 
 
 do 356 
 
 Rottingdean do 324 
 
 Rouslench do 341 
 
 Routh do. 349 
 
 Rowley Regis do 311 
 
 Ruabon do 361 
 
 Ruardeane do 199 
 
 Ruckinge do 224 
 
 Rudford do 200 
 
 Ruftbrd Hall 230 
 
 Runcorn Church 61, 141 
 
 Rushdcn do 279 
 
 Rusper do 324 
 
 Rustington do ib. 
 
 Rye do 322 
 
 Ryegate do 318 
 
 Rye Ipres Tower 326 
 
 Ryhall Church 298 
 
 Rype do 325 
 
 Ryton do 180 
 
 Ryton do.' 331 
 
INDEX. 
 
 407 
 
 Page 
 
 SAFFRON Waldon Church 186 
 
 Sacombe Church 214 
 
 St. Alban's Abbey Church ••■52, 211 
 
 St. Michael's do 212 
 
 St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 St. Stephen's do ib. 
 
 St. Andrew's Abbey Gate 373 
 
 Cathedral ib. 
 
 Black Friar's Chapel, ib. 
 
 St. Rule's do. ib. 
 
 Old College do. 368 
 
 St. Asaph's Cathedral 359 
 
 Church 361 
 
 St. Austel'sdo 146 
 
 St. Bees' do 149 
 
 St. Bennet's do 146 
 
 St. Bennet's Abbey 264 
 
 St. Briavel's Castle 202 
 
 Church 200 
 
 St. Burien's do 146 
 
 Saintbury do 200 
 
 St. Catherine's Chapel 318 
 
 St. Cross' Hospital 58, 204 
 
 St. David's Cathedral 360 
 
 Bishop's Palace ib. 
 
 St. Dogmael's Priory 363 
 
 St. Donat's Castle ib. 
 
 Church 360 
 
 St. Enoder's do 146 
 
 St. Germains do 145 
 
 St. Goven's Chapel 362 
 
 St. Ives's Church 216 
 
 St. Just's do 146 
 
 St. Kenelm's Chapel 300 
 
 St. Kew's Church 146 
 
 St. Mary's do 164 
 
 St. Michael's Mount 146 
 
 St. Neot's Church ib. 
 
 St. Neot's do 216 
 
 St. Osyth's Priory 188 
 
 St. Stephen's Church 146 
 
 Sale do 262 
 
 Salehurst do 325 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral, 57, 58, 59, 60, 
 
 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 82, 88, 
 114, 334 
 
 Page 
 Salisbury, St. Edmund's Church 334 
 ' St. Martin's do. 335 
 
 St. Thomas's do. 334 
 
 Close Gates do. ib. 
 
 Butter Cross do. 336 
 
 Salwarp Church 340 
 
 Saltwood Castle 226 
 
 Sampford Peverell Church 167 
 
 Sandal Castle 358 
 
 Church 354 
 
 Sandbach do 140 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Sandford Castle 174 
 
 Sandiacre Church 154 
 
 Sandhurst do 225 
 
 Sandwich, St. Clement's Church, 224 
 
 St. Mary's do ib. 
 
 St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 Sarratt Church 214 
 
 Sawbridgeworth Church ib. 
 
 Sawston do 136 
 
 Sawtry All Saints' do 217 
 
 Scaleby Castle 149 
 
 Scampton Church 240 
 
 Scarborough Castle 358 
 
 Church 350 
 
 ScarclifFe do 153 
 
 Scawton do 353 
 
 Scottish Castles 374 
 
 Duns 374, 375 
 
 Scrooby Church 289 
 
 Seaford do 325 
 
 Seaham do 180 
 
 Seaton do 369 
 
 SeckfordHaU 316 
 
 Sedgberrow Church 340 
 
 Sedgbrook do 253 
 
 Sedgely do 309 
 
 Sedgfield do 180 
 
 Sedlescomb do 325 
 
 Sefton do 229 
 
 Selboume do 207 
 
 Selby do 354 
 
 Sellham do 324 
 
 Selling do 224 
 
408 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Sellinge Church 225 
 
 Selmeston do. 324 
 
 Selsey do. 
 
 Sempringham do. 
 
 Send 
 
 Seton 
 
 Sevenoaks 
 
 Severn Stoke 
 
 ShaUfleet 
 
 Shap 
 
 Monastery 
 
 Shawbirch Church- 
 Sheere do. • 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 325 
 247 
 318 
 149 
 225 
 340 
 207 
 333 
 ib. 
 300 
 318 
 
 SheffieldOlddo. 355 
 
 331 
 225 
 310 
 173 
 ib. 
 
 Sheldon do. 
 
 Sheldwick do. 
 
 Shenstone do. • ' •• •• 
 
 Sherborne Abbey Barn 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Church 169 
 
 Conduit 173 
 
 St. John's House ib. 
 
 New Inn 174 
 
 Sherburn Church 350 
 
 Sherford do. 167 
 
 Sherrift" Hutton Castle 358 
 
 Church 352 
 
 ShifFnal Church 300 
 
 ShiUingford do. 127 
 
 Shiplake do. 297 
 
 Shipley do. 322 
 
 Shipstone-on-stone Church 340 
 
 Shipton Church • 349 
 
 Shirley do. 153 
 
 Shocklachdo. 142 
 
 Shottesbrooke do. 126 
 
 142 
 299 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 Shotwick do. 
 
 Shrewsbury Abbey Church • • 
 
 St. Akmond's do. 
 
 St. Chad's do. 
 
 St. Julian's do. 
 
 St. Clary's do. 
 
 Shuckburgh Church 329 
 
 Sibbertwold do. 225 
 
 Sibton Abbey 315 
 
 Siddington St. Peter's Church 
 
 Sidlesham Church 
 
 Sigglethorne do. 
 
 SLIchester do. 
 
 Silkstone do. 
 
 Silk M^'illoughby do. 
 
 Silsoe Chapel 
 
 Silverton Church 
 
 Singleton do. 
 
 Sittingboume do. 
 
 Skeihing do. 
 
 Skelton do. 
 
 Skipsea do. 
 
 Skipton Castle 
 
 Church 
 
 Skirlaw Chapel 
 
 Slaugham Church 
 
 Sleatbrd do. 
 
 Slimbridge do. 
 
 Slindon do. 
 
 Slingsby Castle 
 
 Church 
 
 Smeeth do. 
 
 Snape do. 
 
 Snettisham do. 
 
 Snitterfield do. 
 
 Snitterton do. 
 
 Soberton do. 
 
 Sockbum do. 
 
 Soham Toney do. 
 
 Solihull do. 
 
 Somersby do. 
 
 Cross 
 
 Sompting Church 
 
 Southam do. 
 
 Southampton St. Michael's Church 
 South Bersled Church 
 
 South Brent 
 South Carieton 
 Southease 
 South Cerney 
 Southfleet 
 South Leith 
 South Lopham 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 South Luffenham do. 
 
 Page 
 200 
 324 
 350 
 207 
 355 
 242 
 123 
 167 
 325 
 224 
 349 
 355 
 349 
 358 
 356 
 349 
 325 
 241 
 200 
 324 
 358 
 352 
 224 
 314 
 262 
 331 
 261 
 207 
 180 
 261 
 331 
 232 
 254 
 322 
 331 
 ,207 
 324 
 160 
 240 
 323 
 194 
 225 
 369 
 263 
 298 
 
INDEX. 
 
 409 
 
 Page 
 
 South MQton Church 165 
 
 South Mims do. 256 
 
 South Moulton do. 165 
 
 South Muskham do. 289 
 
 South Ockenden do. 47, 185 
 
 South Pickenham do. 260 
 
 South Pool do. 166 
 
 South Stoke do. 324 
 
 Southwark St. Mary Overy Church, 316 
 
 South Weald Church 187 
 
 Southwell Collegiate do. 55, 288 
 
 Upton St. Peter's Chapel, 289 
 
 Southwick Church 323 
 
 Southwold do. 315 
 
 Spalding do. 252 
 
 Sparsholt do. 127 
 
 Spondon do. 154 
 
 Spratton do. 279 
 
 Sproatley do. 349 
 
 Stafford St. Chad's do. 310 
 
 StMary's do. ib. 
 
 Staindrop Church 180 
 
 Stains do. 256 
 
 Stamford Castle 251 
 
 AU Saints' Church 250 
 
 St. George's do. ib. 
 
 St. John's do. ib. 
 
 St. Martin's do. 279 
 
 StMary's do. 250 
 
 St. IMichael's do. ib. 
 
 Doorway ib. 
 
 ■ Nomian Door 251 
 
 i White Friar's Gate ib. 
 
 Browne's Hospital ib. 
 
 St. Leonard's do. •••56, 251 
 
 Free School 250 
 
 Standish Church 200 
 
 Manor House 203 
 
 Stanley St. Leonard's Church ••• 200 
 
 Stanton Bury do. 128 
 
 Stanton-by-Bridge do. 151 
 
 Stanton Harcourt Kitchen 297 
 
 Stanwell Church 256 
 
 Stanwick do. 280 
 
 Staunton do 340 
 
 2 
 
 Page 
 
 Staverton Church 167 
 
 Staverton do. 283 
 
 Steetham do. 324 
 
 Steeple Ashton Cross 336 
 
 Steetley Chapel 153 
 
 Steevenage Church 214 
 
 Stelling do. 224 
 
 Stepney Church 256 
 
 Steyning do. 323 
 
 Stewkly do. 54, 127 
 
 Stidd Chapel 154 
 
 Stirling Castle 373 
 
 Church 369 
 
 Mars Work 375 
 
 Military Hospital 375 
 
 Stoak Church 141 
 
 Stockley Pomeroy Church 167 
 
 Stockport Church 141 
 
 Stockton do. 261 
 
 Stockton do. 341 
 
 Stodmarsh do. 225 
 
 Stoke do, 318 
 
 Stoke Gabriel do. 167 
 
 Stoke-by-Nayland Church 315 
 
 Stokenham do. 167 
 
 Stoke Priors do. 341 
 
 Stoke Rochford do. 253 
 
 Stoke in Teignhead do. 167 
 
 Stone Church 200 
 
 Stone do. 225 
 
 Stone do. 341 
 
 Stone Easton Church 306 
 
 Stonehouse do 200 
 
 Stoneleigh Abbey 332 
 
 . Church 329 
 
 Stongrave do. 352 
 
 Stouting do. 225 
 
 Stopham do. 325 
 
 Stoughton do. 324 
 
 Stourton do. 335 
 
 Stow ^do. 253 
 
 Stowe do. 280 
 
 Stowe do. 310 
 
 Stowmarket Church 315 
 
 Stranton do 181 
 
 z 
 
410 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Stratford Abbey 188 
 
 Stratford-on-A von Church 331 
 
 ' Chapel 332 
 
 gtratford-le-Bo w Church 256 
 
 Stratton Church 200 
 
 Streatham do. 135 
 
 Street do. 325 
 
 Strixton do. 280 
 
 Studland do 172 
 
 Stuntney do. 136 
 
 Sturbridge St. Mary's Chapel 135 
 
 Sturry Church 225 
 
 Sudborough Church , 280 
 
 Sudbury All Saints' Church 315 
 
 St. Gregory's do. 315 
 
 St. Peter's do. ib. 
 
 SucUey Castle 202 
 
 Church 200 
 
 SuUington do. -t 325 
 
 Sundridge do. 224 
 
 Surfleet do. "•• 252 
 
 Sutcombe do. 167 
 
 Sutterton do. 252 
 
 Sutton do. 153 
 
 Sutton do. 224 
 
 Sutton do. 253 
 
 Sutton do 318 
 
 Sutton do. 325 
 
 Sutton do. 349 
 
 Sutton Hall 316 
 
 Sutton Bingham Church 306 
 
 Sutton Coldfield do. 329 
 
 Sutton-at-Hone do. 225 
 
 Sutton-on-Trent do. •••-•. 289 
 
 Sutton Valence do 225 
 
 SwafFham Church do. ...■• 261 
 
 Swansea Castle „... 363 
 
 Swanscombe Church < 225 
 
 Swarby do. 243 
 
 Swarkeston do. 151 
 
 Swavesey do. -i 136 
 
 Swayton do. • 246 
 
 Sweetheart Abbey 373 
 
 Swillington Church i ...,...,. 335 
 
 ^wimbridgo do .■•• 167 
 
 Swinbrook do. 
 Swindon do. 
 Swine do. 
 
 S winton Chapel 
 
 Symondsbury Church 
 
 Page 
 
 • 296 
 
 • 200 
 ' 349 
 ■ 355 
 
 • 172 
 
 TADCASTER Church 355 
 
 Tallaton do. 167 
 
 TamertonFoliottdo. ib. 
 
 Tamworth Castle 332 
 
 Church 310 
 
 Tangmere do. 324 
 
 Tankersley do. 356 
 
 Tansor do. 280 
 
 Tarring Neville Church 324 
 
 Tarvin Church 142 
 
 Tattershall Castle 108, 254 
 
 Church ■•• 263 
 
 Tattersfield do. 318 
 
 Taunton St. JMary's Church, 100, 307 
 
 Tavistock Abbey 168 
 
 Teddington Church 256 
 
 Telscombe do. 323 
 
 Tenby Castle 363 
 
 Church 361 
 
 Tenterden do 336 
 
 Terrington do. 261 
 
 Terwick do. 334 
 
 Tettenhall do. 310 
 
 Tetbury do. 200 
 
 Tewksbury Abbey Gate 202 
 
 Church 62,53,200 
 
 Teynham do 325 
 
 Thakeham do. 326 
 
 Thanet St. Lawrence's Church ••• 994 
 
 St. Nicholas' do. 993 
 
 Thatcham Church 127 
 
 Thaxted do. 186 
 
 Thetford Abbey 264 
 
 n St. Cuthbert's Church 261 
 
 St. Mary's do. ib. 
 
 St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 Thirsk Church 352 
 
 Thornbury do. • 167 
 
 Thornbury CasUe 202 
 
Thombury Church 
 
 Thorne do. 
 
 Thorne Gumbold Church 
 
 Thorney Abbey 
 
 Thornham Church 
 
 Thomhaugh do. 
 
 Thomhill do. 
 
 Thornton Abbey 87, 
 
 Church 
 
 do. 
 
 Thorp do. 
 
 Thorpe do. 
 
 Thorpe Salvin Church 
 
 Thrapston do. 
 
 Threckingham do. 
 
 Thriberg do. 
 
 Thundersley do. 
 
 Thurlby do. 
 
 Thurstaston do. ^ ••■ 
 
 Thwaite do. 
 
 Ticehurst do. 
 
 Tichmarsh do. 
 
 Tickencote do. 54, 
 
 Tickhill do. 
 
 Ticknall do. 
 
 Tideswell do. 
 
 Tidmarsh do. 
 
 Tidmington do. 
 
 Tillington do. 
 
 Tilney do. 
 
 Tiltey do. 
 
 Tilton do. 
 
 Tintagel do. ••• 
 
 Tintem Abbey 
 
 Tirley Church 
 
 Tissington do. 
 
 Tiverton do. 
 
 Toddington do. 
 
 Toddington do. 
 
 Todenham do. 
 
 Toppinghoe Hall 
 
 Tor Bryan Church 
 
 Tor Mohum do. 
 
 Torpenhow do. 
 
 Tortington do. 
 
 INDEX. 4il 
 
 Page Page 
 
 201 Totness Church : 1^ 
 
 356 Treyford do. 323 
 
 349 Tring do. 214 
 
 135 Trotton do 325 
 
 225 Trumpington do. 136 
 
 283 Truro do. 146 
 
 356 Trusham do. 168 
 
 254 Tudor Hall 363 
 
 141 Tunbridge Castle 226 
 
 352 Church 225 
 
 153 Tunstall do. ib. 
 
 289 Tunstall do. 349 
 
 355 Tutbury Castle 311 
 
 280 Church 310 
 
 243 Tuxford do. 289 
 
 356 Twining do. 201 
 
 J83 TwyweU do. 281 
 
 249 Tynemouth Priory 67, 284 
 
 141 
 
 262 UCKFIELD Church 325 
 
 325 Udimer do. 324 
 
 281 UfFcuhne do. 168 
 
 299 Uffington do. 249 
 
 355 Ufton do. 329 
 
 151 Ugborough do. 168 
 
 154 Ulcombe do. 225 
 
 127 Ulverscroft Priory 233 
 
 341 Upchurch Church 224 
 
 325 Upleadon do. 20i 
 
 261 Upper Swell do. 200 
 
 187 Uppingham do. 299 
 
 232 Upton do. 128 
 
 146 Upton St. Leonard's Church 201 
 
 257 Upton Church 217 
 
 201 Upton do. 281 
 
 153 Uttoxeter do. 311 
 
 167 
 
 124 VALLE CRUCIS Abbey ■.•67, 362 
 201 
 
 ib. WADDINGTON Church 235 
 
 189 Waddington Church 356 
 
 168 Wadhurst do. 325 
 
 ib. Wagham do. 349 
 
 148 Wakefield Bridge Chapel 355 
 
 324 Old Church 66, 355 
 
412 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Walberswick Church 315 
 
 Walberton do. 325 
 
 Walcot do. 244 
 
 Waldron do. 325 
 
 "Walpole do. 261 
 
 WalsaU do, 311 
 
 Walsingham do. 108, 263 
 
 Priory 78,264 
 
 Walsoken Church 261 
 
 Waltham Abbey 55, 188 
 
 Church 187 
 
 Waltham Church 225 
 
 M'altham do. 232 
 
 Waltham do. 323 
 
 Waltham Cross 71, 101, 214 
 
 Walton Church 229 
 
 "Walton do. 256 
 
 Walton-le-Dale Church 229 
 
 Wansford do. 283 
 
 Warbustow do. 146 
 
 Ware do. 214 
 
 Wareham St. INIartin's Church ■•• 172 
 
 St. j\Iary's do. ■•■ ib. 
 
 War^ave Church 126 
 
 Warkworth Castle 285 
 
 Warlingham Church 318 
 
 Warmington do. 281 
 
 Warminster do. 335 
 
 Warneford do. 207 
 
 Warrington do. 229 
 
 Warwick do. 148 
 
 Warwick Castle 327 
 
 Church 106, 115, 327 
 
 Beauchamp Chapel, 91, 95, 
 
 101, 104, 106, 112, 327 
 
 Warwick Gates 332 
 
 Washington Church 324 
 
 Water Stratford do. 128 
 
 Watton do. 260 
 
 Wavrley Abbey 318 
 
 Wednesbury Church 311 
 
 WcedenBeck do. 282 
 
 \reekley do. 282 
 
 Wflbourne do. 236 
 
 Wtlford do. 126 
 
 Wdlcsbourna io. 332 
 
 Page 
 
 Wellford Church 201 
 
 Wellingborough do. 282 
 
 WeUingore do. 236 
 
 Wells Cathedral 301 
 
 St. Cuthbert's Church 307 
 
 Gates 302 
 
 Bishop's Palace ib. 
 
 Welwick Church 349 
 
 Wenlock Abbey 300 
 
 Wentworth Church 356 
 
 West Acre Abbey 264 
 
 West Bilney Church 261 
 
 West Blechington Church 324 
 
 West Bourne do. 325 
 
 West Bromwich do. 311 
 
 West Buckland do. 161 
 
 WestClandon do. 318 
 
 West Deeping do. 249 
 
 Westaham do. 225 
 
 Westerleigh do. 202 
 
 West Farleigh do. 225 
 
 Westfield do. 324 
 
 West Grinstead do. 321 
 
 Westham do. 323 
 
 West Hampnett do. 325 
 
 West Hoathley do, 321 
 
 West Itchenor do. 324 
 
 West Lynn do. 260 
 
 West Markham do. 289 
 
 Westmeston do. 324 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 40, 58, 59, 60, 
 
 61, 65, 68, 70, 74, 92, 112, 255 
 Westminster Hall, 89, 95, 102, 256 
 Henry Vllth's Chapel, 
 
 5, 60, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 
 
 103, 104, 107, 108, 255 
 Westminster St. Stephen's Chapel, 256 
 
 West Ogwell Church 165 
 
 Weston do. 214 
 
 Weston do. 306 
 
 Westcn-in-the-Clay Church 289 
 
 West Retford Church 288 
 
 West Stoke do, 324 
 
 West Stowe Hall 316 
 
 West Tarring Church 324 
 
 West Thorney do, ib. 
 
West Wittering Church 
 
 Wetherall Priory 
 
 Whalley Abbey 
 
 Church 
 
 Wheathampstcad Church 
 
 Wichnor Church 
 
 Whippingham Church 
 
 AVhiston Church 
 
 Whitby Abbey 67, 
 
 White Castle 
 
 Whiteford Chapel 
 
 Whiteford Church 
 
 Whitewell do. 
 
 Whittington Chapel 
 
 Whittlesea Church 
 
 WhitweU do. 
 
 Wicklewood do. 
 
 Widford do. 
 
 Wigan do. 
 
 Wiggenhall do. 
 
 Wilby do. 
 
 Willersley do. 
 
 Willesborough do. 
 
 Willingdon do. 
 
 Willingham do. 85, 
 
 Willington do. 
 
 Willoughton do. 
 
 Willsden do. 
 
 Wilmington do. 
 
 Wilford do. 
 
 Wilton Castle 
 
 Wilton Church 
 
 Wilton House 
 
 Wimborne Minster 
 
 Wimington Church 
 
 Winchcomb do. 
 
 Winchelsea Camber Castle 
 
 Winchelsea Church 112, 
 
 Gates 
 
 Grey Friars Monastery, 
 
 Winchester Cathedral, 52, 53, 54, 
 
 98, 105, 106, 112, 203 
 
 Winchester College 
 
 West Gate 
 
 Windsor Castle 108, 
 
 INDEX< 41S 
 
 Page Page 
 
 324 Windsor, St. George's Chapel, 89, 91, 
 149 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 
 230 105, 106, 107, 124 
 
 229 Windsor Tomb House 101 
 
 214 Wingfield Castle 315 
 
 311 Wingfield Manor House 154 
 
 208 Winster Church 153 
 
 282 WinwaU House 264 
 
 357 Winwick Church 229 
 
 257 Wisbeach St. Mary's Church 136 
 
 296 St. Peter's do. 136 
 
 361 Wisborough Green do. 324 
 
 208 Wissett Church 315 
 
 341 Wiston do. lb. 
 
 136 Wiston do. 325 
 
 154 Witheridge Church 168 
 
 261 Withernswick do. 350 
 
 187 Withington do. 202 
 
 229 Withyam do. 325 
 
 325 Witly do. 318 
 
 282 Witney do. 297 
 
 202 Wittering do. 283 
 
 225 Wittersham do. 225 
 
 325 Witton do. 143 
 
 136 Wivelsfield do. 324 
 
 122 Woking do. 318 
 
 240 Wollaston do. 283 
 
 256 Wollaton do. 289 
 
 323 Wolterton House 264 
 
 242 Wolvesey Castle 208 
 
 211 Wolverhampton Church 311 
 
 335 Wolverton do. 307 
 
 336 Woodbridge do. 315 
 
 172 Woodchurch do. 224 
 
 124 Woodford do. • 283 
 
 202 Woodmancoate do. 325 
 
 326 Woodnesborough do. 225 
 
 323 Woolaston do. 202 
 
 325 Woolborough do. 168 
 
 325 Woolfardisworthy Church 168 
 
 61, Woolpit Church 315 
 
 Wooton Basset Church 335 
 
 204 Wooten Wa wen Church 332 
 
 208 Wooton Church 217 
 
 124 Wooton Glanfield Church 172 
 
414 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 ■Wooton St. Martin Church 225 
 
 Wootton Church 208 
 
 Worcester Castle 341 
 
 Cathedral 47, 112, 336 
 
 Edgar's Tower 342 
 
 _- St. Alban's Church ••• 341 
 
 St. Andrew's do. ••• ib. 
 
 St. Helen's do. ••• ib. 
 
 — St. John's Bedwardine 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 . St. ^lichael's Church ib. 
 
 • St. Peter's do. ••■ ib. 
 
 . Schools 337 
 
 Worlingworth Church 315 
 
 Wormley do. ■ 214 
 
 Worsborough do. 356 
 
 Worstead do. 263 
 
 Worth do. 323 
 
 Wragby do. 356 
 
 Wramplingham do. 260 
 
 Wrenbury do. 144 
 
 Wrexham do. 99, 361 
 
 Wrotham do. 225 
 
 Wroxall Abbey 332 
 
 Church 329 
 
 Wybunbury do. 144 
 
 Wykeham Abbey 357 
 
 Wymondham Church 261 
 
 YALDING Church 225 
 
 Yapton do. 324 
 
 Yardley do. 341 
 
 Yarmouth do. 263 
 
 , Gates 264 
 
 Yaverland Church 206 
 
 Yaxley do. 217 
 
 Yealmpton Church 168 
 
 York Guildhall 358 
 
 Page 
 York Minster, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 
 
 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 
 
 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 100, 
 
 105, 106, 107, 112, 114, 115, 343 
 
 York, All Saints' Church 345 
 
 All Saints, on the Pavement 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. Cross Church ib. 
 
 St. Cuthbert's do. ib. 
 
 St. Denis's do. ib. 
 
 St. Helen's do. ib. 
 
 St. Lawrence's do. ib. 
 
 St. Margaret's, Walmgate, 
 
 Church 47, 345 
 
 St. Martin's, Coney-street, 344 
 
 St. Blartin's, Micklegate, 
 
 Church 345 
 
 St. Mary's Abbey 347 
 
 St. Mary's Bishophill the 
 
 Elder Church 345 
 
 St. Mary's Bishophill the 
 
 Younger Church ib. 
 
 St. Mary's, in Castle-gate, 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. Michael's-le-Belfry Ch. 344 
 
 St. Michael's, Spurrier-gate, 
 
 Church 345 
 
 St. Olave Church ib. 
 
 Trinity Church, IVIicklegate, ib. 
 
 Castle Clifford's Tower 358 
 
 Gates ib. 
 
 George Inn ib. 
 
 House near St. Mary's 
 
 Abbey ib. 
 
 Trinity Priory 357 
 
 Walls 358 
 
 Youlgrave Church 153 
 
 Yoxall do 311 
 
 THE END. 
 
 LIVERPOOL : 
 
 PBINTED BV GEORGE SMITH, TITHKHARN-STREKT. 
 
A TABLE 
 
 Showing the duration of the Styles of English Architecture, 
 
 KINGS REIGNING IN EACH PERIOD. 
 
 Kings. Date. 
 William I 10G5 1 
 
 WiUiam II 1087 
 
 Henry 1 1100 
 
 Stephen 1135 
 
 Henry II 1154 to 1189 J 
 
 Richard 1 1189 1 
 
 John 1199 
 
 Henry III 1216 
 
 Edward 1 1272 to 1307 
 
 Edward II 1307 
 
 Edward III 1326 to 1377 
 
 Richard II 1377 
 
 Henry IV 1399 
 
 Henry V 1412 
 
 Henry VI 1422 
 
 Edward IV 1460 
 
 Edward V 1483 
 
 Richard III 1483 
 
 Henry VII 1485 
 
 Henry VIII 1509 to 1546 J 
 
 Style. 
 
 Norman. 
 
 Early 
 English. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Prevailed little more than 124 
 years : no remains reali-T 
 KNOWN to be more than a few 
 years older than the Conquest. 
 
 Prevailed about 1 1 8 years. 
 
 {Decorate d ( 
 English, j ■ 
 
 Decorated ( Continued perhaps 10 or 15 
 years later. Prevailed little more 
 than 70 years. 
 
 Prevailed about 169 years. 
 
 Perpendicu- 
 lar English. 
 
 Few, if any, whole buildings 
 executed in this style later than 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 This style used in additions 
 and rebuilding, but often much 
 debased, as late as 1630 or 1640. 
 
 GEO. SMITH, PRINTER. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 53, line 22, for Landisfame, read Lindisfame. 
 
 100, line 11, for Paunton, read Great Ponton. 
 
 110, line 6, /or principal, rearf principle. 
 
 245, line 1, for Heckinton, read Heckington. 
 
 253, line 6, for Segdbrook, read Sedgbrook. 
 
 306, line 6, for Becington, read Beckington. 
 
 325, line 1 , /or Northeam, r«ad Northiam. 
 
 325, line 11 , /or Cowoeld, read Cowfold. 
 
 341, line 26, for Bishop's Cleeve, read Prior's Cleeve. 
 
Qr>'e:.>2^1(. 
 
■iv;!^^!^!l:MlPiM^; 
 
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